■iilii UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA AT LOS ANGELES CYCLOPEDIA OK OK THE @Folina8 oF tl^c Pslindcciill^ @ntur\\ WITH A BHIEF HISTORICAL INTRODUCTION ON SOUTH CAROLINA BY GENERAL EDWARD McCRADY, Jr., AND ON NORTH CAROLINA BY HON. SAMUEL A. ASHE. WOLUME MADISON, WIS.: BRflINT Z} FULLER, 1893. 8 5 7 COPTBIGBT, 1892. By brant & FULLER, Madison, Wis.- I*rmu-rtit t'linlinij Co., }fiiili»nn. Win. lUndrru (>/ W. II. Conkey, Chicago, 111. CO CO >• M I o o ax 111 PRKFACE. In prcscnlini4 this C'ycloiK'dia of Imminent and Iveprescntativc Men of the Carolinas to their subscribers, the pubHshers bc^ leave to make a few brief remarks touching its compilation. Of the excellent histori- cal sketches by S. A. Ashe, Esq., of North Carolina, and by Gen. Ed- ward McCrady, jr., of South Carolina, but little need be said, as they sufficiently recommend themselves. But it is only proper to say that these gentlemen are in no respect responsible for the biographical sketches contained within the covers of the work. The publishers are indebted for these, in a measure, to such works as Wheeler's Reminiscences of North Carolina, O'Neall's Bench and Bar, of South Carolina, Dowd's I^rominent Living North Carolinians, the works of ex-Governor Perry, of South Carolina, .Smith's Western North Carolina, Appleton's Encyclopedia, and, more than all, to the labors of the force of able writers employed for the [jurpose by the publishers. That there may be some defects in the work, as there are in all works, it would be useless to deny, but the publishers feel warranted in saying tliat they have fully kept up to their contract with their subscribers, and may with pardonable pride point to the excellent typography and attractive binding of the work. 44B028 INDEX. Alibott, H. T Ailniiis, W. n Aldricli, Janjes T Alexauder, Jos Allston, R. F. W Assinan, William J Atkinson, W. R Avery, Edward T Aver, L. M : Ball, 15. W Bailey, Mei-cer S Barker, T. O Barksdale. J. A Bates, A. D Bates, R. W Bates, W. T. C Bellinger, George I> Biemann, D Blaokwell, J. H Bleckley, Sylvester Bodie, James C Boggs, Julius E Bonham, Milledge L Bossard, J. J Bowen, R. E Boyd, \V. L Boylston, Robert B Bradley, D. F Brand, R. A BrattoD, John Bratton, J. R Brawley, W, H Brockinton, W. W Brodhani, ^I Brown, A . S Brown, Micliael Brown, B. F Brunson, W. A Bryan, George S Buck, Henry Buist, J. S Burnside, A. W Butler, A. P Butler, Pierce Butler, P. M Caldwell, J. J Calhoun, John Caldwell.. Caine, E. M Cantey, J. W Carey, James P Gary, John C Chase, J. P Chestnut, Jr., James Cheves, Langdon Childs, L. D Cleveland, John B Cleveland, W. C Clyburn, S. C Coffin, John P Cotield, George Cohen, Octavus Coit, J. C Coker, J. L Coker, W. C Conner, James Converse. D. E Oothran, James S — Gourtenay, Williaui A Covington Brothers Crawford, T. A Croft, G. \V Cuibreath, James Y Cucningham, G. I . . . . Darby, Q. A Da Vega, S. M AfJK. .■jis (MS n:w .'ill,-, ■1113 4S.S 1C.8 :«ir i:!S ;ii(i 111 ■M2 PACK. Davie, W. R 022 Davis, Sr. , James -iS-^J Davis, R. M 4iir Dawkins, T. N -'.'i:! Dawson, F. W S-'''" Day, W. H .: -isi lii-ndy, K. P i;.') DesPortcs, R. S .Wl L'eSaussure, P. G ^2.5 .5i,l 025 412 893 88 342 406 61fl 312 . .'•,48 . 183 . 433 . 34(j . 1.37 . 345 . 491 fi39 . 45: . 353 . 236 . ers . 480 . 328 . .596 . 240 . 648 . 613 , . 216 . . 318 . 545 . . 296 . . .507 . . 478 . . 6.55 63 440 iin .. 4.52 .. 391 .. 378 384 5r DeSaussure, H. William . Dial, Albert Dibl)le, Samuel Ditjens. J. H l>oiialdson, M. L Drjuglass, Alexanders. Drayton, John . Dudley, T. E.. Dukes, John 11 Dunbar, B. S . . Duncan, D. R . Dunton, L. M Earle, Joseph H Barle, T. T Earle, G. W Ellerbe, W. H Elliott, Benjamin . . . Elmore, Benjamin 'I' Elmore, Franklin H Enumuel. I'hilip A England, John Evans, Josiah J Evans, J. G. Evans, N. G. .59 398 677 6(11 444 214 263 184 142 PAOE. Hamilton, Jr., .James 560 Hammctt, Henry P 471 Hammond, Frardc 373 Hammond, J. II. .. 034 Hampton, Wade . . 675 Harden, W. II. ., .. 423 Hardin. E. K .323 Harllee, William W , . 238 Harper, William ... .298 Hart, Alvin 005 H.art, James F ■. 831 137 455 451 138 -165 li(RI 316 195 541 513 :J49 273 812 334 578 183 16i; r.i9 196 5211 212 193 124 Evlns, John Hamilton 2.58 Fant, O. H. P 570 Farley, Hugh L -539 Ferguson, John Otll Ferguson, J. W 109 Fewell, W. B 07 Finley, David E 22:5 Fleming, C. E 344 Fleming. John O. C 593 Folk, William H S74 Fowler, J. S 030 Fi-aser, T. B 38- Fraser, S. S 419 Frierson, E. C - 3.53 Frost. Edward 14:J Fulen wider, E. H 470 Fullertou, James 670 Gadsdi-n, Christopher. 0.54 Gnillard, John 390 Garlington, Benjamin C. 8() ( iarlington, John 410 (4arlington, John, Jr 88 Garner. James S 309 Garv. E. B 201 Gaiv. :\IartLn W 204 ( ieddes, John 504 Gil.lis. W.H 588 <;ill)crt, C 641 Gilder. J. K 334 Gii-ardeau, .John L 499 Glenn, R. H .540 Gogt-aus. J. K. P 281 Gower, T. C .554 Gray, W. L 000 Gregg, Maxcy 90 Gregg, Smdie A 436 Grimn, P. E 336 Hagood, James E 536 llagood, Johnson 7'8 Hagood, William M .559 Haile, Columbus C 448 Haile, James L 414 Ilarvin, C. R 493 Haskell, Alexander C 93 Haskell, Jt,hn C 95 Haj-ne, Rob,-rt Y 243 Haynsworth. W. F. B 386 Hazard, Walter 233 Hemphill, James 3.53 U.-mphill, J. C 547 .51,1 ll,>inphill. J. J 674 Heniphdl, R. R 386 Henderson. F. B 375 Henderson, D. S 197 Hill. R. S 020 Hollingsworth, G. L 298 Holmes, F. S 508 Hood, W. H 443 Howe, George 337 Iluchting, J. F 019 Hucks, Joseph J 234 Uuger, Daniel E 2,54 Hughson, John .S 343 Huiet, J. H 451 Hunter, John 643 Hunter, John J 57'0 Hutchison, A. E 450 Irby, James H 219 Irby, J. L. M 170 Ivy, J. M -. 590 Izlar, James F 75 Izlar, L.T ' S'W Jackson, W. S 453 Jacobs, W. P. James. J. A — .Tamieson, W. A. Jefferys. T. 3. . . . Jeter, T. B. 514 :sn6 :!82 269 .Johnson, W. D 295 Johnson, John. Johnson, Joseph. - Johnson, William . Johnson, Jr., William. .512 511 510 510 Johnstone, J. IVI 467 Johnstone, Silas. Jones, B. W... Jones, I. B Jones, S. B Keith, I. S Keith, William C Keitt, L. M Kennedy, .John 1 > Kennedy, J. W , . . Kershaw, .J. B. . - Kilpatrick, F. W Jiinard, M. L Kinloch, Robert A . Kirkland, N, F. 280 589 245 504 519 177 674 291 , 503 , 300 , 545 , .581 3.30 400 Kirkiand, Thomas J 299 KoUock, Cornelius 304 Lander. S 510 Lathrop, Abial. .. 269 Latimer, A. C 637 Laurens, Henr.v 6.50 Legare. Hugh Swinton 60 Levi, Abraham 350 Vlll INDEX. Lewis, Richard Ijles, J. R Lipscomb, T. J Livingston, James \\ TJvingston, Knox... Lloyd. E. W Loudon, J. K Liicis. W.E Lyles, William H . . . Lj-nch, P. N LiTich. G.'G .ifcBivde, J. Mc L... McCa'll. C. S McCasIan, W. M JlcCaw, R. G JlcCaw, W. B McClauahan, J. 51. JIcC'ov. Thomas JlcCrady Family, The, McCrndy. Edward .... JlcCrady, Jr., Edward McCrady, John McCrady, John McCully, P. K McDonald. Laughlin. McDuffle, George McGahan, T. R McGowan. Samuel . Jlclver, Evander R . . Melver. Henry McKay, J. W .. .. JIcLaurin, John L . . . MoMaster, G. H McMichael. P. A McMiUen, J. C M.ickey, John Blagrath, A. G Manning, R. I. Marion, Francis Marion. Thomas D . . . Markley. H. C Martin, .T. F Mason, R. E Mauldin, W. L Maxwell, J. D Maxwell. J. H Mayer, O. B Means, John H . Meetze. A. U Mellichanip, S. R .... Melton, Sainutd W. . . Meniiuinger, Allanl JleniniinKer, Christopher O Michel, MidiUeton.. Mic-kler, J. P Middletou. Henry. . Miles, F. T Milfts, C. K Miles, Edward R. ftllles, .Tames W.. . Jtiles, W. P Miller, Stephen D.. Mills, O. P Mnise. Edwin W. . . Montgomery. J. H Montgomery, W. J Mood, Julius A . . . ■ Moore. A . A .Moore, .James W. . . Moore, W. A Moses. AU4Unont. . . Moss, Benjamin H. Blonltrie. Will Mower, (Jeorge S.. Mfuvry, A. H Nance, J. D Nardin, W. H Nelsf>n, P. H Nettles, Clarence Slm». Neltles, .1. K Newt<.n. H. II Nicholson, William A Nohle, I'utrick Norris, Alfred .1 Norrls, |i. K NorrlH. .L B NorrlH. JesHc w . Northrop, fl. 1'.. . Norton, Joseph J . PAGE. .. 410 .. 4JU .5,s; iro . ISO 4S5 ■J49 4' <1G 523 485 405 6'J2 sua 404 i-x, ;i33 31 150 151 1G3 151 1.58 620 215 01 613 2U'.I 264 241 430 INj 3-8 .5or 33t 314 1311 .573 6.53 350 477 5!I4 4UX mti 313 323 607 671 ,506 '.iS :«3 174 3.5'.l 1:.'S 6.5!l 124 476 2SS io2 377 1 30 120 .521 ISO P.\OK. PAGE. OWeall. JohnB.. . 66S Tolly. G. F 624 O'XeiU. Bernard. . . 372 Townsend. C. P 191 Orr, J. L .... 112 Trescott, W. H .... 107 Tribble. .Tames L . 133 .... 351 Twitcliell, A. H Verdier, W. J 401 ratrick, J. B ... 486 262 Patterson, Giles J .... 251 Verner. J. D 395 .... 498 Villepigue, P. T Wageuer. J. A Walker, Jos 601 Penn W B .... 605 614 Peoples. John O Perry, Benjamin F .. . .506 488 ... 69 Wallace, Robert M.... :387 Perry, WilUam H Petigru, J. L Pickens, Andrew. . 100 Wallace. William 97 . 610 Wallace, William Henry 64 . 0.50 Wannamaker, Lawtou H 405 Pickens, Francis ^\' . . 2'.I0 Ward, John J 367 Pinckney, C. C. . Pinckney. Thomas . 117 AVardlaw, A. G ....... . 515 . . 652 Wardlaw. David L . . . . 207 Watson, William G. . . Watson, John L 429 .... 577 402 Poinsett, Joel R ... 192 Watts, R. C 172 Poole. J. T . 320 Weatherly. C. MeR.. 413 Poore, J. W .. 033 Webster. E. A 539 Pope. J D .. 303 \\ ells, George G Ill Pope, Y.J .. 2S3 Whale.v, Thomas B... 270 Porter, A. T . . . .. 4:13 Whit*. G. B 348 Porcher. Francis P. .. 327 Whitner, B. F 128 Prescott, \V. E ... 4T4 Whitner, Jo.seph N. . . 126 Preston. William C .... 240 Willcox, John 537 Ramsay, David .... 645 Willcox, J. C 307 Read. John H ... 418 Williams, G. W 2'*7 Redtearn, Alexander M .... 305 ^^ iliiams. George W . . 362 Reeves, E. D- ... .... 563 Wilson, B. F 513 Reid. C. L .... 674 Wilson, John L 235 Reynolds, I. A ... 533 Wilson. Jr., W. B.... 235 Richardson, John P ... 527 Wilson, W. B Richardson, J. S. . . . 271 Winganl, S. P 413 Riggs, John S . . . . 480 Withers, Thomas J . . . 239 Risley, David . 431 Woodrow, James 393 Kohertson. J. T.. 5.52 Woodward, T. W . 431 Roddey, W. L... . 381 Woolsey. W. W. .... 375 Rogers, Jr.. F. M . OOli Wylie, A. P . 347 Rowle.v. E.F. S.. 311 Wylie. J. D ... 247 Rutledge. B. H.. .. 148 Wyinan Brothers 354 Rutledge, Edwaid . . . 57 \ oung, John L. . 300 Rutledge, John ■55 Ryan, J. J, .... 621 PORTEAI"S. Shand. Robert W . . . 100 Shaw, John D. M .. 416 Ball. B. W 168 Shell, (i. W . 440 Barker. T. G... 132 Sheppard. J. C .. .. 274 Barksdale. J. A. . 316 Simons, James .... 141 Bo.llston, R. B. ... 212 Simons, T . Grange .... 326 Brvan, G. S .... 673 Simonton, Charles H .... 146 Connor. J 138 Simpson. Richard W .... 121 Courtenav, W. A 367 Siiii|won, William D .... 101 I'>ost. E 143 Siif.Mi, A.J .... 630 Gower. T. C 554 Sill. Ill, J. B .... 628 Hagood, J 78 5.58 Hampton, Wade ITardeu, W. H 675 Slati'i-. E. F . . .561 422 Sloan, Benjahiin .... 498 H.askell. A. C 93 Sloan. B F .... 467 Kinard. M. L. . . . .581 Sloan, John T., Jr .... 105 Magahan, T. R . 012 Smith. William .... 646 McCrady, Sr., E. ... 151 SmiUi, H. L .... 4-14 McCrady, Jr., 12. ... 162 Snivlh, E. A .... 468 McCriidy. J ... 1.58 Siiivtlie, AugustineT .... 145 McGowan, S. . . . 309 Springs, A. A .... 6 10 Magrath, A. < 1 . , . 130 Springs. A. Baxter .... 4.5S Marion, T. I>. .. . .3.50 399 Meetze. H. A Melton, S. W 671 Su-phens. L. ... 3,55 08 Sp.kes. J. W .... 358 JUirrav, E. B 208 Strait, T. J .... SK Nicholson, W. ,\ . . ... 388 .... 631 HIT, .). L Talterson. G. J. . 107 Sullivan. G. W .... 635 ... 251 627 .. . .570 403 Siiintcr, Tlioma.s Riggs, J. S 480 Taller A N 336 Rutledge, B.H Simonton. C. H 148 TarlTOX, John W . . . 420 .. 1)6 Taylor, B W Simpson. W. D. . Siiiythe, A. T Thompson, Hugh S .... .531 , 115 Thomson, J. S. R .... 260 Springs. .\. B. . 1.58 Thompson, Roberta Anderson 1H2 Walker. J . . . . 182 167 Wailac-e, W. H. W<4isti-r. E. A 61 Tillman. B. R . . . .526 .539 Tillman, George' 1) .. . 276 Wbilncr. B. F 128 Timliiernian, W. H . . . 309 Wil*,.n, B. F 513 Tinirod. Henry .... 512 Wilson, Sr., W. B "27 411 Wilson, Jr.. W. B.... Woodward, T. W .. . rtOlj Todd, S. R ..'.'. 1)99 431 HISTORICAL SKETCH OF SOUTH CAROLINA. BY GEN. EDWARD MC CRADV, JR. "N A RECENT WORK on the History of the United States, Mr. Percy Greg, an English author of high reputa- tion, in answer to a call of the London press to write a his- tory of the civil war in America as one most competent to the task, has given to the world the clearest and best state- ment of the Lost Cause which has yet appeared, and the strongest defense of it which has yet been presented. He speaks of the southern people, as on the whole perhaps the most thoroughly English of English speaking nations and thus de- scribes the people of South Carolina: Most of the elder states preserve throughout American history an individuality iiiiite as distinct and persistent as that of leading Greek cities, or great Roman families. » » » • ^iut above all the dauntless and defiant spirit, the fiery temper, the venturous chivalry of South Carolina continually remind the student of American history of her mixed origin. The e.arly infusion of the blood of the English Cavaliers with tliat of the Huguenots who, as their fanatacism softened, transmitted to their olfspring the traditional gallantry and martial spirit of their Gascon ancestry. Nothing in her situation geographical, political or industrial required her to take the foremost place in sectional conflict. But in almost every collision the Palmetto state comes to the front as the promptest, fiercest, most determined champion of state sovereignity, slavery and southern interests. So too, another Englishman writing from Virginia in MacMillan's Magazine a few years since commenting upon the cherished individ- ual traditions and distinctive traits of each of the older Southern states observes that a Virginian of to-day is first a Virginian, a South Carolinian is above all things a South Carolinian; but ne.xt they are both Southerners and lastly Americans. This writer thinks it prob- able that this may not last for more than a generation or so longer; but that in the meantime the fact remains and forms one general and striking contradiction, even if there were no others, to the alleged want of light and shade in the national existence. The people of South Carolina, whether admired or not are recog- nized everywhere as a somewhat peculiar people. It is said by strangers that they can be told wherever they go. Their manners, it is said, are marked and their bearing different; that their voices are not like others and their accent peculiar. Few of them who have been often out of their state have not at times been startled by such recognition. Then, too they have had a determined policy through- out the history of the government of the United States and have im- pressed it upon other parts of the South; and for this their enemies \ — 2 l8 SOUTH CAROLINA. have rejoiced over the calamities which befell them in the war which followed it. But whether praised or blamed the fact is certain they have been recognized as a people in many respects peculiar to them- selves and idiosyncratic in their character. This, too is all the more remarkable when, as every one familiar with the local history of the state well knows, among them- selves there have been always strongly marked and well defined differences in almost every respect in which they appear to strangers as one people. This is all the more remarkable, too, since these dif- ferences have been, so to speak, organic, having had their origin in the very settlement of the state, and have not been evolved from differing circumstances among those who were once the same people. As history is but the combined stories of the actions of the lead- ing men of a people, biography is the foundation upon which is built the historical superstructure of state; and it is remarkable that though the history of South Carolina is so full of dramatic incident, in no state has there been less of biographical work. A few sketches are to be found of the men of the Revolution in Garden's Anecdotes — in the appendix to Ramsay's second volume of the History of South Carolina — and in Johnson's Traditions of the Revolution. Judge O'Xeall has gathered a considerable number In his work on the Bench and Bar of the State; and Dr. Dalcho in his History of the Church of South Carolina, and Dr Howe in his of the Presbyter- ian church has given some of the clergy; but there has been no gen- eral biographical work in the state up to this time. This want the present work attempts to supply. By way of preface to this it v/ill be interesting to recall some of the facts in regard to the peopling of the state and to trace if we can to their sources the political and social differences amongst the in- habitants, and at the same time consider how it is that the people of the State, so differently constituted, and so maintaining their differ- ences, have been to the rest of the world one peculiar and homogen- eous race. We would call attention, before we proceed further, to the common error into which Mr. Greg falls in the passage we have quoted in at- tributing the characteristics he mentions, of the people of South Carolina, to their English and French sources to the exclusion of that element — the Scotch-Irish, which, though eighty years later in coming into South Carolina has been for the last century almost predominant in the state, and to which is principally owing the very characteristics which he attributes to the interfusion of the blood of the English Cavalier and the French Huguenot. There is another point, too, in the quotation we have made from Mr. Cireg about which we would here say a word; and that is in re- gard to his allusion to "the blood of the English Cavalier." In this allusion Mr. Greg has no doubt the authority of Hewat and Ramsay who writing of the first settlement say that the colony received both Round-hcails and Cavaliers, the friends of parliament and the ad- herents of the Royal family. If these authors would include all ad- SOUTH CAROLINA. IQ herents to the Ro^'al family as Cavaliers the statement is no doubt correct. But in the sense in which that word is generally under- Stood, and in which Mr. Greg no doubt uses it we must be bold enough, and possibly socially heretical enough to say that the facts now well known will not bear out the assertion. Of the Cavaliers, whom Macaulay describes as those opulent and well descended gen- tlemen to whom nothing was wanting of nobility but the name, some undoubtedly fled to Virginia in 1649, upon the execution of the King; and Lord Baltimore took some of them to Maryland, but there were few if any in South Carolina. Sir John Yeamans, the Governor of Carolina, and Sir John Colleton, the Proprietor, were commoners who had made their fortunes in Barbadoes, and acquired their baro- netcies there for standing up for the royal authority when Cromwell invaded the West Indies. Stephen Bull, who, alone among the first colonists under Gov. Sayle to arrive, established a family which yet exists and which under the Royal government became almost a Royal one itself, was a gentleman of small if any fortune and a surveyor. As has been said by the writer in MacMillan's Magazine before quoted, any tradition which connects the provincial aristocracies of the Southern States with the old world patrician origin is in most in- stances pure, sentimental fiction that is not only contrary to com- mon sense and to all evidences that can be collected, but is in defi- ance of colonial history itself. The far away ancestor — the gentle- man upon a prancing steed with flowing locks and nodding feathers, ruffling in lace and boiling over with chivalry, is with few, very few exceptions, a mere figment of the imagination. As the writer goes on to observe in regard to Virginia, so of South Carolina. No doubt many royalists came to Carolina; it was a Church of England col- ony; but a vulgar error which, as he says, is by no means confined to Virginia, forgets that the yeomanry and common folk formed the bulk of the royalist army just as it is apt to be forgotten that men of birth and consideration were found in the other. Thiols curiously illustrated in the history of South Carolina. The family among the early settlers of probably the most generally recog- nized connection with the titled aristocracy of England, though that connection was but collateral, were the Blakes. Joseph Blake, one of the early governors of the colony married the daughter of Lady Axtel, whose husband had been a landgrave. This Blake was a nephew of the famous English admiral of the commonwealth, who fought under Cromwell both upon sea and upon land, and whose body having been interred with great pomp and ceremony in Westminster Abbey, was exhumed by Charles the Second. Gov. Blake, the grandson of a well- to-do merchant — the father of the admiral — was therefore not a churchman but a dissenter, and as such was opposed to the first Church act of 1704. It is said he was a Baptist but perhaps this is a mistake. It is more probable he was a Presbyterian; but whatever he was, he was neither a cavalier nor a churchman. The truth is there is nothing more sill}' than the attempt in most instances to connect American families with the aristocracy of Eng- 20 SOUTH CAROLINA. land. The attempt is usually made through the lineage of younger sons, as if younger sons were anybodys in England where the law of primogeniture prevails. Thousands of English commoners do as much without thinking anything of it when done; and when estab- lished, which is very seldom the case with us, such connections would not entitle the successful persons to any better if as good position in England as they already occupy at home; a position which is readily accorded to them when abroad because they occupy it at home. In the old comedy, " The Heir at Law," by George Coleman, the youn- ger, in " plain Daniel Dowlass, of Gosport," the tallow-chandler, who answers an advertisement for the " heir at law, if there be any reviv- ing of the late Baron Duberly" (supposed to have died childless), we have a picture of the condition of life to which many of the sons of nobility often descend in England, and we have another in "Tittle Bat Titmouse," in Dr. Warren's famous novel, " Ten Thousand a Year." In both instances the vulgarity of these scions of noble houses is the most conspicuous feature and the turning point of the stories. Hewat, and Ramsay following him, thus describe the people gener- ally who first came. The inducements to emigration, they say, were so many and so various that every year brought new adventurers to the province. The friends of the Proprietors were allured to it by the prospect of obtaining landed estates at an easy rate. Others took refuge in it from the frowns of fortune and the rigor of creditors. Young men reduced to misery by folly and excess embarked for the new set- tlement where they had leisure to reform, and where necessity taught them the unknown virtues of prudence and temperance. Restless spirits, fond of roving, were gratified by emigration and found in the new country abundant scope for enterprise and adventure. These were the characteristics, doubtless, of the men who formed the first colony under Gov. Sayle in 1670. This colony came by the way of Barbadoes, where they were joined by others from that Island. And this leads us to say that there is one important element in the settlement of South Carolina which both Hewat and Ramsay have overlooked, and that is this emigration from Barbadoes and from some of the other West Indies. Questions arising about the title to lands in Barbadoes growing out of conflicting grants to the Earl of Carlisle and to the Earl of Marlborough led to the interference of the Crown, and Charles the Second as usual seized upon the opportunity of securing a permanent and irrevocable revenue for himself on the pretence of settling the claims under these rival patents. The plant- ers of Barbadoes, though devoted to the Crown, naturally complained of this treatment and were still more dissatisfied at finding the navi- gation acts, which they had regarded as a chastisement inflicted on them by the commonwealth for their loyalty to the King, confirmed on his restoration. A succession, too, of dreadful hurricanes, added to these troubles, drove many of the inhabitants of Barbadoes to seek other lands, and many of them came to Carolina under the auspices of the Proprietors who were seeking emigrants to develope their province. Among tho.se who left Barbadoes at the time was a colony SOUTH CAROLINA. 21 made up for the settlement in Carolina. Sir John Yeamans, who, as we have said, had been knighted for his loyalty to Charl(;s when Barbadoeswas invaded by the Parliamentarians, was originally desig- nated by the Lords Proprietors as the governor of Carolina under the first charter. In August, 1663, the inhabitants of Barbadoes who wished to remove to Carolina, sent out commissioners in the ship Advoittircr, Capt. Hilton, to explore the coast; and in 1664 the Lords Proprietors dispatched to Barbadoes another ship, the John Thomas, with arms and ammunition for those who desired to settle at Port Royal. But probably on account of the representation which the commissioners in the A (/vcnfuivr gave of the hostile disposition of the Indians, and the presence of the Spaniards at Port Royal, and of the advantages of the Cape Fear river, the Barbadians selected the latter place and made their first settlement there. In 1665, a number of these people purchased extensive tracts of land in the intended colony of Carolina, and paid for them in Muscavado sugar at the rate of 1,000 pounds for every 500 acres of land. In these transactions Sir John Yeamans, who was then in Barbadoes, styled himself Licittcnaiit Goicntl -Hindi Governor of t lie Province of Carolina, and one George Thompson who receipted for the sugar declared that he did so by virtue of an election of the " adventurers for Carolina." It appears to have been the intention of the Proprietors at this time to have divided the province into the counties of Albemarle and Craven, corresponding to some extent, to the states of North and South Carolina. The adventurers arrived at Cape Fear in the autumn of 1665, and in the following year they, together with the New Englanders who remained there from a former attempted colony in i66i, numbered eight hundred. Sir John Yeamans gov- erned the colony with the care of a father, and by his prudence se- cured the uninterrupted good will of the neighboring Indians. But he was soon to be appointed governor of the more southern colony at Ashley River, that of Charles Town, if indeed such had not been the original intention of the Proprietors. Many of the settlers followed him thither to lands more plentiful and better adapted, as they thought, to raising cattle, and the new situation at Cape Fear became at last so completely deserted that before i6go it relapsed into its or- iginal condition and was roamed over again by herds of deer and In- dian hunters. These Barbadians and many who came after them brought with them a state of colonial society already in an advance state of formation — a social order which was indeed older than that of Virginia, and which formed the basis of that of South Carolina. It was this Barbadian society which Froude, following Pere Labat who traveled about the time of the movement to Carolina, has so charm- ingly described in his recent book upon the West Indies. From this source was derived the peculiar system of government by which the " Parish" was made alike the basis of civil and ecclesiastical ad- ministration and representation in the assembly of the people, the very names of the parishes following those of Barbadoes. The Barbadian influence upon the society of South Carolina will 22 SOUTH CAROLINA. be realized if we recall some of those who came from that island. The two Proprietors, Sir John and Sir Peter Colleton, were from Bar- badoes; and thence came to Carolina their two brothers, James, the landgrave and governor, and Major Charles Colleton who was dis- franchised by Sothell's parliament. Thence came Sir John Yeamans and Robert Gibbes, who was to be governor under the Lords I^roprie- tors, and Benjamin Gibbes, whose memorial tablet is in the old church at Goose Creek, Robert Daniel, also a governor under the Proprie- tors, Christopher Portman, one of the council, Arthur Middleton also one of the council, and his brother Edward the ancestors of Arthur Middleton, the speaker of the commons who overthrew the popular government and afterward as president of the council acted as governor under the royal government, and his son Henry Middle- ton who was long a member of the King's council and afterward president of the continental congress, and his grandson Arthur Mid- dleton who was a signer of the Declaration of Independence, and his great grandson Henry Middleton, governor of our state and minister to Russia, and a long line of distinguished citizens. Thence came the Draytons, Ladsons, Clelands, Beresfords, Freres, Mavericks, Elliotts. The other English West Indies contributed, to the foundation of the society of Carolina. Col. George Lucas, the governor of Antigua, settled on the Ashley with his daughter Eliza, whose ex- quisite letters have been preserved and give us so admirable a pic- ture of the society of the times, and who married Chief Justice Charles Pinckney, and was the mother of the distinguished citizens Generals Charles Cotesworth and Thomas Pinckney. Edward Raw- lins who was provost marshal in 1700 in all probability came from St. Christopher or St. Kit's as it was commonly called. Charles Lowndes and his wife Ruth, the daughter of Henry Rawlins, undoubtedly came from that island. Sir Nathaniel Johnson,, who was governor in 1703- 1709, and who settled in Carolina, had been governor of the Leeward Island before coming to the province. Another like common error regards the Huguenots who came to South Carolina as of an aristocratic class; but this is likewise a mis- take. The nobility and wealthier portion of the French refugees upon the revocation of the Edict of Nantes remained nearer their old homes. I'hey rested in England and on the continent. Those who ventured to America were generally tradesmen, agriculturists and mechanics. In " An act for the making aliens free of this part of the province, and for granting liberty of conscience to all Protestants" (i6q6), a list of persons who had petitioned the general assembly for "the liberties, privileges and immunities thereby granted," is given, from which we may gather the character of those French emigrants. These are the occupations which are attached to their names — names now long since respected and honored, and many of which are indissolul)ly connected with the most brilliant i)ages of Carolina his- tory and its best society, to-wit: Weavers, wheelwrights, merchants, saddlers, smiths, coopers, shammy-dressers, shipwrights, joiners, gun- smiths, blockmakers, planters, watchmakers, silk-throwsters, apothe- SOUTH CAROLINA. 23 caries and one doctor. It was upon the expectation tliat these people could raise wine and silk in Carolina that Charles the Second, upon the petition of Rene Petit, in 1669, ordered two small vessels to be provided at his expense to transport them to the province. But though, as Ramsay says, they did not succeed in enriching the coun- try with their valuable commodities, their descendants form a great and most influential part of the inhabitants of the state. He gives the following list of a number of respectable and influential families which sprung from this stock, to-wit: Bonneau, Bonnetheau, Bor- deaux, Benoist, Boiseau, Bocquet, Bacot, Chevalier, Cordes, Cout- terier, Chastaignier, Du Pre, De Lysle, Du Bose, Du Bois, De Veau, Dutarque, De la Consiliere, De Leiseline, Dousaint, Du Pont, Du Bourdieu, D'Harrette, Faucheraud, F"oissin, Faysour, Gaillard, Gendron Gignilliat, Guerard, Godin, Giradeau, Guerin, Gourdine, Morry, Huger, Jeannerette, Legare, Laurens, La Roche Lenud, Lansac, Marion, "Mazyck, Manigault, Mellichamp, Mouzon, Michau Neufville, Prioleau, Peroneau, Perdriau, Porcher, Postell, Peyar, Rave- nel, Royer, Simons, Sarazim, St. Julien, Serre, Trezvant. _ In the eighty years since Dr. Ramsay wrote, many of these families have died out and their names have become unknown. These Huguenots settled, the most of them, in Craven and Berkeley counties, and formed the parishes of St. James Santee, St. John's Berkeley and St. Dennis. Some established themselves in Charleston. In many parts of the country, certainly in the old colonial states and notably in South Carolina, there has been formed a society and a social order of their own. This society in South Carolina rests upon its own institutions and has grown out of its own peculiar con- ditions. Doubtless it is founded upon inherited English tastes, tinc- tured by the Barbadian influences and English intercourse, so much cultivated in the century of colonial existence, and upon the gentle manner derived from the Huguenots. But this social order is indi- genous to the soil and is the outgrowth of local circumstances and in- fluences. The people of South Carolina have made a society of their own which is neither Cavalier nor Huguenot, but which is the equal in culture and refinement to that of any other country. The charters and F'undamental Constitutions, as they were called, under which the colony was founded, doubtless had a great influence upon the formation of its society. The proprietary charter of Mary- land is usually assumed to have been the model of that of Carolina; but in fact, both that of Maryland and Carolina were based upon the charters of the West India colonies. That of Carolina, 24th of March, 1663, followed the precedent of the patent of Charles the First to the Earl of Carlisle. It constituted the grantees absolute proprietors and Lords of the province and established an aristocratic government, in which, however, there was reserved to the people the safeguard that no law affecting the rights or interests of any person in his freehold goods or chattels should be enacted without their assent in general assembly, nor should any laws be adopted but such as were agreeable to the laws and statutes of England. The Church of England was 24 SOUTH CAROLINA. established as the church of state, but indulgences and dispensations were provided to such persons as from their conscience could not con- form to its liturgy and ceremonies. In 1665 a second charter was bestowed upon the same noblemen, chiefly, it is supposed, because the extent of territory given in the first did not include all the region which England was disposed to claim. There were, however, some other differences. In the first, the territory granted was spoken of as one province. In the second, power was given to subdivide the pro- vince into counties, baronies and colonies with separate and distinct jurisdictions, liberties and privileges. But the most important differ- ence was in the larger liberty of conscience secured to the colonists in matters of religion — a provision which was made especially for the encouragement of dissenters in coming to the province. These charters were followed by that most remarkable instrument, " the Fun- damental Constitutions" the joint product of the study of the philoso- pher Locke in his closet, and of the worldly wisdom of the man of affairs Shaftsbury, and yet the result of which was the foolish effort to establish what would at best have been but a burlesque nobility formed of needy emigrants and adventurers in the wild woods among savagfs and wild beasts. It is curious enough that such a scheme should have been the result of the collaboration of two such men of eminent ability as well in public affairs as in science, but still more strange is it that such a plan for establishing a new colony should have been well received and solemnly adopted and its enforcement persistently attempted by the whole body of the Proprietors, all of whom were men of experience. This instrument commenced with a declaration of its purpose "that we may establish a government agreeable to the monarchy of which Carolina is a part, that we may avoid making too numerous a democracy." A palatine was to be chosen from among the Proprie- tors who was to act as president of the palatine court, composed of the seven Proprietors, which was entrusted with the execution of the powers of the charter. A body of hereditary nobility was created and denominated landgraves and caciques, terms chosen because they were required by the charter to be unlike the titles of nobility of England. The title landgrave was borrowed from that of the Ger- man court of the twelfth century, and that of caciques was taken from the style of the Indian chiefs of Mexico and the Caribbean islands. The whole province was to be divided into counties — each county to consist of eight seignories, eight baronies and four precincts — each precinct to consist of six colonies — each seignory, barony and colony was to consist of 12,000 acres. The eight seignories, being the shares of the eight proprietors and the eight baronies of the nobility, comprised two-fifths parts of the whole province, leav- ing the colonies to consist of three-fifths to be divided amongst the people. The seignories and baronies were to be perpetu- ally annexed, the first to the Proprietors and the others to the hereditary nobility. There were at first to be as many landgraves as counties and twice as many caciques and no more. These were SOUTH CAROLINA. 2$ to be the hereditary nobility of the province and by ri<^ht of their dignity to be members of the parliament as the assembly was grandly to be called. It is strange and curious that these philosophers and statesmen, Shaftsbury and Locke who drew these articles and Clarendon and Albemarle and Carteret and Colleton and Craven and Berkeley who agreed to them, while providing and considering them, seem apparently to have left entirely out of view the essential condi- tion that under the royal charter, by which, and by which alone they could prescribe constitutions and laws for the province which had been granted them, it had been expressly provided that such funda- mental constitution could be enacted only " by and with the advice, assent and approbation of the freemen of the said province or of their delegation or deputies." Was it likely that such freemen would ever consent to the establishment of these fundamental constitutions, the chief end of which was to transfer the rights which had been se- cured to them b}' the Royal charter to an aristocracy over which they were to have no control? Such a doubt never seems to have occurred to the Proprietors. Nor indeed do they seem to have paid the slight- est attention to the material clause in their charter. Having sent out their colony under Sayle with these fundamental constitutions as the law of the provinces, they treated them as of force though the colon- ists, frequently urged to accept, would neither in any way receive nor sanction them. But though never accepted by the people and so never really having proper formal sanction, it is undoubtedly true that the provisions of these articles had a most decided effect upon the institutions of the colony and impressed upon the people, and their customs and habits, the tone and temper of that instrument. The province was in fact, to a considerable extent, laid out in seignories, baronies and colonies — and landgraves and caciques were actually appointed and took possession of their seignories and baronies. Many tracts of land are still called baronies and bear the names then given them. But large tracts of unprofitable lands could not well sustain the dignity even of a landgrave or a cacique and quitrents were hard to recover, and so though intended to be perpetually annexed to these grand titles they were soon sold piecemeal to the commoners. In 1674 when Nova Belgia, now New York, was conquered by the English, a number of the Dutch from that place sought refuge in Carolina. The Proprietors facilitated their desire and provided ships which conveyed them to Charleston. They were assigned lands on the southwest side of Ashley river, drew lots for their property and founded a town which they called Jamestown, but which they after- ward deserted and spread themselves throughout the country, push- ing up from the Ashley to the Edisto river, where they were joined by greater numbers from ancient Belgia itself. Among the earliest settlers in the province after the colony under Sayle, reinforced from Barbadoes and by the French refugees who were sent over by Charles the Second, and the Germans from Nova Belgia were a number who arrived in April, 1692, in the ship Loyal Ja))iaica, commonly called the privateer vessel. Of the twenty-two 26 SOUTH CAROLINA. names of these, given in Dalcho's history of the church, as far as is known, the descendants of but one are still living in South Carolina; but there has been no time in these two hundred years since that there have not been men of distinction of this name. Thomas Pinckney, who is mentioned as one of this company of settlers, had come out the year before to Carolina and now returned to remain permanently. He was a merchant trading with the West Indies, and amassed a large fortune. He left three sons, Thomas, Charles and William. Thomas was an officer in the British army and died without issue. Both the other sons have left distinguished families. Charles Pinckney was probabl)- the first native lawyer in South Carolina. He was speaker of the commons and for a time chief justice of the province. He was the father of Gen. Charles Cotesworth Pinckney and Gen. Thomas Pinckney, of the Revolution. Gen. Charles Cotes- w^orth Pinckney left no son, but Gen. Thomas Pinckne^'s descendants are still represented, by the Rev. Charles Cotesworth Pinckney, D. D., a distinguished divine of the Episcopal church, well known through- out the United .States, his eldest son, Charles Cotesworth Pinckney. Jr., and his brother, Capt. Thomas Pinckney. William Pincknej', the third son of Thomas Pinckney, the emigrant, was the father of Col. Charles Pinckney, a man of great prominence in the affairs of the province and the president of the council of safety upon the outbreak of the Revolution. His son, Charles Pinckney, was with his cousin. Gen. Charles Cotesworth Pinckney, a member of the convention w'hich framed the constitution of the United States, and has indeed been called the father of it. He was also governor of the state. His son, Henry Laurens Pinckney, was a man of great prominence in his day, a member of congress and mayor of the city of Charleston. This branch of the family is now represented by Henry L. Pinckney, a gentleman of culture leading a retired life. In the summer of 1682, the Lords Proprietors entered into an agreement with Lord Cardross and other Scotch gentlemen, who pro- posed to send out io,(X>o emigrants, to grant them a large tract of land in Carolina, and alterations were made in th^ Fundamental Constitu- tions because it was thought those laws were not sufhcient to secure them against oppression. Like the French Protestants they were led to Carolina by their desire to escape tyranny and religious intoler- ance at home. Lord Cardross arrived at Port Royal in 1683, and commenced a settlement to be called " Stuart's Town." He was ac- companied by about ten families among whose names were those of Hamilton, Montgomerie and Dunlop. The colony was unfortunate from its inception. It incurred the ill-will of the other settlers be- cause of its exclusive privileges, and the place of their settlement at the time was most injudicious. Its neighborhood to the Spaniards at St. Augustine rendered it a most dangerous situation, a danger which was soon realized. In 1686, the colony was attacked by the Indians and Spaniards and miserably destroyed. The few who escaped took refuge in Charleston. In the year 1696, Carolina received a small accession of inhabi- SOUTH CAROLINA. 27 tants by the arrival of a Congregational church from Dorchester, in IVIassachusetts, who with their minister settled in a body near the head of the Ashley river, about twenty miles from Charleston. This colony was composed of a company of Puritans who early in 1630, had sailed from Plymouth, England, and settled in Massachusetts. Thence they removed to Carolina. Their choice of situation was also unfor- tunate. It was unhealthy and confined to a tract of land too small for their purposes. Those who had still kept together as a community again removed in 1752, and settled at Medway, Liberty county, Ga. Several families of Colleton county, however, have come from this stock. The ruins of their fort and their church may yet be seen near Summerville. The last year of the seventeenth century was a year of disaster to the infant colony. It was attacked by pirates that infested the coasts at the time, a dreadful hurricane visited Charleston, small-pox raged in it, and a great fire laid most of it in ashes. Happily few in the town were lost by the hurricane, but a vessel accidently in the harbor was wrecked with great destruction of life. Out of this most awful disaster, however, the colony received an emigrant who was to exert great influence and to leave a numerous progeny now scattered all over the state of South Carolina. The R/siiio^Siui, a large vessel belonging to Glasgow, had come from Darien with a party of an- other unfortunate Scotch settlement which had been attempted there. At the commencement of the storm the vessel was riding off the bar, and the captain being in distress sent the Rev. Archibald .Stobo and his wife and some others in a boat to the town to solicit assistance. Before the boat returned, the hurricane took place and every soul on board was lost. Archibald Stobo, thus almost miraculously saved, lived to become the founder of several churches, and to be most in- fluential in forming the first Presbytery organized in the province, the third in priority of organization of all the Presbyteries of the United States. But in spite of these disasters, as Rivers, the historian says, at the opening of the new century we must cease to look upon South Carolina as the home of indigent emigrants struggling for sub- sistence. While numerous slaves cultivated the extensive planta- tions, their owners, educated gentlemen, and here and there of noble families, had abundant leisure for social intercourse, living as they did in easy access to Charleston where the governor resided, the courts and the legislature convened and the public offices were kept. The road that led up from the fortified town between the two broad rivers so enchanted Gov. Archdale that he believed no prince in Europe could make a walk for the whole year round so pleasant and beauti- ful. From the road to the right and the left avenues of oaks in mossy festoons, and in springtime redolent with jasmines, gave the passer-by glimpses of the handsome residences — and from spacious verandas could be seen, on the east, the beautiful waters of the bay, on the west, the Ashley river. Hospitality, refinement and literary culture distinguished the higher class of gentlemen. At this time, 28 SOUTH CAROLINA. says Rivers, one passed in riding up the road, the plantations of Mathews, Green, Starkey, Gray, Grimball, Dickson and Izard on the Cooper river and farther up those of Sir John Yeamans, Landgrave Belhnger, Col. Gibbes, IMr. Schenking, Col. Moore, Col. Quarry and Sir Xathanial Johnson. On the left, Landgrave West, Col. Godfrey, Dr. Trevillian, Mr. Colleton and others had plantations. In other directions lived Col. Paul Grimball, Landgrave Blake, a Proprietor, Landgrave Axtell, and others; while many residences in the town, as those of Landgrave Smith and Col. Rhett,were said to be very handsome buildings, "with fifteen or more which deserved to be taken notice of." In sight of these residences could be seen entering the harbor vessels from Jamaica, Barbadoes and the Leeward Islands, from Vir- ginia and her colonies, and the always welcome ships from England* These were the Cavaliers, as Hewat and Ramsay term them, who having ample grant of lands brought on their families and effects and settled in Carolina. They were highly favored by the Proprie- tors, and respected as men of honor, loyalty and fidelity; they were preferred to offices of trust and authority, and some of them were made landgraves and caciques. They were nearly all churchmen. But the Puritans, many of whom were in the province, viewed them with jealous eyes, and having suffered from them in England, could not bear to see power committed to them in Carolina. While one party was attached to the Church of England, the other, which had fled from the rigor of ecclesiastical power, was jealous above all things of religious liberties and could bear no encroachments upon them. Another source of difficulty, says Rivers, arose from the dif- ferent manners of the colonists. Some of the first emigrants unac- customed to rural labors and frugal simplicity were pampered citizens whose wants luxury had increased and rendered impatient of fatigue. By such the sober lives and rigid morals of the Puritans were made the objects of ridicule. The Puritans on the other hand, exasper- ated against these scorners, we are told, violently opposed their influ- ence among the people. Hence arose difficulties in framing laws, in distributing justice and maintaining public order. But the Cavaliers or church party.had certainly this to say: that under both charters and the fundamental constitutions the colony from the very inception was intended to be a Church of England colony. All who came had full notice that it was the purpose of the Proprietors " to take care for the building of churches and the maintenance of the divines to be employed in the exercise of religion according to the Church of England " which was declared to be the only true and orthodox and national religion of all the King's dominions and hence also of Caro- lina, and therefore alone enabled to receive a public maintenance. But both the Charters and the F"undamental Constitutions guar- anteed the fullest liberties of conscience to all, and however much the Cavaliers may have in private intercourse sneered at the formal planner of the Puritans, there was no attempt until 1704 to enforce in the least the recognition of the established church upon officials. ■ Chapter on the Colonial 1 listory of Carolina. — Rivers. SOUTH CAROMNA. 29 It is true that such an attempt was then made, but it was resisted as much by churchmen as by dissenters, and was never enforced. In- deed we cannot doubt that the excellent historians, Hewat, Ramsay and Rivers, have been misled as to the extent and violence of this early difference upon relijj^ious subjects. The dissenting congrega- tions certainly throve in the colony. It is believed that the French Huguenot church in Charleston was built as early as 1681. The in- dependent, or Congregational church, was established about i6qo. It is certain that Carolina was regarded as a place of refuge to the Baptist. The Rev. William Screven, a Baptist clergyman, having emigrated to America in i6Si and settled at Kittery, in the territory which is now the state of Maine, was driven thence by persecution and sought refuge in Carolina, and with Lady Blake, the wife of Joseph Blake, who was afterward governor, and her mother. Lady Axtell, wife of one of the landgraves, who were also Baptists, or Ana-Baptists as they were then called, founded a church for which William Elliott, another Baptist, in 1699, gave the lot upon which the church building now stands. The Friends or Quakers' meeting house was built soon after the arrival in 1695, of Gov. Archdale, himself a Quaker, as Sayle, the first governor, is also said to have been. There could scarcely have been much ill-feeling between those of the Church of England and of the other denominations, for in 1698 while Blake, himself a dissenter, was governor, and the greater portion of his council were likewise, provision was made for the maintenance of the Church of England. Indeed, Lady Blake, Baptist as she was, was a patroness of the established church, and contributed liberally towarci the advancement of the first church built in the province, the old St. Philip's, which stood at the corner of Broad and Meeting streets where St. Michael's now stands. From 1700 the colony was distracted by the civil broils and com- motions under the inefficient government of the Lords Proprietors, which was finally overthrown in 1719; but it was not until 1729 that the surrender by the Proprietors had been fully obtained and the Royal government firmly established. Vigorous measures were then immediately adopted by the government in England for the more speedy population and settlement of the province. Gov. Robert Johnson — the son of Sir Nathanial, the former governor who had been the governor under the Proprietors when their rule was over- thrown, was now sent back with a commission from the King and he was instructed to mark out eleven townships in square plats on the side of the river each consisting of 20,000 acres and to divide the lands within them into shares of fifty acres for each man, woman and child that should come over to improve them. Each township was to form a parish and all the inhabitants were to have an equal right to the river. So soon as the parish increased in number of an hundred families it was to have the right to send two members of their own election to the assembly and to enjoy the same privileges as the other parishes already established. Each settler was to pay four shillings a year for every hundred acres of land excepting the first ten years 30 SOUTH CAROLINA. during which they were to be rent free. Eleven townships were ac- cordingly marked out, two on the river Altamaha (now in Georgia), two on the Savannah, two on the Pee Dee, one on the VVaccamaw, one on the Wateree and one on the Black river. The door was thrown open. to Protestants of all denominations and contracts were made and other inducements held out to settlers. In this way be- tween the years 1730 and 1750, a great addition to the strength of the Province was made by emigrants from Germany, Holland, Switzerland, Ireland, Scotland and Wales. Before we speak of the general tide of emigration which set in at this time, the arrival of two families deserves to be especially noticed. Henri de Saussure, of Lusanne, Switzerland, emigrated to Carolina in 1 73 1, and settled near Coosawatchie, where he lived and died, and where his monument is still found. He was the founder of a large and most influential family, his descendants in 1841 numbering 129, a number now vastly increased, and of whom there have been several distinguished citizens. Among his descendants was an officer in the St. Augustine expedition in 1740 — another fell at the Siege of Savannah in 1779. William Henry de Saussure, the grandson, be- came chancellor, and is known as the father of equity jurisprudence in South Carolina. Chancellor de Saussure left three sons, dis- tinguished as lawyers: William F. de Saussure, of Columbia, once in the United States senate; Henry A. de Saussure, of Charleston, and John M.de Saussure, of Camden — also two grandsons of the same pro- fession. Gen. Wilmot G. de Saussure, of Charleston, and Col. William Davie de Saussure, of Columbia, who fell at Gettysburg. About the same time, two brothers, Andrew Rutledge, a lawyer, and John Rut- ledge, a physician, arrived and settled in Charleston. Andrew Rut- ledge at once obtained a high position in the colony and was speaker of commons in 1751. He died without issue, but he had established the name which was to be perpetuated in the illustrious descendants of his brother, Dr. John Rutledge, whose distinguished trio of sons, John, Hugh and Edward, took so prominent a part in the Revolution. The family of John Rutledge is now represented by Capt. John Rut- ledge, formerly of the United States navy, late of the Confederate States navy, and his brother, Dr. Hugh Rutledge, of Greenville, and Messrs. James and Robert S. Rutledge — that of Hugh Rutledge by Gen. Benjamin Huger Rutledge, and that of Edward Rutledge by Col. Henry Middleton Rutledge. The German emigrants, ascending the Ashley River and crossing thence to the Edistt), pushed on to the interior until they struck the Congaree, following the left bank of which they occupied the town- ships called in their honor Amelia, Orangeburg and Saxe-Gotha, and formed the basis of the population of the present counties of Orange- burg and Lexington and that part of Newberry which lies in the fork of the Broad and Saluda Rivers which thereby acquired the name of the Dutch l'"ork. These settlers are now represented by the families, among others of Dantzler, Izlar, Keitt, Rumph, Wannamaker, Stro- man. Sallcy, Haigles, Reckenbacker, Shuler, .Stondemure, Hesse, SOUTH CAROLINA. 3 I Moores, Felder, Ott, Bozarclt, Baltzicger, Felkel, Brandenliurg, Hydrick, I lilderbrand, Zimmerman, Frosner, Amaker, Molman, Bookhardt, Snider, Keller, Slater, Syfelt, Smooke, Culler and Inab- inet in Orangeburg. The Summers, Mayers, Ruffs, Eiglebergers, Counts, Slighs, Piesters, Grays, DeVValts, Boozers, Busbys, Buzzards, SheaJys, Bedenbaughs, Cromers, Berleys, Hellers, Koons, Wingards, Subers, Folks, Dickerts, Capplemans, Halfacres, Chapmans, Blacks, Kinards, Bouknights, Barrs, Harmons, Bowers, Kiblers, Gallmans, Levers, Hartmans, Ficks, Stoudemoyers, Dominicks, Singleys, Bu- lows, Paysingers, Wallerns, Staleys, Ridlehoovers, Librands, Leaph- arts, Hopes, Houseals, Bernhards, Shulers, Haltiwangers, Swigarts, Meetzes, Shumperts, Fulmores, Livingstons, Schmitz, Eleazers, Drehers, Loricks, Wises, Crotwells, Youngeners, Nunamakers, Souters, Eptings and Huff mans, settled almost in a body on the fork between the Broad and Saluda rivers; and their settlements extended from the junction of the two rivers opposite to where Columbia now siands to within three and a half miles of Newberry.* In 1732, Jean Pierre Purry, a native of Neufchatel, in Switzer- land, having formed the design of leaving his native country, paid a visit to Carolina, to inform himself of the province. After viewing the lands and procuring all the information he could, he returned to England and entered into a contract by which the government agreed to give lands and 400 pounds sterling for every 100 efficient men he should transport from Switzerland to Carolina. Purry, having fur- nished himself with a flattering account of the soil and climate and of the freedom of the government, returned to Switzerland and pub- lished it among the people. Liimediately 170 poor Switzers agreed to follow him, and were transported to the fertile and delight- ful province as he described it, and not long after 200 more came over and joined them. The governor agreeable to instructions, al- loted them 40,000 acres on the Savannah river and marked out for them a township, which he called Purrysburg, in honor of the promo- ter of the settlement. Mr. Bignon, a Swiss minister, took Episcopal ordination from the bishop of London, in order to comply with the church of the province and settled among them. Every encourage- ment was given to these new settlers, to each of them a separate tract of land was allotted, but unfortunately agreat mistake had been made in their location, probably from the desire of the government to es- tablish a colony between the Spaniards and Indians in Florida and the older settlements in Carolina. The Switzers, fresh from the mountains of their native country, could not stand the malarious swamps of the Savannah and they sickened and died. This was one of the experiences of the early settlers of the impossibilit}' of clearing and cultivating the swamp lands by means of white labor, which had so much to do with the imposing of negro slave labor upon the prov- ince and state. An Irish colony was moved by the advantages offered by the gov- '(O'Neall's Annals of Newberry.) These names are now found also in Lexington, Edgefield, Rich- land and Newberry. « 02 • SOUTH CAROLINA. eminent to embark for America. On the gth of November, 1732, James Pringle and other Irish Protestants petitioned the council that their passage might be paid. The council agreed that if they would settle in a township according to Her Majesty's instructions as the Swiss had done, they should have like encouragement. They ac- cepted; and the township, which had been laid out by Royal authority in 1731, between the Black river and Lynche's creek — a branch of the Great Pee Dee — including an area of twenty square miles, was granted to them. The township was named by its inhabitants " Will- iamsburg" in honor of William III, prince of Orange. In 1734 John Witherspoon, who was born near Glasgow in Scotland about the year 1670, and who on account of the persecution suffered there during the reign of the Stuarts had removed into Down, Ireland, came to South Carolina and settled at Williamsburg. Accompanying him were his sons David, James, Robert and Gavin, and his daughters Jennett, Elizabeth and Mary, and their husbands John Flem- ing, WiUiam James and David Wilson. The names of the other col- onists as far as they can now be ascertained were James McClelland, William Sym, David Allan, William Wilson, Robert Wilson, James Bradley, William Fierson, John James, William Hamilton, Archibald Hamilton, Roger Gordon, John Porter, John Lemon, David Pressley, William Pressley, Archibald McRae, James Armstrong and Messrs. P2win, Plowden, Stuart and McDonald.* The inducement offered in connection with the laying out of these townships led to a visit by some Welsh from Pennsylvania in 1735. Upon their application an extensive tract of land was appropriated for their sole benefit. John Ouldfield was directed to lay out for them 173,850 acres in Craven county, 10,000 of which were to be within the limits of the township of Oueensboro, which had been laid out on the Great Pee Dee a short distance above the mouth of the Little Pee Dee. The survey was made and was known as the " Welsh Tract." In 1736 a company of these Welsh settled on Cat I' ish stream, a stream in what is now Marion county. They remained there a short time and then removed higher up to that rich and com- pact body of land embraced in the bend of the river opposite to the spot where the village of Society Hill now stands and which was called from an early period the " Welsh Neck." By the latter part of 1737 most of the families from Pennsylvania had arrived and the infant colony began to assume an organized and permanent charac- ter. Under its leader, James James, were laid the foundations for future growth and prosperity. From these emigrants have de- scended many of the most distinguished men of the state. In the list of township plots occur the names of Thomas James, Griffiths Jones, William James, John Newberry, Henry Oldacre, Hasker Newberry, Evan Harry, William Eynon, James Roger, David James, Thomas I'Lvans, Daniel Dousnal, John Jones, .Samuel .Sarancc, Rich- ard Barrow, l-^an Vaughn, Al)cl James, William Tarell, Thomas Walley. I'liilij) James, Sampson Thomas, Jacob Buckles, Peter Kish- ' History of Williamsburj; cliiircli. SOUTH CAROLINA. 33 ley, John livans, John Newberry, Abel Evans, Jeremiah Rowell, James Rowland, John Westficld, Thomas Eilerby, Simon Parsons, John Carter, Job Edwards, Daniel James, Philip Douglass, William Carey, David Malahan, Thomas Moses and Nicholas Rogers.* Among the prominent and inHuential families which were founded by these people were the James, Evans, Rogers, Rogersons, Ellerbys, Pughs, Lides, Kollocks, Harringtons, Kolbs, Pegues, Pawleys and Powells. The battle of Culloden, which occurred In April, 1746, led to the emigration of many families from Scotland to America; inducements were held out to these to come to South Carolina and the " High Hills of Santee," as the rolling lands between Lynche's creek and the Wateree, in what is now Sumter county, were called, were set aside for them; but these exiles were driven by contrary winds into the Cape Fear, and thence some of them crossed and settled higher up, in what is now Darlington county. Of these are the families of Mc- Iver, Mcintosh, McCall and Cusac. The Chisholms, a large and in- fluential family of Charleston and the low countr}-, were also refugees from Culloden. In 1752 the name of Gregg first appeared on the Pee Dee. The family was of Scottish origin. Not long after the time of Cromwell a part, if not all of them, removed from the north of Scotland to Londonderry, Ireland, whence the emigration to America took place. On the 3rd of July, 1752, John Gregg petitioned the council, stating that he was desirous of settling hnnself and family in the province. He obtained grants for 1,350 acres. With John Gregg came a brother, Joseph. They were known, as were many others who came to the province about the same time, as Scotch-Irish Presbyterians. From these brothers, John and Joseph, descended the large connection of the names most numerously represented In Marion county. John Gregg was the ancestor of the Right Reverend Ale.xander Gregg, bishop of Texas and author of the history of the "Old Cheraws," and the ancestor also of Col. James Gregg, a distinguished lawyer, and of his still more distlngushed son, Gen. Maxcy Gregg, a lawyer, states- man and soldier, who fell at Fredericksburg December, 13, 1862. In the first settlement, in that part of the state known as the Pee Dee section, " The Old Cheraws," various types of race and character were represented. France, England, Wales, Ireland, Scotland, Ger- many and the northern province of America, whose inhabitants had been chiefly drawn f?om the same sources, all contributed in a measure, the Welsh predominating In the central locality was des- tined however to give character to the communit}- around it. The exile of the Arcadians from Nova Scotia brought a small acces- sion of population to South Carolina. About 1,500 of them were sent to Charleston about 1755. But few of them remained. They were not welcomed in the province, as they were Roman Catholics, and the colonists In South Carolina were Intensely Protestant. The family of Lanneau, in Charleston, who embraced the Protestant faith, are of * Gregg's history of tlie Old Clieraws, p. 56. 34 SOUTH CAROLINA. this Stock. Two of them, the Rev. John F. Lanneau, long a mission- ary to Jerusalem, and Basil Edward Lanneau, for some years Hebrew tutor in the Presbyterian theological seminary at Columbia, and afterward professor in the Oakland college, Mississippi, have been favorably known to this generation. Professor Basil Lanneau Gild- ersleeve, the famous Greek scholar, belongs to this family. The upper country of South Carolina of to-day presents a very different aspect from that of the same .territory in the middle of the eighteenth century. It was then new and beautiful and as remarkable for the luxuriant richness of its landscape as it is still for the striking . features of its rolling hills and rising mountains. It was interspersed with forests and prairies and vast brakes of cane, the latter often stretching in unbroken lines of evergreen for hundreds of miles from the alluvial country on the south to the interior source of the streams. These afforded covert and food for wild animals of many kinds. The buffalo roamed in large herds through the woods and prairies and found both pasture and concealment in the cane thickets of the river and creeks. Fifteen hundred buffaloes were seen graz- ing in a single acre of ground in Abbeville. Deer, elk and numerous other animals, and game of all kinds also abounded. Into this region the hunters first penetrated. The ancient hunter of upper Carolina was the peculiar product of this age. His powers were just of that kind, which in all ages have elicited the warmest admiration of mankind. Nothing daunted him, and to the lion-like courage, strength and endurance, says the historian of these sections, he added the activity of the catamount and vigilance of the hawk. Even when he was on a temporary visit to the settlements or in Charleston procuring a fresh supply of ammunition, his ceaseless activity be- trayed his habits and wild haunts.* Not far from the log hut of the hunter stood that of the anv-drivcr, a character likewise worthy of note. His life was one of self-reliance, hardships and active vigilance, and in it were trained for eminent usefulness many of the backwoods soldiers of the Revolution. The cow-pen was quite an important institution. It was usually officered with superintendent and corps of sub-agents, all active, experienced woodsmen and unfailing shots. For these a hamlet of cabins was erected besides the large enclosure for the stock, all of which, with a considerable plat of cleared land in the vicinity for the cultivation of corn, made quite an opening in the woods, and, as the same historian says, when all were at home and the cattle m the pens, there was a very noisy civilized scene in the midst of the savage wilderness. These were the ranches of the olden time and became wherever founded the center of settlements and the foundation of our present towns. Thomas Nightingale, the maternal ancestor of the Johnsons of Charleston, had a ranch or cow-pen six miles from the present site of Winnsboro. Gen. Andrew Williamson had been a cow-driver in his youth, and Andrew Pickens was engaged in the business. The present county of Sumter was occupied by herdsmen. The Nelsons ' Log-in's Ilisloiy of Upper South Carolina. SOUTH CAROLINA. 35 near the ferry of that name marked eight or ten hundred calves every spring. Many of the Virginians who came into .South Carolina were ranchmen or cow-drivers as they were then called. These were the men who filled Sumter's ranks and were the heroes of Cowpens and Kings Mountain. The hunter was followed by the cow-driver, and the cow-driver by the trader. The Indian trader, says Logan, was a far more inter- esting character than either the hunter or the cow-driver. Devoted as he was to the arts and wrangle of gain, he nevertheless possessed not only a fearless intrepedity but a high order of intelligence and in more than one instance education and extraordinary learning. Such a man was James Adair, trader and historian, Adair was forty years a trader among the Cherokees and Chickasaws. He was not only well versed in the dialect of those tribes, but was also learned in the Hebrew, the Oriental and Latin languages. His "History of the American Indian" was published in London in 1745, the greater part of which was written in the midst of the arduous duties and turmoil of his adventurous career. Until 1750, all the white inhabitants were Europeans, who reached the province by sea and passed to their settlements in the interior by boats, hence the interior settlements of that day were at or near River landings. Indeed it was ordered by council that, in laying out the townships, the lots should be at a convenient distance from the river. These settlements had not extended beyond a line drawn from Hamburg through Columbia to Cheraw, a line running nearly parallel to the coast, and dividing the state nearly in half. Through- out these sections the province was divided into parishes and town- ships — the townships being embryo parishes, to become such as soon as each increased to the number of 100 families. The parish was the basis of the civil as well as religious organization. All elections were held by the church wardens; all notices, legal and other, were posted at the church door; the representation in the commons was by parishes; the masters of the free schools were "to be of the re- ligion of the Church of England and conform to the same;" and the vestries were the overseers of the poor, and as such had power to assess and lay taxes. With all this the Huguenot, though in strict matter of faith a Cal- vinist, had no disposition to quarrel, and early adapted himself to the arrangement. He was kindly disposed to the church of England though not fully agreeing with all its tenets. When first driven from France, Canterbury offered an asylum to these persecuted protestants, and Archbishop Parker, with the consent of Queen Elizabeth, granted the exiles the use of the under croft or crypt of the cathedral where " the gentle and profitable strangers," as the Archbishop styled them, not only celebrated their worship but set up their looms and carried on their several trades. The Huguenots had been protected by Cromwell, and Charles II had assisted at his own expense in the transportation of some of them to this country. They 36 SOUTH CAROLINA. did not object to a liturgy. Tliey themselves Iiad been accustomed to use one. Unable, from their scattered condition and want of means to maintain their own form of worship, they readily united with the Church of England. They had at first attempted to establish four churches in the colony, but three of them had become merged in the Episcopal churches in their vicinity. Many of them connected them- selves with the Church of England at an early date. In the earliest minutes of St. Philip's, then the only church in the colony, the names of Huguenots appear. In 1732 we find in the vestry, three of them. Col. Prioleau, Mr. Manigault and Mr. Motte, and soon after, the names of Laurens and Bacot appear, and these names have continued in the journals almost constantly since. Among the few authentic original grants of pews in the old St. Philip's church is one dated 17th August, 1724, to Peter Manigault, a Huguenot, and it is signed by Elias Prioleau, another. This pew is still held and occupied by the family of Manigault. Mr. Bignon, the Swiss minister who came out with Purry's colony, had accepted the Episcopal ordination. The dissenters on the coast protested violently against the assump- tion of the church act of 1704, which attempted to impose a religious test in civil affairs; but when that was defeated they made no opposi- tion to that of 1706, which established the church. This they regarded as warranted under the charter of the colony. But there were com- ing now into the province another class of emigrants who were bitterly opposed to the Church of England. The penal laws of England had driven into exile alike the Scottish Presbyterians, who defended Londonderry, and the Irish Catholics who besieged it. The established Church of England had pressed her exclusive pretentions so hardly upon her Presbyterian and independ- ent allies that they too followed the aristocracy of Roman Catholic Ireland into exile. Many, if not most of these came to America and first settled in Pennsylvania, and there re-enforced by considerable German emigration, pushed forward to the western frontiers, where they found themselves in immediate contact with the Indians among whom the French hostile influence was predominant. With these they speedily became involved in quarrels, which the Quaker in Penn- sylvania in the settled districts regarded as needless and unrighteous and so excused themselves from contributing to the expense of the consequent hostilities. The defeat of Braddock on the Qth of July, 1755, opened the fron- tiers of Pennsylvania and Virginia to the savages, and these Scotch- Irish thus exposed to the horrors of Indian war, and without support from the wealthy Quakers of the east, abandoned Pennsylvania and came down following the foot of the mountains and spreading them- selves from Staunton, Va., to the Waxhaws of South Carolina, from which point they peopled the upper country of the state. As Dr. I'^oote in his sketches of North Carolina observes, for about two centuries and a half this race of people had but one set of morals and religious and political principles working out the SOUTH CAROLINA. T,J noblest frame work of society; obedience to the first exercise of law, independence of spirit; a sense of moral obligations; strict at- tendence on the worship of Almighty God; their choice of their own religious teacher, with the inextinguishable desire to exercise the same principles with regard to their civil rulers, believing that magis- trates govern by the consent of the people and by their choice. These principles brought from Ireland, he says, bore the same legiti- mite fruit in Carolina as in Ulster, whose boundaries travelers say, can be recognized by the peace and plenty that reigns within. But besides the dangers from Indian incursions, which these new comers were soon to learn they had not left behind them on the fron- tiers in Pennsylvania, there were two other causes of trouble and anx- iety which met them in Carolina — first, the impotence of the gov- ernment on the coast to preserve law and order in these remote parts of the province; and second and worse, the recognition and establish- ment by law of their old oppressor, the Church of England, as a church of state. There was but one court of general jurisdiction in the province and that was held in Charleston, and great inconvenience was felt by those people, many of whom were 200 miles distant. Witnesses and jurors, who were obliged to attend court, and suitors and prosecu- tors were often worn out by the law's delay, insulted by the insolence of office, and ruined by costs and expenses most unreasonably and cruelly exacted. This was owing to no fault on the part of the peo- ple of the low country themselves. The general assembly was do- ing all it could to remedy this evil and provide courts for the increas- ing population of the upper country; but the Acts sent over were disallowed by the Royal government in England in the interest of the officers of the court, who held patents for their offices which would be interfered with by the erection of new courts, and also because the general assembly, endeavoring to secure the independence of the judges of the court, insisted that they should be commissioned dur- ing good behavior and not only during the pleasure of the Crown. The peace of Paris of 1763 greatly added to these troubles by the dis- bandment of the armies of England and France in America, which turned loose upon the frontier settlements numbers of lawless men. These uniting with the thieves and outcasts, always to be found on the outskirts of civilization, infested this part of the province, and led to the organization of regulators by Thomas Woodward, Joseph Kirkland and Baranby Pope and "others of the best and most or- derly inhabitants" for the more regular, equal and vigorous as well as prompt administration of justice. This organization, as all such must inevitably do, soon became itself an instrument of like wrong and oppression as that which it was formed to repress. At length, in 1769, the evil was in a measure redressed by the act establishing cir- cuit courts which was at last allowed by the Royal government, the general assembly having at the instance of the good people of the upper part of the province abandoned the struggle for the commis- sions of the judges during good behavior in order to obtain the 44vS028 38 SOUTH CAROLINA. courts. By this act courts were to be held at Orangeburg, Ninety- six (or Cambridge), the Cheraws, Georgetown and Beaufort as well^ asat Charleston. The other cause of dissatisfaction was still more' difficult of removal. It was organic. The Huguenot, after his civil rights had been recognized and es- tablished, and the first church act of 1704 which had imposed a religous test upon office had been set aside, had no difficulty in allying himself with the Church of England which had befriended his people. He did not object to a liturgy, and readily adopted the translation of the common prayer which had been made in the French tongue for his convenience. Unable to support a minister himself, he very willingly availed himself of the service of the Episcopal clergyman who was supported by the government. So in the journals of the churches we find him married by an Episcopal clergyman as early as 1703, and his children baptized in the church as early as 1704, and him acting as a commissioner under the church act of 1706. We find him in the vestry of St. Philip's church at the very first election of which we have a record (1732) and we find him continuing as such for the cen- tury and a half since. The case was very different with the Scotch-Irish Presbyterian. The Church of England had held out no kindly hand to him. On the contrary it had rewarded his zeal and heroism in the protestant cause with oppression and wrong. It had not sheltered him as a refugee as it had the Huguenot — on the contrar}' it had driven him from his home. He could not use the liturgy which it would impose, for that had been one of the points upon which Knox had clifferred with the English reformers. He had left Ireland because he would not use it. Was he to do so now in the wild woods of Carolina? True he need not do so himself any more than the Independent and Baptist in Charleston; but he objected to its reading by ministers supported by the public as a reminder at least of the church at home which had treated him so badly. Then the system of the government here was based upon it. He could only be represented in the legislature by having the lands upon which he had settled made a part of the parish. All this was the more distasteful to him because his own social and civil system was based upon an ecclesiastical polity of its own. Mr. Croker, in a letter to Robert Southey, asks, " Do you remem- ber my once saying to you that Westminster Abbey was a part of the British Constitution?" So the old St. Philip's church in Charleston, which Edmund Burke described as "spacious and executed in a very handsome taste, exceeding everything which we have in America ;j but which was burnt in 1835, might well be said to have been a part of the Constitution of .South Carolina. In it was the special pew built for the colonial governors, who sat there following the "grave ritual brought from England's shore." At its doors, by the wardens, were held all the first elections. In its vestry room the poor were provided for, and the observance of the Lord's day was enforced by the war- dens. When the court convened, it repaired to St. Philip's to hear the assize sermon preached before it. On the day of fasting fixed by SOUTH CAROLINA. 39 the Provincial Congress, 17th of February, 1775, the commons house ■of assembly, with their mace before them, went there in procession where a " pious and excellent sermon was delivered by the Rev. Robert Smith." Near its chancel, under its floor, was buried the good governor, Robert Johnson, whom the people had deposed as governor under the Proprietors and welcomed back with acclaim when he returned with the King's commission. Its heavy structure, lofty arches and massive pillars, were adorned with elegant sepulchral monuments of the early governors and great men of the colony. So, too, around the "Old Waxhaw Church" in Lancaster, the first church above Orangeburg, was founded the settlement which gave tone and thought to the whole upper country of the state. Among these Scotch-Irish who came down and settled in the Waxhaws were the Jacksons, Calhouns and Pickens. Andrew Jackson was born there. Patrick Calhoun, the father of John C. Calhoun, first settled there, and then pushed on to the prairie country which is now Abbe- ville; and after the massacre at Long Cane, in which several of his family were lost, he returned and took refuge in the Waxhaw con- gregation and married there a daughter of the Rev. Alexander Craighead, after whose death and his return to Abbeville he married Miss Caldwell, the mother of Carolina's great statesman. At the Waxhaws, too, Andrew Pickens met Rebecca Calhoun whom he rnar- ried. Here at the Waxhaw's, in Lancaster, grew up William Rich- ardson Davie, the distinguished partisan leader in the war of the Revolution, governor of North Carolina, one of the framers of the Constitution of the United States, minister to France, and founder of the University of North Carolina. From the same community, though not from the same place, came Calhoun's rival, the great Georgian, William H. Crawford, so that from this people came three of the greatest men of these times, Jackson, Calhoun and Crawford, men upon whom and around whom turned the national politics of their day, and whose antagonisms convulsed the whole country. To these must be added William Smith, a judge of the state and United States senator, whose "states rights" it is said antedated Calhoun's (he was born near the North Carolina line in what is now York county, and according to Judge O'Neall was the schoolmate of Jackson and Crawford at the Rev. Mr. Alexander's school at Bullock's Creek) — and Dr. John Brown, one of the early professors of the South Caro- lina college, and the founder of the Presbyterian church in Columbia, who was also a schoolmate of Jackson-in the Humphrie school at the Waxhaw church, and who together with Jackson, when they were boys in their teens, rode under Davie at Hanging Rock. From the Wax- haws too came Stephen D. Miller, governor and United States sena- tor, a man of great power in his day and generation, in society, at the bar and in the council of his country — James H. Thornwell, the the- ologian and orator, president of the South Carolina college — and J. Marion Sims, a surgeon of world wide fame, and in his department the greatest of his time. From the Waxhaws these Scotch-Irish Presbyterians pressed on 40 SOUTH CAROLINA. throughout the upper part of the state, crossing the Catawba. The Adairs, Allisons, Brattons, Adrians, Blacks, Boggs, Brooms, Buchan- ans, Boyces, Bryces, Crawfords, Carrolls, Carsons, Chambers, Crock- etts, Dunlops, Douglasses, Erwins, Flemings, Irwins, Ellis, Hancocks, Gastons, Kirklands, Kuykendals, Lathams, Loves, Lacys, Lyles, Masseys, McDaniels, Mills, McCans, McKenzies, McElhinneys, McMullens, McLures, McMorrises, Martins Neelys, Ross, Youngs and others spread themselves over the present counties of Lancaster, York, Chester and Fairfield. The first three of these counties were so named after counties in Pennsylvania, in which the Scotch-Irish had first settled when coming to America. The McCrerys, Greens, Hannahs, Abernathys, Millers, Beards, Wells, Coffees, Greshams, Bartons, Youngs, some of the McLures, Adams and McDaids settled in Newberry, near the farm of John Duncan, of Aberdeen, Scotland, who had settled here in 1752, three years before Braddock's defeat. To these were added the Caldwells, Thompsons, Fairs, Carmichaels, Hunters, McClellans, Greggs, Wilsons, Connors, Neals, McNealls, Camerons, Flemings, McCallas, Montgomerys, Straus, Spencers, Wrights, Glenns, Chalmers, Glasgroves and McCrakens. The Mer- riweathers, Wardlaws, Moores, Browns, McAlasters and Logans, with the Calhouns, pushed on still farther and settled in the prairie region, now the counties of Abbeville and Edgefield.* About the same time (1764) South Carolina received a further considerable acquisition to the population by another German colony. One Stumpel, a Prussian officer, induced some five or six hundred Palatines to leave their native country under promises which he had, or considered that he had, from the government. He was unable to perform the promises to them; and when he had got them as far as England, he fled, leaving them without money or friends exposed in the open field and ready to perish through want. A bounty of ^300 was allowed them, and they were assisted by public spirited citizens of London in their transportation to this colony. These Germans joined their countrymen, who had come out before, and settled in Orangeburg. In the same year there was still another addition made to the pop- ulation of the colony. Soon after the peace of Paris the Rev. Mr. Gibert, a popular Huguenot preacher, prevailed on a number of per- secuted French families to seek an asylum in South Carolina. On his solicitation the government of England encouraged the project and furnished the means of transportation. Mr. Gibert repaired to England and directed the movements of the refugees. They found it necessary to leave France privately at different times and in small numbers. They were received by the Carolinians with great kind- ness and hospitality. The province furnished them with the means of conveyance to Long Cane, in what is now Abbeville county, and vacant lands were laid out there for their use. They gave the places assigned them the name of New Bordeaux and New Rochelle after 'CNcall's Annals — Logan's History of Upper Carolina. SOUTH CAROLINA. 4I the capitals of the provinces from wliich most of them emigrated. To each head of a family was assigned a half-acre lot within the town, and as many as 174 lots were laid out as early as April, 1765. Vine- yard lots were also laid out adjacent to the limits of the town, and parcels of land (loo acres each) were given as bounty in the township called Hillsborough, a section of about two miles square lying on both sides of Little River, and extending westwardly to the Savannah. In February, 1765, these emigrants had erected their houses and com- menced to labor on their half-acre lots. Their nearest neighbors were the small colony planted in 1756 by Patrick Calhoun, which had suffered the massacre by the Indians in 1760. Mr. Calhoun for some time supplied these people with provisions for which he was afterward repaid by the council. They were a pious and simple people, among whom there were few idlers. With the hum of cheerful voices and the busy sounds of industry was mingled the fervent chanting of the once interdicted psalm. It was the intention of the promoter of this emigration to establish the culture of wine and silk, but hnding these less successful than was anticipated, they devoted themselves chiefly to the raising of flax, Indian corn and tobacco; but with some silk, in- digo and the wine were not wholly abandoned for generations. The Gibert family were most successful silk growers, and long continued to produce a beautiful and useful fabric. Many persons for a long time supplied their own cellars with wine; but the vintage par excel- lence was that of Mr. Jean Nobles, an unmarried gentleman, the remains of whose cellar and the house above it, in which he kept a school, were still pointed out a few years ago. The Rev. Mr. Gibert was the grandfather of the great lawyer, James L. Pctigru. Among others of these emigrants were Mons. LeRoy, Jean Bellot and his wife, Pierre Moragne, the Rev. Mons. Boupition, Pierre Roger, Jean David, Pierre Cobin, Capt. Mathew Beraud,who is said to have been killed at the siege of .Savannah, Joseph Bouchillon, and Jean De La Howe, the Hippocrates of the new region as he had been called, who having amassed a considerable fortune, made, by his last will, a magnificent donation for a public charity which is still preserved. To him was given the privilege of naming the county which he did, in compliment to the French colony, after a little town in the north of France, the scene of some cruel persecutions and frightful tragedies in which the Huguenots were the victims. Hence the name of Abbe- ville.* To this emigration the state of South Carolina is indebted for the family of Perrin, distinguished alike in commercial business, at the bar and in war. Thomas Perrin, the lawyer and president of the Greenville & Columbia railroad; James Perrin, the jawyer and soldier who fell as colonel of the ist Regiment of Rifles at Chancellors- ville; and Abner Perrin, the lawyer and soldier who fell as brigadier- general at the Wilderness. There was a considerable movement also from Virginia to upper South Carolina 'during the period immediately preceding the Revolu- * Address by W. P. Moragne, Esq., of New Bordeaux, Abbeville, Nov. 15, 1854. 42 SOUTH CAROLINA. tion. Anthony Hampton, the father of Gen. Wade Hampton of the Revolution, grandfather of Coh Wade Hampton, and great grand- father of the present Wade Hampton, Heutenant-general of cavalry in the Confederate army, governor of South Carolina and late United States senator, was among the first of these emigrants. He settled with his family on the Tyger river in what is now Spartanburg county. He had five sons, Wade, Edward, Henry, Richard and Preston. Like the Calhouns, this family was the victim of an Indian massacre, which in their case took place in July, 1776, at the commencement of the Revolution, and in which Anthony Hampton himself and his wife and his son, Preston, and an infant grandson, Harrison, were killed. James Harrison, the father of the murdered boy, was Hampton's son-in-law. He escaped massacre, and from him are descended the Harrison family of Anderson. Capt. James Butler removed from Prince William count}', Va., and settled in the district of Ninety-six, a few 3'ears before the Revolution. He was the ancestor of the dis- tinguished family of Butler. He had two sons, James and William. James the father and James the son were massacred by the Tories during the Revolution. William served as a captain of rangers under Gen. Pickens during the Revolution and was major-general of militia during the war of 1812, and was also member of congress. He had six sons and two daughters. His sons were Jam.es, George, Will- iam, Frank, Pierce M. and Andrew Pickens, all men of distinction and mark. Pierce M. Butler was governor of the state and fell at the head of the Palmetto regiment in Mexico at the battle of Cherubusco. Andrew Pickens Butler was a judge upon the state bench and United States senator. William Butler was a surgeon in the United States army and was the father of Matthew Calbreath Butler, distinguished as major-general of cavalry in the late war and at present United States senator, and was the father also of Col. William Butler and Major O. P. Butler, also distinguished officers. Jonathan Wallace, who was born on the Rappahanock river, removed to what is now Laurens county. He served in the Continental forces during the Revolution, and reared quite a family. Daniel Wallace, his son, was a very prominent citizen and member of congress, and William Henry Wallace, his grandson, is now one of the most dis- tinguished citizens of the state and a judge upon the bench; he was a brigadier general in the Confederate army. The Taylors of Colum- bia, Thomas and James, natives of Virginia, were the first settlers on the east side of the Congaree, and Col. Thomas Taylor, afterward governor, was the first person who with his family settled within the space now covered by the city of Columbia. Gen. Richard Winn s(!ttled in Fairfield, and after him is named the town of Winnsboro. The Richardsons, .Sumters and Boykins, took up lands on the high hills of -Santee which had been intended for the Scotch refugees from Culloden. The Canteys, Kershaws and Chestnuts, were English, who first settled in Charleston and afterward pushed up into the interior. Capt. John Cantey commanded a company of militia when the French, under LeFevoure, invaded the colony in 1706. Joseph Cantey, in SOUTH CAROLINA. 43 1739, purchased a portion of Landgrave Bellenger's estate in what is nov/ Williamsburg, and the family afterward settled in Camden. About the year 1755, three brothers, Joseph, William and Eli Ker- shaw, came out from Great Britain, bringing with them considerable funds. In the year 1758 Joseph Kershaw settled at a place called " Pine Tree," on the east side of the Wateree, at the head of naviga- tion. John Chestnut, Duncan McRae and Zach. Cantey, each of whom were to establish a wealthy and influential family, were em- ployed in his trading establishment there. Joseph Kershaw soon became one of the most extensive and iniluential proprietors in that section, and it was through his influence that the town of Camden was laid out and the name changed from " Pine Tree." The land on which the town of Cheraw stands was granted to Eli Kershaw. This family is now represented by Judge Joseph B. Kershaw, a major-gen- eral during the late war. In almost all of these different colonies, especially in what is now Kershav/ county, Quakers were to be found whose peculiar tenets, no doubt, had their influence upon the communities in which they lived. Gov. Archdale was himself a Quaker and with his assistance, a Quaker meeting house was erected in Charleston in i6q6. In ac- cordance with the principles of his sect he came out to restore peace and quietude to the colony, which at the time, was in a distracted condition, and was partly successful. There were Quakers among the settlers on the Waxhaws, and Quakers in Newberry. Judge O'Neall gives a list of the names of the latter, among them that of his own grandfather, William O'Neall, and Azariah Pugh, the ancestor of Senator Pugh of Ohio. There, were Quakers also in Camden — Joseph Kershaw married one of them. Miss Sophia Mathis. No colony was ever more prosperous than South Carolina from the termination of the Proprietory government, 1719, to the Ameri- can Revolution of 1776. As Dr. Ramsay says, the first and second Georges were nursery fathers to the province. They performed to it the full-orbed duty of kings, and their paternal care was returned with the most ardent love and affection of their subjects in Carolina. The colonists enjoyed the protection of Great Britain, and in return she had a monopoly of their trade. The mother country received great benefit from this Intercourse, and the colony under her protect- ing care became great and happy. The inhabitants were fond of British manners even to excess Eor the most part they sent their children to England or Scotland for education, and spoke of those countries under the endearing name of home. Few countries have at any time exhibited so striking an instance of public and private prosperity as appeared in South Carolina between those years. In the midst of this prosperity the people of the province were drawn step by step into the Revolutionary war, which involved them in every species of difficulty and finally dissevered them from their parent state. It is beyond the scope of this paper to go into the merits of the question that led to this rebellion which ended in successful revolution; but it is certain and cannot be denied that the mass of the people of the prov- 44 SOUTH CAROLINA. ince were not prepared for a severance trom the mother country and that those in the upper part had taken little interest in the controver- sies v/hich led to it. The enforcement of the navigation act had not concerned them. The stamp act had not annoyed them, and, as they used little tea, the retention of duty upon it presented to those who thought at all about it, a mere abstraction about which they did not care to quarrel. The old settlers on the coast had real cause of com- plaint as to the manner in which almost every office of honor or profit was filled by place m.en from England, to the exclusion of the native Carolinians; but this was no grievance to those of the interior as they had so lately come into the colony and were so busy in settling their new lands that they had not as yet time or inclination to seek offices. What they needed was peace and good order which would allow them to develop the country. But the people on the coast had been drift- ing first into opposition to the government in England, and then into rebellion. In response to the call of Massachusetts to put a stop to all im- portation from Great Britain until the act for blocking up Boston harbor should hi repealed, circular letters were sent by " some of the principal gentlemen " of Charleston to every parish, and it is said to every district in the province, calling for a general meeting or con- vention to be held in Charleston on the 6th of July, 1774. Upon this invitation a great number of deputies, some of whom it is said were from almost every part of South Carolina, assembled on that day in the Exchange — the present postoffice in Charleston. Drayton, in his memoirs, says that 104 deputies represented all parts of the province except Greenville county, .St. John's Colleton and Christ Church par- ishes, which were without delegations; but this statement is somewhat of an anachronism, as Greenville county was not established until 1785, two years after the end of the Revolution. Indeed, m the list of names of those who were members of the committee that adopted the resolution providing for the safety and welfare of the province, (the vote whereon was "given by each person present and not by par- ishes," and which list was published in the South Carolina Gazette on the nth of July, 1774, by order of the convention so that " Lord North might not be misinformed in this case as he had been in others by being told that this was the meeting of a rabble and the election of a mob * * * but ^as the largest body of the most respectable in- habitants that had ever been seen together on any public occasion here or perhaps in America,") we do not find a single person from beyond the parishes. Col. George Gabriel Powell from .St. David's parish, what is now Darlington and Chesterfield counties, presided. Joseph Kershaw as a member of the commons from St. Mark's parish, ap- pears to have been expected, but was prevented, it was said, from at- tending by sickness or accident; unless, therefore we accept him as the representative of the upper country, because the bounds of St. Mark's parish extended indefinitely northward, the section, which, as we have seen, had been recently settled by the Scotch-Irish, was not even expected to be represented in the provincial congress which in SOUTH CAROLINA. 45 effect inaugurated the Revolution in South Carolina. But though they had nothing to do with bringing on the struggle, upon them was to fall the most terrible effects and by them it was to be taken up and maintained when the low country had been overrun and Charleston captured and occupied by British troops. It was the country that these people occupied which was not improperly to be designated " the classic ground of the American Revolution." The battle of Fort Moultrie in 1776, the siege and reduction of Savannah in 1778, the almost harmless invasion by Prevost in 1779 with the exception of the fight at Stono, the siege and capitulation of Charleston in 1780, and Tarleton's successful raid at Salkehatchie, Rantowles, Monks Corners and Lenuds Ferry composed the mili- tary operations on the coast. Gen. Lincoln's unfortunate cooping up of the army in the lines of Charleston to inevitable destruction lost the state all her regular forces. Then followed the disastrous battle of Camden, the slaughter of Buford's men at the Waxhaws, and the surprise and dispersion of Sumter at Fishing creek. There was left in South Carolina but one small body of troops which had not been defeated or dispersed, and that was Davie's corps of par- tisans, raised in the Waxhaws and equipped at his own expense, which had taken part in the battle of the Stono where he was wounded. Tarleton's massacre of Buferd's men at the Waxhaws turned these people from an attitude of almost indifference to the struggle, to a fierce and determined participation in it. They had had no part in bringing on the contest. Those Scotch-Irish Presbyterians were as jealous of the churchmen on the coast as they had been of the churchmen in Ireland. Indeed they no doubt thought that if they were to have a church of state, they would prefer the real thing and Royalty along with it. With these republican churchmen on the coast they had not much sympathy. They had received but little protec- tion from them and had only felt their government by the exaction of official fees and taxes. They had not realized that all this was not the fault of the general assembly in the low country, but of the government in England in protecting the patent rights and sinecures of its favorites against the protests of the colonial leaders. All their trouble and difficulties they attributed to those in apparent power in Charleston, and they were not disposed to follow them into revo- lution. But fortunately, observes Judge Johnson in his life of Green, " the British felt too confident in themselves and too much contempt for their enemy to act with moderation or policy. Their commander, flushed with victory, appears to have forgotten that a people may submit to conquest, but never to insult. They seemed to have for- gotten that religion, which looks to another world for its recompense or enjoyments, becomes the most formidable enemy that can be raised up in this. As the dissenters of New England had the repu- tation of exciting the war, dissenters generally became the objects of odium to the enemy and their meeting houses were often burnt or destroyed." In the Waxhaws the minister was insulted and his house 46 SOUTH CAROLINA. and books burnt; and there, as in Williamsburg, war was declared against all Bibles which contained the Scotch version of the Psalms. It was this conduct that" fired the people of this section and refilled Sumter's ranks and furnished the heroes of Hanging Rock, King's Mountain, Cowpens and Blackstocks. It was this rising of the Scotch-Irish in the Old Camden District which opened the way for Marion's famous partisan warfare from the swamps of the Pee E)ee and Santee, which recalled Cornwallis from North Carolina and delayed him in upper South Carolina, and thus preserved Washington in the Jerseys from an attack in his rear by Cornwallis, until the French fleet was ready to co-operate with him. It was this that saved Washington from the destruction which Sher- man's unopposed march through the same county — then stripped of its defenders — brought upon Lee in Virginia. The culminating vic- tory at the Eutaws would not have crowned the struggle in South Carolina had not these men risen in a war which they had no part in bringing upon the country. The theory of state sovereignty, and the doctrine of state rights, nullification and secession, are generally regarded as the tenets of the low country, where they are supposed to have been inculcated in the interests of the slave owners, the most of whom were located in that section. But this theory and these doctrines, though not peculiar to either section of the state, has always found its most strenuous sup- porters rather in the upper than the lower country. There was no representation of the upper part of the state in the convention which framed the Constitution of the United States. Rutledge, the two Pinckneys and Butler, the delegates from South Carolina, were all from the low country, and all but Butler from Charleston. Rutledge and Butler were of Irish extraction, the two Pinckneys, English. Butler had been an officer in the British army, had married the daugh- ter of Col. Thomas Middleton, and had resigned his commission very shortly before the Revolution. In the convention of the state, which adopted the constitution of the United .States, the vote upon its adop- tion stood 149 in favor of it and seventy-three against it. Of the seventy-three who followed Rawlins Lowndes in his opposition to the adoption of that instrument and entering the Union upon its terms, sixteen were from the low country and the rest from the upper. John Chestnut was the only one from the district eastward of the Watcrce, Kershaw and Lancaster, who voted for it. Among those who opposed it were Thomas Sumter, Joseph Calhoun, William But- ler, Wade Hampton, yEdanus Burke and Thomas Taylor. The people of the upper country, as we have seen, had been slow to join the Revolution; but they had been drawn into the struggle and by their bravery, heroism and stubbornness the fight had been won at a great cost to them after it had been lost and practically given up on the coast. They had thrown off one distant government and were in no haste to give uj:) their independence to another. " It is believed," said William Lougliton Smith, the member from Charles- ton district, in the very first debate which took place in congress — SOUTH CAROLINA. 47 that on the duties and imposts, April, 17S9 — " that the inhabitants of the interior part of South Carolina are opposed to the new govern- ment; it will be a melancholy circumstance to entangle ourselves at this time among the shoals of discontent." But this is just what the new government proceeded to do; and the debate on the tariff which was commenced in April, 1789, has been continued these hundred years with amplification and complication, but with scarcely a new argu- ment advanced, and certainly without a principle settled in all this time. Two characteristics of the Scotch-Irish led the people ot the upper part of the state to take a great interest and decided stand on this question. The people on the coast had been accustomed to the helping hand of a strong government. Their churches had been built by taxation; and the parish schools had been established and supported by the government. They did not, therefore, object so. much to the new government undertaking internal improvements; and were not jealous of its enjoyment of a large revenue. Hence in the commencement of the government they were federalists. It was very different with the Scotch-Irish settlers in the Piedmont. They had to build their own churches and school-houses and to main- tain their own minister. No parental government had helped them. They had even to resort to regulators to administer rough jus- tice, as the courts were too far away and its processes too feeble and expensive to maintain right for them and to punish wrong. They had learned to do with a modicum of government; and were not will- ing to be taxed, though indirectly, for the new government against which they had voted. Their necessities had taught them with how little formal government society can exist; and their Scotch-Irish shrewdness and thriftiness made them still more indisposed to pay for a government they did not wish. This opposition to taxation has continued to mark the character of these people to this day. In state politics the "up country" is always opposing expenditures which the "low country" is willing to allow. Mr. Calhoun was the exponent of this policy. True it is that in the commencement of his career he entertained and advocated views in regard to internal improvements and other national expenditures which he had probably imbibed, as has been suggested, during his sojourn at Yale college where he graduated. His maturer views on the tariff and his life work in support of them were in accordance with the instinct and characteristics of his race; and in the great null- ification contest his chief support was from his own section of the state. His lieutenants in the low country were Hayne, Hamilton and Turnbull, the two latter of Scotch descent. Hamilton had come to Carolina as a Continental officer during the Revolution. Turnbull's father was a Scotchman who had come from the West Indies. Neither belonged to the old low country colonial stocks. Hayne alone of the nullification leaders was from that source. Abbeville, Calhoun's native county, gave him a majority at the election for representative in the legislature in October, 1832, in which election the nullification struggle took place, of nearly two to one. Chester, 48 SOUTH CAROLINA. Fairfield, Laurens, Newberry and Edgefield all gave him large ma- jorities. Lancaster, the birth place of Jackson, stood by its own great son, the president, but by the small majority of 133 out of 1,131 votes. Jackson's able lieutenant. Judge Smith, could only reduce Calhoun's majority in Smith's own county, York — he could not overcome it. In spite of all Smith's efforts, York gave Calhoun fifty-two majority out of 2,768 votes against Jackson and himself, both of whom had gone to school in its borders. Spartanburg and Greenville in which the Virginia emigration had been strong, gave large rnajorities to the union; and so did Kershaw and Clarendon under the influence of the Chestnuts and Richardsons. Charleston was the great battle ground of the union party. The contest there was bitter and violent, and the result exceedingly close. Out of a total vote of 2,824, the nullifiers triumphed by the small majority of but seventy-two. As against Cal- houn, McDuffie, Harper, Elmore, Hayne, Hamilton and Turnbull, nullifiers, the leaders of the union party were Joel R. Poinsett, the two Hugers (Daniel Elliott and Alfred) , James L. Pettigru, Thomas S. Grimke^ the Pringles and Dr. Joseph Johnson in the low country, and the Richardsons of Clarendon, Judge David Johnson, of Union, and Judge O'Xeall, of Newberry. There were some curious incidents in these and the following elections for the convention. Greenville sent to the convention, Henry Middleton, a low country union man. Spartanburg sent another, Alfred Huger; and Daniel Elliott Huger, who had been defeated in Charleston, was sent from Horry, while on the other hand, St. Bartholomew parish sent Pranklin H. Elmore, a nuUifier who had come from Laurens. The vote in the whole state stood 24,165 for nullification and 16,664 i^or union, a proportion which prevailed alike in the parishes as in the upper country. So the policy of Calhoun and the up country leaders was carried by votes of three out of five throughout the state. From this time the influence of the Scotch-Irish may be said to have been predominant in .South Carolina. To the Englishman and the Huguenot on the coast, with whom the Welsh on the Pee Dee easily assimilated, is owing the social re- finement and manners and to a great extent the culture of the peo- ple «f South Carolina. Their early acquired wealth gave them the leisure which is necessary to the acquirement and cultivation of a high social order. Society in the lower part of the state founded upon that of Barbadoes had already been settling itself in its new condition for near 100 years before the people of the upper part had wrestc^d their section from the savage ancl wild beasts. But it is to the .Scotch Irish restless energy, mental activity and intense love of freedom that is owing the political tenets which have become the marked characteristics of the state. It is to this element chiefly rather than to the English Cavalier and the French Huguenot that we owe the dauntless and defiant spirit and the fiery temper which Mr. Percy Greg says has in almost every collision brought the Palmetto state to the front as the promptest, fiercest, most determined cham- pion of state sovreignity. Each of these peoples has given a long line SOUTH CAROLINA. 49 of illustrious men to the service of Soutli Carolina, who have main- tained her fame in the history of th(^ country as statesmen, soldiers and scholars. F"irst came the English with the historical families of the Bulls, the oldest in the state, two of whom, William the father and William the son, were lieutenant governors for nearly forty years consecutively indeed, very nearly all the time of the royal government -and during much of which they actually governed the colony; then the Middletons and Pinckneys, names scarcely absent from a page of history in two hundred years, the Izards, the Lowndes, the Ciadsclens, the Haynes, the Draytons, the Alstons, the Rhetts, the Johnsons, the Hamptons, Earles, Harrisons, Sumters, the Richard- sons, Chestnuts, Kershaws, Canteys and a host of others. From the Huguenot, the Manigaults, the Prioleaus, the Laurens, Hugers, Mar- ions, Horrys, Gaillards, Bacots, DeSaussures, Ravencls, Mazycks and the Grimkes. Then the long and famous list of the Scotch and Irish — commencing with the Barnwells in 1712 it continues with the Rutledges, Lynches, Moultries, Pickens, Butlers, Andrew Jackson, the Calhouns, Davie, the Pringles, Elliotts, /P^danus Burke, the Brattons, McLures, Hamiltons, McDuffie, Turnbull, Miller, Mannings, Prestons, Pettigrew (Petigru), Wardlaws, O'Neall, the Greggs, Hemphills, Boyces, Simpson, McGowan, Mclvers, Witherspoons, Phornwell, Simms, xAikens, Magraths. Simonton, Conner and others. The schools in which the youths were educated constituted an element in the formation of the character of the people of the state and which should not be overlooked. Before the revolution, the young men of the lower country were for the most part sent to Europe for their education, and such as could not afford to do so were educated b)' private tutors and local schools of which there were many in Charleston. Free schools were established and sup- ported by ta.xation and private munificence in connection with the parish churches. In the upper part of the state churches and school- houses were' built together by the ministers of the Scotch-Irish Presbyterians. The church and the school, both accommodated at first in the rudest and most primitive structures, were almost insepar- ably connected, and where the pastor was located, in that congrega- tion there was a classical school; but in the last fifteen years of the last century institutions of higher learning had' arisen as Dr. Howe in the histor}' of the Presbyterian church observes, if not in a form and with endowments which rendered them perfect, yet conducted with a becoming energy of purpose and affording the means of a valuable education to those who were to become leaders in the church or state. On Chi^istmas day, 1850, we are told, the three rulers of the Pun jab, that immense province which had just been added to England's possessions in India, three Scotch-Irishmen who had made their own fortunes and PIngland's in adding the pro\"ince to her domains — the two Lawrences, Lord John and Sir Henry, and Robert Montgomery — met at dinner at Lahore. The great triumvirate of Lahore had also been a triumvirate of boys at a private college at Londonderry. A -4 i^O SOUTH CAROLINA. The ladies had retired and there had been a few minutes silence when Sir Henry turned abruptly to his brother and said: " I wonder what the two poor old Simpsons are doing at this moment and whether they have any better dinner than usual to-day." The Simp- sons, it must be observed, were twin brothers in very humble circum- stances, who had been ushers in Foyle college. Sir Henry's sudden apostrophe awakened many old memories of the school up at Lon- donderry, and, after a few remarks had been made upon the singular coincidence that the three men who had been at school together as boys so many years before now found themselves associated to- gether once more as the rulers of the Punjab; they made up a purse of £^0 each and sent it as a Christmas present to their old teacfhers, ■whom it found in great need. If Judge O'Neall is right in his state- ment that Crawford was in part at least educated at Dr. Alexander's school, at Bullock Creek, with Jackson and Smith,* a similar in- cident might have happened in Washington at any time during sev- eral years had Dr.' Alexander lived to see his three school boys in such high places. For in 1829, Jackson and Crawford, with John Ouincy Adams, were rival candidates for the presidency, and both in 1833 and in 1841, Smith was voted for as vice president. It was in- deed more remarkable that this old field school should have produced three men who were to be at the same time so prominent in the affairs of the nation. It is remarkable, too, that the Lawrences and Montgomerys, Jackson, Crawford and Smith were all of the same stock. The biographies of Crawford, however, do not mention his having been at school at Bullock Creek; and it is well known that there were no such kindly relations between Jackson and Crawford as existed between Jackson and Smith, which might have softened their rivalry had Jackson and Crawford been schoolmates when boys. But, however that might have been, it is certain that Crawford did go to Dr. Waddell's school in Abbeville district, so that Dr. Waddell educated at least in part the three great men, Calhoun, Crawford and Jackson. This school of Dr. Waddell's certainly had much influence upon the state, for it was the singular fortune of the Presbyterian minister — the brother-in-law of Calhoun — to have educated besides Crawford and Calhoun, Hugh S. Legare, George McDuffte, Franklin H. Elmore, James L. Petigru, A. P. Butler, M. P. Butler, Patrick Noble, A. B. Longstreet, David L. Wardlaw, Francis H. Wardlaw, William F. Col- cock, James W. Miles and William Porcher Miles. It is a curious and interesting fact that the first instance in which we find the names of the English, the Huguenot and the Scotch-Irish stocks in the state commingled — in which we find together, the names of the up and low country — is in the list of members of the Mount Zion Society — a society organized at Charleston during the revolution in 1777, " for the purpose of founding, endowing and sup- porting a public school in the district of Camden for Youth." In the •CNcall's Bench and Bar, Vol. I, p. io6. SOUTH CAROLINA. 5 1 preamble to the rules of the society which was signed by over four hundred " inhabitants of the state," as they styled themselves, it is declared that " the voice of reason cries aloud to them to promote knowledge as the firmest cement of a state." In this list we find such names as these, representing all parts of South Carolina: Allison, Adair, Alexander, Buchannan, Bennett, Bocquet, Burke, Bull, Blake, Belin, Calhoun, Cannon, Crawford, Caldwell, Davie, Ellison, Elliott, Evans, Fishburne, Goodwin, Gibbs, Guerard, Hampton, Huger, Harrison, Hutson, Johnson, Kershaw, Kennedy, Logan, Lining, Lynch, McCrady, McCorkle, Mclver, Moultrie, O'Hear, Porroneau, Prioleau, Postell, Pinckney, Pringle, Rutledge, Strother, Singleton, Simons, Taylor, Vanderhorst, Wren, Woodward, Wigfall, Watts, Water, Williamson and Yates. The first president was John Winn. He was succeeded by John Huger in 1780, and lands were given to the society for the school by John Vanderhorst and Richard Winn. The school was organized by calling to its presidency the Rev. Thomas Harris McCaule from North Carolina. He proposed to erect the institution into a college upon the plan of Princeton. His plan was adopted and the institution was incorporated March 19, 1785. In the same act was also incorporated the college of Cam- bridge at ninety-six and the college of Charleston. Of the college of Cambridge we have no account. The Mount Zion has continued to this day as an institution in which the youth of that section are edu- cated, and the Charleston college has with short intervals kept its doors open from that time to this, and from its halls have come many men of mark and influence in the state and the reputations of some of whom have far exceeded its limit. But the institution which has done most to mould and influence the character of the people of the state is doubtless the South Carolina college. The act for the establishment of this college was passed in 1801, and principally through the advocacy and exertions of Chancellor H. W. DeSaussure, though its origin can be traced far back into the fl«/^-revolutionary period. From its commencement the institution be- came to a large extent the center not only of education but of politi- cal thought in the state. Here gathered together the descendants of the first English settlers on the coast, who in the new land had ac- quired wealth and established a social order of their own, a social order which, if less ancient than that of the old country, was in no re- spect inferior to it in culture and refinement, whose fathers before the revolution had been generally educated in England and on the continent, and since the revolution at Yale, Harvard and Princeton — the descendants of the Huguenots who still retain the softness of manner of " the gentle and profitable strangers," and who had with the English, formed the society of the low country and impressed upon it their elegance and courtesy — the descendants of the Welsh, bringing with them the courtliness of King Arthur and his round table — the descendants of the Palatines with their inherited socia- bility and tenacity of character — and the Scotch-Irish with their in- tense love of liberty, shrewdness and heroism. Here came together 52 SOUTH CAROLINA. the boys with all these valuable and various characteristics to be moulded into one — the typical South Carolinian. It happened that the college was situated at the capital within but a few hundred yards of the state house; and the two formed almost parts of the same in- stitution. The sons crowded the galleries and slipped in upon the floors of the house to hear their fathers in the legislature discuss the great questions of the day — they looking themselves to the time when they, too, should go from the college rooms to the halls of the assembly — for graduation at the college with distinction was pretty sure to be followed by an election to the house from some parish or district. The annual legislature was indeed to them the opportunity of witnessing and observing the practical application of the political theories imbibed by them in the lecture room. They witnessed here the opening of the house — the bringing in of the great silver mace which Sir Francis Nicholson the first governor under the royal government had brought over with him, the same that Josiah Ouincy described in his journals in 1773 as a very superb and elegant one, the same that was borne before the commons when on the eve of the Revolution in 1775 they went in solemn procession to the old St. Philip's church to invoke the guidance of the Almighty Ruler of the universe that in their struggle for liberty they might not fear the power of any adversar}'; and, as the custom still is and has ever been they saw the laying it on the table before the speaker as the house opened. They watched the speaker in his robes of state, who with the grand and dignified manner which had come down to him as a part of his office, presided over a body of gentlemen sitting before him as legislators, deriving their seats, it might almost be said, by birth and education as much as by election — a body surpassed no- where by its dignified conduct and decorum amidst the most exciting political discussions characteristics which have been preserved and have survived even the violent changes of reconstruction. .Sitting in the galleries the boys watched the conduct of parliamentary business and took with them rulings of the speaker to practice in the halls of th(;ir debating society. Here, too, they witnessed the inauguration of the governor, "the first gentleman of the state" for his term, many a one no doubt aspiring one day to become governor himself which some of them did. Here with their college studies they imbibed the doctrines of state sovereignty and states rights and a spirit of state pride and a love for her institutions and an ambition to devote theni- selves to her service and to make themselves part of her history. Here at the inauguration of the college the boys heard of " that galaxy"* of young men whom South Carolina sent to Washington to sustain the war of 1812, i.owndes, Calhoun and Chevcs. Of William l.owndes, already admitted the foremost in ability and influence in the house, of whom it was said the highest antl best hopes of the country looked to him for iheir fulfillment, antl whose character has •Life of James Huclianan, Vol. I, p. 26. SOUTH (AkOI.INA. 53 been described by an eminent writer as " the ablest, purest and most unselfish statesman of his day." Of Calhoun, who for forty years was to stand before the country as the great Carolinian. Of Cheves, the compeer of both. Of Joel R. Poinsett, McDuffie and Miller; of Hayne and his great debate with Webster; and of Preston, the greatest orator of all, who after commanding "the applause of listen- ing senates " was himself to preside over this college and to crowd its walls with students eager to learn from the lips and the daily ex- ample of the first of orators the true spirit and power of eloquence. This institution, first conceived and recommended by Lieutenant- Governor Bull in 1770, and urged by John Rutledge when South Carolina was still a province, as a political bond of union, fulfilled its purposes as predicted by Gov. John Drayton. The friendship of young men from all parts of the state formed there has promoted and strengthened the sentiment of state pride and patriotism. Here it was in this college the boys of the state learned their politics with the classics and the sciences — politics wherein they were taught to be " intolerant believers in a very simple creed which could be sum- med up in one commandment, 'Love South Carolina'"'^ — a creed which was exemplified in every battlefield of the late war; for which a life was offered for every vote cast; and for which 12,000 sons of South Carolina laid down their lives. One recently writing from New England says, " Here in the North, that is naturally presumptuous and arrogant in her vast material power, and where consequently but little attention had been given to the study of the nature and prin- ciples of constitutional liberty as connected with the rights of the state, there is nevertheless an increasing understanding and appreci- ation of the Confederate cause, particularly here in the New England states whose position and interest in the Union are in many respects peculiar and perhaps require that these states should be watchful guardians of the state's sovereignty. Mingled with this increasing understanding and appreciation of the Confederate cause naturally comes also a growing admiration of its devoted defenders; and the time may yet be when the northern as well as the southern heart will throb reverently to the proud words upon the Confederate monu- ment at Charleston: " THESE DIED FOR THEIR STATE." f In looking back upon the history of South Carolina it will be seen that during the first century, the colonial period, the province was ruled entirely by the English element. That during the Revo- lutionary period the Huguenot became of great and co-ordinate influence. But since the establishment of the state we think it ap- pears that the Scotch-Irish has been the predominant race. But after all, is not South Carolina like the rest of America ? " America! half brother of the world! With something good and bad of every land." * W. H. Trescot, in Memoriam Stephen Elliott. t Lowell (Mass.) Weekly Sun, June 5, 1886. 54 SOUTH CAROLINA. It is out of these different people and characters that has been formed a society whose social order is much its own, and which is recognized as quaint and peculiar. It has been admired in the past for its purity, its refinement, its courtesy, its truthfulness and its courage. Let it be theirs, who have inherited its manners and im- bibed its spirit, to achieve the equal merit with those who formed it — that of preserving it through these strange and troublesome times. BIOGRAPHICAL SKRTGHEIB OF Eminent ,0 ^prcsentatiue Soutl} @rolinian^. JOHN RUTLEDGE. John Rutledge, one of the most eminent statesmen and patriots of South CaroHna, was born in 1739, his mother at the date of his birth being only fifteen years of age. His father, Dr. John Rutledge, emi- grated from Ireland to South Carolina about the year 1735, and married Miss Hext. She was left a widow at an early period, but was an apt example of an illustrious line of mothers who by devotion to their maternal duties have been honored and rewarded by the greatness and virtues of their offspring. The earliest instructor of John Rutledge was David Rhind, an educator of considerable note in South Carolina at that period. With him young Rutledge began the study of the Latin and Greek classics and had made good pro- gress, subsequently studying law with James Parsons. He was ad- mitted to the bar and began practice at Charleston in 1761. One of his first suits was a breach of promise prosecution, and it afforded an opportunity for the display of an eloquence which surprised judge, jury and audience. He came at once to be prominent, as a lawyer and an orator, not growing into popularity by slow approaches, but coming at once to the front, and legal business began from the outset to crowd his calendar. Those who had the most intricate cases came to him for counsel and his retaining fees were most generous in pro- portions. But he had been in practice only a few years before the mutterings of the Revolution began to be audible, and in all the pre- liminary controversies which took place between the whigs and royalists, he took a prominent part upon the side of the former. When the royalist governors undertook to dictate as to who should hold seats in the legislative assemblies, particularly in the case of Governor Boone in his refusal to administer the oath of office to Christopher Gadsden, John Rutledge, by his rare eloquence fired the hearts of the people and prepared them for the great struggle for National independence. He took an active part in advocating the meeting of the Continental congress, and he and Christopher Gadsden and Thomas Lynch were appointed to represent South Carolina in ^6 SOUTH CAROLINA. that body. When the congress met in New York city in 1765, Mr. Rutledge at the outset took a prominent part in the debates and his fellow members from the other states were taken by surprise at his eloquent appeals against British domination. They had not supposed that the then inconsiderable province of South Carolina possessed a statesman of such rare powers and erudition. After the repeal of the obnoxious stamp act, Mr. Rutledge only took part in the politics of .South Carolina, but his eloquent voice was not hushed in the pro- vincial legislatures nor before the courts, where he wielded an influ- ence and a power that were irresistible. But when the news of the Boston port-bill reached Charleston, a general meeting of the inhabi- tants of the province was called to pledge its support to the Bostonians, in which John Rutledge took a conspicuous part. The deliberations of this meeting were among the first steps of a decisive nature toward the great Revolutionary struggle which proved to be in the near future. The meeting, by choosing delegates to a congress of all the colonies, fairly committed the province in favor of resistance to the demands of the British government. Five representative men were appointed to proceed to congress, and the delegation consisted of John Rutledge, his brother, Edward Rutledge, Christopher Gadsden, Thomas Lynch and Henry Middleton. Prom that time until 1776, John Rutledge continued to represent the province in the Continental congress. After that period he returned to Charleston and was made president and commander-in-chief of Carolina. In that capacity he rendered most important and vital service to the cause of the colonists. Mr. Rutledge held this responsible position for two years, when he resigned. But the provincial legislature would not allow him long to remain in private life, and at its next session re-instated him in the ex- ecutive office. When the state was invaded by General Provost's army, Governor Rutledge kept alive the fires of patriotism in the hearts of the people, and took active measures for the defense of Charleston and the recovery of the state from British invasion. In 17S2 he was again sent to congress, and during this term, he was selected, in com- pany with George Clymer, to make the tour of the southern portion of the country, to rouse the inhabitants to a sense of the danger of growing lukewarm in the cause of the independence of the colonies. It was feared that Great Britain seeing the subsidence of opposition on the part of the colonists, would re-commence the war and again undertake the work of subjugation. This deputation was instructed " to make such representations to the several states southward of i'hiladelphia as were best adapted to their respective circumstances and the present situation of public affairs, and as might induce them to carry the requisitions of congress into effect with the greatest des- patch." This furnished an occasion for Mr. Rutledge to make use of those rare powers of persuasion of which he was such a consum- mate master, and before the Virginia assembly it became a question whether John Rutledge, of South Carolina, or their own Patrick Henry, was the most powerful and accomplished public speaker. Near the close of Mr. Rutledge's congressional term he was tendered SOUTH CAROLINA. 57 the appointment of minister plenipotentiary from the United States to Holland, but he declined the proffered honor. In 1784, after a long service in an executive and a legislative capacity, he was ap- pointed a judge of the court of chancery of South Carolina. For this high trust he proved himself even better fitted, if possible, than for his former high positions. His profound knowledge of law and his well balanced judgment peculiarly fitted him for judicial duties. His decisions from the bench were models of clearness and perspicuity, and seldom failed to satisfy even the defeated party of their justice and impartiality. In 1787 he was chosen a delegate to frame a national constitution to take the place of the Articles of Confederation, and in this capacity he rendered most effective service to his country. After the new constitution was put in force, Mr. Rutledge was ap- pointed by President Washington an associate justice of the United States supreme court, which position he held till 1791, when he was elected chief justice of the supreme court of .South Carolina. This hon- orable preferment was followed by one still higher -the appointment of chief justice of the United .States, but the senate failed to confirm the appointment. This profound statesman and e.xalted patriot closed his eventful earthly career at the beginning of the present century, at the age of about sixty-one years. The wife of John Rutledge was a Miss Grimke, believed to be a sister of Judge Grimke and a descend- ant of the Huguenot exiles. They had several children, one of whom, General John Rutledge, was a United .States senator from South Carolina. EDWARD RUTLEDGE. Edward Rutledge, who became one of the most distinguished gov- ernors of South Carolina, was born at Charleston, November 23, 1749. He was the son of Dr. John Rutledge. He had the benefit of the instruction of David Smith, A. M., a graduate of New Jersey col- lege, having the reputation of being one of the most learned and suc- cessful teachers of the classics in the country. Mr. Rutledge took up the study of law in the office of his brother, John Rutledge, and com- pleted his legal course at the Temple in London. He returned to Charleston, after a four years' absence, a full-fledged barrister, and began practice in that city. This was in 1773. The next year he was appointed a delegate to the general congress which met in Phil- adelphia in .September of that 3'ear, his colleagues being his brother, John, Henry Middleton, Christopher Gadsden and Thomas Lynch — a delegation of illustrious individuals. He was chosen for three suc- cessive years to the same office, and on the memorable 4th of July, 1776, he and Thomas Heywood, Jr., Thomas Lynch and Arthur Mid- dleton, subscribed their names to the Declaration of Independence. A few weeks before that he had been appointed on the first board of war, the other members of the board being John Adams, Sherman, Harrison and Wilson. He was appointed the same year, with Dr. Franklin and John Adams, to treat with Lord Howe, on Staten 58 SOUTH CAROLINA. Island, upon terms for the restoration of peace, but the basis of the proposal was the absolute independence of the states. In 1779 he was again appointed a member of congress, but, before he could reach the seat of government, was attacked by a slow fever which prevented his attendance. He belonged to the South Carolina militia, and held the rank of lieutenant-colonel, having passed through all the lower grades of military rank; he commanded a com- pany of artillery in 1779, when the British were defeated and driven from Port Royal island, in which his gallantry and bravery were con- spicuous. When Charleston fell into the hands of the enemy, in May, 1780, he was taken prisoner and confined at St. Augustine, Fla., but was e.xchanged after an imprisonment of eleven months' dura- tion. On his return to South Carolina he was elected to the general assembly, sitting at Jacksonborough. He afterward served in the council, and, in both these positions, rendered important service to his state. The occupation of Charleston by the British kept him and his associates from returning to that city until December 14, 1782, when they had the joyful satisfaction of being welcomed home by mothers, wives, sisters and daughters. He resumed his law practice in his native city, and pursued the practice with great assiduity for a long course of years. In 1790 he was elected a member of the convention to frame a state constitution, and the next year was a member of the legislature, elected under the provisions of the organic act of the convention. He was the author of the act passed February 19, 1791, for the abolition of the rights of primogeniture and for giving to heirs an equitable distribution of the real estate of intestates and for other purposes. This was a most important act and entitled its author to the thanks of all coming generations. In 1794 he and Gen. Charles C. Pinckne}' were respectively invited by Gen. Wash- ington to a seat on the bench of the supreme court of the United States, but both declined, believing they could do better service by remaining in the legislature of their state. In December, 1798, Mr. Rutledge was elected governor and commander-in-chief in and over South Carolina, but this proved to be his last official promotion. He died January 23, 1800, just upon the threshold of a new century. His wife and at least one son survived him — the former for thirty-six years. The son, Henry Middleton Rutledge, removed to Tennessee, and there died, leaving a large family. Dr. Ramsay, the eminent his- torian of South Carolina, in his history of that state, gives a large re- view of the life of Gov. Rutledge. in which the following passage occurs: "In the practice of law Edward Rutledge was directed by the most up- right and generous principles. To advance his personal interest was a secondary object; to do good, to promote peace, to heal breaches, to advance justice, was a primary one. His powers of persuasion were not be purchased to shield oppression or to support iniquity. When he thought his client had justice on his side, he would go all lengths in vindicating his claims; but would not support anj' man, however liberal, in prosecuting unfounded claims, or resisting those that were substantially just. He abhorred the principle that an advocate should SOUTH CAROLINA. 59 take all advantages for his client, and gain for him whatever he could, whether right or wrong; or, on the other hand, to assist him with quirks and quibbles which ingenuity can contrive, or the forms of law permit, for defeating or delaying the claims of suljstantial jus- tice." Gov. Rutledge served his state ably, faithfully, patriotically, and with an utter abnegation of self, with a heart single to the public good. HENRY WILLIAM DeSAUSSURE. This gentleman was descended from distinguished foreign ances- try and was a native of Beaufort district, being born near Pocotaligo, August i6, 1763. His father was a distinguished soldier, having been thought worthy to accompany the Rutledges, Gadsdens, Moultries and others, after the fall of Charleston, as prisoners of war to St. Augustine, Fla. After the war, from '83 to '91, he was a member of the legislature, and for the last two years president of the senate. Henry William, in his seventeenth year, served as a volunteer in the defense of Charleston, when it was besieged by Sir Henry Clinton. At the fall of the city he refused to take protection and was sent to the prison ship. After four months among these scenes of cruelty and death, he was exchanged and sent to Philadelphia. He studied law under Mr. Ingersoll, of that city, and was admitted to the bar of Philadelphia, and in 17S4 he returned to North Carolina and became a member of the bar of his own state. Here he had to encounter in the vigor of their strength and mental manhood, the Rutledges, Pinckneys, Pringles and others. In the spring of 1785 he married Miss Ford, of Morristown, N. J., a woman of rare accomplishments and lovable disposition. In 1789, he was a member of the convention which framed the constitution of the state, and in 1791 he was a member of the house of representatives, during which time he effected important changes in the law in reference to the rights of primogen- iture and the establishment of courts of equity. In 1794, while sojourning at the Sweet Springs, Virginia, where he was seeking relief in its healing waters, from an attack of acute rheumatism, he was tendered the office of director of the mint, by President Wash- ington, which office, by the advice of his friend. Gen. Hamilton, he accepted. He at once proceeded to Philadelphia, and with charac- teristic diligence and industry, soon made himself master of the situ- ation, where he coined the first gold ever issued by the American government. He retired from this responsible and laborious office in November, 1795. Upon his return to Charleston, in 1795, he was made intendant of the city. In 1800 he was returned to the legisla- ture, where he was successful in establishing the South Carolina col- lege. He retired again from the legislature in 1802, but was again induced to return in 1808. In the following year he was elected a judge of the court of equity, and to him the whole system of equity jurisprudence in the state owes its origin and its dignity. He stood in the same relation to South Carolina, in which Kent did to New 6o SOUTH CAROLINA. York. In 1836, when the court of appeals consisted of all the judges of both the court of equity and the court of appeals properly, he took rank as president of the court of ten. Mr. De Saussure resigned his position on the bench in December, 1837, and in announcing his resignation. Gov. Butler said with great truth of him: "He has worn the sword of the soldier amidst the perils of the Revolution and the ermine of a virtuous magistrate in peace. The one was never used but against the enemies of his country, and the other will descend from him without spot or blemish." A short time after his resignation his health began rapidly to fail, and on the 20th of March, 1839, he expired. The leading and more prominent traits of charac- ter of Chancellor DeSaussure were his sense of duty and benevolence, so that, while his work as a jurist was done with dispatch, it was always done with extreme conscientiousness. The labor which he bestowed on the preparation of his opinions into every niche and corner whence light is drawn, mark his as the eminently legal mind. It appears from the returns of the commissioners in equity, in 1830, that of more than 2,000 decrees and opinions, made in the state for the seventy years preceding, nearly one-half were pronounced by Chancellor DeSaussure. The whole of his most beautiful life may be summed up in a word, as a man who knew his duty and per- formed it, and w^ho did no one wrong. On the 20th of March, 1839, he closed his eventful and valued life at the residence of his eldest son, Henry A. DeSaussure, in the city of Charleston. HUGH SWINTON LEGARE. Among all the eminent lawyers of which the state of Carolina may well be proud, none stands higher in the reverence and recollection of her appreciative people than Hugh Swinton Legare. His life is full of the memory of benefactions to his state and people, but his most distinguished triumphs have been at the bar, and as a lawyer both by instinct and education his life was a full and well rounded success. He was born in the city of Charleston, January 22, 1797, his parents being Solomon Legare and Mary Swinton, embracing the stern solidity of the Scotch borderman with the brilliancy of the French Huguenots — two qualities so conducive to success in any un- dertaking. At the early age of four the boy fell a victim to the scourge of small-pox, which blighted his joints and dwarfed his limbs. In spite of his physical afflictions, at the age of thirteen he displayed unusual brilliancy in the acquirement of classic and polite literature, at which time he was sent to Willington, and sat at the feet of the eminent Dr. Waddell for two years, after which, at the age of fifteen, a small, decrepit boy, but a giant in intellect, he entered South Carolina coll(>ge, and in a short time made himself a record as one of its most brilliant scholars even among the seniors of that in- stitution. He graduated with the first honors of his class in 1814, at the age of eighteen, when he commenced and pursued the study of law under Judge King, and after having been admitted to the bar he SOUTH CAROLINA. 6l made a tour lo luiropc, aiul spent nearly two years in Ir.mcc, (Ger- many and Scotland, very much to his advantage, both as a scholar and a speaker. Those, who, even at this early age, had the pleasure of hearing Mr. Legare on the platform, declare that he was a peer- less orator. In 1821 he was elected to the house of representatives, which office he filled by successive elections until 1830, when he be- came attorney-general of the state. Following quickly upon his ele- vation to the attorney-generalship came the nullification excitement in the south, which grew in bitterness and violence until it iiad ar- rayed brother against brother, and father against son, in deadly feud. From considerableof this bitterness Mr. Legare was relieved by be- ing appointed charge d'affairs, ol Brussels, the duties of which office kept him in that country for six years. On his return from l^russels, in 1836, he was elected to congress, and sctrved two years with great distinction, but his whig sentiments displeased his people, and he was thrown out in the election in 1838. He returned to the bar, and through the friendly influence of Mr. Petigru was brought promi- nently forward in arguing the important cases which occupied the attention of the supreme court of .South Carolina from 1S37 to 1841. The transcendent ability displayed in these cases attracted the atten- tion of President Tyler, who, in 1841, appointed him attorney-general of the United States. Here he was in his element; he had to deal with great questions of national importance, questions involving not only the rights of individuals, but grave and weighty questions pre- sented by the several states in their separate sovereignty, but he was as nearly equal to the great task as any who came before or after him, and \yas well on the road to great fame and fortune when the fell destroyer came and he died in the city of Boston, on the 20th of June, 1841 , and was buried with great pohip and eclat at Mount Auburn. At a later period Mr. Richard Yeadon, by the consent of his sister, had his remains removed to Magnolia cemetery, near Charleston, where a fine monument was erected to his memor}-. GEORGE McDUFFIE. George McDuffie was a native of Columbia county, (ia., and was born about the year 1788. When quite young he came under the notice of James Calhoun, of Augusta, Ga., who gave him employment as a clerk in his mercantile establishment. Observing that the lad was the possessor of uncommon talent, Mr. Calhoun mentioned him to his brother, William Calhoun, as a youth who ought to have better educational privileges, and that gentleman, with a generosity which did him great honor, offered to put young McDuffie in a way to obtain a liberal education. He first placed him in Dr. Waddell's school at Willington, boarding him at his own home and bearing the expenses of his tuition. He was in possession of but a scanty ward- robe and was generally poverty-stricken, but at this school, he very soon demonstrated his superior aptness for learning. He was soon fitted for college, his examination showing he was qualified to enter 62 SOUTH CAROLINA. the junior class. He graduated from the South Carolina college with first honors, his baccalaureate thesis being " The Permanence of the Union." His oration was published at the request of his fellow stu- dents, but it proved to be hardly in keeping with his subsequent course in politics. He studied law and was admitted to practice in May, 1814, and near the close of that year became the law partner of Col. Eldred Simkins, of Edgefield, S. C. Availing himself of the priv- ileges of his partner's extensive practice and valuable library, he soon began to make his mark in the profession and secured a large prac- tice of his own. He practiced both in the circuit and court of appeals, and his services were in great deman-d in criminal as well as civil cases, no matter how desperate or abstruse they might be. In Octo- ber, 1818, Mr. McDuffie became a member of the house of represen- tatives of South Carolina, a tribunal in which his rare eloquence could be brought into full play. His speeches in that body were fine speci- mens of powerful and fervent oratory and of finished rhetoric. He was elected a trustee of the .South Carolina college the same year. In October, 1820, Mr. McDuffie was elected to the national congress to represent the Edgefield and Abbeville district, and took his seat in December, 1821. He had in the meantime been unfortunately en- gaged in a duel with Col. Cumming, not in accordance with his own choice, but at the instigation of too officious friends. In this rencontre he was severely wounded, and this proved to be, claims one of his biographers, the turning point from a serene and peaceable disposi- tion to one of extreme irascibility; it changed the whole tenor of his life. In congress, Mr. McDuffie was in agreement with Mr. Calhoun in his construction of the Constitution — a view inconsisteat with that which had been the leading thought in his graduating oration. In the South Carolina nullification convention Mr. McDuffie was a leader in the states rights doctrine, and believed that revolution was the proper and only solvent of the issue that had arisen upon the subject of pro- tective duties. Upon this question he was bold and outspoken, and afterward voted for the Clay compromise with great hesitation. He was a supporter of Gen. Jackson in the hotly contested presidential canvass between that distinguished gentleman and John Ouincy Adams in 1828, but when Gen. Jackson, as president, ordered the re- moval of the deposits of the United States bank, Mr. McDuffie de- nounced the proceeding as "an act of usurpation under circumstances of injustice and oppression which warranted him in saying that the rights of widows and orphans had been trampled in the dust by the foot of a tyrant." In 1834 Mr. McDuffie was elected major-general of the South Carolina militia, and in December of that year was chosen governor of the state. He was elected president of the board of trustees of South Carolina college in 1835, and did much in that capacity to raise the institution from the depressed situation into which it had at that time fallen. Gen. McDuffie was elected to the United .States senate in 1S42, and his course in that body was signal- ized by his strong advocacy of the sub-treasury scheme and of the an- nexation of Texas, both of which measures had formerly met with SOUTH CAROLINA. 