UC-NRLF WORKS-RIVERA, COWLEY MARSH. THE LARGEST AND BEST SERIES OF OF AND THE NEIGHBOURHOOD, THE SCENERY OF THE THAMES, AND THE MIDLAND COUNTIES OF ENGLAND, are Photographed and Published by HENRY W. TAUNT & CO. 34 HIGH STREET, OXFORD. Every description of Photograph and Picture-frames, OPINIONS OF THE PRESS. John Bull, 1870: "Commend us most certainly to that shop when one wants to get any of the pretty outdoor scenes round Oxford, for in this line Mr. Taunt excels." 24 YEARS AFTER. Murray's New Handbook Oxfordshire, 1894: "The best photographs of Oxford and the vicinity (including Thames Views from its source to London) are to be obtained at Taunt's shop." ADVERTISEMENTS. E. S. EOWELL, , ^smrffsr, Soft anh jlilB0rsmt% 115 HIGH STREET, OXFORD. The New Registered 4-leaf Shamrock Flower Vases and Sugar Basins in Solid Silver, OXFORD SOUVENIR SPOONS FOR CITY AND UNIVERSITY. OXFORD UNIVERSITY MATCH-BOXES AND ASH-TRAYS, OXFORD UNIVERSITY BROOCHES AND PINS, The largest and choicest selection of Novelties and Souvenirs in the County, R. 8, ROWELL, 115 HIGH ST., OXFORD. ADVERTISEMENTS. HOUSEHOLD REMOYAI SAUNDERS & CO. ESTIMATES FREE. CITY AND COUNTY DEPOSITORY. REMOVALS TO AND FROM ALL PARTS SAUNDEKS & CO. Agents to the Great Western Railway Company, MITKE OFFICE, OXFORD. JOHN COLLIER & SONS, Established 1877. CYCLE MAKERS AND AGENTS, 105 ST. ALDATE'S, OXFORD. ADJOINING POST OPFICE, and Opposite NEW MUNICIPAL BUILDINGS, Telegrams : COLLIER, CYCLES, OXFORD. TELEPHONE, 90. Head Quarters of the Oxford University Bicycling Club. Sole Agents (Oxford and District) for Humber, Rover, Singer, Excelsior, Townend, Calcott, and Quadrant Cycles. CYCLES ON HIRE. ADVERTISEMENTS.' 1 T. H. KINGERLEE & SONS, 35 QUEEN STREET, OXFORD. Kitchen Ranges, Tile Stoves, Hearths, Kerbs, &e., in great variety. A CHOICE SELECTION OF PI FROM THE BEST MAKERS. GAS VIXTOTGB, OAS OXJL88S, HAIak LAMPS, BATHS, LAVATmiSS, *o. 18 MI N)@W MIPLITI. Your kind inspection is invited. ADVERTISEMENTS. MOWBRAY & CO, ecclesiastical CVI ST. ALDATE'S, OXFORD. VISITORS are respectfully invited to view the Show-rooms replete with $hurch Embroidertj, Ecclesiastical Jtrt $letal Work, Church Furniture, Religious ffhotographs, Engravings, &c. f Church Publications, Bibles, Prayer-Boohs, Ijijmns, &c,, &c. t Information concerning Services in Oxford Churcli c* gladly given to Visitors. LONDON BRANCH HOUSE: In FARINGDON STREET, E.C. EYESIGHT PRESERVED. EDWIN SAUNDEES, pbtbalmtc ptfctan, 1OO HIGH STREET, OXFORD* {Opposite St. Mary's Church) EYESIGHT TESTED FREE. 25 YEARS' LONDON EXPERIENCE. To the Eye Hospital and Radcliffe Infirmary. U- >*** Per ADVERTISEMENTS. VISITORS WILL FIND EVERY ACCOMMODATION AT THE 1O7 7 HIGH STREET, Opposite Brasenose New Buildings, AND AT THE Tea, Coffee, and General Refreshment Rooms, CARFAX, Corner of Queen Street and St. Aldate's. ALFRED BOFFIN, j> k *^ AND FOREIGN WINE MERCHANT. Uesserts, Ices, Saups, Jellies, Entrees, &c., SUPPLIED ON THE SHORTEST NOTICE. CAREFULLY PACKED, AND SENT TO ANY PART OF THE COUNTRY. Estimates given for Wedding Breakfasts, Ball Suppers, dc. PLATE, GLASS, CUTLERY, &c., LENT ON HIRE. THE VISITOR'S GUIDE TO OXFORD. A New Edition, with no Illustrations. Arms of the University of Oxford, from the Vault heneath the Old Schools' Tower. Barker antr C0. BROAD-STREET, OXFORD. ADVERTISEMENT TO THE SIXTH ISSUE. IN again reissuing the VISITOR'S GUIDE TO OXFORD, it is only necessary to say that its object is to tell the Visitor what is best worth seeing, and to give him accurate infor- mation as to the objects seen : also to provide him with a useful memento of his visit, and by means of illustrations, to enable him to recall at a future time what he has seen. A ' walk through ' merely glancing at the outside of the buildings, with a ' peep ' here and there into the Quadrangles of the Colleges, may be accomplished in three or four hours. The work, however, is mainly compiled for those who have time to go over the Colleges, and to do this even partially will occupy a full day. The whole has been arranged in a continuous route starting from Carfax and returning to the Railway Station, and by following it a Visitor who wishes to see everything worth seeing will best economise his time. Under * Notice to the Visitor' this route is given, and by consulting this, and re- ferring to the Plan on the cover, the Visitor will be able to select what buildings he has time to visit, those most worthy of attention being marked with an asterisk. Next to this a TIME-TABLE is given shewing at what hours certain special buildings are open to Visitors ; also the Ser- vices at College Chapels, &c. In the account of the Colleges the numbers on the Foun- dation are left as they existed before 1882, since they are gradually changing, and it may be many years before they are strictly in accordance with the new Statutes. At the end will be found a CHRONOLOGICAL LIST OF FOUNDATIONS, &c., IN OXFORD, WITH NOTICES OF SOME HIS- TORICAL EVENTS, together with a CHRONOLOGICAL LIST OF THE CHIEF EXISTING BUILDINGS IN OXFORD, which will enable those interested in architecture to find what is best illustrative of special periods. An INDEX is added which will afford easy means of reference. By supplying as far as possible dates to the various build- ings, with lists of pictures, portraits, &c., it is hoped the book will be rendered useful to the historical, the architectural, and the art student, as well as to the casual visitor. J. P. AND C, J. P. 27 BROAD STREET, Oct., 1897. NOTICE TO THE VISITOR. On arriving at Oxford by the Railway, the Visitor should proceed at once to CARFAX. Time will be saved by taking the Tramcar which starts from close to the G. W.R. Station, but at a lower level, and nearly opposite the L. and N. W.R. Station. THE present western entrance to the city from the Station is unfortunately through a part of the town possessing little to interest the stranger. The original and eastern entrance to Oxford, in the old coach-days, was over Magdalen Bridge, and it has long been celebrated for its striking beauty; while the northern entrance, down the avenue of trees in St. Giles's, is almost equally so, bearing a resemblance to the Boulevards of foreign cities. The southern entrance also, over Folly Bridge, passing Christ Church College and the Town-hall, was far superior to the present western approach. These four ways meet in one centre, called CARFAX, and divide the city into four quarters. All the Colleges (except Worcester and Pembroke), and most places of interest, are in- cluded in the N.E. and S.E. quarters. It will be well to begin with, PART I. THE SOUTH-EASTERN QUARTER*. Start from Carfax, eastwards down the High-street. Note. The following Buildings, &c., will be passed in the order in which they are set down : those marked with an asterisk may be selected if the Visitor is much pressed for time. The page denotes that a de- scription will be found further on in the Guide ; the use of italic type that Illustrations are given. The letters Rt. and L. denote that the buildings are on the right or the left side of the street along which the Visitor is going ; and the mark > that the building is a little way off the street. PAGE L. ALL SAINTS' CHURCH ...... i L. ST. MARY'S CHURCH, and the Old Congregation House . ib. The Nave and Chancel ; the Porch ; the Spire and Pinnacles. L. ALL SOULS' COLLEGE ...... 5 The Gateway (interior) ; *the Chapel ; the Library, and the Hall. Rt. UNIVERSITY COLLEGE ..... 9 The Gateway, Chapel, Hall, Library, and New Building. L. QUEEN'S COLLEGE . . . . .12 Ite Gateway ; the Cloister; the Chapel; the Hall ; the Library. * One or two Colleges, Churches. &c., in this list, on the North side of High-street would be, strictly speaking, in the North-Eastern Quarter, and Pembroke College, &c., on left of St. Aldate's, in the South-Western. For convenience, however, they are noticed in the South-Eastern Quarter. 121687 iv THE VISITOR'S GUIDE TO OXFORD. PAGE Z.> ST. EDMUND HALL . . . . 15 Z.> ST. PETER'S-IN-THE-EAST . 16 The Crypt ; the Choir. Rt. NEW UNIVERSITY EXAMINATION SCHOOLS . . 18 L. MAGDALEN COLLEGE SCHOOL . . . .19 The School-room. L. *MAGDALEN COLLEGE . . . . .20 The Gateway; Old Magdalen Hall; St. John's Quad. ; the Chapel; the Cloisters and Founders Tower; the Hall j the Library ; Addison's Walk. Magdalen Bridge (widened 1882-3) .26 THE BOTANIC GARDEN . . . . .28 The Danby Gate. Back, (about 200 yards) to King-street (by the side of the New- Schools), and follow this street as far as L. *MERTON COLLEGE . . . . . .29 The Gateway ; the Hall ; Doorway ; the Treasury; Boss (arms of Henry VII.); the Chapel; North Doorway, Ft trial, Window ; Sacristy ; the Front of St. Alban Hall. L. CORPUS CHRISTI COLLEGE . . . . .36 The Gateway ; the Hall ; the Chapel. AV.> ORIEL COLLEGE . . . . . -39 The Quadrangle, Hall and Chapel, Library, with St. Mary Hall Quadrangle ; the Hall and Chapel . . .42 Nearly opposite Oriel College is an entrance to CHRIST CHURCH. The College with the Cathedral Church of the Diocese ; Figure of Wolsey . . . 43 Canterbury Gate ; Peckwater The Library and Paintings ; Tom Quad. . . . . . . -45 *THE CATHEDRAL; Details from the Cathedral; the Latin Chapel; the Hall; the Staircase; the Kitchen doorway; the Cloisters; Chapter- House doorwav ; Neiv Buildings; Broad Walk ; General View of Cathedral ; Folly Bridge ; Tom Gate and Tower . . . . .48 Leave Christ Church by Tom Gate. Opposite will be seen PEMBROKE COLLEGE . . . . . .60 The Gateway ; the Chapel ; the New Hall, &c. ST. ALDATE'S CHURCH . . . . . .62 Xt.y Bp. King's House ...... 65 Return Northward up St. Aldate's and pass L. NEW POST-OFFICE ...... 64 Kt. NEW TOWN HALL ; General View .... ib. L. The old Tower of ST. MARTIN'S CHURCH, Carfax . . 65 NOTICE TO THE VISITOR. V PART II. THE NORTH-EASTERN QUARTER. Start from Carfax ; Northwards along Cornmarket-street. PAGE Z.> THE OXFORD UNION SOCIETY'S buildings . 65 Rt. ST. MICHAEL'S CHURCH. Tower . . . .66 Turn to Right down Broad-street L. *BALLIOL COLLEGE . . . . . -67 The Sout/i Front; the New Chapel; the Library; the New Hall ; the New Building. L. TRINITY COLLEGE . . . . . .71 The Gafewav ; the Chapel ; the Hall ; the Library ; the Garden. Z. Kettel Hall . . . . . . -74 Turn to Right down Turl-street L. *EXF.TKR COLLEGE . . . . . ib. The G-ileway; the New Chapel; the Hall ; the Library; and New Front in Broad-street. Rt. JESUS COLLEGE . . . . . .78 The New Front ; the Chapel, the Hall, and Library. Z. LINCOLN Con EGE ...... 81 The Hall ; the Chapel; Bp. Beckyngtorfs Rebus. Back from Lincoln College Gate a few yards, and turn down Brasenose-lane into the Radcliffe-square. Opposite is THE RADCLIFFE LIBRARY . . . . -83 7 ' h" Dome ; the Panorama from the Roof. Rt. BRASENOSE COLLEGE . . . . .86 Entrance Gateway ; Brazen Nose; the Quadrangle ; the Hall, &c. Z. *THE OLD SCHOOLS . . . . . .89 The Great Gate ; Tower in Quadrangle. In the same suite of buildings are the following : THE BODLEIAN ....... 90 The Staircase : the Picture Gallery ; Sir T. Bodley's Arms. *THE OLD DIVINITY SCHOOL . . . . 93 THE CONVOCATION-HOUSE . . . . ib. THE SHELDONIAN THEATRE. General View . . - 94 THE CLARENDON BUILDING. General View . . -95 Descend the steps of the Clarendon Building into Broad-street, and turn to the right (following the railings), and then cross* over into New College-street. Pass Rt. HERTFORD COLLEGE. View from the Corner . . 96 NEW COLLEGE . . . . . . -97 The Entrance- Gate ; the Ante-chapel ; the Chapel ; the Cloisters; the Tower; the Hall; the Kitchen; the Library; the Gardens j the Slipe, and the New Buildings. vi THE VISITOR'S GUIDE TO OXFORD. From Broad-street Northwards along Park-street Rt. WADHAM COLLEGE ...... 104 The Gateway Tower ; the Chapel, Hall, and Library. Rt. THE NEW MUSEUM in the Parks .... 106 General View ; the Keeper's House ; the Chemical Laboratory ; the Clarendon (Physical) Laboratory. L. KEBLE COLLEGE . . . . . . 108 The Quadrangle ; the Chapel ; the Hall ; the Library. [Extra Eastward Route (if time permit).] From Broad-street Eastwards along Holywell-street Rt. THE INDIAN INSTITUTE . . . . . in L. Mansfield-road, leading past MANCHESTER NEW and MANS- FIELD COLLEGES . . . . . .112 Further on, HOLYWELL CHURCH . . . . ib. Back via South Parks'-road to Keble College. Turn to Left along Keble-terrace, opposite end of which is ST. GILES' CHURCH . . . . . . 113 PART III. THE NORTH-WESTERN QUARTER. From the west end o/St Giles' Church, going Southwards L. *ST. JOHN'S COLLEGE ...... 124 General View ; the Gateway ; the First Quadrangle ; the Hall, Chapel, and the Gardens. Rt. THE TAYLOR INSTITUTION, UNIVERSITY GALLERIES, AND ASHMOLEAN MUSEUM. King A If red" 1 s Jewel . .118 The Library ; the Galleries, &c. CHURCH OF ST. MARY MAGDALEN . . . .120 THE MARTYRS' MEMORIAL. General View . . . ib. Turn to Right, down Beaumont-street, at the end of which is WORCESTER COLLEGE ...... 122 The College Front ; the Chapel, Library, and the Gardens. [Extra Northward Route (if time permit).] From the west end of St. Giles' Church Northwards L. THE RADCLIFFE INFIRMARY . . . . .125 L. THE RADCLIFFE OBSERVATORY .... ib. AV. SS. PHILIP AND JAMES' CHURCH .... 126 Left down St. Margaret's-road Rt. ST. MARGARET'S CHURCH ..... ib. Along the Kingston-road into Walton-street Rt. ST. BARNABAS' CHURCH, Jericho. General View . . 127 L. ST. PAUL'S CHURCH ...... ib. AV. THE CLARENDON PRESS. General View . . . 128 Continue along Walton-street to WORCESTER COLLEGE as before. N.B. On leaving Worcester College a few paces to the Right brings the Visitor to George-street. The Road over Hythe Bridge leads to the two Railway Stations. NOTICE TO THE VISITOR. Vll PART IV. THE SOUTH-WESTERN QUARTER. Whether the Visitor omits, or includes Part III., the North- Western Quarter, he returns southward from S. Giles' Church, back to S. Mary Magdalen Church and Turn down George-street L. ST. GEORGE'S CHURCH ..... 129 Rt. THE NEW HIGH SCHOOL FOR BOYS .... ib. Turn to Right up New-Inn-Hall-street Rt. ST. PE TER-LE-BAILEY CHURCH .... ib. Rt. HANNINGTON HALL . . . . . . ib. Cross Queen-street, and along St. Ebbe's-street Rt. ST. EBBE'S CHURCH ...... 130 Turn to Right along Church-street, Paradise-street, &c. THE CASTLE MILL, AND THE OLD TOWER. General View . ib. Turn to Left along High-street, St. Thomas' ST. THOMAS THE MARTYR'S CHURCH .... 132 [Past the Railway Stations] L. ST. FRIDESWIDE'S CHURCH . . . . ib. RAILWAY STATIONS. N.B. London and North Western (low level), nearest the Town ; Great Western (high level), 200 yards further. T I ME-T AB L E. Services. CATHEDRAL. 10 a.m. and 5 p.m., Weekdays and Sundays (open). MAGDALEN CHAPEL. Weekdays, 10 a.m. (open), and 6 p.m. (Orders required for Inner Chapel). Sundays, 9.30 a.m. (open), and 6 p.m. (Orders required). NEW COLLEGE CHAPEL. Weekdays, 7.30 a.m. (8 a.m. in Winter) and 5 p.m. (open). Sundays, 9.30 a.m. (open), and 5 p.m. (Orders required). QUEEN'S COLLEGE CHAPEL. Sundays, 5 p.m. (Admission by Order). EXETER CHAPEL. Sundays, 5 p.m. (Admission by Order). Open to Visitors. Admission to the several buildings in Colleges, such as the Chapel, Hall, Library, &c., can be obtained by application at the Porter's Lodge, a small gratuity in return for trouble taken being usually expected, but in some Colleges the Chapel is open and may be visited without fee. ALL SOULS COLLEGE CHAPEL. 1 2 noon till 1 p.m., and 2 p.m. till 4 p.m. BODLEIAN. 9 a.m. till 3 p.m., Jan. Nov. and Dec. ; 4 p.m., Feb. Mar. Aug. Sept. Oct. ; and 5 p.m., April to July (Sundays and certain days excepted). (Fee 3 Carfax, and 107 High-street. Of UNIVERSITY STARTING from \, J I CARFAX, and taking an easterly direction down the High-street, the Visitor, after passing the entrances to the Oxford Market, and next the Mitre Hotel, will see on his left ALL SAINTS' CHURCH. Rebuilt in 17061708. This church is built of Headington stone, which readily decays, and so gives the building the appearance of being more ancient than it really is. It was erected in 1708, from a design by Dr. Aldrich, Dean of Christ Church, and exhibits a very fair specimen of the style of building thought good at that time. The building of the present church was rendered necessary by the almost total demolition of the old, owing to the fall of its spire in 1699; in nine years after which the new building was completed. The interior was restored in 1865; the spire rebuilt in 1874; the nave-parapet removed in 1884; the tower refaced and nave repaired, 1888-90; the interior was entirely re -seated and re-arranged, 1895-6, on the destruction of St. Martin's Church, Carfax, and the union of that parish with All Saints', by which this church becomes now the City Church. The old church, every stone of which was taken away, was one of the churches conferred to the Canons of St. Frideswide by Henry I. in A.D. 1 122 ; and about A.D. 1200 was made into a Vicarage by Hugh, Bishop of Lincoln. Opposite are the premises of the Oxford branch of the London and County Bank, built in 1868 (Pearson, architect), a successful example of modern Gothic, behind which, in Alfred -street, is the Gymnasium. The Oxford Old Bank is opposite St. Mary's Church. Continuing his route down the High-street, the Visitor will pass on his left the new front of Brasenose College (p. 88), next to which is ST. MARY'S CHURCH. Tower and spire built, c. 1300 ; chancel built, 1486 ; nave, c. 1492. 7 he keys are kept />v Mrs. Green, 5 Bear-lane. < This is the church of the University, and is dedicated to St. Mary-the-Virgin. The spire with its clustered pinnacles forms a most prominent feature in any distant view of the city. Built in the reign of Edward II., it has undergone several alter- ations. Badly restored in the seventeenth century, the pin- nacles were rebuilt and the design altered under Buckler in 1850, and again under Jackson in 1896. The tower, which was built in the time of Edward I., was restored and strength- B 2 ST. MARY'S CHURCH. ened and the arches opened beneath in 1857 (Scott, architect). The building of the older church belonging to this tower and spire was due to Queen Eleanor's almoner, Adam de Brom, whose monument still exists in the chapel on the western side of the tower. The external walls, however, of this chapel have been rebuilt. In the beginning of the reign of Henry VII., both the nave and chancel were entirely rebuilt, the former partly at the ex- pense of the University, and partly by subscription ; the latter probably by Oriel College, the work being attributed to Walter Lyhert, Provost of that college (afterwards Bishop of Norwich), who died in the year 1472; and he, no doubt, left funds to be applied to the work, but it was not completed till some twelve years later. The Chancel is unusually long and lofty, with fine windows on each side. The original stall-desks of panelled oak are preserved, and the three sedilia, with their canopies and cor- nice, ornamented with the vine-leaf and the Tudor-flower. Towards the upper end of the chancel were buried, in 1560, the remains of the unfortunate Amy Robsart. An inscription recording the fact has lately been cut. The Nave has six lofty arches on either side, surmounted by large clerestory windows ; it has also a very fine large western window. The restoration of the interior took place in 1827-8 (Plowman, architect). The organ-screen was built at the expense of the Provost of Oriel, Dr. Hawkins (for many years vicar of this parish), who also gave the font. The exterior of the church was carefully restored in 1862, under the direction of Sir G. G. Scott ; and the west window filled with stained glass by Mr. C. E. Kempe in 1891, in memory of J. W. Burgon, Vicar of the Parish, afterwards Dean of Chichester. The Porch in the High-street was erected in 1637 by the chaplain to Archbishop Laud. Over it is a statue of the Virgin with the Child in her arms, holding a small crucifix; which at the time of its erection gave such offence to the Puritans, that it was included in the articles of impeachment against the Archbishop. This porch was carefully restored in 1865. The measurements of the church are as follow : length of nave, 94 feet ; of the chancel, 68 ; height of the nave, 70. Height from the ground to the summit of the spire, 188 feet. Of the early history of the church it may suffice to say that it is mentioned in the Domesday Survey (1086), although no portion has been found to be remaining of work of this date. ST. MARY'S CHURCH. 3 On the north side of the chancel is a building erected in Edward the First's reign, for use by the University as a CON- GREGATION-HOUSE. The Porcli, A.D. Ibo7. In Edward the Second's reign, after the building had been commenced, the architect's plan was altered, so as to allow of an upper storey, where the books of Bishop Cobham, bequeathed in 1327 for the use of scholars, might be deposited. Here, too, were probably preserved the loan-chests established by various benefactors for the relief of poor scholars. This con- tinued to be the University Library, till Duke Humphrey, in the time of Henry VII. , built the room over the Divinity School, now a part of the Bodleian Library ; but it has been entirely modernized, and the exterior of the whole has been cased on the north side, towards the Radcliffe-square, with ST. MARY'S CHURCH. Pinnacles at the base of the Spire, St. Mary's Church, c. 1310 ; as restored in 1850. ALL SOULS' COLLEGE. windows inserted in a debased Perpendicular style to corre- spond with the body of the church. In 1871, the lower por- tion, after having long served for the reception of the Uni- versity fire-engines, was restored and arranged as a Chapel for the Unattached Students of the University. Next to St. Mary's Church, and separated from the eastern end only by a narrow street, is ALL SOULS' COLLEGE. Founded by Archbishop Chichele. Foundation-stone laid, Feb. 1438 ; Chapel consecrated, 1442. North quadrangle and Library added in 1720. This college was founded by Chichele, Archbishop of Can- terbury. The first stone was laid by the founder himself, with Tower-Gateway, from the Old Uuadrangle. great ceremony, on the xoth of February, 1438, and in about six years the original buildings were completed. By a Bull of 6 ALL SOULS' COLLEGE. Pope Eugenius IV. this college was exempted from all juris- diction of the ordinary, the Bishop of Lincoln, and made extra-parochial as regarded its situation in St. Mary's parish. The principal entrance is from the High-street, by the western tower-gateway. Over the gateway are good figures of the founder and of Henry VI. in niches, and in the niche above, the angel summoning the dead from their graves. The fretted vault or roof is divided into two compartments, studded with well-wrought bosses, and separated by a light shaft on either side, reaching to the ground. Through this we are ad- mitted to the first quadrangle, which remains in the same state in which it was first designed by the founder. CHAPEL. The entrance to this is by the gateway under the turret at the north-western corner of the Quadrangle. Note the exquisite vaulting of fan-tracery work, and a stoup for holy water on the right hand. The history of the chapel is a curious monument of the varying taste of successive ages. It was built at great expense, exact records of which are still preserved ; and was conse- crated with great pomp by the aged founder himself in his 8ist year, A.D. 1442, in the name of the four Latin Fathers, St. Jerome, St. Ambrose, St. Augustine, and St. Gregory. It had no less than eight altars, all provided with magnificent furniture. One of the chief features of the original decoration was the elaborate reredos with its delicate carving, its many niches and rich canopies, all highly coloured. But the day came for the pulling down of altars and the destruction of images. An effort was made in the time of Charles I. to re-embellish the chapel, but troublous times supervened. After the Restora- tion the court painter, Streater, took the business in hand. The mutilated reredos was further mutilated so as to give a good surface for a fresco, upon which was painted the Last Judgment. At the same time the fine roof, now again made visible and restored, was concealed by panels painted with gigantic figures. Fifty years later a new guise was given to the chapel, which was to be a superb specimen of the Italian style. Costly marbles were provided; painting and gilding obliterated Streater's work. This was completed in 1717; after which, in 1769, the celebrated Noli me tangere of Raphael Mengs was set up in the altar-piece. All the glory of this de- coration gave way to a sombre dinginess ; and when it had ALL SOULS COLLEGE. 7 been detei mined to remove the Italian fittings, not only were the forgotten remains of Streater's work discovered behind, but most happily enough was found of the original reredos to warrant a restoration. Accordingly, under the direction of Sir G, G. Scott, all intrusive ornamentation has been removed ; the stalls, the fine hammer-beam roof, and the richly embel- lished east end are again seen as they were intended to be. The Reredos is now the handsomest in Oxford, if, indeed, it is not the handsomest and most costly in England. The following is the arrangement of the figures : At the top of all is represented The Last Judgement, our Lord seated in glory with two attendant Angels, while the souls of the saved are on one side, those of the lost on the other. The words are, ' Surgite mortui, Venite ad Judicium.' 1 Beneath appears the figure of S. Michael in the centre, with six of the Apostles on either side. Beneath these are two other rows of figures representing Saints and his- torical personages, the latter chiefly contemporaneous with the founder. In the centre of the upper row (beneath St. Michael) is St. John the Baptist, and on either side of him two Latin doctors (on the left, St. Jerome and St. Gregory; on the right, St. Ambrose and St. Augustine). Beginning at the extreme left of this row, the figures represent Edward, Duke of York, killed at Agincourt, 1415; John Talbot, Earl of Shrews- bury, killed at Castillon, 1453 ; Michael de la Pole, Earl of Suffolk, killed at Agincourt, 1415 ; John, Duke of Bedford, died from wounds at Rouen, 1435- The five historical personages on the right of the centre group are, Thomas, Duke of Clarence, killed at Bauge, 1421 ; Humphrey, Duke of Gloucester, died 1447 ; an Archer : and on the right hand of all, Thomas Montacute, Earl of Salisbury, killed at Orleans, 1428. The lower row of all has in the centre, the Crucifixion. The five histo- rical personages on the left begin with Earl Bathurst (at whose expense the Reredos was restored), died Feb. 24, 1878; Catherine of France (Queen of Henry V.), died at Bermondsey, 1437 ; Henry V., died at Vincennes, 1422 ; Margaret of Anjou, Queen of Henry VI., died at Dompierre on the Loire, 1481 ; Archbishop Chichele (the founder of the College), died 1443. On the right the series begins with Henry VI., died a prisoner in the Tower, 1471 ; Wareham, Archbishop of Canterbury, died 1532; John of Gaunt, Duke of Lancastei, died 1399; Gold well, chief contributor to the cost of the original reredos, Bishop of Norwich, died 1498 ; and last of all, Car- dinal Beaufort, died 1447. In the second quadrangle, the LIBRARY is on the north, the common-room and fellows' chambers on the east, the chapel and hall on the south, and on the west a piazza, connecting the chapel and library. The north tower was built in 1720, and the south tower, with the continuation towards the library, 8 ALL SOULS' COLLEGE. was completed by various benefactors. The piazza on the west, completing the whole, was finished about 1734. The north side of the quadrangle is occupied by the LI- BRARY, the first stone of which was laid on the 20th of June, West end of the Library, All Souls' College. 