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 BOARD OF EDUCATION 
 
 ILLUSTRATED CATALOGUE 
 
 OF THE COLLECTIONS IN 
 
 THE SCIENCE MUSEUM 
 
 SOUTH KENSINGTON 
 
 WITH DESCRIPTIVE AND HISTORICAL NOTES 
 
 MACHINE TOOLS 
 
 1920 
 
 PUBLISHED BY HIS MAJESTY'S STATIONERY 
 
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 THE SCIENCE MUSEUM, SOUTH KENSINGTON. 
 
 \TALQGUE OF THE MECHANICAL ENGINEERING COLLECTION, PART L 
 
 Refers to Steam Engines and other Motors; Locomotives and 
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 SUPPLEMENT contains twelve plates, being the Illustrations to the above 
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 \TALOGUE OF THE NAVAL AND MARINE ENGINEERING COLLECTION . 
 
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 Propellers ; Steering Arrangements : 
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 ^;ht models, and gives a short resume 
 I ion. 
 
 \\; <.-iidix, Lit-t of Donors paid Contributors, and Index. 
 
 Si ing twelve Plates, illustrates some of the Models- 
 
 - il in tht Catalogue. (1911). 
 
 Pri( -merit) 15. (W.. post free Is. lid. 
 
 TALOGUE OI . i -ART EXHIBITION. 1919. 
 
 Price Is. 
 
 ANCIENT MfD MODERN SHIPS. 
 
 PART I. VV< SHIPS. Introduction: Ancient Ships 
 
 t he Mediterranean and Red Seas : Ancient Ships in the Seas of 
 
 Northern Europe; Mrdiaival Ships; Modern Wooden Sailing Ships. 
 
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 With Illustration d Index. (Reprinted 1910.) 
 Price Is. 6^. ost free Ls. 9rf. 
 
BOARD OF EDUCATION 
 
 ILLUSTRATED CATALOGUE 
 OF THE COLLECTIONS IN 
 
 THE A SCIENCE MUSEUM 
 
 SOUTH KENSINGTON 
 
 WITH DESCRIPTIVE AND HISTORICAL NOTES 
 
 MACHINE TOOLS 
 
 I * 
 
 1920 
 PUBLISHED BY HIS MAJESTY'S STATIONERY OFFICE, LONDON 
 
 TO BE PURCHASED THROUGH ANY BOOKSELLER OR DIRECTLY FROM H.M. 
 STATIONERY OFFICE AT THE FOLLOWING ADDRESSES: IMPERIAL HOUSE. 
 KINGSWAY, LONDON, W.C 2, AND 28 ABINGDON STREET, LONDON, S.W. 1 : 
 37 PETER STREET, MANCHESTER; 1 ST.I ANDREW'S CRESCENT, CARDIFF: 23 FORTH 
 STREET, EDINBURGH; OR FROM E. PONSONBY, LTD..J 116 GRAFPON STREET, DUBLIN 
 
 PRICE is. NET. 
 
PREFACE. 
 
 The Science Museum, with its Collections and Library, aims at 
 affording illustration and exposition in the fields of mathematical, 
 physical, and chemical science, as well as their applications to 
 astronomy, geophysics, engineering, and to the arts and industries 
 generally. To that end the Museum includes objects which are of 
 historical interest as marking important stages in development and 
 others which are typical of the applications of science to current 
 practice. 
 
 A Museum of Science was contemplated as an integral part of 
 the Science and Art Department from its beginning in 1853, and in 
 1857 collections illustrating foods, animal products, examples of 
 structures and building materials, and educational apparatus, were 
 brought together and placed on exhibition. 
 
 The first of the Engineering Collections, that of Marine Construc- 
 tion, was formed in 1864, when the Royal School of Naval Archi- 
 tecture was established at South Kensington, and the ship models 
 belonging to the Admiralty were transferred to the Museum from 
 Somerset House where they had been previously. This collection 
 of ships of war was of great historical interest, and with the assistance 
 of private donors and by purchase it was rapidly increased by the 
 addition of many models of mercantile ships as well as of later ships 
 of war, with the result that when the Admiralty removed their models 
 to the Royal Naval College, Greenwich, in 1873, an important 
 collection still remained at South Kensington. 
 
 Engineering and Manufactures were first included in 1867, from 
 which time the development of this portion of the Museum advanced 
 steadily; but the transfer of the Museum of the Patent Office to 
 the Department of Science and Art in 1883 added to the collection 
 many machines of the highest interest in the history of invention 
 and-made.it &ne 9f* prime importance. 
 
 "'The coUecJiphs; oj scientific instruments and apparatus were first 
 fermed in,. 1874," but, it was only after 1876 that they became of 
 :impQ*r^aaice.::Tlie,* Special Loan Collection of Scientific Apparatus 
 which was helcl'in that year in London brought together examples 
 of all kinds from various countries, and a large number of these were 
 acquired for the Museum. 
 
 In 1893, many Mining and Metallurgical objects, the collection 
 of many years, were transferred to South Kensington from the 
 Museum of Practical Geology in Jermyn Street, and these have 
 subsequently been largely added to. 
 
 Mention should be made too of certain special Collections. The 
 Watt Collection was presented to the Patent Museum in 1876 and 
 contains original models made by James Watt; the Maudslay 
 Collection consisting of models of marine engines and machine tools 
 was purchased in 1900; and in 1903 a valuable collection of engine 
 models, portraits, &c. was bequeathed by Bennet Woodcroft. 
 
 The Museum Collections are being continually added to by gifts 
 and loans, and also by the purchase of such examples as are required 
 to illustrate the application of science and the development of various 
 types of instruments, machinery, &c. 
 
NOTES. A large number of objects in the Collections have been 
 photographed. Selected prints from the negatives may be seen in 
 guard books at the entrance stiles. Particulars of available prints 
 and lantern slides may be obtained by personal application at the 
 entrances or by letter addressed " The Secretary, The Science Museum, 
 South Kensington, S.W.7." 
 
 A compressed air service furnishes the power for driving such 
 of the machines as are shown in motion, and the service is available 
 daily from n a.m. (Sundays, 2.30 p.m.) till closing time. Where 
 practicable, these objects are fitted with self-closing air valves, by 
 means of which Visitors may start them at will. Other objects are 
 arranged so that Visitors may work them ,by other means, and there 
 are a few that can be shown in motion only by an Attendant. 
 
 444 J 60 
 
 (88)11899 Wt 12721 1481B/975 3000 11/20 B ft S A 2 
 
CONTENTS. 
 
 (The objects in the various sections are arranged chronologically.) 
 
 Metal-working Machines PAGE 
 
 Steam and other Power Hammers 
 
 Forging Presses - J 3 
 
 Rolling Mills - - M 
 Welding Machines 
 Punching and Shearing Machines 
 
 Lathes and Accessories 2 r 
 
 Drilling and Boring Machines - 
 Planing and Shaping Machines 
 Milling Machines 
 
 Grinding Machines - 44 
 
 Engraving Machines - - 4 6 
 
 Screwing Machines and Appliances - 5 
 
 Miscellaneous - - 5 1 
 
 Wood-working Machines 
 
 Timber-bending Machine - 53 
 
 Circular Saws - - 54 
 
 Reciprocating Saws - "54 
 
 Band Saws - - 55 
 
 Planing and Moulding Machines - 5 6 
 
 Mortising Machines - - 57 
 Lathes - 57 
 
 Miscellaneous - 5 8 
 
 List of Donors and Contributors - - 59 
 
 Index - 6o 
 
 Illustrations, Plates I. to III. 
 
 LIST OF PLATES. 
 
 PLATE I. 
 
 No. i. Pile Driver. 
 
 2. Nasmyth's Steam Hammer. 
 
 3. Forging Machine. 
 
 No. 4. Forging Press. 
 ,, 5. Mannesmann Tube Mill. 
 
 6. Electric Welding Machinie. 
 
 PLATE II. 
 
 No. i. Punching and Shearing Mac- 
 hine. 
 
 2. Pole Lathe. 
 
 3. Ornamental Lathe. 
 
 4. Rose Engine. 
 
 No. 5. Maudslay's Original Screw-cut- 
 ting Lathe. 
 
 6. Roberts's Slide Lathe. 
 
 7. Holtzapffel Lathe. 
 
 8. Watchmakers' Lathes. 
 
 PLATE III. 
 
 No. i . Roberts's Planing Machine. 
 ,, 2. Shaping Machine. 
 3. Drilling Machine. 
 
 4- 
 
 Wheel-cutting Machine. 
 
 No. 5. Log Saw. 
 6. Electric Grinder. 
 ,, 7. Circular Saw. 
 8. Copying Lathe. 
 
ILLUSTRATED CATALOGUE 
 
 OF THE 
 
 COLLECTIONS 
 
 IN THE 
 
 SCIENCE MUSEUM, 
 
 SOUTH KENSINGTON. 
 
 MACHINE TOOLS. 
 
 Numerical references in the text refer not to the page but to the serial 
 numbers placed at the beginning of each catalogue title. When an 
 object is illustrated the reference to the plate of illustrations is given 
 immediately after the title. The number at the termination of each 
 description is that under which the object is registered in the Museum. 
 If the object has been photographed, the Inventory number is followed by 
 the negative number, and where a lantern slide exists, the letters L.S. 
 are added. 
 
 In this section have been collected the various machines and 
 appliances employed in working metal or wood into the innumerable 
 forms required in constructive work. Such appliances frequently 
 bear some resemblance to the earlier hand tools, but though simpler 
 to work are invariably more complicated, the greater perfection in 
 the machine tool taking the place of the skill and close attention 
 otherwise required of the workman. Even with hand tools it will 
 generally be observed that the more simple the tool the greater the 
 skill required to obtain expeditiously a good result with it. 
 
 There are two distinct features in machine tools that have each 
 promoted the rapid development and extension which took place 
 during the igth century : the first is, that they do their work almost 
 entirely by the forces of nature without animal labour, and so are 
 practically without any limits of size or of physical endurance ; steam 
 hammers, metal-rolling or shearing machinery, and large cylinder 
 boring machines are examples of this unlimited power and endurance. 
 The second feature is, the speed and accuracy with which they attain 
 any desired result, and this is due to the copying principle now to be 
 found in all finishing tools. 
 
 Metal-working machine tools perform the desired alteration in 
 the shape of the material either by forcing it to flow into the 
 required form, as in forging, rolling, and stamping, or the result is 
 obtained by cut trig from a larger mass those portions that are not 
 
6 
 
 required, in most work the first stage in the manufacture is accom- 
 plished by flowing and the final stage by cutting. 
 
 Casting arrangements have been included under Metallurgical 
 Furnaces and Appliances, so that the remaining tools that perform 
 their work by causing the material to flow into the required form 
 are represented by hammers, rolls, and presses. As these tools are 
 nearly always driven by steam power, there is hardly any limit to the 
 size of the work that they can be constructed to accomplish. When 
 the " Great Eastern " steamship was proposed, however, the difficulty 
 of forging her paddle shaft was felt to be serious until Nasmyth solved 
 it by his steam hammer; the earlier " Great Britain " only avoided 
 this trouble by using a propeller shaft built up of boiler plates with 
 riveted joints. 
 
 In hammering tools, the copying principle is hardly applied, but 
 in rolling and stamping the great saving in labour and time that it 
 effects is fully seen. Cold stamping, from sheet metal into -dies, is 
 an extension of the method that is continually increasing in importance 
 and applicability. 
 
 In machine tools that have a cutting action, such as lathes, 
 planing, slotting and milling machines, the full application of the 
 copying principle is found. The earlier lathes could turn circular 
 work, but to produce a parallel cylinder depended entirely upon the 
 skill of the turner; by such tools the most expert man could hardly 
 prepare a parallel shaft, and in the earlier engines it will be found that 
 considerable ingenuity has been exercised in avoiding difficulties that 
 only arose through the absence of true machine tools. The foundation 
 of the modern finishing tools is the slide-rest, by which the cutting 
 tool is supported and directed mechanically, instead of by the unaided 
 human hand. The greater command so obtained over the tool is 
 of importance, as also is the means it affords for feeding the tool 
 automatically, but the most valuable feature of the invention is 
 that the care and labour originally spent in preparing the slides or 
 guides is saved on every piece of work turned out by its aid, owing 
 to the true lines contained in the rest being continuously copied on 
 the work. Henry Maudslay fitted to the slide-rest a standard screw, 
 through which, by change wheels, modified copies of this screw could 
 at once be prepared on any work in the lathe. The introduction of 
 the slide-rest was followed by the construction of self-acting tools 
 in which the feeding of the tool into or along the work was performed 
 entirely by the machine, so that, when once adjusted, the attention 
 required from the workman was immensely reduced, while the speed 
 and uniformity of the work turned out was greatly augmented. 
 Further progress in this direction was made by the introduction of 
 the turret lathe, and this has been followed by the development of 
 the entirely automatic lathe, which produces, in large quantities, 
 articles such as bolts and screws from the solid bar. 
 
 For the production of accurate machine tools the use of true 
 planes is absolutely necessary; it was in 1840 that Sir Joseph 
 Whitworth published his method of preparing such surfaces and for 
 many years subsequently developed the subject, particularly as 
 regards their application to machine tool production. A tool guided 
 by two planes inclined together describes a straight line, and in all 
 Our lathes, boring mills, planing, slotting, drilling, and shaping 
 machines, such lines and planes are simply being copied on to the 
 work in progress. With true planes, an accurately divided circle, and 
 a correct screw of any pitch, perfect machines for rapidly finishing 
 
every description of mechanical work can, by the application of the 
 copying principle, be constructed. 
 
 Drills and lathes are machine tools of great antiquity, but they 
 remained very small and imperfect appliances until the introduction 
 of the steam engine at the close of the i8th century. Then Messrs. 
 Boulton & Watt, with their assistants, commenced the construction 
 of large and heavy tools for engine-building, and from that time the 
 growth of machine tools has been continuous. Planing machines 
 (see Nos. 88-93) are a much later .development, and were followed 
 by the shaping and slotting machines. Milling machines, in which a 
 large number of cutting edges are continuously at work, like the teeth 
 of a circular saw, are not of modern invention, although it is only 
 during recent years that this type of machine has come into such 
 extensive use. The great advantages of such machines are that, 
 owing to the brief interval during which each edge is continuously 
 cutting, the speed can be high without undue heating, and that very 
 irregular shapes can be machined by their aid. The difficulty in 
 sharpening such cutters has also been removed by the introduction 
 of special tools for this work. Grindstones and emery wheels in 
 their action are milling appliances, which, although slow cutters, 
 have the great advantages of being able to act on hardened work 
 and of being self-sharpening. 
 
 In addition to the abstract copying that takes place in all machine 
 tools the copying principle has been greatly extended by the intro- 
 duction of machines in which an irregular pattern or template is 
 used to control the action of the cutters (see Nos. 42-44, 129 and 
 144-5). 
 
 Wood-working Machines. These tools are almost entirely of the 
 cutting class, and closely resemble the corresponding machines for 
 metal work; owing, however, to the small resistance of the material 
 to severance the work done by the cutting edges is so light that the 
 heat generated does not, as in the case of iron-working, impose a 
 limit of speed on the cutter. Smooth cutting at a slow speed is, 
 however, difficult, and appears to be only possible in all directions 
 when the cutting edge is much guarded, as in a carpenter's plane or 
 spokeshave, in which tools the guard is supporting the fibres. At a 
 high speed such guarding is not required, probably because the cutting 
 speed exceeds the splitting velocity. Owing to the soft and varying 
 nature of the material, wood-working does not require the same 
 degree of accuracy in its details as in the case of metal work, but in 
 the machine tools employed no inferiority is admissible, the high 
 speeds rendering the finest workmanship necessary. Circular saws 
 are the most expeditious of wood-cutting machines, but on account 
 of the amount of material that they waste in sawdust are not suited 
 for many purposes. For cutting up logs the frame saw, holding 
 many thin blades and reciprocated vertically by a crank motion, is 
 generally used, but the higher speeds possible with continuously 
 running saws have led to band saws being employed also on this work. 
 
 Wood-planing machines usually finish the four surfaces of a 
 board in one pass, the two sides and the top by cutters or blades 
 revolving at a high speed, while the lower face may be dressed in the 
 same way and finished by a fixed blade or plane-iron secured in the 
 table of the machine. 
 
 Copying lathes for turning non-circular forms in wood usually do 
 their cutting by high-speed revolving cutters while the work only 
 
8 
 
 slowly revolves, but in the small example in the collection (No. 144), 
 which is of French manufacture, a single fixed cutting tool is used. 
 For cheaply producing balusters of a square section, the method 
 now employed is to fix a great number of them between two face 
 plates so as to form a cage the large diameter of which leaves no 
 appreciable curvature on the small faces of the individual bars ; the 
 whole set is then finished in four settings. 
 
 METAL-WORKING MACHINES." 
 STEAM AND OTHER POWER HAMMERS. 
 
 1. MODEL OF VAULOUE'S PILE-DRIVER. (Scale i : 24.) 
 Woodcroft Bequest, 1903. 
 
 This early form of pile-driver was used in constructing old' Westminster 
 Bridge in 1739. The falling weight or " monkey " weighed 16 cwt. and had 
 a fall of 20 ft. ; the work was done by two or three horses, at the rate of from 
 100 to 150 blows per hour with an average fall of about 9 ft. An adjacent 
 engraving shows the machine in operation. 
 
 The model, made by James Ferguson, F.R.S., represents, however, a machine 
 that, owing to the limited floor space available, was driven by men turning 
 a capstan instead of by horses. At the top of the capstan is a large spur wheel 
 gearing with a pinion that is on the shaft of a heavy crossed frame which acted 
 as a flywheel, so that when the work was thrown off by the release of the 
 monkey the inertia of this flywheel gave a temporary resistance that prevented 
 the men or animals from falling. Above the spur wheel is a winding drum 
 that contains the rope connected with the monkey, and above this drum is 
 a small fusee drum that winds in a rope attached to an independent weight 
 working in a guide tube. When the monkey rope was to run down, the driving 
 peg that connects the drums with the spur wheel was forced upwards, so 
 releasing them, and under the pull of the small weight they ran back, so assisting 
 the unwinding of the monkey rope. 
 
 The monkey works in vertical guides and is in two portions, the lower piece 
 being a free- falling weight, while the upper portion pulls the rope down again 
 after the fall ; but the two portions can be used together when only a short fall 
 is being given. At the top of the guides is a conica 1 recess into which two levers 
 at the top of the monkey enter, thereby bejng closed together, this causing them 
 to release the lower portion of the monkey. The upper portion, however, in 
 continuing its motion strikes a lever connected by a chain to the disengaging 
 pin of the drum, which is thereby released so that the upper portion of the monkey 
 runs down ready for the next blow; an independent lever prevents the driving 
 pin engaging before the upper portion of the monkey has got home. It is 
 probable that the machine generally worked on the shorter stroke without 
 dividing the monkey. M. 1784. 20,698, L.S. 
 
 2. MODEL OF PILE-DRIVER (working). (Scale i : 6.) 
 Made by Messrs. Sissons & White. Received 1893. 
 
 This represents a steam pile-driving machine patented by Mr. W. Sissons 
 in 1862. It has a timber platform 8 ft. square, carried on four castor wheels 
 running on the temporary metals. On this platform is a similar one capable 
 of turning" on a centre attached to the lower one ; this swivelling platform or 
 turntable carries the boiler and machinery, as well as the guides and framing, 
 but these guides are not adjustable except for batter. The monkey is lifted 
 by a travelling pitch chain, into which a bolt is forced by an eccentric attached 
 to the tripping gear within the monkey. The winch and sprocket wheel are 
 driven by a vertical steam engine, through double purchase gear with one 
 fractional connection, but the chain barrel is a single one and chiefly used for 
 lifting the piles into position. An overhanging sheave on the crank-shaft 
 provides for additional hauling, for use in moving or rotating the machine. 
 The model also shows some piles with their shoes fitted and the driving hoop 
 at the top to prevent splitting. 
 
 The machine is about 40 ft. high, and will pitch a pile 34 ft. long on the 
 rail level. The monkey weighs about i ton, and the complete machine 7 tons. 
 The monkey usually has a fall of 6 ft., and delivers 12 blows per minute The 
 coal consumed is about 4 cwt. in 10 hours. M. 2546- 19,956 L.S. 
 
3. MODEL OF PILE-DRIVER (working). (Scale i : 6.) Made 
 by Messrs. Sissons & White. Received 1893. Plate I., No. i. 
 
 This represents a steam pile-driving machine, similar to No. 2, but having 
 a greater range. It contains improvements patented by Messrs. W. Sissons 
 and P. P. White in 1872. The mounting shows the general arrangement of 
 an engineering work in which a dam has been formed by sheet piling, and the 
 foundations are being prepared by sinking other piles. 
 
 The machine consists of a trussed lower carriage travelling on temporary 
 rails, and carrying above a pair of rails at right angles to the lower ones. On the 
 upper rails is a square platform, which carries the framing of the machine together 
 with the steam boiler and winding gear. The front of the framing has timber 
 guides, in which is secured the long vertical guides that control and direct the 
 failing weight, or monkey. At the front the timber framing is carried on hinges, 
 and the back legs are adjustable by screws, so that the face of the guides can 
 be set to any desired batter. By making the guides independent of the framing 
 of the machine, the former can be lowered much below the rail level, so that 
 foundation piles can be driven right home, as shown in the model between the 
 two rows of sheet piling. The base of the frame is square and its carrying wheels 
 are castors, so that the machine will travel equally well when turned through 90. 
 The monkey is lifted by a continuously running endless pitch chain, passing 
 round a sprocket wheel on the winch barrel. This chain goes over a pulley 
 at the top of the guides, and round a similar pulley at the bottom, thence over 
 a guide wheel back to the winch. Through the monkey passes a bolt, which, 
 by a pinion and external lever can be forced between the links of the pitch 
 chain, so connecting the weight to the moving chain. When the desired height 
 of drop has been reached, the bolt is withdrawn by a stop fixed to the gui Irs, 
 or it may be released by a hand rope, so allowing the monkey to fall. It is 
 again raised by a pull at the hand rope, this causing the bolt to engage with the 
 lifting chain. The long sliding guides, when raised to the correct position by 
 the winch, are supported by the side chains at the front of the framing. 
 
 The boiler is of the vertical type, and supplies steam to a vertical double- 
 acting engine. On the crank-shaft is a small smooth pulley which by friction 
 drives a larger pulley on the intermediate shaft. One bearing of this shaft 
 is carried in slides, so that by a hand lever the desired closing pressure can be 
 obtained, or the friction wheel may be forced in the opposite direction against 
 the stationary brake-block when engaged in lowering. The intermediate shaft, 
 by a pinion, drives a' large spur wheel keyed to the long barrel shaft, on which 
 are two drums and the sprocket wheel for the chain, and these can be thrown 
 in or out of gear by claw couplings. The two winding drums are of use in lifting 
 the long guides, and also when getting the pile into position for sinking. On the 
 platform is also a feed tank, from which the boiler is supplied by a pump driven 
 from the crank shaft. . M. 2545. 19,957, L.S. 
 
 4. MODEL OF HELVE OR TILT HAMMER (working). 
 (Scale i : 12.) Received 1842. 
 
 This represents a tilt hammer intended for use as a mining stamp, but with 
 an alteration to the handle top it resembles a type of hammer formerly used 
 for tilting steel bars. 
 
 In the arrangement shown, an extension of the hammer shaft is lifted by 
 a rotating four-arm cam. To increase the energy of the blow a spring beam 
 is added ; this also, by giving additional downward velocity, renders it possible 
 for the hammer to strike at a higher speed than if it fell by gravity alone. 
 
 M. 2694. 
 
 5. MODEL OF FORGING MACHINE. (Scale i : 4.) Contri- 
 buted by W. Ryder, Esq., 1857. Pla te L, No. 3. 
 
 This is a machine patented by Mr. W. Ryder in 1841 for forging bars of iron 
 and steel while red-hot. 
 
 A number of dies or swages of any desired form are fixed in the machine 
 in pairs, the lower dies being fixed in the framing, with screw adjustments, 
 while the upper ones are moved very rapidly up and down by means of 
 eccentrics on the upper shaft, which is driven at about 600 revs, per min. The 
 pairs of dies are generally arranged in a series of varying diameters. One of 
 the lower dies is moved up and down in concert with the upper die, by means of 
 a cam on a short shaft below ; these two tools form cutting dies or shears. Such 
 machines forge suitable objects with great rapidity and of almost standard 
 dimensions; some examples of such forgings are shown. Inv. 1857-4. 19,746, L.S. 
 
10 
 
 "6. MODEL OF SHAW'S POWER HAMMER. Received 1919. 
 
 This is a demonstration model of a power hammer of the type in which a 
 flexible connection is used between the tup and the dri , ing gear. It was 
 .invented by Thomas Shaw, of Philadelphia, in 1866. Although largely adopted 
 in America, it was not much used in this country. 
 
 The hammer is driven from an overhead crank by an adjustable telescopic 
 connecting rod, which is connected at its lower end to the middle of a wide bow 
 spring. The arms of the spring are joined by links and a strap which passes 
 through the head of the hammer block. The latter works in a vertical guide 
 immediately over the anvil block, which is held in a Vee groove in the main 
 casting by means of a screw-operated wedge. Inv. 1919-351. S.M. 1225, L.S. 
 
 7. MODEL OF STEAM HAMMER (working). (Scale 1:4.) 
 -Presented by James Nasmyth, Esq., 1857. Plate I., No. 2. 
 
 This is a model of the original steam hammer invented by James Nasmyth 
 about 1839 and patented in 1842. It consists of a base plate with a large 
 central opening through which projects the top of the anvil, so that a blow 
 on the anvil is not transmitted to the base plate. On the plate are secured 
 two standards which form guides for the hammer-head or tup, and also 
 support an overhead cylinder, the piston of which is connected with the tup 
 by a piston rod passing through the bottom of the cylinder. Steam is 
 admitted to this cylinder by a stop valve in the form of a slide, and then 
 by a slide valve on the front of the cylinder, which by a hand lever can be 
 moved so as to let steam in below the piston and so raise the heavy tup. 
 When it is lifted to a height proportionate to the energy of the blow required, 
 the steam is by the slide valve permitted to escape and the hammer falls upon 
 'the forging placed on the anvil. The cylinder is therefore only single- 
 acting, but the top is closed, and a ring of holes communicating with the 
 exhaust pipe is provided at a little distance down inside. In this way an 
 air cushion is formed which helps to start the piston downwards when a long 
 stroke is being taken, and also the steam below the piston is permitted to 
 escape when the tup has been lifted as high as it can safely go. Soon after its 
 invention the steam hammer was greatly increased in power by accelerating 
 the fall of the tup by admitting steam above the piston in the downstroke and 
 so changing it into the usual double-acting steam hammer. 
 
 The valve gear for regulating the number and strength of the blows is 
 also arranged for working automatically. The slide valve of the hammer is 
 connected with a small overhead steam cylinder, which always acts in such 
 a way as to let steam below the hammer piston and so keep the tup up, but 
 a tappet on the tup, when a certain height has been reached, strikes a lever 
 which reverses the slide valve and so lets the hammer fall. This reversing 
 lever is carried on an adjustable fulcrum so that the reversal can take place 
 at any desired lift of the tup. After reversal a catch retains the valve in 
 this position, but when the blow is struck a swinging arm on the face of the 
 tup by its momentu,m strikes an arrangement of levers by which this catch 
 is released, and the valve allowed to return to the position required for 
 commencing the next lift of the hammer. In this way the whole energy of 
 (he fall is utilised before the steam is permitted to act again on the upward 
 stroke, irrespective of the thickness of the forging under treatment. 
 
 A copy of the original sketch by James Nasmyth of his first conceptions 
 of the steam hammer is also exhibited, together with a small oil painting by 
 him which shows the general arrangement of a heavy forge and the way in 
 which a forging is manipulated while under the steam hammer. 
 
 Inv. 1857-3. 21,736, L.S. 
 
 8. MODEL OF STEAM HAMMER. (Scale i : 16.) Made from 
 drawings supplied by Messrs. R. G. Ross & Son, 1905. 
 
 This is a double-acting hammer of the arrangement patented in 1854 by 
 Mr. William Rigby. The cylinder is bolted to a single standard, thus leaving 
 room for work on three sides. The piston and rod are in one forging and the 
 latter has flats on two sides and a dovetailed end for the attachment of the 
 hammer face. The gland and stuffing-box are in halves and the former is of 
 such depth as to render external guides unnecessary. The anvil block is 
 dovetailed, like the hammer face, thus readily allowing changes to be made. 
 
 The admission of steam is controlled by a hand- worked piston valve; in 
 addition the upstroke of the piston is automatically controlled by a tappet 
 lever connected with the valve spindle and struck by the hammer head. 
 
II 
 
 The anvil block is a separate solid casting which stands up through a hole 
 in the sole plate ; it has a broad base resting on a foundation of 15 in. sq. timbers. 
 The sole plate is supported separately on similar timbers, with the object of 
 lessening vibration. 
 
 The piston rod and hammer face weigh 40 cwt. ; the steam pressure used 
 is about 30 Ib. per sq. in. M. 2256 
 
 9. DIAGRAM MODEL OF JOY'S STEAM HAMMER 
 
 (Scale I : 6.) Presented by D. Joy, Esq., 1900. 
 
 This represents a double-acting hammer, patented by Mr. Joy in 1860, in 
 which the motion of the reversing valve, hitherto performed by levers or tappets, 
 is directly obtained by steam pressure. This is accomplished by causing the 
 piston, when near either end of its stroke, to uncover a port or hole in the side 
 of the cylinder, and thus allow steam from the cylinder to pass directly to the 
 end of the valve, which is of the piston type, and thus push it into the reverse 
 position. The valve is, moreover, made hollow, and allows the steam, aftei 
 it has acted on the lower side of the piston and lifted the hammer, to pass through 
 to the upper side to assist the downstroke, thus using the steam expansively, 
 as in a compound engine. To regulate the stroke of the hammer there are 
 holes or ports at various heights up the cylinder, opening into a channel in 
 which slides a plug worked by a hand lever, so that the holes may be opened or 
 closed, and thus an early or late admission of steam to the valve which reverses 
 the stroke be obtained. A stopcock is provided to diminish, or close entirely, 
 the port at the upper end of the cylinder, thus reducing the opening of the valve 
 and thereby moderating the force of the blow. M. 3098. 
 