63 his Strong opposition, and, contrary to his course in the house of rep- resentatives, he favored the passage of the tariff act of 1846. But in all these changes, his most earnest opponent was ready to accord him only an obedience to high-minded and honest convictions. He re- signed the office of senator in 1846. Mr. McDuffie was married, in 1829, to Miss Singleton, a lady of wealth and rare accomplishments, the daughter of Col. Richard Singleton, but she lived to sweeten his cup of connubial bliss for only a single year, leaving him a daughter, who afterward became the wife of Col. Wade Hampton. This somewhat eccentric, but truly gifted and brilliant orator and statesman, died in the spring of 1851. LANGDON CHEVES. Langdon Cheves, one of the lirst men of his time in America, was born on Rocky River district on the 17th day of September, 1776. He was the only child of his parents, Alexander Cheves, a Scotch- man, and Mary Cheves, of Virginia. From his father he inherited the rugged quality of strength and endurance, and a dash of fierce Caledonian courage. From his high-bred Virginia mother he inherited a devout religious nature, a high chivalric sentiment and a wonderful beauty of speech and grace of person — qualities that in after years, after long days of toil and hope deferred, days of poverty and dark- ness, made him worthy to become a conspicuous member of that peer- less triumvirate which South Carolina contributed to the congress of the nation, Cheves, Lowndes and Calhoun. The early years of his life were passed amid the rural and ofttimes e.xciting scenes of his father's home, that gentleman being engaged in large trading transac- tions with the Indians. When he left these scenes he went to Charles- ton, his mother having died and his father having contracted a second marriage incongenial to the high spirited boy, he embarked upon the voyage of life alone. He accordingly engaged himself as a mer- chant's clerk, and at the age of sixteen, had risen by reason of ser- vices well rendered to the enviable position of confidential clerk. He began the study of the law with that eminently gifted man, Will- iam Marshall, afterward judge of the court of equity of South Caro- lina. He was admitted to the bar, after the most thorough and careful training, in 1797, and went forward after a few years to an al- most unparalleled success. In October, 1810, he was elected to con- gress, in company with Walds, Lowndes and Calhoun — four of of the strongest men ever in congress at one time from any state the Union. Mr. Cheves' speech in reply to Gaston and Webster in their attack upon the republican party was overwhelming and crowned that party with a wreath of patriotism which has given it national ascendency ever since. In 1816 he was elected a judge of the court of law of South Carolina. During his judicial term he gave the greatest satisfaction to his people, but a sterner judge never presided. In ]8i9hewas called to the head of the United States bank, and having inspired great confidence in that institution, left 64 SOUTH CAROLINA. it to the management of Nicholas Biddle, in which Mr. Biddle en- joyed great financial reputation, but the withdrawal of the govern- ment deposits a few years later demonstrated the rottenness of that institution. He was then appointed chief commissioner of claims under the treaty of Ghent, and filled that office until all the claims were adjusted. In 1S30 he retired from public life and re- turned to his plantation on the Savannah river. In 1836 he was be- reaved by the death of his estimable wife. He honored the memory of his wife by never taking another. He died in June, 1857, in the eighty-first year of his age; Upon the occasion of his funeral Mr. Petigru drew the following masterly pen-picture of the great states- man and jurist: "The leading characteristics of his mind were power and grandeur. He was not only above vanity, but above the weakness of ambition, and no one ever saw him chuckle with the ex- ultation of triumph. He never lay in wait to say. or excite surprise, by a brilliant thing. Never was there a man more thoroughly proof against the frowns of power, or the clamor of a crowd. Inde- pendence of mind was carried by him with fearless assertion of the rights of private judgment, even at the risk of falling under the con- demnation of party. We may form an idea of the qualities of a great man by considering what are the topics which are laid to his charge by unfriendly censure, and in Langdon Cheves those things which were cited as blemishes were in fact the proof of the greatness of his character." WILLIAM HENRY WALLACE, judge of the .Seventh judicial circuit of South Carolina, and one of state's most distinguished and popular citizens, was born in Laurens county, S. C, on March 24th, 1827. His parents were Gen. Daniel and Elizabeth (Davis) Wallace, the former being a native of Laurens, and the latter of Greenville, county, S. C. The grandfather of Judge Wallace was Jonathan Wallace, who was the first of the family to come to South Carolina. He was born on the Rappahannock river in Virginia, and before the Revolutionary war he removed to Lau- rens county, S. C, where he settled and was a planter for many years. He served with the Continental forces during the Revolutionary war. He reared quite a family, of which Daniel Wallace was the youngest son. Daniel Wallace, father of judge Wallace, was one of the prominent men of the state during his day. He was born in 1801, and died in 1859. He was given a common school education only, but being possessed of more than ordinary talent and ability he soon took rank with the leading men of his section. In 1833 he re- moved to Union county. He served several terms with distinction in the state legislature, and was for several years a major-general of militia. He was elected to congress in 1848 from the old Pinckney district, and in 1850 was re-elected, serving altogether four years. He was an ardent states rights man, and was one of the staunchest support(;rs of that doctrine from 1832 until his death. i^""^ 1^-^^- SOUTH CAROLINA. 65 He was a planter by avocation, was a man of strong character, great industry, fond of books, etc. Upon leaving congress he retired to his plantation, but his prominence continuecl, and had he desired he would undoubtedly have been called to accept political honors even greater than those \u: had already- received. Elizabeth Uavis, wife of Gen. Wallace, was born in iSoS, and died in 1840. To the union five children were born, one son and four daughters — of whom the son, the subject of this sketch, and two daughters, are living. Gen. Wallace was married a second time to Mrs. Griffin (>ur Nance, oi Newberryj, and to this marriage a son and daughter were born, both of whom survive. Judge Wallace was the eldest son of his father. 1 le was reared in Union county, and attended the Union academy, a classical school, for several years, and for one year following he attended the high school at Cokesbury, Abbeville county, a famous school of that period. In the fall of 1846, he entered the South Carolina college, at Columbia, in the first class which entered that institution under the presidency of William C. Preston, and in December, 1849, gradu- ated with Judge Charles H. Simonton, the late Gen. James Conner, Major T. G. Barker, Col. D. W. Aiken, M. C, T. E. Wannamaker. William Holt, Col. Thomas W. (clover, deceased, and several others who became prominent and tilled positions of trust. After leaving college, Judge Wallace joined his father in Wash- ington, where in the spring of 1850 he was married to Miss .Sarah I")unlap, who was born in Newberry, S. C. Miss Dunlap was the daughter of Robert I^unlap, a lawyer of Newberry, and a brother of lames Uunlap, who was appointed governor of Florida, b}' Andrew Jackson, but who died on his way to that state to assume the position. William Dunlap, the father of Ilobert and James, was a Revolution- ary soldier, whose name was borne by the late chief justice, William Dunlap .Simpson. He was the grandson of John Hunter, who came to South Carolina from Belfast, Ireland, before the Revolution — a man of letters, and a planter, a member of the South Carolina legis- lature and United States senator from South Carolina, in 1801. The wife of Robert Dunlap, and mother of Mrs. Wallace was Miss Nance, of Newberry, a sister of Drayton Nance, one of Newberry's most prominent citizens, and a granddaughter of Col. William Rutherford, another Revolutionary soldier, who gave the land on which the town of Newberry stands. To the union of Judge Wallace and wife, three daughters and one son have been born, all of whom survive. The eldest daughter is the wife of e.\-Gov. John C. Sheppard, of South Carolina. The youngest daughter is the wife of James H. Maxwell, merchant, of Greenville. The two other children are unmarried, the son. Daniel Hunter Wallace, now a student. In 1850, following his marriage. Judge Wallace returned to Union county and settled on a plantation, where he remained until 1857, following planting during that period e.xclusively, and meeting with great success. Becoming tired of the seclusion of the plantation. A— =; 66 SOUTH CAROLINA. Judge Wallace purchased a home in Union and removed to that city, retaiding the plantation. Upon coming to Union he purchased the Union Journal newspaper, which he changed into the Union Times, and associating Charles VV. Boyd with him, a brilliant young man, who had taken first honors in the South Carolina college, and had just returned from studying at the German universities. At the time of engaging in the newspaper business, Judge Wallace and young Boyd began reading law, and in the spring of 1859, both were ad- mitted to the bar. They engaged in the practice of law as partners. In the fall of 1860, Judge Wallace was elected to the South Carolina legislature, and there voted for the bill which called the convention that passed the ordinance of secession. Upon the expiration of his term in the legislature Judge Wallace enlisted as a private in Com- pany A, of the Eighteenth South Carolina volunteers. Just a few days after his enlistment as a private he was appointed adjutant of the regiment by Col. James M. Gadberry, afterward killed at Second Manassas. Before leaving camp of instruction, the regiment was re- organized under act of congress, and the men were allowed to elect the field officers, and the lieutenant-colonel in the meantime having resigned. Judge Wallace was elected lieutenant-colonel in May, 1861. Two weeks later the regiment was ordered to Virginia. At Second Manassas, Col. Gadberry being killed. Judge Wallace was made colonel of the regiment, and with that regiment as part of Evans' brigade, he participated in all the campaigns of northern Virginia, and upon the retirement of Gen. Evans, in 1864, Judge Wallace was made brigadier-general. He remained in the army of northern Virginia, occupied lines in front of Petersburg until they were evacuated by Gen. Lee, and the retreat began which ended at Appomatox Court House. On the night before the battle at Appomatox Court House, Judge Wallace was placed in command, by order of Gen. Gordon, of Gen. Bushrod Johnson's division, being again promoted over two ranking brigadiers, and the next day his command was engaged with the enemy and drove them back a mile into the woods. The surren- der of Lee's army was then made, and the last firing by infantry of the Army of Northern Virginia was by troops in Gen. Wallace's command. Three days after the surrender of Appomatox, Gen. W^allace re- turned home and engaged in the practice of law, carrying on plant- ing at the same time. He was a member of the Perry convention in 1865, and the same fall was, without his knowledge or solicitation, elected to the legislature. When the re-construction measures were applied to South Carolina, he was made chairman and organizer of the county to fight the measures, and was a hard worker in time and out to arouse the people from their apathy and to a proper appreci- ation of their political condition. In season and out of season he made speeches and did all in his power to arouse the people to de- liver themselves from the radical government. In 1872 a compromise was made with the republicans, by which a compromise ticket, com- posed of independent republicans and democrats, was sent to the SOUTH CAROLINA. 67 legislature, on which was Judge Wallace and his body servant, John Wallace, the latter lieing a republican. Judge Wallace and Major B. H. Rice, deceased, of Union, were the first democrats elected to the house from any county where there was a large republican ma- jority. In that house were not more than twenty or twenty-five dem- ocrats. In going to the legislature Judge Wallace was influenced by the hope not to effect much in the legislative work, but to come in contact with democrats whom he might meet in Columbia and urge them to make an effort to become members of the legislature, giving them a practical illustration and lesson in his own cond\ict. The plan of compromise effected in Union county was about as follows: The democrat and independent republican convention met simul- taneously in Union, and the democrats would nominate certain men on the county legislative ticket and leave blanks to be filled by the inde- pendent republicans, which was done, and the ticket then made up was voted for. The same plan was followed in 1874, and Judge Wal- lace was again elected to the legislature. In 1876, Union, with the bal- ance of the state, made straight-out legislative nominations, and [udge Wallace was again elected and the legislature was democratic. Upon the assembling of the legislature the democratic members from Laurens and Edgefield were refused admittance into the hall, and the other democratic members would not go in unless compelled by law, or the entire democratic representation was admitted, and they assembled in Carolina hall, and having a full constitutional quorum, organized the South Carolina house of representatives, by making Judge Wallace, speaker, and John T. Sloan, clerk. Judge Wallace was elected circuit judge on December 7, 1877. When the people of South Carolina in 1876, determined to over- throw, at any cost, the radical government of strangers and negroes — out-casts and thieves which had been imposed upon them by the re- construction measures and which had acquired for the proud old cornmonwealth, the name and style of the " prostrate state," the leaders they needed were men possessing first of all, courage; for the odds and the dangers to be faced were formidable and terrible. One shudders yet to think of the fearful outcome, which was risked. But courage fortunately was not only a common quality among the people, but it was one which had already been exhibited and illus- trated upon an hundred battlefields, and in the possession of an un- questioned reputation for which every leader was secure. He who had led Carolinians on the fields of Virginia needed not now to give assurance of his fearlessness — that was assumed and quietly counted upon. Fortunately for South Carolina there still sat at almost every fire-side a veteran and a hero who knew what fighting was and while honestly dreading it for his dear ones, had not forgotten how to con- duct himself if again it was forced upon him. But there was another class — the young men who had grown up since the war ready to avenge the wrongs which had been heaped upon the people, and to show that they had submitted so long from no want of a courage as 68 SOUTH CAROLINA. great as that which their fathers and brothers had already proved. To these the presence and control of the old war leaders was of the greatest consequence. To them, however, as well as to the old sol- diers, Wade Hampton was still a hero and one to command as of right. There could be no disgrace in obeying the requests which had all the force to them of orders of Hampton and his lieutenants. But courage was only the first and indispensable requisite in the leaders of the times; others more rare were equally necessary — and these were patience and wisdom. They who would guide the storm must not only b'e able to strike with boldness and vigor; if necessary, they must have the patience to endure, and the wisdom to do. When a great deed has been done it is easy to appreciate its magnitude and to observe its results. But when a danger is averted, it is often un- known and always more difficult to realize. " What's done we partly may compute, but know not what's avoided." Gen. Wallace was one of these leaders. A gentleman of the highest character and profes- sional position, he had not waited for office when the war broke out, but had enlisted as a private and had risen to the command of his regiment and then to the^osition of brigadier-general and upon more than one occasion had had a command equal to that of division. He had been among the first to obtain a footing for the return of demo- crats to power under the re-construction measures by consenting to serve in the house of representatives, when to do so was to subject one's self to the contamination of all that was hateful and disgusting to one of his character. But he had endured even this for the good of his state and now that the democrats were to organize a house, he was by unanimous consent chosen as the person to preside. The learning of the lawyer, the tact of the parliamentarian, the courage and prompt decision of the soldier, and the habit of command, all jnited with a manner which peculiarly fitted him for the position of iipeaker of the house, which was to pass into history as the Wallace House. The journals of the house contain the most important pages In the history of our people. In them are recorded the events upon which the fate of South Carolina depended. How much those events were controlled and directed by Gen. Wallace as the presiding officer v'ill perhaps never be known. But it is certain, they were largely in- fluenced by his prudence, tact and firmness. Immediately after the restoration of the government of the state to its own people. Gen. Wal- lace was elected judge of the Seventh circuit, a position which he held by continuous re-elections for fifteen years. Upon the bench, judge Wallace has continued to exercise all those qualities which he had exhibited in his former career. To the characteristics of a careful, conscientious and learned judge, he adds that of a most admiraiile presiding officer. He presides with dignity and firmness, hears with patience and graciousness, and decides with promptness and clearness. His ability and eminent fitness for the position encourage his numer- ous friends in the hope and (;\peclation of seeing him some day on the suprcMHc IxmicIi of the state. SOUTH ( AKOI.INA. 69 BENJAMIN FRANKLIN PERRY* was born November 20, 1805, in what is now Oconee county, but was then part of Pendleton district. He was of Revolutionary stock, his father being a native of Massachusetts, of English descent, who fought in the Continental army, and his mother, Miss Foster, a daughter of John Foster, of Virginia, who was a lieutenant in the regular American army. He and Commodore Oliver Perry were of common ancestry, springing from the same English stock. Gov. Perry's father came from Charleston, whither he went in 1 784, met his wife in Greenville, and was married there. He removed to Oconee and engaged in farming. B. F. Perry worked on his fath- er's farm and went to school until he was sixteen, when he was sent to Asheville, N. C, where he studied languages, making astonishing progress by the great capacity for labor, and the retentive memory developed even at that early age. He learned the Latin grammar in one week. While at Asheville, when only sixteen, he wrote and pub- lished an article advocating the claims of Mr. Calhoun for the presi- dency, thus early showing the interest he felt in his country's welfare. Mr. Calhoun at that time was opposed to states rights. He came to Greenville, then a small backwoods village, in 1824, and began the study of law in the office of Judge Earle. At the age of nineteen he was chosen to deliver an oration on the 4th of July at Greenville. In 1827 he was admitted to the bar, having finished his course under Col. James Gregg, of Columbia. He returned to Greenville and began the practice of law for the western circuit. In 1832 he first became conspicuous in politics, and appeared as a leader in the fight for the preservation of the Union that he continued to wage twenty- eight years against the overwhelming sentiment of the state. He became the editor of the Mountaineer, and quickly made it the recog- nized organ of the union party of the state. Immense majorities of the people were against him, led by almost all the talent, learning and social and political power, with John C. Calhoun, the idol of the state, at their head, promulgating his theories of nullification, and finding almost unanimous endorsement. Gov. Perry was a delegate to the union convention held at Columbia in 1832, and represented that county, being elected at the head of the ticket, in the general convention of the people of the state called in the fall of the same year. It was during this period that the famous duel with Bynum oc- curred. It was caused by a political quarrel, and with the spirit and the code of morals of the time it could not be avoided. Gov. Perry rarely alluded to it afterward, and then always with sorrow, but it is understood that the quarrel was accepted by him as a deliberate test of his courage, intended to destroy his influence if he failed to endure . it successfully. All accounts agree that he bore himself with good "This sketch of exGov. B. F. Perry was wriueii just after his death by .^. B. Williams, and pub- lished in the Greenville Neivs. 70 SOUTH CAROLINA. temper, unfaltering courage and dignity, and that while he deplored the unfortunate result to the end of his life, and from that time per- sistently refused to engage in affairs of honor, he could justly be held blameless. In 1S34 Gov. Perry, then twenty-nine years old, was the union nominee for congress in this district, then Mr. Calhoun's, against Warren R. Davis, and was defeated by a majority of sixty in a poll of 7,000. Mr. Davis dying before he could take his seat. Gov. Perry again became the candidate of his party against Gen. Thompson, but was disabled by an accident early in the canvass, and again suf- fered defeat. In 1S36 he was elected to the stare legislature without opposition. There he maintained and was the leading exponent of the principles he had always held. He opposed the agitation of the slavery question, and was a warm and conspicuous advocate of the Louisville & Cincinnati railroad. He was re-elected in 1838, and as chairman of the committee on claims became noted for his cease- less guardianship of the state's interests and his unrelenting hostility to all that was tainted with extravagance or subject to suspicion. On the floor he was the leader of the element that persistently de- manded and fought for changes in the system of state government and the increase of the power of the people. All prisoners were then confined in the county jails, the governor and presidential elect- ors were chosen by the legislature, and by the parish -system, the lower part of the state was given what Gov. Perry and those who followed him believed to be undue representation in the senate. Against all these things he fought, urging the establishment of a penitentiary, the choice of governor and electors by popular vote, and the equalization of the representation of the up country and low country. He was almost invariably defeated in the legislature, but retained the confidence and support of the people he represented. In 1844 he was elected to the state senate, and while a member of that body voted alone against the resolution ordering the expulsion from the state, of Mr. Hoar, who was sent here by the state of Mas- sachusetts. Every other senator voted for it, but Gov. Perry spoke energetically against it, and had his solitary vote recorded on the negative side, declaring that hostile majorities had no terrors for him while he was conscientiously performing his duty. He was defeated by Gov. Orr in another contest for congress, the stand of the latter in favor of Gen. Taylor securing for him the whig vote in addition to the part of the democratic vote he commanded. Gov. Perry was chosen by the legislature an elector at large for this state to vote for Cass for president. He was one of the fathers of the Greenville & Columbia railroad, and his powerful influence and untiring energy contributed much to its successful Iniilding. In 1850 the secession and disunion feeling rose so high in South Carolina that it was said the state was a unit in breaking up the gov- ernment and forming a new confederacy. Governor Perry, however, rcmain(;d "faithful amongst the faithless," and boldly i)roclaimcd his opposition to secession and disunion, as destructive of liberty and the SOUTH CAROLINA. 7 I very institutions of the south for the preservation of vvliich tlie Union was to be dissolved. He suggested the propriety of estabHshing a union paper at Greenville after every newspaper in the state had gone over to secession and espoused the cause of disunion. He thought it would be a rallying point for the dism,embered and broken union party throughout the state, and perhaps be the means of check- ing disunion. Some of his personal friends came to him and said if he persevered in establishing his newspaper, neither his life nor his property would be safe. His reply deserves being repeated. He said: " I will go on with the paper if it sinks my fortune and sacri- fices my life!" The crowning glory of Gov. Perry's life is the more than Roman courage with which he took this position. No one living out of the state can adequately appreciate the terrific excite- ment of the people at this dangerous crisis. Gov. Perry boldly assumed the editorial department of the paper. The difficult and dangerous path which was before him, he trod with courage, patriot- ism, wisdom and high courtesy, which have won the respect and admiration of even his opponents. He was again elected to the legislature and he and his two col- leagues from this county were the only union men in the body, this being the one county that stood for that side. In the house Governor Perry delivered a ringing, bold speech, defending the Union and de- nouncing the efforts to break it, and declared that he intended to have that speech printed and published, and handed down as a legacy to his country and his children — a promise which he faithfully kept. It was the first check the secession movement received in this state at that time, and was copied and quoted from one end of the country to the other. He was a member of the state convention in 185 1, and as a member of the committee of twenty-one appointed to prepare business, prepared and submitted an able minority report dissenting from the resolutions prepared and presented by Judge Cheves, which defended the right of secession but declined to use it at that time. In i860. Gov. Perry was one of the delegates from this state to the famous Charleston convention of the democratic party. He refused to withdraw with the other delegates from the state and remained, voting steadily for R. M. T. Hunter, of Virginia, as the candidate of the party for president. The galleries hissed him every time he rose to vote, and when he rose to speak the hissing became so loud and continuous that he could with difficulty proceed. The chairman, Mr. Gushing, threatened to clear the galleries, but the man who had faced and defied angry multitudes, and put his life and property in jeopardy a score of times, was not the one to be frightened by such demonstrations. " Let them remain, Mr. Chairman," he said in the deep, strong tones and deliberate manner always characteristic of him, " I would like them to hear what I have to say." And they did hear him while he spoke with all his power for the unity of the great democratic party, and declared that on its success depended the life of the Union. As is well remembered his urging was of no avail. 72 SOUTH CAROLINA. The party split and nominated two candidates, and Abraham Lin- coln was elected. In iS6o, an election was ordered for a convention of the people of South Carolina to declare the Union dissolved. Gov. Perry fought secession then as he had fought it and nullification before. He pre- dicted the war and the defeat of the south, and urged that it was folly to secede with a democratic majority in congress, in the supreme court and in the country. But the wave overpowered him. He went down flying his colors to the last and raising his voice for the Union. Greenville county was carried along in the rush, and B. F. Perry^ James P. Boyce and Chief Justice O'Neall, the union candidates for the convention, were defeated. Gov. Perry being beaten in his own county the first time in thirty years. But when the secession ordi- nance was adopted he yielded to the will of the majority and went with his state. " You are all going to the devil, and I will go with you," was his good-humored announcement of his purpose. From that time he was unswerving in his loyalty to the Confederacy. Being then fifty-six years old he could not enter active service himself, but his eldest son was sent to the front, and Gov. Perry supported the government with voice, service and purse. During the war he served as a member of the legislature. Confederate commissioner, district attorney and district judge. In the misfortunes brought on by disregard of his advice Gov. Perry shared with his people. He stood by them with conspicuous firmness and boldness in the dark hours after the war. He was not only with the people, but felt with them, and some of his speeches of that time gave evidence of the bitterness that was then over the spirit of the south. But without the solicitation of himself or his friends he was chosen by President Johnson the provisional governor of the state. The appointment was received with universal satisfac- tion. Gov. Perry's consistent record as a Union man won for him the good-will of the north, and he already possessed the full confidence of the people of this state. His strength of character and intellect, and cool, sound judgment fitted him well to guide the state through that stormy time. Quiet dignity and the purpose to restore the state to peace and prosperity marked his conduct during his administration of si.\ months. He ignored all party claims and alliances, appointed to fill the offices those persons who had occupied them at the close of the war, obtained an order abolishing the military tribunals that had been trj'ing civil and criminal cases, so far as white persons were concerned, and restored the confidence of the people by refusing to levy or collect taxes, and using the pardoning power liberally. Under his government the first election after the war was held, resulting in the choice of the Hon. J. L. Orr. Meantime Gov. Perry had labored actively in behalf of the state with the Federal administration, and succeedc;d in making an impression upon the president and Secretary Seward, which doubtless did much to mitigate the rigor of her treat- ment. The legislature elected and in session during (jov. Perry's term did much of the work he had given his energies to against such SOUTH CAROLINA. 73 opposinir odds durin^^ BRANT* FULLER PUB? SOUTH CAROLINA. 1 33 United States district judge, James Conner, known to fame as Gen. Conner, and Tliomas J. Glover, who, as a colonel in the Confederate army, was killed at the head of his regiment, in the second battle of Manassas. Precluded by want of years from entering the bar at the same time with his college classmates, Mr. Barker spent the next four years in the study of law, in the office of Hon. Robert Munro, after- ward Judge Munro, and engaged also in teaching school. In Decem- ber, 1853, he was admitted to the bar and practiced law in Charleston, until the state of South Carolina seceded from the Union in December, i860. He had formed a co-partnership with Charles H. .Simonton, a short time before the war commenced, under the firm name of Simonton & Barker. When the state seceded, he was appointed adjutant of the regiment of rifles by his friend Col. J. Johnston I^etti- grew, and served in Castle Pinckney, at Secessionville, on Morris Island, and on Sullivan's Island, from December, i860, until after the fall of Fort Sumter, in April, 1861. In May, 1861, the Hampton legion was organized under Col. Wade Hampton, Lt.-Col. Ben. Johnson and Major Griffin, and Lieut. Barker became adjutant of the legion. This command, having been organized, left Columbus, S. C, in May, 1S61, for Richmond, Va., where the troops were gath- ered in camp of instruction for several weeks previous to the first battle. The infantry companies of the Hampton legion reached Manassas Junction before dawn, on the morning of the battle of Man- assas (known also as the battle of Bull RunJ, and was marched at once to the point of conflict on the turnpike road in front of the " Robinson" house. It there remained, engaged in the fight, near the "Robinson" and " Henry" houses, until the end of the conflict, and was with the advance line of Confederates when the pursuit of the Federal troops was stopped after sundown. Mr. Barker continued as adjutant under Col. Hampton, until the latter's assignment to the command of a brigade, when he became the adjutant-general of Hamp- ton's cavalry brigade, with the rank of captain, and afterward was adjutant-general of Hampton cavalry division, with the rank of major, and served with the cavalry of the army of northern \'irginia until the war ended. After the surrender of the Confederate armies, Major Barker re- turned to South Carolina, and, as soon as civil life was re-estab- lished, resumed the practice of law in Charleston, S. C, which he pursued until his withdrawal from practice in the year 1890. After the war the law partnership of Simonton & Barker was resumed, and continued until 1886, when Col. Charles H. Simonton was elected judge of the Federal court. The career of the firm was blessed with a relatively full measure of success. In 1874 Mr. Barker was led, by a taste for agricultural life and by a chain of accidents, to invest in rice planting on Cooper river, beginning with the effort to reclaim the rice lands of " Mulberry" plantation, which had been the prop- erty of his grandfather, Thomas Milliken, and the place where his holiday months, as a school-boy, had benn spent. His planting in- terests were managed by an agent, Mr. Peter Nelson, an emigrant 134 SOUTH CAROLINA. from Denmark, whom chance had brought to Cooper river, after the war, and who, without anything in previous life or training to adapt liim to the work, developed an extraordinary ability in the management of negro labor, under the new order of things, and an unusual skill in the business of cultivating rice. To the faithful friendship and fidelity of Mr. Nelson, the ventures of Mr. Barker in rice planting on Cooper river, owed, in a great measure, the success which attended them, and which induced their extension to a wider range. Mr. Barker also purchased, in 1879, some abandoned rice lands on the Edisto or Pon Pon river, which he reclaimed and re- stored to cultivation, and his business there was conducted success- fully under the management of his nephew, Samuel G. Fitzsimons. These ventures were not suffered to interrupt the practice of the law, and Mr. Barker took part in the details of planting only oc- casionally, and to a limited extent, until he retired from the bar, in i8qo. When, during -the threatening and anxious days of what is known as the period of re-construction in South Carolina, the attitude of the negro population, misled by political adventurers, constantly menaced the peace and good order of society in Charleston, and along the sea- board, the white people in that section of the state were left without the protection of a state or municipal police force; indeed, negro riots were frequent and the negroes were tempted and goaded into conflicts with the white people by a political army of the worst and most radical republican leaders, backed by the power of the United States marshal and his deputies, the state sheriff and his deputies, the trial justices and their constabulary, and the entire city police force, all of which forces were in the hands of aggressive republicans, seeking to furnish food for the " outrage mills " and excuse any argument for measures of military despotism and political tyranny, in partnership with sectional politicians, in the pursuit of their party purposes. The necessity arose for some organized protection of the women and children and the property of the white citizens of Charleston, and gradually a volunteer police force was improvised by the formation, at first, of " ward clubs," and, when these were found not to be effective, afterward of " rifle clubs," which during the daj'S of radical and negro rule in South Carolina continued, from iS6g to 1876, to be the onl^' police protection of the white population against the constant threat of mob violence and race conflict. Major Barker, assisted by men who had served in the Confederate army, formed the "Carolina Rifle club," in Charleston, in 1S69, the first rifle club organization formed in the state, and upon the model of which all the others were afterward organized. In order to escape the inter- ference of the United States and state authorities, and of the repub- lican party, these rifle clubs had to be formed ostensibly for social purposes and for rifle practice, and the fortunate accident of the previous existence of such a club among the German population of Charleston, was used as the pretext for similar (purely social) clubs. Major Barker was elected the first president of the Carolina Rifle SOUTH CAROLINA. 135 club in 1869, and under the color of acting as an escort, on their an- nual festival, to the German Rifle club or Schutzengeshellshaft (an organization which had been formed for rifle practice and social en- joyment before the war), the first parade of the Carolina Rille clul) was made. It was the first parade, after the war, of men under arms, in the state, meaning of course ex-Confederates. It was resented by the radical leaders of the republican party, and was watched jealously by the officers of the city police, during the parade. It was reported at the time that orders were actually issued to arrest the officers of the Carolina Rifle club, and to prevent the parade, but they were not carried out. In the stormy days of 1876, these rifle clubs had in- creased in numbers, and a general organization of all the clubs under Gen. James Conner had been formed, with a view to possible emer- gencies, requiring a protective military force. In the absence of Gen. Conner from the city, in the summer of 1876, on political campaign duty, in the upper counties of the state, the clubs composing this or- ganization, had been directed to report to Major Barker, to be used in a certain named contingency, " of which ample notice would be given," and which, it was thought, might arise in connection with the threat of the radical leaders to impose a negro judge upon the com- munity. The occasion thus anticipated did not arise, but on Septem- ber 4, 1876, a sudden and unexpected negro riot broke out in Charleston, at ten o'clock at night, in connection with an angry politi- cal meeting in one of the wards of the city. It was wholly unexpected so far as the whites were concerned, but was evidently pre-arranged by the leaders of the negro mob. The result showed that the negroes had been thoroughly organized, drilled, and, to a considerable ex- tent armed. Their system of communication, and of extending notice and summons to meet, were singularly perfect. The whites were almost without organization, wholly without drill or prepara- tion, and were poorly armed, as was discovered after the emergency was upon them. The entire upper portion of the city, within an hour after the first disturbance, was in absolute possession of a howling mob of negroes, who occupied the streets, attacking white men whenever encountered, and threatening the lives and property of the commu- nity. An attempt was made by Major Barker to gather together an armed force of volunteers among the white men in the lower wards, but as no such event had been anticipated, and no organization or preparation for any such emergency had been previously made, or thought of, and as no plan of summoning the members of the various rifle clubs, who were at their homes, scattered throughout the city, had been arranged, the effort was unsuccessful. The white men had all gone to their homes, and by the time that about forty men had come together at a point of rendezvous, directed by Major Barker, the riot was over and the rioters were dispersing to their homes. The next day Major Barker began the work of organization and arming the rifle clubs, and preparing to meet the emergency, as well as times and limited means allowed. He found the rifle clubs collectively was an organization, existing only in name, and that in most of the clubs 136 SOUTH CAROLINA. there was want of discipline, and that they were generally without arms or ammunition. Notwithstanding these defects, on the next night, and the three nights following the riot, detachments of these clubs, infantry, artillery and cavalry, were posted in different parts of the city, and a system of communication with headquarters inaugur- ated. For four days and nights the white men of these organizations were on guard for the protection of the city, and although the negroes continued to be aggressive and insulting, and the blood of the white men was roused to the utmost point of endurance, the pre- ventive measures, which were taken, and which were maintained by the improvised volunteer force acting independently of the consti- tuted authorities, state and municipal, were happily successful in averting further rioting and bloodshed. On the Sth of September, Gen. Conner returned to Charleston, and the command of the rifle clubs was resigned by Major Barker into his hands. Major Barker served one term in the legislature, as a representa- tive from Charleston, in 1866, before the enforcement of the re-con- struction acts of congress, by which the state governments were broken up by the military power of the United States. Be3ond the episodes of the war and of the period of re-construction, which have been referred to above, the life of the subject of this sketch has been the uneventful one of a lawyer — one who has steadily avoided po- litical life and refused public office, and has taken part in political work only upon special occasion. When the political revolution in the state government was commenced in 1876, by what is known as the movement of the straight-out democrats, under the leadership of Gen. Wade Hampton, as the candidate for governor, against Dan- iel H. Chamberlain, as the candidate of the state republican party. Major Barker took part in the movement and in the public speaking of the campaign. After the election of Hampton, when the contest began in the courts, and the memorable campaign of lawsuits was en- tered upon, involving the title to the executive and legislative de- partments of the state government. Major Barker joined Gen. James Conner, Hon. Leroy F. Youmans, Major John T. Rhett and other lawyers, who took charge of the legal fight at Columbia, and partici- pated with them in the varied issues and proceedings, which marked that contest, and which resulted in establishing the title of the Hamp- ton government, and restored white supremacy in the state of South Carolina. Major Barker w^as a delegate from Charleston to the state demo- cratic convention in 1876, which nominated Gen. Wade Hampton as the candidate of the straight-out democracy for governor, with a full executive legislative and congressional ticket. When the call was made in the congressional convention for the name of a candidate for congress in the congressional district, in which Charleston county was included, no response was made. One gentleman after another was nominated and declined, and the report of the congressional convention was on the point of being made to the general conven- tion, with no candidate from the low country to oppose the republi- SOUTH CAROLINA. I37 can nominee. In this juncture Major Barker nominated himself, and offered to make the contest, which was then believed to be a forlorn hope, or rather, to involve certain defeat. At the same time he an- nounced that he would withdraw in favor of any other democrat of good character who would make the race. After the Hampton movement began the complexion of affairs changed rapidly, and the democratic ticket was launched into the campaign with great hopes and promise of success. In the course of a few weeks the Hon. M. P. O'Connor consented to run for congress, and Major Barker withdrew in his favor. Major Barker has on several occasions been urged to become a candidate for congress, but he has always de- clined the honor. In the national democratic convention, at Cincin- nati in iSSo, Major Barker represented the state of South Carolina, as delegate from the state at large, along with Gen. Wade Hampton, Gen. M. C. Butler and Gen. John Bratton — the other delegates from the state at large. MAJOR WILLIAM H. BRAWLEY. Prominent among the representative men of South Carolina is Maj. William H. Brawley, a leading member of the Charleston bar, and representative to congress from the First South Carolina con- gressional district. Maj. Brawley is a native of South Carolina, and was born on May 13, 1841, at Chester. His early education was se- cured in the academy at Chester, from which he entered South Car- olina college, at Columbia, where he was graduated in 1S60. In April, 1S61, he entered the Confederate army as a private, joining the Sixth regiment of South Carolina volunteers. After participating in the siege of Port Sumter his regiment was ordered to Virginia, and became a part of the army of northern Virginia. With the regiment he arrived on the battlefield of the first Manassas during the first day's fighting, and after that engagement was with his regiment until after the first day's fight at Seven Pines, where, at about dark on that day, he was so seriously wounded in the right arm that on the follow- ing day the member was amputated below the elbow. He was con- fined in the hospital for about three months, and then returned to his home. His father having died in the meantime, Maj. Brawley took charge of the plantation, and conducted the same until 1864, when, not having recovered his health, he determined to go abroad, and in March of that year ran the Federal blockade at Wilmington, and went to Europe. He remained abroad until November, 1S65, spending most of the time in London and Paris and traveling on the continent. Upon returning home, Maj. Brawley began reading law in the office of his uncle, Mr. James Hemphill, at Chester, and in May, 1S66, was admitted to the bar. Immediately after his admission to the bar he formed a co-partnership with Mr. Samuel McAliley, of Chester, the leading lawyer of that circuit. In 1868, Maj. Braw- ley was elected solicitor of the Chester circuit, and was re-elected in 1872. In 1874 he resigned the solicitorship and removed to 138 SOUTH CAROLINA. Charleston, where he formed a co-partnership in law with the Hon. W. D. Porter, one of the eminent men of South Carolina. Upon the dissolution of this firm, Major Brawle}' formed a part- nership with Joseph W. Barnwell, and with that gentleman continues to practice under the firm name of Brawley & Barnwell. In 1882, Major Brawley was elected to the state legislature, and was re-elected in 18S4, 1886, 18SS, and served in that body with distinction. He re- signed his seat in the legislature, and in 1890 was elected to represent the First congressional district in the fifty-second congress. Major Brawley is a director of the South Carolina R. R. Co., and of the Charleston & Savannah R. R. Co., of which he is also general counsel. Major Brawley has since his residence in Charleston figured as one of the most prominent and influential citizens, having identified him- self with the best interests of the city. His enterprise and public spiritedness is recognized, as he has always been ready to contribute his share toward the development of all worthy enterprises calculated to be of benefit and value to the growth of Charleston. As a lawyer Major Brawley ranks among the leaders of the local bar, being able, eloquent and logical, and his success has been gratifying to his friends. As a legislator he has distinguished himself by his ability and faith- fulness to duty, which he discharges in an independent and fearless manner, always looking to the best interests of those whom he rep- resents. So far his life has been eminently successful, and that his future may be a continuation of success and advancement is the wish of his many friends. GENERAL JAMES CONNER. General James Conner, son of the late Henry W. Conner, was born in Charleston on the ist of September, 1829. He was graduated at the South Carolina college in 1849, ''i the same class with Col. D. Wyatt Aiken, M. C, Maj. Theodore G. Barker, Col.Chas. H. Simon- ton, and Judge William H. Wallace. After his graduation he read law under the Hon. James L. Petigru, and was admitted to the bar on January 22, 1852. His knowledge of his profession and his ability' as a pleader were speedily recognized, and in 1856 he was appointed United States district-attorney for the district of South Carolina, the Hon. A. G. Magrath then being district judge. Soon after his ap- pointment a number of novel and highly important questions were presented for adjudication in relation especially to the slave trade. District-Attorney Conner conducted the prosecution of Capt. Corrie in the proceedings in regard to the Wanderer, which had brought a cargo of slaves to this state. He also prosecuted Judge T. J. Mackey for participation in the filibustering e.xpedition of Gen. Walker, "the grey-eyed man of destiny." In the discharge of his arduous duties, District-y\ttorney Conner justified the expectation of those who had the highest opinion of his talent and his industry. In December, i860, the political agitation in the state and the expected withdrawal of the state from the Union, caused Gen. Conner to resign the office of dis- SOUTH CAROLINA. I 3Q trict-attorney. In tendering his resignation he said: " P"or all that has been done I have neither apology to make nor explanation to of- fer. The record is clear and speaks for itself. What the future will bring forth, none can tell. The reasons which have governed me in the present step are satisfactory to my own judgment. It is neither necessary nor appropriate further to allude to them within the walls of a court of justice." Afterward Gen. Conner was a member of a committee, consisting of himself. Judge Magrath, and the Hon. W. F. Colcock, who were charged to visit Columbia and urge the legisla- ture, then in session, to call a convention of the people to consider the necessity. of immediate secession. From the time of the passage of the secession ordinance. Gen. Conner took no active part in poli- tics, but applied himself with characteristic energy to preparation for active service in the army. Upon the formation of the Con- federate States government, Gen. Conner was appointed Confeder- ate States district-attorney for this district. He declined positively to leave the field, and the duties of the office were discharged by Mr. C. Richardson Miles and Col. Samuel Lord, Jr., Gen. Conner remaining titular district-attorney. Gen. Conner went into service as captain of the Montgomery guards, and in May, 1861, was chosen captain of Company A, Washington Light Infantry, Hampton Legion. On July 21, 1861, he became major, and in June, 1S62, he was appointed colonel of the Tw'enty-second North Carolina regiment. Being dis- abled for field duty, he was detailed as one of the judges of the mili- tary court of the Second corps, with the rank of colonel of cavalry. On June ist, 1S64, he was commissioned brigadier-general, and by as- signment, commanded McGowan's brigade and Lane's brigade. Sub- sequently, as acting major-general, he commanded a division consist- ing of the brigades of McGowan, Lane, and Bushrod Johnson. On the return of Gen. McGowan to duty, Gen. Conner was assigned per- manentl}' to the command of Kershaw's old brigade. Gen. Conner was in the following engagements: Fort Sumter, in 1861, First Manassas, Yorktown, New Stone Point, West Point, Seven Pines, Mechanicsville, Chancellorsville, Riddle's .Shop, Darby's Farm, Fussell's Mill, Peters- burg, Jerusalem Plankroad, Ream's Station, Winchester, Fort Repub- lic and Cedar Run. Gen. Conner was severely wounded in the leg at the battle of Mechanicsville, on June 26, 1862, and was again wounded in the same leg at Cedar Run, on October 12, 1864, when amputation became necessary. Returning to Charleston when hos- tilities had ceased, he resumed the practice of his profession, forming a co-partnership with the Hon. W. D. Porter. This co-partnership was dissolved in 1874. Gen. Conner was assistant counsel of the South Carolina railroad until the death of Mr. Petigru, whom he suc- ceeded as solicitor of the road, and continued to hold that position until the appointment of a receiver by the United States court, in 1878. He was also solicitor for the bank of Charleston from the time of Mr. Petigru's death. In November, 1878, Gen. Conner was appointed re- ceiver of the Greenville & Columbia railroad company, and managed that important line successfully and to the complete satisfaction of I40 SOUTH CAROLINA. the public, until it was acquired by the present Columbia & Green- ville railroad company. Gen. Conner was elected one of the directors of the new company, and appointed the company's general counsel. At the bar Gen. Conner was distinguished by qualities and habits which are far from common. Approaching every case with an un- biased mind, and forming his opinion of its merits without regard to his own immediate interests or the feelings of his client, there was no danger that he would leave those whom he represented In false se- curity. They were made acquainted with the weakness as well as the strength of their position, and could then decide for themselves whether to proceed or not. In the preparation of cases he was pains- taking and exact, working with a method which insured good results. Order was the first law of his nature. But he was more than methodi- cal and orderly. To quickness of apprehension, he added extraordi- nary clearness in the presentation of a subject. His arguments were strong and compact, as well as clear. Yet they were not cold. When opposition quickened the flow of blood in his veins and he felt that fierce joy of the combat which is the inheritance of his race, the words rushed from his lips with the overwhelming force of the avalanche. It was noticeable that in law, as in war and in politics, he was emi- nently a fair fighter. Sharp practice of every sort he abhorred. No court was ever misled by him, and he could no more misquote a case than he could misstate a fact. That he was courageous and uncom- promising as an advocate, it is unnecessary to say. The capacity for business which stood Gen. Conner in good stead at the bar, found ample scope while he was receiver of the Greenville & Columbia railroad. Mastering the details, and comprehending and applying the principles of railroad management, he held his own with ease amongst men who had made railroads the study of their lives. There are men whose minds are narrowed by the practice of law, but he was not one of these. In the management of a railroad as at the bar, the forms and methods of action were his servants, not his masters. And so was it throughout his career in war. The first step was to pre- pare thoroughly for the expected work. While others were speech- making and debating. Gen. Conner was studying tactics and strategy. A civilian all his life, saving his command of a volunteer company, the Montgomery guards of Charleston, he went into active service an instructed soldier. Promotion, as we have shown, came to Gen. Conner quickly. Cool, self-reliant, quick to decide and prompt to move, he was implicitly trusted by his men as well as by his superior officers. Upon the wounding of Gen. (then colonel) Hampton at the first battle of Man- assas, the command of the legion was given by Col. Hampton to Capt. James Conner, the senior officer present. He led the legion in the charge in which Ricketts's battery was captured. With each suc- cessive engagement. Gen. Conner's reputation grew brighter. The wound he received at Mechanicsville was severe and painful, but he refused to accept promotion to the rank of brigadier-general until he should l)e able to take command in the field. SOUTH CAROLINA. 141 General Conner received repeated marks of the esteem and trust of Gen. Lee, and by him, under peculiarly flattering circumstances, he was placed in command of Kershaw's old brigade. The brigade knew him and liked him, and the improvement in the morale of the command was so rapid and marked as to attract general attention. When he received the wound which permanently disabled him, the grief of the command was intense, men in the ranks crying out that they would cheerfully have given their life to save his. It must not be supposed that he won popularity by undue indulgence. On the contrary he was rigid in his requirements. Every officer and soldier was required to know his duty, and do it, and severe punishment fol- lowed swiftly after any omission or neglect. But his requirements never went beyond what was strictly necessary to make the command an effective weapon, and the soldiers knew that their general asked from them no sacrifice he himself did not gladly make. While Gen. Conner had not military genius, he was the arm with which genius strikes, and it can not be doubted that only his honorable wounds prevented him from rising to a higher rank than that which he attained. This was his ambition. In no undertaking was he willing to halt short of the farthest point to which study, earnestness and fidelity could carry him. To the people of South Carolina Gen. Conner was justly dear, and at no time did his popularity wane. The people trusted him, and among the battle-scarred heroes of the state, few, if an}', were nearer to the public heart. For political ofiice he had no liking, and while he was always ready to give his assistance to his fellow-countrymen, he was disposed to hold aloof from the intrigues of conventions and the contentions of political canvasses. In 1870, however, he went ac- tively into the state canvass, m behalf of the union reform ticket, Gen. M. C. Butler (now United States senator) being the candidate for lieutenant-governor. To what is known as the straight-out move- ment in 1876, culminating in the nomination of Gen. Hampton as the democratic candidate for governor, Gen. Conner was steadily opposed. In his view the needed reforms could be more surely reached by ab- staining from making a party nomination for governor, and concen- trating the party strength upon the election for members of the leg- islature. This he believed to be wiser than to stake the fortunes of the democracy and the hopes of the people on the election of a full democratic ticket, which would require the campaign to take the shape and encounter the hazards of political revolution. He consented to be B. delegate to the state convention which met in May, 1876, in order that his influence might be thrown against premature nominations. On the floor he was pitted against Gen. Gary, who advocated the adoption of resolutions committing the democracy to the nomination of "straight-out democrats for the state and Federal offices." Gen. Conner advised, in a speech that was listened to with the deepest attention, that no policy should then be declared, but that the party should go on and make its organization as thorough and effective as possible, and "wait and watch the development of events." This 142 SOUTH CAROLINA. course was taken, and Gen. Conner was elected chairman of the state democratic executive committee. In August, a second convention of the democratic party met in Columbia, and nominated a full demo- cratic ticket, with Gen. Hampton at the head. The opinions of Gen. Conner had not changed, but he acquiesced in the decision of the convention, and, in token of his readiness to cast his lot with that of his people accepted the nomination for attorney-general. From that time he was the principal adviser of Gen. Hampton, going into the struggle without grudging the cost. The history of the canvass need not be recounted here. For the immediate purpose it is enough to say that in Charleston, Gen. Conner was a tower of strength to the people. During the excitement caused by the Cainhoy massacre and the negro riots before and after the election, he was in command of the rifle clubs which had dispersed, to outward appearance, at the mandate of President Grant. They kept guard in their armories night after night for anxious months, and were the only protection the people had, and the only guaranty of order and security. Gen. Conner was the controlling spirit. It was said of him then that there were other men in the state whose command would unhesitatingly be obeyed when they ordered an advance, but that at Gen. Conner's word the column would instantly halt, whatever the impetuosity of the charge. He could restrain where others could only stimulate and excite. It needed rare self-control to be silent and passive in those fearful days. No influence less powerful than that of Gen. Conner could have saved Charleston from the horrors of civil war. The elec- tion over and won, the next task was to secure the results of the vic- tory. Gov. Chamberlain claimed that he was elected, and he was hedged about with bayonets. The strain was terrible. Gen. Conner was the official counselor of Gen. Hampton and his colleagues, and there was hardly a day when a bloody struggle might not have been precipitated by some careless act. For contests in the courts and for armed conflicts it was necessary to be equally prepared. At last Gen. Hampton took possession of the state house, the United States troops having been withdrawn. There was then in prospect a long contro- versy with such of the republican candidates as remained in their offices, still asserting that they had been elected. Throughout the proceedings from first to last — now in Columbia before the state board of canvassers, now in Washington in conference with the dem- ocratic senators, now in the United States court and the supreme court of the state, now in Charleston attending to such private business as could not be neglected — Gen. Conner was incessantly at work. None could surpass him in his fidelity to his chief. Gen. Hampton, or in his loyalty to the state. He resigned the office of attorney-general in December, 1877. In transmitting the resignation of Gen. Conner to the legislature Gov. Hampton said: "The arduous duties of this officer have been discharged with a zeal, energy and patriotism, which could not have been surpassed, while his counsel has been of incalculable assistance to me during the past year. I le has won the respect, esteem and affcc- c/Z-^i^^-^2:^ SOUTH CAROLINA. I43 tion of our people, and he will carry to his retirement the confidence of all with whom he has been associated, as well as the consciousness of having done his whole duty." The general assembly adopted the fol- lowing concurrent resolution: " VViiEKKAS, This general assembly has received notice of the res- ignation of Atty.-Gen. Conner, and, whereas, it is the sense of the general assembly that General Conner has, in the conduct of the ar- duous and delicate duties entrusted to him, deserved the gratitude of this state. Therefore, ''Be it resolved. By the house of representatives, the senate con- curring, that the thanks of this general assembly are hereby tendered to Atty.-Gen. Conner in the name of the people of this state." The words of Gov. Hampton and the terms of the resolution of the general assembly expressed, as such utterances rarely do, both the sentiments of the individual and the feeling of the state. From the time of his resignation as attorney-general, Gen. Conner refused to entertain any proposition to nominate him for any public ofifice. His only subsequent appearance in state politics, we believe, was as a delegate to the state convention of 1880, when he advocated the immediate nomination of candidates for state offices. The con- vention decided to do this, and Gen. Hagood and his colleagues be- came the candidates of the party. It was earnestly desired that Gen. Conner should become a candidate for chief-justice of the state, upon the expiration of the term of Chief-Justice Willard. But he was not at liberty so to dispose of his remaining years. The wound he had received in 1864 exhausted his strength, and he was attacked by a disease which could have no other than a fatal termination. It was his duty, he felt, to devote the rest of his days to making a. suitable provision for those dependent on him, and to this end he bent every energy of his nature, working with a restless assiduity that would have exhausted many a more robust man. There was no regard for self, no thought that hy sparing himself his life might be prolonged. It seemed that he was determined not to die until his self-imposed task should be accomplished, and with iron will and grim tenacity he labored on in defiance of physical weakness and the pain by which he was racked. JUDGE EDWARD FROST. Judge Edward Frost, deceased, was one of the prominent and rep- resentative men of his day. In South Carolina, he having achieved distinction at the bar, upon the bench and in the legislative halls of his state, as well as in the private walks of life. He was born in Charleston, in iSoi, and was the son of the Rev. Thomas Frost, the well-known Episcopal minister of that city. After spending two years at Yale college Judge Frost read law, and while still a young man, in 1823, was admitted to the bar. He at once entered upon the practice, and for twenty years was one of the leading and most suc- cessful members of the South Carolina bar. He took an active part in public affairs; served as United States district-attorney until 1832, 144 SOUTH CAROLINA. when he resigned; at an early period in his career he was elected to represent Charleston in the state legislature, and was repeatedly re- elected, serving until 1S43, when he resigned. He was twice elected chairman of the Charleston delegation, which was an uncommon evidence of popularity, and was also chosen chairman of the house judiciary committee, a position he filled with great acceptance and ability, discharging the functions of that distinguished post with learning and judgment of rare order. In 1843 he was elevated to the law bench of the state for life, where he sat with the eminent men who then composed that bench. In 1853 Judge Frost resigned the position upon the bench, after ten years of faithful and valuable service to his state, and the following year was elected president of the Blue Ridge railway company, which was at that time the largest enterprise ever undertaken in the state. His interest in in- ternal improvements in South Carolina was warm and decided, and the completion of the Blue Ridge railway by which the products of the west might be brought to Charleston, was an object of his earn- est devotion, and to which he gave much of his time and ability. But the beginning of hostilities between the north and south put a stop to the construction of the road, and after the war, when the hope of completing the same had passed, his private affairs were pressing him, and Judge Frost resigned the presidenc}' of the company. Judge Frost was one of a committee sent from South Carolina to Washington after the war, to interview President Johnson as to the establishment of a provisional government in the state, and the elec- tion of a governor. He was a member of the state convention in 1865, to form a new constitution for South Carolina, and participated extensively in the heated debates of that convention, which was com- posed of the ablest men in the state. He opposed the black code law, passed by that convention, and offered a resolution against the same which was supported by himself and one other delegate only. Judge Frost died on July 21st, 1868. Few men enjoyed such universal popularity, and all his acquaintances were friends. From his youth he was beloved and esteemed by his fellow citizens for the purity of his character, the elevation of his sentiments and his unswerving truthfulness and fidelity. As a judge, he was learned, able and fear- less, and his administration of the law was characterized with such purity and integrity as have not been surpassed by any magistrate upon whose shoulders rested the ermine. He was one of the chief men of his state, and gave tone and character to a community. Con- scientiousness, a sense of duty and a reverence for the right controlled all his actions. His fellow citizens had unbounded confidence in his motives and the e.xcellence of his judgment. As a citizen and mag- istrate he performed every duty and filled every relation, not only without reproach, but with perfect acceptance. COLONEL JAMES SIMONS was Ijorn in Charleston, S. C, on November 30, 1839. 1 lis early edu- cation was received at private schools in the city, and he entered QaA^ UUl/u>OC 9' ^LlJ-u^ (XaJU BRANT&FLI SOUTH CAROLINA. 145 the South Carolina college in December, 1856. lie left the South Carolina college in 1858 and went to the university of Leipzic, where he completed his classical education. In 1S60 he left Germany and returned to Charleston, and was admitted to the bar just at the opening of the war. He volunteered for the war and was elected first lieutenant of the German volunteers, a company raised by the Germans of Charleston for the army of north Virginia. The com- pany was assigned as Company H, to the infantry battalion of Hamp- ton's Legion. The company was afterward changed into an artillery company, and served in Virginia until near the close of the war, when it was ordered south. At the close of the war Capt. Simons was in command of the company. After the war Capt. Simons commenced the practice of law with his father, Gen. James Simons, under the firm name of Simons & Simons, and during the past few years has been practicing his profession as a member of the firm of Simons & Siegling. Capt. Simons was elected by the democrats to the legisla- ture in 1S78 from Charleston county, and in 18S0 he was re-elected, and was chairman of the Charleston delegation. In the house of representatives Capt. Simons has been a member of the judiciary committee and was chairman of the committee on rules. As chair- man of such committee he reported the rules under which the house is now governed. He was again returned to the legislature from this county in 1882, and was elected speaker of the house that year. Mr. Simonton, the chairman of the committee of the whole, said, in 1882, in presenting the resolutions that had been adopted thanking Speaker Simons for the " marked ability, high courtesy and unvarying im- partiality" with which he had discharged the functions of his im- portant office, " that in Gen. James Simons the older members had recognized the best model of the typical speaker," while his son, the subject of the resolutions, had shown that he has " inherited those high qualifications," and " bids fair to emulate, if he cannot surpass, the reputation of his father." He has been returned to every session of the legislature since his first election to that office in 1882. Col. Simons is past master of Strict Observance lodge. No. 73, A. F. & A. M., an honorary member of the German Rifle club and first lieu- tenant of the German Artillery, S. C. V. AUGUSTINE T. SMYTHE was born in the city of Charleston, on the 5th day of October, 1842. He was the son of the Rev. Thomas Smythe, D. D., Presbyterian minister, who for over forty years had been the pastor of the Second Presbyterian church in the city of Charleston. Dr. Symthe was originally from Belfast, Ireland. His mother was the eldest daughter of James Adger, who for many years had been prominent as a merchant in the city of Charleston. Mr. Smythe's earl}' educa- tion was under the charge principally of Prof. A. Sachtleben, whose school he attended, and from which school he entered the South Carolina college, in i860. He remained in the South Carolina col- A — 10 146 SOUTH CAROLINA. lege until the breaking out of the war, when he left it to enter the Confederate States army. He was with the College cadets, a corps composed of the young men of the South Carolina college, during the first attack of Fort Sumter. Shortly after leaving that corps, he enlisted in the Washington light infantry, Company A, which was attached to the Twenty-fifth or Eutaw regiment, South Carolina volunteers, under the charge of Capt. Charles A. Simonton. With this command he served during the war, at various points along the coast, being engaged in the battle of Secessionville, and the other en- gagements on the islands in and around Charleston. He was trans- ferred from this command to the .Signal corps, and was present in Fort Sumter and Battery Wagner, in the city of Charleston, during the siege of those places, and the several attacks upon them by the Federal fleet. Upon the evacuation of Charleston, Mr. Smythe went with the Confederate army to North Carolina, and was there at the time of its surrender by Gen. Joseph E. Johnston. At the close of the war, Mr. Smythe commenced the study of law in the office of Simonton & Barker, in the city of Charleston, and was called to the bar in the year 1867. He at once commenced the practice of his pro- fession in the city of Charleston, where he has ever since continued. He has been engaged in cases of more or less prominence, particu- larly in the celebrated case of the state against the Pacific Guano Co., in which the whole question of the rights of the state to the phos- phate deposit in its streams, and the extent of its boundaries, in such tidal streams, wis discussed and settled. In the year 1880, Mr. Smythe was elected as one of the senators from the city of Charleston, in the state legislature, a position which he has continued to fill, and is still filling, having been twice unani- mously re-elected. He has for the last eight years, been chairman of the judiciary committee of the senate, and has been active in all legislation which has come before the body. In addition to these political engagements, Mr. Smythe has been active in every other line. He was for years an active and energetic member of the vol- unteer fire department, and also took great interest in the militia of the city, having been for years, captain of the Washington artil- lery. His interest in Masonry has been very great. He has been honored with the election of grand master of the state, and also grand high priest, past eminent commander of the South Carolina commandery. No. i, and has advanced to the thirty-second degree in the ancient and accepted Scottish Rite. JUDGE CHARLES HENRY SIMONTON. Among the most prominent of South Carolina's representative citi- zens, is Judge Charles Henry Simonton, of Charleston, who, for a quarter of a century, has figured conspicuously in the history of the state as lawyer, legislator, soldier and jurist. He is a descendant of one of the old families of the Carolinas. The first of the family in South Carolina was the great-grand father of Judge Simonton, who was one 0f"'- 'N ^^^^^^.i^-^-^^:^ SOUTH CAROLINA. 1 47 of the Scotch-Irish of Pennsylvania'. He left that state after Gen. Braddock's defeat, coming south and engaging in planting. The father of Judge Simonton was Charles S. Simonton, who was long a well-known citizen and merchant of Charleston. He was a native of Fairfield, and was born in 1789. About 1810 he removed to Charles- ton, dying in that city in 1838. I lis wife was Elizabeth Ross, a native of Ireland, who was brought to America early in life, and was reared in Richland district. Judge Simonton is a Charlestonian by birth, and was born July 11, 1829. After passing through the high school, he became a student at Charleston college, but the same year entered the South Carolina college at Columbia. P'rom this college he was graduated in 1849, with first honors in a large class, many of the members of which became prominent and distinguished citizens of the state. After leaving college, he taught school for about one year with William J. Rivers, of Charleston. He then read law with the late Judge Robert Monro, and was admitted to practice in 1851. Practicing his profession alone until 1857, he formed a partnership with Theodore G. Barker, which firm, under the name of Simonton & Barker, continued until 1886, when it was terminated by Judge Sim- onton's appointment to the bench of the Federal court of the district of South Carolina. His public career began in 1S51-2, when he filled the position of assistant clerk of the South Carolina house of repre- sentatives. In 1858, he was elected a member of the legislature, and successively re-elected until i860. When the war broke out in 1861, he entered the Confederate army as captain of the Washington light infantry, and in 1862 was elected colonel of the Twenty-fifth regiment South Carolina volunteers, commanding that regiment the balance of the war. In February, 1865, he was taken prisoner at Town Creek, below Wilmington, N. C, and was held until the following August. At the close of the war he resumed the practice of law at Charleston, and in 1865 was elected a member of the constitutional convention of the state. The same year he was elected to the legislature and chosen speaker of the house. He continued a member of the legislature until the state was taken possession of by the military governor, but in 1877, was again elected to the legislature and re-elected consecu- tively until 1886, and served during that time as chairman of the judiciary committee of the house. On September 6, 1SS6, he was ap- pointed by President Cleveland to the position of district judge of the United States court for the district of South Carolina. In 1868, he was a member of the democratic national committee, and was a dele- gate to the democratic national convention that year. Probably no other citizen of Charleston has been so prominently identified with various interests of a public nature, as has Judge Simonton. He has always been interested in educational matters, and has given much time and attention to the development and advancement of the schools of the city and state. He has served as chairman of the Charleston city board of school commissioners, president of the board of trustees of the Charleston Medical college, and president of the Charleston Library society. He has also served as a commissioner of the Orphan I4S SOUTH CAROLINA. House of Charleston, an institution in which he is still much interested. Other positions which he has filled were those of solicitor of the Peo- ple's bank of Charleston, from 1S52, until it was dissolved after the war; solicitor of the People's National bank from its incorporation until 1886; director of the Stono Phosphate company, of which he was one of the original members and incorporators. He is also pres- ident of the Charleston club, the leading social organization of Charleston. Judge Simonton was married in 1852, to a daughter of Judge T. W. Glover, deceased, of Orangeburg, S. C. As one of the most able and distinguished members of the bar of South Carolina, Judge Simonton holds a first place. His career as a lawyer, legislator, and judge, has been uniformly successful; as a citizen, he is exceed- ingly popular; as a man he is without reproach, a patriot without stain, and a soldier without fear. In every position of trust to which he has so far been called by the partiality of the people, he has shown himself worthy of their confidence and respect, and the ability with which he has discharged every dot}' has fully justified that confidence. GENERAL B. H. RUTLEDGE. Gen. B. H. Rutledge was born in Statesburg, Sumter district, S. C, June 4, 1829. His father was Benjamin H. Rutledge, and the maiden name of his mother was Alice Ann Weston. He attended school at Edgehill, but at nine years of age was placed under a pri- vate tutor, William Keating Stuart. At the age of fifteen young Rutledge left home and went to Dr. Muhlenburg's academy, at " College Point," Long Island. There he remained a year and a half, after which he entered the sophomore class in Yale college. From that institution he graduated in 1S4S with distinguished hon- ors, though the youngest member of his class. He took a brief post graduate course, remaining nine months for the study of philosophy and metaphysics, under the tutorage of Rev. Noah Porter, afterward president of the college. Mr. Rutl^idge then returned to South Car- olina, and entered the law office of Messrs. Petigru & Lesesne; was admitted to the bar, and set out for a European tour for the next eight months, after which he returned home and began the practice of the legal profession. But clients were not plenty, and he was three years without a case, when he went into partnership with William Whaley, Esq., and business began to present itself. The Wappetaw church case was the first really important case which he argued that brought him into public notice, and attracted the attention of his contemporaries of the bar. (ien. Rutledge was several times solicited to stand as a candidate for the state legislature, but he steadily de- clined that honor. The first public body he attended, as a member, was when he was chosen as a delegate to the secession convention. He was the youngest man in that body, and was one of the signers of the secession ordinance. In 1858 he married Eleanor Marian, daughter of Oliver H. Middleton, granddaughter of Gov. Middleton, and great-granddaughter of Arthur Middleton. In the same year of SOUTH CAROLINA. 149 his marriage he was chosen captain of the Charleston light dragoons. Shortly after the passage of the ordinance of secession he left the convention and took command of his company as state troops, and was stationed on Sullivan's Island, where he remained until after the fall of Fort Sumter. When the attack was made upon the forts at Port Royal he was ordered with his command to that section, and re- mained there for several months. The company was re-organized for the war, and Mr. Rutledge was elected captain, and thus became an officer of the Confederate army. While in that department the battle of Pocotaligo was fought, and in the official account of that en- gagement Capt. Rutledge was honorably mentioned for gallant con- duct. Some months later he was promoted to the rank of colonel and put in command of a regiment, composed of Stoke's battalion, four companies, Emanuel's battalion, four companies, and the light dragoons, and Capt. Thomas Pinckney's company. In May, 1864, Col. Rutledge was ordered with his regiment to Virginia, and took part in the battles of Hawes .Shop, Cold Harbor, the two days' fight at Trevillians (where Sheridan was defeated), the affair at White House, the battles of Nances Shops. Gravely Run, Reams Station and of Burgess's Mill. In December, 1864, he was ordered to South Car- olina, and took part in the affairs around Columbia, and the perpet- ual fighting in retreat in front of the Federal army. While in South Carolina he led a successful cavalry charge at Cantey's farm, and in North Carolina participated in affairs at Fayetteville and in other skirmishes too numerous to recount. After the close of war he re- sumed the practice of the law, and formed a partnership with Mr. Young, and they pursued their law practice with great success. He was urged to go to the state convention for the re-organization of the government, but declined, because he knew that the ordinance of se- cession had to be repealed, and preferred it should be done by others who had not signed it. In 1870 Gen. Rutledge was appointed presi- dential elector for his congressional district, and was the first who undertook to address the colored people in the low country. He stumped the whole congressional district. In 1872 he took a very prominent part in the Carpenter and Butler state canvass, and again stumped the whole low country in support of what was known as the reform canvass. About this time he went to the tax payers' conven- tion and was appointed on the committee to draft the memorial, and was also one of the delegates who went to Washington to interview Gen. Grant about it. After the war Col. Rutledge was elected cap- tain of the Light Dragoons Charitable association. Subsequently he was called upon in the troublous times that disturbed the state to re-organize the light dragoons as a sabre club. He complied with the request and was made president of the club. In 1S76, in the Hamp- ton canvass, he was desperately ill at its beginning, but took a full part in the most exciting period of it. He spoke repeatedly and es- pecially at the meeting in Charleston, urging his auditors to pledge themselves to stand by Hampton and eject Chamberlain. After Hampton was seated he requested Mr. Rutledge to raise a mounted 150 SOUTH CAROLINA. brigade between the Santee and Savannah to protect the country and preserve order, which he did. In the same year he was sent to. the legislature at the head of the ticket, served that term and was re- elected and served another term. When the state volunteer troops were organized he was appointed senior major-general. In Cleve- land's administration he was again appointed presidential elector and was elected. Some time prior to this he was elected president of the Survivors' association, of Charleston. While in the legislature Gen. Rutledge took an active part in the debates, especially on the bond question, settlement of state debt, the usury laws, etc. In 1880 he was nominated for the state senate, but declined to run. On several occasions he was urged to run for judicial positions which he was as- sured there would be no difficulty in securing, but always steadily declined, looking upon such a position as not suited to his taste. Since the war he has made addresses before literar}' and professional bodies, in colleges and lyceums, delivered memorial addresses, taken part in nearly all the political canvasses and in every sort of social, military and political assemblages, besides the legal speaking which is incident to his profession. THE McCRADY FAMILY. The first of this family who came to America was Edward Mc- Crady, of Antrim, Ireland. He was a man of education, had been a tutor by profession. Tradition gives a romance as the cause of his immigration. He followed the ladj' who was afterward his wife, Eliza Campbell, of Scotland, to this country, and married her in Philadelphia. He was a man of some means, and first settled in Al- bany, N. Y., where he purchased real estate, thence moved to Charleston, some time before the Revolution. He took an active part in the Revolution, and was among the first of those who, after the capitulation of Charleston, in 1780, were in violation of their paroles, arrested by the British authorities, and first imprisoned in the prisonship, and afterward exiled to St. Augustine, Fla., where they were kept until the war was practically over. He was one of the few of those who occupied no official position — a fact which indi- cates that it was his personal character and influence which rendered him obnoxious to the British rule. He was one of the original mem- bers of the Mount Zion society — the first member of it from the low country — a society which was organized for the purpose of es- tablishing a school in what was then known as the Camden district — at what is now the town of Winnsboro; and was also a member of the F"ellowship society, which was then engaged in making the first effort to establish a lunatic asylum and hos|)ital in this country. He owned a farm, and negroes, in Christ Church parish, and other lands in Spartanburg and on Edisto Island, and considerable real estate in Charleston. He died September 16, 1794, and was buried in the churchyard of .St. Philips, of which church he was a meml^er. He left liut one child li\-ing at his death, a son John, a sketch of whom follows: (Zc/xwc<^'Vu/ G \.eiJiu/ SOUTH CAROLINA. I5I JOHN McCRADY. son of Edward and Eliza, was born June 13, 1775. He was sent at an early age to Princeton college, where he graduated with distinc- tion in the class of 1791. Upon his return home he at once com- menced the preparatory study for admission to the bar, in the office of Gen. Charles Cotesworth Pinckney, and was admitted to practice on the 29th of September, 1796. Gen. Pinckney's appointment as minister to France, about this time, opened a large practice to Mr. McCrady, and his brother-in-law, William Johnson, who had been admitted to the bar the year before, from Gen. Pinckney's office, and Mr. Johnson's elevation to the bench in 1799, left other large business upon Mr. McCrady. His devotion to it sacrificed his life. He died on June the 12th, 1803. A most flattering tradition, both of his char- acter and reputation, still survives him, and that there should be pre- served such a remembrance of so short a career is in itself strong pfroof of the ability and success with which it was run. Col. William Drayton, an eminent member of the same profession, thus sketches his mind and character in a paper written immediately after his death: "Nature had gifted Mr. McCrady with a vigorous understanding, clear in its perceptions, solid and discriminative in its judgment. His strong and correct mind stood not in need of, and disdained all arlilicial resources, and they who have heard him in debate, armed with no other intellectual weapon than manliness of diction and nervous, unsophisticated argument can testify that lie was copious witliout verbosity, logical without dryness, and eloquent without parade of metaphor or the pomp of rhetorical flourish. These were the prominent features of his mind. The characteristics of the heart were candor, liberality and a nice sense of honor. To these recommendations of a higher order were added the minor, though perhaps not less alluring attractions of a vivacious disposition and an accommodating temper, a genuine vein of poignant humor, accompanied by unvarying good nature." Mr. Charles Eraser, in his Reminiscences of Charleston, speaks of him as an earnest and energetic speaker, with great manliness of diction and eloquence without the parade of ornament. Mr. Mc- Crady was devoted to his profession; he held no public office, except that of warden of the city of Charleston in 1799. He married in 1797, Jane Johnson, the daughter of William Johnson, who was one of the earliest patriots in the Revolution, and who had been a prisoner in St. Augustine with his (John McCrady's) father. Mr. McCrady left four children, one son, Edward, a sketch of whom follows this, and three daughters: Eliza, the wife of John Bonneau; .Sarah, the wife of Henry Trescot, and mother of the Hon. William Henry Tres- cot, now of Washington, D. C, and of the late Dr. George E. Tres- cot, of Greenville, S. C, and Jane, who was unmarried. EDWARD McCRADY, the son of John, was born March i6th, 1802. He was not quite two ' years of age at the death of his father. He was reared under the care of his grandfather, William Johnson, and was prepared for college by the Rev- Thomas Frost, and was sent to Yale college at the age of fifteen, and graduated there In 1820. He is now the oldest living graduate of that great university. He studied law, at first under the direction of his uncle, William Johnson, associate justice of the 152 SOUTH CAROLINA. supreme court of the United States, and afterward completed his course under the direction of the Hon. Mitchell King, with whom he practiced for a short time after his admission to the bar in 1824. JMr. McCrady warml}' espoused the Union side in the nullification struggle in 1S32, in which his friends, the Hon. Joel R. Poinsett and Dr. Joseph Johnson, were so conspicuous leaders. He was chairman of the committee of correspondence of the union party in Charles- ton, and as such issued a circular taking the ground (which was af- terward embodied in ,a resolution introduced by the Hon. Henrj' Middleton in the nullification convention) that, as the sovereignty of the state resides in the aggregate body of the freemen, a convention apportioned in a compound ratio of population and property for the purpose of taxation was not adequate or competent to exercise the highest attribute of sovereignty. He attended that convention as one of the agents of the administration, reporting to Washington the transactions of each day. He had also a seat in the union con- vention, which met at Columbia at the same time. After the compromise between Jackson and the nullifiers at the intercession of Virginia, whereupon the ordinance of nullification was rescinded by the convention at its re-assembling in March, 1833, another question came up which aroused again all the party feeling. The convention passed an ordinance empowering the general assembly to provide for, the administration of oaths of allegiance to all officers of the state, and the general assembly immediately passed the act. The union party resisted the imposition of this oath, alleg- ing that disunion was the real meaning of the action of the conven- tion; and, to test the question, Mr. McCrady was elected an officer of the Washington Light Infantry, then, as now, one of the most prominent military organizations in the state, anci applied to Col. Hunt, the commander of the regiment, for his commission. Col. Hunt tendered to him the oath, which he declined to take, and he thereupon demanded his commission, without it. This was refused, and Mr. McCrady applied for a mandamus. The report of the case occupies 282 pages of the second volume of Hill's Law Reports. It is entitled The State ex relatione McCrady vs. Hrint, but it was really the cause of the Union Party ai^ainst the N^illijicatioii Party. It was elaborately argued by all the leading members of the bar at that time. Mr. Thomas F. Grimke, in opening his argument for Mr. McCrady, said: " I feel that it is not only my friend the relator who summons me here, but that I come to speak in behalf of all those who think with him. 1 feel that I represent not them only, but even those of our fellow citizens who differ with us. * * * I feel that I stand nut here m a private but in a public cause, not in the case of a citizen, but of my country" — and so Mr. Fetigru, for Mr. McCrady, declared: "The parties to the record are .Mr. McCrady and Col. Hunt, and the office about which the dispute arises is one of minor importance. » )■ » • Between the parties to the record there is in fact no' dispute. Col. Hunt consents to make the (|ucstion for the sake of all who have an interest in common with the plaintiff; and .Mr. McCrady pursues his right in behalf of thousands of his fellow citizens for the pur- pose of testing the validity of a law which incapacitates them from oflice." The decision of the court in Mr. McCrady's favor led to the over- throw of the court as then constituted, and to an amendment of the constitution. Mr. McCrady was appointed United States tlistrict SOUTH CAROLINA. I 53 attorney in 1839, and held that office, which withdrew him from all state affairs, until 1S50, when, convinced that resistance should be made to the encroachments of the northern states lipon the institu- tions of the south, and determining to join the Southern Rights as- sociation, an association of the conservatives of that day, who were opposed to the secession party, but in favor of co-operation between the southern states in the maintenance of their institutions, he re- signed the office. His resignation produced a great effect at the time upon public sentiment, as Mr. McCrady had been so pronounced and active a supporter of the Union in the nullification struggle. No one could be found to accept the office he had vacated until Mr. Petigru, after some time, came to the assistance of the United States govern- ment and volunteered nominally to assume its duties. Mr. McCrady followed up his resignation by the publication of a pamphlet entitled, "Our Mission. Is it to be Accomplished by the Perpetuation of our Present Union?" In this he reviewed the question as considered by the light of revealed religion. Tracing the historical analogy be- tween the twelve tribes of Israel, and the states, even to the subdi- vision of one of them, Carolina, into two, thus completing the analogy to the tribes of Judah and Benjamin, he avowed the conclusion to which he had so reluctantly come, but now earnestly desired a disso- lution of this Union between the slave-holding and non-slave-holding states. Mr. McCrady was, immediately upon his resignation, elected to the legislature, and in that body voted for the act to provide for the appointment of deputies to a southern congress, and to call a conven- tion of the people. In the legislature of 185 1, Mr. McCrady urged the preparation of the state for the coming struggle, for he never believed in the illusive doctrine of peaceful secession. In his view, the constitution was a treaty between sovereign states, which, if not by its express terms perpetual, as was declared in the articles of the confederation, was to last until dissolved by the same power which ordained it, unless violated. He recognized the right of a state as a sovereignty, which had entered into this treaty to judge of the ques- tion whether the treaty had been violated, and if in her judgment violated, to withdraw from the Union it formed. But, on the other hand, he equally recognized the right of the other states to maintain that the constitution had not been violated, and to insist upon its maintenance. Secession, therefore, to him, meant war, and he was unwilling to move until the state was ready for hostilities. When, therefore, the legislature of 1851 adjourned without making military preparations, though $3,000,000 was appropriated for the purpose, he opposed in the convention the resolution adopted which declared that in the exercise of the sovereign will, it was the right of the state, without let, hindrance, or molestation from any power whatsoever, to secede from the Federal Union. In a letter to the Mercury, May 10, 1852, in answer to strictures upon this vote, Mr. McCrady thus stated her position: 154 SOUTH CAROLINA. " Sovereign atid independent states may enter into compact with each other and mutually assume ob- ligations which they are bound to observe and perform. If any of the states, without the consent of the other parlies, insist upon tlie abrogation of a compact solemnly made between them, slie must have real cause for so doing, or she breaks her faith. (Jf the justice and sufficiency of her cause, she may be, and is a judge, and the only judge for herself and her citizens or subjects, but the other sovereign parties to the compact she would abrogate are not bound or concluded by her judgment, having an equal sovereign right to judge for themselves. The justice of tiie cause alone can make the abrogation of a compact right. A seceding state is not necessarily infallible, any more than those from whom she secedes. If she be wrong, if the other parties to the compact have scrupulously observed such terms on their part, they would have perfect right to require her to abide by her engagement, even if disadvantageous to her, and if she persisted, they would also have perfect right, as the one only remedy among sovereigns who have no tri- bunal whereto to resort for judgnienl, to enforce her to the observance of the comj^act on her pari, and to lei and hiiuler her from abrogating it if they could, and to make war upon her until she consented to do them justice." *''*'' " The only just consequence of her accession to the Federal Union as a sovereign, appears to me to be her right to secede as a sovereign, with all the attributes, but also with all the res]ion- sibilities, of a sovereign. The cliief atlribule of sovereigns in this aspect is the right of the stale to decide aulhoritalively and conclusively for herself and for her citizens when and why they will secede. Her de- cision must necessarily bind all who, in the providence of God, stand to her in the relation of citizens or subjects." This he considered the doctrine of Calhoun, as enunciated in his work (page 301). He concluded: " Having always considered the right of the stale to secede as sovereign, as the chief corner-stone of the structure of our national liberties and its universal recognition, ihe surest refuge and best defence against aggressions of the Federal government, I cannot but regard the terms of the ordinance as most unfortunate. Tlie extravagant assertion of a right brings it into douiU as well as disrepute. Truth is never in so great danger as when propounded to unwilling minds in an erroneous form. The ori-linance appears to me to represent the most favorable opportunity to those who deny the right of secession to assert it with advantage." etc., etc. Mr. McCrady had been opposed to the whole doctrine of nullifica- tion. He did not believe in the right of a state to remain in the Union and to refuse to obey the laws enacted by it, however unjust. He had opposed the exaction of an oath which at the time he regard- ed as a step to disunion for which he was not then prepared; but he believed in the sovereignty of the state and her right to secede, sub- ject to the right of the other states to resist her doing so as a viola- tion of a treaty. Mr. McCrady had not lost the confidence or support of the people by his vote and the doctrine of his letter against the prev- alent view of the right of secession; and he was returned again to the legislature in 1852, and continued to represent the city in sev- eral legislatures. As chairman of the committee on federal rela- tions, one of the most important during that period, he made an elaborate report upon a communication of Her Britannic Majesty's consul relative to the law of the state prohibiting free negroes and persons of color coming into it, as it affected the class of persons entering the ports of South Carolina in trading vessels or in cases of distress, and who had been under such circumstances taken from the protection of the British flag and imprisoned in the common jail. The report, which was agreed to and published by the legislature, main- tained the right and expediency of the law, except in cases in which the vessels when driven into our ports by stress of weather or unfore- seen accident, provided in this case the colored seamen confined themselves within such vessels under their own flag. It recom- mended, however, that special provisions should be made for the safekeeping of such colored seamen, and that they should be kept ajjart from tht; prisoners in her jails. SOUTH CAROLINA. I 55 He was again elected a member of the convention of i860, and voted for the ordinance of secession, as he believed that that move- ment could no longer be delayed without anarchy at home. He served again in the legislature in 1S64 and 1865. During the war, Mr. McCrady was engaged in two important cases connected with the struggle. The first was that arising under the Sequestration Act of the Confederate government. Mr. McCrady earnestly opposed this law, both in his personal and professional character. He resisted its enforcement himself and declined to answer as to the property of other enemies or not which had been committed to his care, and under his advice all his clients did likewise. With Mr. James L. Pet- igru and Mr. Nelson Mitchell, he vigorously fought these cases. His argument, which has been preserved, is one of great ability, and when the decision of the court was made sustaining the act, by an ap- peal to the supreme court provided by the constitution of the Con- federate States but not yet in existence, he prevented its enforcement upon his clients. It was his satisfaction that no client of his had lost by this act a dollar which had been committed to his care or to the care of those whom he represented. In the other case, he undertook, at the request of Gov. Bonham, to represent negro soldiers who had been taken prisoners, and against whom proceedings were taken under the laws relating to negro insurrection. With Mr. Nelson Mitchell he appeared before the court of magistrates and made objection to its jurisdiction, which was sustained, and the negroes re- turned to the military authorities as prisoners of war. Mr. McCrady has occupied no official position since the war; but has kept up his interest in public affairs, never failing to vote even at a primary election. His last public service was as chairman of the committee of the Charleston bar appointed to resist the seating of the infamous Moses and Whipper upon the bench of the state, to which they were elected by the last legislature which sat under the radical rule of the state. We are indebted to the Hon. Charles Richardson Miles, late attorney-general of the state, for the follow- ing sketch of Mr. McCrady as a lawyer: " Mr. McCrady has filled man}' positions of usefulness, and done many good services to his state and people, but his widest and high- est reputation is as a lawyer. The son of a lawyer, who, in his short career at the bar, had made a strong impression, the nephew of Judge William Johnson of the United States supreme court, under whom he studied, the pupil and partner of Hon. Alitchell King, Mr. McCrady was by inheritance and training, a lawyer. Having been admitted to the bar in 1824, he is the lawj'er of oldest standing in the state. His only contemporary at the bar who survives, is the Hon. Alexander Mazyck, who is now in his ninety-first year, and who lives in London, Canada. Mr. McCrady's study and training in the learning of the common law, were thorough, and especially in the knowledge of the law of real property, he was without a superior among his contempo- raries at a bar, which adorned the profession at its brightest epoch. With this learning he was so thoroughly imbued, that it was always ini- 156 SOUTH CAROLINA. mediately available, and it enabled him at once to perceive the prin- ciples involved in a case; and to find the cases or authority sustaining the principles, was an easy labor. It was customary for him to say to lawyers who consulted him, as he was most accessible, especially to his juniors, 'this is the principle — you will easily find the authorities to support it.' From the thoroughness of his knowledge in this branch of the law, he was especially fond of conveyancing, in which he was very skilful. He used to say that it had become the habit of the profession to resort to proceedings in equity to settle many things which could and should be done by careful conveyancing. His prac- tice was largely in the court of equity, in suits involving the construc- tion of wills and deeds. His most marked characteristic as a lawyer, was his earnestness of conviction, and the thoroughness with which he identified himself with the cause of his client. He was constitu- tionally brave, and this quality was as conspicuous in his career as a lawyer as in all the transactions of his life. While Mr. McCrady was distinguished and successful in the conduct of litigation, he was, per- haps, most successful and useful as an adviser. He secured the ab- solute confidence of his clients, and by many of them he was consulted and they were guided by his advice in almost all the most important transactions of their lives. This large influence was mainly due to the elevation of his moral nature, which he never subordinated to considerations of expediency or pecuniary advantage. Mr. McCrady so completely regulated his life by conscientious rules, that he was in his exterior, seemingly austere, but those who enjoyed familiar asso- ciation with him, appreciated the true gentleness and affection of his nature, as to those, his friendship was very dear and its memory will be ever highly cherished. To the young men of the profession, he was always happy to listen, and to give them counsel and advice, and to many of them he was a very encyclopedia of law, which they were ever at liberty to consult, and to which they referred without hesitation. " His life was absorbed by his duties and his family, and his cir- cle of familiar friends was small; but to such friends, and especially to those of his early life, he was thoroughly staunch, and his interest and affection never flagged or lessened. While never robust in health, _Mr. McCrady continued in the active discharge of the exact- ing duties of his profession for an unusually long period. The pres- ervation of his intellectual activity was, I think, due to his realization of the prudent limits which should be put upon professional work, while there was no consciousness of failing powers, and the firmness with which he restrained himself within his self-imposed bounds. He found his best rest and relaxation from professional labor, not in pursuit of pleasure or in idleness, but in change of labor; and he kept up not only an active interest, l)ut sustained work in many de- partments of thought and study. "After a life protracted to the longest span, spent in one' com- munity, his whole duty to which was c;vcr clone, and guided and gov- ered by the highest intellectual, moral and religious standards, he SOUTH CAROLINA. I 57 still survives, a shining example of what the bar of South Carolina has ever been. Mr. McCrady was a member of the legislature in 1859, when the " Separate Court of Appeals" of three judges was substituted for the courts of appeal at law and in equity, consisting, respectively, of all the circuit judges and all the chancellors. Mr. McCrady prepared and advocated a plan for a court of appeals — of four judges — three permanent, and the fourth the eight circuit judges in rotation. This he thought would better secure stability of decisions than a sys- tem in which two judges of the supreme court might overrule the de- cision of possibly more than one circuit judge. If a court of four judges should be equally divided, while the circuit decision in that case would stand, the question would be open for future decision by a majority of the court. He also considered that it would be an ad- vantage to have on the appeal court one judge who was experienced in nisi priiis trials. There are many of the profession who still think this a better system than a separate court of three judges." Mr. McCrady has been as thorough a theologian as a lawyer, and has devoted still more of his time to the service of the church than to that of the state. He is widely and deeply read in church history, and has been recognized throughout the United States as one of the most learned laymen in the Episcopal church. He represented St. Philips, the mother church of the diocese for fifty years in the diocesan convention, was a member of the standing committee of the diocese for forty, and a deputy to the general convention (in- cluding the southern council during the war) for over thirty. His last years have been devoted, in a great measure, to the study and discussion of the question in regard to the admission of negroes into the councils of the church. In this discussion Mr. McCrady has written much and ably. He has also been a contributor to the church reviews and periodicals upon other religious subjects. Two of his recent articles are remarkable, one on the " Litany " in 1882, and the other a review of Drummond's " Natural Law in the Spiritual World"; the latter of which, written in his eighty-fourth year, is ex- traordinary for the closeness of its reasoning and the terseness of its expression. This last article has been pronounced by a competent critic the best review written in this country or in England of that great work. Mr. McCrady married in 1829, Louisa Rebecca Lane, the daugh- ter of Robert Lane, an English merchant, who had settled in Charleston, and Louisa de Berniere. He has had a large fam- ily of children, of whom four sons and four daughters reached the age of maturity. Of his sons, John and Edward, sketches will be found below. His third son, Thomas, was at an early age an offi- cer in the Confederate army in which he served with distinction, hav- ing been twice severely wounded, receiving his second wound in bat- tle while on crutches and on leave of absence from his post. He died on the 28th of March, 1882, aged thirty-nine years. The simple fact which was observed at the time, that St. Philips church was more closely crowded at his funeral services than it had ever been 158 SOUTH CAROLINA. since the burial of Callioun, attests the regard in which he was held by the community. Mr. McCrad3''s fourth son, Col. Louis de Berniere McCrady, is a prominent member of the bar, associated in the practice of the law with his father, his brother Edward, and his brother-in-law Thomas \V. Bacot, who form the legal firm of Mc- Crady, Sons & Bacot. Of Mr. McCrady's four daughters, one, (Louisa de Berniere) is the wife of Thomas W. Bacot, Esq., above mentioned; the others, Ellen Madeline, Jane and Mary Margaret, are single. PROF. JOHN McCRADY. Professor John McCrady, the eldest son of Edward McCrady, of the next preceding sketch, was born in Charleston, S. C, on the 15th of October, 1831, and was educated at the school of Samuel Burns and the Charleston college. His classmates and companions at school and college were the poets, Paul Llayne and William Henr}- Timrod. He was himself, perhaps, not inferior in poetic ability, but science de- manded his life and he seldom indulged his muse. Upon his gradu- ation in 1850, he commenced the study of law with his father, but was soon attracted to scientific pursuits. Dr. Gabriel E. Manigault, pro- fessor of natural history and curator of the museum of the Charles- ton college, in a sketch of the Elliott society of natural history, gives this account of Prof. McCrady's introduction to the study of that branch of science: " Professor McCrady, soon after graduation at the Charleston col- lege, in 1850, was attracted to the subject of zoology; first, by Dr. Ed- mund Ravenel, who was a conchologistof some repute, and afterward by Agassiz during his lectures at the medical college. The latter proposed to him that he should attend the anatomical lectures during the winter, and then join him in the summer at Cambridge and other places on the New England coast, when he could familiarize himself with their marine zoology. In this way Prof. McCrady visited Cam- bridge as a student under Agassiz for three successive summers, and when he returned in 1854 he was one of the few ' American natural- ists who had been thoroughly trained as such under the instruction of Prof. Agassiz. The results were immediately apparent as soon as he undertook to make original observations of his own.' " In 1856, William Porcher Miles, the assistant professor of mathe- matics in the Charleston college, having been elected mayor of the city of Charleston, Prof. McCrady was appointed to his place. In addition, however, to the duties of his chair of mathematics, he pur- sued his scientific researches. Dr. Manigault says: He became an enthusiastic supporter of the Elliott society as soon as it was estab- lished, and his name is among the list of the curators for the first year. His paper on the medusae occupies over ico pages of the proceedings. The observations were made principally on Sullivan's Island, and they required over two years to complete. They mark an event in the history of zoology' at the south, inasmuch as natural- ists who preceded McCrady confined themselves to describing spe- SOUTH CAROLINA. I 59 cies almost exclusively among the vertebratcd animals; whereas Mc- Crady, with the assistance of the microscope, studied out carefully the development of the various medusae from the ovum to the adult state. The consequence was that he was able to eliminate many forms which were thought to be distinct species, but which upon careful ex- amination, were found to be the same animal in various stages of growth. The animal sub-kingdon to which sea-blubbers belong is that of the celentcrates or hollow-boweled. At the time referred to, that subdivision of the animal kingdom had only been slightly inves- tigated in America, and Prof. McCrady's paper has frequently been commented on since as never having been exceeded in its accuracy." The volume of the proceedings of the Elliott society, from 1S56, to the commencement of the late war is composed almost entirely of his work. Two-thirds of the papers were read by him. Prof. McCrady continued thus engaged until the breaking out of the war, upon the secession of the state, when disregarding the exemption of his profession as a teacher, he at once laid down his scientific work and went into the military service. He was with the detachment of state troops under Col. Pettigrew, which took possession of Castle Pinckney, on the evening of the 27th of December, i860 — the very first act in the war. Learning that two companies detailed for that service, supposed to be a most dangerous one, were those in which were his two brothers, Edward and Thomas, he smuggled himself on the transport which was to take the troops across the harbor, to the attack of the castle, and coming out after the steamer was well on her way, it was too late to prevent his joining the party. He volun- teered then as an engineer, and built the battery at Cumming's Point, on Morris's Island, which was the most seriously engaged in the bom- bardment of Fort Sumter, of the 13th of April, 1S61. He was at the battery of Fort Johnson, and present when the gun was fired from that fort, the signal for the commencement of the bombardment. Soon after, he entered the service of the Confederate government as an engineer, and rose to the rank of major in that branch of the ser- vice. He served upon the military staff of Gen. Beauregard, and was in_ charge of the construction of the fortification around Savannah, joining the army of Gen. Joseph E. Johnston, after the evacuation of that city. He was thus in the war from its very inception to its end, and attained the reputation of a most able and skillful military en- gineer. His manuscripts and books, the result of his scientific re- searches and labors of the seven years before the war, were burnt in Columbia, when that city was sacked by Sherman. At the close of the war he was again elected professor of mathe- matics in the Charleston college, and filled that chair, until he was called to Harvard university. In 1873, Prof. McCrady, at the in- stance of Prof. Louis Agassiz, was invited to accept the position of assistant to his great master at that institution. This he did, and upon the death of Agassiz, he was appointed his successor in the chair of zoology. He held this position for four years, delivering a l6o SOUTH CAROLINA. course of lectures before the theological school of the university during some part of this time. In August, 1877, Prof. McCrady was elected professor of biology and the relation of science and relig- ion, in the University of the South, at Sewanee, Tenn., and spent the remainder of his life at that institution. How highly he was esteemed, and how much loved, and how great the work he was doing there, the following memorial tributes will best tell. He was taken very ill in September, 18S1, and while only partially recovered, the house in which he lived, and a large part of his manuscripts, with his library, were burnt. This shock, and the dangerous illness of a member of his family, arrested his recovery. He died at Nashville, Tenn., on the i6th of October, 18S1. (ChavlGsion iVgzas afir/ Coitri^r.) "Tiie news was received in Lhis city last evening of tlie death of Prof, [olin McCrady, whicli toolc place at Nashville, yesterday afternoon. He was born in Charleston in 1S31, and had j\ist completed his fiftieth year at the time of his death. A graduate of Charleston college, he early devoted himself to the scientific and philosophic studies in which he was to attain such eminence. In the late war he served as major of engineers on the staff of (jen. Beauregard, and had in special charge the district of (Jeorgia. Under his plans and directions the forlificalions around Savannah were con- structed. At the burning of Cohimbia by Sherman's troops, he lost his valuable library and Mss., with the recorded thoughts and observations of years. After the war, for some time, he held the position of professor of mathematics in the Charleston college, and there earned the unbounded admiration of his students by the clearness and thoroughness of his instructions. At an early age he had impressed the late Prof. Agassiz, whose student he was, with the solidity and extent of his intellectual attainments and the originality and grasp of his scientific and philosophic conceptions. Their mutual esteem led to a friendship that ended only with the death of Agassiz. .So earnest was the faith of .-\gassiz in his friend's ability and learning, that in 1873, he was instrumental in procuring for Prof. McCrady a chair as his own assistant at Harvard university. In the world of thought his t.alent made itself so felt that after the death of .Agassiz, he was chosen as his successor in the chair of zoology. This post he left to accept the profes- sorship of the relations lietween science and religion at the University of the South, at Sewanee, Tenn. In his new position he applied himself to the perfecting of what he considered his life's task and the crown of his labors — the demonstration of the perfect harmony between the results of science and the revealed religion, and the entire dependence of the former on the latter. "The chair at Sewanee, Prof. McCrady accepted upon the material guarantees which he considered nec- essary, and under an agreement to devote only certain months to his work there, leaving him for a large part of the ye.ar free to pursue his studies uninterrupted, or to devote himself to labors elsewhere. Little more than a year afterward the university fell into financial difficulties, and the appeal was made to him, for the sake of the university, not only to cancel his first agreement and guarantees, but to devote his whole time to the university, undertaking other and distinct branches of instruction from his particular chair, and for that to accept a much smaller compensation than was first agreed on, and that too to be uncertain and contingent. He never hesitated. Other and more profitable jilaces were open to him, but with un- flinching self-sacrifice he remained at his post, and gave to the university the advantage of his reputation and his services when it was recognized that his loss would have been simply irreparable. "The clearness and brilliancy of his lectures, and the singular origin.ility of Prof. McCrady's philo- sophic thought and system, now attained a fuller recognition in the scientific worhl, and last winter, by engagement, he delivered a series of lectures for the Johns Hopkins university in Ballimore. In these he outlined his philosophical system, and left an imj^ression that will not easily pass aw.ay. One qualified to judge, who then heard him, said that ' his genius came nearer to inspiration than anything he had ever heard before or read.' .Among many students and professors at Sewanee, his great ability caused him lo be regarded with profound respect, and his sterling qualities created in the hearts of his students an affec- tion and admiration that cannot be expressed. " His intelleclual labor was incessant. Every moment he could steal from his needed rest and press- ing occupation was devoled to the ac(|uisition of knowledge and the pursuit of original investigation. The strain was too great. His physical system gradually became undermined, and an attack of illness in .Au- gust last, which at one time threatened a fatal termination, iuterrupteil his labors. Following upon this cime the burning of his home at Sewanee, in the dead of the night, with the great consequent loss and the shock of the danger to his invaluable Mss. and library. A day or so after lie reccivetl the intelligence of the dangerous illness of a daughter, and he was hastily summoned lo Nashville. There he was taken with the last and fatal attack. It was borne with unshaken firmness and Christian fortitude, an endurance that never wavered in the midst of excruciating pain. With him has passed away a mind of singular originality, of wide attainments, and of earnest devotion to the chosen work of his life. Yet leaving here, a name we trust. That will not perish with the dust." SOUTH CAROLINA. i6r Extracts I'roin an address of the Rev. Dr. William P. Du Bosc, at the memorial service held at Sewanee, upon the occasion of his death: " \Vc feel, professors as well as stiidenls, tint wc have lost a teacher — a master at whose feet we have been happy to sit. We all feel that a jjreat man — 1 wonder how many of us realize how (jreat a man — has fallen among us? "The physical anil natural sciences, mathematics, piycholo;^y, ontology, philology, ethnology, mythol- ogy, all nature, all books — the Book — we all rememljer how tanriliarly he drew his illustrations and proofs Ironi each and all of them. If realizing the principle that to know something of all, it was neces- sary to know all of something, he selected the particular science of zoology and made a reputation for himself as a specialist in th.it branch of research; zoology to him w.as not an end but only a means to an end. If in his special research he discovered particular facts, it was only that from these facts he might ascend again to that grand induction, that universal law which was to him the substance of truth — truth which in its essence is all one, in its highest unity, at once natural aud supernatural, the logical expression of the mind, the thought, the will, the law, the logos of (iod. It is easy enough to talk of the unity of all tilings, but to be able to see all things in their unity, to grasp the one law that runs through all, to enter into the counsel of the one mind that animates all, to coaiprehend God in the secret of his working, belongs alone to the highest philosophy. " .\m\ Mr. McCrady was a profound investigator, not only of the natural, but of the spiritual creation of God, not only of the universe, but of Christianity. He saw that in the highest sense they, too, are one, the expression of one mind and one law. As he loved to express it: the logos of Christianity is one and the same with the logos of the universe. He who understands both, cannot believe and accept one with- out believing and accepting the other." Address by Bishop Gallaher, of Louisiana, in Christ church, Ale.K- andria, November, 1881: "This gre.^t Christian scholar died on the i6lh of October, in Nashville. "The sentence just written will carry sorrow to the hearts of a great number of earnest and thout^ht- ful people who had learned to look to this man, with coutidence well founded, for the popularization of a Christian science and a Christian philosophy. " For one who knew hnn as the writer did, it is diflicult to speak calmly and quietly of this modest, learned and godly man, who has been summoned away from us to a world of higher thought and clearer vision than ours. .\nd when men who did know try to tell others of him, something may be conceded to an affection and a reverence which were generated by qualities of a most exceptional kind. John McCrady, in the last years of his life, was in the .Sewanee forests. His little lecture room would not hold sixty men. He could hold the most .accomplished and cultured audiences spell-bound by his lucid speech and lofty thought. He could teach the teachers in universities of highest rank. He could make men feel that Christianity is the purest form of intellectual life. .A.nd he could do all this without betraying a conscious- ness of his marvelous ability. Modest and wdse, able and lowly minded, this was John McCrady, a man of men, knight-errant of truth, the bond-servant of our master, Christ. The grief is not that he is dead and gone from us, but that he lived to die as he did — unknown to the great number of those for whom he gave his life, unknown by communities he would have made famous in the world of thought. Oh, brothers, you would not believe that there was a man in the Sewanee woods who was the first of Ameri- can biologists. Vou would not remember that the favorite pupil and successor of .\gassiz was then doing heroic work for you and Christ's religion, doing it brilliantly and powerfully, as no man that you have can do it. "Yes, the knowledge gained will not die. It will grow from more to more, but many a year will . come and go before you will find another man to speak and feel as did this man who, after fifty years of life, rests. " He had sounded all the depths and shoals of modern science, and then with the spoils of his long study, came to kneel with the humblest at the foot of the cross. He might have had fame and wealth and power — he preferred to teach young men to love truth and worship God. " Xot long ago, the medical world assembled to raise a monument to the great surgeon, McDowell, the country doctor of ICentucky. Fifty years hence, another band will climb the .Sewanee heights, and plant ou the Cumberland rocks a shaft that shall strive and strive in vain to tell the nobility and great- ness of John McCrady, of South Carolina." Professor McCrady married Sarah Dismukes, a daughter of Paul Dismukes, of Tennessee (and a granddaughter of Thomas Lynch, a distinguished patriot of the Revolution and member of the conti- nental congress — whose son, Thomas, elected as his successor, was one of the signers of the Declaration of Independence). He left one son, Edward McCrady, now a student of divinity in the Univer- sity of the South, and four daughters, one of whom, Louisa Rebecca, .\ — II l62 SOUTH CAROLINA. is the wife of William H. Barnwell, and another, Sabina Lynch, is the wife of Theodore S. Fitzsimmons. The other two daughters, Esther Lynch Bowman and Catherine de Berniere, are unmarried. EDWARD McCRADY, JUNIOR,* was born at Charleston, S. C, April S, 1833. iTe is the second son of Edward McCrady. Educated at the school of Samuel Burns, in his native city, he was graduated from the Charleston college in 1853, studied law in his father's office, and was admitted to the bar in 1S55. A close student, not only of his chosen profession, but also of the political history of his country and state, Mr. McCrady was early impressed with the uncertain tenure of the Federal bond, and the prospect of a rupture with the general government. These impres- sions led to an interest in military affairs and a study of military sub- jects. In 1854, he was elected major of the battalion of rifles. South Carolina militia, and the next year contributed articles on the neces- sity of militia reform, which led to his appointment on commission to examine the militia system of the state, under resolution of the legis- lature of 1859. In 1S60, he resigned his commission as major of the rifle battalion, and accepted the captaincy in a company of guards. He entered the state military service at the taking of Castle Pinckney, December 27, i860, and served until the surrender of Fort Sumter, April 13, 1861. He entered the Confederate service as captain of the Irish volunteers, June 27, 1861, and was ordered to Virginia in July, 1861, and in August, 1S61, joined Gregg's First regiment South Carolina volunteers; promoted major December 14, 1S61, and upon the fall of Lieut.-Col. A. M.Smith, was commissioned lieutenant-colonel June 27, 1862. When the battles around Richmond commenced. Col. McCrady was in Richmond, sick in bed, but, determined to share in that im- portant movement, expressed his determination to join his command in the field. His surgeon positively refused permission, assured him that he could be of no possible use in the lines, and predicted death as the penalty of the attempt. Too weak to ride on horseback to the front. Col. McCrady hired a carriage and had himself driven to the lines, joining his brigade just as the battle of Cold Harbor began, and reported to Gen. Gregg for duty. Unable to walk, Gen. Gregg ordered him to serve on his staff,so that he might remain mounted. In the discharge of the duties thus assumed, he shared the fortunes of his command during the action, rendering valuable service, but fainting three times upon the field, and after the battle, was taken back to his sick bed, in Richmond, to linger for weeks from typhoid fever. On July 30th, scarcely recovered and very feeble, he rejoined his command, and was present in command of his regiment at Cedar Run, August Qth, and at Second Manassas, August 28th, 29th and 30th, at which latter place he was severely wounded in the head on the third day. Narrowly escaping death from this wound, he missed the Maryland campaign, rejoining his brigade after its return to Virginia, ' By w. R. D. SnsfbyJT S K^^rianJ^ ^- SOUTH CAROLINA. 163 during the affair at Snicker's Gap, October 30th. Was present for duty at the battle of I'rcdericksburg, December 13, 1862, and rendered good service in aiding to repulse the Federal attack on Gregg's brig- ade, in which that general was killed. On January 27, 1863, at camp, on Morse's Neck, he was seriously injured by a falling tree, and ren- dered unfit for further action in field duty. Rejoining his command several times only to find himself physically disabled and unfit for duty, he saw the last actual engagement at Mine Run, December, 1863, and in March, 1864, was transferred to command of the camp of instruction at Madison, Fla., where he served until April, 1865, when on his way to rejoin the army of Virginia, he heard of Lee's sur- render. In October 1865, he resumed the practice of law, in partnership with his father, in Charleston. In 1867, he organized the Survivors' association of Charleston, and in 1869 succeeded Col. P. C. Gaillard in the presidency. Was also chairman of the executive committee of the State association in 1869, and as such commenced the work of recovering and collecting historical materials of the war. In 1870 he made a report to the meeting of the Survivors' association at Columbia, which report forms the basis of all the information we now have of the troops of the state. Diligently and successfully en- gaged in the practice of law, Mr. McCrady still found time to keep abreast of the age in matters legal, political and religious, and to con- tribute to the current literature of the day, reviews, letters, articles, essays and speeches on those subjects which have attracted public attention, directed thought, moulded opinion and influenced action. Among these the principal are: I. Upon legal subjects: An article in the American Law Review, Boston, 1872, on "Doubtful Points in our Bankrupt Law." An essay, "An Inquiry into the Subject of the Territorial Limits and Jurisdic- tion of the Circuit Courts of the United States," 1873, which has been re-published by Judge Hughes of Virginia as an appendi.v to his Circuit Reports U. S., 3 Vol. 1879. An article in the Southern Law Review on "Private Communications to Judges," 1874. An article in the same Review on the " Responsibility of Newspapers," 187s. A paper on the " Re-organization of the Supreme Court of the United States" — re-published in the Central Law Journal, 1S75. . 2. Upon political subjects: A pamphlet " Review of the resolutions of the press conference," 1870. This pamphlet contained a series of articles upon the resolutions of the conference recognizing the right of citizens of color to the suffrage. The daily papers of the cit3^of Charleston refused their publication, whereupon they went rapidly through two editions in pamphlet form and were largely re-published elsewhere. An article on the registration of electors, in 1879. An address before the students of Erskine college, Due West, on " The necessity of education as the basis of our political system," 18S0. Pamphlet, "The necessity of raising the standard of citizenship and the right of the general assembly to impose qualifications upon elec- tors," 1881. An address to the South Carolina military academy at l64 SOUTH CAROLINA. the commencement of 1887, upon the subject of the necessity and true use of the primary government. Letter upon " Roads and rail- roads," in 1883, and articles, "Some studies of the railroad problem," in the Dixie Magazine, Ajtlanta, 1885. 3. Upon historical subjects: An address before the survivors of Co. A. First Regiment S. C. V., VVilliston, S. C, " The real cause of the war, " 18S2, re-published in the southern historical papers, 1889. " Education in South Carolina prior to the_ Revolution," a paper read before the historical society of South Carolina, 1883, pamphlet, IV. Vol. historical collections. "Gregg's brigade of South Carolinians at the .Second Manassas. " An address before the survivors of the Twelfth regiment S.C.V. 18S4, re-published in the southern historical papers, 1883. " History of the medical profession in South Carolina," address before the medical college of South Carolina 1885. Address before the association army of northern Virgina, Richmond, Va., 1886, on the " Formation, organization and characteristics of the army of northern Virginia," in the southern historical papers, 1887. "Heroesof old Camden district," "South Carolina, 1776-1861, " an address to the survivors of P'airfield county, delivered at Winnsboro, South Carolina, 1888, southern historical papers, 1889. "The peopling of the state, " an address before the literary society of Statesburg, South Carolina, 1889. "The historical sketch of South Carolina "at the opening of this volume. In 1880, Mr. McCrady was elected a member of the legislature for Charleston county, and re-elected for several legislatures. Admir- ably equipped for the place, and enjoying the respect and confidence of his fellow-legislators, he was able to take an active and influential part in all important measures coming before the house, and to in- troduce and secure the passage of some much needed and valuable legislation. In 1882, he introduced and carried through the legisla- ture, an act to establish a Confederate bureau in the office of the ad- jutant-general of the state, for the collection of war records, and to this bureau, Mr. McCrad}' presented all the material on that subject which he had so laboriously and diligently collected. Thanks to this act and his previous industry, the record of the South Carolinia sol- diers in the Confederate service is well-nigh complete, and for this work of value alike as a heritage to the people of the state and a mine of historical research and collated established facts, Mr. Mc- Crady is entitled to the credit. He also took an active part in pass- ing and perfecting the railroad laws of the state, the stock law and local option laws, introduced the resolution endorsing civil service reform, and did effective service in favor of the "bill to prevent duelling." He was chairman of the committee on privileges and elections, and a member of the judiciary and railroad committee. Appointed in 1S82 major-general of South Carolina militia, he had much to do with bringing the militia of the coast region up to a high state of efficiency and value. Professionally, Mr. McCrady took part in all the political trials since re-construction, made the question as to the test oath to jurors, arguing that as " Rebellion " was a crime in SOUTH CAROLINA. 165 the eye of the law, no one could be asked on his voir dirCf after hav- ing been brought into court by subpcena, whether he had been guilty of rebellion — a point which was afterward sustained by the United States supreme court. He took active part in the defense of the stockholders of the banks broken by the war, and made before the supreme court of the United .States an argument which is said to have gained the case for the stockholders. His services in these cases, and his arguments in the McKeegan will case and the Davie will case, with others, have defined his place at the bar of his native city. The political campaign of 1876, resulting in the election of Gen. Hampton, governor, and a complete transfer of the state to the hands of the white population, did not alter the relative strength of the two parties or races in the state. The negroes were still vastly in the ma- jority, and their return to power, with all that their government of the state implied, could only be prevented-' under the then existing election laws by the constant use of most questionable and most de- moralizing methods at the polls, a choice between fraud and violence was all that was left to the most conscientious democrat, and the con- stant recurrence of struggles to be decided by such means, was en- dangering the political virtue of the purest and best of our political workers. Besides, it was only a question of time, when such methods would involve the state with the general government, and result in the loss of all the ground gained in 1876. No one in the state more fully and intelligently comprehended the situation than Mr. McCrady, and none other so earnestly set out to remedy the evil. So that we find him as early as 1879, printing in pamphlet form, his first paper on "The Registration of Electors," followed in 18S0 by his address before Erskine college at Due West, on " The Necessity of Education as the Basis of our Political System," and in 1881, by his essay on " The Necessity of Raising the Standard of Citizenship, and the Right of the General Assembly to Impose Qualifications upon Electors," also printed in pamphlet form and widely distributed in the state, es- pecially among the members-elect to the legislature. Having thus prepared the public mind for the change, and being himself elected in 1880, a member of the legislature, in 1881, he submitted to the committee of the 'general assembly, appointed on that subject, a draft of the eight box registration law, the very first effort, at least in this section, at ballot reform. After a long, and, strange to say, bitterly contested fight in the legislature, the present election law of the state was placed upon the statute books principally hy Mr. McCrady's influence, and has re- sulted in giving at least ten years of peace and prosperity to the state, and in the cultivation of the friendliest relations between the whites and blacks. This law, which is, in reality, the application of an educational test to voters, has, as Mr. McCrady foresaw and pre- dicted, confined the suffrage to intelligent electors, has removed all necessity for fraud or violence, has assured white supremacy in the state and relieved the fears of a race war, which so constantly and persistently menaced the peace of the state under the old election l66 SOUTH CAROLINA. laws. It was not, as has been charged, a law to deprive the negro of his right of suffrage; but in reality a law designed and intended to elevate the standard of citizenship, white and black alike, and to pro- tect all electors at the polls when qualified to exercise the high and and important right of suffrage. Ten years' experience has fully justified these claims, and entitle Mr. McCrady to the gratitude of all classes in the state for his labor and success in this important mat- ter of legislation. Gen. McCrady is now vice-president of the South Carolina Historical society, trustee of the Medical college of Charles- ton, of the Charleston Library society, and has been for eighteen years vestryman of St. Philips church; is now chairman of the ves- try and delegate to the convention, and succeeded his father as dele- gate to the general convention in the United States for the diocese. His father and he have been associated in the practice of law for thirty-six years; the law firm now consists of Edward McCrady, Ed- ward McCrady, Jr., T. W. Bacot, and Louis de B. McCrady, under the firm name of McCrady, Sons & Bacot. It is remarkable in this age of progression and change to note that in almost every position of life, Edward McCrady, Jr., has succeeded his father, Edward Mc- Crad}^ and so singularly alike and consistent have their two lives been treading with like steps the self-same paths, that to them may well be applied what is said of the Byings in Cook's History of Party, volume 3, page 268: " In popularity or through odium he (the father) still retained his consistency, and so well had he impressed upon his son the character he himself bore, that in reading the par- liamentary debates we must have recourse to extraneous sources to discover where the father's course ended and where the son's began." Mr. McCrady married, in 1863, Mary Eraser, daughter of Maj. Allen J. Davie, an officer of the war of 1812, and granddaughter of Gen. William R. Davie, a famous partisan leader of the Revolution, minister to France and governor of North Carolina, a sketch of whose life will he found in this work. BENJAMIN T. ELMORE. Benjamin, the eldest son of T. Elmore and .Sarah Saxon, first saw the light of day in Laurens district, S. C. His father fought in the Revolutionary war with distinction. He came, first, to South Carolina in company with Gen. Greene. In 1810 Benjamin graduated from the South Carolina college, with the class of which James Dallet had the first honor, William Lowry the second, and Chancellor Job Johnson the third. At the commencement of the war of 1812 he was commissioned a first lieutenant, and served gallantly in the campaigns of Eort Moultrie and during the war. In consideration of gallant and meritorious conduct he was promoted to the rank of captain. When " grim-visaged war had smoothed his wrinkled front" he returned to Ncwberr}', where he studied law in the oKicc of Anderson Crenshaw, Esq., and was admitted to practice at Columbia in 1815. He opened an office at Laurens, but gave but SOUTH CAROLINA. 167 little of his time to the practice of law, having about this time pre- sented himself as a candidate for treasurer of the upper division of the state, to which office he was elected. After this he was twice comptroller-general, serving during the years 1823, '24, '25 and '26. Mr. Elmore was married to Sarah Aurora, daughter of Judge Brevard. As captain of a company he conducted a successful cam- paign against the Seminole Indians of Florida. Capt. Elmore was a most pleasant and congenial man, fond of his friends, jovial and hos- pitable; but his military and office habits unfitted him for any of the more active callings of life, of which, indeed, he felt no necessity, as he had large financial ability, which will be fully attested by his returns as comptroller-general. He was a kind-hearted man, fond of conviviality, and his early death has been, by some, attributed to his convivial habits. His death occurred at Limestone Springs, in 1840, his amiable and most accomplished widow surviving him. By those who knew him, Mr. Elmore will be remembered more for the genuine good qualities of heart, of which he was possessed, than for the more conspicuous attractions which are the creations of ambition. He neither sought nor achieved that flattering height in public life which is ofttimes secured at the peril of a good name and the sacrifice of the tenderest ties of friendship; he lived among and for his friends, recognizing every man as his neighbor, and his ample means were always at their command. The lives of the eminent statesmen make men free and patriotic; but the lives of such men as Mr. Elmore make men happy, and the secret of a life is read in his people's hearts. WADDY THOMPSON was elected a judge of the court of equity in 1S05, to succeed Judge Marshall, who died the same year. Judge Thompson was a Virgin- ian by birth, having been brought up and educated on the "sacred soil." He was a very thorough lawyer, and man of great literary er- udition. He had a strong, well-balanced, clear, legal mind, and oft- times decided cases without waiting for the arguments, yet he was never charged with partisanism. He largely disclaimed in his decrees the affectation of learning, frequently reasoning out his decisions without reference to authorities. For many years he was an eminent chancellor in the court of appeals in equity. From the general refer- ence which North Carolina biographers make to a "court of appeals in equity," it would seem, as indeed the writer believes was a fact, that there were two courts of concurrent jurisdiction as the court of last resort, one taking cognizance of law, and the other of equity pro- ceedings. This practice was large!}' prevalent in all the colonial states, the practice coming directly from the English procedure, as is indeed the case in all the southern states where the doctrine of the common law has been preserved in its integrity, and where the so-called " New York code" has not been adopted. Over the highest court of equity, Judge Thompson was, therefore, thought competent to preside, and l68 SOUTH CAROLINA. if it is considered that in this court he encountered all that grand array of "special pleaders" which has made the bar of South Carolina famous the world over, one may be able to form some estimate of his qualities as a judge. In 1824 he was elected to the supreme bench, in company with Judge DeSaussure, which position he held until his death a few years later. COLONEL BEAUFORT WATTS BALL, one of the leading and distinguished members of the Laurens county bar, was born on a farm in the southern portion of Laurens county, S. C, on the Saluda river, November 16, 1830. He is a son of John Ball, who was also a native of Laurens county, and a planter by occupation. He died while the subject of this sketch was in his infancy. He was the son of George Ball, a native of- Virginia, who removed to South Carolina immediately after the Revolutionary war. The family of Mr. Ball on both sides is of English descent. Col. Ball's mother's maiden name was Narcissa Watts, daughter of Capt. John Watts, a native of \'irginia, and a captain of militia, who also re- moved to South Carolina immediately after the Revolutionary war. She died in 1869. The younger days of Col. Beaufort W. Ball were spent on a farm in Laurens county. He was chiefly reared by an uncle, a brother of his mother, Col. Beaufort T. Watts, who was once secretary of state in South Carolina, and later charge d' ajf aires to the Republic of Colombia, S. A. Col. Ball received his early school- ing in the country schools. In 1847 he entered Erskine college, where he remained two years. He then entered South Carolina college, from which he graduated with the degree of A. B. in De- cember, 18^1. About a year later he took up the study of law, and in May, 1854, was admitted to the bar. He at once began practice in Laurens, which has ever since been the place of his practice. In the spring of 1S61, he entered the Confederate army, in which he remained throughout the war. During nearly all his term of service he was with Hampton's legion. In 1S62 he was promoted from a private to the rank of adjutant. In May, 1864, he was made assistant adjutant-general of Gary's cavalry brigade. He was with Gen. Lee at the surrender of Appomatox, and was once slightly wounded. Returning, after the war, to Laurens, he resumed his law practice. In politics. Col. Ball is a Jeffersonian democrat, and is in hearty accord with the old school ijrinciples of the party. In 1865, he was a member of the constitutional convention, and, during the two ensu- ing years was a representative in the state legislature. He was elected intendant of Laurens and served one term. In 1876 he was elected solicitor of the Seventh judicial circuit, of South Carolina, serving a term of four years. He was a candidate, in 1884, for rep- resentative in congress before the democratic convention of the fourth congressional district. There were five other candidates before the convention, but after two days' balloting the number was reduced to ihree^Col. Ball, Col. W. H. Perry, and Col. Henry Gail- M W^ d^^^ SOUTH CAROLINA. 