4740 C3 1894 MAIN UC-NRLF B M 523 533 .RONOMASIA IN THE OLD TESTAMENT DISSERTATION 'ISENTED TO THE BOARD OF UNIVERSITY STUDIES OF THE JOHNS HOPKINS UNIVERSITY FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY. 1892 BY IMMANUEL M. CASANOWICZ ■■^ V V" 'Uiri7EE.;T7)i ojr :?ifoetS!^ BOSTON, MASS. 1894 PARONOMASIA IN THE OLD TESTAMENT DISSERTATION PRESENTED TO THE BOARD OF UNIVERSITY STUDIES OF THE JOHNS HOPKINS UNIVERSITY FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY. 1892 BY IMMANUEL M. CASANOWICZ K OF THr *-^ ,^. BOSTON, MASS. 1894 NortoDott J^rtsi: J. S. Gushing & Co. — Berwick & Smith. Boston, Mass., U.S.A. rff^-T^ PREFACE. The occurrence of the figures of paronomasia in the Old Testa- ment has often been noticed. Besides occasional remarks in many commentaries to the Old Testament on single passages where these figures occur, some writers have devoted special chapters to this subject.* All these treatises, besides giving numerous examples from the Old and New Testaments, contain many valuable observations and com- ments on the use and force of these figures. Most of this literature, however, being out of print and rare even in University libraries, came to my knowledge after the material for this study had been collected and partly arranged ; and it will, I hope, be found that the present essay was not forestalled by the above-mentioned writings. It differs from them, not only in the completeness of the material here presented, the result of repeated * Among the more noteworthy references may be mentioned : Glassii, Philo- logia Sacra, ed. Dathe, p. 1 335-1 342; Eisner, Paulus Apost. et jfesaias Propheta inter se comparati, Vratislaviae, 1821, p. 23-27; Gesenius, Lehrgebaude der hebrdischen Sprache, 1830, §§ 237 f., p. 856-860, and Wenrich, De poeseos Hebrai- cae atque Arabicae commejttatio, Lipsiae, 1843, P- 241 f. 263. — Besides these briefer notices the subject has been treated in monographs by I. F. Boettcher, De paronomasia finitimisque ei figuris Paulo Apost. frequentatis, Lipsiae, 1823, and lo. Christoph. Decker, Dissertatio inaugur, de paronomasia sacra praeside Chr. ^Ben. Michaele, Halis, 1737. — Alliteration, from the point of view of a metrical form of Hebrew poetry, has been discussed in a series of essays by Julius Ley : De alliteratione^ quae vacatur, in sacris Hebraeorum litteris usurpata (Progr.), Heidelberg, 1859; Die metrischen For men der hebrdischen Poesie, Leipsic, 1866; GrundzUge des Rhythmus, des Vers-und Strophenbaues in der hebrdischen Poesie, Halle, 1875, ^^^ ^"^ several articles in the ZDMG, XX., p. 180-184, and yahrbiicher fiir Philologie und Padagogik, 1864, p. 246-258, and 1865, p. 69 ff. IV PREFACE. reading of the Hebrew text of the Old Testament from beginning to end, but also in the more methodical and systematic manner of the treatment, and in the comparison drawn between the use of these figures in the Old Testament and in other literatures. In the list of the passages in which paronomasia occurs, the alpha- betical order of the stem-consonants of the first part of the combina- tion is followed. In cases where the second word coincides with the end of the first, that of the second part is followed. Nomina deverbalia follow the order of their initial consonants, while proper names are arranged according to the stems from which they are etymologically derived ; for inst. pHit'' under pHlC, Dp!?'' under Dp^", etc. — Of each distinct paronomasia, only one example is quoted, mere reference being made to the others. In addition to this, a Hst has been prepared of all the passages of the Old Testament in which paronomasia occurs, arranged in the order of the books. In addition to the Hebrew, the English rendering, as well as that of the ancient versions, are given in those cases where it seemed to be of interest to text criticism. I desire to take this opportunity of expressing my thanks to Dr. Weissbach, Librarian of the Royal University Library of Leipsic, for his kindness in placing at my disposal some of the above-men- tioned rare dissertations on paronomasia. I am especially indebted to my teacher. Prof. Paul Haupt, for many valuable suggestions, and for his generous permission to use his library, in which I collected most of the philological and critical material embodied in this essay, otherwise inaccessible to me. Finally I wish to acknowledge my deep obligations to Prof. George F. Moore, of the Andover Theo- logical Seminary, who, as editor of the " Journal of Biblical Litera- ture," in which the greater part of this essay was originally published, gave it the benefit of his careful editorial supervision, and of his well-grounded erudition in the Old Testament literature. CONTENTS. PAGE Preface iii, iv I. Paronomasia in General 1-20 A. Nature of Paronomasia, its Relation to Other Figures, and its Limits 1-7 § I. Name and Definition 1-4 § 2. Relation of Paronomasia to Other Devices of Style . . 4, 5 § 3. The Sphere and Value of the Figures of Paronomasia in General 5~7 B. The Use of Paronomasia in the Classical and Some of the Modern Languages 8-20 § 4. Alliteration and Rime 8-10 § 5. Alliteration and Rime in Formulae and Proverbial Phrases, 11, 12 § 6. Play upon Words: its Relation to Alliteration and Rime . 12, 13 § 7. General Sphere of Play upon Words 13 § 8. Play upon Common Nouns in the Classical and Modern Languages I3~'7 § 9. Play upon Proper Names 17-20 IL Paronomasia in the Semitic Languages 20-25 § 10. Embellishments of Speech in the Semitic Languages in General. 20,21 § ir. Instances of Paronomasia in Several of the Semitic Dia- lects 21-25 IIL Paronomasia in the Old Testament 26-43 A. Limits and Conditions of Paronomasia in Hebrewr 26-29 § I. Limits of Paronomasia as a Device of Style 26, 27 § 2. Intentional and Accidental Congruence of Sound ... 27, 28 § 3. Consonants which alliterate with Each Other 28, 29 V Vi CONTENTS. PAGB B. The Various Forms of Paronomasia in the Old Testament . . 30-43 § 4. Alliteration in Syntactically Co-ordinated Words, and in Formulae 30 § 5. The Mutual Relation of the Words 30, 31 § 6. Alliteration in Grammatically Subordinated Words . . . 31, 32 § 7. Simple and Strengthened Alliteration 32 § 8. Assonance 33 § 9- Rime 33 § 10. Epanastrophe 33 § II. Play upon Words 33-35 § 12. Play upon Proper Names 36-40 § 13. Relation of Paronomasia to Diction in the Old Testament, 40-42 § 14. Atto^ \ey6fjL€va, and Unusual Forms of Paronomasia . . 42, 43 Appendix. Paronomasia in Post-Biblical Literature . . . . . 43, 44 List of Cases of Paronomasia in the Old Testament alphabeti- cally ARRANGED 44-84 Classification of the Cases of Paronomasia quoted in the List, 84-86 Index to the Passages containing Paronomasia 87-92 Statistical Table 93» 94 Part I. I. PARONOMASIA IN GENERAL. A. NATURE OF PARONOMASIA, ITS RELATION TO OTHER FIGURES, AND ITS LIMITS. § I. Name and Definition. THE figures based on similarity of sound found a place in the rhetoric of the Greeks and Romans, being classed among the figures of words (crx^/^Ta t^s Xc'^cw?, figurae verborum) . Plato refers to them under the general term of " lo-a " (Symp. 185"). The equally comprehensive term " laa. (Tyy]\xja.ra. " is still used by Her- mogenes (Trepi /u,e0. 8«v., II., 426, ed. Spengel). The more special terms irapiorwcris and Trdptaov, Trapo/xoi'wtn?, ofxoLorekevTOv, used first by Arist., Rhet., III., c. 9, passed over into the general use of later rhetoric, and with their variations and further differentiations, as Trapo/AOiov, ofxoioapKTov or ofioLOKaTapKTOv, ofioioTTTWTOv, ofioioKaraXrjKTOVy laoKaTaXrjKTov, became, aside from many inconsistencies of defini- tion,^ characteristic of this chapter in ancient rhetoric, the usual terminology for the likeness or similarity of sound at the beginning and the end of words, either in immediate succession, or in the same clause. It must, however, be borne in mind that in the older rhetoric these figures were not considered from the point of view of the similarity of sound for its own sake, but rather as an element of the periodical structure, to mark the end, or help the recognition of its divisions. Thus they were associated with antithesis ; comp. Arist., Rh., III., 1 Thus irapla-uffii is applied by Arist., /.c, to the equahty in length of the clauses of a period Q' Olv ta-a ri *cwXa"), cf. also Dion. Hal., De compos, verb., c. IX., Cornif., IV., 20, 27; the later rhetoricians use for it the more appropriate term labKoiKov, and iraplffwais, when the equal members also terminate in equal «ounds. irdpiaov is restricted by Hermog. (/.c, p. 421) to the combination of various compounds of the same stem Q' 6Ta» rb aiirb Svo/jm dWijv kuI AXXtjv vpoffXafibv ffv\\api}v dtacpdpus diavolas ^xv")'> by others it is applied either to any similarity of sound in general, or in the initial consonant; cf. Alexander, III., 40; Tiberius, III., 74, 440; Quint., IX., 3, 75 ss. For the latter is used, besides 6fj.oi6apKTov (Maxim. Planudes Schol. to Hermog., V., 511, 6, ed. Walz), also irapdfwtov (Donatus to Ter. Eun., 780, Diomedes, II., 441), and 6fMioirp6(popov (Mart. Capella, V., 514). 2 PARONOMASU IN THE OLD TESTAMENT. c. 8 ; Dion. Hal., Ep. II. ad Amm., c. 2 ; De admir. vi., c. 40 ; De Thuc. hist, jud., c. 24 ; Cornif. IV., 14, 15.^ The post-AristoteUan terms Trap-jxv^'-^ ^^^ Trapovofma-ia. were applied to the greater or less similarity of sound of whole words, without regard to the kola of the period, iraprjxqo'i.'i is defined by Hermog. {jT^pl evpeaews, 251, ed. Sp.) : koWo's bfxoLOiv ovo/xarwv cv Bui6p(i) yvwau TavTov r/^ovvToiv ' ytverai 8c orav 8vo rj rpeis rj T€L(rTdvTapovrjp.aTi. Almost the same words are used by Herodian. So also the Roman rhetoricians, who, for the most part, render Trapovofxaa-ia by annomi- natio. Cic (De orat., II., 63, 256; comp. III., 54, 206) : quod habet parvam verbi immutationem . . . ut nobiliorem mobiliorem. This definition is copied by Aquila Romanus and Mart. Capella. A detailed definition, or rather description, of paronomasia is given by Cornif. (IV., 21) : attenuatione aut complexione eiusdem litterae (example, venit — for veniit from veneo — quam Romam venit) ; productione (hunc avium dulcedo ducit ad avium) ; brevitate (tantum ciiriam diligit quam Curiam) ; addendis litteris (temperare — obtemperare) ; demendis litteris (lenones — leones) ; transfe- rendis (vano — navo) ; commutandis (deligere — diligere) ; casus 2 Comp. also Gerber, Die Sprache als Kunst, 11.2, p_ j^^^ ff PARONOMASIA IN GENERAL. 3 commutatione. Quint., IX., 3, 66 ss., also includes the repetition of the same word in a different sense, or in the same meaning, but with a qualifying addition (homo, hostis homo), and the change of prepo- sitions in compounds.