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GREEK TABLES 
 
 OR 
 
 A METHOD OF TEACHING THE GREEK PARADIGM 
 
 IN A MORE SIMPLE AND FUNDAMENTAL MANNER 
 
 By D. FRIEDRICH THIERSCH 
 
 PROP. IN THE LYCEUM AND PRINCIPAL OF THE PHILOLOG. SEM. AT MUNICH 
 TO WHICH IS ADDED 
 
 AN ESSAY ON THE DIALECTS, 
 
 FROM BUTTMANn's GRAMMAR. 
 
 tRANSLATED 
 
 By R. B. PATTON 
 
 professor of languages in middlebury collegk. 
 
 ANDOVER 
 
 PRINTED AT THE CODxMAN PRESS 
 
 BY FLAGG AND GOULD 
 
 1822. 
 
^V S'f'^ 
 
-PA 
 
 Ir 
 
 ADVERTISEMENT. 
 
 />W/M 
 
 The present translation originated in a sincere desire to excite 
 and cherish, in the youth of our country, a thirst for more exten- 
 sive investigation, in the subjects connected with the Greek Gram- 
 mar and Literature. The author holds a distinguished rank in 
 Germany, among those who have laiioured so successfully, of late 
 years, to facilitate the study of the Greek language. 
 
 The original work war? not designed by the Author to enter 
 the lists with any Grammars in common use, and the same may be 
 said of the translation. In Germany, the Original has been gene- 
 rally admitted into the Gymnasia, even where the Greek Grammar 
 of the Author is not adopted for the purposes of elementary instriic- 
 tion. And if the Translation can succeed in extending the views 
 of our students beyond the range of mere grammatical forms, and 
 the modes of instruction to which they have been accustomed, and 
 enable them to participate in the views and feelings of the schol- 
 ars of a portion of Europe, so conspicuous for philological attain- 
 ments, the translator will have reason greatly to rejoice, although 
 the translation, as a translation, may not be approved. 
 
 The Translator confesses himself of the number who value 
 highly the philological works of the Germans, and who earnestly 
 desire to see them circulated in our country ; to see the same spir- 
 it of laborious research and expansive inquiry infused into the bos- 
 oms of our youth ; in order that we may avail ourselves of the ad- 
 vances made by others ; of their experience, habits, thoughts, and 
 feelings ; and thus, be enabled to cope with them in future research- 
 es. Whether this be possible, under the present inauspicious 
 frowns of the Government on our expanding literature, is a seri- 
 ous, and to every genuine student a painful question. But every 
 one who wishes to mitigate in some degree the deserved reproach- 
 es, cast upon us by the monarchical nations of Europe, will eager- 
 ly embrace the least opportunity, to extend our views beyond the 
 limits of our colleges, our cities, and even of our country itself. 
 
 The system developed in this work does not differ materially 
 from that of Buttmann. Thiersch has pursued the analysis a step 
 or two further, with what success every one must decide for him- 
 self. 
 
ir ADVF.RTISE1IE5T. 
 
 The Edition of the Tables, that of lfil3, to which I had access, 
 literally swarmed with erron> of the prey's. So far as time would 
 permit I have rndeavoured to eradicate them, and not to commit 
 new orie«t in correcting the old. It has been thought expedient al- 
 so to render the Homeric Paradigms more complete, by -ome addi- 
 tions, principally from the second edition of the (Jrammar of the 
 Author. These addition* being merely from another work of the 
 Author, it w;h not thuui;ht nece**ary to specify them particularly. 
 
 The C)riginal was printed in tables and in the folio Ibrm. The 
 whole Work is here reduced to a smaller size which renders it 
 more convenient and less expensive. On the dialects, we hare 
 preferred the small but comprehensive treatise of BuUmann, Mat- 
 thix's account is somewhat confused, and probably, in a historical 
 point of view, incorrect. Many assertions of Thiersch, ou this 
 head, are perhaps too gratuitous. liuUmann is always chaste and 
 inductive. 
 
 .As to the translation itself, much might be said, as usual, oa 
 the crowd of German technics, and the unwieldy and refractory 
 German sentences, which almost refuse to receive the English 
 dress, but I forbear. To those who are acquainted wiih the Ger- 
 man, and especially theCJerman of the prefaces to this work, noth- 
 ing need be said: to those who are not, all that could be said 
 would be in vain. 
 
 I close with the hope, that those who have snore time and abil- 
 ity for such an employment, may endeavour by means of transla- 
 tions, to extend our acquaintance with the philological works ot 
 foreign nations, especially of Germany, and thus produce that uni- 
 versal literary excitement, which eventually must secure to us the 
 highest literary pnviU'ges, aa well as establish our national pros- 
 perity on the tirmest basis. 
 
vt- 
 
 PREFACE 
 
 TO THE EDITION OF 1808. 
 
 To be thoroughly grounded in the Greek Paradigm, it is not 
 enough that the learner be able, immediately, or, at least, upon a 
 little recollection, to analyse every form which presents itself, for 
 example, Xfiq:r&iir]0(xv, to tell immediately what it is, and that the 
 root contains liin, kii^, or Ificp. He must also be prepared, as in 
 the Latin, without the labour of conjugating, to give, in its prop- 
 er form, any mood, tense, and person of any verb at pleasure. 
 Should the instructor, therefore, demand the 1. Aor. Mid. Opt 
 mood. 3 pers. Dual numb, of ygvaoco, he must be able promptly 
 to answer xQ^acoGalad^tjv. 
 
 Owing to the endless complication of the Greek Paradigm, 
 this attainment has been deemed impossible for the beginner ; 
 and so indeed it must be, if we consider the vast multitude of 
 rules in our grammars, regarded as indispensable for the for- 
 mation of as great a number of tenses. Every one, however, 
 who will pursue the method here pointed out in explaining the 
 forms and in using the paradigm, will find it, I think, not only pos- 
 sible, but, to the gratification of both teacher and learner, not even 
 difficult. The paradigm must be reduced to its simple constituent 
 parts, as is done in the following pages, and these parts united 
 again under the inspection of the learner. Thus the different 
 parts necessary for the formation of any mood, person, tense, &c. 
 whatever, arrange themselves naturally in his memory ; and while 
 the question of the instructor suggests first the mood, then the 
 tense, and finally the person, the learner forms them immediately 
 in the same order. Let iQvawfsaiG&riv^ for instance, be requir- 
 ed. First of all, the teacher referring him to the I. Aor. Mid. he 
 forms this tense from the root and termination, i^QvoMOUf-inv, ac- 
 cording to the given rules. Secondly, the teacher referring him 
 
6 PREFACE TO THU LDITIOJi OV lbU8. 
 
 to the Optalirc mood, he rejects the mutable parts i au/iy so 
 
 that jgvataa remains, and introduces the characteristic vowel of 
 the mood,* (at) o. g. ^ovamaai. Finally, the teacher referring 
 him to thr 3 pers. Dual nim»b<r, he knotvs that the Optative has, 
 io this person, the termination peculiar to the Secondary tenses,! 
 wi^ich is so Inmiliar to him that in the present case he immediate- 
 ly BUg^ct'* axhiv, and will g'ive the completed form j^oi-awnalaOrfV. 
 Or let the I'erf. Pass, of Xtyoi (ground-form A<A*y,) and Intin. 
 moid (termination a&ui subjoined,) be required, and he answers, 
 
 with little hesitation, XthyoOui ItlriOui (^ '). .?. and § 3. 
 
 Note I.) 
 
 Experience has taught the author that after the explanation 
 of the paradigm, but little additional practice was necessary, in or- 
 der to aripiire suitable facility; tor such is the consistency and 
 wrll grounded regularity of the (»reek paradigm, that the begin- 
 ner will \ery soon tind himself at home. It is evident, however, 
 that in onler to obtain our end, besides the analysis of the para- 
 digm into its constituent parts, we must endeavour lo simplify the 
 varmus doctrines and rules concerning augments, shortening long 
 syllables, &:r. — e-<pecjally concerning the formation of the tenses. 
 How can we expect the bi-ginuerto give a person of some remote 
 tense, tor example the ;i pers I'lur. numb. Aor. 1. Pass. Indicat. 
 mood of neUiit), if he is forced from the present into the iFut.Act., 
 thence into the I'erf Act., thence into the Ferf. Pass., then into 
 the 3 pJ'P*, Sing, of the same, and thus (inally arrives at the Aor. 
 1 Pass.? 'J'he olil deiluction-theory which has been already in part 
 abandoned by othrr^, is here entirely rejected, and the tunses in 
 gcnrral derived immediately tVom the Pi;vs., or ralhrr. togithci 
 
 * {Mudu$tf>fal) Our lnogua;;e rathi-r rerulti nt the unbounded libertj 
 10 llie compotitiun of word* which the (Mrniao cnjoji. Dut Ihc transla- 
 tor rtili hiiuit IT contlraintd to adopt, herrnrirr, for (he take of breviljr, on 
 tlic fm|urnt rccurrent-e of (hit phrase {ModutMcal,) (he li(cral bu( Dp|>otite 
 ripmsion Muodroxctl. V'id. ♦ I j. 
 
 t i^.S'tbtnltmpora) \Aj Primary and ><reondary lfnsf$, ii««'d (Itroughout this 
 work to denote (he Uauptttmpora and ytbtnttmpora of (he original, is mfan( 
 no aorc than (his, «lii>l, in rtsprrl lo the form, {dtr form nach,) the priiunrjr 
 (rutrs (Trtr*. Kut. i'erf.) hare earh conncc(ed wi(h them a secondary (cose 
 ^Imprrf. Aor. I'lusr)pf.) called t)jr UuHmtma Kistorteal Itnses, (histuhschc tcm- 
 I'oin) .\utl'uLrliclic Gramm. t SI. (7V.) 
 
PREFACE TO THE EDITION OF 1808. 7 
 
 with the Praes., from the common root. Any doubts on this head 
 will, it is hoped, be entirely dissipated by a nearer examination of 
 the paradigm. 
 
 If we now demand of the learner thus initiated, the above 
 mentioned Aor. 1. Pass. Ind. Mood, Plur. numb. 3 pers. he will im- 
 mediately to its ground-form sniiO- annex the personal termina- 
 tion &7]C!ccv ; but, being accustomed to change t before another t 
 into ff, (§ 4. 5. Note 2.) he will suggest without hesitation, inela- 
 
 This may serve to explain the mode of proceeding in question- 
 ing the learner concerning the tenses. The advantage however 
 of this method in recognizing and developing the forms which oc- 
 cur in reading, as well as in promoting a rapid progress and a gen- 
 erous freedom in the language, is very evident. Whoever will ac- 
 quaint himself with the forms by mere effort of memory, never 
 obtains a sure possession of them. Rigid method, so requisite in 
 most cases, is here in a special manner necessary, and only what 
 we learn methodically can take root and thrive. The committing 
 the paradigm to memory, which is still necessary for acquiring fa- 
 cility in the use of the forms, proceeds with greater ease and accu- 
 racy if the whole is grounded on a system of derivation or forma- 
 tion which presents itself at every step. The arrangement of the 
 whole, however, (which in the introductory part must descend to 
 a consideration of even the letters or elementary parts of words,) 
 fe worthy of investigation — perhaps of regard by those who are 
 employed in the business of instruction. The author trusts that he 
 may be indulged in making such a suggestion, if, without neglect- 
 ing the most recent investigations of Grammarians, he has been 
 fortunate enough to simplify the doctrine of Greek forms, and 
 bring it out of its former confused state, but still without adopting 
 the arbitrary principles of Lennep and others. 
 
PREFACE 
 
 ro THi: EDITION OF 1809. 
 
 The paradigm has met with a more favourable reception thaa 
 I had ventured to anticipate. When that which is sanctioned by 
 custom is attacked, although without noise or arrogance, the op- 
 position of those is awakened who are unable or unwilling to com- 
 prehend what is new. What is old and customary i^' become, from 
 long use, both familiar and dear to them. In giving shape, how- 
 ever, to a mass hitherto only partially reduced to order, many 
 circumstances wore necessarily arranged otherwise than in the 
 common method. Hence a number might easily fail of the desired 
 •uccess, and thus afford occasion to the captious of expressing their 
 chagrin. 
 
 Contrary to my expectations the method here proposed was 
 placed, by the (Jottingen GelehrU Anzei^en No. Jo. 1808, unmo- 
 Icsteil, by the side of rarlior attempts, and the issue awaited. By 
 the New I.eipsic Literatur Zeitutig No. 1 17. 1808, it was received 
 ■8 to its distinguishing features, and the old deduction-theory re- 
 jected. By the J ci\a .'Itlgemeine Lit. Zcit. No. 192. 1808, it was 
 received without any limitation or mo<lification, ^'because thereby 
 life is reitortd to a vuui heretofore dead, and tiie rich design viani- 
 fett in thit systematic language is clearly demonstrated, XL'hich^ for a 
 long time, has been regarded as the spiritless zcork jf caprice or chance.'^ 
 In consequence of this the paradigm came into frequent use, and 
 was introduced into many of the more respcctal)le (Jymnasia; nor 
 has any one yot been found, who has not, from his own experi- 
 ence, reali/ed their utility. 
 
 This new edition, which appears nine months after the first, 
 will shew that I have paid a «luo regard to the objections advanc- 
 ed by other*, and have adopted their proposed improvements ; at 
 the game time, that I have bei>n fully sensible how imperfect the 
 
PREFACE TO THE EDITION OF 1 809. 9 
 
 former edition was. The present edition is enriched principally 
 by the addition of the Homeric paradigm, which the study of Ho- 
 mer renders so desirable. To our friend Mr. Assessor D. Dissen, 
 we are indebted for the careful enumeration of the Homeric forms, 
 who instituted a thorough examination of Homer, in order that 
 nothing of importance might escape us. The last tables, exclu- 
 sively the result of his labours, will prove, no doubt, to the young 
 friends of Homer an acceptable present. 
 
 It was not till lately that an attack was made upon this meth- 
 od by one, whose opposing voice, I had, from the commencement, 
 expected to hear. In the Jena Allgem. Lit. Zeit. No. 4. of this 
 year, appeared an article, " some strictures on ThierscK's paradigm 
 of the Greek verb by F — G." written with much warmth. The re- 
 marks of the author, who has never made a trial of the method, 
 and, nevertheless, threatens to overturn it as prejudicial to the 
 cause of instruction, concern, for the most part, mere trifles, which 
 might be altered by a single stroke of the pen if really necessa- 
 ry. Besides, these cavils expose, not only the animosity, but the ig- 
 norance also, of the author. He threatens to subvert the method 
 in one of its principal parts, by objecting, to the derivation of ev- 
 ery tense from the root, the form xfrvqiarai, for rirvfifiivot iial^ 
 and thus wishes to deduce the original epic form from the much 
 younger aspirated Perf. Act. — On this point, however, the deriva- 
 tion of the tenses, it is necessary to be more explicit, that I may 
 avoid, for the future, the imputation of a desire of change and a 
 fondness for arbitrary arrangement. 
 
 In the oldest Grammarians traces are found of that method, ac- 
 cording to which, the tenses are formed in such a manner, that one 
 is always made the foundation of another; e. g. from id6&t]v is 
 formed do&i'jGOfA^cci, from i'gftAa, igfdccfXT^v^ &c. The opinion was 
 finally adopted, that, in order to arrive at any form after the Prss., 
 we must pass through another form to which it seemed to bear 
 some analogy. But we find it no where asserted, that this system 
 of derivation is not equally valid and useful when the order is in- 
 verted, and i86&i]v formed from do&}']GOfiai, or trvxpa from rtrvqia. 
 Thus the author of the Halle Grammar, to whom most of us are 
 indebted for our elementary instruction, thinks he has simplified 
 the business, when he advises us to derive all the tenses of the 
 Pass, from the corresponding tenses of the Act. At least, it is not 
 
10 PRllFACE TO THE EDITIo5 OF 180f>. 
 
 n more capricious mode of proceeding, to change, for the Ftit. Pass. 
 «/'oi into q&iiaouat^ iu) into j[6i}aoitat, and for the Aor. ifa into 
 qOr,r^ |« into jfOijr, than, according to the common method, to 
 convert if a into fiftut, yu into y/tut, and xu sometimes into ^ui and 
 sometimes into oftui, in order to obtain the Ferf. Pas«. ; or, in or- 
 der to arrive at the Aor. I. Pass, of arpi'qoi^ to lead us through ta- 
 TQ^ii'U, tatptqa, tnrouuuut, iaroanrui, iaTpttn-\^r,y. When any 
 method is so arbitrary, we may be assured that it has wandered 
 far from the way whicli the language has pursued in its formation. 
 First of all, »ve cannot mistake the analogous formation of those 
 lenses which are chtsscd together in the paradigm as primary and 
 secondary tenses, rnvqu trertquv, Tt-q&rinouai iTvqi>r)t; ri'-i/'oi 
 trviiia, iiC. Should this already appear ca|»riciou«, to receive a 
 doubtful Fut. oxMrruj, in order to obtain r,nuatt, still it is a matter of 
 indifference, in itself considered, whether we I'orm Tiq6t]ooftai from 
 trvq&tiy, or tivqBr^v from Tiq6t';ao^ai, were it not necessary to ren- 
 der this mode of proceeding «ul)servient to a more important end. 
 Of this however more hereafter. What now concerns us is, to 
 strike at the root of the old deduction-theory, which renders 
 even the primary tenses dependent on other forms, e. g. riivqa 
 on ttvyu, jtrvi.iittti im itjiqo, TvqOt-aonui through itiq&r,¥ on 
 ttJtniui- Lc\ us commence with the IVrf which Ciramniarians 
 have begun to regard as a finished or perfect present.* {Prasens 
 perjectatn, invqet. I have struck — ^juijt now.) 
 
 For the unfinished or imperfect present. (^Prcrsens iinper tectum,) 
 cerl-iin terminations were invented, I'lnr. — iin — ti — viai. and 
 were subjoined to tlie root, — 
 
 gii <i iuiv q lit (qavrrn) qunt 
 
 (id fi'ifify (iUif {liJiroi) ;iuni 
 
 rkd ik'tfiiw tldxi (^rhirtai) iliiat 
 
 To denote that the present was past or fnished {Pnes. perf.) 
 ll)e rediipliration was introduced into the three nulical languages, 
 {(if.idftfy, jffgaiigeii, cef idi,) and thus originated the g^round-forms 
 of the Perf. which have been preserved entire, in the epic lan- 
 
 • Compare Hrrmunn d« emend, rut. Gnrc. Gramm. p. 106. Mnllhi.-c 
 •u«f. Gr«mm. p. Cnj, and the iof^niout di»*4.Tla(ioa " rf* Temporibus el Modis 
 rtrht (irvfi^^ br l.uilnlp Citnt^. I)t»*cn, p. 5, »pq. From thi« ilifirrtation nrc 
 borrowed the ontr.ci of the Icjiici which are hrrr rDipl'>rpJ 
 
f REFACE TO THE EDITION OF 1 809* |( "[J V. 1 1 
 
 guage. Single persons, the 3d for instance, hav^i;^i||i(^ tbueir 
 way into all the dialects. — ^^^^^^i^L' " 
 
 TtTka.f.iiv TiiXdxa {rfrXavrat) titIuoc 
 
 igdfiev fgdr^ {igdviGi) ii^uoi 
 
 According to the same analogy 
 Imperf. (Praeteritum imperlectum,) i^diitv^ i^dre, i^daav, txlduav^ 
 hldxi^ irkdacxv. 
 
 Plusqpf. [f^e^dfui/, i^el^dze, ij3f(3dauv,) fV^rAd^wfi/, htTldie.h- 
 izkdGuv, the former with an Aor. signification. 
 
 Such forms as i^t^u^iev were forbidden by the metre of the 
 epic language, while iTtvlui-iiv and 8i§aaav were admitted and 
 retained. It seems inconsistent with the progressive formation of 
 the language, and therefore arbitrary, to derive, as is done in the 
 Grammars, TtTlui.iiv^ Tixlaje^ TfT^.aac, by an unnecessary syn- 
 cope, from TfrAdd|«fj/, r^rAddrf, and these forms again, by syn- 
 cope, from Tfrh'inufxsi', &c. thus regarding the fullest form as the 
 original one. 
 
 The first short a in the 3 pers. Plur. as ^e^ddat; (Affiddai, yt- 
 yddai, is not derived from any syncopated form, but depends upon 
 the same rule in the epic language, which permits ogag to be 
 lengthened into oQctag. II. 7. 448. aa)^ula into uayukaa. 11. 2. 293. 
 fivua&ai into f.ivaciO&CKi. Od, 1. 39. or uhiuljo into aixcooiTO. II. 
 11. 653. 
 
 Add to this, that for the Sing., -u-ag-s (from ta-tug-ee the 
 original Perf of eif.ii) were adopted, and we have the original 
 conjugation of the Perf Act. This has been retained in <5(w, diio, 
 deiSo) (root di,) the verse and a regard for euphony, however, 
 generally requiring the e in di'dia to be lengthened into d'lid'ia. a*? 
 in deidtyurac tor diSt'^arai. Od. 7. 72. 
 
 II. 13.481. 
 Od. 18. 79. 
 II. 18. 34. 
 II. 9. 230. 
 
 U. 20. 366. as Imper. 
 II. 24. 663. for Sfdiv- 
 Tfft with the Ionic a for v. Here f remains in its simple form be- 
 cause the verse permits it. To this original conjugation of the 
 Perf. (which in the Dual and Plur. is deficient in all the mood- 
 
 Sing. 1. 
 
 d'eldc - 
 
 - a 
 
 2. 
 
 deldo - 
 
 ■ ug 
 
 3. 
 
 deidt - 
 
 ■ s 
 
 Plur. 1. 
 
 dfldi ■ 
 
 - (ASV 
 
 2. 
 
 ditdo - 
 
 - T£ 
 
 3. 
 
 dedi ■ 
 
 - ccat 
 
It PRIFACE TO THr EDITION OF 1809. 
 
 vowel", and for this reason follows the analop^y of the conjugatioa 
 in fit,) helong such forms of the Imper. as x«'xAu^t, jirKu&i, u'9- 
 vuOi, dtldidt; — of the Opt. as Tt&nxir}f, rirXmir/v, kc. (both their 
 Kiffnifjcalion an«J the .). pen. IMur. Ind. ri^yaat, which belongs to 
 this class, forbid us to regard them as Aorisla with the reduplica- 
 tion ;) — of the Infm. as Tt&vaunat, xtdvctfitv, xi&vavut, rixkuvui. ; 
 — of the Participles, as didiw^i, dudtoii-;, ^a^uo\q; — as well as some 
 single persons, such as riiisiipl'. i:ii:iiOf.itv, also id^fv^ tilt,Xovd^fv. 
 All these are lorms in which the terminations merely are annexed 
 to the rout, increased by the reduplication. They cannot be ex- 
 plained by the abbreviation of the tull form, e. g. xtOvudt short- 
 ened from Tt'Otftjxt., TtOvu'tt]¥ from Tt&¥ti%oi^i, at least not with- 
 out the mo-'t violent and unnatural changes, e. g. diSiuiv, by re- 
 jecting o«, X, «, from fiftiointt^itv. 
 
 It must already appear evident that in the formation of the 
 Perf, the language has pursued its own free course, without ren- 
 dering this tense dependent on the first Aorist. .\nd why, indeed, 
 in order to arrive at the original forms rt&vaufv, dfidiufy, should 
 we invent unheard of Aorists, titvtjnu, idinu (Homer has, it is true, 
 iddnau^, tddnat. tdSiiaart, tddftauv ; nothing however from i'diaa^ 
 still less from tifvr,nu, « liich he and all the CJreeks would have 
 founil intolerable by the side of tOaiov) — why, I say, should we 
 invent these strange .Aorists, and proceed from these to unknown 
 Perfect*, "uch as <J/«)<xa, and from these (e. g. from dfidixafiif^) 
 remove the xa which never existed, in order to arrive al the orig- 
 inal and indeptMident form dilihttiv ? This last form, however, (de- 
 (icient in the Mood-vowel,) altogether unconcerned about this for- 
 nmlable bulwark of etymology, is formed independently of any 
 other tense, from the ground-form of the tense and the termina- 
 tion. If tiiis mode of proccetling is unphilological in the case of 
 fififiifuv^ StfiiMi, it is etpially so in the case of rti^va^fr, fifuufag^ 
 ami others, for the f«)rination is same. Beyond this, the language 
 of Homer made but few advances in the further ibrmation of the 
 Perfect. 
 
 'I'he u relainc<l from the old I'erf hi, became the chara'^teris- 
 lic vowel of the Perf, {nn9) ntnoiOuufv^ ■nfnui9aTt, (nA^y) uf- 
 ■.fktiyutin>, («/'»y) :jf(ftiyufify- It is evident that this form of the 
 scron«l Pi-rl., a- il is called, is dcriveil Irom the Kiit. i. no more 
 Ibaii l)^t^tu fr >ni idnau and ditdi^u. in the verba pura a x wa" 
 
PREFACE TO THE EDITION OF 1809. 13 
 
 introduced, to avoid the collision of vowels, as in ovxi'rc^ fajy.tTt. 
 The tinal vowel of the root was now doubled before this x, accord- 
 ing to the g-eneral rule, ^{^a-uoi, (Sfiiuxcoi^ §f^t]Kaai. In many 
 verbs both forms are found, side by side, in different persons, t4- 
 &fi]X6 not Tt&vaf, Tf&i'UGt not TfO^ftjuuoc; also ^i^uuai, §iija.(.uv^ 
 ^efiuMQ ; and i3i§i]Kuq^ §i^t]Hi ; Plusqpl'. pi^tjufi. 
 
 These are the steps by which the epic language proceeded 
 in the independent formation of the Perf. viz. the invention of the 
 reduplication, Ti'rA«jU6j/; the introduction of the Mood-vowel a^nf- 
 ^iiyuf.iiv^ and of the k in the verba pura^ xi^vaa Ti'&vrjxu^ rt- 
 xh'us Tt&vfjxe, &c. The remaining peculiarities of this tense 
 have been subsequently introduced. One of these is, the introduc- 
 tion of the tt in the verba liqjiida, and in a portion of the verba muta. 
 Such forms as Tctcfayaa., tGncc^-Aa, &c. are unknown in the epic lan- 
 guage, much more so the attic forms, in which the a suppresses 
 the T sound, e. g. nei&M mnii^-'Att ntnemu. The dtdoiyiu there- 
 fore of Jlomer is not to be derived from dildw^ but from the inter- 
 mediate form deib). As little claim to originality has the other 
 form of the Perf. with the aspirated 71 and x, e. g. rirvqcc^ ntnXeiu. 
 The aspirate was retained, it is true, where it was found in the 
 root, as in rfrff/wg, Od. 12. 423. from the rootriu/; so in xir^t^'^a 
 (root TQtiX-) Ti'rgocfK (root TQi(p.) §t^Qvxoi. (root ^gv^.) But an 
 aspirate in the Perf., assumed independently of the root, is utter- 
 ly unknown in Homer. A multitude of perfects are found such 
 as 'AtnoTcu^ TtTQiyUf ntTih]ya, GiGTjna, ntqgixa, m'iffvya. Sac. which 
 afforded an opportunity for such an aspirate, but no where is any 
 trace of such a form as TtTvq:a for Ta'xvna ; a satisfactory 'proof, that 
 those aspirated Perfects were first introduced during the subse- 
 quent progress of the language. The first traces of them are met 
 with in Herodotus. We have, then, five steps by which the lan- 
 fi^uage has proceeded gradually in the formation of this tense. The 
 forms dildififv, nfnoi&a^ifv, ^f§r,Kafiav, rtrvqauev, m-niiKa^iiv^ 
 may serve to indicate these steps. Those, however, who derive 
 the 3d, 4th, and bih of these forms, from the Aor- 1., and the 2d 
 from the Fut. 2., and, for the 1st, avail themselves of syncope, will 
 do well to reflect, whether they are not pursuing a course, directly 
 contrary to that which analogy points out in the formation of lan- 
 guage. 
 