169 lard. The majority of the convention d(;cicled to put the names of these three in a hat, and have a man blindfolded draw from the hat, the first name drawn to be the nominee of the convention. , Capt. G. W. Shell was the person designated to do the drawing, and he drew the name of Col. W. H. Perry, and he was accordingly made the candidate of the convention. Col. Ball was chairman of the democratic county central committee from 1876 till 18S6. He is a member of the Masonic fraternity which he joined in 1852, and in which he has taken both the chapter and the council degrees. He served as grand master of the state in 1875, and has served as master of his lodge for several years, still holding that position. He is an official member of the Presbyterian church. As a lawyer, Col. Ball has made for himself a reputation possessed by but few of his profes- sion in the state. While his practice has been of a general nature, his special attention has been directed to the criminal branch of the law for the practice of which he possesses peculiar qualifications. No other attorney in the state, probably, has had more of this practice or been more successful in its prosecution. He is one of South Caro- lina's ablest and oldest attorneys. Col. Ball was married, November 27, 1867, to Miss Eliza Watts, daughter of William D. Watts, Esq., a planter of Laurens county. They have two children living — a son and a daughter, the former of whom, William Watts Ball, is the part- ner of his father in the practice of the law. COLONEL JOHN W. FERGUSON, for two terms state senator from Laurens county, S. C, was born in Newberry, on the 2Qth day of November, 1835. He is the son of Dr. George P^erguson, a native of Laurens county and a graduate of the medical college at Lexington, Ky. He died when his son John W. was two years of age. The father of Dr. George was Ward Fergu- son, a native of Virginia, who removed from that state to Laurens county. He was a farmer by occupation, and was of Scotch descent. John W. Ferguson's mother's maiden name was Mary Peterson, a native of Newberry and of Danish descent. She died when her son was seven years of age. John W. Ferguson was reared to manhood in his native count3^ the greater part of his time being spent in the city of Newberry. Both his parents having passed away in his early youth, he resided with the relatives of his mother. His first education was received in the common schools of the county, but at fourteen he entered a Presbyterian male academy at Greenwood, S. C, taught by Dr. Isaac Auld, who at that time had gained much eminence as an educator. Here he remained four years, after which he entered Oglethorpe university at Milledgeville, Ga. He graduated from this institution in 1856, then at the age of twenty. Returning to his home he took up the vocatiori'of teacher, which he followed for one year in the lower part of Newberry county, in what is known as the Chin- piquin section. He was chosen as principal of the male academy at Cross Hill, Laurens county, which position he held until the breaking 170 SOUTH CAROLINA. out of the war, and while there he devoted his leisure time to the study of law under Col. B. W. Ball, of Laurens. He was opposed to seces- sion, but went with the tide of his state, and in the spring of 1861, en- listed in Company F, of the Third regiment of the South Carolina volunteers. Here he served some three or four months, when he was discharged on account of physical disability. On his return home he resumed teaching, which he followed until September, 1S64, when he re-entered the militai'}' service as a member of the state troops, and upon the organization of the Fourth regiment of the state troops, he was chosen major. One month later, the colonel of the regiment resigned and Mr. Ferguson was elected to the colonelcy. He held this rank until the close of the war. All this time he carried a dis- charge and his service was consequently voluntary on his part. In 1866 he was chosen principal of the male academy at Laurens. Meanwhile he had been admitted to the bar, namely in May, 1868, but he retained his position as principal of the Laurens male academy until {872. He was then elected a professor in the Laurensville female college. He resigned this position in 1874, and entered upon the practice of law which he has ever since followed. His success in his chosen profession has been marked, and he is now recognized as one of the foremost attorneys in the state. He is the local attorney for the Richmond & Danville railway company, to which he renders effective service. His politics are democratic. He was elected in No- vember, 1880, a state senator from Laurens county, and served in that position four years, declining another election. In 188S, however, he was again persuaded to make the race for state senator and was suc- cessful. He is now serving his second term. He has once held the office of mayor of the city of Laurens. He is an official member of the Presbyterian church, is a director in the National bank of Laur- ens, and one of the trustees of the South Carolina college. He is a stockholder in the Laurens oil mill, is one of the trustees of the Lau- rensville female college and a member of the Masonic order, in which he has taken the chapter and council degrees. Col. Ferguson was married December 30, 1869, to Miss Mary Dorroh, daughter of Dr. W. M. Dorroh, of Newberry county. They have four children, three of whom are boys. COLONEL JOHN LAURENS MANNING IRBY was born in Laurens county, S. C, September 10, 1854. His primary education was acquired at the academy in his native county, and he afterward attended Princeton one year, then entered the University of Virginia, spending three years at that institution, leaving it in 1873. He then studied law in the office of Henry Mclver, at present (1890), judge of the supreme court of South Carolina. In 1876, he was ad- mitted to the bar, and opened a law office at Laurens, where he prac- ticed two years. At the expiration of that time he retired to a farm, and has been engaged in the farming occupation ever since. In 1876, he was an ardent and effective supporter of Wade 1 lampton, for gov- SOUTH CAROLINA. I71 ernor. That campaign ended, he quit politics for a decade, confining himself to his own private affairs. But in 1886, he was elected to the legislature from Laurens county, and was re-elected in 1888. His aptitude for leadershi]) was at once recognized in the house of repre- sentatives, and he took a prominent part in the legislation of that body. He was a member of the state executive committee, as well as of the Chesterfield county committee, though that body was from the beginning opposed to the policy pursued by Gov. Hampton and his political adherents. This state of the public sentiment of the county, caused Col. Irby to quit the county, and return to Laurens county, where he could more effectively support Gen. Hampton for governor. In i8go. Col. Irby was again elected to the legislature, practi- cally without opposition, to represent Laurens county. He was made speaker of the house by a unanimous vote. To Col. Irby, Capt. Shell, and Gov. Tillman, more than to any others, is the credit due for the success of the Reform or Farmers' movement in the state, in the cam- paign of 1S90. In the August and September conventions for that year. Col. Irby was appointed chairman of the state democratic e.xecutive committee, and thus was imposed upon him the responsiblity of con- ducting the campaign. Most nobly did he sustain the confidence and trust reposed in him by his party in the achievement of the splendid culmination of the reform movement. Failure is not incorporated in Col. Irby's constitution, and triumphantly did he vindicate that characteristic in the success of this movement. In 1876, Col. Irby was married to Nannie McFarland, of Cheraw, S. C. They have been blessed with a family of six children, whose names are: Julia, William C, Gary Pope, J. L. M., Jr., Pierce Shaw and Henry Gratton Tillman, the last son being named in honor of Gov. Tillman. The father of Col. Irby, was James H. Irby, a descendant of one of the heroes of the Revolution. He was born in Laurens county, and was a lawyer by profession. Though he died in i860, his record shows that he was opposed to secession. He was married to Miss Henrietta Earle, a first cousin of Gov. Hugh .S. Thompson, and of ex-Attorney-General Joseph H. Earle. They had eleven children, of whom Col. Irby Was the eighth in the order of birth. Col. James H. Irby, in 1854, was elected lieutenant-governor of South Carolina, and In 1858 lacked only one vote of being elected governor. At his death, in i860, he left an estate of the value of $500,000. He was a graduate of South Carolina college, and was in the widest sense of the term a self-made man, having an exhaustless store of sound common sense, correct judgment, and an innate knowlege of human nature. His widow, the honored mother of the subject of this sketch, still survives. The grandfather of Col. Irby, was a native South Carolinian, and was a captain in the Revolutionary war. The great-grandfather of Col. Irby, on the maternal side, was Judge Thompson, of Greenville, S. C. COLONEL JAMES DRAYTON NANCE. The subject of this sketch was born in Newberry, S. C, October 10, 1837, and was the son of Drayton and Lucy (Williams) Nance. 172 SOUTH CAROLINA. He received his school education at Newberry, and was graduated from the Citadel military academy at Charleston. In 1S59 he was admitted to the bar and began the practice of law at Newberry. In the winter of 1860-61 he was unanimously elected captain of the " Quitman Rifles," an infantry company formed at Newberry, and afterward incorporated into the Third regiment. South Carolina volunteers. With his company he was mustered into the Confeder- ate service at Columbia in April, 1S61. With his company he was at the first battle of Manassas. On May 16, 1862, upon the re-organ- ization of the Third regiment he was chosen its colonel, a position which he filled until his death. As colonel he commanded the regi- ment in the battles of Seven Pines, Savage Station, Malcolm Hill, Marjdand Heights, Sharpsburg, Fredericksburg (where he was wounded), Gettysburg, Chickamauga, Knoxville and the Wilderness, where, on the 6th of May, 1864, he was instantly killed. His body was brought home and was interred with fitting honors. He was a brilliant and brave officer, and rendered marked service in the field of battle to the cause of the Confederacy, and had he lived would have risen to higher position and greater honor, as at his death it was gener- ally understood that a commission as brigadier-general had already been decided upon as his just dues by his superiors. At the age of seventeen years Col. Nance united with the Baptist church at New- berry, and from that time until his death was distinguished for his Christian consistency. COLONEL RICHARD CANNON WATTS is a native of Laurens county, being born there on the 15th of March, 1853. His father, John Watts, also a native of Laurens county, was by occupation a planter, and was born in 1808. He died in 1857. He was the son of James Watts, a native of Virginia, and a soldier in the Revolutionary war. He came to South Carolina Immediately after the close of the war, and settled on Saluda river, in Laurens county, where he engaged in planting, and where he spent the remainder of his life. He had a brother, John Watts, who also removed from Virginia and settled in Laurens county. A son of John Watts, whose name was Beaufort T. Watts, served as secretary of the legation at St. Petersburg, under Arthur Middleton, then United States minister to Russia. After serving in that capacity four years, Beaufort T. Watts served eight years as United States minister to New Granada, South America. He subsequenty served as secretary of state in South Carolina, and also a quartermaster-general of this state. He died in 1868. Another brother of the family was a grandfather of Thomas H. Watts, removed from Virginia to Alabama, and was twice chosen governor of that state. He was afterward attorney-general of the southern Confederacy. A brother of John Watts, uncle of the subject of this sketch, whose name was William 1). Watts, served as probate judge of Laurens county twenty years, and was a member of the South Carolina convention which adopted the ordinance of seces- SOUTH CAROLINA. 1 73 sion. He died in 1861. A nephew of John Watts, whose name was Col. J. Washington Watts, was a member of Gen. Young's staff dur- ing the war, and served several terms in the South Carolina legisla- ture. A son of Judge William D. Watts, whose name was John W. Watts, served as a captain in the Confederate army, and was sheriff of Laurens county. The paternal branch of the family was of Welsh and English descent. Many of its members were prominent in the early history of South Carolina. The mother of Col. Watts was Elizabeth C, the daughter of Col. Richard Cannon, a wealthy planter of Newberry county. She was a niece of Col. George S. Cannon, who served as colonel of the state militia prior to the war, and was a member of the legislature from Newberry county. Her second cousin was the wife of ex-Gov. Ross, of Te.xas. She is also related to the Garys, a prominent South Carolina family. On the maternal side the family is of Scotch descent, Lord Lindsey being a relative of the family. Col. Richard C. Watts, the subject of this sketch, is the sixth of seven children, four daughters and two sons. Five — two sons and three daughters — are still living. The eldest son, James Watts, stood highest in his class in South Carolina college during his two years' attendance. He left college to enter the civil war, but shortly after died of sickness. The second son. Major William A. Watts, is pres- ent cashier of the People's Loan & Exchange bank, of Laurens. Col. Watts has spent his whole life in Laurens county, and was educated at the Laurensville male academy and the University of Virginia. He read law with Col. B. W. Ball, of Laurens, and was admitted to the bar in 1873 under a special act of the legislature, he being only twenty years of age. For six years he was the law partner of Hon. Young J. Pope, present attorney-general of South Carolina. He was then for ten years partner of Col. Ball, his former preceptor. He has always been recognized as one of the ablest and most successful members of the Laurens county bar, and one of the leading attorneys in the upper section of the state. His practice has been a lucrative one. He is a member of the South Carolina bar association, his politics are demo- cratic, and he took a very active part in releasing the state from negro domination in 1876. In 1877, he was appointed as aide on the staff of Gov. Wade Hampton, with the rank of lieutenant-colonel, and served as chief of staff during the gubernatorial term of Gov. W. D. Simpson. He is a member of the South Carolina club, serving as its president in 1879. In December, 1890, he wasnominated in the pri- mary convention for a seat in the state legislature (and elected with- out opposition) made vacant by the resignation of United States Senator John L. M. Irby. He is a member of the South Carolina Farmers' association, and was very prominent in the Tillman movement of 1890. He was a member of the farmers' convention which sug- gested the nomination of Gov. Tillman, and of the democratic con- vention which nominated him. Col. Watts was one of Gov. Tillman's enthusiastic supporters. He is a member of the Presbyterian church, of the Masonic lodge, in which he has also taken the chapter and council degrees, past master of his lodge and past high grand priest 174 SOUTH CAROLINA. of the grand chapter of South CaroHna. He is a prominent member of the general grand chapter of the United States. He is a stock- holder in the National bank and the People's Loan & Exchange bank, of Laurens; is one of the editors and proprietors of the Laurensville Herald, and is a heavy real estate owner, having in all 5,000 acres of land in Laurens and Chesterfield counties. In 1881, he was joined in marriage with Miss Alleine Cash, daughter of Col. E. B. Cash, late one of the foremost and wealthiest planters of the state. They have four children, one son and three daughters. CHRISTOPHER GUSTAVUS MEMMINGER. This distinguished son of South Carolina, though born in Wur- temburg, Germany, was among her most honorable and patriotic citizens. He was born on the 7th of January, 1803, and was the son of Christopher Godfrey Memminger, at one time a captain in the army of the elector of Suabia. Our subject's grandfather was an offi- cer in the University of Babenhausen. August Goebert, the mana- ger of the railway systems of Belgium, married a cousin of Mr. Memminger. At the early age of four years Mr. Memminger was left an orphan, and was placed in an asylum at Charleston. At the age of nine years he was adopted by Mr. Thomas Bennett, afterward governor of South Carolina, introduced into his family, and brought up with the same care and training as that of his own children. As soon as he had finished his collegiate course he studied law under Mr. Bennett, and after three or four years of study com- menced a most brilliant career in the field of politics, and at the bar. In 1832, when the question of nullification was exciting the leading minds of the south, he espoused the union party in the state, and published a most withering satire on his side of the question, enti- tled, the " Book of Nullification." In 1836 he was elected to the house of representatives from the city of Charleston, which office he held for four years. In the great money panic of that year, in which all the banks of the state suspended specie payment, he was largely instrumental in securing the forfeiture of the charters of all the suspended banks. In 1854 he undertook the colossal task of re- forming the public school system of the state. Up to that time the system consisted of a few " charity schools," hardly worthy of the name. Mr. Memminger went north to examine the system there, in order to conduct the schools in their integrity. He returned home, presented a bill in the legislature levying an educational tax, and in spite of strong opposition, carried it, and put the school system of the state on a strong and enduring basis. Immediately after the passage of the ordinance of secession Mr. Memminger was appointed a member of the celebrated Confederate congress, at Montgomery, Ala., and he it was, who as chairman of the committee, drafted the constitution of the Confederate States. Upon the organization of the government he was appointed secretary of the Confederate treasury, which he managed with a skill and ability almost seemingly SOUTH CAROLINA. I 75 impossible with the means at hand. Through his unfaiHng re- sources the treasury was eked out for nearly five years, never, in the words of Jefferson Davis, " having sufficient for the day that is pass- ing over." He first adopted the plan of issuing Confederate notes to be taken up by bonds, a method afterward employed by Secretary Chase in the United States treasury, with great success. Having shared the evil fortune of his fallen brothers in the disastrous results of the war, he returned, in 1867, to the practice of the law, and since that time he has rendered the state important service, although he has studiously avoided politics. He has organized a company for the development of the phosphatic beds of the state, from which has grown the immense fertilizer industry of South Carolina. He re- organized and re-opened the South Carolina college, which is at this time in a prosperous condition, and from which some of the most il- lustrious men of the state have graduated. In his religious views, in common with all the higher classes of the south, Mr. Memminger was an Episcopalian, and stood high in connection with official action of that church in South Carolina. In all the rush of his public life Mr. Memminger found time to devote to his most happy and inter- esting family circle. He has been twice married, first, to Miss Mary Wilkinson, of Virginia, a niece of Commodore Wilkinson, and sec- ond, to Sarah A., the sister of his first wife, in 1878. There are eight children of the two unions living: Dr. Thomas Bennett Memmin- ger, a physician of St. Louis; Rev. Robert Withers Memminger, a distinguished divine of Charleston, and author of " What is Relig- ion?" "Present Issues," and "Greatness"; Christopher Gustavus Memminger, an orange grower, of Florida; Allard Memminger, analytical chemist; Ellen Memminger; Mary, wife of Mr. Van Cotte, an engineer of Brussels, and Virginia, wife of Ralph J. Middleton, Jr., of Charleston. MAJOR STILES PLUMER DENDY, a prominent member of the bar of Walhalla, v/as born in Pickens district, now Oconee county, S. C, May 28, 1S39. He was the son of Capt. James H. Dendy, a native of Laurens county, who for sixteen years served as ordinary of the old Pickens district. The father died in 1846. On the father's side the lineage of the family began in Scotland. The maiden name of Major Dendy's mother was Eliza- beth Knox, a native of what is now Oconee county, S. C, born in 1804. She was the daughter of John Knox, a native of Ireland, and died in December, 1880. Maj. Dendy spent his boyhood days on the old Dendy homestead in Oconee county. He received his earlier schooling in the country academies, and in 1859, entered the Thalian academy, under the supervision of the Rev. John L. Kennedy, a famous institution of that day, where he entered upon the study of the classics, remaining there during one session. Then, in the fall of 1859, he entered the Pendleton male academy, where he completed his preparatory course under Prof. W. J. Ligon, late of Anderson. 176 SOUTH CAROLINA. In the early part of 1S61 he entered the freshman class of the South Carolina college, at Columbia, and attended one session. The war having come on, a company of cadets was organized in the college of which he became a member. This military organization sought permission from the governor to go to Charleston at the time of the bombardment of Fort Sumter. This was granted and the cadets proceeded to Charleston and witnessed the bombardment but took no part in it. After the reduction of the fort they returned to college and continued their studies until the close of the session, in July, 1861. Maj. Dendy then returned home, and the war having been fully in- augurated, in the fall of 1S61, he concluded not to re-enter college, but instead to enter the Confederate service, which he did. He as- sisted in the organization of Company C, Second regiment, South Carolina rifles, in which he became first lieutenant. The regiment became a part of Jenkins' brigade, Hood's division, Longstreet's corps, army of northern Virginia. It was mustered into service No- vember 2, i86ii The regiment was first ordered to Sullivan's Island, where it was placed under command of Col. James L. Orr. Maj. Dendy served in this regiment until the close of the war. He was twice promoted, first to captain, last to major, serving in the latter capacity during the last two years of the war. He participated in several leading battles of the war, but escaped without being wounded except in the battle of the Wilderness, when he suffered a slight wound. From the war he returned home and took a brief review of his literary studies at a country academy. In 1S67 he went to Carnes- ville, Ga., where for a year and a half he taught a classical school, and, at the same time, pursued the study of law under Judge John B. Estes. In the fall of 1868 he entered the law department of the Uni- versity of Virginia, where he remained two years, pursuing legal and philosophical studies. Returning to his home in Oconee county, he was admitted to the bar at Walhalla, in the fall of 1870. Shortly after his admission to practice he was elected to the ofifice of probate judge and subsequently was twice re-elected, serving three terms of two years each. Meanwhile, November 2, 1871, he was joined in marriage with Miss Alice E. Sitton, of Pendleton, the daughter of John B. Sitton, Esq. His place of residence has been at VValhalla since 1871. After retiring from the office of probate judge, he de- voted his time wholly to the practice of law until 1880. In that year he was elected a member of the lower branch of the state legislature, serving therein two years. Aside from this he has pursued his legal practice uninterruptedly, the same being of a general character, and great success has crowned his labors. He is one of the foremost lawyers in the upper portion of the state. He is a democrat in politics, and a Presbyterian in religious faith, being an elder and a very prominent worker in that church. In 1876 he represented the presbytery of South Carolina in the general assembly of the Southern Presbyterian church, which met at Savannah, Ga. In 1881 he repre- sented the South Carolina presbytery in the general assembly which met at Staunton, Va., and in 1888, he represented the same body in SOUTH CAROLINA. I 7/ the general assembly which met at Baltimore, and by virtue of this office he represented his presbytery in the centennial of the organ- ization of the general assembly of the Presbyterian church in the United States of America, which was held at Philadelphia in May, 1888. Major Dendy is a prominent Free Mason, having taken both the chapter and council degrees, and being at present the senior warden of the grand lodge of South Carolina. He is the present master of his lodge and has served in that capacity for a number of years; he is also the present high priest of his chapter and a past thrice illustrious grand master of his council. Mr. and Mrs. Dendy have been blessed with three children, two of whom are daughters. Both daughters are students in Converse college, at Spartanburg, while the son, who is the youngest, at present remains at home with his parents. COLONEL WILLIAM CALHOUN KEITH, late a distinguished lawyer, an able editor, and a highly esteemed cit- izen of Walhalla, S. C, was born in what is now Oconee county, S. C, February 6, 1836. He received a good elementary education, one of his teachers being the Rev. J. L. Kennedy, an eminent educator of that day. Later he pursued his studies for a short time at P^urman university, after which, in 1853, he entered the freshman class of South Carolina college. He had as contemporaries there such men as Hon. M. C. Butler and Capt. H. L. McGowan, but notwithstanding such famous competitors, he stood at the head of his class. He graduated in 1857, and at once entered upon the study of law with his brother. Col. E. M. Keith, of Pickens, S. C. He afterward read law a few months in the office of Judge J. J. Norton. In response to the call for troops by the state of South Carolina, he entered the Confederate service July 18, 1861, taking rank as sergeant in Company A, Orr's regiment of rifles. He was subsequently elected lieutenant of his company, and was finally made adjutant of the regiment, which posi- tion he held until he was captured near the close of the war. For a considerable time after Lee's surrender he suffered in a northern prison. Throughout his entire military career he served his country with distinguished zeal and patriotism, maintaining that same popu- larity which characterized his v,diole life. At the close of the war he resumed his law studies, and was soon admitted to the bar. He shortly afterward formed a law partnership with the Hon. J. P. Reed. In point of brilliancy and effectiveness in his profession, his record as a lawyer has never been surpassed and rarely ever equalled in the state. In the pursuit of his calling he gained both honor and competence. No man had greater strength or influence before a jury, and his legal brethren, both at the bar and upon the bench, were delighted and in- structed by the ingenuity of his arguments and his profound knowl- edge of the law. His success at the bar was due to his marked sagacity, his searching investigation of all cases intrusted to his care, his cor- rect conclusions, and the clear, forcible and logical manner in which he presented them to the courts. Throughout almost his entire pro- A 12 178 SOUTH CAROLINA. fessional career he was a resident of Walhalla, at which place he died, and at the bar of which he was the recognized leader. His practice, however, was by no means conhned to Oconee county. His fame as a successful advocate became wide-spread, and with it his practice grew until it extended over a considerable portion of the state. Though skilled and accomplished in every department of the law it was in the practice of the criminal branch that he was more particu- larly strong and effective. As a criminal lawyer he was second to none in the state, and he had few, if any, peers. He defended more than twenty persons for murder, all of whom were acquitted. Learned, eloquent, logical, his pleas for the lives of his clients always carried conviction to the minds of the jury. His advocacy was char- acterized by a thorough knowledge of the law, a quick and direct application of the law to the evidence, and it was strengthened and enriched by apt and effective illustrations drawn not only from fa- miliar scenes in life, but also from the broad fields of ancient and mod- ern historj'. Not onh' did he distinguish himself at the bar, but also during his brief, yet brilliant, career, did he display superior talent as an editor and a politician. For nearly twenty years prior to his death he was one of the editors and proprietors of the Keowee Courier, and though the circulation of this paper was confined chiefly to Oconee county, he wielded an influence in its editorial columns that was felt throughout the state. He gained a fine reputation as a writer for the press, and though bold and fearless in giving expression to his opin- ions, he was always considerate of the feelings and positions of those who might differ from him. He was never personal nor offensive, but wielded a trenchant pen with marked ability, and it is safe to say that had he devoted his whole attention to journalism he would have acquired both honor and prominence in the journalistic field. Throughout his entire career Col. Keith was a consistent democrat; he was one of the leaders of that party in the upper part of the state, and exerted a strong influence, both in private councils and upon the stump. Shortly after the close of the war he was elected to the lower branch of the state legislature, and rendered good service to his con- stituents in that body. He was one of the few members who voted against what was then known as the " Black Code," the passage of which contributed much to force re-construction upon the south. He was appointed by Gov. Orr colonel of a militia regiment, but re-con- struction soon followed and the militia was not re-organized. In i86cS Pickens district was divided in two, and from that portion of it now known as Oconee county. Col. Keith was sent to the house of representatives in 1869. He was re-elected to the house, after which he was elected to the state senate, where he did faithful and effective service for four years. He was returned to the legislature as long as he would consent to be a candidate, and was repeatedly urged to rep- resent his county in that body after he had determined to retire. For many years he ably filled the chairmanship of the democratic county committee, and from that position also, he voluntarily retired. Dur- ing the memorable campaign of 1876, he held that position and exer- SOUTH CAROLINA. 1 79 cised a powerful influence toward harmonizing and unifying the democ- racy of the county. Col. Keith was a member of the Methodist church. He was deeply imbued with the religious feeling. His home was always open to his friends, and the ministers of all denominations were cordially invited to the enjoyment of his generous hospitality. He contributed liberally for church purposes, and to promote the moral improvement of the people. He was a member of the Masonic fraternity; was a full man, an exact man, and every one with whom he came in contact, whether his ally or opponent, knew and felt him to be a man of superior talents, a profound reasoner, a brilliant law- yer, and a capable and fully equipped man of affairs. But it was his inborn honesty, courtesy, gentleness and manly congeniality that en- deared him to all whose pleasure and privilege it was to enjoy his acquaintance. The father of Col. Keith, Major William L. Keith, served for nearly thirty years as clerk of the court in Pickens district. Col. Keith died at his home in Walhalla, February 7, 1889, and was interred in the Baptist cemetery of that place, in which an appropri- ate monument has since been erected to his memory by his wife. Her maiden name was Elizabeth M. Reid, daughter of Samuel Reid, Esq., and ex-sheriff of Pickens district. She still survives, and to- gether with nine children left to her sole care upon the death of her distinguished husband, occupies the family residence in Walhalla. She proved to be a most worthy helpmeet to her illustrious compan- ion, and her devotion to him while living, though of the most tender and affectionate character, did not surpass her constancy to his mem- ory since his death. COLONEL JAMES WILLIAM LIVINGSTON, late an honored and distinguished citizen of Seneca, S. C, was born in Abbeville county, S. C, August 12, 1832, being the son of Dr. John F. Livingston, a physician by profession. Col. Livingston's mother was Miss Amanda Brooks before her marriage. The early life of Col. Livingston was chiefly spent in the town of Abbeville, to which his parents removed when he was yet a small child. He entered the South Carolina college in 1S49, and graduated in 1S52. He then studied law at Abbeville, under Judge Thomson, and was admitted to the bar, after which he began the practice of his profession in that place. In 1858 he married Miss Clara Kilpatrick, the accomplished daughter of John C. Kilpatrick, and sister of Col. Frank VVhitner Kilpatrick, who was killed in the battle of Lookout Mountain. Im- mediately after his marriage Col. Livingston removed to a farm in what is now Oconee county, and turned his attention to agriculture. Upon the breaking out of the civil war he entered the service of the Confederate government, having organized Company A of Orr's regi- ment of rifles, of which he was chosen captain. He commanded his company, however, only a few months, having been, by reason of a vacancy, promoted to the rank of major. In that capacity he served about one year, when he was promoted to the colonelcy of Orr's regiment. Ill health obliged him to resign in October, 1862, and re- l8o SOUTH CAROLINA. turn home. He never fully regained his health, continuing to reside on his farm until 1874. In that year he removed with his family to Seneca, but still retained possession of his farm, which he continued to own until his death. It is still in the possession of his surviving wife. He was elected to the lower branch of the state legislature in the fall of 1874, shortly after he removed to Seneca. He served one term in the house, and in 1876 was elected to the state senate, serving in that body a term of four years. Upon the close of his senatorial term he became editor and proprietor of the Seneca Free Press, which he published some three or four years. He was a democrat in poli- tics, and was one of the active members of that party in his section of the state. For a number of years prior to his death he was an elder in the Presbyterian church. He was a member of the Masonic lodge. His death occurred August 25, 1886. His widow and seven children survive him. Three of the children are sons, and of the daughters two are married. Mrs. Livingston is a member of the Presbyterian church. JUDGE JOSEPH J. NORTON. Among the prominent and representative citizens of South Caro- lina is Judge Joseph J. Norton, being born of Miles M. and N. Frances Norton, in Old Pendleton, S. C, June 13, 1835. His great-grand- father, William Norton, coming from Pennsylvania, became a citizen of South Carolina, over a hundred years ago, and his descendants are scattered over the southern and northwestern states. His son, Jeptha, grandfather of Judge Norton, was a captain in the Revolu- tionary war, and was also a member of the legislature. Capt. Miles M. Norton was a merchant of large business at Old Pickens Court House, having removed there while his son, the judge, was an in- fant, and there served as commissioner in equity for more than fifteen years. On his mother's side. Judge Norton descended from the good family of Grisham. His grandfather was one of the most prominent men of Old Pendleton, and an extensive land owner, selling in 1845, to the German settlement society, 16,000 acres, upon which the pres- ent town of Walhalla is situated. Judge Norton's education began at an early age, under the tutorship of the Rev. John L. Kennedy,* and he continued school at that place till seventeen years old, when he being an only child, his parents went with him to Athens, Ga., where he graduated from the university, in 1855.' Returning to Old Pickens, he at once began to study law under Gov. Perry, and was admitted to the bar in 1856, at the age of twenty-one years, and de- voted his time and talents to the practice and study of his profession until 1861. When the call for volunteers was made, he was among the first, with his father. Miles M. Norton, to organize companies, and at the head of Company C, and E, Orr's rifles, respectively, the father and son, being the only male members of their families, bade adieu to home to espouse the cause of their country on the battle- fields of Virginia. Thus the father and only son entered the army, and SOUTH CAROLINA. lol were foremost and prominent in the battles around Richmond, until death, by a wound in the second battle of Manassas ended the gal- lant services of the father, in which battle Cols. Marshall and Ledbet- ter were killed, whereupon Col. Norton assumed command of the regiment. With equal devotion and patriotism he continued in the army, participating in every battle in which Orr's regiment was en- gaged, up to the memorable battle of Fredericksburg, when in the midst of the battle he received a wound in the right arm. Shifting his sword from his right to his left hand, he gallantly led his regiment until he received a serious wound in his left arm which resulted in amputation. Thus disabled for active service, having received five wounds, he returned to his native state with an empty sleeve, and took charge of the enrolling department of Pickens district. After the war closed Juclge Norton recommenced the active prac- tice of law at Old Pickens, and continued there till the district was divided, when he moved to Walhalla, in 1868, where he continued his large and lucrative practice till his election as judge of the Eighth ju- dicial circuit, in 18S6. Being elected over some of the brightest talent of the state. Judge Norton has proved the wisdom of his friends in electing, and re-electing him in 1890, to fill this position. To show how much he is appreciated as judge, from very many com- plimentary notices in the state press, we select three: "Judge Norton comes to us with only fifteen days' experience on the bench. But it would be hard to make any one not acquainted with the fact believe that he was a new judge from the ease and dignity with which he fills the judicial chair, and the legal acumen which he displays ininstantly comprehending and deciding the most intricate points which some- times arise during the progress of the trial of a cause." — Cor. A^cias and Courier. " No man stands higher than he in the estimation of the bar and people, and the supreme court has acquired the habit of sustaining his positions, some of them taken against the judg- ment of the most brilliant and distinguished lawyers. We see praise of his decisions, bearings and methods of doing business wherever he goes. Oconee has abtmdant reason to be proud of this son of hers." — Greenville Nezvs. " He is strict yet courteous, dignified yet affable. He is firm in his rulings yet they are given in the most pleasant manner." — The County Record. Very seldom reversed by the supreme court, the press all over the state with no exception, unite in saying that the fairness, the justice, the firm- ness combined with gentleness, the expeditiousness and the knowl- edge of law, combined with his fine social qualities, place him among the most honored and respected of the judiciary. Judge Norton represented his county in the state legislature just after the war, but since then refusing all political offices, he is always ready with his wise counsels and his means to advance the cause of good government of his beloved state. As a Christian gentleman, Judge Norton's light shines upon all who come within his reach, elected ruling elder in the Presbyterian church, at the age of twenty- one years, he has continuously performed the duties of that office in l82 SOUTH CAROLINA. a manner worthy of being copied, giving liberally of his means, time and talents. No one knows the judge till they see him in his home life, affectionate, gentle, considering nothing a trouble that gives pleasure to those he loves. He was most happily married in March, i860, to Miss T. A. Campbell, daughter of Dr. R. E. Campbell, one of the wealthiest and most prominent men of Laurens county. To them four children were born, three of whom survive, two daughters and one son. Judge Norton taken in every position in life, is found to be a man of irreproachable character, pure-hearted, generous, clear-headed, conscientious, ever ready to do his duty. COLONEL ROBERT ANDERSON THOMPSON, a leading attorney of VValhalla, S. C, was born in Pickens county, S. C, June 13, 1828. His father was Capt. Charles Thompson, a native of Union county, and by occupation a farmer. Capt. Thompson was the son of William Thompson, of Irish nationality and a farmer by occupation. His death occurred while a resident of Alabama. Capt. Thompson, father of the subject of this sketch, died in Pickens county, having reached the age of seventy-three years. His wife was Mahala Gaines, a native of what is now Pickens county. She was the daughter of Rev. Robert Gaines, a minister of the Methodist per- suasion, and a native of Virginia. She died at the home of her son, the subject of this sketch, in Walhalla, April, 1882, aged seventy-one years. Col. Thompson was reared on a farm until he arrived at the age of fourteen, receiving a good common school education. At that age he went to Pendleton and there served a four years' apprentice- ship at the printer's trade in the office of the Pendleton Messenger, one of the oldest papers in the upper part of the state, having been es- tablished in 1807. He followed his trade in some three or four dif- ferent places, until 1849, when he returned to Pendleton and took a proprietory interest in the Messenger at that place. He was con- nected with this paper as joint proprietor about three years. In 1853, he went to Pickens C. H., where shortly afterward he became the sole proprietor and sole editor of the Keoivee Courier, which had been established in 1849. He continued in this double relation from 1853 until 1868. He has been connected with this paper continuously ever since 1853, but as sole editor and proprietor only until 1868. In that year he removed the establishment to Walhalla, where, immediately after he sold an interest in it. Ever since that period. Col. Thomp- son has been a joint proprietor and associate editor of the paper. He was elected in 1853, a commissioner in equity for Pickens district, by the state legislature, serving in that capacity constantly up to 1868. The office was discontinued that year by legislative enactment. In i860, Col. Thompson was a member of the South Carolina secession convention, and in the fall of 1861, entered the Confederate service, a captain of Company B, .Second South Carolina rifie regiment, com- manded by Col. John V. Moore. This regiment belonged to Jenkin's brigade, I lood's division, Longstreet's corps, army of northern Vir- SOUTH CAROLINA. 183 ginia. Col. Thompson continued to hold the rank of captain until the fall of 1862, when he was promoted to the rank of lieutenant-colo- nel. He had commanded his company in the battle of Seven Pines, but after that battle he acted in a higher capacity. Col. Moore was killed at Second Manassas, after which Col. Thompson was the act- ing lieutenant-colonel at times, and at other times the acting colonel until he was made lieutenant-colonel in the fall of 1862. Late in 1S63, he resigned this position on account of ill health and retired to his home. Not having fully regained his health until after the close of the war, he never re-entered the service. During his military career he participated in all the battles in the vicinity of Richmond, and in the battle of Fredericksburg. In the fall of 1868 he removed to Walhalla, where he has ever since resided. Col. Thompson had given much attention to the study of law, both before and after the war, and in 1872, was admitted to the bar and began the active practice of the profession, associating himself with Judge Samuel McGowan, as his law partner. He has continued in the practice ever since, divid- ing his attention between his law practice and journalism. Abundant success has attended him at the bar, giving him rank among the ablest practitioners of the state. Col. Thompson holds to the demo- cratic faith in politics, and since 1876, has taken an active part therein, wielding a great influence, both through the medium of the press and in the arena of public debate. He has held the position of chairman of the democratic central committee of Oconee county for several years. His law practice has been general in its nature. Thompson & Jaynes is the title of the law firm, of which he is the senior mem- ber, his junior partner, Robert T. Jaynes, being a bright and promis- ing young practitioner. This firm is associated with that of Wells & Orr, of Greenville, one of the ablest legal firms in the state. In re- ligion. Col. Thompson subscribes to the Presbyterian creed, being a member of that church. He is a Royal Arch Mason, having been initiated at Pendleton in 1850, and has served as the master of the lodge at Pickens during almost the entire time of his residence there. He is a past high priest of the chapter at Walhalla, and has taken the degrees in the council, making nine in all, is a member of the K. of H., and the Knights of the Golden Rule. In his business rela- tions he is a member of the Walhalla Building & Loan association and a stockholder in the Seneca oil mill. He has taken an active part in the educational affairs, having served as public school trustee during most of the time since 1853. He is a member of the South Carolina Bar association. Col. Thompson was married in Oc- tober, 1S57, to Miss L. Rose Starritt, of Clarksville, Ga. They have seven living children, four of whom are sons. BENJAMIN ELLIOTT. He whose name stands at the head of this sketch was among the most conspicuous class of South Carolinians who have lived within the past half century. He was born in Charleston, in 1786, being the eld- 184 SOUTH CAROLINA. est child of Thomas Odingsell Elliott and Mary Pinckney, who was a sister of Hon. Charles Pinckney. The ancestors of Mr. Elliott on both sides, weie representatives of the best and oldest blood of South Carolina. At an early age, Mr. Elliott exhibited a marked literary turn of mind which pervaded his youth and inspired his maturer years. At an early age he entered Princeton college, where he grad- uated with distinction, for a couple of years after which he devoted himself to literature, becoming a graceful writer and a fluent speaker. He read law under Hon. Thomas Parker, and was admitted to the bariniSio. Shortly after this he married Katherine O. Savage, by whom he had six children — three sons and three daughters. He began the practice in co-partnership with the celebrated Robert Y. Hayne. So profound a scholar was Mr. Elliott that his contemporaries said of him that he was a walking library, not only of the law, but general and classic literature. Mr. Elliott 'was the author of a number of works, political, historical and literary productions, among them a pamphlet entitled " A Refutation of the Calumnies Circulated Against the Southern and Western States in Regard to the Institution of Slavery," a work which at the time attracted universal attention, and elicited most favorable comment alike for its literary merit and the truth and fairness presented in the paper. This was the first and certainly the ablest defense ever made in behalf of the south against the calumnies of unprincipled northern politicians. In his political ideas he was of the uncompromising Jeffersonian school, as will be seen from many of his public speeches and orations as well as from his published works. In 1S14 he published a pamphlet entitled, " A Sketch of the Means and Benefits of Prosecuting this War against Great Britain," in this also was shown great literary power. As a purely classical writer, the ability of Mr. Elliott can be estimated by the perusal of a beautiful criticism by him upon a translation of the Hon. John L. Wilson of the interesting allegory of " Cupid and Psyche," from the "Metamorphoses of the Golden Alps " of Apuleius. In the difficulties between .South Carolina and the general govern- ment in relation to the tariff and other usurpations by that govern- ment, Mr. Elliott adopted the doctrines of his state which he de- fended with enthusiasm, patriotism and ability, all through the stormy period of nullification. In the family circle, Mr. Elliott's splendid qualities of heart were well brought out; and as a citizen he was universally loved and respected. He departed this life in 1836, at the age of fifty-five years. MAJOR T. E. DUDLEY, of Marlborough county, .S. C, is one of the leading attorneys of that section of the state, and is the oldest living native male resident of Bennettsville, his birth having taken place on the 5th day of Novem- ber, 1836. His parents were Christopher W. and Rebecca P. (Rob- eson) Dudley, the former a native of Cumberland county, N. C, and the latter of Chesterfield county, S. C. Christopher W. Dudley was SOUTH CAROLINA. 185 an able lawyer, and in 1855 retired. For about twelve years he rep- resented his district in the state senate havinj^- been a member of the house of representatives for several years preceding his election to the senate; for the years 1837- 1838 he served as state reporter, and in all his public life evinced great talents, and the most rigid integ- rity. He died January 15th, 1881, at the age of seventy-two years. As a member of the Baptist church he was active and consistent, and died firmly believing in his Redeemer's power to save. The widow survives him at the advanced age of seventy-four years. Robeson county was named in honor of Maj. Robeson, the maternal great- grandfather of Maj. Dudley. The only two surviving direct descend- ants of her father, Peter Lord Robeson, being Maj. William L. Rob- eson, seventy-nine years of age, and Mrs. Rebecca (Robeson) Dudley. Christopher Dudley accompanied his parents to Darlington county, S. C, from North Carolina when he was but twelve years of age. Four years later he was engaged in teaching school in Marion county, S. C, and his rise in life was rapid. Maj. T. E. Dudley is the oldest of ten children, all of whom are living with the exception of one who died at the age of forty-two years, in 1881. Our subject was com- pelled to abandon his studies at the state military college at Charles- ton on account of a trouble with his eyes. At this time he was eighteen years old, and for the two following years he held a clerk- ship with a mercantile house, in Bennettsville, S. C, after which he began the study of law under Chancellor W. D. Johnson, now of Marion county, and was admitted to the bar on November 23rd, 1858. He formed a partnership with his former preceptor in the law, which lasted until 1866, when that gentleman was made chancellor of the state. Mr. Dudley was one of the first to volunteer in the Confeder- ate service from Marlborough county, having enlisted before the fall of Sumter. He served in Company G, Eighth regiment, S. C. volunteer infantry. Col. E. B. C. Cash commanding, and was soon elected to the office of orderly sergeant; and November igth, 1861, was appointed sergeant-major of the regiment. He continued in this position until the re-organization of the army in May, 1862, when defeated for major of the regiment he re-joined his company as a private. May 27th, 1862, he was detailed for special duty at brigade headquarters, and while at Winchester, October ist, 1862, shortly after the battle of Antietam, he was promoted to assistant commissary of subsistence, with the rank of captain, and assigned to the Twenty-sixth S. C. regiment volunteer infantry, commanded by Col. A. D. Smith, at Church Flats, S. C; September 29, 1862, he was discharged from the army of northern Virginia; July 31, 1863, was retired by act of congress, and returning home, he was appointed enrolling otiicer in the conscript service, and assigned to Georgetown, S. C, with the rank of second lieutenant, receiving his commission September 22, 1863; and was re- commissioned captain October i, 1863, and stationed at Florence, S. C. The close of the war found him on duty at Camden, S. C. Maj. Dudley either participated in or was present on duty in many fierce engagements, among them being First Manassas, Seven Pines, l86 SOUTH CAROLINA. seven days' fight around Richmond, Maryland Heights, Antietam, Jackson and others. Returning home he resumed the practice of law with Chancellor Johnson, and at the time of the election of his part- ner to the office of chancellor, formed a partnership with Judge Henry Mclver, this firm continuing until the latter was elected to the state supreme bench, in 1877. Mr. H. H. Newton then became asso- ciated with him, and the connection was sustained until January i, iSqi. Mr. Dudley has made a success at the bar, especially as an office lawyer, and is a busines man of fair ability. For a time he held the office of deputy solicitor of the county. He is a stock-holder in the Bennettsville Building & Loan association, Marlborough bank, and also in the .S. C. & Pacific R. R. In May, 1863, Miss Amelia, daughter of the late Sight Townsend, became his wife, and nine children have blessed their union, viz.: Capt. Julius T., Carlos T., a junior in the state university, Janie R., Beuna Vista, Florence M., Christopher W., and three others now deceased. The family are valued commun- icants of the Presbyterian church, and Maj. Dudley held the office of deacon for eighteen years in Bennettsville church, and is now an elder, and he is also a member of the Masonic order, the K. of H., and the L. of H., and has never aspired to civil office, choosing rather to retain his independence of character and allegiance to his pro- fession. COLONEL KNOX LIVINGSTON. Col. Knox Livingston, attorney-at-law and one of the prominent men of this portion of the state, was born in Madison county, Fla., January i, 1850, on the first day of the week, the month and the year. His parents were Col. D. G. Livingston and Rhoda (Town- send) Livingston, the father a native of Glen Deurnell, Argleshire, Scotland, a merchant and planter. He came to America in 1826, and settled in Richmond county, later moving to Marlborough district, where he married and lived until 1845, when he removed to Madison county, Fla., where he lived until his death in 1866. He came to this country a poor bo3^ but succeeded in amassing a considerable for- tune, the most of which was lost by the results of the war. He was noted as a public spirited and energetic citizen, and held many posi- tions of profit and trust. He was prominent in church affairs, and no man yielded more influence for good in the section in which he lived. At his death he was fifty-two years of age. His wife was a daughter of .Samuel Townsend, who was for many years tax collector of Marl- borough district, and who was a descendant of Revolutionary stock. She was a woman of uncommon intellegence, having received no greater advantages than others, and she was a worthy helpmeet for her husband. In the raising of her children she was particularly careful, and endeavored to instill into their minds those lessons of wisdom and truth which should be their guide in after life. She passed from labor to reward in 18S6, aged sixty-eight years, a devoted and exemplary member of the Methodist Episcopal church. These parents had eleven children, seven of whom arc still living. Col. SOUTH CAROLINA. 187 Knox Livingston, our subject, was educated at the university of North Carohna, and read law under the tutelage of Judge E.J.Vann, of Florida, and was admitted to the bar of that state by a special act of the legislature, he being still a minor. At the instance of a cousin, Samuel J. Townsend, he came to Bennettsville in 1S70, and continued the study of law under Judge Hudson. In September, 1S70, he was admitted to the bar of South Carolina, and immediately formed a partnership with Judge Hudson, the firm name being Hudson, Liv- ingston & Newton. 'Fhis co-partnership continued until 1872, when our subject withdrew and formed a partnership with Capt. Harris Covington, who was deservedly regarded as one of the most brilliant men that the section had ever produced. Our subject continued with the captain until his death in 1876, since which time he has practiced alone, with the exception of one or two years as the partner of Judge Townsend. In addition to his office in Marlborough, he was a mem- ber of a firm in Marion, of which Capt. W. J. McKerall was a local partner, and at present is the senior member of the firm of Living- ston & Mclver, of Cheraw, S. C. Col. Livingston has been very suc- cessful in his chosen calling, and as proof of this he now has the largest practice of any attorney in the county. He has a good repu- tation wherever known, not only as an advocate, but also as a legal adviser. Not to mention the numerous cases in which he has won distinction he represented the defendants in the case of Steenbergen versus the C. F. & Y. V. railroad, in which the jurisdiction of the state courts in matters of inter-state commerce was first judicially es- tablished. His arguments in the case against Evans and others, in- volving the construction of a deed to the late land commissioner also attracted considerable attention. As a citizen, Col. Livingston is well to the front in all such enterprises as promise for the best wel- fare of the community. That he has so well succeeded in business is not due to blind luck, but to the real energy and good business sagacity. He was elected warden of Bennettsville in 1874, was elected intendant several times, and upon the renewal of the charter of the town, was chosen mayor, holding the office for four years. In 1883 he was elected to the legislature, but declined a re-election in 1885, owing to the demands of his profession. He has been a member of every convention since the ".Straight Out" convention of 1S76, in which he gave his vote for Gen. Wade Hampton for governor. He had the honor of placing in nomination Hon. Hugh H. Thompson for governor of South Carolina, also the Hon. J. P. Richardson for the same office. Both were elected. While a member of the house. Col. Livingston was one of the committee on the judiciary, and of priv- ilges and elections, and took a leading part in the debates and in forming the laws in these two sessions. He is a member of the board of trustees of the Marlborough educational society, having in charge the two graded schools, white and colored. He takes great interest in these institutions, and does all in his power to advance their welfare and make them a success. In 18S3 he was appointed a member of the personal staff of Gov. Thompson, with the rank of 1 88 • SOUTH CAROLINA. lieutenant-colonel, and in i8S8 was selected as a delegate to repre- sent the state at the first southern emigration convention which met at Asheville. He was also selected to receive, on behalf of the .state, the diploma presented by the Augusta exposition for the best exhibit ever made by a state, sharing the honors of the occasion with the lamented Grady who presented the diploma and made one of his most eloquent addresses. Col. Livingston was married in Columbia, S. C, November 30, 1871, to Miss Ella A. Wells, the daughter of Jeth Wells, for many years a very prominent cotton merchant and influential citizen of Columbia. Mrs. Livingston is a lady of rare in- telligence, education and refinement. She is a graduate of the Co- lumbia female college, and is possessed of that culture which comes from an acquaintance with schools anci books. The home of Colonel and Mrs. Livingston has been blessed by the birth of five children: The eldest, a daughter, is a member of the senior class of the Colum- bia female college; Rhoda is a member of the graduating class of the Marlborough graded school. These 3'oung ladies have taken the first honors in their respective classes; Vann Smith is a bright and promising boy of eight summers, and two others, Knox and Ella, died in childhood. The parents are members of the Methodist Episcopal church, Mrs. Livingston taking a deep interest in charita- ble works. Fraternally, Col. Livingston has been master of the Marlborough lodge of Masons; he is a member of the Knights of Honor. His position, influence and abilities have ever been at the service and well appreciated by the people of his community and state. He is the possessor of a "fine library in which the works of the best authors of the different ages are found. JOHN LOWNDES McLAURIN. The Hon. John Lowndes McLaurin, a member of the prominent law firm of Townsend & McLaurin, is a South Carolinian by birth, hav- ing been born in Marlborough county on the Qth of May, 1S60. Both his father's and mother's family were old and influential connections of the Palmetto state. The Hon. Philip B. McLaurin, his father, was an eminent attorney, and an extensive planter. He represented his county for two terms in the state legislature, and held a captain's commission in the Confederate army. Having been taken ill while in the southern service on the coast, he returned to his home where he_ died in February, 1863. Captain McLaurin was a man of great ability, and a scholar of unusual erudition. He was graduated from Davidson college in 1853, and immediately took his place in the world as a lawyer, and rapidly rose to the front ranks of his profession, hav- ing been elected to the legislature when but twenty-one years of age. Cut off by death in his thirty-fourth year, what promised to be a most brilliant and honorable career was ended. He married Miss. T. J. Weatherly in early manhood, and three children resulted, John Lowndes being the eldest, Thomas, who died in Englewood, N. J., at the age of thirteen, and Margaret, wife of T. Crosland. The mother SOUTH CAROLINA. 1 89 was a daughter of the late Col. T. C. Weatherly. She married for her second husband, Mr. W. S. Mowrey, of Charleston, S. C, in 1867, and they now reside in Englewood, N. J. A more extended mention of the origin of this family appears in another place in this work. John L. McLaurin, of whom we write more particularly, obtained his early schooling in Bennettsville, and later in the Bethel military academy, and after the death of his only brother, rejoined his mother in New Jersey, and soon after entered the sophomore class at Swath- more college. In 1877 he returned to the south, and in 1879 was graduated from the Carolina military institute at Charlotte. Enter- ing the law department of the University of Virginia, he completed the full course there, and was admitted to the bar in 1882. Some- time subsequent Mr. McLaurin became associated with Judge C. P. Townsend in the practice of his profession, and that happy partner- ship has since been in force. In 1890 Mr. McLaurin was elected to the house of representatives of South Carolina, and he is a member of the judiciary committee, and also on the committee of privileges and elections. lie holds the office of chief of ordinance on the staff of Gov. Tillman, with the rank of colonel, and is also captain of the vol- unteer company of Marlborough county, known as the Gordon rifles. On the 19th of February, 1883, his marriage to Miss Nora Breeden, daughter of Mr. T. J. Breeden, of Marlborough county, was solem- nized, and has been blessed by the birth of four children, their names being, Thomas B., Bessie B., John B. and Emma G., the last men- tioned being twins. Both Mr. and Mrs. McLaurin are communicants of the Methodist Episcopal church, south. HON. H. H. NEWTON. The Hon. H. H. Newton, one of the leading lawyers of South Carolina, is a native of Marlborough county, that state, where he now resides, the date of his birth being February i6th, 1845, and his par- ents the Rev. Cornelius and Dorcas (Purnell) Newton. The Rev. Cornelius Newton was a local preacher in the Methodist Episcopal church, south. He was a planter and slave-holder, and for more than fifty years was engaged in ministerial work, living a retired but useful life. Dorcas Purnell Newton was the daughter of Rev. Robert Purnell, who was also a local minister in the Methodist Episcopal church, south. He was a large slave-holder and a leading man in the community adjacent to Bennettsville. Cornelius Newton died in 1S79, at the advanced age of eighty -one years, his wife having preceded him to rest, March 22nd, 1872, aged seventy-four years. These parents had fourteen children, H. H., our subject, being the seventh son and fourteenth child. The outbreak of the civil war found him a student in the Palmetto academy, but he abandoned his studies to offer his services to the southern cause, January 22d, 1862, at which time he enlisted in Company E, Fourth South Carolina cavalry. Although but sixteen years old at the time of his enlist- ment, he served with valor and faithfulness until wounded in Haw- igO SOUTH CAROLINA. shop battle, May 2Sth, 1864, and forced to retire after two and one- half years of constant hard service. When Sherman marched through South Carolina, Mr. Newton rejoined his old command, although not yet recovered from his wounds. The war closing, he completed his preparation for the sophomore class of Wofford college, in 1866, and in iS6g, was graduated from that institution. He then taught school for a year, during which time every spare moment was devoted to the study of the law, and September iQth, 1870, he was admitted to the bar, and at once began active practice in part- nership with Judge Hudson and Mr. Livingston, at Bennettsville. The firm was changed in 1S72 by the retirement of Mr. Livingston, and January ist, 1876, Judge Hudson also retired. In June of the following year Mr. Newton became associated with Mr. T. E. Dudley, the firm name being Dudley & Newton, and they continued together until January ist, 1891. Mr. Newton's political career began on the 15th of August, 1876, when he was made a member of the democratic straight-out convention at Columbia, which nominated Wade Hamp- ton for governor of the state. In 1878 we find him in editorial charge of the Marlboro Planter, a journal which he most ably conducted for two years, when increasing practice and business cares necessitated his retirement from the journalistic field. In 1880 he was elected to the state legislature, in opposition to the independents, and served one term, when he declined a re-election. He was the author of the famous "stock" law which passed the first session in 1880, for Marl- borough county, and at the session of 1S81 the bill was made astatelaw, although it met with the most strenuous opposition. And he also served as a member of the railroad committee appointed to prepare suitable legislation for the general assembly of 1881; and in addition to this honor was appointed to the committees on judiciary and claims. His appointment by Gov. Thompson to the office of solicitor of the Fourth circuit, to fill the unexpired term of G. W. Dargan, January 20th, 1883, was received with the greatest satisfaction by the people, and his discharge of the duties of that position brought him into continued prominence and favor, for in 1884 he was elected to fill the ofifice for the full term of four years. In 1888 he was a candidate for congress, but was defeated by a small majority by Mr. Dargan. Since that time Mr. Newton has devoted himself exclus- ively to his practice, with the exception of one year, while president of the Marlborough Cotton Oil company. He has been married three times, first to Miss Martha Johnson, daughter of Mr. A. G. Johnson, of Bennettsville. She died February ist, 1875, aged twenty-four years, leaving one child, Hope Hull. His second marriage was to Miss Mary E., daughter of John A. McRae, and Mary W., Anna L., and Elizabeth, were born to this union. Anna L. died Decem- ber 24, 1887, and the mother died January 30th, 1888, at the age of thirty-five years. By his marriage to Mrs. Katie (McCall) Monroe, one daughter has been born, viz.: Katie Monroe. Both Mr. and Mrs. Newton are communicants of the Methodist Episcopal church, south, and he is a steward in the same, and has represented his I SOUTH CAROLINA. I9I church in several annual conferences, and in 1882 was a member of the general conference. HON. C. P. TOWNSEND. One of the most prominent public men of Marlborough county, S. C, is the Hon. C. P. Townsend, of Bennettsville. Mr. Townsend first saw the light in Marlborough county, July i, 1S35, and is a son of Meekin and Rachel (Pearson) Townsend, both parents being natives of the same county. Meekin Townsend was a prominent merchant and manufacturer of his day, and was most highly respected throughout the state. He held the office of sheriff of Marlborough county for one term, and for some time was commissioner of public buildings. He was the owner of the Marlborough cotton factory, which was burned down in 1850, and never rebuilt. Soon after this, in December, 1851, at the age of forty-five years, he was stricken by death. His wife still sur- vives him, at the advanced age of seventy-seven years. Hon. C. P. Townsend was one of six children born to this union. He was prepared for college in Bennettsville, and, in 1854, was gradu- ated from the South Carolina college. For the next eighteen months he was engaged as a school teacher in Clarendon county, and in May, 1856, we find him one of several young men who went out from that section to Leavenworth, Kan., under the auspices of the southern association. He remained there one year, and took part in the troubles which were then brewing in that territory. While in Kansas, Mr. Townsend read law under the tutelage of Judge Payne, a terri- torial judge, and, returning home, was admitted to the bar of his native state in December, 1857. Settling at Bennettsville, he has since made that city his home. In 1858, he represented the county in the state legislature, and, again in the years 1S59, '62-'63. In April, 1861, his services were offered to the Confederate government, when he enlisted in the Eighth Regiment, South Carolina infantry. After a faithful service of four years, he surrendered with Johnson's forces, at Goldsboro, N. C. Returning to his home, he was elected a commissioner in equity, in 1866, and served until 1869, when the office was abolished by the new constitution. In 1871 he was elected judge of the Fourth judicial district of South Carolina, and, serving four years, was re-elected in 1875. I''^ ^'^77 there was a re-organization of the judiciary in the state, under a decision of the supreme court, and his position was vacated. After leaving the bench, Judge Townsend resumed his large practice, and has since given his attention to the practice of the law. Judge Townsend has been twice married. His first union was to Miss Amanda McConnel, in November, i860, and eight children were the offspring, viz.: Shadie M., wife of T. W. Baucher; Floride L., who married D. L. Fraser; Fannie, died in i88q of consumption, at the age of seventeen years; Nellie M., B. D., Florence L., Edgar M. and Rachel J. The mother died in 1887, aged forty-five years. She 192 SOUTH CAROLINA. was a consistent member of the Methodist Episcopal church, south, and was a most estimable and cultured lady. In October, 1889, Miss Nannie Henley, of Pittsboro, N. C, became his wife, and one child, C. P., has been born into their home. Judge Townsend has been a member of the Methodist Episcopal church, south, for many years, and is a trustee of the church at Bennettsville; and he is also a prom- inent member of the Masonic order, having been connected with that fraternity for the past thirty years. He has been a deputy grand master of the grand lodge of the state, and has been a priest of Marlborough chapter of the Royal Arch Masons. HON. JOEL R. POINSETT. The subject of this memoir was born of illustrious parentage on the 22d day of March, 1779. At the close of the Revolutionary war he was, at the instance of his father, taken to England, where he received the rudiments of his classical education. In 1788, he returned to this country and was placed under the mental and moral training of the then celebrated Dr. Dwight, at Greenhill, in Connecticut. He afterward attended school at Wandsworth, near London. After having taken an eminent station among his fellow students, he was sent to Edinburgh college and attended the medical lectures. He was interrupted in the course of his study by frequent attacks of extreme indisposition, and upon the counsel of friends, went to Lisbon for his health. Convinced that his health would not permit the espousal of a sedentary calling, he took up the study of military science, with the view of engaging in the active life of a soldier. In the military school at Woolwich, England, he studied and became proficient In the higher branches of mathematics, fortifications and gunnery. In the spring of iSoo, his health having been restored, and finding his father extremely averse to his entering the army in times of peace, he returned once more to Charleston, and placed himself under the legal tutorage of M. DeSaussure, at a later period chan- cellor of the state of South Carolina. In 1S01-2, after close applica- tion to the study of the law, he embarked at Baltimore for Havre. He visited Paris and Switzerland in the winter of 1802, and was pres- ent during the struggle which took place to re-establish the old government of the Helvetia confederacy. Pursuing his journey through P'rance and Italy, he suddenly learned of the death of his father. Shortly after the death of his father, he again returned to Europe, visiting St. Petersburg, and becoming a welcome guest at the palace of the Emperor Alexander. He remained in Europe until the insult offered our flag by the attack upon the Chesapeake; considering war between America and Great Britain inevitable, he returned and offered his services to his country through Mr. Madison, at that time president. He was sent by President Madison to South America to ascertain the real condition of that people and their pros- pects of success in the revolution just commenced. He repaired to Rio Janerio, where he was received by the governing junta with great SOUTH CAROLINA. I 93 distinction. He then crossed the continent to ChiH, which became the theater of some of the most extraordinary actions of his life. He found the government in the hands of the Carreras, who, shortly after his arrival, declared war upon Spain. While in Chili the sub- ject of declaring war against the United States was secretly discussed by the cortes of Spain, and the Spanish authorities- in Peru proceeded to act as if war were already declared. They captured and con- demned ten American whaling ships. Indignant at these acts, Mr. Poinsett accepted the command of a small force offered him by the government of Chili, which he took to Talca and liberated the vessels detained there. After the declaration of peace with Great Britain, he returned to Charleston, where he became the head of sev- eral enterprises connected with the internal improvement of the state, to superintend which he had refused a foreign portfolio from Presi- dent Monroe. In 182 1 he was elected to congress from the Charles- ton district. Upon the election of President Adams he was made minister plenipotentiary to Mexico, about which time he had con- ferred upon him by Columbia (N. Y.) college, in company with Mr. Calhoun and Mr. Elliott, the degree of doctor of laws. After remain- ing in Mexico for eighteen months, he was recalled by President Jackson, who, in his next annual message, referred to him and his ministry in most complimentary terms. COLONEL JOHN GARY EVANS was born in Cokesbury, Abbeville county, S. C, on the 15th of Octo- ber, 1863. He is the second son of the marriage of Gen. N.G. Evans and Miss Ann Victoria Gary. He is named for his uncle, John H. Gary, a gallant captain in the Confederate army, who was killed at Battery Wagner while defending Charleston harbor. Col. Evans was prepared for college at the Cokesbury conference school, a school noted for the number of prominent South Carolinians who have re- ceived their early training under its auspices. He entered Union col- lege at Schenectady, N. Y., in October, 1880, leaving in 1882. He was elected president of his class in his junior year, a marked compliment especially to a southern boy. He was a favorite of his uncle and guardian. Gen. M. W. Gar3^ of Edgefield, and most of his vacations were spent with him at his bachelor home. He was devoted to his uncle and guardian, and has inherited to a great degree his features and characteristics. After the death of his uncle, Gen. Gary, young Evans left college and entered the law of^ce of his uncle, Major William T. Gary, of Augusta, Ga. After his admission to the bar he returned to South Carolina in 1886, and opened a law office at Aiken Court House. He was no stranger to the people of Aiken county when it became known that he was the son of "Shanks" Evans, and nephew of Mart Gary, and his practice at once became a lucrative one. Naturally, he at once manifested an interest in the politics of his county and state, and his services were soon recognized by his people, who sent him as their representative to the legislature in No- A— 13 1 94 SOUTH CAROLINA. vember, 1888. He was elected by a most flattering vote, being beaten for first place upon his ticket by only twenty-five votes. Upon his en- trance into the legislature he at once took a deep interest in educa- tion and the common school system of the state. He succeeded in passing two of the most important measures in years affecting this system. Although by several years the youngest member of the house, he took part in all of the important debates, and always commanded the attention of his hearers. He succeeded in repealing the civil rights law, passed b}' the republicans while in power, which caused considerable comment among northern newspapers. In the memor- able campaign of 1890, he espoused the cause of the farmers, and was re-elected to'the legislature by a handsome majority. He was one oT the recognized leaders of the house at this session, having in charge most of the leading measures of reform. He was opposed to the re- nomination of Wade Hampton as United States senator from South Carolina, and was one of the managers of Senator Irby's campaign. In politics, as one would naturally infer, Col. Evans is an ardent fol- lower of the principles of straight-out democracy, as laid down by his distinguished uncle. Gen. Gary. He is an aggressive fighter, and well equipped for his chosen profession, as well as a political leader. He was appointed judge-advocate-general on Gov. Tillman's staff, whom he supported for governor in the campaign of iSgo. Col. Evans is alive to the business interests of his county, and is a director in sev- eral of its industrial institutions. He is unmarried, domestic in his tastes and devoted to his family. JAMES THOMAS ALDRICH, the fourth son of Robert and Ann (Hawkins) Aldrich, was born in Charleston, S. C, in 1819. He attended the city schools until he was sixteen years of age, when, owing to the slender means of his father, he had to begin work. He was employed for a year or two as an as- sistant accountant, in the building of Fort Sumter. Though he left school thus early he was always a great student, and soon acquired an education. In 1840 he moved to Barnwell C. H., S. C, studied law with his elder brother. Judge A. P. Aldrich; was admit- ted to the bar in 1842, and began the practice of law. He was emi- nently successful and soon gained a high position at the bar. In 1847 he married Isabel C, the third daughter of the late Hon. Angus Pat- terson. The issue of their marriage is:. Anna, the wife of Dr. C. B. Anderson; James, now a circuit judge in South Carolina; Hannah M., now the wife of Dr. H. H. Wyman; Isabel P., now the wife of W. A. Holnian, Esq., and Julia C, the widow of the late Thomas N.Baker. His daughters all married men of high character and ability. His widow is still living. In 1861 he enlisted in the Confederate army, but owing to bad health and defective sight, he was assigned to service in Columbia, to perform office work. During the war he, on several occasions, represented the government n legal matters. After the war, with no fortune left, in poverty and SOUTH CAROLINA. I95 broken health, he resolutely began to practice again. His success was great; but the strain was too severe, his health gave way, his sight failed, and in 1875 he died. It was said that he would have been the next chancellor in South Carolina when the war came on. His reputation as a profound lawyer was made before he was fort}/ years of age, soon aftert hat the war and its consequence interfered with his career. Like so many of his name he was fond of poetry, and many verses from his facile pen attest his talent in this department of literature. His charity knew no bounds. It is said that he defended the first negro tried in South Caro- lina as a "citizen" of the state: He" did it without fee or reward, because the negro was poor and friendless. The negro was acquitted. Mr. Aldrich was noted for his kindness and charity; in him the poor, to the extent of his means, had a friend, and the oppressed a fearless advocate. When aroused he was every inch a lawyer, tall, handsome, dignified, eloquent, fluent of speech, a master of the law, despising artifice, standing upon the true merits of his case, he seldom lost a cause. One generation has passed and another come upon the stage since Mr. Aldrich died; but many who knew him well still linger, and when- ever they mention his name they speak of him In tender terms, and regret that his career, so full of hope and promise, was cut short untimely for his growing fame, and the good of the state. COLONEL GEORGE WILLIAM CROFT, a prominent attorney of Aiken, S. C, was born in Newberry county, in 1846. His father's name was Theodore Croft, and his mother's maiden name was Eliza W. D'Ovdey. They were both" natives of South Carolina. Theodore was the son of Edward Croft, a native of Charleston. Edward was the son of George Croft, a native of Virginia, and a Revolutionary soldier. He served under Gen. Marion, one of the bravest and most intrepid generals in the Revolutionary struggles. George Croft settled near Charleston, after the war, where he engaged in planting. His eldest son, Edward Croft, fitted himself for the profession of law, in Charleston, and rapidly rose to promi- nence, securing a practice at once extensive, profitable and honorable. At fifty years of age he retired with a fortune of $150,000, at that time considered a large estate. After retiring from practice, he removed to Greenville, and there remained until his death, in 1851. He never gave any attention to politics. He was married to Miss Ploride Gail- lard, a sister of Judge Gaillard, of South Carolina, and Senator John Gaillard, who was for many years senator from that state. Dr. Theo- dore Croft was born in 1812, and received his early education in Charleston. He read medicine there, and then entered the medical college at Lexington, Ky., graduating therefrom in 1833. He began practice near Hamburg. He inherited an ample fortune soon after commencing practice, and shortly abandoned the profession. He spent the greater part of his life in Greenville, where he died, in 1870. He ig6 SOUTH CAROLINA. was married in 1834, to the mother of Col. Croft, the subject of this sketch, and she bore him four sons and one daughter. One son died in the Confederate service, and the mother is now deceased. Col. George W. Croft was educated in the schools of Greenville, and then entered the South Carolina military academy. During the last year of the war he was called into active service, and participated in several small battles, the most important being Paulefiney Bridge, on the C. & S. R. R., with a force of 3,000, and the enemy a much larger one. After the close of the war he entered the University of Vir- ginia, and attended that institution during 1866 and 1867. In 1868, he entered the law office of Gov. Perry, of Greenville, and was admit- ted to the bar in the fall of 1869. In the following year he began practice in Aiken, and here he has remained ever since. He took an active part in politics in 1S70, and, in 1876 was elected chairman of the democratic county committee, a place which he held till 1882. In iSSo, he was a presidential elector for South Carolina. He was commander of a company in the riots of 1876, and was tried before Chief-Justice Waite of Charleston, and was honorably acquitted. In 1880, he was elected state senator, and served an unexpired term of one year. He was elected to the lower house of the legislature in 1882, and served for one term of two years. Since that time he has taken no active part in politics. He was married in April, 1873, to Florence C. McMahon, of Courtland, Ala. They have had eight sons, six of whom are now living. They are both members of the church of England, and he is a member of the Masonic fraternity. In December, 1890, he was elected member of the State Bar associa- tion. His practice, as an attorney, has been varied and extensive, and he has met with eminent success. He had not practiced in Aiken more than one j^ear before he had all the business he could attend to. His title of colonel was conferred upon him by his having been appointed upon Gov. Thompson's staff, with that rank. PHILIP A. EMANUEL. Among the prominent j'oung attorneys of the state, appears the name of Philip A. Emanuel. He was born in Marlborough county, S. C, in 1847. His parents, Simeon and Maria (Cochran) Emanuel, were both natives of the state, his father having been born in the city of Charleston. He died when his son Philip was a child and very little is known of the grandparents. Simeon Emanuel received a limited education in the schools of the state, and on reaching his majority engaged in merchandising and farming, operating a general store at Marlborough, continuing in that business until he had amassed a hand- some property. He died in 1871. In 182 1 he was married and had a large family of children, his wife's death occurring some time prev- ious to his own. Philip A. P'manuel received his early education in the public schools, but principally at the hands of a private tutor in Brownville, Marlborough county, and comi^letcd it by a course in the Hillsborough military academy, entering there in the early part of 1861. SOUTH CAROLINA. • 1 97 He remained until 1S63, when the excitement of the war caused him and several of his college companions to form a company, desert the college and offer their services to Gen. Beauregard, then stationed at Charleston. A demand was made by the college officers for their re- turn which prevented the Confederate general from receiving them. He soon entered the Hampton legion stationed in Virginia, doing service in the battles around Richmond. When the Confederate force surrendered at Appomatox, in April, 1865, he was paroled and re- turned home, being confined to the house for some time with typhus fever. After his recovery he engaged in cotton speculation, in which he was very successful, and went to New York city to enter business, but was obliged to return to the south on account of his health. In 1S65 he accepted a position as salesman for one of the largest whole- sale houses in Charleston. This position he held until December, 1868, when he was united in marriage to Miss Amelia J. Wilson, whose father was one of the largest cotton planters on Johns Island near Charleston. Soon after his marriage he resigned his position as salesman and engaged in Sea island cotton planting. This he fol- lowed for some years in the vicinity of Charleston. In 1876 he began the study of law, always having had a desire to follow that profession. He soon removed to Aiken, then but a new county seat, entering the law office of D. S. Henderson, with whom he remained for some months. He was admitted to the bar in 1877, and at once began the practice which he has followed continuously ever since, with more than ordinary success. On becoming a resident of Aiken, Mr. Eman- uel invested largely in the fields of kaolin clay, and water powers surrounding the city, to enhance the value of his property. He began experimenting with the clay which he found to contain a large per cent, of aluminium. He has been so far successful as to discover a process by which the metal can be produced at a very reasonable ex- pense from clay. The processes for extracting aluminia and convert- ing the same to metal have been submitted to the most eminent chem- ists of the country and pronounced worthy of a full test. Patents are granted and others allowed, and some are pending in the United States patent office. He also discovered a mixture to be applied to steam boilers preventing them from corroding. He has invented an electric crucible also. He has not aspired to become an inventor, but his experiments were carried on from a love of science and to develop the property in which he is interested. He is unlike many lawyers, inasmuch as he has never taken any active part in politics. He has taken a lively interest in the developments of the mineral re- sources of his state. He is a member of, and elder in, the Presbyter- ian church, and since becoming a resident of Aiken, has made many warm personal friends, and gained for himself a wide reputation in this and adjoining counties by his success in the practice of his chosen profession. HON. D. S. HENDERSON was born in Walterborough, Colleton county, S. C, in 1S49. His fath- er's name was Daniel S. Henderson, and his mother's maiden name was igS SOUTH CAROLINA. Caroline R. Webb, both of whom were natives of South Carolina. The father was of Scotch-Irish descent. Daniel S. Henderson was born in Charleston and spent the early years of his life in that city, and there too he received his early education in the city schools. He graduated from the South Carolina college and began the study of law in Charleston. He gained prominence in the practice of his profession, and served several terms in the state legislature. He died in 1864. D. S. Henderson, the subject of this sketch, received his education in the local schools and then entered Charleston col- lege, from which he graduated in 1S70 with first honors. He began the study of law in Simons & Siegling's of-fice in Charleston, remain- ing with them one year and a half. From there he went to Chester, S. C, where he taught school as principal of the male academy, pur- suing his law studies during his unengaged intervals. He was ad- mitted to the bar in Chester in 1872, and began practice in Aiken in October of that year. He was one of the first attorneys to open an office in that city upon the formation of a new coiinty. He formed a partnership with W. P. Finley, the firm name being Finley & Hender- son. These gentlemen did the largest business of any law firm in their section of the state until 1876, when Mr. Finley died. For a year after this event Mr. Henderson did business alone, then took in his brother, E. P. Henderson, and the firm was known as Henderson & Bro. Every volume of the supreme court reports from 1872 to 1891 shows from one to six cases each year argued before the court by Mr. Henderson or his law partner, and the records of the criminal and civil courts in his own and the adjoining counties show a very large amount of business done by him and his firm. He has acted as member from Aiken county in every democratic state convention, except two, since 1873. He was a delegate to the Chicago conven- tion that nominated Grover Cleveland for president in 1884. He was elected to the state senate in 1880, serving six years, and declin- ing to serve longer on account of business. While senator he was chairman of the committee on education, and a member of the judici- ary committee. He was also on other important committees, and always took an active part in the debates on public questions. He was the author of the famous bill to prevent dueling in the state, and championed and secured the adoption of the test oath proposed by the legislature to be taken by every state officer, from the highest to the lowest, never to engage in a duel. He has been a trustee of the South Carolina college and of the Presbyterian theological seminary at Columbia. He is an elder of the Presbyterian church, and presi- dent of the Aiken institute. He was married, in 1876, to Miss Ripley, daughter of T. R. Ripley, a merchant of Atlanta, Ga., and they have three sons. He started out in his business and professional career with nothing but ready hands, a strong will and an active brain, and has rapidly risen in his profession. His firm is now one of the lead- ing law firms of the state, and enjoys the confidence and good will of the people, and does a most extensive business in the western circuit of the state. SOUTH CAROLINA. igg FRANKLIN H. ELMORE. The illustrious subject of this sketch was born in Laurens district, in 1799, being the second son of Gen. John A. Elmore, a famous fighter of the Revolution. I le was educated in the University of South Carolina, from which institution he graduated in 1819. He studied law at Laurens Court House, and in his youth was elected to the cap- taincy of a light infantry company. In the fall of 1821, he was ad- mitted to the bar, and settled at Walterborough. He was elected solicitor of the southeastern circuit court in 182S, which office he con- ducted with great personal distinction. In 1824, he was appointed by Gov. Manning as one of his aides, with the rank of colonel, and it was he who commanded the brilliant cortege, which in 1825, received and conducted Gen. La Fayette through the state. He married, in Colum- bia, Harriet, the daughter of Gen. Taylor, a lady distinguished for her many charms of character and person. In 1834, when the national congress was composed of some of the ablest men the nation ever produced, Mr. Elmore was elected to a seat in that august body. His career in congress for four years was one of most distinguished brilliancy; among the conjrcrcs of Calhoun, whom he succeeded as a member of the United States senate, Mr. Elmore rendered most efficient service to his state and to the nation. His reputation was national, at that period. His name was a household word, identi- fied with the men and measures looking more largely to his country's good. In a very short time after Mr. Elmore reached the national capital to take the seat made vacant'by the great high priest of the American tariff system, John C. Calhoun, he closed at this early age, his useful and honored life, he having died in Washington, in June, 1850, a widow and several children surviving him. Upon the announce- ment of his death in the senate lengthy eulogies upon his life were delivered by such men as Butler, his colleague. Hunter, Yule and Daniel Webster. In Mr. Webster's speech upon that occasion, these words occur: " Sir, I had the good fortune to become acquainted with Mr. Elmore when he was a leading member of congress. I had formed a very favorable opinion of his character as a man of integ- rity and uprightness, of great respectability and great talent. I re- gret his departure from the councils of the nation, because a person with his qualifications and his habits of business, grows ever}' day more useful in our political circles. It happened to me, sir, some years afterward to form a personal and more private acquaintance with the deceased. I had the pleasure of seeing him among his own friends, and of cultivating his acquaintance in the midst of those cir- cles of social life in which he was regarded as a treasure and an or- nament. I shall treasure his memory as a valuable and able public man, and a gentleman entitled to high estimation in all the relations of life." In the lower house, Mr. Woodward, in the course of a bril- liant tribute to Mr. Elmore, said: " I cannot refrain from remarking how striking and impressive is the thought that, having been called so unexpectedly to take the place of his great predecessor, he should 200 SOUTH CAROLINA. also have been called so speedily to follow his footsteps to the grave, as if drawn by some strong affinity, as though he had been beckoned still onward to a happier state by the friendly spirit of a just man made perfect. * * * xIt,^ intellectual endowments of Col. Elmore, his mental culture and acquirements, his elevated character, the purity of his morals, his unexceptionable good-humor and breed- ing, and the perfection of his social qualities, all conspired to bind his feliowmen to him, some by one law of human sympathy, some by an- other." His body was conducted by congressional committees to Columbia, and deposited in the Presbyterian church-yard. His death was universally lamented throughout the state and at Washington, a new career of usefulness, wherein his great qualities might find full play, was just opening to him, when death at such an early age cut short his career. JUDGE JAMES S. COTHRAN, ex-circuit judge of the Eighth judicial circuit, was born in Abbeville county, S. C, August 8, 1S30. His parents. Wade S. and Frances E. (Sproull) Cothran, were also natives of , South Carolina, the former being the son of Samuel Cothran, a native of Woodbury, Conn. The family trace their lineage back to the clan Campbells of Scot- land, and they are among the first settlers of the United States, lo- cating near Woodbury. Samuel Cothran was a farmer by occupa- tion, which he followed in Connecticut until the year 1801, when he moved south and settled in Hamburg county, but afterward moved into Abbeville county. Here he followed planting until his death. He was the father of three sons and one daughter, all of whom are deceased. Wade S. Cothran was born in 1805. He received an or- dinary education in the schools of this county and state. When quite young he gave his attention to farming and merchandising, and followed these occupations through life. He was united in marriage in 182S, with Miss Frances Sproull, daughter of James Sproull. Her family were descendants of the Caldwells, who were among the most prominent men of the state. To this union were born three sons and three daughters. The father died in 1877, and his wife, in 1S68. Judge Cothran received his early education in the county schools, and completed it at the Georgia university, graduating from there in 1852. Fie entered the law office of McGowan & Perrin, of Abbe- ville, and was admitted to the bar in December, 1854. He began practice at once, following it until the breaking out of the civil war. Jul}', 1861, he enlisted in Orr's South Carolina regiment of rifles as a private, and served until the surrender of Lee's army, having risen to the rank of captain. His service was in the army of northern Virginia, and he was in all the important battles of the western cam- paign, being wounded first in the battle of Second Manassas, Au- gust 29, 1862, having his right wrist broken by a ball. His next wound was at Chancellorsville, May 2, 1863, when he was shot through the right wrist. Again, in May, 1864, near Spottsylvania, he was shot through the face, but fortunately was not disfigured. After the SOUTH CAROIJNA. 20I close of the war, Capt. Cothran return(!cl to his home in Aljljcville and resumed the practice of his profession, which he followed until 1876, when he was elected solicitor for the Eighth judicial district and served in that capacity four years. In 1880 he was re-elected, but in May, 18S1, he was appointed by Gov. Hagood to fill the un- expired term of less than a year, caused by the death of Judge P. Thompson. After filling this term he was elected b}' the legislature, in December, 1881, for the full term of four years. Again, in De- cember, 1885, Judge Cothran was chosen for another term of four years without opposition. While on the bench, in 1886, he was elected to congress and was re-elected in 1888. During his term of service in congress he served on the committee of foreign affairs and presi- dential electors. In December, 1889, he accepted the office of divis- ion counsel of the Richmond & Danville railroad for the South Carolina division and declined to serve longer in congress. Judge Cothran first took an active part in politics in 1876, when he was elected chairman of the democratic county central committee, the campaign resulting in the election of Gen. Wade Hampton for gov- ernor. In all the following years he rendered efficient aid in the elections. In July, 1855, Judge Cothran was married to Miss Emma C, the daughter of Hon. Thomas C. Perrin, who was for years a mem- ber of the state senate and a distinguished lawyer. The issue of this marriage was the birth of four sons and one daughter. The sons are: Thomas P., now practicing at the bar; Wade S., now en- gaged in business in Asheville; James S., Jr., graduated from South Carolina university in June, 1890, and now at Cornell university fitting himself for a mechanical engineer. The youngest, William Cothran, i^ at the South Carolina university. Judge Cothran and Mrs. Cothran are members of the Presbyterian church, of which he is an elder. He is a stockholder in various enterprises in Asheville; the bank, oil mill, cotton ginery and others. He has been very suc- cessful in all his business enterprises. LIEUTENANT-GOVERNOR EUGENE BLACKBURN GARY was born .at Cokesbury, Abbeville county, S. C, on the 22d of Au- gust, 1854. He attended the schools at that place until the year 1872, when he went to the South Carolina university, and that year re- ceived his diploma in the classical branches. At the age of eighteen, he commenced the study of law, under his uncle. Gen. M. W. Gary, of Edgefield, .S. C, and was admitted to the practice a few weeks af- ter attaining his majority. After graduating at the South Carolina university, he taught school one year at I lodges, S. C. Shortly after being admitted to the bar, Lieut. -Gov. Gary located at Abbeville Court House for the purpose of practicing his profession, which he has done continuously since that time. As a lawyer he ranks among the most prominent in his profession in South Carolina. He has been engaged in a great many important cases, and some of the most important principles of law in South Carolina have been settled by the supreme 202 SOUTH CAROLINA. court in cases argued by him. Lieut. -Gov. Gary carried to the su- preme court, the first appeal in his state, from a verdict of man- slaughter. It was in a case argued by him in the supreme court, that settled the law in regard to self-defense in South Carolina. More than ten years ago, he was the attorney for Hon. D. Wyatt Aiken, when his seat in congress was contested by Gen. Carlos J. Stolbrand. The contest resulted in a victory for Hon. D. Wyatt Aiken, and also for his attorney who managed the case with a great deal of skill. He is a forcible and effective speaker before a jury, and this has caused him to be employed in a number of capital cases not confined to his own state. Out of the many capital cases defended by him, he has never yet had a client to suffer the death penalty, although the testimony was strong against many of them. In Masonry, the lieu- tenant-governor is a bright and conspicuous figure. He was twice worshipful master of his lodge, was for several years grand marshal, and is now serving his third term as district deputy grand master. He has been very active in politics since he came to Abbeville. The first article published in the newspapers in Abbeville county in behalf of what was known in 1876 as " straight-out democracy," was written by him. This word in i8go, had quite a different meaning, and was applied to those who fought the regular democracy. In 1882, he was elected county chairman, having as his opponent. Senator Maxwell, who was regarded as one of the most popular men in the county. He was unanimously re-elected county chairman in 1S8S, and also in iSqo. Lieutenant-Governor Gary has served twice as a member of the state democratic e.xecutive committee, and in 1S89, was unanimously nominated by the county convention to fill the unexpired term of Hon. R. E. Hill, in the legislature, and was duly elected. While a mem- ber of the legislature he made sevei'al speeches that attracted atten- tion, and perhaps it was in a great measure due to them that, at the next election he was elected to a higher place. He was one of the • first men to enter the political arena in 1890, and stumped the state with Gov. Tillman. His clarion voice touched the popular chord many times, as was evidenced by the tremendous applause which he received, when he spoke. Lieut.-Gov. Gary won the applause of those who did not agree with him in politics, by his fairness and prompt- ness as the presiding officer of the senate. A distinguished son of an adjoining state who had high official position, wrote to him when he returned from the senate, as follows: " Have read with much pleasure, the commendations of the press, touching the manner, skill and impartiality of your presiding in the senate of your state. I must add a word of my own. I saw you presiding during three days — your promptness and accurac}' were only equalled by the fairness and perfect impartiality of your rulings. The judicial character of your em- inent position was never for one- moment lost, no observer could tell your sentiments towards any meml)er, any motion or any meas- ure^ — an admirable endowment of that temper which should char- acterize the presiding officer of a deliberative assembly. I can not but think your course will have gained you many friend^, since it has SOUTH CAROIJNA. 203 challenged universal respect," etc. The following was clipped from the leading daily paper in the state, and one which had opposed bitterly, the nomination of Lieut. -Gov. Gary. "* * * There is no disguis- ing the fact either, that Lieut.-Gov. Gary has impressed the senate favorably. Mr. Gary is now perfectly at home in the chair of the senate, and has filled his position impartially on all measures, and in all debates. Personally he is very highly esteemed, and will be an all-round success." The high esteem in which he is held by his people is shown by the fact that he was serenaded by the people of his town when he was nom- inated for lieutenant-governor, regardless of the fact that many of the crowd differed with him in the campaign. He is a descendant of the Witherspoon family on his grandmother's side, and of the Black- burn family on his mother's side. His grandfather was a physician, and for j^ears represented Abbeville county in the legislature. Dr. F". F. Gary was his father. Dr. Gary was for many years a director of the Greenville & Columbia railroad company, was twice a mem- ber of the legislature, chairman of the medical committee in the house of representatives, for many years chairman of the state board of health, twice president of the Abbeville county medical society and president of the state medical association. He was likewise grand high priest of the grand chapter of South Carolina. He died in 1887. Colonel S. M. G. Gary, his father's brother, was a distinguished lawyer of Ocala, Fla. He died in 1886. Gen. Martin W. Gary, another brother, is known throughout the entire country. He was the originator of the movement that redeemed .South Carolina from negro domination in 1876, and to him more than to any other one man is due the credit of that victory. He was a major-general in the Confederate army, and died in 1881, on the anniversary of the day he refused to surrender his sword at the close of the war. Dr. Thomas P. Gary, another of his father's brothers, lived in Florida, and was at the time of his death (in 1891) president of the state medical association of Florida. He served as mayor of his city for eleven terms. Captain John H. Gary, another brother, was captain of the South Carolina college cadets, and was killed at Battery Wagner in 1863. Major William T. Gary, another brother, is now living in Augusta, Ga., and is a lawyer of great reputation. He was the first president of the famous South Carolina club, which gives an annual ball at Columbia during fair week. Major Gary represented Richmond county in the Georgia legislature and was regarded as one of the ablest members of that body. Lieutenant-Governor Gary has two brothers and a sister, Mrs. James M. Euson, of Charleston. His brother, Hon. Ernest Gary, is serving his third term in the legislature of South Carolina, and is chairman of the judiciary committee. His brother, Hon. Frank B. Gary, is also a member of the legislature of South Carolina, and is chairman of the committee on engrossed bills. Lieut.-Gov. Gary 204 SOUTH CAROLINA. married Miss Eliza Tusten, in 1S77. Tliey now have four children, having lost two. The young lieutenant-governor of South Carolina certainly has a bright future before him. GENERAL MARTIN WITHERSPOON GARY. Few men in the world's history, fewer still in our own country, and none who supported the Confederate cause can boast of a more bril- liant record than the above, who died after a few hours' illness at his home in Edgefield, at 2 o'clock on the morning of the gth of April, 1881, the anniversary of the most memorable day in his career, when on Lee's surrender he refused to deliver his sword to conquerors, but with the reply, "South Carolinians never surrender," delivering his command over to a subordinate, turned his horse's head, cut his path through the enemy's lines, and made his way homeward. It is indeed said of him that he never accepted pardon or parole. Mart Gary, as he was familiarly known to all, the third son of Dr. Thomas Reeder Gary and Mary Ann Porter, was born in 1831 at Cokesbury, Abbeville county, S. C. He attended the well-known high school of that place and entered South Carolina college in Decem.ber, 1S50. Two years later, in consequence of an unsuccessful attempt to induce the faculty to do away with the commons hall, he left the college with a number of his fellow students and entered the junior class at Harvard, from where he graduated with distinction in 1854. Returning to South Carolina, he pursued the study of law under Chancellor Carroll, at Edgefield, in 1855 was admitted to the bar and quickly acquired suc- cess as a lawyer. The general was a member of the South Carolina legislature in i860 and '61, and made a strong speech in support of a proposition to call a convention to adopt an ordinance, justifying the secession of South Carolina from the Federal union. Secession be- ing accomplished, he went at once into service as captain of the Watson guards, Company B, Hampton legion. At First Manassas the command of the legion devolved upon the gallant Gary, when Col. Wade Hampton and Capt. Conner had been disabled and Lieut.- Col. Johnson killed. He was with the command in the subsequent engagements until the re-organization in 1862, when he was elected lieutenant-colonel of the infantry of the legion, consisting of eight companies. In the battles around Richmond, at Second Manassas, Boonesboro Gap and Sharpsburg, he shared the fortunes of his men, after which campaign the battalion was increased to a full regiment and attached to Jenkins' brigade. He served with the regiment and brigade at Fredericksburg, Suffolk, Chickamauga, Bean's and Camp- bell's Stations and at the siege of Knoxville. The legion was then ordered to be mounted to act as cavalry or mounted infantry. This was speedily done, and Col. Gary was placed in command of all the cavalry on the north side of the James river. After the fight at Rid- dle's .Shop in June, 1864, he was promoted to the rank of brigadier- general, his brigade consisting of the Hampton legion, the Seventh South Carolina, Seventh Georgia, and Twenty-fourth Virginia. In SOUTH CAROLINA. 2O5 all the heavy fighting on the north side, Gen. Gary led the brigade, and shortly before; the evacuation of Riclimond, was promoted to the rank of major-general. His brigade was part of the rear guard on the retreat, and was fighting incessantly. When the surrender had been agreed upon, he made his way through the lines and joined Davis's party at Greensboro'. Taking command of about 200 men of the brigade, whom he met here on their way to Virginia, he escorted the president and the Confederate cabinet to Cokesbury, S. C., where his escort was dismissed. The cabinet held their second last meeting in his mother's house here, and were dismissed at Armsted Burt's residence in Abbeville. On the characteristics and qualities of the general as a soldier, we quote a memoir written by a member of his staff: " Gen. Gary could not be called a red-tape disciplinarian. He had no faith in the pomp of war and his study was not to make a cheap reputation by the imposition of unnecessary restrictions, but to alleviate the hard lot of his soldiers while in camp, by the allowance of every liberty and indulgegce consistent with the demands of the service. No man, however, laid greater stress upon the essentials of real discipline. Rank and file were made to feel that whatever was required of them must be done and thoroughly done, and that for neglect or disobedience of an order, no excuse would be received. Human life and the purposes of the war he regarded as too sacred to be trifled with, and he made it S rule never to receive apologies or e.xplanations from his subordinate officers for neglect, inattention or mistake. There was no pride of rank about him. Promotion failed to lift him above, for he was fully in sympathy with the humblest private in the ranks. There was nothing assuming or 'stuck up' about the man. Perhaps something of dignity was wanting, but his familiar bearing endeared him to his men. He rested his authority not so much upon his rank as upon his conscious ability and superior fitness for command. No general officer was more familiar with, or more accessible to, his men. He recognized the high character of the Confederate private and respected his rights and feelings." The war over he returned to Edgefield, resuming the practice of the law with his brother, Major W. T. Gary, now a resident in Au- gusta, Ga., and member of the Georgia legislature, and soon obtained a lucrative business. At the same time he engaged in planting, and in a few years amassed considerable property. Apart from his attend- ance as a delegate at the taxpayers' convention, where he warmly advocated immigration, as the rational, practical and legitimate solu- tion of the social and political problem in this state, he Took an active part in politics till 1S76, when he and Gen. Buller were the foremost advocates of the straight-out policy and the nomination of Hampton for governor, and to him, more tl. an to any other person in South Carolina, is due the exceptional glory of saving that commonwealth from the "organized hell" of re-construction, rescuing civilization from consti- tuted barbarism, and making it possible for others to wear and hold the honors of place and preferment that they now enjoy. In that eventful year he took charge of the campaign in Edgefield county, 2o6 SOUTH CAROLINA. where Gov. Chamberlain was met and discomfited by Gen. Gar}' with the red shirts. The enforced "division of time" at the Edgefield meeting in August, 1876, noticed at length in the Edgef\e\d Adz'er/iscr, in a red ink issue of the 15th of August, 1878, the most novel and ex- citing scene that ever occurred in the history of politics, discomfited the republicans ever3'where and encouraged the democrats. Edge- field was carried by over 3,000 democratic majority. Gen. Gary was elected as state senator from Edgefield county, sitting four years in the senate, and declining re-election. In 1S80, he was regarded as a candidate for governor, but in the convention declined to allow his name to be presented, and had he lived, would have been overwhelm- ingly elected to that high and responsible position. General Gary's merits as a lawyer are attested by the confidence of his clients. Before a jurj' he was particularly effective, being a picturesque speaker, and knowing intuitively how to touch the sym- pathies of his audience. In public life he was outspoken and true to the principles he professed, and wag. one of those few examples of politicians who did not use his tongue to disguise his heart or mind. In the senate he was violently opposed to the election of Judge Wil- lard, insisting that democrats could not be bound even by a party caucus to support' a republican. He was the champion of the usury laws, and events have demonstrated the wisdom of his course, now in full and harmonious operation, and went as far as any in the re-adjust- ment of the state debt. He was opposed to making any appropria- tions for the support of the Claflin and the South Carolina universi- ties, one of his axioms being that the political differences in South Carolina are due to an antagonism of race that cannot be eliminated from our politics. The General was above all a man of firm convictions and out- spoken opinions. His was not a nature of compromise or concession, where principal was concerned, and yet some prejudiced opponents held that he lacked conservatism and moderation. Frequently ex- travagant in speech, there was a balance-wheel of common sense in his nature which chastened an impetuous nature and guided his career aright. He was generous, frank, manly and true, and was held by his friends in high esteem. Foibles he had, as all have, but his good qual- ities far surpassed whatever was imperfect in his nature. He lacked reverence, perhaps, and missed, it is thought, some of the divinest gifts and blessings, but his natural virtues were rare and radiant. He had one trait of character that proved him to be at the core a good man. Never married, he was the best of brothers and most affec- tionate of sons. Beyond even the devotion to his countr}^ were the love and care for his mother. True, Martin Witherspoon Gary had in his own generation and state many enemies; but this is only another proof of his Inherent greatness, for If we look back In history do we not find that those who led and fought the principles which have at times threatened the overthrow of states and empires, re-constructed society and advanced the intelligence and freedom of the world, had the strongest prcju- SOUTH CAROLINA. 2O7 dice and solid opposition of ages of thought to contend against. The Spanisli i)riest who unaided carried the liglit of Christian civili- zation far beyond the Euphrates and the Ganges, long before Amer- ica was discovered, or the Portuguese navigator rounded the cape of Good Hope, made enemies of the greatest minds in European mon- archies; the Erfurt monk who, fighting for liberty and freedom of thought, established creeds that have continued to rule the destinies of the civilized world, found that in his own land he had foes to battle whose power and strenuous efforts would have led captive the masses of all nations; the Virginian who established the independence of this continent, made war himself against factions and misfortunes which at one time threatened to ruin his good name and his country's cause. Gen. Gary, whose name is well-known to the world as a soldier, will be remembered by coming generations, and linked with that triumph establishing a government which restored South Carolina, after being over-run by hostile armies and African barbarity, to its original place among the nations of the globe. JUDGE DAVID LEWIS WARDLAW. One of South Carolina's most eminent citizens was Judge D. L.Ward- law, of Abbeville, who distinguished himself alike at the bar, on the bench and in the legislative halls of his state. Judge Wardlaw was born at Abbeville on March 28, 1799, and was of Scotch-Irish descent. When a boy of ten years he became a student at the academy at Wil- lington, then in charge of that noted educator, the Rev. Moses Wad- dell who was the preceptor of Calhoun, Crawford, McDuffie, Petigru, Legare and others who in after life distinguished themselves and their state. At the age of fifteen years Judge Wardlaw was entered for the junior class at the South Carolina college, and two years later was graduated with first honors of his class. In early youth Judge Wardlaw exhibited that power of concentration of mind, that fond- ness for knowledge, that aptitude to acquire, that patient studiousness which gave him excellence in his studies, and distinction in his classes, and when he graduated his acquirements in the languages, the scien- ces, and in polite and general literature, were as remarkable for their range as they were rare for their completeness. Upon leaving col- lege he applied himself to the study of law, and in 1820, when but twenty-one years of age was admitted to the bar. And so complete and practical was his knowledge of law, that at the first term of court after his admission to the bar he displayed so much learning and ability, such power and promise, as attracted the attention of the court, and excited the admiration of the public. He became the law partner, immediately following his admission to practice, of that able and distinguished lawyer, Patrick Noble, who later in life was honored with an election to the governorship of the state. While yet a young man Judge Wardlaw took rank as one of the foremost men of his county, and in 1826 he was elected to represent his native district in the legislature, and was continued as a member i 2oS SOUTH CAROLINA. of that body until 1841, with the exception of the session of 1830. In 1S36 he was elected speaker of the house of representatives, and continued to preside over that body until he ceased to be a member. In December, 1841, he was elected one of the circuit judges of the state, and in 1865 was elected to a position on the bench of the court of appeals as an associate justice, a position he had several years before declined. He held this office until the court of appeals was abolished in 1868. Judge Wardlaw was a member of the state con- ventions of 1852-1860 and 1865, and was president of the latter con- vention. From 1836 to 1868 he was a trustee of the South Carolina college. His death occurred June 8, 1873. The cast and structure of Judge Wardlaw's intellect were singularly adapted for eminence at the bar, and in no position in his life did he achieve triumphs more numerous or more brilliant. Fullness, exactness, and minuteness of legal knowledge, clear, penetrating perception, vigorous logic, pro- digious power of research, elegant precision, were weapons in for- ensic conflict which no combatant could parry and few could with- stand. To these elements of skill and strength he added a sublime sense of justice, a grand love of truth, a lofty scorn of all that was unmanly or mean. Thus armed and fortified he defended with the art and the heroism of a master the salient points of his own case, and assailed with the ponderous blows of a giant the defenses of his adversary. With such armor and such weapons, his earnest, urbane manner, his forcible, fervid argumentation, his superb rhetoric, rarely failed to convince the court or to conciliate the jury. The leadership of the bar in the whole up-country was the early and splendid reward of forensic powers so commanding and so incon- testible. In the legislative halls of his state, he won honors easily. In the debates of the house his scholarly attainments, his polished elocu- tion, the range and force of his arguments, the grace and courtesy of his manner, and the precise information and practical illustration which he brought into the discussion, earned for him a consideration and an influence which but few of his competitors ever acquired. The speakership of the house was the handsome recognition of services so eminent and of qualifications so conspicuous. But it was on the bench interpreting the law, upholding its majesty and dispens- ing its justice that the colossal proportions of his intellectual stature were best seen. To this, his greatest, most fondly cherished, and last office, the goal of his ambition, and the enthusiasm of his life, he came, in the mature vigor of his intellect, bringing to its great duties the stores of knowledge which had been gathered and hoarded from all other stations in his brilliant career. Judge Wardlaw devoted much of his respite from the labors of the court to literary and miscellaneous reading. He was in the strictest sense a student, a student by nature, a student by training, a student by habit. But fond as he was of literature and general information, these were but diversions and amusements. Jurispru- dence was the great study and business of his life. tl '7 SOUTH CAROLINA. 209 JUDGE SAMUEL McGOWAN. Of the many prominent representative men of South Caroh'na, few, if any, have played a more conspicuous part in the hite history of the old Palmetto state than Judge Samuel McGowan, of Abbe- ville, who has distinguished himself alike as a soldier, lawyer, jurist, and judge, and who now occupies an honored place on the supreme bench of that state. .Samuel McGowan was born of .Scotch-Irish parents in Laurens county, S. C, on October 9th, iSig. lie gradu- ated with distinction in the South Carolina college, in 1841. Read law at Abbeville with his friend. Col. T. C. Perrin, who at once took him into partnership and invited him to share equally his large prac- tice. He soon gave promise of being distinguished in his profession, but in 1846, hllecl with the fire of patriotism, he entered the famous Palmetto regiment, and started for the Mexican war as a private soldier. He was relieved from that position by the president of the United States (James K. Polk), who appointed him on the general quartermaster's staff of the army, with the rank of captain, in which capacity he served for the whole war — first on the staff of Gen. Quitman, and afterward successively on that of Gen. Worth and Gen. Twiggs, of the regular army. He acted as volunteer aide to Gen. Quitman at the storming of Chepultapec and the capture of the Garita de Belen leading into the city of Mexico, and was compli- mented for his gallant services on that occasion. After the treaty of Guadaloupe Hidalgo, which terminated the war, he returned and resumed the practice of the law with Mr. Perrin, at Abbeville. He married the eldest daughter of Judge D. L. Wardlaw, of that town; acquired an excellent and lucrative practive; became major-general of the first division of South Carolina militia, and represented the old district of Abbeville for twelve consecutive years in the lower house of the state legislature — part of the time being chairman of the committee on education, ancl part as chairman of the committee on the military, embracing a supervision of the affairs of the state military academy. On the secession of South Carolina, in i860, ten volunteer regi- ments of infantry were raised by the public authorities for state de- fense, and divided into four brigades. The subject of our sketch was appointed by Gov. Pickens to the command of one of these brigades, and in that capacity he assisted Gen. Beauregard in the capture of Fort Sumter, in April, 1S61. Soon after this, his state commission, lapsing by the transfer of his command to Confederate service, he joined Brig. -Gen. Bonham, at Centreville, Va., as aide dc ca^np, and served with him in the battles of Bull Run ancl Manassas Plains. Immediately after these battles he returned to South Carolina, where he was elected lieutenant-colonel of the Fourteenth South Carolina volunteers. In the spring of 1862, on the coast of South Carolina, Col. James Jones, the commander of the regiment (Fourteenth), re- signed his commission, and Lieut.-Col. McGowan was promoted to the colonelcy. Soon after he carried his regiment to Virginia and A — 14 210 SOUTH CAROLINA. thenceforth it became an integral part of the famous army of northern Virginia. Colonel McGowan was in all the battles around Richmond in which his regiment was engaged. He was wounded at Cold Harbor, but did not leave his regiment until after the subsequent battle of Malvern Hills. He was recommended for promotion by Gen. Gregg, for his gallantry in these battles. In his official report of the battle of Cold Harbor, Gen. Gregg says: " The Fourteenth regiment, Col. McGowan, now arrived on the field at the moment it was so greatly needed, stopping the fire of Crenshaw's battery for a short time. To allow a passage through the guns, I ordered the Fourteenth forward. Tired as they were by two days and three nights of outpost duty, and by a rapid march under a burning sun, they recovered strength at once and advanced, with a cheer, at the double quick. Leading his regi- ment to the right of the Thirteenth, across the hollow. Col. McGowan arrived just in time to repulse the advancing enemy, and prevent them from establishing a battery on the edge of the open ground on the brow of the hill. The Fourteenth maintained its position gallantly to the end of the battle," etc. General Hill says of the same battle: " Desperate but unavailing attempts to force the enemy's position were made. The Fourteenth South Carolina, Col. McGowan (having hurried up from picket duty on the other side of the Chickahominy and arriving in the thick of the fight) , made several daring charges." At Frazier's Farm, Gen. Hill says: " The brigade of Gen. Featherstone having become very much scattered and forced back. Col. McGowan, of the Fourteenth South Carolina, retrieved our ground." • Colonel McGowan was in the campaign of Cedar Run and that of Second Manassas, in which last battle he was wounded. Returning to his regiment in the autumn, he remained with it during the march from the vallej', and was present at the battle of Fredericksburg, where Gen. Gregg, commanding the brigade, was killed. Col. Mc- Gowan's regiment being a part of the brigade, he was appointed brigadier-general to succeed him, and afterward in that capacity he commanded the brigade until the end of the war, being several times wounded and very severely, especially at the battle of Chancellors- ville and in the bloody angle at Spottsylvania Court House. The promotion of Col. McGowan was very complimentary to him, as it was made without any special application, and there were other gallant officers in the brigade who ranked him. After Appomatox Gen. McGowan returned home, and again resumed the practice of the law at Abbeville with William H. Parker, Esq., and this partnership continued ten years (from i86q to 1S79). General McGowan was a member of the re-construction convention which met in Columbia, S. C, in .September, 1865, and was then nom- inated for congress. He was elected, but not allowed to take his seat. He was again nominated at the ne.xt election, but was counted out. He was an elector at large on the Tilden and Hendricks ticket, and in the interest of those gentlemen and the democratic party, he SOUTH CAROLINA. 211 canvassed the whole state, from the seaboard to the mountains. In 1878 he again went to the state legislature, and during the session of 1879 was elected associate justice of the supreme court, which posi- tion he still holds. From this meagre outline it is manifest that Judge McGowan won his distinction by faithful service during the most eventful period in the history of the country, and that he is fairly entitled to be con- sidered as a representative man of his state. As a military man. Gen. McGowan was very successful. Although not as rigid and severe as some others in his discipline and management of citizen soldiers fresh from home, he excelled most officers of equal rank in efficiency. He was an excellent drill master; a constant maintainer of good order and regularity; and his great merit always succeeded in inspir- ing confidence in himself and imparting to others the magnetism of his own enthusiasm. He only ordered his command to follow where he led. Of Gen. McGovvan's character as a lawyer and a public man, it is hardly necessary to say more than has been said, that he practiced his profession with great success and profit for years before the war, and that he acquired and retained the entire confidence of his con- stituency. If in either of these pursuits there were characteristics in him more marked than all others, they were a quickness of apprehen- sion and promptness and energy of action. As a lawyer, he mani- fested great acuteness in perceiving the prominent points of a case, and ingenuity in putting them together. This faculty, assisted by an earnest, clear and powerful delivery, rendered him peculiarl}^ influen- tial with the jury. Similar traits characterize him as a public man, Scorning demagoguery in all its forms, he was always plain, earnest and whole-souled in politics, a ready speaker, an affable gentleman, and therefore at all times one of the most popular of men. But it is as a magistrate of the supreme courts, holding the scales of justice with a firm hand, that Judge McGowan is most distin- guished and will be best known in after times. His high sense of justice, as well as his robust intellect and good heart, eminently qualify him for the discharge of the delicate and responsible duties of judge. It has been well said: "That the office of judge has always been regarded with respect and consideration. Great and good men have at all times in South Carolina performed its duties and won its honors. If duty be attended by responsibility, if dignity be attached to station and power, the judicial^uthority to coerce and restrain, to counsel and command the legislative and executive de- partments of the government, to interpret the legislative will and its great function, to dispense justice, constitute it an office of the high- est dignity and the greatest responsibility." Without attempting to single out or specify any particular opinions of Judge McGowan, it may be enough to say that they are all embraced in the twenty vol- umes of the South Carolina Reports (Shand) from numbers 13 to 33. These permanent memorials which will go down to posterity afford the best measure of his industry and learning, and of the strength of 212 SOUTH CAROLINA. his intellect as well as of his high sense of justice. But it may be said with perfect truth that, taken as a whole, they will be found to be equal to those of any one of the long list of distinguished judges and chancellors who adorn the judicial annals of South Carolina. JOSIAH JAMES EVANS. This eminent lawyer was born in the district of Marlborough on the 27th day of November, 1786. He was descended from Welsh parentage, who settled the Welsh Neck, on Pee Dee. Judge Evans received his academical education at Fayetteville, N. C, and was among the earliest pupils of the North Carolina college. He studied law under his uncle, Mr. Hansen. He was admitted to the bar in 181 1, and was appointed commissioner in equity for the Cheraw dis- trict the same year. He served in the house of representatives in 18 1 2 and 1 81 3, and in 1S14 was appointed by Gov. Allston, one of his aides, which gave him the rank and title of colonel. About this time he married Miss DeWitt, of Society Hill, where he removed and at once entered upon a lucrative law practice which increased every year, until he was elected judge. A couple of years later he was re- turned to the house of representatives, and in 181 7, was elected solicitor of the eastern circuit of the state. In 1818, he was elected a trustee of the .South Carolina college, and continued in that office until his promotion to the United States senate, in 1852. In Decem- ber, 1829, he was elected a circuit judge, and in 1S35, he was elected a member of the court of appeals. It was in 1S52 that he was elected to the United States senate, which office he held with great honor to himself and his constituency, till death cut short his career at his lodging, in the city of Washington, on the 6th of May, 1858, in the seventy-second year of his age. Of his career in the senate a short extract from the speech of Mr. Hale, of New Hampshire, upon the occasion of his death, may serve to give expression of the esteem in which he was held in that august body, it being remembered that Mr. Hale was his bitter political opponent: "When I first met Judge Evans on the floor of the senate he realized to my mind more fully than any other man whom it has ever been my fortune to meet, the ideal which I had formed in my youth of an old Roman senator." Mr. Wilson, of Massachusetts, said: " In the committee room I learned to appreciate his character even more fully than I had when in the senate chamber. I learned to respect, to admire and to love him." Judge Evans, in his domestic relations, was a model man. He was a large slave-owner, but a kind and most indulgent master. He died leaving an immense fortune, the result of thrift and good business habits. ROBERT BENTHAM BOYLSTON. Robert Bentham Boylston was born in Charleston, S.C., Novem- ber 22, 1822. He was the eldest son of Dr. Henry and Mrs. M. E. Boylston, and the great-grandson of Ward Nicholas Boylston, of Bos- ■^f- ./^-^ZS fl .SOUTH CAROT.INA. 213 ton, well known as a patron of literature, and distinj^uished for his munificent endowment of Cambridge college, now Harvard university, and for his gifts to the city of Boston. Mr. Boylston was endowed with talents of no ordinary kind, and having cultured and refined parents, no expense was spared on his education. At school and academy, he invariably took the first stand, often endangering his health by his earnest application to study, and eager thirst for knowledge. The facts so obtained were laid away in his marvelous memory, in such order, that thirty years after they would often be recalled with page and line. At sixteen he entered Columbia college, South Carolina, and although the youngest of his class (nineteen years of age), bore off the second honors in the fine, large class, which graduated in 1841. He studied law and was ad- mitted to the bar at the required age, twenty-one. Thus equipped, he was the architect of his own fortune. After practicing his profes- sion in Mason, S. C, for a short while, he was elected commissioner in equity for that county, for the duties of which office his exact business qualities admirably fitted him. At twenty-four he married Miss Susan Cloud, of Winnsboro, Fairfield county, and an eligible opening pre senting itself, he removed to that place, where he soon attained a high reputation in his profession. In 1852 he was elected to the leg- islature and was made chairman of the judiciary committee, a place held until chosen to fill the honored position of speaker of the house of representatives, which position he held at the time of his death In the language of Gen. McGowan, his life long friend," At this time he was still as fresh as a boy, the idol of a sweet and happy home, the pride of his family and the delight of his friends, with high social position and genial nature to enjoy it, full of talent and distinguished beyond his years, with laurels literary, professional and political en circling his brow." From the time he entered college to the day oi his death, he was a man of labor. As a citizen he was public-spirited and patriotic; as a legislator he seemed to have an intuitive knowl- edge of the forms of order and all kinds of parliamentary proceed- ings. His judgment was clear and memory retentive. When cal- endars and journals failed he was referred to as infallible. In the noble profession to which he devoted his life, he was a model, quick, clear, discriminating and learned. To an analytical mind and full memory he added system and industry, and he relied exclusively upon justice and law. His pleadings were scientific and his composition elegant, and his style fulfilled the requisites of Mr. Wirt's short rule, " aptc, distinctc, ornati!' But soon the cloud of war overspread the land, and Mr. Boylston chafed to be in active service, but the state of his health, always del- icate and unreliable from that " night fiend," asthma, prevented his performing the duties of the camp, and he was appointed president of the court-martial, with the rank of colonel. This position he held when the hopes of the Confederacy were blasted at Appomatox. He returned to his state, broken in health, to find himself ruined in for- tune — his beautiful home made desolate, and his family reduced to 214 SOUTH CAROLINA. want by the devastating march of Sherman. He contemplated the ruin, but greatest ruin of all, he laid down his life September 4th, 1865, at the early age of fortj'-two, leaving a widow, three sons and a daughter, to mourn their irreparable loss; of that once happy circle, his widow alone remains. Two grandchildren survive the oldest son. At the time the war divided this country, Mr. Boylston held the office of grandsire of the Independent Order of Odd Fellows of United .States of America. Among the proceedings at the meeting of the grand lodge of the United States held at Baltimore, in Sep- tember, 1865, is found the following tribute to his memory: " P. G. Sire Boylston possessed social qualities of a high order. Few could resist the warmth of his cordial, genial manners, or the charms of his conversational powers. Still fewer of his contempor- aries could resist his power in debate — clear, logical and convincing; to admit his premises was to adopt his conclusion, and j'et, such was his urbanity of manner, that though he seldom went out of debate except as a conqueror, no instance is remembered in which his de- feated opponent ever took exception to what he had said. It seemed as if nature, in the prodigalit}' of her gifts to her favored son, had denied him no qualification to make him eminent in every walk of life. "But he has gone! We revere his memory, we lament his death. He lies in his untimely grave, beneath the soil of his own loved South Carolina, and the evergreens, through which the winds of heaven whisper their sweet requiem, wave over the mouldering remains of no purer or nobler spirit than of Robert B. Boylston." ALEXANDER S. DOUGLASS. Few men have attained a more substantial success at the bar of Fairfield county, S. C, than the Hon. Ale.xander S.Douglass. Mr. Douglass is a native of Fairfield county, having been born there, on the 25th of December, 1833. The family is one of the oldest and most influential in that portion of the state. His father was Alex- ander Douglass, who was also born and reared in Fairfield county, where he spent an honorable and active life as an agriculturist. He was the son of Alexander Douglass, who settled in .South Carolina, about. 1790, having come to this country from Ireland, and was of Scotch descent. He was a planter, and came to be recognized in the community as an able and intelligent man. Alexander Douglass, Jr., married Jennette .Simonton, a daughter of Mr. John Simon- ton, of b'airfield county, and a relative of Judge Simonton, whose sketch appears elsewhere in this work. Her mother was Martha Strong, who was closely related to Jane Gaston, a South Carolinian, who distinguished herself for valor and patriotism during the Revo- lution. .Seven children were born to the union of vYlcxander and Jennette Douglass. Of the two sons born to them, our subject is the youngest. He was reared upon his father's ])lantation, and, in the SOUTH CAROLINA. 215 neighboring schools, laid a solid foundation for the exhaustive study of later years. In 1853, at the age of nineteen, he graduated from Erskine college, at Abbeville, S- C, and immediately thereafter en- tered the law office of E.\-Gov. B. F. Perry, at Greenville, S. C. Subsequently entering the University of Virginia, he completed a law course there, and after several months' study, under R. B. Boylston, at Winnsboro, was admitted to the bar, by the law court of appeals, at Columbia, in 1855, and by the equity court of appeals, in 1856. In the meantime, Mr. Douglass had become a resident of Spartan- burg, and here, in January, 1857, he became associated with John H. Evins, in the publication of the Spartanburg Express. Early in the year 1S59, he purchased the office and plant of that paper, and con- tinued its publication until 1861, when he laid aside his business in- terests to take up arms in defense of his state at the outbreak of the Civil war, having at that time become a junior second lieutenant, in Company C, Thirteenth South Carolina volunteer infantry. He was subsequently promoted to the rank of first lieutenant, and was with the great Lee at Appomatox, having served through all the years of the struggle with faithfulness and valor. In 1866 Mr. Douglass resumed his profession of law, having taken up his residence at Winnsboro, S. C. In political faith he has always been a staunch democrat, and, as such, has been honored by his party with different offices of honor and trust. In the years 1882-3, he served as a member of the state legislature, and his career in that body was marked by the same fidelity to the people as has ever characterized his life. Not seeking political favors, he has not been in office to any great extent, prefer- ring to devote his time and best energies to his calling, in the law. In 1860, Mr. Douglass was first married to Miss Mary E. Byers, of Union district, S. C., who died in 1867, leaving, as the issue of the marriage, two sons, one of whom is associated with his father in the practice of law. In 1878 he was again most happily married, to Miss Sallie M. McCants, of Winnsboro, S. C, and three surviving children are the issue of this union. The family are valued members of the Presbyterian church, and are held in the highest esteem by the community at large. REV. LAUGHLIN McDONALD. The Rev. Laughlin McDonald was born in Elbert, <-iow Mart, county, Georgia, October 3rd, 1810. He was graduated from Miami university, Ohio, in the fall of 1836, and under the Rev. E. E. Pressly, D. D., of Due West, was fitted for the ministry, receiving his license to preach in Laurens county, S. C, October 5th, 1838, by the second presbytery of the Associate' Reformed synod of the south. On the 15th of October, 1839, he was transferred from the second to the first presbytery, and was ordained at Tirzah church, York county, S. C, December loth, 1839, and was installed as pastor of Tirzah church and Union congregation, in Chester county, at the same time. Oc- tober 4th, i85i,on account of failing health, he resigned from Tirzah 2l6 SOUTH CAROLINA. church. September loth, 1S53, he accepted a call from Neely's Creek congregation in York county, and on September 5th, 1870, he de- mitted both Union and Neely's Creek congregations. Mr. McDonald was one of the most distinguished clergymen in his church, and his death, March 26th, 1S74, was mourned by the entire congregation. Of magnificent build, courtly manners and rare intellect; with an earnest conviction that his sacred calling was the highest on earth, he left a record as clean and pure as ever comes from the dead. He was descended from an old and influential southern family. His an- cestors came from Scotland in 1760, and first settled in North Caro- lina, but later removed to Elbert, now Hart, county, Ga. John Mc- Donald, the father of the subject of this sketch, married Margaret McCurry, and they were the parents of nine children, viz.: Hugh, Nanc}', Angus, Laughlin, John, Daniel, Margaret, Flora and Roder- ick. John and Margaret McDonald, the parents, were members of the Associate Reform church at Gencrostee, Anderson county, S. C, and were people of piety and probity. J. E. McDonald, the son of the Rev. Laughlin McDonald, was born in Chester county, S. C, December J5th, 1856. His mother's maiden name was Melissa L. Stinson. J. E. McDonald lived in his native count}' until his fourteenth year, when he accompanied his parents to Fairfield county, and it was in the common schools of the latter county that the lad received his preliminary education. In the fall of 1874 he entered Erskine college, and was graduated therefrom in July, 1877, having completed a thorough classical course. He returned to the parental roof, and in September, 1877, began the study of law. In January of the fol- lowing year he entered the law ofifice of Messrs. McCants & Doug- lass, at Winnsboro, and remained under their excellent tutelage for two years. January i6th, 1878, he was admitted to the bar. In the fall of 1882, Mr. McDonald became associated with Mr. Charles A. Douglass in the practice of his profession, and this firm has since continued. In 18S4 he was elected solicitor of the Sixth judicial cir- cuit, and in 1884 was re-elected. He is a firm supporter of the doc- trines of the democratic party. Mr. McDonald is a member of the State Bar association, and also the American Bar association, and is chairman of the executive committee of the State association. His marriage to Miss Lillie E. Elliott, a daughter of Mr. Henry L. Elliott, of Winnsboro, was solemnized in 1882, and two boys and one girl have come to make their home life blessed. Both Mr. and Mrs. McDonald are active and valued communicants of the Associate Reform church. JOHN CALDWELL CALHOUN, one of the; most distinguished orators and statesmen of the southern states, was born March 18, 17S2, in y\bbeville district, S. C. He was of Irish descent, his grandfather, James Calhoun, having emigrated with his family from Ireland, in 1733, and settled in Pennsylvania The father of John C, Patrick Calhoun, was at that time six years SOUTH CAROLINA. 217 of age. They resided in Pennsylvania for several years, and then re- moved to western Virginia, where they remained until, by Braddock's defeat, the settlement was broken up, and they betook themselves to South Carolina, establishing themselves in the so-called Calhoun set- tlement, in 1756. Here they were open to the incursions of the Cherokee Indians, their near neighbors, and underwent all the bar- barities implied by savage warfare. James Calhoun, his aged mother, several other women and many of their children were butchered by the savages. Patrick Calhoun, the father of John C, was appointed to the command of a body of rangers for the defense of the settlers, and proved himself worthy of the important and dangerous duty im- posed upon him. After the restoration of peace, the family which had been dispersed, returned to the settlement. Patrick Calhoun, in 1770, was married to Martha Caldwell, of Charlotte county, Va. Miss Caldwell was a niece of Rev. James Cald- well, an eminent divine of the Presbyterian order, of New Jersey, who took a prominent part in the Revolutionary struggle. The issue of this marriage was four sons and one daughter, John C. being the youngest son. He was named after his uncle, Maj. John Caldwell, a zealous whig, who had been inhumanly murdered by the tories. The father, Patrick Calhoun, having to endure the privations of pioneer life, had few educational privileges, but this he made good by self- culture, and thus learned to place a high value upon education. He became a fine scholar in the English branches, and was particularly skilled in surveying, a profession which he followed for many years. He was a member of the provincial legislature, being the first mem- ber elected to that body from the interior of the state. With only one exception of a single term, he was continuously elected to the provincial legislature, and to the state legislature, after the close of the Revolution, for thirty years. He was a zealous whig, but was op- posed to the adoption of the United States constitution on the ground that it interfered with the sovereignty of the states. At the age of thirteen, John C. Calhoun was placed under the tuition of his brother-in-law, Rev. Dr. Waddell, who became one of the most distinguished educators in the southern states. At the death of his father, the academy was suspended for a while, but young Cal- houn continuing to reside with his brother-in-law. Dr. Waddell made good use of his ample library. In this, to him a congenial resort, he spent most of his time, and it is said that in the short lapse of four- teen weeks, he had made himself master of Rollin's Ancient History, Charles V., and America by Robertson, Voltaire's Charles XII., Cooke's Voyages, one volume of Locke on the Human Understand- ing, and several other volumes of less note. But such close applica- tion began to tell on his health, and his mother, alarmed at his emaciated appearance, took him home. Partially weaned from his studious habits, he took to sporting and agricultural pursuits, which laid the foundation for a more vigorous physique. Agriculture came to be almost a passion with him till in 1800, when his elder brother James, who had been placed in a csuntry home in Charleston, returned 2l8 SOUTH CAROLINA. home. He was so struck with the scholarly capacity of his younger brother, that he persuaded him to pursue a classical course. He re- entered Dr. Waddell's academy, which had been re-organized and re- moved to Columbia county, Ga., and such was his progress that in 1802 he was enabled to enter the Yale junior class, and graduated from that noted institution with the highest honors at the head of a large and talented class. His graduating thesis was, " The Qualifica- tions Necessary to a Perfect Statesman," but sickness prevented him from delivering it in person. After a short visit to his home, he returned and entered the Litchfield law school, under Judges Reeve and Gould where he made rapid progress. In the law and literary so- cieties of that place, he became a ready and able debater, developing much power and grace as an extemporaneous speaker, on political topics, always taking the republican side. He returned to South Carolina in 1S06, and a year later began the practice of law in his native district, building up a lucrative practice and taking foremost rank among contemporary members of his pro- fession. He was elected a member of the state legislature for two terms by large majorities, in spite of the prevailing prejudice against the election of lawyers as members. In 181 1, he took his seat in the national house of representatives, as a member of the twelfth con- gress, having been elected by a large majority to represent the con- gressional district composed of Abbeville, Newberry and Laurens counties. He was immediately appointed to the committee on for- eign affairs, which in consequence of the issues arising at that time between this country and Great Britain, was a most important and responsible position. His powers of oratory were soon recognized, and on the retirement of Gen. Porter, Mr. Calhoun was placed at the head of the committee on foreign relations. In this position, through- out the war, he rendered his country distinguished service. At the ne.