^ The repetition of a word in two different meanings is also designated by a special term : dvTamKXaons (Alex., p. 37, dvTt/xeTa^eo-ts, crvyKpiats, or ttKokt^ ; Cornif., IV., 14, 20, ^ra- ductio, which he applies also to the repetition of a word in the same sense — dmStTrXaxris). The recurrence of a word in different cases is usually called TroAvTrruTov, while that of the same stem in various derivations irap-qyixivov, comp. Jul. Rufinianus, p. 51, 33: cum ex supra dicto verbo aliud derivatur, giving as examples : gravis gravi- terque, voce vocat, etc. The term l-rravaaTpof^-q Kara. (rvWaPrjv, lastly, is used by Hermog. (p. 286, 7) for the repetition of the end- syllable of a word at the beginning of the following, orav rts fitav X€$iv fJ.epLa-a66voi ^oVos, acrvvcTos da-vvOeTo?, Rom. i. 29 ; — purus putus ; inter sacrum et saxum ; domus duellique ; sane sarteque, bene beateque ; felix faus- tus ; do dico addico ; maria montesque polliceri ; oleum et operam perdere ; — near and dear ; tear and wear ; part and parcel ; forgive aivd forget ; fast and furious ; — Stock und Stein ; Stumpf und Stil ; Weg und Steg ; Dach und Fach ; Hiille und Fiille ; Sang und Klang ; — dru et menu ; sain et sauf ; bel et bon ; fort et ferme ; ni ^1 Comp. Dietrich, Abhandlungen zur hebraischen Grammatik, p. 249 ff, 82 Comp. Georg von der Gabelentz, Die Sprachwissenshaft, ihre Aufgaben, Methoden und bisherigeti Ergebnisse, Leipzig, 1891, p. 131 and 221. 12 PARONOMASIA IN THE OLD TESTAMENT. pain ni pate ; ni vu ni connu. — In some of these combinations, the second part is obsolete and meaningless in itself, and is simply an onomatopoetic echo of the first word : toil and moil ; might and main ; or, even the whole combination has no longer any etymologi- cal signification, and owes its preservation and use to the similarity of sound : pell-mell ; harum scarum ; helter skelter. The striving after similarity of sound occasionally influences not only the choice of a word, as, for inst., in Latin : an albus an ater, instead of the more usual niger, but also the phonology. So, for inst., in German : liigen und triigen, originally triegen ; in Italian : greve, alongside of grave, in combination with leve.^ In some of these formulae, words of opposite meaning are combined, but with the object of expressing absoluteness, totality either including by this union all parts of a thing, or indicating indifference towards the contrast : from top to toe ; head and heel ; amidst trials and triumphs ; through thick and thin ; in Freud und Leid ; Walder und Felder, etc. § 6. Play upon Word: its Relation to Alliteration and Rime. In plays upon word, besides the similarity in sound, some point in the meaning of the combined words is taken into consideration. Alliteration, rime, and assonance can therefore be comprised as sound-paronomasia, because the whole stress in them lies on the congruence of sound only, while plays upon word can be considered as sense-paronomasia. Alliteration and rime combine preferably synonyms and co-ordinated ideas (comp. the preceding §), while play upon word has to do with an antithesis, or some surprising contrast ; or, in alliteration and rime, one idea is expressed by two words ; in play upon word, two opposite, or at least different, ideas find expression, as it were, in one word, or in two words pronounced alike. Sound-paronomasia is a spontaneous outgrowth of the genius of language, or, at least, engendered by instinct and natural law ; sense-paronomasia is rather an artificial offspring of the former. The line of separation between both is, moreover, uncertain and shifting ; in many cases only the connection can decide. In the modern understanding, a play upon words implies a verbal jest, or even something of the ludicrous and ridiculous. To this, ancient rhetoric applied the term yeAotov, of which several kinds were 33 Comp. von der Gabelentz, l.c. PARONOMASIA IN GENERAL. 1 3 distinguished,^ while for those plays which fall under paronomasia a certain pungent form of expression was sufficient. The play upon words can be divided into plays upon common nouns, and those upon proper names. § 7. General Sphere of Play upon Words. Unlike alliteration, plays upon words are more frequent and easily formed in languages in proportion as they are less original and poor in words. Greek is more moderate in the use of play upon words than Latin, although the latter has less aptitude for them, and its play upon words have somewhat of the sternness and severity of the Roman character. Of the modern languages, German has less than English, while they are all excelled in the frequency of play upon words by French, by reason of its numerous homonyms. For, while alliteration attaches itself preferably to synonyms, the favorite domain of plays upon word are homonyms. While alliteration is most effec- tive in lyric poetry, and in passages of a descriptive and pathetic nature, where it aids in arousing a certain disposition of the soul, and causes it to hold fast to emotions, the proper sphere of the play upon word would be in the " middle speech," as in conversations, the epistolary style, in proverbs, epigrams, satires, and dialogues,^ where a jest is admissible. But it may have its place in grave and excited speech, giving it a tinge of sharpness and sarcasm. Thus Demosthe- nes, for instance, wields the play upon word as a mighty weapon of his 8avoTj;s, and in a similar manner was it employed by the greatest prophets in their most earnest sermons.^ § 8. Play upon Commo7t Nouns in the Classical and Modern Languages?^ The ways of producing a play upon words are numerous and various. 8* Comp. Volkmann, Rhetorik der Griechen und Romer, p. 288. ^ Arist., Rhet., III., 2, 7, says, the sophist employs homonyms, the poet syno- nyms: tG)v 5' dvofidriov T

i? oratore, II., 61, 248: Hoc mementote, quoscumque locos attingam, unde ridicula ducantur, ex iisdem locis fere etiam graves sententias posse duci. . . . Nullum genus est joci, quo non ex eodem severa et gravia sumantur; and Quint, VI., 3, 68: Quid ironia? nonne etiam, quae severissime fit, joci prope genus est. ^^ On play upon words in Greek, comp. C. Holzinger, De verborum lusu apud Aristoph., Vienna, 1876; Grasberger, Die griechischen Stichnamen, Wurzburg, 14 PARONOMASIA IN THE OLD TESTAMENT. I. As the chief point in the play upon word is the combination of two contrasting ideas, it can be effected by a single word, which either unites in itself two different meanings, or suggests by its form another word similar in sound, but different in signification, and is employed with this object in view. a. The first, i.e. the ambiguous interpretation of words, was sug- gested by the oracles.** Comedy chiefly made use of it as a means of yeXotoi/. Aristoph., Peace, 1286 : Oayprfa-fTovTo (they armed them- selves, and they got drunk), comp. Frogs, 941 (^apo-i), 1002 {irvevfjia) ; Plaut., Captivi, V., 68 : invocatus (invited, and unin- vited); Terence, Eim., III., i, 13: mirum (wonderful, and queer), comp. III., I, 19. But the tragedians also employed it in the service of tragical irony. So especially in Soph. Oedip. King.^* In Demosth., 9, 5 : ovV ■^TTTjaO' u/Acts, dAA.' ovSe KeKtvrjcrOc (nor have you been defeated, on the contrary you have not even been dislodged from your position — you have not even stirred from your place), comp. Demosth., 3, 5 (o-w^ets), 4, 26 (dyopdv); Cic, Verr., I., 121: jus Verrinum (the laws of Verres, and the juice of a wild boar). Some one said : Cadmus was the first postboy ; he carried letters from Phoenicia to Greece. Seine Frau ist ihm theuer (dear or costly). In Riickerts' Macamen des Hariri, 26 : Darf ein Glaubiger sich wahrsagen lassen ? Ja ! das Liigenreden soil er hassen. Wie wenn ieh sehe mein Bruder ist unbedacht? Er werde von dir unter Dach gebracht. Ambiguous words are also the point of many riddles and puzzles. b. The second implies the allusions to words of similar sound, and, in general, the jocose, often arbitrary, use of speech which does not shrink even from the distorting of words, or division of syllables, and deviation from the usual pronunciation, the 7rapaTreTroir}fji.eva, irapa ypdix/xa uv ovopa, in Arist., Rhet., III., II. It borders on parody, and has its proper sphere in comedy. Ari- stoph., Knights, 59 : fivpa-ivr} (instead of pvpa-Lvrj) ; Plut., Anton., c. 81 : ovK dyaOov TroXvKaia-apia ; tSiov kmvov (km vov) ; in Itahan : spirito divino (di vino). Racine, Les Plaideurs, III., 3 (Petit Jean): Quand je vois les :6tats des Babiboniens (Babylon.), Transfer's des Serpens (Persans) aux Nac'doniens (Mac^d.), etc. Sheridan, The Rivals (Mrs. Malaprop) : Sure, if I reprehend (compr.) any thing in this world, it is the use of my oracular (vernacular) tongue, and a nice derangement (arrang.) of epitaphs (epithets). 2. But play upon word, as it is commonly understood, and as illustrated by the definitions and examples given by ancient rhetoric of paronomasia (comp. above, §1), implies the combination of two words of like or similar sound, but with different meanings. a. Of this class, the use of one and the same word in two different senses {atitanaclasis) most resembles the preceding. a. The two different meanings may be proper and natural to the word. Arist., Rhet., III., 11, speaking of the afrruov in style, quotes Isocr., 4, no: rrjv apxw '''V ""oA-ei o.pXW ^*vaL twv KaKwv ', COmp. 2 Cor. V. 21 : Tov fXT] yvovTa afjuipriav VTrep rjjxijiiv afiapTtav iTTOirjcrev, Ovid's Metam., XI., 488 : egerit hie fluctus aequorque refundit in aequor. Shakesp., Merch. of Ven., V., i, 129 f. (Portia): Let me give light, but let me not be light ; For a light wife doth make a heavy husband. Milton, P. L. : At one light bound high overleaped all bound. Proverb : In thy youth learn some craft, that in thy old age thou mayest get thy living without craft. Platen : Mag er im Anzug sein (approaching) ! Mein Anzug (suit of cloth) passt nicht fur den Krieg. Riickert, Weisheit der Brahrnanen : Ahnen ehrt ihr nicht, sonst wurdet ihr dies ahnen. Lichtenberg, Vermischie Schriften : Der Pastor baut den Acker Gottes, und der Arzt den Gottesacker. Haug : Du flogst ja Hymen's Tempel zu, Jetzt ringest Du die Hande : Zu welchem Ende freitest Du ? Ach Gott ! Zu meinem Ende. Louis XVI. asked Bievre for a calembour. Sur quel sujet votre majesty d^sire-t-elle? Sur moi. Mais, Sire, un roi n'est pas un sujet. /8. The same word is used first in its proper sense, then in a transferred sense. Demoth., 19, 289 : cycb 8e ov rovro Se8oi.Ka ei ^t'XtTTTTOs ^rj r] T€Tvr}K£v, dW el Trjp£vC)v ap-apT-^fiara ; comp. 1277. Lys., 14, 29: fiera- fxiXu — jLte'Xa. Demosth., i, 19 : et 8e p-r] TrpocrSeL, p-aXXov 8' arravTos ivSei Tov TTopov ; 4, 3 : aOvfirjOiov — iv6vp.r]6iov. Isocr., 9, 55, comp. Xen., Mem., II., i, 9: yvwp.r} cruyyi/w/u-T^s. Emperor Julian: cyvwv, dvlyvtDv, Kariyvoiv. The old rhetoricians bring forward as an example the following (comp. Rhett., Gr. ed., Spengel, III., p. 36) : to a contentious vintager was said : at a/XTreXot crov ov KXrjpxiTa aXk' iyKXrj- /Aara 35 ^ fj.eWoij.tv koI fjxi\KLOfj.€v ; Isocr., 9, 45 : •^youjU.evos ciAA' ovk dyo/xevos ', ^schin., 3, 78 : ov yap tov Tpoirov aXXh Tov TOTTOV fxovov fJ.