 Having ascertained the formation of the Perf. to be indopend- 
 
1 4 I'REKACK TO TUF. tDITlON OF 1 809. 
 
 enl of tlio other tenses, am] the primary tenses of the Act. stand- 
 ing thus on their own fouuilation, it will not be dillkult to prove 
 the same in re«pect to the primary tenses of the Pass. It has 
 been u^iual to derive the I'erf. I'ass. from the Perf. Act., the Aor. 
 1. Pa*", from the .3 pens. .Sing, of the Perf. Pa««., and the Tut. I. 
 Pa««. from the Aor. 1. 
 
 The re<iiiphcation, w hich is common to the Perf. .\ct, and Pass.. 
 can fnrni-^h no salisfaclory evidence that the one is derived from 
 the other. For admittiut^ that this sifi^n was invented to denote the 
 completion of a portion of lime, we shouhl natiinilly expect to find 
 it wherever tiiis idea prevails. In conformity with its orisrinal use. 
 \\v meet with it to denote a completed future, xi\\)Ouat ifrinpo- 
 fiut. With resfard to the Perf. .Art. and Pass., the radical vowels 
 arc not unfreiuently altogether different ; e. «f. Perf. Act. r/r^r/a. 
 Pas.'. T*'r«7»«/ ; Perl". Act. rtrpoqa. Pass. Tt'rgauftai ; xtxf.Oifct, 
 Ht'xltiinai ; tarn'/^a, tariyuai; (if'fitjxu, pf^auai ; tyrivoxtt, *>")• 
 ff/iiai. .\ Id to thi'-, that frr(|uently tlie Perlects Act., iVom 
 which the Perfects Pa««. are derived, are arbitrarily assumed, 
 e. p. n*.ii'x« (iVom ntvifoi) in order to form nt'nvnitat ; »;''/« (from 
 /ixtii) to form i/i'yttui ; and we are constrained to acknowledge 
 that the Perf. I'ass. like the I'erl'. Act., is not dependent on any 
 other tense for its formation. This assertion receives the fullest 
 contirnjation iVom the circumstance, that even in Homer we find 
 this aipiraled form in the Perl". Pa's*., which, in the Act. we meet 
 with tii-st in H«'rodo(u.i; e. g. i:xtifTou<fatttt from tmroinoi, II. J 
 2.'», ni kttoi Tt.iiTftijuqttTat x«i luaaa fu'iitili ; and II. 11.20, kt- 
 uffot di douxoi'if^ uoii)ot/UTO .roori duptii'. It is, we presume, 
 sudirieiitly apparent, that such I'orms are not derived Irom the 
 much younjfJT aspirated Perf. Act., hut, together with this, imme- 
 iliately from the root ; e.g. rnarj, {ryarno is found in Jleiodotus.) 
 tfrpurxftui, TfthurjctTUi, itTQuqarat. 
 
 Who, thni, woulil not delight to follow the course of the lan- 
 guage il«elf, which, from the root xoorO (comp. xooiv xugrO-o^) 
 fornix x/xooi'/>/(/i'OV> from /ioor/ in fiopvaaio. (romp, fiotjt'xoi) ft> 
 fiopryjitvoi , trom qyad, nufput^iitfU'; : xud, xfxaSftfyo^ ; kfy 
 hktyiiut; (fit/, rtt'qlfyiiui, Lc.i or, as is usual, changes the r 
 souihI into o. a-* in tdfttr, later form J'oHfi» ; and thus Irom n;<i> 
 produces nt innuui ; from luO, ktlafytiai ; :tii>. n/iiouoi , &c. ? 
 "^ome one nuiv still prefer to i>ursu«- this xfxi',;iih,m (lirough 
 
PREFACE TO THE EDITION OF 1809. 15 
 
 '^QQvaaM, ttoQuGO), ixoQvoa, yfxo^vy.cc, K}mQVf.(ai; and 7Tt7Tj;(T««« 
 throug-h TTfv&oj, ufvaw, tnevnu, nfnei'xa, niirvya and -nt-nv^iui, ; 
 as the Platonic sophist chases his ovtm? ov throiig'h fire, air, earth, 
 and water, without discovering the absunhty. On him we might 
 justly impose the task, of collecting- the necessary number of epic 
 Perfects Act. with their Aspirates and Kappas, in order to derive 
 from them, according to his beloved method, such perfects as the 
 following, and the forms derived from them, which occur in innu- 
 merable instances in Homer and Hesiod, viz. xixalv/^titui, xf/d^ca- 
 (.lai, Xtlfi^i^iai, WXfy^iat, ^uiiiy(.iai, vf'vc/njitai, TTfnukayf^tai, nt'iiva- 
 l-iai^ m(faii4fiat, Txiqvy^iai^p Tieq.vluyi.iat, n'r^a/nfiai, rtruiiui, rtiaX- 
 f.iai, reVi'/fttat, &c. 
 
 Every person of discernment must recognise the merits of our 
 present Grammarians, and pay them the homage which is due. 
 Had they, however, thought sutficiently for themselves, they would 
 not have regarded that as sacred, which has not yet been banished 
 from the more unskilful labours of their older brethren. Pride or 
 weakness alone can delight in charging with presumption and rash- 
 ness, one who is endeavouring to extirpate some of the old thorns 
 and briars from a lield, which still is not susceptible of cultivation 
 enough, to produce the desired fruit. Besides, in all this, we have 
 not considered what possible sense there can be in saying, that (pa 
 is changed into (xf.iai^ xa into ^tat and sometimes into a^iai. From (fu 
 we cannot form jHjtt«t, or from xa, fiat ; still less af.iut. Is nothing 
 more intended however than this, that fiat is annexed to the root 
 in place of x«, then why not represent the matter as it really 
 is, that we may understand the nature of the formation, viz. that 
 this fxat-i the termination of the primary tenses, is subjoined to the 
 root, in the Praes. with the mood-vowel, and in the Perf. without 
 a mood-vowel ? qevy-o-fiac, mqevy-fiai. 
 
 We proceed now to the deiivation of the Aor. 1. Pass, from 
 the 3 pers. Sing, of the Perf., the most unintelligible of all. Butt- 
 man has already abandoned it. Had this tense been derived from 
 the 3 pers. Dual Plusqpf. izfTvqdtjv, it would have been, to say 
 the least, very convenient ; for, by dropping fr, we obtain the de- 
 sired form. But what contrivances are necessary to arrive at 
 TtTQanxai from T^e'no) ! And what form have we then obtained 
 analogous to that of the Aor. ? By all these contrivances, we ob- 
 tain ze-TQa-n-Tuo, which, piece by piece, must be moulded into 
 
16 rREFAtr. TO Tiir. k.ditiox of 1809. 
 
 the new form f-tot-q-Oiiy. In lioth these forms oflhe Pcrf., viz. 
 Act. ami Pas-., the -ame cinah>jfy frrquently obtains, (n^goiTat, 
 /V«'»'^'/''t) 'or which a >«uiricient reason can be g'iven. Hut this 
 analni^^y is by no nu'ans univep«al ; e. ?. x/xptrat has txul&riV and 
 hUo txolfUtif ; Mtxhfiat, fxAiOtjif i\u(\ tx/.tfOiiV ; TitnavTut, tnava- 
 Otjf ; ^itftvtjtai, ttivfiaOi^f, xt^otjui, t-iot,a\>tiv. Such Aor. forms 
 a^ these, much more Imwever tvoi9t]v usually derived from iv- 
 gr)ittt, trttjfiitrjt' from t-.ttjvtjTUi, t,otOr,v from ijytjTtti, and espe- 
 cially, taot'itiiv from f'iui,itti, demonslrale fully the independrnt 
 formation of this i'a>^s. tense also, lb internal structure will make 
 this still more obvious. Compare 
 
 it Iff r,v iiq {ffitjf ri ffOf /,' 
 
 tOtiv \ttiifV r^ti-i with 
 
 tdutv doitiv do IS' 
 
 tfiitjf rnuii,v niu^ 
 
 find we see most clearly, that the ground-form of the tense, m 
 ftiqOfii; as also in Ti(fih',noitui, is not concealed in r^ViTiTat, the 
 ;J pfrs. Sinir. of a dilTercnt tense, but that it is TvqO{ ; e.g. nlfX' 
 Or,auutti^ ground-form ulf^Of ; qiXr,Or,atjiiui, qtktjOf. 
 
 Admitting that the future .«ignilication was already denoted by 
 the intervention of a o, nkix-o-ftut, Tilfx-oo-fiai, TikftOftat, the in- 
 termediate member {>e was then introduced, between the a and 
 the root, by one of those arrangements, so frequent in the Greek, 
 whxh gi\e birth to so many ground-forms; e.g. nh'xoiitti, -nXtx- 
 aoftui, rtktx-Of-niiuui, :ihi^Or,nouui. At the same lime, from the 
 root thus lengthened rrA^x, ukfxOt, :ili)[Oi ; Tvn, TVJtOi, ivq^f, 
 an Aor. was fornuMl «ithout the characteristic vowel, (§ 38,) tn- 
 It'xOtiv^ tti'qPfjv. The same may be said of Tt^^;;ao/^al, ground- 
 form ji':if. Thus the steps by which all the forms were gradually 
 obtained are obvious. 
 
 1. fi'.T. ga\«' birth to /'Viroi' tti:i6ttr,v, Tt'tvrxa /■r/rrrj;/*', (la- 
 ter fiirn>»i ii'iiqu, iittiqfiv,) if-ti:t-fU(i, tt'ttnucti 
 I ifiruut,!-. 
 -. ii:tt. ii:t strengthened by i, le.-iroj tiv.iiuv, ti'riTOfiat 
 
 ttv:ituut,¥. 
 li. Tl'.T*. Ti'.-i with *, turttif, Ti-rr/w Jo:tt(iuui. 
 4. rv{(>. re J with a, ri'i/'w trvipa, tv^iofiut, ivi}'iuitiii> u- 
 
 IftfOUUI. 
 
 ''. Ti'ni,n. n tt with o, tvit^aoiiut. 
 
PREFACE TO THE EDITION OF 1809. 17 
 
 6. Tvq^O^f- rvne with '& before f, irvq^r^}]v. 
 
 7. TVCf&i]G. TVTDjG with d before 6, Tvq&ijao/iiai. 
 
 We may reg-ard it, therefore, as estabUsheil, that the old deduc- 
 tion-theory is untenable as to its fundamental principles ; that the 
 resemblance between the forms can be explained only by tracing 
 them to one common root ; and, consequentl}', that other consider- 
 tions must decide concerning the formation of the tenses. 
 
 At the very tirst view, a diversity of ground-forms present 
 themselves for this purpose; e.g. ti'tt, rvne, xvqi&i, k,c. We 
 need only subjoin certain terminations to these ground-forms, e. g. 
 jimu), Tvni'ai, Tvq&iio, &c. and we find ourselves unexpectedly 
 ushered into the fanciful theory of Hemsterhuys, Valkenaer, and 
 Lennep, who have, unfortunately, obscured what was true and use- 
 ful in their principles, by an unskilful and arbitrary application of 
 them. 
 
 A little more reflection, however, will convince us, that the 
 forms, collectively, rest upon a twofold root; e.g. iqaivof^r/v, 
 lq:avO(it}v ; cpavv, qav. },iiTiOf.i(xt, ihnofiy^v ; lent, hn: dyytlKo), 
 ijyye^ov ; uyyikX, ayyiX: a long root, letn, qjuiv, uyyfXl, which 
 is shortened to form certain tenses, q:av, Un, ayyiX. Thus, we 
 obtain two classes of ground-forms, which, in some cases, undergo 
 various changes in their vowels, e. g. reiv, rev, rav, rov ; in others, 
 are increased by additional letters; e. g. Xem^ letip, lii(f&i, Keiq,- 
 •&r]a ; and Im, hne, hntja. 
 
 These are the observations, which have induced us to give a 
 new shape to the whole business of the formation of the tenses. 
 In unfolding the method itself, these principles may, perhaps, re- 
 ceive some modification or assume a different form. But no one 
 can be surprised at this, who realises the difference between inves- 
 tigation and instruction ; each of which must pursue a peculiar 
 course, leaving the synthesis, which the business of instruction 
 calls to its aid, to harmonize, at the close, with the analysis ob- 
 tained by investigation. The grand aim, however, of the business 
 of instruction, must be, to establish the independence of every 
 form, and to communicate the clearest views, on this subject, 
 which can be obtained by an accurate discrimination of the forms, 
 and a knowledge of their constituent parts. 
 
 To accomplish this, without perplexing the learner by a mul- 
 tiplicity of forms, it was necessary, first, to deduce from the root 
 
18 PREKACt TO THE EDITIOX OP 1809. 
 
 the fir«t person only of everj tense in Ihe Ind. mood. Every fir*t 
 penon of ihe Ind. is then coasidered as compo<«ed of two parts on- 
 '/» (aufif'ment exclmled,) e. g'. kn(f,Or,aouvt, of hiq and i>»joouat ; 
 and it i"» reserved for future instructjon to expose the more inti- 
 mate orifani/ation of the form. To facilitate, however, the busi- 
 oe«"» in this "tas^e, let the given clas-sitication of the tenses be at- 
 tentively considered, an<l the terminations of the Futures and 
 Aorisis be classe*! in their proper order : .Act. lot, ov ; aw, tsa ; 
 Pa«». rjaofiat, r,v ; dtjaofiai, ^n* ; .Mid. fOf.iui,o^ii}v ; aoftui, aaur/W. 
 In thi.s manner, evrry termination will be readily annexed to its 
 tense, and the whole doctrine of the formation of the tenses, will 
 be soon comi>rchendfd and easily retained. Previously to enter- 
 ing' on the I'aradig-m, we have explained what we mean by the 
 ground-form of the tense, the mood-vowel and the termination ; 
 rifTxr-o-fiai, irvn-6-^ttiv, rvi^-o-ftai. After this, the personal 
 terminations of the primary and secondary tenses, and of the Im- 
 perative mood, are particularly enumerated. When the learner 
 has a clear view of the constituent parts, and can analyse such a 
 form .ns A/Kjf »>»;ooi'<if>»;j« into htq-Otia-ot-nOriVyaa well as put these 
 together aij.iin, to reproduce the form, he may proceed with the 
 minutest parts of the classification or conjiig'ation. The labour is 
 not great. The whole formation of the Passive, or of the verbs 
 in ^1, can be explained in an hour ; and then, the diflerent persons 
 ill each mood, are easily and deeply imprinted on the memory. 
 To form MMllielirally single persons, is especially useful to acquire 
 skill in the management of the forms. For example, let the .\or. 
 'J. Mid. .Subj. .J pers. Pliir. of It h to, be required. The learner is 
 directed to give the form from the short root and -o/i»;i' ; and, 
 aware that for the moods nothing but Xt:x remains, he subjoins, 
 first tlir mood-vowel w, and then the termination of the 3 pen<on 
 Plur. nut, and gives immediately XhwytM. In the same manner, 
 he fornjs Ot'on'iui, Oi'tvTtti, Ot'aOat, kc. as far as we please to ex- 
 Icml the synthesis. In a similar manner, every form which pre- 
 sents itself in rrading, will be recognised by the several charac- 
 teristics which it contains, and not by means of some other form, 
 with which it is rla-^sed in the Panuligm. By resolving into its 
 separate parts the form ^^va(oao)VTUi, vrut with m indicates the 
 subjunctive, a the Aor., and the form can no longer remain a mat- 
 ter of doubt. After separating rrai, o», a, the tujal w (o doubled be- 
 
PREFACE TO THE EDITION OF 1 809. 
 
 Id 
 
 fore the consonant a) is resolved, and we obtain the root ;fpu<TO. 
 The language seems evidently to demand such a treatment in re- 
 gard to the forms, and I shall wave for the future, any controversy 
 concerning the adaptation of the method to the business of instruc- 
 tion, leaving the issue to decide upon this point. 
 
 8i? 
 
 ^^\ 
 
 
im{f:face 
 
 TO THi: i:niTioN' of ici.i. 
 
 Wiiii.f He have been eng-ajjed in further «lcvelo|)ine; the prin- 
 ciples here exhibited, by the assistance of such additional lig'ht, as 
 constant experience in the business of instruction, and further ob- 
 servation have afforded, and have endeavoured to present them in 
 the elementary books of our (Jrammar, a new edition of the pres- 
 ent tvork has been demanded. After the publication of the Gram- 
 mar, here alluded to, a new edition of this work miorht seem alto- 
 gether supertluuus. The object of the (Jrammar, however, is not 
 to deprive its predecessor of its lon^ asserteil rig-hls ; — we shall be 
 contented to see both tog^cther instrumental in cultivating the 
 minds of youth. This method has been introduced and used, eren 
 where the (Jreek is taught from rlemenlary books, very different 
 from our Grammar. Such ni.i\ be the case for the future also, 
 althougli there is some inconvenience attending it. Besides being 
 retaineii where our work on (Jramm.ir is denied admission, this 
 method may afford pleasure to those, ivho prefer a distinct tabular 
 view of a subject somewhat confused, to a treatment of it, involv- 
 ed in the midst of other discussions. Finally, that in this edition, 
 much hit- l»«'en remlered more consistent with the views contained 
 in the Graminar, and, as is hoped, considerably improved, need;* 
 of course no excuse on our part. Meglect on this score would 
 have justly exposed ns l<» censure. 
 
PREPARATORY OBSERVATIONS. 
 
 1. OF THE VOWELS AND CONSONANTS. 
 
 
 
 ALPHABET, 
 
 KaMe. 
 
 FIGURE. 
 
 PRONUNC. 
 
 NAME. 
 
 Alpha 
 
 yi. a. 
 
 a and 
 
 aa* 
 
 Ny 
 
 Beta 
 
 B.l^. 
 
 b 
 
 
 Xi 
 
 Gamma 
 
 r. y. 
 
 g 
 
 
 Omikron 
 
 Delta 
 
 J. d. 
 
 d 
 
 
 Pi 
 
 Epsilon 
 
 E. e. 
 
 e 
 
 
 Rho 
 
 Stigma 
 
 ^r.c. 
 
 St 
 
 
 Siprma 
 
 Sdeta 
 
 Z.L,. 
 
 sd 
 
 
 Tau 
 
 Eta 
 
 H.rf. 
 
 ee* 
 
 
 Ypsilon 
 
 Theta 
 
 0. &. 
 
 th 
 
 
 Phi 
 
 Iota 
 
 I. I. 
 
 i and 
 
 ii* 
 
 Chi 
 
 Kappa 
 
 K. X. 
 
 k 
 
 
 Psi 
 
 Lambda 
 
 A. ^. 
 
 1 
 
 
 Omega 
 
 My 
 
 M. ft. 
 
 m 
 
 
 
 FIGURE. 
 
 PRONimc 
 
 N. V. 
 
 n 
 
 ^. I. 
 
 ks 
 
 O. o. 
 
 6 
 
 11. 71. 
 
 P 
 
 P.p. 
 
 r 
 
 2; a. 
 
 ?■ s 
 
 T. X. 
 
 t 
 
 r. V. 
 
 y and yy 
 
 0. (f. 
 
 ph 
 
 X.X- 
 
 ch 
 
 W. 7//. 
 
 ps 
 
 Si. M, 
 
 oo 
 
 The letters are not arranged in any natural order, but stand 
 as they have been put together by custom and accident. For 
 reasons which are presently stated, we may class together, i, t;. 
 Of 0). a, I, V. 71, /?, (f, xp. X, y, /, %. t, d, ^. a, g, C. ^> ft, v, q. 
 
 * It may be well to observe, that the sound of a, intended by the author, 
 is that of our a in father ; of ^ and ?;, that of the Gerojan e, or English a in 
 fate, f and >; differing only in length ; of t, that of the English e in see ; of i',- 
 that of the Gernaan ue^ or the French w, with somewhat more of the Enghstr 
 e sound. Hence he writes .¥j/, JV*^, (for Mv, Alv) and gives the sound of 
 f. by the German y. [Tr.J 
 
Of THr. vowti-s- 
 
 or '11 11. \()\vt:i. 
 
 ^ 1. Vo-xtls -xith one simple sound, focalu brevis, longa, anceps, 
 explained. 
 
 1. Simple voivols are i, 6. a, «, v. When repeated, n, oo, act, 
 II, vv, they are written only once. We may distinsruish them, 
 however, for the present by a stroke above i, o, a, t, v. 
 
 Note 1. Double t is written »j ; double o, c/». Thus * an<l o 
 liave their own appropriate sisfns, and are alway* written »;, w. 
 For «, t, V, hoivever, there are no appropriate siijn<. 
 
 2. The simple vowels are called short., [brezts); when doubled, 
 long (/onc^ff). Therefore 
 
 The short vowels are t. o. «, /', v. 
 
 The long vowels are »;, w, «, i', v. 
 
 Thus a, t, V, serve to denote both their long- and short sounds, 
 and are called, on this account, ancipites^ i. c. haviiij; a twofold 
 use, as denoting' both the long and the short sounds ; so that they 
 appear in one word long, in another short. 
 
 (ieneritl vies:, i. 6, dotibled, give »;, i». «. t', v. give a. i', v. 
 Breves t, ; longa; r,, o) ; ancipites o, t, v. 
 
 \oTF. 2. a, t, r, are not therefore doubtful vowels, concerning 
 which it may be lioubted, whether, in a certain word, they are 
 long or short ; or which might be, in the same word, and at the 
 same time, both long and short ; or which waver between long 
 and short : but they are vowel-signs of a twofold nature or use, 
 i. c. the same signs serve to denote the single and repeated sound-;. 
 
 NoTK. '.\. The long vowels have no other origin than the dupli- 
 cation of the short one-*. For ;|fr.o»\ ifyfTO. (iifkoi, uotjuof, ;fpj'- 
 aooatii, write ^jiof, »;p/ro, d»jAo>', titgaoy, ;|rpro(<moi. If the same 
 souikI occurs by the side of a vowel already loii:^, it i«s received 
 into tbi«, and lorms one sound, e. g. ^ofOoto yntni't. (jilt');rai qi- 
 i.t,iut. 
 
 iNc.TK I. The •ioiimls of «, r, being formeil by the palate and 
 lip<, in the front part of the nuMith, may be denomitialed front 
 voweU. Those 1)1 a, f, o, beiiiij form<'d by the organs m the back 
 part of the mouth, may be called 6ac*-vowcIs. 
 
OF THE CONSONANTS. 23 
 
 § 2. Vowels with two coalescing sou7ids, {Diphthongs) ; their 
 origin. 
 
 Diphthongs are formed when a back-vowel, {a, s, o,) unites it- 
 self in utterance, with a froni-vowel,.(<;, v,) producing one sound. 
 Thus, 
 
 Ot OV CO tut 0J6I 
 
 « ut uv a at au 
 
 Note 1. The iota behind the long vowel is usually placed as 
 a point underneath, (iota subscriptum.) Thus »i, o), a; not tjt, 
 (x)t, oil. 
 
 Note 2. vt also isfound^as a diphthong ; but the i was (in this 
 case.) originally pronounced with an aspirate similar to W, (di- 
 gamma Aeolicum) ; e. g. vlog was pronounced whios ; fiefdavJa., 
 ■meinaichia ; vc, consequently, was not, properly speaking, a Diph- 
 thong. 
 
 Note 3. In pronunciation, oj commonly takes the place of «o, 
 and f] the place of ea and au. H, consequently, has a twofold 
 sound ; that of long e, and of «;, according as it proceeds from a 
 double f, or from fa and ««. In gtAjjao), from (filuau), it has a 
 clear solind ; in qi]^ii and ?;//, from cfdu^t and lav^ the sound is 
 more obscure. 
 
 Note 4. ti has a sound between e and t; and ov has the sound 
 of an obscure o, which is lost in the v. Hence when s and o are 
 protracted in pronouncing, it and ov are frequently obtained. We 
 must accustom ourselves here, at once, to distinguish between the 
 £ and 0, protracted in et and ov, and the duplication of these 
 vowels, ;; and w. 
 
 OF THE CONSONANTS. 
 
 § 3. Kindred Consonants. Relation between the sounds oj IT., K, 
 T: Rules for their changes. 
 
 Among the Consonants are related, as to their sounds, 
 
 1. n, B, 0. TT, with a gentle //, or breathing, becomes ; 
 and 71 and /? pronounced with the strong aspirate, become q. 
 
 2. K, r, X. K and y, with the strong aspirate, become ^. 
 
 3. T, A, S. T and d, with the strong aspirate, become -5-. 
 
24 OF THE coxsoNAXia. 
 
 Thus 
 
 If. -r /?. 7- Of these consonant?, rr x r are utter. 
 
 A -A. y. y. ed without any perceptible breathing, 
 
 7'. t. d iK ^J are, lherefore> called Tenues. ft* % 
 
 S are the most strongly a«piraled, for which reason they are call- 
 ed .hpirattr. Between the*e two classes, as to the strength of the 
 aspirate, are found fi y d, and are denominated Media. The 
 Tenues, Media-, and A^pirata*, have therefore, among themsclvo?, 
 in their respective classes, an equal strength of aspirate. 
 Ill 
 Tenuej n x t 
 
 3 2 3 
 
 Medix /* / ^ 
 
 T :) :i 
 
 Aspirala; 7 / '** 
 
 All the nine together are called .Vuies^ (MuVf,) and we must 
 arcu^tom ourselves to regard them in a twofold light: first aa 
 related in sound, 77, A', 'Asound" ; and then in respect to the 
 strength with which they are aspirated, Tenue?, Mediae, Aspiratae. 
 
 NitTK 1. Wiion one of the H or A-clas-;, precedes one of the 
 
 T'-class, the termor must be of equal strength with the latter, ia 
 
 J I II 
 
 respect to the aspirate. Thus, not ).f).fyicti. but kfkfxiui ; not 
 
 9 1 II II II 
 
 TlTfui^rai, but ttntiirui : not ,if.l(,f/tia, but ,ifiofXT(ei , not 
 
 3 1 II I J -J 3 
 
 y/ynu(frui, but y.'you:irut : not (j«;iJo,% but yct^So^ ; not tn^ 
 
 It n 1 11 3 n ; n 
 
 Xi%Or,v, but inXty^OiiP ; not //.•/ ».'/» i . but fhnfih^v , not fin(i,'}t;p, 
 
 3 3 
 
 but fiottfOtji; k.c. 
 
 rS'iMT. i. Of two se|»aralci] kspiralr*, in two adjoining syllables, 
 the first is f hanged into its Tenuis ; e. g. :iKf ii.tinu, not (ftqiXf,xa ; 
 •Aty(Jiai»y.it, not yf/ntntoxu ; ro//o> not i^o/jfov- 
 
 § 4. The II, A' anil T-soumls, be/ore a and a. Double contO' 
 nantt. Semiioxiels. I'ronuncintion of' some voa'c/j. 
 
 I. A fl, immediately preceded by one of the 7r-sounds, gives 
 birth to a i/», which contains, theretore, no, or ^a. or qn. For 
 pitnoio, toiiiaio, yoiiifnai, write (iktii'io, itjii}>oi, ytjuti'io. 
 
 ?. From 0, immediately preceded by a x-sound, proceeds a i, 
 which contains, tlu'rcfore, xo, or ya, or ya. For lA/xocu, hyaio, 
 iutyoio, write :iXti(», h'^to. fiiif^m. 
 
OF SYLLABLES. \\ ^ Jtli 
 
 \C/. .. r 
 
 3. When a r-sound comes before a «7, it is rejected. For 
 uvvTdM, i(jfcdao), nei&oo), write ai'vaw, Ifjfioo), Tiiiaui. 
 
 Note 1. For this reason, i/f and § are called double-consonants. 
 Further ; C is the sign for od, and g for (ir, and may also be reck- 
 oned among the double consonants. 
 
 Observe also the gliding pronunciation of X, (a, v, q, which, on 
 this account, are denominated Liquids., [Liquidie.,) and Semivowels, 
 {Semivocales ;) and, in the paradigm, form a distinct class of verbs. 
 
 4. A TT-sound, before a jm, is changed into jw. For tervixfiai, 
 z(TQil3f.mi, yfypaq/nai, write tixv^ifAai, TiiQff.if.tai., ytygaf^tfAcct. 
 
 5. A x-sound, before a |tt, is changed into y For nenlixfiai, 
 §f^(jf)[f(a(,, write nenhyfiai, p^^Qiyfiao : If'Xfyiiai, from ki'yoj. 
 remains, of course, unaltered. 
 