\t session he was placed at the head of the committee on cur- rency, in which he formulated a bill designed to compel the banks to return to specie payments. In December, 1S17, Mr. Calhoun was appointed by President Mon- roe, secretary of war. He found this department in the utmost con- fusion, and left it at the end of Mr. Monroe's administration in complete order. He was elected vice-president in 1824, and was re- elected in 1828, and discharged the duties of that office with conspicu- ous ability. The part which Mr. Calhoun took upon the tariff ques- tion, and his controversy with Gen. Jackson, while that distinguished individual was president of the United States, involve too wide space for a strictly biographical sketch; the so-called nullification episode, in which Mr. Calhoun took so leading a part, is a matter of history. On this question he was in consonance with the great majority of his state, and none of his fellow citizens questioned the honesty of his convictions, nor the ability with which he inculcated and enforced them. In May, 181 1, he was married to his cousin, Miss Floride Calhoun, daughter of John Ewing Calhoun, at one time a United States senator SOUTH CAROLINA. 219 from Soutli Carolina. They had a large family of children. Mr. Calhoun died on the 31st of March, 1850. Mrs. Calhoun survived him and was always admired for her quiet, unostentatious demeanor, and for the gracefulness, ease and dignity of her manner. We cannot better close the limited sketch of this illustrious per- sonage, than to adopt the words of one of his biographers: " His character," says Mr. Jenkins, " was marked and decided, not prema- turely exhibiting its peculiarities, yet formed and perfected at an early age. He was firm and prompt, manly and independent. His sentiments were noble and elevated, and everything mean or grov- eling was foreign to his nature. He was easy in his manners, affable and dignified. His attachments were warm and enduring; he did not manifest his affection with enthusiastic fervor, but with deep earnest- ness and sincerity. He was kind, generous and charitable; honest and frank; faithful to his friends, but somewhat inclined to be unfor- giving to his enemies. He was attached to his principles and preju- dices with equal tenacity; and when he had adopted an opinion, so strong was his reliance upon the correctness of his own judgment that he often doubted the wisdom and sincerity of those who dis- agreed with him. He never shrank from the performance of any duty, however painful it might be; that it was his duty was sufficient for him. He possessed pride of character in no ordinary degree, and withal not a little vanity, which is said always to accompany true genius. His devotion to the south was not sectional, so much as it was the natural consequence of his views with reference to the theory of the government, and his patriotism, like his fame, was co-exten- sive with the Union." JAMES H. IRBY. Colonel James H. Irby was a native of Laurens district, S. C. He came from pure Revolutionary stock, his ancestors having been whigs and taken an active part in the American Revolution. Col. Irby, having such a strain of blood flowing in his veins, could be no less a patriot than his illustrious ancestors, and his history shows that he served his state well. For many years he was a member of the state legislature, and represented his district with marked ability and statesmanship. He was at one time lieutenant-governor, and was afterward a candidate before the legislature for governor, com- ing within one vote of an election. He was a graduate of South Carolina college, read law, was admitted to the bar about the year 181 7, and became one of the ablest and most successful members of the profession in the northern part of the state. He accumulated a large estate, leaving at his death a property worth nearly half a mil- lion of dollars. At the bar he was among the ablest practitioners; in appearance he was unusually prepossessing. He was tall and finely proportioned, with a well developed brain. He possessed a subtle discrimination 220 SOUTH CAROLINA. and seized the strong points of an intricate case almost by intuition; his presentment of these points to the court was as clear and patent as they were in his own conception. In the argument of a case, his carefully prepared brief cited authorities to plainly and strongly sus- tain every proposition he undertook to establish. ' But he owed his success more to his natural gifts than to his extensive reading. He wasnot a studious man, either in law or literature; he relied upon his instinctive knowledge of human nature, which was strongly re-enforced by his acute observation of men. This natural gift of reading a man's character was of great advantage to him, not only in his deal- ings with his clients, but in defending them or enforcing their claims before the court. Colonel Irby was a member of the South Carolina convention which met in 1851 to consider the subject of the secession of the state from the Union. _ His love of that Union, inherited from his forefathers of the Revolution and his naturally conservative ideas, led him to oppose secession. He owned a large plantation, upon which he employed a great number of slaves, and self-interest as well as his Union-loving instincts, led him to oppose the secession movement. In this action he was strongly seconded by Judge Orr, who was an associate mem- ber in the same convention. In the later convention which met to pass the secession ordinance, the counsels of men like Irby and Orr were overborne, and when that conclusion was reached as the sense of the majority, none defended the cause of the state with more true valor or discretion than they. Colonel Irby, with all his bright natural gifts, was so averse to read- ing and study that his acquirements almost bordered upon illiteracy, and many amusing anecdotes are told of him illustrating his lack of a knowledge of books, by which he was led into ludicrous blunders — one in particular in which he made a familiar quotation from Shakespeare, in an argument before a jury, giving the Bible as his authority, to the infinite amusement of his better-read associates at the bar. But in spite of this lack of study, his associates knew and felt his power and success as an advocate, which often proved more than a match for their greater erudition. GENERAL JAMES W. MOORE was born at Coosawhatchie, then the county seat of Beaufort dis- trict, S. C, February 25, 1837. He received a primary education at the Beaufort di'strict academy, in Gillisonville, under an able instruc- tional board, and afterward entered the University of Georgia, from whirli he was graduated at the age of nineteen years, taking the first honors of his class. In January, 185Q, he was admitted to the bar and soon after began the practice of law in partnership with Fran- cis W. Fickling, opening an office at Gillisonville, then the court house of Beaufort district. licfore he hatl fairly set out in business the Civil war began and he at once put aside his legal authorities, I SOUTH CAROLINA. 221 exchanged the pen for the sword and volunteered in defense of the Confederate cause. He joined the Beaufort district troop of cavalry as a private. He had a thorough knowledge of military tactics and was appointed drill-master of his troop, which went to Virginia as a part of the Hampton legion. Whenever vacancies occurred in his company he was promoted and was finally appointed adjutant by Gen. M. C. Butler. He was an active participant in the important battles of Virginia, Maryland and Pennsylvania; his men were de- voted to him, and the wounds he carries on his person testify to his courage and devotion to the cause for which he fought. When the war was over. Gen. Moore returned to the practice of the law, and he has ever since had a large clientage and is held as one of the fore- most lawyers of the Hampton bar. He was a member of the house of representatives in 1865-6, but re-construction for a time suspended his political career. His sterling qualities as a political leader prompted the republicans to make overtures to him, but he immedi- ately rejected their solicitations. In 1876 he was a leader for the re- demption of the state from negro rule, but overwork in the cause brought on an illness which came near putting a premature end to his useful life. In the formation of Hampton county he was one of the prime movers, and he has been chosen to represent it in the state senate, in which he rendered distinguished service, both to the county' and state. Gen. Moore was a delegate to the Chicago convention in 1884, from the second congressional district, which putGrover Cleve- land, of whom he was an enthusiastic supporter, in nomination for president. In 1886 he conducted the democratic campaign, as chair- man of the state e.xecutive committee. He also did efficient work in 1888, the new executive committee having been appointed at such a late day as to leave the brunt of the battle in that campaign for Gen. Moore. In 1890 he was re-elected to the state senate for his fourth term, in spite of the fact that he was before the people as an anti- Tillman man, in a strong Tillman county. He has been chairman of the military committee of the senate continuously for thirteen years, and has worked very hard to build up the system of volunteer troops in the state. Much of the efficiency of the state military is due to his labors in their behalf. He is senior major-general in the state, and commanded the magnificent military parade at the Columbia cen- tennial in May, 1S91. In 1868 Gen. Moore was united in marriage with Miss Cornelia E. Tillinghast, daughter of Robert Tillinghast, a distinguished lawyer of Beaufort district, who represented his dis- trict in the house and senate repeatedly. They have had three children, two of whom, Mary Woodbury and Lucy Cornelia, survive. Gen. Moore's father was John Moore, born in Peterborough, N. H., January 20, 1804. He came to South Carolina when only fourteen years of age, living in Beaufort with his uncle, John Ferguson. John Moore was married in 1829, to Sabrina W. Beard, a niece of Hon. Levi Woodbury, of New Hampshire, and they had eight children, five of whom survive. Gen. James W. Moore was the fourth in the order of birth. 222 SOUTH CAROLINA. PATRICK NOBLE was born In Abbeville district, S. C, in the year 17S7. He was fitted for college under the instruction of the celebrated educator, Dr. Waddell. In the latter part of 1804 he entered Princeton college, and graduated from that institution in 1806, probably having entered the junior class. John C. Calhoun was his law preceptor, and he was admitted to the bar in 1809, immediately entering into partnership with Mr. Calhoun and practicing at the Abbeville bar. The firm practiced together till the senior partner was elected to congress in 1810. In 1S14, Mr. Noble was elected a member of the house of repre- sentatives of South Carolina, which position he held for the succeed- ing ten years. At the session of 1818 he was elected speaker of the house, and was re-elected to that position for the next three legisla- tive terms. He was an excellent parliamentarian, using his official prerogative in a way to facilitate business, preserve the strictest order with a good-natured dignity, and render his decisions in an impartial way. At this point he desired to retire from official life, but in 1832 he was again elected a member of the house, and at the next session was again chosen speaker. In 1S36 he represented Abbeville county in the state senate, and was immediately called to the presidency of that body. He held that honorable position, presiding over the sen- ate with the same ability that characterized his speakership in the lower house. His presidency over the senate lasted until 1838, when he was called to preside over the state at large as its chief magistrate. But he was not spared to administer his full term as governor. He died April 7, 1840. His wife had preceded him to the tomb some years, leaving with him a family of five sons and two daughters. Governor Noble, though not what the world calls a great man, was the possessor of such good and substantial qualities as to win for him the highest respect of his fellow citizens. Throughout his offi- cial career he preserved an exalted moral standard, never swerving from the path of a high personal rectitude. His public speeches and legal pleas were characterized more for their strong common sense and directness than for oratorical ornamentation, and were better cal- culated to inform and convince than to rouse and entertain. One of his associates of the legal profession. Chancellor Bowie, of Alabama, has drawn his characteristics in apt and appropriate terms. He said of him: " His mind was rather more practical than brilliant. He had little imagination, but a retentive memory. He was a well-read lawyer, and without brilliant parts he was a safe coun- selor. He was one of the most amiable of men I have ever known. What he was one day you were sure to find him on the next. I never saw him out of humor, and he was my intimate friend and associate from our boyhood to near the close of his life. With the people he was always popular, and the steadiness and uniformity of his princi- ples and character, made that ]}opularity fixed and durable. His moral character was without a blot." Another of his intimate associates, Gov. McDuffie, held him in I SOUTH CARULINA. 223 such high estimation that he dictated the following noble tribute to be engraved, as a lasting memorial, upon his tomb: "As a public man he was distinguished by moderation resulting from a mild and even temperament, and by firmness of purpose proceeding from a high sense of duty and a sound judgment, drawing its conclusions from careful and dispassionate examination. In all the relations of private life he was singularly exemplary, and in public and in private, such was the unblemished purity of his character, that both friends and opponents would concur in inscribing on his tomb, 'Here lie the bones of an honest man.' " In September, iSi6, Mr. Noble was joined in marriage with Miss Elizabeth Pickens, daughter of Ezekiel Pickens, and granddaughter of Gen. Andrew Pickens. She was a noble woman and a faithful wife. The exact date of her death is not found in any of the biog- raphies we have been able to consult, but, as before stated, she died some years before her honored husband. HON. DAVID EDWARD FINLEY. The Hon. David Edward Finley, one of the most eminent mem- bers of the York county, S. C, bar, is the youngest of a family of eight children, and the only survivor. He was born February 28th, 1861, in Phillips count3^ Ark., to which place his father, David M. Finley, and his mother, whose maiden name was Elizabeth Mcllwain, emigrated from York county eleven years before. Young Finley was left an orphan at such a tender age that he does not remember his parents. His mother died when he was eight months old, and his father followed her to the grave less than twelve months later. After a few years among strangers, in 1865, he was adopted by his maternal aunt, Mary Campbell, who, with her husband, John Campbell, lived at Rock Plill, S. C. The estimable pair were childless, and gave their protege all the tender care that would have been bestowed upon their own child. Under their teaching he was religiously instructed in all the duties and responsibilities of life, and grew up to manhood fully endowed with those qualities of courage and self-reliance so characteristic of his Scotch-Irish origin. Under able instuctors, in- cluding the Rev. J. C. Burge and Capt. B. P. Alston, he was thor- oughly drilled in all the academic branches, and in 1S86 he was graduated from the University of South Carolina with the degree of LL. B. Then locating in Yorkville, he entered upon the prac- tice of his profession, and a career of success which at once placed him in the front rank with the most prominent and progressive citizens of his county. Places of honor and trust have come to him rapidly. First, he was elected a member of the city council; then a member of the county board of school examiners; then a member of the board of trustees of the Yorkville graded schools; then attorney for the board of county commissioners of York county; secretary and treasurer of the county democratic executive committee; a member of the state democratic executive committee; a member of the South 224 SOUTH CAROLINA. Carolina house of representatives, and here, besides being appointed on various important committees, including the ways and means, as an able and zealous champion of education, he was elected a mem- ber of the'board of trustees of the South Carolina university. Mr. Finley is a ruling elder in the Associate Reformed Presbyterian church, and is also an officer in the Masonic lodge of Yorkville, .S. C. On the Qth day of October, iSSg, he was married to Miss Bessie L. Gist, daughter of the late William C. Gist, of Union, S. C, and the marriage has resulted in the birth of one child, a son. As a lawyer, Mr. Finley is fearless, astute and persistent. Enlisted for once, he is enlisted for the war, and he never gives up a hght so long as success is within the possibility of earnest endeavor. This record in the past prestiges a career of great achievements which can only be modified by the splendid health and strength with which he is at present blessed. HON. JAMES F. HART. The Hon. James F. Hart was born in Union county, S. C, Febru- ary 13, 1S37, the son of John Hart. The family is of English origin, the first emigrant of that name having come from London, England. He came with a colony that settled in Pennsylvania. Josiah Hart, one of the descendants, came to South Carolina about the year 1752, and located in Union county. His son, Thomas, was the father of John Hart, the father of our subject. The latter gentleman was a farmer in Union county, where he was born. Miss Elizabeth Greer, also a native of that county, became his wife. She was the daughter of Rev. Thomas Greer, a Baptist divine, who came from the north of Ireland with his parents when a lad. Two of his brothers were sol- diers under Sumter during the Revolution. John and Elizabeth Hart had three sons and a daughter to survive to maturity: Will- iam was an officer of the Fifteenth South Carolina regiment, and was killed at Gettysburg; another, Thomas by name, is a citizen of Union county, and the third son .is our subject. Mr. Hart laid the foundation for his education in the old field schools near his father's home. His father died when the boy was but seven years of age, and he was thrown upon his own resources at an early age. Obtaining an appointment to the South Carolina military academy as a benefi- ciary, he was graduated therefrom in 1S57, and after his graduation became a teacher, and continued in that calling until 1859. He then began the study of law in the law office of B. ¥. Arthur, Esq., of Union, and in May, i860, he was admitted to the bar before the court of ap- peals. At this time Mr. Hart located at Union with the intention of practicing his profession, but the dark days of the Civil war were at hand, and in December, i860. Gov. Pickens appointed him a lieuten- ant of engineers of the state military service. Just after the bom- bardment of Sumter he was offered the command of the Washington artillery, but refused, and the office was given to .St(;phen B. Lee, with Mr. Hart as second in command with the rank of senior first a^^ s;^. ¥ -^ ^^/i^^.^-^^^- n SOUTH CAROLINA. 317 islature in 1880, and served one term. While a member of the legis- lature he introduced the bill chartering the Greenville & Laurens railroad, canvassed the county in advocacy of building this and the Greenwood, Laurens & Spartanburg railroad, both of which are now in successful operation under the (Jeorgia Central system. He was elected vice president of the Greenville & Laurens railway, and is at present a director in the P., R. & VV. C. Ry. He was also for a num- ber of years a director in the Columbia & Greenville and Laurens railways. Dr. Barksdale was also chosen vice president of the South- ern Forestry congress, which met at L)e Funick Springs, Fla., in De- cember, 18S5. During the late war Dr. Barksdale spent much time in the hospitals of Richmond and North Georgia, ministering to the sick and wounded. While in the legislature Dr. Barksdale served as chairman of the committee on agriculture, and reported the bill known as the general stock law of the state, which has proved a bless- ing to the farmers. He has also served as mayor of the city of Laur- ens in i860. He holds membership in the Laurens County Medical society of South Carolina. He is a member of the Masonic frater- nity, and has also taken the chapter and council degrees. He has been chosen master of the lodge, high priest of the chapter, and thrice illustrious grand master of his council upon various occasions. He belongs to the K. of H., and was the lecturer of the state grange in 1873 'ind 1874. Dr. Barksdale was married October 7, 1852, to Martha A. Nance, of Newberry, daughter of Drayton Nance, for- merly a prominent lawyer and citizen of Newberry. They have five children living, four sons and one daughter. In general appearance Dr. Barksdale possesses a fine, manly form, being large in stature and dignified in deportment. He is liberal and broad-minded and of a sympathetic and generous disposition, characteristics which have made him justly popular and influential among his fellow citizens. In financial ability he has few equals, and he holds the position of one of the solid men of the city of Laurens. DR. THOMAS McCOY was born in Newberry county, S. C, December 27, 1830, and is a physician and surgeon of the first rank in the city of Laurens. He is the son of Barnett and Elizabeth (Danner) McCoy, the former a native of Laurens county, and the latter of Union county, S. C. The father, who has led the life of a farmer is still living, having attained the unusual age of eighty-nine years. He was born in 1803. The mother died in 1858. Barnett McCoy's father was John McCoy, a farmer by occupation, a native of Fairfield county, S. C., and a Revo- lutionary soldier. Dr. McCoy's mother was the daughter of Thomas Gitson Danner, a native of Maryland, and by occupation a farmer. Dr. Thomas McCoy left his native county with his parents wdien only six years old, and removed to a farm in Laurens county, where he lived with them until he was eighteen years of age. He then, in 1849, accompanied them to Monroe county. Miss., where he remained ten 3l8 SOUTH CAROLINA. years. He received an academic education, and at the age of twenty- one, took up the study of medicine. In 1853 he entered the Jefferson Medical college in Philadelphia, in which he took one course of lec- tures. In 1854 he entered the medical department of the university of Tennessee, at Nashville, from which he graduated in March, 1855. He began practice in Monroe county. Miss., and after three years went to New Orleans and took another course of lectures in the medi- cal department of the University of Louisiana, now Tulane university. Returning to Monroe county, he practiced there one year more. Then, in 1859, he returned to Laurens county, in which he has ever since resided. In the month of February, 1862, he entered the ser- vice of the Confederate arm}', in Company I, of the First South Car- olina regiment, as a private, in which he continued four months. He was then detailed to a position on the surgeon's staff, hospital depart- ment. Here he remained till the battle of Gettysburg, when he was left in charge of the sick and wounded of the First regiment during that battle. He was captured there with all the sick and wounded, about three days after the battle was over, and imprisoned fourteen months at Ft. Delaware. During his imprisonment he had a position in the prison hospital and was treated with due respect and courtesy. He was exchanged in October, 1864, when he went to Richmond on the exchange and was ordered by the surgeon-general to Charleston to take the position of assistant surgeon. He successfully passed the examination and was ordered to hospital duty at Wytheville, Va. Before he arrived there, however, the Federals captured Wytheville. He was en route at the time being in the mountains of Virginia. On learning of the capture of Wytheville, he tarried in the mountains about a month, during which time Gen. Lee surrendered. He then returned to Laurens county, and resumed the practice of medicine in the city of Laurens in the latter part of 1869. Here he has continued ever since, and has been eminently successful, being now one of the leading physicians of the state. Since then he has attended a course of lectures in New York and Philadelphia. He is a member of the Laurens county medical societj^and a member of the medical society of the ex-Confederate surgeons, and of the South Carolina medical society. He is also a member of the American Medical association. Dr. McCoy is a thorough democrat in politics, a member of the Ma- sonic lodge and an elder in the Presbyterian church. He was mar- ried December 27, 1S5S, to Alberta E. Young, a native of Laurens county. DR. EARLE M. CAINE, president of the Oil & Fertilizer Co., of Laurens, S. C, was born in Greenwood, Abbeville county, S. C, on the iSth of September, 1855. His father was Dr. Sampson V. Caine, a prominent physician of Abbe- ville county. He was born in Abbeville county in 1809, and died in 1858. He was the son of William Caine, a native of .Scotland, who emigrated to America about 1780 and settled in .Mibcville county, SOUTH CAROLINA. 319 where he spent the remnant of his hfe in the occupation of a farmer. The maiden name of Dr. E. M. Caine's mother was Carohne Eugenia Earle, a native of Greenville, born September 26, 1830. She was the daughter of Dr. Robinson Earle. Upon the maternal side the line- age of Dr. Caine is traceable back to a royal family in England and he derives his middle name, Monteith, from the earl of Monteith, a Scottish chief. His maternal grandmother, whose maiden name was Eliza W. Thompson, the wife of Dr. Robinson Earle, was a sister of Gen. Waddy Thompson, who was minister plenipotentiary from the United States to Mexico; she was the aunt of Hon. Hugh S.Thomp- son, e.x-governor of South Carolina, and ex-assistant of the treasury. Both the Earle and the Thompson families were prominent in political affairs, many members of each winning distinction among their fel- low citizens. It will be seen that Dr. Caine, the subject of this sketch, was left without a father at the tender age of three years. After his father's death his mother removed to Union, S. C, where he spent his youthful days and attended a high school in which he prepared for college. At si.xteen he entered Furman university, where he re- mained two years. He then spent one year in the Carolina Military institute, at Charlotte, N.C., under the instruction of Col. J. P.Thomas, after which he spent one year at West Point military academy. He was obliged to leave that institution on account of ill health. Mean- while his mother had removed from Union to Greenville, her former home. On leaving the United States military academy, he lived with his mother at Greenville, and took up the study of medicine under the late Dr. A. D. Hoke, a former prominent physician of Greenville. In the autumn of 1S76 he entered the medical college of Alabama, at Mobile, in which he took one course of lectures. He entered the South Carolina medical college at Charleston in the fall of 1877, from which he graduated in March, 187S. He at once entered upon the practice of his profession at Clinton, Laurens county. In the follow- ing fall, September 10, he was married to Miss Rosa H. Irby, the youngest daughter of Col. J. H. Irby, of Laurens, who was promi- nent in politics in his day, and at the head of the bar at Laurens, S. C. In 1882, after having successfully practiced his profession four years, he retired from it to look after his real estate interests, which were quite e.xtensive, having become the owner of large estates both from his father and from his wife's father. He owned three large planta- tions, all in Laurens county, and is still their owner. They embrace 1,600 acres of land. Upon one of these, which is located at Mount- ville, he resided seven years, from 1S83 till 1890. On this plantation he has a very handsome residence and it is in other respects in excellent condition, having been made so by the industry and enterprise of Dr. Caine. In 1883 he erected a large store upon it, which he has owned and conducted ever since. While residing upon this planta- tion, Dr. Caine was instrumental in securing the construction of the Georgia, Carolina & Northern railroad, which passes through his plantations mentioned above, a depot and town called Mountville, having been located on the plantation. Dr. Caine was one of the di- 320 SOUTH CAROLINA. rectors of the above named road upon the organization of the com- pany. In January, 1890, he left his plantation and removed to Laurens, having accepted the presidency of the Oil & Fertilizer company of that city, which he now holds. This is a joint stock company with a paid-up capital of $40,000. Dr. Caine and wife have six children living, one having died. In politics he adheres to the democratic faith, but has persistently declined to take an active hand in partisan- ship, notwithstanding the entreaties of his friends to accept positions of trust and honor in the way of office. A political life is distasteful to him. He is an official member of the Presbyterian church, and was-elected ruling elder in that church at the age of twenty-nine. He is a member of the Masonic lodge, a stockholder in the People's Loan & Exchange bank of Laurens, and is next to the largest stock- holder in the Oil & Fertilizer company, to the management of which and to that of his plantations, he devotes his entire attention- DR. JOHN T. POOLE, prominent as a physician and honored as a citizen of Laurens, was born on a farm in Laurens county, April 25, 1S36. His father's name was Berry P. Poole, also a native of Laurens county, and a farmer. The maiden name of his mother was Mary Blackstock, a native of Union county, and daughter of William Blackstock, who served as a lieutenant in the Revolutionary war. The father was the son of .Seth Poole, a native of Virginia, a farmer by occupation who removed from his native state to Laurens county, in 1767. He was chiefly en- gaged in the cultivation of tobacco. He built the first grist-mill in Laurens county, which he operated in connection with his tobacco farm. A woman who had traveled fift}' miles to see this mill declared when she saw the corn-meal pouring forth, that "God is a genus, but man is a genuser." On the paternal side, Dr. Poole's ancestors were English. His father served in the Indian war in Florida, and died September 15, 1S47, the mother dying in 1873. ^n the mother's side, Dr. Poole traces back his ancestry to Welsh. Dr. Poole spent his earlier years on the farm and attended the common school. In 1855 he began the study of medicine. On the first of October of that year he entered the Jefferson Medical college at Philadelphia, where he took one course of lectures. In the fall of 1856 he entered the South Carolina Medical college, from which he graduated in 1857. He began the practice of his profession at once, locating at Holly Springs, Spartanburg county, S. C. Here he continued in successful practice for thirteen years, it soon becoming so extensive that he was unable to meet all the calls for his services. During that period he spent about a year and a half in the Confederate army. He enlisted in June, 1863, in Company B, P'irst South Carolina cavalry. At the battle of Bentonville his horse was shot from under him, after which he fell back to the Second artillery, and upon the following day, while serving in this regiment, was wounded, and was compelled to spend some time in the hospital. He participated in several skirmishes. In SOUTH CAROLINA. 32 I 1870 Dr. Poole removed to Cross Anchor, Spartanburg county, where he practiced medicine seventeen years. While there he also carried on farming and conducted a plantation store. In the latter part of 1886 he removed to Laurens, where he subsequently built up an extensive and profitable practice. Me has also, since coming to Laurens, bet:n interested in merchandising quite extensively, in com- pany with his son-in-law, the late J. F. Martin, one of the leading merchants and business men of Laurens. Since the death of his partner, which occurred December 13, 1890, Dr. Poole has had charge of the store, to which his attention has since been directed, in con- nection with his practice. He is a member of the Laurens County Medical association and of the Methodist Episcopal church. His politics are democratic, and he has been a member of the Laurens city council. He is also a member of the Masonic fraternity of the royal arch degree. He owns and occupies one of the handsomest residences in Laurens, and was married September 27, i860, to Miss Anna Wofford Allen, by whom he has become the father of ten children, seven of whom are living. Their respective names are: Clarence L., Mattie A., Edward G., Mollie B., Leonora, John T. and Walter M. Clarence L. and Edward G. Poole are physicians. Dr. Poole has achieved great success in his profession, and his standing, both professionally and socially, is of the first class. He is well cal- culated to inspire confidence among his associates, from his very high character, both as a ph^'sician and as a private citizen. When he re- moved from Spartanburg county to Laurens, he did not intend to practice at the latter place, but his reputation as a skilled and suc- cessful medical practitioner had preceded him, and he found it im- possible to abandon his profession in which he could make himself so helpful to his fellow citizens. A. A. MOORE, M. D. Prominent among the medical profession of Kershaw county, S.C., stands the name of Albertus Adair Moore, M. D., a native of Yorkville, S. C, where he first saw the light February i6th, 1834. The father, James Moore, was also a native of the Palmetto state, and was a man of great prominence in his daj'. He was a son of Alexander Moore, who was born of Irish parentage. James was a olanter. He married Sophia Springs, daughter of Richard Springs, and ten sons and three daughters were born to their union. For two terms he represented his county in the legislature, and declined an election to the senate owing to ill health. In 1832 he was a meniber of the South Carolina nullification convention, and was a staunch champion of that measure. Dr. Moore was reared upon the homestead, near Rock Hill, and was prepared for college at the male academy of Ebenezerville, S. C. He was a student at the University of Virginia, and subsequently was graduated from the medical department of the University of New York, in March, 1859. In December, 1859, he lo- cated at Camden and entered upon his professional duties, which he A — 21 322 SOUTH CAROLINA. successfully continued until July 2d, 1S61, when he enlisted in the Confederate army as orderly sergeant; was commissioned assistant surgeon January 15th, 1863, and held that position until the close of hostilities, having surrendered with Gen. Lee at Appomatox. Im- mediately thereafter he returned to Camden and resumed his prac- tice. Dr. Moore is a member of the Kershaw county medical asso- ciation; has been president of the South Carolina medical society, and also is a member of the state board of health. He has written several articles on different medical topics, among them being one on "Spinal Meningitis;" a brief report on "Phytolacca Decandra in the treatment of Mastitis," published in the I'irgiiiia Rlcdical JMoithly for May, 1877; and also a case of " Anencephalic Moster," reported in the Journal of Medical Science for July, 1867. Dr. Moore was united in marriage with Miss Sallie Dunlap, in January, 1865. In January, 1867, she died-leaving no issue, and in Januarj', 1873, Miss Carrie A. Clarke became his wife, and Albertus /\dair, Jr., and Caleb Clarke Moore, are the offspring of their marriage. Both Dr. and Mrs. Moore are active and earnest members of the Presbyterian church. DR. E. K. HARDIN, one of the leading physicians of Batesburg, Lexington county, S. C, was born in Chester count}? in the j^ear 1851. His father's christian name was Peter, and that of his mother was Rebecca, her surname being King. They were both natives of South Carolina, the Hardins being of English descent. Peter Hardin was a planter by occupation, following that employment until his death in 1885. He was a soldier in the Confederate army during the war, and was the father of five sons, none of them being professional men except the subject of this sketch. Dr. E. K. Hardin received his early education in the schools of Chester county, and continued it at Wofford college, Spartanburg, S. C, graduating from that institution in 1873. After his graduation, he engaged in teaching for ten succeeding years in the schools of Batesburg, Blackville male seminary and Williamston. He was com- pelled to abandon his calling on account of failing health, and began the study of medicine in 1882 under W. D. Hutto, entering Charleston college in the winter of 1883. After remaining there one year, he entered the University of Maryland at Baltimore, and graduated from that institution in 1885. After his graduation from the university, he immediately began practice at Batesburg, and has continued his prac- tice at that place up to the present time. In iSgo, he established a drug store in connection with his medical practice. He was married in 1875 to Mi.ss Clinkscales, of Williamston, and five children have been born to this marriage. Dr. Hardin has never taken an active part in politics, preferring to devote his entire energies and a faithful devotion to the practice of his chosen profession. His eminent suc- cess as a medical practitioner has fully demonstrated his wisdom and foresight in this direction. A large and continually increasing practice is the reward of his strict consecration to his life work. SOUTH CAROLINA. 323 DR. ORLANDO BENEDICT MAYER, one of the most prominent physicians in the state, was born near Pomaria, S. C., February 24, 1818. His parents, Adam and Mary Mayer, were natives of South CaroHna. Adam Mayer was the son of John S. Mayer, also a native of South Carolina, and by occupation a blacksmith and farmer, by which he came to be quite wealthy, owning valuable; lands and slaves. He took part in the Revolutionary war. Dr. Orlando B. Mayer spent his boyhood days at his home, to which he was fondly attached. In his later youth he attended school at Lexington, subsequently entering South Carolina college, from which he graduated in 1837. He then studied medicine under Drs. Wells and Tolland, of Columbia, attended lectures at the medical college at Charleston, and graduated from that institution, receiving therefrom the degree of M. D. He began his medical prac- tice at Dutch Fork, remaining in practice there for a year or two, when he resolved to supplement his medical studies at some of the most noted European universities. April 25, 1844, he left his home at Pomaria and embarked at Charleston for Liverpool. He attended the universities of Edinburgh, Paris and Heidelberg, spending in all three years' time in the pursuit of his studies. He returned to his home in April, 1844, and after practicing his profession there for two years, removed to Newberry, where the remainder of his useful life was spent. Dr. Mayer was thrice married, first in 1839, to Miss Mary Davis, of Fairfield, at that time residing in Mississippi. She lived less than a year after her marriage. In 1851 he married Miss Carrie De Walt, of Newberry, who died in 1861, leaving him one son and four daugh- ters. He afterward married Mrs. Lou Kinard, who survives him. Dr. Mayer had attained an enviable reputation as a physician, was in the foremost rank in his profession, and had acquired celebrity as a writer, as well upon literary as upon medical topics. During the latter years of his life he had retired from active practice. He was sought for in counsel in critical cases, and himself performed many delicate and difficult surgical operations. But he was not a man to sound his own fame. His desire for the applause of men as well as for the accumulation of w-ealth was of the most moderate kind. He could have had both at his bidding. A generous spirit, purity of life, open-hearted sympathy for the suffering, and a taste for literature, were among his distinguishing characteristics. Besides being a thor- ough English scholar, he was well up in the classical languages, spoke and wrote the German language with great fluency, and was also master of the French language. With these more solid acquirements, he had not neglected music and the fine arts. He had rendered many of the German hymns and sonnets into English verse, requir- ing the exercise of fine poetic taste as well as a good knowledge of the German. He excelled in fiction, and "The Voice, the Hand and the Silhouette" and "The Music Girl of the Rue de la Harpe," were 324 SOUTH CAROLINA. emanations from his pen of especial merit. Though these were pub- lished in 1857, the first named prefigured the telephone which did not materialize until some years afterward. Dr. Mayer was professor of physiology and hygiene in Newberry college, a position he had held since 1877, and he held the same posi- tion in that institution before its removal from VValhalla for nine or ten years preceding that date. He died at his home in Newberry, July 16, 1891, deeply lamented by all who knew him. A local journal of contemporaneous date, in noticing his death, paid him this fine tribute: " Dr. Mayer was a consistent member of the Lutheran church. He was a student of the Bible, which he read with devoutness and in which he believed with a strong faith. The grandeur of his character is most manifest in his religious life. No man of our acquaintance possessed a more abiding faith in the promises of the gospel of Christ. With the faith of a little child, his convictions were strong and he relied fully on the doctrine of the resurrection and the happiness of the life to come, which was his solace and comfort in his last illness. * * * His nobleness of character and his many virtues truly entitle him to the high name of Christian gentleman." Dr. Mayer left four children: Dr. O. B. Mayer, Jr.; Mrs. Martin, of Laurens; Mrs. Con- nor, of Cokesbury, and Mrs. J. T. Mayes, of Newberry. One of his daughters, Miss Alice Mayer, died in December, 1884. DR. JAMES K. GILDER, a prominent physician and druggist, of Newberry, was born in the county where he now resides, in 1856. He is a son of Dr. James K. and Lou A. Gilder. The father of James K., Sr., was James L. Gilder, who was a native of Philadelphia. James K. Gilder, the subject of this sketch, was educated in the rudimentary branches in the schools of the county, and afterward entered VVofford college, but did not complete his course. He then spent some time in Bryant & Strat- ton's Business college at Baltimore, where he graduated. He then entered the University of New York, graduating from that institution in March, 1878. He began practice at once in his native city and has followed the practice continuously up to the present time. In March, 1889, he purchased an interest in the drug firm of Cofield & Lyon, and took as a partner Mr. Robertson. The firm is now doing busi- ness under the name of Robertson & Gilder. Dr. Gilder was married in 1878 td Miss Fant, of Laurens county, and the issue of this marriage has been four children. He is a meniber of the Chi Phi fraternity of the college from which he graduated. He has always taken an active interest in politics, but had never sought office. In his practice he has been very successful. Dr. Gilder and his family are members of the Methodist Episcopal chnrch. J. C. McMILLEN, M. D. one of Marion county's leading physicians, is the son of Sidney E. and Mary (Palmer) McMillcn, and was born in Marion, S. C, in SOUTH CAROLINA. 325 1850. Both parents were natives of South Carolina, and the father was a son of John McMillen, who emigrated to this country from Ogleshire, Scotland in 1824, and located in the northern part of Mar- ion county, then a part of North Carolina. Here he followed school teaching for some time, after which he embarked in the mercantile business and planting. He served as sheriff of the county, and at the time of his death held the office of magistrate. His demise oc- curred in 1858. He was the father of four sons, all of whom are now dead, with the exception of Sidney, who resides in Marion. Sidney McMillen was born in Marion, and was educated in his native state. He spent some years as a traveling-salesman, and at the outbreak of the Civil war entered the service of the Confederate government by enlisting in the Tenth South Carolina as captain of a company. He was subsequently promoted to the rank of major. His term ex- tended from 1863, to the last surrender, and his military career was marked by valor and faithfulness. After the war he founded the Marion Crescent, and was engaged in its editorial management un- til he sold the journal. Since that time Major McMillen has given his entire attention to agriculture. He served as postmaster at Marion for a time under the Confederate government, and later under the Federal government. He has been twice married, and is the father of four sons and five daughters. Dr. McMillen, of whom we will now write more particularly, went to the academy only six months, then educated himself, and at the age of thirteen entered his father's printing office, where he learned the compositor's trade, which he followed for two years. He then secured a clerkship with an uncle in the drug business, and in 1S79 was granted a diploma by the state board. For seven years thereafter he was engaged in the drug busi- ness, and in 1881 entered the medical department of the Vanderbilt university, at Nashville, Tenn., and after completing two courses there went to New York city and became a student in the Bellevue hospi- tal college, from which he was graduated in 1883. After graduation he entered upon the practice of his profession at Marion, and has since made that his home. He was married in 1888 to Miss Mattie W. Robson, and one son has been born to their happy union. Dr. McMillen served the city of Marion as warden with entire satisfac- tion, and for two years he held the office of coroner, and for a period of four years was county physician, as well as a member of the county e.xamining board. His reputation as a skilled physician is wide- spread, and he is rapidly coming to the front ranks of his profession in the state. As a citizen he is held in the highest esteem, and is pro- gressive and enterprising, being interested in various different con- cerns that are rapidly building up the county in a commercial way. At present he is president of the Real Estate company of Marion. PETER G. DeSAUSSURE, M. D., was born in March, 1S57. He is descended on both sides from French Huguenots, on the paternal side from the family of DeSaus- 326 SOUTH CAROLINA. sure, who fled from Lorraine during the persecution of the Huguenots in France, in 1551, to Switzerland, whence a branch of the family came to South Carolina in 1734. His father's name was Wilmittsebles DeSaussure, a member of the Charleston bar. On the maternal side he is descended from the family of Gandin, of Artois, France, whence the family fled on the revocation of the edict of Nantes, in 1685, to Carolina. His mother was Martha, granddaughter of Theo- dore Gandin, who for several terms was representative in congress from South Carolina. Dr. DeSaussure received his education in Charleston, and began the study of medicine with his uncle, the late Dr. Henry DeSaussure, in 1875. In 1876, though an undergraduate, he was made one of the " house staff" of the city hospital at Charles- ton, serving two years. In 1877 he applied for his degree, but this was declined because he was under age. Finally, in 1878, he was graduated from the Medical College of South Carolina. He served as a volunteer during the yellow fever epidemic at Memphis, Tenn., in 1878, immediately after which he went to New York and became one of the "house staff" in the "Woman's hospital of the state of New York." In the fall of 1880, having served through all the grades in that hospital as house surgeon, he returned to Charleston and commenced the practice of his profession. On the death of the late Dr. J. Ford Pridean, in 18S7, he was selected to fill the chair of ob- stetrics and gynecology in his alma mater. After returning from the north he identified himself with the medical college, and was ap- pointed prosector of the chair of anatomy, then assistant to the pro- fessor of gynecology, then lecturer on microscopy. In 1878 he was made president of the State Medical society of South Carolina, and for a number of years served as secretary of that society. He was a member of the South Carolina Medical association and a fellow of the American Medical association. He is a member of the Howard Medical association of Memphis, Tenn., and holds various other fel- lowships and memberships in medical and literary associations. T. GRANGE SIMONS, M. D., a well-known and popular physician of Charleston, .S. C, was born in that city May 10, 1843, the son of T. Grange Simons, and the grandson of T. Grange Simons, and thus the third in his family to bear that name. The family is of French refugee stock, and has been in South Carolina since the revocation of the edict of Nantes. The grandfather was born on Cooper river, S. C, during the last century, and the father was born in Charleston in 1816. I3oth were leading rice factors for many years, doing business under the well-known firm name of T. Grange .Simons & .Sons. Dr. Simons was educated in the schools of Charleston. During his junior year at Charleston college in 1861, he entered the Confederate army as a member of the Wash- ington Light infantry. He was at Fort Sumter and Battery Wagner. At Sccessionville, S. C, on June 16, 1862, he was shot through the right shoulder, which laid him up for five months. lie participated SOUTH CAROLINA. 327 in the campaigns in Virginia, and was in tlic engagement around Rich- mond, and was captured by Sherman's army a few weeks previous to the surrender at Cheraw in 1S65, and paroled. After the war he re- turned to Charleston and began the study of medicine with Dr. W. H. Hugcr, and in 1S65 entered the Medical College of .South Carolina, where he was graduated in 1S67. He at once became connected with the city hospital, and later was appointed dispensary physician, served for some time in that capacity, and in connection with the Shirra's dispensary. He served as a volunteer physician during the Fernando, Fla., yellow fever epidemic in 1S77, and in 1878 volunteered and served in the Memphis, Tenn., yellow fever epidemic with the How- ards, and for a period was medical director of that noble organiza- tion during the illness of Dr. Mitchell. He also served through the yellow fever epidemics in Charleston in 1871-73-76. Dr. Simons served as assistant demonstrator of anatomy, was three years assist- ant to the chair of practice, one year of which he served as acting professor of fractural and clinical medicine of the medical college of the state of South Carolina. In 1S80 he was appointed a member of the state board of health, and was a member of the committee ap- pointed to re-organize that board after the war. He was re-appointed a member of the state board in 1887, and is serving his second term of seven years. He is vice-chairman of the board and chairman of the state quarantine committee. He has been particularly active and has rendered great service in the interest of quarantine, yellow fever and sanitary measures. Dr. Simons is a member of the state board of medical examiners, and is a member of, and at present president, of the Medical Society of South Carolina, and is a member and ex- president of the South Carolina Medical association. He is a mem- ber of the American Public Health association, and a member of the advisory committee of the same. FRANCIS PEYRE PORCHER. Francis Peyre Porcher was born December 14, 1825, in St. Johns, Berkeley Parish, Charleston, S. C. He was educated at the Mount Zion academy and the South Carolina college at Columbia, from which latter institution he was graduated in 1844, with the degree of A. B. From the Medical College of South Carolina, at Charleston, he was graduated in 1847, with the degree of M. D.,_taking the first prize in a class of seventy-six medical students. His thesis, which was published by the college faculty, was entitled "A Medico-Bo- tanical Catalogue of the Plants and Ferns of St. Johns, Berkeley, South Carolina." Dr. Porcher afterward spent two years in attend- ance upon the medical schools in Paris, also passing some time in Florence, Italy, where he acquired a fair knowledge of the Italian language. He has continuously practiced his profession in Charles- ton, where, with the late Dr. Flagg, he established the Charleston Preparatory Medical school, and was subsequently elected professor in the chairs of clinical medicine and of materia medica and thera- 32S SOUTH CAROLINA. peutics in the medical college of the state of South Carolina. Dr. Porcher was for five years one of the editors of Tlie Charleston Med- ical Journal and Reviezv and has also assisted in editing and publishing four volumes of the ''Ne%u Series" s\r\c(t the war. He prepared bj' order of the surgeon-general of the Confederate States, a volume of over 700 pages, entitled " The Resources of the Southern Fields and For- ests — being also a Medical Botany of the Confederate States." The book was of such value and interest as to warrant the issuance, by its author, of a new revised edition in 1869. He served throughout the late war; was surgeon to the Holcombe legion, to the Naval hospital at Fort Nelson, Norfolk Harbor aixd the South Carolina hospital, Petersburg, Va. His contributions on medical subjects to medical publications have been numerous and valuable. Articles from his pen have appeared in TJie American Journal of the 3Iedical Scicnces,\.]\G. Charleston Medical Journal and Reviezv, and other journals north and south. Some of his most important contributions have been upon yellow fever, diseases of the heart (Wood's Hand Book of the Medical Sciences) , reports of sixty-nine cases of paracentesis of the chest walls in cases of effusion, on the medical and edible properties of the cryptogamic plants, on gastric remittent fevers, hypertesthesia, etc. In the index catalogue of the surgeon-general's office, Washington, D. C, will be found a partial list of Dr. Porcher's publications. His most recent papers are on the treatment of grippe, and on a pathological condition of the lungs hitherto undescribed in this country, but which is not infrequent. Dr. Porcher is a member of the association of American physicians, an associate fellow of the college of physicians of Philadelphia, and the University of South Carolina, at the commencement in May, 1891, conferred upon him the degree of LL. D. DR. J. S. BUIST. John Somers Buist, M. D., one of Charleston's most prominent physicians and citizens, was born in Charleston, on November 26, 1839, is of Scotch-French descent, and is the son of George Buist, and the grandson of the Rev. George Buist, D. D., both of whom were during their lives among the leading citizens. After receiving his primar}' and academic education Dr. Buist entered Charleston col- lege, where he graduated with third honor, in March, 1859. He then entered the South Carolina Medical college, and in March, 1861, gradu- ated there as M. D., with first honors. The same year he entered the Confederate army as an assistant surgeon, and was assigned to duty at Fort Moultrie and Castle Pinckney, in Charleston harbor. Subse- quently he was transferred to the army of northern Virginia, where he served two years as assistant surgeon of Hampton's Legion, of South Carolina. In 1863 he was promoted surgeon with the rank of major, of Haskell's Battalion of Light artiller}', First corps, army of Virginia, and as such scr\ed through the balance of the war, sur- rendering with Gen. Lee, at Appomatox C. II. In 1S65, Dr. Buist SOUTH CAROLINA. 329 returned to Charleston, and engaged in a general practice as a physi- cian, at which he has since continued, meeting with abundant suc- cess. Dr. Buist materially aided in the organization of the health department of Charleston, and in 1871, was the organizer and pro- moter of the system of hospitals existing in Charleston prior to the earthquakes, which totally destroyed the buildings and appurtenances of the same. l'"rom 1870 to 1S73, he was assistant professor of materia medica in the South Carolina Medical college, and was a clinical lec- turer at the Charleston City hospital during the sessions of the South Carolina Medical college. He was for ten years physician-in-chief to the City and Roper hospitals, and at the same time physician to the United States Marine hospital, and he was elected and served for three consecutive terms a trustee of the Roper hospital fund, and had complete charge of that fund for an interregnum of six months after the death of the first and only treasurer. Dr. William T. Wrag. He has also served as physician to the State Orphan asylum, and temporary physician to the Ursuline convent. In 1879 he was elected by the city council, as the physician-at-large, to serve upon the municipal board of health, and in that capacity served as chair- man of the committee on low lots and drainage, committee on quarantine, and chairman of the committee on mortuary reports. The present system of death returns in Charleston, was instituted by him. He was also elected first vice-president of the board of health, and during a good portion of his term served as chairman of the board. Dr. Buist is a member of the Medical Society of South Carolina, and was elected in 1883, president of the same, serving two years. With one exception this is the oldest medical association in the United States, and during Dr. Buist's presidency, the constitution of the society was remodeled for the first time in ninety years, and placed upon modern principles. Dr. Buist is also a member of the American Medical association, and of the South Carolina Medi- cal association, and when a committee was appointed after the war to re-organize this association, he was chosen chairman of the same. Subsequently he served for three years as secretary of the association, and from 1874 to 1878, was its corresponding secre- tary. Among the different professional contributions of Dr. Buist may be mentioned papers, "On Abdominal Rupture," " On Treat- ment of Fractured Thigh," and several articles on " Guinea Worm," and among his more notable operations was the removal of the upper jaw of a child nine years of age, reported in the Transactions of the Medical Society of South Carolina. Dr. Buist is one of the leading Masons of the south. He was made a Mason in 1866, by joining Wash- ington lodge, No. 5, of Charleston. He filled thechair of senior warden, and subsequently served as master for two years. He served as jun- ior grand warden of the grand lodge of South Carolina, from 1867 to 1869, and in 1870 was made grand master of Lodge of Perfection, No. I, A. A. S. R., of South Carolina, under the jurisdiction of the Su- preme Council of the Southern Jurisdiction of the United States. _ He rose rapidly in Masonry, and in two years (1872), was made a thirty- I 330 ■ SOUTH CAROLINA. second degree Mason. In 1876, by a unanimous vote of the Supreme Council, in Baltimore, he was elected to take the thirty-third degree, and was made honorary inspector-general of South Carolina. At that time he was the youngest thirty-third degree Mason in the world. Dr. Buist takes an active interest in any and all things pertaining to the welfare and good of the order of which he is so distinguished a member. Dr. Buist was married on February 21, 1867, to Mar- garet S., daughter of A. S. Johnston, of Charleston. As a physician Dr. Buist takes rank with the eminent M. D.'s of Charleston, and the state. His long and active practice has been successful to a marked degree, and he has been the recipient of all the professional honors his city and brother physicians could bestow. In discharging the duties of the many professional positions to which he has been called, he always brought to bear his whole amount of energy, ability and perseverance, and in doing so acquitted himself in an admirable and most satisfactory manner. He is an ardent lover of his profes- sion, and labors with untiring zeal to promote the practice of medi- cine in his city and state to a higher and more successful plane. As a citizen he is all that could be desired — broad and liberal in his views, enterprising, public-spirited, always ready to lend aid to all worthy public enterprises, and laboring to build up and maintain the institutions of his city. Both as a citizen and physician, the efforts and able assistance rendered in the past by Dr. Buist have always been quickly recognized and appreciated by his fellow citizens, and he is cheerfully accorded the high and prominent position he occupies in medicine and public affairs. ROBERT ALEXANDER KINLOCH, the leading physician and surgeon of Charleston, and one of the most prominent members of the medical profession in the south, is a native of Charleston, born in that city February 20, 1826. His father was George Kinloch, a native of England, who emigrated to the United States while yet young and located in Charleston. He married a Philadelphia lady, whose mother was a native of Wales, and they had twelve children, eight of whom still survive. For a great number of years George Kinloch was one of Charleston's leading and success- ful merchants and one of its representative citizens, serving often in the city board of councilmen. His death occurred in his eighty-third year. The primary education of Dr. Kinloch was obtained in the Charleston schools, and in 1845 he graduated from the Charleston college with the degree of *A. B. He studied medicine in the ofifice of Dr. John Ballinger, and in 1848 graduated from the University of Pennsylvania. In the spring of that year he began practice in the city of Charleston, at which he continued until 1854, when he went to Europe and spent nearly two years, studying principally in Paris, London and Edinburgh. In Paris he attended the surgical clinics of Velpauand Helaton,twoof the most eminent French surgeons. He also attended surgical and medical wards and took special courses in dif- SOUTH CAROLINA. 33 1 ferent departments. In 1S55 he returned to Charleston, resumed his practice, being soon afterward elected chief surgeon of Roper hospi- tal, then just opened. He filled this position until the breaking out of the late war, at the same time attending to his practice and lectur- ing on surgery to local classes. In 1861 he was commissioned by Pres- ident Davis a surgeon in the Confederate army, being among the earliest to receive a commission, and was on duty at the first battle of Manassas, though not arriving there until after the battle had been fought. He next reported by order to Gen. J. E. Johnston, command- er of the army of the Potomac, and was subsecjuently detailed as surgeon-general on an examining board at Norfolk, which board was the first one for examining surgeons appointed by colonels. After serving on the board for several months he was, at his own request, relieved and ordered to report to Gen. Lee as medical director, with headquarters at Charleston, of South Carolina, Georgia and Florida, serving afterward with Gens. Peniberton and Beauregard, and upon orders he established a second medical examining board at Charleston. Illness compelled him to seek rest for a while in retirement, and subse- quently he was appointed inspector of hospitals for South Carolina, Georgia and Florida. When Wilmington was threatened he was or- dered to report to Gen. Gist, commanding the Confederate forces, as chief surgeon, and upon the disappearance of all fears of attack being made, he resumed his duties as superintendent of hospitals for the above department and continued as such until the close of the war. After the war. Dr. Kinloch returned to Charleston and resumed his general practice, at which he has since continued, meeting with de- served success. A vacancy occurring in the Medical College of South Carolina in 1867, he was elected to the chair of materia medica and therapeutics, which position he accepted with the understanding that he would be transferred to the chair of surgeon as soon as a vacancy occurred. That vacancy occurred in 1870, and he was appointed pro- fessor of general and clinical surgery. He continued to fill this chair until 1S87, when at his own request it was divided into two professor- ships and he was appointed to the chair of clinical surger}-, which he now holds. Dr. Kinloch is a member of the American Medical as- sociation, of which he served one year as first vice-presid«nt. He is one of the original members and founders of the American Surgical association, and has served as a member of its board of council. He is a member of the South Carolina Medical association and was pres- ident of the same in 1884. He is a member of and an ex-president of the South Carolina Medical society, the oldest with the exception of one medical society in the United States. In 1876 he was a dele- gate to the International medical convention. He is now president of the board of trustees of the South Carolina school for training nurses. Dr. Kinloch was the first surgeon in the world to open the ab- domen as an explorative operation in cases .of gunshot wounds, with a view of restoring the intestines, twenty years in advance of any one else. He also performed the second case of this kind, twenty years afterward. He is given full credit by physicians in general for this 332 SOU'.'-H CAROLINA. pioneer work. He also made the first re-section of the knee-joint, for chronic diseases in the United States. He is the inventor of an improved urethrotome and stricture dilator and an intranterine stem- pessary, and has made many other valuable contributions to medical and surgical scientific literature, having been at one time one of the edi- tors of the Charleston Medical Journal. Both as a physician and sur- geon Dr. Kinloch ranks among the leading and most prominent of the profession in the south. While not making a specialty of surgery in his practice, it is probably in this line that he has attained his greatest eminence and distinction, his fame and skill in surgery hav- ing passed beyond the boundaries of his state and section to the en- tire country. Endowed with an ardent love for his profession, and with talents peculiarly fitting him for its higher practice, he has been fortunate in having had ample opportunity for improving and culti- vating his natural abilities, by education, study and travel, and his ex- perience added to all these, makes him a leader among the most prominent of his profession. Dr. Kinlock was married in 1S56 to Miss Elizabeth Caldwell of Fairfield county, S. C, and they have had nine children, seven of whom are now living. His eldest son, George G., was one of Charleston's most promising young men, with a good outlook of attaining eminence and distinction in the practice. After graduating from the Charleston Medical college he went to Europe and completed his education in the different schools and hospitals of London, Paris, Vienna and other cities. Returning home he began practice with his father, and had just made a most propi- tious start when he met his death by a railroad accident in June, 1886, at the age of twenty-four years. ALLARD MEMMINGER, M. D. One of the prominent young physicians of Charleston, S. C, is Dr. Allard Memminger, son of the late Hon. C. G. Memminger, of whom a sketch appears in this volume. Dr. Memminger was born in Charleston on September 30, 1854, and attended first the schools of his native city, and then entered the University of Virginia, where he was graduated in 1874, having passed through a general academic course and a special course in chemistry. Subsequently he took a full course of lectures at the South Carolina medical college. After leav- ing college he began the practice of chemistr}', at which he was very successful, gaining quite a reputation, which led to his being chosen to fill the office of state chemist of South Carolina for several years. After devoting several years to chemistry he took up the practice of medicine about 1880, for which profession he was well qualified, and soon afterward was offered, and accepted, the professorship of chem- istry and hygiene (two separate chairs) in the South Carolina medi- cal college, which positions he holds at the present time. In 18S9, Dr. Memminger, to more thoroughly equip and perfect himself for prac- ticing his profession, went to Europe and spent that year in study in the leading hospitals of Paris, Vienna, Edinburgh and London. Dr. SOUTH CAROLINA. 333 Memminger has been a contributor to medical j Ilolcombe Legion, where he served I SOUTH CAKCJLINA. 385 until the latter part of 1863. He then returned to his home and re- mained a year, when in the fall of 1864, he re-entered the service in the same legion, and served therein until the close of the war. At the time of his discharge, he held the rank of first lieutenant. At the close of his service he returned to Spartanburg, and engaged in merchandising, and to that business his attention was given till 1870, when he began the banking business. At that time he was made as- sistant cashier of the Spartanburg branch of the Citizens' Savings bank of South Carolina. Upon the organization of the National bank at Spartanburg, in July, '1871, he was chosen its cashier, and continued as such until 1885. He retained his position as assistant cashier in the savings bank till 1873, when the panic of that year caused the bank to suspend. In 1885, upon the death of David C. Judd, president of the National bank, Mr. Cofield succeeded to the presidency, and has ever since held that position, proving himself the right man in the right place. Upon the organization of the Spartanburg F"idelity Loan & Trust company, in 1887, Mr. Cofield was made its president, and still holds that position. He has been secretary, treasurer and manager of various building and loan asso- ciations of Spartanburg for the past eighteen years, having during that time wound up three, and having two others in successful oper- ation at the present time. He is president of the Iron District Fire Insurance company, which was organized in the fall of 1890 with a capital of $100,000. He was one of its principal originators. For the past fifteen years he has been superintendent of the Fire Insur- ance agency of Spartanburg. He is a stockholder in the Spartan mills and the Converse college company. Mr. Cofield was married in 1859, to Miss Mary C, daughter of David Moore, a prominent citizen of Spartanburg. They have had ten children, only three sons and three daughters of whom are now living. Their names are James, Clementina, George, Margaret, Ruth and Robert. Mr. and Mrs. Cofield are members of the Methodist Episcopal church, and Mr. Cofield is a member of the board of stewards and of the board of trustees of the church. His politics are democratic. He is a Royal Arch Mason, and a member of the Knights of Honor. He was the first president of the Spartanburg board of trade, and still holds a membership in that board. He has several terms been a member in the city council, and was a member of the first board of trustees. In the list of the solid and influential citizens of Spartan- burg, Mr. Cofield holds a conspicuous place. It will be noticed that he has been closely identified with various financial operations, but while this is true, it is also true that he has not held these relations for the purpose of selfish gain, but in the broad sense of a liberal public spirit. The citizens of Spartanburg have profited largely by the vigor and enterprise with which he has performed his part in the various institutions and industries which go to make up the prosperity of a city, and in which he has taken a leading part. He has had large and tempting opportunities for accumulating wealth, but he has unselfishly given to others the benefit of these opportunities rather A— 25 386 SOUTH CAROLINA. than monopolize them to his own private advantage, a spirit and dis- position of which he may justly be proud. WILLIAM F. B. HAYNSWORTH, president of the Bank of Sumter, S. C, was born in that city in 1824. His elementary education was acquired in the schools of his native town, and he afterward entered the South Carolina college at Colum- bia, from which he graduated in 1844. Among his classmates were James H. Carlisle, now president of Wofford college at Spartanburg; C. P. Gadsden, afterward a prominent Episcopal clergyman, now de- ceased; Col. H. K. Aiken, who fell on the battlefield; Col. R. H. Nelson, who was also killed in the war; Dr. F. P. Porcher, of Charles- ton; Col. William Wallace, of Columbia, and other distinguished individuals. On leaving college, Mr. Haynsworth entered the law office of his father, William Haynsworth, then practicing in Sumter, and, after studying about a year, was admitted to the bar. He com- menced practice with his father, with whom he remained about six years, when he was elected commissioner in equity, holding that office for fifteen years, until December, 1866. He then returned to the practice of his profession, which he still follows. In January, 1889, he was chosen president of the Bank of .Sumter, which position he holds at the present time. Mr. Haynsworth, in 1877, was appointed by Gov. Wade Hampton, treasurer of Sumter county, and faithfully dis- charged the duties of that responsible office for the succeeding ten years. Mr. Haynsworth was twice married, the first time in 1853, to Susan H. Earle, of Sumter. She died in March, 1855, leaving him no children. His second marriage took place in 1858, when he was united to Mary Charles, daughter of Col. D. W. Charles, of Darling- ton, S. C. The issue of this union was eight children, si.x of whom are still living, their respective names being: Edgar C, Fannie, Maria L., William, John B., and Hugh C. The mother of these chil- dren died in 1S84. The christian name of Mr. Haynsworth's father was William. He was born in Sumter in 1798, and as seen above, he followed the legal profession. He was a delegate to the convention held in Columbia, S. C, in 1851, to determine whether South Carolina should secede from the Union by herself or await the co-operation of other southern states. Mr. Haynsworth, Sr., was married in Novem- ber, 1823, to Sarah E. Morse, daughter of Josiah B. Morse, of New Haven, Conn. They had seven children, of whom five still survive. William F. B. was the eldest. The father died in September, 1865, but the mother survived till July, 1877. The christian name of Will- iam F". B. Haynsworth's grandfather was Henry, and he was born in Sumter district, now Sumter county, and was a planter by occupation. He died in 1823. He was a Revolutionary soldier, being one of the famous scouts under Gen. Sumter, who performed such efficient ser- vice in the great struggle which made this a free and independent nation. SOUTH CAROLINA. 387 ROBERT M. WALLACE was born in York county, S. C, October 26, 1837. He attended the common schools of the county during his boyhood, but afterward entered Erskine college in Abbeville county, S. C, from which he graduated in 1858. On leaving college he returned to York county and entered the law office of Melton & Melton, with a view to pre- paring for the legal profession. He was admitted to the bar in i860, but never practiced. Early in 1861 he went to Texas, and in July of that year enlisted in Terry's Texas rangers, afterward known as the Eighth Texas cavalry. He enlisted as a private, having no acquaintance with a single member of the regiment. In this regi- ment he served up to January, 1864, when he was taken prisoner by the Federal forces near Morristown, Tenn., and was confined at Rock Island, 111., till the close of the war. He was In the battles of Shiloh, Perryville, Ky., Stone River, Tenn., Chickamauga, Mission- ary Ridge, Knoxville, and numerous minor engagements and skir- mishes. He was twice slightly wounded. At the conclusion of the war he returned to York county, and was appointed chief deputy revenue collector at Columbia, S. C, under his father, who was the collector and had been a Union man during the war. In 1868 the father was elected to congress, and the son was appointed collector to fill the vacancy thus created. He held this position until March, 1872, when he was appointed United States marshal for the district of South Carolina, resigning his position as collector. He continued to serve as marshal until March, 1881, and then for two years after- ward held the position of chief supervisor of elections in South Carolina, stationed at Charleston. In December, 1883, he came to Sumter and organized the National bank of .Sumter, and was elected its president, serving in that capacity until August, 1887, when the bank was robbed by its cashier and was compelled to suspend. In November of the same year the Simonds' National bank was organ- ized in Sumter, and Mr. Wallace was elected its vice-president and manager, which position he now holds. He is also vice-president and director in the Sumter Cotton Mills, is a director in the Sumter Building & Loan association, vice-president of the Sumter board of trade, and president of the Sumter Electric Light company. Be- sides these highly responsible business positions, he has been the recipient of various political trusts. In 1880 he was a delegate to the national republican convention, which nominated Gen. Garfield for president. He has also been several times chosen a delegate to republican state conventions, having acted with the republican party since the close of the war. Mr. Wallace was married in 1878, to Mary McCasian, )icc Carter, of Abbeville, S. C. His father's name is Alexander S. Wallace. He was born In York county, in 1810, and was a planter by occupation. He served six years In the legislature of South Carolina, before the war, and was again elected in 1865, serving about one year, when he was appointed jOO SOUTH CAROLINA. collector of internal revenue. He held that office until i86q, when he took his seat in the national house of representatives, having been elected from the Fourth South Carolina district at the congressional election in iS6S. He held the office of representative for eight years, or during four congressional terms. Returning to York county in 1877, he has since lived on his plantation. He was married in 1S33 to Nancy Ratchford, of York county, and the issue of this marriage was six children, five of whom now survive. Their names are as follows: Margaret C, widow of James Cottingham, of DeWitt county, Tex.; Robert M., of Sumter; Jane, wife of John D. Anderson, of DeWitt county; Mary R., wife of Capt. William McAlilly, of Chester county, S. C; Ellen, wife of Calvin Brice, of Fairfield county, S. C, and Capt. George D. Wallace, of the Seventh regiment of cavalry. United States army, who was a graduate of West Point in 1872, and one of the survivors of the Custer massacre. He was with Maj. Reno, the captain, lieutenant and sixteen of the thirty-three men in his company, being killed. In this disas- trous encounter with the savages Capt. Wallace did gallant ser- vice. Capt. Wallace was killed in the battle with Sioux Indians, at Wounded Knee Creek, in South Dakota, December 29, 1890. Nine men of his company fell with him, and at the close of the fight he was found still grasping his empty six-shooter, and five dead Indians lay around him. He was one of the most popular offi- cers in the army, and his untimely death was greatly regretted throughout the United States. He was forty-one years old. The mother of this family died in 1873. The name of the grand- father of Robert M., was McCaslan Wallace. He was born on the Atlantic ocean, while his parents were on their way from their home in county Antrim, Ireland, to Charleston, S. C. His father settled in York county in 1772, and died about the year 1776. Two of his sons were killed in the Revolutionary war. The grandfather of Robert M. Wallace was born in 1772, and died in 1S62. Throughout his long life he was a planter. The family is of Scotch-Irish descent, and the ancestors of the subject of this sketch on both sides were of the Protestant faith. WILLIAM ALEXANDER NICHOLSON. Among the representative men of upper South Carolina is Will- iam A. Nicholson, a prominent citizen and banker of Union. Mr. Nicholson is a Scotchman by birth, having been born in Aberdeen on January 12, 1837, and is the second son of James and Mary Nichol- son. He served an apprenticeship of seven years as a marble carver in the establishment of McDonald & Leslie, at Aberdeen, under the immediate direction of his father, a skilled carver and worker in marble, who had charge of the special department of that establish- ment, he having been with the firm for fifty-seven years. When young Nicholson's apprenticeship expired he went to Edinburgh to further perfect himself in his art, and during his stay there was admitted a I ■.^^ ■r^- SOUTH CAROLINA. 389 member to the school of design, and attended a modelingclass in the school of arts taught by Mr. Gourley Steel, brother to John Steel, R. A. At this school Mr. Nicholson executed in clay, and afterward in marble, a group of flowers which was purchased by the Fine Art association as one of the prizes to be awarded by that association. During his stay in Iidinburgh the youth decided to try his fortunes in the new world, and wrote his father to that effect. The father, think- ing it some boyish freak, paid no attention to the letter, and after a week had elapsed with no reply, Mr. Nicholson again wrote his father telling him that he greatly regretted not having heard from him, but that having fully made up his mind to go to the United States, he had engaged passage and would sail for New York on a given date, and should be home for a week before leaving. By return mail a touch- ing appeal was received from home, asking a reconsideration of his plans. In reply he wrote e.xpressing much sorrow that his decision should cause so much distress, but that his passage having been en- gaged, he would hold to his original intention. The promised visit home was made, and before leaving his father offered him financial assistance for making his long voyage. This the son was able to de- cline, and proudly stated that his passage had been paid for with the money saved from his earnings, together with that received from the sale of his group of flowers, and the proceeds from one other prize he won by his skill in Edinburgh, and that besides having his passage prepaid he still had a sufficient amount of money to last him a rea- sonable length of time after reaching America. The parting from his mother was a trial for the young man, being such as to make it impossible for him to ever afterward refer to it without emotion. She was unable to leave her bed on the morning of his departure, and her parting words were that they "should never meet again on earth." And such was the case. On May i6, 1S57, the plucky boy landed in New York city, an utter stranger. He was so youthful in appearance that he shrunk from asking employment. In a short time, however, a position in Rochester, N. Y., was offered him, and he set out for that city, reaching his destination with only the sum of $2.50 in his pocket. While in that city of magnificent buildings he carved the stone for several of the principal structures. Returning to New York he was in a short time engaged to carve "Ionic" caps for the treasury building at Washington city, and on the completion of that work was tendered a position on the new custom house at Charleston, S. C, which building was then in course of erection. He arrived in Charles- ton in 1858, and remained in that city during the great yellow fever plague, but did not lose an hour from his work by sickness. His re- markable health may be ascribed to the fact that he has ever been abstemious in his habits, and has never used either tobacco or alcoholic liquors. After a year spent in Charleston, Mr. Nicholson accepted the management of the Leavell & Clark marble works, at Union, S. C, and remained with that firm for eighteen months. At this time Mr. Nicholson started in business for himself, Judge W. H. Wallace becoming his first patron, he having given him an order for an elab- 390 SOUTH CAROLINA. orate monument to be erected in memory of his father, the Hon. Daniel Wallace. When the south seceded, Mr. Nicholson volunteered in the Macbeth light artillery from Union, but early in the war he was injured by a horse and rendered unfit for further field service, and was placed on light duty, becoming the clerk of Dr. A. W. Thomson, chief surgeon of the hospitals in and around Columbia, S. C, and was with him when that city was destroyed by the Federal army on the night of the 17th of February, 1865. He remained on duty with the remnant of the sick left in Columbia until about June i, follow- ing, when he returned home and went to work to retrieve his losses, and build up a business. Several years ago Mr. Nicholson gave up the marble business and turned his attention to financial matters. During the war he was married to Miss Hobcraft, of London, Eng- land, and they have three children, the eldest son, Emslie, is a mem- ber of the banking house of William A. Nicholson & Son. Mr. Nicholson is a self-made man, yet he has succeeded by care and per- severance in amassing a comfortable fortune. He is candid and straightforward in all of his dealings, tender and sympathetic by na- ture, yet of decided, strong convictions of duty, and when he thinks he is right there is no wavering to either the right or left. In his business he is systematic, punctual and correct. He is charitable in his dealings with the poor and needy, and with the church and schools. Upright and clean, his career is an honor to himself and to the com- munity in which he lives. Mr. Nicholson is an elder in the Presby- terian church. JOHN LAURENS YOUNG, of Scotch-Irish descent, was born in Laurens county, S. C, Janu- ary 27, 1820. He is the son of John and Sarah (Maddox) Young; grandson of William Young, a staunch whig and soldier in the Rev- olutionary war, and of his wife, Elizabeth (Hunter) Young, who was a sister of Judge Hunter, United States senator from Laurens, S. C, and great-grandson of Agnes Young, who, after the death of her husband in Virginia, emigrated to South Carolina in 1756, with seven sons, all of whom were whigs and brave soldiers in the Revolutionary war. The original land grant issued to her by King George III. is still in possession of the subject of this sketch, the land never having passed out of the possession of his family, and on which there has never been a tax lien, mortgage nor judgment; some portions of the land still remaining in the original forest and abounding in game. He received his early education at the Pyleston and Wadsworth's schools, and pursued the classical course at the Academy of Laurens. When a school boy at Laurens, on one occasion, he was attracted by an unusually large crowd assembled in the court-house, went in, and heard the Hon. Robert Y. Hayne address the people on the subject of the Louisville, Cincinnati & Charleston railroad. He was so cap- tivated by the eloquence of the orator that he promptly subscribed SOUTH CAROLINA. 391 (with the proverbial empty purse of the school boy of that day) two shares to the railroad and two to the bank. His father died when he was six years of age, antl he was under the control of his guardian, who, not being so much enthused on the new subject of raih'oads, refused to pay it, whereupon the boy reso- lutely determined to make the money with his compass during the holidays and pay it himself, which, after a hard struggle, he succeeded in doing. In after life he endorsed this action of his boyhood by in- vesting more largely in the same stock, which he still holds, and he is perhaps at this time the only surviving original shareholder in this road, now the South Carolina railroad. During this experience in surveying he became fascinated with the science, studied it in all its divisions, and for a time engaged in the profession of civil engineer- ing, which he found profitable as well as pleasant. He was engaged in the survey of the Columbia & Greenville, and the Newberry & Laurens railroads. In 1848 he began business as a merchant and banker at Union, S. C, in which he was eminently successful, amass- ing a fortune. On the 31st of December, 1855, at a directors' meeting of the Spartanburg & Union railroad company, it was ascertained that the- capital, $700,000, had been expended over the entire line of road, and there was yet due the contractors over $100,000, and to the banks $65,000 under protest (for which the directors were personally liable) . The contractors were all needy and clamorous for their pay, while the directors were unable to borrow more money. In addition to these troubles the directors were notified that a cargo of iron rails was then landing in Charleston, for which $60,000 in cash was due. The company' had no assets except the unfinished road bed, culverts, bridges and two depots, one at Spartanburg and one at Union, upon which they could bank, or raise money. Nor were they in a condi- tion to bond the road. In this most trying condition of the company, and the straining of the directors' credit, after an all-night's session, with bankruptcy in full view, the directors unanimously elected John L. Young president, and urged him against his repeated protest to accept the office, which he finally did, with reluctance. With the courage necessary to lead a forlorn hope, he left his store and bank- ing house in the heaviest snow storm of the winter, and took charge of the abandoned road. Amid every discouragement, and the incessant annoyance of cred- itors for two years, he finally originated a practical plan by which he raised the money, paid all the debts of the company, relieved the directors and went bravely forward, finished and equipped the road to Spartanburg in November, 1859, where, at an elegant banquet given in his honor, the inevitable toast " to the president," and pledges of "everlasting gratitude" were not omitted. He continued working in the interest of the road, had it fully equipped and in first class running order when the Civil war broke out, and he enlisted with his company in his country's cause. He was among the few who opposed secession, and saw into the results so plainly that before going into service he provided for his family necessary clothing, pro- 392 SOUTH CAROLINA. visions and luxuries, sufficient to last them until after the surrender. He remained in service until he was commissioned depositary for Union, S. C, by the government, which office he filled to the satisfac- tion of the people and the government. After the close of the war he began to overhaul the wreck of his estate, and found that as fast as he could accumulate funds to begin business again, they had to be applied to the payment of security debts of sheriffs', tax collectors' and administrators' bonds. Not owing a debt on his own account, but paying the security debts of others! A man of less nerve would not have survived it. During the dark days of re-construction, when the "people's hopes were dead," he taught them by his example and admonitions to bury the past wrongs, present resentments and prejudices, and try to submit to the destiny which they could not control. After the memorable "riot" at Laurens, his brother-in-law and other citizens of high standing, were dragged off to Columbia and locked in the dungeons of the jail on bogus warrants, for murders they had not committed; with their death sentence already prepared, to be executed after a mock trial, he dared to follow them to the city where the radical legislature was in session, surrounded by lOo constables, ready to obey their partisan orders, and by his firmness, tact and indomitable will and energy, succeeded in securing their release on habeas corpus. It may be stated here, that the judge, urged by his noble wife to hear the cause on its merits, rose above his party, and for daring to do his duty, was removed from the bench. He was never a candidate for office, but accepted the appointment of probate judge in 1S72, which office he filled with marked ability, as he did various other important offices to which he was assigned. As probate judge he decided a cause that came before him for pre- liminary hearing, in which there were six lawyers representing as many legatees, and not one could appeal from his decision. This de- cision created a precedent by which many estates at that time were settled, involving negro property as advancements to legatees. On October 19, 185S, he married S. Jane Garlington, daughter of John and Susan Washington (James) Garlington, who, through her pater- nal line, was a lineal descendant of Christopher Garlington and Col. Edwin Conway, of Virginia, and Lord Ball, of England; and by the maternal line of John James, John Strother and John Washington, of Virginia, and the Rev. Archibald Stobo, of Stobo Castle, Scotland, who settled in Charleston, S. C, in 1700, as pastor of the Circular church. They have four sons, John, who died in infancy, Laurens Garlington, Macbeth and Conway Stobo, and two daughters, Susan James, now Mrs. John Langdon Weber, of Charleston, S. C, and Jean Octavia. For twenty-five years he was chairman of the board of trustees of the town academies, to which institutions he gave his time and influ- ence continuously, and his means when necessary, for the support of first-class teachers. He has liberally educated his children at these schools, at colleges and universities. From both parents he inherited f SOUTH CAROLINA. 393 a character of spotless integrity, and is conscientious in all the affairs of life, lie is amiable in disposition, courteous and ever mindful of the feelings of cithers, however humble their station in life; is firm in principle, self-reliant and independent, and singularly cool under the most trying circumstances. He is fond of mathematics, the study of the sciences and history, and has a mind well stored with knowledge. At the age now of seventy-one, his tall and finely pro- portioned form is erect and his step elastic, his mind clear, well bal- anced and vigorous, and his health, strength and power of endurance unequalled in most men of forty. He is a devout Christian and member of the Presbyterian church, the church of his ancestors. JAMES WOODROW was born in Carlisle, England, May 30, 182S, and came to Canada with his father at seven years of age, settling in Brockville, and a year later going to Chillicothe, Ohio, where the father was pastor of the First Presbyterian church for a number of year. James attended the Chillicothe academy for about a year, and then went to the Ohio university at Athens, where he remained a few months, and then at- tended Jefferson college, at Cannonsburg, Penn., entering the sopho- more class and graduating from there in 1849. He then accepted the position of principal at Livingston, Alabama academy, where he taught one year. He afterward taught one year in Perry county and one year and a half in the East Alabama Presbyterian high school at Chambers Court House. In 1S52 he was elected professor of natural science in Oglethorpe university, near Milledgeville, Ga., assuming that position in 1853. During that year he spent several months in Cambridge university, studying in Prof. E. N. Horsford's chemical laboratory, and under Prof. Agassiz, in whom he found warm friends. He continued in the professorship in Oglethorpe university until Jan- uary I, 1861. In the spring of 1855 he went to Heidelberg, Germany, where he studied under the great chemist, Bunsen, remaining there one year, when he was given the degree of Ph. D. After leaving Heidelberg, he traveled several months on the continent, studying the geology of several countries in the field, and spending from one to three weeks at different prominent universities, at Naples, Vienna, Berlin, the Freiberg Mining academy, and at Paris and London. Re- turning to America, he resumed his duties at Oglethorpe university, remaining there until January, 1861. In 1857 he was elected professor of natural science in Athens, Ga. He did not then accept the posi- tion, but was re-elected twice in succession, and accepted the last election, but was relieved before entering on his duties to accept the professorship in the Presbyterian Theological seminary at Colum- bia, S.C., which position he held until the middle of 1886, beginning to teach there in 186 1. He was removed by the board of directors, December 10, 18S4, on account of views presented in an address on 394 SOUTH CAROLINA. evolution, delivered in May, 1884. The act not being sustained by the controlling synods, he was officially informed by the board, mean- while remodeled, December 10, 1S85, that he had not been removed. He then resumed his duties as chairman of the faculty and professor. In the fall of 1886, he was again removed by order of the controlling synods, and since that time he has performed none of the duties of that position. He was made professor of chemistry, pharmacy, min- eralogy and geology in the University of South Carolina, at Columbia, in 1869, which position he held until the middle of 1872, when his health compelled him to relinquish the professorship. In 1880 he was elected professor of mineralogy, geology, botany and zoology in the South Carolina college of agriculture and mechanics in Columbia. In 1882 the college became the South Carolina college, Prof. Wood- row still remaining in his position. In 1885 his department was changed to that of natural philosophy and geology, he still holding his chair. On the organization of the University of South Carolina, in 1888, he was made professor of geology and mineralogy and dean of the college of liberal arts and sciences, which position he now holds. The degree of M. D. was conferred on him by the Medical College of Georgia in 1861. He also received the degree of D. D. from Hampdon-Sidney college, Virginia, in iS7i,and the degree of LL. D. from Davidson college, North Carolina. He was ordained a Presby- terian minister in i860, and performed missionary labor in Georgia while he was professor in Oglethorpe university. He edited the Simthern Presbyterian Rcviezv from 1861 to 1S85, and has edited the Southern Presbyterian since 1866 to the present time. Dr. Woodrow is a member of a number of scientific societies, among them the Ger- man association of naturalists, and the Isis at Dresden, the Swiss as- sociation of naturalists, the Victoria institute at London, England. From 1861 to 1872, he was treasurer of foreign missions of the South- ern Presbyterian general assembly, and from 1866 to 1872 he was treasurer of the sustentation of the .Southern Presbyterial general assembly. In 1888 he was elected president of the Central National bank, of Colunibia, president of the South Carolina Home insur- ance company, of the Carolina Loan & Investment Co., vice-pres- ident of the Congaree Furniture & Lumber Co., vice-president of the Mutual Beneficial Building & Loan Co., of the Columbia Land & Improvement Co., director in the Columbia, Newberry & Laurens R. R. Co., and director in the Columbia, Charlotte & Au- gusta R. R. Co. Dr. Woodrow was married August 4, 1857, to Felie S., daughter of Rev. John W. Baker. Four children were born of this marriage, whose respective names are Jeanie, wife of Rev. S. I. Woodridge, missionary to Chin Kiang, China; James H., publisher and associate editor of the Southern Presbyterian; Marion W. and Mary Charlotte. Dr. Woodrow enlisted in the Confederate army at the beginning of the war, and later was placed in charge of the Confederate laboratory at Columbia, which was burned by the army under Sherman. SOUTH CAROLINA. 395 HON. JOHN D. VERNER, a prominent and influential business man and banker of Walhalla, S. C, was born in what is now Oconee county, July 12, 1844. He was the son of Samuel J. Verner, a native also of the same county. The father led th(? life of a farmer and died in 1863. Samuel J. Verner was the son of John Verner, a South Carolinian by birth, and a Revo- lutionary soldier. His occupation was that of a farmer. The mother of John D. Verner, the subject of this sketch, was, before marriage, Malinda Crawford, a native of Franklin county, Ga., a daughter of Hugh Crawford, who was also a farmer by occupation. She is still living, having remained a widow ever since the death of her husband. The old Verner homestead was the home of John D. Verner, until he reached the age of eighteen years, and he there received a good aca- demic education, including a knowledge of the Latin and Greek languages. In the fall of 1862, he entered the service of the Confed- erate army, enlisting with the Rutledge mounted riflemen, which body subsequently became a part of the Seventh South Carolina cav- alry. In this regiment he served until the close of the war. He was wounded by a ball in the left thigh in a cavalry engagement in the campaign during the defense of Richmond, Va., and spent a month in the hospital, after which he returned home, remaining there about two more months. After having sufficiently recovered, he returned t(t the service. He gave nearly three years of his young life to the patriotic service of his country, discharging every duty incumbent upon a loyal soldier. From the war he returned to the farm in Oconee county, and, for the succeeding six years, devoted his entire attention to the farming interest. On the 2nd of January, 1871, he was married to Miss Mary Josephine Lovengood, a native of Oconee county, and daughter of Col. Samuel Lovengood, a native of Hart county, Ga. Shortly before his marriage, Mr. Verner had purchased an interest in a merchandising firm in Walhalla, becoming the partner in business with J. C. Carter, the firm name being Carter & Verner. All the married life of Mr. Verner has been spent in Walhalla. His chief attention was devoted to the mercantile interest for a period of ten years, and he won great success in that calling. For the past twelve years he has directed his attention more particularly to bank- ing. In 1878 he became a member of the banking firm of Loven- good & Erwin, the former being his father-in-law. This firm was succeeded in 1879 by the firm of Erwin «& Verner. January i, 1885, Mr. Verner became sole proprietor, and the bank has ever since been conducted under the name and direction of John D. \'^erner. Aside from merchandising and banking, Mr. Verner has had farming car- ried on quite extensively. His freehold estate is among the largest in Oconee county, covering about 3,000 acres of land, besides 1,000 acres which he owns in Georgia. Besides this large landed estate he owns residence property in Walhalla and Westminster, Oconee county. Eminent success has attended his business enterprises, and he stands 396 SOUTH CAROLINA. in the front rank of the substantial business men of his own and the adjoining counties. He holds a trusteeship of the Walhalla Female college, and is a stockholder in the Walhalla Building & Loan asso- ciation. He is a democrat in politics and has been closely associated with the management of municipal affairs almost during his entire residence in Walhalla. He has been chosen mayor of the city several terms, and has discharged the responsibilities of that office with rare abilit}'. He is a member of the K. of H. From a financial stand- point, the career of Mr. Verner has been one of continued and emi- nent success. He is one of the substantial men in the upper part of the state. Notwithstanding his active business career, Mr. Verner has not neglected the requirements expected from the liberal and right-minded citizen. He has in every respect built himself up upon fully as sound a basis as that upon which his financial standing rests. Mr. Verner is recognized by all who know him as one of the leading men of his county, and his worth is fully appreciated by his fellow- citizens. The marriage of Mr. Verner has been blessed with the birth of six children, two sons and three daughters living, and one daughter dead. HON. S. C. CLYBURN. One of the leading planters and bankers of Kershaw county is Mr. Stephen Craig Clyburn, who is a native of Camden, S. C, hav- ing been born on the iSth of March, 1S3S. Both parents, William and P^rances N. (West) Clyburn, were South Carolinians, and were born in Kershaw county. The father was a son of Lewis Clyburn, whose family came to South Carolina from Virginia at an early day; and his wife was also descended from an old Virginia family. Will- iam Clyburn was the father of seven children. He was a leading ag- riculturist, and took an active and prominent part in public affairs. His son, of whom we write, was reared on the paternal planta- tion, and was given a thorough common school training. When sixteen he was given the choice between a classical education and a profession, or a business opening. Business life had charms for his active, progressive nature, and accordingly a situation as a clerk was obtained for him in a mercantile establishment in Camden. After remaining in that capacity for four or five years Mr. Clyburn embarked in a business venture for himself at Camden, and was en- gaged in conducting a successful concern at the time of the outbreak of the Civil war. With a true love for his state he sold out his busi- ness interests and offered his services as a private in the Clyburn Company, which had been organized by his brother. This command was made a part of Nelson's battalion, later attached to Hagood's brigade. From 1862 to 1865, Mr. Clyburn fought in the defense of the cause he loved so well, and left the army with the rank of first sergeant. Returning to the parental home he was thereafter en- gaged in agriculture until 1869, when on account of ill-health he went to Florida, and after a sojourn there of two years once more returned SOUTH CAROLINA. 397 to Kershaw count}' and resumed planting. In 1877, at a special elec- tion, he was chosen clerk of the county court, and by successive re- elections held the office until the fall of 1888, when, his health again failing him, he resigned. He has ever taken a keen interest in politics. MERCER SILAS BAILEY, one of the leading and prominent merchants of Clinton, was born on a farm seven miles south of the place of his residence, on the gth of November, 1841. He is the son of .Silas Mercer Bailey, who was also born in the immediate neighborhood of Clinton, near the birthplace of his son. The date of his birth was 1805, and his occupation was that of a farmer. He died in 1872. The maiden name of his wife, the mother of the subject of this sketch, was Margaret Beasley, daughter of William Beasley. She was a native of Abbeville county, S. C, and died in 1848, v;hen her son, M. S. Bailey, was a mere lad. The paternal grandfather of Mr. Bailey was James Bailey, a Revolu- tionary soldier, and also a South Carolinian. His father was a promi- nent Baptist clergyman, and was a native of Virginia. His ministerial labors, however, were performed wholly in South Carolina. He reached the remarkable age of one hundred and twenty years, and it is related of him that at the age of one hundred and ten years he was still in the active ministry, preaching every Sunday in three different churches seven miles apart, frequently walking the distance between them. It is also related of him that at that extreme old age, he was physically so well preserved as to be able to leap astride his horse from the ground and ride away with as much ease and grace as any youth. He was of Irish ancestry. Mercer Silas Bailey has resided in Laurens county from his youth up, spending his boyhood on a farm, where his educational advantages were limited, and where a collegi- ate course was out of the question. At the early age of fourteen he went to Clinton, where he secured a clerkship in a store at $5 per month. After two years' service, his salary was raised to $75 per month, and this experience constituted his first schooling in business. After these two years of clerkship he attended school one year, when he returned to Clinton and resumed his former occupation. Shortly after this at the early age of nineteen, he was married to Miss Ros- anna Lydia, daughter of Joseph Abrams, a farmer of Laurens county. The first fruit of this marriage was a son, and Mr. Bailey thus found himself a father before he had arrived at the voting age. For a short time after his marriage he was engaged in farming. In 1862 he entered the Confederate service in the James battalion, with which he served as a private about three months, ill health compelling him to return to his home. His service was wholly within his native state. At the close of the war, in 1S65, Mr. Bailey engaged in business for himself, starting out with just four bales of cotton. But his business soon developed into a general merchandising trade, and for a period of twenty years he followed mercantile pursuits exclusively. He was eminently successful and did an immense business, taking his place 398 SOUTH CAROLINA. in the foremost rank of merchants in this part of the state. In 1885 he turned his merchandising interests over to his two sons, Joseph A., and Silas P. (Bailey) . The firm name, however, is M. S. Bailey & Sons. These two sons are both promising young men, are temperate in their habits, upright in their dealings, and in their standing as merchants, are worthy successors of their father, taking a like eminent rank which was so worthily earned by him. Mr. Bailey, besides these prosperous sons, is the father of three daughters. In 1886 he engaged in the banking business, having in that year established Bailey's bank of Clinton, of which he and his son William J., are sole owners, he being the president and his son cashier. Mr. Bailey's career has been a remarkable one. At the time of his marriage he was in such impe- cunious circumstances that he was compelled to borrow the small fee necessary to pay for the solemnization of the marriage ceremony. From such a straitened financial situation, he is now one of the largest, if not the largest, tax-payer in Laurens county. He is a heavy real estate owner, both of town and county property, owning a large por- tion of the business property of Clinton. Altogether he owns thirty- five houses in the town. Bailey's bank, of Clinton, is the oldest and one of the most solid banking institutions in Laurens county. In politics Mr. Bailey is a democrat, and in religious faith a Presbyter- ian. He is also a member of the Masonic order. He is a represent- ative South Carolinian of the best type and a self-made man, having been dependent for his success in life upon his own indomitable energy and perseverance. His honesty and integrity are conspicuous characteristics of his personality, and he has made himself a reputa- tion not confined to the limits of his city or count}' or state, of which any man might well be truly proud. His business operations have not been confined to merchandising and banking, but at one time he owned and operated a sash, door and blind manufactory, which, how- ever, he has recently sold. He was formerly interested and identified in railroading, but from that business he has also retired. He is thoroughly temperate as to the use of intoxicants, never having tasted liquor, except in a single instance, in his life, and then only for medic- inal purposes. Possessed of an unconquerable will and an undaunt- ed courage, he has been enabled not only to resist the temptations which too easily beset and finally ruin men less fortified with these characteristics, but to make for himself a reputation as a business man, as a citizen, and as a Christian, that is worthy of all emulation. In all the branches of business he has pursued, including the extensive operations already described, and the successful running of a grist- and saw-mill for a period of eighteen years, he has so dealt with his fel- low men that he has been enabled to avoid litigation of every kind, never having had a suit before any judicial tribunal, nor even been called as a witness in any such suit. CAPTAIN ALBERT DIAL, president of the People's Loan & Exchange Bank, of Laurens, S. C, was born on a farm in Laurens county, five miles west of the city of SOUTH CAROLINA. 399 Laurens, September lo, 1825. He was the son of Hastings Dial, a native of Abbeville county, and a farmer by occupation. He died in 1862. The paternal grandfather of Capt. Dial was James Dial, a native of North Carolina, and a farmer by occupation. On his father's side, Capt. Dial is of English descent. His mother was Mary Iludgens, also a native of Laurens county, and a daughter of Capt, Ambrose Hudgens, a captain in the Revolutionary war. The mother of Capt. Dial was born December 13, 1795, and is still living, being in the ninety-sixth year of her age, in good health and in the full possession of her mental faculties. She resides on the old Dial homestead, near Laurens. Her mother, before her marriage to Capt. Ambrose Hudgens, was a Henderson. Capt. Dial spent his boyhood on the farm on which he was born, and has ever since resided there. He received a common English education, and throughout his early manhood followed farming, thus continuing exclusively till 1870. He has had farming carried on since, but the greater part of his attention has been given to other pursuits. For several years prior to the war he served as captain of the Laurens Palmetto Light Dragoons, a voluntary cavalry company in Laurens. In 1870 he en- gaged in mercantile pursuits at Laurens, still, however, residing on his farm. His mercantile partner was James H. Traynham, the firm name being Traynham & Dial. This firm has for twenty years been one of the largest in the city and still so continues. The business has been general merchandising. The firm has built up an enviable reputation for fair and honorable dealing, and its members are recog- nized as first class business men. They have erected two of the principal business blocks in the city, which they still own. Upon the organization of the People's Loan & Exchange bank, in 1SS7, Capt. Dial was made its president, and he has filled that position with dig- nity and honor ever since. It was organized with a capital of $55,000, which has since been increased to $100,000, all paid up. The bank has thus far had a very prosperous career. Capt. Dial is a stockholder in the Oil & Fertilizer company; his politics are democratic, and he is a member of the Masonic lodge, having taken thirty degrees. He was married December 2, 1S47, to Miss Rebecca Barksdale, who died in 1S66, leaving five children, two of whom were sons and all of whom are living. November 26, 1887, he married Miss Mattie S. Drum- mond, his present wife. This marriage has resulted in the birth of two sons and one daughter, all living. Capt. Dial is the owner of a large amount of real estate, both in the cit}' and county of Laurens, and has provided comfortably- for his five eldest children, who are married. He is one of Laurens county's most liberal, enterprising and respected citizens. HON. LEROY SPRINGS, president of the Bank of Lancaster, S. C, is recorded as the youngest bank president of the United States. He was the leading spirit in the organization of the Bank of Lancaster, August 15, 18S9, and was at 400 SOUTH CAROLINA. that time made its executive officer. Mr. Springs was born in York county, S. C, November 12, 1861, and is a son of the late Andrew Baxter Springs, whose name is familiar throughout the state. Leroy Springs attended the North Carolina university at Chapel Hill, and was a member of the class of 1881, and immediately after leaving the university he secured a clerkship in the wholesale grocery house of Springs & Burewell, at Charlotte, N. C. He occupied this position until January, 1884, when he went to Lancaster and embarked in business as a member of the firm of Leroy Springs & Co., which con- ducted a general merchandise, cotton and banking business. In 1885, the firm was succeeded by Heath, Springs & Co., which now conducts a similar business at Lancaster, Camden and Kershaw, and also at Heath Springs, near Lancaster. !\Ir. Springs is also interested in private banks at Camden and Ivershaw, and various other enterprises. The great success which he has attained so early in life is ample proof of his abilit}- and integrity, and his name is already synonymous with success throughout the state. As a democrat he is active and prom- inent. He was a delegate to the national convention of his party in 1888, and was honored by being named as one of the committee to visit the nominees of that convention for president and vice-president of the United States to inform them of their respective nominations. HON. NEEDHAM FRANKLIN KIRKLAND, M. D., first saw the light January 27, 1S31, in Barnwell county, S.C. Reuben Kirkland, his father, was also a South Carolinian, but his father was a Virginian, having removed to South Carolina in 17QO. Reuben re- sided on his father's plantation until his marriage about the year 1820, Miss Anna Branch, daughter of William Branch, of Colleton county, becoming his wife. Our subject was the fifth child born to this mar- riage. He was given the best of educational advantages in his early youth, and at the age of nineteen entered the academy at Cokesbury, where he remained for three years. At the expiration of this time he became a student in the South Carolina medical college at Charles- ton, and graduated with honor in 1S56. He then went to New York and visited the various hospitals. After an exhaustive examination in this direction of a year, he returned to his home and began his life work in Beaufort county, and remained there until the commence- ment of the Civil war, when he enlisted as assistant surgeon of the South Carolina cavalry, and was with his regiment on the South Car- olina coast during the four years of the war. Returning after the close of the contest. Dr. Kirkland at once resumed his professional duties and located in Barnwell county, where he has since operated a plantation in connection with his practice. In 1880 he was elected treasurer of Barnwell county, since which time he has not been able to give much attention to medicine. He was re-elected to this im- portant office in 1882, 1884, 1886 and 1888, but in 1890 refused to longer accept office. In 1884 he was elected chairman of the democratic central committee of his county, and occupied that office until 1890, SOUTH CAROLINA. 4OI when he resigned. His connection with the farmers' alliance dates from 18S8, and he is at present treasurer of that organization in the county. He is a prominent member of liiiford lodge of Free Masons, having filled all the chairs in that lodge. Since early manhood he has been closely identified with the Methodist Episcopal church. At present Dr. Kirkland is president of the Citizens' bank of Harnwell. In 1S58 he was united in marriage to Miss Jane M. Lorton, daughter of J. M. Lorton, of Beaufort county, and eight children have been born to them. N. F., Jr., the eldest son, is a physician in Barnwell county, as is also Reuben C, the third son, who resides at Barnwell Court House. JOHN B. CLEVELAND, one of the prominent and inriuential business men of Spartanburg, is a native of that city, and was born November 9, 1848. His father, Dr. Robert E. Cleveland, formerly practiced medicine in Spartan- burg, which was also his native city. He was born in 1822, the son of Jesse Cleveland, who was one of the early settlers of Spartanburg, having settled there in 1810. He was a merchant, and in the early days of Spartanburg his store was one of the two that did the mer- chandising for the entire city. He followed the business there from the time of his first settlement till 1851. His death in the latter named year closed a successful mercantile career in which a handsome estate had been accumulated. Jesse Cleve- land was the son of Capt. Robert Cleveland, who commanded a company in the Revolutionary war, in a regiment in which his brother. Col. Benjamin Cleveland, was in command. Their regiment took part on the colonial side in the battle of Kings Mountain. Capt. Cleveland was born in Virginia, near Manassas Junction, on Bull Run creek. He was the son of Alexander Cleveland. The branch of the Cleveland family, to which the subject of this sketch belongs, descended from one of the two brothers who emigrated to this country from Ipswick, .Suffolk county, England. The other brother is the lineal ancestor of Grover Cleveland. His christian name was ass3 ndoM he settled in Massachusetts, while the other brother, the ancestor of Hon. John B. Cleveland, went to Virginia. The mother of John B. Cleveland, before her marriage, was Elizabeth Bomar. She was born in Spartanburg, June 18, 1827, and was the daughter of John Bomar, who removed from Virginia to South Carolina at a very early day and settled in Spartanburg county. The parents of the subject of this sketch were married about the year 1845, and had two sons, the eldest of whom was Dr. Jesse Cleveland, of Spartan- burg. The mother died in 1S61, and the father in 1S84. John B. Cleveland has resided in Spartanburg all his life. He graduated from Wofford college in i86g, after which he entered upon the study of law with the firm of Evans & Bomar, a leading law firm of Spartan- burg, remaining with them two years. In 1871 he was admitted to the bar, and at once formed a law partnership for practice with A 26 402 SOUTH CAROLINA. Major D. R. Duncan, and for a period of ten years the firm of Dun- can & Cleveland carried on a successful practice. But in i8So, Mr. Cleveland dissolved his connection with his partner and turned his attention to other business. For the past ten years he has done a brokerage and private banking business, in which he met with the greatest success, and has become one of Spartanburg's wealthiest citizens. In 1871 he was united in marriage with Miss Georgia A. Cleveland, and they have six children. The respective names are Jesse, Henry ^l., Fanny, Carrie, Vannoy V. and A. V. Mr. Cleve- land is a democrat in political faith, and has served one term in the legislature. He was a delegate to the national democratic conven- tion which met in Chicago in 1884, and nominated his namesake for president. He is a director in the National bank of Spartanburg, of the National bank of Laurens, the Fidelity Loan & Trust company, of Spartanburg, the Spartan Mills, the Whitney Manufacturing com- pany, the Spartanburg Real Estate company, and the Converse Col- lege company. He is a director in, and vice-president of, the Pacolet Manufacturing company, president of the Limestone Springs Lime company and of the Spartantburg Land & Improvement company. Mr. Cleveland's financial career has been truly a remarkable one, and as honorable as remarkable. He has done business upon a broad and liberal basis; his reputation among business men is first-class, and socially he enjoys the highest respect and esteem among his fellow citizens. JOHN LYKIN WATSON. The late John Lykin Watson's career furnishes an example of what progressiveness and ability, backed by integrity, will accom- plish when adversity comes. He was born at the county seat of York county, S. C, January 11, 1S24. The family is traced back to Scotland, from which country his first American ancestor emigrated to the new world at an early day, and settled in York county, Penn. About 1752 they removed to York county, S. C, where the family has since continued to reside. Our subject's father was William W^atson, who was born and reared in the latter county. He was a planter, and amassed a considerable estate. In early life he married Miss Margate Parks, of Mecklenburg county, N. C, and eight chil- dren were born to them. John Lykin Watson was reared upon the paternal plantation, and was educated in the neighboring schools. He first began business for himself in 1S50, as a merchant, at Clay Hill, S. C. He continued in that enterprise until 1862, when he vol- unteered in the Confederate army, and fought for the cause he loved until the end came. For a short time after the war, Mr. Wat- son, whose fortune had been sadly depleted, purchased a wagon and embarked in the produce business on a small scale. It was not long before he had obtained enough capital to resume business on a larger plane, for in May, 1867, we find him the proprietor of a general mer- cantile establishment at Ebenezer. This enterprise was discontinued SOUTH CAROLINA. 4O3 sonie two years later, and he then became the treasurer of York county, which honorable office he elliciently held for six years. For several years thereafter he was deputy United States internal reve- nue collector, and was also given the office of United States gauger. He served in the latter capacity from 1869 until within a few years of his death. For many years he was interested in the live-stock busi- ness, and this, in connection with other ventures, gained for him a handsome fortune. At the time of his death he owned an interest in different cotton mill companies of Rock Hill, and was president of the Fort Mills Cotton company. In 1S57 he married Miss Mary Neagle, who bore him four sons and two daughters. Fie was a man true to his convictions, and for years was an earnest member of the Presbyterian church, as well as a staunch republican. EDWARD TILLMAN AVERY was born in York county, S. C, January 6, 1828, the son of Edward Avery, jr., a Virginian. Edward was the son of Edward, a native of Dinwiddle, Va. The first American ancestor was Christopher Avery, who came to this country from England about the year 1630, with Gov. Winthrop, and his grandson Samuel married Lucy, the daugh- ter of that famous emigrant. ■ Edward Avery, Jr., came to South Carolina from Virginia in 1S20, having been a soldier in the war of 1S12. He married Mary S. Vaughn, of Lancaster county, S. C, and two sons and three daughters blessed their union. Mr. E. T. Avery was reared at Ebenezer, and obtained his preliminary schooling in that place, under the able instruction of the Rev. E. P. Bishop. He subsequently entered the College of South Carolina, and remained in that institution until his senior year, when, on account of ill health, he was forced to abandon further study. From 1847 to 1849 he trav- eled in the western states and throughout Mexico, and after return- ing home in 1849, entered Castleton Medical college, of Vermont, and after one term there became a student in the Jefferson Medical col- lege at Philadelphia. In 1S52 he left the latter institution and again went west, this time accompanied by his brother-in-law, Dr. H. H. Toland, who afterward became a celebrated ph^'sician of California. While in the west Mr. Avery was engaged in hunting, scouting and mining in the gold fields of California. On both his visits to that state he made the journey on horseback. In 1853 he again returned home, and married Miss Mary A. Massey, of York county, and eight children, six of whom survive, have been born to them. At this time Mr. Avery turned his attention to planting in Ebenezer, and was thus occupied at the outbreak of the Civil war, when he left home to volunteer his services to the Confederate government, by enlisting in Company E, Seventeenth South Carolina regiment, as a lieutenant. After one year the reginient was re-organized, and he remained at home, being physically exempt, having only one hand. Subsequently, his services as a scout were twice offered to Gen. Jenkins, but were refused. After the war, Mr. Avery became identified with the famous 404 SOUTH CAROLINA. Klu Klux Klan. After being unjustly convicted of crimes, of which he was innocent, he sought refuge in the mountains of North Caro- lina, but later was pardoned by President Grant, and his course was fully vindicated, he having been exonerated from all guilt. He is a successful planter, a man of unusual intelligence and ability, and his name is held in esteem wherever known. He is a Master Mason and a loyal champion of the democratic party, as well as a supporter of the farmers' alliance. HON. ROBERT GADSDEN McCAW. Among the many honored names of -South Carolina's sons, none are held in greater love and reverence than that of the late Robert Gadsden McCaw. This family has furnished men of worth from the time of its settlement in the " Palmetto State," many generations ago, and its marriages have been with families of like honor and distinc- tion. The founder of the American branch of the family, was John McCaw, a man who had been educated in the first schools of Europe, who impelled by a spirit of adventure, left the family seat in county Antrim, Ireland, and with his family emigrated to Pennsylvania, about the year 1733, where he found congenial work as a surveyor for the Royal government. At the outbreak of the French and Indian war, his knowledge of the country, acquired as a surveyor, stood him in good stead as a soldier under Braddock. After that great disaster to the British arms, he removed his family to Virginia, but was soon compelled by the hostility of the savages, to seek a safer retreat in South Carolina. He settled within the limits of what is now York county, and here for more than a century his descendants have con- tinued to dwell. Among his offspring was a son who bore the fath- er's name, John McCaw, Jr., who became the first clerk of the court, after the organization of the county court of York county, on the 17th day of March, 1785, and held that office for many years, or until his death. He was educated by his father and became one of the most accomplished scholars of his time, being especially' profi- cient in the Greek and Latin languages. He was born and reared in York district (now county), and there died, leaving a family of five in number, three sons: William, John and Robert, and two daughters, Sarah and Mary. Robert, the youngest of the sons, and the immedi- ate ancestor of the subject of our sketch, was a man of the most re- markable business attainments. At the early age of thirty-three years, when he died, he had amassed a fortune amounting to nearly half a million dollars. Robert Gadsden McCaw, of whom we write, was in person truly commanding and distinguished. Heaven and na- ture alike were lavish in their gifts. A figure moulded in the rarest type of manly beauty, six feet in height and of perfect sj'mmctry and grace, was crowned by a head that was at once a model for a l^ulptor and a delight to the phrenologist. A forehead massive, broad and high, indicative of the highest intellectual strength and moral development, shading eyes of brilliant steel-gray, that kindled with SOUTH CAROLINA. 405 the kindly light of a great i^hilanthropic soul, a nose of Grecian cast, and a mouth firm and resolute, were the distinctive characteristics of a face that made its possessor a marked man wherever he moved among the sons of men. None ever saw him, whether in public or private life, but to know and feel that he was " Resolute, moderate, clear of envy, yet not wanting In that finer ambition wliich makes men great and pure. In his honor — impregnable. In his simplicity — sublime." Robert Gadsden McCaw was truly the benefactor of the poor. Suffering and distress appealed strongly to his great, noble soul, and he drew unstintedly from the large means with which God had blessed him in relieving the desolate and oppressed. These acts of benevolence were perpetrated so unobtrusively that the world would have never been the wiser, had not a famine overwhelmed his native district of York, when his granaries of 8,000 bushels of corn were thrown open to the multitude. He was elected to the legislature for se\'eral terms, was twice elected a senator, and in 1864 was chosen lieutenant-governor. From his twenty-fifth -year, when he was first elected to the legislature, until the close of his life, he enjoyed the unabated confidence of the people he so long represented in various positions of public trust, and never knew political defeat. He was prepared for college at Greenville, S. C., and subsequently entered the University of Virginia, where he remained to within six weeks of his honorable graduation, when by the death of his only surviving brother, he was summoned home by his mother to assume control of the vast paternal estate, of which his mother and himself were now sole heirs. His mother was the daughter of one of the proudest old names of South Carolina, her maiden name being Nancy Bratton. Col. William Bratton, of Revolutionary fame, to whom the people of South Carolina owe so much, w^as her father and the founder of her family in America. Mr. McCaw upon assuming charge of his an- cestral estates, entered upon the ideal life of a southern planter, sur- rounded by his slaves, for whose spiritual and physical welfare he manifested the tenderest solicitude. In 1847 he married Miss Belle Bratton, a daughter of Dr. William Bratton, of Fairfield county, and the five surviving children of this union are Robert Gadsden, a planter; William Bratton, a lawyer; Harry, official stenographer of the Sixth judicial circuit; Mary, wife of Lewis W. Perrin, Esq., of Abbe- ville, and Belle, wife of Joseph K. Alston, Esq., of Columbia. His eventful career came to a close in his forty-ninth year, on the 24th day of November, 1879. " To live in hearts we leave behind, is not to die." LAWTON H. WANNAMAKER. Lawton Hayne Wannamaker was born near the city of Orange- burg, S. C, June 12, 1855, his father being Capt. H. C. Wanna- maker. The first representative of the family to emigrate to America 406 SOUTH CAROLINA. from Germany was the immediate kinsman, Capt. Wannamaker of Revolutionary fame. Mr. Wannamaker remained on his fatlier's farm until 1869, when the family removed to Orangeburg. Before this time the lad had had no opportunity for acquiring an education, and his father's broken fortunes after the war did not allow of a longer term in the schools than two or three years. In 1871 he entered the law office of Izlar & Dibble as a clerk, and continued in the employ of these eminent lawyers three years, during which time he had added to his stock of knowledge by constant study. Much of his after success has been due to the admirable training he obtained under the tutelage of these employers. He was married in 1876, to Miss Cor- nelia C. Neuffer. Mr. Wannamaker has held various public positions, among them being that of deputy county treasurer, deputy sheriff, deputy clerk of court, and clerk of the board of county commissioners, and in 1884 he was elected clerk of the circuit court, and again in in 1888, having received a highly complimentary vote in the last nomination, by defeating in the democratic primary, two strong op- ponents. His official career has been marked by decided ability and undisputed integrity, while his continued retention in office is ample proof of the people's confidence. He has also held many positions of honor and trust in private institutions, being a director of the Edisto Savings bank, of Orangeburg, president of the Union Hall company, organized for the purpose of erecting an opera house, armory and lodge room, and he has been largely instrumental in organizing the Orangeburg Investment company. As a prominent Mason he is past master of his lodge, and is past dictator of the local lodge of the K. of H., as well as past chancellor of the K. of P.; and has represented these lodges in the grand bodies of the orders. He is an ex-foreman of one branch of the fire department, and is one of the fire chiefs of the city. His occupation is that of farming, and he has great faith in the future of that industry where intelligently pursued. COLONEL ROBERT E. BOWEN. On a farm five miles east of Easley, where he still resides, was the birth-place of Col. Robert E. Bowen, a prominent and honored citi- zen of Pickens count}', S. C. The date of his birth was September 8, 1830, and his father was John Bowen, Esq., a farmer and civil engineer. He, too, was a native of Pickens county, born July 31, 1801. He held the office of tax collector of old Pickens district several years. He died June 4, 1871, as a result of injuries received by the falling of a horse upon which he was riding. His father's name was also John Bowen, who was a native of Virginia, and came to South Carolina with his father, Robert Bowen, a Revolutionary soldier. They came to this state in the latter part of the eighteenth century. A brother of Rol^ert, whose name was Reese Bowen, was a captain in the Revo- lutionary war, and lost his life in the battle of Kings Mountain. He was captain of a company in Ca'mpbell's regiment of Virginia. The paternal branch of the family is of English descent. Col. Bowen's SOUTH CAROLINA. 407 mother was Elvira Hunt, daughter of Esli Hunt, born in Greenville county, S. C, in February, 181 1. She is still living, her home being in Easley. Esli Hunt, her father, came- from Virginia to Soutii Carcjlina and followed farming for a livelihood. John Bowen, the father of Col. Bowen, was one of the wealthy planters and prominent and in- fluential citizens of Pickens county. He accumulated a large estate, owning at the time the war broke out, several thousand acres of land. Like all other planters and slave owners of the state, he was l(;ft in straightened circumstances as the result of the war. Col. Robert E. Bowen was reared to manhood on his father's farm, receiving a knowl- edge of English branches at the common schools, his father at the same time instructing him in surveying. In 1S53 he went to Texas on horse-back, remaining there about a year and teaching school dur- ing five months of the time. He traveled over the state the balance of the year. In the fall of 1854, he returned to South Carolina by steamer and railway, and from that time until 1857, he superintended his father's farm. October 15th of that year he married Miss Martha Antoinette Oliver, daughter of Dr. James Oliver, of Anderson county. In the early part of 1858, Col. Bowen located upon the farm he now occupies, which had been given him by his father, and busied himself in farming. There he remained until in November, 1861. On the 6th day of that month he entered the service of the Confederate army as first lieutenant of Company E, Second South Carolina regi- ment. His company was commanded by Capt. T. H. Boggs. Dur- ing the first two months his company was stationed on Sullivan's Is- land, near Charleston, in Orr's regiment of rifles. In the latter part of December, 1S61, Company E, together with five other companies, organized the first battalion of rifles, Capt. Boggs being promoted to major. JohnV. Moore became lieutenant-colonel of the battalion. In the early part of 1862 this battalion and some other companies, which joined it, were organized into the Second South Carolina rifle regi- ment, and Lieut. Bowen was promoted to the captaincy of his com- pany, and John V. Moore became colonel of the regiment. In October, 1863, Mr. Bowen was promoted to the lieutenant-colonelcy, and in December of the same year was made colonel o'f the same regiment. He continued in that capacity until the close of the war, surrendering with Lee at Appomatox. He commanded Company E in the seven days' fight around Richmond, which included both the battles of Cjaines' Mill and Eraser's farm. In the battle of Fredericksburg he commanded the same company. He acted as lieutenant-colonel in the night fight in Will's Valley, below Chattanooga, leading the bri- gade skirmish line and opening the fight at three o'clock in the morn- ing. He was there wounded by a ball in the left hip and compelled to spend two months in the hospital and at home. In the battles of Dandridge, Spottsylvania, Colcl Harbor, Newmarket Heights, Bat- tery Harrison, Darbytown Road and Petersburg, he was at the head of his regiment. In the battle of the Wilderness, a cannon ball cut off the tail of his coat, inflicting, however, no bodily injury. In the battle of Spottsylvania, a piece of a shell struck him on the right side 4o8 SOUTH CAROLINA. of the neck, but inflicted only a slig:ht wound. In the night fight in Will's Valley, Col. Bowen had three brothers, one of whom, Capt. John H. Bowen, was captured, and another, Samuel Bowen, was se- verely wounded. At the close of the war Col. Bowen rode his army horse home and resumed farming operations. His wife had occu- pied the farm all during the war, and there has been his home ever since. In 1872 he was elected as a democrat to the lower branch of the state legislature, serving one term of two years. He was elected state senator in 1874 from Pickens county, and served the constitu- tional term of four years. During his senatorial term, the exciting political revolution of 1876 took place, in which he acted a conspicu- ous part. In 1877 he was chairman of the special committee appointed to investigate the frauds perpetrated by the radical authorities dur- ing the period of reconstruction between the years 1868 and 1876. He was a candidate in 1884 for nomination for representative in congress, and again in iSqo. Though he failed in both trials, he received each time a very flattering vote. Col. Bowen is one of the most influential and highly respected men in his section of the state. He is in affluent circumstances, being the owner of 3,300 acres of land in South Caro- lina, besides several tracts of mountain land in North Carolina, val- ued for its mineral resources. In 1881 he was elected president of the Atlantic & French Broad railroad company, which position he held two years. He was one of the directors of the Carolina, Cumber- land Gap & Chicago railroad from 1883 to 18S6, and in June of the latter year was made president of that company, continuing as such until January, 1889. He is still a stockholder in the road, is also a stockholder in the Easley Oil Mill company, a member of the board of trustees of Clemson college, an elder in the Presbyterian church, member of the Knights of the Golden Rule, and of the farmers' alliance. He is the father of two children, a son and a daughter. COLONEL ROBERT E. MASON, a prominent citizen of West Minster, present state senator from Oconee* county, S. C, was born within the present limits of that county, September 29, 18^. He was the son of Col. J. Clark Mason, also a native of what now constitutes Oconee county, born Aprils, 1820. The father was a practical machinist by trade, and also gave attention to farming. He served as colonel of a militia regiment during the late war. He died September 3, 1887, at his home in Banks county, Ga., whither he removed January 5, 1871. He was the son of Daniel Mason, a native of Rockingham county, Va., who came to South Carolina in the early part of the present century. He was a farmer and machinist by occupation. His father, Richard Mason, motner was, before marriage, miss mary i" ranees iviarctt, a native or what is now Oconee county, born March 2, 1S28. .She was the daughter of Benjamin Marett, the son of Benjamin Marett, who came to South SOUTH CAROLINA. 409 Carolina from Hillsboro, N. C. Upon the maternal side, Col. Mason is descended from the French. His mother is still living-. He was reared on a farm in Oconee county, and with the exception of three years, that county has been his home all his life. He received a good common school education. In September, 1864, in the latter part of his sixteenth year, he entered the service of the Confederate army as a member at first, of the state cavalry for six months, later entering the infantry service in Company K, Seventh .South Carolina regiment, where he served until the close of the war, surrendering with Gen. Joseph E. Johnston, at Greensboro, N. C. He then returned home from the war, and for two or three years, worked on the farm and attended school. During the years 1868, 1869 and 1870, he was en- gaged as a clerk in Fair Play, Oconee county, and Anderson, Ander- son county. In November, 1870, he married Miss Sarah C. Isbell, daughter of Rev. Samuel Isbell, a Baptist clergyman. Her place of residence was in Anderson county. In January, 1871, Col. Mason re- moved to Banks county, Ga., where for three years he engaged in farming. In the fall of 1873 he returned to Fair Play, where on the 8th day of December of that year, he began merchandising, ind con- tinued in that pursuit at P^air Play and West Minster until 1888, at the same time carrying on his farming occupations, the latter of which he still pursues. At the present time he is also a cotton merchant, having been one of the principal buyers in Oconee county for several years. He has also for one year conducted a private banking busi- ness at West Minster, where his home has been since 1884. He is a stockholder and trustee of the West Minster Educational joint stock company. Col. Mason's politics are democratic. In 1882 he was elected a member of the lower branch of the state legislature, and was a candidate for re-election in 1884, but was defeated because of the firm stand he took against licensing the liquor trade. He was again a candidate in 1886, and was this time elected by a handsome majority, serving another term. In 1888 he was elected to the state senate to represent Oconee county, and he is now serving in that ca- pacity. His term will expire in 1892. In 1878 he was appointed to a position on Gov. Plampton's staff, with the rank of lieutenant-colonel. He was also elected in 187S, captain of a cavalry company formed in Oconee county. In the fall of the same yeir the company was formed into a battalion, and of this he was made major. Upon the accession of W. D. Simpson to the gubernatorial office, as the successor of Gov. Hampton, Col. Mason was appointed to a position on his staff with the rank of lieutenant-colonel, and served until the close of Gov. Smipson's term. Col. Mason is a member of the Masonic lodge and also of the K. of H. At present he is extensively engaged in farm- ing in Oconee county, and in a financial point of view has been suc- cessful, and has reached a prominent place as a property holder. He holds high rank in a material, political and social sense. Mr. and Mrs. Mason have been blessed with nine children, five sons and four daughters, all of whom are living. It is a somewhat striking co-in- 4IO SOUTH CAROLINA. cident that Col. Mason himself is one of a family of nine, all of whom are now living. LIEUTENANT RICHARD LEWIS, judge of probate of Oconee county, and an honored citizen of Wal- halla, was born on Seneca river within the present limits of Oconee county, S. C, October lo, 1841. He was the son of Hon. Andrew F. Lewis, a native of Virginia, and a farmer by occupation, who is still living. He was the son of Richard Lewis, a native of Ireland, who served as clerk of the court of Rutherford county, N. C, for a term of twenty years. It is a fact worthy of mention that during a part of his incumbency of the clerk's office, one of his brothers was sheriff and another brother ordinary of the same county. Andrew F. Lewis, the father of the subject of this sketch, once represented thd Pendle- ton district in the state legislature. The maiden name of his wife was Susan A. Sloan, a native of Pickens district, and daughter of David Sloan, a native of Ireland. She also still survives. Lieut. Richard Lewis was reared on a farm in Oconee county until he ar- rived at the age of twenty years. He received an academic educa- tion. In the month of April, 1861, he entered the service of the Con- derate army, enlisting in the company commanded by Capt. Kilpat- rick, of the Fourth South Carolina regiment. He took the rank of sergeant with that command during his year's term of service. While with that command he participated in the first battle of Man- assas and in the battle of Williamsburg. In the spring of 1862, he re-enlisted in the Palmetto Sharpshooters, with which he held the rank of first lieutenant until the close of the war. During the last three years of the war he participated in the battles of Sharpsburg, Wilderness, .Spottsylvania, Fredericksburg, Fort Harrison, and many others of less importance. In all of them he discharged the duties of a soldier in a brave and patriotic manner. At the battle of Spott- sylvania he was struck by a ball in the left wrist, which permanently disabled his left arm. Prior to this, he was wounded at the battle of Campbell Station in Tennessee, by a ball in the right leg. In the bat- tle of Fort Harrison, the last in which he participated, he was wounded in the left leg just below the knee, and was immediately captured. The wound proved to be of such a character as to neces- sitate amputation just below the knee. He was held a prisoner about ten months, suffering this indignity and humiliation for several months after the close of the war. Upon gaining his liberty he re- turned to Oconee county, and for a few years gave his attention to farming. In 1868 he was elected judge of probate of Oconee county, and served at that time a term of two years. He then resumed farming on Seneca river, but in 1876 he was again elected probate judge, and has held the office continuously by repeated elections ever since, having now held it for nine terms. He is the present incumbent, and throughout his long tenure of the office he has given the most unqualified satisfaction. With only two exceptions he has never had SOUTH CAROLINA. 