SCO IRLF SB fiflM ENGIN. LIBRARY toto An) Nocti Srfdrs REC'B OCT.2 5192B StructuriM De(rti Franeiaco Answered ...... - Referred to Cony to . UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING BERKELEY. CALIFORNIA DRAWING ROOM INSTRUCTIONS AMERICAN BRIDGE COMPANY 1916 At . Engineering Library Engineering Library Copyright 1916 by AMERICAN BRIDGE COMPANY PREFACE FT! HE purpose of this book is to establish uniform methods in the various drawing rooms of the American Bridge Company and to tabulate for reference information that is constantly required, with the idea of improving the product and lowering its cost. The instructions cover information that has been issued from time to time and to which has been added such addi- tional information as experience has shown desirable. It is assumed that in the application of these instructions an interpretation based on experience and common sense will be used. 785233 TABLE OF CONTENTS TABLE OF CONTENTS (Alphabetical index on page 160. The figures preceding the decimal points 'indicate the page numbers; those which follow refer to the paragraph numbers in the margin.) PREFACE CHAPTER I THE ORDERING OF MATERIAL 5.1 Materials to be Ordered Promptly 6.6 Framed Beams and Channels 6.7 Purlins and Crane Runway Beams 8.1 Plate Girders and Chord Sections 8.4 Roof Trusses 9.4 Pins 9.5 Shafting 9.6 Rockers, Rollers and Special Forgings 10.3 Milling, Planing and Finishing 10.4 Bending 11.1 Sketch Plates 12.4 Field Rivets and Bolts 13.4 Special Rivets and Bolts 14.1 Fitting-up Bolts for Erection 14.2 Tie-rods and Sag-rods 14.7 Buckle Plates 14.8 Watertight Work .1 ..&KU- XI' 15.4 Rails and Splice Bars 16.1 Extras for Structural Material 17.1 Paint ^ 18.1 Stores Pencoyd Plant 18.3 Elmira Plant 19.1 Trenton Plant 19.2 Edge Moor Plant 19.3 Ambridge Plant 20.1 Canton Plant 21.1 Shiffler Plant ' 21.2 Toledo Plant 22.1 Gary Plant 22.2 American Plant 23.1 Detroit Plant 23.2 St. Louis Plant 23.3 Minneapolis Plant 24.1 II TABLE OF CONTENTS Continued CHAPTER 1 Continued THE ORDERING OF MATERIAL Continued Maximum Lengths of Shapes Rolled by Carnegie Mills . 25 Table of Limiting Sizes of Checkered Plates Rolled by the Carnegie Mills 26. 1 Maximum Lengths of Shapes Rolled by Pencoyd Mills 26.2 Maximum Lengths of Shapes Rolled by Gary Mills and South Chicago Mills 29 Sizes and Lengths of Standard Stock Carried by American Bridge Co. Plants Central Division 30, 31 Eastern Division 32, 33 Western Division 34, 35 CHAPTER II PREPARATION OF ADVANCE BILLS 36.1 When Advance Bills Are Not to be Written 36.2 Lengths on Advance Bills 37.1 A-Stock 37.2 Eyebars, Separators and Clevises 38.4 U. M. Plates . 39.1 Material Shipped Direct 39.3 Material Specifications 39.4 Labeling Material on Advance Bills .39.5 Miscellaneous Materials 40.5 "Ordered" Column for Order Office 40.6 Marking of Advance Bills Complete 40.7 Typical Advance Bill 41 Change Orders. . 42.1 Typical Change Order 42.1 Manner of Writing Change Orders 43.1 Material Ordered in Excess 43.4 TABLE OF CONTENTS Continued in CHAPTER III PREPARATION OF MILL ORDERS AND REQUISITIONS 44.1 Labeling Mill Orders 44.4 Complete 44.5 Mill Order Information Sheets 45.1 Plant Requisitions and Reassignment Requisitions ... 45.3 Material Furnished by the Purchasing and Contracting Departments 46.3 Change of Assignment 46.5 Finishing Allowances 47.2 Multiple Lengths 48.1 The Grouping of Lengths 49.3 Special Beams 49.5 Slabs 49.6 Gas Pipe 50.2 Rivet Rods and Tie Rods 50.3 Reserving and Charging Stock 50.5 Compare Tonnage 50.6 Material to be Galvanized 50.7 CHAPTER IV TYPICAL DRAWINGS Purpose of Typical Drawings 51.1 Limitations of Typical Drawings 51.5 Omissions from Drawings 52.1 Special Features on Erection Plans 52.4 Drafting Instructions 53.1 List of Typical Drawings: Office Building Construction 54 Mill Building Construction 55 Railway Pin Connected Span 56 Railway Riveted Truss Span 57 Railway Plate Girder Spans 57 IV TABLE OF CONTENTS Continued CHAPTER V THE PREPARATION OF DETAIL DRAWINGS, SHOP AND SHIPPING BILLS General Detailing Reference Lines 58.1 Field Connections. 58. 3 Referring from One Drawing to Another 59.1 Referring from One Member to Another on Same Sheet 59.4 Methods of Rivet Spacing 59.7 Rights and Lefts 61.7 Angles Cut from Larger Sizes 62.3 Cross Hatching 62.4 Show Few Rivets 62.5 Holes in but One View 62.6 Column Faces 63.1 Bracket Holes Matching 63.2 Notes 63.3 Finishing 64.1 Pin Holes - 64.4 Gas Pipe Railing 64.5 Drawings and Bills for Duplicate Members 64.6 Drawings and Bills for Different Classes of Material . . 64.7 Erector's List of Field Rivets 65.1 Inter-Shop Orders '. 65.3 Titles for Drawings 65.4 Lettering : 65.5 Detailing of Beams General 66.1 Multiple Beam Punch 66.3 Web and Flange Holes 66.7 Extension Figures 67.5 Standard Connection Angles 68.5 Special Connection Angles 68.8 Beveled Connections 69.1 Open Holes in Connection Angles 69.4 Assembling Marks 69.7 Coping 70.1 Cutting and Blocking 70.3 Variations in Length 70.4 Variations in Length on Same Sketch 70.8 Item Numbers on Sketch Sheets 71.1 Beam Girders 71.2 Channels 71.4 Tie-up of Main Connections 71.7 TABLE OF CONTENTS Continued V CHAPTER V Continued THE PREPARATION OF DETAIL DRAWINGS, SHOP AND SHIPPING BILLS Continued Shop Bills General '. 72.1 Forms to be Used 72.2 Combining and Separating Material 72.6 Arrangement of Material 73.1 Itemizing 73.3 Inspection and Paint 73.4 Shipping Bills General 74.1 Export Marks 74.7 Materials to be Listed 74.8 Materials Not Placed by Steel Erectors 75.2 Inspection 75.3 Paint 75.4 Order Series 76.1 Subdivisions of Orders Cost Subdivision .' 76.2 Divisions 76.3 Sections 76.4 Extras 76.5 Issuing of Prints 77.1 Revision of Drawings 77.2 Correcting Errors 78.3 Description of Forms Used for Drawings and Bills and System of Numbering Sheets or Pages 79 Numbering Drawings and Bills 80 Abbreviations ... 81 CHAPTER VI ASSEMBLING MARKS General. : 83.1 X Duplicate System 83.2 Ordinary System 84.3 Roof Trusses 85.5 Trough Floor 86.1 Paired Stiffeners.. 86.2 VI TABLE OF CONTENTS Continued CHAPTER VII ERECTION AND SHIPPING MARKS Building Work 87. 1 Bridge Work 91.1 Special Work 91.2 Match Marking Trusses 92. 1 Tanks 93.4 Spacing Rings for Draw Bridges 95.1 CHAPTER VIII POINTS TO BE OBSERVED IN DETAILING To Simplify Fabrication Consult Plant Equipment 96.1 Combining Templets 96.4 Multiple Plate Punch 97.1 Riveting 97.4 Bolting 99.1 Avoid Stiffeners 99.6 Seat Angles 100.1 Avoid Finishing 100.5 Girder Depth 100.6 Symmetry in Small Pieces 100.7 Avoid Slight Variations 100.8 Three Web Chords 100.9 Use Few. Sizes .' 101.1 Connections to Variable Girders 101.2 Bevel Bed Plates 101. a Overrun of Diaphragms 101.4 Viaduct Bents Alike 101.5 Variations in Length of Girders 101.6 Bending Long Pieces 101 .7 Curved Plates 102.1 Curved Beams 102.2 Lattice 102. a Shearing 102.4 TABLE OF CONTENTS Continued VII CHAPTER VIII Continued POINTS TO BE OBSERVED IN DETAILING Continued To Simplify Erection 103.1 Pin Spans 105.1 Pilot/Nut Interference. 105.2 Clearances 105.3 Packing of Eyebars and Pin Plates 105.8 Clearance at Ends of Beams and Girders 106.1 Cross Frame Clearance 106.3 Clearance for Diagonals 106.5 Anchor Bolt Clearances 106.6 Movable Bridge Clearances 107.4 Stagger Turnbuckles 107.6 Clear Rivet Heads. 107.7 Cut Flanges to Clear '. !'!.'. 107.8 Clearance Above Rail 108.1 Clear Old Work ./. 108.2 Entering Connections 108.3 Shifting Members to Drive Rivets 108.4 Clearance for Driving 108.5 Expansion Pockets 108.6 Lateral Plates Clear Ties 108.7 Slotted Holes for Anchors 109.1 Length of Slots ? ... ] 109.2 Erection Seats 109.3 Stitch Loose Fillers 109.6 Stitch Loose Covers 109.7 Parts Reversible .......'. V ! . . '!'. ! '.' .' . ! '. '. . . . .'.'.. . .- 109.8 Parts Not Reversible 109.9 Marking Directions 110.1 Extra Field Work 110.2 Special Field Drilling 110.3 Holes for Tap Bolts . ; :: v K 110.4 Abutting Deck Spans 110.5 Deck Girders Erected by A. B. Co 111.1 Holes for Auxiliary Work 111.2 Replacing Old Bridges 111.3 Column Overrun 111.4 Anchor Bolts in Advance. . . 111.5 VHI TABLE OF CONTENTS Continued POINTS TO BE OBSERVED IN DETAILING Continued CHAPTER VIII Continued To Improve and Simplify the Design Types of Details 112.1 Metal over Metal 112.8 Slabs 113.1 Deck Girder Laterals .^ 113.6 Lintels .*!" 113.8 Draw for Diagonals 114.1 Mullions 114.3 Bases in Concrete 114.4 Upset Rods 114.5 Water Pockets 115.1 Lateral Connections 115.2 Castings 115.3 Anchor Bolt Types 115.8 Crane Rail Splices 115.9 Purlin and Girt Spacing 115.10 Miscellaneous Templet Shop to Determine Lengths 116.1 Mark Ends of Girders 116.2 Holes in Checkered Plates 116.3 Buckle Plates 116.4 Name Plates 116.6 Galvanized Structural Material Three Processes of Galvanizing 116.7 Cleaning 117.1 Detailing Material to be Galvanized 117.2 Bolts 117.7 Marking for Identification 118.1 Weight of Galvanized Material ' 118.2 Car Load Shipments 118.3 Watertight Work Riveting ' 119.1 Punching 120.1 Edge Distances 120.2 Calking 120.3 TABLE OF CONTENTS Continued IX CHAPTER IX EXPORT WORK General 121.1 Rail or Water Shipment 122.2 Extreme Size and Weight of Members 122.3 Detailing .- 122.4 Title and Order Number 124.6 Masonry Plans '124.7 Anchor Bolts 124.10 Drawings for Approval 125.1 Erection Drawings 125.2 Erector's Rivet and Bolt List 125.7 Corrugated Steel 125.8 Marking and Numbering 125.9 Shipping Bills 126.1 Shipping Bill Prints for Export Company 127.1 Drawings for File and Use in Erection 127.2 Duplicate Tracings and Van Dykes 127.3 Correspondence 127.4 CHAPTER X MISCELLANEOUS INSTRUCTIONS Camber Railroad Spans over 200 feet and Highway Spans over 250 feet 128.1 Railroad Truss Spans up to 200 feet and Highway Truss Spans up to 250 feet: Railroad ". 129.1 Highway 129.2 Curved Top Chord Trusses 129.3 Diagonals 130.1 Deck Bridges . . . . 130.2 Camber Diagram 130.3 Plate Girder Spans 130.4 Roof Trusses 131.1 Shop Rivet Percentages Highway Bridges 131.4 Railroad Bridges 132.1 Mill Buildings 132.2 Office Buildings 132.3 X TABLE OF CONTENTS Continued CHAPTER X Continued MISCELLANEOUS INSTRUCTIONS Continued Railway Shipments Shipping Height 132.4 Shipping Lengths 133.1 Shipping Weights 133.2 Masonry Plans, Masonry and Anchor Bolts 134.1 Floor Plans t 135.1 Grouting under Castings 135.6 Crane Clearance Diagram : 135.7 Small Cold-Driven Rivets . . . 136.1 CHAPTER XI CORRUGATED AND FLAT SHEET STEEL Gauges. ' 137.1 ' Roofing and Siding 137.2 Birmingham Wire Gauge 139.4 Corrugated Iron. 139.5 Copper Bearing Sheet Steel 139.6 Spacing of Supports for Different Gauges 139.7 Billing Corrugated Steel 140.1 Fastenings for Corrugated Steel .' 140.2 Straps 140.5 Clinch Rivets 141.1 Clips and Bolts 141.5 Closing Rivets 142.1 Nails 142.5 Stove Bolts 143.5 Louvre Bolts 143.6 Finish at Door Jambs 143.7 Fastening Corrugated Sheeting to Walls 144.1 Erection of Corrugated Sheeting 144.3 Painting 145.5 Corrugated Steel Arches 146.1 Flashing, Capping, Cornice, Ridge Roll, Louvres 146.6 Valley Gutters 147.7 Eave Gutters 148.4 Conductors .' . . 148.6 Drawings and Bills for the Erector 149.2 Standard Sizes 150.1 Stock Sizes 150.4 Extras for Sheet Steel .. . 151.1 TABLE OF CONTENTS Continued XI CHAPTER XII LUMBER, WINDOWS AND DOORS Lumber General * 153.1 Kinds and Sizes of Lumber to Order for Different Purposes Roofing 154.1 Flooring 154.4 Highway Bridge Floors 155.3 Railroad Bridge Floors 156.1 Specifications for Ordinary Factory Windows and Doors Windows 156.4 Doors.., . 158.1 THE ORDERING OF MATERIAL, CHAPTER .J'.'.;./i ' ;,/*>-.! J THE ORDERING OF MATERIAL 1 . A careful examination of the general design should be made before any billing of material is started, and changes proposed wherever it is desirable to eliminate material hard to obtain or details expen- sive to fabricate. The following changes are suggested : 2. Use solid webs instead of close lacing. Sometimes this will permit a lighter weight of main angles by counting the web in section. The solid web will also permit easier painting. 3. Use the same section throughout for chords or columns extending over two panels, thus avoiding shop splices. 4. Eliminate stiffeners on stringers by thickening the webs. 5. Avoid the use of reinforcing plates between angles of chord sections by using plates the full depth of the .chord. If two webs are used riveted together, see page 98.5 for spacing. 6. Change round end girders to square end girders. 7. Use tie plates instead of lacing on diagonals in tension. 8. Eliminate coping of I beams by revising design. 9. Study the design of skew spans with the object of squaring the end frames, stringers, I beams, and bracing. 10. Turn flanges of angles or channels out for box-shaped sections to permit easier riveting of the lacing. 11. Provide adjustment for one set of center panel diagonals in pin connected trusses. 12. Avoid making columns in one story lengths. 13. Use fillers or change design to avoid crimping long flange angles. 14. Change special to standard fittings for gas pipe railing. See page 6.4. 15. Change complicated built-bolsters, pedestals and shoes to cast shoes, using one of the standard types for which we have the patterns or for which new patterns would be cheap. 6 THE ORDERING OF MATERIAL 1. Built-up members should be made of as few different sections as possible. Eliminate, therefore, bars on the bottom flanges of chords and excessive number of webs or sidfe plates. 2. Substitute cast iron for cast steel in castings which carry practically no stress. 3. Change rail grillages to cast steel bases, the grooves in the top of the castings to be cored and not planed. .T, TTTTTiTTTTT ,-nnnnnnnr^ 4. Do not use gas pipe railing where angle railing will answer. 5. Avoid the use of cover plates on small plate and angle columns, also reinforcing plates on backs of channels and plate and channel columns. Materials to be Ordered Promptly 6. Special care should be taken that the following miscellaneous materials are ordered promptly so as not to delay the delivery: Eyebars and pins. All castings and forgings. Malleable and other special fittings. Wrought iron. Checkered plates. Shafting. Buckle plates. Gas pipe railing. Field bolts in large quantities. Sheet lead. Lumber. Sheet steel and fittings. Lag screws. Hardware fittings. Windows and doors. Special rivets and bolts. See page 14.1. Framed Beams and Channels 7. For buildings, beams and channels framing between beams or channels should be ordered V/^' less than the distance center to center of beams or channels into which they frame. THE ORDERING OF MATERIAL 7 Framed Beams and Channels Continued 1. For buildings, beams and channels framing between columns or riveted girders should be ordered Y%' to l 5 Ae" less than the distance between metal of columns or girders into which they frame. 2. Beams and channels (not finished) for bridge work, when permitted by the customer, should be billed Y%' to ^/g" short. 3. When ordering beams or channels in approximate, or in multiple lengths, the shop limitations for cutting should be considered. Ambridge Plant can shear any Carnegie beam or channel, except the supplementary beams B61 to B68. Gary Plant can shear any Carnegie beam or channel with a web not thicker than y%' except the sup- plementary beams B61 to B68. Pencoyd Plant cannot shear but must saw or block off all beams and channels. 4. Beams and channels vertically beveled at ends, such as rafters, should be ordered long to allow for cutting in shop. If beveled at one end, add 1"; if beveled at both ends, add 2". 5. Short beams which have to be sawed may be ordered in multiple lengths. If lengths of beams or channels in the preceding cases work out in fractions smaller than J^", increase or decrease to the nearest half inch, so that the ordered lengths will be in inches or half inches. If cases arise where it becomes necessary to order lengths involving quarter inches, a special note calling attention to it should be added on advance bill so that the Order Office will not change the lengths to even half inches. 8 THE ORDERING OF MATERIAL Purlins and Crane Runway Beams 1. Continuous lines of beams or channels, such as purlins resting on top chords of trusses or crane runway beams resting on brackets, should be ordered I" less than distance center to center of columns or trusses and the length of beams increased or decreased to the nearest half inch. 2. Runway beams where wheel or trolley rests directly on flange of beams should be ordered with allowance for finishing. Finished length should be Y%' less than center to center distance. 3. Angles, tees and zees used as purlins should be ordered 1" less than distance center to center of trusses, if detail will permit, and lengths increased or decreased to the nearest half inch. Plate Girders and Chord Sections 4. The following instructions for ordering material for plate girders and chord sections apply to all classes of work, except when customer's specifications advise to the contrary. 5. In general the distance back to back of flange angles should be made Yd' greater than the width of web plate. The width of web plate should be in even inches and the fractional width back to back of angles. 6. For bridge girders without covers an excess of J" should be used instead of Yd ' 7. For building work the length of web plates for girders not finished should appear on advance bill J/" less than over-all dimensions. 8. If spliced, Yi' less than distance between splices. The usual %" should appear in the "Trim" column. 9. For railroad bridge work, web plates should be ordered neat length and %" added for trim. 10. Cover plates should be ordered neat length and %" added for trim. 11. Flange angles should be ordered neat length and 24" added for trim. THE ORDERING OF MATERIAL 9 Plate Girders and Chord Sections Continued 1. Short reinforcing web plates, web splice plates and fillers for building work should be billed and ordered 3/2" less than distance between flange angles, due allowance being made for over-run of angles. Long reinforcing webs for either building or bridge work should be billed a width equal to the distance between flange angles less at least 3/2", due allow- ance being made for over-run of angles. 2. Fillers for railroad bridge work should be billed and ordered J/" less than distance between flange angles; splice plates should be billed and ordered exact distance between flange angles, no allowance being made for over-run of angles. 3. Stiffeners with fillers should be ordered neat length. Crimped stiffeners should be billed neat length on advance bill; in "Trim" column add the depth of. crimp plus 3/2" f r each crimp. Stiffeners at important bearing points are finished and should be ordered y%' longer than finished length. Roof Trusses 4. Main chord angles should be ordered %" longer than exact length. On advance bills give exact length plus %" in "Trim" column. When web members are scaled, add IJ/^" to scaled length, but if scale drawings are sufficiently accurate the above allow- ance may be reduced. Pins 5. Bill on advance bills the finished diameter and length of pins and note in "Remarks" column "Finished Dimensions." Order Office will make proper allowances. See pages 47.2, 48.3 and 48.5. Shafting 6. State definitely on advance bills whether rough, cold drawn, cold rolled or turned and polished shafting is required. 7. The American Steel & Wire Co. can furnish cold drawn shafting up to and including 4^.6 inch diameter. 8. Exact lengths between 5 ft. and 24 ft. can be obtained without extra charge. 1O THE ORDERING OF MATERIAL Shafting Continued 1. Turned and polished shafting should be specified above 4^6 inch diameter. 2. Cold rolled shafting should not be specified except when absolutely necessary. Allowances for finishing, page 47 f .2. Rockers, Rollers and Special Forgings 3. Rockers and rollers should be billed exact size on the advance bills and note in " Remarks" column, " Finished Dimensions." Add a sketch if any doubt exists as to which surfaces of rockers are to be finished. Special forgings are to be ordered from detail drawings. Allowance for ordering page 47.2, 48.3, and 48.5. Milling, Planing and Finishing 4. For material which requires milling, planing or finishing on the ends, such as the main sections of columns, floor beams, stringers and chords, allow 1/2" for finishing one end or %" for finishing both ends. 5. On advance bills give the finished length and put the proper "add" in the "Mill" column. 6. For stiff enters which require finishing, see page 9.3. 7. For base, sole and masonry plates which require a finished surface, see page 47.4. 8. Before ordering plates to be planed, consult Plant Engineer to see if plates straightened at the plant can be substituted for planed plates. 9. Plates planed on edges are to be ordered neat size and "fin. 1 edge" or "fin. 2 edges," as required, noted in "Remarks" column. For amount to be added, see page 47.3. 10. For standard and similar floor beams some plants finish the abutting edges at the joint of the end and center webs. Consult fabricating plant as to what is required. 11. When nature of detail requires finishing of ends of members after end angles are riveted on, or when plant practice requires such finishing, end angles should have sufficient thickness for finishing. Consult fabricating plant. THE ORDERING OF MATERIAL 11 Bending 1. When possible the radii of all circular bends should be multiples of 3", and standard forms used. ' 2. When possible radius should not be less than three times the width of the leg in the plane of bending. The. lengths referred to in the following are lengths on center of gravity lines and are approximate. 3. Add 3" to required length for each bend. In case of large duplication, consult fabricat- ing plant. 4. Add 6" to required length or consult fabricating plant. In case of large duplication, consult fabricat- ing plant. 5. Add 6" to required length or consult fabricating plant. In case of large duplication consult fabricat- ing plant. 6. Consult fabricating plant for allow- ances to be made, advising them of the number of pieces required and the radius. 