€Trj\Xa^av. Aristoph., FrogS, 740 : ooTis ye TTiveiv oI8e KOL fSLveiv fiovov ; 1057: ^icrairo yap €1 fjxi)^€craLTO ; 1434 : 6 fxev cro(i)., 8, 35 : Multa etiam ex notatione sumuntur ; ea est autem, cum ex vi nominis argumentum elicitur, quara Graeci irvfioXoyLav appellant, id est, verbum ex vierbo, and Z>e mventione, II., 9, 28 : Nam et de nomine nonnunquam ahquid suspicionis nascitur, nomen autem cum dicimus, cognomen quoque intellegatur oportet. De hominis enim certo et proprio vocabulo agitur, ut si dicamus idcirco aliquem Caldum vocari, quod temerario et repentino consilio sit, and De orat., II., 63, 257: Etiam interpretatio nominis habet acumen, cum ad ridiculum convertas, quamobrem ita quis vocetur; comp. also Quintil., VI., 3, 53 ss. Hom., II., VI., 201 : rj tol 6 koltt' ttcSlov t6 ^^ Relis^on und Mythologie der alien Aegypter"^, Leipzig, 1891, p. 35: "Die Denkmaler gewahren uns zahlreiche Zeugnisse, welche die Anwendung der linguistischen Theorie in ausgedehntestem Masse bei den Aegyptern bekunden. . . . Es tritt namlich in den mythologischen Schriftvverken der Aegypter haufig das deutliche Bestreben hervor, die theologischen Namen und Ausdriicke oder das besondere Stichwort eines Mythos auf linguistischem Wege und in etymolo- gischer Fassung zu erklaren und ihren Inhalt gleichsam sprachlich zu begriinden." *2 Urspruug und Entwickelung der menschlichen Sprache und Vermmft, I., p. 120. *2 On play upon proper names in Greek, comp., besides Grasberger, quoted in the preceding §, Hugo Steiger, Der Eigenname in der attischen Kovwdie, Acta Seminarii philol. Erlangensis, V., p. i ff. *■* Comp.Tycho Momsen in Zeitschrift fur Alter thumswissenschaft, IV., No. 13, Steiger, I.e., p. 4. PARONOMASIA IN GENERAL. ig AXrjLOV oTos aXaTO ', XIX., 91 : "Attj, rj Travras darat ; Od., I., 62: 'OSuo-o-eus . . . Ti vv ol TocTov (x>hvs (re Saifxoves TlpofxrjOia KaXovaiv' avTov yap ere Set irpofxrjdiai'i ', Soph., Aj., 432 S. ; Ata? . . . vvv yap 7rdp€(TTi Kal 8ts aid^eiv ifxot ; Ant., 1175 : Alfxwv oAwAev* avToxeip 8' aifid(raeTaL> The name IIoAwetKiys is brought in connection with vetKos by all the three tragedians, Aeschyl., Seven ag. Th., 658 and 829; Soph., Ant., no; Eur., Phoen., 636 and 1493. In the New Testament, Philemon v. 20 : eyw (TOV 6vaCp.r]v iv Kvpm is considered a play on the name of 'Ovjyo-i- /X05. — In Latin, it is again chiefly Plautus and Cicero who use proper names as material for puns. Plant., Mil. GL, 288 : Quod ego Scele- dre, scelus ex te audio, comp. 329, 493 ; Pseud., 223 : Phoenicium poenicio corio; 691 : Charinus . . . euge, iam xdpiv rovrta ttoiw; "Bacch., 129 : Non omnis aetas, Lude, ludo convenit ; 240 : opus est chryso Chrysalo, comp. 271. Cic, Verr. A., II., I., 46: jus tarn nequam esse Verrinum ; IV., 24 : Quod unquam, judices, huiusce ** Comp. Lersch, Die Sprachphilosophie der Alten, III., p. 3 fF. *^ Comp. Susemihl to this passage. 20 PARONOMASIA IN THE OLD TESTAMENT. modi everriculum uUa in provincia fuit? comp. Lig., 34, Plane, 34, 58, Mur., 57, Rose, Am., 46; Verg., Aen., vi., 844: vel te sulco, Serrane, serentem. Ovid: Cur ego non dicam, Furia, te furiam? Suet., Tiber., 70, relates the people cried : Tiberium in Tiberim. Shakesp., Rich. II., II., i, 73 : Gaunt ! O how that name befits my composition ! Old Gaunt, indeed ; and gaunt in being old. Schiller, Wallensteins Lager (Capuchin's sermon) : Der Rheinstrom ist worden zu einem Peinstrom . . . Lasst sich nennen den Wallenstein ; Ja frei- hch ist er uns alien ein Stein des Anstosses und Aergernisses, Und so lang' der Kaiser diesen Friedland Lasst walten, so wird nicht Fried im Land. Riickert : Ich kost' im Kosegarten, Schon matt von Matthison. . . . O, du schmahlich halbvergessener, Unvergesshch mir, o Gessner. Dante, Purg., XIII., 109 f. : Savia non fui, avvegna che Sapia fossi chiamata. IL PARONOMASIA IN THE SEMITIC LANGUAGES. § 10. Embellishments of Speech in the Semitic Languages in General. The fondness of the Orientals for little niceties of literary produc- tion, and for mere external devices and artifices of style, is well known. The proverb, the epigram, the riddle, the fable, and similar elegantly set and felicitously expressed brevities of literature have always been fondly cultivated and cherished by the Orientals, and the mechanical embellishments, calculated more for the eye and ear than for the intellect, play with them an important part in the estimation of the beauty of style.*'' The figures produced by similarity of sound are especially in favor with them.*^ They correspond to the charac- teristic tendency of the Semites to emphasis, absoluteness, and vivid- ness of expression,'*^ which shows itself also in the frequency of the *^ Comp. I. V. Hammer, Geschichte der schonen Redekunste Persiens, p. 33; Schack, Poesie und Kunst der Araber, I., p. 92 ff. *8 Comp. Verschuir, Dissert, philol. exeget., p. 172: "Nihil Orientalibus in stylo sublimiore elegantius habetur paronomasiae figura, nihil apud poetas fre- quentius, nihil magis est in deliciis, ifi(paTiK6T€pov nihil"; comp. idid, p. 181. *^ Comp. Renan, De Porigine du langage, p. 190: "... devaient etre emi- nemment propres aux energiques declamations des voyants et k la peinture de fugitives impressions," and idem, Histoire des langues semitiques, p. 135: " une langue qui ne connnatt qu'une seule regie : exprimer avec vivacite, au moyen des cjs mechanismes naturds, ce qu'elle veut exprimer." PARONOMASIA IN THE SEMITIC LANGUAGES. 21 figura etymologica, in the tendency to repetition and to the accumu- lation of synonyms, and in the so-called parallelisnius membrorutn in Hebrew. But the nature of the Semitic languages favors the occur- rence of similar sounds. The Semitic languages have retained much of the primitive sensuousness and plastic character of speech. The primary concrete signification of the words is still transparent in many cases ; thus intensity of an idea is expressed by the doubling of consonants, originally by reduplication.*" The same roots, or even stems, often develop widely different meanings ; on the other hand, siRce many of the present three-consonantal stems in Hebrew have beeh differentiated from original two-consonantal roots, the concur- rence of similarly sounding words mutually related in meaning is faciUtated and even often unavoidable.*^ In Hebrew, words different in the principal form (3d person perfect) may become quite alike, or very similar in form and pronunciation in the derivative forms. So, for inst., X*l^ and HK"! in the imperf. 3d pers. plur., only distin- guished by the different place of the accent and the quantity. With regard to Hebrew, there should also be mentioned its comparatively large number of onomatopoetic words, a circumstance which stands in close relation to the occurrence of similarity of sound,*^ and its unsurpassed aptitude for depicting by means of tones and sounds.*^ § II. histances of Paronomasia in Several of the Semitic Dialects. Of all the Semitic dialects, Arabic takes the lead in deHghting in plays of sound, and, by reason of the pliancy and flexibility of its words, in affording facilities for punning and for ambiguous expres- sions.** The whole range of these figures is comprised by the Arabian grammarians under the term of gindsun, or tagnUun^^ of which they distinguish a great number of varieties.*^ There may ^^ Comp. Stade, Lehrbuch, § 157". ^^ Comp. Herder, Geist der hebr'dischen Poesie : " Zu alien dissen half ausser- ordentlich die Sprache, die in so wenige einander so ahnliche Wurzelworter zusammengeht und mit ihren einfachen Veranderungen so viel verandert." ' ? ^^ Comp. above, § 2, p. 4. ^3 Comp. Delitzsch's Commentary on the Psalms, English edition, I., p. 31. ^ Comp. Ahlwardt, Ueber Poesie uitd Poetik bei den Arabern, p. 74. ^ Comp. above, § i, p. 4. ^ They are treated in detail by Mehren, Die Rhetorik der Araber, Kopenha- gen und Wien, 1853, p. 154 ff.; Freytag, Darstellung der arabischen Verskunst, p. 522 ff.; Garcin de Tassy, Rhetorique ei Prosodie des langues de l^ orient 2 2 PARONOMASIA IN THE OLD TESTAMENT. follow examples of the principal divisions. It is called a complete homogeneity Qindsu-et-tdman) when words alike in form and pro- nunciation are different in meaning, as, for inst.. Sure, 30, 54 *f. : vayauma taqumu-s-sdatu yuqsimu-l-mu^grimuna ; md labitku gaira sdatin. " On the day whereon the resurrection shall take place, the wicked will swear that they have not tarried above an hour'' Imper- fect Qindsu-l-muharrafi), when the consonants are the same, but the vowels different : (saying of the prophet) al dainu sainu-l-dint. " The making of debts disgraces the religion." Incomplete Qindsu- t-thaqi^i), when one of the words has a letter more than the other (Sure, 75, 29 f.) : valtaffati-s-sdqu bissdqi ; 'ild rabbika yaiinididi- l-masdqu. "And one leg shall be joined with the other leg (in death) ; on that day unto thy Lord shall he be driven." (Proverb) : gaddi, gahdi. " My happiness (lies in) my exertion." Composite {gindsii-t-tarktbi) , when one part of the combination consists of two words, or of a word and part of one (Busti) : *idd malikun lam yakun dd hibahu faddhu fadaulatuhu ddhibahu. "When a king is not generous, let him alone, for his reign is transitory." Transposed {^gindsu-l-maqMbi) : Hlldhumniu Hstur 'aurdtmd vdmin raii dtina. " O, God, cover our nakedness, and strengthen our frightened hearts." Corresponding to alliteration and rime in formulae and proverbial phrases treated above,^'' the Arabic has 'itbd'un (properly " following, assimilation"), treated by Dr. Max Griinert.*^ This is one of the methods of strengthening and emphasizing of a word externally, i.e. by postposition, employed for rhetorical effects, and consists in a word being followed by another one in itself often meaningless, or originally belonging to another notional sphere, but conforming in form and sound to the first, and thus forming with it a formula conceived as its synonym.^^ For inst., hasanun basanun, very nice ; habtthim bantthiin, very mean ; saifdnti laitdnu, Satan ! hafuydn mariydn, prosit ! Similar to the formulas in the Indo-European languages,*** the Arabic iibd originated in the old popular language, and is especially frequent in proverbs.** Cognate to the itbd in form and object, but different in nature, is the strengthening of an idea by the etymojt, also treated by Muselman, p. 120 ff.; comp. also Riickert, Grammatik, Poetik tind Rhetorik der Perser, p. 91 ff.; Noldecke, Geschichte des Qordns, p. 32 f. ^' § 5. 58 Die Alliteration im Alt-Arabischen ( Verhandlungen des VII. internaiionalen Orientalisten- Congress) Wien, 1886, p. 183-227; comp, also the review by Prof. Pratorius in ZDMG, XLII., p. 677 ff. 69 Comp, above, § 5. eo Griinert, I.e., p. 188. PARONOMASIA IN THE SEMITIC LANGUAGES. 23 Dr. Griinert.^^ It consists in a noun being followed by another one, which latter is etymologically connected with the former, and has for itself a definite meaning and grammatical position, but in this combination serves to strengthen the idea of the first word, making it, as it were, a superlative. For inst., "su'giun sd'gilun, urgent, difficult task ; mautun md'itun, painful, hard death ; tilun talilun, deep, dark shadow; ^abada-l-dbddi, for ever and ever; comp. also Sure, 3, 12; 4, 60 ; 8, T ; 10, II ; 14, 27, etc. Rime is not only employed by the Arabs in poetry, but in all elevated speech."^ This rime of poetic prose, called sagun, divides the speech in short members concluding with similar endings ; comp., for inst., Sure, 75, 5-10, 20-30. For the sake of rime, the usual form of words is sometimes changed ; for inst.. Sure, 95, 2 : vaturi sinina (and by the Mount Sinai) for sina, in order to make it rime with the following el-'amini!