4I I any opposition, and he has always been the candidate of the demo- cratic party, of which he is an adherent. In 1884 he was appointed master in equity of Oconee county, and has held that position also ever since. He is a member of the Presbyterian church. He has been twice married, his first wife being Olivia K. Lawrence, whom he married in i86g. She died in March, 1888, leaving three children, two of whom are daughters, and all of whom survive her. On March 10, 1891, he married Miss Kate L. Perry, of Walhalla, who now shares with him the happiness and comforts of a beautiful home. In 1883 Lieut. Lewis published in book form the letters he wrote to his mother during war, and gave the volume the very suggestive title, "Camp Life of a Confederate Boy." These letters, taking into ac- count his youthfulness at the time of writing, are remarkable speci- mens of composition, very strikingly portraying the experiences and observations of the soldier, graphicall}^ reciting the stirring events as they actually occurred, by one who witnessed or took part in them. They form a volume full of interest and instruction. Furthermore, they not only illustrate his unswerving loyalty to his state and his government, and his steadfast desire and purpose honestly and faith- fully to serve them, but by the constancy and devotion they exhibit toward his mother, they are models of filial affection, which all who read can not help but commend, eulogize and admire. By na- ture, Mr. Lewis is quiet and unassuming. Sensitive and adverse to personal display and pretension, he has, with becoming modesty throughout his entire career, so far as practicable, persistently shunned and shrunk from publicity of any kind. He is scrupulously honest and conscientious, and is held by his fellow citizens in the highest esteem, the sincerest regard and the most profound confi- dence. CAPTAIN A. D. BATES, one of the representative planters of Edgefield county, was born in the same near the line of Lexington county, in 1823. His father was Andrew Bates and his mother's maiden name Shuler, both natives of South Carolina. Andrew was the son of Michael Bates, who was a native of Germany and came to the United States some time before the Revolutionary war. He settled in the county of Newberry, where he followed farming during the remainder of his life. He was the father of four sons, all of whom are now deceased. Andrew, the father of Capt. A. D. Bates, was born in 1777. He was educated in the schools of the county, engaged in planting and followed it for some years in Newberry county, then moved to Abbeville county, and then to Edgefield county, S. C, where in 1842, he died. Capt. A. D. Bates received his education in the schools of Edgefield county, but began farming when quite young, following that vocation until the breaking out of the war. He then enlisted in Company B, of the Hampton legion, and was elected second lieutenant of his company, serving in that capacity for one year. He was then compelled to resign on ac- 412 SOUTH CAROLINA. count of ill health, and returned to his home. He was in the first battle of Manassas and in various skirmishes. After regaining his health he again returned to the occupation of a farmer, and has fol- lowed that calling ever since. Though he has taken an active part in the politics of the day, he has had no aspirations for office, content to remain only an active and voting member of his party. In 1857 he was united in marriage to Miss Georgiana Mitchell, who bore him eight children who reached maturity. Mrs. Bates died in 1883. Mr. Bates is a member of the farmers' alliance, and in religion he sub- scribes to the tenets of the Methodist Episcopal church. In his social relations he has a large circle of warm friends and possesses the con- fidence, good will and respect of all who know him. JAMES C. BODIE, who ranks among the older citizens of Lexington county, was born in Edgefield county, S. C, in 1810. His father, whose christian name was John, was born in the western part of North Carolina, and his mother, whose maiden name was Sallie Mitchell, was a native of Vir- ginia. John Bodie had but just arrived to manhood when his parents removed to South Carolina and settled in Edgefield county. He engaged in planting in that county and followed this occupation for several years. He was married to Miss Mitchell after coming to Edgefield county, and was the father of eight children, two sons and six daughters, all of whom are deceased except James C, the subject of this sketch. James C. Bodie received his education in the common schools of the county. After reaching an age to fit him for work on the farm, he engaged in that occupation, [beginning in Edgefield county, but, after a few years removing to a plantation near Leesville, in Lexington county. Here he has resided ever since. In 1845 he was united in marriage to Miss Caroline Asbill, daughter of Louis Asbill, of Edgefield county, who bore him four sons and five daugh- ters. Three sons are now living and are engaged in business in Leesville. James C. Bodie has never taken an active part in politics, but has always been an ardent democrat. He is a member of the Masonic fraternity. He and his partner in life are members of the Methodist Episcopal church. Mr. Bodie is now over eighty years of age, and during this long period has drawn around him a large circle of personal friends, whose attachment is warm, sincere and cordial. JUDGE SIMON P. WINGARD, at one time state senator of Lexington county, was born in the county of his present residence on the 23rd of February, 1829. He is a son of Samuel and Catherine (Bickly) Wingard, both of whom were natives of Lexington county, .S. C. Samuel was the son of Michael Wingard, a native of Germany, who came to the United States at an early day. He was married to Maria Oak, and was the father of eight sons and two daughters. He settled in Lexington county, and fol- SOUTH CAROLINA. 413 lowed planting until his dtuith. Samuel Wingard was educated in the German language, and followed planting and stock-raising throughout his whole lite. He took no part in public affairs, and was twice mar- ried. Simon P. Wingard was the only son by the first marriage of his father. He was educated in the common schools, and followed farm- ing until he was elected to the office of sheriff of his county in 1856, being then but twenty-seven years of age. He held the office four years, until March, 1S60, and then returned to farming until the open- ing of the war, when he enlisted in Company A, of the Fifth cavalry regiment of South Carolina. He served from 1861 until February, 1864, when he was elected clerk of the court, of Lexington county. He returned home and discharged the duties of said office until August, 1868. He was then disfranchised on account of serving in the Confederate army. He again returned to farming until October, 1872, when he was elected probate judge. He served as jndge until November, 1884, at which time here signed to accept the office of state senator, to which he had been elected, and which he heldforthe term of four years. Since 1888, he has lived a retired life on his farm. He has always taken an active part in politics, and is one of the leaders of the democratic party in Lexington county. In May, 1S58, he was united in marriage to Mary A. M. Wingard, daughter of Jacob Win- gard, Esq., representative from Lexington county- This union has been blessed by the birth of seven children, two sons and two daugh- ters still surviving. He is a member of the Lutheran church and of the Masonic order. He has been a successful business man and is considered one of the most prosperous farmers in Lexington county. He is a self-made man, having been left an orphan in his early child- hood. COLONEL COLIN McRAE WEATHERLY was born in Marlborough county, S. C, September 12th, 1842, the son of Thomas C. and Margaret J. (Walter) Weatherly, both natives of the Palmetto state. The Hon. Thomas C. Weatherly was a man of . much prominence in the state; was an extensive planter, and served as sheriff of the county, subsequently becoming a member of the lower house of the state legislature, and for a time was a state senator. He was the author of the " lien " law in South Carolina, and several other important measures. His death occurred July 2d, 1878, at which time he was sixty-two years of age. In 1862 his wife died, at the age of forty-two years. Of their eight children, seven survive the par- ents. Colin is the third child, and was given exceptional educational advantages. In his early youth he was a student in the private schools of the county, and in June, 1859, entered West Point, but resigned in December, i860, when his state seceded from the Union, and immediately returned home to volunteer his services to the cause of his people. He was elected second lieutenant of Company G, Eighth South Carolina regiment, and served in that company for one year, when he was appointed adjutant of the regiment, and held that 414 SOUTH CAROLINA. office at the time of the final surrender in 1865, he having fought in the battles of First Manassas, Fredericksburg, Sharpsburg, seven days' fight around Richmond, Chancellorsville, Spottsylvania, Gettys- burg, Harper's Ferry, Chickamauga, Berryville, Deep Bottom, the battles of the Wilderness, and several other engagements of minor importance. At Sharpsburg he was wounded in the knee, and at Berryville he received a most dangerous shot in the neck, his jaw- bone being broken, and at Chickamauga his collar-bone was broken. He was never absent from his post of duty save when confined to the hospital to recover from his wounds. After Lee's surrender Mr. Weatherly went to the Pee Dee river section and engaged in agri- culture, and was thus engaged when elected clerk of the court in 1S76; in 1S80 he was returned to that office, and again in 1884 and 1 888. His continued retention in this most important position is the most satisfactory proof of his efficiency and integrity. There are few more successful planters in the state than he, and as a business man he is recognized as one of the most able and substantial in the county. He is a director in the Bank of Bennettsville, in the Cotton Oil Mill company, and is a stockholder in the Bennettsville Building & Loan association, as well as in the Darlington Manufacturing com- pany, of Darlington county. In November, 1866, he married Miss Mary G. McLeod, daughter of the late Dr. Alexander McLeod, who was a m.ember of the convention which declared for secession. Nine children are the issue of this most happy marriage, their names being: Mary R., Walter M., Alexander E., M. Josephine, C. E., Lucia S., Thomas C, Clarence E. and C. Mc. The mother died on the 1 8th of August, 1889, aged forty-two years. She was a member of' the Methodist Episopal church, south, as is also her hus- band, he being a steward in the church at Bennettsville. Mrs. Weatherly was a most estimable lady, of rare culture and refinement, while her purity of life is a most endearing heritage to her children and friends. Mr. Weatherl\' is a prominent member of the Masonic fraternity, and is also actively connected with the farmers' alliance of Marlborough county. JAMES L. HAILE. The present efficient sheriff of Kershaw county, S. C, is Mr. James L. Haile. Mr. Haile was born May 31, 1S41, in Kershaw county, and is descended from an old and influential southern family. His parents were Benjamin and Maria (Lenoir) Haile, and the father was a leading planter in Kershaw county, where he was born. For some years he lived at Haile's Gold Mines, in Lancaster county, S.C., but the greater portion of his life was spent in his native county. His father was also named Benjamin. He removed from Fredericks- burg, Va., to South Carolina, shortly after the close of the Revolution. Two sons and two daughters were born to Benjamin and Maria Haile. James L. was but ten years old at the time of his father's demise, and immediately after that sad event the family removed from their plan- SOUTH CAROLINA. 415 tation to Camden. Mr. Haile was given a thorough scholastic train- ing at Kings Mountain college, of Yorkville, S. C. April g, 1861, at the: age of twenty, he offered his servicers to the Confederate cause by enlisting in Kershaw's regiment. Second South Carolina, as sergeant- major, later being promoted to lieutenant of the Seventh South Car- olina cavalry, Haskell's regiment. He served four years, leaving the army with the rank of lieutenant at the final surrender at Appomatox. Returning home he soon turned his attention to agriculture, and in 1868 was most happily married to Miss Mary Hamilton, of North Carolina, and there are six surviving children of this union. In 1884 he was elected sheriff, and again in 1S88. For several years past he has been captain of the Kershaw volunteer troop, and is an ardent supporter of the militia. He is a Master Mason, and his name is held in the highest esteem wherever known as that of a man of abil- ity and strict integrity. JOHN D. M. SHAW, a prominent farmer and stock-raiser of Laurens county, was born on the farm where he now resides, six miles south of the city, June 21, 1846. He was the son of Benjamin Franklin Shaw, also a native of Laurens county, a farmer by occupation, born September 24, 1811. He died August 7, 1886, and was the son of Martin Shaw. The maiden name of John D. M. Shaw's mother was Elliott J. Boyd, also a native of Laurens county, born March 5, 1S13. She was the daugh- ter of John D. Boyd, and died in October, 18S1. John D. IVL Shaw was reared on the old homestead, where he was born and where he has resided all his life. He received a good common education, and in March, 1864, entered the service of the Confederate army, in Com- pany E, Seventh .South Carolina regiment, and served in it as a pri- vate till the close of the war, surrendering with Gen. Lee at Appo- matox. He participated in the battles of Cold Harbor, Riddleshop, Deep Bottom, besides in manj' other less notable engagements. From the war he returned home, and for one year attended a country school about five miles from his home. His father, as one of the re- sults of the war, was overwhelmed with debts, so he resolved to quit school and help his father out of his embarrassments. With his help the father was enabled to compromise with his creditors at twenty- five per cent. The father owned a 200-acre farm and stock, and a few negroes before their emancipation. The son became his father's solicitor, visiting the creditors and giving them true and faithful rep- resentations of his father's financial condition, and of the resources available for the cancellation of his debts, asking of them some pro- position on their part. They suggested twenty-five per cent., and asked the young negotiator if he could pay the figures. His reply was, " I'll try," and he did try and was successful. From that time he assumed full charge of the farm, being the only son, and his father being in poor health. From that time farming became his permanent business, and he is now one of the most enterprising and successful 4l6 SOUTH CAROLINA. farmers in South Carolina. He bought the farm shortly after the close of the war, and has ever since been its owner. This is not all he owns, but his success as a farmer and stock-raiser has enabled him to make additional purchases of adjoining lands, until he is now the owner of i,8oo acres in one tract. Besides this he now owns i,ooo acres in other tracts, making in all 2,800 acres in Laurens. This makes him one of the most extensive freeholders in the county, and there is but one other man in the county who raises more cotton than he. He is a democrat in politics and one of the leading farmers' alliance men in this state. He is president of the Lisbon alliance of Laurens county. In January, 1891, he was appointed to a position on Gov. Tillman's staff, with the rank of lieutenant-colonel, a pre- ferment wholl}' unsought, and being so, was accepted, regarding it as a compliment from the man he had contributed so much in personal effort to elect, and whose cause he had so efficiently championed. He has always avoided political office, preferring to devote himself to his farm interests. He would have declined this appointment but for his personal regard for Gov. Tillman. He has always been an extensive employer of negro laborers, taking a lively interest in them and holding amicable relations toward them. He has in his employ between 100 and 200, including both sexes. INIr. Shaw was married December 21, 1871, to Miss Mary Leonora Jane Henry, daughter of Harrison Henry, a farmer of Laurens county. They have had four children, only one of w-hom is now living, a son, named Thomas M., aged seven years. JOHN GARLINGTON, son of Edwin and Susannah (Dickie) Garlington, was born in Halifax county, Va., on the 19th of October, 1784. He was the grandson of Christopher and Elizabeth (Conway) Garlington, and great-grandson of Christopher Garlington, who settled in Virginia; Northumberland county, in 1660. He came with his father and brothers to South Carolina about the close of the last century. He began life as a merchant at Lau- rens C. H., in 1801, which he continued successfully for some years. In 1806 he was appointed clerk of the court of common pleas, for Laurens district; at the same time 'he was acting commissioner in , equity, and was village postmaster. As a public officer, it is not enough to say, he was faithful in the discharge of his duties. During his long official term his office was a model in its arrangements, and the correct manner in which it was kept. In court he ever bore him- self with dignity, courtesy and self possession, which showed a perfect knowledge of his duties. In the discharge of official business, he was regular, exact and systematic. No slight cause prevented him from being at the post of duty. As an instance of his singular punctuality and rare physical preservation, the fact may be stated that, during sixty years he never failed to attend court, except at the term held when he was on his death bed. It is doubtful if the annals of the court SOUTH CAROLINA. 417 can furnish anothersuch example, llis relations wilh the bench and bar were of the kindest nature, and with many of the briirhtest orna- ments of both, he was the intimate friend. He never held political office, but llis ardent nature would not allow him to be an idle and indifferent spectator to passinjT events. He ever felt a deep interest in all that concerned the public welfare, and always took an open and decided stand upon political questions which he deemed important. It was, however, in other relations than those of a political character, that his virtues were most conspicuous and deeply felt. As a friend, neighbor and private citizen, his true character was exhibited. Warm in. his impulses, strong in his friendships; confiding, without atlecta- tion; bold, frank and fearless, there was no room to doubt his relations with others. Of indomitable will, he met opposition and adversity with unshaken courage and fortitude. He was ever kind to the poor, and in the lowly walks of life his footsteps were seen, and his gener- ous hand felt; and the homeless orphan found shelter under his roof. To the young and aspiring he had a word of encouragement and a hand to help, many of whom were indebted to him for their educa- tion. As a member of society', he assisted in every good work; to all measures, having for their object the improvement of the moral and social condition of the people, he contributed liberally of his means to their promotion. He was for many years a trustee of the town academies; contributed to the erection of the buildings, and was always careful to have the best of teachers. He was one of the orig- inal stockholders of the South Carolina railroad, and one of the most liberal in Laurens, subscribing for one hundred shares in the road and one hundred in the bank. He "Cvas also later in life one of the largest stockholders and contractors in the Laurens railroad. He owned about half of the town of Laurens, and several large planta- tions in the county, one in Alabama, and another in Florida. He possessed several fine flour- and grist-mills on Rabun's creek, and a cotton and woolen factory on the Enoree river. He was the owner of many slaves, to whom he was a kind and indulgent master. The accumulation of an ample fortune enabled him to indulge the generous promptings of his nature in a large and elegant hospitality. He took a deep interest in the Methodist church, of which he was a member, and devoted his time and a part of his means to the erec- tion of a new and handsome house of worship, in the town of Lau- rens. In his religion he exhibited the beautiful simplicity of childlike faith, and lived so that when the messenger came, at the age of eighty-two, he obeyed the summons and passed away without a struggle, as calmly as a summer's day. He was twice married. First, to Rachel Hunter, daughter of Judge Hunter, United States senator from Laurens, by whom he had one son. Col. Henry W. Garlington; and the second time to Susan Washington James, daughter of Hon. Benjamin James, of Laurens, S. C, formerly of Stafford county, Va. By this marriage he had four sons, Creswell, Benjamin Conway, Stobo and John; and two daugh- ters, Maria, now Mrs. R. W. Simpson, of Pendleton, and Jane, now A 27 41 8 SOUTH CAROLINA. Mrs. John L. Young, of Union, S. C. His nature was remarkably sunny and cheerful, but in his last days he mourned the loss of two gifted, noble sons. Col. B. Conway Garlington, who fell while bravely leading his regiment in the battle of Savage Station, and his youngest, John, who was killed in the battle at Fredericksburg, Va. JOHN H. READ. Among the oldest and most influential families of the old Palmetto state may be found the Read family. It has furnished many men of note, who have held high positions in civil and military life. One of the representatives of the family of the present generation is Mr. John Harleston Read, who is a native of Charleston, S. C, having first seen the light there July 25, 1843. Both his father and mother, J. H. and Esther J. (Lance) Read, were South Carolinians, both hav- ing been born in Charleston. The father was a rice planter and a man of much weight in the community. For twenty-five years he served as a member of the legislature, and his death occurred while he was on his way to attend a session of that body September ist, 1866. He was a graduate of Harvard college, having taken both a classical and law course in that famous institution of learning. From early manhood he was a vestryman in the Protestant Episcopal church, and gave largely of his means to aid every deserving cause that came under his notice. For the past four generations the eldest son of this proud family has borne the name of John Harleston. The first to bear it was a son of Dr. William Read of the Revolutionary army, who was a surgeon, served at one time on Washington's staff, and for a short time acted as surgeon-general to that most famous general. He was a state senator for an extended term of years, and a man of great learning, a graduate of Princeton college, and an extensive traveler, being well known throughout the United States and Europe. His sister Elizabeth was the wife of Peter Parker, of Boston, Mass. He was a man of great wealth and renown. An uncle of the present John Harleston Read was in the United States navy for many years, and died in 1852. Our subject is the eldest of six children, the names of theother five being: Elleanora, of Charleston; James W., a graduate of Hartford college, Conn., and a lawyer; Esther Jane, wife of Ralph Izard, of Georgetown; William B., planter, now living on the Savannah river, and M. Lance Read, of the United States navy. He is now on the retired list, owing to physical disability. The government detailed him to go to Alaska twice, and while on the Asiatic station afterward he was stricken with paralysis, caused by exposure while on duty in Alaska. We will now return to the immediate subject of this bio- graphical mention, Mr. John Harleston Read, and give a more de- tailed account of his career. His education was obtained at Vevey, Switzerland. From that noted institution on the banks of Lake Geneva, he was graduated in 1859. Returning to his native land in the same year, he was obliged to travel for a year to recuperate his health, and spent sometime at Saratoga, Newport, and other places SOUTH CAROLINA. 419 of a like nature. In 1861, his services were voluntarily offered to the cause espouscul by his people, and he enlistc'd as a private, hut rose to the rank of captain. He was transferred to the army of Virginia, in the Twenty-first regiment of South Carolina volunteer infantry, Hagood's brigade, Longstreet's corps, and served with faithfulness until the close of the war. lie was slightly wounded in one engagement, but did not leave the field until his command left. Mr Read fought in the battles on the coast of Carolina, notably Battery Wagner, Fort Sumter, engage- ments on James Island, Cold Harbor, Walthall Junction, Drury's Bluff, Weldon R. R., and all the engagements around Petersburg and Fort Fisher. He was in a fight with the enemy at Camden after the surrender of Lee and Johnston. The end having come he returned home and devoted his energies to the cultivation of rice, and is now one of the largest planters in the county. Although ardently in- terested in politics and public affairs, he has never sought office. Gov. Wade Hampton appointed him a trial justice in 1876, and he has been re-appointed to that position by every succeeding gover- nor. He is the present incumbent of the chair of the democratic executive committee of Georgetown county, and is held in the highest esteem wherever known. Mr. Read's marriage in 1870, to Miss Anne Stoney, daughter of Edgar Stoney, of Charleston, was one of the happiest events of his life, and their home has been blessed by the advent of six children, viz.: J. H., who is at present aid- ing his father in the management of the plantation: Miss Annie, mem- ber of the junior class of Clifford university; Edgar, a pupil in the Porter academy at Charleston; William B., a student at the same in- stitution, and Elizabeth and Robert, who remain on the homestead. Mrs. Read is a valued communicant of the Protestant Episcopal church. Mr. Read is a member of the Winyah lodge. No. 40, A. F. M., of which he is now S. W. S. S. FRASER. One of Georgetown county's most substantial and influential busi- ness men and planters is Samuel Sydney Eraser, who was born in Georgetown county, in 1829, on the nth of September. His parents were Samuel and Eliza (Ellison) Fraser, both South Carolinians, the former of Sumter county, and the latter of Darlington. The father was a cotton planter of that section, and during the war of 181 2 served as a captain in the patriot army. His demise occurred in 1843, ^^ the age of fifty-four years, his wife having preceded him to the grave in 1830, at the age of thirty-six years. These parents had nine children, of whom R. E. Fraser, a prominent banker of Georgetown, and our subject, are the only survivors. The first member of the family, of whom we have any record, was John Fraser, who was born in Scot- land. He was expatriated and emigrated to America, A. D. 1745, settling in Georgetown, S. C, where he married Miss Baxter, a sister of Col. John Baxter, of Marion's famous brigade. There were two offspring of this union: John Baxter, the progenitor of the branch of 420 SOUTH CAROLINA. the family of which we write, and William, who was an attorney-at- law in Georgetown before and during the Revolutionary war. He died without issue. Mr. S. S. Fraser began active business life at the age of thirteen as an employe in a commission house. Since that time he has been engaged in the commission and insurance business with success, and also carries on a large rice planting interest. He is secretary and treasurer of the Georgetown Ice company, of which he was a founder; a director in the Palmetto Cypress company, and in- terested in various other industries. During the Hampton campaign of 1876, he was chairman of the democratic executive committee, and rendered valuable assistance in restoring white supremacy in the state. Gov. Hampton appointed him county treasurer of Georgetown county, and he only relinquished that ofhce after a service of nine years, a change in the offices of the state having taken place. In 1870 Mr. Fraser was married to Sarah, eldest daughter of Hugh Wilson, of Wadmalan, S. C., by whom he had four children, viz.: Eliza E., Hugh W., .S. S., Jr., and J. Hamilton. The mother died in 1878. In 1883 he was married a second time, Clara, daughter of J. Rees Ford, of Plantersville, Georgetown county, becoming his wife, and one son, Rees F., was born of the union. Mrs. Eraser's demise occurred in 1884, she being thirty-six years of age. She was a member of the Episcopal church and a woman of refinement and great charity. Our subject is active and constant in church work, having been chairman of the vestry of the Episcopal church of Georgetown for some time. He has been chairman of the board of trustees of the Winyah graded school; a member of the town council, and is also a member of the Winyah Indigo society, a benevolent organization chartered in 1753 under a royal grant. This society has in its possession the original parchments giving it its charter, the first of which was issued from the Palace of St. James in 1753, the other by William Henry Littleton, colonial governor of the state several years subsequent. Of this ancient order Mr. Eraser is junior warden. JOHN W. TARBOX. One among Georgetown's progressive business men is John W. Tarbox, a rice planter, and with his son, forming the firm of Tarbo.x & Son, also agents for the Standard Oil company. At the age of eighteen he apprenticed himself to the printer's trade in George- town. For about twenty years he followed his trade; in company with Eleazor Waterman, Jr., he published the Pec Dec Times; later, in company with R. Dozier (a prominent lawyer) , he published the Gcoi'ge- town Times. Mr. Tarbox, after the war between the states, sold to Mr. Josiah Doar, who is still its editor and proprietor, and associated himself with Mr. B. S. Lester, in the mercantile business, under the firm name of Lester & Tarbox; after a few years he purchased his part- ner's interest, and his eldest son, who graduated at a business college, was taken in business, under the firm name of John W. Tarbox & Son, and still continue business under the same name. For ten years SOUTH CAROLINA. 421 they conducted the concern with success, and then sold out, and for the past five years they have been engaged in the dray busi- ness, and in planting and threshing rice, and they have been very successful in their enterprises. During the late Civil war Mr. Tarbox served as a private for one year, and was then promoted to the rank of ordnance sergeant, which ollice he held until the close. He was a member of Company A, Tenth South Carolina regiment, until promoted ordnance officer of the regi- ment. Our subject has been thrice happily married; by his second wife he had three sons, the eldest, Frank G., being in business with him; his second son, John William, a missionary of the Methodist Episcopal church, south, at Juey-de-Fora, Brazil, South America. His youngest son, Glennie, is now ensign in the United States navy. He has a nephew, whom he reared. Dr. Eugene Wasdin, now in charge of the Marine hospital, at Charleston, S. C. DAVID RISLEY. One of the most enterprising business men of Georgetown county, S. C, is Mr. David Risley, mayor of the city of Georgetown. He is a native of Nev/ Jersey, having been born in Atlantic county, that state, January 19, 1825. He is a son of Ezra B. and Charlotte (Morse) Risley, the latter a cousin of the great electrician Morse. Ezra Risley was an extensive lumberman. He died at his home in Maryland in 1S5S, aged fifty-eight years; his wife's demise occurred the following year, in her fifty-ninth year. David Risley was the father of Ezra. He was a native of New Jersey, and died in his early man- hood, in iSoi. His wife was Anna Tucker, who was a sister of Judge Tucker, of Tuckerton, N. J. She died in 1S56. David was a son of Samuel Risley, who was born in Hartford, Conn., in 1796. Miss Summers, of Summers' Point, N. J., became his wife, and bore him several children. Richard Risley was the father of Samuel, and he also was born in Hartford, Conn. He was the son and namesake of Richard Risle3^ the first of the family to settle in this country, hav- ing landed in Boston, Mass., in 1633. He was a follower of Hooker, and was the owner of the property on which stood the famous "Charter" oak. He was a lineal descendant of Gen. Risley, who was a distinguished officer under Cromwell, having been a division com- mander. The wife of Secretary Seward was of this family. The connection originated in Lincolnshire, England. David Risley, of whom we write more particularly, was the second of nine children born to his parents, six of them are now living. Beulah, the fourth daughter, married Judge Dickey, of Chicago, 111. Mr. Risley was educated in the public schools of his native state, and at the age of fourteen accompanied his parents on their removal to Maryland, where he began his active business career five years later as a lum- berman. In 1855 he removed to Georgetown, S. C, and there built and operated the Palmetto Mill property. A portion of this mam- moth plant, erected at a cost of $160,000, is still standing, and at that 422 SOUTH CAROLINA. time it was the largest lumber concern in the south. During the war Mr. Risley spent three years in traveling, having visited South America and all the West Indian islands. After the declaration of peace between north and south, he returned home and resumed his business operations. As the promoter of the Charleston, Cincinnati & Chicago railroad company, he has given to the country a new and important outlet for its product. During the past six years he has held the office of mayor of Georgetown, and is one of the most influ- ential and prominent citizens in the state. In March, iS66, Mr. Risley was united in marriage to Miss Georgia Leineau, of Philadelphia, Penn. She is a daughter of Mr. George A. Leineau, and a grand- daughter of Gen. Leineau, who was one of Napoleon I. bravest generals. Three children are the issue of this union, their names being: David, Reese P., editor of the Fort Payne Jotirnal, at Fort Payne, Ala., and Howard S. Both Mr. and Mrs. Risley are commun- icants of the Episcopal church, and he is a member of the Masonic fraternity. W. HOLMES HARDEN. William Holmes Harden, a portrait of whom appears in this vol- ume, is one of the most extensive planters of South Carolina. He comes of an old and honored name, his ancestors having been among the early pioneer settlers of Chester county, S. C. His paternal great- grandfather was an Englishman; he came to America before the days of the Revolution, and with his family, made his abode on Sandy river, in Chester county. Here he lived and died. His son, Henry, fol- lowed in his father's footsteps and devoted his life to agriculture. He was the father of John Harden, the father of the subject of this sketch. John Harden was born and reared in Chester county, and was also a planter. He married Annie Jones, whose father was Joseph Jones, a native of Chester county, and a son of English parents, who settled in the vicinity at the same time as the Hardens. -Their mar- riage resulted in the birth of three daughters and two sons, William being the youngest and only surviving member. The latter was born in Chester county, December ;23, 1830. In the neighboring schools he gained a fair knowledge of the English branches, but his educa- tion was interrupted by the death of his father, when William was but twelve years of age. His only brother, who was the eldest, sup- ported the family until his marriage. At this time the younger son was about seventeen, and the care of himself and mother devolved upon him. He shared a small inheritance of some $700 from his father's estate, and invested his portion in a negro, whose death fol- lowed soon after. This left the young ])lanter in debt, as he had not been able to pay in full for the slave; but he went to work with no capital but his hands and brains, and soon prosperity followed his untiring efforts. With admirable foresight he invested his surplus in lands, until at the present time his landed estate consists of no fewer than 6,000 acres in Chester county, including the homesteads of both his y^^ /&^^^'^^^^ BRANTS FULLER PUB5 SOUTH CARCJLINA. 423 maternal and paternal ancestors who first settled in thc! county. The annual yield of cotton from his broad acres, not to mention other pro- ducts, is very large, and ranks him among the leading planters of this section of the state. In 1868 Mr. Harden branched out into rner- chandising, and from that time until 1891, was sucessfully and continu- ously engaged in that business. He was elected president of the Chester & Lenoir railroad company, in 1879, and completed the same to within a few miles of Newton, N. C, after which the road was leased, and he is still president of the organization. Mr. Harden has been twice married, the first time in [851, to Miss Judith Smith, daughter of John Smith, of Chester county. One son was born to this marriage, the mother dying in 1855. Three years later Mr. Har- den was so fortunate as to form a marriage alliance with Miss M. E. I. Guy, a daughter of William Guy, of Chester county, and four sons and four daughters have been born to them. The family are mem- bers of the Methodist Episcopal church, in which denomination the mother has been active and efficient for many years, Mr. Harden having joined within the past few years. It is such men that form the backbone of this nation. HON. WILLIAM L. MAULDIN, ex-lieutenant governor of South Carolina, and an honored and dis- tinguished citizen of that state, was born at Greenville, where he still resides, on the 13th of June, 1845. He was the son of Samuel and Caroline A. (McHardy) Mauldin, the father having been born in Pickens county, S. C, June 10, 1810, the son of Joab and Jane (Lid- dell) Mauldin, the father being a native of Anderson county, and the mother of Abbeville county, S. C. William L. Mauldin's mother was born near St. Augustine, Fla., June 5, 1820, being a daughter of Rob- ert and Caroline (Williams) McHardy, the former of whom was a native of Scotland, and the latter of Florida. William L. Mauldin's mother was a sister of Admiral John F. B. McHardy, of the English navy. Both of his paternal grandsires served in the colonial army throughout the Revolutionary war. His father and mother were mar- ried in 1835, at Newberry, S. C, and had a family of eight children, of whom he was the fourth. Three of the family were sons, two of whom and two daughters still survive. The father, who was engaged in the mercantile business in Greenville, died in that city in 1856. He located there as far back as 1830, and for many years was the leading merchant in the place. He was successful in his business, and accu- mulated a handsome property. He was quiet and unostentatious in his manner, and had no disposition to mingle in public affairs, but he was an attentive and discriminating observer of whatever was trans- piring around him, and his judgment was sound and correct. His widow still survives at seventy years of age, the object of much ven- eration. The immediate subject of this sketch has all his life thus far been a resident of Greenville. His education was acquired chiefly at Col. Stephen Lee's academy, at Asheville, N. C, and at Furman 424 .SOUTH CAROLINA. university in Greenville. When he was sixteen years of age, in No- vember, iS6i, he left school for the purpose of entering the service of his country, enlisting as a sergeant in Company A, of the Sixteenth regiment of the South Carolina infantry. On the igth of November, of the above named year, he left Greenville with his regiment for Charleston. He served in that regiment for twelve months, after which he returned home, but in July, 1863, he entered the Second cavalry of South Carolina, with which he served until the close of the war. He was engaged in all the battles in which his regiment partic- ipated, and discharged his duties in a brave and soldierly manner as became a loyal citi/en of his native state. At the close of the war he returned to Greenville, and for three years thereafter was engaged in the capacity of a drug clerk. He then embarked in the drug bus- iness for himself, with Dr. S. S. Marshall as a partner in the business. Since retiring from that business his attention has been devoted to the management of farming interests and to the political affairs of the day, and to the building of the Greenville & Laurens railroad, of which he was president until it was consolidated. He is the owner of two good farms, one of which is situated in Greenville county, and the other in Laurens county. In 1S74 he was chosen member of the board of aldermen of the city of Greenville, and was re-elected to that body in 1S75. In 1S77 he was elected mayor of the city, serv- ing in that capacity for one term. From 1878 until 1886 he was chair- man of the democratic county central committee. He was elected to the lower branch of the state legislature in 1882, and in 1884 he became a member of the state senate. This office he resigned to ac- cept that of lieutenant-governor, to which he was elected in 1886. He was re-elected in 1888, his term closing in December, 1890. His poli- tics are democratic, thoroughly endorsing tlie Jeffersonian principles as interpreted and practiced by that party. In other words he is a democrat of the olden type. He is a member of the Masonic frater- nity, having attained to the degree of Knight Templar. He is past master, as well as past district grand master. He is also a member of the Knights of Pythias, and is past chancellor commander in that order. Mr. Mauldin is a man of superior judgment, and possesses the courage of his convictions to an eminent degree. His demeanor is that of a quiet, yet dignified person, and he is withal a bland and genial gentleman whose acquaintance is a pleasant and desirable ac- quisition. On the 2ist of June, 1870, he was married to Miss Eliza T. Kern, a native of Laurens county, S. C, and daughter of John F. and Eliza (Earle) Kern. The fruit of this marriage was six children, as follows: Caroline L., Eliza M., Oscar K., William L., John McH. and Mary C, all of whom are living, except Eliza M., who died in childhood. GEN. NATHAN GEORGE EVANS, "Shanks" Evans, as he was better known, to the United States and Confederate armies, was born in Marion county, S. C. lie was the SOUTH CAROLINA. 425 third son of Thomas Evans, who married Jane Beverly Daniel, of Virginia. Gen. Evans was a graduate of Randolph-Macon college, Virginia, completing his course before he was eighteen years of age. Soon after his return from college he was app(jinted to a cadetship at West Point military academy, by John C. Calhoun. His father was opposed to his accepting this appointment, but young Evans was de- termined to be a soldier, and despite his father's wishes he accepted the appointment, graduating from the academy in June, 1848. He was immediately promoted to brevet second-lieutenant of the Sec- ond dragoons, and assigned to duty at Fort Smith, Ark. Gen. R. E. Lee was lieutenant-colonel of the same regiment of cavalry. Upon the breaking out of serious Indian hostilities, upon the Texas frontier, he was ordered to that state. Upon his arrival there he was engaged in a lively warfare with the Indians. The Indians grew bolder and more defiant in their incursions upon the white settlers, and upon his request Lieut. Evans was made commanding officer of an expedition to drive them back. While in command of this expedition the cele- brated Indian battle of Wichita was fought, resulting in a complete rout of a large band of Indians. In the fight Lieut. Evans, in a hand to hand combat, killed two of the most noted chieftains of the Indians, captured their flag, which consisted of an immense head dress made of variegated feathers attached to a long staff. This was at that time the only Indian flag that had ever been captured, and probably the first time such an article had been used, and then prob- ably in imitation of the United States army. These deeds of gal- lantry were not only recognized by the secretary of war (Jeff Davis) in promoting him to a captaincy, but by Lieut. Evans' native state. South Carolina, in presenting him with a handsome sword, the scab- bard of which is beautifully embossed in gold representations of the fight, the captured flag and coat of arms of the state. Having ob- tained a leave of absence to visit his family, he returned to South Carolina in i860, and while there married Miss Ann Victoria Gary, daughter of Dr. Thomas R. Gary, of Abbeville county, and sister of the late Gen. M. W. Gary. Immediatelj^ after his marriage Capt. Evans returned with his bride to Texas, and engaged in a desultory warfare with the Indians. At the outbreak of the late war between the states, Capt. Evans was at Camp Cooper, Tex. As soon as news of the secession of South Carolina was received he at once sent in his resignation to the war department at Washington, and immediately wrote Gov. Pickens of South Carolina, tendering his services to his state. He took leave of his fellow officers, and when he bade Col. Lee good-bye — Lee remarked "Good-Bye, 'Shanks,' I suppose they will make you a general," little thinking that he would so soon follow to become his commander in the same cause. LIpon his arrival in Montgomery, Ala., where the Confederate congress was in 'session, he was given the appointment of major of cavalry, and detailed for duty as adjutant of the regular forces in South Carolina. He was present at, and assisted in, the bombardment of Fort Sumter. He was subsequently appointed colonel and ordered to Virginia when 426 SOUTH CAROLINA. the war cloud was about to burst over the people of the south. At the first battle of Manassas he was assigned command of a brigade and intrusted with the defense of Stone Bridge, having for this pur- pose the Fourth South Carolina, Col. Sloan; First special battalion, Louisiana volunteers (the famous Tigers), Maj. Robert Wheat; a squadron of cavalr3\ Capt. Terry, and a section of Latham's battery under Lieut. Davidson. At this important point McDowell had Q,ooo men and thirteen pieces of artillery; Evans only goo men and two six-pound guns. In his account of this battle Gen. Beauregard pays the highest tribute to Gen. Evans. Gen. Fitz-Hugh Lee in his account has this to say: " 'Shanks' Evans, as he was called, was a graduate of the Military academy, a native .South Carolinian, served in the celebrated old Second dragoons and was a good type of the 'rip-roaring,' scorns- all-care element, which so largely abounded in that regiment. He has never received the full credit to which he was so justly entitled, in this battle. It was the fighting his hand-full of men to a 'frazzle' that enabled the Confederate commanders to change their line of battle, and form a new one to retard the Federal flanking force, and his actions as will be seen were based upon his own military judg- ment, and undertaken upon his own responsibility. Evans had the honor of opening the fight, we might say fired the first gun of the war. With his little line of battle made upof 700 soldiers he marched away to fight McDowell's turning columns of over 18,000. It was a brave little line but accomplished its purpose; for over an hour he held in check the overwhelming forces of the enemy, until Jackson and Hampton could arrive and save the day." The gallant Bee lost his life in coming to the relief of Gen. Evans, his friend and classmate at West Point. Gen. Evans was greatly touched at the death of Bee, and his third son bears the name of Barnard Bee. For the part he bore in this battle his name was men- tioned with particular distinction by Gen. Beauregard in his official report, and he was subsequently promoted to a brigadier-generalship. Although Gen. Evans was engaged in all the great and most im- portant battles of the war, and in every state of the southern Confed- eracy, there was none that more conspicuously called forth his great military genius than that of Leesburg or Ball's Bluff, which was fought under his immediate direction shortly after the First Manas- sas, and before his commission as a brigadier had reached him, al- though he commanded a brigade and ranked as such. In this battle the Federal forces were commanded by Gen. C. E. Stone. The fol- lowing account is given by Maj. Lamar Fontaine, of Mississippi: " We killed, wounded and captured or drowned about four Federals to each man we had on the field. We had but 1,100 muskets and from 1 1 a. ni. till 8 p. m., we kept up a steady fire of nothing but musketry; not a single cannon shot was fired along our lines. The Federal loss, not counting a single wounded man, was 4,545. The Federals, some 10,000 strong, were already in position on our side of the river when we discovered them later in the day. About S o'clock I heard the SOUTH CAROLINA. 427 voice of our commander ring out loud and clear in these words 'At- tention all ! Drive them into the Potomac!! Charge them!!!' Our men gave a yell, the charge was made, and the enemy were in the river yelling for quarter along our entire line at the point of the bay- onet." Among the noted dead of the Federals was Gen. Baker, the popular senator from Oregon. This battle caused more comment in the Federal congress than any of the war. Roscoe Conkling offered a resolution, demanding an investigation of the terrible slaughter at " Ball's Bluff." The secretary of war, Stanton, could offer no sat- isfactory explanation, but to satisfy the cry of congress for a victim, Gen. Stone was taken from his command and imprisoned for a year, without being allowed even a hearing. South Carolina appreciated the services of her son, and for the second time through the general assembly, gave him a vote of thanks and presented him in the name of the state with a handsome gold medal. Gen. Evans has the honorable distinction of being the only Confederate general whose state thus recognized the valuable serv- ices and gallantry of her son — not only to the Confederate States, but to the United States. After the fall of Richmond, Gen. Evans accompanied President Davis to South Carolina as far as Cokesbury, the president stopping Avith him at the old Gary homestead. After remaining in Cokesbury a year Gen, Evans engaged in a commission business in Charleston. This not proving a' success and not compatible with his taste he ac- cepted the position of principal of the high school at Midway, Ala. While in the discharge of his duties at this place his health failed and he died in September, 1S68. His remains were brought back to South Carolina and interred in Tabernacle cemetery, near Cokes- bury, S. C, where lie also the remains of Gen. Gary and many other noted Confederates. His widow now resides at Edgefield, S. C. His children, Nathan George Evans, John Gary Evans, Barnard Bee Evans and Mary Evans, have all reached their majority, and are re- ceiving honors from a grateful state, which loved to honor their father. Paul Hayne, the sweet singer of the south, thus sings of him in a poem entitled " EVANS. " "Hero of I^eesburg, thou whose might And valor in the deepest fight Back by tliy faithful southrons hurled Our foemen to the under world. * # w ^. « Hero of Kinston, not in vain Hath wrought tliy sword, hath toiled thy brain. Our mother-land sublimely true Where all her trust and praise are due Shall greet thee with her tenderest grace, Shall fold thee in her close embrace Her loving arms around thee thrown. Her great heart throbbing next thine own, Who — who this matchless tribute won Dare strike the mother thro' her son." 428 SOUTH CAROLINA. CAPTAIN JOHN PETER MICKLER, a prominent and honored citizen of Greenwood, Abbeville county, S. C, was born in Lexington county, S. C, April 21, 1824. His father was Christian Mickler, born in Fairfield county, S. C, September 8, 1792, a farmer by occupation. He died in 1878. He was the son of Peter Mickler, a native of Germany, who was one among the early emigrants of that country to South Carolina. The maiden name of Capt. iMIckler's mother was Mary Bouknight, a native of Lexington county, S. C, born in 1798. She was the daughter of John Bouknight, Esq., a native of Germany, who came to America with his father, George Bouknight, upon the same vessel that brought Peter Mickler to this country. Capt. Mickler's mother died in 186S. He was reared to the age of twenty-two on a farm in Lexington county, re- ceiving a good common school education. Between the ages of twenty-one and twenty-two, on December 16, 1845, he married Miss Carolina A. Smith, a native of Newberry county, S. C, daughter of Daniel Smith, whose father, Thomas Smith, emigrated from Germany to America on the same vessel that bore Peter Mickler and George Bouknight. Mr. Mickler's mother was Charlotte Leaphart, whose paternal grandfather likewise emigrated to America from Germany. A year after his marriage Capt. Mickler located at a place called Oakland, in Edgefield county, where he resided for a period of twenty-three years, and of which place he served as postmaster eighteen years. He settled in Edgefield county in 1847, and from that year until 1855, besides attending to his duties as postmaster, he car- ried on farming. In the latter-named year he engaged in mercantile pursuits, and with the exception of two or three years during the war, he remained in business at that place until December, 1868. In 1863 he entered the military service of the Confederacy, and for one year was on post guard duty at Columbia, S. C. In the spring of 1864 he was discharged in accordance with the provisions of an act of the Confederate congress, which exempted from military duty certain white men to look after the colored people. In the fall of 1864 he re-entered the military service, the state of South Carolina having called for all the exempted men, and all boys over sixteen years of age. Mr. Mickler was elected captain of Company E, Seventh regi- ment of South Carolina state troops, and commanded that company from the fall of 1864 until the end of the war. His service was wholly performed within the state. In December, 186S, Capt. Mickler removed from Edgefield county to West Union, Oconee county, where he remained until 1882, and then removed to Walhalla, where he resided until October, 1889, devoting his attention to merchandis- ing, until within a few months of the time of his removal from that place. On the 15th of October, 1S89, he removed to Greenwood, S. C, and that place has been his home ever since, though at the present time, he is temporarily sojourning with his children at West Union. Singularly enough, on the 15th of October, 1S90, just one SOUTH CAROLINA. 429 year to a day to the time he located in Greenwood, he had the mis- fortune to lose his residence by fire. Since locating in Greenwood, his attention has been confined to the management of his farming interests, which are extensive. He owns four farms in Oconee county and two in Edgefield county. He also carries on a manufac- turing business, being the largest stockholder in the Greenwood Oil & Fertilizer company, in which he is also a director. He is- a stock- holder in the Bank of Greenwood, and the Bank of Johnston, and also in the Broad River Bridge company. As the patron of educa- tion he is a trustee of the Walhalla Female college. His religious views are in accord with the Methodist Episcopal church, of which he is a member and an officer, his membership and official capacity dating back as many as thirty years. He is a Royal Arch Mason. In politics he is a democrat, has served as intendant of West Union several years, and as councilman of Walhalla. He served as a mem- ber of the board of county commissioners of Edgefield county six- teen years. Mr. and Mrs. Mickler have living four children, all e.xcept one of whom are daughters. WILLIAM GARY WATSON, a prominent planter of Anderson county, S.C., was born in the county in which he resides six miles southwest of the city of Anderson, Jul}' 9, 1831. He was the son of David M. Watson, also a native of Ander- son county, having been born on the same plantation on which W.G. Watson was born. He was a farmer by occupation, and died in 1843. His father was Jonathan Watson, a native of Virginia, a Revolutionary soldier, and a farmer by occupation. His father was a native of Ire- land. W. G. Watson's mother was Mary Gary, a native of Newberry county, and a daughter of John Gary, a native of \'irginia, he being the son of Thomas Gary, a Revolutionary soldier and a Virginian by birth. Maternally, W. G. Watson was of Irish descent. His mother died in 1880. William G. Watson was reared on a farm in Anderson county, which has been his home all his life. He received a common school education. At sixteen j'ears of age he was left in charge of his mother's farm, and attended it until the breaking out of the war. He entered the service of the Confederate army in March, 1861, in Col. Orr's regiment, McGowan's brigade. Company G, as a private, serving eighteen months, and coming out with the rank of sergeant. Owing to impaired health in the fall of 1862, he was obliged to return home. On entering the service he weighed 156 pounds, but when he left he weighed but ninety-six pounds. After spending two months at home recuperating himself, he joined Trenholm's squadron cav- alry command, with which he served eight months, when he was transferred to Virginia, and placed in the Seventh South Carolina regiment, Company B, commanded by Col. A. C. Haskell, serving until the end of the war. Upon one occasion a ball struck the breech of his gun, glanced and killed his file leader in front. The concussion produced a large carbuncle, but aside from this he escaped unhurt. 430 SOUTH CAROLINA. In the summer of 1864 he was detailed to take charge of the broken- down horses of his command, his duty being to recruit and prepare them for service, and he continued in this capacity until the close of the war. From the war he returned to Anderson county, and farmed for one year the home farm. In February, 1866, he was married to Amanda E. Allen, of Abbeville county, a daughter of Charles P. Allen. After his marriage, he located upon another farm in the same neighborhood, engaging in the pursuit for himself. He has devoted his whole energy to that business ever since, and has made a brilliant success, being now one of the most thrifty and progressive farmers in South Carolina. He located upon the farm he now occupies, one mile and three-quarters south of Anderson, in 1886. This farm, which he improved himself, is one of the most beautiful country places in Anderson county. Aside from farming, he has been interested as a silent partner in the mercantile business, and is now a partner in a store in Barnes Station, Anderson county. He is a stockholder in the Farmers' and Merchants' bank, of Anderson, is also a stockholder in the Anderson Cotton Mills, the Anderson Shoe and Leather com- pany, the Anderson Ginnery company, and the Chiquola Hotel com- pany. This hotel cost $65,000, and is one of the finest in South Carolina. Mr. Watson is a stockholder and trustee in the Patrick Military institute, of Anderson, and is a stockholder in the Savannah Valley railroad. Upon his land there are raised annually about 500 bales of cotton. He is a communicant of the Baptist church, a mem- ber of the Knights of Honor and the Sons of Temperance. In pol- itics he is a democrat. He and his wife have had six children, all living, four sons and two daughters; one daughter is married. COL. D. KEATING NORRIS was born in Lower St. Matthews, Orangeburg county, S. C, Novem- ber I, 1846, and moved to Anderson county, January, 1877, where he now resides on his splendid estate. Hickory Flat. He discarded his books at an early age, joined the army in Company F, .Second regi- ment, South Carolina heavy artillery; was severely wounded at the battle of BentonVille, N. C, carrying on his person honorable scars of service rendered his country, and was surrendered with Johnston's army. He was married in 1877 to Miss Bessie Caldwell, of Abbeville, a lady of culture, and to whose inspiring sympathy no little of his suc- cess is due. From his father, who was a large and successful ante belliun planter, he imbibed an intense love for farming and interest in the farmers' welfare. He is recognized as one of the leading farmers of his state, and is frequently called upon to champion their cause at home and abroad. An influential member of the alliance, state and national, his voice and talent have been often sought and used for the advancement of his chosen avocation. He took a leading part in the inauguration of the farmers' movement in South Carolina, and was president of the State Farmers' association for two years. Ap- preciating his fidelity and intelligent interest in the advancement of m SOUTH CAROLINA. 431 aHTiculture, he was appointee! by its founder, the late Hon. Thomas G. Clemson, a life trustee of the Clemson Agricultural college, the richest endowed of its kind in the south. He is president of the Pen- dleton farmers' society, the oldest in the state and second oldest in the United States, and which has enrolled among its members such dis- tinguished men as Thomas Pinckney, Andrew Pickens, C. C. Pinck- ney, Josiah D. Gailliard, J. C. Calhoun, Thomas G. Clemson and others. Col. Norris was promirrently spoken of for governor in 1888, and was selected as the farmers' candidate for congress from his dis- trict (3rd), in iSqo. He made a masterly fight against three of the ablest lawyers in the district, and was only defeated by twenty-three votes in a total of over 1 1,000. Col. Norris is a deacon in the Pendle- ton Baptist church, of dignified demeanor, commanding personal ap- pearance, with a well-balanced mind, clear head and untiring energy. Being well down in the forties, he has the promise of much honorable usefulness before him. The Charleston JJ^of'/d,oi May 16, i8qo, says: "Col. Daniel Keating Norris is said to own the finest country place in Anderson county. Hickory Flat, where he with his accomplished wife dispenses a charming hospitality. His father was a successful and wealthy ante belluni planter, and under his training and influence his son obtained an all-absorbing love and pride for his avocation, which he has uninterruptedly and successfully pursued. His close intimacy, w-ith observation and intelligent comprehension of affairs and agriculture generally, since the war, had long since convinced him of the necessity of a better equipment for those who would engage in it, and upon the commencement of the agitation four years ago, for the establishment of an agriculture college, he at once came to the front as one of its warmest friends. Two years later when the oppo- sition seemed to have triumphed, as president of the State Farmers' association, he issued his bold and hopeful address to the friends of agricultural education, headed, " Don't Give up the Ship," which re- established confidence and faith in the ultimate success of the move- ment. His prominence and well known views made it easy for Mr. Clemson to name him as one of his trustees, and the board will have in him one of its most zealous members." Col. Norris is a member of the general committee of the Pan-Republic congress, having been elected in 18S1, to fill one of the vacancies caused by death. HON. THOMAS W. WOODWARD. The Woodward family is one of the oldest American connections. It has furnished men of patriotic sentiments, many of whom have been distinguished for great gallantry on their country's battlefields, since its settlement in the new world many generations age. The Hon. Thomas W. Woodward, the immediate subject of this biograph- ical mention, is the great-grandson of Thomas Woodward, a Virgin- ian, whose father was also named Thomas. The latter was born near Annapolis, Md., his ancestors having come to this country from England with George Calvert Baron, of Baltimore, and settled in 432 SOUTH CAROLINA. Maryland, A. D. 1634. The name, Woodward, is derived from tlie occupation of those who were wood wards — one who protects a for- est, and indicates that the family is of gentle origin, and originated in the time of William of Normandy, 1066. Thomas the elder, was married twice. After the death of his first wife, who bore him sev- eral children, he removed to Fairfax count}', Ya., and there married Elizabeth Simpson, a lady of Scotch parentage. Their one son was Thomas, " The Regulator." He distinguished himself in the French and Indian wars. His marriage resulted in the birth of four daugh- ters anci two sons, the names of the latter being John and William. Both served in the Revolution as patriotic soldiers. Some time af- ter the independence of the states had been established William was elected to congress, and in after years became a Baptist clergyman, and died at Chester, S. C. John died at an advanced age in Fair- field county, S. C. Thomas, the father of the Regulator, came to Fairfield county, S. C, several years prior to the Revolution, and at the outbreak of that struggle raised one of the first companies to serve in the Colonial army. He was killed on Dutchman's creek, in Fairfield county, S. C, in a fight with the British and tories. May 12, I77g. He was noted for his dauntless courage, as have been, indeed, all his family, and was a man of rugged honestv and gentlemanly in- stincts. He married for his second wife the widow May, a lady of Indian blood, and seven children were born to them. John Wood- ward was a captain in the Revolution. He married Jemima Collins, and became the father of three sons and three daughters. John spent the rest of his days in Fairfield county as a planter. One of his sons was W^illiam T. Woodward, the father of our subject. He was graduated from the South Carolina college, and followed in his father's footsteps as a planter. For several terms he served in the state legislature with efiiciency. Harriet Smart, a lady of rare ac- complishments, a native of South Carolina, became his wife, and bore him three children, two daughters and one son. The Hon. Thomas W. Woodward, the son above mentioned, was born on the plantation in Fairfield county, S. C, which has been in his family since a portion of it was granted to Thomas the Regulator by King George III. His birth occurred May 7, 1833. He was given every educational ad- vantage, having first attended the Mount Zion college, later Shir- ley's institute, and then Wake Forest college, of North Carolina, where he spent a few months in 1847. In the fall of 1S48 he entered the South Carolina college. His collegiate career was cut short in his junior year by his participation in the famous " Steward Hall re- bellion," when he was expelled with 107 others. His mother died in his childhood, and he was but a lad when his father's death left him an orphan under the care of his uncle, Mr. Osmund Woodward, his 'father's executor. February 15, 1855, Mr. Woodward very happily married Miss Cornelia M. Dantzler, of Orangeburg, S. C, and at that time settled on his plantation, and turned his attention to the calling of his fathers. Mrs. Woodward died in 1878. Miss Rebecca V. Lyles, daughter of Capt. Thomas M. Lyles, a grandson of the first SOUTH CAROLINA. 433 white settler in F"airfielcl county, became his second wife. In 1860-1 Fairfield county elected Mr. Woodward its representative in the leg- islature, and he was a member of the session which called the con- vention of secession, and his vote was cast for that measure. He volunteered as a private in the Fairfield F"encil)les, at the outbreak, of the Civil war, and upon the organization of the Sixth South Car- olina volunteer regiment he was elected maljor. He was seriously wounded at the battle of Dranesville. Subsequently he re-enlisted as a private, and was tendered the office of quartermaster of the Twentieth volunteer regiment. Acting in that capacity Mr. Wood- ward served during the remaining years of the war. His regiment was attached to Kershaw's brigade when they went into Virginia, and Major Woodward surrendered with Johnston at Greensboro. Returning to his home after the last struggle of the Confederacy, he resumed his occupation as a planter, and has since continued with in- creasing success. As acting chairman of the Fairfield county demo- cratic committee in 1876, Mr. Woodward rendered distinguished aid to the cause of white supremacy and purity in politics in the state. He has always been a staunch and loyal supporter of the democratic party, and has antagonized every movement that, in his opinion, would detract from the success of democracy. In 1890 he took a bold stand against the farmers' alliance movement, as conducted, and voted and worked against the election of Gov. Tillman. Major Woodward was elected senator to represent his county in, 1884, and was re-elected in iSSS, both elections having been without opposition. HON. JOHN BRATTON. One of the most distinguished gentlemen of South Carolina is the Hon. John Bratton, the descendant of a family that has been identi- fied with the development of .South Carolina since its reception into the union of states. From time to time its members have been hon- ored by the people with important trusts, and during the Revolution none fought more valiantly for independence of government than they. Col. William Bratton especially distinguished himself during the struggle of the colonies for liberty. His career is so conspicuous in the history of the Revolution, that it is not necessary to give it in detail here. Suffice it to say that Col. William Bratton was a Vir- ginian of the noblest descent. Prior to the Revolution he came, with several kinsmen, to York county, .S. C, and rose to great prominence in his new home; first, as a planter, and then as the leader of the York county forces, who fought in the war for American independence under Sumter. His son William was among the first pupils and gradu- ates in Mount Zion college, of Winnsboro, S. C, and after severing his connection with that famous institution, he made Winnsboro his home, and passed the remainder of his life there. Receiving a thor- ough medical training, under the tutelage of Dr. Rush, a celebrated physician, of Philadelphia, William Bratton devoted the greater part of his life to that noble calling, and rose to eminence as a most skill- A— 28 434 SOUTH CAROLINA. ful physician and surgeon. He married a daughter of Gen. Winn, for whom Winnsboro was named, and to their union four children were ijorn. The motlier died in early life, and the father then mar- ried Miss Isabella Means, daughter of John Means, of Granby, .S.C. John Means removed with his parents to South Carolina, from Bos- ton, Mass. To this latter marriage four children were born, of which John is the youngest. The latter was born at Winnsboro, S. C., In the house once owned and occupied by Gen. Winn, on the 7th of March, 1S31. Having been given every educational advantage in his boyhood, he was graduated from Mount Zion college, of his native town, and in 1850 was graduated from the South Carolina col- lege, at Columbia. Three years later he completed a course in the South Carolina medical college, at Charleston, and soon thereafter began the practice of medicine in his native county. Until the out- break of the Civil war he continued in his profession with success, and at that time answered the first call for troops under the "Ten Regiment" act, and was enlisted as a private. He was soon made captain, served in that capacity during the bombardment of Fort Sumter, and until the state troops were called on to enlist in the Con- federate service. His company declined to respond, and he again enlisted as a private, and, with twenty-three men of his old company, helped to fill up another company of the Sixth regiment that did enlist. The regiment was soon ordered to Virginia, and, on the eve of its departure, a vacancy occurring, he was selected to fill it, and became junior second-lieutenant of Company C, Sixth South Caro- lina regiment, C. S. A. He served as such until the term of service (one year) for which they enlisted expired. While in winter quarters, at Centerville, he urged the re-enlistment, for the war, of the regiment in its entirety without disturbing its organization. This proposition failed, but he and eighteen men of his old company (all that re- mained) re-enlisted. Gen. Johnston, hearing of the little movement, was pleased to encourage it, and they succeeded in re-enlisting the first company of one-year men in Johnston's army. This resulted in the re-enlistment of about all the able-bodied men of the Sixth, that survived that year of camp life and sickness; for they had, during that year, but one fight, and that in the last month of the year — the battle of Drainesville. In this battle was not only what was a sur- prise, but a veritable trap, into which the usually alert and skillful Job Stuart innocently and unsuspectingly marched. The conduct of Brat- ton, known in camp as the "strict lieutenant" and the imprint of that disfavor which is the lot of the subaltern who adheres to discipline, attracted the attention and commanded the confidence of the entire regiment. At the reorganization of the re-enlisted battalion (there were only men enough for si.x full companies) he declined to oppose his captain and first-lieutenant, both of whom aspired to the com- mand of the re-enlisted company, and refused to enter into any contention for office. He was again a private when the utterly "unsuspected" occurred. He was elected to the command of the re-enlisted battalion, which was in a short time filled up to a regi- • SOUTH CAROLINA. 435 ment, of which he afterward became colonel. On the battlefield of the Wilderness, where he conducted himself with the greatest valor and brilliancy, he was made brigadier-general. Gen. I^ee sent a tele- gram to the war department at Richmond, on the night of the second day's fight, requesting the immediate promotion and confirmation of Col. Bratton. His request was fully complied with on the next day. When the great Lee surrendered at Appomatox, Gen. Bratton com- manded the largest brigade of the surrendered army. Though fight- ing and holding the enemy in check by day, and marching by night (continuously from Amelia C. H.), that glorious old brigade was so well held together that it reached Appomatox stronger than any division, and than any corps, except that to which it belonged (Longstreet's) in the surrendered army. If it is true that Gen. Lee had only 8,000 men under arms, Bratton's brigade constituted nearly one-fifth of the surrendered army. Officers and men of the brigade paroled, aggregated about 1,500. His brigade maintained its organ- ization after the surrender, and voluntered the same respect for his authority that it had under military law, and thus enabled him to conduct them in an orderly march to Danville, where railroad trans- portation was secured for a part of their weary way home. All other commands disbanded and scattered from Appomatox. This action of his men showed in what great respect he was held by them. During the war Gen. Bratton was familiarly known as " Old Reliable," and greater praise cannot be bestowed than to say, through it all he honored the proud blood that flowed in his veins, from both mother and father. When all was over Gen. Bratton returned to Fairfield county, and at once set about the welfare of his people. Since that time his career has been co-extensive with the history of his state. He did not resume his profession, but instead, turned his attention to planting, in which he has succeeded well. In 1866 Fairfield county elected him to represent her in the state senate. He was a delegate to all tax- payers' unions of South Carolina; and in 1876 was chairman of the South Carolina delegates to the national democratic convention, and for many years was chairman of the Fairfield county democratic com- mittee. In 1880 he was chairman of the state democratic committee, and in 1881, upon the resignation of the comptroller of the state, the legislature called him to fill the vacancy. In 1884 he was elected to fill the unexpired term in congress, of Hon. John E. Evans, deceased. During the great campaign of 1876, Gen. Bratton stood shoulder to shoulder with Gen. Hampton, and won many victories for official purity and white supremacy; and, indeed, so valued were his ser- vices at that dark hour, that he has since been urged as a fit candi- date for the gubernatorial chair. At the inception of the farmers' alliance movement, Gen. Bratton clung to democracy, and was the candidate of his party, for governor, against Benjamin Tillman, by whom he was defeated. For many years Gen. Bratton has served as a trustee of the State University, and has ever taken a deep interest in all public movements oromising good. In 1859, Miss Elizabeth P. 436 SOUTH CAROLINA. DuBose, daughter of Theodore S. DuBose, became his wife, and they are the parents of three children. SMILIE A. GREGG. Prominent among the founders of Florence county appears the name of Smilie A. Gregg, a man of much ability and integrity. He was born at Society Hill, Darlington county, S. C, May i, 1838, his parents being J. Eli and Sallie E. (Edwards) Gregg, both natives of South Carolina. The former was a leading merchant of his time, hav- ing been president of the Wilmington & Manchester railroad, and also president of the Merchants' bank, at Cheraw. He was one of the prime organizers of the Piedmont Manufacturing company, and was a director in that concern. He was also a director in the Central bank, of Columbia, in the First National bank, of Wilmington, and in the Navassar Guano company, of Wilmington. He began his business career as an impecunious clerk in a general store, but at the outbreak of the war was estimated to be worth more than half a million dollars. He was acknowledged to be one of the ablest finan- ciers in the state, and was a man of liberal culture and refinement. Charitable and progressive to a degree, his death in 1873, was a pub- lic calamity. He died, aged sixty-eight years, his wife having died at the age of thirty-six, June 16, 1847. They were the parents of two daughters and four sons. The mother was eminently fitted to be the helpmate of her distinguished husband, and her loss was keenly felt in the dwellings of the poor, as well as in her own beautiful home. Smilie Gregg, the fourth child born to these parents, was educated at Mount Zion high school, and later at the South Carolina college, from which he was graduated in 1858. At the age of twenty-one he began business for himself, by turning his attention to planting. In 1878 he embarked in the mercantile business, but discontinued that in 1886. In iS6[ Mr. Gregg enlisted in Company H, Eighth South Carolina regiment of volunteer infantry, as orderly sergeant of the company. He took a valiant part in the first battle of Manassas, fought in a skirmish at Germantown, and in 1862 joined Gregg's bat- tery, Manigault's battalion of artillery. This battery got its name from Capt. Thomas E. Gregg, Charles E. Gregg, senior first lieuten- ant and Smilie Gregg, its junior first lieutenant. Until March, 1864, Lieut. Gregg served with that battery on James Island. At the latter date Capt. Gregg applied for a transfer of his battery to the army of northern Virginia, and they were sent to the relief of the Pee Dee artillery. At Cold Harbor they joined Lee, and the following day went into the battle of Cold Harbor. After this engagement they served for the remainder of thp war in the trenches around Peters- burg, having fought in these noted engagements beside many others of minor importance, Battery No. 5, Davis's Farm and Hatcher's Run. During the last day's fight at Petersburg Lieut. Smilie Gregg was grievously wounded in the head, receiving a wound from which only one other man has recovered so far as known. He was SOUTH CAROLINA. 437 taken prisoner and conveyed to the old capitol prison at Washington, I). C, and it was through the kindly offices and great skill of Ur. Ford, of Baltimore, a detailed sergeant in the Union army in charge the old capitol prison hospital, that he was saved. Later he was taken to Johnston Island prison, where he was also well treated, receiving the tenderest care from his comrades in arms. In 1865 he was released and sent to Baltimore on his way home. In New York he was treated by Dr. Sands, his wound at this time being in such a condition that every pulsation of the brain could be seen. Several shattered bones were removed from his skull by this eminent physician, and on the 4th of July he returned to his home to gladden the hearts of those who had thought him dead. Mr. Gregg has given time, money and ability to the advancement of Florence county. When others failed, he stuck to the proposed plan of obtaining a county charter for what is now Florence county, and the success of the plan was due in great part to his efforts. Progressive and keenly alive to the best interests of the community, his name is honored and respected where- ever known. July 20th, 1859, Miss S. L. McCown became his wife, and four children were born to them, one of whom is Smilie A., Jr., now cashier of the Bank of Florence. The mother died in 1874, aged forty-three years. His second marriage was to Miss Eulah T. Howe, who died in 1878, at the age of twenty-four, leaving no issue. In 1881 he married Miss Minnie E. Gates. Mr. Gregg is a deacon of the Presbyterian church, and is a member of the Masonic order. He has one daughter by last marriage, Talula C. Gregg. HON. JAMES C. COIT. Among the leading men of the state of South Carolina to-day, appears the name of the Hon. James C. Coit, who has held many of the most honored offices within the gift of the people, and is now the president of the farmers' alliance exchange, of South Carolina. His birth occurred in Marlborough county, S. C., in October, 1S32, and he is a son of David G. and Maria (Campbell) Coit. The mother was a daughter of Capt. Robert Campbell, who fought in the Revolution as a British officer. Subsequently he settled in Marlborough count}^ David G. Coit prepared himself for the practice of the law, but after a few years abandoned his profession and turned his attention to ag- riculture, in which he was engaged at the time of his death. Both parents were devout members of the Presbyterian church, and died in that faith, the father in 1837, aged thirty-six, and the mother ten years later, at the age of fortj'-two years. James C. and Miss Lucia B. Coit are the only surviving children of the eight born to them. James C. Coit was left an orphan at an early age. He obtained a liberal education at Hart's academy, in Farmington, Conn., later spending three years in the South Carolina college, and in 1854 he was graduated from Princeton college, N. J. He then entered the Troy Polytechnical institute at Troy, N. Y., and completed the course in civil engineering in that school in 1S58, having been graduated 438 SOUTH CAROLINA. with the highest honors of his class, as valedictorian. Returning to his home in South Carolina he was there engaged as a civil engineer until 1861, and in the latter year offered his services to the Confeder- ate cause, by enlisting in the artillery service as a captain. Much of his fighting was done in Virginia under the great Lee. Capt. Coit, then major of artillery, was in command of a battalion of artillery on the Petersburg lines, one of his batteries having been blown up by the explosion of Grant's mine, known as the "Crater." He also served on the Black Water, about Richmond, the Chickahominy, and in other noted fields. He was made lieutenant-colonel of artillery before the close of the war, and on the final retreat fell back »vith Lee's army, and surrendered with that general at Appomatox. His war record is clean, and shows that he was always to be found at his post of duty with mind and heart devoted to his work. After the close of hostilities Maj. Coit turned his attention to planting, having spent one year in the turpentine business prior to that. In 1S67 he was sent to the legislature of the state, to fill an unexpired term, and was re-elected in 1874, serving until 1S78. During the session of 1876-77, a commission was appointed by the legislature, known as the "Bond Commission," its duties being to investigate the bonded in- debtedness of the state, and to examine all vouchers and records upon which bonds Jiad been issued. This examination was to be made during the recess and the report submitted to the following ses- sion. Mr. Coit was a member of this commission, and rendered dis- tinguished aid in its work. In 1878 he was elected by the legislature to the office of commissioner of claims for a term of one year. It was the duty of this commissioner to adjudicate on all outstanding claims against the state, other than bonds, these claims amounting to nearly a million of dollars. All claims were passed upon by him, and no appeal from his decision could be taken. His report to the next legislature was more than satisfactory, and resulted in his elec- tion to the office for another term. He was elected in 1880 comptrol- ler-general of state, but resigned before the close of his term. Since that time Mr. Coit has declined political preferment despite the ap- peals of his friends. He was importuned to allow his name to be used for high positions, but steadily refused, and when the nomina- tion for lieutenant-governor of the state was offered him on the ticket with Benjamin R. Tillman, in 1890, he refused to become a candidate. He now holds no public office save that of president of the farmers' alliance exchange of the state. Mr. Coit was so fortu- nate as to form a marriage alliance with Miss Sarah E. McLean, daughter of Dr. Murdock McLean, of Cheraw, S. C, on the 21st of November, 1867, and thcmarriagc has been most happily blessed by the birth of six children viz.: David G., John M.. both students in the Columbia university, members of the class of i8gi; James C, Mary E., Lucia B. and Jennie L. Both parents and the four eldest children are communicants of the Presbyterian church of' Cheraw, and Mr. Coit is an elder in the same. He is also a prominent mem- ber of the Masonic Order. In all his public and private career no I SOUTH CAROLINA. 439 reproach has attached itself to this man's name. He has adminis- tered the offices to which he has been called, from time to time, with great ability and with the most unswerving integrity. His name is held in respect and esteem wherever known, and the quiet modesty of his life but adds the more to his honor. DR. J. W. McKAY. The life and career of Dr. J. W. McKay, at one time an eminent physician, now a leading business man, and one of the largest land owners in the state, now awaits our consideration. Dr. McKay was born in Cumberland, now Harnett county, N. C, in 1818, on the 15th of February. His parents were Neill and Flora (McNeill) McKay, both natives of North Carolina. Mr. Neill McKay was a planter, widely known in the section where he lived as a most intelligent and successful agriculturist. For a number of years he held the office of magistrate, and for more than a quarter of a century was a ruling elder in the Presbyterian church. His wife was an active and devout Christian woman, and was also a communicant of the Presbyterian denomination. Neill McKay passed to his eternal rest in 1829, at the age of sixty-three years, his wife surviving him until 1865, when she died at the age of eighty years. Of their eight children, four are now living. The son, J. W. McKay, was given a liberal education, having been graduated from Princeton college in 1837. Under the tutelage of Dr. Benjamin Robinson, a leading physician of that day, he gained his first knowledge of medicine, and subsequently attended the Medical college of the University of Pennsylvania. In 1842 he entered upon the practice of his profession in his native coimty, and continued with success until 1852, when he turned his practice over to a brother-in-law, Dr. Murdock McCloud, and gave his attention to agriculture and the lumber and naval stores business. During the war between north and south, Dr. McKay served as a member of the Home Guards, and was appointed by Gov. Vance to furnish supplies to the army, and the families of the soldiers. This selection was a most happy one, as he did much to alleviate suffering, and greatly aided the cause in his state. After the war he removed to Rockingham, in order to secure more favorable opportunities for the education of his children, and subsequently took up his residence in Cheraw, S. C, where he has lived since 1870. His ability as a business man may best be judged from the fact that he now owns some 50,000 acres of land, all of which is covered with the finest timber. He employs more than a hundred operatives in his turpentine distilleries, and has done much to advance the industries of the community. He is a large stock- holder in, and president of, the Cheraw Iron works, and is also vice- president of the Bank of Cheraw, and is a prominent member of the Masonic fraternity, and for many years has been an elder of the Presbyterian church. Dr. McKay has been most happy in his do- mestic relations, havnng married Miss Mary James, a daughter of the late -Rev. R. \V. James, who lived and died in Sumter county, 440 SOUTH CAROLINA. S. C, where he was esteemed as a distinguished clergyman of the Presbyterian church. Their marriage was celebrated in 1846, and has resulted in the birth of the following named children: Rev. Wilson James McKay, who for the past eighteen years has been in charge of the Presbyterian church, on Black river, over which his eminent grandfather presided for more than twenty-five years as pastor. The Rev. Mr. McKay married Miss Sallie Witherspoon, and their two children are: John Wilson and Hamilton W^; Sallie, wife of R. M. Mclntyre, a merchant of Wilmington. These children have been born to their union, viz.: John, Flora, still of the home circle; Mary B., wife of Y. F. Mallory, of Cheraw; and Robert M., who is extensively in- terested in planting in North Carolina, and also associated with his father in business. The family are all members of the Presbyterian church. LYSANDER D. CHILDS was born in Lincolnton, N. C, July 6, 1S55. He was a son of Lysan- der D. Childs and Nancy Hoke. The former was born near Baltimore in 181 1, and when eighteen years of age came to North Carolina, where he was married in 1839. He was a successful manufacturer and banker in Columbia, S. C, where he moved in 1861 up to the time of his death which took place November 26, 1879. The mother was a daughter of Col. John Hoke, a wealthy and prominent man of North Carolina. Nine children were born to them, of whom only three survive, the following: William G., Lysander D. and Augustus Childs. Their grandfather was Dr. Eben Childs, a native of New York, but moved to North Carolina the latter years of his life, and died in i860, having obtained great eminence as a physician. Capt. L. D. Childs received his final education at the Carolina Military institute, at Charlotte, N. C. He has been chiefly engaged in agricul- tural pursuits during his life, having large farming interests both in the upper and lower parts of the state. He first began the insurance business in Columbia, S. C, in company with Capt. R. A. Keenan^ the firm being known as Keenan & Childs. In 1876 the firm being dis- solved, he turned his attention to agriculture, first by himself and then in company with his brother. W. G. Childs, raising hay on the large plantation once known as "The Hampton place," but left them by their father, an area of several thousand acres on the Congaree river. The product has proved so successful that the "Childs hay" has gained reputation all over the state. In connection with this the brothers established a machinery depot in the city, but they gave it up soon for the planting; since that he has been controlling three plantations and gaining wide reputation in raising stock on his meadows. Capt. Childs' military education has fitted him for many prominent positions in military circles. He was captain of the Rich- land volunteers, and brought that well-known organization to a high degree of military proficiency. He resigned after gaining much pop- ularity, and left much regretted by his comrades. In 1S88 he entered SOUTH CAROLINA. 44I the political field, being first sent to the state convention by his county as chairman of the delegation. He has served his cotinty two terms, heading the list of delegates in each election. He developed imusual strength in county as well as in city, showing he is deemed a fitting representative of all classes of our people. He served his constitu- ents with much acceptability, making a record as a member for ability, conscientiousness and independence, showing the courage of his con- victions and his devotion to the popular interests. Although a dem- ocrat, he is a strong believer in state and national prohibition, and has introduced a bill in the legislature looking to state prohibition, which is now pending. Capt. Childs is vice-president of the Y. M.C.A., of Columbia, and has contributed largely to the building for the asso- ciation. He is one of the leading Methodists of the state, having been elected (although the youngest among them), as a delegate to the general conference held in St. Louis, Mo., in iSgo. He is super- intendent of the Washington Street Methodist Episcopal Sunday- school, and holds many official positions in the church. He is also devoted to works of charity. At present his property interests are extensive and varied. Besides being a large planter he is one of the directors of the Carolina National bank, of Columbia, and a member of the executive committee of the South Carolina Agricultural and Mechanical society. He is connected with many other business enter- prises of the city. On July 13, 1881, he was united in marriage to Miss Bessie Springs, daughter of Major R. A. Springs, who has also represented his county in the state legislature. Four children have been born to them, as follows: Lysander D., Jeanie B., Margaret Maxwell, and Richard Austin Childs. Capt. Childs is a gentleman of ample means, and it has been said of him that "his heart is as full of goodness as his purse is of riches." JAMES E. TINDAL was born in Clarendon county, S. C, February i, 1839. His elemen- tary education was acquired in the Clarendon county schools, and he afterward attended the Furman university, at Greenville, S. C. From this institution he graduated in the class of 1858, and then went to Bonne, Germany, and remained there about a year and a half. About this time the Civil war broke out, and Mr. Tindal returned to his home and enlisted in August, 1861, in a volunteer regiment organ- ized at Charleston, S. C, and commanded by Col. Martin. Remain- ing only a few months with that regiment, Mr. Tindal joined the ar- tillery in Hugh Gardin's battery of the Hampton legion. Not long afterward he was promoted first sergeant. In the latter part of 1862 the battery was separated from Flampton's Legion and placed in a battalion of artillery commanded by Col. John C. Haskell of Colum- bia, in Gen. Longstreet's division of the army of northern Virginia. Mr. Tindal continued in the service till the surrender at Appomatox and participated in the second battle of Manassas, and in all the bat- tles of the army of Virginia against Grant's army, from the crossing 442 SOUTH CAROLINA. of the Rapidan to the close. He was slightly wounded several times. After the war was over he returned home, finding all his negroes free and his personal property, consisting mostly of notes of hand, can- celed by proceedings in bankruptcy. But he immediately engaged in farming in Clarendon county, and has ever since led the life of a planter. Mr. Tindal was married first in 1861 to Mary Anderson, daughter of A. L. Anderson, of York county, S. C, and to them was born one child, now deceased. The wife died in 1S63, and he mar- led in 1S66, his second wife, Miss Mary Connors, daughter of M. H. Connors of Clarendon county. Of this marriage si.x children were born, who were named respectively, Martha Virginia, Mary Elizabeth, Margaret Allen, Jackson, George H. and Dana Leslie Tindal. Mr.. Tindal was elected to the South Carolina legislature from Clarendon county in 1880, and was re-elected three different terms. In iSgo he was nominated on the farmers' alliance ticket for secretary of state, and was elected. His father's name was Henry Fox Tindal, born in Clarendon county. He was a planter and was twice married, first in 1837 to Margaret Allen, daughter of E. T. Allen of Sumter county, S. C., of whom one child, the subject of this sketch, was born. She died in 1840, and in 1843 the father married for his second wife Miss Martha M. Rhame, who became the mother of eight children. The father died in 1872. Mr. Tindal's grandfather was James H. Tindal, born in North Carolina about the year 1773. He went to South Car- olina in early manhood and was a planter by occupation. He died in 1S32. -Since 1876, Mr. Tindal, the subject of this sketch, has been a member of the democratic county executive committee, and in the campaign of that year, took a very active part. In 1SS6 and 1888, he canvassed his county and other counties in favor of the reform move- ment. In 1890 he made a state canvass and did able and effective work. He has repeatedly been made a delegate to state conventions, and was a member of the famous "taxpayers' convention" in 1872. JOHN H. DUKES wasborn in Orangeburg county, January 10, 1S34, the son of John W. H. and Martha (Bugard) Dukes, both native of that county. The father was a prominent planter. Our subject was the eldest child. His pre- liminary education was obtained in the schools at Orangeburg. At the age of twenty he left school and turned his attention to agricul- ture with his father. Until 1862 he was thus engaged. In the latter year he enlisted in Company A, Fifth regiment. South Carolina cav- alry, commanded by Capt. J. C. Edwards. He was elected sergeant of his company, and was stationed near Charleston, doing active duty along the coast until March, 1864, when his company was sent into Virginia. Here they participated in most of the more important en- gagements, among them being Coal Harbor, Grimes's Mill, Hall's Shop and Trivillian Station. At this time the Fifth cavalry returned to South Carolina, and were there during the bombardment of Col- umbia, Sergt. Dukes being among the last to leave that city. I'rom SOUTH CAROLINA. 443 here the)' went to Fayettevillc, N. C. Sergt. Dukes was wounded at Kilpatrick's Camp, and was removed to the hospital at Fayettcville, and while there was captured by the enemy. Being paroled he re- turned home on the ist of April, 1865. Just before receiving his wound he was promoted to a lieutenancy, but did not obtain the commission. During his absence his wife had managed the home place, and on his return he took up his work, and has been actively and successfully engaged singe. In 1886, Mr. Dukes was elected a member of the legislature by the democratic party, and again in 1S88 and 1S90. He is a member of the Masonic fraternity, and is an active communicant of the Methodist Episcopal church. Mr. Dukes was happily married to Miss Sophia Johnson, in 1857, and to their union have been born eleven boys and three girls. Success- ful in business, loyal ,to his people in war and peace, his name is held in high esteem wherever known. W. H. HOOD. The present efficient sheriff of Chester county, S. C, Mr. William Harvey Hood, is a descendant of one of the oldest pioneer families of Kershaw county, S. C. He was born in Chester county, August 28, 1840. At an early day William Hood, a native of Ireland, settled in Kershaw count}', having removed from Chester county, Penn., where he had made his first home on coming to America. He was a plan- ter of good repute, and left a son named Andrew, who was born and reared in Kershaw county, and removed to Chester, where he passed a long and useful life as a planter. He had fourteen children, all of whom reached maturity. The third eldest son of these children was John Hood, the father of our present subject. The latter was born in Kershaw county, July 3, 181 1. He married Elizabeth White, a daughter of Hugh White, a South Carolinian, and a son of William White, a native of Ireland, whence he came to America some time prior to the Revolution, in which he served as a Colonial soldier, and the flint-lock musket he bore during those trying times is now in the possession of Mr. William A. White. To John and Elizabeth Hood were born twelve children. Four of their sons served in the Confed- erate army during the late civil strife, Andrew having been killed upon the battlefield in Virginia. Hugh was wounded at the battle of Corinth, and died from said wounds. John was a planter, a man of excellent qualities and much ability. He met a sad death on the night of February 15, 1890, at the hands of a negro who mistook him for another person and shot him. Sheriff Hood was reared on his father's plantation, and was given a good scholastic training, although his education was interrupted by the outbreak of the rebellion, at which time he had barely reached his majority. He enlisted in the Confederate army as a private, in A«ugust, 1S61, in W^alker's company, of the First South Carolina cavalry, and fought until the end. Re- turning to his father's house he remained there until his marriage to Miss Eliza Jane Wylie, daughter of Mr. Avander Wylie, Decem- 444 SOUTH CAROLINA. ber 13, 1866, when he embarked in business for himself as a planter. Samuel, John Edward, Elizabeth Jane, Adelia Moore and Sarah Henrietta are the offspring of this happy marriage. As a planter Mr. Hood proved a success, and he was engaged in that calling until 18S4, when he was called to the sheriff's office, and has since been re- tained in that capacity. He is a Master Mason, and himself and family are communicants of the Presbyterian church. HON. HERBERT L. SMITH. The Hon. Herbert L. Smith, clerk of the court of common pleas and general sessions of Georgetown county, S. C, was born in George- town, S. C., on the 13th of February, 1S61, his parents being David H. and Eleanor E. (Bossard) Smith, both natives of the Palmetto state. The father was a leading planter, and for several years held the same office as his son now fills. He was a captain of recruits in the Con- federate service, and was a deacon in the Baptist church for many years. His death occurred in 1886, in his sixty-fifth year. His wife still survives him, and resides in Georgetown. Of the eight living children of this happy union, Herbert L. is the fifth child. The paternal grandfather of these children was for many years one of the most prominent rice planters, merchants and vessel owners in the state. He was a man of magnificent abilities, and amassed a large fortune. At the age of eighteen years, Mr. Herbert L. Smith began business life as a clerk in a mercantile establishment, and for ten years was engaged in that vocation. At the expiration of this time he was appointed by the recommendation of the county convention, to fill the unexpired term of his father as clerk of the county coutts, the latter's death occurring at that time. In 1888 Mr. Smith was elected to the ofiice by the people, and has since been retained. Within the past few months, he has become quite extensively in- terested in rice planting, and now operates a large plantation, he be- ing associated in this enterprise with Mr. S. Mortimer Ward, of Georgetown. On the iQth of April, 1888, Mr. Smith formed a marriage connection with Miss Rebecca W. Greer, of Charleston. S. C, and one child, Herbert L., junior, has been born them. Mr. and Mrs. Smith are valued communicants of the Episcopal church, of George- town, and he is also a prominent member of the Masonic order, the K. of H., and is adjutant of the Third battalion of the state volunteer troops. As a public official he is able and efficient, and his continued re-election to office best attests his popularity with the people. HON. MILTON L. DONALDSON, now the manager of the farmers' alliance exchange of South Caro- lina, and the present state senator from Greenville county, was born in the southwestern part of Greenville county, S. C, July 29, 1844. He is the son of Nimrod and Sarah R. (McCullough) Donaldson, who were natives respectively of .Ybbeville and Greenville counties. The SOUTH CAROLINA. 445 husband was of Scotch, and the wife of Dutch, descent. Nimrod Don- aldson was by occupation a farmer and mechanic. Me died at the advanced age of eighty-four years, his wife reaching the age of seventy-six. Hon. Milton L. Donaldson has resided in Greenville county all his life, his boyhood having been spent on the old home- stead, where he was born and where in summertime he worked upon the farm. In the winter he attended the schools of the neighborhood, until he arrived at the age of fourteen years. At that age he became a student in a school at Williamston, S: C, taught by Rev. John L. Kennedy, a prominent educator of that day. There he remained until he was eighteen, when he left school for the purpose of entering the service of the Confederate army. Accordingly, in 1S62, he en- listed in the Si.xth South Carolina cavalry, with which he served until the close of the war, being present at the surrender of Johnston's army. He was a brave and loyal soldier. The .Si.xth cavalry in which he served was under the command of Col. H. K. Aiken. Mr. Donaldson returned home at the close of the war, and after attend- ing a high school for a few months, took up the vocation of a farmer, which pursuit he has ever since followed. P'rom an humble position he has risen to the foremost rank of South Carolina citizenship, and is to-day regarded as one of the leading' agriculturists of the state. He has been a frequent contributer to the best farm journals and farm periodicals, not only of his own state but of the country at large. He has also advocated the needs of the farming classes upon the forum, addressing large assemblages of agriculturists, thus doing all in his power to raise the standard of their calling to a higher plane and mitigate the wrongs by which they have been oppressed. Being thus intimately associated with the masses, and having their welfare at heart, possessing the undivided confidence of his fellow agricultur- ists, it was a most natural consequence that an expression of this confidence of his wisdom, judgment and integrity should in someway be manifested. He has been an active member of the farmers' al- liance ever since its organization in the state, and is now the recog- nized head of that party in Souh Carolina. Though a practical farmer, making no claim to any other pursuit, and still residing upon his farm, out of deference to his invaluable services to his class, his fellow alliance men have intrusted him with one of the most respon- sible positions within their gift, and thus^conferred upon him an honor, which any man might contemplate with a just pride. In the fall of 1878 he was elected by the democrats to the lower house of the state legis- lature, and was re-elected to the same position in 1880. His present term as state senator will not expire until 1S92. From the inception of the farmers' alliance exchange in South Carolina, having become convinced that it was the only means of preserving the dearest inter- ests and institutions of the country, he identified himself with the movement, and at once took a position in its front rank. He has devoted his attention to it with a most praise-worthy spirit and with an untiring energy. He has rendered the exchange an invaluable ser- vice and largely contri^ ted toward making it one of the best and 446 SOUTH CAROLINA. Strongest organizations of its kind in the United States. He was elected manager of the state exchange by the unanimous vote of its board of directors, at its first establishment, and has served in that important and responsible capacity ever since. For two years he has been chairman of the judiciary committee of the state farmers' al- liance. He is a Mason and a devoted member of the Baptist church. On January 23, 1S66, he was married to Miss Margaret L. Ware, who also shares with him in his devotion the Baptist denomination. HON. JOSEPH R. LILES. The Hon. Joseph R. Liles, treasurer of Marlborough county, S.C., is a native of North Carolina, having been born in Anson county, that state, August 19, 1832. His parents were Holden W. and Elizabeth R. (Stubbs) Liles, natives of North and South Carolina, respectively. Holden W. Liles descended from an old and influential family, and was a man of affairs, being an expert agriculturist. Both he and wife were devout and efficient members of the Baptist church, and he was a deacon in that denomination. He died in 1858, aged fifty- six years, his wife surviving him until 18S8, when she, too, went to rest, having attained the advanced age of eighty-two years. Of their seven children, five are living at the present time; one having been shot while on picket duty at Stone Mountain during the Civil war; he was a valiant soldier of the Confederate army, and fills an honored soldier's grave. Joseph R. Liles was the second child. At the age of sixteen years he began active business life as a clerk in a mercan- tile establishment in Cheraw, and continued there in that vocation for eight years, when he enlisted in April, 1861, in Company G, Eighth regiment, South Carolina infantry, as a private, and after a service of two years in that regiment, was transferred to the commissary de- partment, where he was engaged until the close of hostilities, having surrendered with Gen. Johnston. The war coming to an end, Mr. Liles engaged in agriculture, and has since been a successful planter. In 1S85 he was elected treasurer of Marlborough countj', and he has been returned to that important office two consecutive terms since. In his official capacity he has evinced the same faithfulness to duty, business tact and unswerving integrity, as has characterized his every act in private life. Mr. Liles was most happily married, in 1872, to Miss Kate McRae,a daughter of the late James W. McRae, of Mont- gomery county, N. C. The children that have been born to this union are: Lucy A., Ebenezer VV., Sherwood H., Mary E., Josephine, Frank, and an infant, as yet unnamed. Mrs. Liles is a valued com- municant of the Baptist church, and Mr. Liles is a prominent mem- ber of the Marlborough Masonic lodge. HON. G. W. SHELL. Hon. George W. Shell, who has distinguished himself in the political movements of the current period, was born in Laurens county, S. C, SOUTH CAROLINA. 447 November 13, 1S31. Mis early education was acquired wholly at the common schools, with the exception of one year at the Laurens academy, in his native town. At the early age of sixteen he left school to take part in the more active concerns of life, and removed to Columbia, where he was engaged as a clerk for Andrew Crawford, for the period of two years. He then rc;turned to his home in Laurens county, when he took up farming for a year, having the mis- fortune at the end of that time to lose his wife, who died in 1855. He then abandoned farming and entered upon the mercantile business, which he pursued for two years thereafter in his native town, He was then appointed superintendent of the Laurens railroad, serving in that capacity for about a year and a half, when he resigned his position and went to New York. Here he accepted a position as a collector, remaining for about six months, after which he returned to his home in Laurens county, just previous to the breaking out of the war. When that event took place, he was among the hrst to enter the army, enlisting as a private in Company A, of the Third regiment of the South Carolina infantry. During his first year's service, he acted asa private secretary for Gen. M. L. Bonham, commander of Bonham's brigade, the first to enter the service of the Confederacy. Mr. .Shell was then promoted and became second lieutenant of his company. Only one day after this promotion, he was appointed quartermaster of his regiment, under Col. James D. Nance, who was at this time in command of the Third regiment, in which Mr. .Shell had originally enlisted. In this service he continued for twelve months, and was then assigned to the position of division quartermaster, serving in this advanced capacity for about one year. He was then selected for still higher promotion, and was assigneti to duty with the chief quar- termaster of the army of Virginia, at Gen. R. E. Lee's headquarters, serving there from September, 1864, until the surrender of Lee, at Appomatox. His position in the quartermaster's department en- titled him to the rank of major, but he never received that rank. After the close of the war, Mr. Shell returned to Laurens county, and went on a farm where he has ever since remained. He was elected clerk of the court of common pleas of Laurens county, in 1884, for the term of four years, and was re-elected in 1888. In 1890 he was elected a representative in congress, from the Fourth congressional district of South Carolina, for the full term of two years. Mr. Shell has been twice married, first, in 185 1, to Miss Mary Dial, a daughter of Hastings Dial, of Laurens county, to whom one son, Walter Langclon, was born, but who is deceased. The first Mrs. Shell died in 1855, and the husband was again married in 1859, to Ellen Watts Hifl, daughter of Mitchell Hill, of Abbeville county, S. C. The fruit of this marriage was ten children, all of whom at this writing are living. The christian name of the father of George W. Shell was Henry R., and he was also a native of Laurens county, born in 1807. He was a planter by occupation, and in 1S2S was married to Caroline Wolff. Eight children were born of this marriage, of whom 448 SOUTH CAROLINA. George W. was the eldest. Heniy B. .Shell died in 1S75, his wife, the mother of George W., having preceded her husband to the tomb in 1851. In 1886-7, George W. .Shell served as a member of the state democratic executive committee, but declined that position in 1888. That year he was chosen president of the farmers' association of South Carolina, and in i88g, he issued an address to the democracy of the state, better known as " Shell's Manifesto," which was regarded as the opening gun of the popular conflict followed by the farmers' alliance movement, and which, the succeeding year, swept the state, resulting in a practical revolution in its politics. Mr. Shell was one of the foremost propagators of that movement, and was consistently made the president at the outset of its permanent organization. The success of the movement is an apt illustration of that familiar politi- cal aphorism: " Power is ever stealing from the stronger to the weaker." COLUMBUS CURETON HAILE, e.\-treasurer of Kershaw county, was born in that county, Janu- ary 17th, 18:24, the son of James C. and Elizabeth M. (Truesdel) Haile. The former was the son of Benjamin Haile, of whom a com- plete mention is made, together with his antecedents and descend- ants, in another place in this work. Elizabeth Haile was the daughter of John Truesdel, an Irishman by birth. .She was the mother of seven living daughters and seven sons. Columbus Cureton Haile was brought up to the calling of a planter, and has always been en- gaged in that industry. He was given ample educational advantages, and turned his attention more particularly to surveying. Arriving at the age of maturity he engaged in agriculture and surveying, and is in all probability more conversant with the lines of Kershaw county than any other living man. In November, 1880, he was elected treas- urer of the county, and was re-elected again for the next three terms, 1883-4, 1885-6, 1887-8. His continued term of office is sufficient proof of the esteem in which he is held by the people, and of his ability. By his marriage in 1849, to Miss Mary A. Williams, a daughter of Richard Henry Williams, Mr. Haile has had six sons and two daughters. On the gth of April, 1861, he proved his loyalty to his people by enlisting in the Flat Rock Guards, of the Second South Carolina volunteers, Kershaw's regiment, and served as captain faith- fully and well until he was obliged to resign on account of physical disability in 1863. He returned home and subsequently was made captain of a company in the state service, and later commanded a volunteer company of the Twenty-third regiment, which went into Virginia, and in April, 1865, was captured at Five Forks, and held a prisoner until the final surrender, and consequent close of hostilities. Both Mr. and Mrs. Haile are valued and devout communicants of the Presbyterian church, and hold high positions in the esteem of the community at large. SOUTH CAROLINA. 449 JOHN R. LOUDON. One of York counly's most notabU; Inisiness men is Mr. John R. Loudon, one of the leadinj^ cotton manufaclurers of South Carolina. Although Mr. Loudon has been a residcuit of South Carolina for more than a quarter of a century, he is not a native of that state, having been born at Wilmington, N. C, in 1833. His paternal grandfather, John Loudon, who was born in London, Eng., was the hrst of the family to settle in America, which he did prior to the Revolution. He represented the British crown at the port of Wilmington, N. C, as a collector, but resigned his office and returned to England, at the time of the breaking out of the war for American independence. After the close of hostilities he once more became a citizen of Wilmington, and was president of the first United States bank, established at that point. Upon his return to this country, he married Miss Anne Mau- ger, an English lady, who had emigrated, with her family, to the United States, in 17S3. She was born and reared on the island of Guernsey. They were the parents of three sons, viz.: John I^., who was at one time president of the Cape Fear bank, now deceased; Mauger, a prominent laAvyer of Wilmington, N. C; and Henry A. Loudon, the father of John R. Loudon, of whom we write. Henry was born in Wilmington, about the j-ear 1S04, and died in 1884, at Pittsboro, N. C, where he removed with his family, in 1836. He was a prominent man, and served as judge of the county courts for more than forty years, and during the Civil war was treasurer of the county in which he lived. His first wife was Sallie M. Lord, also of Wil- mington. She died in 1857, aged forty-eight, leaving six sons and four daughters, all of whom are living save one son, who was killed in service during the rebellion. The eldest child of this union, John R., was educated in the schools of Wilmington and Pittsboro. At an early age he left the parental roof, and went to live with his grand- parents at Wilmington. When seventeen years of age, we find him occupying the position of general clerk in a commission house at Wilmington. In 1859 he established a business in cotton and naval supplies, at Boston, Mass,, which was prosperously continued until the secession of the southern states. At this time Mr. Loudon returned to North Carolina and raised a military company whose services he tendered to the state, but owing to the elation of the people over the victory at Manassas, this offer was not accepted. Subsequently^ in company with Messrs. John and Edward Wilkes, he constructed a railroad from Greensboro, N. C, to Danville, Va., and his time was occupied during the remainder of the war in operating this road. In 1865 he located at Rock Hill, S. C, where he soon be- came the leading merchant, conducting a large business enterprise there until 1S84. About the latter year Mr. Loudon was elected president of the Red Bank cotton mill company, at Lexington, S. C, and in 1888 he was prominently identified with the organization of the Standard cotton mill at Rock Hill, of which he has since been presi- A — 29 450 SOUTH CAROLINA. dent. In 1SS9 this progressive gentleman organized the Globe cotton mill company, of Rock Hill, and he was also retained as president of this concern. Beside these industries, Mr. Loudon is a director in the Rock Hill Cotton Factory company, and vice-president of the Sav- ings bank, of Rock Hill, and the First National bank of Rock Hill, and also a director of the Rock Hill Cotton-Seed Oil Mills, the Globe Phos- phate Mills, of Columbia; and he has been a prime mover in estab- lishing most of the leading industries of Rock Hill. His marriage to Miss Camelia Rhodes, of Greensboro, N. C, was solemnized in 1865. No children have been born to this union, but Mr. and Mrs. Loudon adopted a child, who is now Dr. E. R. Stitt, of the United States navy. Mr. Loudon and wife are active and valued communicants of the Episcopal church, which he has represented in the diocesan conven- tion for the past twenty-five years, and in the last general convention; and in his own parish he has served as warden and lay-reader since the organization of the parish. HON. A. E. HUTCHISON. The Hon. A. E. Hutchison, president of the Rock Hill Cotton Factory company, was born in York county, S. C, March 15, 1827, and descends from a family that settled in Mecklenburg county, N.C., early in the history of the nation. His paternal grandfather was John Hutchison. He came from the county Antrim, Ireland, before the Revolution. His sons were Alexander, James, John, Samuel and David. The first four mentioned were soldiers in the patriot army during the Revolution, Alexander having lost his life at the battle of Hanging Rock. During the war these brothers secured the good-will of the Catawba Indians, and two of the brothers were rented large tracts of land on the Catawba river, now in York county, and hither, after the war, they removed with their families, the widowed mother and her youngest son accompanying them. This son was David, the father of the subject of this sketch. David was born in county Antrim, Ire- land, in 1767, and was but a lad when his parents came to America, and was about sixteen when his mother removed to the Catawba lands. He became a successful planter, and died in 1845 ^^ '^^ ^'^' vanced age. He was married three times, the first wife having been a Mrs. McBride, who bore him five children: the second marriage was to a Miss Moore, who died soon after without issue. Sub- sequently he wedded Miss Jane Moore, a sister of his second wife, and seven children resulted, of which A. E. is the youngest and only surviving member. When he was still a lad his mother died, leaving him to the care of the father. He obtained a thorough preliminary schooling in the old field schools near his father's home. When he was eighteen his father died, and the care of his portion of the estate then devolved upon him, In 1850 he married Miss Mary S. Camp- bell, and four children were born to them. In 1S58, Mr. Hutchison removed to Rock Hill in order to give his children the advantage of the superior schools of the city. In the following year his wife died, SOUTH CAROLINA. 45 1 and in December, 1S63, he espoused Miss S. J. Dunlap, who has borne him one child. In 1861 Mr. Hutchison entered the Confederate service as a captain under the command of Col. Jenkins, and was stationed on Sullivan's Island until the regiment volunteered to go to Virginia, when on account of ill-health Capt. Hutchison returned home. In the winter of 1S62-3 he was a member of a reserve corps, and again in 1864-5 was out with a command of militia as adjutant, and was on a retreat before Sherman on his famous march. After the war he returned and resumed his agricultural pursuits, but con- tinued to reside at Rock Hill. In 1S76 he was elected to the legis- lature, and served as a member of the famous Wallace house. He had always been identified with the democratic party, and during the recent gubernatorial campaign was prominent as a worker against the election of Mr. Tillman and voted for Haskell for governor. In 1880-1 the first cotton mill to be operated by steam power in South Carolina was built at Rock Hill, and known as the Rock Hill Cotton Factory company, of which company Mr. Hutchison was elected president, and he has since remained in that capacity. He is a Master Royal Arch and Council Mason, and a man of progressive and able mind; aiding every public improvement so far as possible, and ever a friend and supporter of the Christian church. For eighteen years he was a trustee of the free schools of the township, and for twenty years served as a commissioner of roads, bridges and ferries. JOHN H. HUIET, exchange broker and general dealer in fertilizers, and president of the Globe Phosphate company', was born in Edgefield county, S. C, and is the son of George D. and Dorothy (Rutherford) Huiet. His parents were both natives of South Carolina, the former being a son of Jacob Huiet, who was also a native of the same state, born in the Dutch Fork. His parents were direct descendants from German an- cestry, and were among the early settlers of Dutch Fork. Jacob Huiet was a planter by occupation, and followed that business for the • greater part of his life in Edgefield county, where he died. He was the father of three sons and two daughters; sons deceased,, two daughters still survive. George D. Huiet was born in 181 2, and was educated in the English schools of the state. He began farming in Edgefield county when quite young in years, and followed that occu- pation through life. He was married in Edgefield county to Dorothy Rutherford, and the issue of this union was five sons and five daugh- ters. He served as captain in Maryweather bS.ttalion in the home guard, during the war of 1861-5, and saw some active service on the South Carolina coast. He died in 1887. John H. Huiet received his education in the Edgefield county schools, and attended the Cokes- bury college for two years, and entered the South Carolina college in i860. When the war broke out, he first entered the service with the college cadets, but afterward enlisted in the Seventh South Car- olina infantr}- regiment, and served through the entire war in the 452 SOUTH CAROLINA. army of Virginia. He was wounded at Sharpsburg and Spottsylvania Court House in tlie limbs, but his wounds were not so grave as to in- terrupt his service for any great length of time, and he continued in the army until the surrender of Johnston's army, at Greensboro. He was promoted to second lieutenant in the Seventh regiment, and be- fore the close of the war was elected adjutant of that regiment, hold- ing that rank at the surrender. After the close of the war he re- turned home and engaged in general merchandising at Havirdsville. From there he removed to Oakland, Edgefield county, S. C, and in 1S70 to Batesburg, where he started a general merchandising busi- ness, remaining in that line of business till 1873, when he engaged in a general brokerage business, and dealing in fertilizers, which busi- ness he still continues. In 1890, in company with other gentlemen, he organized the Globe Phosphate company, at Columbia, S. C, of which he was elected president, and since which time he has resided in Columbia. He was married in December, 1870, to Miss Kate Bouk- night, daughter of C. Bouknight of Columbia, to whom one son has been born. Mr. Huiet is a member of the K. of H. and of the Ma- sonic fraternities. WILLIAM CHOICE CLEVELAND. Among the notable financiers and capitalists of Greenville, S. C, Hon. William Choice Cleveland holds a prominent place. He was born at Lawrenceville, Gwinnett count}', Ga., on the 24th of July, 1834. He is the son of Robert M. and Harriet (Neal) Cleveland, the former a native of Asheville, N. C, born March 3, 1803, and the latter of Franklin county, Ga. Robert M. Cleveland was the son of Jeremiah and Sarah (Vannoy) Cleveland, both of whom were natives of Bull Run Creek, Va. Jeremiah Cleveland was a nephew of Gen. Benjamin Cleveland, who commanded the Continental forces at the battle of Kings Mountain. The father of Jeremiah was Alexander Cleveland, who, with his brother John, emigi-ated from England to this country, and it is believed that from these two brothers sprung all the persons in this country bearing that name. One settled in Massachusetts and the other in Virginia. Robert M., the father of William C. Cleveland, was united in marriage to Harriet, daughter of John Neal, in 1833, and had two sons, one of whom, William C, is the elder. The younger. Judge Jeremiah Cleveland, is a resident of Greenville county, S. C. The mother of William C. Cleveland died in 1838, and a few years later his father was married to Fanny Wight, who was born and raised in Rhode Island, and who bore him four sons and three daughters, all of whom, except one son, are still living. The mother is also still living, her present home being at Marietta, Ga. The father has been dead several years. Shortly after his mother's death, William C. Cleveland, then but four j-ears of age, came to Greenville and has made his home with his aunt, Mrs. Caroline Choice, in whose family he spent all his boyhood days. He received his earlier education at the Greenville Male academy, and at fifteen SOUTH CAROLINA. 453 entered Georgetown college, District of Columbia. After remaining at that institution three years, he returned to Greenville, which has ever since been his home. Here he has given his attention to various enterprises of a business nature. He was a strong advocate and sup- porter of the Greenville & Laurens railroad, and was elected one of the directors of that company. He is at present largely interested in railroads in Georgia, and has been quite an extensive dealer in real estate, both in the city and county, holding a large amount of prop- erty therein. He is the heaviest taxpayer in Greenville county, and is largely interested in the banking business. He is a stockholder in the Savings bank- and People's bank, both of Greenville, and the Georgia Railroad & Banking company, and the National Exchange bank, both of Augusta. He also holds stock in the Greenville Fertilizer com- pany, is one of the original stockholders of the Greenville Street railway, and has been one of its directors. He has just completed a handsome business block in Greenville, built of brick, two stories high and containing two excellent business rooms. He is the owner of 250 acres of unimproved land within the limits of Greenville. He was elected president of the first Building & Loan association organized in Greenville, and has served with much credit to himself and ad- vantage to the city as member of the board of aldermen of Green- ville for one term, and was also chosen for one term as mayor of that city. At the expiration of his term as mayor, he was elected to the state legislature, heading the ticket, and receiving the heaviest vote which had ever been polled for a candidate for the office up to that time, the term being two years, during both of which he served as a member of the ways and means committee. In 1880 he was elected as a delegate to the state democratic convention, and by that body was chosen as a delegate to the national democratic convention, which that year met at Cincinnati. At that convention he cast his vote for Gen. Hancock as a candidate for the presidency. He has always been a democrat of the liberal type. In June, 1867, he was married to Miss Amelia Theresa Omberg, daughter of Adolph Omberg, of Rome, Ga. They have had two children, one of whom, Harriet Emma, died at the age of seventeen. The other, also a daughter, died in infancy. Mr. Cleveland is a liberal contributor to public enterprises, and an open-handed patron of religious and educational institutions. He and Mrs. Cleveland are worshipers at the Presbyterian church, of which she is a member, and he is a liberal supporter in a financial direction. HON. WILLIAM S. JACKSON, of Chesterfield county, S. C, was born in that county, in 1854, his parents being Stephen and Roxanna (Timmons) Jackson, natives of South Carolina. Stephen Jackson was a planter, and was prominent in public affairs, having served as sheriff of his county for four years, as county commissioner for ten years, and subsequently he repre- sented his county in the legislature for three or four terms. He was 454 SOUTH CAROLINA. also a member of the convention which declared for secession, and voted for that measure. During the war he served as treasurer and tax-collector. Col. Jackson died in 1887 at the age of eighty. Mrs. Jackson is still living. William S. Jackson is the youngest of seven children born to them. He was educated at Furman university, and after completing his collegiate course turned his attention to civil en- gineering. He has followed this profession since in connection with agriculture, and has been successful in his various enterprises. In 1S81 he was chosen county treasurer, and held that office for five years, having been re-elected in 18S2, and again in 1884. In 1889 he was the successful candidate for the legislature from his count}', and after the close of his term refused to allow his name to he placed in nomination for a second term. While in the legislature he served on several important committees, and his conduct was able and dig- nified. This family is one of the oldest and most highly connected in the state, and its members have risen to positions of trust and honor. During the Revolution representatives of the connection fought as patriotic soldiers, and since that time there have been many to prominently identify themselves with the growth and advancement of the country. HON. W. C. COKER, president of th^ Bank of Darlington, and also of the Darlington Cot- ton Mill company, was born in 1839. The family has resided in South Carolina for many generations, and its members have greatly contributed to the prosperity of the state. His parents were Caleb and Hannah (Lyde) Coker. Caleb Coker was a son of Caleb, Sr., who was the son of Thomas Coker, a Virginian by birth, his father having removed to South Carolina in 1740, and settled on the Pee Dee river. Thomas served as a colonial soldier in the war for American independence. Caleb, Sr., was an extensive planter, and the father of a large family of children. His son and namesake was born in 1802, and obtained a fair education. He entered mercantile life when quite young at Society Hill, and was engaged in merchandising and planting until 1869. He married Miss Hannah Lyde in 1830, and four sons and six daughters were born to them. The father was a prominent and able man, and was considered one of the most influ- ential and substantial citizens of his day. He was a director in the Bank of Cheraw, and also in the Cheraw and Darlington Railroad company. W. C. Coker was graduated from the South Carolina col-, lege in 1859. Until the memorable year of 1861, Mr. Coker was en- gaged in teaching in the acadamy at his home in Society Hill, and in that year offered his services to the cause of the south, by enlisting in Company F, Eighth South Carolina regiment. In 1863, he was wounded at Gettysburg, and was captured by the enemy while re- treating, and was held a prisoner of war until March, 1865, at Johns- town and Ut. Delaware. He served faithfully and well in the battles of first Bull Run, Malvern Hill, where he was slightly wounded, SOUTH CAROLINA. 455 Chanccllorsvillc, Maryland Heights, and Gettysburg, having been grieviously wounded in the foot during tlie latter engagement. In 1862, he was promoted to the rank of captain, and his enforced ab- sence from the scenes of conflict after 1863, was the only cause for his not being still further advanced, as he was always found at the post of duty, with a cool, active brain to direct him in his course, and his dash and unflinching courage, carried him to the very front. After his release from the Federal prison, Capt. Coker was engaged in teaching school for one year, when he turned his attention to the study of law, and in 1S68, was admitted to practice. After one year of active professional life, at Darlington, he abandoned the law and engaged in planting, in which he has since met with unusual success. Mr. Coker was prominent in the organization of the Bank of Dar- lington, and served as a director until the resignation of his father from the presidency of the concern, in December, 1S89, when he was elected to succeed as president. He is a member of the board of direc- tors of the C. & D. railroad ; and in 1 884, was associated with his brother, Maj. J. L. Coker, and others, in the establishment of the Darlington Cotton Mill company, of which he was elected president soon after its organization, and he has since occupied that office, the concern hav- ing prospered greatly under his able management. In 1877, a va- cancy occurred in the state senate, and Mr. Coker was elected to fill the unexpired term, his course as a member of that distinguished body, being so able and satisfactory to the people, that he was twice re-elected thereafter, his senatorial career extending ov^s a period of nine years. One of the happiest and most fortunate events of his life, was his marriage to Miss Mary E. Mclver, in 1869. Seven children were born to the union. Mrs. Coker died in 1883, and in 1S85, he married for his second wife. Miss Livonia Mclver. Mr Coker is a member of the A. L. of H., and is a consistent and valued communi- cant of the Baptist church. His whole career has been characterized by progressiveness and the most rigid integrity, and today no man is held in higher confidence in Darlington county than he. MAJOR J. L. COKER. Of the many able and progressive business men of Darlington county, S. C, none stand higher in the estimation of the people than Maj. J. L. Coker, the founder of the town of Hartsville, .S. C. He was born at Society Hill, in Darlington county, in the year 1837, his parents being Caleb and Hannah N. (Lide) Coker, an extended men- tion of whom will be found elsewhere in this work. Maj. Coker was educated at St. David's academy, at Society Hill, and completed his scholastic training at the Arsenal school at Columbia, and in the Cit- adel academy of Charleston. After spending one year in the scien- tific course at Harvard college, in 1858, studying chemistry and bot- any, he returned home and gave his attention to planting, in which 456 SOUTH CAROLINA. he was engaged at the outbreak of the Rebellion in 1861. In Decem- ber, i860, he organized a company of which he was elected captain, the command being assigned to the Ninth South Carolina regiment infantry. That regiment was re-organized in 1862, and his company then became a part of the Sixth South Carolina. In May, 1862, they fought their first important battle at Williamsburg, and they distin- guished themselves in the battles of Seven Pines, and the seven days' battles around Richmond. Capt. Coker was severely wounded in a night engagement just after the battle of Chickamauga, his left thigh having been broken by a ball. At this time he was serving on Gen. Bratton's staff. For five months he lay ill of his wound, a prisoner ot war. After receiving his grievous wound, Capt. Coker was promoted to the rank of major for gallant conduct. In 1864 he was elected to the state legislature, and again in 1866, serving until the state was re-constructed. After the war he engaged in merchan- dising at Hartsville, and also carried on a plantation. In 1874 he be- came a member of the firm of Nowood & Coker, general commission merchants at Charleston, S. C, and in 1878 removed to that city, where he resided until 1881, when he returned to Hartsville, and again assumed the management of his business at that place. In the same year he organized the National bank of Darlington, and served as its president until it was changed from a national to a state bank. In 1884 he organized the Darlington Manufacturing company, and served as its president for a short time, and is at present its largest stockholder and a director. At the organization of the Cotton Seed Oil mill, he took part in its establishment, and is still interested in the enterprise. One of his happiest ventures was made in 1S89, when he built a line of railroad extending from Hartsville to the C. & D. R. R., a distance of some ten miles, and he now owns and operates that road, which has done much to open up the surrounding country, thereby increasing the prosperity of the community. A company was formed in iSgo, at Hartsville, for the manufacture of chemical fibre, and of paper from wood, and Maj. Coker was the prime mover in its formation, and is occupying the office of president of the flourishing concern. His marriage in i860, to Miss Susan Stout, of Welumpka, Ala., has been blessed by the birth of four sons and three daughters. The family are earnest and consistent members of the Baptist church, and occupy a high social position. Someone has very aptly said that, "The true benefactor of the American community is the man or woman wdio increases its resources." No other one man has done more, if as much, to build up the large community of Darlington county, and to give to it increased facilities for establishing and car- rying on business. This region was devastated during the Civil war to an alarming extent, and its wonderful recovery is due to the efforts of such men as this one of whom we write. On the battlefield of his people's cause, he served with devotion and faithfulness. When that cause was set aside forever, and the southern and northern soldiers returned to their respective homes to rebuild their shattered fortunes, SOUTH CAROLINA. 457 some who had worn the grey laid them down and died of broken hearts, but others came to the front as re-builders, as they had come to the front on the field of conflict, and have made the new condition better than tlic old. MICHAEL BROWN, a leading business man of Barnwell county, S. C, was born in the city of New York on the 27th of October, 1S55. His father, .Simon Brown, removed from New York to Blackville, S. C, when our subject was but three years of age. Mr. Brown was given a good education in the schools of Blackville, and when he had attained his thirteenth year, was sent to New York city to complete his scholastic training there. Returning to his home after three years he at once entered the extensive mercantile establishment of his father, as book-keeper and general manager. In 1884 Mr. Brown removed to Barnwell and embarked in business for himself. At that time the town was in rather a dead condition. It had been burned during the war by Sher- man on his famous march. Mr. Brown's removal to the city was fol- lowed by great improvements, of which he was the author. The Branch railroad, running from that place and intersecting the South Carolina railroad at Blackville, is owned and operated solely by him. He is the vice-president of the Barnwell bank, which was organized principally through his efforts, and a movement is now on foot for the establishment of another banking concern; this is likewise his work. He is prominently identified with the Middle Georgia & At- lantic railroad, in which he is a large stockholder, this corporation having lately purchased Hutchinson's Island of the city of Savannah. He is president and principal owner of the Barnwell Oil and Fertilizer company, and was largely instrumental in the erection of the Knights of Pythias hall, and also Masonic hall, both creditable structures. When the Catholic and Methodist churches were being built his purse was open to both alike. No movement looking toward the im- provement of city, county or state, fails in gaining him as its firm friend. As a planter he stands at the head, owning and operating ex- tensive cotton plantations. His ability is recognized throughout the south, as is evidenced by the fact that at the organization of the Sea- board Construction company, in Savannah, Mr. Brown was chosen as its president. During the recent centennial celebration in New York city he held an important office on Gov. Richardson's staff. In 1S77 he was so fortunate as to secure Miss Jennie Kline, graduate of the Girls' Normal school, of Philadelphia, for his wife; and to their union have been born four daughters and three sons, all of whom are living. Broad-minded and progressive to a marked degree, his wealth is not hoarded for his own needs, but is scattered where it will do the most good. It has been said of him, " That for everj' dollar he makes for himself he makes ten for his neighbors." It is claimed that to him the credit belongs of organizing the Savannah Construction company, which has about completed the South Bound railroad running 458 SOUTH CAROLINA. from Columbia to Savannah; the second bank in Barnwell, known as the Citizens' Savings bank, has since been organized and is in successful operation. The Southern Investment company, of which he is gen- eral manager, is now constructing the Carolina Midland, of which he is vice-president and treasurer. A. BAXTER SPRINGS. In every generation there arise men who tower above their fel- lows in force of character and in expansion of views, who draw to them that deference which mankind yield to superior endowment. These are they who naturally take their places as " leaders of men," these are the men whose sagacity discerns, whose wisdom guides, whose energy leads, whose courage sustains in all that contributes to social and material advancements; the men whom after generations revere and imitate, and, such confidence or reverence is not so much the necessary effect of prominent or striking action or servicye as the are the influence of a'uniformity of excellence, always sustained on a lofty plane, a form more enduring than is often attained by more daring challenge to the wonder and admiration of mankind. Such position was that of Andrew Baxter Springs, always elevated, never conspicuous, always active and useful, never obtrusive or ambitious in the pursuit of what the world calls distinction. Distinguished he was, most assuredly; but distinguished more for fullness and volume than for noise and impetuosity; more for depth and strength than for those outward manifestations of power which dazzle, astonish, or overwhelm. He gained all, through that confidence of relying upon his own faculties, and through patient abiding, the result of his wis- dom, and through that calm conviction that he was right in his course. Though he never courted popular favor, he commanded popular con- fidence; though not seeking public honors, he was accorded claim to them all; and for over a half century was a central figure in the an- nals of South Carolina, his native state, and in which the greater por- tion of his life was spent. Mr. Springs was born in York district, S. C, on the 21st day of October, 1S19, and before we further proceed with an outline of his career, we will give a brief men- tion of the Springs family to which he belonged. No definite knowl- edge of the family back of John Springs, born on Long Island, X. Y., about 1717, can be gained. Tradition, however, indicates that John Springs was of Holland lineage, and if so, the family must have been among the first settlers of New York, but nothing in his language or appearance was indicative of his descent. It is conceded that the orthography of the family name was Springstein, which has been abridged into Springs. Leaving Long Island, John Springs for a time lived in Jones Neck, near Dover, in the state of Delaware; and at a later period at Lancaster, Penn., and about 1768, removed to Mecklenburg county, N. C, where he died about the year 1789, aged about seventy-two years. He married Miss .Sophia Cassoway, from the state of Maryland. They had three daughters and two '**' /S^ SOUTH CAROLINA. 459 sons: John and Richard were the names of the two sons. The par- ents after long and useful lives died in respected old age, and were buried at Providence church, in Mecklenburg county, of which church they were members. Richard Springs, their second son, was born in Jones Neck, Delaware, on the 22nd of October, 1754, and was about fourteen years of age when his parents removed to Meck- lenburg county, N. C. June 7, 1781, he was united in marriage with Miss Jane Baxter, of Lancaster, Penn., and soon after (1784) settled down in life at Big Sugar creek, on the Catawba lands, in Lancaster district, S. C. Richard .Springs was of Revolutionary fame, and as a captain of a Colonial company participated with gallantry in a num- ber of campaigns. He was a good citizen, an honest man, and an in- dustrious and successful planter. He reared and educated a family of nine children, and died in 1833, in his eightieth year. He had a son, John Springs by name, who was born in Mecklenburg county, N. C, December 24, 1782, and was a child of two years when his par- ents removed to Lancaster district. S. C, where he grew to manhood. In 1S06, he married his cousin. Miss Mary Springs, daughter of John Springs, and soon after his marriage removed to York district, locat- ing upon a plantation (known as Springfield plantation) near Fort Mills, where he lived and died. By means of his assiduity and ac- quirement he soon arose to wealth and prominence, and though he began his business career with limited capital, he died one of the wealthiest men in his state. As a financier and planter he was un- rivaled, and he was no less prominent in the field of manufacturing, industrial improvement, or in the arena of political economy. He served with distinction in the state legislature for several terms, and as agent for the Catawba Indian tribe, he was most influential with the tribe, who, unmistakably, regarded him as a true friend, and ad- viser. He bore prominence among the originators of many of the early banks of .South Carolina, and for several years acted as a di- rector in several banking institutions of the state. He was promi- nent as an originator of the Granetsville Cotton factory, one of the earliest manufacturing establishments of its kind in South Carolina. He was an early and ardent advocate of railroads, and was an origi- nal stockholder and for many years director in C. C. & A. railroad. He was three times married, but only the first, which was consummated with Mary Springs, as above stated„resulted in issue. He had three sons and two daughters. He died in 1853, aged si.xty-eight years. A. Baxter Springs was his son, and it is he whom we have intro- duced as the subject of this biographical mention. He was graduated at the college of South Carolina, at Columbia, in 1S45, ^'"^d soon afterward began the study of law under the late Judge Withers, of Camden, S. C, and being admitted to the bar, he began the practice of his chosen profession at Camden. His predilections led him to the stud}' of law, a calling suited to his tastes, the character of his mind, and the ardor of his temperament, an avocation, in his young daj's especiall}- adapted to give active employment to the accumulated stores of a liberal education, and one affording opportunity for the 460 SOUTH CAROLINA. future attainment of those higher poHticaH-ionors, to which his posi- tion might justly entitle him to aspire. Though well equipped for the practice of law, he did not continue in the profession but for a brief period, because of the burden that fell upon him, in aiding his father in the management of his vast and varied agricultural and other business interests. These duties devolved upon him, ajid cheerfully he sacrificed the ambitions to be gratified in a professional or politi- cal career, to the more obscure, more exacting, more responsible, but not the less useful, life of the intelligent planter and competent busi- ness man. Taking charge of his father's affairs in business, he took up his father's career, only to lay it down when death called him from the scenes of a long and active life. Like his father, he served several terms in the state legislature, became the model farmer, and was a financier unrivaled. He became interested in several of the banking institutions and railroads of the state, and officiated in both as a director for years. Mr. Springs exhibited in the conduct of his responsibilities, for nearly a half century, an administrative and financial ability, energy, and integrity, which would have secured him high honors in any field of action, and his career was characterized by simple straight-forward devotion to what he conceived to be duty in every relation of life. In i860, he was a member of the secession convention of his state, and argued against the measure of secession, but accepted the ordinance of secession, and went with the people in their choice, with heart and soul, and joined the military ranks to perform his dut}'; but such pressure was brought to bear upon him and to the effect that he should remain at home and look after the families of others who were in the ranks, that he finally yielded; and during the progress of the Civil war. he devoted his entire time, giv- ing his plantation revenue, and largely of other means, to the support of the families of the soldiers and the southern Confederacy. The war ending, Mr. Springs was among the first to adjust the deplorable state of affairs; he was a member of the reconstruction convention, and subsequently served in the lower house of the legislature. Dur- ing the war his estate wonderfully decreased in value, but by means of his superior financial ability, he soon recuperated in wealth, and at the time of his death his estate was worth a quarter of a million dol- lars. Mr. Springs married in 1850, Miss Julia Baxter, a daughter of Judge E. H. Baxter, of Hancock county, Ga. Unto this marriage were born seven sons and one daughter, all of whom reached matur- ity. The eldest son is Eli B. Springs, now a prominent business man and citizen of Charlotte, N. C, being engaged in the wholesale groc- ery traffic, president of the A. T. & O. R. R.; director in the Char- lotte Oil & Fertilizer company, director for the Charlotte Consolidated Construction company, and beside interested in several cotton mills. The second son, was John Springs, now deceased; Richard A. .Springs, is a practicing attorney in New York city. A. Baxter Springs, the fourth son, died in early life; Alvin C. Springs, is a real estate dealer in Kansas; Brevard D. .Springs, a planter and railroad contractor, re- sides in Columbia, S. C. The youngest son, Le Roy Springs, is a SOUTH CAROLINA. 