1716. The progress of the work, which was spread over a period of some forty years, was superintended chiefly by Dr. Clarke and Sir Nathaniel Lloyd, whose success in shew- ing how bad Gothic without may be combined with worse Grecian within, will hardly be commended. The room, how- ever, is a fine gallery, measuring some 200 feet by 30 (50 in the recess), and 40 feet in height. Over the upper book-cases are busts in bronze of some of the most emi- nent Fellows of the college. In 1867 an additional building was erected (Bruton, architect), with modern improvements, to contain books relating to the study of law, in which the library is particularly rich. In the ante-library are some good specimens of painted glass, which may be coeval with the foundation of the college, and were probably taken .'rom the old library. The HALL is a spacious room, in the bad taste of the last century, designed and superintended in its erection by Dr. Clarke. Pictures. The finding of the Law, and King Josiah rending his robe. The builder and architect, in costumes of the period, presenting the plan of the college to the founder. UNIVERSITY Portraits. Henry VI. Hon. Duncan Bligh, by Briggs. Archbishop Chichele, by Thornhill. Dr. Tanner, Bishop of St.Asaph. Jeremy Taylor. Sir Nathaniel Lloyd. Viscount Tracy, Warden, by Jackson. Dr. Stuart, Bishop of Quebec. Dr. Isham, Warden, by Owen. Young, the poet. Dr. Leighton, "Warden, by Rich- Chief Justice Willes. mond. Dr. Thomas, Bp. of Winchester. Lord Salisbury, by the same. Dr. Clarke, by Kneller. Sir W. Heathcote, by Boxall. Dr. Bagot, Bp. of Oxford, by Pick- Lord Northington, by Hudson. ersgill. Sir W. Blackstone. Reginald Heber, by Phillips. Bishop North, by Howard. Colonel Codrington, by Thornhill. Chancellor Talbot. Sir C. R. Vaughan, by Lawrence. R. Trevor, Bishop of Durham. Dr. Legge, Bishop of Oxford, by E. Vernon Harcourt, Archbishop Briggs. of York, by Phillips. John Linacre, founder of the Col- Sir C. Wren. lege of Physicians, after Matsys. Sir John Newbolt. Archbishop Sheldon. The foundation consisted of a Warden, forty Fellows, two Chaplains, and four Bible-clerks. On the opposite side of High-street, a little lower down, is UNIVERSITY COLLEGE. Founded by William of Durham, 1249. Rebuilt, 1634 1674. New Library, 1861. The front of this college, with its lower-gateways, forms one of the most striking features in High-street. The foundation is due to William of Durham, who died at Rouen in 1249, on his return from Rome, whither he is supposed to have gone to ask for the bishopric of Durham, then vacant. By his will he bequeathed to the University 310 marks in trust for the purchasing of annual rents, to maintain a considerable num 1 ^ 11 of masters, who should be natives of Durham, or its vicinity. From the proceeds of this a small society was established, with a code of statutes framed for its regulation, in 1280, which were subsequently enlarged, as the society grew into more importance, in the years 1292, 1311, &c. The first stone of the present structure was laid on the i4th of April, 1634. The west side was the first completed. The north side, fronting the High-street, was begun the year 10 UNIVERSITY COLLEGE. following, and shortly afterwards the hall and chapel were built on the south side. The east side was not completed until 1674. The entrance to the first quadrangle, which is 100 feet square, is by a tower-gateway, which has a richly-groined vault. Over the gate, on the north side, is a statue of Queen Anne, whilst the niche in the interior is filled with the almost unique example of one of James II., given to the college by Dr. Obadiah Walker, Master in 1687. The second quadrangle measures about 80 feet square. The north and east sides (the latter of which is occupied by the Master's lodgings) were built about the year 1719, from a bequest of Dr. Radcliffe, whose statue fills the niche on the interior of the tower-gateway by which we enter. That on the exterior is of Mary, queen-consort of William III. The interior of the CHAPEL has been remodelled in the Decorated Gothic style, and much improved by a new roof and a new east window, by Sir G. G. Scott, in 1862. But the wood carving, which was executed by Barker in the delicate style of Gibbons, has been preserved, as well as the glass painted in 1687, by Henry Giles, of York, and given by Dr. Radcliffe. The north and south windows are by Van Linge, and were put in A.D. 1641. The subjects are, 1. Jacob's Vision (Left). 6. The Expulsion from Paradise. 2. The Ascent of Elijah. 7- Adam and Eve.-Abraham en- J tertaimng the Angels. 3. Jonas and the Whale. g. Abraham's Sacrifice. 4. Lot's Escape from Sodom. 9. Christ with Martha and Mary. 5. The Nativity, (over the altar}. The present HALL was completed about 1657, but the interior entirely refitted in 1766, at the expense of members of the college, whose armorial bearings are painted on the wainscot. The fireplace was the gift of Sir Roger Newdigate, founder of the University prize for English verse which bears his name. Portraits. On the Left. On the Right. Earl of Radnor, by Gainsborough. Sir Thomas Plumer, Master of the Marquis of Hastings, by Hoppner. }* b X Sir T. Lawrence. - i j t TJU-IV Dr. Plumptre, Master, 1836 1870. Sir John Richardson, by Phillips. William < V indham (Lord Grenville), Sir Robert Chambers, by Home. by Lawrence. Lord Stowell, by Hoppner. Bishop Home. Lord Chancellor Eldon, by Owen. Archbishop Potter. UNIVERSITY COLLEGE. II At the Upper End. Sir Simon Bennet. Abp. Abbot, Master, 1597 1609. Sir Roger Newdigate, by Kirkby. Abp. Bancroft, Master, 1609 32. First Earl of Liverpool. Over the Entrance. Sir William Jones. Dr. Radcliffe. The COMMON ROOM contains busts of William Pitt and of King Alfred, and portraits of the Earl of Leicester and of Henry IV., burnt in wood by Dr. Griffiths. The OLD LIBRARY was built in 1669, and is over the kitchen, at right angles with the hall. But a spacious and lofty NEW LIBRARY was built in 1 860-61, from the design of Sir G. G. Scott, in the Decorated English style, and contains fine sculptured effigies of Lord Eldon and Lord Stovvell. These two great brothers were distinguished mem- bers of the college in the early part of the present century. The NEW BUILDING in High-street was erected in 1845, from the design of the late Sir Charles Barry. In the garden adjoining the new building a domed structure was erected in 1893 to contain the statue of Shelley, presented to the college. The New Building in the Hign-street. The foundation consisted of a Master, twelve Fellows, with one bye Fellow, eighteen Scholars, together with certain Exhibitioners. 12 QUEEN'S COLLEGE. Recrossing the street , and nearly opposite, the Visitor reaches the steps of ll QUEEN'S COLLEGE. Founded by Robert de Eglesfeld in 1340 ; rebuilt in 1707 1714. The Porter's lodge "will be found at a side-gate in Qzieen's-lane, opposite to St. Edmund Hall. The founder of this college was Robert de Eglesfeld, chap- lain and confessor to Philippa, queen-consort of Edward III., who, in compliment to his royal mistress, called it by the name of Queen Hall, or the Hall of the Queen's Scholars. Philippa not only encouraged him in his work, but became The Entrance Gateway. its patroness after the founder's death, which happened in 1349. Successive Queens of England have also been great benefactresses to the college. QUEEN'S COLLEGE. 13 Queen Henrietta Maria, for instance, endowed the College with several advowsons: and Queen Caroline in 1733, and "good Queen Charlotte" in 1788, gave respectively a thou- sand pounds, the one towards building the great Quadrangle, the other towards rebuilding it after the fire of 1778. The front faces the High-street, and in the centre, over the en trance -gate way, is a cupola, supported by columns, under which is a figure of Queen Caroline, consort of George II. ; while the lofty gables at either end are surmounted by stone statues of Jupiter and Apollo, on pediments, and emblematical figures of Geography, Mathematics, Medicine, and Religion. The gateway opens into a very extensive quadrangle, sur- rounded on three sides by a cloister. Cloisters of the large Quadrangle. The present CHAPEL, the foundation-stone of which was laid on the anniversary of Queen Anne's birthday, February 6, i7M, is of the same debased style as the rest; but in the QUEEN'S COLLEGE. circular east end the stained glass, painted for the old chapel by Van Linge, in the year 1635, is preserved. The richly - coloured ceiling, by Sir James Thornhill, represents the Ascension. In the middle east window is the Holy Family, by Price, from the original of Carlo Maratti. Beneath is a copy of the celebrated " Night" of Correggio in the Dresden gallery, said to be by Mengs. The screen is said to be the work of Grinling Gibbons. The eagle bears on it the date of 1662. The inscription contains the following canting motto on the arms of the college : " Regina avium, avis Reginensium" "The Queen of birds, the bird of Queen's." The HALL, designed by Sir C. Wren, was erected with the other buildings about 1710. Portraits in the Hall. Left of the Entrance. Dr. Cartwright, Bishop of Chester. Tickell. Addison. (In the window over, Charles II. and his Queen.) Dr. Barlow. (Window over, Charles I. and his Queen.) John Michel, Esq. (Window over, Eglesfeld, the founder.) ;. Queen Henrietta, consort of Charles I. Queen Caroline, Philippa, consort of Edward III. Edward the Black Prince. Robert de Eglesfeld, the founder. Charlotte, consort of George III. Henry V. Charles I. Edward IV. Sir Joseph Williamson. (Window over, Edward III. and his Queen.) Lady Elizabeth Hastings. (Win- dow over, Edward IV. and Henry V.) Dr. Halton. Dr. Lancaster. Gibson, Bishop of London. In the gallery at the west end of the hall, (which appears to have been designed for music,) there are a number of portraits of the same description, besides several old paintings and prints. \e Gallery. Henry V., by a contemporary painter. Portraits in Queen Elizabeth. Queen Henrietta Maria. Catherine, consort of Charles II. Queen Anne. Queen Margaret. Queen Mary of Scotland. Picture. View of College before it was rebuilt. Provost Langbaine. Charles II., by Kneller. Halley. The LIBRARY almost adjoins the hall, and was first fur- nished with books by the will of Bishop Barlow, who died in 1691, the year preceding the commencement of the present building. ST. EDMUND HALL. 15 Portraits in the Library. Charles T ^ n North Window. Queen Charlotte. Henry V., sometime a student in Dr. Crakanthorpe. this college. Dr. Lancaster. Cardinal Beaufort. The exterior, towards the garden, has a handsome fagade, ornamented with eight statues in niches, representing : Edward III. Robert de Eglesfeld. Queen Philippa. Bishop Barlow. Charles I. Archbishop Lamplugh. Henrietta Maria. Sir J. Williamson. In this college the following old customs are still preserved. On New Year's Day the Bursar presents to each member a needle and thread, a. rebus on the founder's name, Aiguille etfil( Eglesfeld), adding the whole- some moral, "Take this and be thrifty." Also, on Christmas-day a boar's head, "decked with rosemary," is carried in procession into the hall, ushered in by the well-known carol, " Caput apri defero." In the Buttery is preserved an antique drinking-horn, presented by Queen Philippa. The college consisted of a Provost, eighteen Fellows, fifteen Scholars, two Bible-clerks, and four Eglesfeld Exhibitioners. The Visitor can leave Queen's College by the side-gate (where the porter's lodge is situated), and he will then find himself opposite ST. EDMUND HALL. Originally founded c. 1226 (?). Refounded in 1559. First stone of Chapel laid, 1680. This is supposed to derive its name from Edmund le Riche, commonly called St. Edmund of Pontigny who was a native of Abingdon, and was consecrated Archbishop of Canterbury in 1234. The earliest record of the Hall shews it to have been in the hands of a certain Fitz-Edmund in 1260; it was sold, but the purchaser presented it to Osney Abbey in 1269. On the suppression of the latter in 1546, it was purchased by Dr. Denyse, Provost of Queen's, and by him presented to his college in 1557, in whose possession the appointment of the Principal was left. 16 ST. PETER-IN-THE-EASt CHURCH. The buildings occupy little more than three sides of a quad- rangle, and date principally about the middle of the seven- teenth century. The HALL, which occupies the west side, contains por- traits of Principals of the Hall Dr. T. Tullie, 1675. Dr. A. Grayson, 1843. Dr. J. Mill, 1707. Dr. Daniel Wilson (Bishop of Cal- Dr. T. Shaw, 1751. cut ta), Vice-Principal, 1809. Dr. G. Fothergill, 1760. Rev. J. Hill, Vice- Principal, 1812. The CHAPEL and LIBRARY are at the east end of the quad- rangle ; the former was consecrated and dedicated to St. Ed- mund, by Bishop Fell, 7th April, 1682, and was built at the cost of Dr. Penton, Principal, and his friends, as is recorded by an inscription over the door. The east window has been filled with glass designed by Mr. Morris ; the other windows contain a memorial to Principal Branthwaite, by Clayton and Bell, and Bishop Daniel Wilson. The Hall will be incorporated with Queen's College on the first vacancy in the office of Principal. Next to St. Edmund Hall, further up Queen's-lane, is the church of ST. PETER-IN-THE-EAST. Crypt and Chancel, c. 1150; North Aisle, c. 1350. Keys of Church kept by J. Hind, East Gate Cottage, 56-7 High-street . The chief feature is the crypt, erroneously said to have been built by Grimbald in the ninth century ; for although it may stand on the site of an earlier crypt, the architectural details of the existing masonry shew it to be of the twelfth century. The vaulting is of semicircular arches of hewn stone. Its dimensions, 36 by 20 feet, and 10 in height. The present entrance is from the outside, through a massive buttress ; but there were originally two winding stairs, one on either side, leading down from the choir, one of which still remains. At the western end were three openings : the central one, a chamber for a shrine, &c., is still accessible ; the two side ones, now blocked, were found, on opening them in 1864, to be two passages, with stone steps at the further end leading straight up into the nave ; a very old arrangement, and almost unique as regards parish churches in this country. Next in point of interest and antiquity is the choir or ST. PETER-IN-THE-EAST CHURCH. 17 chancel, exhibiting a fine specimen of the Norman style, which prevailed in this country to the end of the reign of Henry II., to which reign this choir probably belongs. The ribs of the The Crypt of St. Peter's-in-the-East. vault are ornamented with the chain ornament ; but the zig-zag moulding cut upon those of the western compartment were added in modern times. The exterior of the chancel is very characteristic of the twelfth century. It will be seen that there are traces of an intersecting arcade, which has been broken through by the windows of the later work. The south wall of the nave is perhaps of the same period, with windows inserted in the early half of the fifteenth century.; the south doorway being a remarkably rich specimen of the Norman style ; but it is somewhat hidden by the porch, which, it should be observed, has a room over it, such as c 1 8 THE NEW EXAMINATION SCHOOLS. is found aver several porches of the fifteenth century else- where. The north aisle has pillars and arches of the thir- teenth century, and some elegant windows in the Decorated style, of the time of Edward III. The great west window of the nave, and the large window on the south side, were inserted in 1501. The choir has undergone frequent minor alterations, and the western approach to it was entirely remodelled (T. G.Jackson) in 1888. Returning to the High-street, the Visitor will see opposite THE NEW UNIVERSITY EXAMINATION SCHOOLS. These were erected at a cost of above ; 100,000, under the superintendence of T. G. Jackson, architect. The site selected was that long occupied by the well-known 'Angel Inn,' the foundation-stone having been laid in 1877. The style is that of the Renaissance, but with much original and characteristic design. The building consists of a quad- rangle, of which three sides are completed,, viz. north, south, and west. The Visitor, passing under a handsome porch, at once enters the large entrance-hall, surmounted by a very fine and lofty louvre, supported on an oaken roof. Passing under the three arches which support the gallery the corridor of the northern wing is entered, which leads through a smaller waiting-hall, the roof of which is supported by rich marble columns, into the west corridor, connected in like manner by a second hall with the southern corridor. From these corridors the various viva voce examination-rooms are entered, and there is also communication with the quadrangle. There are two staircases, one in the south corridor, with a decorated ceiling, and one in the west corridor, remarkable for the rich- ness of the marble and workmanship, which lead to the ante- rooms on the first floor of the three large writing-schools. These three magnificent rooms cover nearly the whole of the first floor, and will accommodate over 500 candidates at separate tables. The work throughout deserves careful examination, espe- cially the carving of the wreaths and floral decorations. The clock-tower on the western side of the quadrangle is in ac- cordance with the rest of the design. Adjoining the Schools to the east is the building erected by the same architect in 1887 as a Delegacy for Unattached Students, consisting of Examination and Lecture rooms and Library. MAGDALEN COLLEGE SCHOOL. 19 A few yards further on, and the Visitor passes over the site of the EAST GATE of the city, which was only pulled down in the last century. King-street (Rt.) was a street running along the inside of the wall, and remains of one or two of the old city bastions are visible at the backs of the houses facing that street. Long Wall-street (Z.) was a road run- ning outside the city ; the city ditch, now filled-up, and the space occu- pied by houses, lies between it and the wall. For those interested in such matters, one or two views can be obtained of the city wall by look- ing into the yards a little way down the street. In this part the city wall is better preserved than elsewhere in Oxford, the repairs having been stipulated for in the agreement between the city and William of Wykeham, when land was granted for the foundation of his college. On the left-hand side, before reaching Magdalen College, is MAGDALEN COLLEGE SCHOOL, Founded in 1456 ; New School-room built in 1851. A handsome and commodious structure in the Perpendicular style of architecture, built at the expense of the college in The School, from the College Gate-way. 1851 (Buckler, architect). It consists of one large room, with adjoining class-rooms, &c., the entrance being from the play- 20 ST. MARY MAGDALEN COLLEGE. ground on the north side. In this ground a chapel has been (1894) erected. The school is mainly intended for the edu- cation of the Magdalen choristers, who are on the foundation, but boarders are also received by the Head-master. The Portraits in the schoolroom are Cardinal Wolsey. Archdeacon Todd. Camden. Bishop Bickley. Mr. Collins. Dr. Ellerton. Dr. Lawrence Humphry. Dr Routh. Dr. Hill. The MASTER'S HOUSE, with full and excellent accommodation for 50 boarders, and with space left for additional buildings, has been erected, 1894-5 (Sir Arthur Blomfield, architect), on the other side of Magdalen Bridge, Rt., on the site occupied for a time by Turrell's Hall. The Visitor should now enter ST. MARY MAGDALEN COLLEGE. Founded by Bishop Waynflete; Date of charter, 1458 ; Foundation-stone laid, 1474 ; Buildings completed, 1481 ; Tower added, 1492 1505. Licence to found this college was granted to the founder by Henry VI. in 1457, but from the troubled state of the times on the one hand, and the extreme caution of Waynflete on the other not to begin his building until all preliminary matters had been well digested and arranged, the first stone of the large quadrangle was not laid until 1471. The first stone of the chapel was laid on the 5th of May, 1474, though the building was not finished till 1480; in the year following Edward IV. was a worshipper within its walls, as were after- wards kings Richard III. and Henry VII. The first statutes were delivered to the college in 1479 : on the 2oth of September, 1481, the founder visited the so- ciety, bringing with him many books and manuscripts, which he presented to them. The entrance to this college was formerly through a gate- way erected in 1844, from a design by Pugin, standing at right-angles to the present entrance in the line of the wall which formed the north-west side of St. John's Quadrangle. The niches were filled, those on the exterior by images of St. John the Baptist (to whom the hospital, on whose site the college is built, was dedicated), of St. Mary Magdalen, ST. MARY MAGDALEN COLLEGE. 21 to whom the college was dedicated by the founder, and of William of Waynflete, the founder himself. In 1885, on the completion of the new buildings, this gate was taken down, and the stones found to be so much de- cayed and brittle that it was impossible to re-erect it. A new gate has been erected in the line of the outer wall parallel to High-street, following the old design. Upon passing through the present new entrance-gateway, the Visitor sees in front of him, to his left, a handsome block of buildings erected in 1881-4, containing rooms for Fellows and Undergraduates. They were built from designs of Messrs. Bodley and Garner, and are furnished throughout with the latest improvements. Almost directly in front of him is a very picturesque old building, the remaining part of old Magdalen Hall. The Part of Old Magdalen Hall, Shewing the old line of wall and old President's Lodgings, pulled down in 1883. interior in 1884 was fitted up as rooms for Students. To the right of this are the President's Lodgings, occupying the northern side of St. John's Quadrangle, and built from Messrs. Bodley and Garner's designs on the site of the Old Lodgings, which were pulled down to make room for them in 1887. 22 ST. MARY MAGDALEN COLLEGE. Opposite to him is the west window of the chapel, with a shallow porch beneath. In the niches are five figures, re- presenting St. John Baptist, Edward IV., St. Mary Magdalen, St. Swithun, and the founder, and adjoining on the left is the principal entrance to the cloisters, comprising a gateway, ex- hibiting a good instance of open spandrels and of a shallow porch, with bosses and a very elegantly groined vault, under a tower of exquisite proportions, and decorated with canopied statues of St. Mary Magdalen, St. John, Henry III., and the founder, whose chambers are situated within, immediately over the gateway. The chambers above have been carefully restored, but belong to the President's lodgings, and so are not usually visible to strangers. On the extreme right is a curious pulpit of stone, from which it was customary that the University sermon should be preached on St. John Baptist's Day, on which occasion the pulpit, with the ground and surrounding buildings, was strewed and decked with boughs and rushes, in commemoration of St. John's preaching in the wilderness. The CHAPEL, like most ecclesiastical buildings, has under- gone a variety of changes since its first erection ; first, the Puritan spirit of the sixteenth century could not leave alone the costly decorations with which this chapel was adorned ; next, in the years 1629 1635 an attempt was made towards its restoration, and it was then furnished with new wainscoting and panelling, richly gilt and painted, together with a hand- some screen of oak. The ante-chapel was also embellished with new windows of the best painted-glass of the time. This state of things, however, was destined to be but of short con- tinuance. In 1649, on tne X 9 tn f May, Cromwell and the Parliamentary generals were invited to dine in the hall with the new President, Dr. Wilkinson, and in return for this mis- placed hospitality their followers committed the greatest out- rages upon the college property. The figure of the Blessed Virgin was pulled down from the gateway ; the painted-glass was torn out from the windows of the chapel, and trampled under foot ; and the organ was conveyed by Cromwell's order to Hampton Court, where it remained until the Restoration. Some repairs rendered necessary were afterwards effected ; but it was not until the year 1833 that the chapel was restored to somewhat of its original splendour, under the direction of Cottingham. The windows were in 1857 60 again filled ST. MARY MAGDALEN COLLEGE. View inside St. Jolm the Baptist's Quadrangle. 24 ST. MARY MAGDALEN COLLEGE. with painted-glass of brilliant colours, by Hardman ; and in 1864 65 a series of statues was added to the fine altar- screen. The small chapel at the north side of the altar has been admirably restored, and the tomb of the founder's father, Richard Patten, brought from the demolished church of All Saints at Waynflete, has been with great fitness de- posited there. The brass eagle was placed in the choir in 1633 : over the altar is a picture of Christ bearing His cross, attributed to Ribalta. The great west window, after a design by Christopher Schwartz, represents the general Resurrection. The CLOISTERS have been in a great measure restored in the View from the Cloisters, Magdalen College, with tlie Founder's Tower. present century ; but the original character, and even the de- tails, have been carefully followed. The very singular figures, ST. MARY MAGDALEN COLLEGE. 