^ Rime is also a favorite form with Arabian authors for titles and headings of books.*'^ In Ethiopic, alliteration and play upon word are rare. In poetry, the single lines of a stanza end with the identical syllable. For instance, in the poetical encomium to the biographical sketch of Melchizedek (De viris Sanctis. E Synaxariis, Dillmann, Chrestojna- thia Ethiopica, p. 16) : Salim la-Malka (^edek amsalu wasutafu la-za-ma?ea' qui ba-damanS dengel 'ajefu tabibSn geber ba-kama ^ahafu la-segS 'adam haba tahanega me'erifu zenetu kahen yenaber la-zelufu. " Hail to Melchizedek, type and associate Of Him who came — the Word (Logos) — in the cloud of the virgin as His garment, As it is written by the wise men. Where the resting-place for the body of Adam is built. There shall he remain a priest for ever." Syriac poetry is distinguished by rime."^ Single cases of parono- masia, for inst., Peshiio, Jer. xlviii. 36, 112X1 piD!*' J^n'^TS, they did • what was evil and perished ; Acts ii. 30, 737 D"T1X "jDIST i<"li<-i^'ir3i " For his mouth is foul with invectives, And his tongue with maledictions, And in foul mud he is submerged." Comp. idem (p. 87, 2) : prT^T^lDn KnT'T'DI, and the brides in their coronets. In Assyrian, there has thus far been found only a single fragment of an alliterative hymn.^ The hymn, which was probably composed as a prayer for a prince, consists of stanzas of five lines each, and the lines of each stanza begin with the same two consonants. Thus the second stanza reads : Arxu u sattu liktarubu esagila 9iri Arrube ^" Marduk lippita§u liktarab Arax §a balati isimi akiti ligsakin nigfltu Arba'a kibrati litatala zimeSu ArriS ^^ zaninisu balat tub libbi listaraq. " May month and year bring blessing to exalted Esagila; May its whole extent bless Marduk the Great. In the month of life, at the New Year's festival let there music be made. May the four quarters (of the heavens) look upon his countenance; May he grant the- ruler, giver of liberal offerings, a life of joy." Perhaps there also belong here such combinations as zikru u zinnistu, men and women ; milsu u urru, day and night ; rltu u masqtiu, food and drink. An intentional rime is found in II R., 9, 28-31'''* : sa aba u. ummu la isa sa abasu ummaSu m ida. " Father and mother He had not; His father and his mother He did not know." 69 ^ Published in Pinches' Babylonian Texts, No. 4, p. 15 fF. 6^ For ana rub8, in order to accord with the other lines. 68 For ana riS, comp. the preceding remark. 69 Comp. the observation of Prof. Haupt, Sumerische Familiengesetze, p. 57, rem. i : "It is interesting here to note the rime for the sake of which ummu was chosen at the end of the first line instead of umma.^' PARONOMASIA IN THE SEMITIC LANGUAGES. 25 An allusion to the meaning of his name is made by Sargon ( = Sarru Kenu), I R., 36, 40 ss. : Kima zikir sumia sa ana nagar ketti (= kenti) u misari sutesur la li'i la xabal ensi imbuinni ilani rabuti. " In accordance with the meaning of my name whereby the great gods have called me to protect right and justice, to guide the feeble, not to destroy the weak."™ ""^ Dr. Christopher Johnston kindly calls my attention to the plays upon word in K 595 (Harper, Assyrian Letters, p. 7 f.) obverse 1. 16: qinnu kentu, true stock, and 1. 27 : ina qinnu iunu luleribu, may they receive them into the family; and 1. 18, 19: <;alam Bel, counterfeit of the god Bel, and 1. 20: ina pi ia II b'ele, from the mouth {i.e. by the will) of the two lords. Part IL^ III. PARONOMASIA IN THE OLD TESTAMENT. A. LIMITS AND CONDITIONS OF PARONOMASIA IN HEBREW. I. Limits of Paronomasia as a Device of Style. THE charm and effect of paronomasia lie, as has been observed elsewhere,- in the union of similarity of sound with dissimilarity of sense. Hence it does not include the reiteration of the same words or word-stems in the same meaning. Is. xxviii, lo lUiS lit nty n^3:T a^ n^^t ipS 1p \^h Ip l^b 12:, "precept upon precept, precept upon precept, rule upon rule, rule upon rule, here a little, there a little," and similar passages, though powerful and impressive, do not contain a paronomasia, as the effect is not produced by the sound, but by the sense, of the words. Furthermore, to fall under the definition of paronomasia as an artifice of style, the similarity of sound must be manifestly designed by the author, not the result of an unavoidable coincidence, as, for instance, the first words of the Old Testament, i? ns:, i sam. xviu. 7 vmnann nm rsbi^a bi»sir riDn ; comp. also Gen. iv. 23, Jud. xiv. 18, xvi. 24, Ps. cxxiv., and similar passages, which are often adduced as instances of rime in the Old Testament.^ For the same ^ Appeared in the Journal of Biblical Literature, Vol. XII., Pt. ii., p. 105 ff. 2Pt. i., §3; §6. 8 The frequency or infrequency with which this construction is employed may amount to a peculiarity of style ; the figure in itself cannot be so regarded. * Comp. Reuss, Geschichte der Heiligen Schriften Alien Testaments, §125; and on the other hand, Delitzsch, in his Commentary on Ps. cxxiv., and Introduc- tion to the Psalter, p. 28 f. (English transL). 26 PARONOMASIA IN THE OLD TESTAMENT. 27 reason, the auxiliary prefixes do not count in alliteration; else all imperfect and participle forms (with the exception of ptcp. Qal) would alliterate. The nominal preformatives are an exception to this rule, because they were no longer felt to be formative elements/ as in XDIttI KliClJS, going out and coming in (202 ; comp. 205 a. o.).^ In the few cases where a stem-consonant alliterates with a prefix, the similarity extends to the whole words, as "[ll "111, the guilty and the pure (loi ; comp. 45, 54, 143, 204, 223, 383, 461). 2. Intentional and Accidental Congruence of Sound. The observations made in the preceding paragraph suggest the question, How are we to know whether the agreement in sound between two or more words is intentional or not ? It is impossible to give a universal criterion applicable to every particular case. In many instances the decision will be a matter of individual feeling. It must also be borne in mind, on the one hand, that since parono- masia exists for the ear, not for the eye, harmonies of sound may be overlooked by the reader of a foreign, and especially of a dead, language ; on the other hand, that the critic, who is in search of them, is apt to perceive assonances even in cases which would not be recognized as such in the living speech. We must also distin- guish between the intention of the writer and the genius of the language. A writer may use a paronomasia unintentionally and unconsciously, merely because the language has a tendency to, and an aptitude for, these figures.'' So much may be said in general. There can be no doubt that the congruence of sound is intended in those combinations which recur often, and have thus the character of a formula ; in those in which unusual words or forms are employed in order to produce similarity of sound ; and in the plays upon proper names. Accumulation is also an evidence of design ; that is, where either several words assonate with one another,^ or two or more paro- nomasias occur in the same verse.^ Intention is to be assumed more 6 Thus, in Latin also, cura alliterates with cogitatio, plane with perspicue, etc. ; ^omp. Wolfilin, Die alliterativen Verbindungen im Lateinischen (Sitzungsbericht der Bayrischen Akademie, 1881), p. 4 f. 6 The numbers refer to the list of passages in the Old Testament in which paronomasia occurs ; below, p. 44 ff. ■^ Comp. Ley, Die metrischen For men der hebr'dischen Poesie, Leipzig, 1866, p. 18. 8 Comp. List, No. 41, 62, etc. 8 Comp. No. 43, 59, 71, etc. 2 8 PARONOMASIA IN THE OLD TESTAMENT. frequently in syntactically co-ordinated than in subordinated words, especially when the combination is distributed over two parallel members.''^ Besides this the diction of the passages in which they occur and the relation they bear to it must be considered. In elevated speech, where the paronomasias add to its solemnity and impressiveness, they may be deemed intentional. In less elevated style, such combinations as add but little to the emphasis and significance may generally be deemed accidental. 3. Consonants which alliterate with Each Other. In Latin, Old German, and Anglo-Saxon, alliteration is restricted to precisely the same consonants.^^ In Hebrew, however, there is greater liberty. K alliterates with '^ in "IS'^JI pD>$, powder and dust (4), pX 7^3?!, misery and distress (12; comp. also 36, 316, 319, 324). The interchange of ^ with X in several cases, as 3X71X2 Am. vi. 8, ^7X1312 and ^h^'^ Mai. i. 7, and DXHS side by side with ^yna,^^ would show that in Hebrew, as in the Aramean dialects, the distinc- tion in pronunciation between '57 and >5 began early to be effaced, although that between 'J7 and '^ (= Arab, gain) is still to be traced in the transcription of proper names in the Septuagint. But even in Arabic, where the enunciation of these gutturals is sharply distin- guished, they are found in alliteration.^^ The niutce medics may alliterate with tenues. Thus 3 with & in D31^7 37S niiT ^yi, swallow up, O Lord, divide their tongue (51 ; comp. 46, 332); J with p in D'^'^'J DD "]^1p ^a\1, lift up thy voice, daughter Gallim (72); 3 with p in 123 D"ip ^3 T\'2, Bel hath bowed down, Nebo hath crouched (182; comp. 173, 181, 386); 1 with to in fl!?!! D^IO, judgment and knowledge (152) ; T with fl in ^TlTn pi, corn and wine (80) ; tO with fl in 7Sn TtD, those that daub with untempered mortar (153). All these consonants interchange freely in the various Semitic dialects, and not infre- quently within one and the same language. So 3 with S : rTHSl? 1" Comp. No. 12, 14, 42, icx), etc. ^1 Comp. Wolfflin, Die alliter. Verbindungen im Lat., p. 3 f. ; Vilmar, Gramm., II., p. 21 f. ; Hofer, Alliteration bei Gower, p. 76 f. ^2 Comp. Ewald, § 59 c, and Wright, Comparative Grammar of the Semitic Languages, p. 48 f., 63 f. 1^ Comp. Griinert, Die Alliteration im Alt-Arabischen ( Verhandlungen des VII. Internationalen Orientalisten Congresses, Semitische Section), Wien., 1886; p. 188. PARONOMASIA IN THE OLD TESTAMENT. 29 and KnnX, lead ; nSl, KD^t and XnSt, Arab, zift (which is, how- ever, a loan-word), pitch ; *11S and IH (Ps. Ixviii. 31, Dan. xi. 42), spread out, scatter." \ D and p, IPID and Arab, gahada, deny, conceal; "IJD and "130, close, shut; tD^p, KtO^TIp, but Mand. Kl^'^ria, truth ; ^^ 3;513 and 3731p, head-gear, — compare, in Assyrian, the dialectic variety of qdtu and gd(u, hand, qaqqadu and gaggadu, head;^" 1, 10 and H, as in Hebrew and Aram. 'r'tOp, Arab, and Ethiop. qatala, S^tOH and S^m, to snatch away, HS'l and Syr. X3D, rumor, report, S^H and Arab, //x^^, tambourine, "IH and "IIH, Arab. { ^t:h (10; Prov. xxiii. 29); mriD^i nns^i, and they smote them and crushed them (186). In some combinations the words often change their position : bX^^I pi^ and pKI 7X3!?, misery and wretchedness, or sin and iniquity (12) ; '?2!'"