12 THE ORDERING OF MATERIAL Bending Continued 1 . Consult fabricating plant for allow- ances to be made, advising them of the number of pieces required and the radius and thickness of web. 2. Consult fabricating plant for allow- ances to be made, advising them of the number of pieces required, the angle of bend and thickness of web. 3. Use bent plates when "A" ex- ceeds 3". Sketch Plates 4. The instructions given below for ordering sketch plates are to be followed only when fabricating plant has the necessary facilities for shearing. 5. Consult equipment of fabricating plant. 6. Plates 3 feet and over in length are to be ordered sketch when the waste, if ordered rectangular, exceeds 20%. 7. On mill order, dimensions of sketch plates should be given in inches. 8. Do not order sketch plates with re-entrant or circular cuts. THE ORDERING OF MATERIAL 13 Sketch Plates Continued Plates with beveled cuts should be detailed as shown in fig. 13.1, so that they can be ordered in multiple lengths without unnecessary waste in shearing. 1. 2. If bevel is less than point will curl in shearing and should be shown cut off on detail drawing. When plates of irregular shape can be combined to advantage, show sketch on advance bill, thus: 3. If wing plates are to be ordered as per fig. 13.1, detail . them as per fig. 13.3. Angles at base or cap can then be cut square. Field Rivets and Bolts 4. When not otherwise specified, order 10%, plus 10 rivets in excess of actual number required, and 5% plus 5 bolts in excess of actual number of rough bolts required. Order exact number of' turned bolts required, except for large quantities, when Plant Engineer should be consulted. 5. When orders are divided between two or more plants, the field rivets and bolts should be ordered and furnished by the plant fabricating the riveted work. 6. In ordering bolts, specify the grip and length. 7. In ordering bolts with countersunk heads, specify that heads must fit countersink of holes in which they are used. When these bolts are ordered from an outside company, dimensions of the heads should be given. 8. Bolts attaching riveted work to castings should be ordered long enough to project Y^' outside of nuts to take care of over-run of castings. 14 THE ORDERING OF MATERIAL Special Rivets and Bolts 1. When an order requires nickel-steel rivets, iron rivets or bolts, steel rivets or bolts under Yz' diameter or steel rivets over %" diameter, the Order Office should be furnished with the approximate weight at the time the balance of material is ordered. See page 6.6. Fitting=up Bolts for Erection 2. When fitting-up bolts are furnished, the number of each grip should be as follows: 3. Building Work: 30% of field rivets. 4. Bridge Work: Floor system and tension members, 80% of field rivets; laterals and compression members, 50% of field rivets. 5. Vary lengths by Yi' and supply two */%' washers with each bolt. 6. Fitting-up bolts should not be furnished unless called for. Tie=rods and Sag=rods 7. In ordering tie-rods or sag-rods, when cold rolled threads may be used state on advance bill in " Remarks" column " Cold-rolled threads may be used." See page 50.4 f. Buckle Plates 8. The following instructions cover the ordering of buckle plates manufactured at the Ambridge Plant, American Bridge Co.: 9. The gateways to the buckle plate press are 11" wide facing lengthwise with the shop and 94" wide facing across the shop. Plates which go through the 71" gateway can be handled up to 40' in length. No plate over 12' in length can be handled through the 94" gateway. 10. The maximum sheared widths of buckle plates that can be punched and sheared on the multiple punches are: Machine No. 1 : 54J^" wide. Machine No. 2: 60" wide. THE ORDERING OF MATERIAL 16 Buckle Plates Continued 1. On punch in the Barge Shop (close to the Forge Shop where plates are buckled)., sheared plates up to 96" wide, 883/2" center to center holes, can be punched. 2. In ordering material add 1" to finished width of buckle plate for plates up to 25 ft. long and IJ^" to finished width for plates above 25 ft. long. For length of plate add to finished length %" x number of buckles. When only one buckle occurs in a plate, add I" to finished length. When flanges along the sides of the plate are of unequal width, the material should be ordered wide enough to make two flanges of the greater width, the narrower flange to be sheared to finished width after buckling. Width Ordered Width 3. If standard plate dies cannot be used, consult Plant Engineer. Watertight Work ^ 4. All sheared plates not bevel-sheared should be ordered net width plus Y^' . 5. All sheared plates over %" thick which are to be bevel- sheared should be ordered net width plus %" . 6. U. M. plates not bevel-sheared and under 20 ft. long should be ordered net width. 7. U. M. plates 20 ft. or more in length should be ordered net width plus Y^' or if bevel-sheared, net width plus %!'. 8. All plates should be ordered net length plus %" . 9. Plates %e" thick or less require no extra material for crimping; for plates over 7 A.Q r thick, add to the width or length Vie" for each crimp. 16 THE ORDERING OF MATERIAL Rails and Splice Bars 1. Give section number and weight per yard. 2. Specify material: " Manufacturers' Standard for Rails/' 3. Rails ordered from Carnegie Steel Company should be specified in 30 ft. lengths for sections under 50 Ib. per yard, and in either 30 ft. or 33 ft. lengths for sections 50 Ib. per yard and over. Rails ordered from Illinois Steel Co. should be specified in 30 ft. lengths for sections under 56 Ib. per yard, and in 33 ft. lengths for sections 56 Ib. per yard and over. 4. When it is practicable, mills should have the privilege of shipping the rails in either 30 ft. or 33 ft. lengths. End pieces only should be ordered in odd lengths. 5. On rush orders the mills can often make quicker deliveries if the rails are ordered in lines and they are given the option of using odd lengths. 6. Order all rails first quality. 7. Specify " Standard Carnegie drilling in ends" or "Standard Illinois Steel Co. drilling in ends." 8. Standard drilling in ends is the only drilling that is done by the rail mills and no sketch is required for this drilling. 9. All special drilling must be done by the fabricating plant. 10. In general, holes for crane stops should be drilled in the fi^ld. 11. In general rails for the ends of draw-bridges should be ordered with no drilling. 12. If any drilling other than standard is required, specifiy: " Rails to be shipped to Plant;" if no drilling is to be done at the fabricating plant, specify after consulting Plant Engineer: "Rails may be shipped direct to site." 13. When standard rail splice bars are required, bill on the advance bill the number of pairs required with bolts, also if rails have standard drilling specify: "Standard Carnegie drilling" or "Standard Illinois Steel Co. drilling." 14. When ordering rail splices requiring bond wires for trolley lines on highway bridges, see that the type of bar specified will allow wire to go between splice bar and web of rail. THE ORDERING OF MATERIAL 17 Extras for Structural Material. (Compiled from list published July 1, 1916. Subject to change) 1. The following shapes and plates can be obtained at the base price of structural steel: Beams and Channels: 3" to 15", inc. Angles: 3" on one or both legs x Y^' to 6" x 6". Plates : 6}" x J" to 100" x J" or thicker, inc. Rounds and Squares: %" to WIQ", inc. Flats: 1" to 6" x Y*' to 1", inc. No charge for cutting to lengths 3 ft. and over. 2. The following shapes and plates can be obtained at the base price, plus the extra per pound : Beams over 15" lOc Angles over 6" (one or both legs) lOc Angles 3" on one or both legs and less than Yd' thick 35c Angles W x 1^" to 2^" x 2^", inc., and more than Y%' thick lOc Tees 05c to .20c Bulb Angles and Bulb Beams 30c Plates less than J4" thick to 3 /i 6 " thick, inc. .lOc Plates less than 3 /i 6 " thick to No. 8 gauge, inc. .15c Plates No. 9 and No. 10 gauge 30c Plates No. 11 gauge and fc" thick 35c Plates No. 12 gauge 40c Flats 1" to 6", inc., x J" to 5 /i 6 " lOc Flats \yj' to 6", inc., x 3 /i 6 " 20c Flats \Yi' to 6", inc., x J^" 30c Plates over 100" to 110" wide, inc 05c Plates over 110" to 115" wide, inc lOc Plates over 115" to 120" wide, inc 15c Plates over 120" to 125" wide, inc/ 25c Plates over 125" to 130" wide, inc 50c Plates over 130" wide l.OOc Cutting to lengths under 3' to 2', inc 25c Cutting to lengths under 2' to 1', inc 50c Cutting to lengths under 1' 1.55c Cutting to exact length (within f/s") 15c Sketch PL (not more than 4 cuts) 3' and over .lOc Sketch PL (not more than 4 cuts) under 3' to 2', inc 35c Sketch PL (not more than 4 cuts) under 2' to I', inc 60c Sketch PL (not more than 4 cuts) under 1'. . 1.65c Sketch pi. (more than 4 cuts) add to foregoing .lOc 18 THE ORDERING OF MATERIAL Paint. 1. The Engineering Department will not order any field or shop paint. This will be done by the Operating Department. 2. Quantity of shop paint and field paint for all classes of work should be estimated upon the basis of .25 gallon per ton for one coat and .40 gallon per ton for two coats. When figuring by surface, assume that one gallon of paint will cover 400 square feet. 3. STORES PENCOYD PLANT Rivets y%' dia. to %" dia. Bolts. %" dia. to 1" dia. Hex. Head and Nut, Stove Bolts . . T V dia. to %" dia. Tap Bolts %" dia. to %" dia. Hex. Head. Csk. Bolts %" dia. x tfff' Ig. for A. B. Co. Name Plate. 'Hex. Nuts . . y 8 " dia. to 2^" dia. Pilot Nuts \yj' dia. to 6" dia. Screw, long and short, PL8 to PL44, PS8 to PS 44. Driving Nuts iy 2 " dia. to 6" dia. Screw, PD3 to PD 15. Machine Screws Practically all sizes. Wood Screws, Csk. . .Practically all sizes. Lag Screws ^" dia. to %" dia. Gov't Anchors %" dia. x 1' 6". Drift Pins ft" dia - to H" dia. Railroad Spikes y 2 " dia. x 4^"; %" dia. x 6". Boat Spikes J^" dia, x 10". Wire Nails 2d. 4d, 6d, 8d, lOd, 20d, 30d, 60d and 7" Spikes. Cut Washers Bevel Washers 1/4" sq. x T y at center. C. I. Ogee Washers, .for %", %", %" dia. bolts. Gas Pipe I" dia. for Separators. Turntable Discs 7", 8", 9", 10" dia. Steel and Bronze (with y%' tapped hole). Split Cotters Practically all sizes. Rivet Die Steel 5%" x 4Ji"; 6" x 6"; 8" x 8" (5 ; 6" long). THE ORDERING OF MATERIAL 19 1. STORES ELMIRA PLANT Rivets .... .y^' dia. to %" dia. Bolts Y 2 " dia. to %" dia. Hex. Head and Nut. Bolts ., ;..-. .y%' dia. to J" dia. Button Head and Hex. Nut. Hex. Nuts. . ...;.-,.. yj' to 2J^" tap. Skewbacks A. B. Co. Standard. U Plates . A. B. Co. Standard. Standard Stubs Nos. 1, 2, 3, 4. Name Plates A. B. Co. Standard Al and A3. Washers, Cut Beveled.. . .1%" square, -f$" at center. C. I. Beveled. .A 11, 12, 13, 14. Skewback. . A 81, 82, 83, 84, 85, 86. Ys" Plate, .for y 2 ", %" ', %" , %" and I" bolts. Ogee C. I. .for %" bolts. 2. STORES TRENTON PLANT Rivets. . . .. f %", %", %" and %" dia. Bolts Y^' dia. to y^' dia. Hex. Head and Nut. Chain 1" to 3. STORES EDGE MOOR PLANT Rivets. . . \h....%" dia. and y 8 " dia. Bolts." ............. %" dia. and %" dia. Conical Roller SteeL.S^", 5", 6 /r rounds. Hook Steel ......... 1^", 1M", 2 7/ rounds. Gas Pipe Railing Fittings. Turntable Number Plates. 2O THE ORDERING OF MATERIAL 1. STORES AMBRIDGE PLANT Rivets y 8 " dia. to I" dia. Bolts %" dia. to I" dia. Stove Bolts Hook Bolts iy 2 " and 2^" hook. Pilot Nuts PL 8 to PL 44 1J^" dia. to 6" dia. Screw. Pilot Nuts PS 8 to PS 44 1^" dia. to 6" dia. Screw. Driving Nuts PD3 to PD l$iy 2 " dia. to 6" dia. Screw. Lomas Nuts PN 21 to PN 33 1^" dia. to 6" dia. Screw. Sleeve Nuts y 8 " tap to 4%" tap. Turnbuckles %" tap to 5^" tap. Clevises . .No. 3 to No. 7. U Plates A. B. Co. Standard A and B. Skewback A. B. Co. Standard A, B and C. Gov't Anchors %" dia. x 1' 6". Name Plates A. B. Co. Standard Al, 3, 4, 5. Year Plates A. B. Co. Standard A 10. Patent Plates A 874. Gas Pipe Railing Fittings (gas pipe) Ls, Tees, Crosses and Caps. Turntable Centers. . . Common Standard 80 ft. Parts Piper center. Nickel Steel Tread Plates NT 408, NT 409, C5104. Rail Clamps A 21 to A 24 C. S. Washers, Cut Pencoyd Bevel. Check A 11 to A 14. Lateral... .A 81 to A 86. Ogee A 91 to A93, Patt. 2937. Eccentric.. W 2 and W 3. Fastenings for Corrugated Steel Black and Galvanized. Lag Screws ^", %", %", I" dia. x 3" to 12" Cone Point. Spikes. Cotters. THE ORDERING OF MATERIAL 21 1. STORES CANTON PLANT Rivets Y%' dia. to %" dia. Bolts Yz" dia. to 1J" dia. Hex. Head and Nut. Stove Bolts Y^' dia. Hex. Nuts y 2 "-to 2J4" tap. Sheeting Rivets He" x y 8 " and ^" Black. Wire Nails . .8d, lOd, 16d, 20d, 30d, 40d, 50d, 60d. Lag Screws y 8 " x 3^" to >" x VI". Cotters He" to j/" dia. Cut Washers Turnbuckles %", I", iy 8 ", l^ ff tap. Bevel Washers ^tte" and 13 /i6" holes. O. G. Washers A 91 and A 92. C. I. Bevel Washers. .A 11, 12, 13 and 14. Skewback Washers. .A 81, 82, 83, 84, 85, 86. U Plates A and B. Skewbacks A and B. Gas Pipe 1" dia. for Separators. 2. STORES SHIFFLER PLANT Rivets yj' dia. to %" dia. Bolts y^' dia. to %" dia. Stove Bolts J" dia. and %," dia. Csk. Head Bolts. . . . J#' dia. to %!' dia., l^" to 2^ r/ Ig. Cut Washers Bevel Washers Ogee Washers ,, Name Plates A. B. Co. Standard A 1 and A 3. Lag Screws %" dia., 3", 4" and 6" Ig. 5 / s " dia., 3", 4" and 6" Ig. K" dia, 1J/T to 5" Ig. Sleeve Nuts iy%" tap to 1^" tap. Turnbuckles 1^" tap to 1J4" tap. Clevises No. 3, No. 4 and No. 5. Gov't Anchors %" dia. x I' 6" Ig. Rail Clamps A 21 and A 22 C. S. Gas Pipe I" dia. for Separators. Galvanized Fastenings for Corrugated Sheeting and Flashing. 22 THE ORDERING OF MATERIAL 1. STORES TOLEDO PLANT Rivets %" dia. to %" dia. Bolts y 2 " dia. to 7 / 8 " dia. up to 5" Ig. Verona Nut Locks.. . 24" to 1". Ogee Washers for %" t %" and %" dia. bolts. Cut Washers for %" , %", %" and %" dia. bolts. Cotters i>& Name Plates A. B. Co. Standard A 1 and A 3. Gas Pipe %" dia. to 2" dia. 2. STORES GARY PLANT Rivets ^", w, s/ie", w, y 2 ", *A", %", %" and I" dia. Bolts y 8 ", %" and %" dia. up to 12" Ig.; 1" dia. up to 6" Ig. Hex. Head and Nut. Bolts J4" to y 2 " dia. Square Head and Nut. Stove Bolts 9ie" to Y%" dia. Round Head. Stove Bolts K" to */' dia. Flat Head. Verona Nut Locks. . .for y^' to 1J" dia. Bolts. Bevel Washers A 11, A 12, A 14. Ogee Washers A 91, A 92, A 93. Cut Washers Nuts ........Hex. and Square, }^" to 3" U. S. Standard tap. Name Plates A. B. Co. Standard A 1, A 3. Year Plates A. B. Co. Standard A 10. Railing Fittings (Gas Pipe) Ls, Tees, Crosses, Globe Ls, Floor Flanges and N. T. Co.'s Fittings. Cap Screws y^' dia. to 1 J#' dia. up to 5" Ig. Lag Screws Y%' dia. to %" dia. up to 10" Ig. Set Screws J" dia. to 1" dia. up to 7" Ig. Cotters Flat Head Closing Rivets; Black and Galvanized, 3 /ie" and y^' dia. x 3^" and y 2 " long. THE ORDERING OF MATERIAL 23 1. STORES AMERICAN PLANT Rivets Y S " dia. to %" dia. Bolts y 8 " dia. to %" dia. Stove Bolts 3 /i6" dia. to ^" dia. Hex. and Square ', Nuts %" to 2%" tap. Lomas Nuts 1^" to 4^" tap, PN 21 to PN 27. Name Plates Standard A. B. Co. Year Plates Standard A. B. Co. Cotters All sizes. Cut Washers Bevel Washers. . . . ; V;\ ' Lock Washers for Y^' dia. to Y%' dia. bolts. Boat Spikes ^" x 9". Gas Pipe %" dia. and 1'" dia. for Separators. Set and Cap Screws.. }' dia. to %" dia. up to 3" Ig. 2. STORES DETROIT PLANT Rivets Y%" dia. to 1" dia. Bolts %" dia. to %" dia. Hex. Nuts Y 2 " tap to 2J4" tap. Cut Washers Bevel Washers Name Plates. A. B. Co. Standard. Wood Screws All sizes. Wire Nails . . . All sizes. 3. STORES ST. Louis PLANT Rivets yj' dia. to %" dia. Bolts. up to 1" dia. Stove Bolts Hex. and Square Nuts Y 2 " tap to 2K" tap. Turnbuckles up to 2" tap. Lomas Nuts PN 21 to PN 24, 1^" dia. to 3" dia. tap. Gas Pipe for Separators. Cut Washers. . 24 THE ORDERING OF MATERIAL 1. STORES MINNEAPOLIS PLANT Rivets y%" dia. to J/ s " dia. Bolts, Hex. Head . . .%" dia. to J-g" 1" to 20" lg. Bolts, Round Head. .H" dia. to %" dia. Csk. Bolts %" dia. and %" dia. Carriage Bolts J" dia. to ^6" dia. Stove Bolts, Flat- head 3 /i6" dia. to y 8 " dia. Stove Bolts, Round- head % e " dia. to 3^" dia. Plow Bolts y 8 " dia. and Y 2 " dia. Hex. Nuts Y%" dia. to 3 r/ dia. Square Tap Nuts.. . .%" dia. to 2^" dia. Exp. Nuts %" dia. to %* dia. Lock Washers %" dia. and % x/ dia. O. G. Washers Cut Washers J" dia. to %" dia. Pin Fillers J^" th. for pins 2 /r dia. to 3J^" dia Pin Nuts PN 21, PN 22, PN 23. Turnbuckles " dia. to 2%" dia. THE ORDERING OF MATERIAL MAXIMUM LENGTHS OF SHAPES ROLLED BY CARNEGIE MILLS BEAMS 24" to 12" ................. 75' 10" to 5" ................. 70' 4" and 3" ........... . ..... 50' CHANNELS 15", 13" and 12" .......... 75' 10" ....................... 70' 10" Special ................ 80' 9" to 5" .................. 70' 4" and 3" ................. 50' ANGLES Equal Legs 8"x8" ................... 120' 6"x6"xl"toK" ........ 80' 6" x 6" x %" and under ... 90' 5"x5" .................... 85' 4"x4" ................... 90' 3^"x3K" ............... 90' 3"x3" ................... 75' 2^"x2^" ............... 50' 2"x2" ................... 50' lM"xl%" ............... 50' WxlK" ..... - ......... 50' WxlM" ............... 50' l"xl" ................... 50' ANGLES Unequal Legs 8"x6" 6"x4"xl"to%" 6" x 4" x %" and under.. 6" x 3^" x 1" to %" 80' 80' 85' 85' 90' 80' 6"x3^"x%" ............ 85' 6" x 3^" x y" and under. . 90' 5"x4" .................... 90' 5"x3^"xK" ............ 75' 5"x3^"x%" ............ 80' 5" x 3^" x %" and under. . 90' 5"x3".. . 90' 4^"x3"x%" ............ 50' 4^"x3"xM" ............ 55' 4^"x3"x%" ............ 60' 4^"x3"x^" ............ 65' 43^"x3"x%" ............ 70' 4^" x 3" x y 2 " and under.. 80' 4"x3^" ................. 90' 4"x3"x%" .............. 85' 4" x 3" x%" and under.... 90' 3^"x3"x%" ............ 60' 3^"x3"xM" ......... ... 65' 3^"x3"x%" ............ 70' 3^"x3"x^" ............ 75' 3^" x 3" x W and under.. 80' 3^"x2^"x%" .......... 55' 3^"x2^"x^" .......... 60' 3^"x2^"x%" .......... 65' 3^"x2^"xK" ..... ...... 70' 3^"x2^"x^" .......... 80' 90' 50' 50' 50' 50' TEES 5"tol" 50' ZEES 6" and 5" ................. 70' 4"x%" .................. 65' 4" x%" and under.- ....... 70' 3".. . 70' DECK BEAMS 10" 9", 8" and 7" 6".. 45' 65' 60' BULB ANGLES 10", 9", 8" and 7" 65' 6" 60' 5".. . 65' When these lengths are not sufficient to meet the requirements of a specific job, submit the matter to the Purchasing Department for further information. 26 THE ORDERING OF MATERIAL ' 1. TABLE OF LIMITING SIZES OF CHECKERED PLATES ROLLED BY THE CARNEGIE MILLS. Thickness, Inches Weight per Square Foot Length for Widths, 6" to 11%" Length for Widths, 12" to 48" Length for Widths, 48M" to 60" :& 8.7 10' 0" 15' 0" 1 A 11.2 10' 0" 20' 0" 20' 0" & 13.8 10' 0" 20' 0" 20' 0" */8 16.3 10' 0" 20' 0" 20' 0" & 18.9 10' 0" 20' 0" 20' 0" 1 A -.:. 21.4 10' 0" 20' 0" 20' 0" Checkered plates of narrower widths and greater length than shown in above table may be submitted for special consideration. Definite promises of delivery cannot be made unless the tonnage is large. 2. MAXIMUM LENGTHS OF SHAPES ROLLED BY PENCOYD MILLS 20" 20" 20" 20" 20" 20" 20" 20" 18" 18" 18" 18" 15" 15" 15" 15" 15" 15" 15" 15" 15" 15" 15" 12" BEAMS x 100 lb 52' x 95 Ib 55' x 90 lb 58' x851b 61' x80 lb 65' x75 lb 69' x70 lb 74' x 65 lb 80' x 70 lb 52' x 65 lb..., 55' x 60 lb 60' x 55 lb 66' xlOOlb 46' x 95 lb 48' x90 lb 51' x85 lb 54' x80 lb 58' x75 lb 62' x70 lb 66' x65 lb 71' x60 lb 77' x55 lb 84' x 50, 45 and 42 lb 92' x65 lb... . 58' 12" x 60 lb 62' 12"x55 lb 68' 12" x 50 lb 73' 12"x45 lb 80' 12" x 40, 35 and 31.5 lb 90' 10"x40 lb.... 60' 10" x 35 lb 70' 10" x 30 lb 80' 10" x 25 lb 85' 9"x35 lb 65' 9"x30 lb 70' 9" x 25 and 21 lb 80' 8" x 25.5 lb 70' 8"x23 lb 75' 8" x 20.5 lb 85' 8"xl8 lb '90' 7"x20 lb 85' 7" x 17.5 and 15 lb 90' 6" x 17.25 and 14.75 lb. . . . 100' 6" x 12.25 lb 85' 5" x 14.75, 12.25 and 9.75 lb 100' 4" x 10.5, 9.5 and 8.5 lb. . . 40' 4"x7.5 lb 50' 3" x 7.5, 6.5 and 5.5 lb.... 50' THE ORDERING OF MATERIAL 27 MAXIMUM LENGTHS OF SHAPES ROLLED BY PENCOYD MILLS Continued CHANNELS 15" x 55, 50 and 45 Ib 75' 15" x 40, 35 and 33 Ib 75' 13" x 48.5 Ib 70' 13" x 31.9 Ib , 80' 12" x 40, 35, 30, 25 and 20.5 Ib 80' 10"x35 Ib 70' 10"x30 Ib 75' 10"x25 Ib 80' 10" x 20 and 15 Ib 90' 9" x 25 and 20 Ib 80' 9" x 15 and 13.25 Ib 100' 8" x 21.25 and 18.75 Ib. . . . 80' 8" x 16.25, 13.75 and 11.25 Ib 100' 7" x 19.75 and 17.25 Ib.. . . 80' 7" x 14.75, 12.25 and9.751b.100' 6" x 15.5, 13, 10.5 and8 lb.,100' 5" x 11.5, 9 and 6.5 Ib 100' 4" x 7.25, 6.25 and 5.25 Ib.. 50' 3" x 6, 5 and 4 Ib 50' 2M" 50' 2".. . 50' ANGLES Equal Legs 8"x8"xl",ft"an(W...110' 8" x 8" x if", y" and ft ".120' 8" x 8" x %", A" and ^".150' 6"x6"xft" 120' 6"x6"x^" 130' 6"x6"xtt" 140' 6"x6"x%" 150' 6"x6"x^" 160' 6" x 6" x ^", A" and ^".170' 5" x 5" same as 6" x 6". 4"x4"xM", H" and ^".120' 4"x4"x&" 130' 4"x4"x^" 140' 4"x4"x 1 y / 150' x 4" x y 8 " and &" ..... 170' " x 3^" same as 4" x 4". x 3" x &" to %" same as ' 4" x 4" x &" to %" 70' 45' 50' 60' 70' 50' 60' x 2y 2 " x and All 70' " angles and under. . 70' ANGLES Unequal Legs 8" x 6" same as 8" x 8" 7" x 3^" same as 6" x 6" 6"x4"x%" 130' 6"x4"x%" 135' 6"x4"x%" 150' 6"x4"x%" 160' 6"x4"x%to % 170' 6" x 3^" same as 6" x 4" 5" x 4" same as 6" x 4" 5" x 33^" same as 6" x 4" 5" x 3" same as 4" x 4" 4" x 3^" same as 4" x 4" 4" x 3" same as 4" x 4" 3^" x 3" same as 4" x 4" 33^" x 2y 2 " x ^" and up, same as 4" x 4" xj^" and up. 3H"x2^"x^" 70' 3^"x2"x^g" 60' 3^"x2"x^"andM // .... 70' 3"x2^"xi^" 45' 3"x2^"x^" 50' 3"x2^"x^" 55' 28 THE ORDERING OF MATERIAL MAXIMUM LENGTHS OF SHAPES ROLLED BY PENCOYD MILLS Continued ANGLES CONTINUED Unequal Legs 3" x 23^" x jj^" 60' 3" x 2V / " x V" 70' 3" x 2" same as 3" x 2^" 2W'x2"x%"... . 55' 2M" x and 60' 70' 70' 70' All square root angles same as others. All cover angles same as others. TEES 6"x4" 5" x 4" and 3^" 4"x3" 4"x2" 3" x 3^" and 2H" 3"xlH" 2M" x 2" and 1%" 40' 50' 50' 50' 50' 40' 50' 40' 40' 50' 25' 50' 50' "" 4"x4 50' 50' 3^' / x3^" ............... 40' 3"x3" ................... 45' 2^" x 2^" and under ..... 50' ZEES 6"x34.541b ............... 125' 6"x31.891b ............... 135' 6"x29.371b ............... 140' 6" x 28.05 Ib. and under .... 150' DECK BEAMS 8"x28.61b ................ 60' 8" x 26.9 Ib. and 25.2 Ib.. . . 