461 prosperous merchant at Lancaster, S. C, and is a director in the C. C. & A. R. R. The only daughter, Miss Bleetier B. Springs, is the youngest of the family, and resides with her mother, in Charlotte, N. C. Mr. .Springs continued to live for many years at " .Springfield," his plantation, but toward the close of his life, he removed his resi- dence to Charlotte, N. C, and was residing here when he died. His death occurred January 27, 1886, while on a visit in New York city. Such is a brief outline of the life of one whose impression upon his time will not soon be effaced, whose personality is stamped on feat- ures not to be forgotten, whose influence for good will long act upon those who fell in his sphere. A. H. TWITCHELL, treasurer of the Clifton Manufacturing companj-, and of the D. E. Converse company, both of Spartanburg county, was born at New York Mills, Oneida county, N. Y., Februar}' 13, 1841. He was the son of Winslow and Anne (Carroll) Twitchell, the former a native of Swanzy, N. H., born in iSio, and the latter a native of Ireland, born about iSiQ. She came to America with her parents while she was yet an infant. The father was of English descent. They were mar- ried about the year 1835, and had three children, two sons and a daughter. Mr. Twitchell, the subject of this sketch, and the daugh- ter, are the survivors of the family, the daughter being the wife of D. E. Converse, of .Spartanburg. The mother died when A. H. was but sixteen months old, but the father lived until the gth of /\ugust, 1889. By occupation he was a manufacturer. When his son, the subject of this sketch, was only four years old, he removed to Cohoes, N. Y., a manufacturing town, where the son spent his youth. He re- ceived an academic education at the academy in Stillwater, N. Y., and in 1S59, when he had arrived at the age of eighteen he came to Spartanburg county, and took a position as book-keeper in a cotton mill at Glendale, operated by J. Bomar & Co. The place was then called Bivingsville. He continued in that capacity until August, 1 86 1, when he enlisted in Company C, Thirteenth South Carolina regiment, McGowan's brigade, and served until the close of the war. He was in the battles in the vicinity of Richmonci, Fredericksburg and the Second Manassas. He was transferred to the quarter- master's department in the early part of 1863, and there served about sixteen months. He then returned to the line, remaining in that ser- vice two months, when he was detailed to the pay-master's depart- ment. There he remained until a short time before the close of the war, when he was transferred to the commissary department. He was at Appomatox when Lee surrendered, after which he walked to his home in Spartanburg county. He resumed his position as book- keeper for J. Bomar & Co. About the year 1868 Mr. Bomar died, but the works were operated under his name for some years after his death. In 1870 Mr. Twitchell took a proprietory interest in the mill, yet still performing the duties of book-keeper, and shortly afterward 462 SOUTH CAROLINA. the name was changed to D. E. Converse & Co. At the time this change was made, Mr. Twitchell was made treasurer of the company, and has held that position ever since, having been the financial man- ager for about twenty years. In August, 1889, the name was changed to D. E. Converse company, at which time it was made a stock con- cern. Upon the formation of the Clifton Manufacturing company, 1880, Mr. Twitchell was chosen its treasurer, and he has held that po- sition ever since. He and his brother-in-law, Mr. D. E. Converse, were the prime movers in the organization of the Clifton Manufac- turing company. In fact the D. E. Converse company is the parent of the Clifton Manufacturing company, though the child is now much larger than the parent. Both mills together have 65,000 spindles and nearly 2,000 looms. Their annual consumption is 30,000 bales of cot- ton. Mr. Twitchell is also a stockholder and director in the Spartan mills. For the past ten years he has devoted his attention to the duties of treasurer and financial manager of the D. E. Converse company and the Clifton Manufacturing company, and is a director in both. He is a stockholder and director in the National bank and the Fidelity Loan & Trust company, and the Iron District Fire Insur- ance company, all of Spartanburg, and Spartanburg Savings bank. Mr. Twitchell continued to reside at Glendale until in October, 1890, when he removed to .Spartanburg, having erected in the latter city an elegant residence, than which there are few costlier or handsomer in the state. Mr. Twitchell was married December 21, 1865, to Miss Mary A., daughter of Washington Bomar, formerly of Charleston, S. C. They have two daughters, Nellie Converse and Emma Bomar. The family are all members of the Presbyterian church. In politics Mr. Twitchell is a democrat. CAPT. JOHN H. MONTGOMERY, president of the Spartan Mills, and of the Pacolet Manufacturing company, was born on a farm in Spartanburg county, fourteen miles west of the city of Spartanburg, December 8, 1833. He is the son of Benjamin F. Montgomery, also a native of Spartanburg county, born in 1810. He led the life of a farmer and is still living, his home being in Texas. The maiden name of his wife was Harriet B. Moss. She was born in Spartanburg county, and died in 1857, after having given birth to twelve children, eleven of whom were alive at the time of her death, and of whom John H., the subject of this sketch was the eldest. Six are yet living. The father has been twice married since her death. He was the son of John Montgomery, who was also born in Spartanburg county, and in the same neighborhood in which his son and grandson were born. He was the son of John Montgomery who emigrated to. America from the north of Ireland and first settled in Pennsylvania where he married Rosa Roddy. In 1785 he removed ■to .South Carolina, and located in Spartanburg county, in the neigh- borhood in which his son was born. The mother of Capt. Mont- gomery was the daughter of lames Moss, a native of the Yadkin I SOUTH CAROLINA. 463 Valley, in V'irginia. The j^randfathcr, John Montgomery, married Margaret Miller. They had thirteen children of whom Benjamin F., the father of Capt. Montgomery was the fourth. Capt. John H. Montgomery spent the first nineteen years of his life on the farm where he was born. He received a common school education and at nineteen his father put him in a country store as a clerk. It was in the southeastern part of the county, and was owned by James Nesbit. The reason for this act was the fact that the son did not possess what might be called a rugged constitution suitable for work on the farm. He held his position for one year, for which he was paid $5 per month and board. He thus acquired a knowledge for business, and he attributes a good share of the success he has since achieved to this early training. During this year, besides performing all the duties of a clerkship, he had other work to do about the house and barn of his employer. Though hired as a clerk, his first work was to drive a four horse team loaded with flour to the present site of Clifton, a dis- tance of thirty miles loading back Avith iron and nails. He obeyed orders implicitly, never questioning the propriety of undertaking whatever his employer directed him to do. From Mr. Nesbit's store, Mr. Montgomer}' went to Columbia and for four months worked in a store owned by Robert Brice as a clerk. That was during the winter of 1853-4. The next spring he was pursuaded by his brother-in-law, Dr. E. R. W. McCrary, to resign his clerkship and undertake the mercantile business with him at Hobbysville a point near the store of his old employer. They began business there on letters of credit from their respective fathers, not possessing both together sufficient capital to pay the expense of one trip to Charleston and return for the purchase of their stock of goods. In the fall of 1855. Mr. Mont- gomery's parents and his four brothers and six sisters removed to Texas, leaving him as the sole member of the family remaining in South Carolina. His brother-in-lav/ and partner also went to Texas, thus leaving him alone to bear the brunt of paying back the borrowed capital with which they had started in business. It was close times with him for a while, but in modern parlance, he pulled through, paj'ing all the debts the firm had contracted. He continued in busi- ness there until 1S58, when he moved his stock to a store owned by his father-in-law two miles distant. There he continued in business until the opening of the Civil war. In December, 1861, he volunteered his services to his country and was enrolled in Company E, Eigh- teenth South Carolina regiment as a private. Upon the organization of the regiment he was appointed regimental commissary with the rank of captain. This office was soon after abolished, namely in 1863, and Capt. Montgomery was made an assistant commissary of the bri- gade. In 1S64 that office also was abolished and he was then made an as- sistant division commissary, continuing as such until the close of the war, surrendering with Gen. Lee at Appomatox, April 9, 1865. Meanwhile, prior to the war he had established a small tannery on the premises of his father-in-law in Spartanburg county, and it was the earnings of this business, together with the products of a 464 SOUTH CAROLINA. small farm, upon which he depended for the support of his family during the war. When he returned from his military service, he had no means whatever, the only property he possessed being a small stock of leather. He resumed his tannery business and farmed in a small way. In 1S66 he began the use of commercial fertilizers upon his farm, an experiment that few of his neighbors, if any, had ven- tured upon. They, at first, made light of it, but soon recognized the advantage of this means of stimulating plant growth, and soon pre- vailed upon him to purchase fertilizers for their use. He began the business in 1867 and was remarkably successful, and in a short time his annual cotton crop amounted to about 100 bales. He still con- tinued the tanning business and after a few successful years, was en- abled to resume his merchandising, about 1870. In connection with his general trade he handled fertilizers, and this latter business soon assumed such proportions as to make it necessary to abandon farm- ing, and, later to give up all other branches of business. In 1874 he removed to Spartanburg, and turned his attention exclusively to fertilizers, becoming the partner of Col. Joseph Walker and Dr. C. E. Fleming. He thus continued until 1884, in which year he retired from the firm. In the meantime, in 188], the firm of Walker, Flem- ing & Co., to which he belonged, purchased a water power on Pacolet river, thirteen miles east of Spartanburg, and, in 1S82, began the erection of the Pacolet Manufacturing company. This was com- pleted in 1883. The company was incorporated in 1881, with Capt. Montgomery as its president and treasurer, which position he still holds. The mill, on its completion, had 12,000 spindles and 328 looms. These were increased in 18S7 to 26,224 spindles and S40 looms. In the present capacity of this factory, the annual consump- tion of cotton is 10,000 bales. Its output, which consists of standard sheetings and drills, amounts to $50,000 per month, and it employs 600 operatives. Its capital at present is $450,000. In 1889 Mr. Mont- gomery was prevailed upon to accept the presidency and treasurj'ship of the Spartan mills, which were not then built but a charter for which had been granted in 1888. Capt. Montgomery gave new life to the enterprise, which, prior to his connection with it, had been conducted upon an installment plan, which was very impracticable. He persuaded the interested parties to inaugurate a system upon an altogether different basis. Under the old plan the stockholders were required to pay $1 a share per month. On this plan $125,000 had been subscribed, but at the end of one year only $15,000 had been paid in. At this rate it would have required several years to collect enough to build a mill. Capt. Montgomery called personally upon the stockholders and secured the consent of nearly all to pay their whole subscription by the first of May, 1890, and with this assurance the erection of a mill was undertaken in the spring of 1889. The capital was increased to $500,000, and the present handsome Spartan mill was completed in time to start its machinery in June, iSgo. It has 30,000 spindles and i,ioo looms. Its annual consumption will be about 7,500 bales. Its product is a finer quality of brown sheetings -SOUTH CAROLINA. 465 than arc protluccd at the I'acolct mill. When full it will retjuire 600 operatives. Capt. Montgomery is a director in the Whitney Manu- facturing^ company, and a stockholder in the Clifton Manufacturing company, both of Spartanburg county. He is also a stockholder in the Beaumont manufacturing company of that county, and a stock- holder and director in the Spartanburg National bank, and a stockholder in the Iron District F"ire Insurance company. Capt. Mont- gomery was married in ^857 to Miss Susan A. Holcombe, daughter of David Holcombe, a native of Union county, who settled in Spartan- burg in 1845. They have had eight children, only four of whom are now living, viz.: Victor M., Walter S., Benjamin W. and Katie L. Those who have died were: David F., Mary, John and an infant unnamed. Capt. and Mrs. Montgomery are members of the Baptist church. In politics he is a protectionist democrat. Mr. Montgomery is one of Spartanburg's best and most influential citizens; he has done and is doing much for the material and social prosperity of the city. DEXTER EDGAR CONVERSE. president of the Clifton Manufacturing company and the D. E. Con- verse Manufacturing company, of Glendale, S. C, was born in Swan- ton, Vt., April 21, 182S. He was the son of Orlen and Louise Converse, who were natives of New Hampshire, and both of Eng- lish descent. His father, who was a woolen manufacturer, died when Dexter E. Converse was but three years old, and his mother afterward married Ira Wicher, of Addison county, Vt., who died about the year 1S65. The mother died in 1889, aged eighty-four years. After his father died, Mr. Converse was taken by an uncle, a resident of Canada, and with him he lived until he was twenty-one years of age. He acquired a knowledge of the ordinary branches of learning in the common schools. His uncle was a manufacturer of woolen goods. At twenty-one he took a position in a cotton mill at Cohoes Falls, near Albany, N. Y., where he remained five years. In 1854 he went to Lincolnton county, N. C, where he was employed a few months in a cotton mill. Later on, in February, 1S55, he came to South Carolina and located at Glendale, Spartanburg county, where he resided until January, i8qi, and then removed to Spartanburg where he has erected a magnificent residence, one of the most elegant in the state, and where he intends in future to live. Upon locating at Glendale in 1855, he purchased an interest in a cotton mill at that place and also became its manager. This mill, which was known then as the Bivingsville mill, when he assumed charge, was an old mill containing only 1,300 spindles and twenty-six looms. This was the nucleus of his present extensive works and the beginning of his bril- liant career as a cotton manufacturer. Its name was soon changed to the Glendale mill. In 1865 this mill was rebuilt with 5,000 spindles and 120 looms, and with this extension of facilities, a new era was in- augurated in the cotton manufacturing industry in this part of the A— 30 466 SOUTH CAROLINA. country. It was incorporated in iSSS, under the name of the D. E. Converse company, and has lately been enlarged to 15,000 spindles and 500 looms. This company' also operates a saw-mill, a cotton gin, a flouring mill and a 1,300-acre farm. The village of Glendale, which has a population of 500, belongs to the company. Its church and school company also belong to the company and in fact every specie of property about the place. In 1880, Mr. Converse, together with some associates-, purchased a water power on the Pacolet river, seven miles east of the city of Spartanburg, and one mile from the Piedmont Air Line railway, with which it is connected by a special branch line belonging to the cotton company. A stock company was at once formed, and the erection of the mills of the present Clifton Manufac- turing Co. begun. Its capital stock subscribed was $175,000, which has since been increased to $700,000, all paid up. Two large cotton mills have been built of 23,000 spindles and 27,000 spindles, respect- ively. Both together, contain nearly 1,500 looms. The total invest- ment up to this date amounts to $1,250,000. The town of Clifton, which has a population of 3,000 owes its existence to the Clifton Man- ufacturing Co., there having been no improvements there until the mills were erected, save that it was the site of an old ironworks plant. The whole town, including all business houses, churches, schools and everything, was built by the company and is owned by it. The mill at Glendale, when it is completed, will have a capacity of 8,000 bales of cotton per year. The annual consumption of the Clifton Manufac- turing Co. is 22,000 bales. The product at Glendale is standard sheetings, shi'-tings and drills. One of the mills at Clifton also man- ufactures the same kind of goods, and the other, four and five yard goods. These Clifton mills are the most extensive in the south under one organization, and are reputed to be as successful as any in the southern states. The stock is now quoted at 160. Mr. Converse owns the majority of the stock at Glendale, is a large stockhold.er in the Clifton Co. and owns stock in the Pacolet mills, the Whitnej' Manufacturing Co. and the Spartan mills. He is president of the D. E. Converse Co. and of the Clifton Manufacturing Co. He is a director and stockholder in the First National bank and a stockholder in the Merchants & Farmers' bank, both of Spartanburg. He is a large real estate owner and a trustee of the state institution for the education of the deaf and dumb and blind at Cedar Springs. He is president of the Converse college Co., which he founded in 1889. This institution is designed for the higher education of young ladies. It is located at .Spartanburg and has supplied a long-felt want. It has started out under most favorable circumstances, having an enroll- ment, this, its first year, of over 150 pupils. Mr. Converse is a repub- lican when it comes to national questions, but a democrat in state and local politics. He is one of the most prominent business men in the state. During the Civil war he was enrolled in the Confederate ranks, but was detailed to attend to his factories, for the product of which, the government had need. SOUTH CAROLINA. 467 JOHN MALCOLM JOHNSTONE, president of the Newberry Oil company, was born in tlu; city of New- berry in the year 1S47. He is the son of Job Johnstone, a sketch of whom appears elsewhere in this work. John AI. Johnstone was edu- cated in the schools of the city and the Newberry college. He com- pleted his education by a course in the Virginia university, leaving that institution in 186S. He gave his attention to planting after com- pleting his studies, and at the present time is extensively engaged in that occupation. Previous to his entering the University of Virginia he enlisted in Company E, of the Fourth South Carolina infantry, in 1863, and served until the surrender. The service was mostly con- fined to the coast defense. He followed farming continuously until July, i8go, when, in company with Thomas M. Neel, L. VV. Floyd and others, he organized the Newberry Cotton-seed Oil and Fertil- izer company, of which he is now president. He has always taken an active part in politics, and has served as a delegate to numerous conventions, both county and state. He was elected mayor of the city in i8S7,and served two terms in that office, the duties of which he discharged with singular credit to himself and with great acceptance to his fellow citizens. He is not a member of any secret order. In politics he has ever been an ardent democrat. In 1S88 he was elected to the state legislature by a large majority. He was defeated, how- ever, in his second trial, as were many other candidates on his ticket. In his business enterprises he has been very successful, and he enjoys the good-will of all who have business connections with him. As a member of society he is universally respected. In his first race for mayor, he had decided opposition, but in the second race was elected without opposition, receiving every vote cast. He also received the nomination of the convention for the third term, which he declined to accept. HON. B. F. SLOAN. Hon. Benjamin F"ranklin Sloan, a prominent citizen of Oconee county, S. C, was born in Franklin county, Ga., April 21, 1834. He was named after his father, who was born in Anderson county, in 1798, and was a cotton manufacturer, having built a cotton mill in 1836, which has ever since been operated under the name of the Pen- dleton Manufacturing company. He was identified with this estab- lishment as its president and principal owner for about thirty years. He died in 1867. He was the son of David Sloan, a native of Lon- donderry, Ireland. The maiden name of his wife, the mother of the subject of this sketch, was Eliza C. Earle. She was a daughter of Gen. John B. Earle, who was a Revolutionary soldier. For many years he served as adjutant and inspector-general of South Carolina, and was a planter by occupation. She was first cousin to Judge Earle, of Greenville county, S. C, and died in 1863. When the parents of Benjamin Franklin Sloan removed to Anderson county, he was but 468 SOUTH CAROLINA. two years of age, and in that county he was reared to manhood. He was educated in the Pendleton academy, where besides the English branches, he also acquired a fair knowledge of Latin and Greek. During his youth he acted as book-keeper for the Pendleton Manu- facturing company, continuing in that service about two years. He also acted as a clerk in a store at Pendleton, one year. At the age of nineteen he engaged in merchandising at Pendleton, as the partner of his elder brother, Col. J. B. E. Sloan, now of Charleston. Except an interval of between three and four years, during the war, that partnership continued until 1S69. In the latter part of 1861, Mr. Sloan entered the Confederate service, in Trenholm's squadron, in which he served until the close of the war. This squadron afterward became a part of Gary's cavalry brigade, under the command of Gen. M. W. Gary. Mr. Sloan was in the service about three and one-half years. His politics have always been democratic, and in 1868 he was elected a member of the state legislature to represent Anderson county. After serving one term in the legislature, he removed to Oconee county, and took up his residence on a farm, in the spring of 1870. There he resided eleven years, giving his attention to planting. In 1S76 he was elected to the lower branch of the legislature as a representative of Oconee county. He was one of the ten members of the Wallace house, who were selected to break open the door of the house. He served one term ending in 187S. In 1S81 he removed to Seneca, where, in 1882, he engaged in merchandising. About a year later his store was burned. He held an insurance policy upon the property, but the company which issued the policy unfortunately became insolvent just before the fire occurred, so that he only re- ceived ten per cent, of his premium. Since 1885 his place of residence has been at Walhalla, where for three years and a half he held the office of store-keeper and ganger under the United States govern- ment. He resigned that position in i88g, and accepted the post of manager of the Seneca Oil and Fertilizer company, which he still holds. In 1874 he was appointed trial justice by Gov. Chamberlain, and served in that capacity four years. Notwithstanding these occu- pations, Mr. Sloan has been closel}' identified with the farming inter- ests ever since 1869, and he now owns about 700 acres of farm land in Oconee county. He is one of the leading stockholders in the Seneca Oil and Fertilizing company. He is an official member of the Presbyterian church. Mr. Sloan has been twice married. His first wife was Miss Rebecca G. Benson, daughter of E. B. Benson, of Pendleton. She died in August, 1862, leaving a son and daughter, the former of whom has since died. In October, 1S66, he was united in marriage with Miss Ellen Lewis, daughter of J. P. Lewis, Esq., a member of the Pendleton bar. CAPTAIN ELLISON ADGER SMYTH, now president of the Pclzcr Mills, of Anderson county, S. C, is the son of Rev. Thomas Smyth, D. D., a distinguished Presbyterian divine, SOUTH CAKOIJNA. 469 who for forty years was pastor of the Second Presbyterian church of Charleston, S. C. He was also a writer of national reputation, hav- ing been the authoh, in all, of thirty-two books bearing upon theolog- ical subjects. Capt. Smyth was born in Charleston, S. C, on the 26th of October, 1847. He was raised in that city, and was educated in part in the Citadel Military academy, of Charleston. When only sixteen years of age he entered the Confederate service, in the bat- talion of the state military cadets, commanded by Col. John P. Thomas. Prior to this training in the Citadel academy, he had served four months in Company B, of the Third South Carolina regiment, acting as sergeant. In the battalion he served as a cadet officer. At the close of the war he returned to Charleston and entered the em- ploy of J. E. Adger & Co., acting in the capacity of a clerk in their wholesale hardware establishment for the term of three years. In 1869 he became the partner of Mr. Adger, his uncle and namesake, and their partnership continued for eleven years, to and including 1879. In 1880, Mr. Smyth became one of the organizers of the Pelzer Manufacturing company, of Anderson county, the other mem- bers of the firm being F. J. Pelzer and William Lebby. Mr. Smyth was chosen president and a member of the board of directors, which two positions he has ever since filled with signal abilitJ^ The capital stock of the company was at first $400,000 and the capacity of the mill 10,000 spindles. The capital has since been increased to $600,000, paid up, and they have now three mills running 50,000 spindles, sup- plying work for 1,300 men. They use 25,000 bales of cotton annually, their three factories containing 1,500 looms. A town called Pelzer has sprung up in the vicinity of the mills, which now contains a popu- lation of 3,000. The entire town, consisting of 400 cottages and six stores, belongs to the Pelzer company. A handsome and commod- ious church building has been erected in which the employes attend divine worship, and a lyceum building has also been erected for their benefit, containing three departments: a reading-room, a recreation- room and a library. The town contains a good hotel, the property of the company, and the Chicora Savings bank, a separate institution, is located there, of which Mr. Smyth is the president. In politics, Capt. Smyth is a democrat, favoring a high protective tariff. His religious faith is Presbyterian. In iSSi he removed his family from Charleston to Pelzer, but six years later removed to Greenville, where he had erected a beautiful and attractive residence. Capt. .Smyth was mar- ried in 1869 to Miss Julia Gambrill, daughter of Launcelot Gambrill, formerly of Baltimore, Md. Mrs. Smyth was raised by her uncle. Bishop George F. Pierce, late of Georgia. They have six living children, the names of whom are Margaret Adger, James Adger, Annie Pierce, Sarah Anne, Jane Adger and Ellison Adger. The maiden name of Capt. Smyth's mother was Margaret Milliken Adger, eldest daughter of James Adger, formerly a wealthy merchant of Charleston. In 1867, Capt. Smyth was one of the organizers of the Carolina Rifle club, of which he was made a vice-president. In 1875 he was elected president of the Washington Artiller}- rifle club, and bought for the 470 SOUTH CAROLINA. club a batter}' of artiller}' from Gen. Benet, chief of the ordnance de- partment of the United States army. During the riotous times of 1S76 in Charleston, Capt. Smyth took a very active and notable part, being captain of the Washington artillery. He was a zealous de- fender of the position taken by the whites, and though not wounded in any of the tumultuous proceedings, his hat was pierced by a bullet from the rifle of one of the rioters, thus having a narrow escape from a serious, if not fatal, wound. He never shirked his duty but bravely stood at his post, scarcely ever taking time to visit his home for weeks during the prevalence of the disturbance. In December, 1877, he was appointed captain of the Washington artillery, his commission being the first issued by Gov. Hampton. He resigned the captaincy in 1880, and was succeeded by F". W. Dawson. The eldest son of Capt. Smyth is now a cadet in the Citadel Military academy. Thomas Smyth, D. D., father of Capt. Smyth, was born in Belfast, Ireland, in 1807. He came to America when twenty years of age and graduated at the Princeton (N.J.) Theological seminary. He married Margaret Milli- ken Adger in 1832. He died August 20, 1873, hi^ widow surviving him until July 23, 1884. She was a granddaughter of Major Robert Ellison, of Fairfield, S. C, who, while of the Continental army, was captured by the British forces, and died while on a prison ship in Charleston harbor. For forty years prior to her death, the mother of Capt. Smyth was president of the Ladies' Education society of the Second Presbyterian church, Charleston, through whose patronage thirty-eight clergymen received their education. Capt. Smyth was, for several years before leaving Charleston, the president of the cor- poration of the Second Presbyterian church, in which his family have worshiped for five generations, and also president of the Palmetto Boat club of that city. He is now a director in several financial and insurance and other corporations. Capt. Smyth is president of the Greenville Musical association, and in 1S89 was chosen president of the Greenville board of trade. At present he is also the president of a Cotillion club. EDGAR H. FULENWIDER, president of the Huguenot mills, of Greenville, S. C, was born in Shelby, Cleveland county, N. C, June 5, 1859, being the son of Eli H. and Mary C. (Hoey) Fulenwider. She was the widow of Maj. Samuel INIcConnel, of Yorkville, S. C, before marriage to Mr. Fulen- wider. The former was a native of Lincoln county, N. C, born in 1831, and the latter a native of Union county, S. C, born in 1S32. They were married in 1858. Eli H. Fulenwider, who was a merchant by pursuit for over twenty years, was the treasurer of Cleveland county. The father of Eli H. Fulenwider, and other members of the family, were iron manufacturers, owning large furnaces in Lincoln county, N. C. The father of Edgar H. died in 1874, and his wife survived him until 1SS3, their deaths occurring in Cleveland county, N. C. Edgar II. I'^ilenwider was reared to manhood in his native SOUTH CAROLINA. 47' town, receiving a knowledge of the ordinary branches of learning by the time he was eleven years of age. From that age until he was nineteen, he followed clerical pursuits. At the latter age he engaged in the mercantile trade for himself. In 1885 he went to Asheville, N. C, there becoming a member of the wholesale dry goods firm of C. E. Graham & Co., at the same time retaining an interest in the store at Shelby, leaving his younger brother, who was his partner, to conduct it. In the spring of 1886, the hrm of C. E. Graham & Co., of which Mr. Fulenwider was a member, purchased a controling in- terest in the Huguenot mills, of Greenville, S. C, and in December of that year the latter exchanged his interest in the wholesale estab- lishment, also his interest in a shoe factory at that place owned and operated by C. E. Graham & Co., for Mr. Graham's interest in the Huguenot mills. Shortly after this transaction Mr. Fulenwider sold his business at Shelby, his brother, who had managed it and been part owner, becoming his partner in the mills. Edgar Fulenwider became president of the concern as soon as the exchange with Mr. Graham was made, and he has held that position ever since. In 1888 he purchased some stock in a cotton mill at Asheville, N. C, which was operated under the name of the C. E. Graham Manufacturing company, it having been built by Mr. Graham in 18S7. Mr. Fulen- wider became treasurer of the company, and held the position two years, residing during that time in Asheville, although retaining his interest in the Huguenot mills and holding the position of its presi- dent. In 1889 he sold his interest in the C. E. Graham Manufactur- ing company and returned to Greenville, since which time he has devoted his entire attention to the Huguenot mills. The work of the mills is done b}' 200 looms and 2,500 spindles, 12,000 yardsof vari- ous kinds of colored goods being manufactured in a day. Fifteen hundred bales of cotton, besides a large amount of yarn which is purchased, is consumed annually. Upon his return to Greenville, Edgar H. Fulenwider purchased the interest of his brother, H. E. Fulenwider, in the mills, the latter having until this time been treas- urer of the business. Upon his retirement from this office he was succeeded by another brother, Walter J., who had been a stockholder since 1S87. Mr. Fulenwider, the subject of this sketch, is and has been a director in the People's bank since it was founded, in 1887. Fraternally he is a Mason and a Knight Templar; politically he is a low tariff democrat, taking an active part in politics, though in no sense of the word an office seeker. Edgar H. Fulenwider is an in- fluential citizen of his county, highly respected by all who know him. HENRY P. HAMMETT, an honored and highly distinguished citizen of Greenville, S. C, was born, December3i, 1822, In Greenville county, about twelve miles east of the city in which he has since resided. He is the son of Jesse and Nancy E. Hammett, who also were natives of Greenville county. His mother's maiden name was Nancy E. Davis. Jesse Hammett 472 SOUTH CAROLINA. was the son of John F. and Milly Underwood Hammett — the former, a native of Virginia, and the latter, of North Carolina. The mother of Jesse, was the daughter of Jonathan and Molly Austin Davis, who were respectively natives of Maryland and Virginia. The two grand- sires of Henry P. Hammett, were planters, as was also- his father, who was besides, a justice of the peace, serving in that capacity, as many as twenty years. He died in 1863, and the mother of our subject, closed her earthly career, in 1856. Henry P. Hammett, spent the earlier years of his life upon the old homestead, his birth place. His early education was acquired in the common schools of his neighbor- hood, and at eighteen, he engaged as a teacher, which vocation he pursued for two and one half years. At the age of twenty-two he be- came a partner in a country store, in the immediate vicinity of his old home, and continued in the mercantile business for the four suc- ceeding years. In 1848, he was married to Miss D. Jane Bates, daughter of William Bates, who at that time, was one of the proprie- tors of the Batesville cotton factory. Immediately after his mar- riage, he sold his interest in the store to his partner, Nathaniel Mor- gan, and purchased an interest in the cotton factory of which his father-in-law was part owner. He was the financial and commercial agent of that enterprise, from the beginning, and continued in that connection, for more than fourteen j-ears, up to May, 1S63. Before his connection with the firm, its name was Bates & Cox, but on his accession to the company, it took the firm name of William Bates & Co. In May, 1863, this firm sold out, at which time Mr. Hammett, removed to Greenville, where he has since resided. In September, of the same year he entered the Confederate service, taking at once, the rank of quartermaster of his regiment — the First regiment of South Carolina state troops. The regiment was stationed at Char- leston, but after a few months, Mr. Hammett was compelled, on ac- count of ill health, to return to his home. But, early in 1864, much to his surprise, he was detailed as war assessor, for Greenville county, which office he held until the close of the war. In the autumn of 1865, he was elected a member of the popular branch of the state legislature, in which he served for one term, declining a re-election. In May, 1866, he was elected president of the Greenville & Columbia railroad company, a distinction which came to him unsolicited. He held this position for a term of four years, declining a re-election. In the meantime, in 1862, he had purchased a water power on the line of this railway, intending at some future day to erect upon this site, a cotton mill. In 1S71, he was elected a member of the board of alder- men of the city of Greenville, succeeding the next year to the mayor- alty, and serving in each capacity for one term. In 1873, agreeably to his original intention, he began the erection of the Piedmont mills, having organized a corporation, under a charter secured in 1874, and Mr. Hammett was elected its first president and treasurer. In this capacity, he has ever since served, and has been and is now, the heaviest stockholder in the company. From small beginnings in 1873, the corporation has developed inlo mammoth proportions and SOUTH CAROI.IxNA. 473 is now one of tlic leading manufactories in tlie country. It employs 47,000 spindles, and 1,300 looms, and consumes annually, 25,000 bales of cotton. The village which has grown up, and belongs to this mag- nificent corporation, contains a population of 3,000, of whom 1,300 are in the immediate employ of the manufactory. The coporate name of the concern is. The Piedmont Manufacturing company, the mills being called the Piedmont Mills. The village and postoffice also take the name of Piedmont, the village owing its existence to the estab- lishment of the mills at that point. The Piedmont mills were the pioneer, large, modern cotton mills of the upper part of South Caro- lina, and to the success of this enterprise is due the establishment of the numerous large mills, which have since sprung into a succes!?ful existence. At the sale of the Camperdown Mills, in Greenville, in August, 1885, Mr. Hammett, and some other gentlemen associated with him, were the purchasers, and they organized it into a new cor- poration, changing its name to the Camperdown Cotton Mills. Mr. Hammett was chosen president and treasurer, and still holds these positions. He also owns an interest in a number of other corpora- tions. In politics, Mr. Hamniett was a lifelong democrat, and he and Mrs. Hammett, were members of the Methodist Episcopal church. From this brief sketch it will be seen, that Mr. Hammett has enacted a most busy and useful career, and that by the probity and upright- ness of his character and his thoroughly practical business habits, he had so firmly secured the confidence and esteem of his fellow citizens, as to be intrusted with many and important rfsponsibilities, inforced upon him gratuitously and entirely without self-solicitation. His pre- ferment, though unsought by him, was well and faithfully earned. Mr. Hammett died on the 8th of May, 1891, aged sixty-eight years, four months and seven days, of congestion of the kidneys, after a short illness, and his death was regarded as a personal loss, to probably a larger number of people than that of any man in the state, for he not only left a large family and many personal friends to mourn for him, but over four thousand operatives and employes, who labored under his personal direction, felt that they had lost not only an employer and head, but a friend and- benefactor. The town of Piedmont was wrapped in gloom, and all sorrowed as if they had lost one of their own, for they not only knew him personally and trusted him implicitly, but they had all come there, to assist him in the great enterprise, which his brain h^d conceived, and his energy, judgment and ability had created and perfected. While he was rigid in his discipline, he controlled his employes by kindness and absolute justice, rather than by fear. The result of this treatment was that the friction, jealousies and insubordination, so frequent in towns of that character, was entirely unknown at Piedmont, and all worked most harmoniously and in unison. He not only took great interest in their comfort and material welfare, but paid especial attention to their educational, religious and moral affairs, and although the town necessarily had a large proportion of uneducated and ignorant people, the moral and religious tone of the place taken as a whole was equal 474 SOUTH CAROLINA. to any town of the size in this state. His stockholders regretted his loss from a money standpoint, but these people mourned for him as for a patron and benefactor, and while those magnificent buildings, with every line showing strength and symmetr}', and the 50,000 spindles and 1,300 looms, running with the precision of clockwork, give unmistakable evidence of his ability and power as a successful business man and manufacturer, in the hearts of his employes, he has erected for himself a monument, which is of more value here, and of inestimably more hereafter. In his intercourse with his fellowmen, Col. Hammett was reserved, quiet and dignified, though frank, genial and sincere, a man of firm convictions and very decided views. While most averse to hurting anyone's feeling, no matter how humble, still when the time came to speak out, he not only had the courage of his convictions, but the power to express them most clearly' and fear- lessly, and he who contested a point with him, " met a foeman worthy of his steel." He entertained a supreme contempt for polit- ical demagogues, and the frequent success of that class made him steer clear of po itics to a great extent for a number of years before his death. Col. Hammett's character, however, appeared stronger and to a greater advantage in his private and religious life than to the public. As was said by one of his life-long friends at the time of his death: "He had more virtues and fewer faults than any man I ever knew." His strongest point was his honesty, not merely the honesty which pays 100 cents when a dollar is due, but that honesty which does unto others as you would be done by, that honesty, which makes 30U fair and just unto all men, that recognizes merit and worth alike in the poor man and the rich; that despises deceits and pretenses and does the right because it is right. It has been said that "An honest man is the noblest work of God," and if that is true, then Henry P. Hammett was as noble a specimen of mankind as South Carolina has ever produced. Col. Hammett was for many years a member of the Methodist church, and as he carried his religion in his work, he carried his strong personalit}- and firm convictions into his religion. He was an earnest, liberal, laboring Christian, without ostentation or show, yet he gave more liberally than any man in his church, without any parade or fuss; he did his full share of the work; as an officer he was regular in his attendance, faithful in his duties, conscientious in his life, and prepared for death when it found him. At the north he was regarded as the leading cotton manufacturer of the south, and his success at Piedmont paved the way and made pos- sible the many great cotton mills in upper Carolina, which have so wonderfully improved her material condition and added to her wealth and prosperity. He left a wife and the following children: Mrs. J. B. Henry, Mrs. James L. Orr, Edwin P., Thomas C, William H., James D. and George P. Hammett. WILLIAM E. PRESCOTT, superintendent of the oil mill of Edgefield, was born in the county in 1850. His parents, William E. and Alfa (Holmes) Prescott were SOUTH CAROLINA. 475 both_ natives of this county, the former l)einga son of Daniel Prescott, who was a native of Edgefield county. He was a planter and followed the business through life. He was born in 1822, received l)Ut an ordi- nary education and began planting at an early age. He enlisted in 1861, as captain of the Seventh South Carolina regiment, and served for some time until his health failed, when he was transferred to the state troops surrounding Charleston. His family consisted of three sons and two daughters. His was a quiet life and he never took an active part in public affairs. William E. Prescott was educated in the schools of this state, completing his education in the Furman university of Greenville. He began the study of medicine soon after leaving college, and in 1874 entered the medical depart- ment of Augusta college, graduating from there the year following. He began practicing the same year in the county, and followed it until 1879 when he abandoned his profession to engage in planting, his occupation until 181^0. Then with A. J. Norris, J. C. Sheppard, Dr. J. M. Hill and others organized a stock company for the purpose of manufacturing cotton seed oil, erecting a large mill of thirty tons capacity in the city of this county. He is a director and acted as superintendent for the first year. He was married in 1871 to Miss Ellen Culbrath of this county. They have had four children, two now living, a son and a daughter. Mr. Prescott is a director in the bank of Edgefield, and holds the same position in the banking and loan companies. He is a member of the Baptist church in which he is a deacon, and belongs to the Knights of Honor fraternity. He has been a successful business man, being now the owner and operator of a 3,000-acre plantation and a large owner of land property. W. E. LUCAS, president of the Spartanburg Iron works, was born in Darlington, Dar- lington county, S. C, November 16, 1864. He is the son of Dr. B. S. Lucas, a prominent physician of Darlington. The early days of W. E. Lucas, the subject of this sketch, were spent in his native place, where he .attended the country schools. He entered Wofford college, and com- pleted the sophomore year in that institution when nineteen years of age. He then engaged in the cotton business at Columbia, S. C, in the employ of Ford, Talley & Co., and at the end of one year became a partner in that firm and manager of its business in the eastern part of the state. He remained a member of the firm two years when, in 1S87, he entered the employ of Walker, Fleming & Sloan, prominent cotton merchants in Spartanburg. With them he remained one year as buyer. In 1888 he entered the employ of the Pacolet Manufacturing company, of Spartanburg, for which he bought cotton one year. During the year 1S89 he constructed the Spartan Mills, at Spartan- burg. These mills are among the largest and best cotton mills in the south; the very largest under one roof. Mr. Lucas is a stockholder in this institution. Its business occupied his attention until x-\ugust i, 1890. Upon that day the Morgan Iron works were organized with 476 SOUTH CAROLINA. Mr. Lucas as president and one of the leading stockholders. . The capital stock paid-up is $25,000, with an authorized capital of $100,000. He now gives his whole attention to the management of this plant. He is a stockholder in the Produce Mills, the Iron District Fire In- surance company and the Converse College company. In politics he is a democrat. In his literary associations he is a member of the Kappa Alpha fraternity. In religious faith he adheres to the Meth- odist Episcopal church. December 18, i8go, he was united in mar- riage with Miss Cora Cox, of Nashville, Tenn. CAPTAIN OTIS P. MILLS, president of the Greenville Fertilizer company, was born in Ruther- ford county, N. C, February 22, 1840, the son of John and Eliza C. (Graham) Mills, the former a native of Rutherford county and the latter of Cleveland county, N. C. John Mills was the son of Marvel Mills, and Eliza, his wife, was the daughter of William Graham. On the paternal side Capt. Mills is of English descent, while maternally he is of Scotch descent. John Mills was a merchant by occupation and died in 1844, his wife surviving him until 1889. Capt. Otis P. Mills was the fourth of a famil}' of five children, three of whom are living. When yet a child his parents removed to Henderson county, N. C, where his father died, and where his boyhood and youth were spent on a farm. He received a knowledge of the ordinary branches of learning, and at fifteen j^ears of age engaged as a clerk in Hen- dersonville continuing in that capacity four years. At the breaking out of the war he resigned his clerkship for the purpose of entering the service of the Confederate arm\-. He served throughout the en- tire war in North Carolina regiments. Entering the army as a pri- vate, he was twice promoted, first to the rank of first lieutenant, and second to that of captain. His was companj' G, of the Fifty-sixth North Carolina regiment. He participated in all the battles in which his command was engaged. Shortly after the close of the war he located at Greenville, S. C, and engaged in the mercantile business. He followed this pursuit for more than twenty years, when he retired in 1887, one of the principal merchants of Greenville, as well as one of the oldest. His partner during the whole time was H. I. McBrayer, the firm name being Mills & ?kIcBrayer. In Februar}-, i8go, Capt. Mills helped to organize the Greenville Fertilizer company, and he was made its president, which position he now holds. This is the third largest establishment of its kind in the state, its annual capacity being 30,000 tons, and its capital paid up $100,000. It is a most im- portant manufacturing industry and a livelj' enterprise for Greenville. The stock is about evenl}' divided between Greenville and Charles- ton. Capt. Mills is a stockholder in the banks of Greenville, being a director in the Peoples' bank of that city. He has for a number of years been a member of the executive committee of the state agri- cultural society, and owns a fine farm of 300 acres adjoining the city of Greenville, which is known as the "Millsdale Farm." This has SOUTH CAROLINA. 477 been his home for hftcen years. Capt. Mills has had much to do with agricultural luirsuits, and has been among the foremost mc-n in the state in advancing both farming and stock raising. He has paid much attention to the breeding of Jersej' cattle, and possesses a very fine herd. The Presbyterian church holds his religious belief, while he is a democrat in politics. On October 15, 1S67, his marriage to Miss Susan C, the eldest daughter of lion. T. C. Gower, of Greenville, occurred. Mr. and Mrs. Mills are the parents of five children whose names are as follows: Anne M., Jane G., Otis P., Arthur L. and Cordelia. HENRY C. MARKLEY, proprietor of the Greenville coach factory, is a native of Charleston, S. C., and was born June 9, 1827. His father, John Markley, was born on a farm, about eighteen miles out of Charleston, in July, iSoo. His mother, whose maiden name was Rebecca M. Cox, was born in the city of Charleston, May 2, 1808. They had a family of six sons and as many daughters. Of them, four sons and only two daughters are now living. Henry C. was the third child in the order of birth. The father learned the trade of a carriage maker in Charleston, and in 1838 removed to Greenville, where, for many years, he was a partner in the Greenville coach factory. He held the rank of sergeant in the state militia, and was a member of the common council of the city of Greenville. He died in 1S72, but his wife survived until 1885. Henry C. Markley came to Greenville with his parents when eleven years of age, and that city has ever since been his home. At fourteen years of age he quit school, and engaged in the Greenville coach factory, in which he served a two 3'ears' apprenticeship at the carriage-making trade. For ten years after that, he was engaged in the capacity of a clerk, a year and a half of which time he was in the employ of the well-known firm of Paul & Brown, of Charleston. January, 1853, he purchased an interest in the Greenville coach factor3% with Thomas M. Cox, E. N. Gower and T. C. Gower as partners in the business, . the firm name being changed to Gower, Cox & Markley. The fac- tory was founded in 1835 by T. M. Cox, of Charleston, who afterward took in Mr. E. N. Gower as a partner, and the firm name became Cox & Gower. This firm was succeeded b}' that of Cox & Westfield, and this again by that of Gower, Cox & Gower. In January, 1853, as stated above, the firm became Gower, Cox & Markley. E. N. Gower withdrew from the firm in 1S55, and the same year the firm took in as a partner, Mr. Louis Worthington, of Connecticut, and for several years the firm name was known as Gower, Cox, Markley & Co. For several years prior to the war this firm did a very large business. Mr. Worthington died, and in 1878 Mr. T. C. Gower withdrew, thus leav- ing the firm composed of Messrs. Cox & Markley. In September, 1879, Mr. Cox died, but his heirs continued to own his interest in the concern until July, 18S2, when that interest was purchased by Mr. Markley who has ever since been its sole owner. His connection with 478 SOUTH CAROLINA. the establishment is one which reflects much credit upon him as an upright, energetic and enterprising business man. In it he learned his trade when a mere boy, little dreaming that one day he would be- come its owner. His proprietary connection with the business dates back nearly forty years, without interruption for a single day. The establishment has always enjoyed an excellent reputation, largely due to the high personal character and integrity of its present owner. In politics Kir. Warkley is democratic, and though himself a manufac- turer, he is in no sense a protectionist. He has for several terms been chosen a member of the city council. In April, 1861, he entered the service of the Confederate army, enlisting in the Second South Caro- lina regiment, serving therein a little more than a year. He was then detached to look after the mail, first for his own regiment, and later on for the army of the Potomac. Continuing in that service for a year and a half, he was again detached by the governor, and appoint- ed to a position in the South Carolina soldiers' home in the old Ex- change hotel in Richmond, Ya. He there remained looking after the sick and wounded soldiers and performing other duties until the end of the war. It will be seen that throughout the four years' war he was in the service of his country, contributing all in his power to promote its welfare, and being true to its cause. He is a member of the Episcopal church, being one of its wardens. He was married in 1868, to Elizabeth Evatt Gass, who died in the same year. HON. JEROME P. CHASE, mayor of Florence, S. C, comes of an old and influential southern family. His parents were Gen. Jacob P. and Mary E. (Bowen) Chase, the former a native of Virginia, and the latter of South Carolina. Gen. Chase was born in 1801. In early manhood he removed to Tennessee, and soon rose to prominence in the state, becoming one of the most extensive merchants of his day, and also a power in the politics of the commonwealth. He was sent to the state senate at the earliest age permissible for candidacy, and so wise and upright was his course in that body that the people retained him in the office from his first election until his removal from the state. His military career was honorable, and for several years he was a brigadier-general in the Tennessee militia. It is said that Gen. Chase was one of the young- est senators ever elected at the time of his admission to the floor of that house. His father, Obediah Chase, was also a man of special prominence and wealth. At one time he owned an extensive farm, which has since been incorporated within the limits of the city of New York. Mary E. (Bowen) Chase was a woman of marked refine- ment and piety. She was the daughter of Capt. George Bowen, of Laurens county, S. C. Her demise occurred on the 17th of October, 1883, at the age of sixty-six years. A life-long member of the Presby- terian church, her beautiful Christian character endeared her to the hearts of all with whom she came in contact. Capt. George Bowen was a captain of artillery during the war of 18 12. His enterprise was SOUTH CAROLINA. 479 only equaled by his i^reat ability, ami his death in the year 1859 caused a great loss to the community in which he lived. Capt Bovven lived to the age of seventy-six years. I lis wife's maiden name was Tobitha Conant, a lady of good birth and exceptional culture. With this brief outline of the immediate antecedents of our subject, Mr. Jerome P. Chase, we will now proceed to give a more detailed account of his career as a business man and public official. I lis birth occurred at New Market, Tenn., on the 2Sth of July, 1838, he being the second of thirteen children, of whom six are now living. The son accom- panied his parents to Laurens county, .S. C, at the time of their re- moval from Tennessee, he being at that time but three years of age. Eight years later the family took up their residence in Washington, D. C, and it was in the latter city that Mr. Chase obtained the greater part of his scholastic training. While in Washington he was em- ployed at different times to do clerical work for .Senator Morril, Hon. J. C. Breckinridge and James L. Orr. At the age of twenty-one we find him engaged as a telegraph operator in South Carolina, in which he continued until the outbreak of the war, when he offered his ser- vices to the Confederacy as a " free" fighter, his delicate health not permitting him to enlist in the regular manner. For eighteen months or thereabouts, he accompanied different commands in battle, and bore his share of the conflict with bravery and faithfulness. At the expiration of that time he became a military telegraph operator, and later was placed in charge of a large forage district in the quarter- master's department, in which he continued for a year and a half. After the war Mr. Chase embarked in the mercantile business at Florence, S. C, but after two years turned his attention to the real estate enterprise, and to this he subsequently added the insurance business. He was elected the first chairman of the first board of selectmen, organized to govern his township, and after the incorpor- ation of the town, was made intendant, and twenty years later, when Florence became a city, was elected its first mayor. In 1878 he was sent to the legislature, and in 1880 declined a re-election, but one year later was chosen to fill a vacancy in that body, and while a member, ■was on the committee on railroads, and introduced and secured the passage of the bill prohibiting the running of freight trains on Sunday in the state. We find in Mr. Chase a man of progressive and intelli- gent purpose; always a leader in every movement promising the up- building of the city and state. As chairman of the board of school commissioners, he favors most earnestly the uplifting of the people through more extended educational facilities, and devotes time and money to the securing of this end. He is president or a director in most of the various stock companies of Florence, and the large for- tune acquired by sagacious and persistent effort Is devoted to the good of those about him. In 1866 Miss Hettie McLeod, daughter of Napoleon McLeod, of Clarendon county, S. C, became his wife, and to their happy union have been born five children, named: Lawson, Sanborn, Jerome, Jr., Hattie and Clara. The two elder sons are as- sociated with the father in business, the firm name being Jerome P. 480 SOUTH CAROLINA. Chase & Sons. Mr. Lawson Chase manages the real estate depart- ment, while his brother, Sanborn, attends to the insurance business. Lawson Chase was married to Miss Mattie Motz, of Penns3'lvania. Both Mr. and Mrs. Chase, Sr., are active and valued communicants of the Presbyterian church, of which Mr. Chase has been an elder for the past thirty years, and superintendent of the Sabbath school for more than that period. The firm of Jerome P. Chase & .Sons is one of the largest of its kind in the state. The senior partner has amassed much wealth, having property in several different states of the Union. It is to such men that South Carolina owes its rapidly increasing prosperity. JOHN S. RIGGS. Among the prominent and representative men of Charleston, S. C, who for over a quarter of a century have been actively identified with the growth and development of the city and its enterprises, is Mr. John .S. Riggs, president of the Charleston City Railway company. Mr. Riggs was born in the city of Norfolk, Va., in 1823, but, since his tenth year, has been a resident of Charleston, having removed here with his parents in 1833. His education was obtained by attending the public schools of Charleston until his fifteenth year, where he ac- quired a plain English education, to which he has since added, by studious habits, a large and varied fund of general information per- taining to literature and other subjects, and especially to practical every-da}' business life. And in addition to all this he is endowed with native business talents of no ordinary nature, which have been full}- developed and expanded during his long and useful career as a successful and influential citizen of Charleston. From force of circumstances Mr. Riggs was at a very earl}' age compelled to take up the battle of life and enter into business at a time when most young men were in college, and that, too, without friends or assistance of any kind, and was forced to make his way in the world solely by his merit and energy, and to his own e.xertions alone is he indebted for the success he has achieved and the promi- nent position he has attained. And this independent and meritorious course he has pursued all through life with a determination to suc- ceed by every honorable effort and conscientious means, relying or depending on no one for favors and influence, such as frequently fall to the lot of many others. Thus, determined and settled in purpose, he has pursued his way through life, winning for himself the favor and esteem of his fellow citizens, and acquiring a competency which by many would be regarded as a fortune. His influence and means have been used always for the building up of his adopted city and for the development of its enterprises, and he has at different times been connected with some of the largest banks and other corporations, either as a director or stockholder, and always as a moving spirit. But it is as the projector, builder and president of the Charleston City railway that Mr. Riggs has been most conspicuous and useful SOUTH CAROLINA. 481 than in any other direction, and as sucli lias won the gratitude of his fellow citizens. This much needed and hi,L,ddy appreciated enter- prise was projected by him following the close of the late war, at a time in the history of the city and state when the business interests and industries were prostrate and demoralized, and was indeed a gigan- tic untlcrtaking; yet, through his own efforts and by his individual means the road was projected, built and equipped, and to Mr. Riggs are the credit and honor cheerfully given by his appreciative fellow citizens who recognize that but for him the city might to-day be with- out so admirable a street railway system as that projected by him over twenty-five years ago, and of which he has since been the presi- dent and guiding spirit, managing its affairs with great success for the stockholders and for the convenience and welfare of the public. The Charleston City Railway company has over thirteen miles of railway in the city, its lines penetrating the principal business and residence portions of the city, and extending along the leading ave- nues and thoroughfares, and is considered one of the best equipped and best managed street railway systems in the south. Mr. Riggs is also identified with the Charleston Gas company, of which he is a di- rector, and with the Magnolia cemetery, and is also one of the largest owners of city real estate, by the improvement of which, from year to year, he has largely contributed and added to the material growth and building up of the city. Notwithstanding his busy life, Mr. Riggs has found time to devote some attention to public affairs, and has been honored several times by election to positions of importance and responsibility. He served with credit for a term in the state legislature, and for over ten years in succession was a valuable member of the city board of aldermen, during which time, as mayor pro ton., he frequently occupied the mayor's chair, and discharged the duties of the same with honor and credit to himself and the city; and his public career, like that of his busi- ness and private life, was always marked by that thorough devotion to duty and excellent business capacity so characteristic of the man that it gained for him the reputation of being a well-equipped and faithful friend whose advice on all important questions can always be im- plicitly relied upon. Mr. Riggs is an active and valued member of the Charleston chamber of commerce. He is a self-made man in every sense of the term. Beginning life for himself when but a boy, with neither friends, money nor influence, he has by his own efforts and energy and the exercise of his splendid business capacity, climbed to a top rung on the ladder of life. Success has attended all his efforts in business, for those efforts have always been directed by a master mind, whose skill and knowledge were gained in the school of experience. Mr. Riggs is public-spirited, and broad and liberal in his views on all questions, and has always responded to any public movement or enterprise looking to the improvement and advance- ment of the city, giving freely of his time and means, and for this well known enterprising and progressive spirit he is respected and esteemed by all his fellow citizens, who have long recognized and ap- 4S2 SOUTH CAROLINA. preciated his sterling worth of character, his strong integrity and conscientious business methods. Personally, Mr. Riggs is affable, courteous and genial, and possessed of social inclinations, and, though engrossed with business cares throughout the daj', can always find time for a pleasant word with his friends, or polite attention to those who call on him, be they acquaintances or strangers. COLONEL JOSEPH WALKER. Col. Joseph Walker, a prominent citizen of Spartanburg, and sev- eral terms the mayor of that city, derives his military title from his participation in the Civil war, in the service of the Confederate army. At the breaking out of that war he volunteered his services, and at the organization of Company K, of the Fifth South Carolina regi- ment, in April, 1861, he was chosen its captain. He commanded this company one year, which was the term for which he had enlisted. In April, 1S62, upon the re-organization of the South Carolina troops, he was elected a lieutenant-colonel of the Palmetto sharpshooters, a regiment composed of twelve companies. Shortly afterward he was promoted to the colonelcy of the regiment, and served as such till the end of the war. He participated in nearly all the battles in which Lee's army was engaged, and was a brave and loyal soldier, and an able and efficient officer. Col. Walker was born in a log cabin on Fair Forest creek, Spartanburg county, within two miles of the city of Spartanburg, May 18, 1835. He was the son of Jacob A. and Susan (Cannon) Walker, both natives of Spartanburg county, S. C, born respectively in iSii and 1S14. The father was the son of Col. John Walker, a native of Virginia, and the mother the daughter of John Cannon, also a native of Virginia. They were married in 1833, and had four children, of whom Col. Walker was the eldest. Two were sons and two were daughters. Col. Walker's only brother, Felix Walker, was killed in the Civil war, at the battle of Seven Pines. The mother of this family died in 1850, and subsequently the father married Miss Adaline Patterson, who bore him five children, four sons and one daughter. Three of the sons and the daughter are still living. The father who was a farmer by occupation, died in i860. His second wife is still living. Col. Walker, the subject of this sketch, was reared upon the homestead farm, receiving a common school education. In 1853 he secured a position as clerk in the store of John B. Cleveland, formerly a worthy and influential citizen of Spartanburg, and remained with him three years, during which time he acquired his business education. From 1856 until i860, he did business on his own account, availing himself of the means he had accumulated while clerk. In i860, he was united in marriage with Miss Susan F., daughter of Alexander W'ingo, who was once sheriff of Spartanburg count}'. At the close of the Civil war, his participa- tion in which is above related. Col. Walker engaged in the cotton trade, at .Spartanburg, and that has ever since been his avocation. F'or a period of twenty-five years he has been one of the principal SOUTH CAROLINA. 483 cotton mcrcliants in that city, and has achieved success. He is in good financial circumstances, and is justly regarded as one of Spar- tanburg's solid and substantial men. In 1871, he helped to organize the National bank, of Spartanburg, and has ever since been a stock- holder and director therein. He was, also, in 1S88, one of the organ- izers of the Merchants' & F"armers' bank, and has ever since been its president. He has been identified with various other important cor- porations; in fact there has scarcely been any important enterprise undertaken in the history of Spartanburg, in which he has not been an efficient actor. He was one of the incorporators in 1881, of the Spartanburg Pacolet Manufacturing company, and has always been one of its directors. He is a directer in the Whitney Cotton mills, the Beaumont Cotton mills, the Produco mills, all of Spartanburg county, and a director in the Columbia & Greenville, and the Spar- tanburg, Union & Columbia railroad companies. He is a director and vice-president of the Asheville & Spartanburg railroad company, and holds the same office in the Iron District Fire Insurance company, ■of Spartanburg, and a director in the Converse College company. He is also a director in the Spartanburg I/crald company, in the Fidelity Loan & Trust company, president and director of People's Building & Loan company, and a director in the Columbia Phosphate company. In political faith. Col. Walker is a democrat, and the par- tialty of his fellow citizens has for six terms elevated him to the may- oralty of the city, and chosen him for one term in the state legisla- ture. His reputation as well in business circles as in social is one to be envied, and no man more completely' and firmly holds the respect and esteem of the citizens of Spartanburg county. ROBERT A. BRAND, was born in Clarendon county, S C, on the 12th of December, 1858. After attending the common schools of the county, he prepared for college under the instruction of H. S. Cunningham, of William'sburg, S. C, but did not enter upon a college course, commencing work in January, 1S77, for the Atlantic Coast Line railroad company, at Sum- ter. He has remained in the employ of this company ever since, ris- ing in the line of promotion until he has reached the responsible posi- tion of general and soliciting agent. He was married February 12, 1855, to Margaret E. Blanding, daughter of Col. J. D. Blanding of Sumter. They have three children named Lenora, Susie and Etta Sloan Brand. Mr. Brand was elected and served as alderman in the city of Sumter during iSSS and 1889. He is president of the democratic club of Sumter, and since 1885 has been captain of the Sumter light infantry. His father's name was William S. Brand and he was born in Clarendon county, S. C. He was a planter up to 1S73, when he went into the employ of the Atlantic Coast Line R. R. Co., in whose service he remained until the time of his death in 1883. He entered the Confederate service early in 1861 and served through- out the entire war. He belonged to the army of northern Virginia 484 SOUTH CAROLINA. under Gen R. E. Lee, and was present at the surrender at Appo- matox. He was slightly wounded at the second Manassas encounter. He enlisted as a private but rose to the rank of captain and, two weeks prior to the surrender, was promoted to major, but never re- ceived his commission. He was in all the battles in which the army of northern Virginia was engaged and proved himself a brave and gallant soldier. He was married in 1855 to Susan C. Pierson, daughter of Rev. Philip P. Pierson, a native of New Jersey, who came to South Carolina when fourteen years of age. There were nine children born to this marriage, all of whom still survive. Their res- pective names are Cora G., wife of C. W. Hewitt of Darlington, S. C; Robert A., Minnie H., wife of Dr. J. S. Garner of Darlington; Will- iam S., private secretary to Major Green, general manager of the Georgia railroad and banking company; Rosa E., Covert M., agent for the Atlantic Coast railroad company, at .Sumter; James M., pri- vate secretary to Col. Fowler, general manager of the C. S. «& N. R. R.; Hazel H., and Beauford R. Brand. Mr. Brand's grandfather was William Brand, born in Fayetteville, N. C, in 1797. He came to South Carolina about 1827 where he was engaged in planting during the re- mainder of his life, which came to a close in 1881. He was tax col- lector for Clarendon county from 1S65 to 1867. CAPTAIN W. H. DAY, the master car builder of the Wilmington, Columbia & Augusta railroad, is a Virginian by birth, and first saw the light in Henrico county, January 21, 1S42. His parents were Robert P. and Cynthia A. (Eubank) Day, who were also Virginians. The father was a carpen- ter during his active career, and is now a retired citizen of Richmond, ■ Va., where he is highly respected for having lived an honorable and useful life. The mother died in 1S46, leaving two sons, W. H. and Robert A.; the latter has since died, aged thirty-three years. He served as a private in Company A, Fifteenth Virginia, during the Civil war, and his death resulted from hardships incident to his long service in the army, he having fought until the final surrender. The mother was a godly woman, and was a lifelong communicant of the Methodist Episcopal church. W. H. Day was educated in the Rich- mond city schools, and began active work at the age of twelve years, as an apprentice to the carpenters' trade. He was engaged in his trade until the summer of 1861, when he enlisted in Courtney's bat- talion of artillery. Confederate army, and remained in the field until peace was declared, having fought in the battles of Winchester, seven days' fight around Richmond, after which engagement he was transferred to the Trans-Mississippi department and assigned to the quartermaster's department. After the war Mr. Day resumed his former business, and in 1866 became an employe of the Chesapeake & Ohio railroad, continuing in the employ of that company until 1869. In the latter year he worked as a journeyman carpenter for the rajlroad, and was still in their employ when called to his present SOUTH CAROLINA. 485 position in 1873. For five years Mr. Day has held the office of in- tendant of Florence, and for three years he has been a school com- missioner of the city, being chairman of the latter committee. Mr. Day is recognized as one of the most substantial citizens of the county, and is held in the highest esteem and respect wherever known. G. G. LYNCH, one of the prominent railroad men of Florence county, S. C, is a native of Halifax, N. C, where he was born March 8, 1852, the son of G. G. and Emma (Whitaker) Lynch, both North Carolinians. The father was also a railroad man, having been in the employ of a railroad as agent at Weldon, N. C. Before the Civil war he held the office of special agent for the United States postoffice department, and during 'he Civil war held a like position with the Confederate government. Mr. and Mrs. Lj-nch were devout members of the Metho- dist Episcopal church. Eight children were born to them, ofwhom six now survive. Mr. G. G. Lynch, Jr., was the third child. His education was obtained in his native state and at the age of fifteen years he began active work as a local baggage agent and office boy for a rail- road. He was then promoted to the position of conductor on the Wilmington & Weldon railroad, and was engaged in that until March, 1874, then he was promoted to a passenger conductor, and May 21, 1881, he was made assistant master of transportation. In 1886 he was promoted to train master of the Atlantic coast line. Mr. Lynch is a director in the Union Trust company, and is a commissioner of the Florence graded schools, and is also extensively interested in the bank of the Carolinas, in which he is a director. For two years he filled the office of alderman of Florence most satisfactorily, and he is recognized as one of its leading and most influential citizens. De- cember 18, 1873. his marriage to Miss Florence Whitaker, daughter of Col. M. T. Whitaker, of Enfield, N. C, was solmnized, and resulted in the birth of five children, those living being De Leon and Ida. The mother died in July, 1886. She was a consistent member of the Episcopal church. June ;q, i8Sg, Mr. Lynch married for his second wife Miss Clara Whitaker, a sister of his first wife. Both Mr. and Mrs. Lynch are communicants of the Methodist Episcopal church, and he is also a member of the Ameri- can Legion of Honor. Starting life in a humble way he has steadily worked his way to the present honorable and important position he now holds. EDWARD W. LLOYD. One of the leading citizens of Florence county, S. C, is Ed- ward W. Lloyd, who is a native of the city of Charleston, S. C, where he was born June 26, 1S30, the son of William and Mary (Rebb) Lloyd, both of whom were South Carolinians. He received 486 SOUTH CAROLINA. his scholastic training in the Charleston schools, and engaged in the manufacture of carriages, and at the outbreak of the Civil war was one of the most extensive manufacturers in that line in the south. December 26, 1S60, Mr. Lloyd enlisted in the Confederate service, and took part in the captureof Castle Pinckney in Charleston harbor. Subsequently he was made captain of Company B, Washington light infantry, this command being one of three that formed the Washington light infantry battalion, one of which was in the Hamp- ton legion, and the other two in the Eutaw, Twenty-fifth regiment, South Carolina. This company was first organized in 1807, at the time of the difficulty between the Chesapeake and Leopard, and con- tinued in service on the coast until 1862, when Virginia became their headquarters. In the latter- state they took a prominent part in all the battles fought within its boundary. Capt. Lloyd, as senior captain, was for a time in command of his regiment. At Fort Sumter he was wounded, but soon recovered and went to the front, where he re- mained until August, 1864, when he was retired and placed on the in- valid corps, and assigned to duty at Florence, where he had charge of the Federal prisoners as adjutant inspector-general on Gen. Har- rison's staff. After the removal of the prisoners to Salisbury, N. C, Capt. Lloyd was made quartermaster in charge at Cheraw, S. C, where he remained until the close of the war. After the close of hostilities he took up his residence in Florence, and soon resumed the carriage business. Subsequently he was elected clerk of the council and trial justice, and has held these offices for many years. For a long time he has held the office of district deputy, grand mas- ter of the Grand lodge of A. F. & A. M., of South Carolina, and has been worshipful master of the Hampton lodge. No. 204, at Florence, for several years. He has been twice married, first in January, 1851, to Miss R. A. Rebb, by whom he had two children, both of whom are deceased. Mrs. Lloyd died in 1885, aged fifty-one years. His second marriage was to a younger sister of his first wife, Mrs. Thomas Oliver. COLONEL JOHN B. PATRICK, principal and proprietor of the Patrick Military institute, at Anderson, was born in Barnwell county, S. C, March 23, 1S32. He is the son of John M. I^atrick, also a native of Barnwell county, born January 9, 1803. His occupation was farming. He married Lavina Gillam, a native of the same county, born April 2, iSio. She was the daughter of Jacob Gillam, who removed from Virginia to South Carolina, and was of English descent. The father died in 1869; his wife only about three months earlier. John M. was the son of John Patrick, who was also of American birth, born in 1781. His father also bore the name of John, as did his father before him. The genealogy of the Patrick faniily goes back through England to Strasburg, Ger- many. Cal. John B. Patrick was reared on a farm in Barnwell county, and his early education was acquired at the country schools. In his eighteenth year he began the vocation of teacher and taught SOUTH CAROLINA. 487 for nine months, after which, at the age of nineteen, he entered the South Carolina MiHtary academy, from which he graduated in 1855, as a Heutenant. He then because a tutor in Furman university, at Greenville, where he remained three years, during the tirst two of which he pursued classical studies in addition to performing his duties in the university. In December, 1858, he accepted the position of assistant professor of mathematics in the South Carolina Military academy. A year and a half later he was promoted to the full pro- fessorship in mathematics in the same institution and that position he held until the close of the Civil war. In 1866 he started a private school in Greenville, and was a few months later made principal of the preparatory department of Furman university. Three years later he resigned this position to take charge of what was then known as the Peabody school, at Greenville. He remained its principal two years when the Peabody fund was withdrawn. In 1870 he organized the Greenville high school, and eight years later converted it into the Greenville military institute. In 1S87 he removed the institution to Anderson in order to secure better buildings and then changed its name to the Patrick military institute. The present enrollment is 122, and it has proved one of the most successful military institutions in the south. As an evidence of the popularity of this institution and also of the permanent character and high standard enjoyed abroad, it may be stated that the United States government has de- tailed an ofificer from the regular army to fill the chair of military science and tactics. Col. Patrick enjoys a wide reputation as. a prac- tical educator of a high grade. The faculty consists of seven in- structors, all males, one of whom, the professor of ancient and modern languages, is Capt. John M. Patrick, a son of Col. Patrick, the subject of this sketch. As a proof of the fine scholarship of Col. Patrick it is shown that he graduated from the Citadel military academy without a single mark of discredit. He is a democrat in political faith, but is by no means a partisan, being a conservative; is a member of the K. of H., an official member of the Baptist church, having been a deacon in that church for thirty years. For two or three years he was secretary of the Baptist state convention. For twelve years he was chairman of the executive committee of the Baptist association. During six years of his residence in Greenville county, he was a member of the examining board for teachers. In June, 1859, he married Miss M. Louisa Goodlett, of Greenville, daughter of Col. R. P. Goodlett, formerly of that city. They have seven children living, three of whom are sons. In 1861, when Col. Patrick was promoted to the rank of professor in the South Carolina Military academy, he was also elected secretary of the board of visitors of that institution, serving as such during his entire professor- ship. During the time which covered a period of four years he coni- piled much valuable information relating to the alumni of the insti- tution, which has since been published in Col. John P. Thomas' his- torical sketch of the South Carolina military academy. This is a very- complete record in condensed form of all the graduates of that insti- 488 SOUTH CxVROLlNA. tution from 1S46 until 1S64. During tlie Civil war Col. Patrick rendered service to the Confederate army in connection with the South Carolina battalion of cadets, and the statement made in a preceding paragraph to the effect that he held a professorship throughout the whole time of the war, should be modified by the above fact. GENERAL LEWIS MALONE AYER, ex-member of the United States congress, ex-member of the Confed- erate congress, and at present a member of the faculty of the Patrick military institute, at Anderson, S. C, was born November 12, 1S21. His father was Lewis Malone Ayer, and served several years in the state senate of South Carolina, and lived to be ninety-five years of age. He died in 1863. He was one of the prominent men of his time, being one of the old whig or democratic party men in the early part of the century. His father was Thomas Ayer, who was high sheriff in the PeeDeecountryof South Carolina prior to the Revolution- ary war, holding his commission from King George IIL of England. Thomas Ayer was a native of the north of Ireland, and came to America in company with an elder brother. Both located in \'irginia at first and both married their wives in that state. Subsequently the other brother removed to New England, where he now has a large number of descendants. Thomas removed to South Carolina, so that in the Civil war the descendants of the two brothers were on oppo- site sides of the contest. The maiden name of Gen. Ayer's mother was Rebecca Erwin, born in Barnwell county, S. C. She was the daughter of Major James Erwin, who also came to this country from the north of Ireland. On both sides Gen. Ayer is of Scotch-Irish descent. His mother died in 1864, just one year after the death of his father, she being eighty years old. He was their youngest child, but both his parents lived to see him forty years of age. He was reared to manhood on a farm in Barnwell county, S. C. His father was a wealthy planter, owning a farm of 8,000 acres, and was worth more than a half million of dollars at the time of his death. His son Lewis walked three miles to attend a country school in his youth. At the age of twelve years he was sent to a high school at Edgefield, where he spent two j'ears. He was subsequentl)' prepared for college at Winnsborough, S. C-, under Prof. J. W. Hudson, a leading educa- tor of that day. He entered the South Carolina college in 1838 where he took his junior course. He then entered the University of Virginia, where he took his senior course and graduated in 1841. While at the university he also took the junior course in the law de- partment of that institution. In the fall of 1841, he entcn'ed the law department of Harvard university, in which he took his senior law course, graduating in 1842. Returning home, he was admitted to the bar in the fall of the same year, after v.-hich he practiced three years at Barnwell C. H., S. C. In 1846 he retired from practice after hav- ing made the reputation of an able and successful lawyer. He then removed to his plantation in Barnwell county, given him by his father. SOUTH CAROIJNA. 489 and turned his attention to planting and politics. He was elected to the South Carolina legislature in 1848, having the highest vote that had ever been cast for any candidate in that county. In 1852, he was re-elected, serving in all four years and declining to run again. In 1853 he was elected a brigadier-general of the third brigade, .South Carolina militia, in which capacity he served four years and then resigned, having become wearied of its irksome requirements. In the fall of i860 he was elected a member of the United States con- gress from the Third South Carolina district, but before the time came for him to take his seat, his state seceded, he having been a member of the secession convention and having signed the secession ordinance. He was elected to that convention from his county by a very large majority. In the spring of 1861 Mr. Ayer was elected to the Confederate congress from the same district that had elected him to the Federal congress, defeating Gen. D. F. Jameson, the president of the South Carolina secession convention. In 1863 he was re-elected to the Con- federate congress, defeating the Hon. R. Barnwell Rhett, an ex-sen- ator of the United States, and an aspirant for the presidency of the Confederate states. He served in the Confederate congress until the close of the war, when his plantation having been plundered and ruined by Gen. Sherman's army, he located at Charleston, where for two years he was engaged as a cotton merchant, by the end of which time he had his plantation repaired and put in a habitable condition. He re-located on his plantation in 1868, having the full 8,000 acres formerly owned by his father, he having come into possession of it at his father's death. It is worthy of remark that when he returned to his plantation he found every negro still there, numbering some two hundred, so great was their love for their old master and former owner. He was the hrst man in that section to rent land to the ne- groes. He inaugurated that system in Barnwell county. He remained on his plantation five years, being successful as a planter, always rais- ing good crops. Though he had never belonged to a church or b^en in any way identified with church work prior to that time, in 1869 he became impressed with his responsibilit}' to God, and began without the knowledge even of his own family to study the Bible. The more he read it the stronger became his conviction that he should live a godly life. Prior to this his life had been a very ungodly one, and before the year 1869 ended, he united with the Baptist church and at once took an active part in church work. He was chosen delegate to several religious conventions of the Baptist persuasion and occasion- ally exhorted, without, however, any intention or desire to become a minister of the gospel. The knowledge of the fact spread abroad, and in the fall of 1872 he received a call from the Anderson Baptist church to become its pastor. He replied that he was no minister, but such a pressure was brought to bear upon him by members of the church and by his friends that he finally yielded, and for the purpose of accepting the call he was ordained in 1872. In January, 1873, he removed to Anderson and assumed the duties of pastor, and held the 490 SOUTH CAROLINA. position two years. In 1875 he received a call from the Baptist church of Jefferson, Tex. As South Carolina was then under radical rule, he concluded to accept the call, thinking that Texas would be a better state in which to raise his children. He accordingly went to Jefferson, but after a brief stay there concluded he had not bettered himself by the move and wished to return. He had made a good im- pression upon the congregation there and was strongly urged to re- main. He finally consented to engage with them by the month, so that he might terminate his connection with them, if desirable, within a short period. He was provided with a comfortable parsonage and promptly paid $150 per month. In the fall of 1875 he returned to South Carolina, and during the following winter attended the Baptist Theological seminary, at Greenville. In the summer of 1876 he re- ceived a call from the Anderson Baptist church, in which he had pre- viously preached, and also a call from the Baptist church at Mur- freesboro, Tenn. The latter he accepted, and filled a pastorate of three years with that society. In the latter part of 1879 he was in- duced by leading citizens of Anderson to return there and establish what was known as the Anderson Female seminary. He conducted that school very successfully for a period of seven years, averaging 130 pupils a year. In 1887 he discontinued the school and went for a time to reside with a son at Macon, Ga. He returned to Anderson in 1S90, and took the position of professor of mental and moral science, geology and political economy in the Patrick military insti- tute, a professorship which he still holds. He is a democrat in poli- tics. He occasionally occupies the pulpit of his church, though upon the superannuated list. He is a Mason and has taken the chapter and council degrees. HON. HENRY BUCK. The success of a state is due to the enterprise and integrity of its citizens. Perhaps, no man has done more towards establishing a new and great industry in South Carolina than did the Hon. Henry Buck, the pioneer lumberman of the state. He was a native of Maine, born April 3rd, 1800, at Bucksport, that state. About the year 1829, South Carolina was so fortunate as to gain his citizenship, he having at that timeremoved to Charleston from his native state. In 1832 he set- tled in Horry county, and there remained until his death, which oc- curred on the 1st of October, 1870. Mr. Buck engaged in the steam- saw-mill business in 1835 on the Waccamaw river, and founded the place now known as Bucksville. As the pioneer in the lumber busi- ness, which at that time was almost an experiment in the southern states, he was eminently successful, and opened up and developed vast lumber territory in Horry and adjoining counties. He was a man of progressive and able mind, and in his business dealings relied upon a strict adherence to the principles of right.- His verbal agreement was an unchanging bond. His keen foresight taught him the value of the country he had selected for his operations and as fast as pos- SOUTH CAROLINA. 49 1 sible he added new machinery and facilities for extending his busi- ness. In 1S35, he began the shipping of hard pine himber, which, at first, was mostly exported to the northern states, but subsequently he found a ready market for his product in the West Indies and South America. He was early appointed postmaster of the town named in his honor, and took an active interest in developing to the fullest ex- tent the resources of the town and county, as well as the state at large. At the time of his death the town of Bucksville was exporting materail of greater value than any other point in the state, with the exception of the city of Charleston. Mr. Buck had large interests in mills, lum- ber, and real estate, and left a fortune of great magnitude. He was thfc first to introduce the use of southern pine in the construction of ships, and that timber has since come to be indispensable in ship building. For several terms he served with efficiency in the state legislature and senate, and left behind him a name unimpeachable for integrity and worth. In 1S36 he was united in marriage to Miss Fanny Norman, who was born in Horry county, S. C, February 9, 1818. She was a woman of great worth. The needy poor never ap- plied to her bounteous purse and tender heart in vain. Her carriage was found at the door of the destitute and sick at all times of the day and night, and the death-bed of many poor wretches was sweetened by her godly, loving presence, and their last moments comforted by her touching faith in the power of her Master to redeem. A mother to the community in which she lived, she was long known by the sweet title of " Aunt" Fanny, and her death was sincerely mourned by black and white wherever she was known. A woman of remarkable character, she was extensively known and beloved as a ministering angel. She was the mother of seven children, named respectively: Orilla, wife of H. H. Wright (deceased); Lucinda, wife of Capt. Cephas Gilbert; Henry L., the successor to his father's- business at Bucksville; Fannie, wife of Rev. J. J. Anderson, a Presbyterian clergy- man, and at present a professor in a college at Holland, Mich; George O., who was a student at Columbia, when the students were ordered ,,J^ on duty at Johns Island during the late war. He died on duty, of pneumonia, January 23, 1S65, aged 18 years; Holmes (deceased). He resided at Bucksport, Me., where he married, lived and died; and Alice, who married Capt. A.A.Springs. The mother of these children went to rest on the ist of October, 1885, that day being the fifteenth anniversary of the death of her devoted husband. DOCTOR M. BRODHAM. Among the prominent and progressive citizens of Manning, Clar- endon county, S. C, appears the name of Doctor M. Brodham. His birth took place in Clarendon county, July 6, 1849, his parents being A. R. and Lenora (Kelley) Brodham, both South Carolinians. The father was a leading and influential planter of the county, and died at the age of forty-five years, his wife surviving him until 1890, when she, too, wenl to rest, having attained her seventy-seventh j-ear. 492 SOUTH CAROLINA. Both parents were valued members of the Baptist church. Doctor Brodham was the ninth of twelve children born to them. He was edu- cated in private schools, and for two years attended Newberry college. When eighteen years of age he began his business career as a clerk in a mercantile establishment, in which he continued for two years, after which he embarked in the same business for himself, at Man- ning. In 1880 he added a new venture to his interests, having at that time established a lumber milling business, and has carried these en- terprises to success by consistent, honest effort, backed by ability and sterling integrity. In 1888 he was elected warden of Manning, and two j'eate later was elected intendant of the town, an office he still holds. His marriage to Miss Hattie Huggins, daughter of Dr. G. Allen Huggins, of Manning, was most happily solemnized in 1875, and has resulted in the birth of the following named children: Allan C, Marion, Herman H., Anna G., Ingram, and an infant as yet unnamed. Mr. and Mrs. Brodham are active and valued communi- cants of the Baptist church, and he is also a prominent member of the Masonic fraternity. Wherever his name is known it is honored as that of an able, upright gentleman. C. R. HARVIN. a member of the extensive lumber firm of C. R. Harvin & W. S. Har- vin, of Manning, S. C., was born in Sumter, now Clarendon county, S. C., on the 27th of January, 1849, and is a son of C. R. and Ann S. (Lindel) Harvin, both natives of South Carolina. The father was a planter in his early manhood, and subsequently turned his attention to the milling business. He was a practical mechanic, and was possessed of much business tact and ability. When the Civil war broke out Mr. Harvin was too old to enter the service, but at the time of Potter's raids he entered the ranks to protect the homes of his neighbors and friends. His death occurred September 14, 1867, at Columbia, where he was compelled to stop by illness while on his way to Glenn Springs to recuperate his health. He died in his fifty- fourth year. Mrs. Harvin still survives him at the advanced age of seventy. Thirteen children were born to these parents, eleven of whom were reared to maturity, and ten of them are yet living. The son, C. R. Harvin, received his scholastic training in the private schools of Clarendon county, and at the age of eighteen began busi- ness life for himself as a planter, in which he was engaged for one year. He then embarked in the milling business and has since fol- lowed that with marked success. During the past three years he has been associated with his brother, Mr. W. S. Harvin, in business. In 1872 he married Miss Kate Le Grand, daughter of Mr. Lucius Le- Grand, of Camden, S. C, who was drowned with twenty others while at a picnic. Mr. and Mrs. Harvin's home has been brightened by the advent of ten children, their names being Lenora A., who gradu- ated from the Sumter institute in 1890; Charles R., Lucius L., Mary M., Walters., Luly F., Sarah C, Harriet, Clara B., and Stewart I. ^JV^ Qiy^OTT^^^^^^ y^r?-^' -z/^^""^ SOUTH CAROLINA. 493 The family arc members of ihe Presbyterian church, in which Mr. Harvin is an elder, and he is also a member of the Masonic order. In 1S64, at the age of sixteen he enlisted in the state troops and served during the remainder of the war, having been on duty at Charleston when that city was evacuated. Charles R., Samuel, his father, and Ilarvin the great-grandfather of our subject, were all reareci at the fork of the Black river, the latter having settled there in the seventeenth century. Samuel was a soldier in the war of 1812. The Harvin saw-mill is one of the most important industries in the county, and gives employment to a large force of men. Its owners are progressive, intelligent business men, and are held in the highest esteem throughout the community in which they live. REV. DR. ANTHONY TOOMER PORTER. The paternal grandfather of Dr. Porter was John Porter, a native of Massachusetts, who settled in South Carolina in about 1748, and became a planter. The maternal great-grandfather of Dr. Porter was Maj. Anthony Toomer, who was a native of one of the eastern states. Maj. Toomer was a major of artillery in the Revolutionary war. At the surrender of Charleston, on May 12, 1780, he was taken prisoner by the British, and was confined in prisons both at St. Au- gustine, Fla., and Philadelphia, Penn. The father of Dr. Porter was John Porter, Jr., who was born at Georgetown, S. C, in 1786. He was graduated from South Carolina college, and was afterward a trustee of the same. He was a lawyer by profession, and was also a planter. He was a prominent figure in his county, and represented it continuously in the state legislature from the time he reached man- hood until his death, in 1829. His wife was Esther Ann Toomer, who was born in Georgetown, S. C, in 1801, and was the daughter of Anthony Toomer, Jr., who was born in Charleston. Her death oc- curred in 1887. There were five children born to the parents of Dr. Porter, of whom he is the only one surviving. Dr. Porter was born in Georgetown S. C, on January 31, 1828. His early education was obtained at the school of Dr. Prior, in Georgetown. In 1843 he was sent to Charleston, and for two years attended the school of Chris- topher Cotes. After a severe attack of typhoid fever, he attended for two years, upon recommendation of his physician, the Mt. Zion academy, at Winnsboro, S. C, then in charge of that well known and eminent educator J. W. Hudson. At this juncture in life he de- cided to become a planter, having inherited two large plantations, with some 100 slaves, and in order to obtain a oractical business edu- cation, secured a position in the counting house of Robertson & Blacklock, the largest rice factors of Charleston of that day, where he remained for four years without salary or remuneration of any kind. So valuable an assistant had he proved himself that upon de- ciding to leave the firm, he was offered a partnership in the business if he would convert his plantations into cash and put it into the busi- ness. But this he declined to do, and at the age of twent3'-one years 494 SOUTH CAROLINA. became a planter in the Georgetown district, and continued as such for two 3'ears. When thirteen years of age Dr. Porter was confirmed by Bishop Gadesden, of the Episcopal church, and became a communicant and Sunday-school teacher. After his two years at planting, he became con- vinced that his true sphere in life was in the church, and he became a candidate for the ministry. On April i6, 1854, he was ordained a deacon, by Bishop T. F. Davis, D. D., at St. Michael's church, in Charleston, and on May 15, 1S55, was ordained priest, by Bishop Davis, in Camden, S. C. He was first called by the vestry of the church of the Holy Communion, of C harleston, and began his first work on January 8, 1854, a few months before his ordination, in one of the upper rooms of the building of the United States arsenal. He found only eight people present at the first service, and the vestry in possession of only one lot. Situated on the corner ofCannon and Ashley streets was the foundation of a small cruciform church build- ing. He at once prevailed upon the vestry to change the plans of the proposed building to one twice its size, and then raised money himself, to complete the same, which was consecrated out of debt, on October 26, 1S56. In 185S, Dr. Porter traveled in Europe, for about seven months, and, returning, continued his church work until the late war. In 1S58, upon the death of Dr. Gillman, he was chosen chaplain of the Washington light artillery, of Charleston, of which organization he is still chaplain. He delivered the first sermon ever preached to South Carolina troops, during the late war, at services held at Castle Pinckney, on the Sunday following Major Anderson's occupation of Fort Sumter, his text being: "As good soldiers of Jesus Christ," which sermon he preached twenty-four years afterward, to the same organization at the Holy Communion, without changing a word of the same. When the two companies of Washington light infantry joined Hampton's legion of the army of northern Virginia, Dr. Porter accompanied them as chaplain, and remained with them until the legion was broken up, and then he was elected chaplain of the Twenty-fifth regiment. Col. Simonton commanding, where he served until 1864. He then returned to Charleston, at the solicita- tion of the vestry of the Holy Communion church, through the bishop, to open the church, as there was at that time, no Episcopal church open in the city. He remained in Charleston until the city was evacu- ated, and then went to Columbia, S. C, and joined his family. In 1877 Dr. Porter, at the request of the bishop, took charge pf St. Mark's church, a colored congregation, in addition to the church of the Holy Communion, and for ten years served as pastor of the same without pay, resigning in 1887, during which time finishing the church building. When he took charge of St. Mark's as pastor he found the same in poor condition, but he left the same one of the strongest colored parishes in the United States, having 350 communi- cants. In 1880, w^hcn he moved into the Arsenal, he refitted the house in which the boys had lived, and founded the Carolina Wilkerson Home, named after the wife of the Bishop of Truro, of England, SOUTH CAROLINA. 495 which is a home for ladies in need, bein^ taken care of by the parish of the church of the Holy Communion. In 1867, Dr. Porter realizing the in-gent need for a school wherein could be educated the children of white parents whose fortunes had been wrecked by the issues of the war, set about to establish such an institution. An appeal was made to the people of the north, and through the instrumentality of friends in England, he was materially aided by liberal contributions from both sections for the consumma- tion of that laudable desire. It must be remembered that there were no public schools of any character in these days in South Carolina, either under the auspices of the state or any of her municipalities, few of the state colleges had any state aid, so that the child of the poor man got his education as best he could. Despite this fact, it must be observed that many of the .great men, of whom the south has furnished so large a quota, came from the middle and lower walks of life. It was the first school at the south to add the manual department, it having a complete work-shop where the hand as well as the mind is trained to usefulness and cunning. The school is still in existence, and it is to be hoped will continue as an enduring monu- ment to its worthy benefactor. In 1S66 he went north at the request of Bishop Davis, and raised sufficient funds to carry on the Diocesan Theological seminary for three years, and at the same time and at the same request, collected funds sufficient to establish a school for colored people until the free school system of the state was inaug- urated. In 1S89, Dr. Porter's health having failed from overwork and anx- iety, he went to Europe in June, funds for the trip having been furnished by friends. The following October, when about to return home, he was invited by Bishop of Truro, of England, to go to Egypt with him, that gentleman's health having failed and he was ordered to Egypt for recuperation. English friends supplied necessary funds for Dr. Porter to accompany the English bishop, and in March, iSgo, when about to return to America, Dr. Porter was met and invited by American friends to join them in a visit to the H0I3' Land, which kind invitation he accepted, and did not return home until June, iSgo. During his time Dr. Porter has educated nearly 2,000 boys, fully 1,500 of whom would have had no education but for him. Fourteen of his students have been ordained in the Episcopal church and one in the Presbyterian church. He has sent 174 boys to college, being respon- sible for their expenses while in college.- JOHN McLAREN McBRYDE was born at xAbbeville C. H., S. C, January i, 1S41, of Scottish parent- age. He began attendance at school when five years of age and was well fitted for college in Latin, Greek and mathematics. He entered South Carolina college in December, 1858, at the age of seventeen years. He was one of four youths, out of a large number, to be ad- mitted into the sophomore class without condition. At the rising 496 SOUTH CAROLINA. junior examination in December, 1859, he stood first in his class. In April, 1S60, he witlidrew from college on account of ill health. In October of the same year he entered the University of Virginia, but early in January, 1861, left the university to join Gregg's First regi- ment of South Carolina volunteers just ordered to Sullivan's Island. After the fall of Fort Sumter he volunteered with the greater part of his regiment for the service in Virginia. When the regiment was re-organized in July, 1861, he went into the cavalry service. In the fall he joined Black's First South Carolina cavalry regiment. In the summer of 1862 he contracted the coast fever, followed with hemor- rhages and came near dying. He was appointed to a clerkship in the Confederate States treasury department in December, 1862, and rose to the position of chief of the division in the war-tax bureau. He was charged with the organization of his division — a new one for the examination and control of assessor's returns — one of the most important divisions in the bureau, employing a large number of clerks. This was a responsible position for a young man only twenty-two years of age, well calculated to test the strength of his powers and the extent of his mental resources. After the close of the war he engaged in farming in Albemarle county, near the University of Virginia, devoting himself at the same time to the study of botany and agricultural chemistry. He was soon elected president of the Belmont farmers' club, one of the most famous agricultural clubs in Virginia, embracing in its membership professors of the university of the scientific branch of the faculty, members of congress, etc. In 1876 he was elected a member of the board of trustees of the agricultural department of the University of Virginia, to succeed Hon. Alexander Rives, United States district judge for Virginia. In 1879 he was elected professor of agriculture and bot- any in the University of Tennesee at Knoxville. During his connec- tion with the university he published three annual reports of his experimental work, which attracted general attention throughout the country. In 1882 Mr. McBryde was offered the professorship of agriculture in South Carolina college, just re-organized. The board of trustees of the university, to retain him, offered an increase of salary amount- ing to $800, and passed very complimentary resolutions, appointing a committee to wait on him. But he accepted the offer of the South Carolina college and removed there in 18S2. Dr. W. P. Miles, hav- ing resigned the presidency of the college during the summer. Prof. McBryde, on September 9, was elected chairman of the faculty, and as such was charged with all the duties of the president. He had only a few weeks to get the college readj' for opening on October i, calling for great executive ability on his part, but he met the emer- gency and his administration was satisfactory. In May, 1883, he was elected president of the college. In 1884 he received the degree of LL. D. from the Southwestern Presbyterian university, at Clarks- ville, Tcnn. In 1886 he declined the directorship of the Texas agri- cultural experiment station. In 18S7, with the increase of the faculty, SOUTH CAROI.IXA. 4Q7 he was elected president of the University of Tennessee, and offered a large increase of salary and also power to appoint his own faculty. The university also conferred upon him the degree of Ph. D. His own board of trustees passed resolutions in regard to his retention, and appointed a committee to wait on him, and he determined to re- main. In the fall of 1887 he was offered the directorship of the South Carolina experiment station, which the board of trustees gave him leave to accept, and relieved him of a jjart of the duties devolv- ing upon him as the president of the college. The college was re- organized in December, as a university, and in January he was elected president of the university, also director of 1 letch agricultural ex- periment station. In 1S87 he was elected corresponding member of the Elisha Mitchell scientific society, in i88g, a fellow of the Ameri- can Geographical society, and in 1890, a fellow of the American Sta- tistical association. President McBryde has published numerous re- ports and articles on subjects connected with agricultural science, and delivered many addresses upon the same subject. " It would be diffi- cult to be extravagant in the e.xpression of high estimate of President McBryde. He is emphatically a wise man — self-possessed, well bal- anced, practical, clear sighted and wide in the range of his S3'mpa- thies and of his culture. A natural leader, he takes easy, unopposed and unirritating control of those about him; and so many practical talents and accomplishments are united in him that he is able to di- rect with the skill of a master every work, from the highest to the lowest required by the purposes and interests of the college." PROF. ROBERT MEANS DAVIS was born in Fairfield county, S. C, April 9, 1849. He attended school at Willington, under the instruction of Mr. O. T. Porcher. Then he was prepared for college at the historic Mount Zion institute, at Winnsboro. He received the baccalaureate degree in 1869, after a two years' course In the University of South Carolina. After teaching _a while in the Kings Mountain Military school, he went to California and taught there, filling at one time temporarily the chair of classics in the Pacific Methodist college. Returning to .South Carolina in 187 1, he took the law course in the university and after graduation opened an office in Winnsboro, where he also conducted the News and Herald. In 1876 he was on the staff of the lYcws and Courier, of Charleston, which he left and became secretary of the democratic executive committee during the exciting campaign of 1876. Removing to Winnsboro in 1877, he resumed the editorship of the Neivs and Herald, and organized Alt. Zion graded school, the pioneer of all graded schools supported by local taxation in the state, outside of Charleston. His work here led to his election to the professorship of history and political science in the South Carolina college (the name given to what had been the university). Prof. Davis has always been a strong advocate of public education. He \yas a member of the Fairfield county board of examiners for several years, and afterward of the A—; 2 498 SOUTH CAROLINA. state board of examiners, until 1S90. In 1S77 Mr. Davis married Miss Sallie LeConte, daughter of Dr. Joseph LeConte, of the Uni- versity of California, a native of Georgia. They have six children. Prof. Davis is a grandson of Dr. James Davis of Columbia, and the eldest of a family of seven children of Henry C. Davis, a planter of Fairfield, and Isabella, daughter of Rev. Robert Means. Neither parent is living. PROF. EDMUND L. PATTON was born in Abbeville district, now county, Februarj' 15, 1S27. He received his early education in Erskine college in Abbeville. He com- pleted the junior* year and then went to Columbia and entered the same class in the South Carolina college, graduating in December, 1846. William C. Preston, formerly United States senator, was pres- ident of the college at that time. Mr. Patton graduated with first honors of his class. After graduating he studied law for a time, when in 1854 he was elected professor of Latin in Erskine college, remain- ing in that position until 1859, when he was elected president of the college, holding the office until he resigned in 1866. After this he taught a classical academy in Abbeville county for three years. In 1869 he was elected president of the West Tennessee college at Jack- son, Tenn., remaining there until 1S77, when he was appointed pro- fessor of Greek and Hebrew in the Erskine Theological seminary, at the same time holding the professorship of Greek in the college. In 1882 he was elected professor of ancient languages in the University of South Carolina. In 1887 the chair was divided, and he was made professor of Greek. In 184S Prof. Patton attended Yale college for one summer. He was given the degree of A. B. by the South Carolina college, and LL. D. by the Erskine college. In 1859 Prof. Patton was married to Miss Mary, daughter of Rev. Henry Bryson, D. D., of Lincoln county, Tenn., and to them were born four children: Will- iam C; Henry Cooper, elected in 1S90 to the legislature; John Bry- son, naval cadet, and Edmund L. Patton. In 1S62 Mr. Patton enlisted in Col. Foster Marshall's regiment serving several months. His fath- er's name was William Patton, a native of Abbeville county, where he was a merchant and a successful planter. In 1S83 he started for Peoria, 111., and was foully murdered and robbed by his traveling companion while crossing the Cumberland mountains. The murderer was soon apprehended, tried, convicted and received the sentence of death. He was born in 1792, and was married in 1817, to Miss Jane Kennedy, and to them were born nine children, of whom three sur- vive: John F". Patton, of Jefferson county, Ala.; Edmund C, and Mrs. John B. Kennedy, of Due W^est, Abbeville county. The mother of Prof. Patton died September 16, 1844. PROF. BENJAMIN SLOAN was born in Pendleton, S. C, April 15, 1S36, and attended the Pendle- ton academy, of which John C. Calhoun was president of the board SOUTH CAROLINA. 499 of trustees. In 1853 he went to Charleston and attended the Citadel academy, a military school, where he remained about eighteen months. After staying at home about one year, he went to West Point, grad- uating in 1860. His classmates were Gen. Merritt, Gen. Morace Por- ter, Gen. C. H. Wilson, Gen. John H. Wilson, now superintendent of West Point, and Gen. Ramseur. After graduating at West Point, he entered the Second regiment United States dragoons of the regular army, and was sent to New Mexico, serving under Gen. Fauntleroy and Gen. Canby, until March, 1S61, when he resigned. On returning to his home in Pendleton, S. C, he was appointed first lieutenant of the First regiment of Confederate artillery, serving as such until the spring of 1862. He was then made adjutant of Col. Orr's regiment of rifles and served three months, when he was assigned to the staff of Gen. Huger, serving there about a year. Then he was appointed major in the ordnance department, and for three months was inspector of the Tredegar Iron works at Richmond, Va. He was after this on Gen. Whiting's staff, acting as chief ordnance officer of the depart- ment of North Carolina, remaining as such until the capture of Fort Fisher. He then went on Gen. Bragg's staff from the time he left Wilmington until Bragg got to Greensborough, and then went on Gen. J. E. Johnston's staff, where he remained until the fall of the Confederacy. After the surrender, Prof. Sloan was appointed super- intendent of the Columbia & Greenville railroad, which position he held until 186S, when he went on a farm for a while. In 1874 he was appointed professor in Adger college, in Walhalla, S. C, remaining there until 1877, when he was appointed professor of mathematics in South Carolina university. In 18S7, he accepted the professorship of physics and civil engineering and dean of the college of agriculture and mechanic arts. He was married in 1S62 to Miss Anna, daughter of Capt. John H. Maxwell, of Pendleton, S. C. She died in 1876, leaving one daughter, Anna, wife of J. B. Beverly, of P"auquier county, Va. The father of Prof. Sloan was Thomas M. Sloan, a native of South Carolina, who died in 1850, aged about fifty years. He was married in 1820 to Miss Nancy Blassinghame. DR. JOHN L. GIRARDEAU. Dr. John L. Girardeau was born on James Island, St. Andrew's parish, Charleston county, S. C, November 14, 1825, and received his early education at the College of Charleston, graduating with the first honor, in 1844, at eighteen years of age. Subsequently he at- tended the Presbyterian theological seminary at Columbia, and fin- ished the course at that institution in 1848. He soon afterward entered upon the profession for which he had been preparing him- self, preaching first in Christ Church parish, at Wappetaw, S. C. He was stationed there but a short time, however, and was next located at Wilton church in St. Paul's parish, Colleton county. Here he was ordained and installed a full pastor, in 1850. After three years' labor in this relation, he was removed to Charleston, where he performed 500 SOUTH CAROLINA. missionary work among the colored people. He began this work in 1854 and continued at the same until the outbreak of the late war, when he became chaplain of the Twenty-third regiment of South Carolina volunteers. He remained with that regiment, in this capaci- ty, until he was captured at Sailor's Creek, Va., April 6, 1865. He was held as prisoner on Johnson's Island for about three months, and after his release returned to Charleston where he resumed the labors of his chosen profession as pastor of the Zion Presbyterian church, Glebe street. He was located there until 1S76, when he was appointed to the chair of systematic theology, at Columbia, and went there to fill that position. Since that time he has most acceptabl}' occupied the same high position. In 1865 our subject was honored by being tendered the degree of D.D., by the Oglethorpe university, of Georgia, and subsequently of LL. D., by the Southwestern Presbyterian uni- versity. His abilit}' and partial proof of this honor are exhibited in the fact that he is the author of three ably written theological works, published in 18SS, 1890 and 1S91. Dr. Girardeau was married in 1849, to a daughter of Thomas Hamlin, planter, of Christ Church parish, S. C. His father, John Bohun Girardeau, was born in Colleton county, S. C, in 1798. He was a planter in the low country, during the whole of his life, dying in 1852. He was married in 1824 to Claudia H. Freer, daughter of Edward Freer, of Charleston county, and to them were born six children, of whom two only survive, our subject being the eldest dhild. Dr. Girardeau's grandfather was John Girardeau; born in Liberty county, Ga., in 1756, but who, in early manhood, moved to South Carolina. Like his son, after him, he was a planter. He dis- tinguished himself hy serving in the Revolutionary war, and died in 1837. The father of the last named was Isaac Girardeau, a native born American, but of French descent, his ancestor, Pierre Girardeau, being a resident of Talmont, province of Poitou, France. John, a son of the last named, was among the Huguenots who fled to America, upon the revocation of the edict of Nantes, in 1685. Among our sub- ject's classmates, during his collegiate course, and who afterward be- came distinguished men, were Rev. W. T. Capers, C. P. Bolles, of the United States coast survey; Dr. W. B. Corl3ett, Judge J. Randolph Burns and T. S. Marion, a descendant of Gen. Francis Marion, of Revolutionary fame. REV. LEWIS M. DUNTON, A. M., D. D., was born in Martinsburg, N. Y., on September 22, 1S48. He was the son of Lorenzo M. Dunton and grandson of Samuel Dunton, one o the earliest settlers in this section of the state. Milo M. Dunton, M. D., of New York city, is an only brother. The family is of Scotch and French descent, and claims a noble ancestry. The subject of this sketch spent his early years upon his father's farm, in his store and in his factory. He received a liberal education in Cazenovia and P'alley seminaries and the Syracuse university. His university course, however, was cut short on account of failing health, and he was SOUTH CAROLINA. 5OI obliged to seek rest and recuperation in a milder climate. In [anu- ary, 1873, ^ipp^irently in the latter stages of the consumption, he turned his face toward South Carolina. His health began to improve, and becoming interested in the education of the freedmen, he decided that if the Lord would restore his health that' he would spend his years in this service. In the fall of the same year he married Miss Mary E. Phelphs, of his native town, and returned south and began what has proven to be their life work. In the early part of 1874, he joined the South Carolina conference of the Methodist Episcopal church, and was stationed by Bishop Gilbert Haven, at Greenville, S. C. Here he found a large and prosperous church, and after a few months assumed the general management of the public schools for colored children. At the end of three years the enrollment in the schools exceeded five hundred. His next pastorate was at Centenary church, Charleston. The society numbered over 2,000, and was prob- ably the largest church in Methodism. At the expiration of three years he was returned to Greenville where he labored one year more very successfully, and then was appointed presiding elder of the Greenville district. He filled this office acceptably for three years, and then was unanimously elected vice-president of the Claflin uni- versity. State Agricultural college and Mechanic's institute. He en- tered upon his duties at the university in October, 1883, and in the following January, on account of the protracted ill-health of the pres- ident he assumed the practical management of the school. At the annual meeting of the board of trustees, it was decided that as the president would not be able in all probability to conduct the affairs of the university longer, his resignation was accepted and the vice- president was elected president, which office he fills at the present time. Mrs. Dunton was elected preceptress and professor of English literature, which position she now holds. The Claflin university was founded in iS69bythe Hon. Lee Claflin, of Boston. In 1872 the state located one department of the Agricul- tural college and Mechanics' institute at Orangeburg, as a co-ordinate department of the university. The state of South Carolina, the Freedmen's aid and Southern Education society, the trustees of the John F. Slater fund and the Peabody fund, foster the institution. The university has now grown to be the largest and one of the best of its kind in the south. The literary courses of study extend through thirteen years. Music and art are taught. Twenty trades, such as carpentry, masonry, house painting, blacksmithing, cooking, sewing laundrying, etc., are taught. The greatest present need of the insti- tution is an endowment fund to meet current expenses. Dr. Dunton has succeeded not only in building up a large and prosperous school, but has received commendation as a good financier, a judicious man- ager, a capable minister and a progressive teacher. Dr. and Mrs. Dunton have traveled extensively in the United States and Europe, and in this way as well as others, have sought to prepare themselves more fully for their life work. 502 SOUTH CAROLINA. PROFESSOR WILLIAM MILLER McCASLAN, president of the Laurensville Female College, was born on a farm in Abbeville count}^ S.- C, March 19, 1S38. He is the son of William McCaslan, also a native of Abbeville, born in May 1807, and a farmer by occupation. He died in 1887. He was the son of Robert Mc- Caslan, a native of county Antrim, Ireland, of Presbyterian faith. He emigrated to America in the latter part of the eighteenth century, and settled in Abbeville county. He was accompanied to this coun- try by a brother who located in the northwest, and who now has a large line of descendants in that section, some of whom are clergy- men of Presbyterian sect. The wife of William McCaslan, mother of William M., was Sarah E. Scott, a native of Abbeville county, born in June, 1813, and a daughter of Major William Scott who gained his military rank in the Revolutionary war. Maj. Scott was born in Carabas county, N. C. He was a son of John Scott, a native of Scot- land, who upon emigrating to America located in North Carolina. William Scott, the maternal grandfather of the subject of this sketch, served as major in the Revolutionary war and at the close of the war, was presented by Col. William Washington, with the sword with which the latter had cut off the fingers of the British Col. Tarleton. This sword is still in the possession of the family and is a highly prized relic. The mother of Prof. McCaslan is still living, being now a venerable lady of about eighty years, in the full possession of all her faculties, and in the enjoyment of sound health. She resides with her son. Prof. McCaslan. He was reared on the old homestead in Abbeville county, receiving his early education in the country schools. At eighteen years of age he entered Erskine college from which he graduated with the degree of A. B. in 1857. He at once took up the vocation of a teacher which he has ever since followed. He began his profession as a teacher at a place called Dorn Gold Mines, now known as McCormick. He taught that school with two assistants until September, 1S61, when he resigned his position to enter the army. The school under his tutelage was very successful and his position was a lucrative one. In September, 1861, he entered Com- pany K, of the Fifteenth South Carolina regiment of volunteers as a private and served to the close of the war, coming out of the service first lieutenant. He was in the battles of Second Manassas, Sharps- burg, Fredericksburg, Chancellorsville, Gettysburg and South Moun- tain, in the last of which he was slightly wounded. He was also in other less noted engagements. At the close of the war he resumed his profession but after teaching a term, he turned his attention to agricultural pursuits which for several years he followed, then again resuming teaching. After teaching in the vicinity of his old home two years, in 1880, he took charge of the Piedmont Institute at Pickens C. H., which position he held for seven years. In 1887 he resigned the position to accept the presidency of the Laurensville SOUTH CAROLINA. 5O3 female college. This position he has filled with signal ability. I lis political faith is democratic. He is a member of the Masonic lodge and of the Presbyterian church, in which, for twenty-five years he held the position of elder. He is a member of the state teachers' association and of the industrial teachers' association. Prof. Mc- Caslan was married in 1865, to MissSeptima L., daughter of Johathan Jordan of Abbeville. They have five children living, all of whom are daughters. The degree of A. M. has been conferred upon Prof. Mc- Caslan bj' his alma mater. J. W. KENNEDY. Prof. Joseph Whitner Kennedy, A. M-, deceased, who was presi- dent of the Presbyterian college of South Carolina, at Clinton, and was one of the rising young educators who had attracted puljlic atten- tion, was born in Anderson county, S. C, June 6, 1854. He was the son of Rev. John Leiand Kennedy, A. M., a native of Laurens county, born December 12, 1801, who graduated from the South Carolina col- lege in 1824, after which he entered the Presbyterian ministry in which he labored until his death, in 1877. For forty-nine years he was also engaged as an educator, being for a long time principal of the Thalian academy, of Anderson county, and once professor of ancient languages in Oglethorpe university. He was the son of Rev. John B. Kennedy, also a Presbyterian divine, who was a native of Ireland, and of Scotch-Irish descent. Rev. John B. Kennedy came to America in his boyhood, with his parents, and settled with them in Laurens county. The celebrated Ann Kennedy, of Revolutionary fame, in Spartanburg county, was a cousin of Rev. John L. Kennedy, the father of the subject of this sketch. The maiden name of the mother of Prof. Joseph W. Kennedy was Jane Harvey Chamblin, a native of Spartanburg county. She died in 1858. She, too, was of Scotch-Irish descent. Prof. Joseph W. Kennedy was reared to man- hood in Anderson county, most of the time at Williamston. He re- ceived a classical education, and the degree of A. M. was conferred upon him by the Presbyterian college, of which he afterward became president. He took up teaching when quite young, acting as the as- sistant of his father in school work, and from that time devoted himself to the profession, and soon gained high rank as an educator. His labors in this profession were wholly confined to his native state. He was for five years principal of the academy at Fair View, Green- ville county, and for five years principal of the academy at Greer's, Greenville county. For two years he held the office of county super- intendent of schools in Greenville county. In 1887 he was elected principal of the preparatory department of the Presbyterian college, at Clinton, and professor of English literature in the collegiate de- partment. During the first session after he entered upon those posi- tions, which he filled with signal ability, and to the great satisfaction of the patrons of the college, he was elected president, and held that position until his death. He was a member of the State Teach- 504 SOUTH CAROLINA. ers' association. In politics, President Kennedy was identified with the democratic party. He was married August i, 1878, to Miss Penel- ope, daughter of N. C. McDuffie, formerly of Marion, S. C, and be- came the father of four children, two sons and two daughters. Prof. Kennedy devoted his whole attention to his collegiate duties, and the college under his presidency proved a prosperous and progressive in- stitution. Besides his literary attainments he possessed a good knowledge of the law, having been admitted to the bar in 1883. Edu- cational work, however, was more congenial to his taste than the prac- tice of law, and to the fulfillment of that preference, he yielded his life work. Prof. Kennedy died on February 22, 1891. He was pre- pared for South Carolina college, but never entered, as that institu- tion was then under radical rule, together with the other state institutions, and he declined to enter on that account. SAMUEL B. JONES was born in Charleston, S. C, December 29, 1828. He acquired the rudiments of his education in his native city, and afterward attended Citadel academy, in the same city, graduating in 1847. Out of a class of sixty, with whom Mr. Jones entered, but four survived the rigid examination and graduated. Their names were: Johnson Hagood, ex-governor of South Carolina; L. E. Herriot, a prominent civil en- gineer; S. B. Jones, and John P. Sothern, deceased, formerly a banker in Columbia. Leaving the college, Mr. Jones began his business life as a civil engineer on the Greenville & Columbia railroad, vvhich po- sition he occupied about three years. He was then elected president of the Anderson Female college. His presidency continued up to 1S54, when he joined the South Carolina Conference of the Metho- dist Episcopal church, south. He then preached on circuits, stations and districts for about thirty-five years, serving during that time as president of the Spartanburg Female college. He is now president of the Columbia Female college, succeeding Dr. O. A. Darby in that ofifice. The degree of D. D. was conferred upon President Jones in 1874, by Wofford college, in Spartanburg. He served two terms in the state legislature, representing Abbeville county, in 1862-65. Since 1877 he has been one of the board of visitors of the State IMilitary academy, at Charleston, which board has absolute control of the affairs of that institution. He has at four different times been a delegate to the general conference of the Methodist Episcopal church, 'south. President Jones has been twice married; first in 1848, to Emma, daughter of Bishop William Capers, of Charleston, by whom he had four children, only one of whom survives, namely, Elizabeth, wife of Dr. A. N. Talley. Mr. Jones' first wife died in 1855, ^"'1 he was married again in 1856, to Charlotte E., daughter of John Power, of Aljbeville. They have had seven children, of whom five are still living, namely: Mrs. John E. Carlisle, of Spartanburg; William M. Jones, editor of the Spartanburg Herald; Mrs. George W. Nichols, of Spartanburg; Samuel B. Jones, Jr., and Lottie Lee Jones. SOUTH CAROLINA. 505 Mr. Jones' father was Thomas Legare Jones, Ijorn in Charleston, in iSoo. He was a lawyer, and in 1S27 married Emeline' Fishburne, daughter of Richard iMshburne, of Colleton county, S. C. They had but one child, the subject of this sketch. The grandfather of Mr. Jones was Samuel B. Jones. He was cashier of the .State bank, at Charleston, for a number of years. The great-grandfather of Mr. Jones was Thomas Jones, a native of South Carolina, and a wealthy planter before the Revolutionary war. His maternal ancestors were the I^ostells, of Colleton county. REV. WILLIAM R. ATKINSON, D. D., was born in Georgetown, S. C, April 25, 1841, and was educated at St. James college, Maryland. On leaving that institution he returned to Columbia, S. C, where he entered South Carolina college, gradu- ating from there in the class of 1S61. He had as classmates Dr. McBryde, now president of the university from which he graduated; Rt. Rev. R. B. Elliott, late bishop of Texas, and numerous others who afterward gave up their lives in the Civil war of the states. Im- mediately after graduation he enlisted in the Confederate army in the Richland volunteer rifle company, as a private. In that com- pany also was Gen. R. N. Richburg, of Columbia, a candidate In iSqo for adjutant and inspector-general on the "straight-out" ticket. Dr. Atkinson served through the war and at the time of the sur- render of Johnston's arm}' held a commission in the regular Confed- erate army as ordnance officer. After the war he taught school at Abbeville, S. C. During this time he prepared for the South Caro- lina university Prof. R. M. Davis, now professor of history and politi- cal economy in that institution, and other students, for the higher courses of study. In 1S67 he entered the Presbyterian Theological seminary, from which he graduated in i86q. Upon leaving the sem- inary he entered the University of V^irginia for a post-graduate course in mental, moral and the natural sciences. In 1871 he was called to the pastorate of the Presbyterian church in Smithville, Va., where he remained five years. He then accepted a position as teacher in the Peace institute for young ladies in Raleigh, N. C, where he remained three years. Then he accepted the presidency of the Charlotte, N. C, Female institute, which position he held for twelve years, raising the institute from an impoverished and depressed condition to that of the most prosperous and successful it had ever enjoyed. In iSgo he accepted the presidency of the South Carolina College for Women, at Columbia, S. C, which position he still holds. In June, iSgo, the South Carolina university, his alma mater, conferred upon him the degree of doctor of divinity. President Atkinson was married at Smithville, Va., in 1872, to Miss Lucy Hannah, the daughter of* George C. Hannah, Esq., of Charlotte county, Va. Dr. Atkinson's father was William R. Atkinson, born in Georgetown, S. C, in 1815. He was a lawyer by profession and died in Columbia, at the age of 506 SOUTH CAROLINA. twenty-five, leaving two children, of whom the subject of this sketch is the sole survivor. STILES RIVERS MELLICHAMP, son of St. Lo ]\Iellichamp, and Margaret Lorimore, was born or. James Island, near Charleston, S. C, on the nth of February, 1841. He belongs to an old Huguenot family, well known in South Caro- lina. His grandfather took an active part in the Revolutionary war and his father in the war of 181 2. On the 8th of February, 1S66, he was united in marriage to Miss Sarah Carolina Miller, daughter of John D. Miller, of Charleston. At the age of twelve, he entered the high school, of Charleston, where, under such excellent teachers as Henry Laurens, Charles B. Cochran, J. T. Lee, and H. M. Bruns, he was prepared for the college of Charleston, at which in- stitution he graduated in 1861, under the presidency of the venerable Dr. N. R. Middleton. An incident of the graduation, showing the patriotic spirit of the times, was, that all the young men of the class, left their studies, a month or two before the end of the course to go into the army, but were generously recalled, by a resolution of the faculty, in consideration of the extraordinary circumstances, to re- ceive their diplomas. This they did, and immediately rejoined their respective regiments in the field. At this time, Mr. i\lellichamp was with the troops, on Sullivan's Island, that were stationed there for the protection of Fort Moultrie, during the memorable battle of Fort Sumter. After the surrender of the fort, he continued with his regiment, in various places on the coast, until he was elected teacher of the Marine .School of Charleston. Here he devoted himself as- siduously to the training of the young sailors, until, impelled by love for his state, he sent in his resignation, in order to rejoin his com- rades in arms. The trustees showed their appreciation, by refusing to accept his resignation, and filled his place temporarily, until his return from the army. He then followed the flag of the Confederacy, as a private in the ranks, until called into the service of the engineer corps. In this capacity, he laid out many of the batteries around Savannah and Macon, Ga., and was detached, in the latter part of the war, along with four other engineers, to make maps of the country, lying between the two armies, especially in the northern part of Alabama. After the war, finding that the marine school was broken up, Mr. Mellichamp accepted a position as teacher in Orangeburg county, S. C. In 1871 he moved to the city of Orangeburg, where he estab- lished a school of his own, the reputation of which has extended far beyond its immediate surroundings. In this high school for nineteen years he prepared boys and girls for college and for the practical duties of life, drawing students from many counties of the state, and sometimes from other states. In 1878 he purchased the Orangeburg Times, which a few years later was consolidated with the Democrat, under the name of the Orangeburg Times and Democrat. He thus SOUTH CAROLINA. 507 continued in editorial work about seven years, until increasing school duties compelled him to retire, against the wishes of his partner. In 1880 he was elected school commissioner of Orangeburg county, to which office he was re-elected by handsome majorities for four suc- cessive terms, holding the office eight years in all. During his term he greatly improved the schools of his county, and by his financial management placed the system on a cash basis, the beneficial effects of which are still being enjoyed. In 1888 he published the Melli- champ School Journal, in the interest of his school and the teachers of his county. In 1889 he started the Carolina School Journal, a monthly, which was made the official organ of the State Teachers' association. It was well received and patronized by the best teachers of the state, but was discontinued for want of proper financial support. In 1890 the citizens of Orangeburg, in the spirit of progress and improve- ment, determined to adopt the graded school system. The result of this movement was the consolidation of the schools. In this way the Mellichamp high school, which had been in prosperous existence for over nineteen years, was merged into the Orangeburg graded school, in which Mr. Mellichamp, the subject of this sketch, is now the prin- cipal of the female department. This school has not long been es- tablished, but is already the pride of the city, and gives every prom- ise of future usefulness. It will thus be seen that Mr. Mellichamp has made teaching his life work, in which he has attained a degree of success which is not the portion of all who enter this noble profession. HON. PAUL AGALUS McMICHAEL. Among South Carolina's bravest and most honored sons may be found the name of the Hon. Paul Agalus McMichael, soldier, states- man and scholar. He was born in the month of March, 1S20, being the eleventh of fourteen children born to Jacob McMichael. He was of Scotch descent, the founders of the American branch of the family having come to this country in colonial days. The two brothers who came from Scotland settled in Carolina and that state has since been the home of their descendants. Mr. McMichael was educated in the schools of Orangeburg county, where he was born, and most of his schooling was obtained under the tutelage of a _Mr. Sheldon, who was a prominent educator of Orangeburg at that time. At the early age of fifteen the boy began teaching, and he was suc- cessfully engaged in that calling for about ten years. When twenty- four years old he was united in marriage to Miss Margaret Tyler, daughter of the Hon. Elisha Tyler, who was for some time a mem- ber of the South Carolina legislature. Of the eight children born to them five died in infancy. The three still surviving are Cornelia E., (Mrs. Connor,) Mary A., and Thomas M. McMichael, all of whom are residents of Orangeburg county. At that time military service was enjoined on all by law and Mr. McMichael took up the study of military science and his proficiency therein soon brought him into 508 SOUTH CAROLINA. prominence. Before the Civil war he served as adjutant of militia; and at about that period was tax collector (county treasurer). His services in the latter office were such as to prove him a man of affairs, and of great ability. When the war broke out he organized a company and entered the service as a captain of volunteers. Here his knowledge of military science rapidly brought him to notice as a member of the Twentieth South Carolina volunteer regiment. Dur- ing the first three years of the war his command was stationed as a guard to the city of Charleston. History shows how gallantly they discharged their duties as defenders. In 1864 Capt. McMichael was promoted to the rank of colonel and was sent to Virginia in com- mand of the Twentieth regiment. Arriving at his post of duty in an enfeebled condition he was sent to the hospital, which he left with his characteristic energy before fully recovered to resume his com- mand. He led his regiment at the battle of Cedar Creek, and in thai ill-fated engagement was taken prisoner and sent to Fort Delaware, where he was confined for several months after the declaration of peace. In August, 1S65, he reached his home shattered in health and fortune. After rallying from a serious attack of typhoid fever he bravely went to work to repair his fortunes. His eminent qualifica- tions soon called him back to public life and he was appointed ordi- nary (probate judge) of Orangeburg county, in 1S66, which of^ce he filled for about two years. In 186S he was nominated for the state senate by the democratic party, but was defeated by a negro candi- date, the election having been decided by the color line and not on the merits of the candidates. In such defeat he found honor. .Shortly after this he began to feel the first pangs of the dread paralysis which terminated his life January 13, 1869. He met death, against which he had fought so often and well, as he had duty, fear- lesslj' and unflinchingly, and passed away in the steadfast hope of a final resurrection of the just. During the greater part of his life he was a devoted member of the Baptist church, and held many import- ant positions as layman, being for a number of years clerk of the Edisto Baptist association. Hospitable to the extreme, his home was ever open to friend and stranger alike, and his purse knew no tightening in the presence of distress. He was a man of rare refine- ment and culture, an accomplished musician and fluent talker, his presence was sought in society wherever he went. Of fine personal appearance, with a face that inspired respect and obedience, he was born to command. Gentleman, soldier and Christian, his name will long be cherished by those who knew him. .Such are the men who have defended the escutcheon of the proud " Palmetto " state. PROF. FRANCIS S. HOLMES, late of Charleston county, S. C, now deceased, left a record toward which his descendants may well point with pride and reverence. It is eminently fitting that his name should appear in this work, and, indeed, no history of South Carolina's honored names would be com- SOUTH CAROLINA. 5O9 plete without his. Francis S. Ilohnes first saw the light in the city of Charleston, S. C. Both his parents were natives of the same state as their son, and were people of intelligence and culture, and both descendants of good stock. Ilaving obtained a thorough schooling in the excellent educational institutions of his native city, the boy be- gan active life at the age of twenty as an accountant in the counting house of a mercantile establishment. But he did not remain in that occupation long. He was an ardent lover of nature, and agriculture held for him many inducements, so it was not many months before we find him busih- engaged in operating a large plantation, and he continued in this for many years with great success. ,Prior to the war he was elected curator of the Charleston college museum, and was elected professor in natural history and geology. Until the war, he filled these chairs acceptably. To the combined efforts and enterpris- ing persistency of Prof. Holmes and Dr. N. A. Pratt, a distinguished chemist, the " Palmetto" state owes the great industry of phosphate mining, for to them is due the honor of having first discovered the phosphate rock of the state, and of building the first plant for reducing it. The pioneer works were erected on Prof. Holmes' own place, the company then organized being known as the Charleston Mining & Manufacturing company, of which Prof. Holmes was president until his retirement from active business. This concern is still in existence and stands as a worthy monument to these two public benefactors. He found time to write a valuable treatise on the " Phosphate Rocks of South Carolina," and to aid in the preparation of an exhaustive work on the " Birds and Reptiles of Carolina," published by A. Baron Holmes, Charleston, S. C. After his resignation of the presidency of the Charleston Mining & Manufacturing company. Prof. Holmes retired to his rice planta- tion near Charleston and devoted his time to literary work and the superintendency of his large acres. At this time he re-organized the old "Colonial" Episcopal church, known as the "Goose Creek" church, and with Rev. Mr. Drayton, as rector, this historic edifice once more contained devout worshipers. The church has been consid- ered by many as the most interesting relic of colonial times, as it was built in 171 1, and unlike other old churches, was never rebuilt, but al- lowed to remain as its designer left it- In its churchyard lie many of the descendants of Landgrave Thomas Smith, who was born in 1648, in Dexter, Devonshire, England, and emigrated to America, in 167 1. Prof. Holmes was an earnest follower of the St. Paul's Epis- copal church, of Ratliffborough, and superintendent of its Sunday school for many years, as well as a vestryman for a long period. Like most thinking men, he had an implicit faith in the tenets held by the lovers of the Lord Jesus Christ, and died in the firm belief of the power of his .Saviour. He left a most valuable cabinet of natural his- tory curios, which was divided between the Smithsonian institute and the Central park museum, of New York city. This great collection is now to be found in these places, and fully attests the devotion of the great naturalist to his favorite subject. In his domestic relations 5IO SOUTH CAROLINA. he was most happy. Miss Toomer became his wife, and to their union were born seven children, viz.: George, Baron, Anna, Helen, Hennie, John and Lizzie. The mother of these children died, and Prof. Holmes married for his second wife, Miss Sarah Hazzard, who bore him six children, named, William W. H., Mary, wife of Henry Martin; Sarah, wife of Geo. Von Rolintz; Eliza, Richard H. and Bessie. The death of Mrs. Holmes occurred in 1SS7. She died at the age of thirty years. WILLIAM JOHNSON was one of the most distinguished of the Revolutionary patriots of South Carolina. He was by occupation a mechanic, whose sturdy spirit of freedom and strong character made him always prominent among his associates. Under the leadership of Chris- topher Gadsden, as early as 1766, he became an active promoter of resistance to the encroachments of the British government at Charleston, S. C. He was one of that band of citizens who, joining hands around the " Liberty tree," pledged themselves to use measures to secure the absolute independence of the colo- nies, a purpose then held only by Gadsden and a few others, among the patriots who were ready to seek some redress. Declining office in the First regiment of artillery, William Johnson served as a private soldier of that command, in and around Charleston, from the first period of the Revolution and through the siege, to the capture of the city by the British in 1780. Then, with Gen. C. Gadsden and sixty- seven others, who refused protection, he was exiled to St. Augustine, in Florida, being at the time a member of the legislature. Upon his exchange, he returned to Charleston, where he spent the remainder of his days, dying in 181S, at the age of seventy-six years. One of the staunchest "whigs" of the Revolution, he was respected and hon- ored in his own city by all who knew him. WIILLAM JOHNSON, Jr., eldest son of the preceding, was born in Charleston, S. C, Decem- ber 27, 1 771, and died in Brooklyn, N. Y., August 16, 1834. After re- ceiving the highest honors of Princeton college, N. J., at his gradua- tion about 1790, he returned to Charleston and studied law in the office of Gen. Charles Cotesworth Pinckney, being admitted to the bar in January, 1793. Five years afterward he was elected speaker of the house in the legislature of the state, at the early age of twenty- seven years. His talents fitting him for still more honorable station, he was elected by the legislature judge of the court of common pleas, in the next year. From the state bench he was soon elevated by Mr. Jefferson, then president, to the higher office of associate justice of the supreme court of the United States. He must have been one of the yoimgcst justices ever appointed, for he was but thirty-two years of age at this time, 6th of March, 1804. Nearly one-half of his life SOUTH CAROLINA. 