 6. A T-sound, before a |W, is changed into a. For ^WTf.iai', 
 rjQiidf.tai, Tjeneiitficciy write iji/vGfiai,, tjQeiOfAat,, mnfiOfAut. 
 
 JMoTE 2. A T-sound, before another r-sound, is changed into 
 a. For nenfi&Tai, t(f<iid&t]v, write ntnitaxai, iqfladtjv. 
 
 Note 3. N before the ji-sounds, also before ijj and before ;«, 
 is pronounced like fx ; but, before the x-sounds, and before |, like 
 y ; (properly like ng in hang,) e. g. rov nolifiov xui ttjp ficc]^t]v 
 qevyiiv, should be pronounced, torn polemong kai taem machaem 
 pheugein. The ancient Greeks wrote also, rofi nolffAoy xuc rrjfi 
 fiup]v qevyiiv. In the middle of certain words, the ft and y are 
 still written : not lav-l3avo), Xcv-nuvo), Tifqav-fiat, neq^av-ita, rvv- 
 y^uvoi, qvv-yut'O) ; but lufn^avoi, lif.mttvoi;, ntqiUfifiai, Tiiq.uyY.tt, 
 Tvyj^ai'Oi), qvyyufb). 
 
 2. OF SYLLABLES AND ROOTS. 
 
 OF SYLLABLES. 
 
 § 5. Origin and extent of Syllables. Multiplicity of Consonants 
 avoided. 
 
 1. A syllable is formed when a vowel is uttered alone, or to- 
 gether with a consonant ; e. g. 6-yo), ao-og, f-lfi-nf. 
 
 Note 1. The vowel may have a consonant both before and 
 after it ; and after it, even a double consonant ; e. g. firjv, yovv, 
 TV\p-oj, y,o-Q(i(^. When two other consonants, i, e. not forming a 
 
26 OF SVLI.ABI.i:5. 
 
 double consonant, come after the vowel, a final vo.vel has gener- 
 ally been dropped ; e. g. toga' is otyaf — llJ^^-a^. 
 
 Note 2. The vowel of the syllable, besides a single consonant 
 preceding it, Diay take aluo another consonant, viz. a Mute or a 
 Liijuid ; e. g. oxai-o»% iguv, Oq^I- Sometimes a a followed by a 
 M'llc with a Liquid, commences the syllable ; e. g. Gxi.r;oOi\ o-iA;;»', 
 oqguy't'i, argotro^', or^aro^'. 
 
 ;\(>TE 3. Hence we may determine the proper mode of divid- 
 ing the syllables. This must be so retjiil.ited that rio syllaLIc close 
 with two consonants ; e. g. noA-Aa. t«, dn-ru, xov-dn', Uf-Ogtu- 
 ■nwy, dtt-io-ri-gov, ni-ltt. Cr>nsonaiits which can commence a 
 word, refnim together in the division of the "yllablcs ; e.g. ua- 
 rpoiro,', a-oipoj-TO»' ; ^/axXtj:Ti6g, v/-oxA»;-;i«-o,\ 
 
 2. A before o n rejected. For aionai, write aiotnt ; for dui- 
 ftovat, ()uifioai. 
 
 '6. 2.' coming between two consonants is dropped. For TifnA^x- 
 aOot', write nfnXfxOov, and according to i^ 3. 1. Tjf'nlf^Ouf. For 
 yfygu(fn{>ut, write yfyiiuqOui. 
 
 •I. When an v together with a r-sound, standing before a, are 
 rejected, the remaining short vowel is lengthened, viz. t into n, 
 and into ov. The doubtful vowels, however, u, t', i', are dou- 
 bled, e.g. «, I, v: >; and lo remain the same. F'or anfi'daio, rin- 
 701-rat, iftiqayiai. (ffixiiiiai, write anflnio. iv:iioiai, iniquai, 
 i)ftxiiai , nriiioi'ini beci»ines fi':i/(i>a/. 
 
 § 6. Lo/ii,' and short syllables. Long syllnlles changed into short 
 ones. 
 
 Wlialevcr precedes the vowel, is not regarded, in the measure 
 of a syllable; but solely the vowel, and the consonants which im- 
 mediately follow it. Thus, in o*Xt;u6,', uxA are not attended to in 
 measuring the syllable oxA»;, because they precede the vowel t;. 
 
 1. .\ syllable iri short when its vowel is a simple or short one, 
 o. g. /, J, tt, i', J, and is followed by one single consonant nt the ut- 
 most ; e. g. *-Ai-,7oi', 6-Otr, 6, -no-kv-qu-TOi. 
 
 2. \ syllable is long., I. by nature, when its vowel is a double 
 one, viz. n long vowel, i;, w, «, T, r. or a diphthong; e. g. :ioi- 
 uy, ij, Ttti'-rav, xft-viir, atfi)(('i. '.'. Hy position^ when it ron- 
 tainn u t-implo \o»vel tVlk'«cd by two consonants; e.g. A.'x/o>. 
 
OP ROOTS. 27 
 
 3. A long syllable originally short, is shortened again by re- 
 jecting the last of its two vowels or consonants. Thus, nlvnv, 
 uxoviiv, Tifiveiv, rvnxiiv, when shortened, become Ttvfiv, clko- 
 
 flV, TifiiiV, Tvrtiiv. 
 
 Noxr. 1. From C, (•• e. dd,) from n before a Mute, and from ;u, 
 the first of the two letters is always rejected. q^aCo), lilma, 
 qfvyo), when shortened, give (fQado), klnco, qvyco. When the 
 same letter is repeated, it is, of course, a matter of indifference, 
 which one is rejected. (^dUeif^ uyyiXkf if , become (jukfh, ayyiXeiv. 
 
 NuTK 2. On the contrary, such syllables as qi,d\ ni&, tv^, may 
 easily be lengthened into qi-id^ nii&, tiv)^. 
 
 Note 3. When ktj&fiv becomes },u&fip it is a sign that the tj 
 originated from «, § 2. J\~ote 3. This is very common : e. g. iid\ 
 fit]&^ OT)], j3>], qt], qrjVy become, when shortened ^dd, fjiu&, ara, §a, 
 qa, qav. 
 
 OF ROOTS. 
 
 § 7. Of twofold roots. Change of a long into a short root . The 
 Verbs arranged in three classes according to the termination of the root. 
 
 1. The root of a word consists of the letters or syllables on 
 which the various forms oi the word rest : e. g. XiinM, ilnnov, 
 KiinriTuij root Inn : yaki'o), vMlioaQ y.aliaaifii,, root vMXe 
 
 2. The root is long^ when it consists of a long syllable ; or, if 
 it be more than one syllable, when it ends with a long syllable : 
 e. g. Tiii&, yevov, ^ukk, i^eid, ccf.<{i^, uyytlX. 
 
 3. The root is shorty when it consists of a short syllable ; or, if 
 it be more than one syllable, when it ends in a short syllable : e. g, 
 XvTx, qQad, §u\, duo, d\o, nfgu. 
 
 4. A long root is changed into a short one, when its final sylla- 
 ble is shortened in the usual manner : (§ 6. 3.) e. g. the long roots 
 (KyyfXX, igeid, dxov, aig, tiiv&, qQaC, vvhen shortened, become 
 dyyfK, fiuid, ccko, d^, nvd; qgad. 
 
 5. By subjoining to the unaltered root an w, we obtain the first 
 Pers. of the Praes. ; e. g. Xnn, qtke, dyytXX, give i.ein-M, qt,Xt-tOf 
 dyy^'Xk-(o. 
 
 6. A regular verb must have a root which ends in a vowel, a 
 Mute or a Liquid : e. g. qdt-M, Ity-M, ^dllo}. If thi^s be not the 
 case, the original root has been altered by the addition of some 
 
t8 OF ROOTS. 
 
 letters. It must, therefore, except in the Pra?8. and Imperf., be 
 liberated from tlio<!e letters, and iii this manner be reduced to one 
 of the above mentioned cases. 
 
 NoiK. The root^ which end in nn. an.l in C- -"ire yery common. 
 Of these termmHlions the former is iilmost always, the latter very 
 iVoijiientI)-, reducible to a x sound. Thux, quina, jigunn, lunana, 
 OTH-a^, :iuiC. except in the l'r;ps. and Imperf., become i^hix.iiouy, 
 taQuj^, arfiux, nuiy. (Comp. ^ 8. if ) 
 
 7. Hence we obtain three classes of verbs: I. J^erba pura., 
 whose root ends in a vowel. 2. ferba mnta, whose root ends in a 
 -Mute. .5. I'erba U-juiilii, whose root ends m a Liquid. 
 
 ^ 0. Changes of the root. Increase of the same, .^iigintnt. Ad* 
 dition of various Consonants to the root. 
 
 I. A root is increased before, (receives an Auermnnt.) l.by 
 prefixing an ;, if it commence with a consonant; e. g Tmr, tirriT ; 
 hy, thy : p is generally doubled, pinr, ffj^irrr ; 2. il it commence 
 with a vowel, by doubling the same. Thu> tVom 
 *p. oxf, t'jx, flfyf, avduv, ix. i';i(Ji^. ft, tvy, oixf, aio, ai'/ we obtain 
 r](}, i''iXf,*'i*, lot^f. tjvdav, <x, iV?/^, r], jyi'/, ulxf. t';u, t,vy. 
 
 3. A root is increased behind, (receives a sulH.x,) by the addi- 
 tion of various letters, without any general rule : e.g. 2^A, y>,o(tax; 
 (in all the following examples the final consonant of the root mu:-t 
 be rpjerled) St()t<x, Sn^uynx. dti^anx : 2!\, naft, rtctnx : €tid, utday- 
 ttiay : 2.'2.', e, g. nffuy. npuy~aa, zioana ; qotx, tfoiars ; Z. e. g. 
 at mix. aiHttxC> orffu^: :taiy, rjut^. 
 
 Xmtk 1. When the root is increased by the addition of f. the 
 / of fho r«)0t beromes o : e. g. hy. loyf ; qfo, qoof. When t is 
 ibc l.i>t vnwrl i>f the root, it is generally changed into < : e. g. 
 uiiK' with C. ai-thC- «i'i>/C- This takes place aUo when certain 
 consonants are added ; e. g. yrr, yfyv. yiyv : rex. iixr. 
 
 NoTK 2. The final vowel of tli*- root is tVeqiiontly doubled, on 
 the addition of a consonant; e.g. {tyti with ox, becomes Oi-t,ox jr 
 (io. ihtax. ."Sometimes the first consonant of the root is repeated, 
 Hccompnnicd by « ; e. g. yi-o, ynoax. — yiyttoax; — t(ju. i()0)ax, — 
 iitnioax., — 
 
 'X .\ very ronimon motlio.l of inrre.i«ing "liort root«i brhind, i'*. 
 to introduce » In lure 4ts final cunsonant, and uf allor it. 
 
ON THE ACTIVE VOICE. 
 
 Orig, long roots. 
 
 Short roots. 
 
 Lengthened roots. 
 
 ^tti&, 
 
 ^lad, 
 
 ftUl'&UV, 
 
 vd, 
 
 ud, 
 
 uvduv, 
 
 Tlivd^, 
 
 nv9, 
 
 TTVVO^UP, 
 
 cfivy, 
 
 (fvy, 
 
 (fivyyuv,* 
 
 TtVl, 
 
 ^n> 
 
 Tvyyav^ 
 
 Kim, 
 
 Km, 
 
 Kif.iTiav,* 
 
 Xv^ 
 
 A«/?, 
 
 Kct/^liuv.* 
 
 Note 3. From these lengthened roots, we can easily obtain the 
 short ones on which they rest ; and t>om these short root?, obtain 
 the original long ones : e. g, Ki^nav-Km-Kem. 
 
 4. Every sutlix of this sort is retained only in the Prses. and 
 Imperf. It vanishes, therefore, with the changes it has occasion- 
 ed, as soon as another tense is formed. 
 
 ON THE ACTIVE VOICE. 
 
 FORMATION OF THE TENSES. 
 
 § 9. Introduction. 
 
 1, In the Greek, as in other languages, three Primary Tenses 
 are to be distinguished, viz, Praes. Fut. and Perf. ; each of which, 
 in respect to the form, has connected with it, a Secondary Tenser 
 viz, Imperf. Aor. and Plusqpf. The Fut., together with its secon- 
 dary tense, has frequently two forms; one of which is derived 
 from the long, and the other from the short root: viz, Fut. 1, or 
 the long Fut. ; Aor. 1, or the long Aor. ; Fut. 2, or the short Fut.; 
 Aor. 2, or the short Aor. Hence we obtain eight tense-forms, in 
 pairs, of which each pair is formed in a similar manner, and, con- 
 sequently, may be similarly derived from the root. Their natural 
 order is the following : 
 
 Praes. Fut. 2, or short Fut. Fut. 1, or long Fut. Perf. 
 
 Imperf. Aor. 2, or short Aor. Aor. 1, or long Aor, Plujqpf. 
 
 * iV before y and X, is changed into y; bgfore n and ^, into ft ; accord- 
 ing to i 4. Note 3. (Tr.) 
 
 5 
 
JO KORMATIUM OF THE TK.NSt". 
 
 N'.rr. All these forms are in use in but low verbs ; in many 
 n frw only are found. 
 
 2. The jecondary tenses receive the Augment, but o^jlj in the 
 Inilirative. The I'erf. also receives the Augment, and retains it 
 in all the moods. Iljihe I'erf. commences with a coo!>onant, this 
 consonant is repealed before the Augment, (Keduplicatio,) to 
 which the Plus(|pf. prefixes an additional n e.g. it'Trr, txvm, if- 
 rvni, trfrviii ; (filf, tqiXi, {qfqtlf) TJfqilf § ^. Note 2, i:ifqiX{ ; 
 jl^ovno, iihvaii, xf]((jrao, txtxovao ; OiftOf.irfOf ; o/x*, secondary 
 tenses and I'erf alxt ; also tkni^, »;A;iif. If the word begins with 
 a vowel, followed by one consonant, the whole of the first sylla- 
 ble is repeated before the .Augment, to form the Perf. (Keduplica- 
 tio Attica) ; e. g. tond, tot;uftd : «xo, «'x>;xo. 
 
 NoTK 1. When the root begins with two consonant.*, without a 
 Liquid, viz. with ly, i, f . g, 9 i>, or with '/>> , the Pert", and Plusqpf. 
 recei»e merely an f for the Augment : e. g. y»;i-»i' and C»;r* give 
 only ti>>fiid and t^t,Ti, in every augmented tense whatever. 
 
 Nt>TK 2. We suppose the learner, therefore, to know from 
 which root each tense is derived, and what changes it undergoes. 
 .Should an Aor. 2, for example, of Xiinw, be required, the root 
 must first be shortened and supplied with the .Augment, e. g, thn. 
 In the same jnanner, quiv iquv. We suppose him also, to be pre- 
 viously acquainted with the reason, why 0/0 makes i\q ; Ttguae, 
 i:iouy ; (fijuii, in the Plusqpf., trxtqaad; t><'>;ax. in the Perf, rtd- 
 r«; qOif, in the Plusqpf., only ttfOiv. Nothing then remains but 
 to subjoin the terminations. If he knows that the Perfect ends in 
 in, I, and the Aor. 1. in OiiP, he finds no ditlicully, with a knowl- 
 edge of the preceding eight Sections, in forming from il^irio). 
 {kfknn-fttti) Xt'knuuut. {tlnn-t>ijv) fAflify^tjv ; from oixt'o), uixtifiai 
 and uixti\>ijt>; and from riroinaxot, Tt'ioutucti, iioo){ft;i-; iiC. 
 
 ;l. In order to render himself fauiiliar with the terminations of 
 the .\ctive, let him observe them in their proper order. 
 Pra;s. Imperl". Fut. 2. .\or. 2. Kut.l. Aor. 1. Perf Plusqpf. 
 -lit -ov -no -Of -am -au -a -tiv 
 
 N«iTK. I'roperly speaking, we have here done with the lor- 
 mnlionofthe lenses. But the three classes of verbs musl be 
 separately corisidon-d, the. foregoing explanations applied, and the 
 deviations or exception.s noticed. 
 
FORMATION OF THE TENSES. 31 
 
 § 10. Verba Pura. 
 
 In this class of verbs, the roots are not generally shortened. 
 Hence the Fut. 2. and Aor. 2. are not common. Observe also, that 
 when a consonant is added to the root, the final vowel of the same 
 is very frequently doubled, (§ 8. 2. note 2.); e. g. ^i^i^fJo, ^/^vomoo). 
 Observe also, that the Perf. and Plusqpf. take a x between the 
 root and the termination, in order to strengthen the form ; e. g\ 
 Ti&mjKU, {TeOiu'Avc,) not ri&i'cc-ci. In the same manner, rrfqc/A^jxa, 
 inKfclrjiCfiv, &.C. 
 Roots oixe tQvGO 
 
 Prass. oixi-co ^qvgo-(o 
 
 Imperf. mae-ov i-)[Qi)Go-ov 
 
 Fut. 1. ohri-aia '^qvoio-gm 
 
 Aor. 1. wx^-ffa i-^Qvaca-Gu 
 
 Perf. aI»x»;-«-« jcf-/pi^aw-x-a 
 Plusqpf. Mii7]-i(-itv l-Kf-iQVG(xi-Y.-fiv i-Ti-Tif.a']-z-ft'i' l-Ti-ri-yi-iiv 
 
 Note. Onlj^ when the root can be shortened, as in axovio, 
 8al-(o, some short tenses are found in use. 
 
 § 11. Verba Muta. 
 
 1. When a (J is added to the Mute which terminates the root 
 in this class, the changes mentioned in § 4. 1,2, 3, take place. 
 In TVTiTM, which is used for the Paradigm, the root is tvtt, and r 
 is added to strengthen it. Hence, tvugm rvipo), IfyGo) Ulo), 
 
 Tlft^GM TCflGO). 
 
 2. The Perfect changes often e into o ; e.g. nflitw, Titnoi&a ; 
 aspirates frequently the n and j< sounds ; e. g. rtrv(fa, ninXf/a ; and 
 takes sometimes ihe a sound in place of ar : e.g.mnecd^-cc TTtmina. 
 
 Tt|t<a 
 
 TV 
 
 T//m-o) 
 
 ri-0} 
 
 i-rif.ia-ov 
 
 t-Ti-OV 
 
 Tl^1]-GM 
 
 rl- aot 
 
 i-Tif-irj-Gce 
 
 i-Tt-GU 
 
 lf-Tlf.lt]-K-U 
 
 Zt-Tl-K-tt 
 
 Roots 
 
 Tvn 
 
 qivy-qivy 
 
 n6i&-ni& 
 
 Praes. 
 
 TVn-TOi 
 
 (pevy-co 
 
 ■nei^-oi 
 
 Imperf. 
 
 l-TVTt-Z-OV 
 
 a-cfevy-ov 
 
 i-nfvd^-ov 
 
 Fut. 2. 
 
 Tvn-iO) 
 
 (fvy-ib) 
 
 Tii&-io} 
 
 Aor. 2. 
 
 t-Tvn-ov 
 
 i-Cfvy-ov 
 
 i-TTlx^-OV 
 
 Fut. 1. 
 
 TVIp-Ol 
 
 (fiiv'$-(f) 
 
 ■nd-Go) 
 
 Aor. 1. 
 
 i-TVXp-a 
 
 e-qfv^-u 
 
 t-nit-Gu 
 
 Perf. 2. 
 
 Ti-rvn-u 
 
 nt-qivy-a 
 
 ni-TXOl&-U 
 
 Plusqpf. 2. 
 
 i-Tf-Tvn-iiv 
 
 l-nf-cfivytiv 
 
 i-nf-Tcoi&-6iv 
 
 Perf. 1. 
 
 le-Tvq-a 
 
 ne-(fiii][-a 
 
 nt'-rxsi-n-a 
 
 Plusqpf. 2. 
 
 i-T£-ZV(f-llV 
 
 i-Tlf-<fiVX-HV 
 
 i-jit-nei-K-eip 
 
S2 PORMATIO?» OF THE TF-.N?L«. 
 
 Mixel Fornis/or exercist in finding the root. 
 
 Prxs. 
 
 pQtXbi 
 
 kfho} 
 
 Imperf. 
 
 tpiftyov 
 
 igvyyufor 
 
 Fat. 2. 
 
 qnadt'o} 
 
 jouyHii 
 
 Aor. 2. 
 
 KfUudoV 
 
 i'nouyoi/ 
 
 Fut I. 
 
 anil) 
 
 TlfUiOt 
 
 Aor. 1. 
 
 jjaa 
 
 ijkrxiatt 
 
 Perf. 2. 
 
 h'loina 
 
 foixa 
 
 Plu*qpf. 2. 
 
 thXolixnv 
 
 t:\Kf ginttv 
 
 Perf. 1. 
 
 itHtlH(f€( 
 
 y« 
 
 Pliisqpf. 1. 
 
 f'y.fxoiqiiy 
 
 tnfjjoftqut^ 
 
 § 12. Ferba Liijuiila. 
 The Tenses in use except the Prxs. and Imperf., are formed 
 from the short root. Together with the forms which have i in 
 the root, there were others also in use with «, even in the Praes.; 
 e.g. juuvto and jt'itvio. Others with « alone; e.g. xuftvo). Hence 
 two forms of the Fut. 2. are met with ; Tftu'o) and juut'ot, while 
 in the Aor. 2. :ind in the other tenses, « remains. The long Fut. 
 i-s usruli)' wantm^, and the long .Aor. ends in «, doubling, however, 
 the short vowol of the short root, and lenglheuing t into ti ; e. g. 
 Jill, triXu ; if).l, tinXu. 
 
 Roots 
 
 qatv 
 
 nntig 
 
 
 Prxs. 
 
 (fulf-f't 
 
 antio-M 
 
 
 Imperf. 
 
 i'-ifuiv-uv 
 
 t-anini-ov 
 
 
 Fut. 2. 
 
 qttt—tot 
 
 arjug-tu) 
 
 
 Aor. 2. 
 Fut. I. 
 Aor. I. 
 
 f-qav-ov 
 
 t-nnag-ov 
 
 
 i-qtji-u 
 
 fOrxHg-ct 
 
 
 Perf. 
 
 nt'-qttt-a 
 
 f-n-iog-tt al;0 
 
 i-ajittg-Hu 
 
 Plu»(jpf. t- 
 
 nt-qt]i-iiv 
 
 i-n:iog-nv — 
 
 l-€7xd(J-X-itV 
 
 
 Mixrd Forms for rxercise. 
 
 
 Prren. fvifoulyat xQiyto 
 
 Kill. 1. 
 
 
 Imperf. /rr/pn 
 
 uruv truvov 
 
 Aor. I. UiHt 
 
 u ii}t,iutfu 
 
 Fut. i. xniiu 
 
 '• It HUM 
 
 Perf. fiHiora ig Oona 
 
 Aor, 2. tHijiyoy i^,uffov 
 
 PluS.ipf fUfltOl 
 
 vHv t:ifnXixf 
 
 NuTK 1. lo roots euding in g and A, wc lind sometimeb the Fut. 
 
OF THE ACTIVE. 
 
 33 
 
 1. and Aor. 1. constructed in the usual manner ; e. g. ogo), woaa ; 
 
 Note 2. i\", when it is the final consonant of the root is omitted 
 after «*, i, and v, in some tenses; e g. xrav, (from y.rfip,) Perf, 
 i'xraxa ; x^w, yi'ii()ii(u ; nkvv, mnhmu ; because this v was not 
 originally in the root. Thus iiii/a), Aor. 2. fniov ; the root, there- 
 fore, is not niv, but tii. 
 
 PARADIGM. 
 
 §13. Of the Active. 
 
 Indicat. Primar. tens. 
 Praes. rvnr \ -w etg st S. 
 Fut. 2. Tvnt^ -Ofifv erov ezov D. 
 Fut. 1. TViij 7 ■o/nff ere ugi P. 
 
 Indicat. Secondar. tens. 
 Imperf. izvur r-ov tg e 
 Aor. 2. tTKTT ^ -Ofxev itov ir^jv 
 
 Perf. 
 
 Deviations. 
 
 ug £ S. 
 
 arov arov D. 
 
 P. 
 
 < -ccjiiev 
 \ -auev 
 
 a^iev UT£ uac 
 
 Aor. 
 
 Deviations. 
 
 ag e 
 ■ccfxev arov uttjv 
 -ttf.iiv axe ccv 
 
 iXVlp 
 
 
 \: 
 
 ■etv fig fc 
 
 PlUSqpf. iTtTVTl / -ilfiaV ilTOV iizf]V 
 
 'fifiiv ftre fcaav 
 
 Subjunct. [terminations as in 
 the Primar. tens.) 
 
 Praes. tvtit') o 
 
 A o ' "'*' V^ V ^• 
 Aor. 2- Tvn ' j^ 
 
 , } -W|M6I/ fJTOV 7]T0V D. 
 
 Aor. 1. Tvw T) 
 
 / 1 -(a/.t€v 1JT6 0)00 r. 
 Perf. vervn \ ^ 
 
 Optat. (terminations as in the 
 Secondar. tens. 
 
 -oii.it, oig oc 
 
 ■Olfiev OITOV OlTt]V 
 -OlfAiV OCXS OllV 
 
 Praes. 
 
 TVTtT^ 
 
 Fut.2. 
 
 xvne 
 
 Aor. 2 
 
 . Tvn 
 
 Fut. 1 
 
 TVXp 
 
 Perf. wryjiJ 
 
 Aor. 1 
 
 ■ y 
 
 . XVlp (-1 
 
 Deviation. 
 
 -(xif.10 acg Oct 
 
 aifiev axov ttixr}v 
 
 ttifiev aix6 ttuv 
 
\4 
 
 
 OK TUE PASSIVE. 
 
 
 Imperative 
 
 
 Fnti. 
 
 TVTIT '] -f 
 
 t'lO} 
 
 Aor. i. 
 
 Tint 1 -tiov 
 
 HOlf 
 
 Perf. 2 
 
 xni'Tx [ HI 
 
 tiotaav 
 
 I'erf. 1. 
 
 Tili(f j -Of 
 
 Dcviatioo. 
 
 6viU)¥ 
 
 Aor. 1 
 
 ] 'Ov aro) 
 
 • 'UTOv aro)v 
 
 * [ -uif utotauv 
 
 J or uvTUiv 
 
 Participles. 
 PrjBS. Tti;ir -Mv una ov Aor. J. 
 
 Fut. 2. Tvnt -uiv uaa ov Fut. 1. 
 
 Deviations. 
 Aor. I. Tt'i/> -ug ana 
 Perf. 2. T^riTi 
 Perf. 1 . TiTvq, 
 
 Infinitive. 
 Praw. mvT') -iiv 
 Fut. 2. rent 1 -ftv 
 Aor. 2. Ttn ( -<?!' 
 Fut. 1. Tig; J -*»»' 
 
 Deviation. 
 Aor. 1. Tvxff -«* 
 Porf. 2. TiTin ( . 
 Perf. l.T*rr(;r*'*' 
 
 Tl'JI -OIV «ffO O*- 
 
 rt u^ •o)v ttaa o* 
 
 -CiJ,' 
 
 t'ta 
 
 Prses. 
 Fut. 2. 
 Fut. I. 
 Fut. 2. M. 
 Fut. 1. M. 
 Fut. 3. 
 
 ^ 14. 
 Indicat. 
 
 Tiinr,n 
 
 Of the Passivt. 
 Primar. tenses. 
 
 •Ofiai r, frai 
 
 ■OfitOov fnxfov taOov 
 -o^tOa fnOf orrat 
 
 Tvnf 
 
 rtTvifiJ 
 Forms of the Perfect tvithout the characteristic vo'jcel. 
 
 q-\>ov q-{fov 
 
 q-Of 
 SeconJar. tenses. 
 ■6^r,v ov fTO 
 
 •ofifOov eaOov ta&t,v 
 -oufOtt fa{tf ovTO 
 au>,v u) aro uitiOov aoxfov uoOr,v, i:c. 
 I'luMipf. 
 
 ll-TO 
 
 triTV <^-ft-f*Kfov tf-xTop q~Otjp 
 
 r-H-ftui 
 
 Tt'lV I -ft-flfOov 
 
 \ -ii-^itOa 
 Intlicnt. 
 