25 however, surmounting the buttresses were probably not de- signed for these places. The view from the grass-plot in the centre of the cloisters is very striking. The lofty tower, it will be seen, was not only detached, but is not built at the same angle as the hall and chapel, which are continued in the same line. On the right is the Founder's Tower. The HALL is entered from the south-east corner of the cloisters by a flight of stone steps, from the top of which, on the landing-place, may be seen an elliptical arch, flanked by fluted Ionic pilasters, corresponding with those which form the divisions of the panel-work in the interior. Above is an oblong panel, tastefully decorated with the arms of James I., between the ostrich-plumes of Prince Henry and the arms of the college, a memorial of the royal visit in 1605, and the matriculation of the Prince as a member of this college. The passage under the music-gallery at the end of the hall, properly called " the Screens," preserves the mediaeval ar- rangement of three doorways, to the kitchen, pantry, and buttery, with a buttery-hatch opening into the latter. The hall is hung with portraits of former members and bene- factors, On the Right. On the Left. George Home. Dr. Routh. Henry, Prince of Wales. Right Hon. Lord Selborne. Henry Philpotts. Prince Rupert. John Hough, Bishop of Worcester. Joseph Wilcocks. Behind the High Table. On the Screen. Dr. Butler, President. Henry Sacheverell. The Founder. St. Mary Magdalen. William Freeman. Richard Fox. Cardinal Wolsey. Over the Screen, John Colet. John Warner. Joseph Addison. Hugo Boulter. Cardinal Pole. Hammond. The oak wainscot was put up in 1541, and is carved in the linen pattern, with illustrations of the history of St. Mary Magdalen. The ceiling was removed, and one in plaister was substituted by Wyatt at the end of the last century. From the hall it is well worth while to pass by a narrow passage into the chaplains' quadrangle, for the glorious view which we there have of the tower, Irom its base to the top, measuring 145 feet. This elegant structure was commenced in 1492 and completed about 1505. There is a vague tra- 26 ST. MARY MAGDALEN COLLEGE. dition that Wolsey (afterwards Cardinal), who was once Fellow of the College, gave the design. The custom of chanting the Latin hymn "Te Deum Pattern colimus Te laudibus prosequimur," on the summit is still preserved, on May-day morning in each year, at five o'clock. The hymn was written by Dr. Thomas Smith, a Fellow in the seventeenth century ; but the idea that it is a Protestant exchange for a requiem mass for the soul of Henry the Seventh is entirely without foundation. The LIBRARY has been thoroughly restored, but the walls are old. It occupies the western side of the quadrangle. Over the Entrance, portrait of The shoes and other episcopal vest- Founder, ments of the Founder are here On Panels, copies of the celebrated preserved. Among the books are portraits by Vandyke. some early impressions by Caxton At end, busts of Locke and Bacon. and others. The Buildings on the north side beyond the cloisters, al- though they furnish members of the college with very com- fortable apartments, are in a debased style ; and one can only rejoice that the plan of rebuilding the college altogether, on this type, as once proposed, was never carried out. To the west and north of the new building, surrounded by an embattled wall, is the grove or deer-park, which is small but picturesque, from the number of fine old trees with which it is filled. The deer feeding under the trees have a very pretty effect, as seen from the Water-Walk, the northern side of which is called Addison's Walk, from which we have striking views of the college and Holywell water-mill. At the southern end of the walk a view of Magdalen Bridge is ob- tained, the length of which is 526 feet. The walk surrounds a meadow of irregular form, and is rather more than half-a-mile long, being encompassed on all sides by branches of the river Cherwell, and should by all means be visited if time permits. It is open to strangers during the day-time. The foundation consisted of a President, 40 Fellows, 30 Scholars, called Demies, (so called Irom their having been originally entitled to half- commons only,) 4 Chaplains, 10 Clerks, 16 Choristers, a Steward, a School- master, with an Usher, and an Organist. On leaving the college, if the Visitor has the time, he should turn to the left, and by walking some hundred yards or so he will reach MAGDALEN BRIDGE, which crosses the river Cherwell, from the midst of which he will obtain a picturesque view of Magdalen tower. The present Bridge (replacing an older one) was erected in 1779, and enlarged to its present size in 1882-3. ST. CLEMENT'S AND COWLEY ST. JOHN. 27 On the other side of the Bridge are the districts of St. Clement and Cowley St. John. The old fourteenth- century church of ST. CLEMENT, which stood about fifty yards from the end of the Bridge, was pulled down in 1828, and a new church erected in imitation of the Norman style (architect, Robertson) on a different site. It can be seen from the Bridge on the left hand, looking over the meadows. There are three roads starting from the point where the old church stood. The right-hand road leads to Iffley, the middle road to Cowley, the left to Headington. Taking the Iffley Road, and passing the new Magdalen School Buildings (AY.), the University Athletic Sports' ground is seen (Rt.} ; and a little distance further on (L.) is the New Church of the Society of ST. JOHN THE EVANGELIST. It has been erected (1894) from designs by G. F. Bodley to replace the Iron Church. If time permits the Visitor should continue his walk as far as IFFLEY CHURCH (two miles from the Bridge), a fine Norman structure, very perfect, with a chancel added at the east end in the thirteenth century. The doorways are remarkable for their fine sculp- ture, while the old grey square Norman tower is a striking object when seen either from the river or from the railway. (The village also may be con- veniently and pleasantly reached by a boat from Christ Church Meadow.) By taking the middle road, the Visitor will pass on the right Marston- street, in which is situated the Cowley St. John Mission House, the estab- lishment of the Cowley Fathers, now presided over by the Rev. Father Page, who succeeded Father Benson in 1889. On the left is Nazareth House, where a home is provided for destitute children and aged poor, managed by R. C. Sisters. Opposite this the Constitutional Hall. Further along on the left will be observed a large brick building the OXFORD UNION WORKHOUSE, and just beyond this a road leads up the hill to the WARNEFORD LUNATIC ASYLUM. Nearly opposite on the right is the NEW CHURCH OF SS. MARY AND JOHN (the chancel of which was erected in 1877-8, and the nave, 1882-3), (Architect, A. W. M. Mowbray). Adjoining is the National Hospital for Incurables, and beyond, in Charles Street, is S. ALBAN'S MISSION CHURCH, erected 1888-9. Con- tinuing along this middle road still further Cowley Marsh is reached. A little fifteenth-century building known as ST. BARTHOLOMEW'S CHAPEL, belonging to Oriel College, now used as a wood-house, but exceedingly interesting, as it contains the old screen put up during the time of me Commonwealth (with the letters O. C. 1651), lies a few yards off the road on the left. Beyond this are several college cricket-grounds, and on the high ground further east is a building which was erected for a Military College, and further on the BARRACKS. By following the third road (that is the left of the three) Headington Hill is reached. At the bottom of the hill the road to the left leads to King's Mill (see p. 112), and the village of Marston (two miles). The grounds on the left of the road up the hill belong to HEADINGTON HILL HALL (the seat of G. H. Morrell, Esq., M.P.). At the top of the hill, on the right, is the Reservoir belonging to the City Waterworks, into which water is pumped from the Railway-take (p. 62). 'ihe pathway here to the left leads to Joe Pullen's Tree, whence another leads into Marston-lane, just opposite King's Mill ; thence the walk may be continued round Mesopotamia, and so the Visitor can re-enter Oxiord by the Parks (see pp. 106 and in), instead of back over Magdalen Bridge. 28 THE BOTANIC GARDEN. Turning lack, will be noticed opposite Magdalen College, THE BOTANIC GARDEN. This Garden was founded by Henry Danvers, Earl of Danby, who rented five acres of ground of Magdalen College The Danby Gate. for the purpose. It had formerly been a burying-place for the Jews, who had resided in Oxford in great numbers until driven hence at the close of the thirteenth century. The first stone of the walls was laid by the Vice-Chancellor, the 25th July, 1632. The gateway was designed by Inigo Jones; the figures of Charles I. and II. were an addition, the cost being defrayed out of the fine levied upon Anthony a Wood for his libel on the Earl of Clarendon. John Tradescant, the founder of the Ashmolean Museum, was appointed gardener, but died before occupying the post. It was the first public ground set apart in this country for the scientific study of plants. The Gardens are open to the public, subject to certain restrictions (of which notice will be found given upon the gate). Besides the Gardens, containing the living plants, there is an Herbarium and Museum. The square block of building next to the Gardens is a Laboratory for the use of students in Natural Science, belonging to Magdalen College. MERTON COLLEGE. 29 Still continuing westward, up the High-street, the Visitor again arrives at the site of the New Schools. Here, he should take the turning on the left, viz. into King-street. This street is just within the City Wall; the houses on the left hand reach up to the wall, and at the back of some of them it is distinctly visible. It bends round to the right, and here Merton gardens lie between the street and the south wall of the city. He will pass on the right Merton Swimming and Turkish Baths, and then Beam Hall, practically rebuilt, but on the site and containing portions of one of the old Halls, the history of which goes back to 1252. Opposite (on the left) is MERTON COLLEGE. Walter de Merton founded a college at Maid on, 1264 ; His College transferred to Oxford, 1274. Chapel choir commenced, c. 1277. Sacristy added, 1310. Transepts completed, 1424. Tower completed 1450. Bishop Rede built the library about 1380. The great southern quadrangle built in 1610. Merton College was founded by, and derives its name from, Walter de Merton, Bishop of Rochester and Chancellor of England, who died in 1277. Several portions of this college are doubtless among the most ancient academical buildings in the University, and the establishment is entitled, at least as far as documentary evi- dence can prove it, to priority, in respect to its foundation, over all other establishments of the kind ; while the original statutes of Merton appear to have formed a model for the regulations devised by the founders of all succeeding bodies both in this and the sister University. The date of the first copy of the statutes is 1264, and of the last 1274, when the corporation consisted of a warden, chaplains, and as many scholars as the funds of the college could maintain, at an allowance of fifty shillings each. Over the gateway in front of the tower are figures of Henry III. and Walter de Merton, under Gothic canopies, and between them a remark- able ancient piece of sculpture of the preaching of St. John in the wilder- ness. The Founder is represented in an attitude of piety, listening to the patron Saint. This tower was built in 1416, by Warden Rodbourne, but altered during the restorations in 1838. 3 MERTON COLLEGE. The portion of the college which the Visitor passes before reaching the Gate was, till 1882, a distinct Hall, with its Principal and Tutors, but was then incorporated with Merton College. It was originally an ancient place of residence for students, deriving its name from Robert de ST. ALBAN, a The Front. citizen of Oxford, who lived as early as the reign of King John, and who probably built the original edifice for his own residence. To this, in the reign of Henry VI., was united Nunne Hall, and both becoming the property of the nuns of Littlernore, near Oxford, they were confiscated at the dis- solution, and subsequently conveyed by purchase to Merton College, (who received a quit rent) although the privilege of appointing a Principal was then ceded to the Chancellor of the University. The front of this hall was rebuilt in 1600. The Principal's lodgings, which were placed between the gate and the walls of Merton gardens, were improved by Dr. Whately, Principal, afterwards Archbishop of Dublin. New rooms on the eastern and western sides of the quadrangle, together with a chapel, were built in 1863 ; and in 1866 the front, which had become much decayed, was well and hand- somely repaired by the late Principal of the Hall, the Rev. W. C. Salter. MERTON COLLEGE. Entering at the great Gate, which, as well as the entire north front of the college, was re-faced in 1838 (Blore, Entrance- Gateway. architect), the warden's lodgings are seen on the left hand ; to the right, the chapel, with its splendid wheel window. In front are the steps leading up into the HALL. The date of the actual walls is probably about the time of the founda- tion of the college, but they were stripped of their ancient character when the hall was re-fitted, under the care of Mr. Wyatt, about the year 1800: the original doorway, however, and the old oak door, with its very beautiful and remarkable iron-work of the fourteenth century, were preserved ; and in 1872, under the care of Sir G. G. Scott, the ancient character of the hall was, as far as could be ascertained, again followed. The false roof was removed, and a new one of very elaborate work put in its place, the former proportions were regained by opening out the small windows over the vestibule, and the early windows were restored with the stone seats in their recesses. MERTON COLLEGE. Doorway of the Hall, Merton College, c. 130a In the hall are portraits of Walter de Merton. Duns Scotus. Sir Henry Savile, Warden. Sir Thomas Bodley. W. Harvey, Warden, the disco- verer of the circulation of the blood. Bishop Jewell. John Chamber, Warden, physician to Henry VIII. Shute Barrington, Bishop of Dur- ham. Cecil, Lord Burghley. James I. "Bishop Denison, of Salisbury. Sir Edmund Head. Dr. Bullock - Marsham, Warden (died 1881). Sir Hamilton Seymour, the late Passing through an archway, with the signs of the zodiac on the bosses, and the arms of Henry VII., the Visitor enters MERTON COLLEGE. 33 Arms of Henry VII. the second and largest quadrangle, which is a good speci- men of the debased style of James I. Here we have a tower, exhibiting the various orders of classical architecture. The gar- den is enclosed by a portion of the old city wall, with one or two bastions remaining, occupy- ing the south-east angle of the fortifications of the city. A ter- race-walk is now made on an earthern rampart within the wall, and nearly level with the top of it, from which a view of Christ Church meadows and the Broad- walk is obtained. Returning again into the large quadrangle, and passing under the archway on the right of the hall, and then again through a small court, on the right of which stands the TREASURY, or archive-room, a fire-proof building of the thir- teenth century, with a high-pitched stone roof, the Visitor enters a small quadrangle of early date, popularly called " Mob Quad." On the south and west sides of it is the LIBRARY, founded and built at the latter end of the four- teenth century, by William Rede, Bishop of Chichester, who was, as is said, his own architect. Certain it is, that it is one of the earliest, and perhaps now the most genuine an- cient library in this kingdom. The windows on the east side also retain their original painted glass, with quarries orna- mented with different patterns, and in each window a small panel with the Lamb and Flag. The original encaustic pav- ing tiles remain, with patterns on them of the fourteenth or fifteenth century. Facing the meadow, a lofty pile of buildings, containing sets of rooms to meet the demand for extra accommodation, was erected in 1864 by Mr. Butterfield, but they are very inharmonious as to character with the old buildings. Beyond this quadrangle is the entrance to the CHAPEL. This was St. John the .Baptist's Church, but the parish has since 1891 been united with that of St. i'tter's-in-the-East. The tower, it will be seen, was originally intended to be in the centre, but the nave and its aisles were never built, although the centre and side arches were built and left open D MERTON COLLEGE. North Doorway of Merton College Chapel, A.D. 1424. for them, and the ledge for the roof. At present the building consists of the choir, the transepts, and the tower ; and these transepts form the ante-chapel, and pro- bably gave the idea of the Ante-Chapels, which are so marked a feature in so many chapels in Oxford. The choir was probably commenced about 1277, after the Founder's death, and with funds left by him for the pur- pose. On entering it, the eye is im- mediately arrested by fourteen windows, seven on either side, of the most beau- tiful Decorated work and proportions; these windows are of four different pat- terns, the series recommencing after the fourth ; whilst the east window affords a splendid example of what is commonly called the Catherine-wheel. The heads of these windows have re- tained their original stained-glass of the same age as the stonework, and afford the Se chalk drawing, by L. da Vinci. 100 Children at play ; bistre draw- ing, by Raphael. 101 St. Jerome's last Communion, by Domenichino. 106 Madonna and Child, attributed to Raphael. 107 The Last Supper,by Tintoretto. 1 08 The Miracle of St. Mark, by Tintoretto. 113 Nativity, by Titian. Much injured ; once belonged to Charles I. 1 20 Head, by Titian. 127 St. Francis receiving the Stig- mata, by Andrea del Sarto. 128 King Solomon and the Queen Eastern Side ; Fi> 1 73 St. Francis in a vision supported by Angels, by Annibale Car- racci. 177 Christ and His two Disciples- at Emmaus, by Lodovico Carracci. 193 Tobias taking the Fish, by Salvator Rosa. 210 Preparation for the Tomb ; half-finished, by Andrea del Sarta of Sheba, after Paul Ve- ronese. 140 Titian's Mistress, by Titian. 141 Portrait of General Guise, by Sir J. Reynolds. 148 Choir of Angels, by Guido ; probably the original sketch of a fresco in St. Gregory's Church at Rome. 149 Ecce Homo, by Baroccio. 153 Martyrdom of St. Lawrence, by Tintoretto. st Compartment. 218 Dead Christ, foreshortened, by Lod. Carracci. 219 Assumption of Virgin, with View of Bologna, by Ann. Carracci. 220 Scipio restoi'ing the Spanish Princess to her Husband, by Vandyke. 224 Holy Family, by Aoanibale Carracci. 48 CHRIST CHURCH. Eastern Side ; Second Compartment. 227 Italian Buffoon drinking, by murder of St. Pietro Martire ; Ann. Carracci. by Ann. Carracci. 233 Susannah and the Elders, by 248 Story of Erichthonius, by Sal- Agostino Carracci. vator Rosa. 234 Martyrdom ; sketch, attributed 249 Butcher's shop, by Ann. Car- to Vandyke. racci ; said by tradition to re- 235 Sketch of Man on horseback, present the Carracci family ; by Vandyke. Annibale weighs the meat ; 243 Female, half-length, by Andrea an uncle, as a Swiss guard del Sarto. at Bologna ; Gobbo tries a 244 Portrait of Vandyke, sketch nail; Agostino lifts the calf ; by himself. Lodovico stoops to kill the 245 Landscape, by Gobbo Carracci, sheep ; the mother is in the with figures representing the background b . Leaving Peckwater at the south-west corner, and passing under an archway, with a statue of Bishop Fell over it, the Visitor finds himself in "ToM QUADRANGLE," (Tom Tower being on the western side,) the largest quadrangle in Oxford, and by itself sufficient to prove the magnificent notions of Wolsey : its dimensions are 264 feet by 261. There can be little doubt that the original design contem- plated a cloister entirely round the quadrangle, which would have extended over part of what now forms the terrace-walk ; the shafts and the marks of the arches from which the vaults were to spring are distinctly visible. Passing along the east side past the Deanery, the Visitor reaches the entrance to the Cathedral. THE CATHEDRAL is also the college chapel; it formed a part of St. Frideswide's Priory, and suffered considerable mutilation from the hands of Wolsey. Intending to erect for public services a new church worthy of his own foundation, and perhaps little regarding the ancient structure, the Cardinal commenced his preparations for his college by pulling down fifty feet of the west end of St. Frideswide's Church, and the whole western side of the cloister. The rest was to remain as a chapel for the private prayers of the community. The greater part of what remains is of the twelfth century, and the spire is perhaps one of the earliest examples in the kingdom. The east end of the cathedral was admirably restored in 1871 by the late Sir George Gilbert Scott, who made out the k The artist is said to have pourtrayed all the members of his family in the garb of butchers, to check the conceit of his mother, who was excessively proud of her sons. CHRIST CHURCH. 49 original design from the fragments built into the east wall. A fine wheel-window over two round-headed lights has thus reproduced the character of the original one, which had been almost entirely destroyed.. Beneath is a reredos, in sandstone and red marble, perhaps the most exquisite piece of modern workmanship in Oxford. It should be carefully studied. It is understood to be the gift of a member of the college, and was only completed in 1881. "Window in the Spire. Turret and Pinnacle of Norcn Transept. The church itself is cruciform, but with additions. The choir is particularly deserving of notice, both from the singu- larity of the arches, which are double, a lower arch springing from corbels attached to the piers, and also from the beauty of the late groined roof, with its rich pendants, which forms a marked contrast to the massive Norman arches below. E 50 CHRIST CHURCH. The clerestory windows of the transept and nave are very Clerestory Window of Transept, Christ Church, c. 1180. good examples of the latest Norman style ; those of the tran- septs are round-headed, in the nave they are pointed. On the south side of the choir is one aisle only, and practically in its original state. In this aisle is the tomb of Bp. King, the last abbot of Osney and first Bishop of Oxford ; and in the window above it, in- the painted glass, his figure will be seen with a view of the ruins of Osney Abbey in the corner. On the north side of the choir are three aisles or chapels as they are called. The first adjoining the choir was ori- ginally like that on the south side, but the north wall has been ingeniously pierced in the thirteenth century, so that the arches open into the middle aisle, sometimes called the Lady-chapel. Beneath the easternmost arch all the remains which could be found of St. Frideswide's shrine, constructed temp. Henry III. to hold her relics, have been brought together by the zeal and energy of James Park Harrison, M.A., of Christ Church, and (1890) erected under his personal superintendence on what was probably the original site. In the fourteenth century the northern wall of this aisle was again pierced, and beneath the arches are several tombs. Chief amongst them is that of the Lady Elizabeth Montacute, who built the chapel which now forms the northernmost aisle, and who died in 1349. It consists of a recumbent effigy in the costume of the fourteenth century, CHRIST CHURCH. Panel from the Tomb of Lady Elizabeth de Montacute, 1354. beautifully carved and retaining the original colouring. Tomb with a beau- tiful canopy, of the time of Edward I., to some person whose name has been lost. Tomb to Sir George Nowers, who died in 1425. Under the eastern bay, a tomb of some merchant and his wife, wrongly called the Shrine of St. Frideswide. The upper part, of wood, is supposed to have been erected temp. Henry VII., as a watching-chamber [but Qy.], so that relics and other valuables might not be stolen by visitors to the Shrine. The outer chapel on the north is called the LATIN CHAPEL, from the Latin Service read in it. The stalls and desks with which it is furnished are remarkably fine specimens of carved woodwork, probably of the time of Wolsey, and part of his furniture of the choir. One of the poppies is formed of a cardinal's hat and tassels. The subject of the painted glass recently inserted in the east window of this chapel is the life of the Foundress, St. Frideswide, who ended her days on this spot about the year 740. In the first light she is seen at school ; founding her nunnery ; sought in marriage by King Algar ; lastly, the king approaches to carry her off. In the second light she is seen leaving Oxford, and descending the river to Abingdon ; Algar ravages the country ; she is befriended by a swineherd. In the third light she retreats to a nunnery at Binsey ; the king, finding no trace of her, returns sorrowfully ; her com- panions join her at Binsey, where she becomes distinguished by miracles and alms-deeds. In the fourth light the king again seeks her ; she flies to Oxford ; the men of Oxford resist the Mercians ; the king is struck by lightning. Then follows the death of St. Frideswide ; the ship of souls CHRIST CHURCH. convoyed by angels, and the trees of life and knowledge. In the floor are some handsome brasses to certain late members of the chapter. The Latin Chapel in the Cathedral, Christ Church. The restoration of the Cathedral was commenced by the late Dean (Liddell) in 1856 ; but the chief work was carried on during the years 1872-75, when one new bay was added to the length of the nave, a portico was opened out into the great quadrangle, the organ was erected at the west end, carved stalls for the dean and canons were arranged in their proper place in the choir, the seating was renewed almost throughout, and the pavement of the choir was beau- tifully laid with tiles ; and still more recently, the very beautiful carved stone reredos was added, the pious gift of a mem- ber of the college. A magnificent lectern, the gift of the censors of the house, deserves special attention. At the same time, the sixteenth-century screens across the entrance to the northern chapels were removed, the lantern was opened out, and CHRIST CHURCH. 53 the south transept was restored to its original condition, having a gallery over a vaulted chamber beneath. This possibly served as a sacristy, and here probably was kept St. Frideswide's chest, which was secured by a lock with six keys, kept by six of the canons. In the wall were found traces of one or two lockers. On passing out of the Cathedral by the western door, the Visitor will see on his left a large TOWER, containing the Cathedral-bells, which was erected in 1878-9, (in consequence of their endangering the Cathedral tower and spire by their vibration). Passing under the archway beneath this tower, the Visitor enters a spacious vaulted chamber, containing the STAIRCASE to the hall. The present vault and the central pillar were built about 1640; and on the bosses of the vault Springing of the Fan-tracery. are the arms of Charles I., and the Prince's feathers for the Prince of Wales. The staircase and lobby were altered early in the present century, under the superintendence of Wyatt. CHRIST CHURCH HALL is one hundred and fifteen feet by forty, and fifty in height. The roof is of carved oak, with very elegant pendants, profusely decorated with the armorial bearings of King Henry VIII. and Cardinal Wolsey, and has the date 1529. At the south end of the dais (or raised plat- form for the high table) is a fine bay-window, having a very rich vault with fan- tracery. It is, perhaps, the finest refectory in England. 54 CHRIST CHURCH. The hall is wainscoted to about half the height of the walls, and on the top of the wainscot is a handsome cornice-mould- ing in the style of Wolsey's work : beneath this is a series of shields of arms, emblazoned with the bearings of Henry VIII. and Wolsey alternate, with those of some other benefactors. The roof was damaged by a fire in 1720, and repaired at the expense of Dr. John Hammond, a canon ; and was again repaired in 1750 by Dr. Gregory, canon, afterwards Dean. The bay-window to the right of the dais is filled with glass given by Archdeacon Clerke, in honour of the Prince of Wales and the Crown Prince of Denmark, whose arms are here displayed. The walls are adorned with a very fine collection of origi- nal portraits. With the exception of the founders, the por- traits are those of such members only as have been on the foundation of the society as students, canons, or deans. This will account for the absence of many portraits of those who have been illustrious as statesmen, warriors, divines, or men of letters, who were formerly educated in this house ; whilst, at the same time, the great number of distinguished English- men who claim a place in this hall from having been actually on the foundation of Christ Church will not fail to be re- marked. They are about 70 in number, and by the most eminent artists, from Holbein to the present time. They have all their names beneath them, but we give here a selection : King Henry VIII,, by Holbein. Dr. Pusey, ob. 1882. Queen Elizabeth, by Zucchero. Canon Lidclon, ob. 1891. Cardinal Wolsey, by Holbein. W. E. Gladstone. Dr. Fell, Dr. Dolben, and Dr. Al- lestre. (By Lely.) Almost a complete series of Portraits of the several Deans of Christ Church, from 1576 to 1855, i.e. Tobias Matthew, Thomas Ravys, John King, Richard Corbet, afterwards Bishop of Oxford (Vandyck), Brian Duppa (Van Loo), Samuel Fell, George Morley (Lily), John Fell, after- wards Bishop of Oxford (do.), Henry Aldrich (Kneller), Francis Atter- bury (do), George Smalridge (do.), Hugh Boulton, William Bradshaw, John Conybeare, William Markham (Reynolds), Lewis Bagot, Cyril Jack- son, Charles Hall, Samuel Smith, Thomas Gaisford, and H. G. Liddell. Of Bishops of Oxford (besides the two above-named), are John Ran- dolph, 1799 ; W.Jackson, 18121815 j (and in the lobby) John Howson, 1619, and John Bancroft, 1609. Archbishop Dolben (1666). George Canning (Lawrence). Archbishop Wake (1715). William Eden, istLd. Auckland (do.) Archbishop Harcourt (of York), Bishop Hooper (Hogarth). 