!l^m pi and tl?n^ri |m, corn and wine (80) ; nX2im S^n and '^^Hl mDin, wall and rampart (120). It is not necessary that the combined words should follow in immediate succession. They may even be distributed between the parallel members of a verse : T'^t2??D "^JTlXSiS mn^ DHK rntyXS ']l37iC3, Jahveh, when thou wentest out of Seir, when thou didst march out of the field of Edom (365) ; *ipV^^ DlStT ^'^^ 21 Comp. Pt. i., § 5 and § 11. 22 Comp. the paragraphs cited in the last note. PARONOMASIA IN THE OLD TESTAMENT. 3 1 *]''m3J3'nS3 m7tn, let there be peace in thy ramparts and prosperity in thy palaces (464). Asyndeton of the combined words — essential in Arabic ^ and Latin ^* — is the exception. 2. With regard to the relation of thought between the combined words, they are either strictly synonymous, as ^SV) pSK, powder and dust (4) ; m3JC1 HSID, storm and tempest (278) ; HflX:^! jltTtT, joy and gladness (414) ; or express cognate ideas, as TlSib mn^ Dp3 V!l''i<7 Sin 110131, Jahveh is an avenger to his adversaries, and he keepeth wrath to his enemies (269) ; hs^\'^^ pv, cloud and darkness (314); p'^mn DlS^m 1K2:n nnatrn ^S, for with joyshallye go forth, and with peace shall ye be led (418) ; or the ideas belong to the same sphere, as Dll "131, pestilence and bloodshed (79) ; n^JH D^2Cni, spear and arrows (132) ; HSpl flSp, the pelican and porcu- pine (371) ; the words may express a contrast, and be combined to express indifference to the contrast,^ as S31X21 i^2i1tt, the going out and coming in (202); or present the extremes of a series, thus expressing absoluteness, totality, as DIIVI H2£3? DSJ<1, and there is neither he that is shut up, nor he that is loose, i.e. none whatever (320) ; TlyS^ "13? . . . nirf ^1D^ jahveh will exterminate watcher (or caller) and answerer, i.e. every one (323).^ Combinations of derivatives from the same stem : ^ rib?1^X21 nst2?, waste and desolation (426), i.e. utter desolation ; iT3><1 rT^KH, moan- ing and bemoaning, i.e. exceeding lamentation (497), — a kind of superlative similar to D'^tt^lp tTIp, holy of holies, the most holy.^^ Instances of antithesis are inSS K7l ntODS, I trust, and am not afraid (46) ; niH Kif^ HtDn Dnn, instead of wheat come out thorns (113); nston':' ^trn nxinn n^^n':' pn^ nSi:;©, the work of the righteous tendeth to hfe, the income of the wicked to sin (115) ; etc. 6. Alliteration in Grammatically Subordinated Words. The number of instances of paronomasia in grammatically subor- dinated words is comparatively small. Besides, it is in such cases often more difficult to decide than in co-ordinated words whether the accordance of sound was intended, or is merely accidental.^ The following may serve as examples : — I. The combined words stand in the relation of subject and predi- cate : pi5 n'^SK Th% curse consumed the earth (26) ; D^XSX'? IDm 28 Grflnert, I.e., p. 187. 24 Wolfflin, Die alliter. Verb., l.c., p. 13. 2S Cf. Pt. i., § 5. 26 cf. Ft. i., § 5, and Pratorius, ZDMG, XLII., p. 678. "Cf. Pt. i., §11. 28Comp. Ewald, §313 c. 29 cf. above, § 2. 32 PARONOMASIA IN THE OLD TESTAMENT. nKtOn, but sin is the reproach of nations (134) ; D'^^tT nnHD, her merchants are princes (281). 2. Predicate and object : TTl IpHS, when he set a compass (138) ; irT;2{ 11^, they beset our steps (352); T\^p W^p, they reap thorns (376). 3. The combined words stand in genitive relation to one another : D^n ^'^Sn, slain by the sword (124) ; XDIPI StI, the wealth of the sinner (366) ; \T^'^ DtT, a name of joy (467). 4. One member of the combination is a complement, or contains an adverbial qualification of the other: D''3VDX7 ''33S DK, I was father to the needy (i) ; n^t2hi< D'^b^bi^, dumb idols (30) ; DHmnn T^'nTl nnn— , thou wllt slay their young men with the sword (45). 5 . The combination forms a comparison : mSD^ID D'^DDPl ^"121, the words of the wise are like goads (78); IIS^ "ISND "mM, he scattereth hoar-frost like ashes (179); SltO ]fy^t2 DU? 31tD, a good name is better than precious ointment (469). In all these cases, the similarity of sound strengthens and illustrates the relation of the words to one another. 7. Simple and Strengthened Alliteration. To constitute an alliteration, the agreement of one sound, i.e. of the first consonant, is sufficient. Quite frequently, however, it is extended to two or more consonants, and to the similarity of the consonants there is added that of the vowels, so that the words correspond almost entirely in sound : pliCSSI "llltti, siege and afflic- tion (228); "ISXI *ia:?, dust and ashes (316); ^T^^ DV1, thunder and earthquake (409). So also sometimes three or more words aUiterate : HSI DnSI inS), terror, and a pit, and a snare (330) ; MDID^I HDIDX^I nX2inS2 DT, a day of discomfiture, and of treading down, and of perplexity (199); DIpX: p^TX^lS: DnX2 TD3 KDD mn^ h)Xy^^ nipa irtrnpa, throne of glory, exalted from the begin- ning, place of our sanctuary, hope of Israel — Jahveh (176) ; or several alliterative couples stand together : ^iXtTI CST ^231 p3, progeny and offspring, name and remnant (258, 468; Is. xiv. 22); 137 t'J? '^^ Tm mX^in Xr^^ TW^'^, a city of strength is ours, salvation doth he appoint for walls and bulwarks (303 ; Is. xxvi. i). PARONOMASIA IN THE OLD TESTAMENT. 33 8. Assonance. Of the subtle assonance ^ there are in Hebrew, in which the con- sonantal element predominates, hardly any instances, except perhaps mi?21 "niD p, a rebellious and refractory son (289) ; \\'^'y^ J1S"I^, blasting and mildew (442) ; 111137 p3»''3ir pHttn, shyness, madness, and bhndness (500). If such cases as those quoted by Ley,^^ e.g. nnX 13311 11S1, and his rider falls back, be considered as exam- ples of this figure, it would be possible to find assonance in every line of the Old Testament. 9. Rime. Excluding, in accordance with what was said above,^^ the congru- ence of sound in the flexional endings, and Hmiting rime as a species of paronomasia to the cases in which the similarity is in a stem- syllable, the number of instances of rime in the Old Testament is comparatively small ; and it is always combined with assonance of the whole word, as in j^lXH 11733 ni3>^, the earth is stricken down and withered (2); D^^ni Dni« (15); pXH tmni tr3?3ni, and the earth shaketh and quaketh ( 74) ; niKSD flltO'!?, a crown of glory (302); ID^IEI T1^, an escaped one and survivor {zz?>)', nap T^'^T "hi nJ2^, a bud that doth not bring forth meal (362); P)i£p P|5iU?3, in the overflowing of anger (492) ; IHSI infl, waste and void (499), etc. 10. Epanastrophe. There are only a few instances in the Old Testament of the recurrence of the final syllable of a word at the beginning of the immediately following word, a figure disapproved of by the old rhetoricians : ^ H^H tT'^SIK VD1K, his enemies I will clothe with shame (61) ; DHS 7\tlT\ 1122113 DUtT, that they are beasts with regard to themselves (97) ; 'h'Tw ntt^l t2?"lS, he hath spread a net for my feet (411), etc. 1 1 . Play upon Words. I. There are only a few cases in the Old Testament of plays pro- duced by a single word which suggests by its form, or alludes to,, another word similar to it in sound, but of contrasted signification,^ as in |1S ^"IIPID, the young men of Hehopolis (11), where |1H, the Hebrew name of that city, is spitefully altered to |1X, idolatry, wicked- 8^ Cf. Pt. i., § I. ^^ Die metriscken For men, u.s.w., p. 95. 82 § I, p. 26 f. 83 Cf. Quint, ix., 4, 41. 34 Cf. Pt. i., § 8, I. 34 PARONOMASIA IN THE OLD TESTAMENT. ness, and in pi^ IT^ )bVT\ 7S1, which contains a bitter parody on Bethel. In D'^n VBISi, his watchmen (prophets) are dreaming (93), a sarcastic allusion to D'^in, seers, may be seen. According to Professor Haupt, I'D], in Eccl. xii. i, alludes to IS].'" A play on the double meaning of a word is perhaps contained in H? "miCXS ^llit pHI, and Tyre built for herself a bulwark, or siege (353, note). A case of the division of one word into two is perhaps to be found in CJVXiS lIDn, the spite of the haughty (63), where the qere D''3V ^^ih is thought by some commentators to allude to the U^^V, Greeks,^" and in jl'^ppl 1"fn3 hV, and disgrace upon thy glory (384), reminding of Sp jl7p.^ In this connection may also be mentioned a case in which there is no similarity of sound, and the play is only on the thought : n^n nn:? n^atr nn^V n^h na:?. Pass thou away, O inhabitress of Shaphir (Fairtown), stripped in shame (491), where Shaphir is probably altered from Shamir,^ in order to play on its appellative signification. 2. But the mass of plays upon words in the Old Testament are such as are brought about by the combination of two words, and following the classification given in Part i. (§8, 2), we may distin- guish the following cases : — a. The repetition of the same word in a different meaning {antan- ■ aclasis) . a. The same word is repeated in two different meanings, both of ■which properly belong to it: tT^K ^TH Slpb 'h>< DnVtttr? ^h nnnn 9x . . .m-n n^h Kip ^3in . . . Vnxb, ye have not hearkened unto me to proclaim liberty every one to his brother, . . . behold I ^proclaim liberty to you ... to the sword (87) ; mn^lXS . . . HmH ''S XllSnT' mnSlXS *h Vn XllOnb, because Ephraim hath made a multi- tude of altars to sin, the altars became to him a punishment (114^'') ; comp. Nos. 117, 146, 219, 252, 253, 266, 296, 368, 379, 407, 455, 474, 483. /8. The same word is repeated in its proper and transferred sense, as in nW IXtTJI . . . Urvh^: ^T ^n«tr3, I lifted up my hand against them . . . , and they shall bear their sin, i.e. the consequence of it, pun- ishment (272); K^X2, burden, and oracle (234^"); comp. Nos. 154, 375,443, 457. 484- y. The meaning in the repetition is qualified, or emphasized : ITliT WT^ lin'^ frin^ 73 "[l^ n?:-l, Jahveh, thy hand hath been lifted up, but they saw it not; they shall ste — and be ashamed (112). 86 Cf. No. 58, note. 86 cf. No. 63, n. 28. 87 cf. No. 384, note. PARONOMASIA IN THE OLD TESTAMENT. 35 b. Combination of homonyms : . . . DTl*lttn "llttn *Tl?2Hn TI73 'il Tl^Dn, with the jaw-bone of an ass heaps of heaps . . . have I smitten (129); TDH finn D^"l^Dn '!'1p3, as the sound of thorns under the pot (so is the sport of the fool; 283) ; comp. Nos. 232, 295, 305, 450. c. Change of voice of the verb : pXH SItS Dn:?tttri HXn DX I'^SXn nnn Onnttl 13Xan DKI ibsxn, if ye are wiUing and obey, ye shall eat the good of the land, but if ye refuse and rebel, ye shall be devoured by the sword (24) ; \imr\ kS ^3 irttSin kS Q«, if ye beUeve not, verily ye will not remain (31); comp. Nos. iii, 164, 260, 291, 311, 375, 428, 474. d. The other plays upon words, which imply a "parva mutatio verbi," cannot be minutely classified. The following groups may, however, be distinguished : — a. The consonants are alike and stand in the same order, but the vowel is different : "jp^H vTO "^p^HS, in the smooth stones of the brook is thy portion (126) ; 0^3 3^(1 CI? |S2C sSpf . . . IHpTI, and he made him suck milk of sheep with fat of rams (128) ; 7!? D"in rT'XS^ti h^ Din D'^n^DH, sword upon the Chaldseans, drought upon their waters (142) ; comp. 249, 324, etc. ^. One consonant, either in the beginning, middle, or end of the word, is different : bx "^IttX TlttH, they rebelled against the words of God (32) ; r\'pi n3m v^^'y^ na^D n:m x^t^'^'ch ipi, and he hoped for justice, but behold oppression, for righteousness, but behold a cry (240) ; K12^ ''3 "ntTtt Kl^n kSi K3nn X\^h DltTS, when the tongue scourgeth thou shalt be hidden, and thou shalt not fear destruction when it cometh (447). y. One word has an additional syllable : )^^ ''Tt^JS "lltTS, hke a destruction from Shaddai will it come (438) ; SSS D^lSStr ■'mU?:;^ Dniii D'^tOStrn, when I shall execute judgment on all those that despise them (486) ; T\T\ Ssb n"IIK IIT'^J 731, and all his auxiliary troops I will scatter to every wind (299). 