65' 8"x23.51b ................ 70' 8"x21.81b ................ 75' 8"x211b ................. 80' 7"x24.51b ................ 70' 7"x231b ................. 75' 7"x21.51b ................ 80' 7"x201b .................. 85' 7"xl8.5lb ................ 90' 7"xl81b ................. 95' 6"x 19.6 Ib ................ 90' 6"xl8.31b ........ . ....... 95' 6" x 17.1, 15.8 and 14.5 Ib.. 100' All 5" deck beams ..... 100' BULB ANGLES All bulb angles 150 ; When these lengths are not sufficient to meet the requirements of a specific job, submit the matter to the Pencoyd Mills for further information. THE ORDERING OF MATERIAL 29 MAXIMUM LENGTHS OF SHAPES ROLLED BY GARY MILLS AND SOUTH CHICAGO MILLS 24" to 18" Beams 65' 15"xl001b 45' 15"x901b 50' 15" x 80 Ib 60' 15" x 60 Ib. to 75 Ib ". 62' 15" x 35 Ib. to 55 Ib 75' 12" Beams and under 75' All Channels 75' All Angles 6"x 4" and over 90' All Angles 6"x3^" to 4" x 4", inclusive 75' All Angles 4"x3^" and under 60' 30 THE ORDERING OF MATERIAL SIZES AND LENGTHS OF STANDARD STOCK CARRIED BY A. B. Co. CENTRAL DIVISION PLANTS AMBRIDGE Andes Aligln H & M & H A H A H % tt H 1 8x6 30 7 X3M 6x6 30 30 30 30 30 30 6x4 30 30 30 30 30 6 x3H 30 30 30 5 x3H 30 30 30 30 5x3 30 30 4x4 30 30 30 4 x3M 30 4x3 30 30 3^x3^ 3Hx 3 30 30 30 30 30 30 3^x2M 30 30 3x3 30 30 30 3 x2M 30 30 2^x2^ 30 30 * 2Hx 2 30 30 2x2 30 Plates 36 15 30 30 30 30 30 30 15 15 15 30 30 24 15 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 21 30 18 30 30 30 16 30 30 30 30 15 30 30 14 30 30 30 30 30 30 13 30 30 12 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 11 30 10 30 30 30 30 30 9 30 30 30 30 8 30 30 30 30 30 30 7 30 30 30 30 6 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 5 30 30 30 30 4 30 30 33^ 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 3 30 30 30 30 2K 30 30 30 30 2M 30 30 30 2 30 1M 30 18 30 30 Ambridge Plant carries Q Stock ft, L B, f . l},Mi.U. U* I Mi, U, 1 i. 8 in 35'-0" Lengths. " " O " 2J,2i2f,2J,3t,3f,3f,3i,4i,4J,5i,5|,61inl5'-0"Lengths. " Q " i,J,l,H,lJm35'-0" Lengths. " a small amount of A and i Plates for Detail Fillers. THE ORDERING OF MATERIAL 31 SIZES AND LENGTHS OF STANDARD STOCK CARRIED BY A. B. Co. CENTRAL DIVISION PLANTS CANTON SHIFFLER I Angles I-Beams f | 1 * '4 A H A H H H u A H A \i A H K 1 1 1 6x6 60 60 60 60 40 40 40 24" x 100 60 6x4 60 60 60 40 40 40 40 24" x 80 60 60 40 40 40 40 20" x 80 60 60 60 60 40 40 40 20" X 65 60 60 40 40 18" X 55 60 4x4 60 40 40 40 40 40 15" x 60 60 4x3 60 60 40 40 40 15" x 42 60 60 3J^ x3V 40 40 12" x 40 60 3^x3 3^x2^ 3x3 1 l*g 60 60 50 50 60 60 60 50 60 60 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 12" x 31 H 10" x 25 9"x 21 8"x 18 7"x 15 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 40 40 40 40 40 50 50 40 40 6"x 12% 60 60 40 Px 2 50 50 40 40 5" x 9M 60 60 x 2 50 40 4" x 7H 45 50 Plates Channels 48 34 34 34 42 36 34 34 34 34 34 30 30 30 30 15" x 33 12" x 25 60 60 60 40 30 24 20 18 16 14 12 10 34 34 34 34 40 40 40 34 34 34 34 34 40 40 40 34 34 34 34 40 40 40 40 34 34 40 40 34 34 34 40 34 34 34 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 12" x 20 ^ 10" x 15 9"x 15 9"x 13 ^ 8"x 11 M 7"x 12 M 7"x 9% 6"x 8 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 8 6 5 40 34 34 40 40 34 34 34 34 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 5"x 6^ 4"x 5M 60 45 60 50 4 34 34! 30 30 30 3 25 25 25 25 25 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 25 25 25 30 30 30 2M 25 25 30 30 30 2 25 25 30 . 25 25 25 IV 25 25 25 Canton Plant carries Q Stock f, f, f, 1, 1|,1 J, 1J, If, If in 25'-0" Lengths. O " 2J,2f,2f,2f,2i,3iin20'-0"Lengths. All Plants carry a small amount of & and J Plates for Detail Fillers. 32 THE ORDERING OF MATERIAL SIZES AND LENGTHS OF STANDARD STOCK CARRIED BY A. B. Co. EASTERN DIVISION PLANTS ELMIRA PENCOYD Angles ft 1 A * H ft H ft H H H 1 H ft K ft H A H Y* H 'I' 8x6 30 30 7 x 3^2 30 30 6x6 60 60 60 60 30 30 30 6x4 60 60 60 30 30 30 6 x3J^ 30 30130 30 5 x3y 2 55 55 60 30 30 30 30 5x3 30 30 4x4 55 55 30 30 30 30 30 55 30 30 30 30 4x3 55 55 55 30 30 30 55 55 55 30 30 30 30 30 30 31^ jj 2J/ 55 55 55 55 3x3 50 55 55 30 30 30 3x2^ 50 50 50 30 30 3x2 50 50 50 50 30 30 2H x 2 50 50 2x2 50 50 2x1% 50 Plates 60 48 20 20 34 20 34 20 34 34 42 34 34 36 34 34 34 34 34 34 20 12 12 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 15 30 34 34 34 30 30 30 24 20 34 3434 34 34 34 34 20 30 30 30 30 30 15 20 34 34 34 18 34 34 34 34 30 30 16 34 34 34 34 34 34 30 30 30 30 15 30 14 40 40 40 40 40 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 13 30 30 12 40 40 40 40 40 40 20 30 30 3030 30 3030 10 40 40 40 40 30 30 30 30 30 3030 9 30 30 30 30 8 40 40 40 40 30 30 30 30 30 30 7 30 30 6 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 5 20 20 20 21 21 4 20 20 20 20 20 21 21 21 21 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 21 21 21 21 21 21 3 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 21 21 21 21 21 21 20 20 20 20 21 21 21 21 21 2j| 20 21 21 2 3 20 20 20 1H 20 IJi 20 1 20 Elmira Plant carries O Stock * x 15'0" f , f , J, 1, H, 1 J.1J, 1 f , 2 x 30'0" and 2 *, 2 1, 2 f , 2 J,3 f ,3 1 , 3f,4i,4Mi,5i x 20'0" Rails 60 Ib. x 33'0" and 40 Ib.x3(y0" Pencoyd " " " f , i, 1, 1 i, 1 J, x 30'0" and 1 J, 1 f , H, If, 2, 2 \ x 20'0" " a Stock * and f x 13'0" and f , i, 1, 1 J, H, 1 f , H x 30' 0" All Plants carry a small amount of A and V% Plates for Detail Fillers. THE ORDERING OF MATERIAL 33 SIZES AND LENGTHS OF STANDARD STOCK CARRIED BY A. B. Co. EASTERN DIVISION PLANTS TRENTON [EDGEMOOR Angles I-Beams fl 2 V X & * A H M H 1 M v H ft H & H i 1 8x8 55 55 4"xll5 65 8x6 55 55 55 4" x 100 65 7 x3M 55 55 55 4"x 90 65 6x6 55 55 55155 55 35 35 35 35 5 1 4"x 80 65 6x4 55 55 55|55 55 35 35 35 35 5 6 x3M 55 5555 35 35 20" x 65 60 5x3^ 5x3 55 55 55 55 55 55 55 35 35 35 35 35 5"X 42 60 60 4x4 55 55 55 55 35 35 35 4 x3K 55 55 55 35 35 12" x 31H 60 60 4x3 55 55 55 35 35 10" x 25 60 60 3J^ x 3y% i55 55 55 35 35 9"x 21 60 60 3!^ x 3 55 55 55 55 55 35 35 31^ x 2J^ 55 5555 55 35 35 8"x 18 60 60 3x3 50 55 55 55 35 35 35 7"x 15 60 60 3 x 2M 50 50 50 50 35 6"x 12M 60 55 3x2 50 50 5" x 9M 60 55 50 50 50 35 35 4" x lYz 50 40 2>|x 2 2 50 50 3"x 5^ 50 2x2 50 50 35 Plates Channels 60 40 40 40 15" x 33 60 60 48 40 40 40 40 35 12" x 20^ 60 60 42 40 40 40 40 10" x 15 60 60 40 40 40 9"x 13M 60 60 36 40 40 40 40 40 35 35 35 35 8"x 11 Y 60 60 30 40 40 40 40 40 7" x 9H 60 55 24 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 35 35 35 35 35 35 6"x 8 60 55 22 40 40 40 40 5"x 6K 60 55 20 40 40 40 40 40 35 4"x 5M 40 40 18 40 40J40 40 40 40 40 16 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 35 35 15 40 40 40 40 14 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 35 35 35 35 13 40 Tees 12 10 40 40 40 40 4040 4040 40 40 4040 4040 35 35 35 35 35 35 35 35 35 35 3'^x 3 x A 35 9 8 40 40 4040 4040 40 40 35 35 35 35 35 35 30 7 40 40 40 35 H-Sections 6 35 35 3535 35 35 35 35 35 35 35 35 35 35 5 35 35 3535 35 35^35 35 8" x 34 60 4 35 35 35 35 35 35 35 35 35 35 6"x 23.8 60 3/^ 35 35 35 35 35 35 35 3535 35 35 35 35 5" x 18.7 60 3 35 35 35 35 35 35 35 35 35 35 35 35 35 2H 2M 35 35 35 35 35 35 35 35 35 35 35 35 Monorail ] Sections / 40 2 35 35 35 35 Trenton Plant carries O Stock f, f, |, 1, U, 1J, H, U, 2, 2J, 2* x 35'0" and | x25'0" Edgemoor " " " 7| down to 1 and | and I D Stock All Plants carry a small amount of A and H Plates for Detail Fillers, (also A at Trenton). THE ORDERING OF MATERIAL 1-1 1 CM OO O TO lOW OT COOT ** OT COCO OT ^ 1 CMCM CM O O O COCOCOCO OT X 1 ji CM S *^ cooococococo w X CMCM CM 8 OO OOO OTOOOTOO O COOT <* "* * COCOCOCOCOCO OT 3 \f OOOOO O mX CM CM CM CO CO CO ,, S 5 SSS . OTOTCOWOTCOOT g ,J OOOOOO O 5 CMCMCMCMCOOT CO OO O O OOOOOOCOO OOO r^Tj< <^ T*< ^ rJH * ^l CO CM OT CO CMCQCM s N* OOOOOOO O * CM CM CM CM CM CO CO <* OO O O OOOOOOOOOOOO ** T*H ^ TH-^^^COCMOTOTCQCMCMCM HS CMCMCMCM 8 S O O O O OOOOOCDCO O ^ ^ ^ ^ OTCMOTOTOTrHrH CM | 8 X e 00 o o o COCO CO OT CM 00 \o> O "S\ 00 OTOTOT OT CM 1 X | CM 8 COCOCOCOCO OT OTOTOTOTOTOT CM 1-3 X | CMOT 8 OOOOO O OOOOOO OO O COCOCOCOCO OT OTOTOTWOTCM CMCM CM GO HS | g , g OOOOO O OOOOOO OOO O COCOOTCOCO OT COCOCOCOCOCM CMCMCM CM N^I 1 OO O 12 ' coco co COCOCOCOCO OT OTOTOTOTOTCM CMCMCM CM tO 00 LOLO tO lO tO OTOTOT OT OT ^ OT CO CO ^ n J5J2J2 t2 12 IS TOOTOT CT OT OT H X lO tO LO LO OT . OT OT OT \s I to *J 1 CO OT COCOOTCOOT OT CO OT COCOCOCO OT HS lOtOtOtOtO lO to COCOCOOTOT OT OT Q x 1 S 5 LO LO LO LO LO tO lO LO LO lO tO lO tO lO lOtO lOtOlO D CO CO CO CO COCO OTOTOT COCOCOCOCO COOT OTOTOT * g LOLOiOLOtOlOiOLOLOLOiOlOlO COCOCOCOCOCOCOOTOTCOCOCOCO ^! ,H 00 lO LO lO lO LO LO lO LO LO LO LO LO lO LOLOlO OT OOCOCO OT OT OT COCOCOCOCOCO OTOTOT -IS i v S * ^ co\ CO CO CO COOT OT OT OT * OT N o lOtO tO lO o\ COCO CO 00 lOLO LO LO LO O COCO OT OT OT OT J K co to OT i-\ COCO COCO CO lOiOiOiOtO tO lO tOiOOO OOiO OTOTOTOTOT OT OT OTOTOTOT OTOTCM *t !2 J2 n^i co co IO lO LO LO O O OT OT OT OT OT OT e^\ COCO COCOCOCOCO lOlOlOtOlO tO lOLOiOLOOOOOOtOlO OTOTOTOTOT OT OTOTOTOTOTOTOTOTOTCMCSI HS COW COOT CO tOlOtO lO lO tOiOiOiOOOOOOiOlOtO COOTOT OT TO CO CO TO CO CO CO CO CO CO CM CM CM ^ OT CO CO TOOT CO CO CO CO TO CO CO COOT CM CM CM ^ 8 N t*\ CO 8 x 88 COCO CO CO CO COCO v 22 ic\ CO CO COCO CO CO CO CO H \N O OO OO O r-K CO COCO COCO CO COCOCOCOCOCOCOCOCOCOCOCOCO COCOCOCO i TH CO CO COCO CO CO CO CO CO x 8 88 88 8 cococococococococococococococococococo Hs 88 OOO O O CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO HS 8 1 StDSSM8cMCMCMC ^OCOOtfi^OTCM^OOJCOt-CDtO^COOTCMCMCMSS Gary Plant carries O Stock 5 f , 5 J, 5 1, 4 1, 4 f , 4 f, 4 1, 3 1 and 2 } \ 15'0" American If and If x30'-0";l}, If.lf.li, 1. i, -795, .680, D Stock 2 i, 2 and 1| x 2(XO"; If, 1, 1 and f x 35'0" 14 " O Stock 2 1, 2, 1 f , H, 1 i, 1, 1, f x 35'0" and } x 20'0" and f x 35'Q" D Stock 1, x 35'0" and } x 20'0" THE ORDERING OF MATERIAL 35 SIZES AND LENGTHS OF STANDARD STOCK CARRIED BY A. B. Co. WESTERN DIVISION PLANTS MINNEAPOLIS XI I-Beams I 1 I S 1 XI gg X HSI OO 10 10 oooooooo o 10 10 LO m in 10 10 10 to *Z\ 10 10 10 m 10 10 10 10 to 10 10 **<* coco 24" x 100 24" x 80 24" x 71 21" x 75 21" x 58 20" x 80 20" x 65 18" x 60 18" x 55 L8"x 46 L5"x 60 L5"x 50 15" x 45 15" x 42 L5"x 35 L2"x 40 12" x 3iy 2 12" x 25 10" x 25 9"x 21 8"x 20 1 A 8"x 18 7"x 15 6"x 12M 5"x 12M 5"x 9% 4"x 7H 3"x 5H Channels 15" x 33 12" x 35 12" x 25 12" x 20 H 10" x 25 10" x 20 10" x 15 9"x 15 9"x 13 M 8"x 21 g 8"x 13 M 8"x 11 M 7"x 17^ 7"x 12X 7' x 9M 6' x IQYz 6' x 8 5' x 11 M 5' x 6y 2 4' x 7M 4' x 6M 4' x 5M 3' x 6 3"x 4 H-BEAMS 8"x 34 6"x 23.8 5"x 18.7 4"x 13.6 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 45 60 45 45 45 60 60 60 50 30 60 60 60 60 45 45 45 45 45 45 45 45 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 50 40 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 50 50 60 60 60 60 50 50 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 50 60 60 60 60 50 50 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 50 60 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 io 60 50 45 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 20 50 40 HS lOiOlO iOiOlO-*THTH COCOCO ^t 10 10 in m * * T* co co co oo co i mmtoioio. r* OOOOOOOOOO x U5O coco 00 ) 3 X 8g w 8g XI 8 g HS| gg8g g x| gggggggg ggggS ,-ko | OOO OOOOOO OO 5; 1 101010 loioioiocoio 1010 l ' ggggggg *| ggg DETROIT 1-1 gt &| 8 888 \oo 1 O OO O O JK 1 CD coco co S \P O OOOOO OOO OO iQ nk co COCOCOCOCO COCOCO COCO CO ^ cococo cococo oo \oo 1 OOOOO OOO OOiOmmm lOiO XI cococococo cococo cocococococo cow 1 O OOO OOiOiOiOiO lOiO r* | CO COCOCO COCOOOOOCOOO COCO Se 8 88SSSS HS lO 00 AMERICAN x| * X 88 8 * x| S 88888 8 S SSS HS- OOO O O lO O lO COCOCO CO * T*i * <* X OOOOO OiOiO lOiQiOiOiOiO lO COCOCOCOCO CD'*'* 44-44*Ti4<44T*4 * HS 8SS SJSS^SS 333 X| SSSSSSS3 i i ^ IOIO lOiO T*** <** X IOIO lOiOlO *T* *** v - |iO lO 10 tO 1C lO U3 lO lO lO ;K !****** T* * ^ ^ *i* 333 3 X 3333 3 33333 3 HS 333 3 X i w^Si^^cl^^cl^^wWclwclw^cl^^S^ XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXMX 00 00 00 C- CO CO CO 10 tO 10 10 * * * ^^^00 00 CO ^^CN ^!^rH COCOCO CfltN r-li-H Detroit Plant carries Q Minneapolis " O Stock2i,2J,2, If, If, If, If, 11, 1| and Ix25'0" O " A andix!6'0"; |x20'0";2^,2i, 2J,2, 11, 1J, If, 1J, 11, |, and } x 30'0" and 33'0"; 6, 4 J, 4 J, 4, 3 and 2f x 16'0" D Stock 2 , 2, 1 i, 1 , 1 f , 1 J, 1 1, 1, I, f and x 30' 0" and 33'0" mount of A and t Plates for Detail Fillers. , ! All Plants carry a small amount of A and J Plates for Detail Fillers. 36 PREPARATION OF ADVANCE BILLS CHAPTER II PREPARATION OF ADVANCE BILLS Advance bills are to be written in pencil on Form D51 with one or two carbon copies to suit plant require- ments. Send original or original and one carbon copy of bill to Order Office of fabricating plant. Order Office will return copy of bill to Drawing Room, showing length of material ordered, item numbers, etc. See page 41. When Advance Bills Are Not to be Written 2. Advance bills are not to be written when drawings are furnished by others and no material ordered in advance, or when drawings have to be approved before material is ordered. In such cases the original copies of shop bills are to be sent to the Order Office, which will order, itemize and return bills to the Drawing Room. When drawings are made away from the fabricating plant, the Order Office will in addition to ordering the material take care of the printing of shop bills. AUTallowances for trimming and finishing should be clearly shown on the shop bills used as advance bills, same notations are required as for advance bills on pages 6.7 to 12.3 and 15.4 to 15.9. PREPARATION OF ADVANCE BILLS 37 Lengths on Advance Bills. 1. As far as practicable in the time allowed for ordering material, the lengths required with allowances as per pages 6.7 to 12.3 and 15.4 to 15.9 should appear on the advance bills. This rule, however, is to be disregarded on rush orders where it is necessary to cover sufficient stock or to get orders in before details have progressed sufficiently to obtain exact lengths. The material involved in such cases usually consists of plates and angles. Beams, channels, tees and zees should be ordered to required lengths. For small detail material, the required lineal feet may 'be called for on advance bills. This, however, applies only to detail material six feet long and less. In " Remarks" column of advance bills, after lineal feet, give approximate length of cut piece. The required number of lineal feet of lattice bars is to be billed. A liberal excess is to be allowed. A=Stock 2. All material, as far as practicable, should be covered on advance bills. Material for minor details developed in the work and known to be in stock at the fabricating plant can be cared for by the Order Office in itemizing. When drawings are made away from the fabricating plant, material that has not been covered on advance bills is to be marked "A-Stock" on shop bills and is to be taken care of by the fabricating plant. The purpose of the A-Stock notation is to have the fabricating plant take care of small detail material that has not been covered on advance bills and any material to be ordered at the time shop bills are ready for the shop. Additions are sometimes required by changes in design. In such cases the A-Stock notation allows the shop bills to be sent to the plant without waiting for advance bills to be written and to take their regular course. The fabricating plant immediately upon receipt of shop bills will go over them and list all A-Stock and provide for same. 38 PREPARATION OF ADVANCE BILLS A=Stock Continued 1. The fact that material not ordered can be marked as " A-Stock" on shop bills must not be construed by Drawing Rooms to mean that the ordering of any material by advance bills can be delayed or omitted. All material should be covered on advance bills as early as possible, except for the special cases mentioned. 2. In assuming that A-Stock can be taken from stock at the plant, always consult the stock list or list of standard stock carried by fabricating plant. See pages 30 to 35. 3. When drawings are made by the Drawing Room of the fabricating plant, A-Stock may be used as outlined herein, if authorized by Order Office. Eyebars, Separators and Clevises 4. Advance bills should not be written for eyebars or castings except cast iron separators. Drawings of eyebars and castings should be sent to the fabricat- ing plant with advance bills for other material where the ordering of the material will be taken care of. 5. Cast iron separators are to be ordered on advance bills or by an accompanying sketch if the plant requires it, or if they are special. State clearly when ordering separators or other similar materials whether they are to be shipped loose or are to be assembled in the shop. 6. In billing clevises on advance bills, be sure the follow- ing information is given: (No sketch necessary.) 1. Diameter of head D 2. Size of upset, diameter U 3. Hand of thread Right or Left 4. Size of pin, diameter P 5. Grip of jaw H PREPARATION OF ADVANCE BILLS 39 U. M. Plates 1. Items of plates that must be Universal should be so marked on advance bills. If not marked they are to be either Universal or Sheared, as per the note on printed form of advance bill. U. M. plates can be obtained from Carnegie Steel Co. up to 48" wide, from Indiana Steel Co. up to 60" wide. Before specifying U. M. plates over 30" wide for Western Division Plant, consult Engineer of fabricating plant. 2. U. M. plates should always be specified where a sheared edge would make a bad appearance in the finished work or where specifications require the planing of sheared edges. Material Shipped Direct 3. Material to be shipped direct to the site should be so noted on advance bill. It should also be noted whether it is to be painted or not and by whom. (See also Instructions for Shipping Bills, page 74.8). Material Specification 4. On the first page of advance bills fill in the specifica- tion card number, process of manufacture and inspection. This is not be filled in on the other pages except for specifications that require different grades of material. In such cases see that special card number is given to this material, as all material will be supposed to be in accordance with card number given on first sheet, unless otherwise noted. Labeling Material on Advance Bills 5. All advance bills should have material properly labeled, showing to-whjat portion of the structure the material belongs. On Mill Buildings the usual headings would be "Roof Trusses," " Girts and Bracing," "Columns;" on Office Buildings "(O-2) Columns," etc., "Second Floor Girders," "Column Bases (0-2);" on Truss Bridges "Top Chord U2-4," "Diagonal U2L4," "Transverse Bracing." 4O PREPARATION OF ADVANCE BILLS Labeling Material on Advance Bills Continued 1. Plain (unpunched) material should be so marked. 2. When work is divided into sections or divisions, the material for each section or division should be properly noted and divided on advance bills. 3. Advance bills should also be made in such a way that the material can be readily identified in itemizing the shop bills. 4. Bills for different plants should be numbered with separate series of numbers. See page 80.2. Miscellaneous Materials 5. The preparing of bills and sketches for miscellaneous material noted on page 6.6 should be done at the same time the advance bills are written. "Ordered" Column for Order Office 6. In writing advance bills, remarks or notations of any kind should never extend into the columns headed "Ordered." These columns are exclusively for the notations of the Order Office. Marking of Advance Bills Complete 7. On the last page it must be clearly noted in line provided for that purpose whether the advance bill completes the order or any portion of the order. This line on the advance bill should always be filled in in such a manner as to give the Order Office a clear idea of what remains on the order or any portion of the order. If complete, except for minor details, be sure to note same. PREPARATION OF ADVANCE BILLS TYPICAL ADVANCE BILL 41 ADVANCE BILL AMERICAN BRIDGE COMPANY 3d LM 1*73 25 /5 jj> 4t 1/0 10 (i;|i 30 /2 k&u^Li 1 ri tfi Ul 10 in 5Eid 4 ae u -V 2? M ti 30 tokUlk ss i, 'Vl* I/O * .OH^A BOH . :tJ. NAME OF STRUCTURE RDE 6 ^ ORDER No. | PAGE NO. I 42 PREPARATION OF ADVANCE BILLS Change Orders 1. Change orders are to be written in pencil on Form D4 with two carbon c.opies. The original and one carbon copy should be sent to Order Office of fabricating plant. Order Office will return copy to Drawing Room, showing whether changes have been made. TYPICAL CHANGE ORDER AMERICAN BRIDGE COMPANY CHANGE FROM CHANGE TO l& 10 13 KT /J 4-1 T ltH n 30_ 10 10 46 uW .14 6p_ 1 6 /e~, ~L^ no 99 60 TOO LATE TO CHAIMQE REORDER LINbS fljU REPORT UNE3 'J F^^PSICATIQ!! _. ORDER NO PAGE NO NAME OF STRUCTUWP PREPARATION OF ADVANCE BILLS 43 Manner of Writing Change Orders 1. Special care should be used in writing change orders and in noting on the advance bill the items that are changed, repeating the note on each line of the bill affected by the change. 2. Leave space between the entries on the change order for the notations of the Order Office. In making complicated changes, several lines are sometimes necessary to clearly show how the change has been made. 3. A change order should be a complete record of each step in the process of changing material ordered from the mill. Material Ordered in Excess 4. For material ordered in excess on an order, or left over due to change in design, send a change order as soon as same is discovered to Order Office authorizing them to cancel. If too late to cancel, Order Office will list on Put-into-Stock Form D 13 and notify Drawing Room. The purpose of this is to get any excess material into stock as soon as possible. The preceding refers more particularly to main sections and not to small detail material. 5. For this latter material, after shop bills are itemized, Put-into-Stock form should be made by Order Office. When drawings and shop bills are made away from the fabricating plant, a change order form must be sent to the Order Office of the fabricat- ing plant; the change order need give only such information as is necessary for the Order Office to prepare a Put-into-Stock sheet. 