1808 (Hoppner). Lord Grenville (Owen). Archbishop Longley (Briggs). Earl of Mansfield (Martin). CHRIST CHURCH. 55 Returning from the hall on the right of the staircase, the entrance to the KITCHEN will be seen. It was the first build- Doorway to Kitchen staircase. ing erected by Wolsey in his new college, and has undergone no material alteration, either in shape, size, or arrangement. It is a good specimen of an ancient English kitchen. Returning from the kitchen, past the hall staircase, the Visitor enters the CLOISTERS, which are of the fifteenth cen- tury, but lately very carefully restored. The foundations in the centre, discovered during the alterations, belong probably to the monastic buildings of the twelfth century. The large Norman arch will be observed. This has had a doorway fitted into it, and this opens at once into the CHAPTER-HOUSE, a specimen of the best period of Early Eng- lish architecture. It has been admirably restored (1880-81), and its architectural features, which were much hidden by a floor and staircase, are now brought out. Most of the por- traits formerly here have been removed to the Canons' houses. CHRIST CHURCH. The Chapter -house probably occupies what was in the twelfth century a roadway running within the line of the City Wall, that wall forming the southern side of the build- ing. Permission was granted to the Canons to use this wall for building upon in King Stephen's reign. On the left of this en- trance is a passage (the gate of which is usually open), leading beneath the southern end of the Tran- sept of the Cathedral into an open space, used as a cemetery, from which a good view of the south side of the choir and the east end is obtained. The passage runs between the Cathedral and the Chap- ter-house, and was usually known as the " Slype." On the right of the cloisters, at the lower end, is the CHAPLAINS' QUAD- RANGLE, on the north side of which is what once was the refectory of St. Frideswide's Priory, afterwards the library of the college, but now converted into rooms for undergraduates. The south side of the Chaplains' Quadrangle, as well as Fell's Buildings, was pulled down in 1864, to make way for the handsome and lofty pile of NEW BUILDINGS, which now fronts the Broad Walk, completed in 1866 (Deane, architect). Passing through the new and handsome gateway, the Visitor enters the BROAD WALK, one of the finest avenues in Eng- land, though some of the trees are now very old and decayed. Here it was customary on ' Show- Sunday,' i.e. the Sunday before Com- memoration Day, for visitors and residents to promenade in the afternoon. The large meadow to the south of the Broad Walk is CHRIST CHURCH MEADOW, round which there is a continuous path. Doorwcay of the Chapter-house, Christ Church, c. 1180. CHRIST CHURCH. 57 58 CHRIST CHURCH. Opposite the New Buildings, at the end of the Broad Walk, is a recently-planted avenue leading down to the side of the fsts, where the brightly-painted and ornamental Barges, belonging to the several colleges, produce a very striking and pleasing effect. The river here is of considerable width, and in the summer months much frequented by boats of all descriptions. Here, too, in the Easter term, the boat-races take place, the boats rowing from Iffley up to this spot. On the right hand looking up the river, FOLLY BRIDGE is seen, on which, up Folly Bridge in 1840. to the beginning of the present century, a quaint gateway stood, known by the name of Friar Bacon's study. If the Visitor has not time for this, he should at least walk a few paces down the Broad Walk to the left, whence, passing into the Merton fields, he will obtain a good view of Merton College, with its tower and picturesque buildings on the east, though the view is somewhat marred by an awkward and incongruous block of buildings recently erected in front of the tower. In the distance, to the east, Magdalen tower is seen to great advantage above the trees ; on the west, one of the best views of the Cathedral is gained. (See previous page?) CHRIST CHURCH. 59 Retracing his steps, as far as the*large quadrargle, the Visitor sees at the western side of it the great gate commonly known Tom Gate and Tower, Clirist Church. as TOM GATE, from the cupola containing the great bell so named, which formerly belonged to Osney Abbey. This bell can be visited on application to the porter. It was recast in 1680. The weight is estimated at I7,ooolbs, but there has always been much controversy as to the relative weight of the great bells of England. The TOWER over the gateway, commonly known by the name of Tom Tower, which had been begun by Wolsey, was 6o PEMBROKE COLLEGE. completed by Sir Christopher Wren about 1682, the statue over the gate on the interior being that of Queen Anne ; on the exterior, that of Cardinal Wolsey. The foundation consisted of a Dean, six Canons, twenty-eight Senior Students, and fifty-two Junior Students, eight Chaplains, Clerks, Cho- risters, &c. Passing out at Tom Gate, the Visitor will see on his left, and on the other side of the road (the entrance being a few yards down the street by the side of St. Aldate's Church), PEMBROKE COLLEGE. Founded by Thomas Tesdale and Richard Wightwick, 1624. Buildings, 1670 and 1730, &c. It was named after William, Earl of Pembroke, Chancellor of the University at the time of its foundation. It rose, like The Entrance Gateway-Tower. PEMBROKE COLLEGE. 61 many other colleges, upon the ruins of a much earlier aca- demical institution, Broadgates Hall, which had enjoyed an especial reputation for students in civil and canon law. The present foundation owes its existence to the munificence of two benefactors, Thomas Tesdale, Esq., and Richard Wightwick, B.D., who together bequeathed and gave a suf- ficient sum of money to found a new college; the fellows and scholars principally to be elected from the free-school at Abingdon. Accordingly, in 1624, by letters patent of James I., dated 2Qth June, the hall of Broadgates was con- verted into " one perpetual college of divinity, civil and canon law, arts, medicine, and other sciences." The buildings are all of a late, almost modern period, having scarcely anything earlier than 1670. The Hall, Pembroke College. The present LIBRARY was formerly the hall, and is on the site, and partly the same with the original refectory of Broad- gates Hall, but its roof has been raised, and it has been otherwise enlarged. The CHAPEL is on the south side of the second quadrangle; it was consecrated in 1732, by Dr. Potter, Bishop of Oxford. It is of a very unpretending character, ornamented with Ionic pilasters. Picture over the altar, a copy by Cranke of Rubens' picture at Antwerp, representing Christ after His resurrection. 6z ST. ALDATE'S CHURCH. The HALL, at the west end of the quadrangle, is a hand- some building in the style of the fifteenth or sixteenth cen- tury, built in 1848, from the design of Mr. Hay ward. Portraits. (Beginning on the left hand.) Sir John Bennett, Lord Ossulstone, George Townsend, 1647. by Phillips. Dr. Benjamin Slocock. Dr. Jeune, Master ; Bp. of Peter- A Gentleman of the last century. borough. Francis Rous, ob. 1658. Morley, Bp. of Winchester. Thomas Tesdale, Founder. Queen Anne. Richard Wightwick, Founder. Dr. Smith, Master. Simon, Earl Harcourt. One of the sons of Francis Wight- James Phipps. wick, 1652. Lady Holford. Dr. John Hall, Master ; Bp. of Charles I. Bristol. The foundation consisted of a Master, ten Fellows, and twenty-four Scholars. By the side ^/"Pembroke College is ST. ALDATE'S CHURCH. This church was restored and enlarged in 1863, but a small arcade of the twelfth century is preserved. Of the south aisle we have the precise date recorded, viz. 1335-6. It was erected by Sir John de Docklington, a fishmonger, who had been several times Mayor of Oxford. The north aisle was built in 1455, b 7 Philip Polton, Fellow of All Souls, who subsequently instituted a chantry in it. The tower and spire were wholly rebuilt in 1873. Opposite the south-west corner of Christ Church is the site of the South Gate of the city, near, or over which, was the ancient chapel of St. Michael. If the Visitor has time, he should descend St. Aldate's-street until he reaches FOLLY BRIDGE (which he may already have seen from Christ Church meadow) ; the river Isis, looking towards Iffley, is often covered with boats, and the view is hence, on a fine day, very striking. Over the Bridge lies the district of Grandpont, in which is situated the Church of ST. MATTHEW, erected 1890-91 in the Perpendicular style, through the energy of Canon Christopher, Rector of St. Aldate's. Beyond is New ffincksey, in which are situated the City Waterworks, the Lake or Reservoir (by the side of which the Great Western Railway passes) being supplied with water by the natural springs from the extensive bed of gravel on which Oxford is situated, an additional supply being brought by pipes from the river Thames, three miles above Oxford. The main road leads over the hill, which is crowned by Bagley Wood, to Abingdon. NEW TOWN HALL. ~H$L 6 4 ST. ALDATE'S. He will pass on the right-hand side a fine example of a house of the sixteenth century. The lower part possibly belongs to a mansion built by Bishop King, the last Abbot of Osney, and the first Bishop of Oxford. The chief front, however, was rebuilt in 1628. Part of Bp. King's House, St. Aldate's. Returning northward, the Visitor passes on the left-hand the new POST-OFFICE, erected 1881. It is a misfortune that one of the few mediaeval cellars remaining in Oxford was needlessly destroyed to make room for it. Further on on the right is the NEW TOWN HALL, erected from the design of T. Hare, and opened May 12, 1897, by the Prince of Wales. (R. Buckell, Mayor.) It contains besides the large Hall, the Chamber in which the meetings of the Council are held, with the Offices, Committee Rooms, &c. ; the Police Courts, the Police Cells, Drill Hall, &c. ; the Public Library, &c. The old building had been erected in the year 1752, chiefly at the expense of Thomas Rowney,*Esq , whose statue appeared in a niche in front. Adjoining the Town Hall on the north is a Gothic building erected for the Savings Bank in 1867 (Buckeridge, architect) ; now used for the Town Clerk's offices. OXFORD UNION SOCIETY. 65 The Visitor has now reached again his starting-point, having completed his survey of what is best worth seeing in the south- eastern quarter of Oxford. He had come to this spot from the Railway-station, along Queen-street, which leads west- wards ; he has started along High- street, which leads east- wards ; and has returned along St. Aldate's, which leads southwards. He has now to start northwards. He will thus realize the meaning of the name CARFAX, that is, a place where the four ways meet. It was the centre of the ancient city, and the name is a corruption either of Quatre Votes (and it is so spelt in some maps), or some other word similar to the French Carre/our, and the Latin Quadrivium. The Church, which was dedicated to St. Martin, was modern, but stood on the site of one which was so dedicated before the Norman Conquest, as it is mentioned in a charter of 1034. It was pulled down in 1896 for the sake of widening the street. CARFAX TOWER, however, which is of the four- teenth century, has been allowed to stand. The site of the old churchyard was no doubt the spot where the ' Portmannimots,' or Town Council meetings, were held from the earliest times. In the centre of the four ways there once stood the old Conduit of Otho Nicholson, erected in 1617, now removed to Nuneham Park. Fresh and pure water from a hill above the village of Hinksey was brought to it, for the benefit of the inhabitants of Oxford, through wooden pipes. Boffin's Refreshment Rooms are at the corner opposite the Tower, and the Queen's Restaurant a little way down Queen-st., on the right-hand side. Having completed his survey of the South-Eastern Quarter of Oxford, he may reckon that he has done about half his work. He will therefore be able to judge how rapidly or how leisurely he should visit the remainder. PART II. THE NORTH-EASTERN QUARTER. Starting from Carfax northward along the Cornmarket, passing on the left the Metropolitan and Birmingham Bank, erected 1891, from designs by Mr. Drinkwater ; on the right the Golden Cross Hotel, nd next the Roebuck Hotel, he will see on the left-hand side, just beyond the Clarendon Hotel, the passage leading to the buildings of the OXFORD UNION SOCIETY. This institution dates as early as 1823, when it was founded for the maintenance of a Library, Reading and Writing Rooms, and the promotion of debates. By careful management of the funds, it has prospered sufficiently to enable the committee to F 66 ST. MICHAEL'S CHURCH. erect a series of buildings of an artistic, not to say magnifi- cent, character. At the same time, they are most commo- dious, and thoroughly adapted to all the purposes which such a " club " requires. They are in the modern Gothic style, and may be visited, provided the Visitor can obtain an introduc- tion from some member. The architects of the original building were Messrs. Woodward and Deane, and of the additions Mr. Deane. The subject of the paintings on the walls of the Library is the legend of King Arthur. They are all by well-known artists, including Ros?etti and Morris. The large Debating Hall was erected in 1878. From time to time various additions have been made, and in 1889 electric lighting was first introduced. Further on, on the right is ST. MICHAEL'S CHURCH. Tower, c. 1080. The tower of this church, together with the Castle tower, is undoubtedly the work of Robert d'Oili, Constable of Oxford during the time of William the Conqueror. It served at once as a protec- tion to the northern entrance, whence an enemy was mostly to be feared, (on account of the natural position of the city,) and also as a tower for the church. The original church has long disappeared, no part of the existing structure being earlier than the close of the thirteenth century. In 1875 the parish, while making some necessary alterations towards the preservation of the tower, took the opportunity of opening the three baluster windows, which were found to be in a good state of preser- vation : the abacus in each case Tiie Jiarly JNorman Tower. was broken, and this was the reason, probably, of their having been blocked up. The tower was again carefully repaired 1896. (Hutchinson, architect.) The Church itself is of various periods, chiefly fourteenth- BALLIOL COLLEGE. 67 century, but it was restored in 1855, and a marble reredos was presented by the architect (Street). The windows retain some portions of the old painted glass; the east window is of three lancets ; it was moved about ten feet higher, to make room for the reredos. The old city wall can be traced near to it, and at this point it formed an angle. Until 1720 the North Gate of the city, called Bocardo, abutted against the west side ; and this joined on originally to a bastion on the other side of the street, the foundations of which still exist beneath the road. The city-wall remains in places perfect, with one or two bastions, at the backs of the houses in Ship-street or in Broad-street ; but in few places is it at all accessible, and then only by special permission of the occupiers. Leaving St. Mary Magdalen Church, which is described later (p. 120), on the left, the Visitor should proceed at once to BALLIOL COLLEGE. Founded by John de Balliol, c. 1268. Old Hall, c. 1432; New Hall, 1877; New Chapel, 1857; South Front, 1868, This college was founded at the close of the thirteenth century by John de Balliol, (whence its name,) father of the unfortunate king of Scotland, and Devorgilla his wife. The original statutes given by the said lady are still in possession of the college, and are dated in 1282. The first tenement occupied by the scholars was a hired dwelling in Horsemonger- street, long known as Old Balliol Hall; but in 1284 other buildings and lands were purchased by the foundress, and confirmed to Walter de Foderinghaye, the first master, and the scholars of Balliol College for ever. The foundation thus established was soon increased by other benefactions. In the present fabric there is nothing earlier than the middle of the fifteenth century, of which period are portions of the walls of the east and west sides of the first quadrangle. The south front, from the Master's lodgings eastward, inclu- sive, was entirely rebuilt between 18.67 an d 1869 (Waterhouse, architect). The gateway, beneath a massive tower of four sto- reys, opens into the principal quadrangle, enclosed by the old Hall on the west, the Library and Chapel on the north, and 68 BALLIOL COLLEGE. on the other sides by students' rooms. The recess near the door of the Master's lodgings allowed the architect to retain the ancient dining-room, whose side windows look upon it, while the oriel looks into the quadrangle. The New Front, JBalliol College. The present CHAPEL is the fourth built since the foundation of the college. It was entirely rebuilt in 1856-7, from a design of Mr. Butterfield, at an expense of about ^8,000, in the early Gothic style of Lombardy, with variegated masonry. It has a fine east window, and is fitted up with Derbyshire alabaster at the east end, and an elaborate screen at the west, parting off a small ante-chapel. The side windows are filled with glass preserved from the old chapel ; two, of the time of Henry VIII., representing the chief events of the Passion, the Crucifixion, and the Resurrection of our Lord ; two are filled with figures of saints, of about the same period ; and four with later glass, by Abraham Van Linge, the gift of Peter Wentworth, Fellow of the college, in 1637. The LIBRARY, which adjoins the chapel, was built at dif- ferent periods in the fifteenth century, as the labels, string- course, &c., evidently shew. The interior of the library underwent an entire refitting at the close of the last century, under the direction of Mr. Wyatt. BALLTOL COLLEGE. 6 9 East End of Chapel, as seen from Trinity Gateway. At the same time, and by the same hand, the interior of the OLD HALL underwent a complete alteration. It is now used as a Lecture-room. Portraits. Lord Chancellor Bathurst. Dr. Bail lie. Dr. Jenkyns, Master, & Dean of Wells. Dr.Prosser, Archdeacon of Durham. Archbishop Tait, formerly Tutot. Dr. Parsons, Bp. of Peterborough. Dr. Mackenzie, Bp. of Durham. John Wycliffe, by Kingsby. Dr. Dolben, Abp. of York. Dr. Shute Barrington, Bp. of Dur- ham. A passage from the first quadrangle on the left leads to the Garden, at the north end of which is the NEW HALL, opened in 1877. It is one of the most capacious in Oxford, and has a handsome approach by steps from the garden, (architect, Waterhouse.) To the west of the Master's lodgings is a building facing Broad-street, erected in 1769, at the expense of the Rev. H. Fisher, a Fellow. 70 BALLIOL COLLEGE. In front of this building is an iron cross in the middle of the road, sup- posed, but erroneously, to mark the precise spot where the martyr bishops were burned. This took place further to the southward, and has been built over. Adjoining on the north were added in 1825 twelve new sets of rooms, at the expense of the Master and Fellows of the college ; the design was by Mr. George Basevi, architect. The West Front, Balliol College, facing The Martyrs' Memorial. Another new building, with a gateway-tower, facing the Martyrs' Memorial, was built in 1855, from a design of Mr. Salvin, resembling the middle-age buildings of the North of England. It contains nineteen sets of rooms, besides lecture-rooms and a laboratory. The foundation consisted of a Master, fourteen Fellows, and thirty-two Scholars, besides Exhibitioners. It enjoys also the peculiar privilege, unknown elsewhere in Oxford or Cambridge, of electing its own Visitor. TRINITY COLLEGE. East of Balliol, and adjoining it, is TRINITY COLLEGE. Founded by Sir Thomas Pope in 1555. The Chapel rebuilt, 1694. The Hall, 161820. This, the first college which was founded after the disso- lution of monasteries, namely, in 1554-5, owes its origin to Sir Thomas Pope, Knt. The site occupied by the present buildings is that on which formerly stood a college of the Benedictines, called Durham College, originally founded at the close of the thirteenth century, in connection with the Benedictine priory at Durham. At the time of the Dissolu- tion, Durham College, although the half of its members were lay scholars, was entirely suppressed. The buildings were rescued from demolition, and purchased by Sir T. Pope, who put them into repair sufficiently for the occupation of stu- JrbFlrritr The Entrance-Gateway and Chapel. dents, and so founded the present college, dedicated to the "Holy and Undivided Trinity." The approach to this college is from Broad-street, through 72 TRINITY COLLEGE. a pair of handsome iron gates. On the right the Visitor will perceive a block of new buildings of considerable extent, erected 1885, containing rooms for fellows and students, lecture-rooms, &c., and the President's house, finished in 1887 (architect, T. G. Jackson). The Visitor enters the college by the gateway-tower, on the top of which are emblematical figures of Divinity, Physic, Geometry, and Astronomy. This was built, together with the CHAPEL adjoining, at the close of the seventeenth century, at the sole expense of Dr. Bathurst, President, and according to the prevailing taste of that day. The interior is more particularly admired for the exquisite carving of its screen and altar-piece, where with the cedar is also a mixture of lime, in the best style of Grinling Gibbons. The present building was consecrated in 1694. On the north side of the altar-table is the tomb of the founder and his wife, in excellent preservation. One of the windows on the south side has lately been filled with Munich glass in memory of Isaac Williams, once a fellow of this society. In the ante-chapel is a fine copy by S. Cannicci, of Andrea del Sarto's picture of the Deposition at Florence. On the eastern side of the first quadrangle, and almost contiguous to the chapel, is' the LIBRARY, the same which contained the books belonging to Durham College. The painted glass in the windows is very old and interesting, and was probably brought from the old chapel. There are figures of the Evangelists, of Edward III. and Philippa, St. Cuthbert, and St. Thomas a Becket, who is represented with a irag- ment of Fitz Urze's dagger in his forehead. On the opposite side of the quadrangle is the HALL, re- built on the site of the refectory of Durham College in 1618 1620, with rooms over it; over the entrance of which is a figure of Sir Thomas Pope, in the costume of his age. The roof was reconstructed at the beginning of this century, when the present parapet was erected in the place of the old gables. The interior was fitted with a new ceiling and wainscot, as it now appears, about 1772, the present chimney-piece being erected in 1846. TRINITY COLLEGE. 73 Portraits. Sir T. Pope, Founder. William Derham, D.D., 1698. Brownlow North, Bp. of Winchester 1791. Archbishop Sheldon. Lady Elizabeth Paulet, third wife of the Founder. Ralph Bathurst, President, 1664 1704. RalphKettel, President, 1 599 1 643. Fred. North, Earl of Guildford. William Pope, Earl of Downe, brother to the Founder. William Pitt, Earl of Chatham. Seth Ward, President, 165960; Savilian Professor of Astronomy, Bishop of Salisbury. Rev. Richard Rand, M. A, Warton, the poet. In the COMMON-ROOM are portraits of Thomas Warton, Professor of Poetry, and Camden Professor of Ancient History, and of his friend Dr. Johnson. The Hall, Trinity College. From the hall we pass the foot of the bell-staircase into the court of the new buildings, the north wing of which was finished in 1667, the west in 1682, but the south was not altered to its present state until 1728. 74 EXETER COLLEGE. The GARDEN of this college is large and well laid out, with yews and other evergreens, shrubs, and flowers, and an avenue of lime-trees. At the east end is a handsome iron gate, opposite to Wadham College. The foundation consisted of a President, twelve Fel- lows, and twelve Scholars. East of Trinity is what is now a most *f picturesque dwelling- house, but still retain- ing its old name of KETTEL HALL. It was built in 1615, by KettelHall. Dr. Ralph Kettel, President of Trinity College, for the use of students. Opposite Trinity is Turl-street, passing down which the Visitor will come, on the left hand, to EXETER COLLEGE. Founded by Bishop Stapledon in 1314 ; augmented by Sir W. Petre in 1506. Rebuilt Hall, 1618 ; Front, 1833 ; New buildings, 185558. This college was founded by Walter de Stapledon, Bishop of Exeter, promoted to that see in 1307, but he died before establishing his newly-formed society on such a scale as was his original intention. Succeeding benefactors, however, were found to fill up the measure of his liberality. Of the chief of these were Stafford, Bishop of Exeter, in 1464, who may almost be regarded as a second founder, and Sir William Petre, in 1566, as a third. EXETER COLLEGE. 