 Import". ttvnr 
 
 Aor. J. M. iivrt 
 
 Aor. I.M. 
 
 fill/' 
 
 'riTV l-ft-f*f<*ov q-9ot> 
 
 {•ft-ufOa q-Oe 
 
OF THE PASSIVE. 
 
 35 
 
 Subjunct. {termination of prim, tense.) 
 Praes. tvtiv~\ -b)f.iat >/ tjtui, 
 
 Aor. 2. M. TV71 > -o)f.ie&ov i]a&ov tja&ov 
 Aor. 1. M. TVipJ -(Of.if{ta 7]a&e (ovrat 
 
 Optat. {termination of sec 
 
 ondar. tense.) 
 
 Praes. rvm ^ 
 
 
 
 Fut. 2. Tvnija 
 
 
 
 Fut. 1. Tvq&r/a 
 
 -olf^lTjV 
 
 010 OlOTO 
 
 Fut. 2. M. TVTie 
 
 -OtfAl&OV 
 
 oiadov oIg&}]v 
 
 Aor. 2. M. TV71 
 
 -olf.ie&u 
 
 0C<J&6 OIVTO 
 
 Fut. 1. M. zvi/; 
 
 
 
 Fut. 3. Tervif) > 
 
 
 
 Aor. 1. M. xvxp. 
 
 -aliLirju 
 
 CCtO UtTO I 
 
 Note. Forms without the characteristic vowel cannot be con- 
 structed in the Subjunct. and Optat. 
 
 Imperative. 
 
 
 Infinitive. 
 
 
 Praes. rvnr (""^ 
 Aor.2.M.z.J-^^f 
 
 tO&MV 
 
 Praes. rvrcr' 
 Fut. 2. rvmjG 
 
 
 ioS^ataav 
 
 Fut. 1. rvcp&i^a 
 
 
 Aor. 1. M. Tirip -«fc 
 
 UG&M kc. 
 
 Fut. 2 M. rvm 
 Aor. 2. M. rvTi 
 
 > -la&ai 
 
 (-jpo 
 Perf. rnv \ -cp&ov 
 
 <f{ttO 
 
 Fut. 1. M. rvip 
 
 
 q.ifiov 
 
 Fut. 3. rervxp. 
 
 
 (f.'&MGaV 
 
 Aor. 1. M. Tvx}) -ua&at 
 
 
 
 Perf. zfTi; 
 
 -<f&ttt 
 
 rvnr 
 Fut. 2. rvnfjG 
 Fut. 1. rv(fi&r](j 
 Fut. 2. M. ryjif 
 
 Perf. 
 
 Participles. 
 
 Aor. 2. M. Tivji-^ 
 Fut. 1 . M. rvxp i -ofievog »; oj/ 
 Fut. 2. rervipJ 
 Aor. 2. M. Tui// -ttf^evos rj ov 
 ztxv fji-(4tvog rj ov 
 
 Ofievog T] ov 
 
36 
 
 CONJUGATION OF THE ACTIVE. 
 
 ^ In. General observations. The three parts in every person 
 distinguished. 
 
 When a tense is fully formed, *ve regard as its Ground-form, 
 what precedei the final vowel. Of the Fut. 1. rri/>-co, the Ground- 
 form is u'l/s which remains, throughout this tense, unaltered. Of 
 the .\or. iJ., however, the Grouud-form is nn ; in the Ind. *riTi, 
 with the Augment. 
 
 To this root is annexed, in every Mood and I'er»on. a vowel, 
 which we call the Mood-vo-juel^ or characteristic vowel of the 
 ftlood, hecause it serves principally, to determine the Mood. 
 
 Finully, the Terminations are sul>joined to the Mood-vowel. 
 
 in every tbrm, therefore, these three parts must be accurately 
 distinguished, \i7., GrounJ-fortn. Mood-vouel., nnd Termination. The 
 first determines the tense ; the second, the mood ; and the third, 
 the person. 
 
 Tlie Mood-vowel of the Ind., Act., and Pass., throughout the 
 whole conjugation, some tenses cxrepted, is, in the three first per- 
 sons of earh number and in the ;i Plur., an o ; in all the rest an i ; 
 e.g. Sing. I. Ti'nr-o -. iini-f 3. Tirtr-i. Dual 1. ivnt-o 2. 
 Tvm-i ;>. ivrti-f Plur. 1. rr.Tr-o i. iv:ir-f 3. rvni-o. 
 
 ^16. Conjugation of' the Primary tenses in the Indicative. 
 
 The Terminations of the Primary tenses in the Ind. are as fol- 
 lows : 
 
 Teiminationt alone. With the Mood-vowel. M.vow. & term, united. 
 
 S. -o -<v -I o-u f-i-i t-i -Ui -Hi -fl 
 
 D. -ftfy -lov -lof o-iifv f-Ti)p f-tov -ofiiv -trov -trov 
 
 F. -^fV -It -I'JOJ O-ftlP f-Tf O-VTfit -oitfr -tit -ovtn 
 
 Conjugation. 
 
 Pra*». rvTTi^ -(<» h^; ft ( -ct oc t 
 
 V\J\. 2. tint . -iiufv trot' frnv Vvrf. lum , -duiv cnov aioi' 
 
 Fut. I. Ti'i/i J -ntuf tif 01 ot l-uun' €11 f uai 
 
 NoTi 1. In the '.\ per<. Plur., vi Itofore a are rejected, and o 
 become* «. ^ 5. 1. The « in the IN-rf. is lengthened, i/ri-.inur, 
 because VI is dropped. 
 
COXJUGATION OF THE SUBJUNCTIVE. Vi "^ "^ ' ' ' " ^^7 
 
 Note 2. The Perf. takes for the Mood-vowel, an «, but is ir- 
 reguhir in the Sing. 
 
 The grand and never failing distinction between the primary 
 and secondary tenses is this ; that the primary tenses have the 3. 
 per*. Dual uniformly short {-top) ; the secondary tenses, on the 
 contrary, long {-rtjv) ; and, that the 3, pers. Plur., in the former, 
 ends in vrai ; in the latter, in v. 
 
 § 17. Conjugation of the Secondary teiises in the Indicative. 
 
 The Terminations, which are subjoined to the Mood-vowel, in 
 the Secondary tenses of the Indicative, are 
 Terminat. alone. Term, and M. vow. • Conjugation. 
 
 S. ^ -g - -ov -tg -e , r-ov fg f 
 
 D. -|Hf f -TOV -TiJV -0/.teP -fTOV -et1]V . ^ ^ " ^\y^^ \ -Of^llV ITOV lTr,V 
 
 P. -|t<ff -r; -V -o^fv -ns -ov ^-Oftiv izt ov 
 
 Note 1. The Aor. 1. takes, for the Mood-vowel, an «, and 
 proceeds in the Sing, like the Perf. 
 
 Note 2. The Plusqpf, takes for the ]\Iood-vowel, ft, and ter- 
 minates the 3 pers. Plur. in eiaav and foccv. 
 
 C-a ag e , » i ~^^^ *'^ ^^ 
 
 Aor. 1. ivvip l-cc/iifv arov ttTt]v Flusqpf. tifTvn ^-fififv {itov lirr^v 
 (-ajM^f an av ( -iti^Kv ens eiaav 
 
 or e<yap 
 
 § 18. Conjugation of the Subjimctiiie. 
 In the Subjunctive, the long vowels o) >;, in place of the short 
 ones f, are annexed to the root, for Mood-vowels, and to these 
 the Terminations of the Primary tenses are subjoined. 
 
 Mood. V. and Ternn. Mood. v. and Term, united. 
 
 S. o)-o ^]-ig r,-t -0) -tjg -7] 
 
 D. 0}-fi£P t]-T0v r^-rov -o)fiev -7;tov -t]rov 
 
 P. 0}-fieV 7]-Tf lO-VTGO -bJf-lfV ~71T£ -tOffi 
 
 Conjugation. 
 Praes. zvm ~\ 
 
 Aor. 2. Tvn j -w >;$ tj 
 
 Aor. 1. Ti'i/> \-M(-iiv »;roj/ t]TOv 
 Perf. 2. wruTi | -o)Hfv tje ftiff-. 
 
 Perf. 1. xfTV(f} I 
 6 
 
:i8 
 
 IXKIXITIVF. AND PARTICIPLK. 
 
 Note. The Secondary- tenses of the Prtes. and Perf. (Impert. 
 and Plunqpf.) have no appropriate forms, except in the IndicatiTC. 
 The Futures also, have no Suhjunctive or Imperative. 
 
 ^ 19. Conjugalion of t lie Optative. 
 The Optative lake^, for its Mood-vowel, ot, and in the Aor. 1. 
 «<. The terminations are, in the I pers. Sing, itt, in the 3 Phir. 
 ty ; the other persons follow the analogy of the Secondary tense?. 
 S. -oiui -nig -ot 
 
 T).-THIlfP -OlTOr -01J1,V 
 
 P. -oiuiv -out ^nttv 
 
 Aor. I. -itiui -uig -ui ^C. 
 
 Prtps. 
 
 rrar ^ 
 
 Fut. 2. 
 
 Tint 
 
 Aor. '2. 
 
 Tj'n 
 
 Fut. 1. 
 
 Try; 
 
 Perf 2 
 
 TtTVTJ 
 
 Perf. I 
 
 Tfir(f 
 
 -oifti otg ot, 
 -oiftfy otTOv oiir^v 
 
 -OlUfV Ollf OIH' 
 
 Perf. 2. r/rr.-r | -i-rf 
 Perf. 1. Tf'tra J 
 
 § 20. Conjugation of the linpcniti-cc. 
 
 The Imporative, which in every Numher ha« only the 2d and 
 3d pers., takejj, for its Mood-vowel, uniformly an ;, and suhjoins 
 to this, in the Sing. 2. -{it, ;>. jm ; Dual 2. -tov, 3. -Tb)v Plur. 2. 
 -rf, 3. TCijoui', (irregularly oviinv without the Mood-vowel.) -Ot. 
 however, is usually dropped ; e.g. ivmi for iv:jiiOt. 
 Conjugation. 
 Prxs. Tt:iT ~| -/ t'-TO) 
 
 .•\or. 2. rr.r j -f-roi' i-TUi¥ 
 
 t-Toiaap 
 ■If J or -oi'Tiov 
 
 iN<pit. The .\or. 1. retains here, as in all the Moods, the Sub- 
 junctive excepted, its Mood-vowel a, but terminates the 2 per?. 
 Sing, in or ; e. g. 
 
 rvifi -ov ri'V -aiov iv\\> -itjf 
 
 -artti -uro»p -uiiontiv -uiiioy 
 
 1^ 21 Of ill r Injiniliie and Participle. 
 
 I. The liifmilivo* teiniinate, the Mood-vowel inrjiided. in m 
 The .Aor. I., however, ends m ni, e.g. rvif'-at ; and the Pert", in 
 (fat, e. g. Tuvn-fiat. 
 
 i. The Participles end, the rhararttrislir vowel included, in 
 wv lor the Muse, uiou for the Feo*., and ov for the Neuter ; ex- 
 
ON THE PASSIVE VOICE. 39 
 
 cept the Aor. 1., which ends in «^, a<Ju, uv ; and the Perf. which 
 
 ends in tag, v7a, 6g. Thus 
 
 Praes. 
 
 Praes. tvtit ^ 
 
 Fut. 2. TVT16 I 
 
 Aor. 1. 
 
 rvip 
 
 -ag 
 
 aaa 
 
 fXV 
 
 Perf. 
 
 TlTVn 
 
 -ujg 
 
 via 
 
 6g 
 
 , -lov ovau ov 
 Aor. 2. TU7T 
 
 Fut. 1. TVXp J 
 
 Note. The Aor. 2. has the accent, both in the Infinitive and 
 Participle on the last syllable ; e. g. tvjimv ouoa df, Inf. rvneJv. 
 
 ON THE PASSIVE VOICE. 
 
 1. Derivation of the Tenses. 
 
 If the Paragraphs on the letters and syllables, are fresh in the 
 memory, the learner will tind no difficulty in comprehending, in 
 its whole extent, the Greek Passive ; which, indeed, must not be 
 regarded as a confused and arbitrary mass of intlexions, but as a 
 noble and inimitable master-piece, and worthy, on account of the 
 euphony and perfection of its forms, of the highest degree of at- 
 tention and admiration. 
 
 The Praes. Perf and Plusqpf. have each one tense-form, the 
 Futt. and Aorr. have each two, making in all twelve tense-forms. 
 The Futt. and Aorr. require a separate consideration. We com- 
 mence with the four first-mentioned tenses. 
 
 § 22. Formation of the Prws. hnperf Perf. and Plusqpf. 
 The Primary tenses of the Pass, end in -jt<«t, and the Seconda- 
 ry tenses, in -f.n]v ; which terminations are preceded by the Mood- 
 vowel ,• in the Perf and Plusqpf, however, they are subjoined 
 immediately to the root. 
 
 Verba Pura. Verba Muta. Verba Liquida. 
 
 Root o/xf Afy 5fAA-g«A 
 
 Praes. oiKt-o-f.iav Kty-o-fiai gt'XX-o-fxat 
 
 Imperf ojxf-o-fiy^v ikfy-6-fir]p ig£Xk-6-fxr,v 
 
 Perf (oxt]-fAui §8.1. XtXty-fiuo J'5«A-jM«t § 12. 
 
 Plusqpf. u}Kr,-f.u,v ihkty-fji.t)v i<;<xl-fir]v 
 
lu 
 
 U.N THE PASSIVE VOICE- 
 
 NoTE I. For the changes which the Mutes or n k T-9oand« 
 UDdergo, see § 4, and the several examjjies there given ; e. g. 
 Pras. Pert" Pneo. Perf. 
 
 ruTrroj (rrn) invfiuai arfraC^i (oifyax) tarn-w/uui 
 
 tvj^o^iut, t;vyuui quu^o) {qoud) TUqyanuut 
 
 qiidbt ntqfttftiai layuanoi (rapajr) Tituuuyuui 
 
 Note 2. Wheo the root ha^^ an *, it assumes Irequently, in place 
 of this (, an o; c. g. aiftiqoi, iarauuitut. 
 
 Note J. The a, before the termination -uut, is found also in 
 many of the rerba Pura^ for the purpose of strensjlhening the 
 form: e.g. uxoioi, r,xovanui ; /oito xr/gtouat ; jfhoj zntlfOftui. 
 Note I. .\, when it is the final cotisoiiaiit of the root, after it 
 I I', is rejected in the long tense-forms of the Pass. : e. g. xfjtib), 
 vtxptftai. § 12. Note 2. 
 
 Note 5. /-Jv in the root is generally shortened: e.g. ifi';fw, 
 inv/ftttii qn'yo), :itqiyuui. 
 
 ^ 2.3. Formation of the Futures and .ioruts. 
 In the second Futures and Aorists, and in the Ferba Liquidu in 
 ill the form;;, the root mu>l lie shortened. The Terminations are 
 
 Ferba Purn, 
 
 
 
 
 
 OlXt) 
 
 XQi'OO 
 
 F'ut. 2 -t;nouut 
 
 
 
 
 wanting 
 
 wanting 
 
 \or. 2. -;,.• 
 
 
 
 
 wanting 
 
 wanting 
 
 Fut. 1. -xh,ni>iitit 
 
 
 
 
 oixr,-Ot',aouai 
 
 Xovaio-Ofjaofiai 
 
 .\or. I. -{t>if 
 
 
 
 
 01 X »;-»'>»/•» 
 
 tygvoio-^tiv 
 
 (with the jihort root) 
 
 
 
 
 
 Fut. 2. M. -fuuui 
 .^or. 2. M. -nittjv 
 (with the long root 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ) 
 
 
 
 qdf 
 
 riuu 
 
 Fut 1 . M. -aofiui 
 
 
 
 
 qikt;-(Jouui 
 
 Tittt,-aoitt(t 
 
 Aor. 1. M. -aaufjv 
 
 
 
 
 eqtXt;-att^r,p 
 
 tTiur,-aufir,v 
 
 Ferba Mitta. 
 
 
 
 
 Ferba Luptida. 
 
 Short root« n'.-i 
 
 
 9 
 
 »T 
 
 q UP 
 
 ngiv 
 
 Fut. 2. TrTfj-aouat 
 
 9' 
 
 d,j 
 
 cioiiut qu%—t,ooftut xpif-'.Touot 
 
 Aor. 2. irvn-rtv 
 
 '9 
 
 .'*- 
 
 '?»' 
 
 tqav-r,w 
 
 t*uiv~r,¥ 
 
 Long roots n'-i 
 
 
 qnd 
 
 
 
 Fut. I. tiHf-flt'jaonut 
 
 <f* 
 
 la- 
 
 ■flrffiouttt qut-Ot\n 
 
 ofttti xgi-Ot',aoft(ii 
 
 \or. I. ri\q-0\v 
 
 ff 
 
 fl<\ 
 
 t-,%, 
 
 ,p f qui- Or, 
 
 1' txni-{> fjv 
 
ON THE PASSIVE VOICE. 41 
 
 Ferba Muta. Verba Liquida. 
 
 Short roots rvn rv^ rfv fr. tiivm qaK fr. g;AAw 
 
 Fut. 2. M. rvn-t'oi-iai xvi-to^iav Tfv-io^iui guk-t'ofxoct 
 
 Aor.2.M. iTi<n-6f.ojv irvx-6f.ttjv iTev-6/.tfjv iquX-6f.ii]v 
 
 Long roots tuti rmx 
 
 Fut. 1. M. TVipofittt Tivi.o^ia.t wanting, as in the Act., and the 
 Aor.l.M. irvi^iu(.n]v hev'£.dfi7iv Aor. follows the analogy of 
 
 the Act. igti^cc ig{i?Mf.it]V. 
 
 Note 1. The four last tenses of each class are marked with 
 3f, {tempora Medii), on account of the Middle signification of their 
 Aorists. 
 
 Note 2. The completed Future, Futurum exactum vel perfectum, 
 receives the Augment as in the Perf. and the Terminations as in 
 Fut. 1.; e.g. }.fi7T, KildxpOficv, relictus ero; tvtit, nrvxpoi-iai ; 
 unara, 7]naTit]aof.ittt. 
 
 Note 3. It is obvious, that the given Terminations, both the 
 Aorists Pass, excepted, contain the Terminations properly so call- 
 ed -fiui -fitj^} the Mood-vowel o, and also the intermediate mem- 
 ber, which comes between the Mood-vowel and the root: e.g. 
 Tvq)&r'jaofiat, contains xvn-&i-a-o-fAai, and consequently, the mem- 
 ber or syllable d^f more than zvn-a-o-^ut ; xvn-e-OfAai with a a 
 gives Tvni-G-oi.iao rvurjooi-iat. 
 
 2. Conjugation. 
 
 § 24. Conjugation of the Indicative. 
 
 The Aor. 2. in -r/V, and the Aor. 1. in -&f]v, must be separated 
 from the other forms, as they belong to another Conjugation, viz. 
 of the verbs in -fn, to which they form the transition. The Mood- 
 vowel is, throughout, the same as in the Act. In the Perf,, how- 
 ever, it is wanting in all the Moods, and the Terminations are 
 subjoined immediately to the root. The terminations are, in the 
 Primary tenses 
 
 TermiaatioDS alone. With the Mood-vowel. 
 
 S. -|Uat -aat -rat -Ofiuo -eaut -ixat 
 
 D, -fif&ov -a&ov -ad^ov -ojni&ov -fo&ov -tod^ov 
 
 P. -fii&a ~0&£ -vxcti -ofif&a -io&e -ovxat 
 
 Note. From the 2 pers. Sing, -{(tui, when it has the Mood- 
 
42 
 
 0> THF. FASSIVL VOICr. 
 
 Uttl tTC. 
 
 vowel (therefore not in the Perf. and Plu^ipf.) the a is rejected, 
 in every Tcn«ie and .Mood, and the remaining vowels contracted ; 
 c. g. -taut -fttt -t,t -t,. 
 
 In this manner may f»e conjugated 
 
 Pra-s. rinr 
 
 Fut. X. rt-nt'ja 
 
 Fut. 1. tt'qUf'jn 
 
 Fut. 2. M. I in* 
 
 Fut. 1. M. rrtfi 
 
 Fut. 3. T*rri/» J 
 
 There rcmaiDS yet the Conjugation of the Perfect. 
 
 1. In the Verba Pura. 
 In thu class of verbs, the Terminations follow upon the final 
 vowel of the root, and occasion no mulliplication of Consonants. 
 Hence the Conjugation proceeds without interruption, e. g. from 
 qtkt'oi we obtain in the Perf. Pass. 
 i -iiitt 
 
 t-fuOu 
 
 I'erha .Muta. 
 Ill liii< cl.ixo, the Terminations being subjoined immediately to 
 the root, whose final letter is a Mute, a mullijilication of Conso- 
 nants i^ occasioned, which must be obvi.ited in the manner above 
 described. \'i(l. ^ .i. 4 and 6. ; e. g. 
 
 nai 
 
 rut 
 
 o{*ov 
 
 alUtv 
 
 nlff 
 
 VI ut 
 
 Tttvn-fifOotf 
 fi-fiffla 
 
 Titvn-aui 
 
 tlTV:X-TOt 
 
 :i-Tai 
 ini'TX-aOoif 
 q-&Of 
 (r/rrn-iToi) 
 
 TfTin-aOo* 
 q-Oo¥ 
 
 7 - Of 
 
 Norr. The persons of the Perf. and Plii«(||il'., which cannot 
 be formed rrgulnrly, are I'ormod, as in Latin, by means of the 
 Partir.iple and the .Siixiliary t'nat; e.g. 3 pers. Plur. Perf. rnvft- 
 fttfOt */n/. verberuti sunt; 3 per«. Plur. Plusqpf. rnvfifuroi t^aaf : 
 Si)i>jijiirt. ifiiiiiifn.^' (.T . ,• I ()[ii ifiinitfti.^f'iii .>/»,c firj, Lc. 
 
ON THE PASSIVE VOICE, 43 
 
 kt'Xfy-ficci li},ty-nav IfKiY-roti 
 
 t.-Ul H-Tttt 
 
 Xelfy-fAt&oi- XfXfy-o&ov liXfy-a{fov 
 
 y-&oi> y-dov 
 
 y^-xtov y-dov 
 
 ?i.fkfy-f.i{&a ke}.fy-G\}f liXfy-vzut 
 
 y-df 
 y-de 
 In the same manner, {nfnfiO^-fiai) 7it'nfia-^mi, {Titmid-oac) 
 TiiJiii-aai, (nfnitd^-Tat) TTt'nfio-Tai. From cf()uCo) (root qQad) 
 we obtain {7ii<f^adf.iai) ixi<fQacif.iai,{TxtcpQadr)ai,) Txe'q()a.(yai,[nfq(jad- 
 Tut) ntqQaoTut. If we endeavour to avoid the multiplication of 
 consonants in the 3 Plur., by rejecting v, we obtain the 3 pers. 
 Sing, again. This Pers,, therefore, cannot be regularly formed. 
 
 The Verba Liquida occasion no difficulty ; e. g, igt'llo), it;u^f.iai, 
 (gakotti, igaXrai, igoiliufd^ov, (egaka&ov) tgal&ov, &c. In this 
 class alone, v in the 2 Sing, before a, remams ; e.g. quii'^ qui', 
 nf-qttv-f.(tti, ni'qaiii^tai, -ntqav-aai, &c. 
 
 The terminations of the Secondary Tenses in the Indie, are, 
 
 Terminat. aione. With the Mood-vowel, 
 
 -/o;!/ -GO -10 -0{jir]v -eoo -tro 
 
 -(li&ov -6&0V -a&Tiv -of.ifi}ov -tadov -ia&i]v 
 
 -{.li&tt -G&f -VTO -ofAfdu -eads -ovro 
 
 Note 1. The Aor. 1. M. takes, for its mood-vowel, an «; e.g. 
 -ttf.ir}v -uoo -axo, &c. 
 
 Note 2. By dropping the (t, in the 2 pers. Sing., too becomes 
 fo -ov ; and aoo, ao -o). 
 Imperf. irvm 
 
 A o T»,T ' r -outjii « f ro, S:c. Aor. 1, tzvxLi-uutiv o) «zo, &c, 
 Aor. 2. iVl. tTVTi I ' ' ^ T 1 ( 7 
 
 The Plusqpf. sufTers the same changes as the Perf., and for the 
 same reasons ; e. g infqiXy]i^iy]v, iirfqiktjoo, insqihjro, &c. with- 
 out any difficulty on the score of the consonants. But iziTV7i-f.i7]v 
 gives hfTv^i-fjiriv ; hervn-no, hirvilio, &c. 
 
 Note 3. In the Pass, also, the Primary tenses are distinguished 
 from the Secondary, by the 3 Pers. Dual and Plur, ; e.g. Primary 
 tenses -a&oi>i Secondary tenses -o&}]i'. Primar. tenses -i/t«*, Se- 
 condary tenses -vto. This distinction should be particularly at- 
 tended to. 
 
44 ON THE PASSIVE VOICE. 
 
 § 25. Conjugation of the Subjunctive. 
 
 The Mood-vowels are, as io the Act., in and »<, and the termi- 
 nations are those of tbe Primary tenses. 
 
 .Mood>T. and Termioat. 
 -ofitat -tjaai -r,iai Pries. ri it \ 
 
 -oi^fflov -r)o9ov~ -tiaOov Aor. 2. M. iv:x\ -oi^ot », tjut iic 
 -bifU^u -r,a&i -onzai Aor. 1. M. tvi^'J 
 
 Note 1. By rejecting n, in the 2 pers. Sing, we have t;ai, »;<, >,. 
 
 Note 2. The other Aorists in -r,v and -t>>;i', as has been ob- 
 served above, do not belong to the Conjugation ; and of course, do 
 not come at present under consideration. The Imperf. and 
 Plusqpf. have no other Mood but the lodicat. The Futt. Subj. 
 are wanting, as in the .\ct. The Perf cannot form a Subjunctive, 
 because the difference between this Mood and the Indicative, ccn- 
 sists in the lenglhoning of the characteristic vowel, which tails in 
 the Perfect. When such forms of the verba pura as ciIx»;ol>oi . 
 niqilolyxtti, occur, they have the characteristic vowel and suffer 
 a contraction. 
 
 ^ 26. Conjugation of the Optative. 
 
 The Optative takes here also its Mood-vowel o<, and the ter- 
 minations of the secotulary tense*. 
 
 Mood-v. and Tcrminat. 
 -otur,p -otao -oiio Prxs. it'nr ^ 
 
 -oiuiOuf -otaOov -otaihjv Fut. 2. Tin»;(l 
 -oittfOtt -oiOi -oii'TO Fut. 1. TvcfOrio 
 
 Fut. 2. M. Tvni \ -oi^ir,v oio otro ice 
 Aor. 2. M. rt,T 
 Aor.l.M. TrV'-«/«»,i'a/o oao Fut. I.M. rii^ 
 A:c. Flit. 3. Iff Lift J 
 
 NoTK 1. The .\or. I. M. takes bore al.*o its at. 
 
 Note 2. In the 2 pers. Smg., the n is dropped, and no larlber 
 change takes place. 
 
 NoTK. 3. In tbi<' Mood also, the I'erf. cannot be formed, because 
 the Mood-vowel fails. In the Attic dialect, however, some of the 
 vrrba pura, to form the Optat., receive an t bet»vcen the root and 
 the Termination ; e. t^. {nfqilti-t-iit;v) Tiiqilt\ur,i-, {:jfqtk»j-i-ao 
 iitqiktiou) :tfqiXi',o, 4:c. and this t disappears entirely when il can- 
 not be subscribeil ; c. g. {hXiiiitjr) liXruiiv : which, however, 
 properly speaking, should be written ltkviut,f, Xikilo, Stc. 
 
ON THE PASSIVE VOICE. 
 
 45 
 
 § 27. Imperative. 
 
 The Mood-vowel is here also an f. The Terminations are 
 Alone. With the M. -vowel. 
 