8. The consonants are transposed: ^xhz bn V3:?3 ^l"^ f'^IT' D31J<, he delivers the afflicted in his affliction, and opens his ear in oppression (125); "ISX TP^T\ *li^, be strong, which is extant in I^^TXrin, show yourselves men, Is. xlvi. 8, and in the proper name tZ^KliT, or U?K1^, 2 Ki. xii. i, 20.^ The name Hiy?: is explained by: IH^n^irXS 0^X2.1 p ^3, for I drew him out of the water. But H^tt as participle active can only mean " extrahens," not " extractus." *^ In reality, niTXS is probably not a Hebrew name, but the Hebraized Egyptian mesu, child (Lauth- Ebers). An Egyptian etymology was suggested by Josephus, Antt. ii. 9, 6 (comp. Contra Apionem, i. 31 ; Philo, Vita Mosis, i. 4; Clem. Alex., Strom., i. 343), accommodating it to the explanation given in Exod. ii. 10 : to ya/a vhiup (xdv ol AlyvirTLOi KoXovaiv, ecr^s 8e tows [_cc rSaTos] (Tw$evTa<;.*^ The name of the son of Moses Dt^nil is explained by rr^'HS] |^"1XD "'iTM ^H, a stranger am I in a foreign country (75), as if it were a compound of "13 and Dv2^ (for Dt2^) ; whereas it prob- ably comes from t27*l3, drive out, with the nominal ending dm, instead of the usual on.*^ So also 13773 is explained to be a compound of ^J, heap, and IV, witness ( 70) , while it is probably connected with the Arabic gal' ad, something hard, rough. '^SD is derived from 773, mix, confuse (39), as if it were a contraction of hlhz ; ^ but it is known from the Assyrian cuneiform *8 Die Sumerischen Familiengesetze, p. 20, rem. 3. ** See Haupt, I.e., p. 25, rem. 6, and Fried. Delitzsch, Prolegomena zu einem neuen Wortei-buch Uber das Alte Test.,^. 160-164; comp., however, Noldeke in his review of this book in ZDMG, XL., p. 739 f. The difference of the two stems was already noticed by P. von Bohlen, Die Genesis, 1835, p. 36, n. 22, *5 Dillmann's proposition to take it as ptcp. Poal with aphaeresis of the pre- formative (comp. Ewald, § 169'', and Gesen., § 52, 2, rem. 6), would be too forced in this case. *« Professor Haupt, in an unpublished paper of 1877, " Die biblische und semi- tische Sprachwissenschaft," which he kindly placed at my disposal, suggests that the name Hiyo originated in the mission of Moses as deliverer of Israel from Egypt. A kind of parallel to it is found in the Hiduie Agadoth (nn:« 'tynn) on Hulin, • 139* : " Before he was named so by the daughter of Pharaoh the Tora called him by this name, because he led and drew out Israel from the sea, . . . and therefore was he called, ' He who has drawn out,' and not ' He who was drawn out ' " Ninty DB? ^-^ nr oiyn mix minn nxip n;nj3 nn n^ S;; p Nipjiy mip) .('^t:?? i« nK/D3 kSi nro K-»pj p h";;! . . . D'n p S«iiy' nx nc^oi K'Vin *'^ Comp. Stade, § 296". *8 As 331 J = 3333, mSCJiO = r>1£3D3^; comp. Ewald, § 158"; Stade, § I24». 38 PARONOMASIA EST THE OLD TESTAMENT. inscriptions that Babilu, the corresponding Assyrian name of the city, is a compound of bdb, gate, and ilu, god, the gate of god.^^ But in many cases it is quite apparent that it is not an etymology which is intended, but a paronomasia. So when Hi is explained from littW HT, this one will comfort us (255), on which even Ber. rabba comments that " the explanation does not suit the name, nor the name the explanation ; it should either read, Noah will give us rest (which the LXX have, KaraTravo-ei) , or Nahman will comfort us."* So also ^KlXSiy is derived from Sstt?, to ask (427), while it can only be either a contraction from 7S! V1^'5?^> heard by God (like 73D1"11) ," or, better, a compound from h)^ Dt2^, name of God, the 1 being the old nominative ending, as in Ilvti'intt, 7K13S, the Phoeni- cian ^'JJSIIV, Hasdrubal, etc."^ The explanation given is probably due to a confusion of '^XIXStT with SlKtl^. "113:: p^!?, the valley of trouble (307), is derived from the name p^, and it is interesting that, perhaps in consequence of this etymology, the Chronicler (i Chr. ii. 7) changed the latter name into "13V. Thus in most of the explanations of proper names in the Old Testament we have examples of popular etymology, which is satisfied with a partial agreement in sound between the name and the appel- lative which was suggested by it. In the plays upon proper names, still less regard is had to the real meaning. Occasionally the true etymology of a name is hit upon, but in general the appellative is suggested by the sound. pStmS ^tT\T\ pntt D: r\T\ r\'h^ latrn, in Hesbon (Counting Town), they designed evil against her, and thou also Madmen (Dunghill) wilt be brought to silence (149, 84) ; np:?n \r\p'T\ .THD rOli:? HT:? ^3, for Gaza (Stronghold) will be abandoned, and Ekron (Extermination) will be exterminated (297, 322); n^■|'^3 T\)^ Tl'lSm, and I shall cut off the Cherethites (183); ^tl^ pT p, Dan will judge his " Comp. 1. R., 52, No. 5, 2, 7, II; IV., 18, 11; 27, 29* {Ba-H-lu); IV., 12, 14; 20, No. 3, 13; 29, 22" {Ba-H-lim); Neb. Grot. L, 7 {Ba-bi-lam) ; I., 4, No. XV., I, 2; 35, No. I, 23; 48, No. 5, 3; II., 13, 25<"*; IV., 12, 13 {Ka- dingir-ra). 6J -yyrh «ip yiv n'n xb t^non xin nt^n «Si db^h xin ts'inon xS UOnr ni JDHJ IX Un^r nr n: 1X Xbx. Rashi, after Midrash Tanhuma, divides IJOHJ' into ^J:? DJ', and finds the etymology of the name Noah in the first part. *i So Ewald, § 275, rem. 3. ^2 Comp. Stade, § 344*; Judah Hayyug and Ibn Ezra even propose the reading PARONOMASIA IN THE OLD TESTAMENT. 39 people (86*; comp. 86"); t^^^S fintTV tT^nS n^DnXSH Dm, harness the swift steed to the chariot, O inhabitress of Lachish (192). One and the same name is sometimes variously played upon, either with reference to different meanings of the same word, or to a different word. Thus the name *13 is explained by 1JD, with good luck, or in J53, good luck hath come (Gen. xxx. 11 ; No. 65"). In the blessing of Jacob the play is made : ^p'2 IT XIHI imr 1113 "IJ, Gad, troops will crowd against him, but he will overcome (prop., cut off) the rear (Gen. xlix. 19; No. 65*). Both the notion of luck and of a troop, which are suggested by the name li, are connected with the same stem 1*13, and its by-form 113. Its proper meaning is, ' cut ' ; comp. Deut. xiv. i, 1113nn X7, ye shall not cut yourselves ; then, cut one's part, give him as his lot ; hence 13, Syr. X13, Arab. gadd, luck ;^ 13il, or 13 ^V^, Jos. xi. 17, xii. 7, xiii. 5, the god of fortune.*^ On the other hand, 1113, a troop, i.e. a division. So also the name npT is first explained by W2 np:?n nm 111, and his hand was holding the heel of Esau (Gen. xxv. 26 ; No. 321"), " heel-holder " ; but when Esau was defrauded by him of his birth- right and of his father's blessing, he exclaims bitterly, ItttT it,1p "'^l D^tt^JD nt ''3Dp!?l ^pV^, was he then called Jacob (deceiver) because he deceived me thus twice (Gen. xxvii. 36 ; No. 321*) ; and again, when Hosea reviews the history and character of Jacob, h« alludes to his name in the words, VHi^ HX 3p3? |13M, in the mother's womb he took the heel of his brother (Hos. xii. 4 ; No. 321"). The primi- tive meaning of the stem DplJ is, bend ; hence ^pV, heel, prop., the curvature of the foot ; '2p'2, end, prop., the turn, issue, of a thing ; ^ DpV, hill, slope (Is. xl. 4), Eih.'a^a^. From Sp^ is derived the denominative stem ^pV, come after one ; prop., tread on the heels, then, lie in wait and restrain one by putting out the heel or foot ; Aram. 23^ ; comp. Job xxxvii. 4, DDp'JJ^ K71 and the Targum on this passage ; Eth. 'aqaba, keep, preserve, guard ; then, deceive, prop., cause to stumble, fall (comp. Jer. ix. 3).^" Similarly, 1373 is derived in Jos. v. 9 from 113, nSlil T^ Tni3 ff^lSiXS, I removed (prop., rolled away) the reproach of Egypt (by 63 Cf. nj? from njD, and S?^, Ps. xvi. 5, 6. 64 cf. 'JD, Is. Ixv. 11. 66 Comp. Delitzsch on Ps. xix. 12, xl. 16. 66 A play on the name Dpi^"' is perhaps intended in the narrative of Jacob's wrestling (Gen. xxxii. 25) by p^K'l. The verb occurs nowhere else, and may have been chosen here to allude on the one hand to the name ^pj,'", on the other, to that of the brook p^", Gen. xxxii. 23 f.; see Delitzsch, Comm. ad loc. 40 PARONOMASIA IN THE OLD TESTAMENT. the performance of circumcision at that place) ; while in Am. v. 5, there is a play upon Tw^, HTT n73 7Jb!iri, Gilgal will surely go into captivity (69). S^DV is derived in the same context from SlDK, take away, namely, the reproach of barrenness, and from PjD'', add, expressing the wish that another son may be added (158). Note. — Very suggestive is the opinion of Professor Haupt (expressed in his paper mentioned above) that many of the old names occurring in Genesis originally meant something like son, offspring, creature, being, and the like, as this notion must have been the first to occur to the mind of primitive men at the birth of a child. Professor Haupt discovers this meaning in many of the names. Thus, for instance, J'p (381) from pp (cognate to |1D), stand upright, whence njp, reed, and the appellative pP, spear, 2 Sam. xxi. 16; then, establish, create, form, especially forge ; so Syr. ^^'J'P, Arab, ^ain, artisan, especially smith. The name ^P would thus mean creature, i.e. child, while the popular etymology derived it from Hip, produce, acquire, from which a form like j'Jp, Ps. civ. 24, would be expected. — rii^ (459) can only mean either, he who sets up (as participle), or (as noun) sprout, i.e. offspring. Popular etymology explained it as meaning substitute. — 'j'^S (341), the breaker through, i.e. born. — mr (Gen. xxxviii. 30), the rising one.^" — D'''1i3N (338), fruit."^ — So also 3pJ?' as a noun may mean descendant, posterity; comp. the Arab, 'agd, 'uqb, posterity; prop., what comes after.^^ 13. Relation of Paronomasia to Diction in the Old Testameftt. Julius Ley, starting from a comparison of Hebrew with Old- German, claims for alliteration in Old-Hebrew, or " pre-Davidic " poetry,™ the importance of a formal principle of poetry which it had in German. To establish this theory, he not only includes under alliteration, rime, assonance, play upon words, and repetition, but extends it to the agreement of two stem-consonants in any position and order, as ^niDD and KDH, Uyi"^ and ^T\T\, ^l^Y '^' ^"^^ ^^^ *lJ2n, pX and b3J