 10. MODEL OF STEAM HAMMER (working). (Scale I : 12.) 
 Received 1906. 
 
 This represents a double-acting steam hammer with self-acting gear, made 
 by Messrs. Davy Brothers. The cylinder is mounted on a double frame of the 
 ordinary Nasmyth pattern and the hammer head slides between guides formed 
 on it. Steam is admitted through a sliding regulator valve, and distributed 
 by a piston valve having a third central piston which divides the steam chest 
 into two parts, each with a separate steam inlet controlled by the regulator 
 so that steam may be admitted to the underside of the piston only. The self- 
 acting mechanism consists of a bell-crank lever, one arm of which is fitted with 
 a swivel block working in an inclined slot formed in the face of the tup, while 
 the other arm is connected with the piston valve spindle. The bell-crank lever 
 is pivoted on a movable fulcrum, the raising or lowering of which varies the 
 stroke. The hammer frame is bolted to a base plate resting on concrete piers 
 and having a central opening through which the top of the anvil projects. The 
 anvil block rests on a separate foundation of timber balks, bolted together, 
 with a bed of concrete beneath it. The cylinder is 12 in. diam., and the weight 
 of hammer head, piston, and rod is about 16 cwt. M. 3463. 
 
 11. MODEL OF STEAM HAMMER (working). (Scale i : 12.) 
 Lent by Messrs. B. & S. Massey, 1892. 
 
 This model shows a form of double-acting steam hammer, intended for 
 genera] smithwork. By the use of an overhanging framing the hammer is 
 rendered accessible for work on three sides, but for the heavier types this form 
 of framing is not adopted. 
 
 The cast-iron side frames carry the steam cylinder, and form also the guides 
 for the hammer head, which may be of forged iron or steel. The base plate 
 carries the frames, and through a bored hole in it passes the turned circular 
 anvil block, which transmits the unabsorbed portion of the blow to the foundations 
 shown below. The equilibrium working valve is of the piston type, with the 
 steam in the middle and the exhaust at each end. A lever for working the 
 valve by hand is carried backwards between the frames, and a swinging lever, 
 actuated by the tup and carried on an adjustable fulcrum for varying the stroke, 
 is arranged to move the valve automatically when rapid or regular blows are 
 desired. Owing to the heavy shocks, the piston is forged solid with the rod, 
 but the hammer and anvil faces are removable. 
 
 The adjacent photographs show a i5~cwt. Rigby steam hammer for heavy 
 smithwork, and a. 3o-cwt. arch-frame hammer; in both cases the automatic 
 valve gear, by which the head is prevented from being lifted too high, is clearly 
 visible. M. 2415. 
 
12 
 
 12. MODEL OF POWER HAMMER (working). (Scale I : 8.) 
 Presented by Messrs. Peter Pilkington, Ltd., 1904. 
 
 In this mechanically driven hammer, the hammer-head is directly worked 
 by an air-cylinder, in which the pressure is being successively diminished and 
 augmented, owing to its being in communication with another cylinder in 
 which a piston is reciprocated by the motive power. By this system of working , 
 which was first patented in 1860 by Mr. T. G. Dawes and has since been developed 
 by others, an elastic, rapid and adjustable blow is obtained with a self-contained 
 machine. 
 
 The modern arrangement shown was patented in 1894 by Mr. R. M. Reay. 
 The hammer-head is directly connected with a plunger which serves as a single- 
 acting piston and also as its guide, while the upper end of the cylinder in which 
 it works is in communication with another cylinder combined with the main 
 standards and having in it a single-acting trunk piston actuated by a balanced 
 crank on a flywheel shaft, driven by belting from line shafting or an electric 
 motor. The hammer is stopped or its blow varied by two rotary non-return 
 slide valves in the passage connecting the two cylinders. One valve, actuated 
 by a hand lever, controls the passage from the air cylinder to the valve chamber ; 
 the other, which is connected with a treadle, controls the passage from the valve 
 chamber to the hammer cylinder; at the top of the stroke the hammer piston 
 passes over the port of this passage, so as to ensure pneumatic cushioning. 
 When the passage is free, the motion of the hammer follows that of the air 
 piston; the force of the blow can, however, be lessened by slightly covering 
 the port to the hammer cylinder. If the latter be completely covered the 
 hammer will be lifted to the top of its stroke and will remain there. If it be 
 desired to retain the hammer in an intermediate position the ports to both 
 cylinders must be covered when that position is reached, but if it is required 
 to use the hammer as a vice, the port to the air cylinder must be covered 
 and the port to the hammer cylinder uncovered. The air cylinder is provided 
 with a safety non-return valve. 
 
 These hammers are built in sizes from 1-5 to 10 cwt., that represented being 
 of the smallest size, which has a stroke of 8 in. and can deal with a maximum 
 thickness of 2 in. ; it gives 220 blows per min. and requires three h.p. M. 3336. 
 
 13. PORTABLE PNEUMATIC HAMMER. Lent by the Inter- 
 national Pneumatic Tool Co., 1901. 
 
 Portable hammers, driven by compressed air and sometimes by steam, have 
 been occasionally used in England since 1860, but their recent extensive adoption 
 is due to the success with which the invention has been revived and commercially 
 introduced in America. The principle of their action is that a free and comparat- 
 ively heavy piston is reciprocated in a cylinder by air pressure, and strikes the 
 head of a chisel, or similar tool, inserted into one end of the cylinder. The 
 greater inertia of the cylinder causes its movement, under the rapid reversals, 
 to be so much less than that of the internal hammering piston as to be quite 
 endurable. There are two types of these portable hammers : the valveless, 
 in which the piston itself distributes the air and gives from 10,000 to 15,000 
 short-stroke light blows per min. ; and the valve hammer, which, with a separate 
 distributing valve and a longer piston stroke, gives from 1,000 to 3,000 heavier 
 blows per min. The air pressure now used is generally from 70 to 100 Ibs. per 
 sq. in., and it is stated that for general work a man with one of these hammers 
 performs the work of two men with hand tools, while at caulking he is equal to 
 three men. 
 
 The hammer shown by this sectioned example was patented in this country 
 in 1899 by Mr. H. J. Kimmans, of Chicago, and is of the valve type. It is made 
 entirely of steel, and is provided with a hollow handle through which compressed 
 air from a flexible pipe is introduced ; the supply is turned on by a throttle 
 valve, controlled by the thumb of the operator and provided with a milled 
 head by which the amount of its opening can be adjusted. The distributing 
 valve, which causes the rapid reversals of the motion of the hammer piston, is of 
 the piston type with an enlarged head, and is moved entirely by the air acting 
 on this head. When the hammer piston is at the back of the cylinder, the 
 valve is pushed outwards and so allows air to pass directly behind it into the 
 cylinder, so that the piston is driven forwards till it strikes the chisel. In this 
 position a groove round the piston places a port leading to the valve head in 
 communication with pressure air, so that the valve moves and causes air to 
 enter the front of the cylinder, the return stroke then taking place, at the end 
 of which the hammer piston is ultimately stopped by an air cushion formed by 
 its closing its exhaust port. 
 
13 
 
 This size of hammer has a cylinder 1-125 in. diam. and a stroke of 3 in.; 
 the piston weighs '87 Ib. and the whole appliance 9-5 Ib. The normal 
 speed is 2,000 blows per min. and the consumption 15 cub. ft. of free air in the 
 same interval. M. 3208. 19,756, L.S. 
 
 FORGING PRESSES. 
 
 14. PNEUMATIC RIVETER. Lent by Messrs. De Bergue & 
 Co., 1887. 
 
 This is a portable riveting machine, patented by Mr. J. F. Allan in 1879, 
 for working by compressed air. 
 
 A piston, provided with a hollow piston rod or trunk, works in a cylinder, 
 having a slide valve worked by a hand lever. A connecting-rod from the piston 
 gives motion to the movable die through the medium of a species of toggle-joint, 
 by which an increasing power is obtained so that the pressure upon the rivet 
 is gradually increased, and the consumption of air in the preliminary closing 
 is reduced ; the trunk piston is returned by a little air let into the small annular 
 chamber it leaves. The machine can be slung and moved about by a crane 
 or other convenient means, the compressed air being conveyed to it through a 
 flexible pipe, as in the case of hydraulic riveters. M. 1874. 
 
 15. MODEL OF HYDRAULIC FORGING PRESS. (Scale 
 i : 8.) Lent by R. H. Tweddell, Esq., 1895. Plate I., No. 4. 
 
 Instead of forging by blows, it is now becoming increasingly general to work 
 the heated metal by steady pressure. The pressure method is slower, but, 
 where the mass of the forging is large, the unequal distribution through the 
 work of the blow from a hammer is considered by many to produce flaws -that 
 are avoided by the uniform flow resulting from sustained pressure. Machine 
 riveting is an application of forging by pressure, but when the size of a rivet 
 is compared with that of a moderate forging, the extension of the system to general 
 work is seen to involve pressures that hydraulic power can alone supply. 
 
 The model shows a complete forging press of the form patented by Messrs. 
 R. H. Tweddell, J. Fielding, and J. Platt in 1885. The lower block, which 
 occupies the position of an anvil, is secured to side standards built in masonry, 
 and is stationary. The upper block, which represents the tup of a hammer, i? 
 formed as a crosshead, from which descend, through guides, two tie-bars to a 
 similar crosshead below the anvil. A small hydraulic ram below the lower 
 crosshead tends always to lift it, so that the tup is normally up. Three rams, 
 acting downwards from the anvil to the lower crosshead, press the tup down 
 when the pressure water is admitted into them ; by this arrangement the forging 
 pressure of one, two, or three rams can be exerted as required, and so pressure 
 water be saved when on light work. 
 
 To the anvil and tup different swage blocks are cottered as shown, according 
 to the work in hand; those now in position being suited for drawing down a 
 round shaft. M. 2747. 19,753, L.S. 
 
 16. MODEL OF CHAIN-PRESSING MACHINE. (Scale i : 8.) 
 Lent by Weldless Chains, Ltd., 1907. 
 
 Many attempts have been made to produce chains of the ordinary type 
 which should be without weakness due to the welds, and such chains have been 
 manufactured by cold punching from a cruciform bar, but their size was limited 
 and the cost high. Weldless chains are now, however, being successfully made 
 by impressing the link form upon red-hot steel bars of cruciform section, and 
 the model represents a machine for this purpose, patented by Mr. A. G. Strathern 
 in 1807-1904. 
 
 The machine consists of a heavy framework having four horizontal crank- 
 shafts, one at each corner, geared together and driven by an engine. Each 
 crank actuates a slide working in diagonal guides cast on the frame, and the 
 slides carry at their inner ends pivoted quadrants, to which the pressing dies 
 are attached. The dies are formed as segments of a circle with a double-bevelled 
 edge, upon which the link forms are cut, and they each enter one of the angles 
 of the cruciform bar. The die faces are mounted eccentrically with the pivots, 
 so that the inward pressure causes them to rotate and press and feed forward 
 the bar at the same time. The rolling motion of the dies is controlled by links, 
 Connected with a cam gear, which prevents the lateral movement being too 
 rapid, and so releasing the pressure on the bar, and ensures that such motion 
 shall only commence when the forward edges of the dies have advanced right 
 
14 
 
 to the centre. When the dies have completed a stroke they are withdrawn 
 and returned to their original position, the bar remaining stationary until they 
 are again fed forward. The front ends of the dies are arranged to register with, 
 and so prevent deformation of, the links already formed. The actual machine 
 is provided with a means of adjusting the dies, and a water service is arranged 
 to cool them after each revolution. The machine is placed close to the front 
 of a furnace 40 ft. in length, and the bars travel through at a speed of 20 ft. 
 per min., being sufficiently heated during their passage. 
 
 On leaving the pressing machine the chain is held rigid by thin webs of 
 metal surrounding the links, and, when cool, is passed through other machines 
 which remove the webs, separate the links, and finish them to the correct size 
 and shape. The links are made with thickened ends, and the machine produces 
 chains from 0-25 in. to 0-625 in. diam., and from 60 ft. to 90 ft. in length. Tests 
 have shown that a weldless steel chain is twice as strong as an ordinary welded 
 iron chain of the same size. M. 3523. 
 
 17. MODEL OF SPOKE-BENDER. (Scale i : 6.) Lent by 
 William Melling, Esq. 1904. 
 
 The sector-spoked wrought-iron wheel was patented by Mr. W. Losh in 
 1830, before which cast-iron centres were generally used. Losh's wheels were 
 almost exclusively used for the rolling stock of the early railways, and are still 
 retained for wagon wheels. 
 
 The machine shown, which was introduced about 1850 by Mr. Melling, of 
 Haigh Foundry, is for economically bending such spokes. Bars rolled or drawn 
 down by forgings so as to leave greater thickness in the middle are bent roughly 
 to shape whilst hot and clamped on a die block secured to the crosshead of a 
 hydraulic ram ; as the ram ascends, links pinned to it and hinged to links fixed 
 on the framing close against the sides forming the completed outline. The 
 wheel centre is completed by riveting or welding the adjacent spokes together, 
 casting the nave round the inner ends in a suitable moulding box. and turning 
 up the circumference. M. 3371. 
 
 18. MACHINE FOR ROLLING WINDOW LEADING. Pre- 
 sented by Alexander Reynell, Esq. 1913. 
 
 This machine is designed for rolling window leading of H section from cast 
 ingots and was in use about a century ago. 
 
 Two rollers, geared together, are placed one above the other and are carried 
 in steel bearings in the framework of the machine. They consist of spindles 
 with one simple annular ring upon each, and as they rotate and the ingot moves 
 forward these rings press into the metal and form the cavities into which the 
 glass is subsequently fitted. The metal displaced is forced outwards against 
 forming plates at either side, which determine the thickness of metal and width 
 of strip. 
 
 Previous to the introduction of these machines window leading was produced 
 by casting and then forming in dies in a hand vice. The modern method of 
 manufacture is by extrusion. 
 
 An example of the ingots used in the rolling mill is shown with the finished 
 product and also an ingot in the mill and partly rolled. M. 4227. 
 
 ROLLING MILLS. 
 
 19. MODEL OF ROTARY SQUEEZER FOR PUDDLED 
 BALLS. (Scale I : 12.) Presented by G. B. Thorneycroft, Esq.,i86i. 
 
 This is a machine patented by Mr. Thorneycroft in 1843 to operate upon 
 puddled balls in the manufacture of wrought iron, in place of the " crocodile 
 squeezer," or the rotary machine of Brown. A large serrated roller revolves 
 within a serrated semi-circular race or breast, in which it is eccentrically placed. 
 The puddled ball from the puddling furnace is inserted at the widest place, 
 viz., at the commencement of the race, and is rolled over and over between 
 the serrated roller and the serrated casing on its way from the wide to the 
 narrow end of the race, from which it emerges in the form of a bloom ready for 
 the rolling mill, having had most of its cinder expressed from it in the process. 
 
 Inv. 1861-50, 
 
15 
 
 20. MODEL OF FORGE TRAIN FOR MERCHANT BARS. 
 
 (Scale i : 16.) 
 
 The model shows two pairs of rolls mounted in the usual housings, and 
 carried in bearing chocks which, when removed, permit of the withdrawal of 
 the rolls. The rolls are grooved for the production of merchant bars after the 
 iron has been drawn down under the forge rolls. M. 2710. 
 
 21. MODEL OF MACHINE FOR ROLLING DISC WHEELS. 
 (Scale i : 12.) Presented by the Institution of Civil Engineers, 1868. 
 
 This is a form of rolling mill for making solid disc railway wheels. A pair 
 of conical rollers, mounted on two inclined shafts driven by bevel gearing, are 
 forced against the disc by right and left hand screws, and cause it to revolve 
 on its axis. The pressure so rolls out the red-hot metal as to leave it as a wheel 
 with a thick boss and tire. Steadying rollers are provided to keep the disc 
 true while being rolled. Inv. 1868-20. 
 
 22. MODEL OF TIRE-BENDER. (Scale i : 4.) Lent by 
 Messrs. F. & T. Affleck, 1891. 
 
 This is a machine for bending a bar of iron into the form of a hoop, or for 
 trueing up the hoop or tire after the ends have been welded together. It has 
 three horizontal rolls, the middle one, which is driven by a four- armed handle, 
 driving one of the side rolls by spur gear. The other side roll is carried in 
 sliding bearings which can, by two screws, be adjusted to give the desired 
 curvature to the bar to be bent, which passes under the central roll and over 1 
 the two outer ones. To enable a welded tire to be rolled, the central roll is 
 capable of being quickly withdrawn through its front bearing, so that the ring 
 can be placed in position. A simple form of tire-drilling machine, with an 
 adjustable rest, is combined with the bender. M. 2383. 
 
 23. MODEL OF TIRE-ROLLING MILL. (Scale i : 6.) Lent 
 by William Melling, Esq., 1904. 
 
 Tires for the wheels of rolling stock were originally made in the same way 
 as those for cart wheels, i.e., by bending a bar, of the correct section and length, 
 by means of three rolls and then welding it. About 1845 it had become the 
 practice to apply powerful machinery to reducing the tire to exact section and 
 circularity by rolling after welding. This is the method shown by the model, 
 which represents an improved machine constructed about 1850 by Mr. Melling, 
 of Haigh Foundry. There are two rolls, of the internal and external profile 
 of the tire respectively, arranged vertically on a horizontal table provided with 
 slots; the inner roll is connected by bevel gearing with a source of power and 
 is spur-geared with the outer roll, thus only permitting screw adjustment within 
 very narrow limits; different thicknesses of tire would be accommodated by 
 changing the rolls. To the outer roll are geared two other rolls to give the 
 required bending to the tire. These also have screw adjustment, and to admit 
 of the necessary latitude for different diameters, and to drive in the right 
 direction, an idle wheel kept in gear by links is provided. To keep down the 
 tire on the table, a loose roller, which can be fixed in different positions on a 
 hinged lever, is provided. To the table are bolted loose guide rolls which the 
 tire touches when the correct diameter is attained ; these are set by a trammel 
 f not shown) centred on a pin in the middle of the table. 
 
 A modified machine is used for making weldless tires, which have become 
 universal since the introduction of mild steel, which is suitable for this 
 treatment. % M. 3370. 
 
 24. MODEL OF TUBE ROLLING MILL. (Scale i : 15.) 
 Received 1912. Plate L, No. 5. 
 
 The process carried out in this mill depends on the fact that the cohesion 
 of the internal molecules of a homogeneous and ductile solid can be overcome 
 and an axial cavity produced when the solid is subjected to the action of external 
 rotating discs or rolls whose axes are inclined to one another and to that of the 
 solid, the flow of material taking place from the interior outward in a helical 
 direction. 
 
 For tubes, the metals which fulfil the necessary conditions are mild steel 
 and copper free from cracks or blisters; the work done on the metal increases 
 the tenacity of the finished product. 
 
i6 
 
 
 
 1 The credit of overcoming the practical difficulties of manufacture is due to 
 Reinhard and Max Mannesmann of Remscheid, Prussia, who patented the 
 machinery in 1885 and have since improved it. 
 
 In the disc type of mill two discs rotate in opposite directions with their 
 axes parallel to one another, one being above the other in the vertical plane, 
 while in the horizontal plane their axes are equally inclined to the axis of the 
 billet; their inclination can be adjusted. 
 
 In the roll type of mill, which is that illustrated by the model, two rolls 
 rotate in the same direction and their axes and that of the billet are in three 
 intersecting planes; the angles of inclination of the rolls can be varied. The 
 rolls are supported by bearings in the ends of screws disposed at 120 deg. to 
 one another in a massive housing; there is also a guide plate arranged and 
 disposed similarly to the rolls. The rolls and the guide are simultaneously 
 adjustable for different diameters of billet through bevel wheels on the screws 
 by means of a handwheel on the top. The angle of inclination of rolls and 
 guides for different thicknesses of wall of the billet is adjustable by set screws 
 on lugs on the housing. 
 
 The rolls are driven from a stand of three double helical pinions, of which 
 the centre one is the driver. To allow of the adjustments of inclination of the 
 rolls, the driving spindles are universal -jointed. 
 
 The billet, already centre-punched, is reheated to redness and placed in 
 the trough. It is seized by the working faces, whether they be disc or rolls, 
 and by them spun on its axis at a high velocity ; their inclination give it the 
 horizontal component which causes it to travel along, an operation which takes 
 only a few seconds* In passing out from the rolls the hollow billet is forced 
 over a screw-adjusted and removable mandrel, which smooths the interior. 
 
 About 10,000 h.p. is required to drive such a mill. M. 4006. S.M. 303, L.S. 
 
 25. SPECIMENS ILLUSTRATING SEAMLESS TUBE MANU- 
 FACTURE. Lent by the British Mannesmann Tube Co. Received 
 
 1903- 
 
 Seamless tubes may be produced by such means. as extrusion, by drawing 
 through dies, or by rolling on a mandrel a bored, punched, or drifted out billet, 
 
 &Cv :: 
 
 The specimens illustrate the Mannesmann process. Steel ingots cogged 
 and then rolled into rounds in an ordinary reversing mill are sawn hot into 
 suitable lengths from 3 ft. downwards (see sample). The billet is reheated to 
 redness and passed through the Mannesmann mill (see No. 24), which renders 
 it hollow and increases its length about 1*5 times (see sample). 
 
 To reduce the thickness of the walls of the hollow billet, the pilger (Ger. 
 Pilger pilgrim) mill, so called from its peculiar intermittent action, was 
 patented in 1896 by the brothers Mannesmann, and subsequently improved. 
 The arrangement is that of an ordinary rolling mill, but the working grooves 
 are interrupted or gapped for a certain proportion of the circumference. The 
 red-hot billet is placed on a parallel mandrel held in the pilger carriage which 
 has a hand or automatic feed, and has also powerful springs to force the billet 
 between the rolls ready for the " bite " when the gapped portion is reached 
 at each revolution. The carriage also gives to the billet an intermittent rotatory 
 motion. The hollow billet has now been made into a tube 10 or 12 times the 
 original length (see sample portion). 
 
 To give the tube other dimensions, thickness, and finish, it is drawn hot 
 or cold through dies ; the latter requires annealing, but it gives the best product 
 (see sample). M. 3278. 
 
 26. MODEL OF,ROLLS FOR MARKING RODS. (Scale i : 6.) 
 Presented by the Lords of the Admiralty, 1864. 
 
 This model represents a machine introduced by Sir R. Seppings in 1829 for 
 rolling and branding the metal rods required for making ships' bolts. It consists 
 of two equal rolls mounted in wood and iron housings, and worked by a winch 
 handle apiece ; screws are provided to regulate the distance between the rolls. 
 There are three round passes, but the middle one is slightly corrugated, and 
 on the top of each ridge bears the broad arrow, the impression of which is left 
 on the metal every few inches in the length of the rods. M. 2727. 
 
 27. WIRE-STRAIGHTENING MACHINE. Received 1908. 
 
 This is a small appliance for straightening wire. It consists of a cast-iron 
 base plate having mounted upon it five grooved pulleys or rollers, placed 
 
17 
 
 alternately on each side of the wire, which is drawn between them, the smaller 
 sizes by hand and the larger sizes by a draw bench. The end rollers are fixed 
 in position while the intermediate ones are mounted on blocks, clamped by 
 bolts whose heads move in transverse slots, thus giving the necessary lateral 
 adjustment. A guide is fitted to lead the wire from the coil to the first roller. 
 The machine straightens wire from 0-08 to 0-25 in. diam. M. 3551. 
 
 28. REVOLVING HEAD FOR STRAIGHTENING WIRE. 
 Received 1912. 
 
 The old method of straightening considerable lengths of wire was by drawing 
 it between inclined pins fixed in a slab, the pins being so set that they bent the 
 wire slightly in opposite directions during its passage. Adjustable rollers 
 superseded the fixed pins (see No. 27), and improved action was obtained by 
 using two sets of rollers in series, the second set acting in a plane* at right angles 
 to the first. A revolving head, carrying adjustable dies, between which the 
 wire passed, was introduced about 1870, and this perfected the action by 
 operating equally all round the wire; further improvement was effected, as in 
 the example shown, by the use of hardened and polished steel rollers, instead 
 of dies, thus reducing the friction on the wire and the power required to drive 
 the head. 
 
 The head consists of an open hollow spindle running in ball bearings and 
 provided with a pulley at one end. It contains five rollers, fitted in slots cut 
 through cylindrical pieces that pass transversely through holes in the spindle; 
 these pieces are adjusted radially by set screws bearing on their ends. The 
 wire is drawn through the head by a suitable gripping device. 
 
 The example shown straightens wire from 0-036 in. to o* 128 in. diam. ; it is 
 driven at about 1,500 r.p.m., and requires about i h.p. M. 4088. 
 
 29. ROLLER TUBE EXPANDER. Presented by P. A. Newton, 
 
 Esq., 1918. 
 
 Boiler tubes of small diameter were originally secured in the tube plates 
 by driving either iron ferrules, or an expander in the form of a conical mandrel, 
 into their ends. Subsequently curved pieces or swages having a cylindrical 
 external surface were placed between the mandrel and the tube, but the roller 
 expander shown, which is now in common use, was patented by Mr. R. Dudgeon 
 in 1866 and 1875. 
 
 The tool consists of a hollow cylindrical body having three longitudinal 
 slots cut through it to accommodate three equally spaced rollers larger in 
 diameter than the thickness of the body and free to move radially in the slots. 
 A long conical mandrel passes through the body and is driven between the 
 rollers so as to force them outwards against the tube; the mandrel is then 
 rotated by a tommy bar and it rotates the rollers by frictional contact so that 
 they roll round inside the tube squeezing the metal into close contact with the 
 tube plate. The axes of the rollers are slightly skewed with respect to the axis 
 of the mandrel and this causes the mandrel to be self- feeding when rotated; 
 it also permits the rollers to set themselves so that they lie on the tube surface, 
 and causes the tube to be rolled in a slightly curved form with a small enlarge- 
 ment on each side of the tube plate. The roller slots are bored from one end 
 of the body and are closed by a cover plate secured by screws. A cap is fitted 
 to the outer end of the body and this bears against the end of the tube and holds 
 the rollers in their correct positions. The head of the mandrel is provided 
 with tommy holes and the expander shown is for tubes about 2 in. diam. 
 
 Inv. 1918-223. S.M. 1192, L.S. 
 
 30. KENNEDY BENDING MACHINE. Presented by W. Ken- 
 nedy, Esq., 1919. 
 
 This is a machine, patented by Mr. W. Kennedy in 1903-9, for bending tubes 
 or rods of various sections, when cold, without distortion. 
 
 It consists of a cast-iron body having a screwed mandrel projecting upwards 
 from its centre, and a stop at one point in its circumference. Rings or formers 
 of the required radius, with their outer faces grooved to fit the tube or rod to 
 be bent, are placed on the mandrel, and an adjustable top plate is screwed down 
 above them. An arm, pivoted at the top of the mandrel, carries a vertical pin 
 having upon it a grooved roller which is at the level of the former. The work 
 is laid behind the stop and the roller is placed behind the end to be bent, the 
 top plate being screwed down so as to prevent any flattening. The arm is then 
 
 x 11899 B 
 
i8 
 
 revolved and so wraps the work round the former through whatever angle is 
 required. For the smaller sizes the arm is revolved by a lever fitted to it, but 
 for the heavier sections gearing is employed. The pin carrying the bending 
 roller has a pinion on its lower end, which gears with teeth cut round the body, 
 and is rotated by a ratchet lever on its upper end. The top plate is unscrewed 
 by the bending lever, by means of a loose pin in the arm, which drops into holes 
 formed in its upper surface. 
 
 The example shown will bend iron pipes up to i in. diam., and brass or copper 
 pipes, unloaded, up to 1-25 in. diam. With suitable formers it will also deal 
 with angles, channels, &c. The mandrel is 4-25 in. diam., and six rings are 
 s'lown, for pipes of 0-875 in., i in., and 1-25 in. diam., having radii of 3 in. and 
 4 in - Inv. 1919-228. S.M. 1196, L.S. 
 
 WELDING MACHINES. 
 
 31. ELECTRIC WELDING MACHINE. Made by the Electric 
 Welding Co., Ltd., 1904. Plate I., No. 6. 
 
 This is a small machine for welding wire by the process introduced by 
 Prof. Elihu Thomson in 1886, in which the heating is performed by a powerful 
 current of electricity sent through the proposed joint, while, at the same time, 
 the parts are pressed together mechanically. 
 
 The pieces to be welded are prepared by having their ends made slightly 
 convex and are then firmly held in clamps, one of which is fixed whilst the other 
 is carried on a slide and is urged towards the fixed one by an adjustable spring 
 provided with a controlling handle and a locking arrangement. The clamps 
 ;are insulated and form the terminals of the secondary coil of a specially designed 
 step-down transformer arranged in the base of the machine, by which an 
 alternating current of convenient potential is converted into a low-pressure 
 current sufficient to overcome the low resistance of the welding circuit, but 
 of the greater volume necessary to ensure rapid heating; by this arrangement 
 the difficulties that would be experienced in generating and distributing a current 
 of the volume required for larger welds are entirely avoided. The low resistance 
 of this welding circuit causes the heating to be confined almost entirely to the 
 junction, at first through the imperfect contact and afterwards through the 
 'higher resistance of the hot metal ; the convexity of the ends, moreover, causes 
 ~the welding to commence at the interior, so that any scale is expelled and a good 
 joint is obtained throughout. The controlling handle, which regulates the 
 approach of the terminal clamps, has an adjustable sector connected with an 
 arm operating a switch in the primary circuit of the transformer, and is so 
 arranged that when the clamps have approached each other sufficiently, through 
 the upsetting of the metal, to ensure a good joint, the circuit is automatically 
 broken. Gauges are, moreover, provided to facilitate the setting of the metal 
 in the clamps, the amount of projection from which varies with the size of the 
 work. The secondary or welding circuit of the transformer is in the form of a 
 single massive copper loop and partly surrounds the primary coil, which consists 
 of many turns of copper wire; a laminated iron core, giving a closed magnetic 
 circuit, is combined with the transformer. 
 
 Welding machines of this construction of considerable capacity are in use, 
 but this small example, which is known as an automatic wire-welder and is only 
 intended for small work, is suitable for dealing with iron wire from Nos. 18 to 
 6 I.W.G., or copper wire from 18 to n I.W.G. ; the adjacent specimens show 
 work done by it and the swelled form of joint produced. M. 3360. 30,899, L.S. 
 