 -GO -ai^o) -600 -fffiJoi 
 
 -a&ov -a&cuv -la&ov -fo&ojv 
 
 -G&e -oOcoaav -iGi^i -io&oiaav 
 
 Note. After rejecting o, in the 2 pers. Sing., io becomes or. 
 Praes. {rvnt-^ao) tvtctov, TVTXT-tad^o), &.c. The Aor. 2. M. in the 
 2 Sing, has the accent on the last syllable zvnov. The Aor. 1. 
 M. ends in ui in the 2 Sing., and is regular in the remaining per- 
 sons ; retaining, however, its a ; e. g. rvxp-cct, tvx^-kox^m, &,c. In 
 the Perf., on account of the Mood-vowel which fails, the conso- 
 nants are multiplied in the verba miita {rnvn-Go) xixvipo, {rixvn- 
 G&bi TfTVTT&b)) Tirvcfdoi, &c., which changes are managed as in 
 the Indicative. 
 
 § 28. Infinitive. 
 
 The Infinitive ends in -Gdui, which, with the Mood-vowel ;, 
 gives iG&ai. The Participles end in -fuvog, which, with the 
 characteristic vowel o, gives -o^fvoq The Aor. 1. M., howeverj 
 retains its a ; e. g. -aa&at -afiivog. The Mood-vowel fails in the 
 Perfect. 
 
 Praes. rvn-n 
 
 Fut. 2. TVTiriG 
 
 Fut. 1 . Tv<f-&}']a 
 Fut. 2. M. Tvni 
 Aor. 2. M. tVTi 
 Fut. 1. M. Tvip 
 
 Fut. 3. TfTVlp 
 
 Aor. 1. M. Tvip 
 
 -iG&Ub 
 
 -aGx^ai/ 
 
 > -OfAivoq 
 
 rvTiT 
 
 TVCpd-rjG 
 
 Tvne 
 Tvn 
 
 TVlp 
 TfTVIp 
 
 -(xfiivog 
 
 Perf. {TfTvji-Gxtai) rfxixpdai, {xixvn-i^ifvog) rfrvf-ifitvog. In 
 the same manner^ UyM {Iflfy-Gdat) IfUi&ai^ UXeyfiivog ; nii&(o, 
 {mnfi&-Gd^at,) nen£i-G&ai^ {ncnfid-f.avog^ TcsneiGfxi'vog ; (fQU^o), 
 ininQud-Gd^ui,) nfqgaa&ai, {mcpQudfiivog) iiicpQaGfiivog : Auw 
 makes Xtlvad^ao, lilvfitvog. ^ 
 
comhakatim: \ii:\\ 
 
 THE COMMON AM) IIOMKlilC PARADKiM. 
 
 § 2f>. .icthe. 
 Indicative. 
 
 Common. 
 
 i -0) K.; n 
 PraM. ri'jir ' -OjW/i' nuv frnv 
 oj at 
 
 Homeric. 
 
 Imperf. 
 
 ( -OlttV fit 
 
 i -ov 
 nr I -Ofuv 
 
 ( -OfltV 
 
 ftov 
 
 Hf 
 
 f 
 
 n, kc. 
 
 I, kc. 
 
 *rtnr ^ 
 
 TVTTTfax ) -ov fi I 
 
 iivnzfax ^ and 3 Plur. -ov 
 
 ) -ov fi f 
 
 ^ and '^ Plur. -ov 
 
 Ti'Tiraox 
 iivriTuox 
 
 Note. These forms of the Imperf., Aor. 1. and 2., Act. and 
 Pas*., in CTx, are found only in the persons of the Sina:., and in the 
 3 pers. Plur. \'id. Gram. § JIG. ITk.] 
 
 dramon. 
 
 ^ -01 fU f'l 
 
 Fut. 2. iiTi •.-iiufv f'irov thoi' 
 
 \ -UUfl' fhf HOV 
 
 ' n 
 
 omoric. 
 
 
 
 1 .-t'oj 
 
 2. uii 
 
 3. 
 
 t'ft 
 
 
 fi^ 
 
 
 ti 
 
 ].-t'oiiev 
 
 2. uiov 
 
 3. 
 
 ff TOV 
 
 triifv 
 
 lUOV 
 
 
 thov 
 
 l.-*'o/if>' 
 
 2. i'tti 
 
 3. 
 
 tHOl 
 
 fVflfV 
 
 (hi 
 
 
 
 Aor 
 
 !-ov /» f 
 
 -OfitV tJOV ttt]l 
 -OUfV fTf OV 
 
 Fot. Tv%f> -oi ti^ n, 4tc. 
 
 itv:t \ -ov i^ f. kc. 
 ; , rnim ) 
 
 {jvnKut i -ov f-; t 
 tn'rtfo* \ ;<• Plur. 01-)* 
 Tfip -CI) <<>• n. i:c. 
 
 * Add«d from the Gram, t 210. c. [Tr. 
 
COMMON AND HOMERIC PARADIGM. 
 
 47 
 
 Aor. 1. tTvip 
 
 Perf. TfVi 
 
 Homeric. 
 
 -a ag 
 -Kfiev arov 
 
 6 
 
 CCTOV 
 
 aat, 
 
 ug e, &c, 
 
 eg f 
 3. Plur. -01/ 
 
 Plusqpf. hnvn 
 
 i-etf- 
 
 V ftg et 
 ftfifv ftrop flTi]v 
 etfiev eire iiaav 
 
 Tixvn 
 
 hervn 
 
 -ea eccg tf av 
 -Hfxev HTOv tirrjv 
 -fifiev fiTf eiaav 
 (1. rjdecc 2.{ijildiag) 3. -^See -v 
 7jfidj]g ridii 
 
 TJdrja&a yd'ft)* 
 NoTK, Anomalies, occasioned by the failure of the characteris- 
 tic vowel, cannot conveniently be enumerated in the Paradigm. 
 Of this sort are, ei'ttrov, Od. 4. 27, for einfrov Praes. ; iiKTrjv, 11. 1. 
 104, for einiTrjv Iniperf. ; ethjXovd^fxit/^ II. 9. 49, for fiXijXov&u- 
 fisv Perf.; i'^/w^j/, (later form iOf.ifv) for 'ida^iev, full form oWafitv ^ 
 imni'&fiev, II. 2. 341, for tnijxi&it^iev, commonly ininoi^^^eif.ui'j 
 
 Plusqpf.; &c. ";^ii-£7*M^ 
 
 Praes 
 
 Common. 
 
 
 ^-co 
 
 V? V 
 
 TIT { -OJjMff 
 
 7]T0V 7]T0V 
 
 f -omev 
 
 fjTOP (OGl 
 
 Subjunctive. 
 
 Homeric. 
 
 2. rjg 3. »j 
 
 tjg^a t]Gt, 
 
 ixov erov 
 2. rjTf 3. (uat 
 
 Aor. 2. Tvn 
 
 < -OJUfV 
 
 -(x)f.lfV tjTOV tjTOV 
 \ -OJ/Uff TjTl MGl 
 
 -v)^ev rjTi 
 
 Aor. I. Tvxp -w rjS &,c. as Aor. 2. 
 Perf iiTVJi -0) )]g kc. as Aor, 2, 
 
 fl-o, 
 
 Wfilt 
 l.-tOjMff 2. r]TOV 3. ijTOv 
 
 OfAiV 
 
 1 . ()i(iev 
 
 OfifV 
 
 f 1 . -co 2. |jg 3. ri 
 
 -OlfAt rjOd^tX. TjGt 
 
 j \.-Wfiev 2.rjT0v S.tjtou 
 -o^iv ixov trOv 
 l.-wfxfv 2.i^Tf 3.0)01 
 
 -OfASV IT€ 
 
 jvxp -M (Of^it &c. as Aor. 2. 
 TfTL'Tc -0) (am, &c. as Aor. 2. 
 
 • Added from ths Gram,, ^211. [Tr.1 
 
48 COMMON AM) HOMF.MC FARAriGM. 
 
 Optative. 
 
 Common. Homeric. 
 
 / -ijlltl Oli (tl 
 
 VrZii. Tvni l-oiutv (jiKtv oiir, 
 \ -ijiufv ijirf oifv 
 
 r -uluc o/V o? / -toiiti 
 
 Fut. 2. TiTi < -o//if»' oliof o~iTr,v Tvn l-ioiuiv 
 
 \-o7ufv ohf ohv \-iotuiv 
 
 TVni -01141 ot^, k.c. 
 
 toi^ toi 
 V toiTov *o/r»;i 
 oiftfv oiif oiiv \-totniv t'otre t'ottv 
 
 Aor. 'i. Tr.T-x Tv:i and TfTV7i\ 
 
 *■'"• I. rriiif-oiai <n^ oi, iiC. n'lp \ -i 
 
 '■ ifii-iJ Tfivjt y 
 
 I'erf. 
 
 { -taut iti^ tti 
 I'l/' C -a/ii/i' tttiiii' nit),v jinji -unit at^;, 
 
 \-uifi€i' uizf uitv Ti'U» -itu nu<; 
 
 Aor. 1. ii'i/' ( -a/ii/i' uiiDv ttitt,v xvx^i -uiui, ai>, &c. 
 
 •ut^iv uizf uitv Ti'y» -itu nu<; ne/'i 
 
 and the 3d IMur. nuv 
 
 Imperative and Infinitive. 
 
 /-f tro) ^-t fit vat 
 
 ^-*ro»' tion' rcm-fii' Tcni-f fico, iic. riTir < -f 
 \-Hf ni'tnav ( -< 
 
 Pracs. ri^Tr ( -*ro»' hoh' xinT-fti' Tcni-f ttiu, i:c. riTir < -tiuf 
 
 or -o« f(i»i 
 Aor 
 
 ^.ifi-f //(.», vVC. irrx-fiv rvn} . , tvtj } ■ 
 
 ■ i -f fTOt, kc. / ffty fiv 
 
 Ttti:t ^ If tin ) 
 
 ^ -1)1' UTOt 
 
 Aor. I. itii'^-uKii' uiiov rrifi-ai iti^-o»' utii>,i)iC. rrifi-ai 
 
 \ -tttf tfuonav 
 or txiToiv 
 Fut.2. Inf. rrrr-fM' Fiit.l. ri>i/»-*<i' rim-tfiv ilv rvn>-tuirtti t'fifv fiv 
 
 Perf. rt'rtn-; *'rw, ^c. tnvn-tiat ritvn-f ticj,&iC. T^rri < 7*""* 
 
 ( nut 
 
 /'(ir<Jci/)/«. 
 
 Prrcs. Ti'rtr > 
 Ful, I. Ill/; ^ 
 
 ■(iif ointt (If 
 
 Fut. 2. jvn -lit!' 01 nu mi 
 
 Aor. 2. Ti;.i -•HI' oina ov 
 
 Aor. I. TCI/' -«> ana ttv 
 
 I'rrf titvn -(m> rm d^: 
 
 n'rr> 
 
 01 n« 
 
 Of 
 
 riT -n<}v 
 
 /oroa 
 
 t'uv 
 
 tri) . 
 
 orrttt 
 
 or 
 
 fj'i/' -«> 
 
 ooo 
 
 ttv 
 
 
 via 
 
 Os' 
 
 TttUJl ^ 
 
COMMON AND HOMERIC PARADIGM. 
 
 & 30. Passive. 
 
 49 
 
 Praes. 
 
 Indicative 
 Common. 
 
 t] fTUt 
 
 i{}a laOe Qvrao 
 
 
 Homeric. 
 1. -Of.itt(, 2. iav fj 
 1. -Ofxadov -OfAfOd^OV 
 
 1. -ofiexf^a -o^ao&a 
 
 Plusqpf.i'rfTj; 
 
 Flit. 2. rvmqo 
 Fut. l.T^qp^rJiT 
 
 Aor. 2. *Ti 
 
 TiTV 
 
 w 
 
 ■fifiriv i|»o &c. 
 3d Plur. -^«ro 
 
 Iq the remaining persons like com. 
 ^-6(.irjv ov ixo i 1. -6{.ir]v 2. lO 3. (TO 
 
 Imperf. hvm '.-ofii^ov ead-ov i'ad^rjv > < 1. -o^tft^oj/ -ofiia^ov 
 
 \-6f.u{yu {G&e ovTO \l.-6ueifu -Of^todu 
 
 In the other persons no deviation. 
 Tvnrfdyi > -6fA.t]v io tTO 
 irvntfo^S 3d Plur. ovto 
 
 ^ -f-ifxtto \\)tti nrat 
 Perf. Ttrv < -fAi^if&ov cf&ov cp&av TiTv/.ifiat -iput, k,c. 
 
 \ -f.ii^iix)^a q)&6 3d Plur. xfTiiquTUO 
 
 {xeTvi^ifitvoo fioi) 
 -^if.o]v ipo mo 
 -fAf-tix^ov ^'&ov (fid^rjv 
 
 -o/Lie&ov eadov ea&ov 
 
 -UfiiO-a (od-6 ovrat 
 
 r]v t}g n xvn 
 
 ■t]f.ifp t]TOv rjtrjv txvTi 
 
 t]f.ieu t]Te rjoav {quieanf Od. \\. 581. {or iq)(xi't]. 
 
 vifl Gram. §210. c.) [Tp..] 
 &c. 
 
 -7]auv or ev 
 \ -fi'lAai 2. fi] 2>.iiTab 
 
 \.-ev{.ii&ov 2.iead^op 3. 1'ta&op 
 sladov fJadov 
 \.-iv^iida 2.a'eade ^. iovxao 
 fiQde ivvrac 
 
 6^u]v ov iro rvn (\.-6i.n]v 2. fo 
 
 M.iTvn {-ofiidov fodov iadrjv hvii ll. -6fxfdot> -o/tifodov 
 -ouidu foOi opTO tiiiiji ' \, -oueOoi -omodu 
 
 Tvn7]a 
 
 TVCfr&t'lG 
 
 l.-OfAao 2. eat 7j 
 l.-Of-ifdov -6f.(eaOov 
 l.-Of.ii'&a -ofxeo&a 
 
 I" 
 
 V &c. 3d Plur. -7]aav or fv 
 
 Aor. 1. arvcp^ -vp n'i, &c. like Aor. 2. ,^J^^ ^ 3J ^,^^ 
 
 Fut. 2. 
 
 Aor. 2. 
 
 -tsfiao 1] fiTut 
 
 -bjiiedov iladov iladov 
 -3^i6a elads Sftai rvn 
 
60 OOIUOV AA'D HOMERIC PARADIGM. 
 
 Common. Homeric. 
 
 {1. -Ufiui 2. fai-Tj 
 I. -oitfSof -outadov 
 l,-6ftf^u -ouioda 
 (rfrri^ -Oftut^ &lc. with 
 
 rediiplicat- ?id. Gram. ^ s:Oj. 10. [Tr.] 
 
 Aor. I. M. f-""';*' t" «ro ,.,.1. r'- ""."';»' 2. taj -0) 
 
 -uufodu 
 
 \\ r-aiirv I'} UTO . r\.-ttur,v 
 
 K.-uitfOu unfjf ufio K.I. -aufdu 
 
 ^-o'tfifSov r,(idov r,(iduv rinr ( l.-oJiK 
 \-ti>f.itOu t,r)hf oniui \l.-ujijt 
 
 A or. 2. tvn \ ". 'i' 'I 
 Aor. \. tufb] J L '. 
 
 V-101HI> tiff Hit 
 
 Subjunctive. 
 
 )uut 2. t;«t-»j 
 Prae«. rvm ( -o'tufSov r,(idov r,(iduv rinr ( I. -oiuffjof -ojutoBop 
 
 -wijf6u -luutnda 
 f 1. -m 2. >,<; 3. jj 
 
 i-f/(ii *i»<s' fit) 
 
 \.-,:,!,fp 2. ,]rot' 3. ^>ov 
 -fldiifv fiiiov n'nov 
 \.-tiiftn> 2.rjrf 3. 01 a I. 
 -fioftfp tiftf H»ni, 
 
 . „ ,, M i^-f>iiui ), >,iai riTi / l.-o)u«f 2. ),ui-ti 
 
 \oT. 'I. y\. n:t \ ; •' ' ' ) ■ 
 
 , . »i i -cmfOuv i.ndov t.odov invn { l.-ioufhui' -tinifcOov 
 
 Aor. I. M iii/> ) ' ' • ) • 
 
 \ -IDItfOu tjOOf OJi'tUl Tl'lp \ l.-lOilflJu -t'lUfCtiu 
 
 Opiuthe. 
 
 !-(t'ittt,v 010 otto / \.-oiur,v^ &.C 
 
 -oiiuOuv uinOuf oiodtiv iv:ii I l.-oi^{Oov -oifitadoy 
 ,-iiiitfba uinBt OHIO \l.-uiuff)a -uiutada 
 
 ;>d IMur. otyjo -oiuro 
 
 hilt. '2. it:tt,n 1 ; , rv:u,a \ ; ' ' ' 
 
 ,. . , .. -oiiifOov oindop oinht,v ., \\.-oiufdo¥-oiunf- 
 
 \\,\ \. n(i(h,o J ; - - xvqf)t,a ) / 
 
 y -oififna oinOl ott-io ' l.uinfOu-oiftfnBu 
 
 3<l Plur. onto -uiuto 
 
 .\or. .'. fin \ , I ' 
 
 A 1 n \ -'";."'»' Hi,iOf tn,tr,v nil I. Plur. fit.uft- -nun 
 
 ( -iir,fift> eit,tf ti't^uv iiqfJ 12. fit,if -nit 
 v3. lit.Ottv -I'ln- 
 
COMMON AND HOMERIC PARADIGM. 
 
 61 
 
 Common. 
 
 Fut. 2. M. 
 
 TVTl 
 
 C-oi^i]v 010 ono 
 2-oifiiQov ola&ov oi'di^i 
 f^-olfiid^u olade oh'TO 
 
 O^tjV TVTl 
 
 Aor. 2.M. ri'TT^-^'/"?" «'« ^^^'^ 
 
 Fut 1 M Tviu \~'^''f^^^ov ocoxiov olaxytji' TfTVTi 
 
 OIVTO 
 
 C-uif^iijv aio aiTO 
 rvip \-alf.i{i)oi'Uia\)^ov aloxf^tiv rvxp •{ 1 
 
 Homeric. 
 -f0iiii]v ioio iono 
 
 -eolf.u{yoi/ toiadov eola07]i 
 -folfifxiu &c. 
 
 TVTT C l.-0lfAt]V &,C. 
 
 Aor. 1 . M. 
 
 Praes. rvm 
 
 Perf. TiTV 
 
 Aor. 2. Tvn 
 
 Aor. 1. Tvq& 
 
 Aor. 2. M. Tvn 
 
 Aor. l.M. Tvip 
 
 -uif-ifda uio'&s atvTO 
 
 Imperative. 
 t'oxtM 
 
 tOxtCOV 
 (fr&CO 
 
 qy&oiGav 
 
 rjTMV 
 TjTMaCCV 
 
 »;Tto &c. 
 
 iGxtM 
 
 i'a&oiv 
 
 -UddOV UOxtOiV 
 
 -ccG'&t aad^MGuv 
 
 L"i \ l.-olf^tfdov oififa{)ov 
 lip ' \.-oi}if&a olf-ieaOcc 
 
 \.-Ulf.l1]V &.C. 
 
 alfifBoi/ aif-ieadov 
 ui'fAfOa uif-iioOa 
 
 V rvxp < 
 
 SPlur. -uivTO ccictzo 
 
 2. -10 IV 3. io&o) &,c. 
 3 Plur. -k&Mv 
 
 TiTV -I^IO &C. 
 
 zvrc -i]&i &c. 
 
 TV(fy& -i]Tt &C. 
 
 Tvn 2. 
 
 TiXVTl 2. 
 
 -£0 iV &.C. 
 -£V &C. 
 
 TVl^l -Ki (fo)* aadM &c. 
 *duac»o II. 19. 36. vid Gram. 
 § 213. [Tr.] 
 Note. The Infinitives and Participles, not deviating in Homer 
 from the common forms, are omitted. 
 
CONTKAr-TIONS 
 
 OK TMK 
 
 FINAL \ OUT.L OF THi: ROOT AXD THE MOOD V uWFLS 
 
 IV 1 1 IF. 
 
 VKHBA riRA. 
 
 ^ Jl. Kiiumeration and classification of (he poaible contractions 
 in the rerba Pura. 
 
 Before tlie conjug^ation of the Aorr. Pass., together witli the 
 oriijinal and simple conjugation without Mood-vowels, can be un- 
 derstood, we m^!^t give a general view of the so named Contrac- 
 tions. The Verba Pura, for instance, wliose roots end in a f o, 
 e.g. Tiitu-(i} oixi-'-di yoino-oi, undergo, in the Pracs. and Imperl., 
 especially in the Attic dialect, many changes ; e. g- oixt'fi was pro- 
 nounced oixi7 ; and yornot,, ynvnul. These changes are denomi- 
 nated drntrnclions. Wc mu»t guard, however, against the notion, 
 that the vowel w hich appears after the contraction has taken place, 
 aUvays contains the vowels which stood together before the change. 
 When oixt'n is contracted into oixtl, and y^vaotj into yornol, who 
 would believe that the n, in this case, besides the t and <, contains 
 also another *, or that in the o* are concealed an o »; and i ? F.v- 
 idently, the rapid prfiumciation etTected such a change, that in 
 place of the two or more vowels one only was heard, and that, too, 
 which came the nearest to the prevailing sound. It is not, there- 
 fore, necessary to suppose, that the sound finally obtained, includes 
 within itself the former ones, or is merely a sign of the union of 
 those sounds. It is cpiite a dilT«'rent thing, when tt in dttlo-; is con- 
 tracted into ()»"Aov anil when o'ixtt becomes uixfl. In the first cuse, 
 the sign tj is employed, which comprehends tf ; in the latter, how- 
 ever, the tf. in the rapidity of pronunciation, become* k. the sound 
 of which approximates to that of k. 
 
CONTRACTIONS IN THE VKRBA PURAJ^^W^? Vp -^^Afiat*^, 
 
 In the Verba Pura^ (-foj-aco-oco,) the vowels e a o are brought 
 in immediate contact with the Mood-vowels. Besides, these Mood- 
 vowels, when the several terminations are annexed, give birth, as 
 we have already seen, in the several Moods &ic. Act. and Pass, to 
 the following sounds, viz. w it ov ij tj ot. Each of these, there- 
 fore, together with the simple Mood-vowels of the Ind. viz. o f, 
 preceded by f « and o, give all the possible cases of contraction in 
 the Verba Para. But it and 7] need not be comprised in this clas- 
 sification ; for the Iota, except in a case presently mentioned, oc- 
 casions no difficulty, being merely subscribed wherever it is possi- 
 ble ; e. g. TifAixitg rif-iag. E t and rj, therefore, may be considered 
 as equivalent to i and t}. For the contractions, then, remain, the 
 two short vowels, the two long ones, and the two diphthongs ot « ; 
 in their proper order, f r] co ot a. 
 
 § 32^CoJitractions which occur in all the Persons. 
 
 -n 
 fv 
 
 ot] 
 
 1. For a we obtain it; for io, a; and f, before the long vow- 
 els and diphthongs, disappears : e.g. 
 
 g/A -a qilit iff IX 
 
 {ftX -iij qiktj (fik 
 
 q.tX -ioladtjp (fiXolad>]v <ftX 
 
 2. For a with i or ^;, we obtain a 
 s, an CO. e. g. 
 
 Tibiae rlfAU 
 
 Ttf.ia}]iat Tifiuzut 
 
 iTl^iaOV iTlfAtOV 
 
 TlflCtOll-lt Tif.mi.it 
 
 3. For with a short vowel, we obtain a; with a long one, w ; 
 and 0, before the diphthongs 01, a, disappears : e. g. 
 
 
 -i 
 
 -0 
 
 1. E. 
 
 a 
 
 eo 
 
 2. A. 
 
 ae 
 
 ao 
 
 3. 0. 
 
 Of 
 
 00 
 
 -w 
 
 -ot 
 
 -s 
 
 i(f) 
 
 iOt 
 
 m 
 
 a.vi 
 
 uot 
 
 «a 
 
 0(f) 
 
 OOt 
 
 oa 
 
 \ -fOV 
 
 i(fiXtiv 
 
 I -iojvxat 
 
 (fllo)l'TttV 
 
 I -i3Gt 
 
 cftXiat 
 
 ong « ; for 
 
 « with 0, CO, ot, 
 
 Ti^meig 
 
 rtfiug 
 
 jifiayjg 
 
 Ttfiug 
 
 Tiftaoiat 
 
 rifiMat 
 
 Ttfiaov 
 
 TlflO) 
 
 XQVGOitV 
 
 '/^QVOHV 
 
 '/gvooov 
 
 ygvaorv 
 
 XQvaorjTOv 
 
 ygvoMTOv 
 
 ^gvoocoat 
 
 ygvaoiot 
 
 ygvaooiut 
 
 '/ofGoTnt 
 
 ygVGOOVGU 
 
 yjtVGHOK 
 
64 contraCiio.xs IX TiiF. vrnBA prn.* 
 
 Note. For o, with n or with »;. we often ohtain ot : e. g. 
 -f^oinon^ ^fpi'por,', ^ovnutf^ ■j^oiao^s- 
 
 It in evitlcnt that no other contraction is possible 
 
 § 33. On the Ilointric Contractions. 
 
 Thp Verba pura^ in Homer, rmist be rt-gartled in a two-tuld 
 point of view. 
 
 1. As inclinint? to the uncontracted and open forms. In conse- 
 t|uencc of this, the contraction does not take place, \vhen t is fol- 
 lowed by w /; »; ui or «, when o is followed by ot ti^ov j^, and when 
 o is followed by r, or »;. In the other cases, the uncontracted or 
 open forms and the contracted, are sometimes found together; 
 e.g. nuonftfo'uff and ixQonfqv'ivn. 
 
 2. Such forms alone are constructed as are permitted by the 
 Hexameter verse A great liberty is used, therefore, in regard to 
 the inlleclioiix. For instance, where the HexamclA" demands it, i 
 is fre(|ueiilly U'ligthcned into n ; e. g. (fi).-n<)-n,q-ti] gives qiK-fita 
 -thf^-fui : and the contracted lorms are modiljed to suit the verse, 
 so that in verbs in ««», the vowel of the root, or one of the con- 
 tracted voweU, is lerigthened at pleasure before the contracted 
 ayilalile. In this matmor, vutnuitau (i«/f rolffa is at variance with 
 the Hexameter verse) may become vuinuioau and Keinoona. So 
 ouuovna gives ooomu and ouuoxfu ; ^uovna gives ^loau and ^lomau 
 (Coo'Tu is not adapted to the Hexameter verse.) So also, fivufo- 
 9ui, ftt'ttn%>i(i, fitCtuaOui , '/i).uftv ytXit ytXauv. The contraction 
 of H) into /r, which does not take place, however, in tlie 2d per«. 
 Sing. Impcrf. and Aor. 2. M., is somewhat anomalous. Thu< itt- 
 nf'otni (tVom ifixfin-nit) in Homer, IxTomes inxfi'ni. In the 3d 
 per**. I'lur. Imperf , such forms as fjiuoOurv uffijointovi-. undergo 
 the usual contraction of *o into or. Having premised thu* much, 
 nil the cases of contraction occurring in Homer, in the Verba pur a. 
 may easily be explained in the tullowing I'arailigm. 
 
VERBA PURA. 
 
 55 
 
 § 34. Active. 
 
 
 
 Verba Pi 
 
 URA IN -S(0. 
 
 
 
 
 
 Indicative Prces. 
 
 
 
 
 Full form. 
 
 Attk. 
 
 
 Homeric. 
 
 
 S. fd 
 
 -i'(0 
 
 -0) 
 
 -i'bi 
 
 -ilM 
 
 
 
 -i(ig 
 
 -f^g 
 
 -im 
 
 -fieig 
 
 -e7g 
 
 
 -«* 
 
 -i7 
 
 -tit 
 
 -iiii, 
 
 -ft 
 
 D. 
 
 -i'fTOV 
 
 -fnov 
 
 -t'fTOV 
 
 -dtxov 
 
 -HTOV 
 
 P. 
 
 -iOfAfV 
 
 -OV/iliV 
 
 -to^ap 
 
 -iiofiev 
 
 -ev(Aiv 
 
 
 -tire 
 
 -ehi 
 
 -UTS 
 
 -eifze 
 
 -{Tits 
 
 
 -iovai 
 
 -ovot 
 
 -iovGt, 
 
 -tvat 
 
 
 Subjunctive. 
 
 s.qa 
 
 -tO) 
 
 -b) 
 
 
 -tOi 
 
 -ilOi 
 
 
 -ir]g 
 
 -^g 
 
 
 -i'rjg 
 
 ■fhjg -fjjff^a 
 
 
 -^v 
 
 'i 
 
 
 -It] -trial -ih) 
 
 D. 
 