44 PREPARATION OF MILL ORDERS AND REQUISITIONS CHAPTER III PREPARATION OF MILL ORDERS AND REQUISITIONS 1. It will be the duty of the Order Office to compile orders from advance bills, drawings or shop bills. They will multiple material in accordance with requirements of shop equipment and make allow- ances for milling, trimming, etc., in accordance with notes on preliminary bills and instructions contained in this book. 2. When drawings are made away from fabricating plant, the Order Office at fabricating plant will write all the mill orders and issue all requisitions for material, except for material listed on Form O&E13, which is assigned to Contracting Department. This material should be drawn or listed on suitable drawing room forms and sent with letter of trans- mission to the Contracting Department of Division in which sale is made. Material listed on Form O&E 13, which is assigned to Purchasing Depart- ment, should be listed by Drawing Room and sent to Order Office of fabricating plant where requisi- tions will be issued. 3. Mill orders will be compiled according to general letters issued by Purchasing Department. Labeling Mill Orders 4. When a contract is divided into sections or divisions, the material for each section or division must be billed separately on the mill order and the section or division noted. On office building work, each tier of columns must be billed separately. This applies also to floors of girders and beams, except that all floors connecting to any tier of columns may be combined. Mill orders must be properly labeled, showing the tiers and floors covered. Complete 5. Final mill orders on a contract should be marked " Complete" when advance bills state that order is complete except for small details. Additional material can always be ordered on a contract, even though the mill order is marked complete. PREPARATION OF MILL ORDERS AND REQUISITIONS 46 Mill Order Information Sheets 1. In filling out the mill order information sheet, Form P122, under the heading " Specifications" refer to " Specification Abstract Card Number" and do not copy specifications in detail . Thus : under the head- ing " Specifications" write "Refer to Card No. 701" or whatever the card number may be. In this connection care must be taken that the correct grade is inserted after the card number. Thus, the information sheet may call for card No. 709, when the actual printed Form D509 may call for Card No. 709 soft, 709 medium, etc., the grade indicating some particular class of material required by the specification on some particular portion of the structure. In addition to the card number, the process of manufacture and the inspection should be given. When there is no outside inspec- tion, state, "Mill Inspection, No Test Reports Required" or "Mill Inspection, Send Test Reports to Plant." Though the card number for material is supposed to be given on the first page of advance bill, the Order Office should always check this by referring to the regular information sheet and to Form D509. 2. Note on P122 if work is for export. Plant Requisitions and Reassignment Requisitions 3. The Order Office at fabricating plant will issue all plant requisitions on Form A4 and reassignment requisitions on Form A8. In making out requisi- tions be sure that all headings, such as consignment, paint, inspection, etc., are properly filled in. When ordering clevises, be sure that necessary information is given by the usual system of letters. Page 38.6. 4. In general, all material should be listed in detail on the face of the requisition, using two or more sheets when necessary. The exception is when A8 requisitions cover a large amount of rolling mill material with too many items to be listed on the requisition. In this case material should be written on the regular mill order form and requisition should state that material is to be furnished in accordance with accompanying sheets, enumerating the sheets. The requisition should show the weight of the material requisitioned and the time of delivery required. 46 PREPARATION OF MILL ORDERS AND REQUISITIONS Plant Requisitions and Reassignment Requisitions Continued 1 . When A8 requisitions cover the fabrication of material, the required number of drawings, bills, etc., should be sent to the fabricating plant and requisition read "To be fabricated in accordance with ac- companying drawings, bills, etc.," enumerating same on requisition. 2. The distribution and numbering of A4 and A8 requisitions should be in accordance with general letters issued from time to time by the Auditing Department. Material Furnished by the Purchasing and Con= tracting Departments 3. Material listed on Form 0&E13, to be furnished by Purchasing Department, should be listed by Order Office on regular Purchasing Department Requisi- tions, except corrugated sheets, which are to be ordered on Forms P166 and P167, following instructions in Purchasing Department's general letters. (Corrugated steel for export, see page 125.8.) Painting at mill, see pages 145.5 and 145.6. 4. Material listed on Form 0&E13, to be furnished by Contracting Department, is not ordered by Order Office; lists and drawings for this material should be sent direct to Contracting Department by Drawing Room as outlined on page 44.2. For louvre bars, see page 147.5. Change of Assignment 5. In -case the assignment for fabrication is changed after the material for a contract has been ordered, the original Order Office should send a change order to the mill revising the shipping directions; also copies of the mill order should be sent to the fabricating plant for use in checking the material when received. PREPARATION OF MILL ORDERS AND REQUISITIONS 47 Change of Assignment Continued 1. If any confusion in the item numbers should result, the Order Office of the fabricating plant should instruct mill to change item numbers. If the trans- fer should change material from one rolling mill to another, the original Order Office should cancel and re-order. Finishing Allowances 2. Allowances for finishing which do not appear on the advance bill are to be made by the Order Office in writing the mill order. For pins and rollers add J/s" to fin. dia. up to 4", inclusive. J4" to fin. dia. 4^" to 6^", inclusive. Y 2 " to fin. dia. 6%" to 10", inclusive. 9" to fin. dia. over 10". The above allowances are to be increased when necessary to make ordered diameter agree with mill diameter of standard rolled rounds. No allowance is to be made on mill order for finishing the ends of pins and rollers. Note "Finished Dimensions" on mill order. When shafting is to be finished, the Order Office will make the same allowance as for pins. When it is to be used rough no allowance need be made. For cold drawn or cold rolled shafting, no allowance is required. For information about shafting, see page 9.6 to 10.2. 3. For finishing the edges of plates or slabs, add %" for finishing each edge. 4. For finishing the top or bottom of plates or slabs, add for each surface finished: Over Plates Slabs /8 %" to over over 1M" 2" Up to 24" x24" TS" TS" I/" I/" 24" x 24" to 36" x 36" A" y." Over 36" x 36" . . V" V" y." 48 PREPARATION OF MILL ORDERS AND REQUISITIONS Multiple Lengths 1. When material is ordered in multiple lengths, show cuts on the perforated slip on right of mill order sheet. This slip should be detached from copy sent to mill. Short pieces of angles and plates should be ordered in multiple lengths from 30 to 35 feet (one car load length). This, however, may be modified for such plants as carry their regular stock in special long lengths. Pieces of different lengths should not be ordered in multiples in the same bar, unless the pieces are 6 feet or less in length. Exces- sive scrap should be avoided, but sufficient material must be ordered to cover, as the shop may not cut all the pieces at once, and thus may not be able to utilize the short ends. When there are small variations in lengths of pieces, they may be ordered in multiples in same bar, provided multiple is based on longest piece. 2. Tees, zees, beams and channels should not be ordered in multiple lengths unless the equipment of the fabricating plant and the circumstances render it advantageous to do so. See page 7.5 and consult plant equipment. In ordering beams and channels in multiple lengths, add 3/2" f r each cut, except for plants having beam shears, when special allowances for shearing are to be made. Consult plant equip- ment. 3. When in lengths so short that mill will charge extra for cutting (see page 17.2), both forged and rolled rounds for pins or rollers should be ordered in multiple lengths, providing fabricating plant can cut to advantage. 4. In ordering plates and angles in multiple lengths, add I" to total length. 5. In ordering rounds in multiple lengths, add Y^' for each cut and 1" additional for rolled rounds, and 3" additional for forged rounds. 6. For information relative to the ordering of sketch plates, see pages 12.4 to 13.3. It is desirable for Order Office to watch the ordering of sketch plates, as they are familiar with the conditions at plant, and may find it desirable to eliminate sketch plates that have been so ordered by Drawing Room. Order Office will assign a number to each plate ordered sketch, thus: Sk. No. 4. PREPARATION OF MILL ORDERS AND REQUISITIONS 49 Multiple Lengths Continued 1. Plates over 1 inch thick should not be ordered in multiple unless desired by shop. 2. In cases of large duplication, special consideration should be given to multiple lengths. The Grouping of Lengths 3. Angles, cover plates and material that can be readily sheared by fabricating plant, especially when there are a number of pieces varying in length by small amounts, should be treated as follows: All lengths within a range of 3 inches should be grouped as* one length, the governing length being that of the longest piece. The purpose of this is to enable the shop to readily pick out the material. 4. Material should not be ordered in smaller fractions than 1/2 inch in length, except beams and channels that are finished which if necessary are to be decreased in length to the nearest % inch. Other material is to be increased or decreased to the nearest Y^ inch, unless noted otherwise on advance bill. See page 7.7. Special Beams 5. In ordering special beams, give the Section Index number, thus, 18"-B64-48 Ib. and note " Special Beams" on each sheet. Slabs 6. Slabs should be ordered from the mill on separate sheets from other material, giving finished dimen- sions and stating that they are to be cold-sawed to length or that they may be cut to length by an oxy- acetylene flame. A variation of + J^ inch is per- mitted in any dimension. Do not specify physical tests but order to the following chemical test : Carbon 20 to .30 per cent. Sulphur 04 per cent. Phosphorus 04 per cent. Manganese Normal. For limiting sizes, see page 113.2. 5O PREPARATION OF MILL ORDERS AND REQUISITIONS Slabs Continued 1. At Pencoyd Mills 8", 10", 12", 13", 14" and 16" plates (but not intermediate widths) can be rolled to a maximum thickness of 3 inch. Plates thicker than 1^/8 inch cannot be rolled in the finishing rolls, therefore physical tests should not be specified. Gas Pipe 2. When requirements will permit, order gas pipe in lineal feet and specify random lengths. Rivet Rods and Tie Rods 3. Rivet rods should always be specified ^4" scant diameter, and in lengths to suit fabricating plant. 4. When advance bill specifies "Cold Rolled Threads'' for tie rods, order proper diameter to suit the requirements of threading machine to be used. Reserving and Charging of Stock 5. In regard to reserving stock or charging stock to order, the equipment of plants, organization, class of work handled, size of plants, and amount of stock carried vary too much for a uniform system to be adopted. Compare Tonnage 6. Discrepancies between estimated weight and ordered weight on lump sum contracts should be reported to the Division Engineer as soon as possible. Material to be Galvanized 7. An instruction should appear on the mill order for structural material which is to be galvanized that no paint marks are to be placed thereon. See pages 117.1 and 118.1. TYPICAL DRAWINGS 51 CHAPTER IV TYPICAL DRAWINGS Purpose of Typical Drawings 1. The purpose of the Typical Drawings is to show how Detail Drawings, Erection Drawings and Bills should be made; to illustrate the best methods of showing and dimensioning the various types of details found in the classes of structures covered, and to produce clear drawings and bills, uniform in appearance, with all unnecessary work eliminated. 2. The Typical Drawings have not been prepared for the purpose of advocating any particular type of construction or detail, but to illustrate the approved method of showing and dimensioning those types and details covered. 3. It is not practicable to have these drawings cover all classes of structures nor all types of details. Their scope is sufficient to illustrate the general principles involved. With these in view the same principles can be applied to all classes of structures and all types of details. 4. The Typical Drawings are, therefore, to be used as a general guide in the preparation of detail drawings for all classes of structures. Their applicability must be determined upon the basis of experience and common sense. Limitations of Typical Drawings 5. While these drawings have been prepared to meet the general requirements of the Operating and Erection Departments, variations are to be made from them when necessary to adapt the work to individual requirements of the fabricating plant or of the Erection Department. The requirements of the multiple punch, the methods of rivet spacing, and the limitations of plant equipments should be borne in mind. 52 TYPICAL DRAWINGS Omissions from Drawings 1. Attention is called to the omission of unnecessary dotted lines, cross-hatching and blackening of sections. 2. Attention is called to the omission of rivet signs though sufficient rivets must be shown to make drawings clear. 3. Attention is called to the omission of sections for simple members. The section, however, must be drawn when the detail or the member is complicated. Special Features on Erection Plans 4. On Erection Plans for office buildings, sections showing the relation of the architectural details to the steel work should be drawn wherever required. If these sections become too elaborate or involved, they should be made on data sheets instead of on Erection Plans. 5. The elaborateness of Erection Plans must depend upon the nature of the information furnished by the architect and upon the size and complexity of the structure. The Erection Plans for a building where it is necessary to adapt the steel design to architectural plans lacking detailed information should be very complete. This is necessary in order to show the relation of the architectural details to the steel work for the consideration of the architect and the information of the detailers. If complete information is given on the steel design plans, or if on small orders one or two men make all the drawings from the architectural plans, the Erection Plans need be only line diagrams with erection marks. 6. The list of material given on any Erection Plan should be only that required for the portion of the building shown on that sheet. 7. For railway bridges a cross section of the floor showing ties, track bolts, etc., should be placed on the Erection Plan if the American Bridge Co. furnishes or frames the ties or furnishes the floor bolts. TYPICAL DRAWINGS 53 Drafting Instructions 1. The general arrangement and dimensions should be as shown on the Typical Drawings. 2. In general, the first dimension line should be Y% in. away from the sketch, and other dimension lines 5 x i 6 in. apart. 3. Main dimensions, main material and erection marks should be made heavy, as shown. 4. In giving notes, the size of lettering should be in proportion to the importance of the note. 5. The size of the erection marks should be in proportion to the importance of the member. 6. In using heavy letters and figures, these should be only as heavy as can be made with one stroke of the pen. 7. Details on or near which the size of the material cannot be clearly written should have material billed to one side, and assembling marks repeated on sketch. 8. Avoid showing too much on one sheet. Use extra sheets rather than complicate the drawing with too many notes. Avoid the use of notes unless they can be made clear and concise. 9. The American Bridge Company's Standard lettering as given in the " Standards for Detailing," is to be used exclusively. 54 TYPICAL DRAWINGS List of Typical Drawings OFFICE BUILDING CONSTRUCTION Sheet El Plan of Grillage. E2 Plan of Ball Room Floor. 1 Grillage Girders. 2 Smoke Stack Gl Columns, Plate and Angle, with Seated Connection. G2 Columns, Plate and Angle, with Brackets. G3 Columns, Plate and Angle, with Inserted Gusset. G4 Columns, Plate and Channel, with Seated Connection. G5 Columns, Plate and Angle, with Framed Connection. XI Column Rivet Spacing. G6 Girders with Seated Beam Con- nection. G7 Girders with Framed Beam Con- nection. G8 Girders with End Gussets. G9 " " End Framing. Fl Beams. F2 . " F3 " F4 " F5 " F6 " F7 " F8 " F9 Stair Horses. F10 Miscellaneous Framing. Fll F12 Dormer Frames. Cl Cast Iron Bases. C2 Cast Iron Columns. Al .Schedule. A2 " SX1 Summary of Duplicate Pieces. SX2 X2 Duplicate Pieces. Dl. . . .Column Dimensions. TYPICAL DRAWINGS 65 List of Typical Drawings Continued OFFICE BUILDING CONSTRUCTION Continued Sheet C201 Slabs. C202 Miscellaneous Castings, etc. C203 Fittings. EF201 Field Rivets and Bolts, Erector's List. B501 Shop and Shipping Bill, Beams (Domestic). B601 Shop and Shipping Bill, Beams (Export). R201 Shipping Bill, Columns. K201 Index to Marks. MILL BUILDING CONSTRUCTION Sheet El Anchor Bolt Plan. E2 Erection Diagram. E3 " E4 " " Sheet Steel. E5 " " " 1 Columns. 2 3 4 5 Girders and Truss. 6 " 7 Trusses. 8 and Monitor. 9 Rafters and Girts. 10 Girts. 11 " 12 Trusses. 13 " and Monitor. 14 Bracing. 15 Girts, Struts, etc. E101 Erection Diagram, Sheet Steel, Gutters, Conductors, etc. 101 Trusses (Export) 102 Hemispherical Tank. 103 Steel Doors. 104 Gas Pipe Railing. Kl Index to Marks. Cl Anchor Bolts. C2 Purlins. C3. .Rods. 56 TYPICAL DRAWINGS List of Typical Drawings Continued MILL BUILDING CONSTRUCTION Continued U Sheet C4 Rail Fittings. C5 Field Rivets and Bolts. EF1 Truss Diagram. EF2 " " EF3 Crane Clearance. EF4 Field Rivets and Bolts, Erector's List. SCI Sheet Steel. SC2 Sheet Steel Fastenings. SC3 Louvre Brackets and Bars. Bl Shop and Shipping Bill, Columns. B2 " " " Trusses. B3 " " Rafters and Girts. SX1 Summary Duplicate Pieces. SC104 Conductors and Gutters. SC105 Metal Windows. SC107 Wooden Windows. A101 Schedule. B101, B102.. .Shop and Shipping Bill, Trusses (Export) R101 Export Marks, Numbers, etc. RAILWAY PIN CONNECTED SPAN Stress Sheet. Sheet Dl General Drawing. D2 El Erection Diagram. 1 Shoes. 2 End Posts. 3 Top Chords. 4 " 5 Bottom Chords. 6 Vertical Posts and Hangers. 7 Floor Beams. 8 Stringers. 9 Bottom Laterals. 10 Portals. 11 Top Laterals. 12 Top Lateral Plates. 13 Pedestals. Cl. Rocker Nests. C2 Pins. C3 Eye Bars. C4.. ..Bolts. TYPICAL DRAWINGS 57 List of Typical Drawings Continued RAILWAY RIVETED TRUSS SPAN < 2 Stress Sheet. %' 7 ~* Sheet Dl General Drawing. D2 b. Z >Q ? El Erection Diagram. bl Q 1 Shoes. 2 End Posts. 3 Top Chords. t, 4 Bottom Chords. r II (I <, t. >" 3 Cow 6 Intermediate Posts. 7 Floor Beams. ft? Z 8 Stringers. W Id DC 9 Top Laterals. 10 Bottom Laterals. 11 Pedestals. Cl Rocker Nests. C2 Pins. SI Shop Bill. EF1 Field Rivets, Erector's List. RAILWAY PLATE GIRDER SPANS Sheet 1 Square Deck Span Girders. 2 Square Deck Span Cross Frames and Erection Plan. 1 Square Through Span Girders. 2 Square Through Span Floor Beams and Stringers. 3 Square Through Span Laterals and Erection Plan. 1 Skew Deck Span Girders. 2 Skew Deck Span Cross Frames and Erection Plan. SI Shop Bill, Main Girders. * S2. . .- Shop Bill, Floor Beams and Stringers. S3 . .Shop Bill, Floor Beam Brackets. Cl Cast Steel Pedestals. C2 Field Rivets and Bolts. EF1 Field Rivets and Bolts, Erector's List. Rl Shipping Bill (Domestic). R101 Shipping Bill (Export). 58 PREPARATION DETAIL DRAWINGS SHOP & SHIPPING BILLS CHAPTER V THE PREPARATION OF DETAIL DRAWINGS, SHOP AND SHIPPING BILLS GENERAL DETAILING Reference Lines 1. The main pieces in the structure should always be tied to reference lines. Thus: for railway bridges the plate girders, shoes and posts, stringers and floor beams should be tied to base of rail and masonry; for highway bridges the same pieces should be tied to crown of roadway and masonry; for office buildings, warehouses, etc., all column connections and girders should be tied to floor lines. In work where base line reference is used, elevations of important points on columns, girders and trusses should be given, using common points for connecting pieces. 2. Erection plans of office buildings, warehouses, large power houses, etc., should give sufficient informa- tion to establish elevation of pieces without con- sulting details. Field Connections 3. Field connections must be tied to reference lines and connecting pieces. They should also be tied to working points of member independent of rivet spacing. Crosswise spacing of open holes should be in even inches or half inches, throwing the smaller fractions into the gauges of the angles. 4. On large orders where open holes are reamed to an iron templet and field connections duplicated throughout, a system of numbered reaming templets should be used and so noted on drawings. 