 32. OXY-ACETYLENE WELDING BLOWPIPE. Lent by the 
 British Oxygen Co., Ltd., 1912 and 1913. 
 
 The oxy-acetylene blowpipe is specially suitable for the fusion welding of 
 metals on account of the high temperature obtainable, while the flame, being 
 of a chemically reducing character, prevents the oxidation .of the metal during 
 the welding. The type of blow-pipe used, which requires the oxygen only to be 
 supplied under pressure, was invented by Mons. E. Fouche in 1903, but the 
 improved form shown was patented by Mr. K. S. Murray in 1910. 
 
 The blowpipe consists of a cylindrical barrel, to one end of which is attached 
 a head carrying the valves and pipe connections, while to the other end the 
 nozzle is fitted ; the gases are led from the head to the nozzle by separate pipes 
 within the barrel. The nozzle itself is formed as an injector in which the jet 
 of oxygen draws the acetylene forward with the necessary velocity to prevent 
 back-lighting, and delivers both gases properly mixed so as to burn at the end 
 of the nozzle. The fore end of the barrel is bent at an angle, and the nozzle is 
 
19 
 
 also bent and may be turned at any angle to suit the work in hand. The oxygen 
 is supplied from a high-pressure cylinder through a reducing valve that is 
 adjusted to give the pressure required by the blowpipe. The acetylene, which 
 should be as pure as possible, is supplied under a pressure of about 12 in. of 
 water through a hydraulic back pressure valve which prevents the oxygen from 
 flowing back along the acetylene pipe. The temperature obtained with the 
 blowpipe is about 6,000 deg. F. at the hottest part of the flame. In order to 
 avoid internal strains in the welded metal, it is desirable to pre-heat the work 
 and to anneal it afterwards. The strength of a welded steel plate varies from 
 90 per cent, to 75 per cent, of the original plate. 
 
 The blowpipe shown is suitable for welding plates 0-5 in. thick, and requires 
 an oxygen pressure of about 21 Ib. per sq. in. The speed of welding, with this 
 size, is about 4 ft. run an hour with cold plates, but by pre-heating an increased 
 speed can be obtained. Specimens of the work done are shown, the process 
 being applicable chiefly to wrought or cast-iron, steel, and copper. 
 
 M. 4115-6 and 4177. 
 
 33. METAL-CUTTING BLOWPIPE AND ACCESSORIES. 
 Lent by the British Oxygen Co., Ltd., 1912 and 1913. 
 
 This appliance, for cutting wrought iron or steel, depends for its action upon 
 the fact that a jet of oxygen directed upon the previously heated metal ignites 
 it and burns it away rapidly in the form of iron oxide. The process was not 
 successfully applied, however, until 1904, when Mons. F. Jottrand invented 
 a special blowpipe by which the metal is heated to incandescence while at the 
 same time a separate jet of oxygen is directed on to it. The iron oxide formed 
 is fused and blown away by the jet, leaving a clean narrow cut with uninjured 
 edges. 
 
 The cutting blowpipe shown was patented by Mr. K. S. Murray in 1910. 
 It consists of an injector blowpipe in which a jet of oxygen under pressure draws 
 the acetylene or other combustible gas into the nozzle, the latter being formed 
 as an annular passage surrounding the separate oxygen jet that performs the 
 cutting. The nozzle is fitted at right angles to, and at the front end of the body 
 tube of the blowpipe, while a valve-box is fitted at the rear end, and internal 
 pipes lead the oxygen to the two jets. The valve-box is provided with separate 
 valves controlling the combustible gas and the oxygen for heating and cutting, 
 the latter being manipulated either by a lever or a thumbscrew. An adjustable 
 guide is fitted to the nozzle to support it at the correct distance from the work. 
 
 The blowpipe is fitted up for use with acetylene, a hydraulic back-pressure 
 valve being placed on the acetylene pipe to prevent the oxygen from flowing 
 along it. The oxygen is supplied from a cylinder through a reducing valve 
 fitted with gauges showing the high and low pressures. . 
 
 The blowpipe may be used for cutting plates up to 12 in. thick, the greater 
 thicknesses requiring a larger jet and higher oxygen pressure. For plates i in. 
 thick the oxygen jet is 0-062 in. diam., the oxygen pressure 32 Ib. per sq. in., 
 the rate of cutting about 40 ft. run per hour, and the oxygen consumption 
 2 '2 cub. ft. per ft. run. The cuts may be made in any desired direction, special 
 appliances being used for guiding the blowpipe in straight lines or circles at a 
 uniform speed. A specimen of oxygen cutting is shown, and a print shows a 
 g in. armour plate being cut. M. 4117-8 and 4175-7. 
 
 PUNCHING AND SHEARING MACHINES. 
 
 34. PUNCHING BEAR. Made and lent by Messrs. C. A. 
 Hunton & Co. Received December 1912. 
 
 This is a handy portable workshop tool for punching holes in metal plate. 
 
 The gap frame is of cast steel, supporting a die, facing which is a punch 
 inserted into the end of a square-threaded steel spindle turned by a tommy. 
 All parts are interchangeable. 
 
 The size shown is for holes 0-125 in. to o 5 in. diam., depending on the thickness 
 of the plate, up to a maximum of 0*25 in. The maximum distance of the centre 
 of the hole from the edge of the plate is 1-75 in. The weight of the bear is 
 7-8 Ib. and of the tommy, i Ib. M. 4166. 
 
 35. MODEL OF COINING PRESS. (Scale i : 8.) Maudslay 
 Collection, 1900. 
 
 This represents a cutting-out press for coin blanks, and was made about 
 1814. The bolster is mounted on a head of a cast-iron frame and the die is 
 
 B 2 
 
2O 
 
 carried in a massive crosshead, with adjusting nuts, reciprocated by an eccentric 
 on a driving shaft below. The strip of coin metal is fed in by rolls, geared 
 together and intermittently turned by a ratchet driven by a pin on the driving 
 shaft. M. 3124. 
 
 36. MODEL OF SHEARING MACHINE. (Scale I : 12.) Pre- 
 sented by G. B. Thorneycroft, Esq., 1861. 
 
 This represents a machine patented in 1843 by Mr. Thorneycroft for shearing 
 large iron plates. The lower blade is fixed and the upper one slides in guides 
 formed in side standards, which hold the bearings of a strong horizontal shaft; 
 three cams on this shaft force the blade downwards, and two light eccentrics 
 lift it for the next stroke. The shaft has square ends, and was probably to 
 have been driven by a cast-iron breaking shaft that would fail if the cut 
 attempted was too heavy. The cutting edge of the moving blade is inclined, 
 so that the cut is taken gradually across the plate and the work distributed 
 throughout the stroke, the maximum pressure being thereby greatly reduced. 
 
 Inv. 1861-52. 
 
 37. MODEL OF PUNCHING AND SHEARING MACHINE. 
 
 (Scale i : 8.) Made by Messrs. Craig & Donald, Ltd. Received 1906. 
 
 These two machine tools are, as is usual, combined in one framing for 
 convenience in working, to save floor space, and because of .the similarity of the 
 operations performed. 
 
 The machine is of the eccentric type ; it has a massive cast-iron framing 
 with a deep gap at each end to enable the plate to be punched or sheared at 
 a distance from its edge. Overhanging both gaps is a main shaft of large 
 diameter, the speed of which is reduced by spur gearing in the ratio i : 10-5 
 from that of the first motion shaft, which carries fast and loose pulleys and 
 a flywheel for overcoming the variable resistance. Each end of the main shaft 
 is turned down eccentrically, and on the pin thus formed is fitted a block which 
 slides in a horizontal slot in an apron situated between adjustable V-guides; 
 a reciprocating movement is thus impressed on the apron. To its lower face is 
 bolted the shear blade or punch. For punching there is a stop motion, con- 
 sisting of a cam interposed between the block and the apron, which can be 
 turned by a handle. This allows of the exact adjustment of the plate under the 
 punch, the latter coming down to the surface without being forced through. 
 This mechanism is not required in the case of shears. An adjustable hinged 
 forked piece between the punch and its bolster serves to strip the plate off the 
 punch as it rises. 
 
 The punch and shears move continuously, but their working periods alternate, 
 so as to lessen the fluctuation in energy absorbed. Simple radial post cranes, 
 each with a trolley for conveniently slinging the heavier pieces, are incorporated 
 with the framing. M. 3444. S.M. 348, L.S. 
 
 38. MODEL OF PUNCHING, SHEARING, AND NOTCHING 
 MACHINE. (Scale i : 8.) Made by Messrs. Craig & Donald, Ltd. 
 Received 1906. Plate II., No. i. 
 
 This resembles the preceding (No. 37), except that a third machine tool is 
 combined in the one framing and that the construction is of the lever type. 
 The main shaft, whose speed is reduced by spur gearing as before, is placed 
 at right angles to the position adopted in the eccentric type. On the main 
 shaft are two cams for each lever, which rub on a beam suspended from the 
 end of the lever by tie-rods. One end of the lever is centred in the framing 
 and, for punching, the other end presses on a D-shaped punch-block, which 
 slides in a vertical sleeve and is raised by two side levers slotted to allow the 
 stop motion to operate; this consists of a cam interposed between the lever 
 and the punch-block and turned down by a handle. For shearing, the outer 
 end of the lever is inserted in the apron carrying the shear blade. A con- 
 necting block is hung in a space within the apron from an eccentric pin on the 
 end of the shaft. The pressure is thus always exerted centrally. Another 
 block inserted between the former one and the apron provides for the stop 
 motion The two blocks are slotted and can be moved back by a handle so 
 that one enters the other to the amount of the stroke. The punch 
 and shears have each a period of rest determined by the cams, which are so- 
 timed that their periods of operation and that of the notcher are consecutive. 
 Jib cranes are incorporated with the framing. M. 3445. 3 T >773 L.S. 
 
21 
 
 39. EXPANDED METAL. Presented by the New Expanded 
 Metal Co., Ltd., 1892 and 1902. 
 
 The process and machinery for converting a sheet of metal into a trellis 
 or network by shearing it through at intervals, and at the same time bending 
 or stretching the partly-severed strips, was patented in 1884 by Mr. J. F. 
 Golding, of Chicago, and subsequently improved. The work is completely 
 performed, without the removal of any portion of the original plate, in a long 
 shearing machine provided with suitably shaped blades, and fitted with 
 mechanism for holding and feeding the plate. 
 
 In the original type of machine the upper and lower blades were formed 
 of small elements, each set back from its neighbour to the left, while the sheet 
 or strip of metal to be operated upon was fed in diagonally from one side of 
 the stepped jaw. A photograph shows this machine, and there are three 
 specimens relating to the trellis made by it; first the sheet of metal, then the 
 sheet with one-half converted into trellis, and finally the piece completed. 
 From these it will be seen that the whole diagonal line of cuts is made with 
 one stroke of the shears, which, at the same time, bend down the strips without 
 stretching the metal. In this way sheets of mild steel of 16 to 20 I.W.G., 
 9 ft. long by 7 in. wide, were converted into pieces of trellis 8 ft. long by 5 ft. 
 wide, the reduction in length being due to the diagonal arrangement of the 
 material after being expanded without being stretched. 
 
 In the later machine, shown in another photograph, and whose work is 
 illustrated by a piece of o-ig-in. thick steel plate, one-half of which it has con- 
 verted into trellis of 3-in. mesh and o '375-^1. strand, the lower shearing blade is 
 straight, while the upper one is of notched outline. The sheets are fed through 
 from the back at right angles to the blades, and the notched blade, as it 
 descends, at first cuts a series of slits in a straight line along the edge of the 
 plate, and then stretches the severed strands while depressing them into the 
 mesh outline, so that the length of the sheet remains unaltered. Between each 
 " stroke the plate is moved laterally through a distance equal to half of the pitch 
 of the corrugations, so that the slits in one row come opposite the bars in the 
 next, and the trellis is formed with lozenge-shaped spaces. The sheets con- 
 verted in this machine range from No. 24 to No. 3 I.W.G. and are 8 ft. in length, 
 but after extension their width is from twice to twelve times what it was 
 originally. 
 
 Owing to the stiffness and good bonding surfaces that this trellis possesses, 
 the lighter gauges are largely used as lathing for ceilings or plaster partition 
 walls, while the heavier kinds are employed to reinforce concrete floors and 
 other structures by introducing steel into those portions of the concrete under 
 tension. M. 2430. 
 
 LATHES. 
 
 40. EGYPTIAN LATHE. Received 1912. 
 
 This is an example of an Oriental form of the earliest type of lathe, which 
 is somewhat more developed than those of India and Persia. These primitive 
 lathes are in use at the present day. 
 
 The lathe consists of a base-board at the right-hand end of which is fixed a 
 transverse wood block, while near the left-hand end is placed a similar block 
 fixed to a stretcher bar which passes through a mortice in the fixed block, where 
 it is wedged at any required position. The centres are Z-shaped iron bars 
 with pointed ends and their tail ends are wedged in mortices cut through the 
 blocks. A long iron bar, about I in. square, is laid across the two blocks, 
 parallel with the centres, to serve as a tool rest. The work, having a centre 
 hole at each end, is placed between the fixed centres and is rotated backwards 
 and forwards by a bow which is peculiar in that one end of the string is wound 
 round a hinged piece near the handle which serves to regulate the tension of the 
 string. The tools used are the chisel and the gouge and, as shown by an 
 adjacent photograph, the operator sits before the lathe on a slightly elevated 
 seat with the heels on the stretcher and the toes on the rest bar. The bow is 
 held in the right hand and the tool handle in the left, the front end of the tool 
 being held between and guided by the toes of the right foot. Cutting is per- 
 formed only when the work is turning towards the operator. 
 
 Samples of window lattice or " mushrabiyeh " work are shown, together with 
 the wooden gauges employed, and also a drill for use in the lathe. 
 
 M. 4141. S.M. 1272, L.S. 
 
22 
 
 41. POLE LATHE. Lent by Messrs. Thos. Noakes & Sons, 
 Ltd., 1907. Plate II., No. 2. 
 
 The earliest known form of the lathe was very simple. It consisted of two 
 fixed centres between which the work was supported, and motion was given to 
 the work by a bow, the string of which was wrapped round it, or by a cord the 
 ends of which were pulled by an assistant. The turner was seated upon the 
 ground holding the tool against a rest with one hand and working the bow with 
 the other, cutting being performed during one half of the motion when the work 
 was revolving towards him. Such lathes are still used in the East. In Europe, 
 however, probably owing to the erect position generally adopted by the turner, 
 the fixed centres were placed higher and an improved method of rotating the 
 work was employed. In this the bow was replaced by a spring beam or pole 
 above the lathe, and a cord was fastened to the free end of it, then wrapped 
 round the work and its lower end attached to a treadle to be worked by the foot. 
 This method largely increased the power and left both hands free for the 
 management of the tool. The pole lathe shown was made about 1800 and was 
 in use by Messrs. Noakes occasionally as late as 1879 for turning such objects 
 as the beer cock shown. Similar lathes are still used by the chairmakers of 
 High Wycombe and Oxfordshire. The lathe bed consists of two oaken beams 
 a few inches apart, mounted on two posts which are provided with feet for 
 attachment to the floor. The headstocks are massive blocks of oak passing, 
 between the beams and each carrying a fixed iron centre; one head is fast and 
 secured by a wedge, while the other is loose and may be secured by a clamping 
 bolt in any position along the bed. The cocks to be turned are mounted on a 
 wooden mandrel, and a wooden tool rest, shaped to suit them, is secured to the 
 bed by a clamp. The pole consists of a straight tapered bough of a tree, and in 
 practice it would be held at one end and supported on a cross-bar at about the 
 middle of its length in order to provide for lateral adjustment. The driving 
 cord is attached to the free end of the pole, passes round the mandrel, and then 
 between the bed to the treadle below, which consists of two pieces of wood 
 attached to the floor by leather hinges. A back rail is fitted to the lathe for 
 the support of the operator. JJH M. 3514. S.M. 185, L.S. 
 
 42. EARLY ORNAMENTAL LATHE. Received 1912. Plate II., 
 No. 3. 
 
 This is a bench lathe of an early type, probably made in France about 1740. 
 It belonged to the second Earl of Macclesfield, the famous astronomer and 
 President of the Royal Society from 1752 until his death in 1764. 
 
 The lathe has a double iron bar bed, with heavy brass clamps for fixing to 
 the bench. It is driven from a pulley on an overhead shaft which is carried 
 in a block sliding in a frame fixed to the bench. A hand-driven flywheel with 
 a leaden rim is fixed to the shaft and drives, by a round belt, a two-speed pulley 
 on the mandrel ; the belt tension is adj ustable by moving the block up or down 
 by means of a long square threaded screw. 
 
 The headstock is pivoted between the bars of the bed in blocks at either 
 end, which are clamped to the bed by bolts and which extend upwards to carry 
 a device for holding the headstock in a cential position when it is not desired 
 to use the lathe for turning rosettes. A small lever on each block has a slot 
 cut in it which may be made to engage a pin projecting from the headstock. 
 
 The mandrel rotates in white metal bearings and is able to slide longitudinally, 
 although normally held in its back position by a spring. For screw-cutting, 
 three guide screws of different pitch are cut on the back portion of the mandrel 
 and each screw has beneath it a short lever with a portion of threaded surface 
 that engages the screw and traverses the mandrel when the lever is held up by 
 a wedge. This is the earliest method adopted for screw-cutting in the lathe. 
 The mandrel is screwed at both ends to take chucks. At the rear end rosettes 
 are mounted, but if fitted with a faceplate and provided with a rubbing tool 
 held in a rigid tool post fixed to the bench, the lathe may be used for copying 
 medallions, &c. A number of rosettes are shown on the mandrel and when 
 in use are kept pressed firmly against the rubbing tool by a serpentine spring 
 fixed to the bench. The rubber support is adjustable in height and provided 
 with three clamps for holding them. 
 
 The slide-rest is of the early French form in use early in the i8th century. 
 It is adjustable for height by a vertical screw and may be firmly clamped at the 
 desired level by a single bolt which passes through the body of the rest and 
 through slots in the movable portion. Screw traverse in one direction is pro- 
 vided and also a slide at right angles on which the tool is carried. A screw 
 
23 
 
 passing through the moving part of this slide abuts against the fixed part so 
 that the depth of cut may be regulated. 
 
 The chuck shown in place is an eccentric chuck in which the work is held 
 on a nose on the sliding portion, which may be set over by hand and locked in 
 place by tightening four screws. The nose revolves on a spindle and is held 
 in any position by a detent engaging a divided wheel attached to the nose. 
 
 Provision is made for fitting the oval chuck, which is seen on the bench beside 
 the lathe. It is of the English pattern, in which the movement is imparted to 
 the slide which carries the work by pallets which pass through the back of the 
 chuck and embrace an eccentrically mounted, fixed, circular ring. It is provided 
 with means for taking up wear in the slides. 
 
 Various additional rosettes and chucks are shown. M. 4204. S.M. 446, L.S 
 
 43. ROSE ENGINE. Received 1872. Plate II., No. 4. 
 
 This is the bench portion of a German lathe made about 1750 for ornamental 
 turning, but the general arrangement of the complete machine is shown in the 
 adjacent photograph. The lathe was driven from a pulley on an overhead 
 shaft, carrying a flywheel, which received its motion from a cord connected to a 
 treadle in the base. This shaft was supported in an adjustable bearing box, 
 carried by a framework secured to a massive wooden cabinet with which the 
 lathe was combined) but the whole machine was covered with a mass of rococo 
 decoration by which the framework was concealed. 
 
 The mandrel headstock is hinged below and provided with a strong spring 
 to keep anyone of the several cams or rosettes, which the mandrel carries, in 
 close contact with a fixed rubber. The rocking or " chattering " motion thus 
 imparted to the mandrel as it revolves causes a stationary cutting tool to 
 produce on the work a wavy line or rosette instead of a true circle. 
 
 The pattern shown on the boxwood in the chuck is one generally employed 
 for the backs of watch-cases, and is produced by using a cam with 24 similar 
 waves; by means of a tangent-screw the cam is rotated, relatively to the work, 
 through half a wave between consecutive cuts, and this causes the depressions 
 of one ring on the work to correspond with the tops of the waves of its adjacent 
 ring, and produces the appearance of spiral curves, although the design is built 
 up entirely of concentric rings. As several different cams are provided, many 
 designs may be obtained by suitably manipulating the tangent-screw. 
 
 Another set of cams is arranged to give end motions to the mandrel, so that 
 a cyclindrical surface can be ornamented, or lines may be cut of varying depths 
 on face work. The headstock can, moreover, be clamped by screws, and the 
 lathe be thus rendered suitable for ordinary turning. 
 
 The rose engine is still used for certain decorations, but in the modern 
 machine, some specimens of work from which are shown, the cam is relatively 
 very much larger than in this early example. 
 
 This lathe, in its original condition, was rendered automatic in its action 
 by a mechanism bolted to the underside of the table. M. 1912. 24,699, L.S. 
 
 44. ROSE ENGINE AND ACCESSORIES (working). Received 
 1910. 
 
 The art of rose- turning, or producing waved lines in the lathe, appears to 
 have originated about 1650, and reached the height of its popularity about the 
 middle of the i8th century, when all kinds of articles were ornamented in this 
 way. After a revival about 1800, the art declined, so that it is now applied 
 only to such articles as the backs of watch-cases. 
 
 The waved lines are produced by a fixed tool while the work is oscillated 
 by means of a rosette fitted to the lathe mandrel and held against a fixed 
 rubber. The earliest machines were very crude ; only the nose end of the mandrel 
 was moved, and weights were employed to hold the rosettes against the rubbers. 
 In the later and more perfect machines, such as the one shown, which was made 
 about 1800; the whole headstock oscillates and springs are used instead of 
 weights. 
 
 The lathe is mounted on a slotted wooden bench, having a treadle and driving 
 pulley below. The headstock consists of a casting carrying the mandrel bearings 
 and pivoted on two pointed screws passing through sockets fitted into slots 
 in the bench; an arm projects downward from the headstock and is connected, 
 by an adjustable rod, with the lower end of a flat spring screwed on to the back 
 of the bench. The bearings are of white metal, in halves, and are parallel so 
 that the mandrel may have a certain amount of end play when required. The 
 mandrel has a screwed nose, on which the various chucks are fitted, and behind 
 it is a collar to take the thrust when turning. There are 32 rosettes, with 
 different numbers of waves, one of which is fixed to the mandrel, while the 
 others are keyed on a loose sleeve which can be rotated, relatively to the 
 
24 
 
 mandrel, by means of a tangent screw and wheel, or by hand. The tangent 
 screw is carried by a notched division plate, portions of which are divided into 
 different fractions of the circle, and the pawl for this is carried by the driving 
 pulley which is fixed to the mandrel. Thus the rosettes may be set in any 
 position on the work and successive waves may be stepped round by fractions 
 of the pitch of the waves, as is often required. 
 
 Some of the rosettes have waves on their side faces, so that when a suitable 
 rubber is placed against them they give a longitudinal motion to the mandrel, 
 and thus cause the tool to cut lines of varying depth; another adjustable spring, 
 acting on the rear end of the mandrel, holds the rosette against the rubber. 
 The two motions may be used together. 
 
 The lathe is fitted with a slide rest in which the transverse motion is given 
 by a screw with a divided head, while the top slide which carries the tool is 
 moved forward by hand, the depth of cut being regulated by an adjustable stop, 
 when ornamenting a flat surface, but by a rubber fitted close beside the point 
 of the tool when working on a curved surface. The rest has vertical and 
 angular adjustments, and the tool slide may be replaced by another carrying 
 a drilling spindle, which would be rotated by a belt from an overhead gear. 
 
 When preparing work the headstock is fixed by two screws and the mandrel 
 is rotated rapidly by the treadle, but when ornamenting, the treadle is discon- 
 nected and the mandrel is turned at a slow speed by a hand gear fixed at the 
 front of the bench. 
 
 The lathe is shown fitted with an elliptic chuck similar in construction to 
 that shown in No. 56, but provided with two additional slides, moving at 
 right angles to one another, which enables it to be used as a compound eccentric 
 chuck also. The nose carrying the work forms part of a movable plate with 
 96 notches round its edge, so that by the aid of a pawl the work can be set in 
 certain positions as when describing a series of eccentric circles round the 
 work. 
 
 Another accessory is a straight line chuck. This consists of a vertical bed- 
 plate bolted to the front of the headstock, and a plate sliding in V-grooves in 
 it which is moved up and down, by a partial rotation of the mandrel, by means 
 of a chain wound on a pulley .screwed on the mandrel nose. The sliding plate 
 carries a notched division plate with a screwed nose, so that straight lines or 
 waves may be cut across the work in any direction. Two other special chucks 
 are shown, one for mounting, on a mandrel, prismatic work the faces of which 
 are to be ornamented, and the other for mounting work with its axis at any 
 angle with the axis of the lathe mandrel. A set of rubbers for the different 
 rosettes and various cutting tools are exhibited, as well as specimens of the 
 work executed. . M. 3759. S.M. 222, L.S. 
 
 45. WATCHMAKERS' TURNS. Received 1910. 
 
 These are two specimens of the miniature lathe known as a '' turn " or a 
 " turnbench," upon which, for many years, the small turning required for 
 watches and clocks was performed; since about 1870, however, they have been 
 largely superseded by the more elaborate watchmakers' lathe seen in No. 57. 
 The turn is held in a vice, and the work is rotated intermittently by a bow, 
 or continuously by a handwheel and band ; the bowstring or band is wrapped 
 round a ferrule fixed on the mandrel carrying the work. One hand is used to 
 rotate the work, while the other guides the tool. 
 
 One specimen is a dead-centre lathe consisting of an iron bar with two 
 headstocks formed in one with it ; these headstocks are bored for the reception 
 of the centres, which are clamped in the required positions by set-screws. The 
 middle part of the bar is slotted to accommodate a bolt that clamps the tool- 
 rest in any position along it. Transverse and vertical adjustments are also 
 provided for the rest. 
 
 The other specimen has two headstocks, one of which is loose 'and may be 
 clamped in any position along the bar ; these support a rotating mandrel, upon 
 the projecting end of which the work is mounted. On the mandrel is a pulley 
 for driving with the bow, and an adjustable tool -rest is fitted. M. 3760. 
 
 46. MACHINE FOR ORIGINATING SCREWS. Maudslay 
 Collection, 1900. 
 
 This appliance was made by Henry Maudslay about the year 1800, for the 
 purpose of producing screw threads of any desired pitch. He had tried to obtain 
 an accurate thread by winding steel tape round a cylindrical bar and by other 
 means; but the method introduced in this machine consists in the use of a 
 chisel edge, secured at the calculated angle with the axis of the bar to be screwed 
 
25 
 
 and free to travel, without turning, along the revolving bar under the action of 
 the inclined edge. Cylinders of hard wood and soft metal were employed, and 
 from the best of the screws thus obtained copies were produced in steel for use 
 as standard screws, which were subsequent!} 7 still further improved by various 
 methods. 
 
 The instrument consists of a flat horizontal plate, beneath which projects a 
 lug pierced by a cylindrical horizontal hole 1-5 in. diam., through which is passed 
 the bar to be screwed ; the bar is then placed in a lathe, the bed of which 
 prevents the rotation of the plate while permitting it to slide longitudinally. 
 Through the top of the whole projects downwards a concave chisel edge, carried 
 by a holder secured to a large disc -provided with a tangent screw adjustment 
 finely graduated, so that the chisel edge can be set at the exact inclination 
 with the axis of the cylinder corresponding with the pitch of the thread desired. 
 Through the side of the hole enters the front of a chaser, of the same pitch, 
 carried in a small slide-rest with screw adjustment, while the chisel edge is 
 forced downwards into the work by a screw fixed above the graduated circle. 
 When the cylindrical rod is rotated the inclined action of the chisel causes the 
 screwing stock to travel along the bar, and the chaser which follows cuts the 
 thread thus started. M. 3119. 26,314, L.S. 
 
 47. SCREW-CUTTING LATHE. Maudslay Collection, 1900. 
 Plate II., No. 5. 
 
 This lathe was constructed at the end of the i8th century, and is believed 
 to be the first workshop machine in which Henry Maudslay combined a leading 
 screw and change wheels for producing screw threads. 
 
 The bed consists of two triangular bars, secured at a fixed distance apart 
 and supported on feet by which it was secured to a bench; the height of the 
 centres is 1-5 in. and the length of the bed about 3 ft. The headstocks are 
 fixed to the back bar only, but the slide-rest, which is of gunmetal, .slides on 
 both bars and carries a toolholder which can be moved to or from the work 
 in V-slides by means of a screw fitted with a graduated disc and a winch handle. 
 Between the two guide bars is a metal leading screw i in. diam. by o 25 in. pitch, 
 cut with a square thread which is, however, exceptionally narrow. This leading 
 screw was geared to the lathe spindle by change wheels, while a split nut and 
 a clamping device at the bottom of the saddle formed a connection between the 
 saddle and screw which could be released when desired. M. 3117. 26,159, L.S. 
 
 48. MAUDSLAY'S SCREW-CUTTING LATHE. Maudslay Col- 
 lection, 1900. 
 
 This is a small example of the original screw-cutting apparatus invented 
 by Henry Maudslay about the year 1800, in which, by the combination of a 
 mechanical toolholder or slide-rest, with a power-driven screw feed, the 
 screw-cutting lathe was produced. 
 
 The lathe is arranged for driving by hand power; the screw to be cut is 
 carried between centres, while the leading screw is low down in the bed, and a 
 wide saddle which carries the upper rest or toolholder is connected to it by a 
 form of split-nut, adjustable from below, the saddle also carries an adjustable 
 stay to prevent springing of the rod being screwed, while the depth of the cut 
 is controlled by a handwheel with a graduated edge. The leading screw has 
 30 threads to the inch and on its axis is a wheel of 24 teeth which, through an 
 intermediate wheel, gears with a wheel of 45 teeth on the lathe axis, so that the 
 screw being cut has 16 threads to the inch. The lathe is provided with 28 change 
 wheels with teeth varying in number from 15 to 50; the intermediate wheel 
 has a wide face and is carried on a swinging adjustable arm so that it can 
 connect wheels of various diameters at the fixed centres. 
 
 With the lathe is shown a collection of screwing tools, both with single 
 cutting points and the various forms of multiple-point cutting tool or chaser, 
 while samples of screws cut in a similar machine and having from 16 to 
 100 threads to the inch are shown. There are also two pairs of wide calipers 
 used for measuring the diameter of a screwed surface, and these are provided 
 with long ends which increase the reading in the ratio of 4 : i. 
 