 -itJTOV 
 
 -iJTOV 
 
 
 -i'llTOV 
 
 -ilfTOV 
 
 P. 
 
 -iw^tiv 
 
 -Wf.tlV 
 
 
 -i(x)fA.ev 
 
 -flOf-lfP 
 
 
 ~i1]T£ 
 
 ->~iTe 
 
 
 -it]Te 
 
 -iieze 
 
 
 -IMGi 
 
 -MOV 
 
 
 -t'wat 
 
 
 
 
 
 optative. 
 
 
 S. (fd 
 
 -eoifit 
 
 -oifii 
 
 
 -10 1 fib 
 
 -olt]v 
 
 
 -i'otg 
 
 -o7g 
 
 
 -i'oig 
 
 -oing 
 
 
 -lot, 
 
 -01 
 
 
 -iot 
 
 -oif] 
 
 D. 
 
 -iotTov 
 
 -OlTOV 
 
 
 -i'oiTOV 
 
 
 
 -iOiTtjv 
 
 -OlTt]V 
 
 
 -folrrjv 
 
 
 P. 
 
 -toifAev 
 
 -oifAfv 
 
 
 -toifiev 
 
 
 
 -i'oize 
 
 -oira 
 
 
 -iotxa 
 
 
 
 iOtiV 
 
 -o7(v 
 
 
 -IQliV 
 
 
 
 
 
 Imperative. 
 
 
 S. (fix 
 
 -f£ 
 
 -it 
 
 
 -ee 
 
 -ib 
 
 
 -ftTM 
 
 -i'lTbi 
 
 
 -eiT(o 
 
 -dxoi 
 
 D. 
 
 -e'lTou 
 
 -ilrov 
 
 
 -nrov 
 
 -elxov 
 
 
 -itXOiV 
 
 -llzMV 
 
 
 -iiZO)V 
 
 -aixoiv 
 
 P. 
 
 -«rf 
 
 -eTrs 
 
 
 -itTS 
 
 -HX6 
 
 
 -itTMauv 
 
 > -HTdoauv 
 
 -iivoioav 
 
 -eizoiaciv 
 
 -lU]Gi 
 
56 
 
 qd 
 
 ifd 
 
 
 
 VERBA PIRA. 
 
 
 
 hifinitive. 
 
 Full foriu. 
 
 Adic. 
 
 Homeric. 
 
 't'iiv 
 
 -flv 
 
 -I'ftr -fly 
 -t'iun'tti -r,¥at 
 
 Participle. 
 
 -{(»» 
 
 -MV 
 
 -tutv 
 
 -itbiw 
 
 -t'ovatt 
 
 -ntaa 
 
 -to ma 
 
 -flouau 
 
 -toy 
 
 -Ol'l/ 
 
 -t'ov 
 
 
 Indicative linpirf. 
 
 S. fqd 
 
 -fftv 
 
 -ovv 
 
 -fOV 
 
 
 -ffnycov 
 
 -fifaxor 
 
 
 -ffy 
 
 -fly 
 
 -tf-; 
 
 -ft^ 
 
 -fKf%f-; 
 
 -fifnxf? 
 
 
 -ff 
 
 -It 
 
 -ff 
 
 -fi 
 
 -f'fcnf 
 
 -fifOXf 
 
 D. 
 
 -t'ftni' 
 
 -fir or 
 
 -f'ftOV 
 
 -fhop 
 
 
 
 
 -fHtjV 
 
 -{iit,p 
 
 -tii},v 
 
 -fiir,v 
 
 
 
 Ps 
 
 -{'oftfv 
 
 -Ot'flfV 
 
 -foutv 
 
 -tvftty 
 
 
 
 
 -urf 
 
 -tlif 
 
 -if If 
 
 -flrt 
 
 
 
 
 -toy 
 
 -OJI' 
 
 -fOV 
 
 -ovv 
 
 -itnxop 
 
 -fifaxof 
 
 V'krba Pi iiA i\ -«i 
 lu'.licdtive Prfrs. 
 
 -noi 
 
 -lit 
 
 -UK) 
 
 -01 
 
 -UU) 
 
 -MID 
 
 -Ufl^' 
 
 -«^' 
 
 -uti^ 
 
 "'.<> 
 
 -Uff'i 
 
 -itni 
 
 -tiftr 
 
 -«.< 
 
 -Uft 
 
 -« 
 
 -«> 
 
 -U<f 
 
 -UfTOP 
 
 -uiov 
 
 -UfTOV 
 
 -«roi' 
 
 -UUTOP 
 
 
 -uu^tfv 
 
 -otufp 
 
 -UOftfP 
 
 -OtftfV 
 
 -OMUfV 
 
 -OKOllfV 
 
 -Uftf 
 
 -Ulf 
 
 -Uflf 
 
 -art 
 
 -uatf 
 
 
 -UOl'Ol 
 
 -lilOl 
 
 -liornt 
 Sul'jiiticlive. 
 
 -UKJl 
 
 -owat 
 
 -otwat 
 
 -do) 
 
 -lit 
 
 -a 01 
 
 -ui 
 
 -Oct 
 
 -010} 
 
 -«;*» 
 
 -([> 
 
 -«/;,• 
 
 -ut,oOu 
 
 
 
 -at) 
 
 -(t 
 
 -«», 
 
 - It 1, (71 
 
 
 
 -ui;tov 
 
 -urov 
 
 -at,' Of 
 
 
 
 
 -uonifv 
 
 -iOUfk 
 
 -Ul'ttlfp 
 
 -iitufr 
 
 
 
 -at, If 
 
 -('trt 
 
 -III, If 
 
 
 
 
 -umni 
 
 -i'lOt 
 
 -uioai 
 
 
 utai 
 
 
VERBA rURA. 
 
 57 
 
 Optative. 
 
 
 Full form. 
 
 Attic. 
 
 
 Homeric. 
 
 
 S. TI/.1 
 
 -aoi/nc 
 
 -(OJit, 
 
 -UOlf-U 
 
 -lO^lO 
 
 TObJfit 
 
 
 -ccoig 
 
 -log 
 
 -aoig 
 
 -<oy 
 
 
 
 -aot 
 
 -ill 
 
 -aot 
 
 -w 
 
 
 D. 
 
 -aoiTOv 
 
 -onov 
 
 -aonov 
 
 
 -00)TOV 
 
 
 -UOlDjV 
 
 -on}]v 
 
 -aotrt]v 
 
 
 
 P. 
 
 -aocf-iiv 
 
 -olfAil> 
 
 -aoif^ifv 
 
 
 -00)l.lfV 
 
 
 -UOlTf 
 
 -MTe 
 
 -uoire 
 
 -U)Tl 
 
 -oonf 
 
 
 -aoiep 
 
 -(liiv 
 
 -UOtfV 
 
 -MtV 
 
 -OMiV 
 
 S. iiift 
 
 D. 
 P. 
 
 Imperative. 
 
 S. Tlf^l 
 
 -ae 
 
 -a 
 
 -ae 
 
 -a 
 
 
 -UtTOi 
 
 CCTM 
 
 -atTO) 
 
 -UTO) 
 
 D. 
 
 -UfTOV 
 
 UTOV 
 
 -CCtTOV 
 
 -UTOV 
 
 
 -UtTMV 
 
 -aroiv 
 
 -UtTOiV 
 
 -aroiv 
 
 P. 
 
 -ufxe 
 
 -are 
 
 -CCfTf 
 
 -are 
 
 
 -atTcaaav 
 
 ocTioaav 
 
 Infinitive. 
 
 -aTbtaav 
 
 Tl^l 
 
 -UflV 
 
 -av 
 
 -aetv 
 
 -av 
 
 Participle. 
 
 Tifi -aiov -ot)v 
 -asau -Moa 
 -aov -lov 
 
 -aoiv -(av -ooiv 
 
 -utKJcc -olaa -ojojaa -ixuau 
 
 -aov -ojv 
 
 Indicative Imperf. 
 
 -uov 
 
 -mv 
 
 -dfg 
 
 -ag 
 
 -as 
 
 -a 
 
 ■afTOv 
 
 -UTOV 
 
 -UtTi]V 
 
 -ax)]v 
 
 -aof-iev 
 
 -afiev 
 
 -ufre 
 
 -are 
 
 ■aov 
 
 -OiV 
 
 -aov 
 -aig 
 -as 
 -asTov 
 
 -UtTt]V 
 
 -aofisv 
 
 -ccsrs 
 
 -aov 
 
 -MV 
 
 -ag 
 
 -a 
 
 -axov 
 
 -drtjv 
 
 -afisv 
 
 -UTS 
 
 -MV 
 
 -00)V 
 
 -aag 
 
 -da 
 
 -darov 
 
 -uaTi]v 
 
 -6o)f.isv 
 
 -dars 
 
 Also l.-(xaxov -daffxov 2. -sg 3. -e 
 3 Plur. -ov 
 
S8 
 
 VERBA PIRA. 
 
 S. dr,). 
 
 P. 
 
 S. fir,k 
 
 D. 
 P. 
 
 VrriBA PfRA \s -OM. 
 Indicat. I'ras. 
 
 
 Full form. 
 
 Attic. 
 
 Homeric. 
 
 
 S. Sf,l 
 
 -Oil* 
 
 -Ul 
 
 -o'«i* 
 
 -itt 
 
 
 -ofi.; 
 
 -o7g 
 
 -o;/,- 
 
 -o'l^ 
 
 
 -on 
 
 -o7 
 
 -on 
 
 -01 
 
 D. 
 
 -OfTOV 
 
 -OVTOV 
 
 -oirov 
 
 -OVTOV 
 
 P. 
 
 -OOfitV 
 
 -01 itfV 
 
 -ooftfv 
 
 -OVfilV 
 
 
 -oirf 
 
 -orrf 
 
 -Of re 
 
 -ovtt 
 
 
 -DO rat 
 
 -(tint 
 
 -oouai 
 
 
 Subjunctive. 
 
 -out 
 
 -(» 
 
 -Or,i 
 
 -olq 
 
 -Of; 
 
 -0? 
 
 -otirov 
 
 -wtov 
 
 -OOlftlV 
 
 -OtfUV 
 
 -6r,Ti 
 
 -viif 
 
 -6o)ac 
 
 -0)0 1 
 
 '001 III 
 
 -Olftt 
 
 -OOl-i 
 
 -0I-; 
 
 -001 
 
 -ol 
 
 -OUITOV 
 
 -OIlOV 
 
 -OOlltjV 
 
 -oil t,v 
 
 -001 UfV 
 
 -OltlfV 
 
 '-OOtlf 
 
 -oitf 
 
 -OIHtV 
 
 -OIH' 
 
 Opiative. 
 
 -OOi 
 
 -oil 
 
 -OlftOV 
 -OCJfiff 
 
 -oijte 
 
 -00)01 
 
 -ooi^i 
 -oot^i 
 
 -001 
 -001 TOV 
 
 -ooiftiV 
 
 'OOlfUf 
 
 -ooirt 
 
 -OOlii' 
 
 jiperattve. 
 
 Iiilitiiliit. 
 
 -otjadft 
 
 -01(01 
 
 S. fit'iX 
 
 -Of 
 
 -It 
 
 -Of 
 
 u 
 
 
 -Of Hit 
 
 -ItlKt 
 
 -Of rut 
 
 urii) 
 
 D. 
 
 -OftOV 
 
 -tirov 
 
 -OflOV 
 
 -HTOV 
 
 
 -Of tot V 
 
 -HlOtV 
 
 -otro)v 
 
 -HtlOf 
 
 P. 
 
 -Of if 
 
 -Hit 
 
 -Of It 
 
 -Off 
 
 
 -ofiotauv 
 
 -utwouy 
 
 -of'iiontiv 
 
 -ttiioam 
 
 ,),.k 
 
VERBA PUilA. 
 
 59 
 
 Participle. 
 
 
 full form. 
 
 Attic. 
 
 Homerio. 
 
 drjl 
 
 -00)P 
 
 -0.)V 
 
 -owv 
 
 
 -oovaa 
 
 -ovna 
 
 -oovou 
 
 
 -OOP 
 
 -ovv 
 
 -oov 
 
 Indicai. Imperf. 
 
 S. fd>'iK 
 
 D. 
 P. 
 
 -oov 
 
 -ovv 
 
 -oig 
 
 -ovg 
 
 -Of 
 
 -ov 
 
 -OiTOV 
 
 -OVTOV 
 
 -OlTtjV 
 
 -OVTtjV 
 
 -6o(.liV 
 
 -ODflfV 
 
 -oeie 
 
 -ovre 
 
 -oov 
 
 -ovv 
 
 -OOV 
 
 -oeg 
 -oe 
 
 -Of TOP 
 
 -otit^v 
 
 -OOf-liV 
 
 -OfTl 
 
 -OOV 
 
 -ovg 
 
 -OV 
 
 -OVTOV 
 
 -0VT7JV 
 
 -OV(.llV 
 
 -OVTS 
 
 -OVV 
 
 Note. Many forms of the the verb in -oo), which occur ia 
 Homer, made by protracting o before the Ultimate or Penultimate, 
 have been omitted by the Author ; regarding- them perhaps, as 
 examples of that poetical license, which shortens or lengthens a 
 syllable at pleasure to accommodate the form to the measure of 
 the verse. Examples of such forms, both in the Act. and Pass., 
 are t^^jwotra, 11. 18. 372. td^toovTat, 11.8.543. vnvcoovTug, II. 
 24. 344. Od. 5. 48. iMfTai, II. 20. 29. pfojfo, Od. 5. 215. ibuxo, 
 11.21. 300- (jwoj'TO, II. 11.50. TiAoioff J/, Od. 5. 240, &c. [Tp..] 
 
 
 
 §35. 
 
 Passive. 
 
 
 
 
 
 Verba Pura in 
 
 -fOfiUl. 
 
 
 
 s. ^l}. 
 
 -ionui 
 
 -«,«at 
 
 
 -f'oiiat 
 
 
 -fvftat 
 
 
 ''P 
 
 'V 
 
 
 -{Jeac) ■ 
 
 -^'j; 
 
 -f~iui -fat 
 
 
 -eerai 
 
 -Hxat, 
 
 
 -I'fTUt 
 
 
 -ilrut 
 
 D. 
 
 -iofie&ov 
 
 -t;f.ifdov 
 
 
 -fVflf&OV 
 
 
 -fOfiia&ov 
 
 
 -ten<yov 
 
 -fla&ov 
 
 
 -if G Oov 
 
 
 -fla&ov 
 
 P. 
 
 -{0/.ii&a 
 
 -a lie da 
 
 
 -iV^lfdtt 
 
 
 -fOfifiy&a 
 
 
 -UO&f 
 
 -fla&f 
 
 
 -lea&f 
 
 
 -f7a&f 
 
 
 -i'oVTUl 
 
 -bVTUC 
 
 
 -iOVTUt 
 
 
 -tUl'TUl 
 
 Subjunctii 
 
 S. (Ll). 
 
 -to)(jiav 
 
60 
 
 VERBA PfRA, 
 
 
 Full form. 
 
 Attic. 
 
 
 ?•' 
 
 -\l 
 
 
 tttitti 
 
 -»^ I at 
 
 ). 
 
 -Uniudov 
 
 -o'lfifOov 
 
 
 -tr^aOuv 
 
 -tja{*ov 
 
 '. 
 
 -fOHifOa 
 
 -loutifa 
 
 
 -ti,n&l 
 
 -?,oOi 
 
 
 -luiviai 
 
 -turrat 
 
 Homeric. 
 -tt,ui 
 -n,ttti 
 
 -tO)f4l&OP 
 -IMtUitu 
 
 -iitinat 
 
 Ontative. 
 
 S. 9^ 
 
 -f(jiitt,i' 
 
 -Ol^tjf 
 
 
 -fOitir,v 
 
 
 
 -t'oio 
 
 -olu 
 
 
 -to to 
 
 
 
 -tot TO 
 
 -oho 
 
 
 -ioiTO 
 
 
 D. 
 
 -loiiuxfov 
 
 -oifitOov 
 
 
 -loififOof 
 
 
 
 -f'otaOov 
 
 -oioOov 
 
 
 -foiaOov 
 
 
 
 -K)inOi,v 
 
 -ulaOtjv 
 
 
 -foiaOtiv 
 
 
 P. 
 
 -l6l^f9u 
 
 -oiuf{ta 
 
 
 -foltififa 
 
 
 
 -t'otaOe 
 
 -olaOf 
 
 
 -ioiadt 
 
 
 
 -fOllJU 
 
 -Oil 10 
 
 
 -foil lit 
 
 
 
 
 Iinperathe 
 
 
 
 S. qi^. 
 
 -t'ov 
 
 -ov 
 
 
 -fr -f7o (atf)f7o II. 21. Tv 
 
 
 -ftatto} 
 
 -fir, Out 
 
 
 -ft'aOio 
 
 -I la Oil) 
 
 D. 
 
 -itaiUtv 
 
 -t'laOov 
 
 
 -tfaOov 
 
 -flaOov 
 
 
 -tt'aOon- 
 
 -tiaOiov 
 
 
 -tta{>on- 
 
 -f'laObiv 
 
 V. 
 
 -f'laOt 
 
 -flaOf 
 
 
 -tfoOf 
 
 -flaOe 
 
 
 -it'aDionav 
 
 -fiai>ioatti' 
 
 it he. 
 
 -iH',Oi»nui- 
 
 -flo{>oinav 
 
 ,,u 
 
 -t'tnltui 
 
 rurti 
 
 k,,,U 
 
 -f'fnOui 
 
 -flaOui 
 
 ,,iK 
 
 -.'(;U,W U, 
 
 iiiitro^ 
 
 
 'foiifif'.; 
 
 -H lUHJ^ 
 
 
 
 Jmlicat. 
 
 Iinpcri. 
 
 
 S././a 
 
 -H)Ut,V 
 
 -tilt }, V 
 
 
 fun,,r 
 
 -H IU,f 
 
 
 -tor 
 
 -ov 
 
 
 {ftijj 
 
 -flO 
 
 
 -if TO 
 
 -flro 
 
 
 -th 
 
 -tit TO 
 
 D. 
 
 -toufOoi' 
 
 -uftfflov 
 
 
 -Hfif{>n¥ 
 
 
 
 -t'tnVoi- 
 
 -tlaf>oy 
 
 
 -uailay 
 
 -tloxrof 
 
 
 -tt'axhjf 
 
 -liaOr,v 
 
 
 -fH>V>>,f 
 
 -fin{h;v 
 
VERBA PURA. 
 
 6i 
 
 Full form. Attic. 
 
 -f6f.iiOa -Hfif&a 
 -i'fG&i -fla&e 
 
 Homeric. 
 
 -I'OVTO -iVVTO 
 
 
 
 
 Verba Pura 
 
 IN - 
 
 -uofiai. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Indicat. 
 
 Ptos. 
 
 
 
 s. 
 
 ri^i 
 
 -UOjUCCC 
 
 -lOf.tUt 
 
 
 -aoiiiat 
 
 -tXiCKC 
 
 
 -U)flUC 
 
 
 
 -ufzao 
 
 -UTUl 
 
 
 -CiiTUt 
 
 -urut 
 
 -auTuc 
 
 D 
 
 
 -aofif&ou 
 -ufodoi/ 
 
 -UG&OV 
 
 
 -UOI-tf&OV 
 
 -afG&ov 
 
 -Mf.t(&OP 
 -UGOov -UUG&Of 
 
 P. 
 
 \ 
 
 
 -UG&S 
 
 
 -aof-if&a 
 -afG&i 
 
 -ocGd^e 
 
 -ttaa&e 
 
 
 
 -uourau 
 
 -MVTCCO 
 
 
 -aovrav 
 
 -tOJTKfr 
 
 -OCOVTUi 
 
 S. 
 
 Tlfl 
 
 -awf.iui' 
 
 Subjunctive. 
 
 
 
 D 
 
 
 -atj 
 -atjzat 
 
 -U(Of.lf&OV 
 
 -IX 
 -UTCtC 
 
 -cca&op 
 
 
 -citjTai, 
 
 -UO)fXf&Ol 
 
 -uriG&ov 
 
 
 
 P. 
 
 
 -atof^ieOu 
 -ctt^a&f 
 
 -OJftf&U 
 
 -ccG&e 
 -oji/zai, 
 
 
 -uo)fi(da 
 
 -U>]G&£ 
 -CiCOfTUt 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Optative. 
 
 
 
 
 S. 
 
 TlfA, 
 
 -ccolf-irjV 
 
 -Mflf]V 
 
 
 -tt0ll.l7]V 
 
 -(Ol-lt^V 
 
 -0(Ofi1]l' 
 
 
 
 -doio 
 
 -COO 
 
 
 -UOIO 
 
 -OJO 
 
 -00)0 
 
 
 
 -dotzo 
 
 -MIO 
 
 
 -aoiTO 
 
 -(0X0 
 
 -OiOTO 
 
 D. 
 
 
 -aoiG&ov 
 
 -u\(.ie&ov 
 -ojaOov 
 
 
 -uolf-ifOov 
 
 -UOlGdov 
 
 -(o^ifd". 
 -ojgO: 
 
 -Oo}fi£d^. 
 
 -oowd-. 
 
 
 
 -u<jiGdi]v 
 
 -MO&r]V 
 
 
 aoio&tji' 
 
 -WG&. 
 
 -0(/)G^. 
 
 P. 
 
 
 -uoiut&u 
 
 -ioi.u&a 
 
 
 -uol^it&u 
 
 -om£&. 
 
 -Ou)^l£&. 
 
 
 
 -uoiG&e 
 
 -Loa&£ 
 
 
 -aoio&£ 
 
 -MG&, 
 
 -QOiG^, 
 
 
 
 -aoiVTO 
 
 -UJfTO 
 
 
 -aoivTO -wi>TO-(>}aTO -okwtc 
 
 S. 
 
 Tl^l 
 
 -uov 
 
 Imperative 
 
 -b) 
 
 {afo) -, 
 
 EV -OJ 
 
 -00} 
 
 
 
 -aeG&o) 
 
 -aa&M 
 
 
 -a^G&o) 
 
 -ugOo) 
 
 -uuGih'j 
 
 D 
 
 
 -uiGOov 
 
 -UG&OV 
 
 
 -deoVov 
 
 -uGxiov 
 
 -UUG&OV 
 
ce 
 
 p. 
 
 itfi 
 
 ^. HI ft 
 
 S. d>ik 
 D 
 
 r. 
 
 s. df,i 
 
 p. 
 p 
 
 
 VtRBA PIRA, 
 
 
 Full form. 
 
 AUic. 
 
 Homent. 
 
 -ut'oitiov 
 
 'UnxtMv 
 
 -at'a&oif -aaObw 
 
 -uiaOi 
 
 -uaOf 
 
 -aio&f -aaOf -dua&f 
 
 -ttt'aOojaav 
 
 -ttaOiooai- 
 
 hifnitive. 
 
 -utox^biouv -uaOoiOuv 
 
 -uiaOui 
 
 -uaOut. 
 
 -utnOui -uaOut -itanO 
 
 auv 
 -a fro 
 -aoufOov 
 
 -uofifOa 
 -ittnOf 
 
 -UOl'lO 
 
 -Ofiat 
 -oouffiov 
 -otnOov 
 -ouiiffia 
 
 -OOl'lUt 
 
 -OUIftUl 
 
 -otj 
 
 -or,Tai 
 
 -imntfOnt) 
 
 -oioiifdu 
 
 Participle. 
 
 -o'lftflO^ -UOlUVOq -(l)HfVO'i -Oo'tfifVO^ 
 
 Indicat. Impcrf. 
 
 -ujut;p -oo)ur,p 
 
 -01 
 
 -ttro 
 
 lOUflfOV 
 
 -un{}ov 
 
 -uaOt,i> 
 
 -oiufOa 
 
 -itoOf 
 
 -unto 
 
 \'eKD.\ PlFlA IN 
 
 -UhU1,V 
 
 {uto) 
 
 -ufio -urn -uuTO 
 
 -aoHiOov -tofitQ. -oiiififd. 
 
 -uinOov -uoOov -uunxfov 
 
 -uf'aOtjv -uaOtiv -uua\fr}v 
 
 -uoutOu -iDUfOa -oo'tfifOa 
 
 -ufoOf -ua{U -uuoOf 
 
 -UOVtO -UiVTO -OUiVXO 
 
 -oouut. 
 
 -UftUl 
 
 -0? 
 
 -UTttl 
 
 -ufifBov 
 -ta6op 
 -nfifOct 
 -unOf 
 
 Indicat. Frees. 
 
 -ooiiat 
 
 -OfTltl 
 -OOfltxfOV 
 
 -ofn8ot> 
 -uofifSct 
 -otaOf 
 -ouviat 
 
 -ntiai 
 -or, 
 -utut 
 -ufifOot 
 
 -HOdoV 
 
 -ufuBa 
 -uiiat 
 
 Subjuncliie. 
 
 -uniai 
 
 -0? 
 
 -iiirat 
 
 -oiuffiov 
 
 -liinfluf 
 
 -oiuffht 
 
 -oil) f I at 
 
 -6,1 
 
 -OtJVLt 
 
 -ouniffiov 
 -ounitOn 
 
S.dtjl 
 
 D. 
 
 S.df]l 
 
 D. 
 
 SrjX 
 
 3rjk 
 
 S. idf]l 
 
 D. 
 
 P. 
 
 VERBA PURA. 
 
 Full form. 
 
 -OMVTCCL 
 
 -0010 
 
 -ootro 
 
 -ool(.ii6ov 
 
 -ooiadov 
 
 -ooiad}]v 
 
 -ool/^teda 
 
 Attic. 
 -coaOf 
 
 Optative. 
 
 -Olf.li]V 
 
 -olo 
 -o7to 
 -olfifdov 
 -o'toBov 
 
 -OlOdt]V 
 
 -olf^ifda 
 
 -ooioOe -otadi 
 -oomxo -olvTO 
 
 -OOlfitJV 
 -0010 
 
 -ootro 
 
 -OOlf-lfdOV 
 
 -ootadov 
 
 -00l0d7]V 
 
 -ooif-tfOu 
 • -ooiode 
 
 -OOIVTO 
 
 Imperative. 
 
 -oov 
 
 -otad(o 
 
 -ofodov 
 
 -otadiav 
 
 -ofade 
 
 -oioOwoav 
 
 -oeodub 
 
 -a 
 
 -iiaSoi 
 -^adov 
 
 -yadcooav 
 
 {ofo) 
 -otadoi 
 -oiodov 
 -oeadwv 
 -oeodi 
 -otoQoioav 
 
 Infinitive. 
 
 -bGdat 
 
 -oeaOat 
 
 -Hodov 
 -isado)v 
 -5ade 
 -aadoioav 
 
 -nadai 
 
 
 Participle 
 
 
 
 -oofAivog 
 
 -bf-ievog 
 
 
 -oo^fvog 
 
 -ii{x6vog 
 
 
 Indicat. 
 
 Imperf. 
 
 
 -OOfXI^V 
 
 -isfinv 
 
 
 -oofinv 
 
 -iiUnv 
 
 -oov 
 
 -« 
 
 
 (oeo) 
 
 
 -OfXO 
 
 -3T0 
 
 
 -OiTO 
 
 -tSTO 
 
 -o6f.iidov 
 
 -i5[.lfd0V 
 
 
 -OOfiidov 
 
 -8f.il Oov 
 
 -ofoOov 
 
 -5adov 
 
 
 -oeadov 
 
 -HOdoV 
 
 -Oi'odljV 
 
 -iiOd}]V 
 
 
 ' 0iOdt]V 
 
 -isadt]v 
 
 -OOfiidu 
 
 -y/Afda 
 
 
 -OOflidu 
 
 -yfifdu 
 
 -oeade 
 
 -sods 
 
 
 -oeade 
 
 -bade 
 
 -oovto 
 
 -5VT0 
 
 
 'OOVTO 
 
 -HVTO 
 
CU.NJLCiATION OF VKRBS 
 wiTHOL'T mood-vowi:ls. 
 