75 The west front of this college, with its oriel windows and TOWER-GATEWAY, were first of all rebuilt in 1703, and then refaced in 1833. The extensive quadrangle is formed by the hall on the south, the chapel on the north, and the rooms of the students on the east and west. No part of it is older than the time of James I., and the eastern side has been refaced so late as 1881. The Entrance-Gateway. The CHAPEL was rebuilt in 1857-8, from the design of Sir George Gilbert Scott, at the expense of ,17,000, in the early Decorated style of Gothic architecture. It has a fine apse at the east end, and is altogether a magnificent fabric, being a hundred feet high, with a groined stone vault, arcades, and other ornaments, beautifully carved. The screen dividing the ante-chapel from the chapel itself is a very handsome piece of workmanship ; and the large organ is cleverly arranged in a kind of gallery at the western end. It is one of the finest chapels in Oxford, and is somewhat similar in design to the " Sainte Chapelle" of Paris, only it wants the colour. The east windows are filled with very good painted glass by Clay- ton and Bell ; and already one or two of the other windows 76 EXETER COLLEGE. have been filled as Memorials. The mosaic work beneath is by Salviati. The brazen eagle is preserved from the old chapel, having been pre- sented in 1637, by the Rev. John Vivian. The tapestry (1890) on the south wall representing " The Adoration of the Magi " was designed by Burne-Jones and executed by William Morris, at the Merton Abbey Works, occupying two years in making. The exterior is well seen from the quadrangle, the lofty buttresses being surmounted with niches, in which are statues: St. James the Great, with pilgrim's staff. St. Philip, with cross- staff (?) or St. Peter, with keys. St. Matthew, with book and palm branch. St. John, with chalice. sceptre. St. Andrew, with his cross. The order is taken beginning from the west end of the south side, niches on the north side and east end of the apse are not yet filled. The The Chapel, Exeter College. The HALL, which is a fine specimen of a college refectory, was built in 1618, by Sir John A eland, but was restored and refitted from designs by Nash in 1818. The high-pitched open timber roof adds much to the general effect. Portraits. The Founder (full-length), by the Dr. Bray, Rector, 1771. late W. Peters, Esq. Dr. Webber, Rector, 1750. Lord Ducie. Sir John Periam. Bishop Stapledon, (half-length). Dr. Shortrudge, 1720. Archbishop Marsh, 1704. Dr. Hakewill, Rector, 1642. EXETER COLT.FGE. Dr. Cole, Rector, 1808. Archbishop Seeker. Dr. Stinton, Rector, 1785. Dr. Benjamin Kennicott, Radcliffe's Librarian, 1767. Dr. Prideaux, Rector, 1612. The Earl of Shaftesbury. Dr. Henry Richards, Rector, 1807. Dr. Jones, Rector, i8if. Sir William Petre, 1571. Earl of Macclesfield. Mrs. Shiers, 1700. Stephen Weston, F. R. S. Sir J. Acland. Charles I. Dr. J. L. Richards, Rector, 1838. Bp. Conybeare, Rector, 1730. Bishop Hall. Sir James Maynard, 1690. Attorney-General Noy, 1651. Bishop Bull. Selden, the Antiquary. Justice Coleridge. Luke Milbourn, M.A., ob. 1720. Sir William Morice, ob. 1676. In the garden is the LIBRARY, built in 1856, from a design ' The Library. of Sir G. G. Scott, in the early Gothic style, consisting of two storeys. At the north-east corner of the large quadrangle are re- mains of an old entrance-gateway of the college, built in 1404, and originally separated from the city walls by only a narrow street This now forms part of the Rector's house, built in 1857. Beyond is a New Quadrangle, the north side of which is 78 JESUS COLLEGE. formed by a lofty pile of NEW BUILDINGS facing Broad-street, with a gateway-tower, which separates the new work executed The New Buildings of Ezeter College in Broad-street, A.D. 1856. in 1856 (Scott, architect), from the portion erected in 1832, (Underwood, architect,) joining on to the Ashmolean Mu- seum. The south side of this new quadrangle is formed by the chapel, which separates the two quadrangles. The site of this quadrangle was, till 1856, occupied by a garden, in which stood some sets of rooms, known as Prideaux's Buildings, part of the wood- work of which has been re-erected in Turl-street, at the north end of the college. In the lower part stood a very fine bastion, belonging to the old city wall, but it was wholly destroyed during the erection of the new buildings. The foundation consisted of a Rector, fifteen Fellows* and twenty- two Scholars, with ten Exhibitioners. Immediately opposite the front of Exeter is that of 5M2V. A JESUS COLLEGE. Founded by Queen Elizabeth in 1571. Augmented and rebuilt 1621 1667. The Front refaced, 1856. This college was first founded by Queen Elizabeth, on the petition of Hugh Price, or Ap Rice, treasurer of St. David's, Messrs. Parker's, the Publishers of this Guide. JESUS COLLEGE. 79 and Doctor of Laws in this University. It was intended espe- cially for Welsh students, who hitherto had no foundation in the University specially adapted to their requirements. He obtained a charter from Elizabeth, dated 27th June, 1571, by which he was permitted to settle estates on the college to the yearly value of ;i6o, for the sustentation of eight fellows, and as many scholars. The estates, however, of Dr. Price appear to have been so unproductive, that at the commence- ment of the following century there were only two or three fellows, with their principal, and a few commoners, who occu- pied a hall, or halls, opposite Exeter College. A new era, however, arose with the admission of Sir Eubule Thelwall, Knt., to the office of Principal in 1621. He procured a new The Hew Front. charter and new statutes, and also increased the revenues of the college. He built the Principal's lodgings at his own expense, the kitchen and buttery, with chambers over them, and one half of the south side of the first quadrangle. He was succeeded by Dr. Francis Mansell, who resigned in 1661, 8o JESUS COLLEGE. in favour of the well-known Sir Leoline Jenkins, who was almost a second founder of the college. By his will he bequeathed to the college lands and other property, since become of very considerable value. The college had an entirely new front erected in 1856, from a design of Mr. Buckler, in the style of the English collegiate architecture of the sixteenth century. The chapel window, the only feature of the old front worth preserving, was carefully restored, and this served as a key to the style of the rest. The south front, towards Market-street, had been restored in 1853. The CHAPEL, which stands on the north side of the first quadrangle, is handsomely fitted with oak wainscoting through- out, evidently cotemporaneous with the building itself. The consecration took place on the 28th of May, 1621. The east window was added in 1636, but, having been blocked up, was re-opened in 18.55, an d filled with stained glass by Powell. A careful restoration of the whole was effected in 1864. The HALL was completed by Sir Eubule Thelwall, " who left nothing undone which might conduce to the good of the college." The screen is elaborately carved, and there is a fine bay window, which forms a principal ornament in the inner quadrangle. Portraits. Queen Elizabeth. Sir Leoline Jenkins. Charles I., by Vandyck. Sir Eubule Thelwall, (when a child,) Charles II. with his Mother. Bishop Andrewes. Dr. Pardoe. Nash, the architect, by Sir T. Law- Thomas, Bishop of Worcester. rence. Westphaling, Bishop of Hereford. Dr. Wynne, Bishop of St. Asaph. Rev. Edmund Meyrick. The LIBRARY was erected in 1677, at the expense of Sir Leoline Jenkins, and the rest of the quadrangle followed immediately upon it. In the Library, among the MSS. are those of Lord Herbert of Cherbury, and a curious collection of Romances and Poems in Welsh, known as the " Llyir Coch," or Red Book. In the BURSARY is an early portrait of Queen Elizabeth. The foundation consisted of a Principal, thirteen Fellows, twenty-two Scholars, and thirty Exhibitioners. On the opposite side of Turl-street, and nearer to All Saints* Church, is LINCOLN COLLEGE. 81 LINCOLN COLLEGE. Founded by Bishop Flemmyng in 1427. Augmented by Bishop Rotheram in 1479. Hall and Library, 1436 ; South Quadrangle, 1612; Chapel consecrated, 1631. This college was founded by Richard Flemmyng, Bishop of Lincoln, who in his early days was a zealous Wycliffite. By a licence from Henry VI., dated i2th October, 1427, he was empowered to incorporate the church of All Saints, toge- ther with the churches of St. Mildred and St. Michael at Northgate, which were in his gift, into a collegiate church, to be called "the College of the Blessed Virgin Mary and All Saints Lincoln," in the University of Oxford. It was to consist of a rector and seven fellows. Owing, however, to the unexpected death of the founder before any statutes were made, or any considerable purchases for the residence of members completed, they were compelled to be content with a small tenement or messuage, called Deep Hall, up to the year 1478, when Thomas Scott, or De Rotherham, Bishop of Lincoln, finding the imperfect state of his predecessor's founda- tion, obtained a new charter from Edward IV. The Hall, and part of the JNorth Quadrangle. The entrance into the college is by a tower - gateway wkh a groined vault, leading into the North Quadrangle, having the Library and rooms on the north, the Hall on the east, and the Rector's lodgings on the south side. G 82 LINCOLN COLLEGE. The Chapel from the Garden, Lincoln College. The CHAPEL is in the South Quadrangle, and was built at the expense of Lord Keeper Williams, successively Bishop of Lincoln and Archbishop of York, and consecrated on the 1 5th September, 1631. The interior is handsomely furnished with cedar wainscoting and screen, and some rich and bril- liantly-coloured glass, brought from Flanders in 1629-31. On the south side are the twelve Apostles ; on the north twelve of the prophets, of which the figures of Obadiah, Jonah, and Elisha are peculiarly striking. The HALL occupies the original site, and indeed has been externally little altered from that built by Dean Forest in 1436. The Louvre or Lantern on the top still remains. The interior was repaired and wainscoted, as it is seen at present, in 1701, at the expense of Nathaniel, Lord Crewe, a distin- guished benefactor to this college. In it are portraits of The Founder. Sir Nathaniel Lloyd. Lord Keeper Williams. Lord Crewe, Bishop of Durham. Dr. Euseby Isham, Rector. The roof was reopened and restored 1889. Dr. Marshall, Rector. Dr. Hickes. Dr. Hutchins, Rector. Dr. Paul Hoode, Rector. Judge Dolben. RADCLIFFE LIBRARY. Bp. Becjiyngion's rebus. The Rector's lodgings were built at the expense of Dr. Thomas Bekinton, or Beckyngton, Bishop of Bath and Wells, whose rebus, a beacon over a tun, may still be seen in the walls. The South Quadrangle was begun about the year 1612, when Sir Thomas Rotheram, formerly a Fellow, and of the second founder's family, gave 3oo/. for that purpose. New buildings, providing rooms for sixteen students, be- sides offices were erected in 1881-2, replacing the old " Grove buildings," and opposite a large addition was made to the Rector's house in 1884. The foundation consisted of a Rector, twelve Fellows, and fourteen Scholars. On the north side of Lincoln College runs Brasenose-lane, leading into the Radcliffe - square, in the midst of which stands the RADCLIFFE LIBRARY, now more frequently referred to as the CAMERA BODLEIANA, from having, since the year 1861, been used as the reading- room to the Bodleian Library. All new publications are placed here for the use of members of the University, and of such strangers as are admitted to the privilege by the Librarian of the Bodleian. The building, being fire-proof, is lighted with gas, and is open in the evening as well as during the day ; and books, by previous arrangement, may be transferred hither from the Bodleian. It was founded in the year 1737, at an expense of 4o,ooo/., by the eminent Dr. Radcliffe, physician to William III. and Mary, and to Queen Anne. To the above sum he added also an endowment of 1507. a-year for the librarian's salary, ioo/. a-year for the purchase of books, with another ioo/. for repairs. The Library was at first devoted to works on Natural His- tory, Physical Science, and Medicine whence its original name of the Physic Library. But after the construction of the New Museum, the books were removed thither, that they ^4 RADCLIFFE LIBRARY. might be at hand for the illustration of the scientific objects there collected. ^ The building of the Library, under the direction of James Gibbs, F.R.S., occupied the space of twelve years; the foun- dation-stone having been laid on the i7th of May, 1737, and Radcliffe Library, from Exeter College Gardens. the Library opened for the use of students on the i3th of April, 1749. On the interior, the Dome is 84 feet in height from the pavement, and is ornamented by square compart- ments with moulded borders. Festoons of flowers and fruit are introduced between the windows. On the top of the stone staircase is a bust of Gibbs, the architect, by Rysbrack ; and over the doorway is a portrait of Dr. Radcliffe, by Sir Godfrey Kneller, said to be the only original extant. In the interior, over the door, is a fall-length statue of the founder, by Rysbrack, Casts of the Laocoon and of the Tovvnley Venus, Candelabra from the baths at Ha- drian's Villa at Tivoli. The PANORAMIC VIEW of Oxford from the top of this Library is well worthy the attention of visitors in fine weather. RADCLIFFE LIBRARY. 85 The approach is by a winding staircase reached by a doorway in the north- eastern corner of the library, and on coming out on to the leads, the Visitor must remember that he is at the North side of the building. From this point the view is very striking : the first objects which catch the eye are the forest of pinnacles on the top of the tower of the Schools and Bod- leian, with the New Museum in the distance, and far away the country to the north of Oxford, watered by the River Cherwell. Looking a little to the east, he sees Hertford College at his feet, and Wadham College, with its two louvres on the roof, behind it, and behind the latter the build- ings of Mansfield College, a little to the right of which are those of the Manchester New College. Proceeding a few yards further Eastward, he perceives the belfry-tower, cloister, chapel, hall, and bursar's tower of New College ; and close to him is the northern quadrangle of All Souls' College, with the library, and the two peculiar towers of Hawksmoor, with their receding stages and pinna- cles (like a large church-organ). Beyond these are the venerable tower of St. Peter's Church, almost hidden by trees ; the clock-tower of Queen's College, and the celebrated Magdalen tower, surmounted by its beautiful cluster of pinnacles ; the verdure of Headington Hill forming a background. Proceeding Southward, the rest of All Souls is seen on one side, with University College and the New Examination Schools on the other side, of the High-street ; and to the right Merton Chapel tower is conspicuous from its many pinnacles, though low and square-looking. A little further, and St. Mary's Church, with its unrivalled group of pinnacles and spire, forms the immediate foreground. Towards the south-west he sees the early spire of the Cathedral, and the new Christ Church bell-tower, Tom-tower, and the small spire of St. Aldate's Church, with Cumnor hill (surmounted by a clump of trees) in the background. Reaching the West side, he sees Brasenose College at his feet, with Lincoln behind it ; and to the left the spire of All Saints' Church, and square tower of Carfax. Further off, the old Tower of the Castle, and the mound covered with trees. In front of this the new tower of St. Peter-le- Bailey is conspicuous, the spire of the new Wesleyan Chapel, and the roof of the Union Society's debating-room. Towards the North-west he sees Exeter College hall, tower, and garden, with the new library below in the gardens, and the chapel beyond. Over the hall he sees the new tower of Jesus College, with its tall chimney- turret ; the eleventh -century tower of St. Michael's Church, with a large clock-face ; and on either side of the high-pitched roof of Exeter Chapel, the hall of Worcester College nestling in its gardens, and the long facade of the Taylor Building, opposite to the lofty pile of the Randolph Hotel, partly obscured by the new gate-tower of Balliol. And he has now again arrived at the pinnacles of the Bodleian, over which he sees the upper part of the new chapel of Balliol, with its turret-spire, the towers of St John's College, one with its octagonal turret, and of Trinity, with the figures at the corners ; and in the distance the Radcliffe Observatory, an octagon building with a globe at the top, a modtl of the well-known Temple of the Winds ; then the cupola on the top of the Theatre, and far away the spire of the church of SS. Philip and James, and the new brick- work of Keble College. A continuation of the Wytham hills, covered with wood, forms a background to this beautiful panorama, which cannot be surpassed by any to be found elsewhere. 86 BRASENOSE COLLEGE. The Western side of the Radcliffe- square is occupied by BRASENOSE COLLEGE, Founders, William Smyth, Bp. of Lincoln, and SirR. Sutton; Foundation-stone laid, June I, 1509; Charter granted, 1512 ; Chapel and Library finished, 1663. which was founded in the commencement of the reign of Henry VIII., by the joint liberality of William Smyth, Bishop Gateway-Tower, A.D. 1512. of Lincoln, and Sir Richard Sutton. The foundation-stone BRASENOSE COLLEGE. was laid on the ist of June, 1509, and the charter entitling it " The King's Hall and College of Brasenose," is dated the 1 5th January, 1512. This college stands upon the site of no less than four ancient halls, viz., Little University Hall, Brase- nose Hall, whence the name of the college, situated where the present gateway now stands ; Salisbury Hall, the site of a part of the present library ; and Little St Edmund Hall, which was still more to the southward, about where is now the chapel. The name of Brasenose was probably derived from the iron ring of the knocker fixed in a nose of brass, and there is no reason for the unphilological derivation of brasen-hus, or for the theoiy that the site was once occu- pied by a brew-house. The society adopt the right inter- pretation by displaying on the front of their college and boat a fully-developed Brazen- Nose. The original buildings, which are of Headington stone, dug from a quarry granted to the founders for that purpose, are still to be seen in their primitive form in the first quadrangle, except that a third storey with dormer windows was con- structed over a great part of them, in the time of James I. The tower-gateway and hall retain their first character entire, the former having been recently restored with great care (Buck- ler, architect), and the niches, previously vacant, have been filled with the Virgin and Child, and the figures of St. Chad of Lichfield and St. Hugh of Lincoln, in memory of the Founder's successive sees, the respective arms of which are carved below. The groined roof, with bosses of the founders' arms over the arched doorway, as also the genuine door- wicket of the staircase leading to the tower-rooms, are very interesting remains of the old college. The HALL is on the south side of the quadrangle, and is entered by a curious specimen of a shallow porch, which has been only of late years brought to light. Over it are two sixteenth -century busts in freestone, supposed to represent King Alfred, and his contemporary John Erigena, who, ac- The Brazen Nose. 88 BRASENOSE COLLEGE. cording to sixteenth-century fiction, were both connected with the University ; the one founding it, the other lecturing here in 882. The interior of the hall is furnished with portraits : King Alfred. Dr. Latham. Sir Richard Button. John, Lord Mordaunt. Bishop Smyth. Dr. RadclifFe, Principal, dated 1623. Dean Nowell. Sarah, Duchess of Somerset. Mrs. Joyce Frankland, a distin- Dr. Burton, author of the "Anatomy guished benefactress, with a watch of Melancholy." in her hand ; she is said to have Dr. Radcliffe, Principal, 1614 48. been the first lady who wore one. Dr. Yate, Principal, 1648 81. (r. 1580.) Dr. Yarborough, Principal, 1745 Dr. Hodson, Principal, 180922. 70. Bishop Cleaver, Principal, 1785 The Marquis of Buckingham. 1809. Dr. Gilbert, Bishop of Chichester, Sir Thomas Egerton. Principal, 1822 42. The building of the present CHAPEL was completed in 1666, having been consecrated by Bishop Blandford on the 1 7th of November in that year. The roof is of rich fan- tracery work, painted blue and gold in 1860. The candlesticks upon the communion-table are of silver gilt, and bear upon them the date of 1677. They were pre- sented by the first Lord Ellesmere, Lord Chancellor, &c. There is also a good brass eagle, given in 1731 by Thomas Lee Dummer, Esq., a gentleman-commoner of this college. The east window has Gothic tracery, although erected at a period when the art was generally despised, and supposed to be lost. The east window is filled with rich painted glass, by Hardman, erected in 1855. It consists of small groups of figures representing the principal events in the life of Christ on earth, with a background of rich diaper- work. The west window, given by Dr. Crawley in 1776, was painted by Pearson. The remaining windows are chiefly memorial windows. The present LIBRARY, which, with the chapel, is said to have been designed by Sir Christopher Wren, was finished in the year 1663. It fronts towards the Radcliffe-square, and, with the chapel which it adjoins, is remarkable in an ar- chitectural point of view, as an attempt to graft a new style upon that which had been of almost universal use in col- legiate and architectural buildings. The west side of the new Quadrangle was erected in 1883, and the High-street front completed in 1889, the whole from the designs of T. G. Jackson. The College consisted of a Principal, twelve Fellows, twenty-four Scholars, and twenty Exhibitioneis. THE SCHOOLS. 89 By a narrow passage with a well-groined vaulting of stone, on the northern side of RadclifFe-square, the Visitor passes into THE OLD SCHOOLS. Built in 1439 ; rebuilt 1613 1618. The respective faculties are yet distinguished by the in- scriptions over the several doors in letters of gold, although The Great Gate of the Old Schools, A.D. 1630. they have long ceased to be used according to their first intention. Those on the first floor had long been given up to the use of the Bodleian Library ; while those on the base- 90 BODLEIAN LIBRARY. ment, which are now devoted to the same purpose, were last used as Schools in November and December, 1881. The Schools were originally in Schools-street, but appear to have been removed to their present site about 1560, but it was not until 1613, the day after the burial of its noble pro- moter, Sir Thomas Bodley, that the first stone of the present structure was laid. The architect was Thomas Holt, of York, who died in Oxford in 1624. The quadrangle of the Schools is well worthy of attention. On the east side is the tower-gateway, on the face of which are the five Roman orders, one above the other, the propor- tions of the columns carefully preserved; the heaviest or Tuscan at the bottom, then the Doric, Ionic, Corinthian, and Composite, each in regular gradation. The plinths of the columns are enriched with arabesque ornaments; and near the top of the tower is a figure of King James I., under a canopy, attended by Religion, and Fame blowing her trumpet This tower, with the adjoining buildings, underwent, in 1 88 1-2, a thorough restoration; the old design, however, being rigorously followed. Through a door in the south-western corner the Visitor will find his way, by a rather long but easy staircase, to the BODLEIAN LIBRARY. The part over the Divinity School built in 1445 1480. The part added by Sir Thomas Bodley in 1597 1602. The Bodleian Library is so called from its munificent founder, Sir Thomas Bodley. The then existing University library had been largely assisted by Humphrey, Duke of Glou- cester, son of Henry IV., who appears to have been principally concerned in furnishing the money for carrying on the ad- ditional storey over the Divinity School, then building or just completed, for such a purpose. To this superstructure, Sir Thomas Bodley began to add the building which now forms the eastern wing of the present library : but the life of the founder was not spared to see even the completion of this first addition to the library, which was not finished until 1613, nearly a year after his death ; the other three sides of the Schools' quadrangle, and the two staircases in the corners, were subsequent additions ; the western wing was added in most indifferent taste between the years 1634 and 1640. BODLEIAN LIBRARY. 9! Immediately on entering the Library, the eye rests upon an excellent portrait of the Founder, by Cornelius Jansen, and next those of the first principal librarians. There are other portraits also in the room of much interest, particularly that of Junius, famous for his skill in the Teutonic and other languages in northern Europe generally, by Vandyck ; of Selden, by Mytens, &c., &c. The Library is open throughout the year, excepting a week at Christmas and at Easter, and on a few great festivals, and one week preceding the first Saturday in Michaelmas Term, when it is closed for the purposes of cleaning and preparing for the annual visitation. On those saints' days when there is a sermon before the University, it is not opened until after the sermon is over, which is usually about eleven. The hours are from nine in the morning until three in the afternoon in January, November, and December ; till four in February, March, August, September, and October ; and till five in the remaining months. Strangers wishing to make use of the Library must obtain an introduction to the librarian through some Master of Arts, when such books as they require will be brought to them by one of the assistants in attendance. Staircase of Bodleian Library. 9 a BODLEIAN LIBRARY. Continuing the ascent of the Library-staircase to the upper- most storey, the Visitor is admitted into the PICTURE GALLERY, an interesting feature in the University, principally on the account that it contains portraits of many of the benefactors, founders, and chancellors. Amongst these are a small portrait of Thomas Howard, Earl of Surrey, by Holbein ; of Sir Henry Wotton, said to be by Jansen ; Sir Kenelra Digby, and the unfortunate Earl of Strafford, by Vandyck, the latter, however, questionable ; the Duke of Wellington (the last he ever sat for), by Lucas, and a few others. There are also interesting portraits of Cecil, Lord Burleigh, riding on his mule to the Parliament-house ; of Handel, supposed to be the only one for which he sat ; of Camden ; the so-called portrait of the unfortunate Queen of Scots, and two beautiful miniatures of James Edward and his wife, Clementina Sobiesky, by Belle, belonging to the Rawlinson Collection. The models of ancient temples, and others in the centre of the gallery, are very cleverly executed, the majority of them by M. Fouquet of Paris. To these have been added a cork model of the Amphitheatre of Verona in its present state ; a model of the Royal Yacht in 1697 , a model, in teak wood, of a subterranean palace in Guzerat ; of the Cathedral of Calcutta, in alabaster, by Van Lint of Pisa ; and a very elegant model of the Martyrs' Memorial in cardboard. In the centre of the eastern gallery is "a bronze statue of W. Herbert, Earl of Pembroke, sometime Chancellor of the University. It was exe- cuted by Hubert le Sceur, from a design by Rubens. Quitting the Schools' quad- rangle by the archway on the western side, the Visi- tor enters into a corridor which is sometimes called the PROSCHOLIUM, and at others, from the use to which the site was appro- priated during the time of the Great Rebellion, the Pig-market. It occupies the site of the porch to the basement- storey of the first, or Duke Humphrey's Library. But it was built by Sir Thomas Bodley, as the arms and other devices in the groined roof testify. Anns of Sir Thomas Bodley, in the Vault of tiie DIVINITY SCHOOL AND CONVOCATION HOUSE. 