5 I I was thus spent in the duties of the supreme court, bringing him into contact and correspondence with sucli men as Jefferson, Marshall and Madison. Later, he undertook, at the request of the family of Gen. Nathaniel Greene, the writing of an elaborate life of that distin- guished officer. It was published in Charleston in 1822, appearing in two volumes, quarto, with maps and documents, and forming a work of lasting historical value in the literature of America. Judge John- son found himself opposed to the principles of nullification, which had sway in South Carolina during the last years of his life. He did not enter into the public contests of that exciting period; his station forbade it; but he shared the opinions of a strong minority, with such men as Joel R. Poinsett, Judge linger, James L. Pettigru, Will- iam Drayton, and his own brother, Dr. Joseph Johnson. Absenting himself much from the state during her dissensions, he contracted a fever in the western part of Pennsylvania. This was in the summer of 1833. While suffering from its consequences, he repaired to New York for medical advice; but soon after suffering a surgical opera- tion, which appeared to be successful, and was borne, by him with great fortitude, he began to sink, and expired surrounded by friends, in Brooklyn, where he had taken up his temporary residence. In person Judge Johnson was described as possessing remarkable dig- nity with much attractiveness of manner and appearance. His early rise to distinction, his accomplishments as lawyer and judge, his traits of manly independence, and his unblemished character, all prove him to have been one of the foremost men in the state of South Carolina. JOSEPH JOHNSON, M. D., the fourth son of the Revolutionary patriot, William Johnson, was born June 15, 1776, and died October 6, 1862. After obtaining a superior education in Charleston, he graduated in medicine at the Philadelphia medical school and returned to Charleston, his native city. There he passed a long and useful life in the practice of the medical profession and in the sale of drugs and medicines. He was honored with many important and responsible appointments, among which were intendant of the city, in 1826; president of the State Medical society; president of the Apprentices' Library society, and of the .South Carolina society; president of the Branch bank, of the United States in Charleston, in iSiS, and at a later period sub- treasurer of the United States in the same city. Dr. Johnson was a prominent member of the Union party at the time when John C. Cal- houn was propagating the nullification doctrine, deeming it unwise to imperil the results of the Revolution for which his father had devoted his best years. Whether in holding high offices of trust or in aiding and stimulating the young to a higher education, or in making local historical collections, Dr. Johnson entitled himself to the gratitude of not only his contemporaries, but of those to come after him. He was a frequent contributor to the press of his time, writing addresses and papers upon scientific topics, and particularly upon medical sub- 512 SOUTH CAROLINA. jects. His best known work is entitled " Traditions and Reminiscences of the American Revolution in theSouth." — i volume, 8vo., Charles- ton, 1 85 1. Born near the opening of the war for the independence of the American colonies, the annals of that eventful period came from his pen with all the freshness and interest of a contemporary writer. He lived to see his beloved country involved in civil war, but was not permitted to witness or experience the results, having passed away in 1S62, at the advanced age of eighty-six years. REV. JOHN JOHNSON, D. D., youngest son of Joseph Johnson, 1\I. D., was born in Charleston, S. C, December 25, 1829, and after receiving an excellent academic educa- tion at the school of Mr. C. Cotes, engaged in the professional and active life of a civil engineer. During ten years of such occupation, he was employed in the surveys and construction of railroads, water- works, etc., preparing and publishing, under the patronage of the state, a large map of South Carolina, considered to be the best au- thority of the time, 1853, and for many years afterward. A fondness for study and letters determined him to spend two sessions at the University of Virginia, 1858-60. There he won the honors of a gold medal for the best contribution to the magazine of the university, and also the valedictory of the Jefferson society. Having decided later to enter the sacred ministry of the Protestant Episcopal church, he began such preparations, and was a student at Camden, S. C, under the direction of Bishop Thomas F. Davis, when the war of the Con- federacy broke out and suspended his purpose. Joining the south- ern army he passed through the grades of lieutenant, captain and major of engineers, while performing active service on the fortifica- tions of Savannah, Wilmington and Charleston. Twice wounded at Fort Sumter, where he did duty as an engineer-in-charge, during fifteen months of its severest bombardments, he took part later in the battles of Averysboro, and Bentonville, N. C, and was paroled as senior officer of engineers, at the surrender of Gen. Joseph E. John- ston's army, at Greensboro, N. C. In January', 1S66, he was ordained to the ministry, and assumed charge of Grace church, Camden, S. C. Thence in 187 1, he removed to Charleston, to become assistant minis- ter of St. Philip's church, being made rector in the following year, and so continuing to the present date. He has been repeatedly elected to the general convention of the Protestant Episcopal church, in the United States. In July, 1890, he published a work of great historical and technical importance, entitled, "The Defense of Charleston Har- bor, including P'ort Sumter and the Adjacent Islands," i vol., 8vo., Charleston. The book has received high commendations from the best literary and military critics, and has passed into a second edition. In the summer of 1891, the degree of doctor of divinity was con- ferred upon him by the trustees of the University of the South, at Sevvanee, Tenn. .^^Hv X /^ Z^^^^,^^ SOUTH CAROLINA. 513 REV. OSGOOD A. DARBY, D. D., is a native of Charleston, S. C, born September 17, 1828. Mis early education was acquired in the Charleston high school and at the Cokesbury school, in Abbeville, S. C. He graduated from the South Carolina military academy, in Charleston, November, 1850. After leaving college, Mr. Darby taught in the academy of Hon. B. R. Car- roll, in Charleston. He joined the South Carolina conference, Methodist Episcopal church, south, in 1S52, and ever since has been preaching the gospel, except during the years 1877-8, when he held a professorship, in the Williamston female college, in Anderson count}', S. C, and from 1880 to 1890, while president of the Columbia Female college. Dr. Darby, is well and most favorably known, throughout his native state. He is distinguished for his learning and piety. His high character and almost womanly gentleness gave him immense influence over the young women, whom he had the honor of prepar- ing for the duties of life. He and Mrs. Darby have retired from active life, and are now residing in Columbia, S. C. REV. BENJAMIN F. WILSON, president of Converse college, of Spartanburg, was born in Sumter county, S. C, March 20, 1S62. He is the son of Capt. Benjamin F. Wilson, of Sumter county, and one of its largest cotton planters. The subject of this sketch was reared to the age of seventeen on his father's farm in his native county, and up to this age had the benefit only of the country school. In the fall of 1880, when eighteen years of age, he entered Davidson college, of North Carolina, from which he graduated in 1SS4, as a bachelor of arts. He received medals both in his junior and senior years, the former of which was awarded to him as the best representative of the two college literary societies; the latter as the best representative of his own society proper. He was elected the valedictorian of his class during the senior year by the literary society of which he was a member. In the fall of 1884, he entered the theological seminary at Columbia, in which he spent one year. In the fall of 18S5 he entered Princeton Theological sem- inary, at Princeton, N. J., from which he graduated in the summer of 1887. During his first year there he took the second scholarship prize in Greek, and during his last year he took the first scholarship prize in Hebrew. In the summer of 1887 he became pastor of the Presbyterian church in Spartanburg. He spent the summer of 1888 in the University of Berlin, pursuing philosophical and philological studies. He was elected alumnus orator by his alma mater iov the '89 commencement. In the springof 1889 he was elected pastor of the First Presbyterian church, Richmond, Ky., and also, at the same time, to the chair of Christian apologetics of the Central University of Richmond, Ky., both of which he declined. In the winter of 1889 he was elected president of the Converse college, a non-sectarian institution for A ^ "^ 514 SOUTH CAROLINA. young ladies, which position he now holds. He was joined in mar- riage July ^o, 1S90, with Mrs. Sallie Foster, daughter of J. C. Farrar, a prominent merchant of Charleston. She was the widow of the late J. A. F"oster, a merchant of Spartanburg. Rev. Mr. Wilson is a member of the Sigma Alpha Epsilon fraternity. He is a talented young clergyman and his achievements are already such as to fore- shadow a useful and brilliant career. REV. WILLIAM PLUMMER JACOBS, D. D., pastor of the Presbyterian church at Clinton, and founder and president of the Thornwell orphanage at that place, was born in Yorkville, S. C, March 15, 1842. He is the son of Rev. Ferdinand Jacobs, D. D., now a resident of Nashville, Tenn., and who has reached the age of eighty- three years. Rev. Ferdinand Jacobs was born at /Alexandria, \'a., in 1808. He graduated at Hampden-Sidney college and Union Theo- logical seminary, after which he entered the ministry of the Presby- terian church, in which he has labored for more than sixty years. The greater part of his ministry has been in South Carolina. He has also been prominent in educational work. The paternal grandfather of the subject of this sketch was Pressley Jacobs, a native of Virginia and a Revolutionary soldier. He lost a brother and three sons in the battle of Germantown, Penn. The family is of English ciescent, its founder in this country having emigrated from England and set- tled in Pennsylvania about forty years prior to the Revolution. The mother of Rev. William P. Jacobs was Mary Redbrook, daughter of James Redbrook. Her parents both died while she was in her child- hood, and her death occurred in 1845. The subject of this sketch graduated from Charleston college when nineteen years of age, and from the Columbia Theological seminar^' at twenty-two. He was licensed to preach in April, 1862, and was ordained in May, 1863. His first charge was the church of Clinton, S. C, of which he has been the pastor ever since — a period of twenty-seven years. He at first had three churches, two of which he gave up later, but he has since organized out of the one he retained two other churches which are now in charge of other parties. Rev. Mr. Jacobs, besides being one of the prominent Presbyterian divines in the state, has also made himself distinguished for his edu- cational and charitable work, not as a leader, but as a founder and organizer. In 1886 he established a monthly magazine, devoted to religion, education and charity, of which he has been editor and pub- lisher ever since. He was married, April 20, 1865, to Miss Mary J., daughter of James H. Dillard, formerly of Laurens. She died Janu- ary 15, 1879, leaving five children, four of whom are sons. Of these, two are in the ministry. The daughter, who is the eldest, is married. Mr. Jacobs is a royal arch Mason and a Good Templar. In political faith he is a democrat. In educational and charitable work he is one of the most conspicuous and best known individuals of the south, and has made for himself a name which will shine in undimmed brilliancy SOUTH CAROLINA. 515 throiii^hout the coming ages. He is a member of the national con- ference of charities and corrections, and has frequently been a dele- gate to the prominent conventions of his church. For five years dur- ing his early manhood, he was a reporter successively on the staff of The Charleston Courier, The Charleston Alercury, The Daily Carolinian, of Columbia, and The Southern Presbyterian, of Columbia. He is a great advocate of short-hand, and possesses one of the best phono- graphic libraries in the country. He studied it under the famous Josephus Woodruff, formerly of South Carolina. He is one of the most distinguished linguists in the country, being able to read and write some twelve or fourteen languages. He has read the Greek Testament through thirty-three times, by reading ten minutes each morning before his breakfast hour. He has been a frequent contrib- utor to the leading periodicals of the day, and all work from his pen commands both remuneration and attention. Mr. Jacobs is the founder of the Thornwell Orphanage, of Clinton, which is one of the best known and most successful charitable institutions in the United States. His connection with it entitles him to a place among the first men in the country in charitable, benevolent and educational work. An account of his connection with this institution will be found in the book entitled, "The Lord's Care." REV. ALBERT GOODALL WARDLAW, pastor of the Presbyterian church of Laurens, was born in Fort Val- ley, Ga., January 20, 1856, and is the son of Rev. John B. VVardlaw, of Oglethorpe, Ga. The maiden name of the wife of John B. Ward- law was Martha Eliza Goodall, sister of Albert Goodall, late of New York city, who for many years was president of the American Bank Note company and was a very prominent Mason. The grandfather of Rev. Albert G. Wardlaw was Capt. William Wardlaw, a native of Abbeville, S. C, who removed to Georgia. He served as captain in the war of 181 2, and by occupation was a planter. On the paternal side the family is of Scotch descent. Rev. Albert G. Wardlaw is a descendant of Hugh Wardlaw, who was one of the three brothers, natives of Virginia, and whose father emigrated from Scotland to America. Hugh Wardlaw removed from Virginia to Abbeville, S. C, where he died. On the paternal side the subject of this sketch traces back his ancestral line to an English royal family, of whom James VI. of Scotland was a member. On the maternal side he is of Welsh descent. His maternal grandmother, whose maiden name was Lucas, at an early day, before railroads were in use, undertook to go from her home in Alabama to Texas, where she possessed large tracts of land. She made the whole trip from Alabama to New Orleans in a carriage, but in that city caught the yellow fever and died. Both the father and mother of Albert G. Wardlaw are living. He was reared to the age of fifteen in Cuthbert, Ga. At that age he was sent north for academical instruction, and at seven- teen was sent abroad to study the modern European languages. He 5l6 SOUTH CAROLINA. Spent one year at Geneva, Switzerland, then, returning hopie, pur- sued his collegiate course at Randolph-Macon college. He subse- quently completed his literary course at Emory college, Oxford, Ga., graduating in 1879 with the degree of A. B. and A. M. By this time he had determined to prepare himself for the ministry, and in Sep- tember, 1879, entered the theological seminary at Princeton, N. J., from which he graduated in Maj', 1882. He also, during the time, pursued a post-graduate course in contemporary and ancient philoso- phy in the college of New Jersey under President McCosh, and re- ceived the degree of A. M. Since then he has been in the active pastorate in the states of Virginia, Georgia and South Carolina. He has served churches in Danville, Richmond and Culpepper, Va., and Augusta, Atlanta and Macon in Georgia. He was serving temporarily the First church at Macon when he was called to the Presbyterian church at Laurens, in May, iSgo. He was married, April 27, 1887, to Miss Hattie Lee Field, daughter of James W. Field, a large planter of Christian county, Ky. Mrs. Wardlaw is a cousin of Gen. James Field, who belongs to the same family of Stephen J. and Cyrus W. Field. They have one child, a son, John B. Wardlaw, who was born May II, 18S8. Rev. A. G. Wardlaw is a member of Chi Phi fratern- ity. His brother, John B. Wardlaw, Jr., who died in July, 1881, was one of the most brilliant of the younger clan of journalists of the present time. He was graduated from the college of New Jersey in 1887 with distinction, and was immediately elected a fellow of the school of mental science of Princeton. In June, 1877, he was offered a position on the editorial staff of the New York IVorldhy its then pro- prietor, Hurlbut, which position he declined on account of ill health and accepted a fellowship instead. He subsequently resigned the fellowship and entered the field of journalism. He became widely known as the author of southern literature, which received en- comiums from some of the leading New York dailies and which made for him an enviable reputation as a writer. He was born in 1S54. The country has probably never produced a man who developed more brilliancy at so early an age. He was but twenty-seven when he died. Rev. A. G. Wardlaw, though young, has already developed great ability and attained an enviable prominence in the ministry. He is recognized as an orator of great force and uncommon brilliancy. REV. SAMUEL LANDER, M. A., D. D., president of the Williamston female college, was born in Lincolnton, N. C, January 30, 1833. His father was the Rev. Samuel Lander, also a minister of the Methodist Episcopal church, south. His mother was Eliza Ann Miller. Both parents were natives of Ireland, and were married in that country in 1812. Removing to America in iSiS, they located in Lincolnton, N. C, in 1826. There they both died, the father in 1868, and the mother in 1876. In the house of George Miller, Dr. Lander's maternal grandfather, the Rev. John Wesley, preached on several occasions. SOUTH CAROLINA. 517 Dr. Lander was reared in Lincolnton, receiving his early educa- tion in tiie village academy. At fifteen, he went to Lexington, N. C, and was prepared for college, under Prof. J. W. Murphy, a well-known educator, of that day, who had previously been his teacher, at Lincoln- ton. Under him he completed all the studies of the freshman class, and, the next year, he entered the sophomore class, in Randolph- Macon college, Va., from which institution he graduateci as a B. A., in June, 1852. Though he was the youngest but one in his class, he stood at its head. On leaving college he gave some attention, incidentally, to civil engineering, and to the study of law. In October, 1853, he accepted a position as assistant professor in the Catawba col- lege, in Newton, N. C, under the presidency of Prof. H. H. Smith. He remained there about a year, and, in 1854, he became a member of the faculty of the Olin institute, in Iredell county, N. C. He sub- sequently became adjunct professor in Randolph-Macon college; but he soon resigned this position, to accept the presidency of Olin insti- tute. In August, 1857, he became professor of Latin and mathematics, in the Greensboro female college, which position he held for two and a half years. In the latter part of 1859, he took charge of a female school, at High Point, N. C, where he remained three years. Mean- while, he began the study of theology, having yielded to his long stand- ing conviction of duty, to prepare himself for the ministry. In i860, he was licensed to preach; and he has labored in the ministry of the Methodist Episcopal church, south, ever since. In connection with his ministerial duties, he has continued his labors as an educator. In 1863, he took charge of the Lincolnton female seminary, in his native place, which position he held until 1867. In 1864, he was admitted into the South Carolina conference. He was ordained deacon in 1866, and elder in 1S68. While at the head of the Lincolnton female seminary, he also performed the duties of pastor of the village church, this being his first appointment. In the latter part of 1867, he was appointed president of Davenport female college, at Lenoir, N. C, which position he filled three years. In 1871, he became joint pro- prietor of the Spartanburg female college, in connection with the Rev. Samuel B. Jones. There he remained only one year. Toward the close of the year, he was elected president of the Columbia female college, on condition that that institution, which had been suspended since the war, should be re-opened; and for this reason he left his place in Spartanburg. The re-opening of the Columbia female college having been de- ferred, Mr. Lancler was placed in charge of the Williamston circuit, with his residence at Williamston, S. C. Shortly after his arrival there, he established the Williamston female college, which he has conducted very successfully ever since, and which is now, one of the most flourishing female institutions in South Carolina. During five of the twenty years he has been in Williamston, he has been pastor of the Methodist Episcopal church, south, in that place. Rev. Mr. Lander ranks as one of the foremost educators of his state. The degree of D. D. was conferred on him, by Trinity college, N. C. Dr. 5l8 SOUTH CAROLINA. Lander is a Royal Arch Mason, a Knight of Honor, a Son of Tem- perance, and a strong prohibitionist, taking an active part in temper- ance work. The Wilhamston female college is one of the most thor- ough and popular institutions of the kind, in the south. One special feat- ure of the schpo! is the fact, that the young ladies who attend it are not educated for the stage or platform, but, on the contrary, are dis- couraged from both. In connection with composition, reading spell- ing, etc., each pupil has either one principal study for five weeks, or, at most, two for ten, thus avoiding the dissipation of thought, pro- duced by having the mind burdened with several difficult subjects at the same time. There are, thus, eight periods during the school year at which a pupil may graduate. Dr. Lander was married De- cember 20, 1S53, to Miss Laura Ann, eldest daughter of Rev. Angus McPherson, of the South Carolina conference. They have nine children living, seven of whom are sons. Three of the sons have graduated from Wofford college; and two of these delivered the val- edictory addresses. The eldest. Rev. John Mc Pherson Lander, is principal of the American Granbery college, in Juiz de Fora, Brazil. The second son, William Tertius Lander, is associated with his father, in the Williamston female college. Another son, Malcom McPherson Lander, is principal of the Kingstree academy, S. C. The eldest daughter, Mattie McPherson, is the wife of George E. Prince, a leading attorney of Anderson, S. C. REV. WILLIAM HOOPER ADAMS was born in Boston, Mass., January 8, 1828. He was the son of Rev. Dr. Nehemiah and Martha Hooper Adams. He entered Harvard university in 1S56, and graduated with high honors in i860. He studied at Andover theological seminary, but in January, 1861 en- tered the theological seminary at Columbia, S. C. On the 27th of September, 1862, he was licensed to preach the gospel, by the presby- tery of Hopewell, and about a year later was ordained an evangelist by the same authority. He began his ministry as an evanglist to the churches of Danielsville and Sandy Creek, and extended his labors to the people of Paoli and Beth Haven, Ga. He first permanently settled in the vicinity of Eufaula, Ala., where his labors rnet with great acceptance. In the summer of 1865, he visited his native city, Boston, where he remained about two years, and on the 28th of Feb- ruary, returned to Charleston, S. C, accepting an invitation to the pastorate of the Circular church in that city. This settlement con- tinued for twelve years. In the spring of 1880 the Charleston presbytery held a session at which Mr. Adams was in attendance, but not many days after its adjournment, his spirit took its flight to the unseen world. For some years previous to his death Mr. Adams had been en- gaged in the most engrossing ministerial and literary work, and in order to be in the neighborhood of his father, he had supplied the Vine street church at Roxbury, Mass., the church of Middleton, Mass. SOUTH CAROLINA. 519 and afterward the Mancock churcli at Lexington, Mass. During this divided pastorate, he was preparing a work entitled "Seven Words from the Cross," a production which did great honor to his literary ability and the tenderness of his sensibilities. His eminent charac- teristics were unselfishness and devotion. During his ministration in the south he was a great favorite with the colored population and always e.xhibited toward them as he did toward all a kind and obliging consideration. By none was his decease more sincerely mourned than by these lowly members of his congregation. He pre- pared his sermons with great care, but did not allow the engrossment of his study to interfere with his pastoral duties. Whatever was in- teresting to his church always elicited his own interest, and this sym- pathy of interest tended to make him all the more beloved and venerated. Whether in their joys or their sorrows, his whole heart responded to those of his devoted flock. The resolution of his pres- bytery, on his lamented death, bear this appreciative testimony of his character and worth: " Brother Adams was a heavenly-minded, cheerful and loving Christian, and as a minister of the gospel, was able, earnest and zeal- ous. It can truly be said of him as it was said of another preacher of Christ, after his decease, ' There was no taint of bigotry in his nature. All followers of Christ were Christians to him, and in every sinner he saw a possible saint, and hoped and prayed that the possibility might be realized.' " ISAAC STOCKTON KEITH, Presbyterian divine, was born in Newton, Bucks county, Penn., Janu- ary 20, 1755. He was a graduate of Princeton college in 1775. In 1 791 he received the title of D. D. from the University of Pennsyl- vania. Immediately after his graduation he engaged in teaching at Elizabethtown, N. J., but in 1778, he was licensed by the presbytery of Philadelphia to preach, and two years afterward was installed pastor of the Presbyterian church at Alexandria, Va. In 1778 Dr. Keith removed to Charleston, S. C, and was installed as pastor of the Independent church of that city, known as the Circular church, on account of the peculiar structure of the church edifice. He was the collegiate pastor of the church with Rev. Dr. Hollingshead, who ha.d preceded him in the pastorate of the society, and was his senior in age. Dr. Keith held a high rank as an able and eloquent preacher, and he ministered to the church at Charleston for twenty years to great acceptance, respected and beloved by his congregation. He was twice married; first to a daughter of Rev. Dr. Sproat, of Philadelphia. She died September 30, 1796, and on the 3rd of April, 1798, he was married to Catharine, daughter of Thomas Lagare, of Charleston. In personal appearance Dr. Keith was described as " imposing, large in stature, dignified in manner, grave in aspect and in speech, and yet so courteous and affable as to invite the confidence of the most timid child." He was of a generous and charitable disposition. 520 SOUTH CAROLINA. and no person in poverty or distress applied to him without eliciting froni him his aid, sympathy and encouragement. He fulfilled the scriptural characterization of a true Christian; he wept with those that wept, and rejoiced with those that did rejoice. His sermons were elaborate; they were the product of deep thought, and his applica- tions were of a nature to awaken the earnest attention of his hearers. His religious doctrines were those formulated in the West- minster Assembly Catechism, and his mission was to preach Christ and Him crucified. He was peculiarly effective in prayer, addressing the throne of grace in apt and fervid terms. Dr. Keith died Decem- ber 13, 1S13. In Dr. Sprague's " Annals of the American Pulpit" a let- ter from Rev. Edward Palmer, of Walterboro, S. C, is published, portraying the character of Dr. Keith, which closes as follows: " Dr. Keith's loss was deeply felt in every circle in which he moved. Among the demonstrations of grief attending his funeral, one of the most touching was that of a venerable minister of the Episcopal church bending over his lifeless form and exclaiming with a profusion of tears: ' I have known a multitude of ministers of various denom- inations, both in Europe and America, but never have I known a more faithful servant of Jesus than this dear saint.' " RIGHT REV. JOHN ENGLAND, ■first bishop of Charleston, was born in Cork, Ireland, September 23, 1786. He received all the advantages of education afforded by the schools of his native city. When about fifteen j-ears of age he ex- pressed a desire to embrace the ecclesiastical state, and from that time on until he entered college he was under the particular care of the very Rev. Robert McCarthy, dean of the diocese. In August, 1803, he left Cork for the college of Carlow, where he remained until 1808. He then returned to Cork to receive holy orders, being at that time under canonical age, and a dispensation had to be procured from Rome. October 9, 1808, he received the order of deacon and that of priesthood on the following da}^ A few weeks later he was appointed lecturer at the cathedral. He was appointed president of the di- ocesan college of St. Mary, in 181 2. In i8i3,he performed a principal part in the ministerial functions attendant upon the jubilee granted by the pope to the Catholics of Cork on the completion of their new cathedral. He was appointed in 181 7 to the parish of Bandon, in which he continued until his appointment to the see of Charleston, in 1820. He was consecrated September 21, 1820, and left Belfast for America October 10, 1820. After a rough voyage he reached Charleston, December 20, 1820. He began his labors in America on the 1st of January, 1821. Bishop England's diocese embraced three states — North Caro- lina, South Carolina and Georgia. On his first introduction to his diocese, he found only two churches open to his ministrations, and his clergy were equally limited. But with a brave spirit he began his work, and churches soon began to multiply around him. His task SOUTH CAROLINA. 52 I was that of a missionary, and he traveled many hundreds of miles in its performance. Among his first objects was to establish churches at Savannah, Augusta, and at many other places of less note. At a place called Locust Grove, he preached his hrst open air sermon, the church being too small to accommodate his four hundred hearers, who had collected from considerable distances to hear him. He found at Columbia a flock of between two and three hundred, composed largely of Irish laborers, at work e.xcavating for a canal. There being no church building in the city, he preached in the court-house, to a large and respectable audience, many Protestants being in attendance. Having planted the seed for a church here, as well as in other places he had visited, he returned to Charleston and took up his great life work in that city — a work which has made his name historic in the annals of Catholicism. He began a course of lectures, and during th.e Lenten season, taught the great principles of his faith, in a way that did not fail to awaken serious attention, and his labors were crowned with the acivent into the church of many converts. In his diary, kept about this time, he made, among other matter, the follow- ing entry: "The Catholics who live here, and they who occasionally come here, were in the habit of going to other places of worship — • Episcopal, Protestant, Methodist and Presbyterian — and had nearly lost all idea of Catholicity." Like all the Irish Catholics of the day in which he lived, he lost no time in taking the proper steps to become an American citizen, and throughout his eminent career he acted the part of a loyal sub- ject of the government of his adoption, was proud of its greatness and ready jealously to defend its honor. Bishop England's efforts in behalf of his faith were not confined to the pulpit, but he became the real founder of Catholic journalism in America. In 1822 he estab- lished The United States Catholic Aliscellany, and for twenty years the columns of that publication gave evidence of his masterful ability as an erudite, graceful and effective writer. Bishop England was a fine classical scholar, and finding that the taste for the classics had deteriorated in Charleston, he started a school in which were numerous scholars from the best families in Charleston, and it became a source of considerable income to those students who were fitting themselves for the priesthood, the}' taking charge of the classes in the school. For a time this school was very prosperous, but at length it evoked the jealousy of the Protestant denominations, after which its success was greatly curtailed. Besides his reformatory efforts in church lines, Bishop England took time to engage in literary and scientific work, and he was the originator of an anti-dueling association which became effective in improving the morals of society. He had the honor to be invited by members of the national house of representatives to deliver a sermon before them in Washington. He accepted, being the first Catholic who had ever preached in the representative hall. This fearless, renowned, highly cultivated and most excellent prelate closed his earthly career 522 SOUTH CAROLINA. on the nth of April, 1S42, lamented, not by those of his own faith alone, but by all who appreciated his eminent and unselfish services to his fellow men. RIGHT REV. PATRICK NIESON LYNCH, D. D., third bishop of Charleston, was born in Ireland, March 10, 181 7. His parents emigrated to America in 1S19, landing at Georgetown, S. C, but settling at Cheraw, in that state. While a lad young Lynch entered the seminary of St. John the Baptist, at Charleston, at the suggestion of Bishop England. By too strict application to his studies his health became impaired and he was compelled to return to Cheraw, where for some time he led a rural life. His health being restored he resumed his studies, being sent to Rome, where he entered the famous college of the Propaganda. Here he was graduated with honors, receiving the degree of D. D. He was ordained priest in 1840, and returned to Charleston, where he officiated until the death of Bishop England and the consecration of Bishop Reynolds, in 1844. He was placed by Bishop Reynolds in charge of St. Mary's church for the next eleven years, and appointed principal of the Collegiate Institute and vicar-general of the diocese. Upon the death of Bishop Reynolds in 1S55, he became administrator of the vacant see, and on March 14, 1858, he was consecrated bishop of Charleston. His death occurred February 26, 1882. When South Carolina seceded from the Union, Bishop Lynch sup- ported the Confederacy with zeal and ardor, but in the first year of the war the new cathedral, in which his large congregations met, and his residence and other church property, were burned. This calamity with the siege and bombardment of the city, had the effect of disin- tegrating his church membership, many of his flock joining the army in defense of the Confederate cause. But calamities did not come singly to Bishop Lynch. When Sherman made his devastating march to the sea, his church, college and convent, at Columbia, be- came also' food for the flames. Archbishop Hughes at that time was as ardently engaged for the Union cause, as Bishop Ljmch was for the Confederate, and had gone to Rome to enlist the papal au- thority in favor of his cause. To counteract — at least to neutralize the efforts of the archbishop. Bishop Lynch was deputed by the Con- federate government, on a special mission to France, provided with an autogragh letter by President Jefferson Davis to the pope. This journey was doubtless a work of supererogation, and it was at the cost to the bishop of the almost total dispersion of his church member- ship. Besides the loss of the church property by conflagration, he had incurred a debt of more than $100,000, borrowed money, mostly trust funds, which had been deposited with him by poor people out of their small savings. To re-build the cathedral, college and convent, destroyed by fire, would require an outlay of $150,000 or more. To meet his indebtedness and the contemplated expenses of re-building SOUTH CAROLINA. 523 what llie flames had destroyed, lie had no resources in immediate view, and the task before him seemed likely to tax his energies for the remainder of his days. But he went about his work with a hero- ism and an energy that did him great credit. He made his wants known outside of his own diocese, and spent much time and untiring labor in the cause of his church. Bishop Lynch was the po.ssessor, naturally, of a vigorous constitu- tion, but the cares and perplexities and embarrassments through which he was called to pass in rehabilitating his diocese, in trying to discharge his indebtedness and to raise funds to rebuild his destroyed structures, were undoubtedly the means of greatly shortening his days and lessening his usefulness. Bishop Lynch illustrated his hu- mane, religious and unselfish instincts in 184S, when he took charge, regardless of danger to himself, of a hospital during the prevalence of epidemic yellow fever. He persisted in caring for the sick, even after he himself had taken the disease, and only suspended his ef- forts when weakness from the effect of the disorder compelled him to do so. Twenty j-ears or more later, when the same dangerous epi- demic broke out in Charleston, he was absent from his diocese, but on being informed of its spread he hastened home to render the same kind offices to the suffering that he had rendered on the former occasion. He was not alone a theologian; he was a fine classical scholar and a student of the sciences. He was a facile writer and his published articles, which were not few, exhibit a forcible style and profound thought. Many of his writings in various contemporary reviews and periodicals were afterward collected and published in book form. RIGHT REV. IGNATIUS ALOYSIUS REYNOLDS, second bishop of Charleston, was born in Nelson county, Ky., August 22, 1798. At an early age he entered the theological semi- nary at Bardstown, Ky., to which place his father had removed and settled on a farm, where he was one of the first students. He entered St. Mary's seminary at Baltimore, in December, 1812, where he fol- lowed a complete course of theology and also enjoyed the advantages of a thorough and profound training in'the phj'sical sciences. Hav- ing finished his course with distinction, he was ordained at Baltimore, October 24, 1823. He immediately returned to Kentucky and was soon afterward appointed professor of St. Joseph's college at Bards- town, and subsequently' became president of that institution, holding that position for several years. He was appointed successor to Bishop Kendrick, professor in the theological seminary, at Bards- town, by Bishop Floget. For many years, subsequently, he was vicar-general to Bishop Floget. In i84i,when the Episcopal see of Kentucky was transferred from Bardstown to Louisville, Father Reynolds, then vicar-general, paid a visit to Europe to recruit his health, after which he proceeded to Louisville, which was his mission, united to which were the duties of vicar-general. He remained there 524 SOUTH CAROLINA. until 1S44, when he was appointed Bishop of Charleston, upon the death of Bishop England. He was consecrated bishop, March 19, 1844, in the Cathedral of Cincinnati, after which he proceeded to Charleston b}- way of Baltimore. He died March g, 1S58. Bishop Reynolds was a worthy successor of Bishop England. The labors of his predecessor in a diocese composed of the three states of North Carolina, Georgia and South Carolina, with the planting of numerous churches, in each of these states, had opened for the new bishop an extensive field. Bishop England had been highly popular and greatly beloved throughout the diocese, and Bishop Reynolds found his new charge a homogeneous people who gave him a cordial reception. But the wants of the church are ever growing, and in 1845, Bishop Reynolds made a visit to Europe to solicit funds to- wards the erection of a cathedral at St. Finbar. He was success- ful, and the cathedral was erected, and, in 1854, it was consecrated. In his eleven years' administration of the episcopate, Bishop Reynolds was an active attendant upon all the ministerial councils of his church throughout the United .States, and by his rare learning and forceful eloquence made himself effective in devising plans for the spread and prosperity of Catholicism in the country at large. But his strict devotion to this work at length began to tell upon his physical powers, which from the beginning were not robust, and he was finally com- pelled to rest from his more arduous efforts in behalf of the cause. He visited Kentucky, his native state, with the purpose and hope of recuperation, but soon returned to his diocese with health still im- paired. In May, 1855, the bishops in council at Baltimore, in a letter to the propaganda at Rome, apprised that body, that Bishop Reynolds had finished his missionary work — that " he had worn him- self out in the service of his church." But even amid this great pressure of missionary and priestly work, Bishop Reynolds found time to edit the "works" of his illustrious diocesan predecessor. Bishop John England, in five volumes, at Baltimore in 1849. RIGHT REV. HENRY PINCKNEY NORTHROP, fourth bishop of Charleston, who is also the second vicar apostolic of North Carolina, which comprises the whole state, is a member of a highly respectable southern family. He began his classical education at Georgetown college in 1853, and in 1856 entered Mount St. Mary's college at Emmettsburg, Md., from which he graduated in 1S60. Then he entered the seminary there from which he graduated in 1864. He afterward went to Rome to the American college, where he was or- dained, June 26, 1865. Returning to his native land he at once en- gaged in clearing away and dissipating the dense prejudices which had a firm hold of the non-Catholic population of the south, and the thick undergrowth of ignorance among many of his own people in that section. In 1881 he was placed at the head of the vicariate, hav- ing in the meantime served the cathedral at Charleston and St. Pat- rick. Although made bishop of Rosalia and vicar apostolic of North SOUTH CAROLINA. 525 Carolina in 1881, he was not consecrated by Arclibishop Gibbons until January 8, 1S82. January 27, 18S3, he was translated by papal brief to the see of Charleston, retaining the vicariate of North Caro- lina until recently. For a time after his return from his visit to Rome Father Northrop was attached to the church of the Nativity, in New York, where he rendered acceptable service. On his advent to Charleston in 1S66 he was stationed as assistant pastor at St. Joseph's church, a position which he occupied for about a year. In 1868 he went to New Berne, N. C, as a volunteer for mission work in that state, remaining there for four years. At the end of this period he returned to Charleston, S. C, acting there as assistant pastor in the cathedral aixl pastor at Sullivan's Island. He acted in this capacity for six years, then for one year was pastor of St. Patrick's church in Charleston. In 1884 he was present at the third plenarj' council of Baltimore. REV. JOSEPH ALEXANDER. Rev. Joseph Alexander was born about the year 1740. He gradu- ated from Princeton college in 1760, and was licensed by the New- castle presbj'terj', in 1767. He was immediately installed pastor of the Sugar Creek Presbyterian church in North Carolina. Here he established a classical school, which grew to be one of the most popu- lar schools in the south. About 1765, he began to preach occasion- ally at Indian Creek and Grassy .Springs. A house of worship had been erected, trustees chosen and the congregation organized, under the name of Union. The site of this church was on Brown's creek, some four miles from the present town of Unionville, near the road leading from that place to Pinckneyville. The church edifice was intended for the use of both Presbyterians and Episcopalians, and this was why it was called Union church. It was a place of some note, and finally gave its name to the county in which it was situated. Dr. Alexander ministered to this church until 1773. He was afterward installed pastor of Bullock's Creek church, where he remained until 1801. On the 27th of March of that year he dissolved his connection with that church, at his own request and with the consent of the peo- ple of his charge. In his letter to the presbytery, giving a report from his congregation, at the close of which he asked a release from his pastoral relation, he said that his church consisted, at that time, of eighty-five communicants. He had baptized eleven adults, and seven hundred and fifty-three infants. /V want of interest and harmony among his people, was given as his reasdn for resigning his charge. In 1807, the College of South Carolina conferred upon Mr. Alex- ander the degree of D. D. Having reached a good old age, he did not seek another pastorate. His death occurred July 30, 1809. Dr. Alexander was of small size and was lame as reported by Gov. David Johnson, who was one of his admirers. He was endowed with fine accomplishments, with talents of the highest order, and was an uncom- monly animated and popular pulpit orator. He lived through the 526 SOUTH CAROLINA. trials and excitements of the Revolution and was an ardent patriot. In 1807 a small volume of his sermons was issued at Charleston. He was not alone distinguished as a minister of the gospel, but was an educator of great eminence. For this he was honored by having Alexandria college named for him by special act of the South Caro- lina legislature. GOV. BENJAMIN RYAN TILLMAN. Hon. Benjamin R. Tillman, governor of South Carolina, was born in Edgefield, that state, August 11,1847. His father was Ben- jamin R. Tillman, and his mother was Sophia Handcock, both of whom were natives of South Carolina. The ancestors of Gov. Tillman emigrated from Virginia to South Carolina prior to the Revolutionary war, and settled in the Edgefield district. On both sides of the family were soldiers of the Revolutionary war. Gov. Tillman was educated at Bethany academy, in the upper part of Edgefield county. At the age of si.xteen or seventeen years, young Tillman left school to join the Confederate army, but a week later was taken seriously ill and for five months was confined to his bed and was an invalid for two years following. During this illness, in 1864, an abcess destroyed his left eye, and he was also for a time paralyzed, and there were no hopes of his final recovery entertained. In the latter part of 1866 the death of his brother, Capt. James Till- man, placed the governor in charge of a large plantation of 3,500 acres, there being no other member of the family to attend to the duties of the plantation. In 1867, however, he went to Florida, where his mother had always desired to live, and there bought a plantation in Marion county, residing upon the same for two years. While liv- ing in Florida, on January 8, 1868, he was married to Miss Sallie Stark, of Georgia. She is the daughter of Samuel Stark, a native of Longtown, Fairfield county, S. C. To the union of Gov. Till- man and wife three sons and three daughters have been born, all of whom, with one exception, are living. In December, 1868, Gov. Tillman returned from Florida and located on the old homestead with his mother and two sisters. He continued to liye with his mother and to attend to her affairs until her death in 1876, after which event he settled upon his portion of the estate and farmed with good success until his election as governor of the state. In 1882 Gov. Tillman was a delegate to the state democratic con- vention, and supported Gen. Bratton for governor. There was a strong pressure about this time to have him stand for election to the legislature, but he refused outright to become a candidate. At about this time the study of the agricultural interests of the state and the system then pin-sued gave him very pronounced ideas as to the needs of a reformation, and at different times he contributed strong articles to the agricultural papers. In August, 1885, the state agricultural and mechanical society and the state grange held a meeting at Bentonville, which Gov. Tillman attended as a delegate, and read an address SOUTH CAKOJ.INA. 527 in which he analyzed the cause of the agricultural depression of the state and the remedy, and demanding better facilities for the educa- tion of farmers at the university of the state, the re-organization of the agricultural department, establishment of experimental farms, and the holding of farmers' institutes. This convention was attended by representatives of the best farming interests of the state, and his address was received with applause, and was endorsed in an emphatic manner. This brought him into prominence as a reformer and as a champion of special educational facilities for farmers, and his promi- nence and popularit}' increased from year to year until in i8qo he was nominated and elected to the office of governor. JOHN PETER RICHARDSON. The following sketch was taken from the Sniulay Xcws, of Charles- ton, S. C, December, 5, 1885: John Peter Richardson was born in Clarendon county fifty-five years ago. He was the son of Gov. John Peter Richardson, who was the son of John Peter Richard- son and the grandson of Gen. Richardson, of distinguished record before and during the Revolutionary war. Gen. Richard Richard- son moved to South Carolina from Virginia in colonial times, and after a careful examination of many sections of the state settled upon lands in Clarendon county on the Santee river, noted for their fertility and adaptability for agricultural purposes, and there acquired during a life of remarkable enterprise and industry, an immense estate. He was a commander of the forces of the colony in the "snow campaign," just preceding the Revolution, possessed almost unbounded infiuence in that part of the state, and, although over eighty years of age, was during the struggle for independence, arrested by Tarleton, the " butcher," placed on a horse behind a trooper, carried to Charleston, imprisoned on board of a prison ship in the harbor and was only released in time to enable him to reach home to die. Gen. Richardson's eldest son, James Burchell Richardson, was elected governor in 1804, and his grandson, John Peter Richard- son, was raised to the same office in 1840, while a member of congress. His great-grandson, the subject of the present sketch, is, therefore, the third of the name that has filled the gubernatorial chair of South Carolina. Two other descendants of Gen. Richardson have held the same high office — Gov. Richard J. Manning and his son Gov. John L. Manning — while many more have won distinction in the councils of the state and nation. It is worthy of note that Gov. James B. Richardson, during his term of office, was the leader in the organization of the South Carolina college. John Peter Richardson, the worthy scion of a family of governors, spent his early youth almost wholly in Clarendon count}^ He was not placed at school at the usual age because of the lack of proper educational facilities in so isolated a country neighborhood. He had, however, the advantages of the cultured and refined surroundings of the family circle. His only instructor, with the exception of a pri- 528 SOUTH CAROLINA. vate tutor under whose care he was placed for a brief period, was Mr. Leslie McCandlass, of Camden, a distinguished educator of that beautiful and historic town. Mr. McCandlass prepared him for admission into the South Carolina college, then in the very zenith of its reputation and usefulness, under the administration of the illustri- ous William B. Preston. At this institution he graduated in 1849, in the same class with Judge Charles H. Simonton, Judge W. H. Wallace, Gen. James Connor, Maj. Theodore G. Barker, Col. Thomas Glover, Capt. George Cuthbert, the Rev. T. E. Wannamaker, Major W. K. Leitner and others, who have distinguished themselves in various walks of life. This class was the largest that ever graduated from the college and among the worthy competitors Gov. Richardson won distinction, receiving the third appointment. He was elected to the legislature from Clarendon in 1S56, 1858 and i860, thus serving through the most e.xciting period of our legislative histor}'. In 1S62 he joined the army of the west, acting on the staff of Gen. James Cantey, first as brigade and after as division inspector general. After being stationed at Mobile and various other points in Alabama and Mississippi, he served with Gen. Cante}' through the entire campaign of .Sherman and Johnston from Tennessee to Atlanta, enduring all the dangers, privations and hardships of that remarkable struggle with singular exemption from the usual accidents of battle. His service was continued until the surrender of Gen. Lee. After the war, his ample fortune gone, he devoted himself to his hereditary occupation of agriculture, in the attempt to retrieve what war had so effectually destroyed. Few, even among Gov. Richard- son's friends know of the labors and privations, which he for years assumed with steady cheerfulness, living in a cabin and working with a hoe in the fields. His services were, soon after the war, again called in requisition by his friends and fellow citizens, who, with prac- tical unanimity, elected him to represent them in the convention of the people, called by President Johnson, in 1865, to frame a provisional government for the state. Of the legislature elected under the con- stitution framed by that convention, Gov. Richardson was elected a member. He continued to sit in the house, and for a time in the senate, filling the vacancy caused by the election of ex-Gov. Man- ning to the United States senate, until the military government was inaugurated by the action of congress. He was active as an unflinch- ing and enthusiastic democrat in organizing, encouraging and leading the apparently hopeless attempt to stem the flood of infamy and mis- rule, which followed the reconstruction acts in everj' election, by speech and example, endeavoring to keep perfect the consolidation of the democracy. In 1876 he was the nominee of the democracy of his county for the house, the senator holding over, but was defeated by a largel}' re- duced majority. In 187S, when Clarendon was redeemed from radi- calism, he was elected to the house, and in iSSo, was made, without opposition, the candidate of his party for state treasurer. Elected to the treasurership in that year, he was unanimously re-nominated in SOUTH CAROLINA. 529 1882 and 1884, and was elected. His administration of the treasury for six years has been able and acceptable. In the democratic state convention of 1885, he was presented as a candidate for the gover- norship. On the first ballot he received forty-four votes more than his most prominent competitor, and continued to gain until on a third ballot he received a large majority of the votes cast, and was nomi- nated by acclamation. I lis election was without opposition. In 1888, after an able administration. Gov. Richardson was nomi- nated for a second term, and re-elected without opposition. Gov. Richardson has administered the affairs of the government, over which he has control, with ability and progressiveness. His educa- tional policy has been particularly liberal and progressive. In deal- ing with the other race, he has been not only just, but very merciful, and as the result the negro is better satisfied and more prosperous than he has been since his emancipation. During the last four years the state has made greater progress than during any other period of similar length for thirty years. HUGH L. FARLEY was born in Laurens county, S. C., on the 15th of June, 1S44. He re- ceived his early education at Laurens academy and at Kings Moun- tain institute, where he was in attendance when the war broke out. He enlisted as a private in the Third South Carolina volunteer in- fantry at the age of sixteen, and soon after his enlistment was made a sergeant in the company. At the end of his term of service, which was twelve months, he was made an orderly sergeant, having in the meantime been acting as the principal drill officer of his company, which was G, of the Third volunteer infantry of South Carolina. Just previous to the battle of Fredericksburg he was elected ensign of his company. Commencing at the battle of Gettysburg, he served as adjutant in the place of Adjt. Y. J. Pope, who was wounded in that battle. His services as adjutant continued until the arrival of the regiment at Chickamauga, at which time he was ordered to report to Gen. J. B. Kershaw, commanding McLaw's division. He served through the memorable battle of Chickamauga as staff officer to Gen. Kershaw, and was sent to Richmond, Va., to represent Gen. Longstreet's corps, in company with two non-commissioned officers, to carry the official report of the battle of Chickamauga, and to bear to the seat of government the colors captured of the enemy in that battle. At the same time he was recommended for promotion on ac- count of brave and gallant conduct on the field. This service per- formed, he joined his company, then before Chattanooga, taking com- mand. He served through the winter campaign in east Tennessee, and was wounded before Knoxville, though not so much disabled as to necessitate the abandonment of his command. After the battle of Knoxville he marched to Gordonsville, and was soon engaged in the battle of the Wilderness, where he was shot through the face, suffer- ing a severe but not fatal wound. Recovering in time to take part in A— 34 530 SOUTH CAROLINA. the struggle at Cold Harbor, he remained with his company and reg- iment until Grant invested Richmond and Fredericksburg, and then under the recommendation which had been tendered him for promo- tion, he was transferred to the cavalry division of the army of north- ern Virginia, to take part in organizing and drilling the dismounted cavalry of that army. In this service he acted as adjutant general of the dismounted corps, remaining thereuntil Sherman reached Savan- nah, at which time he was ordered to Columbia, S. C, on detached serv- ice. On the evacuation of Columbia, Gen. Farley organized a party of scouts, marched to the rear of Sherman's army and harassed its out- posts till the close of the war, reporting in the meantime to Gen. Joseph E. Johnston. After the surrender, the scouts were discharged and went to their several homes. A summary of Gen. Farley's mili- tary career shows him to have been actively engaged in the battles of the first Bull Run, Yorktown, Williamsburg, the seven days' struggle around Richmond, where he was twice wounded, Winchester, Freder- icksburg, Chattanooga, Gettysburg, Chickamauga, Calhoun Station, Knoxville, where he was slightly wounded. Bean Station, the Wilder- ness, Cold Harbor, Deep Bottom, Petersburg, Burgess' Mills, Cum- mings' House, Columbia and many other minor engagements, skir- mishes, etc. On the return of Gen. Farley, at the close of the war from these numerous, sanguinary and bravely fought battles, he was chosen reading clerk of the house of representatives of his native state. In 1866 he went to the Sea Islands, and engaged in the raising of Sea Island cotton, in which business he continued for four years and a half, returning to Laurens county in 1869. He took an active part in the disturbance of 1870, which ended in the famous riot at Lau- rens, caused by the resistance of the people to the radical rule. This popular movement was undoubtedly the initiatory step toward the general uprising which occurred in 1876. Though not engaged in that riot. Gen. Farley was arrested and charged with participation therein, and was kept in confinement with others for two weeks, but was never brought to trial. He then moved to Spartanburg, where he engaged in the railroad service for four years, being connected with the Spartanburg, Union & Columbia. He then became the editor of the Carolina. Spartan, and for four years conducted that paper with rare tact and ability, taking an active and energetic part in the polit- ical campaign of 1876, both as editor and canvasser. He still held his editorship for two years after that memorable contest, in the meantime becoming an ardent supporter of Gen. M. W. Gary, who conceived and inaugurated the campaign in which, in 1876, Gen. Wade Hampton was elected governor, and restored the supremacy of the white race in South Carolina. In 1879 Gen. Farley went to Edgefield, and engaged in the study of the law in the ofifice of Gen. M. W. Gary, and made such acquirement in the theory and practice of that profession as to be admitted to the practice the next year. He then returned to Spartanburg, where he opened a law office. In 1882 he was nominated and elected to the legislature, serving through SOUTH CAROLINA. 53I the term of 18S2-3. He kept up his hiw practice till 1886, when the farmers' movement beyan. He was then called to Columbia, where he was nominated by that party for adjutant-.ifeneral, but was defeated in the election by barely four votes. In the beginning of that move- ment he had identified himself with it, and was one of its principal supporters. In i8go it swept the state and Gen. Farley was triumph- antly elected to the office for which four years previous he had suf- fered a narrow defeat. He has frequently been the choice of his party as delegate to its state conventions, of which he is always a leading member. He is a genuine scion of the old Virginia and South Carolina stock of politicians. Mr. Farley is the son of William R. Farley, a native of Charlotte county, Va., who was born in iSoo. He was a lawyer by profession, and came to South Carolina while yet a young man. About the year 1830 he was married to Phebe M. Downs, of Laurens county, who was a granddaughter of Maj. Jonathan Downs, of Revolutionary fame. Mr. b'arley's grand- mother was a daughter of Maj. Saxon, who also took a conspicuous part in the great struggle by which this country became independent of the British government. Nine children have been born to Mr. and Mrs. Farley, only four of whom now survive. Mr. Farley is the seventh in the order of their birth. His father died in 1859, but his mother survived till November, 1887, having reached the ripe age of seventy-six years. It will be seen by this sketch that Gen. Farley has taken a conspicuous part in public affairs, both civil and military, of his state, and that he must take a foremost rank among the makers of its more recent history. HUGH SMITH THOMPSON. Perhaps no man of late years has brought greater honor to the old Palmetto state than the Hon. Hugh Smith Thompson, at pres- ent one of the three United States civil service commissioners. He comes from a line of men who have from time to time added new lustre to the proud old southern state who bore them. On his father's side he claims Virginian blood, although his grandfather, Waddy Thompson, came to South Carolina early in life, and became famous in his adopted home. For nearly a quarter of a century he was one of the judges of the court of equity, and is the man to whom Gov. Perry referred when he said, " Had he cultivated properly' his talents, he might have been one of the great men of America." Another illustrious member of the family was Gen. Waddy Thompson, Jr., an uncle of the subject of this mention, who represented South Carolina in congress, for many years, and during the presidency of William Henry Harrison, was minister to "Mexico. Through his mother he is descended from one of the old Huguenot families of South Carolina. Hugh Smith Thompson, was born in Charleston, S. C, January 24, 1836. He was graduated from the South Carolina mili- tary academy, in 1856. One year later he was made an assistant professor in the Arsenal academy, of Columbia, where he filled the 532 SOUTH CAROLINA. chair of French and belles-lettres, and was promoted to a captaincy. At the beginning of the war he warmly espoused the cause of the peo- ple with whom he was reared and educated, and was placed in com- mand of a company of cadets in Charleston, and during the entire period of that trying time was found at his post in that city and else- where in the state. At the close of the war he was placed in charge of the Columbia male academy, which, under his efficient manage- ment, became one of the most popular and thorough schools of the south. It was while president of this institution of learning that po- litical honor was first thrust upon him. In 1S76 he was elected state superintendent of education, by the democratic party, although the position was neither sought after nor asked by him. Thus began the career of this man who has so modestly. carried off some of the greatest honors conferred upon American citizens. During the sum- mer and autumn of the memorable year of 1876, this man's voice was heard throughout the state, eloquently proclaiming against radi- calism, and such was his fervor and earnestness that the people of the whole state heard and loved him for his manliness. From his home, under the shadow of the Blue Ridge, to the " City by the Sea," which he had so gallantly defended in the dark hour of her trial, was he heard and honored. No man had a greater anchorage in the hearts of the people than he, none did more to establish Anglo-Saxon su- premacy and pure government in the dishonored commonwealth. The state to-day owes her efficient public school system to HughS. Thompson. In this connection the words of one of the most promi- nent educators of the state may be quoted. Speaking of Mr. Thomp- son's executive ability he said: " He did more for popular education in the state than any other man South Carolina has yet produced." In 1878 and again in 1880, he was elected by overwhelming majori- ties to this high position, and in 1882 was offered the presidency of the South Carolina university, which he was about to accept when unanimously nominated for the gubernatorial chair of the state. It is rare in these days to find a man in political life who has not obtained his position by chicanery and intense effort. There is indis- putable evidence that Mr. Thompson neither asked, nor expected this, or any other office at the hands of the people. Indeed, it has been clearly proven that he absolutely refused to allow his name to be put in nomination, and the following article, written by one of the ablest men of the state, will aniply substantiate this assertion: " No combination was made to put Col. Thompson in nomination until the morning of the day of the convention. It was the spontaneous act of some of the delegates from Anderson, Greenville, and the Pee-Dee country, who were not willing to support the other candidates. We have personal knowledge of this fact, and a similar statement is made by the editor of the Anderson Thtcllio;cnccr, who was one of the dele- gates who advocated the nomination of Col. Thompson. It is unques- tionably true likewise that Col. Thompson declined to be a candidate for re-nomination of superintendent of education, because he intended and desired to accept the presidency of the South Carolina college, SOUTH CAROLINA. 533 to which office he would have been elected at the meeting of the trustees then about to be held. Col. Thompson was not in any sense of the word a candidate for the democratic nomination for governor, and this announcement was made in the convention before the bal- loting began. We have personal knowledge, also, of the fact that, after his name had been put in nomination the result of the first ballot had been announced. Col. Thompson sent a peremptory message to one of the delegates requesting him to withdraw his name absolutely. Col. Thompson's name was not withdrawn, however, because the delegate to whom he sent his message was satisfied that nothing that he could say would avail to stop Col. Thompson's support by those who, without his authority, and even without his knowledge, had brought his name before the convention." On the second ballot he received 147 votes, 157 being necessary for a choice. At this juncture the names of the other candidates were withdrawn and Col. Thompson was nominated, and elected governor of South Carolina. His inau- gural address was a masterpiece, simple, yet comprehensive. We quote the following passage from it: " Strict economy in the conduct of government, reduction of taxation of every kind to the lowest point consistent with the efficient administration of government; a judicious tariff; wise, equal and just laws impartially administered; the prevention of oppressive monopolies; home rule, which under the constitution of the United States shall preserve the state governments in their proper spheres, while it maintains the general government in its proper sphere; popular education as the only safeguard of free institutions; the sacred preservation of the public credit, federal and state; a civil service reform which shall regard public offices as public trusts to be exercised for the benefit of the people, and not for party purposes, and which shall make merit the test for appointment to and retention in office — these are some, at least, of the demands which the people make of their chosen public servants. Let us see to it that South Carolina contributes her share to the pure administration of public affairs by keeping her state government true to the prin- ciples which formed the political creed of the founders of the republic." This is of course but an extract, but the sentiment goes to show the calibre of the man, and also proves him to be the author of the famous sentence, " public offices are public trusts." Mr. Thompson was placed in office by a sweeping majority. In 1884 he was again nominated, this time without opposition, and was discharging the duties of governor when, on June 30th, 1886, he re- ceived the appointment of assistant secretary of the United States treasury from the hands of President Cleveland. Gov. Thomp- son knew nothing of this appointment until called to Washington by the president. It was entirely unsought and unlooked for. Again the man was to be distinguished as but few are, while calmly doing his duty in his own place. Honor sought him, and he was found ready to fulfill the duties of the arduous task with ability and vigor. While the acting secretary of the treasury he undoubtedly averted what would have proved one of the most fearful financial calamities in the 534 SOUTH CAROLINA. history of this country. In the summer of 18S7, while some were groaning and cowering before the expected storm, tliis man stood to his post and forced the markets and securities of the country back to their normal condition. He evinced the same financial ability there that brought the public schools of South Carolina from wreck and debt into life and usefulness. Americans know that President Cleve- land relied on Secretary Thompson, and that he proved Avorthy of his trust by turning back the billows of bankruptcy. In February, i88q, he was called to the office he now holds, having been appointed by President Cleveland, but as the appointment was not acted on by the senate he had the honor of receiving the appointment, to that office from President Harrison, in May of the same year. Commis- sioner Thompson is a true representative of the cultured, well poised southern gentleman. He is about the average height, of rather slender build and with decidedly handsome features. Seemingly calm and self-contained on all occasions, he yet strikes one as a man of indomitable determination and will power. His mind is keen, aggressive and susceptible of grasping everything in an emergency. It is remarkable that with his great financial abilities he has not amassed a fortune; but he seems to have turned his efforts to a higher and nobler sphere. He has been content to give his life and work to the state whose people have loved him so well. It is eminently proper that this sketch, necessarily brief, should close with an article which appeared in one of the most conservative and able newspapers in this country. It was written at the time when Mr. Thompson was filling the ofifice of secretary of the treas- ury, and although his course at that time was universally endorsed by •he newspaper press generally, this article is selected as coming from 1 source of undisputed reliability. It begins thus: "Several south- erners have won fame and important places in the departments; among them is Hugh S. Thompson, ex-governor of South Carolina, and at present the acting secretary of the treasury. Gov. Thompson has for months borne the burden of the national finances and dis- charged the full responsibility of a cabinet minister. He has shown an exceptional administrative capacity, coming up to the full demand of great financial needs. He has shown a peculiar ability, meeting the higher requirements of exalted position, demonstrating the most valuable qualifications, grasp of duty and executive supcriorit}'. He has a quick comprehension and instantaneous decision in difficult matters, and a frank way of dealing with hard questions that has kept him straight as a die. He has held his own in the best gather- ings of strong spirits, grappling with great questions with consum- mate tact and decision. His mind is clear and strong, and his honesty crystal. I do not know of a public man that has shown more capac- ity for large responsibilities than Gov. Thompson, and he has im- pressed his value and integrity upon the ablest and broadest men." And again quoting from the leading journal of his native state: " It is pleasant to everybody in .South Carolina to note the appreciative kindliness of the comments on Gov. Thompson's apj^ointment as as- SOUTH CAROLINA. 535 sistant secretary of the treasury. From newspapers and from indi- viduals in all parts of the United States come hearty expressions of confidence, besides in the integrity, impartiality and ability which he will bring to the discharge of his duties. The people of his state have the cheery satisfaction of knowing that Gov. Thompson will, in his new office, as in every other office he has held, fully deserve the golden opinions that have been expressed concerning him. It is well known that Gov. Thompson did not seek the place which the president has conferred upon him. Indeed every public honor which he has enjoyed, or which has been offered him, has come to him unsought." After making mention of Mr. Thompson's career as an educator, the article goes on to say: " His example is well worthy the consid- eration of the young men of South Carolina, and his rapid promotion from one high position to another may well afford strong encourage- ment to ambitious youth, everywhere, to strive to rise b}' honest, earnest work, faithfully performed in the sphere in which they hap- pen to be, rather than by changing from place to place, and from task to task, in the hope of finding something worthy of their efforts and supposed talents. The country has need always of the services of capable, honest, earnest men in the public offices; and the people of the country feel the need of such men more and more every year. They are not, usually, the men who — failing at everything else — are forever seeking appointment or election to petty offices. The career of men of this class ends where it begins. It is only the man or the boy who proves himself too large for a small place in any calling, by filling it full and overflowing it, that is entrusted with larger responsi- bilities. This is the lesson taught to the youth of -South Carolina by Gov. Thompson's successes and honors, and they will do well, every one, to lay it to heart." The foregoing article will be thought the more of, when it is known that its author was the great editor-captain, F. W. Dawson, who was so foully murdered in Charleston, some time since. A letter written to the Boston Herald, by the Rev. Dr. Cook, of Newton, Mass., who, at one time, was president of the Claflin uni- versity of South Carolina, and who became the warm personal friend of Mr. Thompson, pays great honor to that gentleman. It runs as follows: "The papers announce the appointment Gov. H. S. Thompson, of South Carolina, as assistant secretary of the treasury. From an in- timate acquaintance with that gentleman, of twelve years, and a resi- dence in South Carolina of ten years, I feel prepared to say that President Cleveland could, in my judgment, have made no better choice for that responsible and difficult position, than Gov. Thomp- son. No truer man can be found, and none who will devote himself more intelligently and more faithfully to the public interests than he. He is now in the full strength of a liberal culture and broad views, a progressive, growing man. He was, I believe, educated at the mil- itary institute, in Charleston, an institution modeled somewhat after West Point academy, scholarly in his attainments, and yet a man of 53^ . SOUTH CAROLINA. the people. When Gen. Wade Hampton was elected governor, Mr. Thompson was placed upon the same ticket, as superintendent of education, the duties of which office he discharged for two terms with so much ability and impartial justice to both white and colored schools, that the public voice, almost by acclamation, designated him as candidate for governor of that proud commonwealth. He was generally spoken of for the presidency of the state university, at Col- umbia, and for the military institute, at Charleston, either of which would have been a lucrative and life-long position. But he obeyed the voice of the people, and was elected to the gubernatorial chair. As governor, he has shown the same evidence of superior ability, the same devotion to the public interest, and the same unyielding integ- rity of principle, that he did as superintendent of public instruction. Mr. Thompson never sought political life, but politics sought him, and called him to the front, because the people believed in him. Pro- gressive, and yet conservative, he accepts the situation and labors, to produce the best results for the public good. I predict, that it will be clearly seen at Washington, that the responsible duties committed to his hands have found the right man in the right place. All honor to Gov. Thompson, of South Carolina." Mr. Thompson was so fortunate as to form a marriage alliance with Miss Clarkson, daughter of Thomas Bolton Clarkson, of Col- umbia, S. C. The latter was a lineal descendant of the Rev. Thomas Boston, the famous Scotch divine. JAMES EARLE HAGOOD, clerk of the United States circuit court for the district of South Car- olina, is a native of Pickens county, S. C, and was born November 30, 1826. His father was Col. Benjamin Hagood, who was a native of Edgefield county, S. C, and was born about 1789. For forty-five years previous to his death Col. Hagood was a resident of Pickens county, where he followed planting and merchandising. He was one of the prominent men of his county, and for many years represented what was then known as the old Pendleton district, in both branches of the legislature. (What was the old Pendleton district now com- prises the counties of Pickens, Oconee and Anderson.) Col. Hagood was an old line whig, and was a strong believer and supporter of the doctrines of Clay and Harrison, and yet was a believer in nullifica- tion, and in 1832 was in favor of his state seceding. And again in i860 he advocated secession, being all through life a strong believer in states rights. He met with success through life, and prior to the late war was a man of large fortune. But, notwithstanding his losses occasioned by the war he left a large estate at his death in 1S65. His wife was Adaline, the daughter of James Ambler, of the same neighborhood, but a native of Scotland, who was married in Charles- ton, S. C.,to Susan Hagood, who was an aunt of Gov. Johnson Ha- good, of Barnwell, S. C. To the union of Col. Hagood and wife six children were born, five of whom survive, and all li\c in the imincdi- SOUTfr CAROLINA. 537 ate neighborhood of I'ickens. The mother died in 1S74, in her sev- enty-hrst year. The early days of our subject were spent on the pkmtation and in the store in Pickens county. His education was obtained in the pub- lic or common schools, his principal preceptor being the Rev. John L. Kennedy, a well known and noted educator of that county and section. In 1856, while in his thirtieth year, he was elected clerk of the circuit court of Pickens county, a position he filled with ability until 1S68. After the war he read law, and was admitted to practice, and from 1868 until 1873 was the law partner of Judge Joseph K. Norton, of Pickens Court House. He represented Pickens county in the legislatures of 1869-70-71, and on April 21, 1S73, was, by Judge Hugh L. Bond, appointed to his present office of clerk of the United States circuit court. He is also United States commissioner and special master in the United States circuit court. Our subject was married May 4, iS47,to Esther Benson Robinson, who was born in Pickens county on April i, 1829. She is the daughter of Dr. John and Eliza Robinson, of Greenville, S. C, and granddaughter of Gen. John Blossengame, of Greenville, who was an officer in the American army during the Revolutionary war. Mrs. Hagood died on July 26, 1889. To their union ten children were born, six of whom survive. Our subject owns the old homestead in Pickens county, and also a large plantation, besides large tracts of valuable real estate upon which are cjuantities of timber and rich deposits of mica, asbes- tos and other minerals. Since he arrived at manhood Mr. Hagood has been a member of the Masonic fraternity. HON. JOHN WILLCOX, the present county clerk of Marion county, S. C., was born inAIarion, in 1S47, on the 2rstof February. He is the son of John Willco.x, of whom mention is made in another place in this volume. Mr. Willcox was educated in the county schools and at Davenport college, N. C. His collegiate course was interrupted by the outbreak of the Civil war, and like many another southern student, he abandoned his books to take up arms in defense of his state. In the latter part of 1864 he en- listed in the South Carolina reserves, under command of Gen. Blouch- ard, as sergeant majer, and served until the close of the war, in 1865. After leaving the army, Mr. Willcox returned to IVIarion, and resumed his studies for a year or two. IniS67 he accepted the position of book- keeper in the sheriff's office, and was occupied in that position until 1879, when he was appointed to that office to fill an unexpired term. Upon the expiration of his two years' term, he became assistant in the county clerk's office, and in June, 1882, was appointed to serve the remainder of an unexpired term in the clerk's office. In 1884 he was elected to the position, and again in 1888. During the year 1S69 he held the office of township clerk, and in all these positionsof trust and honor he has evinced much efficiency, and the utmost integrity 538 SOUTH CAROLINA. in the discharge of his duties. He was one of the warmest support- ers of the graded school system at Marion at the time of its estab- lishment, and has ever taken a leading position on progressive lines. He is a stockholder in the cotton mill of Marion, and is a prominent Mason, and also a member of the K. of H., and a communicant of the Methodist Episcopal church. In 18S3, Miss Lelia Smith became his wife, and four children have been born to them, the survivors be- ing John A. Willcox and John, Jr. WILLIAM J. ASSMAN, clerk of the court of his native county, was born at Sandy Run, Lex- ington county, S. C, in 1841. His father's name was Frederick Will- iam, and his mother's Mary Kersh. The father was a native of Ger- many and the mother, though born in Lexington county, was of Ger- man extraction. Frederick William Assman was born at Enger, Westphalia, one of the western provinces of Germany, and when of school age, he attended the German school until his fourteenth year, when he emigrated to the United States and located in Lexington county on Sandy Run, where he began working in a general merchan- dise store owned by his uncle. He afterward purchased the business and followed that and planting until his death in 18S0. He was married to Mary Kersh while living in Sandy Run. She was the daughter of Godfrey Kersh, also a resident of South Carolina, whose father was a soldier in the Revolutionary war and was killed at Sulli- van's Island. The issue of this marriage was six children, though only one is now living. Frederick William never took any part in politics, but held one or two appointive offices, such as commissioner of roads and postmaster. William J. Assman was educated in the common schools of Lexington county and was about ready to enter college when the war broke out and he enlisted in Company A, of the Fifteenth South Carolina infantry regiment in 1861. He served until 1864, when his left arm was shot awa}- in a skirmish between Charlestown and Harper's Ferry with Federal cavalry. He was also wounded in his left leg at the battle of Gettysburg. He was in the army of northern Virginia in Longstreet's corps, and was in all the battles in which his regiment took part. He was taken prisoner and held for a short time while suffering from his wounds, but on recov- ering sufficiently he escaped and returned home. He followed no particular business until 1872, when he was elected to the office he now holds, and which he has held continuously since his election. He was married in 1887 to Mrs. Alice Drafts, a daughter of Uriah Crout. He is a stockholder in the Lexington Manufacturing company and the Commercial bank, of Columbia. He is a member of the Luth- eran church, and he and his wife are highly respected in the circles in which they move. In his official capacity Mr. Assman has served the people of his county long and faithfully, and has gained hosts of warm personal friends. I SOUTH CAROLINA. 539 EUGENE ALONZO WEBSTER, United States collector of inti;raal revenue for the district of South Carolina, is one of the prominent and representative citizens of Orangeburg, S. C, and is well and favorably known throughout the state, having been a conspicuous figure in the politics of South Caro- lina for a number of j^ears. Mr. Webster is a native of Vermont, but since early manhood has been a citizen of South Carolina. His father was the Rev. Alonzo Webster, D. D., who for over twenty years fol- lowing the late war was closely identified with the religious and edu- cational work in the Palmetto state. Rev. Webster w^as a native of Vermont, in which- state he was educated for the ministry, and for years he was a prominent Methodist Episcopal divine. He received the degree of A. M. from the Middleborough, Vt., college, and of D. D. from the Allegany college. During the war he served for a time as chaplain of the Sixth and Sixteenth Vermont regiments, and was also at one time chaplain of the Sloan hospital at Montpelier under a com- mission as a chaplain of the United States arm}-. Being a man of more than ordinary ability in church work, to which he was devoted, he was selected by Bishop Baker in 1865 to come to South Carolina and re-organize the old Methodist Episcopal church. He first located at Charleston, where he remained for two years, removing in 1868 to Orangeburg, and there made his permanent residence. He was one of the founders of Claflin university, of which he served as president for several years, and with which he was identified until his death in 1887, during all of which time he rendered invaluable aid and assist- ance to the cause of education in a direction most needed. His mis- sion to the south was to educate, christianize and elevate the colored race, and there is to-day ample evidence that he performed his mis- sion well. In 1866 his family joined him in the south, and his wife died at Orangeburg in 1884. Two sons were born to Rev. Webster and wife, our subject and brother D. P. Webster, who is now a prom- inent physician of Brattleboro, Vt. Mr. Webster was born at Montpelier, \'t., on February 16, 1S49. He had the advantage of good schools, and was prepared for college before coming south. Erom 1S66 to 1868, he taught school in Charles- ton, and during the latter year, returned to \'ermont, and entered Wesleyan university, where he was graduated in 1872, receiving the degree of A. M., three 3^ears later. The same year he returned to South Carolina, joining his father at Orangeburg, and accepted the chair of ancient languages in Claflin university, which he acceptably filled for two years. In the meantime, however, he engaged in the newspaper business, by establishing The Citizcii, at Orangeburg, which paper he successfully conducted until 1877. Having been pursuing a course of law studies after leaving college, Col. Webster was ad- mitted to practice in the courts of the state, in 1S77, and began the practice in co-partnership with Abial Lathrop, the present United States district attorney, for South Carolina. In 1874 Col. Webster 540 SOUTH CAROLINA. became identified with the politics of the state, and in 1S76 was ap- pointed by Gov. Chamberlain treasurer of Orangeburg county, which position he held for a short time only. In August, 1889, President Harrison appointed him to his present position of United States col- lector of internal revenue for the district of South Carolina, which position he is filling with entire satisfaction to all concerned. For fifteen years Col. Webster filled the position of chairman of the repub- lican committee of his county, and for the past ten years has been a member of the state executive committee, and is the present chair- man of that committee. He has, since becoming identified with poli- tics, been a delegate to all the republican state conventions of South Carolina, and has several times been a delegate to the republican national conventions. In 1888 he was a member of the Chicago con- vention, and was one of the original Harrison men. For years Mr. Webster has been a member of the Methodist Episcopal church and has been quite prominent in church work. He was a lay member of the general conference of the Methodist Epis- copal church which mefat New York in 1888, and has otherwise been honored by the church. Mr. Webster was married in 1873 to Miss J. E. B. Dutton, a native of New Hampshire, who died in 1880, in her thirtieth year, leaving a son and daughter. On September 29, 1S90, he was married to E. M. Dickinson, of Chelsea, Vt. Mr. Webster is thoroughly identified with the material prosperity of his adopted state, and a staunch friend and supporter of the state and her institutions. Representing as he does the minority party in politics, he is necessarily prominent in public life, and his conduct has always been such as to challenge the respect and good will of his opponents. He is progressive and enterprising, liberal in his views, and always ready to encourage and assist all worthy movements and enterprises having for their object the improvement of the state and her people. As a champion and educator of the colored race he has followed in the footsteps of his father, and like his memory, is esteemed and honored universally by that people. HON. ROBERT HENRY GLENN. The Hon. Robert Henry Glenn, the subject of this sketch, was born November, 2, 1S29, on the Catawba, near the North Carolina line in York county, in which county he has spent his whole life as one of its most respected and honored citizens. He is the son of William and Eliza M. (Boyd) Glenn. The father was born in the place as his son, and lived and died there. He was a son of James Glenn, Esq., a Pennsylvanian, who served in the Revolution, having fought in the battle of Kings mountain. Just after the close of the war he removed to York county, S. C, and remained there the rest of his life as a planter. His children were: James, William, John, Franklin, Milton, .Siimuel, Elizabeth, Mary and Martha. William began business life as a clerk in a mercantile establishment; he next became a teacher and finally turned his attention to agriculture, to SOUTH CAROLINA. 54 I which ItIs later life was devoted. He was the father of the following named offspring: John, Jane, James, Robert H., William, Thomas, David, Samuel and Parmelia. I^obert 1 lenry Glenn was reared on the paternal plantation. At the age of eighteen years he left school, having laid a good foundation for the extended reading of after life. At the latter age he began an apprenticeship to the carpenters' trade. Ten years later, December 17, 1S57, he married Miss Elizabeth Sim- ril, who died in 1S81, leaving seven children. In. 1885, Mr. Glenn was united in marriage to Miss Virginia Simril, a cousin of his first wife, lie answered his people's call for armed men in April, 1861, and joined the Confederate army as a captain in the Fifth South Carolina regiment commanded by Col. Jenkins, and served until his surrender with Lee. At the railroad bridge across the Rappahannock in Virgi- nia, Capt. Glenn was sevexely wounded by a shell, and being stricken Avith typhoid fever, he was rendered unfit for service for sometime. \\'hen the war was at an end he returned home, and in 1866 was elected sheriff of York count}', taking charge of the office in 1866, on the 22nd, of December. His term of service was only ended by his resignation in 1888. His record as sheriff for twenty-two years and eleven days is unspotted. In November, iSgo, he was elected to the house of representatives. Mr. Glenn is a Royal Arch Mason, a member of the L. of H., and of the K. of H. GEORGE IRVING CUNNINGHAM was born in Monroe county, Tenn., six miles east of Madisonville, on September 8, 1835. His father was Abner Cunningham, a native of South Carolina, and his mother, who was Celia Stephens, was born near Flat Rock, N. C. The parents were residents of Monroe county when married. George Cunningham, the grandfather, was a South Carolinian and a soldier in the Revolutionary war. Abner Cunning- ham was a minister of the Gospel of the Christian denomination. His death occurred when his son George was quite young, in the year 1S47, when he was. about forty-three years old. The mother departed this life in 1877, at the age of sixty years. Of the six children born to them, one is now living. Mr. Cunningham remained in Monroe county until he was seventeen years of age, and then came to Charleston, in company with a Mr. Metcalf, with whom he was em- ployed. About a year later he engaged in the cattle and butchery business for himself. Later he became a partner of Thomas K. Brown, with whom he remained until the close of the war. Subse- quently William K. Brown, son of Thomas K., went into partnership with him, and the firm thus formed continued for twent}' years. For the last ten or twelve years Mr. Cunningham has been engaged more particularly in raising and grazing cattle. He owns a great amount of land in the vicinity of Charleston. During reconstruction he was appointed an alderman by the military. In 1873 he was elected mayor by the republican party, and in 1875' was re-nominated 'i^d elected. Mr. Cunningham was chairman of the board of county 542 SOUTH CAROLINA. commissioners of Charleston county for 1872, and re-elected in 1874 and 1876. He was appointed United States marshal on June 20, 1889, and took office on July i. He is a member of the Masonic fraternity, president of the Charleston Waterworks company, and various other enterprises. These few facts by no means comprise the biography of Mr. Cunningham, but they show in a slight measure how completely he has the respect and esteem of his fellow citizens. HENRY TIMROD. It is not for the matter-of-fact pen of the ordinary biographer to touch the tender sentiments, and recite with fitting pathos, the memories of so sweet a child of nature, as Henry Timrod, the gentle minstrel of the old south state. Among the many gifted children of verse, whom the south has produced, none ranks higher than Henry Timrod. All literary men of America, who have a fair knowledge of our own writers, are familiar with his poetic works, although the poet died at a very early age. The father of Henry Timrod was, himself, a most remarkable man — one of great conversational and poetic genius. He came of wealthy ancestors, but an unfortunate secret marriage wasted his funds, and the father of our subject, at an early age, apprenticed himself to a bookbinder, and, in after life, he wrote quite a number of poems, which are both remembered and admired by the literary people of the south. He held a lucrative position at the time of his death in the Charleston custom house. The son, Henry Timrod, was educated in the best schools of Charleston.- He entered college at the age of seventeen, and matriculated at the Uni- versity of Georgia. There his vivid intelligence and scholarly ardor began to assert themselves, and he sought to enlarge his culture and refine his taste, by continual converse with the classics. And it was at this interesting period of his life, when the mind was yet untutored by rough usage with the world, and varied experience with men, that he conceived some of the best poems of his life. His style is a mani- fold one, writing as he did in the triple school of heroic, sentimental and patriotic verse. Poets are to a great extent creatures of their nativity and environ- ments; thus the Norse masters sang the praise of heroes, unmoved by sentiments of love, and unsoothed by a soft creation of tropic birth. The Roman poet sang of deeds of arms, of violence, blood and military prowess, but to the poet of the south has been conceded the laurel crown of victory for those more natural effusions which, ema- nating from nature, appeal more strongly to nature's heart. The young poet's college career was brought to a sudden close by a period of ill health, followed by a premonition of the grim destroyer in the way of several severe hemorrhages of the lungs. i\fter leaving college he entered the law office of the celebrated James L., after- ward chief-justice, Petigru. In 1848-9 he contributed a number of poems to the Soitllicni Mcsscno;cr, which excited great admiration for their literary worth. The necessity for immediate means required SOUTH CAROLINA. 543 him to drop the; law and devote his time to teaching. In i860 our poet removed to old Columbia where, by the aid of a friend, he be- came part owner and associate editor of the South Carolinian. Be- fore entering upon his duty on the 12th of January, 1864, he married Miss Goodwin, a young English lady of good family and graceful ac- complishments. A little volume contains most of the published works of Mr. Timrod, edited and published by no less a man than the poet, Paul H. Hayne, and for the benefit of those who have never read a poem by Mr. Timrod we take the following two verses at ran- dom from the work. The poem is entitled "Second Love," in which he pleads an excuse for having loved another. ** It was indeed that early love, But foretaste of this second one — The soft light of the morning star Before the morning Sun. " .She might have been — She was no more, Tlian what a prescient hope could make — A dear presentiment of thee, I loved but for thy sake." The poet died in October, 1867, and admiring friends have erected a handsome monument to his memory. ALBERT H. MOWRY. Among the well known early citizens of Charleston, S. C, who for many years ranked as one of the leading and most enterprising men of that city, was Smith Mowry, grandfather to Mr. Albert H. Mowry, the present efficient postmaster of Charleston. He was a native of Smithfield, R. I., and was born March 17, 1795. About 1816 he re- moved to Charleston, but in 1823, returned to his old home where, on September 23, of that 3'ear, he was married to Amy, daughter of Lewis Dexter, of -Smithfield. Smith Mowry was for many years a successful cotton factor in Charleston, and occupied positions of emi- nent usefulness and responsibility. He was active in many enter- prises of his adopted home, and was an energetic director of the South Carolina railroad company. He was among the foremost to suggest the building of the Northeastern railroad, of which company he also became a director. He was president of the Southwestern telegraph company, and a director in the Union bank, of Charleston. When Smith Mowr}^ became of age his father gave him a certain portion of lumber from his farm for his own. This he cut and drove to Providence for the purpose of shipping it south, thinking to realize more on it than by selling in the local market. This he shipped on a vessel for Charleston, coming with it. On coming to Charleston, a stranger, he found it difficult at first to secure the business he sought, but he persevered and soon established himself. By his business sa- gacity and unostentatious manner, he rose rapidly to the position of one of the largest merchants in the city and accumulated during 544 SOUTH CAROLINA. his life, a handsome estate. His death occurred March i6, iS6f, and that of his wife, i\Iay q, 1874. There were seven children born to this marriage, as follows: Lewis Dexter, born June 22, 1824; Elisha Cook, born September 16, 1S26; Edward Smith, born August 31, 1S28; Lydia Comstock, born in Smithfield, R. I., September 11, 1835, Albert, born September 10, 1839 and died August 22, 1842, at New Rochelle, N. Y. Lewis Dexter Mowrj', the father of Postmaster Mowry, was for many years one of the leading business men of Charleston. When a mere youth he entered his father's business and afterward, Avhen it came into his hands, largely extended it. He served as president of the Union bank and was interested in many enterprises of the city. He retired from active business in 1SS4, and since June, 1S85, has been residing at Englewood, N. J. He was married March 12, 1846, to Margaret D. McNellage, and two children were born to them as follows: Albert Haven, and an infant son who lived only a few weeks. Albert Haven Mowry was born in Charleston, July 2, 1S47. He was educated in the private schools of the city, finishing his educa- tion at the Cheraw institute. In 1864 he entered the Confederate service in Company D, Sixth .South Carolina cavalry, Butler's brigade, Hampton's division of Johnson's corps, and served until the final surrender, his parole being received at Hillsboro, N. C, April 26, 1865. On the first of the September following he returned to Charleston, and upon his father's resumption of his old business he clerked for him until January, 1869, and was then taken into the house as a full partner. The business was wound up in 1884, and he then accepted an appointment in Washington city, January 7, 1886, as secretary of the committee on public buildings and grounds of the house of rep- resentatives, which position he resigned in April, 1887. He was ap- pointed postmaster on March 31st, 1887, by President Cleveland, and qualified on April 10, 1887. Mr. Mowry was selected by the president to fill the unexpired term of the late B. F. Huger, and in December of the same year was nominated by President Cleveland and con- firmed by the United States senate in the early part of the fiftieth congress. It is but proper here to state that Mr. INIowry made no ap- plication for the position, but was appointed by President Cleveland without his knowledge or any solicitation on his part. This appoint- ment was due principally to the honorables Wade Hampton, Samuel Dibble and Hugh S. Thompson. In 1876 Mr. Mowry was compli- mented by the appointment as ordnance officer on the staff of Gen. B. H. Rutledge, which position he held for four years. Mr. Mowry is a member of Washington lodge No. 5, F. & A. M., Delta Lodge of Perfection, No. 14, and of Rosequoix Chapter. He is also a member of both the K. of H., and K. & L. of H., of Congressional lodge, N. U., of Charleston Port society, St. Patrick's Benevolent society, Hibernian society. New England society and of the Charleston and Queen City clubs. Mr. Mowry was married on January 12, 1869, to Emma, the daughter of H. M. Manigault, of Charleston, and to them have been born the following children: Lewis Dexter, born October SOUTH CAROLINA. 545 24, 1869; Albert liuvcn, born October 22, 1870; Adele Manijrault, born April 30, 1872, died October 20, 1872; Emma Manigault, born August I, 1874; Helen Middleton, born October 6, 1876; Louise Parker, born August 29, 1878, died May 7, 1882; Celestine, born December 11, 1879; Ethel Drayton, born October 17, 1881; Henry Manigault, born July 7, 1883, died February i, 188S; Julian Parker, born September 19, 1885; Mildred Wells, born July 20, 1888, and Rosalie, born February 2, 1890. GENERAL JAMES W. CANTEY, one of the most distinguished military men in South Carolina, and a descendant of one of its oldest and most honored families, was born November 30, 1794. a son of that most gallant soldier, James Cantey. No history of South Carolina would be complete without honorable mention of this eminent gentleman, but the biographical annals of the state are so replete with the history of this family that a detailed sketch of Gen. Cantey's ancestry would be a work of supererogation within the limits of this volume. It is sufficient to say that on both the paternal and maternal line of his progenitors were some of the bravest and most patriotic defenders of the American colonies in their struggle to free themselves from British domination, and protect themselves from the incursions of the savage aborigines. Gen. Cantey was educated in his native state and in Georgia. His fathef placed him in Col. Morgan Brown's store at Sandersville, Ga., in 181 1, and he held the position of clerk when the war of 1S12 broke out. He joined a volunteer cavalry company, enlisted in Georgia under Capt. John Irwin, son of Gov. Irwin, of Georgia, and fought in the Creek war. He was elected a lieutenant of the South Carolina militia in 1814, and in 1816 was appointed brigade quartermaster by Gov. Will- iams. In 1S19 he organized a corps of volunteer infantry in Cam- den, and in 1821 was unanimously elected major of the Twenty-second regiment. He was made colonel in 1823 and commanded the regi- ment until the re-organization of the militia in 1833, when he was elected brigadier-general of the Fifth brigade by the state legislature. Gov. Richardson appointed him adjutant general in 1841, and the leg- islature elected him to the same position for seven successive terms. In 1 82 1 Gen. Cantey was elected sheriff and served one term in that office. In 1832 his political sympathies were in consonance with the nullification doctrines of John C. Calhoun, and he rendered that great leader and his party efficient aid. He was sent to the legislature in 1838, as the representative of the Kershaw district, and was one of the leading members of that body. Gen. Cantey married Camilla F. Richardson, daughter of John P. Richardson, and a large family of children was the issue of the marriage. COLONEL FRANKLIN WHITNER KILPATRICK, who was killed at the battle of Lookout Mountain, was one of the most brilliant and promising military officers of his age, which the A— 35 546 SOUTH CAROLINA. State of South Carolina has ever produced. He was born near Pen- dleton, Anderson county, S. C, September 30, 1837. His father was John C. Kilpatrick, and he was born in what is now Oconee county. He was the son of Col. John C. Kilpatrick, who commanded a regi- ment in the war with the Florida Indians. He was born in South Carolina, but his parents were natives of Ireland. Col. Kilpatrick's mother, before marriage, was Amanda Whitner, a native of Edge- held county, having been bofn near the state lime, opposite Augusta, Ga. She was the daughter of Col. B. F. Whitner, whose father, Joseph Whitner, emigrated from Germany to this country. Wlien Joseph Whitner was on his way to America with his parents, the ves- sel in which they sailed, and which was owned by his father, was shipwrecked on the river Rhine and the parents were both lost. He together with his sister came to America, he being then a mere lad. Col. Kilpatrick's father died in 1840, but his mother survived until 1885. Their only surviving children are Mrs. Clara Livingston, widow of the late Col. J. W. Livingston, of Seneca, and Mrs. Gideon Lee, of New York. Col. Kilpatrick received his collegiate education at Franklin college and at the University of Virginia. Upon the break- ing out of the Civil war, though he was then a very j-oung man, he organized a company and was chosen its captain. His company, however, was not called for just at the time, and being a very enthus- iastic supporter of the Confederacy, he became impatient of the de- lay and entered another command as a private. The company which he entered wa!s commanded by Col. James M. Perrin, and the regi- ment by Col. Gregg. He served in this regiment only a few months when an opportunity came for his company to enter the war. Re- turning home he re-organized the company and re-entered the service as its captain. The enlistment was for one year and the com- pany served the full term in the Fourth regiment of South Carolina volunteers, commanded by Col. J. B. E. Sloan. Upon the expiration of his term of service in 1862, he re-enlisted and was at once made colonel of the Second regiment of South Carolina volunteers. He was a gallant and heroic officer and held his command until, in the battle of Lookout Mountain, he was killed, October 29, 1863. He participated in several of the most sanguinary and important battles of the war, among them being the First and Second Manassas, Peters- burg, Cold Harber, Chancellorsville, Fredericksburg, the seven dajs' fight and Gettysburg. The Confederate army did not possess a more fearless or loyal soldier and commander. Brave, intrepid, patriotic and full of enthusiasm, he entered the war with all the ardor of a hero, and until shot clown at his post of duty, never wavered or shrunk from the defense of his cause. At the time he was killed, steps were being taken by his superiors in command to promote him to the rank of brigadier-general, and though he was then only twenty-six years of age, had he been spared a few days longer, he would have been the recipient of this richly deserved honor. From the time the war broke out until the day of his death he was one of tHe most ardent and spirited supporters of the Confederacy that held a place in the southern army. SOUTH CAROLINA. 547 OCTAVUS COHEN, founder of The Daily IVor/d and The Sunday Budg-et, and managing editor of the several publications of the World- Budget Co., comes of one of the oldest and best known Hebrew families in the south. It is a matter of history that the first Jewish synagogue erected in the southern states was built by Mr. Cohen's great-great-grandfather, at about the time the first president of the United States was a schoolboy. Mr. Cohen was not born in Charleston, but in Montgomery, Ala. (where his father was temporarily looking after business interests), August 29, 1S60. He was educated in the best schools Charleston afforded — schools that were famous, and from which men have gone forth to honor every class of professional endeavor. His primary newspaper business was acquired in Cohoes, Troy, Albany and New York city. But before he entered journalism he made several trips across the Atlantic, visiting some of the principal cities of Europe, and thereby acquiring a knowledge of the ways of the world that has been of incalculable advantage to him in his newspaper work. Leav- ing regular newspaper work for awhile, Mr. Cohen edited a special department for the American Press Association, and wrote a series of syndicate articles over the noni de plume of " Crispin," and " Octy Cohen," which were published all over the American continent, and won him considerable notoriety. He returned to Charleston in 1887, and established The Sunday Budget. It was a success from the first issue, and soon opened the way for TJie Daily World, which under vigorous and careful management, at once went to the front among leading southern newspapers. In the spirited political state cam- paign of 1S90, instituted by the farmers' movement, The PVorld stood alone among the dailies of the state, and by dint of hard and con- scientious work, had the pleasure of seeing its candidates elected. Besides being a newspaper writer of pleasing powers — deep and analytical, or light and sparkling, as occasion may require — Mr. Cohen is the author of at least two opera librettos, two comedy-melo- dramas, a southern play, and a high grade drama depicting life in the Elizabethan age. He is a married man. JAMES CALVIN HEMPHILL, managing editor of The N'ews and Courier, of Charleston, was born at Due West, Abbeville, county, S. C, May i8, 1850. He was the son of Rev. W. R. Hemphill, D. D., many years professor of history and belles-lettres, at Erskine college; a grandson of Rev. John Hemphill, D. D., in his day one of the most eminent theologians of the Associ- ate Reformed Presbyterian church, and a nephew of John Hemphill, chief justice of the supreme court of Texas, and senator of the United States and the Confederate States. The characteristics of his Scotch- Irish blood, strong, accentuated, determined will, high character and intellectual force, still mark the descendants of the protogonist of the 548 SOUTH CAROLINA. family in tliis country, the Irish Presbyterian emigrant, who settled in Chester county, S. C, over a century ago. The family name is well known in literary and professional life, in more than five southern states and still has its representative in congress. James C. Hemp- hill, was educated in the village schools and at Erskine college, Abbe- ville count}', from which he was graduated, with the baccalaureate degree, in 1S70. In 1S71, he taught school for three months, in Ken- tucky, after which he returned to South Carolina, and engaged for the first time in journalism, as editor of the Abbeville Medium. The bent of his mind, and the characteristics necessary for distinction and pre-eminence in the fourth estate were so clearly indicated by his career in the limited field of provincial journalism, that he was, in April, 1S80, offered a position on the reportorial staff of The Nezvs and Courier, of Charleston, and in 1882, was put in charge of the news bureau of that paper, at the state capital, Columbia. In 1S85, he was promoted city editor, and from time to time, acted as managing editor, during the absence of Capt. F". W. Dawson, in Europe and elsewhere. After the murder of Capt. Dawson, in March, 1889, Mr. Hemphill, was elected manager and editor-in-chief of The News and Coitricr, which position he has since filled with ability. Mr. Hemphill has probably confined himself so much to the en- grossing duties of the editorial chair that comparatively few have any idea of his ability in other fields. A literary address before his alma 7nater in 1883, and a number of articles in The News and Courier bear- ing indisputable marks of their authorship, prove conclusively Mr. Hemphill could have obtained other than the ephemeral fame which is the reward of the arduous labors of the journalist of the past and present. In Mr. Hemphill are found administrative and executive abilities of a high order, as shown in the management of The News and Courier since the death of its virtual founder, Capt. Dawson, as well as a capacity for gauging the requirements and meeting the de- mands of the public for a representative guide as well as index, of public opinion. He writes with logical force and perspicuous clear- ness, which occasionally gives way in semi-editorials to a fertile fancy which he cannot and would not suppress. Intensely devoted to the interests of the south in general and of his native state in particular, he has "in scorn of consequences" and without regard to the com- ment or criticism of men or newspapers, consistently defended all that was highest and holiest in the principles of the south, past and present; but he is as quick to applaud and approve the right as to denounce the wrong, whether in friend or foe, and no one ever wins his friendship or makes his acquaintance without being convinced of his transparent truthfulness, his ability and the geniality and warmth of his nature. MAJ. DAVID FRANKLIN BRADLEY, a prominent and honored citizen of Easley, S. C, was the son of Maj. Joel Bradley, a native of Pickens county, by occupation a SOUTH CAROLINA. 549 farmer. His fatlicr gained his military title by service in the state militia. He died in 1881. He was the son of Ambrose Bradley, whose progenitors came from England and settled in Virginia. The mother of the subject of this sketch before marriage was Plllen Scolds, a native of Buncombe county, N. C, who died in 1858. She was of Scotch descent. Maj. David F. Bradley was born in Pickens county, S. C, September 5, 1842. He passed his early life on a farm in his native county, but, in 1859, he went to Florida, from which state, in April, 186 1, he entered the Confederate service, in Com- pany A, Second Florida regiment, known as the Pensacola Rifle Rangers. In that regiment he served until the battle of the Wilder- ness, in which he lost his left arm. He was also wounded in the left hip in the same engagement. Previous to this, in the battle of Fraser's Farm, he had been wounded in the right shoulder, and as a result had been compelled to spend two months in the hospital. He entered the army as a private, but was promoted, first to the rank of orderly sergeant, second to that of second lieutenant. After the bat- tle of the Wilderness he spent one month in a hospital, where he was assigned to duty in the enrolling department of Florida. But while en route for that state he was intercepted by Gen. Sherman and obliged to return home. In 1865 he resumed his studies in a country school, and from that time until 186S, attended school and taught alternately. In the latter j'ear he was elected school commissioner of Pickens county, in which capacity he served six consecutive years, having been twice re-elected. In 1871 he helped to found the Pickens Sentinel, of which he was sole editor until 1SS5, during all of which time he held a proprietary Interest in the establishment. For a part of that time he was the sole owner. During his incumbency of the of^ce of school commissioner, and his connection with the Pickens Sentinel, he resided at Pickens. It was while he was school commissioner that the free school system was established in Pickens county, and upon retiring from the commissionership, in 1874, he was elected to the lower branch of the state legislature, where he served two terms. In 1878 Mr. Bradley was elected to the state senate; serving in that body the constitutional term of four years. He was appointed by President Cleveland, internal revenue collector for South Carolina in 1885, and held the position from that year until 1SS9, when he resigned, owing to the change in the administration. During that time his residence was at Columbia, but in the fall of 1889, he returned to Pickens county and located at Easley, where he still resides. In 1879 he was elected by the state legislature, a member of the board of penitentiary directors of South Carolina, serving in that capacity until 1885, when he resigned to accept the office of internal revenue collector. During the last three years he was chairman of the board. He is a democrat in political faith and an elder in the Presbyterian church. Ever since the war he has been identified with the farming industry and is the owner of a stock and dairy farm near Easley. He is president of the Easley oil mill, Fertilizer & Ginnery company, in which he is one of the largest stockholders. He is a stockholder also, 550 SOUTH CAROLINA. and at one time was a director in the Carolina, Cumberland Gap & Chicago railroad, only a portion of which road, however, is in opera- tion. He is one of the trustees of the Easley high school and chair- man of the board. In February, 1891, he helped to establish The Easley Democrat, of which he has since been editor and joint owner. He is a member of the Masonic fraternity. In politics he has already taken an active interest and as a popular speaker in the political forum, he has taken a high rank and made a most creditable record. He has served as chairman of the democratic committee of Pickens county a number of years and been a delegate to a number of the state conventions of his party. Maj. Bradley was married in Novem- ber, 1865, to Mary B. Breezeale, of Pickens county. FRANCIS W. DAWSON, late editor and proprietor of the Ncii's and Courier, the leading paper of Charleston, .S. C, and of the south, was born in London, England, May 17, 1840. He was educated in the schools of London, in which he made rapid progress, maintaining a high standard in his classes. He early exhibited a great fondness for literature, and after com- pleting his studies devoted considerable attention and time to liter- ary work. For several years prior to i860 Capt. Dawson paid particular attention to the industrial and social condition of the United States, and became deeply interested in the causes which led to the destruction of the Union and the secession movement of the southern states. He was in London when the news of the fall of Fort Sumter was received, and immediately resolved to come to America and serve in the Confederacy. He felt convinced that the constitution had been violated; that the south was fighting for liberty and self-government, and that it was his privilege and duty to take sides with her in the fight. No opportunity offered of coming to America until the steamship Nashville, in which Mason and Slidell were to have sailed, reached Southampton, England, and Capt. Dawson then, armed with letters, approached the commander, Capt. Pegram, and made known his wishes and intentions. He was so youthful that the captain refused to aid him, and so dismissed the matter. But Capt. Dawson was deeply in earnest and, taking advantage of the captain's absence in London a few days before the Nashville sailed, assumed the garb of a sailor and was enlisted by the first lieutenant of the vessel. During the homeward voyage of the Nashville his ad- mirable conduct secured the applause of all the officers and men al)oard, and immediately after running the blockade at Beaufort, N. C, he was appointed master's mate in the Confederate States navy upon the recommendation of Capt. Pegram. This was in the early part of 1862, and from that time until the summer of 1S65 Capt. Daw- son did his whole duty manfully, earnestly and without complaint. After reaching the Confederacy Dawson was ordered to tluly at Norfolk, Va., where he served for a short time. He was next ordered to New Orleans, but upon approaching the city discovered that his SOUTH- CAROLINA. 55 1 ship had gone down, and that the city had been captured by the enemy. He was next ordered to the James river, but soon afterward resigned his position in the navy, and took service as a private in Pcrcell's battery, Field's i^rigadc, Mill's division, army of northern Virginia, in June, 1862. In the engagement of Mechanicsville, he was badly wounded, on June 25, 1862, but did not leave his gun until so exhausted from loss of blood that he was carried from the field. For his service and the bravery and gallantry displayed on this oc- casion, he was commissioned lieutenant. Before* he had fully recov- ered from his wound he applied for a position in the ordnance corps, passed a brilliant examination, and was ordered to duty in August, 1862, with Longstreet's corps, as assistant ordnance officer, with rank of first lieutenant of artillery, in which he served until the fall of 1864. After the battle of South Mountain, in 1862, Dawson was cap- tured by the Federal cavalry, and was confined at Fort Delaware, being exchanged just in time to take part in the battle of Fredericks- burg, in December, 1862. He was with Longstreet through the Gettysburg and East Tennesee campaigns, and was by his side when he was wounded and Jenkins was killed at the Wilderness. In the winter of 1863-4 he passed an examination for promotion, and received his commission as captain of artillery in May, 1864. After his promotion he was relieved of his command at his own re- quest and appointed ordnance officer of Fitzhugh Lee's division, and in this capacity served through the Valley campaign to Five Forks, in March 31, 1865, where he was wounded in the shoulder. He took part with bravery, valor and distinction in the following battles: Mechanicsville, Second Manassas, Fredericksburg, Gettysburg, Chat- tanooga, Knoxville, Wilderness, Spottsylvania C. H., north side lames River, 1864, Valley of Virginia, 1864, Five Forks, 1865. He was wounded at Mechanicsville, June 26, 1862, at Harrisonburg, Va., 1864, at Five Forks, March 31, 1865. Was taken prisoner of war near Williamsport, Va., on September 14, 1862, and released on parole in October, 1862. He surrendered at the close of the war and was pa- roled in May, 1863. After the war Capt. Dawson went to Peters- burg, Va., but failing to find congenial employment there he removed to Richmond in July, 1865, where he began arrangements with a friend for publishing a small weekly paper. Before the first issue could be made the office was seized and closed by the Federal officer in command at Richmond. A little later Capt. Dawson was offered a position on the Richmond Examiner, which he accepted and held until that paper also was suppressed by the Federal authorities. In March, 1866, he accepted a position on the staff of the Richmond Dispatch, which position he resigned in September, 1866, and was ap- pointed an agent of the National Express and Transportation com- pany, which company failed soon afterward. In the fall of 1866 Capt. Dawson was offered and accepted the position of assistant editor of the Charleston Mercury, and he arrived in Charleston on November 10, 1866. In the fall of 1S67, Capt. Daw- son, with others, purchased the Charleston Nezus, which they published 55-2 SOUTH CAROLINA. a 5 the Nezvs until April 3, 1S73, when they purchased the old Charleston Courier, and consolidated the two papers under the name of the News and Courier. Capt. Dawson's journalistic and political career was bright, energetic, brilliant and conservative, and he rendered invalu- able aid and service to his adopted state and city during her darkest days. On the field of battle, he was brave, courageous and brilliant, and as a journalist he was able, conscientious and progressive. His death occurred in Charleston, on Tuesday, March 12, 1889, having been foull}' murdered by a citizen with whom he had remonstrated for his conduct in regard to a member of his household, in the person of a governess for his children. JAMES TOWNES ROBERTSON. a prominent citizen of Abbeville, was born in Abbeville county, near Diamond Hill, in 1S32. His parents were Francis P. and Elizabeth (Hollinand) Robertson, both of whom are natives of Virginia. Fran- cis P. Robertson was born in Lunenburg, and his wife in Culpepper, county. He was the son of \\ illiam Robertson, also a native of Vir- ginia, born at Charles City on the James river. William Robertson was a planter and merchant, which occupations he followed until he came to South Carolina and settled in Abbeville county in the Cal- houn settlement. His two half-sisters who came with him afterward married brothers of John C. Calhoun. He afterward moved to what was at one tim.e Pickensville, being the founder of the place. He again moved to Pendleton, and then to Abbeville county, where he remained until his death. Francis Robertson acquired his education in the high schools of Anderson county. When quite young he began farming, and followed that occupation through life. The greater part of his life was spent in this count}-, where he died in 1878. He was married after coming here, to the mother of the subject of this sketch, and they had seven children, four sons and three daughters, all of them reaching their majority. The four sons were in the Con- federate army. One died in the service, one was seriously wounded at Chancellorsville, and the other two served until the surrender. The father was active in politics but never sought office. J. Townes Robertson was educated in the schools of the county, after which he engaged as clerk in a general store in Abbeville, following that busi- ness for seven years. In 1857 he engaged in business on his own ac- count with a partner, the firm name being Gray & Robertson, and they carried on trade together until the breaking out of tine war, when Mr. Robertson enlisted as a private, January, 1S61, in Company D, commanded by Capt. Perrin. This command was disbanded, and he, with others, raised a company known as Company B, of Orr's Rifles. Mr. Robertson was soon chosen second lieutenant, which rank he held until the battle of Second Manassas, when he was made captain, Mr. Perrin having been advanced in rank. He served as captain until in 1863, when he was promoted to the rank of major on account of mer- itorious conduct. After the death of Col. Haddoii lie was made lieu- SOUTH CAROLINA. 553 tenant-colonel of the regiment, and held that rank until lie surrendered in command of the regiment at Appomatox. After the close of the war, Mr. Robertson returned home and en- gaged in merchandising, following that business until 1876. At that date he took an active part in the political campaign, and was ap- pointed county auditor, serving in that ofhce four years. In 1880, he gave his attention to farming, in which occupation he took a leading position among the agriculturists of the county. He raises from 200 to 250 bales of cotton annually. Being a prominent member of the farmers' alliance, when the campaign of 1SS9 came on, he was elected to the legislature, from Abbeville county by a large majority. He is at present vice-presic' ^nt of the county alliance, and vice-president of the Farmers' bank ot Abbeville, is a member of the K. of H., and of the Masonic fraternity. He has held some of the highest offices in these organizations for many years. His dwelling was burned in 1880, and he has rebuilt a handsome brick residence, on the old Mar- shall lot. He was partially paralyzed in 1885, but with recovered en- ergy and tact, he is able to attend to his farming interests, and give a portion of his time to the^ public affairs of his state and county. He is an active alliance man, and has always been pronounced in favor of the farmers' movement, and believes that B. R. Tillman is the man to carry out the program of the party. With a record in peace and war, of which any citizen might feel proud, we are sure that Abbeville county could have no better representative, and that the state could be served by no better man in her legislative halls. In 1872, Mr. Robertson was married to Miss Eugenia Miller, and they have had five children, two sons and three daughters. He and his family are members of the Episcopal church, in which he has been a vestryman for twenty-five years. In the war, Mr. Robertson made for himself a fine military reputation, having been several times pro- moted for gallant, soldierly and meritorious conduct in the face of the enemy. HENRY MIDDLETON. Henry Middleton, eldest son of Arthur Middleton, one of the sign- ers of the Declaration of Independence, was born at Middleton place, on Ashley river, S. C in 1771. He was a lineal descendant of Henry Middleton, who was president of the convention which threw off the proprietary government of South Carolina and adopted the royal government of Great Britain. He accompanied his father during the session of the AxUierican congress in Philadelphia, but owing to the breaking out of the Revolution during his youthful days his early education was necessarily neglected, and it is believed that he did not enjoy the benefit of a collegiate course. But he had a private tutor by whom he was instructed in the classical languages and in French and Italian. He had also the advantage of a trip to Europe, and was in France during the French Revolution. He was a member of 554 SOUTH CAROLINA. the South Carolina legislature from iSoi to iSio, and from the latter date to 1812 he was governor of the state. On the 4th of December, 1815, Gov. Middleton took his seat in the national house of representatives, and was re-elected for a second term, holding the office till the 4th of March, 1819. He was ap- pointed minister to Russia by President Monroe, in 1820, and held this office through the administration of President John Ouincy Adams, and the first half of President Jackson's first term, a foreign service of over ten years' duration. During his long stay in Europe he became personally acquainted with nearly all of the distinguished men of that period in Europe. He was a gentleman of easy and polished manners, a most engaging companion, and his home was always the center of social life where hospitality and good cheer always abounded. He died in Charleston, June 14, 1846, leaving a large family. His sons, Arthur, John Izard, Edward and William filled important diplomatic, naval or other public positions, in the administration of which they did honor to themselves and their parentage. Gov. Middleton's long absence abroad did not weaken or alienate his affection for nor fealty to his native land. He was re- called at a time when the nullification sentiment In South Carolina had about reached its climax, but he did not sympathize with that sentiment, and when he found his sons Inclined to follow the lead of Mr. Calhoun, he did much to win them back to his own views upon that question. He was a man of very extensive information, and possessed a cool, deliberate judgment. Though brought up In polished society both at home and abroad, he was not aristocratic In his notions and easily fraternized with all men of good character and standing in society, whatever might be their condition as to prop- erty. While a member of the legislature he Illustrated these char- acteristics by strongly advocating the rights of suffrage to all citizens of the state. HON. THOMAS CLAGHORN GOWER, one of the prominent and influential business men and honored citi- zens of Greenville, S. C, was born at Abbott, Piscataquis county, Me., April 23, 1822, llvlng'there until he was nineteen years of age, receiv- ing his common school and academic education there and at Fox- croft academy. On leaving the academy he taught one term of school, at the close of which he came to this place, arriving January 19, 1842, having been twenty-one days on the trip. As times and methods of travel have so changed since then, we give a sketch of the trip. He left home (about twenty miles south of Moosehead lake) with horse and sleigh, traveling in that manner to Great Falls, N. H.; the snow not affording good sleighing from that point, he was forced to ex- change the sleigh for a light wagon, continuing the trip via Boston to Dedham, where he sold his turnout (comprising horse, wagon, har- ness, robes, etc.) , taking stage coach for Providence. On reaching Providence the journey was continued by rail to Washington, D. C, ^^^■^^^"^7 c/p Y>7^^^-z^^^^--^ L=iRANT* FULLER PUE.": I SOUTH CAROLINA. 555 thence dowa the Potomac to Aquia creek, there taknig the stage for Fredericksburg, Va., resuming travel by rail then to Raleigh, N. C, thence by stage again via Greensboro and Lincolnton to Greenville. In consequence of the bad condition of both rail and stage roads and the slow schedules of the former, the trip occupied twenty-one days, which could now be made in forty hours. Greenville county has been his home since his first arrival, which in a few months will complete a half century. At this day there is but one man living in Greenville who was in business here on Mr. Gower's arrival. lie went to work with an indefatigable energy and pluck, first serving a two years' ap- prenticeship at carriage manufacturing in the Greenville Coach fac- tory, which was established in 1835, by Thomas M. Cox and E. N. Gower, an elder brother of Thomas C, who had removed to .South Carolina from Massachusetts in 1834, and was by trade a blacksmith of rare skill. This factory is still flourishing, and is now owned by Henry C. Markley. On July 25, 1844, Mr. Gower married jane Jones Williams, of Will- iamston, Anderson county, S. C, a daughter of West Allen Williams, and granddaughter of Samuel Williams, the latter giving her a farm in Greenville county, fourteen miles south of what was then called Greenville village, the fall succeeding their marriage, to which they moved in January, 1845. There Mr. Gower farmed during the sea- son of 1845, but in consequence of an almost entire failure in crops that year, owing to a general and long continued drouth, and a loss of several hundred dollars thereby, he determined to resume his trade and establish a carriage and wagon factory on his farm, in which en- terprise he was very successful, during the four 3'ears that he contin- ued in it. In January, 1849, he returned to Greenville, and became a partner in the Greenville coach factory, the firm name becoming Gower, Cox & Gower. The business was very prosperous for that day and time, and at the commencement of the war, by dint of hard work, untiring energy and rigid economy, Mr. Gower had accumu- lated about $60,000. At the first call for Confederate volunteers, he promptly responded, joining the Brooks troops, and after drilling for several weeks the company left here on the 6th of June, 1861, and was mustered into service in the Hampton legion. His business inter- ests were left in charge of his wife and eldest daughter, the latter having just graduated from the Laurensville female college, and who is now the wife of Capt. O. P. Mills, of Greenville, S. C. Mr. Gower served one year as assistant quartermaster of Hampton's brigade, at the end of which time he was detailed by the Confederate govern- ment to return home, and manufacture for the quartermaster and ordnance departments, supplies, consisting of ambulances, wagons, gun carriages, caisons, saddles, etc., continuing in this until the close of the war. It may here be stated that in the spring of 1865, the ordnance de- partment paid to the firm of Gower, Cox, Markley & Co., some $60,000 or $70,000, which was then worthless as Gen. Lee had already surrendered, a fact that neither the officers of the government nor 556 SOUTH CAROLINA. members of the firm were aware of; about a like amount was due them from the quartermaster's department, which is still unpaid. In consequence of losses already mentioned, and other heavy losses in- cident to the freeing of the slaves, the condition of the firm was re- duced to a very low ebb, in fact it was a financial wreck, as was the condition of most other southern business men at that time. To add to the troubles and afi^ictions or Mr. Gower, about this time his wife sickened, and after an illness of a year, died, August 4, 1866. Notwith- standing these depressing circumstances, financial and domestic, Mr. Gower, with the same pluck and energy that had characterized his previous careef, set about anew to re-build his ruined fortunes and regain his former condition of comfort and independence. The firm soon re-established itself, and for several years did a prosperous busi- ness, but in consequence of becoming security for a large amount of debts, mostly ante-bellum, he was obliged to suspend business. The debts, of which the ante-bellum were chiefly for negroes, aggregated between $40,000 and $50,000. He had become obligated for these debts before the breaking out of the war, and it was the emancipa- tion of the slavf=s that ruined the men for whom he had become surety, causing him to lose heavily. In the meanwhile, February 26, 1S67, Mr. Gower had married Bettie S. Rowland, tiee Brooks, daughter of John Wesley and Melissa Duncan Brooks; she died November 27, 1872, and Oc- tober 28, 1S73, '■'G married Sallie tK. Martin, daughter of John Camp- bell Martin, and Mary A. Starke, of Abbeville, S. C.; she fortunately had some means of her own and with these came to her husband's rescue. In the payment of his debts, however, only Mr. Gower's indi- vidual means were used, and the fact that they were finally paid in full is one of which he has just reason to be proud, allowing him to re-embark in business as extensively as before his troubles. His ef- forts have been attended with his usual prosperity, and he has fully regained himself, being now in as good financial condition as ever before. He has nearly reached his three score and ten years of age, but is yet as vigorous as a man of fifty, and conducts personally all of his business interests which are extensive. During his corinection with the Greenville Coach factory, that establishment passed through several proprietary changes. The firm of Gower, Cox & Gower, which was formed on his accession, was succeeded in order mentioned by the firm, Gower, Cox & Markley, Gower, Cox, Markley & Com- pany, and Gower, Cox & Markley. Mr. Gower's connection with it ceased in 1877. Meanwhile in 1875 he had formed a partnership with a Mr. Sumner, and the firm of Gower & Sumner established a sash, door and blind business. In 1876 Mr. Gower purchased the interest of Mr. Sumner, and January, 1878, the firm of Gower, Shumate & Reilly was formed. Mr. .Shumate retired in 1S82, after which the firm continued under the name of Gower & Reill}' until it was dis- solved by the death of Mr. Reilly in 1S89. Since then Mr. Gower has taken his eldest son, Arthur G. Gower, as his partner, and the • business is conducted under the name of T. C. Gower & Son. This SOUTH CAROLINA. 557 firm, besides dealing in sash, tloors and blinds, all kinds of building material and coal, does a large insurance and drayage business. Their main warehouse is a two-story brick, 87x120 feet, metal roof with storage capacity for 3,000 bales of cotton, for which purpose it was originally built. The office is located in it and the whole is fitted up with all needed fixtures to facilitate business. Adjacent to this is another substantial building used as the stable of the Greenville street railway company, of which Mr. Gower is owner, a public hall in second story and adjoining lot is used by them as a coal and supply yard. They also have a ware house octagonal in form and of large capacity, near the Air Line depot, which is likewise used for the stor- age of their heavy goods, such as lime, cement, dressed lumber, shin- gles, laths, etc. They do a general drayage business in connection with the street railway, utilizing twenty wagons and about thirty head of horses and mules. In the insurance line they represent several of the leading companies of this country and Europe. Mr. Gower was elected mayor of Greenville in 1870, upon the is- sue of whether or not a bridge should be erected at the Main street crossing of the I^udy river. He was in favor of the bridge, while his opponent was against it. After a warm contest, Mr. Gower was elected. He pushed ahead and contracted for the structure, not- withstanding the fact that the aldermanic ticket, opposed to him, was elected, and he had their opposition to surmount. The bridge took the name of the man who was responsible for its existence, and has ever since been known as the Gower bridge. It has been so popular that in i88g it was replaced by a handsome iron structure, which goes to show that Mr. Gower's course has met with public approval, and that the bridge is regarded as indispensable. Mr. Gower has also been active in educational matters. At the first meeting of the citizens in the spring of 1886, called to decide whether or not an additional tax should be levied for the purpose of establishing a graded school in the city, he was an ardent advocate of the tax, and was, with others, instrumental in effecting an educa- tional organization. He was elected a member of the board of trus- tees and was chosen its chairman, which position he still holds. Soon after this public meeting the state legislature was petitioned b}' the citizens to authorize the issue of bonds to meet the expense of erect- ing the graded school buildings, but that body refused its sanction on account of a protest signed by many of our prominent citizens. Mr. Gower took up the work anew, and in 1887 secured an election in the city, by which a nearly unanimous vote was cast in favor of issuing the bonds. Yielding to this unanimity, the legislature passed a bill authorizing and requiring the city council to issue the bonds. They were issued to the amount of $18,000, and placed in Mr. Gower's hands to negotiate. He sold the bonds and purchased the most eligible and desirable lots on which buildings were erected, to the ap- proval of all the people. Mr. Gower was chairman of the building committee; large and commodious buildings were erected, but owing to the prosperity of the city and the increase of pupils, these build- 558 SOUTH CAROLINA. ings are alreadj' inadequate to meet the wants for which they were erected, and application was made to the legislature, and they author- ized the city council to issue $7,000 more bonds to erect new build- ings for the colored schools and enlarge the others. Upon the resignation of Capt. E. A. Smythe, in 1889, as president of the board of trade, Mr. Gower succeeded to that position by virtue of the office he held prior to that time which was that of first vice-president. He has since been twice elected to that position and is now the president of the board. The Gower family is descended ■from an eminently respectable English line, many members of which were very prominent. Of Mr. Gower's first marriage six children were born, three of his second and his present wife has brought him five. Their names and the dates of their births and deaths of the deceased ones areas follows: Susan Cordelia, born December 8, 1845; Williams H., born April 22, 1848, died February 5, 1850; -Mary E., born November, 11, 1852; Thomas E., born xA.pril 9, 1859, died Decem- ber 3, 1865; Arthur G., born October 14, 1861 ; Charles E., born Nov- ember ig, 1863; Thomas E., born July 3, 1S68, died July 3, 1869; Lola Elise, born May 22, 1870; Brooks, born November ib, 1S72, died November 16, 1872; Annie Mae, born August 31, 1874, died September i, 1874; Sadie Mae, born November 26, 1875, died April 4, 1876; Marie C, born December 10, 1877; Nell, born in 1878, died in childhood; Thomas C, born March 18, 1880. Mr. Gower has been an elder in the Presbyterian church for thirty-nine j^ears and he is a member of the F. & A. M., the I. O. O. F.and the democratic party. BROOKS FRANK SLATER, was born at Bamberg, S., C, on the 2d of August, 1S55. His parents were John D. and Eliza (Bamberg) Slater, the latter being a sister of ex-Treasurer of State Bamberg. The father was for many years a leading merchant of Bamberg, where he remained the greater por- tion of his life. He was a progressive, able business man and was widely known. Brooks Frank Slater was one of three children born to the latter union, of which he was the youngest. It was the intention of the parents to name the boy Frank Marion, in honor of his uncle Gen. Frank Marion Bamberg, but at about this time, Preston S. Brooks, of South Carolina, chastised Charles Sumner, at Washing- ton, D. C, and the father decided that the child should be called Brooks Frank. At the tender age of seven years he was deprived of his father. Until his fifteenth year he attended the schools of his native county, when he entered college at Reidville, S. C. Owing to delicate health and his mother's desire to have him at home, his col- legiate career was abandoned in a short time. Two years later, at the age of seventeen, he struck out boldly for himself and embarked in the mercantile business at Bamberg. His great aptitude for busi- ness and sterling character soon endeared him to the community, and his business venture proved a great success. In January, 1876, Mr. Slater sold his business at Bamberg and removed to Orangeburg, SOUTH CAROLINA. ^ 559 where he associated himself with liis brother, Edward Slater, in the stock business. This firm continued for one year, at the e-xpiration of which time our subject withdrew and engaged in the same business alone. From the start this enterprise prospered. While a resident of Orangeburg, Mr. Slater held several different positions of public trust, having been a member of the city council for one term and president of the democratic club during the memorable campaign of 1880. In April, 1879, a most fortunate marriage alliance was formed with Mary F'ran<;es, daughter of Patrick and Rachel (Dukes) Doyle, and the union was blessed by the advent of four bright children, named Mazie, Ray, Brooks Frank jr., and Isaac Bamberg, all of whom are living with the exception of Brooks Frank Jr., who died at the age of four years. The happy home was robbed of its dearest occupant on the 17th of September, 1887, when the husband and father was stricken down in the early dawn of his manhood. The death of Mr. Slater was a public calamity. The sorrowing family was joined in mourning by the entire community with which he had been so closely identified. Frank Slater, as his friends loved to call him, was manly, generous to a fault, and of integrity undoubted. He succeeded in the face of great odds, and had his life been prolonged to the age allotted to man, would doubtless have become one of the wealthiest men in the state. The young man persevered and the re- sult was an honor to him, and a benefit to the community in which he lived. He was a staunch and loyal member of the Methodist Episcopal church, but his purse was ever open to assist anj' denomi- nation that called on him for aid. The beautiful home he left in Orangeburg is still occupied by his widow and three children, and long after the walls shall have fallen, his name will be held in loving memory by the many unfortunates who found relief at his hands. WILLIAM M. HAGOOD, one of the prominent merchants and bankers of Easle}-, was born in Pickens county, S. C, December 2q, 1850. His father is Hon. James E. Hagood, the present clerk of the United States circuit court at Charleston. His mother's maiden name was Esther B. Rob- inson. She died July 26, i8Sq. Mr. Hagood was reared in Pickens county, which has always been his home. Between the years 1856 and 1868, his father was clerk of the old Pickens district, and during his boyhood the son was employed at times in his father's office. He received a common school education, and, in 1S66, entered the store owned by his father at Old Pickens, as a clerk, and remained there two years. He then went to Anderson, v/here he acted as clerk and book-keeper, between three and four years, for C. A. Reed. In 1872 he went to what was then known as New Pickens and engaged in merchandising on his own account. He remained there five \'ears, his brother-in-law, P. McD. Alexander, being his partner. In 1877 Mr. Hagood moved to Easley, still retaining an interest in the store 560 SOUTH CAROLINA. at Pickens, the partnership with his brother-in-law still continuing. The firm at Pickens went under the firm name of Hagood t^ Alex- ander. Upon locating at Easley in 1877, Mr. Hagood established a store there in which Mr. Alexander had an interest, the firm name being W. M. Hagood & Co. Mr. iVlexander conducted the store at Pickens and resided there while Mr. Hagood conducted the store at Easley and resided there. They continued in this way until 1S84, when Mr. Hagood exchanged his interest in the store at Pickens for Mr. Alexander's interest in the store at Easley. Immediately after this transfer Mr. Hagood took in as partners in his Easley business two young men who, prior to that time, had been in his employ as clerks for several years. They were J. McD. Bruce and \V. W. Robinson. They have been his partners in business ever since, but the firm name has continued to be W. M. Hagood & Co. Upon the death of Mr. Alexander, in 18S8, the firm of W. M. Ha- good & Co., purchased the store he had left, which they have owned and conducted ever since, in the name of Hagood, Bruce & Co. Their store at Easley is one of the best in that section of the state. The building is of brick, 32x120 feet, and in it the firm carries a fine stock of general merchandise. The firm also occupies a frame store- room, adjoining the brick building, 28x80 feet, which is stocked with furniture. There is scarcely any article in an}' branch of merchan- dise which cannot be found on sale by this firm. It is the leading cot- ton firm in Easley, having during the past season, handled 4,500 bales. In February, iSqi, Mr. Hagood helped organize the Easley Banking company, and was elected its president, which position he now holds. The company has an authorized capital stock of $50,000. For several years he has been a stockholder and director in the People's bank, of Greenville. He is one of the leading stockholders of the Easley Oil Mill company, and is its secretary and treasurer. He is a stockholder in the Spartan mills and the Whitney mills of Spartanburg, also in the Anderson Cotton mills, and in the Greenville Fertilizer company. He is one of the trustees of the Easley high school. In politics he is a firm adherent to the democratic party. He is an elder in the Pres- byterian church. November 6, 1873, he was married to Miss Kate Cleveland, of Spartanburg, and they have five children living, three of whom are sons. Mr. Hagood is one of the most prosperous, alert and progressive young merchants in the state. He is an ideal busi- ness man of the most pronounced type. Investing his profits as he does, as fast as they accumulate, where they will yield the highest income, his business interests have not only become niuch diversified but very productive and profitable. JAMES HAMILTON, Jr. James Hamilton, Jr., a statesman of .South Carolina, was born in Charleston, in that state, May 8, 1786. His father, whose christian name was also James, was one of the heroes of the Revoluton, and held the rank of major, upon General Washington's staff. James SOUTH CAROLINA. 