 ^ 3(5. Conjugation of the .lorr. Passive. 
 
 \Vc come nnw to the Conjugation without Mood-vovcels^ fo cuWei), 
 because, from tlio failure of the Mood-vo\veI«, almost all the devia- 
 tion* from the e;eneral rule, in the preceding Paradigm, are to be 
 explained. This I'aradigm,arran<r»;d according to an arbitrary cla«s- 
 itication, can with difl'icultv be remembere«l ; but, when its princi- 
 ples are developed and explained, it is understood in a very short 
 time, and deeply impressed on the memory. To commence with 
 the Aorr. of the Pass, which the Paradigm presented in ^ ','.» has 
 antici|)ated. If we compare the I ii d. *Vr(/ «'>»;»' with the Opt. riq- 
 6f'it]v^ and frvnt]v with rrnf/»;i', it is obvious that the Ground-forms 
 of the Tenses are rvqOf and nnf^ to which, in onier to form the 
 Aorr., the Terminations of the Secondary tenses of the Act. are 
 bubjoincd, viz. Sing. 1. -»• 2. -a 3. — Dual l.-fuv. 2. -rov 3. -rtiv 
 Plur. \.-iifv 2.-Tf 3.-(T«i'. These terminations, in case the Mood- 
 vowel fails, are annexed immediately to the Ground-torm, which, 
 in the Indira'. Imperat. ami Intin., lengthens the linal vowel, e. g. 
 
 ttvqOt,t — tivtffir,nuv 1 
 
 from 11 q 
 
 fit ; 
 
 t^t,v — izi,Guv from c«. 
 
 Ob- 
 
 serve lirst the conjugation. 
 
 
 
 
 Indicat. 
 
 t, 
 
 t, I 1, v 
 
 i,ni(r 
 
 
 Subjunct. 
 rvrx f-"i !i' 
 ' {^-ontfv >,it 
 
 1,1 ov 
 
 Opt.itive. 
 
 
 
 Inipcrat. 
 
 
 ' ( ~H),itty til, If 
 
 fn,i >,v 
 fii,iMii 
 
 
 
 
 Intin. 
 
 
 
 Pailicip. 
 
 
 ■nzx } - 
 
 
 
 nqO S'"' """ •■*' 
 
 
 The Subjunct. has its Mood-vowels, but is usually found in the 
 rontracted form ; e.g. rrn/oi n m.^, ?i-i/i,,' r»;i;%'. Unn (from ih) 
 Of't,^' Ot'ij, {fi'i i'>»7s xh';, in Homer Otiui Otn.i ihit, with the jtro- 
 tractcd f, as in qiXfloi-fir^- ^cc. 
 
AORR. PASSIVE, 65 
 
 The Optat. takes after the Ground-form an «, and subjoins the 
 terminations of the Indicat, viz. l.-»;j/ 2.-?;? 3.-??. Dual. l.-t][.iiv 
 2.-t]tov 3.-t]Tt]i'. Plur. \.-i]nfv 2.-?;rf S.-ijOuv ; e. g. TVf6f-t-i]v 
 TV<pd(lyjv, Tide — Tidfhjf, Be — Oeujv, axa—GTairiv, &c. 
 
 The Imperative has the terminations of the Act., and in the 2. 
 Sing, retains the di which in the Act. is dropped ; e. g. Sing. 2. 
 -db 3.-T(u. Dual 2 -TO*/ 3.-rwf. Plur. 2. Tt 3.-rw(j«j/. hi some 
 few verbs, e. g. in gtu (i<7T»?jMt,) the vowel is lengthened, (oTadc) 
 grjOt ; in other cases, it is short, e. g. dido dldo'&i, If iidi itiw, &lc. 
 
 When another {) precedes, the last is changed into the corres- 
 ponding Tenuis or smooth mute, for the sake of euphony, e. g. 
 TV(f&t]&t rvq)&i]Tt^ Ti&edt ridfri. 
 
 The Infinit. in-vat has generally in other cases, the vowel pre- 
 ceding the -put short. In the Aorr. Pass., however, Timtjvcci, 
 l.t'i'&rivat,^ and in OTrji>ui &c. the vowel is long, but in riOtvut, 
 iGTavuc &.C. short. 
 
 The terminations of the Participles are e-vx^eniXy-vrg-vTau-vrg. 
 Hence, when the Ground-form is added, and the whole form reduc- 
 ed, from TVcp&fVTg, TV(f)&iVTGu, rvcfd^avrg, we obtain zv(f{^flg 
 -liaa -tv. In the Neuter, rg is rejected to obtain a form differ- 
 ent from the Masculine. In the same manner, do dovxg, d^g -5aa 
 -6v ; GTCi Gxavrg, Grug GTUGa gtkv ; deiKvv ditKvvvrg, deinvvg 
 vaa vv. 
 
 § 37. The Active -without Mood-vowels. 
 
 The conjugation without Mood-vowels, which is also the origi- 
 nal conjugation, has been preserved in the Verba Pura, commonly 
 those with monosyllabic roots in-f-cc-o, and in others of more than 
 one syllable in f ; e. g. cfa (fi^]fxi^ demvv dil'Avvf.ii. In the unculti- 
 vated dialects this was the case in Verba Pura of every kind ; e. g. 
 o^ao) 6Q^]f^it,, qopHo q6(Srjf.u, &,c. Under this conjugation are in- 
 cluded in the Act., the Praes. Imperf. and Aor. 2., and in the 
 Pass., the Praes. Imperf. and Aor. 2. M. In addition to the re- 
 marks in the preceding Paragraph, some few observations are 
 here necessary. 
 
 We employ the verbs qa-o), dfrnvv-co, t-io, do-o), df-u), whose 
 roots are qu, deoivv, gt(x, e, do, -&(. Many of these are increased, 
 in the Praes. and Imperf,. by prefixing an i, which, when possible, 
 
66 C'OXJUCATIOX OF THE AtriVt. 
 
 is preceded bj the first consonant of the root ; c. g, nrct, i, do, &f ; 
 iiiju, if, dido, TtOf, (not niora Oi\yf.) 
 
 1. Prat. In the Sing, the terminations are irregular, l--^i, 
 2.-g,X-ai. The vowels are lengthened before ihe.-e termina- 
 tions; e.g. qij-fti, dfixi'V-^i, I'artj-fit, itj-ui, didio-jui, iiOr,-f.ii -r,g 
 -tjat. The conjugation then pioceeds regularly through the re- 
 maining perss. with the U!<Mal termination*, viz. Dual -/•ff-ro*- -ro»' 
 riur. -fit i> -J f -i/T at ; e. g. qa-fiit' qu-rov qu-TOv qa-fit'f qu-Tt 
 {qa-fiat) quai. The 3 perss. Plur. are quvxnt, dfiawtrroi, iaruv- 
 rni, ifvTOt, fiidorrai, riOtvrat. From these original forms, the 
 vr may be rejected, and then we have the common forms qaai 
 Sfmvvai. InTuni Wini dtduot tiiulat. The lonians and .Attics re- 
 ceived frequently in the 3 Plur. an a in place of »- as in qvyoiuro 
 for qvyoivTO. Ifin the forms here under consideration, besides 
 the reception of ft for v, we reject the t before o, we have the 
 Ionic-Attic forms^ dfixivaai h'uai didouai rixttuai. 
 
 NoTK. Many of the Ferta pura, with roots of more than one 
 syllable, form this Prjes. by subjoining -fpuni, e.g. ritruot :ifTUPi- 
 rui. axfi)uo) axff)ui-i>ffti ; Mutes and Liquids by the addition of 
 -vvfit, e.g. oof'y-vrfti dflx-rviii oiy-vrfti. 
 
 2. linperf. and .lor. Both tenses have the terminations of the 
 Aorr. Pass., but the vowels are lengthened only in the .^^ingular. 
 The difference between these two tenses consists only in this, that 
 the hnperf. is formcti by the aid of the prefixes -/ -di -rt ; the 
 Aor., however, is formed iVom the unaltered root ; e g. Imperf. 
 'iait]v, from iaf « ,- Aor. tart; v, from (tt« , Imperf. tdidwr. tVom 
 Aido ; Aor. fdotv, from ^o. The prefix, therefore, distinguishes 
 the Imjierf. from the Aor. When this fails, as in 9 >,/</, both tense? 
 cannot be I'nrmed. The conjugation is as follows ; 
 
 Imperf tdidt.n' ) n i> 
 
 .Aor. 2. toon- ^ 
 
 NoTK. I. Many verba pura, which otherwise belong to the 
 conjugation with the Mood-vowel, form al<o the Aor. 2. in this 
 manner; e.g. fiv-oi, idiv — tdvaaf : jiuliu), iVom [ia, tjitjy i yty- 
 vofoxto, trom yi>o, tyiiDf. 
 
 Note 2. That the Moods are formed in the manner described 
 when treating of the .Xorr. Pass., has boon already hinted; and 
 hero al«o, tlir pretix dislingui<lu.s between the Pra-s. and Aor. 
 
CONJUGATION OF THE PASSIVE. 67 
 
 Subjnnct. Optat. Imperat. Infin. Particip. 
 
 Praes. ti&m riOfhjv rliriTC Tidivav rUfflg 
 
 Aor. 2. -O^cul {yeuji/ {deit) df'g {^ivut) O^hvui, xtelg 
 
 Note 3. All the remaining tenses are formed, in the usual 
 manner, from the root, by the aid of the Mood-vowels ; e. g. do, 
 dojacD, dtdbincc, &;c. Irregular are from rl&7]f^u, the Aor. 1. Act. 
 id^t]K(x, M. l&t]KUf.u]v, Perf Act. rtd^fina, Pass. Tt&nf.iai, Plusqpf. 
 he&ei/.it^i' ; from (J/d'to/u, Aor. 1. Act. tdcDnci, M. idconu^Jiv. 
 
 § 38. The Passive without Mood-vowels. 
 
 The Pass, here has no peculiar terminations, but those merely 
 of the Conjugation with Mood-vowels. But, as the terminations 
 are subjoined immediately to the Ground-forms, the Conjugation 
 proceeds with regularity, and calls for but few additional observa- 
 tions. 1. This conjugation extends itself only to the Prges. and 
 Imperf , and in some verbs, to the Aorr. 2. M. The remaining 
 tenses have the Mood-vowels, e. g. Tidi-fiocv -out -rat, kc. iziSi 
 -/.t7]v -GO -TO, &c. fdf'fArjv -GO -TO, &c. It must be understood 
 here, also, that the Aor. can be found only where the prefix- 
 es t dt TO are admissible, which distinguish the Imperf. from the 
 Aor. 
 
 2. In the 2d. perss., the g is generally retained ; it is dropped 
 in some instances in the Imperf and in the Imperat., and frequent- 
 ly in the Optat ; e. g. from ror>;|uat, Imperat. IWaoo, more fre- 
 quently 'iGTOi ; Optat. iGToio, &c. 
 
 3. The Subjunct. is found here also with the Mood-vowel and 
 contracted; e.g. Ti6io)^(ui, Tidw/Ltai; zidtrj, xiOri ; riQi^irai, n- 
 dtjrai. But in the contraction here, there is this peculiar y that 
 orj becomes w; and at], ri ; e.g. d'idoa>iAat didwfiai, did'otj didat, 
 StdotjTai, didaJTui, iGzafj lory}. The same is true in the Act. 
 
 4. Moreover, many of the Verba Pura follow the analogy of 
 this conjugation in the Pass, only, and in the Act. have the regular 
 Mood-vowels; e. g. 7itTaf.iat, nira -fiat -oat -Tat; d'vvafA.at -oat 
 -rat. In the same manner, neJ^at, dl^rif.iat, o'i[j.at, Imperf Mf.iviv, 
 &c. 
 
 § 39. Paradigm of the Active. 
 The Homeric do not differ frequently from the common forms. 
 In the Passive, if we except the frequent omission of the Augment 
 
68 FARADIGM OF THE ACTIVE. 
 
 and the uncontracted form of the Aor. Imperat. Oto, avfOeo, the 
 comniou aud Hynieric forms coincide. 
 
 
 
 
 Indicai 
 
 [. Pracs. 
 
 
 
 S. lid 
 
 -tjlU 
 
 -^,- Horn. 
 
 did 
 
 ' -Otftl 
 
 -log H. 01 <; oigda 
 
 i'5 -»;ut 
 
 
 
 -t,at 
 
 
 -oiai H. 
 
 0* 
 
 -r,at. 
 
 
 D. 
 
 -fftlV 
 -fTOP 
 
 
 -Oftfv 
 -otov 
 
 
 -UftfV 
 
 -ccrov 
 
 
 P. 
 
 -fUfV 
 
 -f[f 
 -flat 
 
 
 -OU(i> 
 
 -oil 
 -uni 
 
 
 -uiuv 
 
 -UT( 
 
 -uai 
 
 
 
 
 
 Subjunctive. 
 
 
 
 S. TtO 
 
 -Hi 
 
 did 
 
 -m 
 
 
 Ig -10 
 
 
 D. 
 
 
 
 -01 
 -lilflfV 
 
 
 -tig 
 -toufv 
 
 
 I) 
 
 -f,tf 
 -ion I 
 
 
 -IDTOV 
 -OtfUl' 
 
 -tori 
 -(oni 
 
 
 -f'lOV 
 -OIKfV 
 -t',l{ 
 
 -I'tat 
 
 
 S. !/.•> 
 
 -fit, I' 
 
 did 
 
 Optative. 
 -ou;v 
 
 ig -uir,v 
 
 
 
 -"'»,*' 
 
 
 -ohjg 
 
 
 -ult}g 
 
 
 
 -(it) 
 
 
 -oh) 
 
 
 -ah) 
 
 
 D. 
 
 -fItjftfV 
 
 -fhjiov 
 -ni)rt)v 
 
 
 -oltjitfv 
 -olt/iov 
 -oit)ir,v 
 
 
 -uhififv II. 
 
 -ttlt)TO¥ 
 -ttl>itli¥ 
 
 ulftti 
 
 
 -tir,iuv 
 
 
 -oh;ufv 
 
 
 -ui),ufv H. 
 
 -uiiifv 
 
 
 -tir,tf 
 
 
 -oltjif H 
 
 . -oUf 
 
 -uu,tf 
 
 -uirl 
 
 
 -ihjfiav 
 
 
 -oi»,oav 
 
 -ultv 
 
 -U(l,l»«l' 
 
 -uifv 
 
 Tia 
 
 -ft I 
 
 did 
 
 linyeralive. 
 -uOi 11. -loOi 
 
 i? -uOi II. -»; 
 
 -u 
 
 
 -{'no I^C. 
 
 
 -Otli) ikc. 
 
 
 -mo i:c. 
 
 
 
 
 
 Infinitive. 
 
 
 
 7l{f - 
 
 nui 11 -»; 
 
 until dtd-uiut II 
 
 1. -HI 1(1 
 
 1^ -Ul U( 11. -u 
 
 /(.')«« 
 
 nli 
 
 -//-.■ 
 
 did 
 
 I'artic 
 
 ipU. 
 
 '■; -«? 
 
 
PARADIGM OF THE ACTIVE. 
 
 
 
 Indicat. 
 
 Impi 
 
 ^rf. 
 
 
 
 -IjV 
 
 
 idid~Mv 
 
 
 
 IGI 
 
 -t]V 
 
 -tjg 
 
 
 -OiQ 
 
 
 
 
 -vs 
 
 -,; H. 
 
 -11 
 
 -to H. ov 
 
 
 
 
 -7] H. -ttffKf 
 
 -ififi/ 
 
 
 -0(.l£V 
 
 
 
 
 -ttf.lfV 
 
 ~£TOV 
 
 
 -01 OP 
 
 
 
 
 -UTOV 
 
 -tTr^v 
 
 
 -ornv 
 
 
 
 
 -UTt]V 
 
 -tfitv 
 
 
 -OfllV 
 
 
 
 
 -UfifV 
 
 -iT£ 
 
 
 -ore 
 
 
 
 
 -axe 
 
 -tauv 
 
 
 -oaav 
 
 
 
 
 -uaav 
 
 S. i& 
 
 p. 
 
 -i]v id 
 
 1 -wf H. ooaxot 
 
 -»;? 
 
 -wg 
 
 -V 
 
 -co doa^e 
 
 -{(.UP 
 
 -0(.UP 
 
 -{TOP 
 
 -OTOV 
 
 -ITTjV 
 
 -6x7] P 
 
 -IfAfV 
 
 -Of.ap 
 
 -iT£ 
 
 -oxe 
 
 -eaapW. S^taaau 
 
 -OGCCV 
 
 
 Subjunctive. 
 
 H. -dot 
 
 3-M 
 
 • -ilrig 
 
 -Mg 
 
 fg -7]v 
 -rjg 
 -V 
 
 -1JT0V 
 
 -rixriv 
 
 -f]fiiV 
 -1JX€ 
 
 -viaav 
 
 -rig H. -ririg 
 -T] -ili] -o) li.-o')t]Gi -(^)at -Mr] -7] -jjrj [^iiv 
 
 D. -Mfiev -elofAep -ioif-up &.C. -wfxfp -cjo^uv Sic, -m/hip -ilofxiv -e'co- 
 3 PI. -Mat 3 PI. -(oGt -o'joiGt 3 PI. -mgi 
 
 Optative. 
 
 H. Plur. H. Plur. 
 
 {i^ -ilfjv SiC. \.-67fitp d -oh]p &c. h-o7fifv g -aiT]P &c. 
 
 3. -flza 2. -o7x6 
 
 3 PI. -fir]aav 3. -i7iv 3 PI. -oh]Gav 3. -o7iv 3 F\.-ait]accv H.-a?if j/ 
 
 Imperative. 
 ^ -eg d -6g g -t}&v . 
 
 -i'xO) &C. -6xM &C. -I^XM &c. 
 
 10 
 
70 
 
 PARADIGM OF THE PASSIVE. 
 
 Infinitive. 
 9 -mat W.-t^itvui -tfAiv d -uvui \l.-6fi(vut -ouiv q -r,vai \\.-y,iitiai 
 
 I'ariicipU. 
 
 40. Paradigm of t lie Passive. 
 Indicative PrcEs. 
 
 S. t/\> -fftai 
 
 did 
 
 -o^ui 
 
 i'cr -ituttt 
 
 -taut 
 
 
 -onai 
 
 -aaai 
 
 -fttti 
 
 
 -OlttC 
 
 -aiui 
 
 D. -f'ufOov 
 
 
 -Oftf&oy 
 
 -apf9ov 
 
 -rnOov 
 
 
 -oaOov 
 
 -ua&ov 
 
 P. -f'fitOuW. 
 
 -t'ltioOa 
 
 -6^f{>a 
 
 -uutOa 
 
 -fa&f 
 
 
 -oaOe 
 
 -ua&f 
 
 -ivxai 
 
 
 -OVTttt 
 
 Subjunctive. 
 
 -avrai 
 
 >. riO- -oifiut 
 
 did 
 
 -OtttUl 
 
 ig -oiuat 
 
 fj 
 
 
 -10 
 
 T^ 
 
 /; I C(t 
 
 
 -lorai 
 
 -fjrat 
 
 D. l<',Uf{f0V 
 
 
 -MftfOov 
 
 -litfl{{>OV 
 
 -»;•) >'''>!' 
 
 
 -luaxior 
 
 -fiaOov 
 
 P -i>'tuf{^a 
 
 
 -to^iOa 
 
 -wtiii^a 
 
 -ijaOf 
 
 
 -aia&f 
 
 -t'a{}f 
 
 -b)viai 
 
 
 -litVTUl 
 
 Optative. 
 
 -un rai 
 
 S. r/t> -iif.n]v 
 
 did 
 
 -oifit;v 
 
 ig -alfttiy 
 
 -HO 
 
 
 -oio 
 
 -ttlo 
 
 -tho 
 
 
 -oho 
 
 -ttho 
 
 n. 'fi'ufftov 
 
 
 -oifuOov 
 
 -{tlufOof 
 
 -fln{}ny 
 
 
 -o'laOov 
 
 -ulaOui' 
 
 -ilo{h,v 
 
 
 -olnOtjv 
 
 -alnOtjf 
 
 ?. -fifitOct 
 
 
 -otftfOa 
 
 -alufOa 
 
 -tla&t 
 
 
 -olnOi 
 
 -a7a\tf 
 
 -ilvro 
 
 
 -olno 
 
 -aivro 
 
PARADIGM OF THE PASSIVE. 
 
 71 
 
 
 
 Imperative. 
 
 
 
 Tl& 
 
 -f(TO (ov) 
 
 did -oao {ov) 
 
 i'g 
 
 -aao {(a) 
 
 
 -fWw &c. 
 
 -oa&ia kc. 
 Infinitive. 
 
 
 -aa&oi &c. 
 
 T/t9- 
 
 -fff^at 
 
 dld-OG&ttt, 
 
 Participle. 
 
 'i? 
 
 -aa&at 
 
 TlO- -. 
 
 tf-UDog H. - 
 
 rif.uvog 8i8-6(.uvog 
 
 Indicative Imperf. 
 
 k 
 
 -afxivog 
 
 S. hi& 
 
 -f'^TJV 
 
 fdcd -0f.it jv 
 
 i? 
 
 -Ufiriv 
 
 
 -f(Jo (on) 
 
 -oao {ou) 
 
 
 -aao {o)) 
 
 
 -fTO 
 
 -OTO 
 
 
 -UTO 
 
 D. 
 
 -f'lwe^ov 
 
 -Of4{&OV 
 
 
 -ocfii&ov 
 
 
 -fa^ov 
 
 -oadov 
 
 
 -uad^ov 
 
 
 -fW?;i/ 
 
 -oa&Tjf 
 
 
 -da&tjv 
 
 P. 
 
 -i'fie^cc 
 
 -o^if&u 
 
 
 -Uf.l{&C( 
 
 
 -la^s 
 
 -oa&e 
 
 
 -cca&e 
 
 
 -ivro 
 
 -OVTO 
 
 Indicat. A or. 2. 
 
 
 -avTO 
 
 S. i& 
 
 -I GO {ov) 
 -6T0 
 
 id -Of.u]u 
 -oao {ov) 
 
 -OTO 
 
 
 
 D. 
 
 -f'<(6i>0l/ 
 
 -ea&ov 
 -t'adtjv 
 
 -6f.lfd-0V 
 
 -oa&ov 
 -oadtjv 
 
 
 
 ?. 
 
 -tfiidtt 
 
 -iode 
 
 -tvzo 
 
 -Ofiida 
 -oada 
 
 -OVTO 
 
 Subjunctive. 
 
 
 
 S. f> 
 
 
 d -(OfAOit 
 
 
 
 
 -Mfxedov &C. -b}(.lid0V &c. 
 
 
 
 3 PI. 
 
 -(OVTV.t 
 
 3 PI. -oipTCCi 
 
 
 
72 UECIXSSIOS AND PR0X01K8. 
 
 Optative. 
 
 & -ti^ir,v i:C. 3 PI. -^?iTO d -oiur,v &C. ?> PI. -o'tvTO 
 
 q-uiurt¥ &C. ;■> PI -OM'io 
 Iiiipcrntiit. 
 -too -t: \\. -fit S -onu -« 
 
 -I'adut iic. -oadio Sec. 
 
 Injimt. nil'/ ParlicifK 
 
 ■0 -f'adai d -oadui & -fftifog d -o^i/ioe 
 
 SMALLKK PAKADIC.MS 
 
 riio.M iU).Mi:i: 
 
 § II. Declensions and Pronoun>. 
 
 The Paradigms of the Declensions are intended to exhibit ihr 
 forms of Nouns in Homer, although the forms of the particular 
 Nouns here employed may not be found, some of which are evi- 
 dently inconsistent with the measure of the verse; e. g. ui//(« 
 
 s. 
 
 n^tt) 
 
 
 
 atx^u]xr,q tt 
 
 
 
 nurjg 
 
 7J<fl 
 
 
 aiXH'Jf^" 
 
 «o 
 
 
 "/<r; 
 
 im 
 
 
 ttixfi',rt; 
 
 
 
 jtunv 
 
 
 
 tuyuf,Tt,v 
 
 
 
 ittitj 
 
 
 
 Kt'xf' >, f « 
 
 
 n. 
 
 nita 
 nita'iv 
 
 
 
 aixft>,m^t 
 
 
 P. 
 
 nfial 
 
 
 
 ttiyfit;ttti 
 
 
 
 Tiiiaoif 
 
 t'ftV 
 
 lOV 
 
 tt!yut]xtttiiv 
 
 not- 
 
 
 Tiut,at 
 
 >'!<; 
 
 «7v* 
 
 nixfttirt',ni 
 
 »"» 
 
 
 Ttf4U^ 
 
 
 
 «i'jf/<r;io^" 
 
 
 dfttl^ Od. 
 
DECLENSIONS AND PRONOUN? 
 
 S. avifiog 
 
 ttVifAOV 010 0(f- 
 
 avt'i-to) o(fiv 
 dvff^iov ocpiv 
 €ipff.t6 og 
 D. «Vf'/(o) 
 
 ave'i-ioiv o'l'iv 
 
 UffftOl 
 
 avt'{.io)v 
 avffxoioi oig 
 uvf'f.iovg 
 
 Forms oi^ vtog added from theGr. § 185. [Tr. 
 If Sinof. 
 
 P. 
 
 ogjiv 
 
 S. li'cov 
 XiovTog 
 XiovTv 
 Xiovra 
 li'ov 
 
 D. li'oVTS 
 
 XeovTOcv 
 P. Uovreg 
 
 XiOVTOiV 
 
 kfovTiaat Xisat, 
 kiovrag 
 
 Forms of itu^t] 
 
 N. 
 
 G. it^UTOg KQCiTlOCpi 
 
 D. ugari 
 Ac. x^uza 
 
 N. 
 
 G. XQttTOiV 
 
 D. nQaol 
 Ac. 
 
 N. vlog 
 G. vlov 
 D. 
 Ac. vlov 
 
 N. Ac. 
 
 N. 
 
 G. vlojv 
 D. vIoIgcv 
 Ac viovg 
 V. 
 
 viog 
 vh 
 via 
 Dual. 
 vh 
 •Plur. 
 
 vtaab 
 
 viag 
 
 vieg 
 
 III. 
 jsl^og 
 
 rei^eog svaqio eaqi 
 xeixe'i rji fG(fi 
 reTj^og 
 
 viiog 
 vli'i' vii7 
 Vita 
 
 viteg viitg 
 
 vitbiv 
 
 xst^og 
 
 reiltoiv 
 
 Tiixea ^ 
 
 xHiiwv saqi 
 
 added from the Gr. § 19^. [Tk.] 
 Sing. ^ ' * 
 
 v.aQ7i 
 
 HQaaxog nag^^rog xaQi'jccTOg 
 nguaro naQy]ri KaQrian 
 
 xap»? '■ 
 
 vitag 
 viilg 
 
 noXtg 
 
 noXiog fog Tjog 
 ttoXh el tfi' 
 nohu 
 noli 
 noht 
 noVioiv 
 noXifg 7]ig 
 nolioiv 
 noXtfoot 
 TxoKcag ecg riag 
 
 Plur. 
 
 HQfXDlTa 
 
 '/.aQilivoiv 
 
74 
 
 UF.CLE>SIO\S AND PRONOUN* 
 
 
 
 Pronouns. 
 
 
 
 
 
 Sing. 
 
 
 
 N. 
 
 iyuiv tytti 
 
 ivtti] av 
 
 
 
 G. 
 
 iuio t'uflo 
 
 nto atlo 
 
 To eio 
 
 
 
 tfifi' ^ev 
 
 OIV OfV 
 
 IV iv 
 
 
 
 tfti'Ofv 
 
 af'dfv jfo'io 
 
 id IV 
 
 
 D. 
 
 t/40i flOl 
 
 not rot 
 
 Till' 
 
 tOl 0* 
 
 oi 
 
 Ac. 
 
 iftt nf 
 
 at at 
 
 Dual. 
 
 
 t'f 
 
 i\. 
 
 
 oqin 
 
 
 
 G. 
 
 VliHf 
 
 aqouv 
 
 
 
 D. 
 
 vcoi'v 
 
 aqiHi'i' aqfiiy 
 
 nq(<)'ii 
 
 
 Ac. 
 