 M. 3116. 26,160, L.S. 
 
 49. SLIDE LATHE. Presented by Messrs. Beyer, Peacock & 
 Co., Ltd., 1909. Plate II., No. 6. 
 
 This improved lathe was made by Richard Roberts in 1817; it continued in 
 use at his works until 185/1, an d subsequently at the works of Messrs. Beyer, 
 Peacock & Co., until it was presented to this Museum. One of its features is 
 
26 
 
 the self-acting saddle which slides directly upon the lathe bed, and is thus able 
 to traverse its whole length. The ordinary slide-rest of the period was a self- 
 contained appliance, clamped to the bed where required, and only able, without 
 being reset, to turn work of the length commanded by its short screw. Another 
 feature is the compact form of back gear, giving increased range of speed, which 
 has since become general, and was probably originated by Roberts. 
 
 The lathe bed consists of three vertical members strongly braced by cross 
 webs, and with legs bolted to it at the ends; the upper edges of two of the 
 members form guides for the headstocks, the rear one being an inverted V, and 
 the other, which is directly beneath the lathe centres, being a narrow flat face. 
 The saddle is carried, at the front, entirely by the third member, which has 
 bevelled and faced top and bottom edges. The fast headstock has a mandrel 
 with parallel bearings, and the thrust is taken by a flat-nosed tail screw. A 
 spur wheel is keyed to the mandrel near the front bearing, and a four-speed 
 cone pulley, with a spur pinion at its rear end, is mounted loosely behind it ; 
 these are connected together for direct driving, or left separate when using 
 the low gear. A countershaft is placed at the back of the headstock, and carries 
 a spur wheel and pinion gearing with those on the pulley and mandrel ; its 
 bearings are supported in horizontal slides, which are actuated by two cam 
 levers connected by a handle bar, so that it may be easily put into or out of 
 gear. The saddle is traversed by a long screw carried in bearings at the front 
 of the bed, and driven from the mandrel through a variable speed gear and a 
 bevel wheel reversing and disengaging gear. It is fitted with a long solid nut 
 embracing the screw, and geared to a winch handle, the rotation of which moves 
 it along the bed; when, however, the handle is prevented from rotating by a 
 pawl and toothed wheel attached to it, the rotation of the screw will give 
 motion to the saddle. The feed gear consists of a flat plate wheel, with its 
 axis normal to the mandrel, having seven circles of pin teeth projecting from 
 its upper face which engage with the teeth of a sliding pinion mounted upon 
 the tail of the mandrel. The plate is mounted on the top of an inclined shaft, 
 and is held in contact by a spring, so that a change of speed is easily effected 
 by pressing it down and sliding the pinion along until it gears with the correct 
 circle of teeth ; the pinion has a rim, engaging with annular grooves on the 
 plate, to keep it in position. The inclined shaft is geared down by spur wheels 
 and a countershaft, and drives, by a bevel pinion, two bevel wheels mounted 
 loosely on the leading screw, either of which may be connected with it by a 
 clutch actuated by levers and a rod running the whole length of the bed, and 
 passing through the saddle; a stop placed upon this rod will cause the saddle 
 to disengage the clutch when it reaches the end of its traverse. The saddle is 
 provided with a transverse slide carrying a hollow vertical pillar, in which the 
 stem of the toolholder is clamped. The loose headstock is mounted on a 
 separate base which fits the lathe bed, in order to provide for lateral adjustment 
 of the centre. It has an internally screwed barrel the screw of which is held by 
 an external bridge supported on two pillars; a clamping screw is provided. 
 
 The lathe centres are 9-5 inches high, and will take work 6 feet long between 
 them. M. 3689. S.M. 198-9, L.S. 
 
 50. LATHE AND APPLIANCES. Presented by Maj.-Gen. 
 H. P. Babbage, 1906. 
 
 This lathe was formerly used by Charles Babbage, F.R.S., in his experi- 
 mental work. It was so constructed that practically all machine shop 
 operations could be done by its aid at a time when separate machine tools had 
 not been developed. 
 
 The lathe bed is of cast iron and is fixed to wooden supports. The mandrel, 
 whose height from the bed is 6-5 in., has a single pulley driven by a belt from 
 a step pulley on a flywheel actuated by a treadle; the headstock is moved 
 ' along the bed to bring the pulley in line with the desired step, and to allow of 
 this the belt has a buckle connection. The pulley has a division plate of 200, 
 180, 112, and 12 holes, with a plain index. The compound slide-rest was made 
 in 1823-4 by Joseph. Clement, and was the second of its kind. It has three 
 slides ; the lowest, of shallow depth, can be clamped in any position transverse 
 to the bed. To this is bolted a slide, with a leading screw of 9 V-threads to 
 the inch, capable of rotary adjustment through about 45 deg. ; the topmost 
 slide is traversed by this screw and has alternative positions for the toolholder. 
 One holder is shown in an adjoining case, while another, on the slide-rest, is fitted 
 with a machine vice whose position can be adjusted vertically by a screw, and 
 it is also capable of partial rotation, being divided on the edge for that purpose. 
 To this vice can be clamped any piece of work to be machined by a milling 
 cutter, boring-head, or bar, between centres, or held in a chuck. 
 
-7 
 
 A slotted bracket, fixed in alternative positions on the lowest slide of the 
 rest, is provided for attaching work which is to be shaped, planed, or slotted. 
 To give the desired quick traverse to the tool slide, the rack shown in the case 
 is attached at the inside. 
 
 When it is desired to use the lathe for screw- cutting, a chuck with one of 
 the toothed wheels keyed on it is put on the mandrel. In gear with it is a 
 train, according to the pitch desired, held on the quadrant bolted to the lathe 
 bed, and ending in a wheel keyed on the end of the leading screw of the 
 slide-rest. 
 
 The appliances, made between 1824 and 1830, include the change wheels 
 used for screw-cutting and a number of face-plates and other chucks for wood 
 and iron; among the latter is a two-jaw chuck, self-centring by means of a 
 right and a left handed screw. The self-centring wire chuck was contrived by 
 Mr. S. Mordan for use in making his pencil cases, patented in 1822, and is the 
 precursor of many modern drill chucks. Two hardened steel jaws slide in a 
 dovetailed diametrical groove. The outside edges are turned conical and the 
 jaws are forced together by a muff, with a corresponding interior screwed over 
 them. In the independent three-jaw chuck for small work, the jaws are each 
 adjusted by a set screw. There is also a chuck for cutting discs or washers. 
 The cutter is held by a set screw in a dovetailed slide which is adjustable 
 diametrically. The- boss projecting in the centre is removable and acts as a 
 guide by entering a hole already made. One of the later tools designed by 
 Mr. Babbage is the adjustable face-milling cutter. This is a face chuck pro- 
 vided on the circumference with grooves to hold eight steel cutters held by 
 wedges which are tightened up by tail screws. The cutters were ground on one 
 face and one end in a special holder ; they were set for diameter by bottoming 
 in their grooves and for projection by a distance piece. This tool was extens- 
 ively used in facing and ending all kinds of rectilinear work fixed to the 
 slide-rest. 
 
 The turning tools for wood are made of short pieces of steel which are held 
 at the cutting angle in the cranked end of a holder by means of a strap, tightened 
 by screwing up a wedge. For iron turning tools, similar cutters are held at angles 
 of 45 deg. in a slotted bolt or in a saw-cut pinched by a screw. It is believed 
 that Mr. Babbage was the inventor of this now common and convenient arrange- 
 ment. M. 1461. 20,520, L.S. 
 
 51. MODEL OF SEGMENTAL LATHE. (Scale I : 12.) Pre- 
 sented by Messrs. Bullivant & Co., 1891. 
 
 This represents a machine, probably constructed about 1830, for turning 
 cylindrical portions of objects in which complete revolution was either unnecessary 
 or impossible; such tools have been used for machining crank arms and valve 
 gear links. 
 
 At the top of two tall standards, which are extensions of the fast headstock 
 of a lathe, is a speed cone and flywheel, driving, by reducing gear, an over- 
 hanging crank arm of adjustable throw. A connecting rod from the crank 
 works a rack sliding in vertical guides and gearing into a spur wheel secured to 
 the headstock mandrel so that, as the crank rotates, the work in the lathe is 
 rotated to and fro through an angle that is determined by the throw of the 
 crank. The length of the connecting rod is also adjustable so that the portion 
 of the work being operated upon can be quickly changed. 
 
 The lathe bed has an internal traversing screw, and carries a slide-rest, the 
 toolholder of which is of the hinged type necessary in planing machines. 
 
 M 1654. 
 
 52. ENGRAVING OF SELF-ACTING LATHE. Contributed 
 by Messrs. Joseph Whitworth & Co., 1857. 
 
 This shows the self-acting lathe patented by Sir Joseph Whitworth in 1835. 
 The leading screw is placed within the bed and, in addition to its use in screw- 
 cutting, serves as a rack when moving the saddle by hand and also gives the 
 transverse automatic motion to the top slide. Inv. 1857-17. 
 
 53. BAR LATHE. Presented by Bryan Donkin, Esq., jun., 
 1890. 
 
 This lathe was made and used by the late Bryan Donkin, F.R.S. The bed 
 is a finished triangular bar which was the usual form for small lathes before 
 planing machines were introduced. The face of the cone pulley is drilled for 
 use as a dividing plate; the corresponding locking pin is attached to the 
 headstock. M. 2286. 20,521, L.S. 
 
28 
 
 54. WATCHMAKERS' LATHE. Contributed by R. Bodmer, 
 Esq., 1857- 
 
 The mandrel of this lathe carries at one end a chuck or face-plate with three 
 dogs or clamps for holding the work, and at the other end a pinion with diagonal 
 teeth gearing into a wheel fixed on an axis parallel to the mandrel, and provided 
 with a handle by which the mandrel is caused to rotate. The mandrel is hollow, 
 and is fitted with a cylindrical spindle having a conical point to centre the work 
 by. A slide-rest is provided in front of the face-plate for operating on the 
 work. Inv. 1857-9. 
 
 55. AUTOMATIC SCREW-MAKING MACHINE. Made by 
 Messrs. Greenwood and Batley, Ltd. Received 1908. 
 
 This is a lathe, patented by Mr. C. W. Parker in 1879, for automatically 
 producing screws. The screw blanks are turned from a metal rod, which is 
 fed in through the fast headstock against stationary tools; these tools are then 
 withdrawn and the screwing die advanced, and retired after cutting the thread ; 
 a parting tool then cuts off the screw. The heads are finished and nicked in a 
 separate machine, but, originally, the machine was designed to perform these 
 operations also. 
 
 The machine consists of a box-shaped bed, having at one end of it a fast 
 headstock with a speed cone and a hollow mandrel, while at the other end is 
 another headstock carrying the threading spindle and its mechanism. A shaft 
 runs through the bed and upon it the cams giving the requisite motion are 
 mounted. The front end of the speed cone forms the conical nose of the mandrel 
 and is fitted with a spring chuck that guides the rod which is being fed. A 
 diaphragm is fitted near the rear end, to which the tail of the mandrel is fixed, 
 and inside the hollow cone a roller feeding device is fitted. In this there are 
 two rollers, mounted on the ends of levers, which are acted upon by a cam ring, 
 rotated by an external key, so as to accommodate rods of different diameters. 
 The rollers are driven by skew-toothed wheels, that project through the diaphragm 
 and engage with a spiral formed on the face of a loose sleeve; this sleeve is 
 driven by a countershaft and spur gearing, from the end of the main spindle, 
 through a toothed clutch, in the same direction as, but at a slightly less speed 
 than, the spindle. When the rod has advanced to the correct distance, the 
 clutch is thrown out of gear by a lever and cam; the spindle and sleeve then 
 rotate at the same speed and the feed stops. The turning tools are mounted 
 on a cross slide at the front, and fitted with screw adjustments; the slide is set 
 at a slight angle so that the underside of the screwhead is made concave. The 
 parting tool is mounted on a slide at the back, and is connected with the front 
 slide by an adjustable rod so that one bellcrank lever, actuated by a cam and 
 weight, moves both slides. The front slide is held in place, while turning, by a 
 spring catch, which is first withdrawn by the cam lever before the slide can be 
 moved. 
 
 The screwing gear consists of a hollow sliding spindle having the die fitted 
 to its nose; this is driven from the main spindle, through a double sliding clutch 
 and spur gearing, in the same direction as, but at a higher speed than, the screw 
 blank. The spindle is advanced towards the blank by a lever and cam, but is 
 left free when the die has commenced cutting; when the thread is completed, 
 an adjustable collar on the spindle releases a catch, which allows the clutch to be 
 pulled over by a spring, thus stopping its rotation and permitting the die to 
 unscrew itself. Another cam withdraws the spindle so as to put the clutch in 
 gear for the succeeding screw. The cam shaft is driven from the main spindle 
 through a countershaft, spur and bevel gearing, and a worm and worm wheel ; 
 its rotation is stopped, while the blank is being turned, by disengaging the worm 
 from the wheel, it being mounted on a swinging arm for this purpose. The 
 disengagement is performed by a pin, fixed in the wheel, that raises the cam 
 lever which holds the worm in gear against the action of a spring ; the cam lever 
 is held up by a catch and is attached to the end of a tappet rod, which is pushed 
 back by the advancing screw blank, so releasing the catch and allowing the lever 
 to fall and thus restarting the cam shaft. 
 
 Lubrication is supplied to the turning and screwing tools by a rotary pump, 
 to the latter through the hollow spindle and a telescopic pipe. The machine 
 will make screws from 0-125 in - to 0-312 in. diam., with heads of any form; it 
 will turn out from 80 to 150 screws per hour of 0-125 in - diam., according to 
 length. The main spindle runs at from 300 to 500 revs, per min. 
 
 M. 3563. S.M. 237, L.S. 
 
29 
 
 56. LATHE AND APPLIANCES FOR ORNAMENTAL TURN- 
 ING (working). Made by Messrs. Holtzapffel & Co. Received 1904. 
 Plate II., No. 7. 
 
 This is a foot lathe for ornamental turning ; the standards and treadle -driving 
 gear have, however, been removed and the machine is shown with an oval chuck 
 in use turning elliptical work. 
 
 The fast headstock has a parallel mandrel with long bearings, but for most 
 classes of work the mandrel is pushed back until a cone on it thrusts against 
 the front bearing, where it is retained in position by a long collar fitting over the 
 back end and fixed to it. The face of the cone pulley is perforated with circles 
 of holes to act as a division plate for setting out or spacing work. To the small 
 end of the step pulley is attached a disc with a thick rim pierced with 72 large 
 holes, in which pins can be inserted to limit the rotation of the mandrel by 
 coming into contact with an adjustable stop ; this is for the purpose of producing 
 segmental ornament, the mandrel being turned through the required angle by 
 hand or by a disconnecting tangent screw and worm wheel, which may also^be 
 used for dividing.. For work between centres a poppet head or loose headstock 
 is provided; there is also a collar plate to give circumferential support to long 
 objects when being bored from an overhanging end. 
 
 A slide-rest is fitted having two slides in directions at right angles to each 
 other. The lower slide with V-edges is very long and the screw is provided 
 with a handle and micrometer wheel at one end, whilst its upper surface is 
 graduated in inches and tenths. The slide is mounted on a swivel mounting 
 with a lock nut and may be raised or lowered and set at any desired angle to 
 the bed. The upper slide also has a feed screw and small micrometer wheel 
 and a stop for ensuring constant depth of cut. The tool is held in a slot in the 
 top slide by two vertical screws which pass through blocks held in the slot by 
 flanges. 
 
 The oval chuck in its present form was patented in 1764 by Messrs. J. 
 Williamson and J. Spackman, but chucks identical in principle, although 
 slightly different in construction, were in use in 1700; the earliest turned ovals 
 were, however, copied from a guide in a rose engine (see No. 42). The chuck 
 shown consists of a back plate screwed on the mandrel nose, and having on its 
 face a front plate carrying the work and sliding between V-guides. The front 
 plate is controlled by means of studs passing through slots in the back plate, 
 and having flat cross-pieces, which are in contact with the exterior of a ring 
 projecting from a frame, secured to the face of the headstock at the level of the 
 centres by pointed screws, and capable of horizontal adjustment to obtain any 
 required eccentricity. The work thus receives an oscillating motion across 
 the mandrel, which causes it to recede from the tool twice per revolution, in 
 such a manner that a stationary tool cuts on the work in any position true 
 ellipses, the limit being a straight line when the point of the tool is at the centre 
 of the mandrel. These curves have a constant difference between their major 
 and minor axes, equal to twice the eccentricity of the guide ring; the strip 
 between any two ellipses is consequently not exactly uniform in width. A hand 
 tool can be used on the rest, but owing to the importance of constancy of height 
 such work is simplified by the use of a slide -rest as shown. 
 
 For cutting the short screws chiefly required for fastening together the parts 
 of ornamental work, the mandrel is traversed and the tool held stationary. For 
 this purpose the collar on the back end of the mandrel is replaced by one of a 
 series of short guide screws; below this and attached to the headstock is a 
 plate having around its edge segments cut with threads corresponding with the 
 guide screws, and this plate is mounted on an eccentric pin, by which it can 
 be put in and out of gear. 
 
 When screws or helices of greater length than the guide screws or of other 
 pitches are required, the longitudinal screw of the slide-rest is connected with 
 the mandrel by change wheels and the universally jointed shaft shown 
 
 M. 3364. 31,094, L.S. 
 
 57. WATCHMAKERS' LATHES AND ACCESSORIES. Re- 
 ceived 1910. Plate II., No. 8. 
 
 General turning for watches and clocks was originally performed on " turns," 
 or " turn-benches " (see No. 45), but since about 1870 the ordinary lathe 
 in miniature has been developed and is now much used. The two specimens 
 shown are similar to those made by Messrs. Lorch, Schmidt & Co., of Frankfort. 
 
 The lathe beds are formed from a round bar, with a flat on one side ; head- 
 stocks, tailstocks, and tool rests are fitted on this and secured by clamping 
 screws; the headstock has a projection below, which may be held in a vice or 
 
30 
 
 in an adjustable foot screwed to the bench. One of the lathes has a fast head- 
 stock with a three-speed cone pulley, division circle, and index; while the 
 mandrel is hollow, and chucks, arbors, c. are held in its nose by a hollow draw-in 
 spindle. The headstock of the other lathe has a mandrel to which a faceplate 
 with three dogs is permanently attached; these dogs work in curved slots and 
 may be clamped in any position so as to hold a plate eccentrically; a sliding 
 conical point is fitted in the mandrel for centring the work, and sight holes are 
 provided through the faceplate for observing it. The tailstocks have cylindrical 
 barrels, in which different centres or runners may be clamped. A compound 
 slide-rest is provided, as well as two T handrests and a roller -rest for filing. 
 One of the tailstock runners consists of a hollow spindle with an arm at the 
 inner end ; this arm is provided with a hole in which the stems of centring and 
 drilling plates are clamped; these plates have conical holes in which the end 
 of the work is placed, while one has holes partly parallel, to serve as guides for 
 the drills, which are secured in a holder sliding inside the spindle. A pivot- 
 forming appliance also fits on this runner ; it consists of a disc with a number of 
 flats on its edge, in each of which is formed a longitudinal groove. The end 
 of the pivot is laid in one of the grooves, the other end being driven, and filed 
 down until it sinks into the correct groove, the flat face acting as a guide to 
 the file. Behind each groove is a centre dot, by means of which a centre pin, 
 passed through the hollow runner, sets the disc correctly. Another runner 
 with a tapered hole serves to hold any of the sinking cutters, drill holders, or 
 plates shown ; there is also one with a sliding drill holder operated by a lever. 
 A set of small drills from o i mm. to i 2 mm. is included. When turning work 
 between centres, an arbor with a driver plate and an adjustable arm for the 
 carrier pin is fitted to the headstock; for lighter work small carrier pulleys 
 revolving on dead centres are fitted to either head or tail stock; a set of 10 small 
 carriers of the ordinary shape, but of very small size, is provided. A large 
 number of pointed arbors, with pulleys fixed on them, are used for mounting 
 work between dead centres. For supporting work on the headstock an inde- 
 pendent four-jaw chuck is used, and also an eight-screw bell-chuck, a set of 
 20 split chucks from 0-4 mm. to 5 mm. diam., a set of 5 split step chucks for 
 barrels, &c., and a set of chucks to which to cement the work. There are arbors 
 for carrying circular saws, emery wheels and wooden chucks. 
 
 A set of chucks for polishing screw heads is included. Brass split chucks 
 hold the screws while their heads are being polished, and lantern chucks hold 
 them by the heads when polishing the points. 
 
 Other accessories are a universal cutting frame (see No. 69), with guide 
 pulleys, and an eccentric cutting frame. The latter consists of a square bar 
 held in the slide-rest and with a spindle running through the centre of it; the 
 spindle has a pulley on the rear end and a T-head at the front; the head has 
 a slot in it, and along this slides a toolholder the position of which is adjusted 
 by a screw. By this appliance circles of varying eccentricity may be described 
 on the surface of a piece of work. 
 
 The height of the lathe centres is 1-6 in. and the beds are 8 in. and 12 in. 
 long respectively. M. 3761. S.M. 235, L.S. 
 
 58. LATHE WITH COMPOUND HARMONIC SLIDE-REST. 
 Presented by the Exors. of H. C. Robinson, Esq., 1911. 
 
 This is an apparatus for producing turned solids the outlines of which are 
 the curves, known as Lissajou's, formed by the combination of two simple 
 harmonic motions at right angles to one another. In it the cutting tool is given 
 the combined motion and so cuts the curves directly on the revolving work. 
 
 The work is mounted on an ordinary ornamental lathe headstock, and a 
 bracket carrying the tool driving gear is bolted to the left-hand end of the bed. 
 On the bracket a short transverse shaft is mounted, the front end of which has 
 a crank, with a pin, adjustable radially from o to 2-5 in. The crank pin engages 
 with a hole in a block that slides in a vertical slot formed in a gunmetal frame ; 
 this frame is bolted to a long horizontal steel bar which is supported by rollers 
 on the bracket, and is thus moved backwards and forwards with a simple harmonic 
 motion as the crank revolves. The crank shaft is driven through bevel gearing 
 from a longitudinal shaft at the same level, and this shaft is driven from an upper 
 one by spur gearing; the ratio of the speeds of these two shafts can be varied 
 by using wheels of different sizes and an intermediate wheel fitted to a quadrant 
 mounted on the upper shaft. The upper shaft has a square hole through its 
 centre, and it is driven by hand by means of a disengaging worm and worm- 
 wheel. 
 
 A compound slide -rest is fitted to the bed in front of the work, and the saddle 
 s detached from the leading screw nut so that it can slide independently, but 
 
r 31 
 
 it can be quickly attached to the nut by a pin, when it is desired to turn parallel 
 portions of the work. The toolholder slides in transverse guides on the saddle, 
 and has a vertical slot and block adjustably attached to it, with which engages 
 a crank pin fitted to a short shaft mounted in bearings on the saddle. This 
 shaft is driven by a universally-jointed square shaft which passes through the 
 square hole of the upper shaft on the left-hand bracket, so that the toolholder 
 is caused to move transversely with a simple harmonic motion at the same time 
 that the saddle itself is moved by being clamped to the long bar driven by the 
 main crank. The transverse crank is adjustable in length, and it can be clamped 
 in any angular position relative to its driving shaft, and thus to the main crank. 
 The tool can be set to the required depth by a screw and stop. The two harmonic 
 motions may thus be of any relative amplitude, speed, and phase. 
 
 The outline of the work is formed by one half a double-looped curve, and 
 to produce it the main crank must be turned backwards and forwards over 
 one half of its circle only. Th example shown in the lathe is formed of two 
 motions having amplitudes of 3 in. and 0-5 in., a speed ratio of i : 2, and a phase 
 angle of 60 deg. Other specimens are shown made with different speed ratios 
 and angles. M. 3986-7. S.M. 845-6, L.S. 
 
 59. HIGH PRECISION SCREW CORRECTING LATHE. 
 
 Lent by Messrs. Bryant Symons & Co., 1919. 
 
 This is a lathe designed for finishing screw gauges or other screws requiring 
 a high degree of accuracy, and it is fitted with a pitch- correcting device patented 
 by Mr. A. B. Symons in 1917. 
 
 The bed is a heavy box casting strengthened by transverse ribs and its upper 
 surface is formed with a flat face at the back and an inverted V at the front; 
 a separate flat slide, with 60 deg. undercut edges, is provided for the saddle. 
 The work runs on dead centres, this arrangement being essential for the highest 
 accuracy, and is driven by a catch plate revolving on the end of the fixed head- 
 stock spindle through suitable gearing from forward or reverse pulleys mounted 
 on a countershaft behind the main spindle. 
 
 The two driving pulleys normally run idly on a hardened steel sleeve and 
 have a double clutch mounted between them, which is keyed to the sleeve but 
 is free to move endwise to engage either pulley. The clutch is moved by a 
 convenient lever at the front of the headstock either by hand or by a tappet rod 
 operated by the saddle. The catch plate has two spur wheels fastened to it 
 behind, and the rear one gears with a spur wheel half its size fixed on the clutch 
 sleeve. The second wheel gears with an equal wheel on the front end of the 
 countershaft, which shaft passes through the clutch sleeve and carries the first 
 wheel of the screw-cutting train on its outer end. 
 
 The lead screw is of Bessemer steel, of large diameter, and is cut with a 30 deg. 
 V- thread, 16 threads per inch. It is mounted in a long bearing on the fixed 
 headstock, special care being taken with the facing of the abutments in order 
 to obviate periodic error. An adjustable phosphor bronze split nut is mounted 
 on the saddle and, while being held rigidly longitudinally, it is free to turn slightly 
 about the screw, so that errors in the pitch of the lead screw may be corrected 
 by advancing or retarding the nut. A steel finger attached to the nut and 
 projecting downwards engages with a slot in a correction bar, which is fixed to 
 a bracket on the lathe bed beneath the lead screw. The contour of the slot 
 in the correction bar is determined from accurate measurements of the pitch 
 of screws cut in the lathe. The bar is mounted on a pivot and is capable of 
 a small angular adjustment, so that a uniform increase or decrease in pitch may 
 be given to a screw in order to compensate for alterations due to subsequent 
 hardening of the screw. 
 
 The saddle has a longitudinal slide, giving lateral adjustment to the tool- 
 holder, and its screw has a divided thimble reading to 0-00025 in. A cross slide 
 is fitted on this and is moved to and from the work by a lever and clamped by 
 a hand nut. The depth of cut and tool adjustments are set by a micrometer 
 screw with a head reading to o-oooi in. and the slide is advanced up to a stop. 
 Cutting and tool setting are observed through a magnifier mounted on the 
 slide-rest. 
 
 The tailstock is mounted on a supplementary bed-slide, and can be set over 
 slightly by means of a screw and locking nuts. The change gears are solid 
 cast-iron discs, carefully cut, and the set provided enable all the usual pitches 
 between 8 and 100 threads per inch to be cut. A screw-cutting chart is also 
 provided. The lathe has a capacity of 2 in. diam. and 8 in. long. It carries 
 with it a certificate of accuracy from the National Physical Laboratory. 
 
 Inv. 1919-336, 
 
32 
 
 60. PRISMATIC LATHE. Lent by Messrs. Smith & Coventry, 
 1897. 
 
 This construction of lathe, patented in 1891 by Messrs. Dahlgren and 
 Svensson, of Christiania, is for turning such sections as squares and hexagons. 
 This it accomplishes by revolving the work between centres in the manner usual 
 in turning, while using as a cutting tool a revolving cutter with several cutting 
 points arranged in a circle and uniformly rotated. The speed of the cutter 
 depends upon the number of facets to be produced and upon the diameter of 
 their path; they revolve in the same direction as the work. Although the 
 facets produced are not mathematical planes, the deviation can be reduced to 
 an amount that is scarcely perceptible with a straight edge. 
 
 In the example shown, which is engaged in cutting hexagons, the revolving 
 tool consists of three cutters, carried on a spindle at the back, revolving at 
 twice the speed of the work, which is carried between headstocks mounted on 
 a saddle by which the distances between the work and cutter axes can be altered ; 
 both headstock spindles are connected by gearing with a lower belt-driven shaft, 
 swinging arms being introduced to carry change wheels and give a flexible 
 connection. The headstock holding the work is moved longitudinally by a 
 screw, thus automatically feeding the work along; this headstock also has an 
 arrangement by which the correct setting of the work in relation to the path 
 of the cutters can be effected. 
 
 An adjacent diagram model (working) demonstrates the action of the machine. 
 
 M. 2966. 19,620, L.S. 
 
 61. SELF-CENTRING FOUR- JAWED CHUCK. Lent by 
 Messrs. Wellington & Co., 1887. 
 
 This lathe chuck, patented by Messrs. Clark and Wellington in U.S.A. in 
 1882, has four adjustable jaws, moved in and out by four radial screws. The 
 screws are geared together by means of a ring with bevel teeth, housed within 
 the hollow rim; this ting gears into four bevel pinions, one upon each screw 
 spindle, so that all four screws work simultaneously when one is turned. 
 
 M. 1866. 
 
 62. SELF-CENTRING CHUCK. Presented by Charles Taylor, 
 Esq., 1909. 
 
 This is an example of the spiral chuck patented by Messrs. C. and G. B. 
 Taylor in 1887. The chuck consists of a casing having a hollow conical face, 
 in which the ways for the sliding jaws are formed. Within this is a rotating 
 part with a cone-shaped front face on which a V-threaded spiral is cut, and 
 a back face formed as a bevel wheel with which three pinions engage. The 
 jaws have teeth cut at the back to correspond with the spiral, so that when this 
 is rotated by means of a wrench and the bevel pinions, the jaws are opened 
 or closed. Two sets of jaws are provided, one stepped for general turning, 
 and the other with long jaws for bar work. 
 
 In this construction, the gripping pressure is taken normally behind the 
 jaws by the solid metal of the chuck, and not by the thread alone as in the 
 ordinary scroll chuck. A finer thread can be used, giving increased gripping 
 power and bearing surface, and the working parts can be hardened. Specimens 
 of steel chips turned from bars held in this chuck are shown, together with models 
 showing the difference between this construction and that of the scroll chuck. 
 The specimen shown is 8 in. diam., and will take bars up to 2-5 in. diam., or 
 ordinary work up to 8 in. diam. M. 3684. 
 