5 nstr; i>5 Cf. Ez. vi. 9. 437. Ez. vi. 6 : ^^ nyhh: innt^;i nnt^^^i 438. Is. xiii. 6 ; Joel i. 15 : J^IS^ ^'ItTD Hltt^D 439. Is. li. 19, Ix. 18 ; Jer. xlviii. 3 : "ll?tS?m IV^Tl 440. Joel i. 10 : HDnx nSs« n^t? n'ltr? 441. Is. XXxii. 12 : ^2 ^J52|^ ^-[-^ t-IXy Qi^gjQ q,^^ L,^; 442. PPIP^ fiB'itrm Dt. xxviii. 22 ; i Ki. viii. 37(2 Chr. vi. 28) ; Am. iv. 9 ; Hag. ii. 17. 443. ^^hvi i:?nnrn int^^i n^ )2^: 'ntrx pxn nnS Sx is^t^^rn iKLviii. 47: ' ' D.Tntr'pKn Cf. Dt. xxx. 1-3 ; 2 Chr. xxx. 9. 444- n« mn^ nnitj^ : a^ssSns ^r^-^ fr2i ns't;^ ni< m.T nits^? Ps. cxxvi.'i, 4 : ^'^ S:i3n D^p^SKD (qere IJfT'ntl^) m)2V^ ' When Jahveh brought back the captives of Zion we were like those that dream. Restore, O Jahveh, our prosperity, as streams in the south country. 445. Jer. iii. 22 : DD^nbltl^ip KS^X Dpniti^ n"^3n niti^ Cf. vs. 12, 14 ; Hos. xiv. 5. 150 Cf. ch. xxvi. 33, where the name i^2V "^W is connected with the numeral n;?^!^, seven. "1 Lxx omits inntyji. 162 On the text, see Stade, ZATIV, IV., p. 267, rem. i; Duhm, ad loc. 158 n^'ty is prob. transcriptional error for TV'2\if. The phrases TW'llVf 311^ and r\'3iy y\W, though frequently confused, are not identical in origin or meaning. nUty 2W, which is pre-exilic, is di figura etymologica, meaning ' restore the former condition'; T\'''2,W Sliy, on the other hand, which originated after the deportation, is a paronomasia, meaning ' bring back the captivity, captives.' In Ps. cxxvi., there is thus a two-fold play in rmt? 3m, vs. i, and r\13iy IW, vs. 4. So Professor Haupt. LIST OF CASES OF PARONOMASIA IN THE OLD TESTAMENT. 8i 446. pxn n^in mn^ k^s ^d nnnitrn nsri j^pi^nnn Tia I's Jer. xxxi. 22 : 1^* ' "IDJ nilDH Hnp] 447. Job V. 21 : '^ Kin^ ^3 "iitrp K-i^n j^'?! xann pt^S isits^a 448. Is. xxviii. 15, 18 : 1^ i3Kin; kS nn^*: ^d pitait:^ taiti^ 449. Ps. xviii. 42 : TP'^^ r^'' ''^l^: 450. Gen. iii. 15 : ^"^ Dp:: issiti^n nmi trxn "yjaitz^^ Kin 451. Ps. V. 9 : "(Dm ''js':' (kethib n^TiH) n^>i n'li'*:^ |:?i2':' Cf. xxvii. II. 452. Prov. xii. 25 : ^ nina'tr; miD -am mntr: r^x n'r'n ™ki Dt. xxviii. 22 : IP1'.5'' 454. bntr vb^ rn:? k':' fn^^ "jd inamn xb . . . dti: Job xxviii. 7, 8. 455. Lam. ii. 6 : DStri n^lD p^itS HIT H?^ H^'b nntT 456. Job xxxiii. 18 : nStr? -QVtt in^m nn^ ^3x: itrs: '^^n'' 457. Dan. xi. 22 : VJSStt ISlOf ^ ^DtTH r\'\^^^^ 458. p-ipa na "iitr^ip m.Tb nio^m . . . -i^^a D^'^':x d^ nSbns Ps. Ixix. 31, 32 : C^Sttl 459. "inx ^^1 D^^Sx ^S n:;^ "D nt? 112^^ nx x-ipm Gen. iv, 25.^^^ 460. Ps. cxxxvii. 5 : ^^^ "'rb'' nst^^n abtrn^ '^nst^x dx 461. Cant. iv. 2 : 0,13 pK n'PStS^I niXD^Xni2 0^3^^ 1^ LXX presents a different text; see Workman, p. 346. 1°^ Hoffmann, lE'P, the demon of sickness, after Ps. xci. 6. — The combination occurs also Ecclus. xl. 9 : ffivrpinfia. koX fidtrri^. i"** Duhm surmises that Is. wrote tODiC' £311?, the second word as genit., " stachelpeitsche." 1^' Professor Haupt, Beitrdge zur Assyr. Lautlehre, p. lOi, rem. 6, suggests that in this much-vexed passage there is a play on the words ^ISy and '^XB', T^31tyr\ being put for UfllXtST*, to agree more closely with ■]31JS'\ Such anoma- lies are often met in paronomasia. This explanation removes all difficulties. i°8 In the Talm. Yoma, 74*, the suffix is referred to HJlXn, and the word is in a playful manner explained; either he shall shake it off his mind (IHJ^IO njn'D'), or he shall tell it to others (D'lPX^ njn'jy'), and by this relieve his heart. 1^^ See above, § 12, p. 40. 160 Dyserinck emends WyT\; Graetz, better, E'npP; cf. Ps. cix. 24. 82 PARONOMASIA IN THE OLD TESTAMENT. 462. Job xxi. 23 : i« )h^) ^:^h^ )h:: 463. Job iii. 26 : 'ii^I^t? xSi ^r\)b^ vh 464. n'h^ ^S^n3 niStr^ ^^^ : ynnx vb^^ o'^^n^ Di':'t2^ {'r'xty Ps. cxxii. 6, 7 : *j^m3J2'nX3 465". I chr. xxii. 9 : rf2^2 . . . {Dx Dji^^] u'h^) )^^ ^^'^^ ribbtr ^d 465^ I Chr. xxix. 19 : ub^ 22b ]r\ '^ 7if2b^b^ 466. Prov. vii. 14 : ^13 ^^J^b^ Um ^b'S U^tpbx^ ^^2) 467. jer. xxxiii. 9 : rinxanbi nbnrh pw Dtrb ^b nnMi 468. Is. xiv. 22 : ^ist^i Dtr 'r'Dnb ^n^::m Cf. nnXU?! Dtr, 2 Sam. xiv. 7. 469. Eccl. vii. I : _ DltS j^tTtt Dt^^ miD 470. Mai. iii. 20 : r\pi:L ^f2^ ^tttT ^K"i^ ddS nnin 471. Ez. xxiii. 33 : i«» H^l^tS^I ni2^ DID 472. Jer. V. 30 : pKD . . . Hnn^'^l HJSt^ 473. Mi. vi. 16 : i«3 •I'^l^'? O'^^l '""?^/' T^ '^^ I^'^'^ 474. Lev. xxvi. 32 : DD^s^x Ti^b^s 1X2^^1 pxn m ^3x ^n^^rj) Cf. Ez. xii. 19. 475. Jer. ii. 12: DW 1)aty 476. Is. V. 6 : n^tr^i nw n':':?! Cf. vii. 23, 24, ix. 17, x. 17, xxvii. 4. 477. Ps. xiv. 8 : y^2n^ ]m ]f2^ ynbi< D^^bx ^nti^tt p b:? 478. Cant. i. 3 : "JJ^t;^ p-IID |Dt2^ 479. n^i^^ nntrtt nin "inn n'^t^vn '?Db rnxDii nin^ ntr:?i Is. XXV. 6 : 1*^ Dppix: nnx:tr n^nax: D^3)2tr cnxsts^ 480. p^p ix^tr K-ipm . . . ^D3x nx^3'tr ^d mn^ ::)3tr •'D n^xm Gen. xxix. 33. 161 Formed from pxiy by epenthesis (Del.) ; or transcriptional error for that word (Stade, Merx, Hoffm.). ^^^ Other combinations of nOOtyi r\TZW, xxxii. 15, xxxiii. 28, 29, xxxv. 3, 7. 168 Similar combinations of "Ityi 'ty, Jer. xix. 8, xxv. 9, 18, xxix. 18, xlix. 17, li. 37; the verb, i Ki. ix. 8. 164 « D^JDiy for D'^Sn, and Dnoty for C'^Dty |", for the sake of assonance " (Duhm). LIST OF CASES OF PARONOMASIA IN THE OLD TESTAMENT. 83 481". Gen. xvi. ii : -[^3:? hn^ m.T ^^^ ^3 '^K^w^ iis^T nxnpT 481*. Gen. xvii. 20: ^'ri>W hi<^^'^^h^ 482. Dt. vi. 3 : mtr^^ rna^i 'r'^nt?^ n:rs:t:^i ^ ^ r:-T t:-t 483. Prov. xix. 16 : itrs3 "i^t; m^tt nttir Cf. xxi. 23. 484. npnb Dnatr -ips':' antttria ^nxS ^t^sj : -nSnin Ps. cxxx. 6.^*^ LXX, 7}\Tncr€v 17 i/'ux^ /""^^ ^'''' '''^'' KipLov ttTTo (^uXaK^s Trpwtds 485. Ps. cxix. 117: Tan "]pnn r^'sm) n^:^]vc\ tod 486. Ez. xxviii. 26 : , anix D''i?xf n San D^tpa^ ^nw3.'3 487. cniou?! D^tast; Dt. xvi. 18 ; Jos. viii. 33 ; i Chr. xxiii. 4, xxvi. 29. 488. jud. ii. 16 : O'T?'^ Ttt mrt^vi D^tpaiy m.T D|Ti 489. ^ntpst;^]! tDStt^in^ pa:? "^K n^rnmrn n^):n h^ nx ^nitspi Joel iv. 2-^ ' Dtr DaV Cf. vs. 12. 490. jer. xiv. 6 : n^:nD T") isxt? D^st^^ S:? i"ia:? D^snai 491. Mi. i. II : ^«« nt2^2 Tn^' ^^&^ r\nt>r n:h nn:: Pass thou away, O inhabitress of Shaphir (Fairtown), stripped in shame. 492. Is. liv. 8 : i«^ y2f2 vn ^]s ^nnncn »]^p p^^tz^n 493. Ezra viii. 29 : r\r2^^ Tl^^ 494. h^ ^3« -ip'^ ^3 mxn'? ^ot^^-f . . . nj^n "sx npt? Spa ^axi Jer. i. II, i2:i«« IHtT:?? ^m 165 See Haupt, Hebraica, II., loi flF. 'j 166 Tats?, perhaps for TOB?, a city in Judah (Jos. xv. 48), in order to play on its appellative meaning (Orelli). 167 Del., Dillm., Cheyne (cf. Pesh.) consider the air. \ey. ^W a by-form of ntDE^, which is used in a similar connection in Prov. xxvii. 4, preferred here for the sake of the paronomasia with ^^Vp. Duhm regards ^^ as a copyist's error. 168 For Ipiy 1°, Graf reads, with Aq., Sym., and Vulg.,np'lK' SpD, virgam vigi- lantem. 84 PARONOMASIA IN THE OLD TESTAMENT. 495. Is. xiix. 10 : ^t2^\ nn^ DT iih 496. Is. xiv. 30 : :nn^ "^innxt^^i '^i*^^^ D'>nn ^ri^ni Cf. 2 Ki. xix. 30, 31. n 497. Is. xxix. 2 : i*® n;3si ,T3xn nn\m Cf. Lam. ii. 5. 498.' Ex. V. 18 : wrin D^jnb prn dd':' |nr x':' |;irn 499. Gen. i. 2 : 1™ inbi inn nriM pxm Cf. Is. xxxiv. II ; Jer. iv. 23. 500. HDX D^ia:?.-! DID '7D1 . . . |i:?3t^5 125*11 pHJariD DID Sd nay; Zech. xii. 4 ; cf. Dt. xxviii. '28 : ^ fTni^?? 501. nsnn bsi n'pan '^d •/ T • : T • : I Ki. viii. 38, 45, 49, 54, ix. 3 (2 Chr. vi. 19, 29). 502. Jer. vi. I : nSlIT IVpn V'lpn?! CLASSIFICATION OF THE CASES OF PARONOMASIA QUOTED IN THE LIST. I . With regard to the part of speech of the combined words : — a. Noun with noun. — i, 3, 4, 10, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 19, 20, 22, 25, 27, 28, 29, 30, 35, 40, 42, 44, 45, 46, 48, 54, 57, 58, 62, 64, 66, 73, 78, 79, 80, 81, 89, 90, 91, 92, 95, 96, loi, 102, 104, 113, 115, 116, 118, 120, 122, 123, 124, 126, 127, 128, 129, 130, 131, 132, 134, 140, 141, 142, 143, 144, 145, 150, 151, 152, 153, 173, 174, 176, 177, 178, 179, 181, 184, 185, 194, 195, 196, 199, 201, 202, 203, 204, 205, 208, 209, 210, 214, 215, 216, 222, 223, 224, 225, 226, 228, 236, 238, 239, 240, 241, 243, 245, 247, 249, 251, 258, 263, 264, 270, 278, 281, 1^^ LXX in Lam. : raireivov/i^vriv kuI TeTaTreivufi^vrjv, so also Is. iii. 26 : Taireipud-fjaovrai (=njj??). 1™ The word 1113 occurs in other Semitic cosmogonies. So in Philo BybHus' account of the Phoenician cosmogony, where Bctau figures as the spouse of dvefws KoXTrla (C. Miiller, Fragm. Hist. Graec, III., 500 f.). Some Assyriologists believe that the word occurs also in the cuneiform inscriptions under the form of Ba'u, the mother of Ea, the lord of the deep ocean, properly a personification of the water (cf. Hommel, Geschichte Assyr. u. Babyl., p. 255). According to Professor Haupt (^Beitr. zur AssyrioL, I., 181, 23), IH^ is equivalent to Assyr. bub^tu (standing for ^M^-^«^-;«rt/M), "hunger," properly emptiness (^ASKT, 89, 22; 109, iii), but also the contrary, " food," i.e. what fills out the emptiness (cf. Descent of Ishiar, IV. R., 31, 8). CLASSinCATION OF THE CASES OF PARONOMASU. 85 282, 283, 284, 285, 286, 287, 288, 289, 290, 293, 294, 295, 298, 302, 303, 314, 315^ 316, 320, 323, 325, 328, 330, s;^^, 342, 344, 348, 349, 3So» 35i> 355, 35^, 357, 35^, 360, 362, 366, 369, 371, 374, 378, 379, 384, 385, 393, 403, 408, 409, 412, 413, 414, 416, 417, 418, 422, 423, 425, 426, 431, 432, 434, 438, 439, 441, 442, 447, 453, 454, 456, 458, 462, 464, 465'', 467, 468, 469, 470, 471, 472, 473, 476, 477, 478, 479, 486, 487, 488, 492, 495, 496, 497, 498, 499, 500, 501. — 212. d. Noun with verb.— 21, 32, :i2„ 53, 5^, 59, 61, 107, 121, 125, 137, ^3^y 139, 159, 160, 162, 167, 172, 189, 217, 227, 244, 248, 261, 265, 268, 270, 274, 275, 276, 279, 292, 299, 324, 325, 343, 352, 359, 366, 367, 368, 375, 380, 391, 392, 401, 404, 405,411,431,440,444, 448, 449, 451, 457, 466, 475, 490, 494. — 60. c. Verb with verb. — 2, 24, 26, 34, 36, 41, 43, 46, 50, 51, 55, 74, 82, 88, 94, 98, 99, 100, 105, 106, 109, III, 112, 119, 133, 148, 155, 157, 163, 168, 171, 182, 186, 187, 193, 196, 203, 207, 213, 242, 250, 254, 256, 259, 267, 269, 277, 280, 285, 291, 319,327,332,339,340, 365, 367, 370, 372, 379, 386, 394, 395, 396, 410, 420, 421, 429, 430, 433, 436, 437, 443, 45^, 452, 455, 460, 463, 482, 485, 493.-81. 2. With regard to the relation of thought between the combined parts : — a. Synonymous. — 2, 3, 4, 10, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 19, 20, 28, 40, 41, 42, 43, 46, 48, 50, 51, 55, 57, 62, 64, 73, 79, 80, 82, 88, 89, 90, 91, 94, 96, 99, 100, 102, 104, 105, 106, 109, 116, 118, 120, 126, 128, 131, 132, 133, 140, 141, 142, 144, 148, 150, 152, 168, 171, 182, 184, 185, 186, 194, 196, 198, 199, 200, 202, 205, 207, 208, 210, 216, 223, 225, 226, 228, 230, 236, 237, 242, 250, 251, 254, 256, 258, 259, 263, 264, 267, 269, 271, 277, 278, 280, 285, 287, 288, 289, 294, 295, 298, 314, 316, 319, 320, 325, 327, 329, 330, 333, 334, 339, 340, 342, 344, 348, 355, 356, 365, 369, 370, 371, 372, 374, 379, 386, 394, 39^, 398, 409,410,412,413, 417, 418, 420, 421, 423, 425, 426, 430, 431, 432, 433, 436, 437, 439, 44i, 442, 447, 450, 453, 454, 455, 456, 462, 463, 464, 465", 467, 468, 471, 472, 473, 476, 479, 487, 493, 495, 496, 497, 499, 500, 501- — 176. b. Antithetic. — 46, loi, 113, 115, 125, 164, 193, 209, 224, 229, 239, 240, 247, 286, 323, 328, 348, 360, 384, 393, 403,445, 446,452. — 24. c. Proverbial expressions. — 4, 10, 12, 15, 16, 20, 28, 79, 80, 91, 105, 120, 128, 184, 228, 250, 258, 269, 277, 278, 289, 294, 302, 314, 316, 320, 323, 2>2,z, 334, 355, 356, 357, 371, 394, 398, 402, 412, 413, 414, 442, 468, 471, 473, 476.-44. 86 PARONOMASIA IN THE OLD TESTAMENT. 3. With regard to the mutual position of the combined parts — they are distributed in the parallel members of the sentence. — 12, 14, 42, 43, 100, loi, 102, 115, 116, 125, 127, 140, 150, 182, 224, 223, 226, 239, 271, 327, 344, 365, 370, 372, 386, 418,420,421,425,430, 431, 441, 447, 452, 454, 455, 456, 464, 496, 500. — 40. 