93 From this is a large doorway into THE OLD DIVINITY SCHOOL. Commenced in 1445 ; finished in 1480. Of the first splendour of this School, when the roof was coloured, and the windows filled with richly-stained glass, ex- hibiting the figures of saints, we can now have no idea. Not only have all these perished, but in the time of Edward VI. the whole building was in such a state of dilapidation, that the fittings of the interior were destroyed, and even the lead from off the roof was pillaged, and nettles and brambles grew about the walls of it. In 1625 it was so far repaired as to admit of the Commons, driven from London by the plague, holding their sittings within it. In the civil wars it was, with the other Schools, used as a storehouse for corn ; it was re- stored to its present state, and the north door opened in 1669, under the direction of Sir Christopher Wren. The windows were also filled with painted glass, of an heraldic character, consisting of the arms of benefactors who had contributed to the work. This glass has been entirely destroyed, but the same arms were repeated in the groined vault, and being not only painted, but also carved in the stone, many of them may still be made out. By a door at the western end of this School the Visitor is admitted into the CONVOCATION-HOUSE, Built in 1639, which forms a basement- storey to a part of the Bodleian Library. It was built in 1639, ano ^ * s used for carrying on the general business of the University. All matters in which it is necessary that the votes of the members of Convocation should be registered, such as the framing statutes, the elec- tion of burgesses, of some professors, &c., are here decided. It is, moreover, used for conferring degrees upon those who have satisfied the examiners in the public examinations. They are granted on nearly every Thursday during term, as well as on the first and last days of each term. The seats at the upper end are occupied by the Vice-Chancellor, Proctors, and Doctors, the lateral benches by Masters of Arts. In the Quitting it by the 'apodyterium,' or unrobing-room, the Visitor will see, on the left, the steps leading up to a building erected by the University, 1683 [Wood, architect], to contain the Ashmolean Museum. In 1896 the collection was moved 94 SHELDONIAN THEATRE. to the University Galleries in Beaumont-street (see p. 119), and the old building made a department of the Bodleian. Opposite to him he will see THE SHELDONIAN THEATRE, built under the superintendence of Sir Christopher Wren, in the year 16641669, by Archbishop Sheldon, at an outlay of i5,ooo/. To this sum the same munificent prelate added 2,ooo/., and Dr. Wills, the Warden of Wadham, i,ooo/., for The Theatre and Clarendon Building, from the East. keeping it in proper repair. The measurement of the area is 80 by 70 feet, and the whole is admirably contrived to hold the numbers which, at the annual Commemoration of founders and benefactors, assemble within its walls. From the cupola over the building a very fine view of Oxford is obtained. The proceedings of the COMMEMORATION, which take place here, are the granting of Honorary Degrees to the most distinguished men of the age ; the delivery of the Creweian Oration by the Public Orator, or the Professor of Poetry ; the recital of the Prize Poems and Essays by the successful candidates. A large attendance of visitors adds much animation to the scene ; and the Undergraduates often enliven the proceedings by expressing their satisfaction or dissatisfaction with those whose names are called out. At times their behaviour has been of so noisy a character, as to occasion some trouble to the authorities. THE CLARENDON BUILDING. 95 The portraits which adorn the interior are of Alexander I., Emperor of Russia. Archbishop Sheldon. Frederick William III. of Prussia. The Duke of Ormond. George IV., (by Sir Thomas Law- Lord Crewe. rence). Sir Christopher Wren. The roof, which is one of the most extensive known unsup- ported by any arch or column from the interior, was recon- structed in 1802. The painting, by Streater, serjeant-painter to Charles II., was preserved, the subject being the triumph of Religion and the Arts over Envy, Rapine, and Ignorance. The colours, however, and canvas having suffered, the ceiling was repaired and cleaned in 1762 by Mr. Kettle, an ingenious portrait-painter in London, at which time the whole of the interior was also decorated anew. Almost adjoining the Theatre on the north-east is a hand- some building, which succeeded the Sheldonian as the Uni- versity printing-office, under the denomination of THE CLARENDON BUILDING, so called from the fact of it having derived its foundation in part from the proceeds of the sale of copies of Lord Claren- The Clarendon Building, from Broad-street. don's History of the Rebellion, the copyright of which was in the reign of Queen Anne presented to the University by his 96 HERTFORD COLLEGE. son. The building was completed in 17 13, under the direction of William Townsend. In this year the Press first commenced its operations. It continued to be used according to its original intention until 1830, when additional room being required to supply the increased demand for books, the pre- sent printing-office was erected in the north of Oxford, which will be referred to later on. The Clarendon Building in Broad-street now furnishes rooms for the Registrar of the University, a council -chamber, where Delegates of different departments can meet, the offices of the Local Examinations Delegacy, and one or two rooms which are on occasions used for lectures, &c. Descending the steps in front of the Clarendon Building, and turning to the right, the Visitor passes on the left an octagonal building, called St Katharine's Chapel, which has a sculptured relief of the Annunciation over the old doorway. Close to this corner stood Smith Gate, one of the old gates of the city. Further on, he will see, nearly facing him, HERTFORD COLLEGE, PREVIOUSLY MAGDALEN HALL. Hart Hall, founded 1282; converted into a College 1739, and dissolved 1805. Magdalen Hall, founded by Bishop Waynflete in 1487 ; removed to the present site in 1822. Re-constituted as Hertford College in 1874. Hart Hall, so called from Elias de Hertford, dates its foundation from 1282. In 1312 it came into the possession of Walter de Stapledon, the founder of Exeter College, to which, on the foundation of that College, he removed the scholars from Hart Hall. It contained a separate existence till 1739, when Richard Newton, the Principal, converted it into a College. The funds were insufficient, and so on the death of Principal Hodgson in 1805 the whole corporation, Hall and College, was dissolved, and the site lapsed to the Crown. To this site in 1816 the President and Fellows of Mag- dalen College obtained an Act of Parliament to move the Principal and students of ST. MARY MAGDALEN HALL, then adjoining their College. In 1822, the removal was effected. NEW COLLEGE. 97 Later on, namely in 1874, by a further Act of Parliament, Magdalen Hall was dissolved, and the Principal (Rev. Richard Michell) and Scholars with certain Fellows were incorporated under the old name of Hertford College. A few remains of the structures may still be seen in the refectory and buttery ; the lodgings also of the former principals exist, but are now converted into rooms for students. The front facing the Bodleian Library consists of two side wings in the Palladian style, erected as part of Magdalen Hall in 1820 (Garbett, architect), and a central portion erected on part of New Hertford College in 1888 (Jackson, architect). In New College Street also the western portion belongs to 1820, the middle portion to 1889, and the eastern portion to the buildings of Hart Hall. Part of Hertford College, and $wr College-street. In the HALL are the following portraits : Tyndale, the translator of the New Testament. Lord Chancellor Clarendon. Dr. Denison, formerly Principal. Sydenham, the physician. Dr. Josiah Pullen, a noted humour- ist, well known in Oxford by the tree on Headington - hill which still bears his name. Dr. Spenser, Bishop of Jamaica. Quitting the College by the street which bounds it on the north (New College-street), and continuing his course east- ward for some distance, the Visitor will, after passing a large oblique arch on his right, find himself in front of the tower- gateway of NEW COLLEGE. Founded by William of Wykeham. First stone laid, 1380, and Warden entered, 1386. Upper Storey to First Quadrangle added, 1675. Garden Court added, 1684. New Buildings facing Holy well, 1878. Walter de Merton had, in 1274, about 100 years before, instituted the Collegiate system, which had rapidly extended H 9 8 NEW COLLEGE. and taken the place of the system of the Halls for Students ; at the same time, in his foundation, there was still something of the old system retained. Wykeham's was a still further departure, and hence the name of the New College was given to it, though the legal title, and the title given by the Founder, was " St. Mary's College of Winchester in Oxford." This college is one of the noblest, if not the noblest memo- rial of the boundless munificence of William of Wykeham, Bishop of Winchester. The Entrance-Gateway, New College. NEW COLLEGE. . ' 99 The magnificent foundation of Wykeham was for a Warden, seventy Fellows and scholars, ten chaplains, three clerks, and sixteen choristers. All the fellows were to have been pre- viously scholars, and all the scholars were to be elected from Winchester. The first stone of that great work with which we have more immediately to do, was laid on March 5, 1380, by the founder himself, then fifty-five years of age. Six years were occupied in its construction, when, on April 14, 1386, being the vigil of Palm-Sunday, the first warden and fellows entered the college at " nine of the clock in the morning, with solemn processions and litanies, commending themselves and their studies to the care and protection of the Almighty." The buildings are particularly interesting, as remaining for the most part as they were erected in the founder's time, and on the founder's plan. In front of the tower will be observed three Gothic niches, with figures of the Virgin in the centre, of the founder and an angel 'kneeling on either side. The chapel, the hall, the cloisters, the groined gateways, and even some original doors and windows, remain, in their exterior at least, as they came from the hand of their master- architect. The exceptions are to be seen in the third and upper storey to the principal quadrangle, added in the year 1675, and in the quadrangle next the garden, finished in 1684. Passing through the groined tower-gateway, immediately on the left hand is the CHAPEL. The entrance is by a short cloister into the elegantly-proportioned ante-chapel ; in which are still to be seen some of the original painted windows of the time of the founder, representing figures of the saints and martyrs. The small lights in the heads of the windows, both of the ante-chapel and of the inner chapel, have also preserved their original painted glass, consisting of a very curious series of the different orders of angels and archangels, as then under- stood c . The great west window was painted by Jervais, from finished cartoons furnished by Sir Joshua Reynolds, and begun in 1777. The chapel has lately undergone a general restoration, so far as the stall-work and the roof are concerned, under the direction of the late Sir George Gilbert Scott. The roof, it will be seen, is of very rich workmanship, much richer Drobably than was designed by the founder. It is also, there c Engravings of these have been published in the "Calendar of the Prayer-Book Illustrated," fcap. 8vo., Oxford, 1870. (Parker and Co.) 100 NEW COLLEGE. is no doubt, higher than the original roof. The stall-work is of admirable and appropriate design, here and there portions of the old work being retained, especially the carvings under the seats or ' misereres,' as they are called, to shew that the architect has faithfully restored the work as far as was pos- sible. The beautifully-wrought reredos had been restored by Mr. Wyatt, only somewhat after the original model, furnished by some remains of the old eastern wall and its beautiful niches and fretwork, discovered in 1789. It has been (1888-91) filled with statues. The windows on the south side are Flemish, and said to have been painted from designs by some of Rubens' scholars : they were repaired in 1740 by William Price, of whom they were purchased by the society. Those on the north side were painted by Peckett of York, in 1765 and 1774. In the first window on the left, commencing with the higher row, are represented Baruch, Micah, Daniel, Hosea, Adam, Eve, Seth, and Enoch. 2nd window (top), Amos, Joel, Obadiah, Jonah, Methuselah, Noah, Abel, and Isaac. jrd window (top), Nahum, Habakkuk, Zephaniah, Ezekiel, Jacob, lah, Moses, and Aaron. 4th window (top), James, minor, Thomas, Simon, Matthew, John, JESUS CHRIST, Mary, and Peter. 5th window (top), Philip, James, major, Andrew, Bartholomew, Paul, Barnabas, Judas, and Matthias. The alto-relievos over the altar, representing the Salutation, the Nativity, the Descent from the Cross, the Resurrection, and the Ascension, are by Westmacott. In the chapel is still preserved the silver-gilt pastoral staff of the founder, commonly known as the Crozier of William of Wykeham. The brasses preserved in the ante-chapel are, Wardens. Fellows. T. Cranley, Archbishop of Dublin, H. Wrattesley, civilian, 1486. ob. 1417. W. Hautrive, 1481. J. Yong, Bishop of Calipolis, T. Gascoigne, 1457. 1526. P< Caermarden, 1446. W Hvll \AQA W< Holmegh, 1434. W. idyll, 1494. T Flemmyng, 1472. N. Osylbury, 1453. W. Fryth, 1420. R. Malford, 1403. W. Bailey, 1582. J. Rede, 1521. A. Aylworth, M.D., 1619. Leaving the chapel by the western door, the Visitor enters the CLOISTERS, which, with the tower adjoining, were not built until after the completion of the other pafrts of the college. This area was consecrated together with the bells JucU NEW COLLEGE. IOI in the tower, then only three in number, for the purpose of The Cloisters, New College. a private burial-place for the college, by the Bishop of Dun- keld in Scotland, igth Oct., 1400. The TOWER is supposed to have been the last wbrk of Wyke- ham. It is built on the site of one of the bastions of the city wall; and as its massive nature evidently imports, was built for defence as well as for a belfry, and is a remarkably fine specimen of a belfry-tower of the period. Returning to the quadrangle from the cloisters, we ascend into the HALL by a long flight of steps in the Muniment-tower ^ which, like that of the gateway, has still its three niches filled with the figures of the Virgin in the centre, and on either side of an angel and of the founder, in a kneeling posture. The screen and the wainscot within are said to have been put up by Archbishop Warham, who died in 1532. The windows and wainscot are decorated with arms of the founder and other benefactors. The whole has been most carefully 102 NEW COLLEGE. The Slype, Hew College, and Old City Wall. NEW COLLEGE. 103 restored under the direction of Sir G. G. Scott (1866), and a very handsome roof of oak has replaced the former ceiling. There are portraits of (Beginning on the left hand.) Bishop Lipscomb. Sidney Smith, 1843. Bishop Tnmnel, 1723. Bishop Shuttleworth, 1842. Bishop Turner, 1691. Sir Wm. Erie, the well-known Judge. Archbishop Howley, 1848. Bishop Huntingford, 1832. Archbishop Warham, 1532. Archbishop Chichele, 1443. Bishop Lowth, 1787. William of Wykeham, 1404. Bishop Lake, 1626. Bishop Waynflete, 1486. Bishop Bisse, 1721. Bishop Ken, 1691. Messrs. Philip and John Duncan. Bishop Bathurst, 1837. Dr. Martin Wall. Over the screen is a fine painting of the Adoration of the Shepherds, of .the Carracci school. The upper rooms in the Muniment-tower continue in their original state, with groined ceilings and tiled floors ; but as they contain the records and other private documents of the college, they are not open to strangers. The KITCHEN retains its original open-timber roof and large fireplaces. The LIBRARY, over the archway, dividing the old and more modern buildings of the college, was refitted by Mr. Wyatt. The GARDEN, which is beautifully laid out with trees, shrubs, and flowers, is surrounded by the OLD CITY WALL, with its alure or walk on the top, within the parapet, and the bastions, with their loopholes for arrows : all these (somewhat similar to the Town-walls remaining at York) are in a perfect state, accord- ing to the agreement of William of Wykeham with the city at the time of the foundation of his college, by which the society was bound for ever to keep them in good repair. The original document is still preserved among the muniments of the city. A very fine view of the walls with the tower may be had from the ' Slipe,' a slip of ground at the back of the college. Here also are seen the NEW BUILDINGS, constructed for the accommodation of thirty-six students in 1878, from the design of Sir G. G. Scott. Tutors' houses have been added to the east of these in 1886-96, under the direction of Mr. Basil Champneys. The foundation consisted of a Warden, thirty Fellows, and forty Scholars. Returning to Broad-street, the Visitor can select either of two routes northwards along Park-street, or eastwards along Holy well-street. The former is recommended. He will pass on the right the King's Arms Hotel, on the left St. Stephen's House, founded in 1876 for training Clergy with a view to Foreign Mis- sionary Work. 104 WADHAM COLLEGE. He will first notice (Rt.) WADHAM COLLEGE. Founded by Nicholas and Dorothy Wadham in 1613. This college is named from the founders, Nicholas Wadham and Dorothy his widow, who, after her husband's death, carried out the design which he did not live to complete. It was built upon the site of the monastery of the Austin friars, during the years 1610 1613, the first stone having been laid on the 3ist of July in the for- mer year; and the first warden, Dr. Wright, ad- mitted on the 2oth of April, 1613. Of the monastic build- ings nothing now remains ; the windows of the chapel, from their style, were thought to have belonged to the old monastery; but the documentary evidence, derived from college books, carefully kept, shews that the chapel, like the rest, was built with the mo- ney provided by the founders. Passing beneath a well- proportioned tower, the The Gateway-Tower. Visitor enters, by a gate- way with an elegantly-groined roof, a quadrangle of 130 feet square. On the opposite or eastern side of this are the chapel, hall, library, kitchen, &c. The remaining sides are occupied by lodgings for the Warden, Fellows, and other members of the college. WADHAM COLLEGE. 105 The CHAPEL exhibits great taste and purity of style in the character of its architecture ; and the ante-chapel has particu- larly light and lofty arches. The east end and ceiling were renewed by Mr. Blore in 1833. There is a brass eagle, well executed, given by Sir Thomas Lear, Bart, in 1691. The clock outside was designed by Sir Christopher Wren, once a Com- moner here. At the north end of the ante-chapel is a fine tomb of Sir John Portman, Bart, 1624. The east window, representing scenes from the life of Christ, with the antitypes from Old Testament history, was painted by Bernard Van Ling in 1621. The side- windows contain figures of the Prophets, and other Scripture characters. The stained windows in the ante-chapel were painted by David Evans, of Shrewsbury, from designs by Mr. John Bridges, of Oxford. On the south side of the chapel is the HALL, the entrance to which is by a flight of steps immediately facing the Gateway. The figures over the steps represent the founders and their sovereign, James I. : between the former is an inscription, giving a brief account of the foundation of the college. The open-timber roof, with its louvre, and also the fine oak screen, are well worthy of attention. The portraits are : Over the High Table. The Founders. On the right hand. Joseph Trapp, First Professor of Poetry, 1 708. Dr. Tournay, Warden, 1806. Sir John Strangways, Nephew of the Founder. Dr. Symons, late Warden (Pick- ersgill). James I. (Van Somers). John, Lord Lovelace, 1690. Admiral Blake, by Walker. Thomas Creech, Scholar, 1676 ; translator of Lucretius. Dr. Wills, Warden, 1783 (Hoppner). Humphrey Hody, Professor of Greek, 1698. Sir John Pratt, Lord Chief Justice, 1724. Dr. Dunster, Warden, 1689. Thomas Spratt, Bp. of Rochester. John Goodridge, Benefactor, 0^.1654. H. Lushington, 1779. Over the Screen^ George I. On the left hand. Dr. Blandford, Warden, 1659; Bp. of Worcester. Sir Christopher Wren. Dr. Lisle, Warden, 1739; Bp. of St. Asaph, then of Norwich. John Medley, Bp. of Fredericton, 1845- Dr. Ironside, Warden, 1665 ; Bp. of Hereford. Dr. Wright, First Warden ; Bp. of Lichfield and Coventry. Dr. Wilkins, Warden, 1648 ; Bp. of Chester. James Harris, Esq., author of Hermes, 1780 (Reynolds). Thomas, Lord Windham, Lord Chancellor of Ireland. Dr. Baker, Warden, 1719; Bp. of Norwich. Dr. William Smyth, Warden, 1617. Arthur Onslow, Speaker of the House of Commons, 1728 61. Full length of do. William Draper Best, Lord Wyn- ford. John Parsons, Bp. of Peterborough. William III. Bust of Lord Westbury (Bailey). 106 THE NEW MUSEUM. The LIBRARY is an additidnal wing, built over the kitchen, to correspond with the chapel on the opposite side, with which it is connected by a cloister. The foundation consisted of a Warden, fourteen Fellows, and fifteen Scholars, besides Exhibitioners. Proceeding about a hundred yards farther to the north, through an avenue of acacias and elms, between the college- gardens of Trinity and St. John's on the left, and Wadham on the right, the Visitor will arrive at the public walk known by the name of the PARKS, extending from the elm-walk on the west to the river Cherwell on the east (see post, p. 112), com- prising 93 acres : about half the circuit is skirted by an ar- boretum ; and on the highest ground rise the twin buildings of new Observatories, one of which contains Dr. De la Rue's telescope, lately given by him to the University ; while a por- tion is used for a University Cricket-ground, provided with a convenient Pavilion. On reaching the Parks, on the left- hand side is Marcorfs Hall, one of the Private Halls esta- blished under the statute of 1855. Opposite this is the Lodge of THE NEW MUSEUM. Built in 1857 1860, in the early Gothic style, from the design of Messrs. Deane and Woodward. This building owes its origin to the movement in Oxford, which took place at the close of the first half of the present century, to promote scientific studies on a far more extensive scale than had been the case formerly. All branches had for a long time been represented in Oxford, and the men who had filled the offices of the various Professors had taken rank amongst some of the most eminent men of their day ; but it was felt that in science much teaching power was lost for want of proper accommodation and specimens. Oxford possessed museums, but they were scattered, and for the most part inaccessible. Thus was conceived the idea of bringing under one roof all the available means of teaching Natural Science. One of the most active promoters in the scheme was the present Regius Professor of Medicine (Dr. Acland). The building is in the style of the thirteenth century ; but from want of funds, full justice was scarcely done to the design of the late Mr. Woodward, partner of Deane and Wood- ward. It contains primarily a large collection of specimens THE NEW MUSEUM. 107 illustrating Natural History. In Geological and Mineralogical collections the Museum is especially rich : among the former are many of the original specimens figured by Dr. Buckland in the 'Bridgewater Treatise.' On the northern side are cabinets of specimens illustrating Osteology and Physiology, admirably arranged. In the Zoological department, except in the collec- tion of Birds and of Mollusca, the Museum is somewhat de- ficient. A room is set apart for the fine Entomological collec- tion bequeathed by Mr. Hope. Work-rooms and Lecture-rooms for the Professors, and a Scientific Library, which includes the collection removed from the Radcliffe Building, (and is now properly the Radcliffe Library, thereby carrying out more The New Museum. thoroughly the design of Dr. Radcliffe,) adjoin the upper corridor. The central court itself is covered in with a roof of wood and glass, resting on slender iron pillars, with capitals of varied foliage, executed in iron ; and in these the principal collections will be found, ranged partly on the ground-floor in the centre, partly in the corridors which surround the building. These are designed on the principle of a double cloister, one part being over the other ; and besides affording space for more specimens, they give access to the various Professors' 108 KEBLE COLLEGE. Lecture-rooms. The largest Lecture -room of all is on the north side in the upper corridor, and should be visited. The shafts of the cloister, as well as those of the windows, are of different varieties of stone, illustrating the principal geological formations of the British Islands, from granite up to the most recent formations. Between the arches there are corbels, which support statues of the most eminent dis- coverers and promoters of Natural Science, from Aristotle, the first classifier, down to the most recent, but deceased, philosophers of our age. Her Majesty Queen Victoria graciously gave five, including Bacon, Galileo, and Newton. The undergraduates of Oxford gave Aristotle and Cuvier. Besides this, a series illustrative of various Faunas and Floras, existing or extinct, has been carved on the many corbels, capitals, and bosses. These have been presented by friends to the University. To the south-east is the Keeper's House, and the first object which catches the eye, from its resemblance to a great abbey-kitchen, is the Chemical Laboratory, to which a large addition was made in 1880. A new wing at the north-west angle, containing the lecture-rooms and apparatus for the Professor of Experimental Philosophy, was erected in 1870-1, at the expense of the Clarendon Trustees, and is hence called the Clarendon Laboratory. To the east (behind the main building) a large and well appointed Physiological Laboratory was erected in 1885 (Deane and Sons, architects), adjoining which is the new building, called the Pitt-Rivers Museum, erected in 1886-7 to receive the ethnological collections presented to the University by General Pitt Rivers. Access to this is gained from the central court of the Museum by a doorway on the eastern side. It contains an admirable collection of objects illustrating Anthropology and also the development of ordinary mechanical contrivances and artistic designs from the earliest and rudest types. Standing apart from the other buildings, is a structure surmounted by a double dome, erected by the University as an Astronomical Observatory for the use of the Savilian Professor. The Visitor will see opposite the Museum KEBLE COLLEGE. Foundation-stone laid on St. Mark's Day, 1868. Foundation-stone of Chapel laid, St. Mark's Day, 1873. Opened, St. Mark's Day, 1876. This College, named after the Author of the 'Christian Year,' and founded by public subscription as a memorial to him, was formally opened by the Chancellor of the Uni- versity, the Most Noble the Marquis of Salisbury, on June 22, 1870. The Rev. E. S. Talbot was duly installed as Warden on the day the College was opened, and perhaps an extract from his speech will best describe the objects of KEBLE COLLEGE. 109 this new foundation. He said it was " an institution in which economy was to rest on religion, and in which self-control and moderation in living would be sustained by conscientious motive. Keble College is not to be in any invidious sense a poor man's college, though it will be possible to live there on a smaller income than elsewhere ; it is by no means to be exclusively a clerical college, though it will doubtless furnish candidates for the ministry as well as for lay occupations : still less is it to be regarded as the college of any school or party within the Church, though of course its founders and rulers will strive to shape and govern it as Keble himself might have desired." It was the first new Collegiate foundation in Oxford after a lapse of over two hundred and fifty years, namely, since Wadham was founded in 1610. Worcester College, founded in 1714, was rather a restoration of St. John Baptist and Gloucester Hall, and Old Hertford College, existing from 1740 1805, was only a conversion of Hart Hall into a College. It is built of variegated brick, and the style has been the The duadrangle, Keble College. subject of much unfavourable criticism. The best view is from the interior, where the extent of the quadrangle gives a favourable impression. 