 63. MAGNETIC CHUCK. Lent by H. M. Budgett, Esq., 1912. 
 
 This form of chuck, which is essentially a revolving electro-magnet, is very 
 useful for holding washers, rings or other articles otherwise difficult to chuck; 
 it allows the work to be finished at one setting, and is especially valuable for 
 grinding operations. 
 
 The chuck consists of a cylindrical chamber, with a central core in one with it, 
 round which the magnetising coil is wound ; this is tapped at the rear to screw 
 on to the mandrel nose. A faceplate, with its centre cut out so as to form five 
 large teeth pointing to the centre, is screwed to the outer shell of the chuck, 
 and forms one pole piece, while a star-shaped plate, screwed to the end of the 
 core, forms the other pole piece. The two pole pieces fit into one another, leaving 
 a small gap between them all round, and this gap is filled up with a non-magnetic 
 metal. The ends of the coil are connected with insulated contact rings fitted 
 
33 
 
 to the rear portion of the chuck, and the brushes are carried on a ball-bearing 
 ring surrounding them. The chuck is made perfectly waterproof, so that it 
 may be used for wet grinding. The wires from the brush ring are led, through a 
 double pole switch, reversible for demagnetising, to a plug which may be 
 connected with the ordinary lighting circuit. Pole pieces of various shapes are 
 made to suit special work. The chucks are made in several sizes from 6-5 in. 
 diam. upwards, and are wound for either no or 220 volts. M. 4134. 
 
 64. COMPOUND GEOMETRIC CHUCK. Received 1912. 
 
 This is a chuck used in ornamental turning for producing cycloidal curves 
 in great variety. It was invented by Mr. J. Ibbetson about 1815, and since 
 that date has received many detail improvements which are incorporated in 
 the example shown. Ibbetson's invention was a development of the geometric 
 pen, an account of which was published by J. Baptist Suadi in 1752, and the 
 simple cycloidal chuck was known before 1815. 
 
 The geometric chuck consists of two parts, each of which produces an 
 epicycloidal motion as the mandrel rotates. By the interposition of one motion 
 upon the other, and with the aid of change wheels to vary these motions, an 
 almost unlimited number of beautiful designs can be constructed. The second 
 part of the chuck carries the work, which is moved against a fixed tool held in the 
 slide -rest, and it is mounted on an axis carried by a slide within the first part. 
 The first part is similarly mounted on an axis carried by a slide within the back 
 plate of the chuck, and is rotated through a train of gear wheels terminating 
 in a wheel at the back of the chuck, concentric with the mandrel, but held 
 stationary by a detent. Thus, as the mandrel rotates the first and second parts 
 acquire a relative motion depending on the precise train of wheels chosen, and 
 may be made to trace any number of loops, each of which represents one 
 revolution of the mandrel. 
 
 The second part of the chuck acts in a very similar manner to the first. The 
 work is mounted on the face-plate, which rotates on an axis attached to the 
 slide and is driven by a train of wheels through a pinion which meshes with 
 an internal and unseen train terminating in a wheel which is fixed to the slide 
 of the first member, and which therefore revolves with the mandrel although 
 eccentric to it. Thus the second part also generates a cycloidal motion and 
 produces a number of loops which are interposed on the primary loops of the 
 first part, which in turn are interposed on the circular motion of the back plate. 
 By means of the slides the amplitudes of the motions may be varied and a 
 dividing wheel is fitted in each part to enable the curves to be placed in any 
 particular position relative to one another or to the work. 
 
 Several examples of simple curves are shown drawn, on paper fixed to the 
 face-plate, by a pencil held in the slide-rest of the lathe. M. 4067. 
 
 65. NOBLE'S EXPANDING MANDREL. Lent by the Bri- 
 tannia Co., 1887. 
 
 This lathe mandrel is adjustable so that it can be set to fit various diameters 
 of bore, instead of a separate mandrel being required for each size. This is 
 effected by means of three wedges, whose outer edges form parts of a cylinder, 
 sliding in dovetail grooves cut on the enlarged central portion of the mandrel. 
 The bottoms of the grooves are inclined at the same angle as the wedges, so that 
 when a nut, which forms part of the lathe -carrier, is screwed on to one end of the 
 mandrel, it forces the wedges along until they fit the bore of the article to be 
 turned. The mandrel is released by screwing up a nut on a left-hand thread 
 at the other end. The diameter of this specimen ranges from 01-625 in. to 
 1-875 in. M. 1851. 
 
 66. EXPANDING MANDREL. Lent by Messrs. H. B. Barlow 
 & Co., 1892. 
 
 This mandrel, patented by Messrs. A. B. and H. B. Barlow in 1884, consists 
 of a tapered spindle having sliding upon it three correspondingly tapered wedges, 
 which can be pulled along by a nut screwed on the larger end of the spindle 
 and embracing a projection formed on each wedge. The work to be turned is 
 carried on the cylindrical external surface of these wedges, which are prevented 
 from slipping on the spindle by three fixed keys. An annular spiral spring keeps 
 the wedges in position when the mandrel is slacked back. The example shown 
 is for work about 2 in. diam., and has a range of 0-05 in. diam. above or below 
 this size, but by using the split bush shown the effective diameter is increased 
 to 2-5 in. M. 2467. 
 
 x 11899 C 
 
34 
 
 67. CAPSTAN SLIDE-REST. Lent by Messrs. Wm. Muir & 
 Co., Ltd., 1907. 
 
 This is an example of the capstan rest for lathes, patented by Mr. A. Muir 
 in 1892. Ordinary tools are used and the work may be operated upon close 
 up to the face-plate or chuck. 
 
 The capstan block is square and has a slot along each side in which four 
 different tools may be clamped by set screws in the usual manner. This block 
 turns on a pivot and is secured by a central clamping screw, while a spring stop 
 in the base, engaging with grooves formed in the under side of the capstan, 
 holds it in the correct position for each tool. M. 3486. 
 
 68. CUTTER BAR. Received 1910. 
 
 This is a form of toolholder suitable for an ornamental lathe (see No. 56). 
 A square bar, clamped in the slide-rest, carries at its end an adjustable inclined 
 head-piece secured by a screw. To the end of this head the pieces of steel 
 forming the cutters are clamped by a strap and set screw. Two heads are 
 provided, one for holding gouge-shaped cutters, and the other for cutters made 
 from a square bar. Several cutters of various shapes are shown. M. 3758. 
 
 69. UNIVERSAL CUTTING-FRAME. Received 1910. 
 
 This is an appliance for the ornamental lathe (see No. 56) by means of 
 which such work as fluting, drilling, &c. may be performed. A square bar, 
 held in the slide -rest of the lathe, has its end formed as a circular flange with 
 a graduated edge. Upon this flange a frame is mounted capable of being clamped 
 in any position by a bolt passing through the axis of the bar ; this frame carries 
 a spindle, with its axis at right angles to that of the bar. The spindle is driven 
 at a high speed through bevel gearing, pulleys, and a belt, from an overhead 
 gear. Three interchangeable spindles are provided, adapted for carrying fly- 
 cutters, drills, and milling cutters respectively. Several cutters and drills are 
 shown. M. 3757. 
 
 70. GEARED UNIVERSAL CUTTING-FRAME. Made by 
 J. H. Evans, Esq., 1912. 
 
 This is a form of cutting-frame by means of which the rotating tools may 
 be set to cut at any angle with the axis of the lathe, including the horizontal 
 and vertical positions. It is used for cutting and ornamenting cylinders or 
 other surfaces in various ways, and also for cutting the long spirals or helices 
 frequently used in ornamental turning. 
 
 The appliance is held in the slide-rest by a square bar through which passes 
 a longitudinal spindle. To the front end of the spindle is fixed a bent arm 
 that bears against a graduated collar formed on the end of the bar ; a washer 
 and screw at the rear end of the spindle serve to clamp the arm in any angular 
 position, a pointer on the arm passing over the graduations and indicating the 
 angle. At the end of the arm is a boss, at right angles to the spindle, and this 
 is fitted with a hardened steel bush, conical internally. A steel spindle fits in 
 this and projects towards the main axis, its end being fitted with a chuck for 
 holding the cutters, which are secured in a mortice by set screws. The back 
 end of this spindle has a spur pinion fixed to it, which gears with a spur wheel 
 attached to the grooved driving pulleys and mounted on a fixed conical spindle. 
 A projecting arm carries a pair of gmjde pulleys that lead the driving belt from 
 the overhead gear to the driving pulleys. Mounting the cutters on the end of 
 the spindle in this way, and gearing them up from the driving pulleys, enables 
 them to be run at a high speed and to get close up to the work. M. 4091. 
 
 71. DRILLING SPINDLE. Made by J. H. Evans, Esq., 1912. 
 
 This is a tool for ornamental turning, by means of which various forms of 
 flutings are cut on the work by a revolving cutter resembling a drill. 
 
 The tool consists of a square steel bar, made to fit the toolholder of the 
 slide rest, and through this passes a spindle running in hardened steel coned 
 collars at each end of the bar. The front end of the spindle is coned to fit one 
 collar, while the rear end is fitted with a loose cone, fixed to a steel driving pulley, 
 which is held on the spindle by a screw, so that it may be adj usted to take up 
 any wear, as it is essential that the spindle shall always run without shake. 
 The end of the spindle is bored to receive the drill shanks, which are secured 
 by a set screw. Various forms of drills or moulding tools are used for such work 
 as plain drilling, making beads and pyramids of various shapes, and cutting 
 flutings. M. 4093 
 
35 
 
 72. ECCENTRIC CUTTING-FRAME. Made by J. H. Evans, 
 Esq., 1912. 
 
 This appliance is used in ornamental turning for cutting circles of different 
 diameters and at varying distances from the centre of a piece of work which 
 remains stationary while the cutter revolves. When used with different tool 
 shapes, and in conjunction with an eccentric chuck, a great variety of patterns 
 can be produced. It may be used also for shaping up the flat faces of prisms 
 and afterwards ornamenting them. 
 
 The tool consists of a square bar that fits the toolholder of the slide-rest, 
 and is bored longitudinally, and fitted at the ends with hardened steel coned 
 collars. Through this is passed a steel spindle, to the front end of which is 
 attached a right-angled slide; a steel pulley, with a cone attached, is fitted 
 to the rear end and is secured by a screw that serves to adjust the coned bearings. 
 The right-angled slide carries a small toolholder that is moved along it by a 
 quadruple threaded screw with a divided head, by means of which the tool 
 radius is set. M. 4092. 
 
 73. TOOL FOR SPHERICAL BORING. Contributed by 
 R. Bodmer, Esq., 1857. 
 
 This is a full- sized model in wood of a tool patented by Mr. Bodmer in 1841 
 for boring out connecting-rod ends and similar objects to a spherical shape, so 
 that brasses fitted in them should be able to swivel to such an extent as to adjust 
 themselves if the crank-pin were out of line. 
 
 The object to be bored was fixed to a lathe face-plate and the tool shown 
 carried in the slide-rest. The cutter is held on a swivel that is carried by the 
 tool, and is slowly fed round and rotated by spur and bevel gearing as the boring 
 proceeds. The centre of the swivel must be on the central line of the lathe if 
 a truly spherical seat is to be produced. Inv. 1857-10. 
 
 74. ELLIPTICAL CUTTING-FRAME. Received 1912. 
 
 This is an elliptical cutting frame working on the principle of the elliptical 
 trammel. It is adapted to fit into a slide-rest of an early pattern and was 
 probably made about 1800. 
 
 The brass frame has V-grooves along its sides and a bearing at each end 
 through which the driving spindle passes. 
 
 Attached to the front end of the frame in an adjustable position is a steel 
 framework containing two slideways at right angles to one another. The drive 
 is taken from a pulley at the rear of the spindle to a pin which moves in the 
 first slideway through slotted links which allow free lateral movements. The 
 pin is fixed to one part of an adjustable slide, the other part of which passes 
 through a gunmetal block sliding in the second or vertical slideway and is fixed 
 to a plate carrying the cutter frame. The eccentricity of the tool in the cutter- 
 frame is adjustable by a thumb-screw, and by altering this eccentricity and the 
 eccentricity of the sliding pin ellipses of varying sizes and proportions may be 
 obtained. A simple example of its work is shown. M. 4066. 
 
 75. EPICYCLOIDAL CUTTING-FRAME. Received 1912. 
 
 This instrument is a development of the elliptical cutting-frame and was 
 introduced by Mr. H. W. Pomeroy about 1870. 
 
 The cutting-frame is held in the slide-rest by a hollow square stem. Rotating 
 on the rounded front end of the stem is a two-speed pulley, directly fixed to the 
 plate it drives. The latter carries a radial arm, pivoted at one end near the 
 edge of the plate and clamped at the other end by a thumb-screw which slides 
 in a curved slot. The frame carrying the cutting tool rotates in a bearing 
 formed in the radial arm, and is driven through a train of wheels terminating in 
 a wheel central with the driving plate and fixed to a spindle which passes through 
 the hollow stem. At the rear, the spindle is held by a -worm engaging in a wheel 
 to which it is attached. 
 
 Eccentricities are set on the cutter frame and radial arm by screws, and, the 
 axis of the arm being also the axis of one wheel of the driving train, radial 
 movement of the arm does not throw the wheels out of gear. 
 
 For cutting ellipses the gear wheels are arranged to give a relative speed 
 of rotation in the two parts of the cutter in the ratio of 2 : i in opposite directions. 
 By varying the eccentricities all manner of ellipses can be drawn, from a straight 
 line to a circle, and by means of the worm and wheel at the back they can be 
 placed in any angular position. For the production of cycloidal curves the 
 ratio of 2 : i is altered by the introduction of other wheels into the train. 
 
 Several examples, consisting of different arrangements of ellipses drawn on 
 paper, are shown. M. 4068. 
 
 C 2 
 
36 
 DRILLING AND BORING MACHINES. 
 
 76. WATCHMAKERS' DRILL TURNS. Received 1910. 
 
 These are two specimens of drilling machines used by watch and clockmakers 
 and driven by small bows. 
 
 One has a forked frame, with a lug at the bottom for holding it in the vice; 
 one end of the fork is tapped to receive an adjustable back centre and the other 
 has a plain hole through it. The spindle has a shouldered fore-end fitting the 
 hole, while the back centre holds the shoulder up against the bearing. The 
 nose of the spindle is bored for the reception of the drills, and it carries a pulley 
 at its rear end for the bow string to act upon. 
 
 The other specimen has a solid brass head with a plain bearing hole in which 
 the spindle runs. The back end of the spindle carries the driving pulley, and 
 the front end is formed as a split chuck for holding the drills. The spindle is 
 held in position by a pin which engages with a groove in it. 
 
 A bow for use with these turns is also shown; it is of whalebone and has 
 a fine gut band. M. 3762. 
 
 77. WESTON'S RATCHET BRACE. Lent by Messrs. Nettle- 
 folds, Ltd., 1888. 
 
 This is an example of a ratchet brace, patented by Mr. T. A. Weston in 1866, 
 for working drills for metals. It differs slightly from those in common use in 
 having larger and stronger ratchet teeth. Two ratchet wheels are employed, 
 placed with the teeth of one in advance of the other, so that the two pawls 
 may act alternatively on them. By this arrangement the use of very fine 
 pitched ratchet teeth is avoided. M. 1945. 
 
 78. DRILLING MACHINE. Formerly the property of James 
 Nasmyth. Received 1899. Plate III., No. 3. 
 
 This small machine resembles the large power drills constructed by Messrs. 
 Nasmyth and Cask ell about 1840; at that time they were, however, also 
 constructing machines with the spindle overhanging, as now almost universally 
 arranged. 
 
 The framing shown consists of a base with two columns supporting a cross 
 girder which carries the drill spindle and its driving and feeding arrangements. 
 The power is transmitted through mitre wheels to the drill spindle, which is 
 fed downwards by a central screw supported by a crosshead carried on two 
 small wrought-iron columns. This screw is fitted with a winch handle for 
 feeding it downwards by hand ; there is also an automatic feed given by a vertical 
 shaft that is intermittently rotated by a pawl worked by an eccentric on the 
 lower end of the spindle sleeve. In the larger machines step driving pulleys 
 were used, also an independent worktable, with horizontal screw adjustment 
 in two directions. M. 3065. 20,641, L.S. 
 
 79. ENGRAVING OF WHITWORTH'S SELF-ACTING 
 DRILLING MACHINE. Contributed by Messrs. Joseph Whitworth 
 & Co., 1857. 
 
 This shows a drilling machine fitted with the self-acting feed motion patented 
 by Sir Joseph Whitworth in 1837. 
 
 The spindle is driven by bevel gearing in the usual manner; it has a screw 
 thread cut on its upper part which gears with two worm wheels mounted on 
 and keyed to transverse shafts. To the outer ends of the shafts friction rollers 
 are fixed, fitted with brake blocks which are drawn together by a rod with right 
 and left hand screw threads. When the drill spindle revolves the worm wheels 
 are rotated by the screw, but when the rollers are gripped by the brake blocks 
 the worm wheels are retarded and caused to act as a nut, by means of which the 
 spindle is advanced. A handwheel on one of the transverse shafts is provided 
 for rapidly withdrawing the drill, which it does by using the screw as a rack. 
 
 Inv. 1857-18. 
 
 80. DRILLING MACHINE FOR WATCH PLATES. Contri- 
 buted by R. Roberts, Esq., 1860. 
 
 This machine, patented by Mr. Roberts in 1848 as a " normal " drill, is an 
 arrangement for drilling a large number of holes in the frameplates of clocks- 
 and watches, to a standard template as regards position. 
 
37 
 
 The drill spindle is carried on a rigid bar and on this bar also is a frame that 
 carries the guide-pin, or stop. Parallel to the fixed bar is a similar bar, supported 
 on trunnions and provided with a counterbalance weight ; on this bar are clamped 
 two headstocks, connected together by an intermediate spur-wheel. The head- 
 stock nearest the trunnion carries a chuck that holds the frame that is to be 
 drilled, while the outer headstock carries a plate that has been drilled with 
 uniform holes into which the guide pin will fit. This template is an enlarged 
 pattern of the frame to be drilled, the ratio of enlargement being determined by 
 the position of the two chucks on the swinging bar, which is graduated for their 
 correct adjustment. When holes of different diameters have to be drilled 
 the drill only is changed. On one of the templates shown the pitch circles of 
 the train to be drilled for are visible. Inv. 1860-45, 19,742, L.S. 
 
 81. MODEL OF MULTIPLE DRILLING MACHINE (full 
 size). Presented by Andrew Shanks, Esq., 1864. 
 
 This machine was patented by Mr. Shanks in 1861 as a means of drilling 
 simultaneously a Jarge number of holes close together, as in condenser tube- 
 plates. The difficulty in such machines is to get the driving mechanism for each 
 spindle within the restricted space between the centres, while retaining the 
 power of altering the pitch. 
 
 In the arrangement shown each spindle has at its upper end an overhanging 
 crank, which is also somewhat bent so that it clears the adjacent cranks. All 
 of the crank-pins fit into holes in a connecting plate, which is moved in a 
 circular path by a similar crank arranged above it and driven by power. In 
 the patent specification arrangements are shown for altering the positions of 
 the holes. Inv. 1864-46. S:M. 582, L.S. 
 
 82. MODEL OF SLOT-DRILLING MACHINE. (Scale i : 4.) 
 Presented by the Institution of Civil Engineers, 1868. 
 
 This machine, patented in 1855 by T. B. Sharp and R. Furnival, is for 
 cutting elongated holes by means of a revolving tool, somewhat resembling a 
 drill, slowly travelling to and fro over the length of the required slot. 
 
 The machine has a box bed, supported on standards, with an adjustable 
 table projecting in front to carry the work, which remains stationary during 
 the operation. The overhanging drill headstock slides along the top of the 
 bed and the rotary motion is transmitted to the tool by gearing from a longi- 
 tudinal feather shaft driven at one end. The longitudinal reciprocating motion 
 of the headstock is obtained from an adjustable horizontal crank and a con- 
 necting-rod, which drive a screwed spindle passing through a nut on the under 
 side of the head, so that both the length and position of the slot can be adjusted. 
 The crank motion is worked from a countershaft below the bed, driven by a 
 belt from the upper shaft, which drives the crank by worm gear and an 
 eccentric pinion gearing with an elliptical wheel on the crank disc; in this way 
 the angular velocity of the crank is varied so as to render the traversing motion 
 of the drill fairly uniform. The intermittent vertical feed motion to the drill 
 is transmitted through a friction clutch and worm gear from a ratchet wheel 
 actuated by a cam on the crank disc ; this clutch is released when the drill is 
 being raised or lowered by hand. A continuous vertical feed, which can be 
 used for ordinary drilling, is provided by worm gear and another clutch driven 
 by a belt from the upper shaft. Inv. 1868-21. 19,747, L.S. 
 
 83. ELECTRIC DRILL. Lent by the Consolidated Pneumatic 
 Tool Co., Ltd., 1911. 
 
 This is a small portable drilling machine operated by an electric motor. 
 The drill spindle is fitted with a three-jaw chuck, and is driven through spur 
 gearing by the armature of a completely enclosed motor. The machine is held 
 by a top plate and by a projecting side handle, to which the cable is attached; 
 a switch is fitted to this handle. 
 
 The motor is wound for 220 volts, and either direct current, or alternating 
 current of 60 cycles, or less, may be used. It takes drills up to 0-187 in. diam. 
 
 M. 3921. S.M. 494, L.S. 
 
 84. ADJUSTABLE REAMER. Lent by Messrs. Vickers, Ltd., 
 1912. 
 
 This is a form of adjustable reamer patented by Mr. W. J. Smith in 1910; 
 it is intended for both roughing and finishing cuts, the blades being either of 
 high-speed or of carbon steel. 
 
38 
 
 The reamer consists of a mild steel shell, slotted and recessed to receive 
 six blades, which are parallel on their outer edges, but inclined on their inner 
 edges so as to fit on a hardened steel conical bolt housed within the shell. 
 The outside of the shell is fluted between the blades, which are well backed up 
 while having their cutting edges clear. The middle portion of the coned bolt 
 is turned parallel, screwed and fitted with a nut that is prevented from turning 
 by a pin in the shell. The lower and larger end of the cone is provided with 
 two holes so that it can be rotated by a key; this action causes the cone to 
 travel endwise, thus pushing the blades radially outwards and increasing the 
 diameter of the reamer. The end of the cone is graduated in divisions, each 
 of which represents a variation in diameter of o 00025 in - The blades are cut 
 away to clear the internal nut, and they are locked by being gripped between 
 this nut and the shell by means of another nut threaded on the small end of the 
 bolt. The top of the shell is recessed to receive the key of the arbor on which 
 it is mounted. The blades can be re-ground by placing the reamer in a 
 grinding machine. 
 
 The example shown has a maximum diameter of 1-6875 in-., while its range 
 of diameter is 0-66 in. M. 4114. 
 
 85. DRAWING OF THE BERSHAM BORING MILL, 1775. 
 (Scale I : 36.) Prepared in the Museum, 1920. 
 
 This drawing, copied from the original in the Boulton & Watt Collection at 
 Birmingham, represents the cylinder-boring mill' invented by John Wilkinson 
 in 1775, and was that on which all James Watt's steam engine cylinders were 
 bored between 1775 and 1795. It was the first boring machine that could bore 
 a true cylinder, and it is recorded that until Wilkinson produced such cylinders 
 W T att was unable to make a successful steam engine. 
 
 The earliest cast-iron Newcomen engine cylinders were bored on a cannon 
 mill by a rotating cutter head fixed on the end of an overhanging bar driven 
 by a waterwheel or horse gear. The cylinder was fixed on a wooden carriage 
 which ran on rails and was fed up to the cutters by a chain and winch. In such 
 a mill the weight of the cutter head caused it to cut mainly on the lower 
 part of the cylinder, and it received no guidance other than that given by the 
 rough casting. A clean surface could only be formed by taking four cuts and 
 turning the cylinder through 90 deg. after each cut, but such a surface was 
 neither truly circular in cross-section nor straight in the bore. It served the 
 purpose, however, of the open topped Newcomen engine cylinder, where the 
 piston was suspended by chains ; but Watt's engine, with its closed cylinder top, 
 guided piston rod and more perfect vacuum, required the cylinder to be 
 truly straight and circular. 
 
 Wilkinson's invention consisted in fixing the cylinder in a cradle and passing 
 through it a long, stiff, hollow boring-bar mounted in bearings at each end. 
 A sliding cutter head was mounted on the bar and was traversed along it by 
 means of a long rod passing down inside the bar and connected with the head 
 through a longitudinal slot formed along the bar. The outer end of this rod 
 was formed as a rack and was prevented from rotating by a guided crosshead, 
 while the feed was given by a weighted lever and a pinion gearing with the 
 rack. The drawing shows a water wheel driving, through spur gearing, four 
 parallel horizontal axes. On one of these axes is a large boring bar, 12 in. diam. 
 and 15 ft. long between its bearings, while opposite to it is a smaller bar, 10 in. 
 diam. and 14 ft. long. Both are shown with cylinders in position, held down on 
 their cradles. by chains. Adjacent to the larger bar is what appears to be a 
 facing lathe, with a large hollow mandrel and a back centre, which may have 
 been used for turning pistons, cylinder covers, or boring heads. Near this is 
 a travelling carriage and hauling winch such as were used for mounting the 
 cylinders in the old type of mill. Adjacent to the smaller boring-bar is a lathe 
 with a long wooden bed and sliding tailstock, which was probably used for 
 turning piston rods or the boring-bars themselves. The driving spur-gearing 
 on this side of the mill has stepped teeth. 
 
 . The drawing is entitled " Drawing of the Bersham Boring Mill by Jno. 
 Gilpin," but bears no date. The Bersham Works were closed in 1795 and the 
 drawing was possibly obtained by Boulton and Watt before that date as a. 
 basis on which to design a boring mill for the Soho Foundry which was under 
 construction in 1795. The boring-bar adjacent is believed to be the larger bar 
 shown on this drawing. Inv. 1920-97. S.M. 1116. 
 
39 
 
 86. DRAWING OF A CYLINDER BORING MILL. (Scale 
 i : 36.) Prepared in the Museum, 1920. 
 
 This drawing, copied from the original in the Boulton and Watt Collection 
 at Birmingham, represents the cylinder-boring machine designed in 1795 by 
 Peter Ewart for Boulton and Watt's new Soho Foundry, which was then under 
 construction. 
 
 From the time that Watt started the manufacture of steam engines at old 
 Soho in 1776, until 1795, all his cylinders were cast and bored by John 
 Wilkinson at Bersham Ironworks (see No. 85). The design for a boring 
 machine for the new works had evidently been under consideration, for James 
 Watt, jnr., writing to Matthew Boulton on 8th June, 1795, said : " Inclosed 
 you have Mr. Peter Ewart's plan for perpendicular boring, which I address to 
 you as the advocate of that mode of operating. When you and my Father 
 have come to a decision upon the subject, I shall be glad to know it, that we 
 may immediately be proceeding with the boring-rod and other essential parts." 
 The drawing shown is a copy of the plan referred to in this letter. 
 
 The mill had a vertical boring-bar, 12 in. diam. and 14 ft. 6 ins. long, 
 supported by a timber framing which was housed in a masonry pit. It was 
 rotated by a large spur-wheel at its lower end, and this was driven by an 
 inclined shaft and bevel gearing from a horizontal shaft at the ground level. 
 The bar was solid, with a longitudinal keyway for driving the sliding cutter 
 head, and the feed was obtained by two rack bars attached to a loose ring on 
 the cutter head. The racks were raised by pinions on a transverse shaft at the 
 top of the machine, but the means for rotating this shaft is not shown. The 
 cylinder was suspended by its upper flange from transverse timbers spanning 
 the pit, and it was secured laterally by two sets of four struts fitted with 
 adjusting screws. 
 
 A cylinder, 28 in. diam. and 7-25 ft. long, is shown in position on the bar, 
 and a description of the machine is written on the drawing. Inv. 1920-98. 
 
 87. BORING-BAR. Presented by the Hydraulic Engineering 
 Co., 1913. 
 
 This boring-bar is believed to be one of those installed at the Bersham 
 Ironworks by John Wilkinson in 1775 (see No. 85). When these works were 
 closed, in 1795, the bar was bought by Messrs. Rigby of Hawarden, from whom 
 it was purchased by the donors about 1854. 
 
 The bar is now 11-875 in. diam. and 14-92 ft. long between the bearings, 
 and has a central hole through it, 4 in. diam. A slot, i 5 in. wide, extends 
 throughout the length and passes right through to the bore. A sliding sleeve 
 fits on the bar and on this the cutter heads were mounted. Originally the sleeve 
 was fed along by a rack bar, as shown on the Bersham drawing, but, at some 
 time before 1854, a central feed screw, 2-5 in. diam., was fitted, which passes 
 through a nut bolted to a large key passing through the slot in the bar into a 
 corresponding slot in the sleeve. The bar was also re-turned at the same time. 
 
 The screw has a right-hand square thread with two turns per inch and is 
 carried in bearings at each end; it is secured by a collar at the driving end of 
 the bar. At the opposite end of the bar the screw carries a loose spur-wheel 
 with 63 teeth and having clutch dogs on its outer face, which may be engaged 
 with corresponding dogs on a sliding handwheel keyed on the end of the screw. 
 This wheel engages with a 6o-tooth wheel mounted loosely on a fixed counter- 
 shaft, and a 63-tooth wheel, fixed to the other, gears with a 6o-tooth wheel fixed 
 on the end of the boring-bar. Thus, when the dog clutch is engaged and the 
 loose wheel keyed to the screw, then as the bar revolves once, the screw revolves 
 about 0-09 turn relatively backwards, thus pushing the cutter head along 
 towards the driving end. When the clutch is disengaged, the sleeve may be 
 traversed by the handwheel. The drive from the nut is transmitted to the 
 sleeve by a head on the key, the latter being fixed to the sleeve by a set 
 screw and a cotter. The nut is inserted through an enlarged part of the slot 
 near one end. 
 
 The bar is now mounted on two cast-iron pedestals with lower brasses only, 
 but these are probably more modern. It was driven by a large carrier keyed 
 on its end. Inv. 1913-172. 
 
 PLANING AND SHAPING MACHINES. 
 