5. When detail is complicated it is often desirable to show connecting members in red. 6. For such members as diagonals or laterals, the distance center to center of end or other convenient holes should be given and spacing of open holes figured parallel to the axis of the member. PREPARATION DETAIL DRAWINGS SHOP & SHIPPING BILLS 59 GENERAL DETAILING Referring from One Drawing to Another 1. The only allowable references from one sheet to another are for rivet spacing, cuts and bevels. The material, assembling marks and outline should always be given and should not be referred from one sheet to another. In referring from one sheet to another, be sure the information is given on the sheet to which the reference is made and not in turn referred to another sheet. 2. When two or more sheets are noted to be worked together, they are to be considered one sheet as far as instructions in this article are concerned^ 3. When size of member is too large to be detailed on one sheet or when other members are required differing only in minor points which cannot be shown on the same sheet, use two sheets and note on drawings that sheets are to be worked together. Referring from One Member to Another on Same Sheet 4. Reference from one member to another on the same sheet is allowable for rivet spacing, holes, material, sketch, etc. 5. In detailing similar members on the same sheet the detail should be complete for the first member; for subsequent members only the parts that are differ- ent should be drawn and figured. Notes should read " Parts not shown same as (first member). " The main material should always be repeated for referred members. 6. In referring from one member to another on the same sheet, be sure that the information is given on member referred to and not referred in turn to another member. An exception may be made when the member referred to has only rivet spacing referred to another member. Methods of Rivet Spacing 7. Rivet spacing on all classes of work may be made uniform, recorded and summarized on X Duplicate sheets to which reference should be made on the detail drawing by a system of letters. 6O PREPARATION DETAIL DRAWINGS SHOP & SHIPPING BILLS GENERAL DETAILING Methods of Rivet Spacing Continued 1. The rivet spacing may not be definitely fixed on the detail drawings but indicated by the letters "R" (about 3 inch spacing) and "P" (6 inch maximum spacing). The extent of the R and P spacing should be indicated (but not figured unless neces- sary) on a dimension line which should start at the first hole or rivet in the member. When the R spacing includes a series of open holes or extends by a detail piece, it indicates that the holes are spaced exactly 3 inches or that the rivets in the detail are spaced exactly 3 inches. 2. Spacing other than 3 inches and 6 inches should have the maximum allowable space noted. 3. For girders and miscellaneous building work where the foregoing does not apply and for bridge work if permitted by the purchaser, give the maximum allowable spacing between points indicated. 4. For roof trusses and similar work, establish a unit space (say 2^ inches or 3 inches) for each sheet, figuring all other spacing. Note on each sheet " Spacing not given in." 5. Gauges and spacing not figured on the drawings of columns are determined as follows: For seat, top, cap and base angles, the gauges for legs against column shaft shall be: l%" for legs less than 6". 1M" and 3" for 6" legs. For seat and top angles, the gauges, of open holes in outstanding legs shall be: 2J/" for legs less than 6". 2y 2 " and 2M" for 6" legs. At ends of columns the spacing vertically of all rivets or open holes from finished ends shall be: \%" 3" 3" 3" etc. For stiffeners and gussets the spacing vertically of all rivets from top of seat angles shall be: 1" 3" 3" 3" etc. PREPARATION DETAIL DRAWINGS SHOP & SHIPPING BILLS 61 GENERAL DETAILING Methods of Rivet Spacing Continued 1. None of the foregoing methods of rivet spacing relieve the draftsman of the responsibility of show- ing where rivets should stagger for driving or of giving dimensions where details on other faces of the member must be cleared. 2. Consider requirements of fabricating plant before adopting any of the foregoing methods of showing rivet spacing. 3. In general, spacing of open holes should not be referred from one sheet to another, but should be repeated, except where there are large groups. In such cases a duplication mark can be given to each group and an "X" sheet prepared giving these details and their duplication marks. This may also be done by a system of numbered reaming templets referred to on page 58.4. 4. The splices for office building columns are an exception to the foregoing rule. 5. Although it is not necessary to give rivet spacing for a detail piece which bears the assembling mark given it on another sheet, care must be used to give all information necessary to detail pieces which are not referred to another sheet. 6. When two or more sheets are noted to be worked together, they are to be considered as one sheet as far as this article is concerned. Rights and Lefts 7. Drawings should always show the right hand. The letters "R" and "L" are sufficient for making rights and lefts without noting that they are right and left. 8. When the letters "R" and "L" are not used, as on columns for office building work, bill as follows: One Column 1 (O-2). One Column 3 (O-2) Left. 62 PREPARATION DETAIL DRAWINGS SHOP & SHIPPING BILLS GENERAL DETAILING Rights and Lefts Continued 1. When a member is shown and another member is left of same with exceptions, one of which could be covered by a note and the other by a sketch, the sketch must always show the left as it will be built and not a right of the left. Call for pieces as follows: 2 Columns C-l. 2 Columns C-2 (Left except cap plate as shown and per note "F"). 2. The letters "R" and "L" should not be used unless members are exact rights and lefts. Angles Cut from Larger Sizes 3. In cutting down the leg of an angle, the order columns of the shop bill and not the drawing, should state from what size leg the angle is cut. Specify actual cut size on drawing and locate edge distance. Show cut width of leg by dimension lines and figures, to guard against shop overlooking cut. Cross Hatching 4. The blackening and cross hatching of sections, sectional plans or any portion of them, is to be omitted as far as practicable. It should only be resorted to in drawing complicated details or in showing different kinds of material side by side. Show Few Rivets 5. Long lines of shop rivets should not be shown. It is only necessary to show the first two or three rivets at ends or two or three additional ones where it is necessary to show the stagger of certain lines. Holes in but One View 6. Open holes, except for complicated connections, need be shown only in their proper view. PREPARATION DETAIL DRAWINGS SHOP & SHIPPING BILLS 63 GENERAL DETAILING Column Faces 1. For office building columns, all faces that are different should be shown, but connections on side for other faces need not to be shown except when necessary to show some special connection. It is not neces- sary to direct the shop to mark the faces of columns with direction in which they face in the building, except as noted on page 110.1-. For column face marks, see page 96.5. Bracket Holes Matching 2. It is not necessary to note on drawing that holes in top and bottom brackets match. It is understood that they always match unless noted otherwise. Notes 3. Omit from the detail drawings (except for castings and eyebars) all general notes covering material, paint, inspection, specifications, erection and special export marks (page 126.1), unless required by the customer or plant. When required, notes covering these points may be placed on the first sheet and all the other sheets referred. On drawings for castings and eyebars, the notes should cover the material, specifications, inspection and paint. 4. If painting is uniform throughout an order, paint notes are not required on drawings,- except for grillage beams, slabs, eyebars and castings, the drawings for which should be noted "Paint" or "No Paint." 5. If painting is not uniform throughout an order, each sheet should give complete painting instructions. 6. If workmanship is special, a note should appear on each sheet where it applies but on no others. To illustrate: Some specifications require that the connections of tension members shall be reamed; this note should be placed on drawing of tension members but not on drawings of floor beams and stringers. The men in the shop cannot always tell which parts of the structure are tension members. 7. Workmanship notes should be explicit and should be an interpretation of the customer's specifications as applied to the individual sheet upon which they appear. A verbatim repetition of a clause in the specification is apt to cause friction between the shop and the customer's inspector. 64 PREPARATION DETAIL DRAWINGS SHOP & SHIPPING BILLS GENERAL DETAILING Finishing. 1. All finishing required should be clearly noted on drawings. Such milling as is done in the shops to aid them in properly fitting up the work need not be noted. 2. Bearing ends of all important stiffeners should be marked "FIN. STIF." on detail drawings, unless general notes on the sheet call for all stiffeners to be finished. 3. When plates are surface planed, write ordered thick- ness on drawing thus: 34" x I' 1%" planed from i% a ", or to 2" x 1' 4" planed from 3". Pin Holes 4. Give size of both pin and pin hole on details of chords, shoes, bolsters, etc., thus : " Pin Hole 3^" + %a"." Gas Pipe Railing 5. The details of gas pipe railing should conform to the general scheme shown on the typical drawing. If the customer's design indicates some other type of detail and fittings, an effort should be made to obtain in advance his approval of a design which will permit the use of our standard fittings. See pages 5.14 and 6.4. Drawings and Bills for Duplicate Members 6. Duplicate members on different orders may be handled together on the drawings, but should be separated on mill orders, shop and shipping bills. Drawings and Bills for Different Classes of Material 7. Different classes of material going to different shops should, as far as practicable, be put on separate drawings and bills. Items purchased by Contract- ing or Purchasing Department should be on separate drawings and bills for the two departments and separate from the items furnished by plant. PREPARATION DETAIL DRAWINGS SHOP & SHIPPING BILLS 65 GENERAL DETAILING Erector's List of Field Rivets 1. On the erector's list of field rivets for office buildings, the location noted should be general for each tier. Thus: Beams to Beams; Beams to Columns; Beams to Girders; Column Splices. 2. On other classes of work, as far as practicable, the rivets required at any point should be listed to- gether, and it should be noted for what point they are required. The purpose of this is to enable the erector to readily pick out all the rivets required by a riveting gang at that point. Inter=Shop Orders 3. Material which is furnished by one department to another department of the same plant for the manufacture of any part of a contract should be detailed and listed on an inter-shop order (Form D78). Titles for Drawings 4. The titles on large drawings should be uniform for each order and located near the lower right hand corner of the drawing. Titles should be clear, short and as concise as is consistent with an intelli- gent description of the work. On building work it is not necessary to give anything further than the name of the structure, except on export work when the order number of the U. S. Steel Products Co. should appear on every drawing. Lettering 5. All lettering and figures used on drawings should be clear, simple and without embellishments. Use the system of lettering adopted by the American Bridge Company as shown in the Standards for Detailing. 66 PREPARATION DETAIL DRAWINGS SHOP & SHIPPING BILLS DETAILING OF BEAMS General 1. The dimensions required and arrangement of views should be as shown on the Typical Beam Sketches to which reference should be made in reading these instructions. 2. Except for small orders only one size of beams should be detailed on a sheet. Multiple Beam Punch 3. The requirements of the multiple beam punch should always be considered in determining web punching. Special attention should be paid to the spacing crosswise of beam, so that the beam can go through the punch without being moved sideways. 4. Tie rod holes can usually be shifted an inch or so to line up with other holes in the beam. 5. Special connection angles and special separators can often be used to advantage in adapting the punching of beam to the requirements of the multiple punch. The desirability of doing this is dependent upon the amount of duplication and upon the practice of the fabricating plant. 6. Roof work, in general, should be detailed so that the beam punching suits the requirements of the multiple punch. This can be done by making holes square with the beam and beveling same in connec- tion angles. An exception is to be made to this for complicated beams forming hips and valleys, when it is not practicable to adapt the punching to the requirements of the multiple punch. Web and Flange Holes 7. In general the distance from the bottom of beam or channel to the first hole of any group of holes should be given. In cases where it is necessary to keep the tops of the beams flush, give the distance from the top instead of bottom to the first hole. If the holes in the web or connections are 3 inches apart crosswise of beam, the 3 inches need not be given, as this is the standard spacing crosswise of beam. PREPARATION DETAIL DRAWINGS SHOP & SHIPPING BILLS 67 DETAILING OF BEAMS Web and Flange Holes Continued 1. When the holes in web are 5J/2 inches apart lengthwise of beam, the 5J^ inches need not be given, as this is standard spacing. All other lengthwise spacing must be given except the distance between the two tie rod holes which should be marked "T" indicat- ing to the shop that this distance c. to c. can vary to suit the requirements of the multiple punch. 2. Holes for spiking pieces and other holes not requiring exact spacing should be so marked on the drawing. The shop will then know that small variations in the punching are allowable. 3. Holes and rivets required for fastening spiking pieces, buckle plates, curb angles and skew-back angles running lengthwise of the beam should be spaced in multiples of 3 inches, so that the shop can use standard strip templets for laying out these holes. This spacing can be made in multiples of 3 inches by throwing the variation into the first or last space. 4. Top view or sectional bottom view should be shown when beams have plates connected by staggered rivets, or when a definite stagger of open holes is required. If this is not shown, there is danger of a misfit caused by a reverse stagger. Extension Figures 5. Extension figures are distances from a definite point at the left end of the beam to any group of holes. 6. Except for continuous lines of holes or rivets, extension figures should be given to the first hole or rivet or to the center or working point of groups of holes or rivets. 7. When beams have square connection angles or connec- tion angles with small bevels (as explained in the Typical Beam Sketches), extension figures are to be given from the face of the left connection. 68 PREPARATION DETAIL DRAWINGS SHOP & SHIPPING BILLS DETAILING OF BEAMS Extension Figures Continued 1. When a beam has one end milled, the extension should be given from the milled end. 2. When beams are cut square with bevelled connection angles (except for small bevels, as explained in the Typical Beam Sketches), extension figures are to be given from the end of the beam. 3. When beams are cut on a vertical bevel, extension figures are to be given from one of the end holes or rivets in the end of the beam. 4. To avoid any misunderstanding, the dimension line for the extension figure locating the first connection from the left end of the beam should always run unbroken to the point from which the extension is given. Standard Connection Angles 5. For two-sided connections, the distance between the holes in outstanding legs is constant, and 5^ inches, i. e., the holes are 2% inches each side of the center line of web of beam or channel. The variation in web thickness for various size beams or channels is taken up by the variation in the gauge of the angles. 6. An outline sketch of a connection at the end of the beam or channel without any marks or figures, indicates a standard two-angle connection. If one standard connection angle is required, it must be so noted on the drawing. 7. If a standard one-sided connection angle is required, the letter "M" placed upon the sketch will indicate same. Special Connection Angles 8. When details are used that are not standard, they must be completely detailed once on each sheet, except that 3 inches crosswise spacing need not be given. PREPARATION DETAIL DRAWINGS SHOP & SHIPPING BILLS 69 DETAILING OF BEAMS Beveled Connections 1. For small bevels refer to instructions in the Standards for Detailing. 2. Beams with beveled connections, where the working point falls outside of the beam,- should have the first rivet or hole in beam located from working point by dimensions both parallel to and at right angles to beam. 3. Complicated details of beams should be drawn to scale. Open Holes in Connection Angles 4. Square connection angles, connection angles with horizontal bevels and connection angles with small vertical bevels (as explained in the Typical Beam Sketches), should have the distance given from the top or bottom of beam to the first hole in connection angles. Beams framed and resting on seats should have distance from bottom to first hole given. No other figures are necessary for standard connection angles. 5. Connection angles with vertical bevels, except for small bevels (as explained in the Typical Beam .Sketches), should have the distance given from the working point to the first hole in connection angles. 6. Special connection angles should have the distance c. to c. of open holes given, even though the angles are detailed on the same sheet. Assembling Marks 7. Except for standard connection angles, assembling marks should be given for all detail pieces. 8. When it is anticipated that pieces will be used on several sheets, either the "X Duplicate" system or the " Ordinary" system of assembling marks may be used. See pages 83.2 to 85.4. Give prefer- ence to "X Duplicate" system. 7O PREPARATION DETAIL DRAWINGS SHOP & SHIPPING BILLS DETAILING OF BEAMS Coping 1. Coping into beams or channels should be shown as indicated in the Typical Beam Sketches giving depth and weight of beam or channel into which it is coped. 2. When beams are combined on the same sketch and coped into different weights or sizes, the cope for the largest or heaviest size beam should be specified so as to have similarity in the beams and to eliminate notations for each particular cope. Cutting and Blocking 3. Cutting or blocking flanges or webs of beams and channels should be shown as indicated in the Typical Beam Sketches. When flanges are cut, it should be stated whether or not chipping is required. Variation in Length 4. It will be understood by the shop that beams or channels having no end connection angles, can over-run or under-run }^ inch at each end unless a figure is given showing the permissible variation. This }/ inch is not to be indicated on the drawing, but if any less variation is required, it should be indicated. 5. When beams have connection angles at both ends, the detail will determine the permissible variation. 6. When beams rest on walls, the wall end should be clearly indicated on drawing. This will give suffi- cient information for determining the variation in length. 7. The total allowable variation at both ends of beam should not be less than the mill variation (that is, plus or minus Y% inch in the total length), generally it should not be less than ^ inch. Variations in Length on Same Sketch 8. When beams with small variations in length are combined on the same sketch, it will frequently be found desirable to have the figured and ordered lengths differ. The allowable difference will be determined by the detail. See Typical Beam Sketches in the Standard for Detailing. PREPARATION DETAIL DRAWINGS SHOP & SHIPPING BILLS 71 DETAILING OF BEAMS Item Numbers on Sketch Sheets 1. Item numbers are to be given on beam sketches only when required by fabricating plant. Beam Girders 2. Beam girders with separators, if shipped knocked down, should be treated as single beams and detailed separately, with bolts and separators listed on separate drawings and bills. 3. When beam girders are shipped assembled, they should be detailed and billed as girders and an inter-shop order sent to the shop covering bolts and separators. See page 65.3. Channels 4. The instructions for detailing beams apply also to channels. The following additional requirements should be observed: 5. Though the working point of channels is occasionally the center line of web, it is advisable to figure all floor plans to the back of the channel. 6. Channels should preferably be detailed looking at the back of same. They are laid out in this position in the shop in order that the flanges may engage the grooves in the roller in front of the multiple punch. Tie=up of Main Connections 7. Distance center to center of connections, in addition to extensions from the left end, may be given where desired. 8. Distance center to center of connections, in addition to extensions from the left end must be given on all complicated beams. This is not required by the shop, but is necessary in order to facilitate the making and checking of drawings. All lines of figures, such as rivets in shelf angles should be tied to intermediate connections. 72 PREPARATION DETAIL DRAWINGS SHOP & SHIPPING BILLS SHOP BILLS General 1. In general consult typical drawings for approved method of executing shop bills. The following remarks also apply to combination sketch, shop and shipping bills so far as they answer the purpose of shop bills. Forms to be Used 2. For riveted work attached or detached shop bills are to be used in accordance with the class of work, as illustrated in the typical drawings. 