 »'<U 
 
 aqio 
 
 aqoi 
 
 
 
 IIDI 
 
 (Tfjf (1) J 
 
 Fliir. 
 
 aqotf 
 
 
 N. 
 
 
 
 
 
 G. 
 
 TjttflDV tifitnov 
 
 VfXfMV V^fllOf 
 
 oq nof 
 aqtcov 
 
 aqtioir 
 (fqotv 
 
 D. 
 
 UftUlf U^lttt 
 
 I' till If t IIUl 
 
 aqiat ■ 
 
 -V nqiai -v 
 
 
 tj^tV >iUlV 
 
 VUU' 
 
 aqiv 
 
 aqtv 
 
 
 JiUlV 
 
 
 aq, 
 
 
 Ac. 
 
 u^Hf 
 
 7''!' 
 
 aqt'ag 
 
 aqfttg 
 
 
 r,^uu< 
 
 vftta^ 
 
 aqug 
 
 aqt 
 
 
 /'/<«s 
 
 
 
 
 .^ hi. fiin rum, Rnot i' -w. 
 
 Those forms only of the followiiij?: verhs, which occur in Ho- 
 mer, are exhibited. 
 
 Frets. Indicat. 
 Sino:. 1. liiil f. u^ iani 3. Air/. Dual 3. ttrtov. J'iur I. // 
 ui¥ t. tntf 3 n'ai tuGt. 
 
 Subjunctivf. 
 Sing. 1. tot f'tw in uiitia II. 23. iJ7. 'i.en,>; J. itjai t^ai ti; ft*, 
 I'lur. 3. iujoi iont 
 
HOMERIC FORMS. 7& 
 
 Optative. 
 Sing-. 1. ftt]v 2. fhjg ioig 3. iit] toi. Plur. 2. fire 3. fifv. 
 
 Sing. 2. f ffa for * oao Od. 3. 200. 3. taro). Plur. 2. age 3 i'gwv. 
 
 Infinitive and Participle. 
 fjAfvao tf.if.apai tfuv tfifitv fivac iojv oiv 
 
 Imperfect. 
 
 Sing. 1. id ^a iov ea«ov 2. ftjada ^ada 3. eijv tjrjv riiv riv 
 i'ane. Dual 3. 7] azfjv. Plur. 1. r/fiev 2. ??Te 3. ioccp i]G«v itaro 
 Od. 20. 106. 
 
 Future Indicat. 
 
 Sing. l.tGOfiat eaaofiat 2. faeat i'aj; taGiat 3. tatxat tarav 
 laaerai, tGaihai. Dual 3. tGeGdov. Plur. l.iGOfiiGda ioGOfieda 
 2. taiGde 3. iGOvrut fOGOvrac. 
 
 Injinit. and Particip. 
 tofGdat fGGiGSat, iGGOfifvog 
 
 § 43. qttjfil Root cpa -co. 
 
 Prces. Indicat, 
 Sing. 1. ^jjjMt 2. ifrjg 3. ^>?(t/. Plur. 1. (pafii'v 2. gD«7-t 3. ^ctff/ 
 
 Optative. 
 Sing. 1. (fali]v 2. qairjg 3. ^«t7j. Plur. 1. (foifiiv 
 
 Infinit. ^fti/at Particip. gxi? 
 
 Imperfect. 
 
 Sing. l.iq)t]v (pTJv iifaanov 2. iqi7]g iq)r]Gda (frig qtJGdcc fcpaa- 
 Ktg 3. e(f:7] gjTj i<fiaGK£. Plur. 1. tpccfiev 2. qpare 3. tcpuGav i(f>av 
 cpttGttv qav. 
 
 Some forms in the Mid. 
 
 Imperf. Sing. 1. f'qcftjMJ/j/ ^ajMTjv 2. qpao 3. icparo q)o(TO Plur. 
 2. qiaodt 3. f'quvro quvzo. 
 
 Imperat. Sing. 2. ^ao 3. cpaGdoi. Plur. 2. qiaade. 
 
 Particip. qufifvog. Infiuit. cpaadctc 
 
(t> IIOMCRIC FORMS. 
 
 § 44. fiiii to, Roots t-0) 7-i'> fi-oi. 
 
 Pras. Indicat. 
 Sing. l./7i<t 2. ficidu 3. tlai. Plur. I. i«<*i' 2.'iif S.'iaot. 
 
 SubjunctiTe. 
 Sinfi^. 1. /tij .l.niada 3.itjaitr]. ?\ur. i. lountiuiu, .).iu,nt. 
 Optat. Sing. .3. ioi fir,. Imperat. Sing.' 2. id* 3. i'toj. Plur. 2. 
 trf. Infinit. iutvai iun' initi. Particip. kov. 
 
 I III J I erf. 
 
 Sing. 1. t',i'oi' r'i'i'tt 2. i'l'i'fg 'iig 3. iji't Tjf iV t,n the last some- 
 iimes conjiidered as a Plii»(|pf. Dual 3. tTr,v. Piur. 1. i',uufv 
 3. tji'ot' tnur tjiour. 
 
 Sonne Pa.s.s. or Mid. forms. 
 
 PraBS. Indicat. 3 Plur. itvTui, Imperat. uadi. Particip. itfii- 
 voc. Fut. M. ."^itig. 1. uaoiiui 3. tiairai, Aor. 1. M. tiauio 
 ffiauTo. Dual 3. tfinaadr,t>. Particip. iiaaftivo-i t:utiGu^tyf} II. 
 21. 424. 
 
 § 45. tJau fji.ttti from the root i' -i». 
 
 Indicat. Aor. Sing. .5. ^Ta^i' ^Ta^. P\ur. ■'>. finup M. 3 Sing. 
 if'aaaTo- 
 
 Imperat. Sing. 2. tlaoi' -M. i'qtaaui Od. 15. 277. 
 
 lotinit. /grf(TOu( Od. 13.274. Particip. *oos' M. tqiaaufifvog 
 Od. 16, 443. 
 
 Perf. Pass. Siog.l. >;««< 2. tjnat. 3. tjnrut. Plur. 1. /;/(;fl« 2. 
 *;a6f 3. tuTtti ijttTUi f'i'ajui. 
 
 Imperat. Sing. 2. tjao. In6n. i,nBui. Particip. i';fiffog. 
 
 Plusqpt". Sing. 1. »/«»;»' 2. ^aro. Dual v>. ;;afli;r. F^lur. 1. 
 t;itf6a 3. i'aro t'l'ctio ijvro. 
 
GREEK LANGUAGE AND ITS DIALECTS. 
 
 EXTRACTED FROM 
 
 BUTTM ANN'S AUSFUEHRLICHE GRAMMATIK 
 p. 1—9. 
 
 1. The Greek Language {qiojvi] ilXrjVixrj) anciently was not 
 confined to Greece, but was spread abroad over a considerable 
 portion of Asia Minor, southern Italy, Sicily, and other regions 
 where Greek colonies were established. Like all other langua- 
 ges, the Greek had its ditferent dialects, {diaXinroi)., all of which 
 however may be reduced to two, the Doric \i] doQiari^ doQig^) and 
 the Ionic (?y io)viy.r)^ /«?,) spoken originally by the two principal 
 Greek tribes, the Dorians and the lonians. 
 
 2. The Doric tribe was the largest, and the parent of the great- 
 est number of colonies. Thus the Doric dialect prevailed in the 
 whole interior of Greece, in Italy, and in Sicily. Its sounds were 
 harsh, and owing to the frequent recurrence of the long «, made 
 an impression on the ear which the Greeks denominated nXuTiL- 
 uofAog (broad pronunciation.) As a whole it attained to a less de- 
 gree of cultivation than the Ionic. The ^olic (>; kIoXiki]. aioklg) 
 was a branch of the Doric, and in the jEolic colonies in Asia Mi- 
 nor, and in the neighbouring islands, (Lesbos, &c.,) attained at an 
 early age to a considerable degree of refinement, which however 
 was probably confined to poetry. 
 
 11 
 
78 <.RF,EK LAXOIACK 
 
 3. The principal resirJence of the Ionic tribe in the earliest 
 times was Attica. From this rrg'ion they sent torth their colonies 
 to the shores of Asia Minor. As these colonies, earlier than the 
 mother country, and indeed earlier than all the other Greek*, were 
 in many respects cultivated and refined, the ternis lonians, Ionic, 
 were u<ed hy way of eminence to denote them and their dialect, 
 and finally were exclusively appropriated to them. The original 
 lonians in Attica were now called Jluics, .lihenians. The Ionic 
 dialect, owing to the multiplicity of vowels, is the softest of all 
 The Attic (»; uniytt], aifllg). which was cultivated at a later peri- 
 od, soon surpassed them all ; avoiding, by Attic skill and dexteri- 
 ty, both the Doric roughness and the Ionic effeminacy. Although 
 Attica was the mother country, the Ionic, even of those .\siatic col- 
 onies, is nevertheless regarded as the parent of the Attic, because 
 the Ionic was cultivated at a period, when it had departed the 
 least tVom the dialect of their common parent, the old Ionic. 
 
 fs'ote I. The dexterity displayed by the Attics in the manage- 
 ment of their dialect is most obvious in its syntax. Here the Attic 
 dialect is distinguished, not only from the other dialects, but also 
 from every other language, by an apposite brevity, by bringing 
 together, with great effect, the principal points of interest, anJ by 
 a moderation in asserting and judging, which passed from the po- 
 lite tone of society into the language itsell'. 
 
 .Xote 2. Another circumstance which renders the Attic dialect 
 so attractive, and which has been noticed by few, is its regard for 
 peculiarity of idiom, and the love which the Athenians cherished 
 for this and for distinct national characteristics in general. How- 
 ever advantageous for the understanding, and congenial to the 
 sense of beauty, a language may be, which proposes for itself a cor- 
 rect logic, pursues a fixed aiul consistent analogy, and employs 
 pleasing sounds, all these advantages are nevertheless lifeless and 
 inefficient without the above mentioned charm. This consists 
 in the sacrifice of fundamental laws, especially of logic and of gen- 
 eral analogy, to peculiar forms or idioms, which have their origin 
 partly in certain characteristics of the nation, and partly, beyond 
 a doubt, in an ipprehrtision of the fundamental rules not entirely 
 conformed to that of the schools. In this manner anomalies 
 had lound their way into the Attic dialed, as is the case in all 
 languages, in rrgard to which liowcver the cultivated writers 
 
AND ITS DIALECTS. 79 
 
 were not disposed to make a change, out of regard for antiquity 
 and for the ears of the people accustomed to such forms and ex- 
 pressions, and, as we have already observed, from their love of 
 that peculiarity of idiom which gives to their dialect an mdividual 
 and distinct existence. When irregularities or anomalies mingle 
 themselves with the daily idioms and expressions in other langua- 
 ges, it is regarded as an indication of inaccuracy and want of skill ; 
 in the Attics however, who are so skilful and dexterous, it is re- 
 garded rather as an unwillingness to make the correction. They 
 felt that by rejecting these anomalies they would deprive the lan- 
 ^guage of the impress of a natural production, which every lan- 
 'guage really is, and would give it the appearance of a work of art, 
 which a language never can be. Obviously therefore we cannot 
 here be supposed to speak of intentional anomalies, by means of 
 which a language receives the appearance of a mere plaything or 
 toy, however ready the ancient Grammarians frequently were to 
 advance such a mode of explanation. 
 
 Koie 3. Other branches of the above mentioned dialects, as the 
 Bmotian^ Laconian^T'hessaiian^ &c. are known only from single words 
 and forms, from scattered records, from inscriptions, &:c. 
 
 4. We must admit an ancient primitive Greek language as the 
 common parent of all the dialects. Of this primitive language we 
 can obtain, or more properly speaking, suppose, certain forms, on- 
 ly by means of philological research under the guidance of phi- 
 losophy. Every dialect has retained naturally more or less of this 
 primitive language, and every one must also yet retain many forms, 
 which in the others have passed into desuetude and been gradual- 
 ly lost. This circumstance sufficiently explains how the Gramma- 
 rians can speak of Doricisms, Jilolicisms, and even Atticisms, in 
 Homer, whose language was the old Ionic. In general, it was cus- 
 tomary to designate forms and expressions by the name of the dia- 
 lect in which they most frequently occurred, although not exclu- 
 sively confined to this dialect. Thus we explain the Doricisms, 
 as they are called, which occur in the Attic writers, and the Attic 
 forms, met with in writers by no means Attic. 
 
 5. To this same primitive language belong also, for the most 
 part, the forms, &c. usually denominated poetical licenses. It is true 
 indeed the poet contributes largely to the formation of a language. 
 Through his efforts the language first becomes a harmonious, ex- 
 
80 OBEEK LAJfcrACr 
 
 prcs'ive, and copious uholc. FJiit the poet will npver a??nmp. 
 without rpfjarH to the |.revioii«;Iy exi'^lms: materials »"'' finaloiry of 
 tho Inns^iiasre. th" forms md ••xprp*'-«inn<» »vhich he find-; necessary. 
 Thi< would bo the surest way to displea>^e The oldest Greek po- 
 et" made a selection from the various forms then actually in u?e, 
 according to the »'xi<»'ence« of the case. Many of these forms he- 
 came Mh^olete in course of lime. But the later poets, who had 
 their anrieni hrelhren ronstiintly hefnre their eVes as models, would 
 not •'uhmit to he «leprived of this trea«ure. Thus those forms 
 which originally were m actual use, became in reality poetical pe- 
 culiarities, or, a« they are called, licenses. They are therefore, 
 Id such a cane, with propriety, numbered anionic the dialects. 
 
 A'ote t. This however mu«t not be so understood, as if every sin- 
 gle word which occurs in the older poets, was once actually u*ed 
 in commoii life. Thf riirht which even the modern poets assume, in 
 the most copious lan^uaares, of formiiigr new words, and of mould- 
 inj? anew those already extant, mu^t certainly be conceded to the 
 ancient poets in those times of poverty. The materials howev- 
 er, and the form, they did not assume ofthemselves. They were 
 indebted for these to the store-house itself and the analogy of the 
 language. It need scarcely be observed that the liberty of round- 
 ing and polishing, to a certain degree, the forms in common use, 
 cannot be denied to those who must necessarily consult euphony, 
 and who are fettered by the rules of metre. 
 
 6. In most of the cultivated nations, one of their dialects usual- 
 ly becomes the language of literature and of polished circles. In 
 Greece however, this was not immediately the case. Here there 
 was no considerable cultivation or refinement until the several 
 states, separated by local and political circumstances, assumed an 
 independeiit existence. Poetry and prose therefore, until about 
 the time of .Mexander, were composed in the vernacular dialect of 
 the authors, or in that to which they m.iy have given the prefer- 
 ence. Thus were produced /oniV, .V.olic, Doric and .Ittic poets and 
 prose wi Iters, of whose productions more or less have descended 
 to our times. 
 
 Aoje 6 The ijreat works of art alone, which attracted univer- 
 sal attention, such as epic and dramatic poetry, were here an ex- 
 ception. The original authors of these availed thenieelves, no 
 doubt, of their vernacular dialect ; but, for a later poet to attcmpl 
 
AND ITS DIALECTS. 81 
 
 a mere copy of the same in anotlier dialect, would not only have 
 required an equal degree of invention and talent, but would also 
 have proved to no purpose, since the Greeks of every tribe or na- 
 tion were already familiar with these forms and tones in this spe- 
 cies of composition, and were unable to separate the one from the 
 other. The dialect in which the first master-pieces were written, 
 remained the appropriate dialect of that species. Vid. Text 10. 11. 
 
 J\''ote 6. To the Ionic dialect belong the most ancient poets, viz. 
 Homer, Hesiod, Theognis, &,c. who wrote in that apparently mix- 
 ed dialect which approaches the nearest to the most ancient lan- 
 guage of Greece, and which afterwards remained the poetical di- 
 alect in most kinds of poetical composition. The proper, but 
 younger Ionic is found in the prose writers, among whom Herodotus 
 and Hippocrates were the most eminent, although both were na- 
 tive Dorians. For the Ionic dialect, on account of its peculiar 
 softness and early cultivation, had already been extensively circu- 
 lated, and employed both in poetry and prose, especially in Asia 
 Minor. 
 
 Note 7. Lyric poets are met with in all the dialects. The 
 most ancient and most celebrated, however, were Cohans. At 
 the head of these stood Sappho and Alcaeus, of whose composi- 
 tions, only a {e\v fragmentary remains have escaped the ravages 
 of time. Anacreon, of whom also are only a {ew^ in part mutila- 
 ted and in part doubtful, remains, wrote in the Ionic. Most of the 
 remaining Lyric poets composed in the Doric, creating for them- 
 selves, at pleasure, every one his own language, from the various 
 forms of this widely t^xtended dialect. Pindar is the only one of 
 these last of whom any thing entire has reached us. 
 
 Note 8. But ^e\\ prose writings in the Doric dialet are extant, 
 and those principally of a mathematical and philosophical nature. 
 For the Attic writers see the following notes. 
 
 7. In the mean lime Athens had arisen to such political impor- 
 tance as to assert a kind of supremacy in Greece, and was at the 
 same time the focus of all scientfic culture. Their unmixed de- 
 mocracy secured to the exercise of eloquence and to the dramat- 
 ic exhibitions, that freedom which, in connexion with other advan- 
 tages, elevated to the highest pitch, not those branches alone of 
 literature, but the other kindred pursuits also of history imd phi- 
 
82 4.RECK LANGlAoK 
 
 I(wophy, anJ gave to tho Attic dialect a perfection anJ a copious- 
 ness which no other dialect attained. 
 
 JVote'i). The principal prose writers (of the poets we shall 
 speak presently) of thi« golden age of Attic literature, are Thu- 
 cydides, Xcnophon, Plato, Isocrates, Demosthenes, and the other 
 Orators. 
 
 8. Greeks of every tribe and nation resorted now to Athens to 
 receive instruction. In the most extended and cultivated tields of 
 literature, the Attic master pieces were proposid as models. In 
 consequence of this, as soon as Greece became pulitically one un- 
 der the Macedonian monarchy, the Attic dialect became, in a short 
 time, the language of the court and of li'erature. The prose wri- 
 ters of all Greece now composed almost exclusively in this dialect. 
 From this time it was taught in the school*, and the Grammarians 
 decided, from iheso modeU, what was pure .Attic and what was not. 
 The central point of this later Greek literature, was established 
 under the Ptolemies at Alexandria in Kgypt. 
 
 9. The Atlir dialect, at the same time that it was enjoying an 
 universal reception, began, as we might expect, gradually to lose 
 its «riginal purity. Authors either mingled with the pure .\ttic ma- 
 ny peculiarities of their vernacular dialect, or exrhanged many -At- 
 tic anomalies and apparently laboured expre**ion^, tor the more 
 natural and regular torm". In some cases, a simple .\ttic form, 
 which in common life had become more or less antir;n;tted. was 
 abandoned, and a form then in use introduced, e. g. vt'jXfoOat for 
 vi7v, (igurQi^v lor doovv. The Grammarians, fre(|ueiitly wiih ex- 
 cessive pedantry, endeavoured to prevent this maiil'cst decline. 
 For objectionable, or at least, less elegant forms and expressions, 
 they proposed others drawn from the older .\ttic writers. Hence 
 it became customary to comprehend, under the term J/tic, only 
 what had been preserved from those classic .Attics, and what in 
 the strictest sense was peculiar »o them. The language however, 
 formed in the manner above described from the Attic, and in use 
 in cultivated society, was now denominated ytoivt] the coititnon, or 
 illrjviKt'j the Greek or common Greek. Kven the later authors 
 themselves were now called oi jcoiioi or oi"/,'A/l»;i'/?. in distinction 
 from the genuine Attics. We must guard however against the no- 
 tion, that this xotvt] dtuXfXTO'; was a peculiar and distinct dialect. 
 
AND ITS DIALECTS. 83 
 
 It remained alway? essentially Attic, and every grammar of the 
 common Greek aimed principally to present the Attic dialect. 
 
 JVote 10. We can readily conceive that under such circumstan- 
 ces, the terms y,oiv6g, kolvov became even reproachful ; and al- 
 though it denoted properly what was then common to all the 
 Greeks, the Athenians themselves not excepted, it was emploj^ed 
 by the Grammarians to designate what was not pure Attic. Every 
 form however, which is called Attic, is not for this reason exclu- 
 sively Attic, not even those in use among the Athenians themselves. 
 Many genuine Attic forms were not received even in Athens to the 
 exclusion of others, with which they were frequently interchanged 
 in common use, e. g qdoh] with qiXoi, 'S,vv with ovv. Certain Ion- 
 ic forms also had never become strange to the Attic ear, e. g. un- 
 contracted in place of the contracted forms, of which the writers, 
 who always consulted the ear, could avail themselves at pleasure. 
 This approximation to the Ionic furnishes the principal test of the 
 older Attic, taken in its stricter sense, to which for instance Thu- 
 cydides belongs, as Demosthenes to the more modern Attic, which 
 forms the transition to the later or koivi). 
 
 Note 1 1 . To give an accurate and apposite classification, we 
 should commence the later Attics or y.oivovq with the first, who 
 were not Athenians, who nevertheless wrote in the Attic dialect, 
 and class with these the later writers who were really Athenians. 
 To this class then belong Aristotle, Theophrastus, Apollodorus, Po- 
 lybius, Diodorus, Plutarch, and the other later authors, among' 
 whom however, many, as for instance Lucian, iElian, and Arrian, 
 endeavoured to adopt, as far as possible, the genuine ancient Attic. 
 
 Note 12. The Macedonian dialect must be especially regarded 
 among those which were in various degrees incorporated with the 
 later Greek. The Macedonian nation was allied to the Greeks, 
 and numbered itself with the Dorians. They introduced, as con- 
 querors, the Greek cultivation and refinement among the conquer- 
 ed barbarians. Here also, the Greek was spoken and written, not 
 however without some peculiarities of form, which the Gramma- 
 rians denominate Macedonian. As Egypt and its capital city Alex- 
 andria became the principal seat of the later Greek culture, these 
 forms were comprehended under the name of the Alexandrian di- 
 alect. The natives also of these conquered countries, began to 
 speak the Greek {iXXtjviC(cv)^ and such an Asiatic Greek was de- 
 
84 ollKFK L.\\CVAGE 
 
 nominated tXkr,i'iaTr'ig. Hence the style of the writers of this class, 
 witJi which were incorporated many forms not Greek and many 
 oriental turns of exiire-sion, was deauminated HeUnistic, It need 
 scarcely be ob-^erved that this dialect is contained in the Jewish 
 and Chri^itian monuments of those tinies, e<|ieciall) in the Septua- 
 gint and in the new Te>itanient, whence it pas-ed more or !•"> in- 
 to the work* of the Fathers. New barbarisms of every kind were 
 introduced durini^ the middle age^, when Constantinople, the an- 
 cient Byzantium, became the seat of the Greek Empire, and the 
 center of literary ciiltivation. Out of this arose the dialect of the 
 Byzantine writers, and luially, the yet living language of the mod- 
 ern Greeks. 
 
 A'otc 13. To avoid all misunderstanding, we must here observe, 
 that the ancient Grammaiians, and many of the moderns who fol- 
 lowed in their s^teps, employ the names of the dialects in general, 
 as well as the term xoiiuv^ without any regard to their true his- 
 torical sense. This is especially the case, when they endeavour 
 to explain etymologically and grammatically the forms and the va- 
 rious intlexions of words. Thus they denominate the simple or 
 natural Greek form, or what they deem to be such, xoivi^ ; every 
 other form, derived from this by means of any changes, in vvhat- 
 ever tribe or nation it may be found, or even if it be now for the 
 first time assumed, they designate by the name of the dialect in 
 which such changes usually take place. Every contraction, for in- 
 stance, is denofiiinated .Attic ; every change of o into ;;, Ionic; iic. 
 The gen. noltog from -nokig is called common (xo *»•!'»?, although 
 this form proporly speaking was never in general use ; noAfo,', I- 
 onic, because the lonians frequently introduced f for other vow- 
 els ; nolfo)^ however, .\ttic, because the forms in -tog are so fa- 
 miliar to tlu' .Attics. Whereas, in truth, regarding the matter fiis- 
 torically, noktog I'elongs to thp Ionic and Doric, noA^o^" to the po- 
 ets alone, and nuhog to the .Attics and to all those v\ho used the 
 common dialect. Tbu^, according to thctn-, a torm must pass trom 
 •ome simpler one through several intt rmodialc lorms, each of 
 which is referred to some dialect, although frequently no one of 
 them was ever really in use. 
 
 10. .As to the general adoption of the .Attic dialect, an excep- 
 tion must be male in resperi to certain species of poetry. The 
 Attics were models only in the Drama- As dramatic poctrv. from 
 
AXD ITS DIALECTS. 35 
 
 the circumstances of the case, can only be the language of com- 
 mon life ennobled or elevated, the Attic dialect alone was of course 
 admitted on the Athenian stage. It was afterwards adopted and 
 retained by every theatre in Greece. The dramatic poets, in the 
 dialogue, especially that consisting of Trimeters or Senarii, be- 
 sides the free use of apostrophe and contraction, availed them- 
 selves of but few of the so named poetical licenses and changes. 
 
 Nole 14. The comic writers, as might naturally be supposed, 
 availed themselves of these licenses and changes the least of all ; 
 on the contrary, to the Senarius of tragedy, many Homeric forms 
 were always well adapted. Besides, in the dramatic department, 
 only genuine and ancient Attics have been preserved, viz. the tra- 
 gedians TEschylus, Sophocles, Euripides, and the comic writer Aris- 
 tophanes. 
 
 1 1 . In the other departments of poetry, especially those in which 
 the Hexameter measure prevailed, viz. the epic, didactic, elegiac, 
 Homer and ihe other ancient Ionic poets, who were read in the 
 schools, continued always to be the models, and in this species of 
 composition the old Ionic or Homeric language, with most of its 
 peculiarities and antiquated forms, was still preserved. This dia- 
 lect therefore, like the Attic in prose compositions, was appropri- 
 ated to poetry of this class, in the Alexandrian and later ages. It 
 was no longer understood by the unlettered, but required, in order 
 to comprehend and enjoy it perfectly, a learned education. We 
 may with propriety comprise all the forms, &c. connected with this 
 species of poetry, under the name of the Epic Language^ for they 
 were all originally derived from the epic poetry. 
 
 Nute 15. The most celebrated poets belonging to this class are 
 Apollonius, Callimachus, Aratus, and in later times, Oppian, Quin- 
 tus, &:c. 
 
 12. The Doric dialect also was not excluded from the poetry 
 of the later ages. It was met with in smaller pieces, especially in 
 pastorals and sportive poems. This was in part owing to the ear- 
 lier compositions of this kind in the Doric dialect which served as 
 models, and in part to the circumstance, that the rustic idiom and 
 the language of the lower conditions of society were essential to 
 such compositions. This idiom and language, however, owing to 
 the extent of the Doric tribe, was almost every where the Doric, 
 12i 
 
80 ukef:k laxgvage and its dulcc ts. 
 
 Nott 16. The Idylls of Theocritus, Moschus and Bion, are 
 composed in the Doric. This more modem Doric differ? howev- 
 er very much from the dialect of Pindar. The ancient Epierrams 
 were sometimes Ionic and sometimes Doric. Here however the 
 Doric was more simple and noble, and confined itself to a small 
 number of characteristic forms, which were familiar to the cuiti- 
 rated poet of every tribe. 
 
 13. W'e have yet to observe that the lan|»uage which prevails 
 in the Lyric portion of the drama, i. e. the chorus and in the most 
 pathetic addresses, has usually been styled Doric- But the Dori- 
 cisms consist here in little more than the predominance of the long 
 ('., e-pecially for /;, which was a characteristic of the older lan- 
 guage, and owiofif to its dignity was retained in the more elevated 
 and affecting pieces, while in common lile it remained peculiar 
 to the Doric* In the other respects this lyric dialect approxima- 
 ted to the abovementioned Epic language. 
 
 * V'id § 2. In these chorusses, however, genuine and peculiar 
 Doricisms cannot be found, e. g. Inlio. in -iv and -t]v, Accuss. Plur. 
 in wq and -og, iic. 
 
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