 88. PLANING MACHINE. Contributed by R. Roberts, Esq., 
 1860. Plate III., No. i. 
 
 This machine, made by Richard Roberts in 1817, is said to be the first one 
 made for planing metal ; it is evident, from marks on the bed, that it was made 
 
40 
 
 without the assistance of such an appliance. The work is secured to a table 
 which moves to and fro on a straight bed, under a fixed tool which is capable 
 of being traversed so that, by the two motions, plane surfaces are produced as 
 the tool makes successive cuts. The table is provided with bolt holes for 
 securing the work and is moved by means of chains wound on a drum rotated 
 by hand ; the guiding surfaces are a narrow flat face on one side and an inverted 
 V on the other. The cross-slide is supported on two standards bolted to the bed, 
 and screws are provided for adjusting its height; it has an internal screw for 
 traversing the tool-rest, which is capable of angular adjustment and has a hand- 
 feed motion. The tool is held by a hinged clamp. The table is 52 in. long and 
 ii in. wide. Inv. 1860-59. 20,695, L.S. 
 
 89. PLANING MACHINE. Made by Messrs. Joseph Whitworth 
 & Co., 1842. 
 
 This self-acting planing machine was patented in 1835-9 by Sir Joseph 
 Whitworth and was known in the shops as a " Jim Crow " because of its reversing 
 toolholder. 
 
 A leading screw in the middle of the bed of the machine, driven by fast and 
 loose pulleys and a three-bevel wheel reversing arrangement, transmits motion 
 to the V-guided table by means of a pair of antifriction wheels on its underside, 
 mounted on studs perpendicular to the axis of the screw, with the thread of 
 which their rims engage. The cross-slide is supported on and is actuated by 
 two vertical screws connected by bevel gear and shaft fed by hand. The 
 swivelling tool box is on a screw on the cross-slide, and is fed by a pulley 
 and ratchet actuated by a band from a rocking pulley on the same shaft as a 
 pinion moved by a rack rod with stops on the bed. By guide pulleys the band 
 also turns the toolholder through 180 deg. at the end of each stroke so as to 
 cut in both directions. The bed of the machine is 4 ft. by 15 in. ; the maximum 
 height under the tool is 12 in. 
 
 An engraving of a similar machine is shown near. M. 3561. S.M. 238, L.S. 
 
 90. PLANING MACHINE. Formerly the property of James 
 Nasmyth. Received 1899. 
 
 This small machine was built in 1857 by Messrs. J. Nasmyth & Co., but 
 in its arrangement and detail it is almost identical with some of the larger 
 machines made by them about 1840. At that time, however, the firm was 
 making rack-moved planing machines with quick return motions, but, for sizes 
 up to 3 5 ft. wide by 8 ft. travel, the gear shown was considered to give a quieter 
 and quicker action. 
 
 The frame is a somewhat massive casting, with two V-guides with the apex 
 uppermost, so that, although not retaining the oil so readily as the later form, 
 they did not form receptacles for dirt. The two standards are bolted to the 
 main framing and are connected by a cross girder which carries a central screw 
 by which the height of the cross-slide is adjusted; the cross- slide has an internal 
 traversing screw, for moving the tool-rest, which is capable of angular adjust- 
 ment and has a hand-feed motion. The toolholder has the usual hinged box 
 for preventing damage to the tool in the return stroke. 
 
 The table of the machine is a single casting, with slides planed on its lower 
 surface corresponding with the fixed guides; the upper part of the table has 
 six longitudinal T-headed grooves for receiving the bolts for securing the work. 
 The table is moved to and fro by a mangle- wheel motion, there being two chains 
 passing from the lower side of the table over fixed guide pulleys down to a chain 
 wheel, round which they pass in opposite directions before being secured; the 
 shaft of this wheel carries at one extremity a wheel with lantern pins, or teeth, 
 into which a small pinion on the driving "shaft gears. The pinion end of this 
 shaft is carried in a sliding bearing, so that the pinion gears alternately inside 
 and outside of the segmental lantern wheel, thus reversing the motion after a 
 definite length of travel has been effected. The length of stroke can be perma- 
 nently altered by removing from the mangle wheel some of its teeth, which 
 are single pins secured by nuts. In the machine shown a hand-driving 
 mechanism has been added and the loose pulley removed, The transverse 
 travel of the tool box is automatically given by a pawl .feed, receiving its 
 motion from the lateral play of the pinion shaft. M. 3063. 20,643, L.S. 
 
 91. SPECIMENS OF CURVED PLANING. Contributed by 
 R. Roberts, Esq., 1860. N &i 
 
 The two bronze specimens are examples of helical planing with pitches of 
 ii and 37 in. respectively. They were prepared on an ordinary planing 
 
machine, with the work held in a headstock which made a partial revolution 
 during the travel of the table, in a way now common in rifling machines. 
 
 The other specimen is a reed moulding cut in cast iron, to a circular arc. 
 It was done on an ordinary planing machine, on the table of which was placed 
 a second table or sector, centred on a stud attached to the stationary bed. The 
 sector was attached by two chains to eyes secured to the table, which by its 
 motion caused the sector to swing horizontally; the work was secured to the 
 sector at a distance from the stud corresponding with the radius required. 
 
 Inv. 1860-47 & 48. 
 
 92. SHAPING MACHINE. Formerly the property of James 
 Nasmyth. Received 1899. Plate III., No. 2. 
 
 This small bench machine, for working by hand, represents an early form 
 of shaper. The driving shaft terminates in a disc in which is a slot carrying 
 an adjustable crank pin, by which the length of the stroke can be varied. This 
 pin is fitted with a block capable of sliding in a vertical slot formed on a horizontal 
 ram that carries the tool box; the ram works in adjustable V-guides, and is 
 fitted with a vertical slide in which the tool box is fed by hand. The work- 
 table slides on guides on the front of the main casting and is traversed by an 
 Internal screw driven by hand power, or automatically by a pawl feed motion 
 rocked by an eccentric on the main shaft. The table is fitted with a vice, and 
 there is also an arrangement for holding square and hexagonal nuts while being 
 shaped. M. 3064. 20,642, L.S. 
 
 93. WALL DIAGRAMS OF ENGINEERS' MACHINE TOOLS. 
 
 Lent by Messrs. W. Hulse & Co., 1890. 
 
 These diagrams were prepared to illustrate a paper read before the Institution 
 -of Civil Engineers, by Mr. W. W. Hulse, in 1886. 
 
 Heavy Lathe. Three views are shown of a heavy lathe of 4O-in. centres. 
 The power is transmitted from a step pulley through intermediate gearing to 
 a spur ring formed on the back of the face-plate, and having both internal and 
 external teeth, a considerable range of speed being obtained by the use of 
 sliding shafts and pinions. The bed carries two independent saddles and four 
 top rests, arranged for simultaneous working. The saddles are moved by two 
 fixed screws, around which work nuts carried beneath the saddles and receiving 
 their motion from a central shaft running within the bed. 
 
 Horizontal Boring I.athe. This a break lathe, with a heavy boring bar, 
 to which the toolholders are secured. For boring, the cutters are held in a 
 circular head which is traversed along the bar by an internal screw. When 
 facing has to be done, the tool is held by an arm secured to the bar, and receives 
 a radial movement from a screw driven by a star wheel. The table, which is 
 arranged in the gap of the lathe, can be screwed upwards or downwards by 
 power. It has guides for longitudinal and transverse movements, so that one 
 setting of the work is sufficient for all holes parallel in direction. 
 
 Planing Machine. This represents the most usual form, in which the work 
 is secured to a horizontal table which is screwed backwards and forwards by 
 power, while the cutting tool is carried in a rest that receives the feed motion, 
 vertical or transverse as desired. 
 
 In the machine illustrated the table slides on horizontal V-guides, and is 
 kept down solely by gravity. The driving screw is driven through bevel wheels 
 at one end of the machine, a shifting belt reversing the motion. There are two 
 independent toolholders, fed by screws in the horizontal guide that carries 
 them ; this guide can slide vertically on guides formed upon the main standards. 
 At the top of the left standard are fast and loose pulleys, by which power is 
 transmitted for quickly raising and traversing the tool boxes when changing 
 work ; the ordinary feed movements are given by a tappet motion driven by the 
 table. 
 
 Vertical and Horizontal Planing Machine. In this machine the work is secured 
 to a fixed table in front of the machine, while the tool is held in a slide that can 
 be driven by power in a horizontal or vertical direction. This type of machine 
 enables facing to be done on castings that are too large to pass between the 
 standards of the ordinary planer. 
 
 The horizontal guides, two in number, are secured to three massive standards ; 
 on these guides move saddles, driven by connected screws arranged one in each 
 guide. These saddles carry a vertical guide, upon which slides the toolh older. 
 This toolholder is driven by a screw, arranged between the vertical guides. 
 
42 
 
 and the weight of the holder is counterbalanced by a chain and weight. Power 
 to drive these saddles to and fro on the horizontal guides, or to move the tool- 
 rest up or down, according to the cut required, is supplied through the usual 
 three-bevel gear reversing arrangement. 
 
 Vertical Milling Machine. In milling, the work is done by cutting edges 
 formed on a revolving cutter; owing to the number of edges in use the output 
 of such a cutter is much greater than would be obtainable with a single-edged 
 tool. 
 
 The feature of this milling machine is that the vertical spindle that carries 
 the cutter does not increase its overhang from the front bearing as the spindle 
 is fed downwards. This is accomplished by carrying the spindle on a square 
 ram, adjustable in vertical guides formed on the main standard, so that when 
 the spindle is lowered the ram goes with it. The spindle is rotated by a spur 
 wheel secured to it, and gearing with a long vertical pinion by which the driving 
 power is transmitted from the usual back gear irrespective of the position of 
 the ram. The table of the machine has a circular feed motion, and two 
 horizontal feed motions in directions at right angles. A small centrifugal 
 pump continually projects lubricating water upon the cutter when the machine 
 is running. M. 235 1 . 
 
 MILLING MACHINES. 
 
 94. MODEL OF RECIPROCATING SAW. (Scale I : 5.) Made 
 by MM. Regnard Freres. Received 1892. 
 
 This is a model of a machine saw for intricate cutting in metal sheets or 
 plates. A full-size saw blade of the description used is also shown, together with 
 a specimen of the work produced ; but several sheets are usually cut simultaneously 
 and iron over i in. thick presents no difficulty. Owing to the ease with which 
 the saw blade can be inserted the machine is "adapted for work that a band saw 
 will not perform. 
 
 The machine consists of a planed cast-iron table supported on four legs, 
 and carrying a heavy double -armed bracket which holds the guides for the 
 saw blade both above and below the table. Concealed in the bracket are two 
 horizontal levers turning on central gudgeons, one above and one below the 
 table. These levers are connected at one end by the saw blade carried in 
 adjustable straining holders, and at the other by a vertical link. The upper 
 lever, and through it the lower one, are reciprocated by a connecting-rod from 
 a crank on a shaft driven by a stepped pulley at the back of the machine. The 
 pulley is formed with a cone clutch, which is under the control of a treadle and 
 a hand lever, for easily starting and stopping the saw from the front. 
 
 M. 2444. 19,757' L - s - 
 
 95. WHEEL-CUTTING ENGINE. Made by Manuel Gutierrez. 
 Received 1900. Plate III., No. 4. 
 
 This machine, for cutting the wheels of clocks, is stated to have been made 
 in Madrid in 1789. 
 
 The blank wheel having been prepared, the spaces between the teeth are cut by 
 a disc 0-6 in. diam., with its formed edge scored by a graver so that it acts as 
 a fine milling cutter. This cutter is fixed on a spindle rotated by spur gearing, 
 from a hand-driven countershaft carried between centres on a frame that swings 
 between stops, but is secured in an adjustable slide that permits of skew teeth 
 being cut. This head is carried on a slide so that it can be set to suit the diameter 
 of wheel required, and there is a screw feed for adjusting the depth of tooth. 
 
 The wheel blank is secured to a vertical spindle, which carries near its lower 
 end a disc 5-9 in. diam., extensively divided on both faces, wheels of even 47, 49, 
 51, and 58 teeth being provided for. The upper end of this spindle runs in 
 a conical bush, and the lower one on a cone centre. M. 3095. 21,753, L.S. 
 
 96. WHEEL-CUTTING ENGINE. Lent by the Lancashire 
 Watch Co., 1905. 
 
 The earliest method of manufacturing clock wheels was to mark off the 
 blank by means of a radial ruler on a pin centred in a plate divided concentrically 
 to numbers of teeth in common use; the teeth were then filed out by hand. 
 Robert Hooke, F.R.S., about 1670, mounted the divided plate so that it could 
 be rotated, added an index, and applied a revolving file (i.e., a milling cutter) 
 to the edge of the blank. Various improvements took place in the succeeding 
 century; the tool in the form shown, known as the Lancashire pattern, is due 
 
43 
 
 to John Wyke (6. 1720, d. 1787) of Prescot, a seat of the watch industry from 
 early times. 
 
 A circular plate, divided for 55, 60, 63, 64, 70, 72, 75, 80, and 100 teeth with 
 an adjustable spring index, is mounted on a spindle in a cone bearing below and 
 a split collar above, in a cast-iron frame on three legs; on this spindle the 
 wheel blank to be cut is clamped, the cutter is on a spindle driven by a gut 
 band, and mounted in a frame that can be swung out of the way while the blank 
 is being set for a fresh tooth. The bearings of this frame can be slightly tilted 
 so that skew teeth can be cut. The whole is adjustable by a screw in V-guides 
 on the frame to admit of blanks of different sizes. 
 
 This machine has now practically been superseded by a tool in which a large 
 number of wheels are cut simultaneously. M. 3422. 
 
 97. GEAR CUTTERS. Contributed by R. Bodmer, Esq., 1857. 
 
 These circular steel cutters or milling tools, patented by Mr. Bodmer in 1839 
 as a means for cutting the teeth of small spur wheels, racks, &c., are now in general 
 use for the purpose of cutting gearing of all sizes. The cutters have teeth very 
 similar to those of a saw or a file, but shaped to the profile of the spaces between 
 the teeth of the wheel to be cut. Inv. 1857-5. 
 
 98. WORM GEAR CUTTERS. Contributed by R. Bodmer, 
 
 Esq., 1857. 
 
 These milling tools, for cutting worm wheels, were patented by Mr. Bodmer 
 in 1839. The cutter or " hob " is a steel worm identical in shape with the 
 worm with which the required wheel is to work; it has, however, teeth formed 
 on it similar to those of an ordinary milling cutter. The worm-wheel and the 
 cutting worm are rotated at their correct relative speeds and fed into contact; 
 the cutting worm then excavates the spaces required for the threads of the actual 
 worm to engage in, and leaves accurately formed teeth of the correct shape 
 for gearing with the worm. As the cutting proceeds, the milling worm is fed 
 further into the wheel, until the required depth of space is obtained. 
 
 Inv. 1857-6. 
 
 99. WOODRUFF'S KEYS. Lent by the Woodruff Keying Co., 
 1892. 
 
 These keys are intended for general use in securing wheels, &c. to shafts 
 and also for cases requiring a feather key. 
 
 The key consists of a segmental disc of steel, and the key way in the shaft 
 is milled out to the same curvature and width as the disc, but shallower by the 
 amount to which the key should project. Such key ways are very cheaply formed 
 by the special milling machine illustrated, in which the milling cutter spindle 
 can be fed down by a lever until the regulation depth, as determined by a stop, 
 is reached. The keys are of standard sizes, agreeing with the cutters employed 
 and a key will adjust itself in its bed so as to correspond with any taper given 
 to the key way in the wheel or boss. Several sizes of keys and' cutters are shown, 
 and also an adjustable stay for supporting a shaft while the key way is being cut. 
 
 M. 2471. 
 
 100. MACHINE VICE. Presented by Charles Taylor, Esq., 
 1909. 
 
 This is an example of the machine vice patented by Mr. G. B. Taylor in 1884. 
 It consists of a long bed, with a central slot, wider at the bottom than at the top, 
 having a fixed jaw at one end, and a loose jaw which can slide along it and also 
 swivel to take taper work. Teeth are cut across the bed, and a gripping piece, 
 having a tightening screw passing through its upper part, engages with these. 
 The point of the screw bears upon a hardened piece let into the back of the loose 
 jaw. This arrangement makes the vice quickly adjustable and brings the screw 
 pressure directly behind the jaws. The jaws are fitted with loose faceplates 
 which bear upon inclined faces and are free to slide downward against the action 
 of springs, so that, when the vice is tightened up, the work is automatically pressed 
 firmly down upon the bed. 
 
 This specimen has jaws 4 in. wide and 1-25 in. deep; it will take work 
 in. wide between the jaws. M. 3685. 
 
44 
 
 101. FLAT MAGNETIC CHUCK. Lent by H. M. Budgett, 
 Esq., 1919. 
 
 This chuck is a powerful electro-magnet, similar in principle to the rotary 
 chuck No. 63. It is mainly of use in dealing with small articles otherwise 
 difficult to hold, and is largely used in grinding or planing machines where only 
 a light cut is to be taken. 
 
 The heavy iron casing is cast hollow with a number of oblong cores placed 
 transversely and projecting upwards from the bottom of the chuck to fit within 
 slots in the cover plate. The small annular clearances between the cores and 
 cover plate are filled with a non-magnetic metal, and the magnetising coils are 
 wound round the cores. The leads are taken from the chuck by flexible cable, 
 through a double pole reversible switch, to a lamp or wall plug adaptor. 
 
 These chucks are made in a variety of sizes ur/to 68 in. by 14 in., and the larger 
 sizes are provided with light dogs which assist to hold the work for heavy cuts. 
 Being waterproof the chucks may be used for wet grinding. 
 
 Inv. 1919-259. 
 
 GRINDING MACHINES. 
 
 102. MODEL OF DOUBLE GRINDSTONES. (Scale i : 4.) 
 Contributed by Messrs. Wm. Muir & Co., 1858. 
 
 This arrangement of workshop grindstones was patented by Mr. William 
 Muir in 1853, and is a simple means of keeping them true. The two stones 
 are mounted on parallel shafts in the same trough and in contact with one another, 
 but they are made to revolve at different velocities so that at the point where 
 their peripheries are in contact there is a mutual rubbing action that tends to 
 keep them cylindrical. To prevent grooving a lateral motion is also given to 
 one of the stones by a worm and wheel that rotates a cam that gives this motion 
 to the axle of the stone. As the grindstones wear down, the bearings of their 
 shafts are caused to approach each other, by a pair of right and left handed 
 screws. Inv. 1*858-12. S.M. 623, L.S. 
 
 103. EMERY WHEELS. Contributed by D. Fisher, Esq., 1866. 
 
 These are samples of composition wheels, patented by Mr. Fisher in 1856, 
 for grinding and sharpening tools. Samples of the composition in the form 
 of bars and rods, to be used as files, are also shown. M. 1014. Inv. 1866-60. 
 
 104. WORKSHOP TOOL-GRINDER. Lent by Messrs. Luke 
 & Spencer, 1890. 
 
 In this machine an artificially prepared emery disc is employed in place 
 of a grindstone and is run at a surface speed of 3,000 ft. per min. A small 
 centrifugal pump, driven by the machine, maintains a continuous supply of 
 water on the grinding surface to keep the tool cool. Emery discs are cleaner 
 and safer in their action than a grindstone and remain true much longer. 
 When trueing-up is necessary, a tool holding a small black diamond, and carried 
 in a slide which can be clamped to the table, is employed ; but, as a surface speed 
 of only 100 ft. per min. is then desirable, gearing and a hand wheel are fitted 
 for giving this lower speed. For rapid grinding, the rougher surface left by the 
 rotary steel hacking cutter is more effective than that left by the diamond. 
 
 M. 2294. 
 
 105. ELECTRIC GRINDER. Lent by the Consolidated Pneu- 
 matic Tool Co., Ltd., 1911. Plate III., No, 6. 
 
 This is a small portable grinding machine in which the emery wheels are 
 mounted directly on the shaft of an electric motor; it is used for cleaning 
 castings, &c. The motor is completely enclosed in a casing, to which two 
 controlling handles are fitted, and the emery wheels, fitted on to the projecting 
 end of the shaft, are covered by a hood. The cable is attached to the main 
 handle, and a switch, normally held off by a spring, is fitted close to it. The 
 motor is wound for a current of 220 volts, and takes wheels 5 in. diam. 
 
 M. 3922. S.M. 495, L.S. 
 
45 
 
 106. "DUMORE" TOOL-POST GRINDER. Lent by the 
 Canadian-American Machinery Co., Ltd., 1919. 
 
 This is a small portable grinding machine, patented by the makers in 1917* 
 It consists of a high-speed electric motor which carries external and internal 
 grinding wheels, and is provided with a shank by means of which it may be 
 held in the toolholder of a lathe or other machine. 
 
 The external grinding wheel is mounted directly on one end of the armature 
 shaft, which runs at 10,000 revs, per min., while the internal wheel is mounted 
 on a countershaft, driven from the other end of the main shaft by an elastic 
 belt at 30,000 revs, per min. Ball bearings are used throughout. The lower 
 part of the motor casing is fitted to a double V-slide, along which it can be fed 
 by a screw and handle. The shank is secured by a single bolt to a lug on the under 
 side of the slide so that it can be set at an angle. The grinder shown uses direct 
 current at 220 volts and is fitted with a flexible cable, switch and lamp adapter. 
 
 Inv. 1919-339- 
 
 107. " FONTAINE " SAW-SHARPENING MACHINE (working). 
 Lent by Messrs. Geo. W. Goodchild and Partner, 1912. 
 
 This is a machine for automatically sharpening small metal-slitting circular 
 saws. 
 
 The grinding wheel rotates in stationary bearings, while the saw is mounted 
 horizontally on a sliding table that receives a reciprocating motion to and from 
 the wheel. The saw is fitted to a conical mandrel which is mounted on a vertical 
 spindle provided with adjustments for setting it; the edge of the saw rests on 
 a solid abutment fixed to the table. The saw is fed round, tooth by tooth, 
 between the grinding strokes, by a spring pawl engaging with the teeth; this 
 pawl is pivoted to the end of one arm of a bell-crank lever which receives a rocking 
 motion from a swash plate fitted to a pulley on a short shaft. The stroke of the 
 pawl is varied by a screw that sets the swash plate at various angles with the 
 shaft. The other arm of the bell-crank engages with a slot in a block attached, 
 by means of a screw, to the slide carrying the saw; by this means the saw can 
 be accurately set up to the wheel. An arrangement is provided for obviating 
 backlash between the arm and slot. The emery wheel and feed pulley are 
 driven by belts from a countershaft fitted with fast and loose pulleys. 
 
 The machine takes saws up to 6 in. diam. by 0-094 in - thick and 0-187 in. 
 pitch. The mandrel fits saws with holes from 0-375 * n - to 0-56 in. diam. 
 
 M. 4119. 
 
 108. GONIOSTAT. Made by Messrs. Holtzapffel & Co. Received 
 1912. 
 
 This is a small instrument for the accurate grinding of lathe tools, &c. 
 
 The tool to be sharpened is placed in a holder which is held by a thumb- 
 screw in an arm pivoted at its lower end to a plate. The upper end of this arm 
 is pointed and moves across a scale marked in degrees. It may be clamped 
 in any position by a screwed nut which passes through a curved slot in the plate 
 and in this way the inclination of the tool in one plane is set. The plate carrying 
 the tool- holder is pivoted at its lower end in a fork in the frame of the instrument, 
 whilst at the upper end a circular arm attached to the frame passes through 
 a slot. This arm is divided in degrees and the frame may be fixed at any 
 inclination at right angles to the first by tightening a thumb-screw. 
 
 The frame is provided with two projecting feet which rest on a board, while 
 the tool point rests on an oilstone slab or lapping plate let into the board. 
 
 M. 4064. 
 
 109. SAND-BLAST APPARATUS. Lent by Tilghman's Patent 
 Sand Blast Co., 1893. 
 
 The sand-blast consists of a jet of steam or compressed air carrying with 
 it in suspension a quantity of sand or other abrading material, which, on 
 account of the high velocity attained by the solid particles, cuts away almost 
 any hard substance upon which it is directed. The sand need not be as hard 
 as the material to be cut, for it is found that a sand-blast will work its way 
 through a plate of corundum, and a jet of small shot will depolish sheet glass. 
 The device is used for removing the skin from metal sheets and castings, for 
 sharpening files, and for perforating or depolishing glass or stone, any desired 
 pattern being obtained by shielding the parts that are not to be acted upon 
 by stencil plates of paper or other yielding material. 
 
4 6 
 
 In the original apparatus, introduced by Mr. B. C. Tilghman in 1873, the sand 
 was placed in a hopper connected with a pipe, within which a steam or air jet 
 passed. The sand was drawn into the blast by the inductive action of the jet, 
 and then blown out of the end of the pipe against the surface to be acted upon. 
 When steam was used it was found that the moisture caused the sand to clog, 
 and also inj ured the stencils, so that compressed air was generally used, although 
 much more costly than steam. 
 
 In 1884 Mr. J. E. Mathewson introduced the arrangement shown, in which, 
 while the velocity is given to the sand by a steam jet, the steam is at once carried 
 off, a jet of dry sand only being projected upon the work. The apparatus 
 consists of a cylindrical vessel with a hopper at the top, which is provided with 
 various covers to suit the work in hand. Those shown are chiefly for supporting 
 bottles while being stencil- marked by this process. The sand-blast passes 
 centrally upwards, discharging itself in the centre of the hopper, but by the 
 exhaustive action of a steam jet in a chamber below, the steam is carried away, 
 and only the sand particles reach the work. The nozzles used are of chilled 
 cast-iron, but where a wide thin jet is required, as for file-sharpening, durability 
 is secured by employing three long orifices, the central one to supply the sand, 
 and the two side ones the steam or air. The destructive velocity is not given 
 to the sand until it has left the orifices and been picked up by the two converging 
 steam jets. M. 2541 
 
 ENGRAVING MACHINES. 
 
 '110. ENGRAVING MACHINE. Woodcroft Bequest. Received 
 1857- 
 
 This machine is intended for drawing or engraving on a flat surface a 
 representation of an object that is in relief, such as a medal. It was developed 
 from a machine made in the middle of the i8th century, in which a tracing point 
 passing over an object transmitted its motion to a point on a plane at right 
 angles so as to draw a cross-section of the object. By suitable feeds in both 
 planes, a series of cross-sections could be drawn ; the effect upon the eye caused 
 by the minute variations in space between the lines so drawn, is that of an 
 appearance of relief, as pronounced as in the original. The copy is distorted, 
 however, by an amount which at any point is equal to the height of that point 
 above the base line. 
 
 In 1830 Achille Collas, of Paris, influenced by the engraver's ruling machine 
 (see No. 112), brought out a new design in which distortion was reduced; with 
 this a large amount of actual work was done. 
 
 The machine shown is of this type. There is a cast-iron bed on three points 
 of support; it has two V-guides, on which slide two tables at different levels, 
 moved simultaneously by a right and left handed screw of 20 threads per in. ; 
 a hand lever and ratchet wheel of 120 teeth feeds the screw by amounts 
 between 0-0004 in. and o-oi in. Above and transverse to the guides is a frame, 
 which supports and guides a light 3-wheeled carriage holding a braced frame, 
 which has a diamond-tipped engraving point. This frame is hinged to another 
 frame carrying a feeling point to touch the copy placed on the lower table. 
 This latter frame rocks on pivots in the carriage and constitutes an equal-armed 
 lever. When the feeler passes over the copy it rises and falls, therefore, on a 
 cylindrical surface and not in a vertical plane, while the graver receives an 
 equivalent motion. A cam to lift the graver out of action and a milled screw 
 to lock the feeler are provided. The diamond point cuts through the " ground " 
 on the surface of the copper plate placed on the upper table. The lines so exposed 
 are bitten in by nitric acid and the plate can then be printed from. Some prints 
 from plates prepared in this manner are shown. 
 
 Similar mechanism, for copying medal and relief work, is used at the present 
 day in the form of an attachment to the engraver's ruling machine ; it can be 
 arranged to give also an enlarged, reduced, or reversed copy. 
 
 Inv. 1857 2I - 
 
 111. ANAGLYPTOGRAPH. Presented by G. H. Makins, Esq., 
 C.B., F.R.C.S., 1909. 
 
 This is a small example of the medal-engraving machine as modified by 
 John Bate, and patented by him in 1832, so as to diminish the distortion which 
 resulted from the ordinary machine (see No. 1 10) ; this distortion, however, 
 is only noticeable when the object being copied is in high relief. 
 
47 
 
 The construction is very similar to No. no, except as regards the copying 
 mechanism. The feeler is fixed to the end of a trapezoidal bar, moving in 
 roller guides at an angle of 45 to the bed. As the feeler passes over the copy 
 it rises and falls, therefore, in a plane inclined at that angle, the property of which 
 is that the horizontal component of the movement equals the vertical. The 
 horizontal movement is transmitted by a lug on the bar to a friction roller 
 centred on an equal-armed lever, the lower end of which has a hinged frame 
 carrying the graver. The graver, therefore, draws sections, taken on a plane 
 inclined at 45 projected on to a vertical plane, so that the true height is given 
 and every point occurs in its correct position, while the effect on the eye is retained. 
 There is a rod for raising the graver out of action. The feed of the table can be 
 varied between 0-0005 in. and 0-0125 in. 
 
 Copper plates, and prints from them, prepared with this and the adjoining 
 machine (No. no), are shown for comparison and information. 
 
 M. 3633. S.M. 239, L.S.' 
 
 112. ENGRAVING MACHINE. Presented by Mrs. H. T. Ryall, 
 
 1896. 
 
 This is a small lining machine, designed by Mr. H. T. Ryall, the engraver, 
 for filling in skies on steel or copper plates, the ruling and spacing of such parallel 
 lines being exceedingly difficult without some mechanical assistance. 
 
 The machine consists of a wooden frame, supported at the four corners so 
 that long plates can be worked upon; upon the frame as a guide slides 
 a saddle, and along the saddle slides a small carriage that carries the graver. 
 The carriage is moved to and fro by the pull of a band moved by a pulley and 
 winch handle at the right-hand side, the carriage being kept down on its 
 guides by the finger of the left hand. A cross-bar, working in inclined slides, 
 supports the graver clear of the plate when desired. The motion of the saddle 
 is controlled by a lever on it, which is connected to a steel strip which works 
 in a clamp on the frame. The clamp is tightened, and the lever moved, so 
 moving the saddle through a small distance; the clamp is then released, 
 and the lever moved back, and so on, a very fine feed being thus obtainable, 
 and one of varying amount as the motion of the lever is controlled by an 
 adjustable screw. 
 
 In later machines the motion of the carriage and of the saddle are usually 
 both given by screws, and the general construction is in metal, and much more 
 massive than here represented. M. 2940. 
 