110 KEBLE COLLEGE. The CHAPEL, on the north side (Butterfield, architect) is the munificent gift of the late William Gibbs, of Tyntesfield, near Bristol. The foundation-stone was laid on St. Mark's Day, 1873 : and it was dedicated on St. Mark's Day, 1876. It is of most magnificent proportions, the length being 124 feet, the breadth 35, and the interior height 70. It is enriched through- out with exquisite carving, with painted glass and costly mo- saics. The painted glass and the mosaics illustrate as com- pletely as space will allow, and in some sort after the manner of the ' Christian Year,' the successive dealings of God with His Church, Patriarchal, Jewish, and Christian; and they bring out, by means of type and antitype, the relationship of the Old to the New Testament. At the west end are figures of four angels : St. Uriel, St. Raphael, St. Gabriel, and St. Michael ; beyond them the histories of Noah, Abra- ham, Joseph, and Moses. In the windows are figures of the twelve minor prophets, and of the four greater prophets, with David, Solomon, Samuel, and Elijah. On the north side the mosaics present three scenes from the life of Abraham. In the centre panel, Abraham is offering up Isaac ; on either side Melchisedek meeting Abraham, and bringing forth bread and wine to refresh him after his victory ; and Abraham interceding for Sodom, as the angels depart from him. Beneath these are three mosaic panels, repre- senting -the future second coming of our Lord to Judgement : the figure of St. Michael the Archangel in the centre divides the saved from the lost. Next, three scenes from the life of Moses. In the centre panel he is point- ing to the Brazen Serpent : the side panels represent him bringing down the Law from Mount Sinai, and striking the rock at Horeb. On the southern side the histories of Noah and Joseph are similai'ly treated. In the first three panels is the history of the Ark, the type of the Church of Christ. In the right panel Noah is building the ark : in the left, with his family and various living creatures. In the central panel he offers sacrifice to God, after the abatement of the Flood, the rainbow typifying God's covenant of mercy. The next three panels represent the history of Joseph : on the left his two dreams ; in the centre his sale by his brethren to the Midianites ; on the right the fulfilment of his dream, when his brethren bow down before him in Egypt. The eastern half of the Chapel represents the later dispensation of the New Testament. In the north and south transept- windows are central figures of St. Peter and St. Paul, with one of the four Evangelists on either side of each Apostle. The mosaic in the north transept represents the Annunciation on the left, the Nativity in the central panel, and the Bap- tism by St. John the Baptist on the right. In the Chancel, on the north side, is a large mosaic of the Crucifixion : on the south side is one of the Resurrection. The glass in the eastern window represents the Ascension. Beneath this a mosaic quatrefoil repre- sents our Lord as He revealed Himself after His Ascension. Various Christian Saints are represented in mosaic panels on either side. KEBLE COLLEGE. Ill The HALL and LIBRARY form the southern side of the large quadrangle, erected at the cost of members of the Gibbs' family. The foundation-stone of this block was laid on St. Mark's Day, 1876, at the same time as the dedication of the chapel. There are portraits of the following : Rev. John Kehle. The Warden of Keble (Talbot). Longley, Archbishop of Canterbury. J. Shaw Stewart, Esq. William Gibbs, Esq. The LIBRARY has already a large collection of books, amongst them Mr. Keble's own library, removed from Hurs- ley, which is kept separate from the rest. Holman Hunt's piciure of ' The Light of the World,' presented to the college by T. Combe, Esq., is preserved here. Beneath the library are Lecture-rooms, and beneath the hall, offices, &c. The Warden's House is a detached building at the south- eastern angle of the College, and this together with the new buildings (comprising a large lecture-room) was erected du- ring 1881-82. The College is governed by a Warden and a Council of not less than nine, nor more than twelve, members. Passing along Keble-terrace (on the north side of the College) the Visitor will see St. Giles' Church. (See p. 113.) [If time allows he may retrace his steps down Park-street and take the EXTRA EASTWARD ROUTE. At the corner of Holy well Street (^?/.) are the new buildings of THE INDIAN INSTITUTE. The memorial-stone of this building was laid by the Prince of Wales on May 2, 1883. It is in the Elizabethan style of architecture (architect, Basil Champneys), with large octagon tower at the north corner containing the staircase. The ground-floor is occupied by lecture-rooms ; on the first floor by Curator's rooms, the museum, and library. The museum is devoted to articles illustrating India, and in the library are valuable Indian MSS. and books, &c. The object of the building is to act as a centre for Indian research and study. Continuing up Holywell-street, he will pass (Z.) the Music ROOM, built in 1748 by Dr. Camplin. Further on by a new road (L.) leading northwards (Mansfield-road), he passes (L.) 112 HOLYWELL CHURCH. MANCHESTER NEW COLLEGE. The buildings, consisting of a quadrangle, round which are distributed the Chapel, Library, and domestic buildings, were completed in 1893. The object of the foundation is to impart Theological train- ing in the Nonconformist School to which the institution belongs. Continuing along Mansfield road, he reaches (L.) MANSFIELD COLLEGE, erected by the authorities of Spring Hill College, Birmingham, for Congregational Nonconformists, who practically removed their college to Oxford. The build- ing was designed by Mr. Basil Champneys in 1888, in imi- tation, as regards general plan and arrangement, of the older colleges. It has a Hall, a Senior and Junior Common Room, a Principal's House, a capacious Library and a Chapel, the style being that of the late i4th century. The chief ex- penditure appears to have been on the Chapel, which is built north and south. Statues of early Fathers adorn the entrance, and in the interior are a series of statues, including Wycliffe, Luther, John Knox, Whitfield and Wesley. Returning to Holywell-street, and continuing eastward, the Visitor will see in front the embattled walls of Magdalen College, and on the right behind the houses, the Bastions of the City Wall. Turning to the left (northwards), he will see HOLYWELL CHURCH. which probably dates from the twelfth century ; the chancel- arch, which is of a horse-shoe shape, belongs to this time. The tower is of the thirteenth century, the upper part having been added in the fifteenth, when a Warden of Merton College put the church in repair (1474). The church was again re- stored, and much of it rebuilt in 1845 (Derick,. architect). To the North of the Church, on the site of the manor-grounds, is the Oxford Penitentiary. Part of the old Manor-house is occupied by the inmates, but a chapel and other buildings have been added. To the East of the Church is Holywell Cemetery, and below it was Holywell Mill, now (1890) turned into a modern residence. A little to the North-west (a large brick building) was the University Racket Courts, and the road leads hence into the lower end of the Parks (see p. 106). One of the paths leads northwards, by the side of the river Cher-well ; another, eastwards, crosses a branch of the Cherwell by a wooden bridge (past the entrance to the Bathing-place called Parson's Pleastire] ; a walk of some half mile in length will be found between the two streams (whence the name recently assigned, Mesopotamia], leading to Kings Mill (see p. 27). The westward road (South Parks-road] leads back to Keble College [see p. 1 1 1]. ST. JOHN'S COLLEGE. 113 PART III. THE NORTH-WESTERN QUARTER. ST. GILES'S CHURCH. Tower and western arch, c. 1120; chancel and nave, c. 1200-20. Mention of this Church occurs as early as 1139, when it was given to Godstow Nunnery; but the only portion remaining of the Church of this date is the lower part of the tower, and perhaps a portion of the wall at the east end of the nave, between that and the chancel. The arches of the nave are of good thirteenth-century work, with a later clearstory added to it. At the east end of the south aisle is a very elegant chapel, probably of the date of about 1260; the win- dows and porch are also of the thirteenth century. Till within very recent years St. Giles's Church was practically at the northern extremity of Oxford, but houses have been erected along the eastern or Banbury-road, and the western or Woodstock-road} for more than a mile. (See Extra Northward Route, p. 124.) Opposite the south-east corner of St. Giles's Church is BLACK HALL, one of the old halls of which there were several in this parish, which was built in the early part of the seventeenth century. A little way to the north of St. Giles's Church, and built on the left side of the Banbury-road, is the NEW HIGH SCHOOL FOR GIRLS, a good specimen of moulded brickwork, in the style of Queen Anne's reign, from designs by Mr. T. G. Jackson. Leaving St. Giles's Church, the Visitor should pass (southwards) along the eastern side of the fine street (reminding him of a foreign Boulevard) till he reaches (Z.) ST. JOHN'S COLLEGE. Founded by Sir Thomas White, 1555. The buildings : west quadrangle, c. 1440 ; east quadrangle, added by Laud, 1631. This college was founded by Sir Thomas White, in the year 1555. He was a Muscovy merchant, and had been twice Lord Mayor of London; he was knighted for his services in suppressing Wyatt's rebellion in 1554. The college is built upon the site of the pre-existing foundation of Arch- JI4 ST. JOHN'S COLLEGE. ST. JOHN'S COLLEGE. 115 bishop Chichele, St. Bernard's College, which had belonged to the Cistercian monks. This property had lapsed to the Crown, and had been given by Henry VIII. to Christ Church, of whom it was purchased by the founder in the above-men- tioned year. Sir Thomas, however, after this, having made considerable additions to his endowment, and the number of his scholars, issued a new charter, on the 5th March, 1557, from which the foundation of the college now generally dates. Much of the present building, particularly of the front and tower-gateway, belong to Chichele's foundation. It has been The Entranca 1 Gfate way. altered by the removal of mull ions, but still the statue of St. Btrnard stands in its original niche, and the tower itself and its gateway beneath speak of the better days of archi- n6 ST. JOHN'S COLLEGE. tectural design. Of the first quadrangle, the north side is occupied by the hall and chapel, the remainder by the lodg- ings of the President and Fellows, and other members of the society. Interior of the first Quadrangle, St. John's College. The HALL is evidently the refectory of St. Bernard's monks, but much modernized as to its windows and interior. Portraits. The Founder (full-length), as Al- derman. Archbishops Laud and Juxon. (Proceeding on the right.") Sir James Eyre. Dr. Charles Woodroffe. Dr. Rawlinson. Dr. Scott, the Antiquary. Sir John Nicoll, F.R.S. William Gibbons, M.D. Over the entrance^ a full-length por- trait of George III., by Ramsay. (On the left side.) Dr. Holmes, President. Henry Hudson (?), Navigator, 1603. Sir William Paddy, M.D., 1600. A Bishop. Mrs. Holmes. Edward Waple, B.D. John Case, M. D. ; his monument is in the ante-chapel, ob. 1599. John Buckeridge, President, Bp. of Ely, 1631. Peter Mews, Bp. of Winchester, 1 706. A representation of St. John the Baptist, over the fireplace, stained in scagliola by Lambert Gorius. The eagle, in the style of Louis XIV., was carved by Snetzler, and presented by Thomas Estcourt, Esq., in 1770. The Kitchen, which closely adjoins, and sets of rooms over it, were built by Thomas Clark, senior cook, in 1613; the ST. JOHN'S COLLEGE. 117 conditions being that he should receive a certain room-rent for a given number of years, as interest for his money. The CHAPEL, which is a continuation of the east end of the hall, was consecrated in 1530 for the Cistercians, and after having suffered much at the hands of the Puritans in that and the succeeding century, was eventually, at the Restoration, refitted and almost reconstructed on a most debased plan ; but was restored in 1843, under the direction of Mr. Blore. View from the Garden. From the first quadrangle we pass by a vaulted passage, with an elegant stone ceiling of fan -tracery, into the inner quadrangle, of which the south and east sides are occupied by the LIBRARY. This last comprises two very handsome rooms, the first built in 1596, and furnished with books and windows by different members of the college; the eastern wing at the cost of Archbishop Laud, in 1631, from designs by Inigo Jones, who has succeeded in rendering the garden- front one of the most picturesque objects in the University. Il8 TAYLOR INSTITUTION. It contains a fine collection of books and MSS., besides other objects of interest In the inner, or Laud's library, are still preserved the walking-stick and cap of the Archbishop. There are likewise some handsome vestments, one given by the founder, for the chapel use, and a curious drawing of the head of Charles I., every line of which consists of minute writing, said to be the Hebrew Psalter. On the eastern and western sides of the quadrangle are two light colonnades, over the centre of which, in niches, are placed the bronze statues of Charles I. and his queen, Hen- rietta Maria, cast by Fanelli of Florence. From this quad- rangle we are conducted by a second very elegant passage-way, with fan-tracery ceiling, into the GARDEN, which is well worthy of a visit. On leaving, the Visitor should notice the NEW BUILDINGS, which were erected during 1 880-81 to the north of the college. The architect (G. G. Scott) has wisely followed a style in complete harmony with that which was existing, but not merely a copy. The foundation consisted of a President, eighteen Fellows, and thirty-six Scholars. Nearly opposite St. John's College is THE TAYLOR INSTITUTION, THE UNIVERSITY GALLERIES, AND ASHMOLEAN MUSEUM. The main building, 1845 > additions at the back, 1895. This mass of building, in the Italian style of architecture, consisting of two large projecting wings with a receding centre, in the midst of which is a Grecian portico of the Ionic style, was erected from designs by C. R. Cockerell, R.A., for the purpose of carrying out the wills respectively of Sir Robert Taylor, Knt., and Dr. Randolph, who bequeathed sums of money to the University, the one, " for erecting a proper edifice, and for establishing a foundation for the teaching the European languages ;" the other, " for erecting a building for the reception of the Pomfret statues, belonging to the Uni- versity, and for paintings, engravings, and other curiosities, which may occasionally be left to that learned body." The Institution comprises Teachers of the French, Italian, German, and Spanish languages, and four scholars. THE UNIVERSITY GALLERIES. 119 The Library is fitted up as a commodious reading-room, and well supplied with the principal foreign journals and periodicals. The UNIVERSITY GALLERIES, called sometimes the Ran- dolph Galleries, which face Beaumont-street, comprise on the ground-floor a sculpture-gallery ; on the first floor, besides an ante-room, a fire-proof gallery, and a picture-gallery, a series of galleries, erected 1895, devoted to the Art and Archaeo- logical collections removed from the ASHMOLEAN MUSEUM in Broad-street. (See p. 93.) The Ashmolean Collection was first formed by Tradescant, a Dutchman, who at his death in 1662 bequeathed it to Elias Ashmole. Ashmole added to it considerably, but mostly in the way of antiquities such as medals, coins, British, Roman, and Saxon remains, and some few manuscripts, which latter have been transferred to the Bodleian. Ashmole's Col- lection (including ' Tradescant's Ark') was the first in England to which the name Museum was applied. Very many additions, however, have been made from time to time. In 1718 the beautiful specimen of gold enamelled work, commonly known as KING ALFRED'S JEWEL, as it bears the inscription, " Ael- fred mee heht gevvrcan " (Alfred ordered me to be made). It was found in 1693, in the immediate neighbourhood of his retreat in the Isle of Athelney, at the junc- tion of the Rivers Parrot and Thone, in Somersetshire. There are fine collections of British, Roman, and Saxon antiquities, many of which have been found in the neighbour- hood ; those from Brighthampton and Fairford are the most important. There are collections of Roman, Etrus- can, Greek, and Egyptian antiquities. Several English curiosities are also to be seen, e.g. the Watches of Elizabeth and Oliver Cromwell, and Guy Favvkes' Lantern, &c., and the collection of casts and models formed by the Oxford Archi- tectural Society. Very large additions have during recent years been made to the contents of the Museum, notably in 1889, the series of Hittite and Phoenician antiquities collected by Mr. Greville Chester was purchased. Mr. Flinders Petrie's collection bears especially upon the early history of ^Egean Art. In the room above a very fine collection of works of ancient art, made chiefly by Mr. Fortnum, should be visited, including beautiful specimens of Ceramic and Bronze work of the Classical and Renaissance periods. The Italian majolica ware is especially deserving of notice. In the same room are some remarkable examples of Egyptian mummy-cases, c. King Alfred's Jewel. 120 ST. MARY MAGDALEN CHURCH. In the various Sculpture Galleries will be found some of the original models of the late Sir Francis Chantrey's principal works ; 7 he Pomjret Statues; The Arundel Marbles ; Casts from the antique (including well- known and favourite examples of the art of sculpture, as the Laocoon, Ilissus, and Torso Belvedere, and the Florentine Boar), &c. In the Picture Galleries will be seen the collection of original drawings by Michael Angelo and Raffaelle, one hundred and ninety in number ; copies of the cartoons by Raffaelle ; the Turner drawings, and a small collection of early pictures of the Florentine School. A room is set apart by the Curators for the use of the Oxjord School of Art. In the middle of the street stands the CHURCH OF ST. MARY MAGDALEN, South aisle, c. 1320 ; tower, 1511-31 ; north aisle and east end, 1841, which was granted by Robert D'Oili to the secular canons of St. George, in the castle, in 1074. In their possession it remained until the nephew of the founder transferred the whole to the abbey of Osney in 1149, with whom it re- mained until all together were made over by Henry VIII. to Christ Church. This church has undergone so many changes and alterations, that none of the original building remains. The south aisle, or St. Mary's chapel, commenced, and pro- bably completed, in the reign of Edward II., is now the ear- liest portion. The northern aisle was formerly used as a chapel for the Balliol students, but was entirely rebuilt as a part of the memorial to the martyrs in 1841, and hence is called the Martyrs' Aisle. The tower was rebuilt between the years 1511 and 1531, and is said to have been so, partly of old materials brought from Rewley Abbey, then in course of demolition. In a thorough restoration (1875) (Wilkinson, architect) the western galleries were removed, and the tower arch wholly thrown open. The peculiarity of this church is that its breadth exceeds its length, there being, to all appearances, four aisles terminating in one continuous line at the eastern end. At the north end of the church stands THE MARTYRS' MEMORIAL, built to commemorate the burning of the martyrs (Ridley and Latimer, Oct. 16, 1555, and Cranmer, March 21, 1556), which took place somewhere on the southern side of Broad-street, MARTYRS' MEMORIAL. 121 that is, just outside the city walls, and on the slopes of the large city-ditch, the exact spot having now been built over. The Martyrs' Memorial, and the Taylor Building. The design, which was selected from an open competition, was by Sir George Gilbert Scott, and was one of his earliest successes. The design was adapted from one of the Eleanor crosses, by order of the committee. The first stone was laid May 19, 1841. In the northern compartment of the lower storey is the inscription, stating the object for which the cross was e.ected. Over this, facing St. Giles's Church, is the figure of Cranmer ; that towards the Cornmarket, is Latimer ; the other, facing towards Balliol, is Ridley. 122 WORCESTER COLLEGE. Leaving the church, and turning westwards down Beaumont-street, the Visitor passes (at the corner) the Randolph Hotel, built in 1864 (Wilkinson, architect). Beaumont -street is so called from its being the site of a palace of that name, built by Henry I. in 1129. Richard I. was born here. A frag- ment of the palace was remaining a few years since in a garden on the north side of the street. At the far end of the street, facing the Visitor, are the gates of WORCESTER COLLEGE. Founded by Sir Thomas Cookes in 1714. On the site of Gloucester Hall, founded 1283. Although, as to foundation, this is the latest of the older colleges (Keble and Hertford having been founded in the present generation), it occupies the site, and, moreover, in its buildings exhibits the remains, of one of the earliest foun- dations for religious learning in Oxford, namely, a hall founded Front of Worcester College. by John Giffard in 1283, for the reception of Benedictine novices, chiefly those sent from Gloucester, whence its name of Gloucester Hall, which it retained even to its dissolution. For these separate domiciles were built, each with three sets WORCESTER COLLEGE. 123 of chambers, some of which, having been rebuilt in the fif- teenth century, yet remain, with their distinct doorways and roofs. Soon after the dissolution, the premises were conveyed (1560) to the president and fellows of St. John's College, on the purchase of Sir Thomas White, their founder. By these it was again converted into a place of instruction, by the title of St. John Baptist's Kail ; after the Rebellion it sank into comparative insignificance; so that in the year 1714, its proprietors, we may believe, were not sorry to make it over to the trustees of Sir Thomas Cookes, Bart., for the purpose of carrying out his intention of founding a college. The CHAPEL till a few years back was nothing but an elegantly-proportioned room, whose plainness was relieved only by the richly- stuccoed ceiling. In 1864 the late Mr. Burges applied as remedy most exquisite painting, embo- dying a scheme of iconography, which may be briefly thus described : Man in the Te Deum, and Nature in the Benedicite, combine in the worship of God. These two hymns are the key to the scheme, which represents Creation as praising God in concert. The roof begins man s history with the Fall ; and the floor shews it completed in the Church, first as springing from the sower's seed, then as represented by the four fathers of the Western Church ; and, below the lectern, by the great spirits of the Church in this island. The windows set forth the glory of Christ, the ' Light of the World ;' in the Annunciation, the adoration of the Magi, the finding in the Temple, the Baptism, the Crucifixion, the empty sepul- chre, and the Ascension, each event being foretold by the prophet in the arch above. The Evangelists, accompanied by legendary or other scenes from their lives, fill the four corners. And the procession which surrounds the chapel, headed by St. Ambrose and St. Augustine, contains groups illustrating the earth and the angels ; the Apostles, Prophets, and martyrs ; finally, the Church of all ages, by whom the Te Deum is chanted in har- mony with the Benedicite of the arabesques. The last group contains the representative figures of Monica, Helena, Charlemagne, Benedict, Wiclif, Thomas Aquinas, Elizabeth of Hungary, Catharine of Sienna, Luther, and Pascal. The finials of the seats, which carry on the idea of the brute creation praising God, are well worthy of attention. The inlaid work below displays the tokens of redemption. The lectern, as the central candlestick, proclaims, "Thy word is a lantern unto my feet." The sacred volumes are curiously bound in silver, the sculptured plates being protected by iron knobs damascened with gold, and framed by apposite texts. The larger ones represent the adoration of the Magi and the Baptism of Christ ; the smaller contain the meeting of Eliezer and Rebecca, and of Jacob and Rachel. Each section is worthy of minute study; note, e.g., "O ye children of men, bless ye the Lord," in the N.E. compartment. 124 WORCESTER COLLEGE. The HALL has been embellished with rich panelling, inlaid with the coats of arms of the various benefactors. The ceil- ing and fireplace are also worthy of notice. Pictures. A Magdalen at lower end, after Guido ; and at upper end, Fish, by Snyders. Portraits. Sir Thomas Cookes, by Kneller. Mrs. Sarah Eaton. Dr. Eaton. Dr. Cotton, late Provost. Lady Holford. Dr. Clarke. Dr. Blechynden, the first Provost Bp. Harding, late of Bombay. Dr. Landon, Provost. Dr. Binney, Bp. of Nova Scotia. The LIBRARY is over the open arcade or piazza, which con- nects the entrances of the hall and chapel. The GARDEN should be visited ; from being a mere swampy meadow, it has been converted into a piece of ornamental garden-ground, which may fairly place it in an equal rank with those of St. John's and New College. The foundation consisted of a Provost, fourteen Fellows, sixteen Scholars, and eleven Exhibitioners. On leaving Worcester, by turning to the right, a few steps lead the Visitor to George-street, whence the road to the right over Hythe Bridge (the ancient western bridge of the city) leads to the Two Railway Stations. If, however, time allows, an Extra Northward Route may be taken ; and further still, the South-Western quarter may be visited as an Extra Southward Route. (See p. 129.) Extra Northward Route. Returning back from Worcester College down Beaumont Street to the Martyrs' Memorial, and leaving the Taylor Building on the left, the Visitor <;oing northward along the western side of St. Giles's, passes first (Z.) PUSEY HOUSE, an unpretending building containing a small Chapel and Library. It belongs to an Institution for the Promotion of Theological Study in Oxford, founded in 1884 in memory of Dr. Pusey, who died in 1882. Nearly opposite the western end of St. Giles's Church is the entrance to the Roman Catholic Chapel, dedicated to ST. ALOYSIUS (architects, Messrs. Hansom), the foundation-stone of which was laid in 1872. It was opened in 1875 by Cardinal Manning, and the New High Altar dedicated in 1878. Nearly adjoining it on the north is one of the new Ladies' Colleges, named SOMERVILLE HALL, opened in 1879. Considerable additions were made in 1881-2 (T. G. Jackson, architect), and a front to Walton- street partially completed in 1 888 (H. Moore, architect). THE RADCLIFFE INFIRMARY AND OBSERVATORY. 