3. For beam and simple work, such as girts or side framing, whether detailed on large or small sheets, combination shop and shipping bills are to be used (FormD66). 4. Large drawings with attached shop bill and drawings with separate combination shop and shipping bill may be used on the same order. 5. For numbering, see pages 79 to 80.4. Combining and Separating Material 6. In writing shop bills all the material for members that are combined on the same sketch should be combined on the shop bill, provided they are in the same section. 7. On work divided into sections or tiers, the material for the members should be divided on the shop bills into sections or tiers. When large attached shop bills (Form D64) are used, the material for each tier or section should be listed separately. When combination shop and shipping bills are used, separate bills should be used for each tier or section, bearing in mind that in office buildings all beams and girders that connect to the same length of column can often be combined on the same bill. PREPARATION DETAIL DRAWINGS SHOP & SHIPPING BILLS 73 SHOP BILLS Arrangement of Material 1. On a shop bill the main material should be billed first and all pieces of main material of the same dimen- sions and for the same sketch should be combined in the shop bill unless they have different assembling marks. If several members in the same shop bill have main material, of different lengths, the shop bill must state to which member each item of material applies, unless bill is attached to drawing. 2. In billing detail material commence at the lower or left end of member and complete same towards the upper or right end, except that pieces having the same assembling mark must be grouped under the same item in the shop bill. Rights and lefts for assembling marks should be grouped under separate items, or bill thus : 3-6 x 4 x 7 /i6 x 7" Y2 Y2 ! Y2 Y2 u . - 1^4 212 121 22 ,', 22 232 3 23 24 ! i 4 ? 2 1 1 ' "22 1 2 3 2 1 V Y3 17 18 i Y3 18 19 Y3 19 20 M Y3 20 17 7 17 18 19 20 .'L. . -.**. Y4 Y4 Y4 Y4 Ul 16 13 L 313 14 14 14 151 5 15 16 1 | 13 | 14 15 i 16 ,-- > Y5 Y5 1 Y5 1 Y5 / x 12 8 9 y 9 5 10 ''u 10 6 11 u 11 7 12 M5L v Side plates shown developed. M5R M5L M5 R 2. M4 Splice M4 Splice 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. ERECTION AND SHIPPING MARKS 95 MATCH MARKING Spacing Rings for Draw Bridges All points to be match marked should be numbered consecutively as shown in fig. 95.6. When there are several similar detail pieces (such as the splice plates shown in fig. 95.7) at a point and in different planes, they should be distinguished by using the last letters of the alphabet (w, x, y, z) in the match mark. Shaft bearings (with caps) and other machinery parts should be match marked by numbers. If the use of steel stamps is required, their imprint should be adjacent to the paint marks. Match marking on this class of work may be noted on the original shop drawings. W-^W^ 2 96 POINTS TO BE OBSERVED IN DETAILING CHAPTER VIII POINTS TO BE OBSERVED IN DETAILING TO SIMPLIFY FABRICATION Consult Plant Equipment 1 . Special attention should be given to the equipment of fabricating; plants in order that the work may be detailed in accordance with their requirements. Important items of equipment to be considered are: Requirements of multiple punch. Capacity of shears. Capacity of milling heads. Capacity of edge planers. Capacity and allowable heights for surface planers. Capacity of boring mills. Capacity of rivet machines for inside lattice work. Capacity of coping machines. Capacity of cranes. Formers on hand for bending. 2. Consider the width of jaw of plate punches. Rivets placed in the center of web plates often require holes to be drilled, when, if shifted two or three inches either side, they could be punched. 3. Consult plant equipment for extreme sizes of pieces. Combining Templets 4. In combining columns or girders having small varia- tions in length, make the variable space as near the end as possible. Do not throw it into the detail when it can be taken care of in gauge of end angles. The requirements of some multiple punches modify this instruction. .5. Cover plate faces should always be marked "A" and "C" and web faces U B" and "D". In order to reduce the marking of templets to a minimum, they should be marked with the same letters throughout an order. POINTS TO BE OBSERVED IN DETAILING 97 TO SIMPLIFY FABRICATION Multiple Plate Punch 1. The punching for all webs and cover plates of girders and columns should be arranged to meet the require- ments of the multiple punches in the shop where the work is to be fabricated, bearing in mind that a change in assignment is sometimes made after a contract is well advanced.' 2. In through plate girders for railroad bridges, the sub- punching of floor beam connection is not a sufficient reason for neglecting to arrange the webs for the multiple punch. 3. No rule can be made determining the amount of duplication necessary to warrant using the multiple punch as the condition of work in the shop has much to do with the case. Riveting 4. For plate girders and I-shaped columns, use only two lines of rivets in cover plates when the following conditions can be maintained: Distance A Not greater than thirty-two times the thickness of the thinnest plate. Distance B Not greater than eight times the thickness of the thinnest plate. Whenever allowable use only two lines of rivets in the webs of columns. Variations from the above ruie are to be ignored when they amount to the fractional part of an inch. 5. Unless prohibited by the customer, the above applies to railroad girders as well as building girders. 6. Rivets fastening skew back angles to beams or - girders, except for heavy loading, need not be spaced closer than 12 inches. 7. Rivets fastening together the angles composing a double angle strut when washers are used between the angles need not be spaced closer than 2 ft. 6 in. 8. Rivets fastening together the angles of double angle tension members when washers are used between the angles need not be spaced closer than 3 feet. 9. When angles are in contact, no washers being used, space rivets 12 to 18 inches, depending on the thickness of the angle. 98 POINTS TO BE OBSERVED IN DETAILING TO SIMPLIFY FABRICATION Riveting Continued 1. <_ _, 1. Rivets connecting horizontal channels to crane beams should be spaced 3 inch centers at the end for three or four spaces. The remaining rivets should be spaced 18 inch centers. On export work the channels should be shipped loose. c- ^a 2. Double stiffeners should have outstanding legs riveted together only when carrying heavy loads or when work is exposed. In such cases space rivets 12 inches center to center. When permis- sible move stiffeners so that there will be not less than 2 inches between backs and thus avoid the necessity of riveting them together. 3. Avoid unnecessary countersunk and chipped rivets in fastening cap plates and base plates to columns, and base plates to girders and pedestals such rivets are expensive. It is not necessary to space these rivets closer than 6 inches. Single gauge should be used in 6 inch legs of angles. 4. Avoid unnecessary rivets in fastening together the component parts of girders and columns. 5. Double web plates of chord sections should be held .together by stitch rivets spaced about 12 inches center to center. 6. On floor plates, rivets should be spaced from 8 inch to 12 inch centers, depending upon the conditions under which the plates are used. 7. The diagonals of a cross frame should be connected at the center by a plate, thus : 8, When small clips are used, three rivets instead of two should be used to prevent turning while being riveted. 9. Except for the purpose of simplifying shop work, do not use a detail that requires a rivet to be counter- sunk and chipped before work is completely - assembled and riveted. POINTS TO BE OBSERVED IN DETAILING 99 TO SIMPLIFY FABRICATION Bolting 1. On mill buildings when purlins are bolted, purlin clips and rod connections should also be bolted. The riveting of these clips requires another operation which should be avoided. 2. If bottom chord bracing is connected by permanent bolts, the connection plates should be bolted to truss or shipped loose. If the bracing is to be field riveted, the method of handling the connection plates should conform to good practice and economy. 3. On export work such clips and plates should be shipped loose. 4. On light work, such as cornice brackets, pent houses, ceiling framing, etc., use bolts in place of shop rivets, if requirements of work will permit. 5. When finished appearance is to be considered, it is often desirable to have bolt heads placed on the exposed side, when this is the case a conspicuous note to this effect should be placed on the Erection Plan. Avoid Stiffeners 6. Avoid the use of fitted stiffeners at column bases and column caps. When necessary to use stiffeners, arrange details, if possible, so that stiffeners are finished with the column. 7. Avoid the use of stiffeners on columns under crane girders and beams when they rest on top of recessed crane columns. These columns are usually finished (except the webs) and except for very heavy loads sufficient bearing area can be obtained directly on the finished end of the column. If the column load requires additional bearing area, add a plate to the column which will be finished with the main section. 8. -For crane beams .resting on brackets, do not use stiffeners on brackets unless reaction on one side exceeds 16,000 pounds or sufficient rivets cannot be obtained in seat to take load. Use J/2 inch seat angles for loads over 12,000 pounds and % inch for loads 12,000 pounds and less. 9. For beams resting on seats, avoid the use of stiffeners whenever possible. In many cases this may be done by increasing the thickness of the seat angle. 1OO POINTS TO BE OBSERVED IN DETAILING " TO SIMPLIFY FABRICATION Seat Angles 1. For loads of 12,000 Ibs. and less, a Y% inch seat angle without stiff eners should be used. 2. For loads of 12,000 to 16,000 Ibs., a ^ inch seat angle without stiff eners should be used. 3. For loads of 16,000 to 25,000 Ibs., a ^ inch seat angle without stiffeners should be used. 4. When a small beam frames into the web of a large beam, use a seat angle and side clip angle connecting the beam to the side clip angle with one rivet. Avoid Finishing 5. Columns and struts having loads of 40,000 Ibs. or less should not be finished. Provide sufficient rivets to take entire load. Girder Depth 6. Unless otherwise specified make distance back to back of angles for plate girders J/" greater than the width of web plate, except bridge girders without covers on which this distance is to be %" greater than the width of web plate. Width of web plate should be in even inches. For width of reinforce plates, see page 9.1. Symmetry in Small Pieces 7. Laterals, sway bracing and connection angles should, when possible, be detailed symmetrical so that pieces may be punched alike. Avoid Slight Variations 8. Avoid slight variations in details. When a piece cannot be made symmetrical, space the shop rivets so that it cannot be reversed by mistake. When two pieces must be slightly different, they should be detailed so that interchange is impossible. Three Web Chords 9. In a chord composed of three webs, detail rivets in the center web on a line with those in the outside webs, in order that a long reamer may be passed through the three webs. Though this is not essential for shop rivets, it is well to have them line up for templet work. POINTS TO BE OBSERVED IN DETAILINQ >1JO1 TO SIMPLIFY FABRICATION Use Few Sizes 1. Sizes and shapes used in detailing should as far as possible be of the same section as the main material, thereby reducing the number of different sections on the structure. Notify the designer if changes are made in the design. Connections to Variable Girders 2. For deck plate girder spans with flanges or webs of varying thicknesses, the distance center to center of open holes in cross frames and the distance from center of girder to cross frame connection should be kept constant, wherever possible. This applies also to the connection of floor beams to the out- standing legs of stiffeners in through plate girder spans having flange angles of varying thickness. Bevel Bed Plates 3. For spans on a grade, it is preferable to put the necessary bevel in the loose bed plate and not in the sole plate. Overrun of Diaphragms 4. When diaphragms or separators are used between a series of beams, consult Plant Engineer regarding precautions to be taken against over-run or under- run of group. Viaduct Bents Alike 5. Viaducts on a grade should have the two bents of each tower made alike. This can be done by adding fillers on top of the up-grade bent. Variations in Length of Girders 6. For cross girders and floor girders, varying by not more than 1" in length, add fillers at ends of the girders to make them identical; or vary the gauge of end angles to keep web spacing the same. Bending Long Pieces 7. Details should be arranged so that a bend does not come at the end of a long member. This can be avoided by making a splice near the bend. Avoid two bends in one piece. 1O2 POINTS TO BE OBSERVED IN DETAILING fO SIMPLIFY FABRICATION Curved Plates 1. In determining the size material to use for plates shaped like a segment of a circular ring, consult the fabricating plant. If the curve is slight, some plants can bend the plates by roll-peening, but in other cases it is more advantageous to shear from rec- tangular plates of greater width. Curved Beams 2. If possible avoid bending beams or channels so that they- deflect from the original planes of their flanges. See pages 12.1 and 12.2. Lattice 3. On small latticed columns and struts, see that lacing is sufficiently spread, especially when flanges of channels are turned in. The 60 slant for lacing cannot be followed on small columns as it is too close for riveting. It is difficult to rivet sections where the clear distance between flanges is less than 4 J/2 inches to 5 inches. Be sure that the opening between metal is large enough to admit the dolly bars in use at the fabricating plant. Shearing 4. Angles for web members of trusses and laterals should be cut square. If necessary to cut on a bevel, they should be detailed so that they can be sheared in one operation. This applies to plates and other shapes. POINTS TO BE OBSERVED IN DETAILING 1O3 TO SIMPLIFY ERECTION ' * i / 1 . In designing details, care should be taken to arrange all joints and connections so that the work can be built at the shop with a minimum cost in labor and material, and can be erected most economically and with a minimum risk. 2. The sequence of erection should be considered in making the details. 3. In bridge work, connections should be detailed so that spans can be made self-sustaining and safe in the shortest possible time. 4. Top chord sections in each panel are put in place after the posts and bars for that panel are erected. In heavy work it is especially desirable that the details be arranged so that these chord sections can be lifted above the posts and set directly into place without being moved endways or sideways. For such work, plates connecting adjoining sections should be shipped loose. 5. It is usually customary, when local conditions permit, to put the floor system in place first and erect the trusses afterward. This method of procedure has a great many advantages over that of raising the trusses first, viz.: there is a great saving in false work, as longer panels can be used; it permits bents to be placed directly under the panel points and the new floor system to be used for carrying traffic and running out material for the trusses; it permits the posts to be bolted to the floor beams and released from the tackles on the travelers; it fixes the exact position of the shoes on the piers so that the erection can proceed from the center toward either fixed or roller end, as may be preferred; it gives more opportunity for jacking up the spans to secure proper camber; and it requires a minimum amount of blocking. 1O4 POINTS TO BE OBSERVED IN DETAILING TO SIMPLIFY ERECTION 1. Over dangerous streams where there is a possibility of loss during erection, it may be desirable to erect the trusses first. This brings as little material as possible on the false work. A minimum amount of material is thus endangered. Some times there are local conditions which make it imperative to erect the trusses first. 2. Therefore in all through truss spans, the floor connec- tions should be so arranged that the floor system can be put in place after trusses have been erected in their final position, and vice versa, so that trusses can be erected after the floor system has been set in place. 3. For through plate girder spans, the stiffeners should be arranged so that floor system can be put in place without spreading the main girders. Also on through trough floor spans, wherever possible, details should be arranged so that trough floor can be put in position without spreading main girders. 4. In all work, as far as practicable, details should be arranged so that members can be swung into posi- tion without shifting from their final position members to which they connect. If this is impos- sible, place note on erection plan calling erectors' attention to this special feature. 5. Stiffeners to which cross frames or floor beams connect should not be crimped, but have fillers. The out- standing legs should preferably be not less than 5 inches, and never less than 4 inches. Open holes in stiffener angles should be gauged so that the cross frames can be swung into place without spreading the main girders. POINTS TO BE OBSERVED IN DETAILING 1O5 TO SIMPLIFY ERECTION Pin Spans 1. The sections of top chords nearest the center should be made with at least two full pin holes. In skew spans the top chord splices should be located so that the two opposite panels can be erected without moving traveler. In curved top bridges, the top chords should be designed so that each panel of truss can be erected and self-sustained before moving the traveler to the next panel. Pilot Nut Interference 2. When portals or top bracing would apparently interfere with the use of long pilot nuts, it is not necessary or desirable to ship short pilot nuts. These pieces are seldom, if ever, erected before the pins are driven. CLEARANCES 3. See that ample clearances are allowed. In allowing clearances to cover shop variations for cutting, shearing and coping, any clearance LESS THAN 1/2 INCH IS EQUIVALENT TO NO CLEARANCE. 4. For riveted web members entering between chords, allow a total clearance of y%' or y^" on a side. 5. For plates to be inserted between angles, allow a total clearance of J/g". 6. For beams and girders with top and bottom connection angles, whether riveted or shipped loose, allow l /' clearance between top and bottom angles. 7. When beams are framed directly to the web at the upper floor of heavy two-story columns, to facilitate erection, the rivets above the connection should be countersunk or left open for field driving. Packing of Eyebars and Pin Plates 8. In pin connected bridges with eyebars 8 inches and : under, allow Vie inch clearance for each eyebar and an additional total clearance of not less than Y^ inch between the two sides of the chord. For eyebars over 8 inches up to and including 12 inches, double the above figures. For eyebars over 12 inches, use three times the allowance for bars 8 inches and under. W^hen more than two pin plates are used on a member, allow % 2 inch additional for each pin plate. 1O6 POINTS TO BE OBSERVED IN DETAILING TO SIMPLIFY ERECTION CLEARANCES Clearance at Ends of Beams and Girders 1. For crane or floor girders, milled (or made exact), and for floor beams framing between columns, girders or beams, allow Vi 6 inch at each end. For plate girders, not milled (or made exact), allow Y% inch at each end. 2. For all structures in which girders or beams occur in continuous lines over 150 ft. long, Plant Engineer should decide what precautions are necessary to prevent an increase or decrease in total extreme dimensions of the building. For a certain percent- age of the connections, girders and beams may be cut short and fillers provided. Other means of accomplishing the result may be found advisable. Cross Frame Clearance 3. Cross frames should be made of such a depth or so detailed as to permit them to be swung into place without interfering with the rivet heads in flanges of main girders. See page 104.5. 4. When the cross frames of the deck span connect to the top and bottom flange of the girder, allow Vie inch clearance at top and Vi 6 inch at bottom. Clearance for Diagonals 5. In erecting diagonals in pih spans, it is customary to connect them at the bottom first and then to swing them into position around the lower pins as centers; A clear path should be provided for pieces erected in this way. Anchor Bolt Clearances 6. Holes are generally Y%' larger than diameter of bolt. Column resting directly on grillage : Punched Hole in Column=Diameter of Anchor Bolt + y 8 "- Punched Hole in Grillage=Diameter of Anchor Bolt + Vie". Column resting on cast base: Punched Hole in Column=Diameter of Anchor Bolt + y 8 ". Drilled Hole in Base=Diameter of Anchor Bolt + Vie". POINTS TO BE OBSERVED IN DETAILING 1O7 TO SIMPLIFY ERECTION CLEARANCES Anchor Bolt Clearances Continued 1. Column resting on steel slab: Punched Hole in Column=Diameter of Anchor Bolt + y 8 ". Drilled Hole in Slab=E>iameter of Anchor Bolt + %" Punched Hole in Girder=Diameter of Anchor Bolt -f y 16 ". 2. For large anchor bolts or to meet special conditions, it may be desirable to have the holes larger. Special consideration should be given to such cases. 