 113. SAXTON'S MEDALLIC ENGRAVING MACHINE. Lent 
 by the Society of Arts, 1899. 
 
 This is an appliance for engraving, or drawing, on a flat surface a shaded 
 representation of an object that is in relief. A machine of this class was 
 introduced in 1830 by Mons. Achille Collas and was subsequently used in 
 preparing the engravings for " Le Tresor Numismatique et de Glyptique." 
 
 The machine shown, however, was made by Mr. Joseph Saxton, and it 
 embodies an invention by which distortion of the picture is reduced; a 
 similar modification was introduced and patented in 1832 by Mr. John Bate 
 (see No. no). 
 
 The machine consists of a base, upon which a work table can be moved 
 horizontally by a leading screw with a ratchet wheel feed, which can be made 
 as fine as o 0003 in. if required. The tracing and engraving points are mounted 
 on a carriage which is slid to and fro by hand along a triangular bar guide above 
 the tracer; the tracer is attached to one arm of a bell-crank lever carried by 
 this slide, and the other arm of the lever carries a light frame containing the 
 graver. By this arrangement the vertical motion of the tracer, due to relief 
 in the copy, causes an equivalent horizontal displacement of the graver; it was 
 by a modification in the form of the bell-crank and by the use of an oblique 
 tracer that the distortion previously resulting was avoided. In the return 
 stroke of the carriage the tracer and engraver are lifted clear of the pattern and 
 plate, respectively. From there being no means of putting pressure on the 
 graver, it is probable that the resulting plate was subsequently etched. 
 
 The work table carries two face-plates, geared together by an intermediate 
 wheel, so that corresponding angular adjustments can be immediately effected 
 on each ; numerous other accessories are provided, which, together with a sample 
 of the work, are also shown. M. 3071; 
 
4 8 
 
 114. ENGRAVING MACHINE. Lent by the Deputy Master of 
 the Royal Mint, 1910. 
 
 This machine, for producing a reduced copy in relief of a medallion or similar 
 object, was made about the year 1830 by William Wyon, R.A., chief engraver 
 at the Mint, 1828-51, for use in preparing the steel master-punches from which 
 the dies for stamping coins or medals are made; the use of such a machine 
 greatly reduces the work of the engraver. Crude machines for producing copies 
 of medallions appear to have been in existence during the i8th century, but 
 the machine shown is almost identical with that invented by Mons. Hulot, a 
 French mechanician, about the year 1800, and called the " tour a portrait." 
 
 The machine is in principle a copying lathe, in which the original and the 
 copy are mounted in the same plane, on the ends of parallel horizontal axes 
 which are coupled together and rotated at the same speed. A bar, pivoted at 
 one end on a universal joint, passes in front of these and has mounted upon it a 
 tracing point and a cutting tool, which are set opposite to the centres of the 
 original and the copy respectively. While the medallion and copy are 
 revolving the tool bar is gradually lowered so that the tracing point traverses 
 the surface of the original from the centre to the circumference, moving inwards 
 and outwards as it encounters the various features of it. The cutting tool also 
 traverses the face of the copy in a similar manner, but the distances moved 
 through, both transversely and horizontally, are reduced in the ratio of the 
 distances of the tool and tracer from the pivots of the tool bar, thus producing 
 a reduced copy of the original as nearly like it as the necessary size and shape of 
 the tracer and tool will permit. 
 
 The machine has a brass bed, secured to the top of a wooden table, and on 
 this is mounted at the right-hand end a transverse shaft occupying a fixed 
 position and carrying the original. The copy is mounted on a headstock, which 
 carries another shaft at the same height, and slides upon the bed; it may be 
 secured at any position lengthwise in order to provide for reduction in any 
 desired proportion. The two shafts have plain bearings and are held endwise 
 between collars; they have, fixed at the middle of their length, equal worm 
 wheels which engage with worms mounted on a longitudinal shaft driven by a 
 pulley and belt from a treadle-driven flywheel beneath the table. The worm 
 shaft is provided with thrust collars, and its bearings have vertical adjustment 
 so as to eliminate any backlash in the worm gearing. The worm that drives 
 the movable shaft is fitted with a feather key and slides along its shaft. 
 
 At the left-hand end of the bed is a frame containing a vertical screw passing 
 through a nut in which is mounted a horizontal pivot which has a flat square 
 head having attached to it a flat bar upon which slides a block provided with 
 top and bottom centre holes; another block, having a square hole through it, is 
 pivoted to the first by means of two pointed screws that enter these holes, and 
 the tool-carrying bar passes through it and is secured at its correct position by a 
 clamping screw. Thus, the tool bar is mounted so that it can move freely both 
 horizontally and vertically about its pivots, but, while the horizontal axis is fixed 
 in position, the vertical one is adj ustable sideways so that, if set to the right or 
 left of the horizontal axis, the relief of the copy can be reduced to a greater or 
 less extent than the diameter, as is sometimes desired Holders carrying the 
 tracer and tool embrace the square bar, and are clamped to it by screws at the 
 required positions. 
 
 At the right-hand end of the table is a transverse shaft, having at its rear 
 end a toothed wheel which gears with a smaller wheel mounted on the end of 
 the shaft that carries the original. On the front end of this shaft a worm is 
 fitted that engages with a worm wheel fixed to the lower end of a vertical screw 
 which is held in bearings at its ends; a nut, threaded on this screw, slides on 
 vertical guides, and has projecting from it a horizontal pin upon which rests a 
 roller mounted on the end of a curved bar forming an extension of the tool bar. 
 Thus, when the lathe is set in motion the original and copy revolve, and this 
 screw, being also rotated, gradually lowers the nut together with the bar, tracer 
 and tool ; the latter are held up to the work by a weight attached to the end 
 of the bar by a cord passing over a pulley fixed to the nut. 
 
 One or more cuts are taken over the copy, using a coarse tracer and tool, 
 the number depending upon the material that is being operated upon, while 
 light finishing cuts are taken with a finer tracing point and a very sharp tool. 
 It is necessary, for producing an accurate copy, that the points of the tracer and 
 tool should be set exactly opposite the centres of their respective shafts, and in 
 line with the pivots, while the tool point should be as fine as possible. Between 
 the cuts, the feed worm is removed and the tool bar is raised by turning the 
 screw by hand. The earlier cuts are taken with a coarser feed than the later 
 ones, worms with a larger number of threads being used. 
 
49 
 
 The machine shown is also capable of producing a copy equal in diameter 
 to the original but with reduced relief, and for this purpose the tool bar pivot 
 is lowered at the same rate as the right-hand end of the bar, by means of similar 
 mechanism. 
 
 The medallion used as the original, which is made as large as possible, would 
 be a reproduction of the artist's design, made in a material sufficiently hard to 
 withstand the rubbing of the tracing point. This and the material upon which 
 the copy is to be formed are mounted in suitable chucks screwed on to the ends 
 of the shafts. The copy when taken from the machine requires touching up 
 by hand in order to finish those parts which the machine is not able to reproduce 
 exactly. M. 3720 
 
 115. DIE-SINKING MACHINE. Lent by the Deputy Master 
 of the Royal Mint, 1910. 
 
 This is a machine for producing reduced copies in relief of medallions, &c., 
 patented by Mr. C. J. Hill in 1866, and used for preparing the steel master 
 punches from which the dies for stamping coins or medals are made. The 
 machine is similar to No. 115, in that the original and copy are mounted on 
 parallel axes, coupled together and rotated at equal speeds, while the tracing 
 point and cutting tool are mounted on a pivoted bar passing over them ; in this 
 machine, however, the shafts are placed vertically, the original and copy 
 eccentrically to the shaft centres, and the engraving tool consists of a small 
 rotating cutter driven at a high speed by a gut band. The tool bar is moved 
 across the work by hand, instead of by mechanism, and the rotary motion of the 
 original and copy, which in this case merely gives the feed, is very slow and only 
 covers a small portion of a revolution. The machine is adapted for using 
 originals of larger size which have the advantage that any slight defects in them 
 disappear on reduction; also the rotating cutter, the shape of which is similar 
 to that of the tracer and in correct proportion, will produce a more exact copy 
 than the lathe tool. The copy may, moreover, be operated upon locally, the 
 feed and speed of traverse being adjusted so that the tracing point can follow 
 closely the most intricate features of the original, which point chiefly determines 
 the accuracy and finish of the copy. 
 
 The machine has a horizontal cast-iron bed supported on standards, with a 
 driving treadle and flywheel below. At the left-hand end of the bed is a head- 
 stock, upon which are mounted the pivots for the tool bar, the horizontal axis 
 being adjustable in position. At the right-hand end is a fixed saddle carrying 
 the vertical spindle upon which the original is mounted, and between the 
 headstock and this saddle is a sliding saddle carrying the spindle upon which 
 the copy is placed. These spindles have coned bearings at the top and back 
 centres below, so that they are adjustable for wear; they carry equal worm 
 wheels near their upper ends, and these engage with a horizontal longitudinal 
 screw, the bearings of which are pressed by springs so as to hold the screw 
 tightly against the worm wheels. The right-hand spindle has a balanced face- 
 plate at its upper end, and upon this is fitted eccentrically an adjustable chuck 
 in which the original is fixed; a pillar rises above the centre of the spindle, 
 which serves as a rest for the tracer when adjusting the centre of the other 
 spindle to the cutter. The left-hand spindle has an ordinary bell chuck, which 
 is bolted to a faceplate screwed on to its nose, and in this the copy is suitably 
 mounted in a similar position to the original. The longitudinal screw is rotated, 
 through a cone clutch, worm gearing, and a variable speed gear consisting 
 of a belt and two cone pulleys, from a pulley on the treadle shaft; it may also 
 be alternatively rotated, more rapidly, by a handwheel, when it is required 
 to reverse the "motion or to adjust the work. The tool-carrying bar consists 
 of two flat bars set on edge and bolted together with distance pieces between 
 them at the ends. The left-hand end is pivoted between two vertical screw points 
 mounted on another piece, which is itself pivoted about two horizontal screw 
 points; a lever fixed to that piece has a cord leading to an adjustable spring, 
 which balances the weight of the bar. At the other end of the bar is bolted a 
 frame carrying a vertical adjustable spindle, which has the tracing point fitted 
 to its lower end, and also a handle for traversing the bar. The cutter-frame 
 carries the bearings for the rotating spindle, in the lower end of which the cutter 
 is clamped, and guide pulleys for the driving band. It slides along the double 
 bar, being moved by a pinion gearing with a rack on one of the bars, and is fixed 
 in position by clamping screws. The driving band is passed round the rim of the 
 flywheel and thence round guide pulleys to the cutter spindle, a weighted jockey 
 pulley being fitted to allow for the motion of the tool bar. 
 
 As the cutting tool and tracer are constantly wearing and require to be 
 removed and replaced, accessories are provided, by means of which they can 
 x 11899 D 
 
50 
 
 be replaced in exactly the same relative positions. These consist of a small plane 
 surface, mounted on the top of a pillar bolted to the bed, upon which the tracing 
 point is made to rest, and a long spring lever, mounted on an adjustable table, 
 also bolted to the bed. The point of the tool rests on the lever near the fulcrum, 
 and is so adjusted that the free end of the lever is just out of contact with a fixed 
 plate. Means are also provided for determining whether the cutter point is of 
 the correct size. A piece of wax is placed on an adjustable stand attached to the 
 setting table, and a sliding block, having a triangular ridge across it, is mounted 
 on the same pillar that carries the plane surface. While the cutter is rotating, 
 the tracing point is placed alternatively on each side of this ridge, and the block 
 is moved sideways through a distance equal to the width of the ridge. If the 
 cutter is of the correct diameter, and is cutting to the correct depth, it will drill 
 holes just touching one another at their circumferences. 
 
 Roughing cuts with a rose- cutter and a large tracer are taken first, and light 
 finishing cuts are made with a finer tracer and with flat drill-shaped cutters 
 having semicircular ends, which are accurately ground to shape on special 
 machines. Adjustable arm-rests are provided for the operator. The originals 
 used are iron castings taken from plaster casts made by the artist. The 
 copy, when removed from the machine, is finished by hand by the engraver. 
 
 M. 3721. 
 
 116. SPECIMENS OF DIES FOR COINING. Made by 
 William Wyon, R.A., 1842. 
 
 These specimens illustrate the mode of preparing dies for medals or coins, 
 and were made by Mr. Wyon, then chief, engraver at the Royal Mint, in 1842. 
 The engraver first produces a steel master die, in intaglio, known as the matrix ; 
 this is hardened and used to produce, by pressure, a reversed copy called a punch, 
 the steel being frequently annealed during the process. This punch then serves 
 to make any number of working dies in a similar manner, dates and lettering 
 being put on these by hand. The working dies are turned parallel for a short 
 length and are surrounded, in the press, by a steel collar which prevents the 
 coins from spreading laterally. 
 
 In modern practice the matrix is produced, by pressure, from a master punch 
 made on an engraving machine such as No. 114 or No. 115 ; the work of the 
 engraver is thus largely reduced. M. 3769. 
 
 SCREWING MACHINES AND APPLIANCES. 
 
 117. SCREW STOCKS, DIES, AND TAPS. Contributed by 
 Messrs. Joseph Whit worth & Co., 1857. 
 
 These tools embody the improvements patented by Sir Joseph Whitworth 
 and John Spear in 1840. 
 
 The set of dies consists of three pieces, a wide one which acts chiefly as a 
 guide, and two narrow ones which act as true cutting tools or chasers. The two 
 cutting dies have each one cutting edge, but one cuts during the right-handed 
 rotation and the other with the left. Both dies are simultaneously closed in 
 radially by a notched cotter, which is tightened up by a nut as the screwing 
 advances. The master tap, by which the dies are cut, is made larger in diameter 
 than the ordinary tap by twice the depth of the thread, so that when commencing 
 to screw, the dies touch all round the rod to be screwed, and are therefore certain 
 to start a true thread. As the screwing proceeds, the dies act more and more 
 by their corners or cutting edges only, so obtaining " relief " to the cutters, and 
 improving their cutting power. Dies for various threads can be fitted in the 
 stock, and they are held in position by a removable cover-plate. 
 
 The taps are formed with three wide longitudinal grooves milled in them, 
 the section left being such as to give three true cutting edges of 90, and the 
 necessary relief is obtained by " backing-off " the thread following the cutting 
 edges. The shank of the tap is reduced so that it will pass through the hole 
 tapped. The master taps shown have eight narrow grooves, owing to the dies 
 to be cut being in pieces. 
 
 The adoption of the Whitworth standard screw threads which gave the 
 present uniformity was hastened by the superiority of this tackle over that 
 formerly in use. Inv. 1857-8. 
 
 118. SCREW TAPS. Contributed by R. Bodmer, Esq., 1857. 
 
 These " convolute " taps, patented by Mr. Bodmer in 1841, are very similar 
 to those of Whitworth. The top of the thread is eased in a convolute form, 
 and the bottom and sides of the thread are also tapered and relieved in the same 
 way, so that the tap may cut like an ordinary turning tool. Inv. 1857-7. 
 
119. SCREWING MACHINE. Contributed by W. E. Newton, 
 Esq., 1861. 
 
 This is a screw-cutting machine, patented in U.S.A. by Messrs. Moore & 
 Madison in 1856, for cutting screws by hand or by power. The dies are held 
 in a clamp which slides freely on two fillets, one on each side of a trough. The 
 clamp is provided with a screw and a graduated scale for closing and setting up the 
 dies, and a lever and latch for quickly opening them. The rod or bolt-blank 
 to be screwed is held in a pair of jaws like a lathe chuck, and is caused to rotate. 
 The machine can also be used for tapping nuts, a cross bar with a square recess 
 or socket being then used to hold the nut stationary, and the tap being held by 
 the jaws and rotated. Inv. 1861-51. 
 
 120. SCREW ROLLING MACHINE. Contributed by Mr. Elliot, 
 1860. 
 
 This machine, patented in 1851, is intended for making single or multiple 
 screw threads of different diameters from the same set of dies, and for producing 
 the thread, whether square or angular, by rolling compression. Two steel 
 plates or dies, having on their faces longitudinal grooves of the shape and pitch 
 of the required screw thread, are placed one above the other at a distance apart 
 suitable for the diameter of the screw. The upper die is attached to a block 
 which can be raised or lowered by a screw, and the lower one is attached to 
 another block which slides in horizontal guides and receives a reciprocating 
 motion from a crank and connecting rod driven through spur gearing. The dies 
 are adjustable in their blocks and are set so that their grooves are inclined at 
 opposite angles to the direction of motion of the lower die, equal to the angle 
 of the required thread. The rod or blank is placed between the dies, the upper 
 one forced down upon it, and motion given to the lower one whereby the blank 
 is rolled between the faces. Specimens of the screws produced by this process 
 are shown. Inv. 1860-54. 20,888, L.S. 
 
 121. SCREW GAUGES. Lent by Messrs. Taylor, Taylor & 
 Hobson, 1893. 
 
 These specimens show the system of standard gauges introduced to ensure 
 that the screwed connections of photographic apparatus shall be interchangeable. 
 
 No. i is a double calliper gauge for external threads one side gives the 
 standard in this case 1-5 in. diam., and the other 1-499 in. diam., the difference 
 being the amount allowed on external screws to secure an easy fit and absolute 
 interchangeability, any work exceeding these limits being rejected. No. 2 
 is a double gauge for internal screws, one end being o-ooi in. larger than the 
 standard, so that any screw cut to it shall readily fit any screw passed by the 
 external screw gauge. No. 3 is the chaser employed for cutting the threads, and 
 it is equally capable of cutting both internal and external threads. It has two 
 grooves, of the shape of the thread, cut on it externally, and is provided with 
 a central hole by which it can be attached to a toolholder. One-fourth of the 
 circumference is cut away, so giving two cutting edges, one of which is used for 
 external screws and the other for internal screws. 
 
 To overcome the difficulty of entering these fine threads and also to avoid 
 the risk of stripping them, the first half of the revolution of the thread where 
 it is incomplete is cut away, so giving an abrupt commencement but a thread 
 of full strength. The internal threads are treated in the same way, and an 
 arrow head is stamped on the two portions so that they can be placed together in 
 the position in which the relieved threads will at once engage. Nos. 4 and 5 
 show a pair of threads so treated. No. 6 is a standard screwed ring in steel 
 provided with an index mark on each side. Its thickness is such that, when 
 screwed on, the index marks the commencement of the complete thread, so 
 that by marking and finishing fittings to this gauge it is secured that all fittings 
 shall screw up to the same position, thus ensuring that lenses or diaphragms 
 shall occupy their intended parts in any camera. M. 2551. 
 
 122. PARALLEL VICE. Lent by J. Parkinson, Esq., 1890. 
 
 In this vice, patented by Mr. J. Parkinson in 1885-6, the screw travels with 
 the front jaw and, by a lever at the side, the stationary half-nut which locks into 
 the screw can be lowered out of gear, allowing the vice to be quickly opened 
 or closed to its full extent, while when the nut is permitted to engage, the necessary 
 powerful grip is obtained by a slight turn of the screw. A spring is fitted which 
 presses the nut into gear and the thread employed is of the buttress form. The 
 front arm having a simple sliding motion, the jaws always remain parallel. 
 
 M. 2349. 
 D 2 
 
52 
 
 123. CAULKER FOR PIPE JOINTS. Presented by C. 
 Wheeler, Esq., 1883. 
 
 This is a tool, patented by Mr. Wheeler in 1882, for caulking joints in pipes. 
 A heavy ring slightly larger than the pipe, in two halves joined together em- 
 bracing the pipe, carries three caulking tools. By sliding the whole on the pipe 
 the tools are driven against the lead in the joints to be caulked. M. 1545. 
 
 124. ELECTRO-MAGNETIC SEPARATOR. Made and lent by 
 the Rapid Magnetting Machine Co., Ltd., 1913. 
 
 This machine is particularly designed for separating mixed workshop turnings 
 or filings, but it acts on the same principle as separators used for ore-dressing, 
 pottery clay cleaning, &c. 
 
 The electro-magnets are fixed on a segmental yoke within a revolving re- 
 newable brass drum, fed from a hopper by a cam side-shaken tray with comb 
 edges. The drum is provided with transverse ledges, and as the magnets are 
 of alternately reversed polarity, the magnetic particles keep turning over, thus 
 effectively releasing the non-magnetic, which drop off, while the magnetic are 
 carried round till they are beyond the range of the magnets, when they too drop 
 off into a separate box. It is claimed that the machine will separate a mixture 
 of 99 per cent, iron and i per cent, brass, if previously sized by passing a sieve 
 of 0-25 in. mesh. 
 
 The machine shown is the smallest size made ; the speed is 160 revs, per min. 
 The magnets are wound for any voltage desired in this case 220 volts; the 
 current required is 0-7 amps. M. 4210. 
 
 125. MACHINE FOR MAKING SPRING-HOOKS. Presented 
 by Messrs. Newton & Son, 1858. 
 
 This machine was patented in 1840 by Mr. W. Church, and is for manu- 
 facturing spring-hooks for fastening clothing, of a shape patented by him in 1839. 
 
 The wire is intermittently advanced into the machine by a pair of grooved 
 feed rollers, through an elliptical slot, where it is held by pins while a blade 
 cuts off a piece sufficient to form one hook. The pins now bend down the ends 
 of the wire, which curved jaws convert into eyes, but one of these is left with a 
 long end which afterwards forms the spring tongue. A nib bearing on the middle 
 of the wire forces it down a recess in a guide plate, while a horizontal ram moved 
 by toggles somewhat flattens it and at the same time sets the spring tongue; 
 on the return movement of this ram the partly finished hook drops out below. 
 These various motions are derived from cams on a main shaft, provided with 
 a flywheel and driven by a belt. 
 
 The blank hook thus obtained is completed in the smaller machine, called 
 a beaker. This has a spindle which can slide longitudinally in its bearings, 
 and which is coupled, by an inclined-plane clutch, to a pulley turning loosely 
 on the former and reciprocated by a band from a spring treadle. The blank 
 hook is placed on the bed, under a pin in the centre of the spindle, and on pushing 
 down the treadle an eccentric pin on the end of the spindle bends over the end 
 of the blank and completes the formation of the hook. A stud fixed on the 
 spindle stops its rotation, the pulley continuing to turn, so that the inclined-plane 
 clutch forces back the spindle and withdraws the pins from the hook, which is 
 thus released. 
 
 The attached specimens show the stages by which the finished result 
 is obtained. Inv. 1858-17. 
 
 126. MODEL OF PORTABLE FORGE. (Scale I : 4.) Re- 
 ceived 1906. 
 
 This apparatus, patented in 1879 by Dr. J Hardinge, was designed to meet 
 the wants of workmen engaged in outdoor repairs, and thus to avoid the delay 
 involved in taking the work to a shop. 
 
 The hearth of the forge is supported on a metal frame, and upon the back 
 of the standard is bolted the fan-case, which contains bearings for the fan shaft. 
 This shaft also carried an emery wheel, a chuck for drilling, and a friction wheel 
 by which it is driven. Attached to the frame is a shaft carrying the heavy 
 driving wheel, and a pinion and ratchet wheel formed in one piece. On the 
 hub of the driving wheel are one or more pawls gearing with the ratchet wheel. 
 The pinion is driven by a toothed quadrant, which may be operated either by 
 a treadle or a handle. A spiral spring acts as a counterbalance to the treadle. 
 Attached to the frame is a vice and an anvil. Portions of the frame of the hearth 
 can be removed to allow long rods to be laid in the fire. M. 3450. 
 
53 
 
 127. MODEL OF WHEEL-MOULDING MACHINE. (Scale 
 i : 4.) Lent by Messrs. Wm. Whittaker & Sons, 1901. 
 
 This construction of machine for preparing the sand mould necessary for 
 casting a spur wheel without the aid of a complete wooden pattern was patented 
 by Mr. John Whittaker in 1869, and subsequently improved in detail. 
 
 When used for preparing wheels from 3 in. to 5 ft. diam., a pattern representing 
 two consecutive teeth is secured to an external arm by which it can be lowered 
 into a moulding box resting on a table capable of being accurately rotated by 
 means of a large worm wheel and a worm, which serve as a dividing engine. The 
 interior of the moulding box is rammed up and strickled to a smooth cylindrical 
 surface by a sweep turning on a central post, and the tooth pattern is then placed 
 in position and retained by the arm while sand is rammed into this space. The 
 pattern is then steadily lifted by the mechanical slide by which it is connected 
 to the arm, and, when completely above the mould, the table is, by the dividing 
 arrangement and change wheels, rotated the amount corresponding with the 
 number of teeth required; the tooth pattern is then again lowered and sand 
 rammed up as before, until the mould for the complete series of teeth has been 
 thus prepared. The mould is afterwards finished by the insertion of four or 
 more masses of rammed sand supported on plates, and so shaped as to leave 
 spaces corresponding to the rim, arm, and boss, required for the complete 
 wheel. 
 
 For moulding the teeth of wheels that are too large for the use of a bottom 
 box, the work is performed in the sand floor of the shop, the table of the machine 
 with its dividing wheel being temporarily bedded in the centre of the mould 
 and the arm with its adjustments bolted to the table, so that the dividing 
 arrangement gives motion to the arm instead of to the box. 
 
 In the machine represented the dividing wheel is arranged under the table 
 and boxed in, so that, with its worm, it is protected from the destructive action 
 of the foundry sand. The tooth pattern is held by a pillar and radial arm, 
 carried by a saddle which can be moved along a horizontal bed by a screw. The 
 pillar is adjustable vertically by rack and pinion, and it also allows the arm 
 to be swung to and from the nearly tangential position it occupies while the 
 tooth space is being moulded. The length of the radial arm is adjustable by 
 a horizontal slide and screw, while the terminal piece which carries the pattern is 
 movable in vertical guides by a rack and pinion. M. 3195. 
 
 128. MOULDING MACHINE. Lent by H. Gibbons, Esq., 
 1893. 
 
 This is a machine, patented by Mr. Gibbons in 1880, for securing a straight 
 lift when withdrawing the pattern from the sand, and so preventing damage 
 to the mould by any unintentional movement, while, owing to the facility with 
 which the work can be turned over, " top lifts " are avoided. For repetition 
 work the use of such machines and plate-patterns has greatly reduced the cost 
 of founding. 
 
 This machine consists of two turned columns bolted to a bed-plate.. On 
 each column is a sliding sleeve, carrying a bearing in which rest the trunnions 
 of an open frame that supports the pattern plate. The weight of the frame 
 is supported by two pitch chains, passing over wheels at the top of the columns 
 and then down to counterbalance weights. The wheels are keyed to a common 
 shaft, provided with a ratchet wheel to prevent running down, and a hand wheel 
 for rotating when lifting the pattern. Clips on the plate hold the box when 
 turned over, and a frictional grip locks the trunnions. In moulding with this 
 machine, the plate is moved up to a convenient height, the moulding box placed 
 on it, clipped, and rammed up. The plate and box are then turned over together 
 and lowered till the box rests on the base, when the clips are loosened and the 
 pattern plate, after being rapped, is lifted off the mould by the machine. The 
 lifting chains are so attached that any slackness of the sleeves in the columns 
 does not influence the lift, the slack being always taken up in the same direction. 
 
 M. 2535. 
 
 WOOD-WORKING MACHINES. 
 
 129. MODEL OF MACHINE FOR BENDING TIMBER. 
 
 (Scale i : 8.) Presented by Capt. Mackinnon, R.N., and J. Draper, 
 Esq., 1863. 
 
 In this machine a straight piece of timber, after being well steamed, is fixed 
 by one end in a pair of j aws at one extremity of a segment turning upon a pivot. 
 
54 
 
 The segment is provided with a powerful lever, having a rope atached to it' 
 with a crab by which it can be turned. A guard-plate behind the timber keeps 
 the tail end from springing away, while the rotation of the segment gradually 
 bends the timber, which is then allowed to dry and set in this curved shape. 
 
 Inv. 1863-13. 
 
 CIRCULAR SAWS. 
 
 130. MODEL OF CIRCULAR SAW BENCH. (Scale i : 4.) 
 Contributed by Messrs. Samuel Worssam & Co., 1864. 
 
 The date of the introduction of the circular saw is not known, but in combina- 
 tion with the self-acting carriage it was patented in 1777 by Samuel Miller, of 
 Southampton ; it was used there in the manufacture of ships' blocks for H.M. 
 Navy by Walter Taylor. General Sir S. Bentham is credited with bringing 
 the saw, at the end of the i8th century, into a convenient bench form with an 
 adjustable fence. 
 
 The saw is formed from a disc of sheet steel ; it is clamped by a nut and 
 washer against a flange, provided with a "steady pin, solid with the driving shaft. 
 The saw, like the driving pulley, overhangs its bearings, which are underneath 
 and transverse to the bench. Part of the table lifts out to allow of access to 
 the nut for changing saws. The fence or guide is arranged to traverse on a 
 screw in a slot in the table to allow any width to be cut ; the fence is adj ustable 
 by three set screws at the back. 
 
 The advantage of the circular saw is its high cutting speed 6,000 to 7,000 ft. 
 per min. ; its disadvantages are its large diameter about three times the 
 thickness of the piece to be cut and the waste of wood due to the thickness of 
 the saw necessary for stiffness. Inv. 1864-47. 
 
 131. MODEL OF CIRCULAR SAW, WITH GUARD. (Scale 
 i : 4.) Lent by Messrs. R. Garrett & Sons, 1894. 
 
 This circular saw bench is fitted with rollers at each end to facilitate the 
 placing of heavy timber. The usual adjustable fence or guide is fitted, but 
 it has a swivel front, so that timber can be cut on the bevel when desired. 
 
 The saw is shown fitted with a guard, introduced in 1884 by Mr. J. B. 
 Lakeman, one of H.M. Inspectors of Factories, to prevent the possibility of 
 a workman falling against a revolving saw, or his being struck by loose pieces 
 of timber carried round by it; it also prevents the discomfort arising from the 
 sawdust being thrown upon the sawyer. The guard consists of a curved metal 
 plate, provided at the front end with a flap that may be thrown back when 
 starting to cut deep stuff. It is substantially made, and is supported by 
 adjustable arms bolted to the table, so arranged that they can be quickly altered 
 in position. M. 2686. 
 
 132. CIRCULAR SAW GUARD. Presented by Messrs. M. 
 Glover & Co., 1902. Plate III., No. 7. 
 
 This shows a half- size model of a saw bench fitted with the smallest arrange- 
 ment of a form of guard, patented in 1898 by Mr. A. W. Glover, for protecting 
 the attendant from accidental contact with the rapidly revolving teeth of the 
 saw. 
 