4. Plays upon words : — a. Plays upon common nouns, — 11, 24, 25, 27, 29, 31, 32, t^t,, 36, 54, 56, 59> 63, 66, 87, 107, 112, 114, 117, 121, 123, 125, 126, 128, 129, 142, 143, 154, 160, 162, 163, 164, 169, 174, 178, 218, 219, 223, 224, 232, 233, 234, 240, 249, 252, 253, 261, 262, 266, 268, 272, 283, 291, 292, 299, 304, 305, 315, 324, 328, 349, 360, 368, 378, 379, 380, 383. 384, 385. 390. 392, 395' 403, 404, 405. 407, 408, 428, 429, 438, 441, 444, 445» 449, 450, 45^, 452, 455, 457, 45^, 483, 484, 494- — 93- b. Plays upon proper names. — 7, 18, 23, 49, 65'', 67, 68, 69*, 72, 76, 77, 83, 84, 85, 86^ 108, 149, I56^ 165, 175, I83'••^ 191*, 197, 2X1, 212, 218, 220, 221, 231, 241, 246, 292, 297, 304, 306, 308, 309, 312, 313' 317, 321*"", 322, 338* \ 345, 348, 353. 354', 361, 373, 377, 382, 388, 399, 419*, 464, 465"'\ 481*, 489, 491, 502. — 66. c. Explanations of proper names. — 5, 6, 8, 9, 37, 38, 39, 47, 52, 60, 65% 69% 70, 75, 86% 103, no, 147, 156", 158, 170, 191", 200, 206, 235, 255, 273, 300, 301, 307, 310, 318, 321", 326, 331, 335, 336, 338", 341, 346, 354"'*, 363, 364, 381, 387, 389* 397, 400, 406, 480, 481". — 52. INDEX TO THE PASSAGES CONTAINING PARONOMASIA, ARRANGED ACCORDING TO THE ORDER OF THE BOOKS OF THE OLD TESTAMENT. The first column refers to the chapter, the second to the verse, and the third to the number of the list of examples. The numbers marked with an asterisk indicate passages quoted in full, while the others are merely cited for the sake of completeness. E, J, and P in the first four books of the Pentateuch refer to the assumed three main component parts thereof, viz. Elohist, Jahvist, and Priest codex. GENESIS. 25 *30 J 6 49 *8 E 156* 26 *8 J 354" *i6 E 86* I *2 P 499 *20 J 326 *I9 E 656 2 *7 J 8 *22 J 397 ♦23 J 37 *33 J 435, note 3 *i5 J 450 27 *ii J 4196 EXODUS. *20 J no *28 J 80 4 *i J 381 ♦36 J 32i»,48 2 *io E 14 J *i8 J 10 J *27 ? *4E *i8 E 235 425 498 391 336 301 3 53 412 436 296 21 15 311 *I2, 14 J *25 J 5 *29 J 8 *2I J 9 *27 J 263 459 255 402 345 29 30 »32 J *33J *34 J *35 J *6 E 389 480 igio 156a 86« S 10 12 18 21 10 *25 J 11 *3 J *9j 15 *2 E 16 *ii J *I3. 14 J 17 *S P 331 130 39 85 481a 387 5 *8 E »iij ♦13 J *i8 E *20 E »23 J, 24 E 31 *27 J 346 65a 38 415 103 158 417 22 23 28 32 *4 E *8 E 9E ♦5 E «27 E *30 P *i8 E ♦17 & 19 P 354" ♦48 J 70 34 *i5 J 106 *20 P 48 1" ♦49 E 364 18 8 J 128 32 *3J 206 *27 J 316 *25 J 32irf LEVITICUS I9*20&22 J 363 *29 J 424 *37 J 200 *3i J 335 8 8 P 15 ♦38 J 310 38 *29 J 341 10 6 P 339 21 *6 J 354* 41 *47.53 E 434 13 *4S P 339 23 E 258 »Si E 273 19 18 P 269 *3i E 435 *52 E 338" 21 20 P 339 25 »2S J 419" 42 *7 J 260 26 16 P 453 »26 J 3210 48 «22 E 87 141 *23 P 474 88 INDEX. NUMBERS. 6 9P 344 IZ *3 E 52 *34 J 9 14 45 E 186 18 *2 P 1916 *I2 P 80 21 *3 J 147 23 *2I E 12 24 8 J 137 *2I J 382 DEUTERONOMY. 2 *i5 98 4 *ii 314 16 337 5 ♦19 314 6 *3 482 7 *I3 80 8 *4 50 16 *i8 487 21 *i8, 20 289, 105 24 *6 398 28 *22 453.442 »24 4 28 500 *S3- 55. 57 228 30 *i-3 443 3a ♦9 127 *i4 128 *36 320 33 8 15, 261 28 40,80 JOSHUA. 5 *9 690 6 *i8 146 7 II, 12, 146 *25 & 26 307 8 22 333 *33 487 19 29 353 23 5 164 24 12 141 JUDGES. 17 *4&S *i6 147 47 4 23 175 19 *I0 100 5 *4 365 21 21 320 *I2 77 - *I4 *i5 212 140 IT. KINGS. 25 128 I *io, 12 22 *26 207 3 *i9 194 *3o 351 4 *28 429 6 *32 400 *3i 374 10 *4 305 6 8 334 *8 410 22 141 II 23 164 8 *I2 45 12 *I2 18 9 4 *264, note 14 *I4 25 8 320 IS *i6 129 14 26 320 17 *4 319 I. SAMUEL. 18 28 *32 162 80 I *20 427 19 *30, 31 496 *'24 *254, note 24 *I2 423 *-7 & 28 428 4 7 *2I *I2 170 300 ISAIAH. 13 19, 22 132 I *4 92 21 ,3 334 *: 19&20 24 25 *25 246 #23 *24 422 256 II. SAMUEL. 2 9 *I9, 21 196 324 3 *2S 202 3 II 408 S 20 341 5 *6 476 6 8 341 *7 240 8 *i8 184 *i5 196 14 7 468 6 *i3 28 IS *i8 184 7 *9 31 *30 136 22 128 so *7.23 184 23-25 476 22 8 74 8 *6 193 12 290 9 17 476 *i3 248 10 17 476 *42 449 *i8 262 23 *20 35 *29 *30 292 72. 313 I. KINGS, 12 *3i *2 197 46 8 *20 375 13 *4 349 37 442 *6 438 *38,4S.S4 501 13 394 *47 443 ♦22 30, note 9 *3 501 14 16 394 8 473 *22 468, 258 14 *IO 320 *30 496 18 *27 413 IS »a 211 INDEX. 89 IS *4 395 34 •14 357 17 *I2, 13 176 *5 308 35 *IO 414 *I7 209 *9 83 36 *I7 80 18 7 277 16 »6 62 41 *2 385 19 *i&7 56 *9, 10 379 5 390 8 473 *ii 291 »I2 20 *9 228 17 *i 223 *i5 82 23 *I9 III *2 304 18 360 *33.38,39 234, note »IO 257 42 *i6 208 25 9,18 473 *I2 95 46 »I,2 182 10 414 19 *i8 icxD, note 48 *I9 222 27 *2 20I 21 *2 309 49 2 132 29 18 473 22 *2 124 *IO 495 *2I & 22 373 *s 199.377 51 *ii 414 30 10 430 *i3 414 *I9 250, 439 31 12 80 *24 348 54 *6 298 *22 446 23 *8 281 *8 492 28 277 24 *i 41 55 *I2 418 33 *9 467 *3 55 56 *IO 93 34 *I7 87 *4 a 57 »6 126 42 17 333 *6 26 58 *IO 266 44 14 333 «I2 431 59 4 12 46 27 430 ♦17, 18 330 *I3 99 48 *2 84, 149 30 263 60 18 439 3 439 25 *6 479 61 *3 328 5 308 «IO 241 62 *3 302 *9 358, note *I2 196 63 *I&2 7 *ii 430 26 *I 303, 120 65 *ii & 12 220 *i5 44 *3 160 *I7 210 *4 293 JEREMIAH. *2I 238 *il 112 29 62 27 4 476 I *IO 277 *32. 33 379, note 28 *S 350 *II&I2 494 43.44 330 *1S, 18 448 2 »6 355 49 17 473 29 «I&2 35 »I2 475 *30 254 *2 497 3 12, 14 445 50 *3S& 38 I42<» *3 226 *22 445 39 357 *5 344 4«i7&i8 232 51 «2 107 *6 409,278 23 499 37 473 *9 198 5 23 289 *44 49 30 *6 396 *30 472 13 344 6 «i 502 EZEKIEL. ♦16 253 *ii 213 »i8 119 7 34 414 2 *6 288 31 4 349 8 20 379 *IO 90 *9 14 10 •25 171 5 *i4 144 32 5 247 II *I7 407 *i7 79 *7 174 12 *i3 376 6 »6 437 ♦12 441 14 *6 490 9 436 *I9 59 18 124 7 *6 383 33 *ii 150 IS 16 414 *ii 96 34 *6 102 16 9 414 *I4 145 *ii 371. 499 *I9 494 9 *4 243 90 INDEX. 12 *I4 299 19 474 13 *3 245 *io, II, 14 153 16 *7. 22, 39 29s 12 302 17 ♦13 27 *20 411 19 *I3 356 21 *3 190 19 124 23 29 29s *33 471 42 302 24 *I2 121 *2I, 25 20s 25 *i6 1830 27 *I4 342 28 23 79 *26 486 30 *I7 II *2I 109 31 18 124 32 IS 471 32 j • 20,21,25, 26, 28, 30 124 33 *27 143 28,29 471 34 *I2 314 35 3.7 471 *8 64, 124 38 22 79 39 *2 433 *9 274 *ii, 15 67 40 ■ *24, 29, ■, 33.36 ;, 17 43 II 202 44 *I2 272 HOSEA. 1 *6 399 2 *24, 25 80, 108 4 *i5 II, note *i8 8, note 5 8 II, note 8 *7 362 *n 114 9 *6 372 II 422 *i6 338* 10 5 II, note 10 *io 34 NAHUM. 12 *4 321* *I2 71 I *2 269 13 *I2 370 *3 278 *I5 338= *IO 282 14 5 445 2 *2 268 *9 338<* *II 41 3 7 250 JOEL. HABAKKUK. I *I0-I2 440, 80, 154 1 3 12 *iS *I9 438 189 *6 *8 230 343 2 2 314 2 *i6 .^84 3 189 *i8 166, .^0 *IO *i6 394 151 3 *2 393 *i9 80 4 *2, 12 489 I ZEPHANIAH. *i5 369, 426, 314 AMOS. 2 *4 294, 322 *5 & 6 1835 I 5 II, note 12 124 14 278 14 371 4 9 442 S *S 8 69*, II, note 325 HAGGAI. *25 284 I *9, II 142* 6 *7 279 2 17 442 7 *IO 157 *I4 57 ZECHARIAH. 8 *I,2 378 6 *I2 361 8 17 403 JONAH. *I9 414 4 ♦6 359 9 *3 *5 353 390 12 *4 500 MICAH. 14 *6 161 I *6 68 MALACHl *io 76,306,317 *ii 491.347 2 *I2 323 *i3 192 3 #20 470 ♦14 23 *i5 165 PSALMS. 2 *4 203 4 *ii 133 4 *8 80 6 *3&4 187 *9 40 *I6 473 5 *9 451 7 *3 425 6 *8 327 ♦11 139 *ii 155 INDEX. 91 7 10 408 89 *4i 19s 12 20 418 10 7 12 90 10 12 *2I 33. 408 IS 408 IS 391 ♦25 452 18 324 95 I 397 13 *I2 123 IS *3 403 96 *s 29 *I4 229 17 *3 43 *6 91 17 408 *i4 122 97 *2 314 ♦20 404 18 *8 74 104 *i 91 •22 366 *I2 290 106 18 189 14 27 229 *i3 248 107 *ii 32 32 408 »42 449 *33. 35 360 *34 134 21 *6 91 no *6 66 15 28 408 23 4 391 III *3 91 16 «i 224 24 *6 81 112 8 390 *I4 214 25 *I2 162 119 *66 152 31 302 27 II 451 *I17 48s 17 *7 247 28 *I 148 143 227 18 *24 405 3 403 159 118 19 *i6 483 8 294 122 *6,7 464 20 *27 270 32 *i 271 123 *4 63 21 *8 lOI *7 367 126 *i&4 444 23 483 34 *ii 396 130 *6 484 22 *3 391 22 408 132 *I7 361, note 23 * *20, 21 105 35 *i6 192, note *i8 61 *29 10 37 *20 181 137 *s 460 24 *io 368 40 4 390 141 *7 332 18 391 17 414 144 *I3 204 25 *27 169 45 *4 91 145 •14 180 26 *I7 291 *8 477 146 8 180 27 *I2 391 46 ♦4 94 147 *i 264 49 6 391 ♦16 179 JOB. 50 *2 159 51 *io 414 . PROVERBS. 2 *ii 250 52 8 390 3 *8 36 55 *9 287 I *6 236 *26 463 *IO 51 27 369 5 *2I 447 II 12 3 *22 *26 173 56 *9 249 4 *8 168 6 21 390 57 *S 132 9 302 8 22 61 60 «6 261 S 4 132 9 *9 32s 63 4 118 *i5 42 10 *I2 118 64 *5 163 *i9 19 *22 315 68 8 36s 6 *i5 344 II *I2 244 69 21 250 *23 13 14 *9 401 ♦31 &32 458 7 *3 386 *i8 265 ■70 5 414 *I4 466 IS 24 369 k *6 185 *20 177 35 12 *I9 117 8 13 62 16 *I2 340 n 19 394 *27 138 18 *I9 258 78 *9 275 10 *i6 "5 19 *27 172 83 15 189 II 5 408 20 *i7 251 16 278 12 *5 239 21 *23 462 18 293 *i6 178 22 *I0 330 92 INDEX, 22 * ^24 & 25 54 23 *6 392 24 *iS 243 *i8 380 26 *IO 138 27 *2I 420 *23 421 28 *8 454 *I7 104 29 *i6 I 30 *i3 276 19 316 31 *40 "3 33 *7 167 *i8 456 36 *I5 125 37 *i6 225 24 390 38 9 314 31 325 39 *i3 135 *i8 233 24 394 40 »IO 62,91 *22 28S 41 13 189 *20 38s 42 6 316 II 250 ( CANTICLES. I *3 478 4 *2 461 - *I2 73 S *i6 216 LAMENTATIONS. EZRA. RUTH. *20 231 *2I 312 I 334 I 13 411 2 *S 497 *6 455 *8 120 22 333 3 *47 330. 432 4 *IS 267 *i8 352 »21 414 ECCLESIASTES. 3 *i8 97 4 *i 219 7 *i 469 *6 283 9 *5 416 [O *4 252 *6 286 [2 *i 58 *ii 78 ESTHER. 1 *i3 89 2 *i7 131 3 *8 329 *I2 259 8 *i6, 17 414 [o *3 88 DANIEL. 4 *24 215 5 *25-28 218 7 23 82 [I *22 457 *30 358 ♦63 15 *29 493 ' *3i 16 NEHEMIAH. 17 391, note *6s IS ♦10 237 *20 217 21 50 *24 ^75 I CHRONICLES. I 19 331 2 *7 307, note 4 *9, 10 318 7 *23 406 II 22 35 13 II 341 14 II 341 16 *27 91 18 17 184 22 *9 465" 23 *4 487 26 ♦29 487 29 *I9 465'' 2 CHRONICLES. 3 *i 388 6 10 375 19 SOI 28 442 29 501 20 *20 31 *26 60 23 18 417 30 9 443 32 *i5 280 33 *7 337 STATISTICAL TABLE. 93 The following table shows the number of passages in each book of the Old Testament in which paronomasia occur, and the average number to the page of Theile's edition : — "o 'S V 2 1 ^1. i (2 ^3 ° i . "o ° i & ° i § I & 1 M 1 i B 3 1.2 2^-S s 3 i^ 20I z 2; PL, Z z fi. Genesis . . . 7250 68 093 Nahum . 2-33 6 2.56 Exodus . . . 6133 15 0.24 Habakkuk 2.50 7 2.80 Leviticus . . 43.00 7 0.16 Zephaniah 3.00 8 2.67 Numbers . . 59-5° 10 0.17 Haggai . 2.00 2 1. 00 Deuteronomy . 54.00 27 0.50 Zechariah 12.00 7 0.58 Joshua . . . 38.00 9 0.26 Malachi . 3-25 2 0.62 Judges . . . 37.00 18 0.50 Psalms . 80.00 95 I.I9 I Samuel . . 47-5° 8 0.17 Proverbs. 27.00 54 2.00 2 Samuel . . 40.50 H 0.35 Job . . 32.60 52 1.60 I Kings. . . 47.00 12 0.25 Canticles 5.00 4 0.80 2 Kings . . . 44-5° 15 0.33 Ruth . . 4-75 3 0.62 Isaiah . . . 64.00 130 2.03 Lamentations 5-75 II 1. 91 Jeremiah . . 80.00 67 0.83 Ecclesiastes 11.00 9 0.82 Ezekiel . . . 70.50 64 0.90 Esther . . 12.00 7 0.58 Hosea . . . 9.00 19 2.11 Daniel . . 23.00 7 0.30 Joel .... 4.00 13 3-25 Ezra . . . 15.00 3 0.20 Amos . . . 8.00 II 1.38 Nehemiah . 20.25 6 0.30 Obadiah . . — — — I Chronicles 42.50 13 0.31 Jonah . . . 3.50 I 0.29 2 Chronicles 51.00 12 0.24 Micah . . . 5-50 15 2-73 Historical Book s . . 689.00 247 0.36 Prophetical Boc ks . . • • 293.00 357 1.22 Poetical Books • • • • • • . . , 161.00 225 1.40 94 STATISTICAL TABLE. The bearing of paronomasia on some questions of modern criticism is illustrated by the following table : — JE . P Isaiah, cc. i.-xxxv. (cc. xxxvi.-xxxix. being historical) " " xl.-lxvi Zechariah, cc. i.-viii " " ix.-xiv 95.00 139.00 32.00 27,00 6-75 5-25 84 IS lOI 29 3 4 0.88 0.1 1 3.16 1.07 0.44 0.76 [UNIVBRSITT] U.C.BERKELEY LIBRARIES mil III mil III I nil mil mil mil I III university o'C^'" NORTHERN RE3I0NA^^^^^^^.<,„ Bldg-^OCB-*"!?!!^ B-,*mond,CA ^^,,o,FTEB7DAVS vyear loans mav be «cr *''°°'^*:,sanlrec.ar.es.avbe-de DUE AS JUN B 2004 iS^WlPEDBEU^ -SSrST^o^