3. When anchor bolts are to be put in after structure is erected, arrange details to allow drilling of holes with material in position Movable Bridge Clearance 4. On draw spans and bascule bridges, the clearance between the moving member and the nearest stationary member should be at least 2 inches, preferably more. 5. Fascia plates between fixed and draw spans on highway work should be provided with means of vertical adjustment. Stagger Turnbuckles 6. Adjustable rods or bars placed close together should have sleeve nuts or turnbuckles staggered. Clear Rivet Heads 7. An interference frequently occurs both in the shop and field between the outstanding flange of some piece and rivet heads of the piece into which it connects. This should be avoided. Cut Flanges to Clear 8. Girders which frame into webs of columns should, when necessary, have their flanges notched to clear rivet heads in outstanding legs of columns. This will permit erection without spreading columns. 1O8 POINTS TO BE OBSERVED IN DETAILING TO SIMPLIFY ERECTION CLEARANCES Clearance Above Rail 1. Note whether the clearance shown on stress sheets for railroad bridges is from top or from base of rail. Clear Old Work 2. In detailing work adjacent to old work or to walls, see that the rivets can be driven wiien work is in place. Spandrel beams adjoining old walls should be detailed to swing into place from inside of building. Entering Connections 3. Entering connections should be avoided. Shifting Members to Drive Rivets 4. Work should be detailed so that members can be placed in final position before riveting is commenced. Exceptions should be noted on erection drawings. Clearance for Driving 5. All field connections should be examined to see that they can be driven after the structure is erected. Draftsmen should inform themselves of the sizes and types of pneumatic hammers in use and necessary working space required. Expansion Pockets 6. Girders and stringers which rest in expansion pockets should set back sufficiently to allow the insertion of the field rivets for the end connection of the adjacent fixed member, as both members are in place before the rivets are driven. Lateral Plates Clear Ties 7. On deck girder spans and on stringers in through spans, lateral plates and rivet heads should be kept low enough to clear the ties. POINTS TO BE OBSERVED IN DETAILING 1O9 TO SIMPLIFY ERECTION Slotted Holes for Anchors 1. In both ends of plate girders less than 50 ft. use slotted holes, or holes of extra large diameter, for anchor bolts. Length of Slots 2. The length of slots in expansion details should be sufficient to allow for a movement in either direction equal to the combined effect of temperature change, stress deformation and inaccurate workmanship. Erection Seats 3. It is not necessary to provide erection seats for beams framing into columns or girders, except when beams frame in opposite on web of plate and angle columns or girders and take the same open holes. 4. Erection seats should usually be provided for plate girders framing into girders or columns. 5. When erection seats are provided, a clearance of y%' should be left between the bottom of the girder and the seat angle to allow for inaccuracies in setting the seat. No clearance should be provided when open holes are reamed to metal templet. Stitch Loose Fillers 6. Fillers should be shop riveted to members. Avoid loose fillers where possible. Stitch Loose Covers 7. When a long line of field rivets occurs in the cover, web or reinforcing plates of a column, chord or other built-up member, provide occasional rivets (countersunk if necessary) to keep the plate in contact with the main section of the member. See Typical Drawings. Parts Reversible 8. If practicable arrange details of a member so that it may be reversed in erection. Parts Not Reversible 9. When members are nearly but not quite symmetrical and it is possible to erect them reversed or inverted, mark the piece to indicate the way it should enter the structure. Thus,: " Mark This End Toward Center' " or "Mark This Side Up.' " 11O POINTS TO BE OBSERVED IN DETAILING TO SIMPLIFY ERECTION Marking Directions 1. When the position in which a member is to be placed in a structure cannot readily be determined from the member itself and the erection plans, the sides or ends of member should be marked showing direction in which member is to be set. Extra Field Work 2. All drilling and cutting to be done in the field should be clearly noted on the detail and erection drawings before final approval. If chargeable to the cus- tomer, drawing must so state, and Plant Engineer shall at once take the matter up with the Division Engineer in order that any extra charge may be adjusted. Special Field Drilling 3. Sometimes it is advisable to drill certain holes in the field. This may occur in special cases where adjustment is needed or when the drawing room finds it impracticable to locate a connection. In such cases the Plant Engineer should be consulted. A note should be added to the erection drawing calling attention to this special work. Holes for Tap Bolts 4. If tap bolts are to be used for field connections which transmit shear, the holes to be tapped should be drilled either in the shop or in the field, using the connecting piece as a templet. This avoids drifting, which destroys the threads. If the connections do not transmit shear, the drilling may be avoided by making the holes in the connecting piece large enough to provide for slight irregularity in spacing. Abutting Deck Spans 5. When two spans abut on a bent, as in a viaduct, details should be arranged so that either span can be set in place entirely independent of the other. The end cross frames should be detailed to be swung into place from the center. POINTS TO BE OBSERVED IN DETAILING 111 TO SIMPLIFY ERECTION Deck Girders Erected by A. B. Co. 1. On all deck plate girder work erected by the American Bridge Company, the Erection Department should be advised as soon as possible, whether the spans will be detailed riveted up or knocked down for shipment. They should also be advised that unless prompt objection is made the spans will be shipped as outlined. Holes for Auxiliary Work 2. Provide holes in steel work for connecting all auxiliary work, such as nailing strips, spiking pieces, skylight curbs, windows, doors, etc. The method of attach- ing auxiliary work to the steel work should be thoroughly understood. Replacing Old Bridges 3. In replacing an old bridge of more than one span, a separate bed plate should be provided for each shoe. Column Overrun 4. The overrun or packing out of cover plates on built up columns need be considered only when there are four or more cover plates on a face, in 1 which case the distance out to out of covers -should be figured Y%" more than the distance back to back of angles, plus the thickness of the covers. Anchor Bolts in Advance 5. Anchor bolts built into the masonry before the erection of the steel work on domestic and export work should be shipped in advance unless otherwise requested. 6. Anchor bolts to be set after steel work is erected need not be shipped in advance. 112 POINTS TO BE OBSERVED IN DETAILING TO IMPROVE AND SIMPLIFY THE DESIGN Types of Details 1. Other things being equal, use details requiring the smallest number of pieces. The simplest detail is usually the cheapest and best. 2. When beams connect to the flange face of plate and angle columns, it is preferable to use web connection angles riveted to the beams. 3. When beams connect to the web face, it is preferable to use seat angles. v , v 4. When columns are of light section and maj^ be readily tilted or sprung, it is preferable to use web connec- tion angles riveted to the beams for both web and flange faces of columns. 5. For beams connecting to girders, use a seat (without stiffeners) when possible (see pages 100.1 to 100.4), and a side clip riveted on girders. Do not provide any holes for connecting beams to seats. When the seat requires stiffeners, it is better from a shop point of view to frame beams with regular connection angles, unless the stiffeners under the seat can be made to take the place of regular stiffeners required on the plate girders. 6. On columns composed of channels 10" and under, use details that require no stiffeners for connecting to web face, and as far as possible details that eliminate the use of all connections to the webs of any size of channels. 7. On box columns eliminate as far as possible details that require rivets to be driven through the cover plates alone, as such rivets require an additional operation in riveting and assembling. Metal over Metal 8. In details which are designed to transfer concentrated loads by direct bearing, care must be used to get metal over metal. Intervening plates should not be counted upon to distribute the load unless an analy- sis of stress proves them equal to it. POINTS TO BE OBSERVED IN DETAILING 113 TO IMPROVE AND SIMPLIFY THE DESIGN Slabs 1. In the transmission of pressure, steel slabs may be used when rolled plates cannot be obtained of sufficient thickness to insure an even distribution of stress. (Plates thicker than the published maximum up to the tabulated minimum thickness of slabs can usually be obtained by omitting the specification of physical test.) Rolled slabs are cheaper than forged slabs, built bases, or castings; but forged slabs and castings can sometimes be obtained more quickly, for this reason their use is permitted when the question of delivery is an important consideration. 2. The limiting sizes of rolled and forged slabs are : Carnegie (Rolled) Pencoyd (Rolled) Gary (Forged) Minimum thickness Maximum thickness Minimum width Maximum width Minimum length Maximum length 4' 15' 15' 50' 3'0' 20' 0' 3' 15' 15' 25' 3'0' 20' 0' jo/; ' ' 36" ' "i5'0"" 3. Limiting sizes are also subject to the equipment of the fabricating plant. 4. The limiting weight at Carnegie Mills is 7,000 lb., at Pencoyd Mills is 8,000 lb. and at Gary Forge is 18,000 lb. 5. When slabs are used have as few thicknesses as possible. Ordering slabs, see pages 49.6 to 50.1. Deck Girder Laterals 6. Square deck plate girder spans should have an even number of panels in the lateral system, so that the girders can be made symmetrical about center. 7. Skew deck plate girder spans should have an odd number of panels in the lateral system, so that the girders can be turned end for end. Lintels 8. When angle lintels are used, it is not necessary to rivet the angles together unless called for. Plain angles should be used. Preference should be given to plain angle over cast iron lintels. 9. When I beams and channels are used as lintels, no anchors need be provided. 114 POINTS TO BE OBSERVED IN DETAILING TO IMPROVE AND SIMPLIFY THE DESIGN Draw for Diagonals 1. For transverse, longitudinal, and lateral diagonal bracing of one or more angles, allow the following draw: For lengths up to and including 10 ft., nothing. " " 11 ft to 20 ft., inc., shorten % e in. 21ft. to 35 ft. " " y 8 in. over 35 ft. " % e in. Drop sixteenths, but do not vary from above more than Vie in. 2. These deductions are to be made in the length of laterals for deck or through truss spans from the lengths computed and proper allowances made for camber. (See pages 128.1 to 130.2.) Whether laterals attach to stringers or not does not affect the rule. (Truss diagonals, see page 130.1.) Mullions 3. Mullions and other members running from floor to floor on office buildings should be detailed with vertically slotted holes in one end to prevent their taking loads for which they are not designed. The slotted holes should be in the connection angles and not in the main material. Bases in Concrete 4. When built column bases and grillage girders are imbedded in concrete, if acceptable to architect, use full head rivets. Upset Rods 5. Rods J/g" or less in diameter should not be upset; where necessary to obtain sufficient section, increase the diameter. Use cold rolled threads when possible. See pages 14.7 and 50.4. 6. Avoid the use of clevises on rods Ij/s" in diameter and less. Use the angle connection as shown in Standard for Detailing or the bevel cast washer. Rods over \Y%' in diameter should be connected by clevises. POINTS TO BE OBSERVED IN DETAILING 116 TO IMPROVE AND SIMPLIFY THE DESIGN Water Pockets 1. Avoid forming water pockets in structures exposed to the weather, or provide a drain hole where it will effectually drain the pocket. Lateral Connections 2. Unless it increases the size of lateral plate dispropor- tionately, omit the lugs from light lateral angles which require no more than five rivets. Castings 3. Before detailing castings, refer to records and find out if old patterns can be used (preferably without alteration). Use old patterns when possible. 4. In similar castings, when there are variations in heights not exceeding 1 inch, take up the variation by thickening the top or bottom. 5. Holes in castings which connect to steel work should be drilled, not cored. 6. All cast shoes or bases must be planed on top and bottom except those which are to be grouted when the bottom need not be planed. (See page 135.6.) 7. Weep holes should be put in all castings where water is liable to collect and freeze. Anchor Bolt Types 8. For anchor bolts built in masonry, use a rod with nut at each end (not a forged head at one end), see Standards for Detailing. Use cold rolled threaded or swedged anchor bolts where masonry is to be drilled for bolts. Crane Rail Splices 9. Crane rails should not be spliced at the same points as the girders or beams supporting them. Purlin and Girt Spacing 10. When sheathing is used, purlin spacing should suit stock sizes of lumber. When corrugated sheeting is used, purlin and girt spacing should be arranged to suit standard lengths of corrugated steel. Allowable spacing on page 139.7. 116 POINTS TO BE OBSERVED IN DETAILING MISCELLANEOUS Templet Shop to Determine Lengths 1. In built member of 5 feet depth or less, with latticed web between chords, not parallel, the draftsman should neglect figuring lengths and inclinations, leaving them for the templet shop to determine. Mark Ends of Girders 2. Mark the ends of girders which go at the same end of bridge "X," or " North," or "to New York," so that every advantage of knowing this relation may be had in the shop and in loading for shipment. Add a note calling attention to this mark. Holes in Checkered Plates 3. Avoid countersinking holes in checkered plates. Use flat headed bolts, or screw headed bolts, in places where the nuts cannot be turned with a wrench. Buckle Plates 4. For information regarding details, consult " Standard for Detailing" Buckle Plates. 5. The field riveting of buckle plate floors is sometimes cheapened by making the drainage holes large enough (about \Y^' diameter) to allow the passage of rivets to the sticker, who is below the floor. If this method of erection meets with the approval of the Erection Department, endeavor to have the details approved with these large drainage holes. Name Plates 6. Put A. B. Co. name plates on all structures where they would have any advertising value. GALVANIZED STRUCTURAL MATERIAL Three Processes of Galvanizing 7. The hot process consists in dipping the piece in molten spelter; the electric process consists in coating by electric contact ; and sherardizing consists in placing the piece in an air-tight tube filled with zinc oxide and then heated to the required temperature, to be removed after cooling. 8. The hot process is used in coating structural material and castings; the other two processes for bolts and small castings. POINTS TO BE OBSERVED IN DETAILING 117 MISCELLANEOUS GALVANIZED STRUCTURAL MATERIAL Cleaning 1. Before galvanizing, all mill scale, rust, grease and paint should be 'removed from the surface. This is done by immersing the piece first in a bath containing a solution of sulphuric acid to remove the objectional matter and then in water to wash off the acid. Finally the piece is dipped in a solution of ammonium chloride after which it is ready to be galvanized. Detailing Material to be Galvanized 2. The most desirable material for the hot process is straight plain angles and shapes, preferably not more than 24' 9" long (the length of the pot), but by turning the piece it is possible to galvanize a 31' 0" length. Built up members should not exceed 24' 9" in length. Bent work decreases the output and increases the cost of galvanizing. 3. The pot is 40" deep and 30" wide. Pieces wider than the depth of the pot must be turned both in the pickling and spelter tanks. 4. Before proceeding with the fabrication of any material to be galvanized whose dimensions approach the maximum, the Shiftier Plant should be consulted. 5. Work riveted in the shop is more expensive to gal- vanize than plain material. Gusset plates should not be riveted to angles. 6. Field connections generally should be bolted (not riveted) with galvanized bolts. Bolts Unless otherwise specified bolts should be sherardized, as hot galvanizing fills the threads with spelter. If hot galvanizing is specified for bolts, the threads should be cut deeper than standard or re-cut after galvanizing. 118 POINTS TO BE OBSERVED IN DETAILING MISCELLANEOUS GALVANIZED STRUCTURAL MATERIAL Marking for Identification 1 . The mill and shop marks should be put on with tailor's chalk instead of paint. Erection marks should be stamped with a steel stencil in a definite place on each piece. Marking instructions on mill orders, page 50.7. Weight of Galvanized Material 2. In figuring the weight of galvanized structural material, it should be assumed that galvanizing adds to the weight approximately .08 pounds per square foot of surface covered. CAR LOAD SHIPMENTS 3. Detail work as far as possible to obtain full car load lots for shipment. (See page 133.2.) 4. On contracts for tanks, smoke stacks, tubular piers or pipes, which are shipped west of the Mississippi River, if there is any question as to whether they should be shipped knocked down or riveted up, the matter should be referred at once to the Division Engineer. There is a great difference in freight rates, particularly on less than car load lots, on shipments into that territory. POINTS TO BE OBSERVED IN DETAILING 119 MISCELLANEOUS WATERTIGHT WORK Riveting 1. The diameter, pitch and arrangement of rivets are to be determined by the thickness of the plates or bars which they connect. 2. The maximum spacing for rivets in watertight work is 4 diameters. 3. The maximum spacing for rivets in oiltight work is 3^ diameters. 4. The minimum spacing for rivets is 2}^ diameters. 5. All seams should be ) chain riveted.' } ^-^-<-0- c -$ $ 6. The distance between lines of rivets in seams or butts, if chain riveted, should not be less than 3 diameters; if staggered, not less than lJ/ diameters. Avoid staggering rivets if possible. 7. Longitudinal seams should be single riveted when plates are %" thick or less, double riveted when plates are %e" to 1" thick, and triple riveted when plates are over 1" thick. 8. Overlapped butts or single butt straps should be double riveted when plates are y%" thick or less, triple riveted when plates are K Q " to % e " thick, and quadruple riveted when plates are Y%' or %" thick. When plates are over %" thick butts should have double straps triple riveted. 9. Butt straps should be y 16 " thicker than the plates they connect. ILLUSTRATIONS: OVERLAPPED BUTT OR LAPPED SPLICE SINGLE BUTT STRAP DOUBLE BUTT STRAP 12O POINTS TO BE OBSERVED IN DETAILING MISCELLANEOUS WATERTIGHT WORK Punching 1. WHen' specifications require that plates be punched from the faying surfaces (surfaces in contact in completed work), it is preferable, except for plates 5/40" and less in thickness to sub-punch and ream all holes in order to avoid turning the plates at the punch. This clause of the specification is often waived on thin plates, as for these plates its observ- ance accomplishes nothing. Edge Distances 2. The distance from center of hole to extreme point of bevel sheared edge of plate should be not less than 1^2 diameters, and when calked not more than diameters of the rivet. Calking 3. Calking edges of %" plates or less are to be bevel sheared. If allowed by customer, plates over %" thick are to be sheared straight. 4. The bevel on plates % 6 " to %" thick, inclusive, should be about 30 degrees, and on plates over %" thick should be about 3/ 16 ". 5 Ordinarily plates less than 3/ 16 " thick are not calked, but canvas or lampwick is placed in the seam to make it watertight. 6. Ambridge plant can bevel-shear plates Y^ thick or less. EXPORT WORK 121 UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERIN' BERKELEY, CAUFORNfA CHAPTER IX EXPORT WORK General 1. All contracts for work in foreign countries are taken by the United States Steel Products Company, hereinafter referred to as the " Export Company." 2. Lattice girders and roof trusses intended for water shipment are shipped " knocked down." Connec- tion plates if not too large and not projecting too far beyond the main member are riveted to the chords. Larger connection plates such as those at the heel and peak of roof trusses are generally shipped loose. On large trusses the intermediate gusset plates are sometimes shipped loose. Web members are generally shipped as simple punched angles, although two or more angles comprising a member should be shipped riveted together. Purlin connections are generally shipped loose. 3. Pieces are shipped this way to prevent their being bent or distorted from handling in loading, unload- ing and storing, also in the event of a shifting of the cargo. Furthermore the cost of ocean freight is reduced by keeping the rate on as near a weight basis as possible. 