 The whole of the back portion of the saw is shielded by a closely fitting 
 stationary blade, slightly narrower than the cut made by the saw, so that it 
 does not interfere with the passage of the timber ; the front of the saw is guarded 
 by a channel-shaped flap under which the wood to be cut is passed. Both of 
 these guards are adjustable to suit saws of different diameters, and the front 
 guard can be set to suit the thickness of wood being cut. The whole arrangement 
 is carried by a vertical post turning in a bracket secured to the bench, so that it 
 can be quickly removed or swung out of the way when not required. 
 
 M. 3248. S.M. 1266, L.S. 
 
 RECIPROCATING SAWS. 
 
 133. MODEL OF SAW-FRAME FOR SHIPS' TIMBERS. 
 (Scale i : 8.) Presented by Lady Bentham, 1859. 
 
 This represents a machine, patented by Sir S. Bentham in 1793, for sawing 
 timber into curved, bevelled, or winding forms, such as ribs for wooden ships, 
 &c. The timber to be sawn is fixed in a frame which, as it travels along, is 
 
55 
 
 moved sideways by means of a pin attached to it travelling in a slot, of the 
 curved form required, in the stationary main framing. The movable frame is 
 mounted upon a second frame, which is capable of rocking about a horizontal 
 axis, so that the timber may be placed in the right position to be sawn with a 
 bevel, or in a twisted or winding form. Specimens of the work are shown. 
 
 Inv. 1859-1. 20,522, L.S. 
 
 134. SAMPLES OF VENEER AND SMALL BLOCKS. 
 Presented by Lady Bentham, 1859. 
 
 These examples were cut by machines patented by Sir S. Bentham in 1793. 
 Veneers cut from hard woods of ornamental appearance, such as mahogany, 
 rosewood, walnut, bird's-eye maple, &c., are very largely used in the manu- 
 facture of furniture, the appearance and surface of the hard wood being obtained 
 by a thin covering of veneer glued on to a foundation of cheaper timber. 
 
 Inv. 1859-2 & 3. 
 
 135. MODEL OF RECIPROCATING SAW MILL. (Scale 
 i : 10.) Made by Mons. P. Regnard, 1902. Plate III., No. 5. 
 
 The application of power to working a number of vertical saw blades 
 stretched in a frame appears to date from the I5th century, and this class of 
 sawing machine is still that most extensively used in Europe for converting 
 lumber into boards and planks. It is not so expeditious as the circular saw 
 mill, but, owing to the narrowness of the cuts, wastes much less of the timber 
 in sawdust. 
 
 The model shows a power frame saw, made by Messrs. F. Arbey and Son, 
 of Paris, in which only one saw blade is used. This blade is carried, in tension, 
 between the overhanging arms of a frame, reciprocated in vertical guides by 
 a connecting-rod from a crank pin on shafting driven by belting beneath the 
 floor level. The log to be squared or sawn is gripped at one side by two pairs 
 of claws, actuated by separate screws in two vertical slides or standards which 
 are similarly adjustable across the bed of a carriage, supported on special rails 
 and moved by a pinion engaging with a long rack attached to it. This feeding 
 pinion is rotated continuously, through a train of reduction gearing worked by 
 a belt on speed cones, from the first motion shaft ; there is also a friction clutch 
 controlling a quicker and reversed travelling motion for use in running back 
 the carriage. The upper edge of the saw is somewhat in advance of the lower 
 one, so that the teeth shall not drag through the timber in the up or non-cutting 
 stroke; in many frame saws, however, an intermittent feeding motion is given 
 in preference to the continuous arrangement here shown. 
 
 In oaken timber, for depths of from 12 to 28 in., the rate of feed is from 
 8 to 4 in. per min., or the area of the surface cut is about 100 sq. in. per min. 
 
 M. 3219. 30,896, L.S. 
 
 BAND SAWS. 
 
 136. BAND SAW. Lent by J. Barr, Esq., 1888. 
 
 This type of saw is very largely used for straight as well as curved sawing. 
 The saw itself is in the form of an endless band, running at a high velocity over 
 three rubber- covered pulleys, by one of which it is driven. The narrowness 
 of the band ^enables the attendant to turn the work about so as to cut it in any 
 required direction ; the ends of the blade are united by brazing, and the tension 
 is regulated by altering the position of one of the pulleys. The table can be 
 tilted for cutting on the bevel. M. 1881. 
 
 137. BAND SAW SETTING MACHINE. Lent by Messrs. M. 
 Glover & Co., 1911. 
 
 This is a machine for setting the teeth of band saws rapidly and accurately- 
 It consists of a frame in which the saw blade is held by an easily adjustable 
 clamp so as to be free to slide endwise. To this frame is pivoted a lever which 
 is oscillated by hand in a direction at right angles to the saw; a steel plate is 
 secured to the lower and shorter arm of the lever, and projections on this plate 
 act upon the teeth of the saw and set them to one side or the other on alternate 
 strokes of the lever. At the middle of each stroke the saw is fed forward by 
 a pawl attached to one arm of a bell-crank lever, the other arm of which is acted 
 upon by a cam formed on the lever. The pawl is returned by a spring and 
 its stroke is regulated by a screw. Two screws, passing through lugs on the 
 lever boss and bearing against stops on the frame, serve to regulate the amount 
 of set. M. 3916. 
 
56 
 
 138. AUTOMATIC SAW-SHARPENING MACHINE. Lent by 
 Messrs. M. Glover & Co., 191 1. 
 
 This is a machine for sharpening band or other similar saws by means of a 
 circular file or fine toothed milling cutter rotated by hand. 
 
 The saw blade is mounted below the file in an adjustable clamp, and the 
 file is made with a notch at one point on the circumference, in which is fitted 
 a steel cam-plate that feeds the saw forward by one tooth for every revolution. 
 Such a machine sharpens all the teeth uniformly and at the rate of about 4 ft. 
 per min. 
 
 The example shown may be screwed to a bench or table and will take saws 
 up to i -5 in. wide. M. 3917. 
 
 PLANING AND MOULDING MACHINES. 
 
 139. DIAGRAMS OF WOOD-WORKING MACHINERY. Pre- 
 sented by Prof. W. F. Exner, 1877. 
 
 This series of diagrams shows the various shapes of cutters and methods 
 of fixing them, with particulars of the numbers of cutter-heads, style of feed 
 apparatus, &c. adopted by various English and foreign makers of wood-working 
 machines. M. 1827. 
 
 140. MODEL OF MACHINE FOR CUTTING MOULDINGS. 
 
 (Scale i : 8.) Wheatstone Collection, 1876. 
 
 This represents a machine for preparing mouldings of the class shown, in 
 which the pattern undulates slightly in two directions. The timber to be 
 worked is secured to a sliding horizontal table, driven by a rack below, which 
 is advanced by a pinion worked by spur gear from a winch handle. On the 
 winch shaft are two cams, one of which gives a vertical oscillation to the 
 toolholder and the other a horizontal oscillation ; the holder is held in compound 
 guides secured to the main framing and has a screw for adjusting the depth 
 of the cut. The cutter employed is not shown, but appears to have been a 
 moulding iron the full width of the work ; from the worked specimens preserved 
 it appears that the compound motion of the cutter improved the cutting action 
 of the blade. M. 1553. 19,615, L.S. 
 
 141. UNIVERSAL WOODWORKER. Lent by Messrs. T. 
 Robinson & Son, Ltd., 1914. 
 
 This is a compact machine designed to perform a large number of wood- 
 working operations, such as planing, surfacing, tenoning, moulding, sawing, &c. 
 
 The machine has three tables mounted on a heavy box casting. The large 
 centre table is in two parts, each of which is mounted on an inclined slideway 
 and may be raised or lowered by a handwheel. In the gap between them 
 rotates a long cutter-frame carried on a spindle in bearings on the main casting. 
 The spindle extends at one end to carry a chuck and at the other end a driving 
 pulley and circular saw or cutter-block. 
 
 Planing, Surfacing, Chamfering, Rebating : 
 
 On the main tables timber can be planed up to 12 inches in width and the 
 depth of cut regulated by adjusting the front half of the table. For continuous 
 chamfering, the front half of the table is lowered to give the desired amount of 
 'cut and when stop chamfering, the back table is lowered to the same level as 
 the front. In both cases the fence is canted and used as a guide. Rebating 
 is carried out on the front edge of the tables, the front table being lowered for 
 depth of rebate and the fence adjusted to give the width. 
 
 Tenoning, Thicknessing, Tonguing, Grooving and Moulding : 
 
 The second table at the back of the machine may be made to rise or fall on 
 vertical slides, the spindle carrying the saw extending either over or under it. 
 With the cutter-block fitted all the above operations may be performed, except 
 tenoning. Tenons are cut by replacing the square cutter-block with a tenoning 
 cutter -block, the timber being passed under by hand feed. After cutting one 
 side of the tenon, the table is raised above the cutter -block and the other side 
 cut by passing the timber over it. 
 
 Slot -mortising and Boring : 
 
 The third table, in front of the machine, is mounted on slides giving vertical, 
 longitudinal and transverse movement. When slot-mortising, a bit is placed 
 
57 
 
 in the chuck and the work clamped to the table. Two holes are bored at a 
 suitable distance apart, and the intervening timber cut away by repeated 
 movements past the mortising bit until the full depth of mortice is obtained. 
 
 Circular and Irregular Moulding.: 
 
 For these operations a spindle is fitted which, when in use, extends vertically 
 upwards through a circular hole in the planing table. It has a belt pulley for 
 driving and is provided with a square cutter-block, adjustable straight and 
 ring fences, and side pressure springs. When not in use it may be lowered and 
 the hole in the table filled with a circular plug. 
 
 Cross-cutting, Mitre-cutting and Dimension Sawing : 
 
 For these operations the timber is carried on a sliding plate working in a 
 groove in the edge of the table, this plate being fitted with a fence adjustable 
 to any angle. Inv. 1914-118. 
 
 MORTISING MACHINES. 
 
 142. MORTISING MACHINE. Contributed by Messrs. M. & 
 J. H. Buck, 1860. 
 
 This is a machine for cutting the deep grooves or slots that form the most 
 difficult part of the work in preparing the common mortice and tenon joint, so 
 generally used in woodwork. The chisel is controlled by vertical guides and is 
 forced downwards by the action of a foot lever, the return upward movement 
 being given by a helical spring; the wood to be mortised is held in a vice 
 secured to the machine frame. By means of a screw thread in the top of the 
 toolholder, it is caused to rotate through one quarter of a circle in the last 
 part of its ascent, and through another quarter in commencing its descent, so 
 that it turns half round after each stroke. Later machines of this type have 
 the frame, &c. of cast iron and the tool moved by a counterweighted hand 
 lever. Inv. 1860-56. 
 
 143. MORTICE CHAIN AND GUIDE BAR. Presented by 
 Messrs. Hans Renold, Ltd., 1911. 
 
 This is a chain cutter which, used in a wood -mortising machine, produces 
 rapidly, in one cut, a finished mortice of exact size. The machine is similar 
 to a chisel -mortising machine, but the chisel is replaced by an endless chain 
 cutter driven by an upper sprocket wheel and passing round the lower end of 
 a guide bar which is mounted on a slide that is pressed downward so as to cause 
 the chain to cut into the wood to the depth required. 
 
 The chain is built up of a number of hardened tool steel link -plates connected 
 together by rivets which are countersunk into the outer plates ; a cutting tooth, 
 naving the proper cutting angle and clearance, projects from one edge of each 
 plate. The smaller chains have alternately one and two plates in each link, 
 while the larger sizes have two and three, the thickness of the plates varying 
 according to the total width of mortice required. The guide bar is also of 
 hardened steel and has a ridge on each edge to guide the chain, while a roller 
 bearing wheel at the lower end receives the working thrust. Its upper end is 
 bolted to the slide of the machine, and above it the driving sprocket is mounted. 
 
 The example shown cuts a mortice 0-25 in. by 1-5 in. and 4-5 in. deep; its 
 sprocket has four teeth and should run at 2,500 r.p.m., giving a cutting speed 
 of 1,000 ft. per min. ; but for larger sizes a speed of 1,500 ft. per min. is required. 
 Mortices of this size can be cut to a depth of 5 in. in pine in 16 sees., or in oak 
 in 19 sees. The chains are made in ten English and eight metric widths 
 between 0-25 in. and i in. M. 3983. 
 
 144. MODEL OF COPYING LATHE. (Scale i : 5.) Made by 
 MM. Regnard Freres. Received 1892. Plate III., No. 8. 
 
 This represents a lathe for turning articles whose form is irregular and 
 section not circular, such as wheel spokes or gunstocks; the model is shown 
 shaping a table leg. 
 
 The machine consists of an ordinary slide-lathe bed carrying two double 
 headstocks, so forming two lathes with parallel axes. The front lathe is driven 
 by a stepped pulley in the usual way, and by an intermediate wheel drives the 
 back lathe in the same direction and at the same speed. A saddle slides on 
 the bed, and carries a slide upon which stand two stout swinging levers con- 
 nected above by a tie-rod. To the front lever is attached a turning tool, and to 
 
58 
 
 the back one a blunt finger. In the back lathe is fixed an iron pattern of the 
 shape desired, and in the front lathe is the work to be turned. A wooden 
 spring is shown which keeps the copying finger in contact with the work, and 
 change wheels and a central guide screw are arranged to feed the saddle along, 
 while a trigger gear is added which releases the feed nut when the saddle has 
 gone far enough. Instead of a turning tool as shown it is usual to employ a 
 rapidly revolving fly-cutter, and to substitute for the copying finger a 
 circular roller of the diameter of the cutter path, by which arrangement a much 
 higher cutting speed is attainable. M. 2446. 19,618, L.S. 
 
 145. MODEL OF WOOD-CARVING MACHINE. (Scale i : 4.) 
 Presented by J. Clowes, Esq., 1858. 
 
 This is a machine, patented by Mr. T. B. Jordan in 1845, for carving in 
 wood or other material copies of busts, statuettes, &c. A table, capable of 
 horizontal motion in either direction, is provided to receive both the model 
 or object to be copied, and one or two blocks of wood to be carved. A frame 
 above the table, capable of vertical motion, carries a guide-pin or feeler, with 
 a spherical end, and two headstocks with revolving cutters. By means of the 
 several motions described, the guide-pin is made to travel over the whole 
 surface of the model, with the result that the wood is cut by the cutters to 
 the same shape as the model, but fine lines or any undercutting are done 
 afterwards by hand. Inv. 1858-6. S.M. 622, L.S. 
 
 146. FLOORING CRAMP. Contributed by W. Bissell, Esq., 
 1862. 
 
 This cramp, patented by Mr. W. Bissell in 1852, is designed for setting up 
 floor boards, framed doors, &c. 
 
 The body of the tool is a heavy iron casting, which grips the joist between 
 a projecting shoulder and an eccentrically mounted toothed quadrant; as the 
 pressure on the cramp increases, the quadrant tends to turn inwards and 
 tightens its hold on the joist. The cramp having been placed in position, 
 pressure is applied to the edge of the plank by a sliding block operated by a 
 screw which is rotated by a winch handle through two to one bevel gearing. 
 
 Inv. 1862-96. 
 
59 
 
 LIST OF DONORS AND CONTRIBUTORS, 
 
 PAGE 
 
 Admiralty, The Lords of the - 16 
 
 Affleck, F. and T., Esquires - - 15 
 
 Arts, Society of - - - 47 
 
 Babbage, Maj.-Gen. H. P. - - 26 
 
 Barlow, H. B., & Co., Messrs. - 33 
 
 Barr, J., Esq. - - - - 55 
 
 Bentham, Lady - - 54-5 
 
 Beyer, Peacock & Co., Ltd. - - 25 
 
 Bissell, W., Esq. - - - - 58 
 
 Bodmer, R., Esq. - 28, 35, 43, 50 
 
 Britannia Co. - - - - 33 
 
 British Mannesmarin Tube Co. - 16 
 
 British Oxygen Co., Ltd. 18-9 
 
 Bryant Symons & Co., Messrs. - 31 
 
 Buck, M."& J. M., Messrs. - - 57 
 
 Budgett, H. M., Esq. - - 32, 44 
 
 Bullivant & Co., Messrs. - - 27 
 Canadian American Machinery Co., 
 
 Ltd. 45 
 
 Clowes, J., Esq. - - - - 58 
 Consolidated Pneumatic Tool Co., 
 
 Ltd. - - - - 37, 44 
 
 Craig & Donald, Messrs. - - 20 
 
 De Bergue & Co., Messrs. - - 13 
 
 Donkin, Bryan, Esq. - - - 27 
 
 Draper, J., Esq. - - - - 53 
 
 Electric Welding Co., Ltd. - - 18 
 
 Elliot, Mr. - - , ~ - - 51 
 
 Evans, J. H., Esq. - - 34, 35 
 
 Exner, Prof. W. F. - - 56 
 
 Fisher, D., Esq. - - ' - - 44 
 
 Garrett & Sons, Messrs. - - 54 
 
 Gibbons, H., Esq. - - - 53 
 
 Glover, M., & Co. 54, 55, 56 
 Goodchild, Geo. W., & Partner, 
 
 Messrs. - - - - 45 
 
 Greenwood & Batley, Ltd. - - 28 
 
 Gutierrez, Manuel - -42 
 
 Holtzapffel & Co., Messrs. - 29, 45 
 
 Hulse, W., & Co., Messrs. - - 41 
 
 Hunton, C. A., & Co., Messrs. - 19 
 
 Hydraulic Engineering Co. - -39 
 
 Institution of Civil Engineers 15, 37 
 International Pneumatic Tool Co. 12 
 
 Joy, D., Esq. - - - - n 
 
 Kennedy, W., Esq. - - - 17 
 
 Lancashire Watch Co. - - - 42 
 
 Luke & Spencer, Messrs. - - 44 
 
 Mackinnon, Capt., R.N. - - 53 
 
 Makins, G. H., Esq. - - -46 
 
 PAGE 
 
 Massey, B. & S., Messrs. . - ' - 1 1 
 Maudslay Collection - 19, 24, 25 
 
 Melling, William, Esq. - - 14, 15 
 Muir, Wm., & Co., Messrs. - 34, 44 
 Museum Workshop - - 38, 39 
 Nasmyth, James, Esq. - 10, 36, 40, 41 
 Nettlefolds, Ltd., Messrs. - - 36 
 New Expanded Metal Co., Ltd. - 21 
 Newton & Son, Messrs. - 52 
 
 Newton, P. A., Esq. - - - 17 
 Newton, W. E., Esq. - * - 51 
 Noakes, T., & Sons, Ltd. - - 22 
 Parkinson, J., Esq. - - - 5 1 
 Pilkington, Peter, Ltd., Messrs. - 12 
 Rapid Magnetting Machine Co., 
 
 Ltd. 52 
 
 Regnard Freres, MM. - - 42, 57 
 Regnard, Mons. P. - - 55 
 
 Renold, Hans, Ltd., Messrs. - 57 
 Reynell, A., Esq. - , - 14 
 
 Roberts, R., Esq. 36, 39, 40 
 
 Robinson, H. C., Esq. - - - 3 
 Robinson, Thomas, & Son, Messrs. 56 
 Ross & Son, G. R., Messrs. - - 10 
 Royal Mint, Deputy Master of 48, 49 
 Ryall, H. T., Mrs. - 47 
 
 Ryder, W., Esq. 9 
 
 Shanks, Andrew, Esq. - - - 37 
 Shaw, T., Esq. - - - - 10 
 Sissons & White, Messrs. - - 8, 9 
 Smith & Coventry, Messrs. - - 32 
 Taylor, Charles, Esq. - - 3 2 , 43 
 Taylor, Taylor & Hobson, Messrs. 51 
 Thorney croft, G. B., Esq. - 14, 20 
 Tilghman's, Patent Sand - Blast 
 
 Co. 45 
 
 Tweddell, R. H., Esq. - - -13 
 Vickers, Ltd., Messrs. - - - 37 
 Weldless Chains, Ltd. - - - 13 
 Wellington & Co., Messrs. - - 32 
 Wheatstone Collection - 56 
 Wheeler, C., Esq. - - - - 52 
 Whittaker, Wm., & Sons, Messrs. - 53 
 Whitworth, Sir Joseph, & Co., 
 
 Messrs. - - - 27, 36, 40, 50 
 Woodcroft Bequest - - 8, 46 
 Woodruff Keying Co., The - - 43 
 Worssam, Samuel, & Co., Messrs. - 54 
 Wyon, William, Esq. - - 50 
 
6o 
 
 INDEX, 
 
 
 PAGE 
 
 PAGE 
 
 A. 
 
 Electric welder - 
 
 - 18 
 
 Adjustable reamer - - - 37 Electro. magnetic separator - 
 Anaglyptograph .... 46 Elliptical cutting frame 
 Automatic saw-sharpening ma- Emery wl ! eels 1. T 
 chine - .... * ^A Engineers machine tools 
 
 - 52 
 - 35 
 - 44 
 8-52 
 
 Automatic screw-making 
 
 machine 28 Engraving machines - 
 Epicycloidal cutting frame - 
 
 46-9 
 - 35 
 
 B. 
 
 Ewart's cylinder -boring machine - 39 
 Expanded metal - - - - 21 
 
 Expander, tube - 
 Band saws - ... 55 Expandi mandre i . 
 Band saw setting machine - - 55 
 
 17 
 - 33 
 
 Bar lathe - 
 
 25, 27 
 
 
 Bear, punching 
 
 - 19 F 
 
 
 Bender, timber - 
 
 s? 
 53 
 
 
 Bender, tyre 
 
 i$ Flooring cramp ... 
 
 - 58 
 
 Bending machines 
 Bersham boring mill 
 
 14, 15, 17, 53 Forge, blacksmith's 
 - 38 Forging machine 
 
 - 52 
 9 
 
 Blowpipe, metal cutting 
 Boring bar. - 
 
 . Ig Forging presses - - - 
 - 39 Foundry moulding machines 
 
 - 13 
 
 * 53 
 
 Boring machines - 
 
 36-39 
 
 
 Boring tool - 
 
 - 35 
 
 
 Brace, ratchet 
 
 - - 36 G. 
 
 
 
 Gauges, screw - 
 
 5 1 
 
 
 Gear cutters 
 
 - 43 
 
 
 Geometric chuck ... 
 
 - 33 
 
 Capstan slide-rest 
 
 . 3. Goniostat .... 
 
 - 45 
 
 Carving machines 
 
 _ 5 g Grinding machines 
 
 - 44 
 
 Caulker pipe joints 
 
 . 5 2 Guards, saw 
 
 - 54 
 
 Chain-pressing machine 
 
 13 
 
 
 Chuck, geometric 
 
 33 TT 
 
 
 Chuck, oval 
 
 H 
 - 22-3, 29 
 
 - 
 
 Chucks for lathe - 
 
 - 32 Hammers - 
 
 912 
 
 Chucks, magnetic 
 
 32, 44 Harmonic slide-rest 
 
 -7 ** 
 - 3O 
 
 Circular saws - . - 
 
 - - - 54 
 
 
 Coining dies 
 
 50 
 
 
 Coining press 
 
 19 K. 
 
 
 Copying lathe 
 Cramp, flooring - 
 
 57 Keys, Woodruff's 
 
 - 43 
 
 Cutter bar - 
 
 34 
 
 
 Cutters, milling - 
 
 3 T 
 
 43 L. 
 
 
 Cutters, screw 
 
 - - CO -r 
 
 
 Cutting frames - 
 Cylinder -boring machine, 
 Cylinder -boring machine, 
 son - 
 
 ^ Lathe, copying - 
 Ew-irt - la Lathe, Egyptian - 
 Wilkin Lathe, ornamental 
 n ' Lathe, pole- - - - 
 Lathe, screw-cutting - 
 
 - 57 
 
 - 21 
 22-3, 29 
 - 22 
 
 
 Lathes and accessories - 
 
 21-35 
 
 D. 
 
 Lathes, watchmakers' - 
 
 24, 29 
 
 Die -sinking machine 
 
 Lead -rolling mill ... 
 - 49 
 
 
 Dies for coining - 
 
 - 50 
 
 
 Dies, screw - 
 
 - 50 M. 
 
 
 Drilling machines, metal 
 Drilling spindle - 
 Drills --. 
 
 / 
 
 3 6 ~ 8 Machine vice 
 34 Magnetic chucks - 
 
 - 43 
 32, 44 
 
 
 30 Mandrel, expanding 
 
 - 33 
 
 
 Medallic engraving machines 
 
 47 
 
 E. 
 
 Metal -cutting blowpipe 
 
 - 19 
 
 Eccentric cutting frame 
 Egyptian lathe - 
 Electric drill 
 Electric grinder - 
 
 Metal, expanded - 
 -- 35 Milling cutters - 
 - * - 21 Milling machines - 
 - 37 Mills, rolling 
 44 Mills, saw .... 
 
 - 21 
 
 - 43 
 - 4.2 
 - 14 
 - 54 
 
6i 
 
 Mortice chain and guide bar 
 Mortising machines 
 Moulding machine 
 Moulding machine, foundry 
 
 N. 
 
 Normal drill 
 Notching machine 
 
 PAGE 
 
 - 57 
 
 - 57 
 
 - 56 
 
 - 53 
 
 - 36 
 
 - 20 
 
 O. 
 
 Ornamental lathes - - 22-3, 29 
 Oval chuck - - - 22-3, 29 
 
 Oxy -acetylene welding blowpipe - 18 
 
 P. 
 
 Pile drivers - * ' - - 8, 9 
 
 Pipe-bending machine - - 17 
 
 Planing and shaping machines - 39 
 
 Planing machines, metal - *- 39 
 
 Planing machines, wood - - 56 
 
 Pneumatic hammers - - - 12 
 
 Pole lathe 22 
 
 Power hammers - - * 9-12 
 
 Press, coining - - . - - 19 
 
 Press, forging - - - - 13 
 
 Puddled balls squeezer - - 14 
 
 Punching and shearing machines - 19 
 
 Punching bear - - - 19 
 
 Punching machine - - - 20 
 
 R. 
 
 Ratchet brace - - 36 
 
 Reamers - - - - 37 
 Reciprocating saws - - 42, 54-5 
 Revolving head for straightening 
 
 wire 17 
 
 Riveter - - - - - 13 
 Rolling mills * - - . - 14 
 Rose engines - 22-3 
 
 S. 
 
 Sand blast apparatus - - 45 
 
 Sand moulding machine - ; - 53 
 
 Saw benches - - - - 54 
 
 Saw guard, circular - - - 54 
 
 Saw mill - * - - - 55 
 
 Saws ------ 54 
 
 Saw-sharpening machine - 45, 56 
 
 PAGE 
 
 Screw -correcting lathe - - - 31 
 
 Screw-cutting lathe - 25, 28-9, 31 
 
 Screw gauges - - - - 51 
 
 Screw-making machine - - 28 
 
 Screw-originating machine - - 24 
 
 Screw taps and dies - - - 5 
 
 Screwing machines and appliances 51 
 
 Separator, electro-magnetic - - 52 
 
 Shaping machine - - - 41 
 
 Shearing machines - - - 20 
 Slide-rests - - 22-3, 25, 29-30, 34 
 
 Slot-drilling machine - - - 37 
 
 Soho boring mill - - - - 39 
 
 Spherical boring tool - - - 35 
 
 Spoke-bender - - - - 14 
 
 Spring hooks, machine for making 52 
 
 Squeezer for puddled balls - - 14 
 
 Steam and other power hammers - 8 
 
 Stocks, dies and taps - 50 
 
 T. 
 
 Taps, screw - - - 50 
 
 Tilt hammers - - - - 9 
 
 Timber-bending machine - - 53 
 
 Tire-bender - - - 15 
 
 Tire-rolling mill - - - - 15 
 
 Tool -grinders -. - - ' - 44 
 
 Tube-expander - - 17 
 
 Tube-rolling mill - - ' - - 15 
 
 U. 
 
 " Universal " woodworker - - 56 
 
 V. 
 
 Veneer, examples of - - 55 
 Vices 43, 5i 
 
 w. f 
 
 Watchmakers' drill turns - - 36 
 
 Watchmakers' lathes - - 24, 29 
 
 Welding machine, electric - - 18 
 
 Welding machine, oxy- acetylene - 18 
 
 Wheel-cutting engines - - - 42 
 
 Wheel-moulding machine - - 53 
 
 Whitworth's drilling machine - 36 
 
 Wilkinson's boring mill - - 38 
 
 Window-lead rolling mill - 14 
 
 Wire -straightening machines 16, 17 
 
 Wood- working machinery - - 53 
 
 Wormwheel milling cutters - - 43 
 
 Printed under the authority of His MAJESTY'S STATIONERY OFFICE 
 
 By Eyre and Spottiswoode, Ltd., East Harding Street, E.C. 4, 
 
 Printers to the King's most Excellent Majesty. 
 
Plate I. 
 
 1 Pile driver, 
 
 p. 9. 2 Nasmyth's steam hammer, 
 
 p. 10. 
 
 3 Forging machine, p. 9. 5 Mannesmann tube mill, 
 
 p. 15. 
 
 4 Forging press, 
 
 u 11899 
 
 p. 13. 6 Electric welding machine, 
 
 p. 18. 
 
Plate II. 
 
 Punching and shearing machine, p. 20. 4 Rose engine, p. 23. 
 
 2 Pole lathe 
 
 p. 22. 5 Maudslay's original screw-cutting lathe, p. 25. 
 
 3 Ornamental lathe, p. 22. 6 Roberts's slide lathe, 
 
 p. 25. 
 
 7 Holtzapffel lathe,. 
 
 p. 29. 8 Watchmakers' lathes, p. 29. 
 
Plate III. 
 
 1 Roberts's planing machine, p. 39. 2 Shaping machine, p. 41. 
 
 3 Drilling machine, p. 36. 5 Log saw, 
 
 J^ 
 
 
 4 Wheel-cutting engine, p. 42. 6 Electric grinder, 
 
 p. 44. 
 
 7 Circular saw, 
 
 p. 54. 8 Copying lathe, 
 
 p. 57. 
 
ANCIENT AND MODERN SHIPS cont. 
 
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 Mercantile Steamers. Historical Sketch of the Development of the 
 Structural Features of Iron and Steel Ships. Appendices : Tonnage and 
 its Measurement at Different Times; Tables of Dimensions and other- 
 Data of Transatlantic Steamers. With Illustrations and Index. (].? 
 
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