125 Continuing his route up the Woodstock-road, the Visitor will come to THE RADCLIFFE INFIRMARY. It was opened for the reception of patients on St. Luke's Day, 1770, and has its name from the liberal Dr. Radcliffe, whose trustees made over a portion of his property to this institution ; it stands in about five acres of ground, given by Thomas Rowney, Esq., in other respects also a benefactor. Additions have been made from time to time, including a large ward in the rear, and the beautiful chapel of Early English style, erected in 1867 by the munificence of the late T. Combe, Esq. This is adorned with copies of Fra An- gelico's angels from Florence, and with quaint Russian paint- ings of saints after the manner of the Greek Church. Separated from it only by a wall are the grounds of THE RADCLIFFE OBSERVATORY, including an extent of ten acres, given by George, Duke of Marlborough, for the building, erected from funds derived from the same munificent patron as the Infirmary. The first stone was laid in 1772, although the whole was not completed until 1795. It comprises a dwelling-house for the Observer, a library, besides rooms for observations and for lectures, and is well furnished with necessary instruments. The height of the barometer and thermometer, and other meteorological data, have been mechanically recorded here throughout the day and night by aid of photography for a long series of years. The large block of buildings (at the junction of Woodstock and Beving- ton Roads), is the CONVENT OR SISTERHOOD OF THE HOLY AND UN- DIVIDED TRINITY, erected in 1868 (architect, Buckeridge). It is a fair speci- men of modern Gothic. The chief work of the Sisters is that of teaching, but there are several other charitable works carried on by the Community. On the 7th of October, 1891, the foundation of a new chapel was laid by the Lord Bishop of Lincoln. At the eastern end of Bevington-road is a brick building in the semi- Byzantine style, erected originally as a private Tutor's House (i86o\ and afterwards (1878) converted into WYCLIFFE HALL. Considerable additions were made in 1881 (Moore and Wilkinson, architects). This is now adapted for giving instruction to students intending to take Holy Orders, and is under the superintendence of a Principal. At the back is Norham Gardens, where many well-built houses are to be seen, among which are LADY MARGARET'S HALL (opened 1881), in Norham Gardens, and ST. HUGH'S HALL, in Norham Road, both for Lady Students. 120 ST. PHILIP AND ST. JAMES* CHURCH, &C. Proceeding still northwards, the Visitor will next come to ST. PHILIP AND ST. JAMES' CHURCH. A new church erected for this district from the designs of G. E. Street. The foundation-stone was laid on May 8, 1860, but it was some years before the tower and spire were added. It is a striking specimen of the modern Gothic prevalent some few years ago, and is chiefly remarkable for the great width of the nave, the aisles being reduced almost to passages. There are along this western road many Modern Houses worthy of atten- tion, as marking the revival of the Gothic style for house-building, as some thirty years previously it had been revived in building churches. If the Visitor has time, there are several similar houses on the eastern road, to which he can easily pass over. Continuing along the Woodstock-road as far as St. Mar- garet's-road (whence St. Edward's School is seen about half-a- mile distant) and turning to the Left the Visitor will find ST. MARGARET'S CHURCH Built in the Gothic style (H. G. Drinkwater, architect). The chancel was completed in 1885. The Nave in 1890. The way across the Canal, and across the two lines of railway (North Western first, then Great Western), leads into Port Meadow, that is, the Town Meadow, the Old English name for 'town' having here survived. The Kingston-road leads into Walton -street, where will be seen (on the left) a new Wesleyan Chapel and Schools, built 1883, and immediately opposite one of the three Oxford Cemetei-ies, viz. St. Sepulchre's, in which is a small chapel built in the Norman style. Further on the fourth turning to the right (i.e. Cardigan-street) leads to ST. BARNABAS' CHURCH. This Church was founded in 1868 by the late T. Combe, Esq., of the University Press, to meet the increased needs for spiritual provision ot the enlarged population in Jericho (as the district is popularly called). The foundation-stone was laid by Bp. Wilberforce on April 23, 1868, and the church was consecrated Oct. 19, 1869. It was built (Blomfield, architect) in the Basilican style, in accordance with the wishes of the founder. His object was to produce a dignified interior, no expense being spared to secure strength, solidity, and sound construction, but not a penny thrown away on external ap- pearance or decoration. The total cost of the edifice was ST. BARNABAS' CHURCH, &c. 127 close upon 6,5 oo/. It will seat about 1,000 persons, and is well worthy of a visit. St. Barnabas' Church. On some of the western capitals are carved the heads of Bishop Wilber- force, Mr. Hackman, then Vicar of St. Paul's, Mr. Noel, first Vicar of St. Barnabas, the Founder, and the Architect. The carving on the base of the eastern pillar represents the head of the Founder's favourite dog. Returning to Walton-street, and continuing southward is, Z. CHURCH OF ST. PAUL, built (Underwood, architect) in 1835, in the Palladian style, which was the recognised style of architecture for sacred 128 THE CLARENDON PRESS. buildings at that time, but which has now happily been dis- carded. The funds were provided by subscription. It has a portico with four columns, and the entrances are approached by a flight of steps. An apse has been added, and all has been done that could be done to render the interior suitable for the church services. Adjoining it is ST. PAUL'S SCHOOL-HOUSE, built some years later in the Gothic style, and intended pri- marily for the children of the printers and other boys em- ployed at the University Press. Continuing along Walton-street, on the Rt. is THE CLARENDON PRESS. This building was erected at the expense of the University, or rather out of the Press fund, from profits accumulated in the business of the old Press, which was removed to the pre- sent building in 1830 (Robertson, afterwards Blore, architect). The business of the Press is under the surveillance of a select body of Delegates, chosen from members of the University. It is in this building that a large proportion of our Bibles and Prayer-Books are printed, the printing of Bibles being limited by law to the Universities of Oxford and Cambridge, and to the Queen's printers. The Clarendon Press and St. Paul's Church. If the Visitor has no more time, by continuing along Walton Street past Worcester (p. 124), and turning to the right, he will reach the Railway Stations. :, SOUTH-WESTERN QUARTER. . I2Q If the Visitor has time and desires to complete his survey, and visit the South- Western Quarter, he should, after passing the Clarendon Press, take the first turning to the left (Little Clarendon-street), which will bring him back into St. Giles's, nearly opposite St. Giles's Church (p. 113); thence back past St. Mary Magdalen Church, and then take the first turning to the right and make his way to the Railway Station through PART IV. THE SOUTH-WESTERN QUARTER. Proceeding westward down George Street^ he will notice first, on the right, the New Theatre, built in 1886 (Drink water, architect). Next, on the right, the Congregational Chapel, an early attempt at Gothic, c. 1835. Opposite is New-Inn-Hall-street, but before turning up this street, observe, a little further on, on the right, -ST. GEORGE'S CHURCH, erected as a Chapel-of-Ease to St. Mary Magdalen Parish in 1849 (Park-Harrison, architect). It is in the Gothic style, and of good design, though much cramped in consequence of the narrow space allotted for the building, the wall reaching close to the side of the pavement and leaving no space for buttresses or porch. Next to it the New Corn Exchange and Fire Brigade Station, erected 1896 (Moore, architect). Nearly opposite is the High School for Boys, publicly opened, Sept. 1881 (Jackson, architect). Turning up New-Inn-Hall-street and passing, on the left, the Liberal Hall, on the right the new Wesley an Chapel (opened 1880) is seen, with its too slender tower and spire (but a very great advance in point of Gothic design over what Nonconformists' Chapels usually exhibit). A little further on (Rt.} is ST. PETER-LE-BArLEY NEW CHURCH, a handsome structure designed by Mr. Champneys. The old church received its name from having been situated in the bailey of the Castle, and stood until 1874 at the south end of this street; but when the road was widened, a new site was obtained, and a new church built from the foundations. Further on (Rt.) are some remains of the building erected by Dr. Cramer as part of NEW INN HALL, and now converted into Hannington Hall. NEW INN HALL was purchased by William of Wykeham in 1369, having been originally known as Trilleck's Inn. In the fifteenth century, after William of Wykeham had founded his College, the Bernardines, a religious order, occupied the Inn, and later on the occupants seem to have devoted themselves to the study of Law, several of the Principals being distinguished in this profession. In 1643 New Inn Hall became the site of the Mint for turning the silver plate, granted by the University, into coin for the use of King Charles. 130 ST. EBBE'S CHURCH AND THE CASTLE. After the restoration it still seems to have retained its position in regard to Law; Sir William Blackstone was Principal, 17611766. The Hall was handed over to Balliol College on the death of the last Principal, Dr. Cornish (1887), and the whole of the property has since been sold. At the junction of New-Inn-Hall-street with Queen-street on the right, originally stood St. Peter-le-Bailey old Church, behind it the Baptist Chapel, now standing. Crossing Queen-street (in which stand, higher up on the left, the Wilberforce Temperance Hotel and the Queen's Restaurant], and proceed- ing along St. Ebbe's-street, the Visitor comes to ST. EBBE'S CHURCH, which was rebuilt at a bad period in 1814 16. The only part of the old church preserved was the doorway, which is late Norman, very rich and good, and this was for a time built up in the vestry. The church was again restored and in a measure rebuilt in 1869 (Street, architect), and the old Norman doorway was removed ; the stonework, however, was preserved, and built into the south wall of the church. Some way further south, and in a very poor district, near to the Gas-works, is HOLY TRINITY CHURCH, a Church erected in 1845, in the Early English Style, but of no pretensions, and with the altar at the south end. It was built by public subscription. On returning to St. Ebbe's Church, and following Church-street, Paradise-street, &c. (the latter taking its name from the Paradise or Cemetery of the Franciscan or Grey Friars' Monastery, which stood here), and passing by the West Gate of the old city, the Visitor comes in sight of the Castle Mill, probably the mill referred to in the Domesday Survey of 1086, and also what remains of THE CASTLE, the tower of which is probably all that he will be able to see but which will amply repay the trouble of the walk, having been built by Robert d'Oili, late in the reign of William the Conqueror. The castle, being used as the county prison, the interior cannot be seen without an order from a magistrate. Within the precincts there is a curious ancient well-room, of the time of Henry II., in the centre of the earthen Mound ; also an ancient crypt of the Chapel of St. George within the Castle, which was disturbed in building the foundations of the gaol ; but the stones of which it was composed were, under the care of the Governor, reconstructed in the place they now occupy, only a few yards from the original site. THE CASTLE. 131 In 1141 this castle was given up by a second Robert d'Oili, then its Governor, to the Empress Maud, who was besieged here by King Stephen three months. She escaped to Walling- ford, attiring herself and her maidens in white, as the story runs, and so passing undiscovered over the snow. Stephen, during that time, occupied Beaumont palace, and the mounds raised by the defenders of the castle, or the besiegers, have been supposed to be still commemorated in the name of Broken Hayes, at the south side of the bottom of George- street, then the precincts of the Castle premises. The Old Tower and the Castle Mill. Crossing the Bridge and along Titmouse-lane, the visitor finds himself in the New-road, which is a continuation of Queen-street. If he has time and has obtained an order to visit the Castle, he must turn to the right, passing the County Police Station, a building in the Norman style, and he will find the entrance to the Castle by the side of the COUNTY COURTS, a modem structure, and in imitation, or rather a caricature, of the Norman style. By the side of the entrance is the Diocesan Registry, &<:. Opposite to this is the Probate Court, an unpretending, but successful, example of the Mediaeval style (by the late Mr. Buckeridge). Otherwise on reaching the New-road, if he turns to the left, he will, just before reaching the railway-station, be able to find 13 ST. THOMAS' AND ST. FRIDESWIDE'S CHURCHES. ST. THOMAS THE MARTYR'S CHURCH, originally founded with the title of St. Nicolas, at the time when the Empress Matilda was besieged in the Castle by King Stephen, to provide for the needs of the people, who were excluded from their parish church of St. George, which was within the fortress. Before the close of the twelfth century, for some reason the church was re-dedicated, and this time to St. Thomas a Becket, who had been martyred in 1170. A small part of the chancel is probably of the early period of 1141, but the greater part has been rebuilt at later periods. The tower is of the fifteenth century. The Buildings on the left hand on the approach to the church are occu- pied by the ST. THOMAS'S SISTERHOOD, with which is connected an or- phanage, and the teaching of a school in Wellington-square. Off on the right (i.e. north) and behind the North Western Railway Station is the site of Rewley Abbey (founded 1289), but only a small portion of a single wall remains. On the other side of the Great Western Railway, and within sight of the station, is one of the three burial-grounds of Oxford, with a CEMETERY CHAPEL and lich-gate : it is on part of the site of Osney Abbey. Beyond the Cemetery Chapel is Osney Mill. There are a few remains here of the fifteenth century, but it must be remembered that the site was occupied by one of the richest and most influential abbeys in the kingdom. Beyond the Great Western Railway-station, on the Botley- road, is ST. FRIDESWIDE'S CHURCH, which was opened for divine service April loth, 1872. It is built in the French Gothic style. The road in this direction is named the Seven Bridge-road, formerly there being seven bridges over the various branches of the upper part of the Thames, here properly called the Isis. THE RAILWAY STATIONS. The North Western Station is the one nearest to Oxford, and on the lower level, surrounded by palings. This runs northwards to Bletchley, which is on the main line from London to Birmingham. Bedford and Cambridge are also readily accessible by this line. The Great Western Railway runs along the embankment, and crosses the road by a flat bridge : Up Side, to London, is that nearest to Oxford ; Down Side, to Birmingham, is on the further side, and can only be ap- proached by passing under the railway. CHRONOLOGICAL LIST OF FOUNDATIONS, &c, IN OXFORD, WITH NOTICES OF SOME FEW HISTORICAL EVENTS. A.D. S. FRIDESWIDE'S NUNNERY, founded by Didan for his daughter F rides wide (Charter in Oseney Register) . . circa 726 OXFORD, first mention of (in the Anglo-Saxon Chronicles), when King Edward took possession, on death of Ealdorman ^Ethelred 912 S. FRIDESWIDE'S CHURCH rebuilt, and Canons restored after the fire, by King ^Ethelred (Charter of S. Frid.) . . . 1004 SUBMISSION of Oxford to the Danish King, Swegen (A.-S. Chron.) 1013 A TREATY at Oxford between English and Danes to acknowledge Edgar's law (ibid.) . . . . . .1018 S. MARTIN'S CHURCH, first mention of (Charter Abingdon Chron.) 1034 A Council [GEMOT] held, at which Harold and Harthacnut are elected Kings to succeed Cnut (ibid.) .... 1036 THE CASTLE erected, i.e. the fortress of Edward enlarged by Robert d'Oili (Annales de Oseneia) .... 1071 S. GEORGE'S COLLEGIATE CHURCH founded there (ibid.) . . 1074 S. MARY MAGDALEN CHURCH granted to the above (Osen. Reg.) c. 1074 DOMESDAY SURVEY of Oxford gives 243 houses paying tax, and 478 so ' waste ' that they cannot pay .... 1086 First mention of Churches of S. MARY THE VIRGIN, S. MICHAEL (at North-gate), S. EBBE, S. PETER (in the East) (Domesday) . ib. S. FRIDESWIDE'S MONASTERY being deserted, restored, and Re- gular Canons introduced under Prior Guimond (W. of Malmesb.) ^.1115 CHARTER OF S. FRIDESWIDE, in which first mention is made of the Churches of ALL SAINTS, S. MILDRED (in S. Michael's parish) S. PETER (in the Bailey), S. ALDATE, S. EDWARD (in All Saints' parish), S. CLEMENT (at east end of Magdalen Bridge), and Chapels of HOLY TRINITY (at East-gate), and S. MICHAEL (at South-gate) . . . . . . c. H22 OSENEY ABBEY, built by Robert d'Oili, nephew of the previous Robert d'Oili, Governor of Oxford (Charters) . . .1129 S.BARTHOLOMEW'S HOSPITAL founded (Hundred Rolls) . c. 1130 [Granted to Oriel College, 1328.] ROBERT PULLEIN lectures in Oxford (A nnales de Osen.) . . 1133 S.GILES' CHURCH, given to Godstow (Charier) . . . 1139 S.THOMAS' CHURCH built (ibid.) . . . . .1141 [Dedicated to S. Nicolas ; re-dedicated c. 1200, to S. Thomas a Becket.] SIEGE of Oxford by King Stephen, and escape of Matilda . . 1142 THE DOMINICAN, or BLACK FRIARS, on first arrival in England, established in S. Edward's parish . . . . c. 122 1 [Removed some few years later to a site in S. Ebbe's parish.] THE FRANCISCAN, or GREY FRIARS, in S. Ebbe's parish . c. 1224 . [The extensive buildings of both destroyed : sites scarcely traceable.] 134 CHRONOLOGICAL LIST OF FOUNDATIONS, &C, A.D. S. JOHN THE BAPTIST'S HOSPITAL (outside the East-gate), founded (or re-founded) by King Henry III. (Matt. Paris and Charters) . 1233 [Site occupied by Magdalen College.] UNIVERSITY COLLEGE, founded with money bequeathed by William of Durham, who died . . . . . 1 249 [First purchase, 1253; Statutes given, 1280, 1292, and 1311.] THE CARMELITES, or WHITE FRIARS, in S. Mary Magdalen parish 1253 [No vestiges remain, and even the site can scarcely be traced.] THE PROVISIONS OF OXFORD, at the Parliament held here . 1258 HOLY CROSS CHURCH, Holywell, first mention of (Charters] c. 1260 BALLIOL COLLEGE, founded by John and Devoirgilla de Balliol c. 1263 [First Statutes given, 1282.] S. JOHN'S CHURCH, first mention (Charter] . . . 1265 THE AUSTIN FRIARS established themselves in Holywell parish ; Charter of Foundation granted ..... 1268 [Site occupied by Wadham College.] MERTON COLLEGE, transferred from Maldon by Walter de Merton 1274 [Originally founded at Maldon, 1264. Statutes given in 1264, revised 1267, 1270, and finally, 1274.] REWLEY ABBEY (Cistercian) founded by Edmund, Earl of Cornwall 1281 [Site occupied by North-Western Railway, &c.] GLOUCESTER HALL (Benedictine), founded by John Giffard . 1283 [Site occupied by Worcester College.] DURHAM COLLEGE (Benedictine), founded by Richard de Hoton . 1290 [Site occupied by Trinity College.] EXETER COLLEGE, founded by Walter de Stapledon, Bishop of Exeter ; first purchase of land . . . . .131$ [Much extended by Bp. Stafford, 1484, and Sir William Petre, 1566.] ORIEL COLLEGE, a licence granted to Adam de Brom, 1324 ; but actual foundation by King Edward II. . . . .1326 [Adam de Brom, the first Provost, gave the Statutes, 1326.] S. MARY HALL, a tenement converted into a Hall by Oriel College 1333 [The parsonage-house of S. Mary's parish, which was granted to Oriel, 1326.) QUEEN'S COLLEGE, founded by Robert de Englefield; first pur- chase of land . . . . . . . . 1340 [Charter and Statutes given the same year.] THE CRUTCHED FRIARS established themselves, c. 1310, in S. Al- date's ; afterwards attempted buildings in S. Peter's-in-the-East 1348 [Ordered to desist, 1352, and after history unknown.] NEW COLLEGE, founded by William of Wykeham, Bishop of Win- chester j first stone laid, 1380, and Warden and Fellows entered 1386 [First Charter dated, 1379; Statutes given, 1400.] LINCOLN COLLEGE, founded by Richard Flemyng, Bishop of Lin- coln ; Licence dated . . . . . . .1427 [The founder dying before his foundation was completed, Bp. Rotherham augmented the foundation, and gave new Statutes, 1479-] S. BERNARD'S COLLEGE (Cistercian), founded by Archbishop Chichele ; Licence granted . . . . .1437 [Site and buildings purchased by the founder of S.John's College, 1552.] CHRONOLOGICAL LIST OF FOUNDATIONS, &C. 135 A. D. ALL SOULS' COLLEGE, founded by Henry Chichele, Archbishop of Canterbury ; date of Charter . . . . . 1438 [First purchase of land, 1437 ; Second Charter, 1442 ; Statutes, 1443.] BODLEIAN LIBRARY, Duke Humphrey's Library bequeathed , 1447 [The building erected for this Library and other books completed, 1480.] MAGDALEN COLLEGE, founded by William of Waynflete, Bishop of Winchester ; date of Charter ..... 1458 [Licence granted, 1457 ; first stone laid, 1474 ; first Statutes given, 1479.] MARGARET PROFESSORSHIP OF DIVINITY, founded by Margaret, Countess of Richmond ...... 1502 BRASENOSE COLLEGE, founded by William Smyth, Bishop of Lin- coln, and Richard Sutton ; Charter dated . . .1512 [Purchase of land commenced, 1508 ; Foundation-stone laid, 1509.] CORPUS CHRISTI COLLEGE, founded by Richard Fox, Bishop of Winchester; Charter of foundation dated . . . 1516 [Purchases made and Licence granted, 1516; Statutes given, 1517.] CHRIST CHURCH, founded by Cardinal Wolsey ; first Charter of foundation ........ 152^ [S. Frideswide's Priory suppressed, 1524 ; CARDINAL COLLEGE founded and first Charter of Foundation, 1525 ; re-founded as " KING HENRY VlllTH COLLEGE," 1532, and finally as "THE CATHEDRAL CHURCH OK CHRIST in Oxon," in 1546, on the removal of the Bishop's See hither.] FIRST BISHOP OF OXFORD, Robert King, consecrated . . 1542 [The Cathedral Church first at Oseney, 1542; removed to Christ Church, 1546.] REGIUS PROFESSORSHIPS of Divinity, Civil Law, Medicine, Hebrew, and Greek, finally confirmed by Henry VIII. . . 1546 S. ALBAN'S HALL, conveyed by purchase to Merton College . 1549 [The tenement in 1230 given to the Nuns of Littlemore, leased, then purchased by, and finally incorporated with, Merton College.] TRINITY COLLEGE, founded by Sir Thomas Pope; Licence dated 1555 [Durham College purchased by the Founder, 1555 ; Statutes given, 1556.] S. JOHN'S COLLEGE, founded by Sir T. White ; Licence dated . it>. [Bernard College purchased by the Founder, 1555 ; Statutes given, 1557.] S. EDMUND HALL, purchased by Dr. Denys, and presented to Queen's College ....... 1557 [Earliest mention of the Hall, 1260 ; presented in 1269 to Oseney Abbey.] JESUS COLLEGE, on petition of Dr. Hugh Price, founded by Queen Elizabeth; Charter dated . . . . . .1571 [Augmented and new Charter obtained, 1622.] MAGDALEN HALL, originally attached (1487) by Bishop Waynflete to Magdalen College; became an independent Hall . . 1602 [In 1816 site ot the old Hall acquired by Magdalen College, and Hall re- moved to HERTFORD COLLEGE; in 1874 Magdalen Hall dissolved, and HERTFORD COLLEGE restored.] BODLEIAN LIBRARY, formally opened by Thomas Bodley . . ib. L-Duke Humphrey's Library had been almost dispersed, and building in ruins, j WADHAM COLLEGE, founded by Nicolas and his widow Dorothy Wadham; Licence dated . . . . . . l6ijD LCnarter and Foundation Statutes given, 1612; Warden appointed, 1613.] 136 CHRONOLOGICAL LIST OF FOUNDATIONS, &C. A.D. PEMBROKE COLLEGE, founded by Thomas Tesdale and Richard 'Wightwick; Letters Patent ..... 1624 [Thomas Tesdale left ^5,000 by his will, dated 1610 ; Statutes given, 1627.] RADCLIFFE LIBRARY, OBSERVATORY, &c. , by bequests of Dr. John Radcliffe, who died . . . . . .1714 WORCESTER COLLEGE, founded by Sir Thomas Cookes ; Letters 'Patent dated ....... ib'. [Sir Thomas Cookes, dying 1701, left by will ^10,000, which accumulated, and was expended in purchasing S. John Baptist's Hall in 1714.] [OLD] HERTFORD COLLEGE ; at the instance of Dr. Newton, Hart Hall converted into Hertford College ; Charter dated . . 1740: [Hart Hall had been established as a Hall by Bp. Stapledon, 1314 ; Sta- tutes given by Dr. Newton, 1739; College dissolved, 1805.] TAYLOR INSTITUTION, by bequest of Sir Robert Taylor, who died 1788 UNIVERSITY GALLERLES, partly from bequest of Dr. Randolph, who died . . . . . . . . 1796 [The above two bequests were practically not available till 1845, when ; the Taylor Buildings, &c., were commenced.] OXFORD UNION SOCIETY established .... 1823! OXFORD ASHMOLEAN SOCIETY instituted . . . .= 1828 NEW INN HALL, restored to academical purposes by Dr. Cramer . 1831 [Trilleck's Inn, purchased by Wykeham in 1369 ; used as a Mint, 1642-6 ; sold and a large part destroyed, 1897.] OXFORD ARCHITECTURAL SOCIETY, First meeting . 1839 THE NEW UNIVERSITY MUSEUM, opened . . . 1860 CONVENT OF THE HOLY TRINITY, founded . . . 1868 UNATTACHED Students re-established . . . ib. KEBLE COLLEGE, founded as a Memorial to Rev. John Keble ; in- corporated by Royal Charter, and formally opened . . 1870 [Rev. John Keble died, 1866 ; Foundation-stone laid. 1868.] [NEW] HERTFORD COLLEGE. Magdalen Hall being dissolved, the Principal and Scholars incorporated as a College . . 1874 WYCLIFFE HALL, opened ..... 18781 SOMERVILLE HALL, opened . . . . i88r LADY MARGARET HALL, opened . . . . . ib. PUSEY HOUSE, opened . .- . . . 1884 [Founded in memory of Dr. Pusey, who died 1882.] INDIAN INSTITUTE, opened (enlarged 1887) . . . ib, MANSFIELD COLLEGE, opened ..... 1889 MANCHESTER NEW COLLEGE, opened . . . . 1893 CHRONOLOGICAL LIST OF THE CHIEF EXISTING BUILDINGS IN OXFORD. A.D. THE CASTLE TOWER ..... circa 1070 [N.B. Castle Mound, probably original fortification of 912.] S. GEORGE-IN-THE-CASTLE, Crypt [but re-erected], possibly . 1074 S. MICHAEL'S CHURCH, Tower .... c. 1074 S. PETER'S-IN-THE-EAST, Site and Plan of Crypt, possibly . 1074 S. GILES'S CHURCH, Lower part of Tower, and of Chancel-wall . 1120 S. THOMAS'S CHURCH, Portion of Chancel . . .1141 IFFLEY CHURCH (near Oxford) ..... 1160 HOLYWELL CHURCH, Chancel-arch .... ib. S. PETER'S CHURCH (Qy. Masonry of Crypt), Chancel, South Wall, and Doorway of Nave . . . . . c. 1 1 70 S. EBBE'S CHURCH, old Norman Doorway .... ib. S. ALDATE'S CHURCH, Remains of Arcade . . c. 1176 CHRIST CHURCH Cathedral, Nave, Transept, and Choir . 1120 80 S. GILES'S CHURCH, North Aisle .... c. 1220 ,, ,, East End of South Aisle . . ^.1260 CHRIST CHURCH, Chapter-house ..... 1220 S. PETER'S CHURCH, Arches and North Aisle . . c. 1260 S. MICHAEL'S CHURCH, Chancel and part of South Aisle . . ib. MERTON COLLEGE, Chief Buildings . . . 1278 90 [Choir commenced, c. 1278 ; Hall, Treasury, c., c. 1285.] S. MARY'S CHURCH, Tower and Spire . . . ^.1300 MERTON COLLEGE, The Vestry ... . . 1310 n S. MARY MAGDALEN CHURCH, South Aisle . . . 1326 S. MARY'S CHURCH, Old Congregation-house . . . 1327 S. ALDATE'S CHURCH, South Aisle .... 1336 S. MICHAEL'S CHURCH, Nave and North Aisle . . c. 1342 S. PETER'S CHURCH, Windows of North Aisle and West Tower c. 1350 S. MARTIN'S CHURCH, Tower . . . . . . ib. CHRIST CHURCH, Latin-chapel . ... c. 1354 MERTON COLLEGE, Bishop Rede's Library . . . 1376 NEW COLLEGE, Buildings completed .... 1386 . [Foundation-stone laid, 1380. Belonging to these dates are Chapel, Hall, Kitchen, Muniment Tower-and main structure of large Quadrangle.] NEW COLLEGE, Cloisters and Bell-tower completed and consecrated 1400 MERTON COLLEGE, Chapel, Transepts, and lower half of Tower completed ....... 1424 LINCOLN COLLEGE, Hall and Library and North Quadrangle 143638 S. JOHN'S COLLEGE, Gateway-tower, and portion of West Front 1437 [This belonged to Abp. Chichele's Foundation.] ALL SOULS' COLLEGE, South Quadrangle, c., Foundation . 1438 . ,, ,, Chapel consecrated . . . . 1442 MERTON COLLEGE, Upper half of Tower completed . . 1450 S. ALDATE'S CHURCH, North Aisle . . . . 1455 BALLIOL COLLEGE, Library and portion of Quadrangle . 1431 60 i> THOMAS' CHURCH,. Tower, and part of Chancel . . c. 1470 138 CHRONOLOGICAL LIST OF EXISTING BUILDINGS. A.D. HOLYWELL CHURCH, Upper part of Tower . . . 1474 DIVINITY SCHOOL, and the part of Bodleian Library above 1445 8 MAGDALEN COLLEGE, Buildings .... 147480 [Chapel consecrated, 1480: South Cloister added, 1490.] WORCESTER COLLEGE, Remains of Gloucester Hall, &c. . c. 1480 S. MARY'S CHURCH, Chancel ..... 1486 OSNEY MILL, Gateway, portion of [re-erected] . .