4. The steamship companies limit the sizes and weights of material to such sizes and weights as they can handle and store. The governing features are the capacity of the lifting apparatus, the size of the hatches and the available room in the hold. As steamers are differently constructed, these limits vary. Where they are not given, it is necessary to follow what is known to be safe. 122 EXPORT WORK General Continued 1. Steamship companies charge for freight either on a weight or a measurement basis, i. e., a rate per gross ton, or a rate per cubic foot. A combination of both rates is often used, in fact rates are applied singly or in combination, the determining feature being the method that will bring the greatest return to the steamship company. In adjusting rates each piece in the shipment is passed upon separately. The cubical contents of a member is computed by multiplying its length by its greatest height by its greatest width regardless of the shape of the piece. A cubic foot is considered equivalent to 56 Ib. or 40 cubic feet equivalent to one ton of 2240 Ib. Rail or Water Shipment 2. Note whether shipment is specified by rail or by water. When rail shipment is not distinctly specified, assume water shipment. Extreme Size and Weight of Members 3. For water shipments report as soon as possible to Export Company through Division Engineer : (a) Pieces over 30 feet long, with weights. (b) Pieces over 4,000 Ib. with dimensions. (c) Pieces of unusual construction. When possible, keep all pieces under 30 feet in length and less than 4,000 Ib. in weight. Detailing 4. If detailing a contract knocked down requires a departure from the customer's plans, the attention of the Export Company should be called to it through the Division Engineer in order that no back charge will be made for extra field riveting. EXPORT WORK 123 Detailing Continued 1. Detail export work, as far as practicable, knocked down and generally so that ocean freight is paid by weight and not by measurement. When a gross ton of 2240 Ib. occupies more than 40 cubic feet of space, the ocean freight has to be paid by measure- ment, at a rate based on the assumption that 40 cubic feet is the equivalent of a gross ton. Some- times the extra shop cost in fabricating to save freight exceeds the saving, in which case it is better to pay excess freight. The Export Company will furnish upon request through the Division Engineer the extra tariff rates for longer and heavier pieces. The manner of detailing is left to the discretion of the Plant Engineer. 2. The Export Company's method of making up their estimate of ocean "freight is to take the actual rate which they pay for weight, and, after sizing up the particular inquiry and determing what percentage will have to be shipped by measurement-freight, arbitrarily fix a rate by adding a percentage to the actual weight rate. They then multiply the estimated weight of the structure by the arbitrary or estimated rate. 3. The information sheets on all lump sum export orders give the total estimated freight rate and also the actual unit rates for weight and measurement. 4. On pound price contracts the information sheet gives the actual unit rates for weight and measurement and also the arbitrary rate assumed in estimating. These will enable the drawing room to determine approximately what percentage of the work may be safely paid for by measure. 5. If, in order to use stock, it is necessary to make changes in material called for on customer's plans, consult the Division Engineer. 6. On export shipments by water, it is important to fulfil promises of delivery, as in many cases the space required for the shipment is contracted for in advance. Failure to have the material loaded when the ship sails does not release the Export Company from .their obligation to pay for the space. 124 EXPORT WORK Detailing Continued 1. Projecting pieces should generally be shipped loose, especially where the field connections are bolted. Where the field connections are riveted, it may be necessary to rivet them on at the shop. In such cases they should be securely blocked for protection against bending and breakage, bearing in mind the many handlings to which they are subject. The Plant Engineer is to use his discretion in this matter. 2. Curved material should be detailed so that it can be nested for shipment. 3. Lump sum orders should be detailed so that the shipped weight will agree, as closely as possible, with the estimated weight. 4. For pin bridges two pilot and driving nuts for each size pin on each bridge should be furnished. 5. Discretion should be used in abbreviating words on detail drawings. Title and Order Number 6. The name " United States Steel Products Company" and the X. A. B. number must appear on each sheet as a conspicuous part of the title. The name of the bridge or structure should be included in the title. Masonry Plans. 7. Masonry plans should be made and sent promptly to Export Company for all orders. 8. No abbreviations should be used on masonry plans. 9. Dimensions should be given in both the English and the Metric Systems on masonry plans for structures in Latin countries. Anchor Bolts 10. When anchor bolts are built in the masonry, they should be shipped promptly and in advance of the other material, unless instructions are received to the contrary. The drawings should be placed in the shop as soon as possible. Note on drawings^ and bills "Ship in Advance." EXPORT WORK 125 Drawings for Approval 1. In general, drawings, when sent for approval, should be finally checked and complete for the order. No departure should be made from this rule, except on rush or large orders, and then only after consulting the Export Company. Erection Drawings 2. Erection drawings should be clearly made and show plainly how the work goes together. They should contain more detailed information than is usually given on erection drawings for domestic work. 3. No abbreviations should be used on erection drawings. 4. Dimensions should be given in both the English and the Metric Systems on erection drawings for structures in Latin countries. 5. Erection drawings should show in detail the method of fastening corrugated steel, gutters, louvres, doors, windows, etc. 6. Erection drawings for bridges should show the camber. Erector's Rivet and Bolt List 7. Erector's rivet and bolt list should always show the location of all rivets and bolts. This feature should be given special consideration. Corrugated Steel 8. On orders for corrugated steel note that this material must be wrapped in tarred felt. Marking and Numbering 9. All erection marks should be stamped on the steel with a steel die and also marked with paint. 10. For all shipments by water this material should have special marks (in accordance with customer's requirements) and consecutive numbering. 11. For " all-rail" shipments into Canada, no system of special marks or consecutive numbers is required. 12. For " all-rail" shipments into Mexico, the customs requirements are that special marks (designated by Export Company) are to be placed on the material, but no consecutive numbering is required. 13. In some cases it is specified that the weight in "kilos" must be marked on each piece. This is a customs requirement and must be adhered to. 126 EXPORT WORK Shipping Bills 1. All special export marks and special instructions for marking should be given on the first page of shipping bill. When orders are divided among various plants and departments, a separate series of export shipment numbers is to be allotted each plant or department. Care should be taken that sufficient intervening numbers are allotted each plant or department. 2. The weight of individual pieces should be given for all members on either lump sum or pound price contracts. 3. The over-all dimensions to the nearest inch should be given for all fabricated material and unusual care used in calculating them. Plain or punched flat plates or angles should be billed to exact dimensions, thus: 12" x M" x 2' 5" or 3" x 3" x %e" x 10' 6". 4. To avoid possible misunderstanding leading to freight overcharges, all beams or channels listed on any shipping bill form (D 61, D 66, D 62) should have the dimensions listed thus: 20" x 1" x 24' 1", instead of 20" x 80 Ib. x 24' 1", although such bills in so far as they act as shop bills should read 20" x 80 Ib. x 24' 1". 5. For pieces that will be bundled or nested, the dimen- sions of individual pieces should be given. Shipping clerk will note that pieces are bundled, and give on shipping statement extreme dimensions of bundle. 6. The shipping bills should cover all material on the contract. For auxiliary material furnished by other departments, and that which cannot be listed in detail, reference should be made to drawings, orders, etc., covering this material, stating by whom it is furnished. For Preparation of Shipping Bills, see pages 74.1 to 75.5. EXPORT WORK 127 Shipping Bill Prints for Export Company 1. Shipping bills for export work should be sent to Invoice Department, United States Steel Products Company, at the same time drawings and bills are sent to shop. If bills are revised in any way, prints showing revision should be sent at once. Drawings for File and Use in Erection 2. Drawings for file and use in erection should not be sent until notice of shipment is received from the Plant Manager. Revisions that are found neces- sary, during fabrication, should be recorded on all tracings. For large orders this feature should be given special consideration. Duplicate Tracings and Van Dykes 3. Reproduced tracings or Van Dykes should be retained by the drawing room in cases where customer requires original tracings. This does not apply to old tracings that are sent to the purchaser to give more space in the filing room. Correspondence 4. In dealing directly with the customer or engineer, copies of all correspondence must be sent to Bridge Department, United States Steel Products Com- pany. 128 MISCELLANEOUS INSTRUCTIONS CHAPTER X MISCELLANEOUS INSTRUCTIONS CAMBER RAILROAD SPANS OVER 200 FEET AND HIGHWAY SPANS OVER 250 FEET 1. For railroad spans over 200 feet, and highway spans over 250 feet, the distortion due to dead and live load should be computed, and length of all members modified so that lengths will be normal under these loads. The live load stress due to a uniform live load over the full length of span and not the maxi- mum live load stress should be used. This uniform load should be such as would produce the same live load stress in center chords as given on stress sheet. Find the ratio between the sum of the dead and live load stress, and dead load stress in the center chords. DI ^ L Multiply the dead load stress in each member by this ratio and find the distortion in length due to this stress. The normal lengths of the members should be figured, and for compression members should be increased, and for tension members decreased by an amount equal 2. to the distortion. The lengths should also be corrected for play in pin holes. The camber of the truss resulting from the above changes in length and the pin play can be found graphically by what is known as a Williot Diagram. 3. If a given amount of camber is to remain in the truss under dead and live load, the change in length of truss members from the normal, as outlined above, should be increased in the proportion that the camber under dead and live load stress has to deflection at center due to dead and live load. 4. In figuring distortions, impact stresses should be neglected. MISCELLANEOUS INSTRUCTIONS 129 CAMBER RAILROAD TRUSS SPANS UP TO 200 FEET AND HIGHWAY TRUSS SPANS UP TO 250 FEET Railroad 1. For railroad spans, up -to and including 200 feet, trusses should be cambered by increasing the top chord length J/g mcn for each 10 feet in length, unless specifications state that camber shall be made a proportional part of span. If the specifica- tions give either the rate of top chord increase or the camber, the camber corresponding to the top chord increase, or the top chord increase correspond- ing to the camber, can be found from the equation E=-^^L i n which E = panel increase in inches, C = camber in inches, H= depth of truss in feet, S= length of span in feet, N = number of panels. The above equation is derived from the equation of a circle, the posts being considered as radial. Highway 2. For highway spans up to and including 250 feet, the top chord lengths should be increased y lQ inch for each 10 feet in length, unless specifications give some other amount or method of obtaining camber. Curved Top Chord Trusses 3. When trusses have varying depths, the panel increase as determined above is to be considered the panel increase at the center of the span and the increase in top chord panel length for any panel should have the same proportion to the panel increase at the center of the span, as the height of the truss at the center of the panel in question has to the height of the truss at the center of the span. ISO MISCELLANEOUS INSTRUCTIONS CAMBER RAILROAD TRUSS SPANS UP TO 200 FEET AND HIGHWAY TRUSS SPANS UP TO 250 FEET Diagonals 1. The lengths of all truss diagonals and end posts are to be computed, assuming each panel of the truss to be a true geometrical figure with the full panel camber increase added to the normal panel length of the top chord. For compression members of a pin connected truss, the length center to center of pin holes is to be the exact computed length, but for tension members y S 2 inch should be deducted from the computed length as a correction for play in the pin holes. In the center panel of a riveted truss, both diagonals should have their computed cambered length reduced ^i e inch for draw. Deck Bridges 2. For deck bridges with vertical end posts, the length of end panel of floor and top chords should be reduced by one-half the top chord increase between the center of truss and panel point Ul. In figuring length of stringers for deck spans, add one-half of panel increase to normal panel length, and consider this the distance center to center of floor beams. In figuring top laterals for deck or through bridges, the full panel increase should be used, and usual draw (see page 114.1) deducted from calculated length of diagonal. CAMBER DIAGRAM 3. A camber diagram giving the ordinate at each panel point of the bottom chord from the horizontal to the "no load" line should be placed on the erection plan of all truss spans for export and for all spans of 250 feet or more. PLATE GIRDER SPANS 4. No camber is to be used in plate girder spans unless required by customer. If camber is required, it is to be taken care of in such a way as to satisfy the customer and as best suits the plant where the work is fabricated. MISCELLANEOUS INSTRUCTIONS 131 CAMBER . ROOF TRUSSES 1. Roof trusses having spans of 75 feet or under should not be cambered. The deflection of trusses should be considered when a definite clearance must be maintained for crane or other purposes, also when wall or other framing is attached to lower chord. Trusses over 75 feet span may be cambered v hen considered necessary by Plant Engineer, the amount of camber being approximately equal to the deflec- tion of truss under full load. For parallel chord or flat pitch trusses, camber produced by lengthening top chord y% inch in 10 feet will approximately equal deflection under full load. Fink or other 2. steep pitch trusses, if cambered at all, should be cambered by method of theoretical deformation. When roof trusses are cambered, the girts, bracing, etc., are figured on the assumption that the truss is fully loaded. SHOP RIVET PERCENTAGES 3. For estimating weight of shop rivets, use the following percentages of the ordered weight of material; not including the weight of steel joists in highway bridges nor the weight of corrugated sheeting in mill buildings. Highway Bridges 4. Through pin connected spans, with built floor beams, 100 ft. and under 3 per cent. Through pin connected spans, with built floor beams, over 100 ft 3% per cent. Through pin connected spans, with rolled floor beams, 100 ft. and under. .2 7 /io per cent. Through pin connected spans, with rolled floor beams, over 100 ft 3 per cent. Deck riveted spans, with T-chords, 100 ft. and under 4^ per cent. Riveted pony truss spans, with box chords, 80 ft. and under 6J^ per cent. Riveted pony truss spans, with T-chords, rolled beams 80 ft. and over 3 per cent. Deck plate girder spans 5 per cent. Through plate girder spans 6 per cent. 132 MISCELLANEOUS INSTRUCTIONS SHOP RIVET PERCENTAGES Railroad Bridges 1. Single track deck plate girder spans 6 per cent. Single track through plate girder spans.. 5J/ per cent. Double track through plate girder spans. . 5 per cent. Single track through riveted spans 6 per cent. Double track through riveted spans 4 per cent. Single track through pin connected spans. 4J/2 per cent. Double track through pin connected spans 3^ per cent. Single track deck riveted spans 7 per cent. Double track deck riveted spans 6 per cent. Single track deck pin connected spans.. .5 per cent. Double track deck pin connected spans. .4 8 /io per cent. Single track viaducts with stiff bracing. .5^ per cent. Double track viaducts with stiff bracing. .4 8 Ao per cent. Trough floor 7 to 10 per cent. Mill Buildings 2. Light, roof construction and light mill buildings without crane runways 3 per cent. Light mill buildings, with crane runways. 4 per cent. Heavy mill buildings, with crane runways 4J/2 per cent. Extra heavy mill buildings, with crane runways 5 per cent. Office Buildings 3. Riveted work , ; .-,. < K ; -tv; *; 3 to 4 per cent. Beams Y^ of 1 per cent. RAILWAY SHIPMENTS Shipping Height 4. Nearly all railroads can handle pieces at least 10' high (except pieces too long for a single car, when thickness of bolster, 12" to 15", must be included) and & 0" wide, or 10' 3" wide and 7' 3" high. In detailing pieces approaching these dimensions, Traffic Department should be consulted. Informa- tion required from Traffic Department should be^ obtained through Plant Manager's office. MISCELLANEOUS INSTRUCTIONS RAILWAY SHIPMENTS 133 Shipping Lengths 1. Ordinary gondola and flat cars are from 34' to 40' long. Care should be taken to detail light pieces for single car shipment not more than 40' long. Shipping Weights 2. Pieces exceeding 22' in length, or too wide to be loaded through the side door of a standard 36' box car, should be detailed so that they can be loaded on gondolas or flats. They can then be shipped in less than car load lots (first class rate). The mini- mum weights for which freight charges will be figured at either car load or less than car load rates are indicated in the following table. 1 as t Pacific Coast States Classification. w Less car load lots Min. car load, bridge iron. . Min. car load, girders and roof trusses Min. load pieces requiring two cars 1,000 36,000 30,000 45,000 5,000 36,000 36,000 45,000 5,000 40,000 40,000 60,000 . 4,000 30,000 30,000 45,000 . Min. load pieces requiring three cars 60,000 60,000 80,000 60,000 Min. load pieces requiring four cars 75,000 75,000 When more than four cars (three cars Western Classi- fication) are used, the additional car or cars are considered as a new series; the series being deter- mined by number of cars over which a continuous load extends. 134 MISCELLANEOUS INSTRUCTIONS MASONRY PLANS, MASONRY, ANCHOR BOLTS 1. On all work requiring anchor bolts to be built in the masonry, a masonry plan should be furnished, showing exact location of bolts. The masonry plan should also show: Relative elevations of all bridge seats or column footings. Distance center to center of piers and face to face of back walls. Distance from bridge seat or column footing to base of rail or floor level. Projection of anchor bolts above top of masonry. The size of the steel base plates. 2. On all work designed by the American Bridge Company masonry plans should give the column loads. 3. Plan should bear a note stating who furnishes and who sets the anchor bolts. 4. No attempt should be made to design masonry or to show actual dimensions of same. 5. Unless otherwise guided by specifications or building laws, the following bearing values should be used: Brick laid in lime and cement . . . 150 Ib. per sq. in. Brick laid in cement 300 Ib. per sq. in. Limestone or bluestone 450 Ib. per sq. in. Granite 600 Ib. per sq. in. Concrete (1-2-4 mix Portland Cement) 600 Ib. per sq. in. On concrete which is known to be of the foregoing proportions and sufficiently aged (as is usual in bridge piers and abutments), 600 Ib. per sq. in. is a safe value. But on leaner mixtures of concrete or when definite information as to its condition is not avail- able use 350 Ib. per sq. in. 6. Anchor bolts built in masonry should not be less than 1 inch in diameter and should project into concrete not less than 3 feet. 7. Rough bolts for bridge work placed after steel is set should be not less than % inch in diameter, nor project less than 8 inches in masonry. MISCELLANEOUS INSTRUCTIONS 136 FLOOR PLANS 1. The points of the compass should be given. 2. Except for very simple framing the elevation of each beam should be given in parentheses (+ or - distance from floor line) . 3. No ditto signs are to be used on floor plans. All sizes and elevations should be repeated. 4. All information should be given for attachment of auxiliary work, so that detailers and checkers will not be obliged to consult architectural plans for this information. 5. In the general notes state which field connections are riveted and which are bolted; note diameter of rivets and other similar information for the use of the erector. GROUTING UNDER CASTINGS 6. Grouting is usually provided under cast bases, resting on stone caps or grillage beams, when the pressure per square foot is 35 tons or less. When pressure is greater than 35 tons t per square foot, bases must be planed on bottom for direct bearing. When grouting is used, an allowance of not less than % inch must be made between base and grillage, and cast bases need not be planed on bottom. CRANE CLEARANCE DIAGRAM 7. A diagram showing actual crane clearances should be sent as soon as possible to the Customer for his approval. 136 MISCELLANEOUS INSTRUCTIONS SMALL COLD=DRIVEN RIVETS 1. Rivets which are to be driven cold should be of BB iron. 2. Flat heads are preferable, as small round head rivets with short grips tend to turn over in driving. 3. The driven head should if possible be flat as flat heads cost less than round heads. LENGTHS FOR COLD-DRIVEN RIVETS USE FLAT HEAD RIVETS WHERE POSSIBLE 4. %" RIVETS % a " RIVETS Grip Round Head Mat Head Round Head Mat Head W y* f Y*' Y*' Ys %' 5 A f %' %' w W a/' Vi' i" W l" %' 5 A' \\/^' \y^' 1" m \y' iy%' \y%' w m m \y