56 1 Hamilton, Jr., after recelvinnty-fourth regiment, South Carolina volunteers, was ordered to hold his position until daylight and then retire. The enemy, seeing SOUTH CAROLINA. 583 the situation of the Twenty-fourth pressed up so closely that it was necessai'}' to retire skirmishing. The regiment being a splendidly drilled and well disciplined regiment, was kept well in hand, and after a charge against the enemy, driving them back some distance, com- menced the retreat with the support of a small cavalry force in its rear. Lieut Kinard had been sick for several days, and was e.xceed- ingly weak; his feet were blistered and he was wholly unfit for service, but had refused to leave his command in action. The march in retreat being rapid Col. Copers rode to the rear to see how things were progressing, where he found Lieut. Kinard exhausted and un- able to proceed further. He reported his inability to his colonel and, in a fainting condition, asked him to take his sword and save it from capture, as it was impossible for him to go on. Col. Copers replied: " No, Kinard, you are too good a man and too valuable an officer to be captured;" and then dismounting added: "Take my horse and ride on until you overtake the ambulances." Lieut. Kinard mounted the horse and rode all night, while his colonel trudged along on foot, and was thus saved from capture by the Yankees, if not from a worse fate. This incident was at once expressive of the colonel's apprecia- tion of his ofificer, and an evidence of the pluck and endurance of the men who followed the standard of Gen. Johnston. After the war Mr. Kinard returned to his father's plantation, at Newbery, and assisted him during the summer of 1865, in putting in the crops, after which he proceeded to Columbia, and engaged in buying cotton for other parties. In this way he made about $600 in gold, and then determined to engage in business for himself. With $500 of the money he erected a storehouse, on Plain street, near Main, and then obtained a stock of goods on credit, from a New York house, in paying the freight on which he expended the remaining $100, so that by the time his goods were on the shelf, his supply of cash was exhausted. However, business opened up good, and from that day to the present, Mr. Kinard has prospered. For awhile his brother was associated in business with him under the firm name of J. H. & M. L. Kinard, but that partnership lasted but a few years, when our subject drew out of the same and engaged in the clothing business, at which he has since continued. He has also been identified and con- nected with other enterprises, at different times, in all of which he met with success. His clothing business has increased steadily, from year to^'ear, until it grew into the largest in the state. Mr. Kinard was married in 1871, to Miss Cornelia Williams, a granddaughter of Judge Earl, of Greenville. She died the following year, and in 1876 he was married to Miss Florence Lyles, daughter of the Hon. William Lyles, of Fairfield, S. C, who for years was a member of» the legislature and a promiment citizen. To this union five daughters and one son have been born. Mr. Kinard may well be termed a self-made man. After the war he returned to Columbia without a dollar of capital, yet by his own exertions, and the exer- cise of his splendid business talents, he has succeed in building up one of the largest retail establishments in the south, and the leading 584 SOUTH CAROLINA. one in the state, and has accumulated a splendid competency. He is essentially a business man, both by inclination and adaptability, and has made a study of merchandizing in his line. Painstaking and sys- tematic in his methods, he has by assiduous attention to business, and by fair and honest dealing, won the respect and esteem of his fellow- citizens, and built up a commercial character second to no man in the state. Modest and retiring in his manners and conduct before the people, he has always been adverse to public or political honors, uni- formly declining offices of any kind, preferring the independent life of a private citizen to that of a public official. And this same char- acteristic prevented him from receiving" higher honors during the late war, in recognition and return for his long and faithful service in the field. But notwithstanding this disposition, Mr. Kinard has always taken a decided and active interest in public affairs generally, and particularly in all things pertaining to the interests of his city and vicinity, and always stands ready to encourage and aid all wor- thy public enterprises having for their object the improvement and advancement of the community. He is broad and liberal in his views, progressive and enterprising, and is recognized as one of the truly representative business men of the state. RICHARD SMALLWOOD DesPORTES. Prominent among the representative citizens of Columbia, S. C, is Capt. Richard S. DesPortes, who for many years has been closely identified with the business interests of the city, and who has borne a conspicuous part in its government. He is a Carolinian b}' birth, born in Charleston, September 21, 1S41; the son of Augustus and Emeline (Smallwood) DesPortes. The father was a native of Bor- deaux, France; born in 1813, and was brought by his mother to America, when an infant, his father having been killed in the battle of Waterloo. His wife was born in Charleston, and was a descend- ant of Gen. Smallwood, of Revolutionary fame. Augustus DesPortes, was a journalist by profession, and died in 1S61; his wife's death oc- curring a few months later. Six children were born to these parents, of whom the subject of this sketch is the second in the order of birth. Capt. DesPortes received his education at Mount Zion college, at Winnsboro, S. C, leaving that institution in the spring of 1S61, to en- list in the Confederate army. He joined Company G, (Aiken Guards) of the Third South Carolina battalion, with the rank of sec- ond lieutenant, which he held until April, 1S62, when, having con- tracted pneumonia from exposure while on a reconnoisance, he resigned. After his recovery, he joined the army of " southern Vir- ginia and North Carolina," and was given a position on the staff of Gen. S. G. French, as ordnance officer and inspector of field artillery and small arms, with the rank of first lieutenant of artillery. On this staff he remained until June. 1863, when he was transferred to the staff of (ien. D. II. Hill, brother-in-law of Stonewall Jackson. After the battle of White House, on the James River, Gen. Hill and staff SOUTH CAROLINA. 585 were ordered to Chattanooga, where Lieut. UesPortes, took part in the bombardment of that place, and in the battle of Chickamauga, after which, Gen. Hill and staff were relieved from duty by President Jefferson Davis, as the result of a petition, signed by (jen. flill, asking the president to relieve Gen. Bragg from duty, for failure to press Gen. Rosecrans after his defeat at Chickamauga. Mr. UesPortes then reported to Adjutant and Inspector General Cooper, in Rich- mond, and in two weeks was ordered to report back to the "army of Tennessee" and resume his old position on the corps staff, then com- manded by Maj. Gen. Hindman. In the spring of 1S64 Lieut-Gen. J. B. Hood was transferred from the army of northern Virginia to the army of Tennessee, and placed in command of the army corps to which Mr. DesPqrtes belonged, the latter remaining on his staff until about the first of July, 1864, when Gen. Hood was promoted to the rank of full general and placed in command of the army, vice Gen. Joseph E. Johnston removed. Gen. Hood's staff did not participate in his promotion, Gen. Johnston's staff being turned over to Gen. Hood. Gen. Cheatham was assigned to the command of the corps to which Mr. DesPortes belonged, and under him he participated in the battles of Peach Tree Creek, and "Twenty-second of July" (Atlanta), at which battle Gen. Mc- Pherson of the P^ederal army was killed. Then Lieut.-Gen. S. D. Lee was transferred from the army of the Mississippi and given the command of the army corps to which Mr. DesPortes belonged, and under Gen. Lee he participated in the battles of "Lick .Skillet Road," or "Ezra Church," jonesboro, Dalton, Resaca, the splendid crossing of the Tennessee at Florence, the battles of Columbia, Tenn., Spring Hill, Tenn., Franklin, Tenn., Murfreesboro, Tenn., and he was with the rear guard of the Confederate army in its retreat from Tennessee, in which the fighting was continuous. When he reached the Ten- nessee river on the retreat, the Federal infantry were behind in large numbers, the cavalry on both flanks, and the Federal gun-boats on the river in front of them, the subject of this sketch and the survivors of the shattered army of Tennessee escaped across the river under cover of the spray thrown up by the shells from the gun-boats, and went to Tupelo, Miss., and from there to Meridian, Miss., then to Montgomery, Ala., then to Columbus, Ga., then to Augusta, and then to Orangeburg, S. C, where a line of battle was formed, and a three days' fight was inaugurated along the Edisto river. From Orange- burg, Mr. DesPortes, with his corps, moved along the river to within three miles of Columbia, S. C, where with the remnant of the once grand army corps of the army of Tennessee, in all about 2,500 men, they fought for three da3''s, holding back a corps of Federal troops 30,000 strong. On the night of February 16, 1865, Mr. DesPortes, with his comrades marched through Columbia and bivouacked that night at Doko, seventeen miles north of Columbia. Leaving Doko on the morning of February 17, he went to Ridgeway, and there formed line of battle, and threw up breastworks, under the impres- 586 SOUTH CAROLINA. sion that the Federal cavalry were after them. On the morning of the iSth he and his comrades moved on through Winnsboro to Black- stocks, and thence easterly to Landsford, on the Catawba river. On that morning he led his corps across the Catawba river, and that night stayed at the house of a German named Isenhower, near Char- lotte, N. C, where he remained several days. He then went by rail, in the night time, to Kingston, N. C, where, with Gen. Hoke com- manding a North Carolina division, the battle of Kingston was fought, capturing 1,500 prisoners and twenty pieces of artillery. Then with his comrades he moved toward Bentonville, where the battle of Ben- tonville was fought, driving the Federal army out of their lines of breastworks and capturing a number of prisoners, many pieces of artillery and small arms. The army then moved to Raleigh, where they heard of Lee's sur- render. The next morning Mr. DesPortes went to his staff com- mander. Gen. S. D. Lee, and proposed to go with him across the Mississippi river and fight it out there. Gen. Lee promised an an- swer later, and the troops then marched on to Greensboro, where they met the advance column of Gen. R. E. Lee's disbanded army passing through Greensboro to a point equi-distant between Greens- boro and High I^oint. Mr. DesPortes and his corps surrendered. After the battle of Resaca he was recommended for promotion to the rank of captain of artillery, and on endorsing the application. Gen. Hood, on whose staff he had served, said: " Lieut. DesPortes is a brave and efficient officer." He was also recommended for pro- motion by Maj.-Gen. French and Lieut. -Gen. S. D. Lee in very com- plimentary terms. Mr. DesPortes took part in twenty-seven battles in the last campaign which began on the 4th day of May, 1864, and ended on the 26th of April, 1865. Many of these battles extended through three days, beside a number of skirmishes larger than some of the battles of the first Revolution, i. e., 1776. After the surrender Mr. DesPortes returned to Winnsboro (May 10, 1865), and remained there a short time. He then went to Ridgeway, S. C, where he be- gan business, his capital being the proceeds of a bale of cotton, for which he had traded his war horse. He remained in Ridgeway until 18S0, prospering in his business in a high degree. He then moved to Columbia, in order to 'educate his children. On coming there he formed a partnership with R. H. Edmunds, Jr., in the mercantile trade, the partnership continuing until iSSS, when Capt. DesPortes retired from business. He has served as aldermen of Columbia from 1883 up to the present time, all the while serving as chairman of the committee of ways and means. He is a trustee of the Columbia canal, and vice president of the Carolina National bank, of Columbia; he is a director in the Land & Investment company, and in the .South Carolina Home Insurance company. Capt. DesPortes was married in November, 1867, to Susan Lowther, of Lee county, Ala., whom he met during the war. They have three children, of whom two survive, whose names are Williani Lowther and Richard S. DesPortes. SOUTH CAROLINA. 587 COLONEL THOMAS J. LIPSCOMB, was born in Abbeville county, S. C, March 27, 1833, and received his education in South Carolina college and in the University of Vir- ginia at Charlottesville. From the latter he went to Philadelphia and took a course in the Jefferson medical college, afterward returning to Charleston. Here he graduated from the medical college in 1854. On leaving college, he went to Paris, P"rance, where he remained eighteen months, having previously spent six months in New York. Returning from Paris, called home on account of the fatal illness of his father, he bought a plantation in Laurens county, and remained there three years. He then sold out and bought a plantation near Newberry, where he remained until early in 1861 when he volunteered to serve in the Confederate army. He was made second lieutenant of Company B, of the Third regiment of volunteer infantry, Col. James Williams commanding. He was in the first Bull Run battle, and after that Gen. Bonham took him on his staff as his aide-de-camp. He served with him until the general was elected governor of South Carolina in 1S62, and then served on the staff of Gen. J. B. Kershaw, who succeeded Gen. Bonham, and of Gen. Jubal B. Early, until early in 1S63. Col. Lipscomb then raised a cavalry company and was made captain of it, and his command was assigned to Gen. Wade Hampton's command. At the battle of Stevensburg he was made major and soon after, lieutenant colonel. At Gettysburg he was made colonel and held that rank at the close of the war. Col. Lipscomb was in the battles of Brandy Station, Antietam, Gettysburg, Thorough-fare Gap and in all the battles in which Hampton's com- mand participated and in the campaign in North Carolina. Return- ing home to his plantation near Newberry, he there remained until 1S67, when his home was burned and he was driven from the premises by the radical element, losing all he had and'being compelled to re- main away from home about three years. In 1870 he settled in New- berry and went into the business of buying cotton, remaining there until 1878. He was then elected superintendent of the state peniten- tiary and has been re-elected by the legislature every two years up to the present time. During his tenure of Sffice, he had saved the state many thousand of dollars, and made many improvements in the buildings and management of the institution. Col. Lipscomb was married in December, 186S, to Miss Hattie, daughter of William H. Harrington and grand-daughter of Chief-Justice O'Neal. To them were born six children, only two of whom are now living, namely, William H. and Thomas J. Lipscomb, Jr. The name of Col. Lips- comb's father was John Lipscomb, who was born in .South Carolina in 1790. His father, Nathan Lipscomb, was a native of Virginia. John Lipscomb was three times married; the mother of Col. Lips- comb before marriage was Sarah M. Bonham sister of Gov. L. M. Bonham. They were married about the year 1S20, and the fruit of 588 SOUTH CAROLINA. this marriage was twelve children, only four of whom are now living. The mother died in 1S49, and the father in 1857. WADE HAMPTON GIBBS was born in Columbia, S. C, April 3, 1837, and received his educa- tion in Columbia. In 1855 he went to West Point, where he gradu- ated in i860, being one of the only full class which ever completed the entire term of five years. Among his classmates were Horace Porter, of New York; Wesley Merrett, brigadier-general of the United States regular army; Gen. J. M. Wilson, superintendent of the engineer corps of West Point. On his graduation Mr. Gibbswas breveted first lieutenant, and assigned to Capt. Palmer's command at Camp Cooper, Tex., but resigned and came to Charleston, receiving a commission from the state as first lieutenant in the regular artillery, and served as such in the assault on Fort Sumter, firing the first shell into the fort immediately after the signal gun for the bombardment to com- mence. After the fall of Sumter he resigned from the state service and reported at Richmond for service, where he was assigned to the command of Gen. Henry A. Wise, in western Virginia, with the rank of major of artillery. He served three or four months with Gen. Wise, when illness compelled him to return to Richmond, where he was laid up about six weeks. He then came to Columbia where he took charge of a camp of instruction for about four months, until he recovered his strength. He then reported for duty and was assigned to the command of Gen. Kirby Smith, in Kentucky, joining it the next day after the battle of Perryville, and was detailed on Gen. Heath's staff. When the retreat from Kentucky commenced, he went with his command and was again attacked with typhoid fever at Knox- ville, Tenn. With great effort he reached Columbia, where he re- mained for some time. On his recovery he went to Bermuda and Nassau for a month or six weeks. On his return he was assigned to duty at Wilmington, N. C.,as commandant, where he remained about nine months, and then reported to Gen. Longstreet at Charlottesville, Va., and soon after went into the Wilderness campaign, which com- menced with the battle of the Wilderness, and ended for him at the battle of Petersburg, where 'he was dangerously wounded. He was in the battles of Spottsylvania, Second Cold Harbor and the battle of Petersburg, where the mine was exploded. About a month after be- ing wounded, he got home to Columbia where he remained three or four months until recovered. He then reported for duty and took charge of the artillery at Chapin's Bluff ten miles below Richmond- Here he remained until April 3, 1865, when the retreat toAppomatox commenced and the surrender of Lee at that place. It is claimed for him that he fired the last shell at Appomatox. After the surrendeV he located on a farm he bought at Keysville, Va., where he remained for six months. Then he returned to Columbia where he engaged in contracting to build a railroad, which kcjot him employed about a SOUTH CAROLINA. 589 year, and he then went on a farm near Columljia where he remained until 1876. In 1877 he was appointed treasurer of Richland county, S. C, by Gov. Hampton, which office he held until the expiration of the term, and was re-elected three times. In 18S5 he was appointed postmaster of Columbia by President Cleveland, holding that office for four years and a half. At the expiration of his term of office he went into the machinery business with his son, the style of the firm being W. H. Gibbs, Jr., & Co. He is vice president of the Central National bank, also vice president of the Electric Light company and president of the Richland Wine company. Mr. Gibbs was married in Novem- ber, i860, to Miss Jane A., daughter of Dr. Alexander H. Mason, of Falmouth, Va., and to them were born six children, of whom five sur- vive, as follows: VV. H. Gibbs, Jr., James M., Frances G., Alexander Mason and Frank Huger. Mr. Gibbs' wife departed this life in 1887. B. WALLACE JONES. Among the leading business men of Williamsburg county, S. C, we find the name of B. Wallace Jones. Mr. Jones is a native of the county where he now lives, having been born there on the nth of December, 1858, the son of Stephen and x-Xnn Jones, both of whom were born in the Palmetto state. The father was a planter, and was very successful in his calling. He died in 1866, aged fifty-eight years; his wife surviving him until 1879, when her demise occurred at the age of sixty- nine years. The mother was a life-long member of the Baptist church, and was a most godly woman. Eleven children were born to these parents, six of whom are now living. B. Wallace Jones, the youngest of these children, was educated at Chatata in the East Tennessee seminary, and on completing the course at that institution, returned to his home and embarked in a general mercantile business, also manufacturing naval stores. After three years he removed his business to Lake City, S. C, and has since conducted a most success- ful concern at that place. In 1SS3 Mr. Jones was married to Miss Ella F. Jones, daughter of the late Lucius M. Jones, of Charleston, S. C, and of the six children who have been born to their union, five are living, their names being, B. Wallace, Jr., Arthur L., Anna F., C. LeRoy (deceased), Helen B., and Madison W. Both Mr. and Mrs. Jones are active and valued communicants of the Baptist church, and are numbered among the most charitable people of the city. Mr. Jones is a prominent member of the Good Templars' order, and has held the office of worthy chief templar of his lodge for two terms, being at present its lodge deputy. He has been especially active in temperance work, and has devoted much of his time to the advance- ment of the temperance movement. In the city government, he has held the offices of warden, and intendant, and his incumbency of these positions was attended with much satisfaction to the people. Since the organization of the .Southwestern Building & Loan association, he has been its president, and in all his business relations he has been most happy, in that he has won a name for ability and the most rigid 590 SOUTH CAROLINA. integrity. He has also been elected president of the Lake City cor- net band, of which he was the moving spirit in organizing. JAMES M. IVY. It is with pleasure that we review the career of the late James M. Ivy, one of the most eminent business men York county has ever had. Mr. Ivy first saw the light on the 5th of December, 1S39, in Lancaster county, S. C. His father, the Rev. Adam Ivy, is still a resident of that county, and is well known in the religious world. James M. Ivy began his studies under the tutelage of W. H. Thornasson and Gen. J. A. Alston; and when the latter gentleman was called to the presi- dency of the Mount Zion academy, his pupil accompanied him as a student, in the year 1858. He completed his preparation for college under Mr. John R. Shurley, at Ebenezer, and entered the South Car- olina college in 1859. He was in Columbia during the stormy scenes of i860, and in the springof i86i,when war was declared, the students of South Carolina college were called into action under the command of Capt. John Gary. Cadet Ivy accompanied the command to Charles- ton, in the capacity of sergeant, and was an eye witness of the bom- bardment of Fort Sumter. Sometime after, the cadets were ordered back to Columbia, but Sergt. Ivy decided to give his life and services to the cause of his people, and soon we find him hastening to Charles- ton to enlist in the Washington Light infantrv, under command of Capt. James Conner. This company made up at Charleston, after- ward became a portion of the famous Hampton legion. He passed safely through the battle of Manassas, although frequently struck by spent balls, and was in Rickett's desperate charge in which the Hamp- ton legion sustained such a loss. Until 1862 he remained in the army of northern Virginia, and at that time was transferred to the Penin- sula, where in the battle of Seven Pines, he was severely wounded in the left shoulder. He was confined in the hospital at Richmond until the following July, when he was honorably discharged and returned a disabled soldier. August 5th, 1863, he was married to a daughter of Hon. Henr}^ Connor, of Lincoln county, N. C, who entered the United States army as aide-de-camp to Gen. Joseph Graham, in the Creek war, and afterward served as a member of congress from 1821 to 1 84 1. Mr. Ivy settled at Beattie's Ford after his marriage, on account of the failing health of his wife's father, and it was in this place that he commenced the mencantile career in which he succeeded so well. In 1866 he established a mercantile house, and one year later organized the firm of Ivy, Roach & Jones, merchants of Rock Hill, although the senior partner still continued to reside at Beattie's Ford, as the mana- ger of the business there. After the death of Major Connor, in June, 1869, Mr. Ivy sold his business in North Carolina, and removed to Rock Hill, and on the ist of January, 1870, the firm of J. M. Ivy & Co. was formed, composed of J. M. Ivy, J. J. Roach and R. T. May. Mr. .'\llcn Jon:js retired fnjm the firm of Ivy, Roach <.\: Jones, in 1872 SOUTH CAROLINA. SQI but became a member of the house of Ivy & Co., upon the retire- ment of Messrs. Roach and May. In 1S77, Ivy & Fewell came into the business world as fjeneral merchants, while the old firm of J. M. Ivy & Co. conducted the cotton fertilizer and banking business. Mr. Ivy soon came to be known as one of the largest and most successful cotton operators in the state, and his business increased greatly in all its departments. He was prominently identified with the establish- ment of the Rock Hill cotton factory, and was a director in that con- cern from its inception. In iSSi, the weight of his splendid person- ality was thrown against the license system of the city, and it was largely due to his e.xertions that the campaign ended in prohibit- ing the sale of intoxicating liquors in the municipality. At this time he founded the drug house of Ivy & Robertson, and assisted largely in the establishment of The Lantern, a journal published under the management of Gen. Johnston Jones, in 1872, Subsequently, when disaster overtook this venture, he came to its aid with his influence and money, and assumed its editorship, changing the name of the paper to the Roek Hill Herald. He was soon compelled to relinquish this position, however, owing to press of other business matters, but still continued to support it, and at the time of his death the paper was self-supporting. It is not surprising that a man of such intelli- gence should early own his allegiance to his God. As a member of the Episcopal church, he contributed largely of his means toward the building of the new edifice, and his gifts were not confined to his own church alone. On the nth of September, 1885, he was called to eternal rest. The heritage of a life lived in the fear of God, and in the love of his fellow men is left to his family and friends. HON. JOHN H. BLACKWELL, M. D., one of South Carolina's most noted physicians, and one of her honored sons, was born in Darlington county, in 1S15, the son of Samuel Blackwell, who emigrated from England in 1790, and settled in the lower portion of South Carolina, on a rice plantation, but later removed to Darlington county, where he died. The father was twice married, his second wife being Miss Hamlin, who bore him two sons, Samuel and John H.. and four daughters. John H. Blackwell was given a liberal literary education, and began the study of medicine under the direction of Dr. Timothy Dargan, an eminent physician of his day; and afterward entered the Charleston medical college, where he graduated with honor. From that time until his death, in 1890, he practiced in Darlington county, where he was regarded as one of the most skillful and intelligent physicians and surgeons in the state. He was prominent in politics, and was a member of the state legisla- ture in the years 1850-51, and again in 1S60 and '61, and served as a member of the secession convention. His .first marriage w-as to a Miss Windom, of Alabama, by whom he had one son and one daughter. After the death of this lady he was married to Miss Sallie Pettigrew, who was a daughter of Robert Pettigrew, of Dar- 592 SOUTH CAROLINA. Hngton county, S. C, who was a son of Robert Pettigrew, who at one time was a leading citizen of Darlington county. This second union resulted in the birth of one son and two daughters. The son, Rob- ert J. Blackwell, was educated in his native county and entered upon his business career as a clerk in a general store. In 1874 he took a course in a commercial college, after which he removed to Marion, where, in 1879, he embarked in the mercantile business with a Mr. Young, and later with Mr. G. A. Norwood, of Greenville, S. C. Mr. Blackwell is quite extensively interested in the Marion Cotton mill, and is president of the Cotton-seed Oil Mill company, and is also a stockholder in the Bank of Marion. In 18S1 he married Miss Celeste Young, and two sons and two daughters are the issue. Mr. Black- well is a consistent member of the Baptist church, and is recognized in the community as one of its ablest and most substantial business men. He is but just entering the prime of his manhood, having been born in 1854, and should life and health be spared doubtless a long and honored career awaits one of such integrity and ability. HON. C. S. McCALL was born in Clio, Marlboro county, S. C, in 1S43. He is one of eight children, all of whom are living, born to John L. and Nancy (Sin- clair) McCall. The parents are still living, and the father, before the secession of the state, held prominent public otifices, among them being that of tax collector. Our immediate subject, Mr. C. S. Mc- Call, enlisted in the Confederate service in 1862, as a member of Peterkins company of the Twentieth South Carolina regiment. In 1864 he was transferred from that regiment to the Hampton legion, and fought with them until the final surrender. In 1865 he secured a clerkship with Mr. William Murchison, at Bennettsville, remaining in that gentleman's employ until 1869, when he embarked in the mer- cantile business for himself. His concern is now the largest mercan- tile establishment in the county, this success having been attained only by perseverance, ability and integrit}', as he started with but a small capital. In 1876 he was elected chairman of the democratic county committee, and as such he took an active and prominent part in the famous Hampton campaign of that year. So able was his ad- ministration of the affairs of that important office that he was suc- cessively elected to it until 1888. In 1877 he was elected to the state senate to fill an unexpired term, and was re-elected in 1878, and again in 1882 and 1886. From 1880 to 1888 he was a member of the state democratic executive committee, and in 1880 was a delegate to the national convention of his party. Since 1889 Mr. McCall has held the office of mayor of the city of Bennettsville. His career as a busi- ness man has been phenomenal, and stamps him as one of the most eminent financiers of the state. During the past year he has held the office of president of the Marlboro Oil company, antl he is also vice-president of the Bank of Marlboro. His magnificent plantation, located two miles west of Bennettsville, and known as "Appin," is SOUTli CAK(J1,INA. 593 one of the most extensive in tiie state, being under the highest culti- vation. His title of " colonel " was obtained in 1876, when Gov. Hampton appointed him a member of his staff, with that rank, his service in the Confederate army having been as a non-commissioned officer. WILLIAM B. PLUNKETT, JR., a member of the firm of Merritt & Plunkett, of Batesburg, dealers in general merchandise, was born in Barnwell district, now Harkin county, in the year 1838. His parents, John D. and Sarah H. (Mer- ritt) Plunkett were both natives of South Carolina, the former being a son of Peter Plunkett, also a native of South Carolina. He was a planter through life, residing in Barnwell district, and was the father of three sons, being twice married. John D. Plunkett was born in 1811, received but an ordinary education, and followed the planting business through life. He was the father of three sons, all deceased but him, who is the subject of this sketch. The other two were killed in the late war, one at Cold Harbor and the other in the bat- tle of the Wilderness. He took no part in politics, but served as county commissioner. He died in 1878. William B. Plunkett, Jr., was educated in the schools of the state, but began clerking in Harkin when quite young, following it until 1861. He enlisted in Company H,of the Fourteenth regiment, and served until the sur- render of the army. He was in the battles of Cold Harbor, Francis' Farm, Antietam, Harper's Ferry, Gettysburg, Chancellorsville and numerous others. He was mustered out as orderly-sergeant of his company. After the war he came back to Harkin, and in 1867 began business at that place. In 1869 he came .to Batesburg, and has re- mained here ever since in business under the firm name of Merritt & Plunkett. Mr. Plunkett was married in 1859, to Miss Cecelia Court- ney. He is a member of the Masonic fraternity and also of the Bap- tist church. The business firm to which he belongs has been highly successful and now enjoys an extensive and lucrative trade. JOHN O. C. FLEMING, a prominent merchant of the city of Laurens, was born there No- vember 14, 1843. He was the son of Samuel Fleming, also a mer- chant, born on a farm six miles from Laurens, and who died in 1882. Samuel was the son of Robert and Elizabeth Fleming, both of whom were natives of Ireland, but were married in this country. Samuel Fleming was engaged in mercantile pursuits in Laurens for more than fifty years and was one of the leading and most successful merchants in that city. The mother of John O. C. Fleming was Harriet J. Willianis, who was born on a farm three miles from Laur- ens, and was the only daughter of Charles Williams, also a native pi Laurens county, who served several terms in the South Carolina legis- lature. Her ancestors resided in Virginia. Mr. Fleming's mother A-38 594 SOUTH CAROLINA. I died in iS88. His fatlier, by the time the Civil war brolce out, had ac- cumulated a large amount of property, being one of the wealthiest men at that time in Laurens county. He, however, like hundreds of others, lost the most of his property by the war. He was one of the most honored and respected men in the city of Laurens, being widely known as an honest man and a worthy citizen who made his business a success. The subject of this sketch was reared in Laurens, and that place has been his home all his life. He was educated in the Laurensville male academy, and The King Mountain military insti- tute at Yorkville, S. C. At sixteen he entered the Confederate army, enlisting in Company A, Third South Carolina regiment. He served in the commissar}' department about one year, being then a young beardless boy, small of his age. Then he entered the ranks and served until the first battle of F"redericksburg, where he was wounded by a ball in the right lower limb. He then spent several weeks in the hospital at Richmond, after which he returned home, having been rendered unfit for further active service. From that time till the end of the war he was upon light duty in the vicinity of his home. For two years after the' war Mr. Fleming was employed on a farm and as a clerk. In 1867 he spent four months in the Poughkeepsie Commercial college, after which he returned to Laurens and engaged in mercantile pursuits as the partner of his brother, Robert F. Flem- ing, for whom he had previously acted as clerk. The firm, under the name of R. F. & J. O. C. Fleming, continued until 1883, doing a mam- moth business. In that year R. F. Fleming was succeeded by H. B. Kennedy, the present partner of Mr. Fleming, who had been a clerk for the old firm for about twelve years. Since 1SS3, the firm name has been J. O. C. Fleming & Co. Mr. Fleming has been exception- ally successful as a merchant, and he has reached a position as one of the foremost business men and wealthiest citizens of Laurens county. He is now one of the heaviest tax payers. He is also one of the most extensive freeholders in the county, owning several good farms. He is a stockholder and director in the People's Loan & Ex- change bank, and of the Oil & Fertilizer company, and is also one of the owners of the Ware Shoals water power in Laurens county, which is considered one of the finest in the south. He is a trustee in the Laurensville female college, and for the past sixteen years has been one of the school trustees of Laurens township. In politics he is a democrat, and in religious faith a Presbyterian, being a member of that church. Mr. Fleming was married, January 25, 1888, to Miss Carrie L. Todd, of Due West, Abbeville county, but a native of Laurens county. She was the daughter of James R. Todd. They have an only son, Samuel, two years of age. JUDSON P. MARTIN, late a prominent merchant of Laurens, and late mayor of that city, was born at Babbs P. O., Laurens county, S. C, November 14, 1859. He was the son of Reuben and Jane M. (Hanna) Martin, the former SOUTH CAROLINA. 595 i of whom died when Judson was eighteen years of age. The father was an extensive farmer, and also conducted a plantation store. The subject of this sketch was reared on his father's plantation, and, during his youth, assisted his father in the store. He received agood English education in the country schools, and subsequently attended a high school at Woodruff, Spartanburg county, and a school at Green- ville. About a year after that he secured a clerkship in a store at Greenville and held that position between one and two years, when he came to Laurens. Here he took a position as clerk, with the firm of Minter & Jamieson, which place he filled for three years. He was married, March 9, 1884, to Miss Mattie Allen Poole, the daughter of Dr. John T. and Anna Wofford (Allen) Poole. She was born in Spartanburg county, S. C., October 15, 1865. Her father is a lead- ing physician of Laurens. Her mother is a niece of Rev. Benjamin Wofford, the founder of Wofford college. In September, 1884, Mr. Martin engaged in business for himself in the city of Laurens. He established a hardware store, which he conducted with marked suc- cess for three years, and had, as a partner, his father-ir.-law. Dr. J.T. Poole, the firm name being J. F. Martin & Co. After carrying on the hardware business one year, the firm started a dry goods and clothing establishment. In 18S7 the firm discontinued the hardware business, when its entire attention was turned to dry goods and cloth- ing, until Mr. Martin's death, December 13, 1890. The full control of the business devolved upon Mr. Martin, Dr. Poole devoting his whole attention to the practice of his profession. The firm was very prosperous and did an extensive business, requiring the services of ten clerks. Under the able management of Mr. Martin, the concern developed into one of the largest establishments of the kind in the city, there being but one other store of its class that ranked with it, and that was the establishment of Minter & Jamieson, his former employers. Mr. Martin was a democrat in politics, and at the time of his death was mayor of Laurens, having served in that capacity with ex- ceptional ability since March, 1890. One of the leading traits of his character was his indomitable enterprise, and the spirit with which he conducted his private business was carried out and exemplified in his acts as a public officer. During his too brief administration as the chief magistrate of the municipality, he proposed and advocated sev- eral measures for its improvement, and it is safe to say that had his useful life been prolonged, he would have carried his anticipated im- provements into execution. Among the measures proposed by him were the establishment of an electric light plant, and of city water- works, both of which constitute so much of adornment and healthful- ness of a city. Mr. fvlartin was a member of the Baptist church, hav- ing embraced that faith and joined the church at the age of eighteen. His business career is a fine illustration of what intrepid enterprise and push can accomplish. His splendid tact in the management of his private affairs as well as his capacity as a public officer have made him a conspicuous character and one to be emulated, yet they make 596 SOUTH CAROLINA. his premature death all the more to be lamented. Not only the city, but the state has lost in him a man of brightest promise. He left three children, one son and two daughters, the son being the eldest and he but five years of age. Their respective names are Judson Ralph, Annie Louise, aged three years, and Leonora, aged sixteen months. A few months prior to his death, Mr. Martiji began the erection of a very handsome residence of the finest in Laurens. He, however, did not live to see it completed, though it was nearly ready for occupancy when the dread summons came. Though he had reached but thirty-one years, and been in business but a small portion of that time, he had accumulated a good competency and left his young family in comfortable circumstances. COL. ALLEN WATSON BURNSIDE, a Laurens citizen of prominence, was born on a farm in Laurens county, January 28, 1835. He was the son of Edwarci J. Burnside, the maiden name of his mother being, Martha Ewell YVatson, both natives of Laurens county, the former born in 1806, and the latter in 1803. She was the daughter of Elijah Watson, a Laurens county farmer, who for many years was a magistrate. Edward J. Burnside, Is still living, but his wife died in 1858. He was the son of John Burnside, whose father came to i\merica with two brothers from Scotland. Two of the brothers settled in the north, and from one of them. Gen. Ambrose E. Burnside, was descended. The third located in South Carolina, and he was the great-grandfather of the subject of this sketch. The younger days of Col. Burnside were spent on the farm, in Laurens county, and he received his education in the com- mon schools of the county. In early life he taught school three years, beginning when he was only nineteen years of age. In 1859, he was united in marriage with Miss Mary E. Wallace, daughter of Martin Wallace, formerly of Laurens county. Immediately after his mar- riage he engaged in farming. Upon reaching the age of eighteen, he had become a member of the state militia, and he remained in that organization until the breaking out of the war, having reached the rank of colonel. In the spring of 1861, on the 14th day of April, he entered the Confederate service, with the first troops from Lau- rens county, as first lieutenant of Company G, Third South Carolina regiment, and served in the same capacity till the spring of 1863, when he was transferred to Company E, of the Third South Caro- lina sharpshooters, which belonged to the same brigade and division in which he had formerly served. Upon entering this company he was made its captain, and in 1864, he was promoted to lieutenant colonel, in which capacity he served till the close of the war. He was in the seven days' fight at Richmond, the battles of Sharpsl)urg, Fredericksburg, Gettysburg, Chickamauga, Kno.wille, Wilderness, Spottsylvania, Cold Harbor, Petersburg and others. Upon the third of the seven days' fight, he was wounded by a ball in the left leg, which rendered him unfit for duty for three months. SOUTH CAROLINA. 597 At the close of the war Mr. Bvirnside returned home and resumed farming, continuing in that occupation till 1876, in which year he was elected probate judge of Laurens county. He has served in that capacity ever since, having been re-elected for si.\ successive terms. He has just turned the office over to his successors, after having served most acceptably for fourteen years. At the end of his late term he declined* a re-election, otherwise he would doubtless have been contined as long as he would have been willing to serve. In politics he is a democrat, and in religious faith a Baptist, having joined the Baptist church when fifteen years of age, and having been chosen to official stations in that church. He is a member of the Masonic fra- ternity, and has taken the chapter and council degrees. He joined the lodge at twenty-one years of age. He has been a partner in a mercantile firm since 1883, and now devotes his attention both to farming and merchandising, having retained possession of his farm throughout his fourteen years administration of the office of probate judge. He is a stockholder in the National bank, of Laurens, and in the Building & Loan association of that place. He is the father of four children living, two sons and two daughters. One of the daugh- ters is married, and one son is now a student in the Furman univer- sity, at Greenville. GEN. WILLIAM MOULTRIE, an accomplished author who gave to the reading public two valuable historical volumes, entitled " Memories of the American Revolution," was born in South Carolina in 1730, descended frorii distinguished Scotch ancestry. For the time in which he lived and the circum- stances surrounding him, his education was respectable. Little is known of his early days, but he made his name illustrious by the gallant and patriotic part he took in the Revolutionary war, and in the Indian wars preceding that great struggle. In the campaign against the Cherokee Indians in 1761, Moultrie was a captain, and Marion was his lieutenant, and the campaign, arduous and daring, ended in the defeat of the savages, and their complete subjugation. At the conclusion of this campaign, Moultrie betook himself to his planta- tion where he remained amidst the quiet of rural pursuits until the be- ginning of the Revolution. The news of the battles of Concord and Lexington was the signal for such men as Moultrie to resume their arms, and those events found him ready. The conflict had cast its shadow before, and preliminary preparations had already taken place under the lead of Moultrie and others. The provincial congress which met in Charleston, Januar}' 1 1, 1775, numbered Col. William Moultrie among Its delegates, and he was one of the most conspicuous members of that body. He was among the brave body of men, who, finding themselves short of am- munition and arms to undertake the war for Independence, resolved to help themselves from the British arsenal. Wrenching the bolts and bars of this depository, the}' supplied themselves with a thousand 598 SOUTH CAROLINA. Stand of arms and an abundant store of ammunition. Moultrie was chosen colonel of the Second South Carolina regiment on the first opening of hostilities. He was placed in command of a body of troops despached to Heiddrill's Point, with a few pieces of artillery to repulse two sloops of war which had for some time served as a menace to the citizens of Charleston. The movement was successful and the sloops, after a few shots, were compelled to hail^l off out of range of the beleaguered city. Col. Moultrie was in command on Sullivan's Island when that military post was besieged in the begin- ning of June, 1776, by the British fleet under command of Sir Henry Clinton. This island was the key to Charleston harbor, and as the British had resolved to invest that city and the state at large, this was their first strategic point. It had been fortified with palmetto logs and embankments of sand. Col. Moultrie's able and gallant defense of Sullivan's Island received a vote of thanks from congress, and it has its place among the brilliant records of the events of the Revolution. Some time after this splendid achievement, Moultrie joined Gen. Lincoln's army, and, by order of that general, was sent with a detachment of soldiers to the scene of his former defense, to dislodge the enemy at Beaufort. Without firing a shot the enemy spiked their cannon and retreated, and Moultrie took possession of the place. Their retreat proved to be a ruse, and they returned to dispute Moultrie's possession. He did not wait for their attack but went out to meet them, and drove them from the island after most severely punishing them. After Charleston was retaken by our forces, Gen. Lincoln requested leave of congr^s, on the plea of ill-health, to suspend his command, and, on the iith of May, 1779, this request was granted and Gen. Moultrie was appointed commander-in-chief of the southern army in place of his superior officer. It appeared, however, that Lincoln did not avail himself of his privilege, but remained near his headquarters, yet entrusting most of the active operations to the direction of Moul- trie, who proved himself, as always before, a wise and brave com- mander. When Charleston was taken by the overshadowing land and naval forces of the British, Gen. Moultrie fell into the hands of the enemy and was confined in that city as a prisoner of war. While ■such prisoner, overtures of the most enticing nature were made to him to abandon the cause of his country and take command of a British regiment to be stationed at Jamaica. His answer to these proposals was not only honorable and highly creditable to him, but was made in such a terse and determined voice that no further attempt was made to win him over. While a prisoner in Charleston, Gen. Moultrie made himself most serviceable to his fellow prisoners in seeding that they were well cared for and that their rights as ijrisoners were not infringed. After his release, he had the satisfaction of be- ing present when Charleston was evacuated by the British. But the public services of Gen. Moultrie did not cease at the close of the Revolution. In 1785, he was elected governor of South Caro- lina, and in 1794 he was again calknl to that high ofiicc. Then, hav- SOUTH CAROLINA. 599 ing filled this office to great acceptance, he retired to private life. One of his biographers closes an appreciative account of his charac- teristics with these words: " His name, deeds and virtues constitute a noble portion of American character, to which we may point the attention of our sons, with a sure confidence in the excellence of his example." He died September 27, 1S05, in the seventy-fifth year of his age. ^ SAMUEL R. TODD, one of the oldest and most honored merchants of Laurens, now re- tired from the business, was born in county Monaghan, Ireland, Oc- tober 7, 1S07. His father's christian name was Andrew, and the maiden name of his mother was Mary Simpson, both of whom were natives of Ireland, of Scotch-Irish descent. In 1816, Samuel R. Todd accompanied his parents to America and the family settled in Laur- ens county. Two brothers of the father, both physicians, preceded him and his family to this country. John Todd, a brother of Samuel B., served under Wellington and was killed in the battle of Waterloo. The father and mother spent the remainder of their lives in Laurens county, the former, who was a farmer, reaching the age of eighty-four. Samuel R. Todd has resided in the town of Laurens for seventy-five 3'ears. He received a good English education and throughout his youth followed clerical pursuits. In 1829, at the age of twenty-one years, he engaged in mercantile pursuits in that city. During the whole time he did business in his own name, never hav- ing had a partner. He was one of the leading merchants of the place. January i, 1885, he turned the business over to his ?ons. Dr. T. E. Todd and John W. Todd, the former being a physician by profession, and the latter assistant eashier of the People's Loan & Exchange bank of Laurens. The firm name is now Todd, Simpson & Co., Mr. P. A. Simpson having become a member of the firm. They have one of the principal mercantile establishments in the city of Laurens. Mr. Todd has been a member of the Presbyterian church for more than fifty years. He is one of the original members of that church at Laurens, which was organized in 1S32 or 1^3. In politics he is a democrat and has often served in the municipal positions in his town. He was elected in his boyhood the captain of a military company at Laurens, which position he resigned, however, on becoming of age, to give his whole attention to his business. He has been twice married, both of his wives now being dead. His first wife was Emeline Milner, who died in December, 1S34, about four years after their marriage, which occurred in 1829. She left two children, one of whom survived the mother only a short time. The other, Col. R. P. Todd, died about the year 1886. Mr. Todd was again married In January, 1837, his second wife being Miss Jane M. Boyd, who died October i, 1869. By her he now has four children living, three of whom are sons. Mr. Todd is a stockholder in both the National and People's Loan & Exchange banks at Laurens, and in the first named he is a director. 600 SOUTH CAROLINA. He is also a stockholder in the Oil iS: Fertilizer Co., and in the Laur- ens Building- & Loan association. He is president of the board of directors of the Laurensville female academy. In his mercantile oper- ations Mr. Todd was very successful, being one of the wealthiest merchants in the state. He, however, lost heavily by the war, but is still in good circumstances. His name still holds a place on the county tax list among those of the heaviest property-holders. His career has throughout been a most honorable one and on none of his debts or obligations has he ever paid less than loo cents to the dollar. WILLIAM L. GRAY, A. B., a prominent citizen and merchant of Laurens, is the son of Robert A. Gray, a native of Laurens county, born in 1827, and a farmer by oc- cupation. He is still living, and resides at Williamston, S. C. His father was Zachariah Gray, a native of South Carolina. On the paternal side the lineage of the family goes back to England. The maiden name of the wife of Robert A., and mother of William L. Gray, was Hannah Abercrombie, also a native of Laurens county, and a daughter of Jonathan Abercrombie, a native South Carolinian. She died in 1883. William L. Gray, the subject of this sketch, was born on a farm in Laurens county, ten miles north of the city of Laurens, on the 7th of March, 1856. He was reared on the home- stead and birthplace. In 1872 he entered Wofford college, from which he graduated in 1876, as an A. B. After graduating he taught school three years, during the last two of which he was principal of the Laurensville male academy. In connection with his work as teacher he found time to read law, and was admitted to the bar in 1S78. During the last year as principal of the academy, he was en- gaged in law practice, and was also interested in mercantile pursuits. He retired from the practice of law in 1881, and turned his whole at- tention to merchandising. He has followed this business very suc- cessfully ever since, and is now one of the most prominent merchants in Laurens county. He is the principal partner in three different firms, one being a large grocery establishment in Laurens, another a carriage business in the same city, and the third a general merchan- dise house at Gray Court, his old home and birthplace, which takes the first part of its name from the Gray family. Mr. Gray is a stock- holder and director in the People's Loan & Exchange bank, also a stockholder and director in the Oil & Fertilizer company, of Laurens. He holds the same relation to the Laurens Building & Loan associa- tion, and is one of the owners of the Ware's Shoals Water Power, of Laurens county, which is one of the finest in the state. He is a member of the board of advisers of Wofford college, and a director in the Port Royal & Western Carolina railway. He is a democrat in politics, and has been frecjucntly solicited to accept important offi- cial trusts and has invariably declined, preferring to devote his at- tention to his own private business. He has, however, been a freqTicnt member of his party's conventions, both county and state. SOUTH CAKOrjNA. 6oi He is an official member of the Methodist Episcopal church, and takes an active part in church and Sabbath-school work. He is at present steward and trustee of his church, and supcM-intendent of the Sabbath-school. He has often been honored with the position of delegate to the conferences, both state and national, of his church. In May, i8go, he was a delegate to the general conference at St. Louis, Mo. He belongs to the Kappa Alpha fraternit}'. Mr. Gray was married, December 4, 1879, to Miss Loula S. Dial, daughter of Capt. Albert Dial, of Laurens county. They have three children, two of whom are sons. P. T. VILLEPIGUE, the leading dry goods merchant of Camden, S. C, was born in the city of Charleston, S. C, on the ist of April, 1854, his parents being Paul T. and Martha Elizabeth (Bracey) Villepiguc. They removed from Charleston to Camden in 1855, at which time the son was but a year old. Paul Yillepigue was the son of Erancis Villepigue, who was born in Erance and was a native of Camden. Paul escaped from St. Domingo to Charleston with his mother and a brother, through the faithfuhiess of a slave, the husband and father having been murdered during the terrible insurrection of St. Domingo. The family subse- quently removed to Camden. Mr. P. T. Villepigue, the subject of this biographical mention, received his schooling at Camden, prin- cipally under the direction of Prof. Leslie McCandless. Prom his early boyhood he has been dependent upon his own resources, as the close of the Civil war found the family in desperate circumstances. At that time he was but eleven years of age, but he soon became the support of the family. He began his mercantile career as a clerk in a Camden business house, and continued in that , capacity until March i, 1884, when he purchased the stock of dry goods from Mr. C. Bell, and succeeded that gentleman in the enterprise. Although the business was a failure at the time of his assumption of its manage- ment, and despite the fact that he started with no capital, save ability and energy, he has succeeded in building up a very large trade, and the business is constantly growing. In December, 1886, Mr. R. N. Kennedy retired from business, and at that time Mr. \'illepigue pur- chased the store formerly occupied by that gentleman. P^Iiss Elise McCaa, daughter of Dr. John McCaa, became his wife in 1880, and four surviving children are the fruit of the union. Both Mr. and Mrs. Villepigue are communicants of the Episcopal church, and he is pres- ident of the Camden Building & Loan association, a director in the bank of Camden and a leading member of the board of trade. JOHN FERGUSON. Among the distinguished citizens of Greenville, S. C, John Eer- guson, the subject of this sketch, is a prominent figure. He was born in Pickens county C. H., on the 26th of July, 1841. He is 602 SOUTH CAROLINA. the son of Judge Grimkee Ferguson, the maiden name of his motlier being Jane Mansell. Both of his parents were natives of Pickens county, S. C, the father having been born in the same house in wliich John first saw the Hght. It is worthy of mention that the father lived in this same house for seventy-five years. It was erected about the year 1790, b}' James, father of Judge Ferguson, who also occupied it fifty-eiglit years. He was born in county Antrim, Ireland, and emi- grated to America with his parents, James and Mary (Strain) Fer- guson, when he was only four years of age. They landed at Charles- ton and first located at what is' known as Strawberry Ferry, S. C. Prior to the Revolution, however, they removed to Laurens county, S. C, and located at Cross Anchor. The great grandparents of John Ferguson spent the remainder of their lives in Laurens county, both reaching a ripe old age. The great-grandfather and all of his sons served in the continental army throughout the Revolution. Im- mediately after the war for independence, he removed to Pickens county, where he died in 184S. Judge Grimkee Ferguson, father of John, was born February 7, 1807, and resided, as above stated, seventy five years in the same house in which he was born. On the i6th of June, 1835, he was united in marriage to Jane Mansell, born in 1814. She was the daughter of James and Sarah (Thompson) Mansell, the latter of whom was born in Greenville county, some miles south of the city of Greenville, where she resided until her marriage. James Mansell was born in London, England, and was left an or- phan in his childhood. He was bound out to a saddler whom, how- ever, he did not like, and at the tender age of eight years he ran away and embarked on a vessel bound for America. He was desti- tute of money and was consequently compelled to work his way on the vessel. He landed at Philadelphia, where he remained until about seventeen years of age, working at the saddlers' trade. He then came to Greenville county, where he was married to Sarah Thomp- son, and shortly after removed with his wife to Pickensville. During the remainder of his life he followed farming. From Pickensville he removed to a point known as "The Trap," in Pickens county, when about 1849, he died, his wife surviving him until 1864. The parents of John Ferguson had four children, of whom he is the youngest. There were two sons and two daughters, all of whom are now living. Their names are Anna, James M., Sarah and John. Anna, the eldest, is the wife of Dr. Jesse L. Dean, having first been married to Robert Latham, who died in 1855. Dr. Dean is a distinguished physician, residing at Waco, Tex. James M., the second, graduated at Charles- ton medical college, and at once took a high position as a physician. He. however, now devotes his attention to farming, his tastes calling him in that direction. He resides near the foot of Pike's Peak, Colo. Sarah, the third, has been twice married, her first husband being Ab- ner T. (iriftin, and her second William A. McFall; both are now de- ceased. She resides seven miles south of Anderson Court House. The motherof this family died in iS63,andthe father March 17, 1884. She was a member of the Methodist Episcopal church, and he a SOUTH CAROLINA. 603 member of the Masonic fraternity. His occupation was that of a farmer. John Ferguson resided on the old homestead in Pickens county until he was fourteen years of age. He then entered Thalian acad- emy, better known as Slab Town, in Anderson county, remaining in that institution three years. He subsequently bc^came a student of Furman university for a single term. In 1S60 he entered the law office of Maj. B. F. Perry, of Greenville, under whose direction he pursued his legal studies for about a year, leaving them to enter the services of the Confederate army. He joined the Brooks troop cavalry com- pany, which was a part of the Hampton legion. He served through the entire war, mostly in the commissary, quartermaster and ord- nance departments. April 19, 1865, he was joined in marriage to Miss Harriet M. Grady, daughter of John Woodfine and Louisa Ward (Johnson) Grady. Miss Grady was first cousin to the late Henry W. Grady, the distinguished orator and editor of the Atlanta Ctvistitution. The father of Mrs. Ferguson was born in Buncombe county, N. C., and was the son of Henry and Leah (King) Grady, natives respectively of Virginia and North Carolina. The paternal great-grandfather of Mrs. Ferguson was also a Virginian, his" wife's maiden name being Samons. Mrs. Ferguson's mother was born in Charleston, S. C, in 1821, and was the daughter of Timothy Ward Johnson, a native of New London, Conn. His wife's maiden name was Louisa Bennett Miller, of Charleston, daughter of John Miller, whose wife was a Miss Bennett. Her mother's maiden name was Borneau. Mrs. Ferguson's father and mother were married in 1840, and had seven children, three sons and four daughters. Two sons and three daughters yet survive. Their respective names are Har- riet M., Agnes L., wife of Jacob P. Miller, of Greenville; Henry C, who resides on the old Ferguson homestead; William .S., a lumber- man by occupation and one of the aldermen of Greenville; Lillie D., wife of Robert Terrell of Hendersonville, N. C; Jessie, who in her lifetime was the wife of Robert Allen, of Greenville, and John AL, who was accidently drowned when only seven years of age. The father of this family died in 1877. He was a lifelong merchant. His widow still survives and is a member of the Baptist church. Mr. Ferguson has been a resident of Greenville ever since his marriage, and for twenty-four years succeeding 1865, he lived at the old home of Mrs. Ferguson. Ever since the war, Mr. F"erguson has given his attention to mer- chandising, and has been eminently successful, having become one of the most widely and favorably known merchants in the state. Enter- prise, uprightness, honest}' and integrity have been the characteristics of his business career. The greater part of his attention has been paid to the grocery and provision trade. His mammoth establish- ment is in the Ferguson and Miller block, the best known business block in the cit}'. It was erected by Mr. Ferguson and Mr. Jacob P. Miller, his brother-in-law, in 18S6, they have been partners in business for over twenty-four years. Mr. and Mrs. Ferguson have had eight 604 SOUTH CAROLINA. children: Henry Grady, Lillie Dean, John, James Mansell, Frank,. Anna Dean, Hattie May and Janie Louisa, all of whom are living, except Lillie Dean, who died at the age of eleven months. Henry Grady Ferguson, the eldest, prepared for college in Patrick's mili- tary academy, remaining there four years. Then entering Furman university, he graduated at twenty, with first honors. He had deter- mined in early boyhood to enter the ministry, and following his col- legiate course, he entered the Southern Baptist theological seminary, of Louisville, Ky., from which he graduated in iSgo, among the fore- most members of his class. He is now pastor of the Baptist church at Waynesboro, Va. He is a young man of bright intellect and rare talents. Mrs. Ferguson is a member of the Baptist church. Mr. Fer- guson is a devoted partisan in the democratic party, and has reached his ninth degree in the Masonic order. While an active politician, he has persistently refused to be a candidate for office, though many offers have been tendered him in that direction. He is a strict ab- stainer from the'use of spirituous liquors and tobacco, and is one of Greenville's most worthy and honored citizens. HON. JAMES H. DITJENS, treasurer of Georgetown county, S. C., is a son of Henry F. and Sarah B. (McGinney) Ditjens, natives of Amsterdam, Holland, and South Carolina, respectively. He was born in Georgetown county, June 13, 1845. Henry F. Ditjens was a sea-captain, and was shipwrecked oft the coast of Maine on one of his voyages to this country. He then settled in America, and for many years lived in Georgetown county, where he rose to prominence, at one time having been clerk of county court. His death occurred in 1S63, in his fifty- first year; his wife also died at that age in October, 1874. One son and three daughters were born to them, the son James H., being the youngest. He was educated in the military institute at Columbia, and in 1861 enlisted in the state service, and later in the Confederate army. His company was present at the bombardment of Fort Sum- ter. For two years Mr. Ditjens fought in the Tenth regiment. South Carolina infantry as a member of Company E. At the expira- tion of this time he was discharged as he was under age. Subse- quently he joined Capt. Josh Ward's light artillery company, and re- mained in that command until the close of the war, having partici- pated in many battles, among them being, Corinth, Bragg's Kentucky campaign, and he was in the coast service until Hardee was forced to evacuate Savannah by .Sherman. /\fter Lee's surrender, Mr. Dit- jens joined Col. James F. Pressly's regiment which was formed for the purpose of stopping Potter's raids. The trouble having been settled he returned home, and w\as engaged in the wrecking business until 1S68, when he secured a clerkship in the treasurer's and sheriff's offices of the county, continuing in that position until 1876. P'or the next four years he was book-keeper for Messrs. Morgan & McQuade, of Georgetown, and in 1880 embarked in the mercantile and naval SOUTH CAROLINA. 605 Stores business, in which he has since been most successful. For two terms Mr. Diljens served as a member of the city council, and in December, i8go, .Gov. Tillman appointed him treasurer of Georgetown county. Mr. Ditjens married Miss Mary A. Riley in 1872, and they have four children, Minnie, James F"., Annetta and Hasford. The family are communicants of the Episcopal church, and Mr. Ditjens is a promincMit member of the South Carolina state farmers' alliance, and is county secretary, trade agent antl county lecturer for the same. WILLIAM B. PENN, leading druggist of Edgefield county, was born in that county in 1S51. His parents were George L. and Louisa J. (Norrisj Penn, the former a. native of Patrick, Va., and the latter of Richmond county, while the father of George was a native of V^irginia also. George L. Penn received his education in the schools of Virginia, and for many years followed tobacco raising. He removed from Virginia and settled in Edgefield, S.C., engaged in general merchandising, conducting several large business places in the county. He followed this business until his death in 1S75. Previous to his coming to South Carolina, he was married and was the father of two sons and five daughters. He never took anj' part in politics. He was a member of the Baptist church wherever he lived, being a deacon in the same at the early age of nineteen. William B. Penn was educated in the schools of the county, after which he began to clerk in his father's store, and when but eighteen years old assumed control of the large business on account of his father's failing health. He continued this until 1S72, when he was taken in as a partner. After his father's death in 1875, he con- tinued the business, which has been twice destroyed by fire, first in 1881, without any insurance, and again in 1884. He has rebuilt his business in a short time, suspending but two days. For politics, he has cared but little, preferring to attend strictly to trade. He is an extensive planter and owns large land interests. A stockholder in both banks, and having the largest trade ever carried on in Edgefield county, Mr. Penn has been more than successful, and has gained many personal friends. ALVIN HART, a prominent citizen of Edgefield, S. C, was born near that citj' in Edgefield county, in 1S52. His parents were Jesse and Pauline ^lay Hart, both of whom were natives of South Carolina. The family is of English origin, the descendants for four generations back having been residents of South Carolina. The first of the family came here during the Revolutionary war and settled in Edgfield county, where his descendants have ever since resided. Thej' mostly have followed planting for their occupation, and have always taken rank among the foremost and best families of the commonwealth. 6o6 SOUTH CAROLINA. Jesse Hart was born in 1811, and was educated in the common schools. On reaching his majority he began farming which he has followed continuously. His family consists of ten children — eight sons and two daughters. Four of the sons entered the Confederate army and served through the struggle, one dying while in the service. x'\lvin Hart, the subject of this sketch, acquired his education in the schools of the county, and after the war, was compelled to find em- ployment for himself, being but about sixteen years of age. He found a situation at Dorn's Mill, as clerk in a general store, where he remained one year, his salary being $150. He then taught school for a short time, and in October, 1873, came to Edgefield as a clerk. The following year he engaged in business for himself with a capital of less than a thousand dollars. He has steadily increased his stock un- til he now owns and conducts one of the largest business houses in the state. In 1881 the store was destroyed by fire, but he built a larger and much better one for his stock. He is also the founder of the firm of E. B. Hart & Company, of Edgefield. Mr. Hart was one of the organizers of the Bank of Edgefield, and holds the office of vice-president in that institution, being elected thereto at its or- ganization. JOHN B. NORRIS, a prosperous and leading merchant of Trenton, was born in Edge- field county, November 9, 1849. He is a brother of A. J. Norris, a sketch of whom appears elsewhere in this work. His early education was received in the schools of his county, and he was prepared by his elder brother, A. J. Norris, to enter the State military academy, when the war closing was the occasion for suspending the school. On reaching an age to permit him to begin business for himself, he engaged in farming, following that for two years, and then spent one year in Augusta, Ga., as clerk in a grocery store. In 1872 he became a member of the grocery firm of Jones, Norris & Co. There he remained until 1S75, when he came to Trenton and opened a general merchandising business, which he has followed to the present time. Mr. Norris married, in 1877, Miss Etta Rainsford, daughter of John Rainsford, one of the oldest families in this county. They are the parents of three children, of whom only one son, George S., is now living, and is five years old. Mr. Norris is a stockholder in the Bank of Edgefield, in the oil mill and has large land interests in the county. He has held the office of town intendant, and has served in the town council a number of terms. He has never taken an active part in politics, but has been one of the most successful merchants in the state, and is considered a public spirited citizen. FRANK M. ROGERS, Jr., is a native of the " Palmetto " state, having been born in Orangeburg county, March 26, 1857, the son of Frank M. and Augusta (Rowe) SOUTH CAROLINA. 607 Rogers, both Soutli Carolinians. Mr. Rogers, Sr., has been a planter during his active career. Progressive and sagacious, he has devoted himself exclusively to his agricultural interests and has met with success. During the late Civil war he served as a lieutenant in the Confederate army. Mr. and Mrs. Rogers are the parents of three children, all of whom arc living, their names being: Mattte, wife of Thomas M. Raysor, a prominent attorney of Orangeburg; Gilmore .S., the youngest, is a member of the class of '91 in McCabe university, at Petersburg, Va., and Frank M. Rogers, the subject of this mention. The latter was graduated from the Sachtleben academy, at Charleston, S. C, in 1874. Immediately after completing his studies he returned home, and for the next five years gave his exclusive attention to his plantation. Recognizing the superior profits to be secured from the cultivation of tobacco, he turned his energies in that direction, and soon met with the most flattering success. Subsequently he became the founder of the manufacture of tobacco in his section of the state by establishing a large plant. This concern under his able manage- ment, has come to be recognized as one of the leading industries of the county, and its president, Mr. Rogers, as one of its most efficient and intelligent business men. Mr. Rogers operates a plantation of some 1,500 acres in connection with his manufacturing interests, giv- ing employment in factory and field to about one hundred operatives. Starting his active career with no capital save brains and energy, he has succeeded before reaching the prime of life in giving to his na- tive community a new enterprise which bids fair to bring to it great and continued prosperity. Mr. Rogers was happily married on the 24th of April, 1883, to Miss Ella D. Bull, a daughter of Austin and Elizabeth (Elliott) Bull, the latter a daughter of Dr. Thomas A. El- liott, of Connecticut. To this marriage have been born three chil- dren, viz.: Norman Elliott, Frank M., Jr., and an infant as yet un- named. The Rogers family is one of the oldest and most highly connected families in the state. It has stood in the front ranks of progression in the state since early colonial days. Its escutcheon has been kept from stain and calumny. JOHN HUGH MEANS, one of South Carolina's governors, was born in Fairfield district, August 18, 1812. His father, Thomas Means, was a native of Boston, Mass. John H. Means, after fitting himself at the schools and acad- emies, entered South Carolina college, from which institution he graduated in 1S32. After his graduation he took up the occupation of a planter, under the old slavery regime. He was a strong believer in the doctrine of states rights, and his advocacy of that doctrine, made him conspicuous In the state; he was chosen to the state legis- lature as one of the champions of that cause, during its agitation. He was elected governor of the state in 1850, and served in that ofifice one term, of two years, which at that time was the constitutional limit of eligibility. During his two years' tenure of the gubernatorial 6o8 SOUTH CAROLINA. office, he made many speeches, favoring the withdrawal of the south- ern states from, the Union, and as a preparation in case of a conflict, he was active in promoting tlie organization of the state militia. He was a member of the state convention, which met in 1852, to consider this subject, and was made its president. In this convention a resolu- tion was introduced, and after discussion, adopted, declaring the right of the state, at once to dissolve all political connection with the Federal Union. But there was a reservation to the effect, that this right of separation, should not be enforced, unless the exigencies of the situation demanded it. It was evident, however, that Gov. Means and those who sympathized with him and accepted his views, upon the subject of complete sovereignty of the states, were deter- mined to be prepared for the crisis, and that they looked for its oc- currence at no distant day. At the close of the deliberations of this body Gov. Means retired to private life, but on the revival of the controversy between the slave and free states which reached its climax when Abraham Lin- coln was elected president, Gov. Means was called from his retire- ment to act as a delegate in the convention which passed the ordinance of secession, and his name was subscribed to that memorable docu- ment. He illustrated his devotion to his state by enlisting in its defense and sacrificing his life in its cause. He enlisted in the Seven- teenth South Carolina infantry, and was made colonel of the regi- ment. He lost his life in the second battle at Manassas, his regiment belonging to Evans' brigade, in the campaign of northern Virginia. In this battle the Seventeenth, Eighteenth and Twenty-second South Carolina regiments took part, and Col. Means' regiment was in the thickest of the fight. The date of his death was August 28, 1862. In Brig. -Gen. Evans' report of the battle the following allusion is made to the subject of this sketch: "Among the killed were the gallant Col. J. H. Means, of the Seventeenth regiment, South Carolina volunteers, and Col. J. M. Gadberry, of the Eighteenth regiment. These brave men were shot down while boldly leading their regiments into action. Col. Gad- berry was killed instantly. Col. Means (mortally wounded) survived two days. It is but just to the memory of these noble and gallant officers to mention my appreciation of their valuable services. Col. Means, though much advanced in years, ever exhibited the energy of youth in battling our ruthless foe and devoting his whole ability to our sacred cause. His death fully exemplifies his devotion to his country." In the battle of Malvern Hill, Col. Means deployed his regiment as skirmishers, and did gallant service in driving back the Union skirmishers. At Rappahannock Station he was ordered to support Col. Stevens' regiment and did effective service until the two regi- ments were flanked by the Union forces and were obliged to retire. But there was no braver officer in the Confederate army than Col. Means, and as a statesman in the councils of his state, no man main- tained the courage of his convictions with more boldness and constancy. SOUTH CAROLINA. 609 COVINGTON BROTHERS. Throughout ihe rahnclto state the firm name of Covuigton Brothers is synonymous with integrity and success. Charles M. Cov- ington was born in Richmond county, N. C, January 9, 1853, the son of Terril and Eranda (Chapel) Covington, the parents also being natives of the same state. The father is now retired, having for many years been a prominent merchant of Wadesboro, N. C. His parents were Matthew and Elizabeth (Capel) Covington. Matthew and Elizabeth were born in North Carolina, and the former was killed in Georgia, where he had removed in an early day, in one of the numerous Indian wars of that region. After his death, his widow returned to North Carolina, where she died in January, 1865. During the Civil war Terrill Covington held the commission of quartermaster in a company known as the " Richmond Boys," until he was detailed as a captain in the Home Guards, and he remained in the latter ca- pacity until the war closed, having fought in many desperate engage- ments with deserters from both armies, whose pride it was to make war on the women and children of the defenceless towns. Eranda Covington was a woman of rare attainments and of rare purity. She was a member of the Baptist church for more than a quarter of a century, and the influence of her godly life will be felt for all time. She passed to her reward in May, 18S7, at the age of fifty-eight years, leaving ten children to mourn her loss, all of whom are still living, Charles M. being the eldest. The latter, owing to the condition of the country subsequent to the war, had but few educational advant- ages. At the age of twenty he began life for himself as a clerk in a mercantile establishment, and one year later was taken into partner- ship with his former employer, his labor being reckoned as his share of the capital. The style of the firm name was Holiday, Covington & Brother, and the concern e.xisted for eleven years, when the Coving- ton brothers embarked in the business of manufacturing naval stores. Commencing with $75.00 capital, they now have an invested capital of $175,000, with ten turpentine distilleries, in which they employ from 400 to 600 men. In addition to this they operate a very large live-stock business in Florence amounting to some $50,000 annually. The firm is progressive and liberal, and its members are recognized as among the most able and intelligent business men of the state. Their names appear as promoters of new industries, and thej' are active in every movement having for its object the advancement of the inter- ests of the city and state in which they live. They are extensive stockholders in the Bank of Florence, in the Florence Cotton Seed Oil company, the Florence Tobacco Manufacturing company, and are large holders of real estate. Mr. Charles Covington, of whom we are now writing more partic- ularly, was happily united in marriage in October, 1875; to Miss L. V. Capel, of North Carolina. .She is a daughter of Jesse and Delilah Capel. The seven children born to this marriage are, Leonsa C, A— 39 6lO SOUTH CAROLINA. died at the age of seven years; Anna E., deceased at the age of four years; Jessie D., Capitola C, Lula, Charles H. and Virginia, tlie lat- ter having died in early infancy. Both Mr. and Mrs. Covington are consistent and valued communicants of the Missionary Baptist church, and he is also a member of the Masonic order. Henry L. Coving- ton, the other member of the firm of Covington brothers, was born in Richmond county, N. C, July 30, 1S54. When eighteen years of age he began business life by clerking in the general store of J. W. Holi- day, and subsequently, as before mentioned, he became associated with his brother and Mr. Holiday in that business. There is consid- erable interest attached to the formation of the firm of Covington Brothers. When its members were aged sixteen and eighteen years, respectively, they agreed .that a partnership for life should be formed. For the last seventen years this contract has been kept, and the re- markable financial success attending their venture has proven the wisdom of their decision. Should life and health be spared them there can be no doubt but that the future holds a still brighter career in store for them. Mr. Henry Covington married Miss Mamie V. Allison in November, 1878. Eight weeks later, death robbed him of his bride. In December, 1882, he married Miss Mary E. Bass, daugh- ter of Dr. T. I-l. and M. E. Bass, and Mary E., Henry L., Terril Downing and Thomas R. are the offspring of the happy union. Downing died in early infancy. Mr. Henry Covington is also a prom- inent member of the Masons. H. L. Covington and wife are also prominent and useful communicants of the Missionary Baptist church. JAMES L. PETIGRU. James Louis I^etigru, in his lifetime, was regarded not onl}^ as a leading lawyer of South Carolina, but he had the reputation of being one of the most learned and accomplished members of the bar in the United States. He was born in the Abbeville district, S. C, March 10, 1789. The paternal branch of his family was of Scotch-Irish descent, and the ancestors of his mother came to South Carolina with the Huguenots, who in 1695 emigrated to America, like the earlier Pil- grims, to enjoy religious freedom and escape religious persecution. Mr. Petigru was graduated from South Carolina university in 1809 with the first honors of his class; studied law about two years and was admitted to practice. He began his professional career in his native district, but soon after removed to the more extended field of Charleston. In 1822 he was elected attorney-general of the state, as the successor of Robert Y. Hayne, who had been elected United States senator, and held the office for the succeeding eight years, during which he enjoyed the confidence of his constituents in the highest degree. But when the nullification episode came up in 1830-32, Mr. Petigru took strong ground against the doctrine of Mr. Calhoun, and identified himself with the Union party, in which he stood almost alone among the leading men of the state. Such was SOUTH CAROLINA. 6ll his constancy, however, to his Union sentiments that he remained in the minority party, content even to suffer opprobrium and loss of popuhirity, rather than yield to what he looked upon as erroneous statesmanship. Though his party suffered defeat, such was his emi- nence as a lawyer that he was afterward elected district-attorney, but he held the office only a short time, his political views bringing upon him the hatred of the majority party. He was also elected to the state legislature, but here too he was in the minority. When the states rights sentiment of South Carolina culminated in secession, Mr. I-'etigru had arrived at the period of life which with- drew him from active participation, in the politics of the time, but he was vigorously opposed in sentiment to the disunion movement. In a letter to Reverdy Johnson, himself a conservative southerner, he ex- pressed his deep regret at the passage of the secession ordinance. In his letter to Mr. Johnson, dated April i6, 1861, he said: " What is to be the end of all this seems to me inscrutable. But even if the gulf states and South Carolina do flake off forever, I shall never cease to witness with joy whatever increases the prosperity and honor of the United States." Some time before the outbreak of hostilities, Mr. Petigru had been engaged by the legislature to undertake a work for which in spite of his politics, he was rightly regarded as eminently fitted, consisting of the codification and annotation of the laws of South Carolina, and the first year of the war found him immersed in this work, the most important which had engaged his attention as an author. Among his other published works are his centennial oration, delivered at Columbia (S. C.) college commencement in 1855, at which time he was presidejit of the South Carolina historical society', and an address before that society in 1858. As to Mr. Petigru's literary merits, one of his biographers has said: " He was formed to excel in literature. His habitual conversation was with the great authors of ancient and modern times. He seized at once on the merits of a writer, and mastered the strong points of an argument. As instructor, lecturer, professor, president, in the high- est places of education, he would have exercised a controling power over the leading young men of the state. His influence over the scholar was remarkable * * * he was indeed an extraordinary man, original in character, of noble virtues, endowed with an exalted intellect, with all the accompaniments and ornaments of wit and hu- mor, and his excellences made a deep impression on the hearts and minds of his countrymen." He had a daughter, Caroline, who became conspicuous as an artist. She was born in Charleston, S. C, May 24, 1819. She became the wife of William A. Carson, in 1840. She went to Rome, where she studied art and produced some excellent portraits, that of her father being one of the best. She inherited the love of her father for the Union cause, and when her native state decided to secede from that Union she removed to New York. Mr. Petigru did not live to see the Union restored, but died in Charleston, March 3, 1863, sincerely mourned by a large circle of friends and admirers. 6l2 SOUTH CAROLINA. THOMAS R. McGAHAN. Among the representative business men of South Carolina, none is probably better known or more prominent than the subject of this brief biography, who is the head of the well known and exten- sive wholesale house of McGahan, Brown & Evans, of Charlesten. Mr. McGahan was born in Morgan county, Ga., on April 19, 1829, his parents having moved to that state about the year 181S. He at- tended school at Madison, at that time one of the most flourishing towns in central Georgia, until the death of his father, after which event his mother removed with her family to the western part of the state, where her death occurred after an interval of only eighteen months. This occasioned another change, and only fourteen 3'ears of age, preferring to rely upon himself than to be dependent upon oth- ers, young McGahan found employment in a store in Fayetteville, Ga., and immediately went to work to support himself, and thus be- gan the battle of life, giving evidence, even at that early period of life, of possessing those traits of character which have since been fully developed and have contributed so largely to his success in life. After remaining a clerk for several years, the California fever broke out, and in the spring of 1850, with a party of ten or twelve others, he set out to make his fortune in the gold fields of the far west. On April 27, 1850, the party sailed from New Orleans on the steamer " Falcon," bound for Chagres via. Havana. After landing at Chagres the voyagers proceeded up the Chagres river to Gorgonia b}' row and pole boats, then across the country to Panama, where they were de- tained about three weeks before they could obtain passage for San Francisco so great was the number of people waiting to get to the gold fields. The trip to San Francisco on a sailing vessel was a long and tedious one, occupying fifty-eight days. After arriving in Cali- fornia, a few days were spent in San Francisco, and then the part}' traveled on to Sacramento, where they obtained mining outfits, and then proceeded to Deer creek and the Yuba river. But after a short trial of the rough experience of mining life, Mr. McGahan's health became impaired, and he decided to return to the states while he still had sufficient money to defray the expenses of the journey home. He arrived once more in Georgia with enlarged experience but with an empty purse and broken health. It was more than eight months after his return home before his health would permit him to go into business again, anc^ when at last it did, he went to Atlanta and took a position in a dry goods store and clothing establishment, where he remained until coming to Charleston in February, 1S53. Upon com- ing to Charleston Mr. McGahan went into the clothing house of Samuel C. Uunn & Company. Afterward he was with the dry goods house of Rankin, Pulliam & Company, but that firm having decided to remove to New York, and Mr. McGahan wishing to remain in Charleston, he accepted a position with Hyatt, McBurney & Com- ])any, with which firm he was connected several years, first as a sales- SOUTH CARULIXA. 613 man and afterward, in 1S60, as a partner. The same year he was united in marria^^c with Mrs. Fourgeaud, of Charleston. At the be- ginning of the late war the firm closed up their business. In 1864 Mr. McGahan ran the blockade off the Charleston harbor on the steamer Fox, bound for Nassau, where she arrived in safety, discharged her cargo of cotton and was loaded with supplies for the Confederate government. In the springof 1865 the blockade became so strict and there were doubts if the port of Charleston was open, the Fox was ordered to Flavana, and in March she sailed for Galveston, Tex., Mr. McGahan on board as super cargo, which port was blockaded by a Federal fleet. When about seventy-five miles from the Texas coast the Fox was sighted and pursued by a gun-boat. She held to her course and when in sight of the blockading vessels the Fox was fired upon by the pursuing gun-boat, which attracted the attention of the fleet. It was then decided to beach the Fox and fire her, which plan was fortunately abandoned upon the pilot saying it was possible to run in between the fleet and the land and make the bar, which course was adopted and successfully carried out. The Fox succeeded in running the blockade under a heavy fire from the fleet, made the port and discharged her cargo of much-needed sup- plies, which was accomplished without serious injury. After remain- ing in Galveston about a week he ran the blockade a second time and reached Havana, wdiere he learned of Gen. Lee's surrender. In June, 1S65, he took passage on the blockade runner Wren, bound for England, which vessel was to touch at Halifax, where he intended to leave her, but on the first night out from Havana the Wren was captured by mutineers, who were in fact northern men who had shipped as a crew. The captain of the Wren was put in irons and Mr. McGahan and the other ofificers were made prisoners and the vessel was taken into port of Key West, where all were confined in Fort Taylor for two days, when they were paroled and permitted to remain at the hotel, but they were held practically as prisoners, in order to have them before the court as witnesses when the \\ ren was condemned, which occurred about three weeks later. Mr. McGahan then left Key West in a fishing smack, for Havana, and from there went by steamer to New York, and thence to Charleston, where he arrived in July, 1865, to find the city literally in summer quarters, no business nor any houses formed for any. The old firm of Hyatt, McBurney & Co. not resuming business, Mr. McGahan connected himself with the house of Edwin Bates & Co., which continued until 1884, when Mr. Edwin Bates withdrew, and the firm of McGahan, Bates & Co. succeeded to the business. In 1887 Charles K. Bates withdrew, when the firm of McGahan, Brown & Evans was formed. In 1873 Edwin Bates and Charles K. Bates established a house in New York in connection with the Charleston house. From that time until the withdrawal of the Messrs. Bates from the business the Charleston house was under the control and management of Mr. McGahan. Aside from the wholesale business Mr. McGahan has many and important interests. Since 1884 he has been president of 6 14 SOUTH CAROLINA. the Edisto Phosphate company, which is among the largest enter- prises of its Icind in the state, is also president of the chamber of commerce. He is a member of the agricultural and library societies of the Charleston club and Hibernian societies, being one of the oldest members of the latter. Mr. McGahan is a self-made man in all that the term implies. Having left school when but fourteen years of age, his education was necessarily limited. His natural abilities, however, are of the high- est order and in the rough school of experience and practical, every- day business life, have been fully developed, until to-day he is classed among the leading commercial and financial men and deep thinkers of South Carolina. Beginning life thus without more than the rudiments of an education, with no means whatever, and without the influence of wealthy friends, he has by energy, perseverance and the exercise of the talents given him by nature, climbed from the ob- scure position of village store clerk to that of the head of one of the largest wholesale houses in a large city, and to a place among the solid men of the community, all of which has been accomplished un- aided, and without the sacrifice to-the smallest degree of esteem and respect of his fellow citizens. Mr. McGahan is enterprising and pub- lic spirited, and has always contributed liberally of both time and means to assist in the promotion of all enterprises and movements calculated to contribute to the growth of his adopted city and her best interests. While seeking at no time nor by any means public or official prominence, he yet takes an active interest in all things per- taining to the administration of the city and state governments. His life has been one of unceasing activit}' and devotion to business, yet he has found time to fully discharge all social obligations, and few men of Charleston have more warm friends and admirers, all of whom concede him to be one of the city's representative men. GENERAL JOHN ANDREAS WAGENER. In a work of this nature, having for its design the laudable one of gathering together the biographies of the useful and representative men of a community, and recording the same, unbiased, in a manner calculated to insure their commemoration to future generations, it is eminently fitting and just that the life and character of so distin- guished a citizen and soldier as the late Gen. John Andreas Wagener, of Charleston, S. C, should be portrayed. John A. Wagener was a native of Germany, having been born on July 21, 1S16, in the small town of Sievern, in the former kingdom of Hanover. When but a mere lad he came to the United States, and landing at New York, remained in that city a few months. In 1833 he came to Charleston, S. C, which city became his future home. Having some knowledge of mercantile business, he secured employment with little trouble in a retail house in the city, where his ability and faithfulness to duty held out a promise of a successful career in that line. But he was not destined to long continue in mercantile pursuits, and soon, either SOUTH CAROLINA. 615 from a dislike for confining office work or for an innate preference for public affairs, or from force of circumstances, he abandoned his po- sition in the store, and it was then his life of real usefulness began. At that time the Germans of Charleston had little or no organization, and there was neither a church, school or society in the city where the German language was preached, taught or spoken. Certainly there were organizations existing in the city at that time, but they were of long standing, and the German language had given place to that of the English. German emigration to Charleston, which for years had been small, became quite active about this time, and there was great demand for a leader among the German citizens, such as Gen. Wagener proved himself to be, and it was this circumstance, probably, coupled with his peculiar ability and fitness for such duties, which took him from mercantile pursuits and placed him in public life, and he became a general agent and representative among his countrymen, both of Charleston and of the entire state of South Car- olina. He opened a real estate office, and being a notary public, busied himself with translations, and the making of legal documents in general where a knowledge of the German language was necessary. And thus he became well acquaintecl with all the Germans, and be- came not only their leader, but in a measure their lawyer, teacher and preacher, without actually being either. In the capacity of teacher he established and published a German newspaper, Tlie Teuton, 2X a time, in 1844, when the German population of Charleston did not exceed 1,200. This paper, under the name of The Zcitun^, is still in existence. In 1S40, mainly through his efforts, the German church was organized, and until the congregation was able to pay the salary of a regular minister, Gen. Wagener officiated at the regular Sunday morning services, and even after the advent of a minister, he became organist for the congregation. In organizing this church it was the general's idea to establish a church for all German Christians, no matter of what sect or confession, and the congregation then organized exists to-day as the German Evangelical St. Matthew's church. The great majority of the German societies and organizations of Charleston owe their foundation to the efforts of Gen. Wagener, as he took a peculiar pleasure in organizing his fellow countrymen into societies, recognizing that much good would come from such. In 1838, he organized the German Fire Engine company; in 1S43, the Teuton's bund; in 1844, Walhalla lodge; in 1848, the Walhalla colony; in 1851, the Carolina Mutual Insurance company; in 1855, the Schuet- zen club; in 1856, the D. B. B.; and in 1857, re-organized La Can- deur. But the work of organizing these societies, of which he invar- iably became the president and leader for a time at least, was to Gen. Wagener purely a work of love, and with a single exception, he derived no pecuniary benefit or profit from any of them. The excep- tion was the Carolina Mutual Insurance company, and in this in- stance, he served as president and virtual general manager, for twenty-five years, for merely a nominal compensation, it not being 6l6 SOUTH CAROLINA. until the twenty-fifth anniversary of the company, that he received a salary in keeping with his duties. The directors at that anniversary, voting him a salary of $2,000 per year. This company is to-day, and in fact has alwa^'s been, since its foundation, one of the most success- ful and flourishing corporations in Charleston, and is claimed to be the first purely mutual insurance company in the United States, and to Gen. VVagener is conceded the credit of its organization and success. In a tribute of respect, to the memory of Gen. Wagener, by this company, the following occurs: " His was one of those noble natures, that never considered self; ever active, even unto self-sacri- fice, to promote the welfare of his countrymen, he yet full}' preserved his individuality, which combined with wonderful self-control and equa- nimity of spirit, secured him the influence and moral power that en- abled him to govern others, and to control and direct affairs of pub- lic concern, with a power and judgment that insured success; and in this he found his sweetest pleasure and reward." But it was in military life, probably more than in any other, that Gen. Wagener was most conspicuous, his brilliant career as a soldier winning for him the admiration of all citizens of his adopted state alike, and creating for him a deathless fame and glory, which will ever be a monument to his memory. As far back as 1S43 he was identified with militia life as lieutenant of the German Fusiliers, of Charleston, and in 1847, after the death of his brother, Jurgen, who organized the company, he was elected captain of the German artil- lery. This compan}' was always considered one of the leading and flourishing militia organizations in Charleston, and in 1S60 Gen. Wagener was elected major of the same, and in that capacity, the following year, participated in the bombardment and reduction of Fort Sumter, the beginning of hostilities of the late Civil war. Gen. Wagener was prompt in offering his services to his adopted state in her hour of peril, and on July 24, 1S61, was elected lieutenant-colonel of the First regiment of artillery. Promotion was rapid, and on Sep- tember 5th following he was elected colonel of the regiment. In November of the same year he was distinguished for bravery at the battle of Port Royal, S. C, where he commanded Fort Walker. As colonel he was in command of the militia forces in Charleston, in 1863-4. After the war he was commissioned brigadier-general by Gov. Orr. During the trying times which followed the close of the war. Gen. Wagener was called upon by his fellow citizens to aid in bringing order out of chaos, and in shaping tJie future of the state, and as a niember of the constitutional convention of 1S65, and of the first leg- islature after the adoption of the new constitution, he rendered valu- able assistance in that direction. By this same legislature. Gen. Wag- oner was ajjpointed chairman of a committee of three, to examine into and make a report upon the question of inducing foreign emi- gration to South Carolina. The report of the committee, which was the work of Gen. Wagener, was exhaustive and complete, and a wonder in its way. The question in hand was treated vigorously and SOUTH CAROLINA. 6lJ cornpreliensively, and stamped the ^renc^ral as a student, writer and compiler of marked ability. The resources and capabilities, and the needs and requirements of the state and her people, were set forth in an original and strong manner, shedding light upon questions of great importance, then little understood. Subsequently, in the capac- ity of commissioner of emigration for South Carolina, he rendered valuable assistance. In illustration of his wise and broad views upon public questions in general, the following extract is made from a pub- lic letter written by Gen. Wagener upon the negro question, which was a most momentous one, and one hard to solve: " The colored man is clearly entitled to a prosperous home in South Carolina, if he shall prove competent for the earning of one. To become trust- worthy he must be trusted; to become our friend he must be met with a smile, not with a frown. He must have encouragement, be- cause he is the child of the soil. To do the state a real service we must improve our colored population. What can we do otherwise; expel them? Could we drive more than half our population away? How long would it take, and where the power? And if we could succeed in such monstrous measures, what could we do without them? And while we assist the colored people, give them land, improve them, make them our grateful friends and supporters, let us welcome and invite the industrious of every clime to come here and make a happy home, and lend us a helping hand in decorating our ever glor- ious Palmetto with the garlands of peace, plenty and happiness." In iS/i Gen. Wagener was elected, as a democrat, mayor of the city of Charleston by the handsome majority of 777 votes, and his ad- ministration and' management of the city's affairs were characterized by the honest}', ability and faithfulness to duty he had always dis- played in other capacities and positions. Several needed reforms were made during his administration, among which was the collection by suit and otherwise, of large amounts of taxes from various corpor- ations and individuals who had long evaded the payment of tax in proportion to the aniount of property owned. This, of course, made his administration unpopular to some extent, particularly by those affected by the reforms he inaugurated, but principally among the politicians; but let it be said to Gen. Wagener's honor that he went into office in possession of the full confidence of his fellow citizens, and left it with their esteem, and without the faintest breath of scan- dal. No one ever charged him with coming out of the mayoralty a richer man than he went in. And such may be said of his connec- tions with all other official positions, societies, organizations, and even business transactions of a personal nature. In fact Gen. Wag- ener's one fault may be said to have been a lack of self-interest, and notwithstanding his long and active life, extending over a period of half a century, and his connections with successful enterprises, he died a poor man. In 1876 Gen. Wagener was a delegate to the St. Louis democratic convention, and later was selected, without solicitation on his part, to head the ticket of presidential electors, as elector at large, chosen to 6l8 SOUTH CAROLINA. represent the united and re-organized democracy of his adopted state. And this honor and recognition of his poHtical services, his true and pure democracy, coming at tlie then unknown close of his eventful life, was a source of unfeigned pleasure and delight to him. The democrac}' of Gen. Wagener was of the highest, purest and most un- selfish order. He believed in the fundamental principles of the teach- ings of democracy, and his participation in political life had but one aim, one object; that of an honest and pure government for the great- est good to the greatest number of people. And he was uncompro- mising in his political ideas. He believed in democracy and democ- racy alone, and was bitterly opposed to the forming of fusions and combinations in political elections, and in evidence of his ideas in this direction, the following extract is given from a letter written by him from Walhalla to the editor of the Charleston Journal of Commerce, the then only regular out-and-out democratic paper published in Charleston during the memorable campaign of 1S76: " It were better for the democratic party to be beaten in ten consecutive elections with only ten pure democrats, than to be successful with a fusion ticket." He was one of the strongest supporters of the movement to nominate Gen. Wade Hampton for governor in 1876, and after that gentleman had been nominated, he contributed as much, if not more, than any other one man to the successful planning of that eventful and exciting campaign, Gen. Hampton spending several days in close consultation with Gen. Wagener, at Walhalla, after the conven- tion, in discussing and formulating plans for conducting the campaign. Bwt the general did not survive to see and participate in the success of the election and the dawn of the new era in South Carolina Gen. Wagener's death occurred August 27, 1876, at Walhalla, S. C, which flourishing town he had founded over a quarter of a century before, and whither he had gone to recuperate his energies and health, and it was there, at his own request, that his remains were laid away to rest. But the following year the citizens of Charleston, actuated by love and pride of the man who had been one of their honored fellow citizens for so long a time, claimed his remains, and a popular movement soon resulted in removing them to Charleston, and there, with the fullest of military and civic honors, and in the presence of a vast throng of people, all that was mortal of the illus- trious citizen and soldier was consigned to the tomb, which, to-day, is marked by a noble monument of granite and bronze. But more enduring to memory than granite or bronze are the many monuments erected during life by Gen. Wagener, in the hearts and memories of his friends and fellow citizens, by his many noble deeds, upon the field of battle, in public life, and as a private citizen. Gen. Wagener was a man of marked ability and wonderful capacity, both mentally and physically. As was said at the open grave by one of his eulo- gizers, he was " massive in brain and in person; and his entire organ- ism was naturally adapted for the possession of i)Ower and the exer- cise of influence; hence, with his earnest and propulsive nature, he was bound to propagandize his thoughts. It is thus that moral revo- SOUTH CAROLINA. 6ig lutions are effected; truth eliminated from antiquated error, and man is raised and elevated in the scale of intellectual existence." As an organizer, promoter and e.Kecutive his resources were varied and seeijiingly inexhaustible; as a public official he was honest, conscien- tious and faithful; as a soldier, brave, brilliant and gallant; as a citi- zen, enterprising, progressive and influential; and as a friend, true, steadfast and devoted, always willing to sacrifice his own interests to those of friendship. In religion he was a Lutheran Protestant by confession, but was cosmopolitan in his views as to creeds and sects. Altogether Gen. Wagener was a strong, true, brave man, and the world, and particularly his adopted city and state, is the better for his having lived, labored and died in it. JOHN FREDERICK HUCHTING, now deceased, was a native of Germany, liaving first seen the light at Brake, on the 2nd day of October, 1S45. He attended the schools of his native town until reaching his fourteenth year. At the latter age he sought a wider field for his life work, and came to the United States in 1866. Coming to South Carolina he fixed upon Beaufort as his home, and at once engaged in the mercantile business at that place. He was a man pre-eminently possessed of those traits of character which make men popular, and soon a large and lucrative business grew from the humble beginning. He was a prominent member of the Knights of Honor. His sad demise occurred on the 1 2th of December, 1S90, and his loss was mourned by the community generally. He was a self-made man, able, progressive and keenly alive to every opportunity which offered. Charitable and large hearted, none ever applied to him in distress in vain. On the i8th of August, 1886, he was united in marriage to Miss Angela Campett, a daughter of the late Capt. George Campett. To this happy union were born three children, all sons. Mr. Huchting was a valued com- municant of the German Lutheran church, and the greater part of his life was conformed to the beliefs of that denomination. Honor- able and true, his presence could ill be spared from any community. WILLIAM LEWERS BOYD. Among the most prominent and successful hardware merchants of Laurens, William Lewers Boyd holds a conspicuous and honorable place. He was born in Laurens county. May 31, 1832. His father, Isaac P. Boyd, was also a native of Laurens, born November 30, 1 801, and was by occupation a mechanic. He died May 3, 1866. Isaac P. was the son of William Boyd, a native of Ireland, who settled in Laurens count}' upon his first arrival in America. The maiden name of Mrs. Isaac Boyd was Jane .S. Blake, born October 31, 1802, daugh- ter of Robert Blake, a native of Newberry county. She died July 6, 1S75. Her ancestors were also of Irish lineage. William L. Boyd was brought up on his father's farm, receiving a good English educa- 620 SOUTH CAROLINA. tion. He remained home assisting his father until twenty-six years of age. Through no fault of his own his father had become involved in debt, and he remained at home to assist in the payment till the last cent was paid. He then engaged in teaching for two years, en- tering after that the Confederate service, in iS6i. He enlisted in Cctmpany H, James battalion, as a private, subsequently being pro- moted to first sergeant. He served in that command about one year, when he was discharged on account of phj'sical disability. Return- ing home he taught two years more and re-entered the army in 1864, as captain of Company C, of Col. Spearman's regiment, in Gen. Goodwin's brigade, of the South Carolina reserves, in which position he served until the close of the war. He then returned home and was for a few months engaged as a teacher at different points, being anx- ious to improve his finances. He then spent one year on his father's farm, the latter meanwhile having died. During the year 1867, he acted as agent, secretary and treasurer of the Laurens railroad, to which position he had been elected by the directors. During the years 1S68 and 1869, he was engaged as a clerk in a hardware store at Laurens, being the same one which he now owns. He was mar- ried December 9, 1869, to Margaret L. Anderson, daughter of James Anderson, formerly of Enosee river, Spartanburg count}-. After his marriage he engaged in farming for three years upon a farm he had purchased in Laurens county, in which business he was remarkably successful. In 1S72, Mr. Bo3'd and his brother James AL, purchased the hard- ware store in which he had formerly served as clerk. The firm of Boyd Bros, continued until dissolved by the death of the brother. On May 22, 1876, he succeeded the firm as sole proprietor, and he has owned and continued it at a handsome profit ever since. He has been successful and now owns one of the best stores in Laurens, and two or three nice farms in the county. For many years Mr. Boyd was a member of the grocery firm of Boj^d, Pluss & Co., in which he did the largest business of the kind ever done in I^aurens. This firm was dissolved in 1885. Mr. Boyd is now a partner of Mr. George B. Anderson in the machinery business. He is one of the proprietors of the Laurens Spoke & Handle Works, and a stockholder in the Laurens Oil & Fertilizer company, and also a stockholder and director in the Peoples' Loan & Exchange bank. He is a stockholder and director of the Laurens Building & Loan association. In politics he is a democrat, and has served as auditor of the county for one term, besides being a member of the common council for two years. Mr. Boyd is an elder in the Presbyterian church, a member of the Masonic order and of the Knights of Honor. He ranks among the most substantial men of the city of Laurens, and what he has and is, is the fruit of his own efforts. As a democrat he was appointed com- missioner of election for Laurens county, and rendered valuable service during the campaign of 1876, which resulted in the election of Gen. Wade Hampton as governor of South Carolina. He is highly respected throughout the county. SOUTH CAROLINA. 621 HON. J. J. RYAN will long be remembered in the Palmetto state for his loyalty and devotion to his people during adversity and affliction. lie was born in the year 1817 in the county of Tipperary, Ireland. Three years later his parents emigrated to America and settled in Beaufort county, S. C, where they resided until the death of the father. Shortly after this sad event Mrs. Ryan removed to McPhersonville, in the same county, and it was in the schools of that town that the boy received all the educational advantages that his mother could afford. After about three years poverty compelled him to give up his scholastic training and aid in the support of the family. 'Thus, at the age of fourteen, he was thrown on his own resources. Some years later he secured a clerkship with a relative, Mr. M. D. Maher, a prominent merchant of Barnwell, who proved to be a father to the fatherless boy. He remained with Mr. Maher until early manhood, when the latter gentleman decided to leave Barnwell. Mr. Ryan purchased his mercantile business, and successfully conducted the same until the Civil war broke out. In 1848 he established a branch concern at Blackville, S. C, and this venture likewise proved a suc- cess. During Sherman's march through this territory all of Mr. Ryan's town property in Barnwell and Blackville, with the exception of his residence in the former place, was destroyed. In 1836 he served in the Florida war as a lieutenant in a company raised in Barnwell county by Capt. J. D. Allen. Some years after the close of that war he was elected colonel of the Eleventh regiment of militia, and held that office for the usual term. In 1856 he was elected to represent his county in the legislature, and for three consecutive terms was retained in that position. During his mercantile career at Barnwell he was agent for the Bank of Charleston, and established a large business there for the bank. Among the first to offer his ser- vices to the state at the beginning of the Civil war, he first com- manded a regiment of state troops in the lower part of South Car- olina, and afterward was engaged with a large force of men under his command in building fortifications on the islands around Charles- ton. In these positions he rendered valiant and efficient service for the cause he loved. Immediately after the close of the conflict Col. Ryan was again chosen by the people to represent them in the legis- lature, and served with marked ability and fidelity during that trying time. At the expiration of his term he retired from public life, happy in the consciousness of having performed his whole duty, and proud of the approbation and regard of his former constituents. He never fully recovered from the shock occasioned by the downfall of the Confederacy, and the suffering of his people rankled sorely in his heart. Bearing himself with manly courage and fortitude in the strug- gle for the subsistence of his family which followed, his health gradu- ally became impaired, and a fatal disease, after a long and painful illness, culminated in his death in February, 1869. Sustained by the 622 . SOUTH CAROLINA. faith of his Fatlier, and the comforting assurance which the ministra- tions of his churcli afforded him, witli sorrowing wife, children, otlier kindred and devoted friends around him, he passed to his eternal rest. A contemporary has well said of him: " He never deceived a friend; was never defeated for any office by the people; and to know him was to love him." WILLIAM R. DAVIE. William R. Davie was born June 15, 1S43. He is the great-grand- son of Gen. William R. Davie, of the Revolution, a sketch of whom will be found in this work, a grandson of Maj. Allen I. Davie, an officer of the war of 1S12, and son of Dr. William R. Davie, an officer in the Florida or Seminole war, of 1842, and was himself an officer in the Confederate army during the late war. He was born at Summerville, Morgan county, Ala., but he was removed to Coosa countj- in 1S45, and resided there and in Talladega county until the be- ginning of the war of secession. He was educated in the common old field schools. In November, 1861, he enlisted as a private in the Tenth Alabama regiment; and upon the organization of Hilhard's Alabama legion was elected junior second lieutenant of Company F, Second battalion infantry. P'rom the camp of instruction at Mont- gomery, March, 1862, he went with the legion to Decatur, Ga., join- ing Bragg's army in July at Chattanooga, thence to Knoxville, Tenn., took part in the siege of Cumberland Gap, Ky., and in the subsequent pursuits of the Federal Gen. Morgan into Kentucky; was present at the battle of Chickamauga, in which his battalion lost half the num- ber of those carried into action. His battalion having become incorpor- ated into the Fifty-ninth Alabama regiment and forming a part of Gra- der's brigade, he participated in the siege of Chattanooga until with Bushod Johnson's division it was ordered to east Tennessee. Was pres- ent at the siege of Knoxville, taking part in the attack upon Fort Brownlow, and in Longstreet's retreat after Bragg's defeat at Mis- sionary Ridge. With Longstreet's corps his command was ordered to join Lee's army and reached Richmond, May, 1S64, just in time to participate in the repulse of Sheridan, after the battleof Yellow Tav- ern; in the attack upon Butler's advance, south of the James river, and in the battle of Drury's Bluff. Was commissioned captain May 16, 1864; took part in repulsing Grant's assault on Petersburg; served throughout the siege of Petersburg, and was in the battle of Hatcher's Run, on the 3rd of March. From October, 1864 to February, 1865 Capt. Davie was assigned to duty as brigade commissary on account of an affection of bronchitis; but notwithstanding this assignment, Capt. Davie was present at every battle in which his company parti- cipated except that of Brown Station which occurred in December, 1863. Returning home at the end of the war, he removed with his mother's family to Texas, in November, 1865. He spent the spring and summer of 1865 with a wagon train in Kansas and Missouri. In the fall of 1S66 he returned to Texas, and settled in Freestone SOUTH CAROLINA. 623 county, and cngajred in mercantile business. In June, 1871, he mar- ried Henrietta C. Wortham, and carried on business at Wortham, Tex., until 1876, when he removed to Landsford, Chester county, S. C, upon the recovery, at law, of the family homestead there — the seat of his great-grandfather. Gen. William R. Davie. Soon after his removal to South Carolina he was appointed by Gov. Wade Hampton an aide upon his staff. Col. Davie has taken a most ac- tive part in political affairs, both in Texas and in South Carolina. He was a member of every democratic state convention held in Texas .while he lived there, and with the exception of one, has been a member of all that have been held in South Carolina since his re- moval to this state. He was president of the Landsford democratic club for twelve years, and served as a member of the house of repre- sentatives in the legislature of 18S4-85, but was defeated for re-elec- tion in 1886, for refusing to join in the commencement of the move- ment of the farmers for class representation. Col. Davie though a large farmer himself, has been an uncompromising foe to the alliance movement in politics. While in the legislature he earnestly opposed, against his own material interest, all county subscriptions to railroads, maintaining that railroads, where really needed, would be built by private capital, and that, where not necessary, the public should not be taxed for them. To put a stop to these unwise subscriptions he proposed an amendment to the constitution, and most ably support- ing it, carried his proposed amendment by a large majority of the house, but failed to obtain the necessary constitutional vote of two- thirds for its passage. Colonel Davie, though having led a rough and adventurous life in his youth, with but little opportunity for study, is one of the best informed men in the state of South Carolina, especially' upon the political and financial history of the country. With a most retentive memory, and reading everything within his reach, he has acquired a large fund of political information, an admirable writer of clear and vigorous English, a strong and original thinker, and an earnest and honest citizen, studying the public good without the least regard to his personal advancement, his communications upon matters of public interest are always read with interest and care, and considered with attention by the people of the state. Gen. Davie left surviving him seven children: Allen Jones Davie, who was a major in the war of 181 2, and who left a large family, which is now represented by Col. William R. Davie, of Landsford, Chester county, a sketch of whom will be found in the work; Hyder Ali, who left no son; Sarah Jones, who married Hon. William F. DeSaussure, of Columbia, S. C, whose son. Col. William Davie DeSaussure, was killed at the battle of Gettysburg; Mary Haynes, who married John Crockett; Martha, who died unmarried; Rebecca, who married Churchill Jones; Fred- erick W^illiam Davie, who was a prominent citizen of South Carolina, for a number of years a representative in the legislature, who died without issue. 624 SOUTH CAROLINA. HON. GEORGE F. TOLLY, a prominent merchant of Anderson, and the present mayor of that city, was born in Prussia, in the German Empire, November 7, 1835. He is the son of John Tolly, with whom he came to America in 1850. On reaching this country they located in Baltimore, where j'oung Tolly served an apprenticeship at the cabinet-maker's trade. Six years later he came to South Carolina, and after a brief stop in Greenville, he located in Anderson, and there he has ever since re- sided. Here he worked at his trade as journeyman two years, after which, in 1858, he set up a furniture business for himself. With the exception of the time he was in the Confederate service, he has con- ducted a furniture business in Anderson. He now has a mammoth establishment, equal to anything in the furniture line in the state. He has two very large business rooms, two stories in height, the one 100x30 feet, the other 107x40 feet. The four floors are all occupied. He carries the finest line of furniture, not excelled by the best stock in the larger cities. In April, 1861, he entered the service of the Confederate army, enlisting in Company B, Fourth South Carolina volunteer regiment, with which he served one year, that being the limit of the enlistment. He then entered Company C, of the Palmetto sharpshooters, where he served until the close of the war. He was taken prisoner in one battle and was held at Rock Island, 111., for more than a year. He was wounded in the battle of Frazer's Farm, but not seriously injured. Throughout his service he was a brave and patriotic soldier. In politics he is a democrat in the fullest sense of the term, being a type of the old-time branch of the party. He served three consecutive terms as intendant at Anderson before it became a city, and since has been three times elected as mayor, hold- ing that office at the present time. This makes a total of nine years during which he has stood at the head of the corporate government, and in which he has given the completest satisfaction. He is a faith- ful, dignified and efficient public officer. The Presbyterian church, in which he is an elder, holds his religious creed. He is a member of the Masonic lodge, in which he takes great interest, having taken both the chapter and council degrees. He has frequently served as master of his lodge and is now the grand senior deacon of the state. Form- erly he was a member of the Sons of Temperance, and two terms was grand worthy patriarch of the state. He is a Knight of Honor, and has taken an active part in the work of the Y. M. C. A., being several years chosen as president of the association. He was chairman of the board of election commissioners of Anderson county, for several years holding his appointment under the governor of the state. In the line of business he is a stockholder in the Farmers & Merchants' bank, of Anderson, and in the Anderson Shoe & Leather company. F^or seven years he has been a director in the Anderson Building & Loan association. Mr. Tolly was married May 24, 1859, to Miss Mary SOUTH CAROLINA. 625 Jane George, daughter of Ezekiel George, formerly of Anderson county. They have four children living, three of whom are sons. SYLVESTER BLECKLEY, an old and prominent merchant of Anderson, S. C, was born in Clay- ton, Rabun county, Ga., July i6, 1832. He was the son of Judge James Bleckley, who successively served as sheriff of Rabun county, and as clerk of the superior court, also judge of the court of Rabun county, his official services covering a period of twenty-five years. Sylves- ter Bleckley is a brother of Chief Justice Logan H. Bleckley, of Georgia. Two other brothers, Franklin A. and John M., reside in Rabun county, and have served in the state legislature. Sylvester Bleckley has two sisters living. His paternal grandfather was James Bleckley of North Carolina, and a teacher by profession. The father of Sylvester was born in Lincoln county, N. C., in 1803, and died in September, 1870. Hjs mother was Catherine E. Lutz, a native of Burke county, N. C, and was born in 1800. She was the daughter of John Lutz, a German, who spent his last years in Indiana. Her death occurred in October, 1874. Sylvester Bleckley was reared on a farm in Rabun county, received an academic English educational Clayton, and at nineteen went to Athens where he clerked and acted as book- keeper two 3'ears. In March, 1853, he went to Anderson, which place has been his home ever since. Before he was twenty-one he formed a partnership with his former employer at Athens, it being arranged for him to come to Anderson and establish a store, the firm being England, Bleckley & Co., consisting of four members, two of whom remained at Athens and two at Anderson. Mr. Bleckley' has 'con- tinued in mercantile pursuits in Anderson ever since, with the excep- tion of about three j'ears during the war, when he suspended busi- ness for the time, he acting as assistant enrolling officer. Mr. Bleckley has been prosperous in business, and is at the head of one of the larg- est mercantile firms of Anderson, and one of the largest and best stores in the county, which fact is due to his honesty and uprightness, combined with good business habits. He is a democrat in politics, and has served as commissioner of Anderson county, and for many years as a member of the town council. He is a member of the Bap- tist church. He is a large stockholder in the Anderson Cotton mills, in which he is also a director, the Oil & Fertilizer Co., the Chiquola Hotel Co., the National bank, in which he is a director, and the Farmers & Merchants' bank, of Anderson. He is one of the trustees of the Patrick military institute. In September, 1856, Mr. Bleckley was married to Miss Ann Elizabeth Hammond, a native of Anderson county, and daughter of Benjamin F. Hammond, formerly of Ander- son county. They have five children, all daughters, and four of whom are married. Sylvester Bleckley is one of the leading tax payers of Anderson. He is a fine appearing, intelligent gentleman, large, portly and dignified, and is deservedly popular among his fellow citizens. A — 40 626 ' SOUTH CAROLINA. RUFUS SADLER HILL, a prominent merchant of Anderson, S. C, was born in Hart county, Ga., February 13, 1851. He was the son of Col. Richard S. Hill, a native of Anderson county, who was born in 1S22, and a farmer and merchant by occupation. He served as colonel of a Georgia regi- ment in the Civil war. His death occurred in 1878. The latter was the son of Thomas O. Hill, a farmer by calling. Paternally, Rufus Sadler Hill is of Scotch descent. His mother was Elizabeth M. Sadler, a native of Hart county, born in 1827, being a daughter of William B. Sadler, a native of York county, S. C. She died in 1861. In the fall of 1S65, Rufus S. Hill accompanied his father to Anderson, where the latter died, and which place has chiefly been his residence ever since. He received his education in Prof. VV. J. Ligon's male academy of Anderson and VVofford college of Spartanburg. In his early manhood he studied civil engineering, and devoted himself to it for three years, in the southwest. Owing to ill health he returned to Anderson, and in August, 1875, engaged in mercantile pursuits in that city. He has been a merchant there ever since, and is now one of the principal ones. He is at the head of the mammoth Alliance store, which was established in September, 1S89, and which is the largest merchandising house in Anderson. It is without doubt the finest retail establishment in the state. Mr. Hill has been at its head as leading stockholder and manager ever since it was founded. He owns nearly a one-half interest in this store, besides owning a half interest in a store at Pelzer, S. C, and another at Hartwell, Hart county, Ga. He is president of the Farmers & Merchants' bank, of Anderson, and is its largest stockholder. He was one of its organ- izers in 1889. Its paid up capital is $100,000, and undivided profits $26,000. Mr. Hill is also a stockholder in the Anderson cotton mills, and is a charter member of the Anderson Building & Loan associa- tion. He is a devoted member of the democratic party, but has invariably refused to serve in any political capacity. Fraternallj', he is a member of the Masonic lodge, and is past master. He is chair- man of the board of stewards of the Methodist Episcopal church, of Anderson. On December 5, 1878, Mr. Hill was married to Miss Emma H. McMullan, daughter of Rev. James S. McMullan, of Hart county, Ga. They have three children, all of whom are daughters. CAPTAIN PETER KEYS McCULLY, a prominent merchant and cotton dealer of Anderson, S. C, was born in that city June 22, 1845. His father was Stephen McCully, one of the pioneer settlers of Anderson, a merchant and railroad contractor, who was born in Ireland and came to America in 1S20. He located in Anderson county, and later in Anderson town,, being one of its founders. His death occurred in 18S0. His mother was Elmina J. Keys, a native of Anderson county. She died in 1890. Capt. McCully SOUTH CAROLINA. 627 spent his boyhood in Anderson, which jjlace has been his home all his life. He received his early education under John .S. Pressley, a well-known educator of that day, and in January, 1862, entered the Citadel military academy, of Charleston, S. C, in which he was a student until December, 1864. He then entered the Confederate service as a member of the Citadel cadets, and served until the close of the war. From the war he returned to Anderson and managed his father's farm for one year in Anderson county. In 1867 he en- gaged in mercantile pursuits at his native town, which he has followed constantly and successfully. He is one of Anderson's leading gen- eral merchants, and one of its representative business men. He is also a very prominent cotton merchant, being one of the largest cot- ton dealers in Anderson. In this trade he has built up a wide repu- tation as a reliable, successful dealer. He has as a partner James M. Cathcart, the firm name being McCully & Cathcart. The firm has stock in the Anderson Shoe & Leather company. Mr. McCully is president of the Anderson Building & Loan association, and is a director in the Farmers & Merchants' bank. He is president of the Anderson Ginnery company, which has a capital of $5,000. He is president of the Western Carolina Land Improvement company, of Anderson. In politics he is a staunch democrat. He is a member of the present board of aldermen of Anderson. The Presbyterian church holds his religious creed. Fraternally he is a member of the Knights of Honor, holding the position of grand dictator of the state, and is a member of the Knights of Pythias lodge, in which he is a deputy grand chancellor. He is also a member of the A. O. U. W. Mr. McCully was married on November 12, 1867, to Miss Margaret J. Cathcart, the sister of his partner and daughter of Robert Cathcart, formerly of Columbia, S. C. They have four children living, two sons and tAvo daughters. One of the former is now a student in the Citadel military academy, of Charleston. He was one of the pro- moters and organizers of the Anderson Yarn and Knitting mills, of which he is a director. This is a new enterprise, and will be in operation during the present season. JAMES M. SULLIVAN, a prominent hardware merchant and business man of Anderson, S. C, was born at AndeVson, September 8, 1S35. He was the son of Capt. N. K. Sullivan, also a native of Anderson county, who was born in 1S29, and who served as a captain in the Confederate service. He led the life of a merchant and died in 1881. The latter was the son of Kelly Sullivan, a native of Greenville county. Paternally the an- cestry dates back to Ireland. The mother of James M. Sullivan was Emily K. Mattison, also a native of Anderson county, born in 1834, being the daughter of Capt. James Mattison, a militia captain, and is still living. The maternal lineage traces back to England. James M. Sullivan was reared in Anderson, receiving his earl}- education in a country school, and under Prof. W. J. Ligon, at Anderson. He en- 628 SOUTH CAROLINA. tered Davidson college, at eighteen, which he attended one year, after this clerking for his father in Anderson, until he was twenty- one, when he became the partner, and the firm name became N. K. Sullivan & Co., so existing until 1879. In the fall of this year, he formed a partnership with his uncle, Col. C. S. Mattison, in general merchandising, the firm continuing until it was dissolved by the lat- ter's death, in 18S5. In the fall of that year, he formed a partnership with his brother, H. K. Sullivan, in the hardware and machinery business. The firm of Sullivan & Bro., took in N. B. Sullivan, an- other brother, in 1888, since which time the business has been con- ducted in the name of the Sullivan Hardware company. They have the only hardware establishment in x^nderson, carrying a fine stock and doing a large and successful business. The firm has had a phe- nomenally prosperous career. Besides hardware, they do an exten- sive machinery business, which in fact is greater than their hardware trade. In i8yo, the three brothers organized the Sullivan Manufac- turing company, of x^nderson, which manufactures sash, doors and blinds, building materials etc., and which is one of the largest con- cerns of the kind in the upper part of the state. James Mt Sullivan is president of the Anderson Shoe & Leather company and is a stockholder in the Anderson Cotton mills, and in the Western Caro- lina Land & Improvement company. He is also a stockholder in the Anderson Building & Loan association and in the Anderson opera house. He is one of the most active members in the demo- cratic party, at Anderson, but has always declined official service. He is president of the Anderson board o'f trade, a director of the Bank of Anderson, and a member of the Knights of Honor, being a member of the grand lodge of the order. Mr. Sullivan was married in 1877, to Miss Mary A. Wannamaker, of Orangeburg county. They have five children living, three of whom are sons. JOHN B. SITTON, a prominent citizen and merchant of Pendleton, was born at a farm- house near George's creek, Pickens county, S.C., November 28, 1810. He was the son of Philip Sitton, who was born in the same county, and was a farmer by occupation. Philip was the son of John Sitton, a native of North Carolina, and the son of John Sitton, Sr., who came from England to America in its earlier history. Philip Sitton, father of the subject of this sketch, died in 1S2S. His wife, Sarah Bradley, who was born also in the neighborhood of George's creek, was the daughter of Ambrose Bradley, a Baptist in religious creed and a farmer by occupation. He also owned and operated mills on George's creek. The mother of John B. Sitton died in 1S17, when he was but seven years old. He was reared on the farm in Pickens county which was his birthplace. On March 4, 1829, when he had reached the age of eighteen, and shortly after the death of his father, he came to Pendleton, walking the whole distance from his former home on Saluda river, carrying his entire possessions in a pocket handkerchief SOUTH CAROLINA. 629 package. He has lived in Pendleton ever since, covering a period of over sixty-two years. He had received a limited common school education. Here he first served an apprenticeship of three years at the carriage making trade. In 1832 he set up a carriage shop of his own, and carried on the business continuously up to 1886. Prior to the war he manufactured extensively, but since the end of the war up to the time he closed his carriage making business, his trade was only moderate and the profits small. The poverty resulting from the war and the scarcity of workmen were the chief causes of these results in his business. In the same year in which he set up business for him- self, in 1832, he was appointed postmaster at Pendleton and held the position until the breaking out of the Civil war. He was kept in the same office uijder the Confederate government until the close of hos- tilities. At the same date of establishing himself in the carriage making trade he also set up a harness shop, which he conducted along with his other business and his official duties, continuing the shop until 1S65. During the war Mr. Sitton served under the Confederate govern- ment, as receiver of Anderson, Oconee, Greenville, Spartanburg and Laurens counties, a very honorable and responsible office. He was appointed to this position by Judge A. G. McGrath, without his own knowledge, seeking or consent, and discharged its onerous and ex- acting duties in an eminently creditable manner, holding the position until the close of the war, and receiving high commendation from his superior ofificers. Since 1865 Mr. Sitton has dealt in carriages of all descriptions, in harness, and has conducted a large furniture and hardware establishment, increasing this latter business in the same ratio as the former business has declined. • Mr. Sitton is a stockholder in the Bank of Pendleton. He owns a flouring mill property on Conneross creek, Oconee county, known as Sitton's mill, and is one of the trustees of the Pendleton female academy. In politics he is a democrat in the truest and fullest sense of the term. He has served as mayor of Pendleton for as many as fifteen or twenty years. He is a member of the Presbyterian church, and of the Masonic lodge. In 1832 he was married to Miss Celena J., daughter of Col. Jeptha Norton, of Oconee county. She died in 1862, after having given birth to eight children, four of whom were sons, and all of whom are still living, except one daughter. Three of the sons served in the Con- federate army, one of whom was wounded. Mr. Sitton is a man who believes and acts upon the progressive principle; he is one of the most distinguished citizens of Anderson county, and one of its heaviest tax-payers. He also pays a large amount of taxes in Oconee county, where he owns about 2,500 acres of land, besides his mill property. He has an interest in 10,000 acres of mountain land in the same county. Mr. Sitton and his sons took an active and decided part in the political revolution of 1876. He is a man of remarkable will-power. Though past eighty years of age he might readily be taken for a man of only sixty-five. He is highly respected and influ- ential, and his acquaintance reaches far outside the county of his 630 SOUTH CAROLINA. residence. He is known as a prosperous, liberal and successful mer- chant, and as a most worthy, reputable and upright citizen. COLONEL AUGUSTUS J. SITTON, president of the Pendleton ^Manufacturing company, of Anderson county, was born in Pendleton, December 16, 1838, being the son of John B. Sitton of Pendleton. He received a good English educa- tion, and in early life learned the trade of a carriage maker with his father and followed this until the war. In April, 1861, he entered the Confederate army in Company K, of the Fourth South Carolina regiment, commanded by Col. J. B. E. Sloan. He served in it twelve months. The regiment then with others was organized into the Palmetto sharpshooters with which he served till the close of the war, surrendering at Appomatox. He received a painful though not a dangerous wound in the first battle of Manassas, being second sergeant of his company when wounded. At the close of the war he resumed his trade, engaging in the business as his father's partner. He continued with him until 1876, and during the time the firm of J. B. & A. J. Sitton conducted a steam ginnery at Pendleton. In 1876, he accepted the management of the Pendleton Manufacturing company, conducting the mills for the .bondholders fifteen months. In 1878, with Col. Jesse W. Norris, he purchased the mill, and they have owned it ever since, Mr. Sitton owning two-thirds and Mr. Norris the remaining part. The mill has 2100 spindles, and con- sumes 1300 bales of cotton per year, employing seventy-five hands. The firm owns at the factory 500 acres of land, and owns and con- ducts a large general store. Mr. Sitton is an official member of the Baptist church. He is a democrat and served on Gov- Hampton's staff two years, with the rank of lieutenant-colonel. He was the originator of the "red shirt" as a campaign uniform, which was be- gun with the memorable political siege of 1876. He is a council member of the Masonic fraternity, and was master of Pendleton lodge No. 34, F. & A. M, eleven years, in succession at present being high priest of his chapter. In the bank of Pendleton he is stock- holder, director and secretary, and in the Anderson Cotton mills and Pendleton Canning factory, he is a stockholder. In 1SS4, Miss Leela E. Aull, of Newberry, became his wife, and they have three children, two of whom are sons. JUDGE SIDNEY FOWLER, a prominent live stock man and merchant of Anderson, S. C, was born in Cherokee county, Ga., September 13, 1S52. He was the son of James A Fowler, a farmer who was born in Anderson county, but who removed to Cherokee county, Ga., in early life where hedied. The mother of Judge Fowler was Elizabeth Millican, a native of Georgia, and who is still living. Judge Fowler was raised on a farm in his native county. He received a common school edu- SOUTH CAROLINA. 63 F cation, and at the age of twenty-one he came to Anderson, his father's native county, and was engaged in farming. In 1S7S he en- gaged in the live stock business, and has fcjlluwcd it ever since, being one of the leading live stock men in the state. This branch of his business is confined chiefly to the horse and mule trade. Anderson is one of the best mule markets in the south, and Mr. F'owler is one of the leading buyers of the place. His stock business amounts to $100,000 annually. For the past five or six years he has also been en- gaged in mercantile pursuits at that place, being one of the leading merchants. He is extensively engaged in the livery business, having one of the finest livery and sale barns in the state. He occupies two large store rooms with mercantile goods, one occupied with gro- ceries and queensware, and the other with buggies and harnesses. He is a stockholder in the Anderson Cotton mills, the Anderson Shoe & Leather company, the Chiquola Hotel company, the Ander- son Ginnery company, the Western Carolina Land & Improvement company, and the Anderson Steam Laundry company. In poli- tics Mr. Fowler is a democrat, and has served as alderman of his town. He is a member of the board of trade and the cotton buyers' exchange. Religiously he affiliates with the Presbyterian church. At the age of twenty-three he was married to Mrs. Hortense Cooley, the daughter of John B. Earle. Mr. Fowler is one of Anderson's most enterprising citizens. ANDREW JACKSON STRINGER, merchant of Belton, Anderson county, S. C, was born near Williams- ton, June 28, 1834. He was the son of Capt. William K. Stringer, a native of Virginia and a millwright by trade, but also followed farm- ing. The father had served a seven years' apprenticeship at his trade, and was very skillful. He came from Virginia to South Car- olina at an early day, and after a brief residence in Greenville county came to Anderson county, where he continued, to reside up to the time of his death. He was married to Elizabeth, daughter of Judge Gambrell. He built the first mill of any consequence in Anderson county, and also built a number of other mills in the northern part of the state. He accumulated property rapidly, but died at the early age of thirty-two years, his son, the subject of this sketch, being at that time only fifteen months old. He had already, before his death, discovered the existence of oil in cotton seed and had purchased machinery with a view to extracting it for commercial purposes. This was before the industrj' was inaugurated. He died in Septem- ber, 1835, his wife surviving him till March, 1S77. Andrew J. Stringer spent his early life on a farm in Anderson county. He received a good English education, and was to some extent educated in the classics. At twenty years of age he engaged as a clerk at Horsey Path, Anderson county, and held the position for ten months. In January, 1856, he engaged as a clerk in I3elton, his present home, and has been a resident of that place ever since. On first coming to 632 SOUTH CAROLINA. Belton he entered the employ of the firm of Lewis & Cox, the first named being his uncle. He was full of enterprise and push and en- forced new life into the business which had been conducted on the old-time plan. During the first year he was in the establishment the business amounted to $12,000, while prior to that it had never amounted to more than $5,000. The firm was finally dissolved, after which, in 1859, Mr. Stringer became the partner of his uncle, and the firm of Lewis & .Stringer did business until i860. In that year Mr. Lewis retired, and was succeeded by Messrs. Cox and McGee, and the firm of Stringer, Cox & McGee lasted until June, 1861, when it was dissolved in consequence of the war. In June, 1S61, Mr. Stringer entered the service of the Confederate army, enlisting in Company D, of the Hampton legion infantry, with which he served till the close of the war, surrendering with Lee at Appomatox. He was in- the first battle of Manassas and Boons- borough Gap. He was wounded in the first battle by a ball in his left leg, and for three months was at home on furlough. He began as a private but came out as first lieutenant. At the close of the war he returned to Belton. He was in reduced circumstances, but in the lat- ter part of 1865 managed to set himself up in the mercantile business again, in a small way, to be sure. He has been engaged in merchan- dising in Belton ever since. Abundant success has attended him, and he is known throughout his own and adjoining counties as one of the leading merchants, and as a man of the strictest integrity and of un- impeachable honesty. He started out by himself, doing business only in his own name, but afterward connected himself successive!}' with the firms of .Stringer, Dean & Rice, A. J. Stringer & Co., Stringer, Poore & Co., and Stringer & Poore, the last of which is the present firm. In connection with his mercantile business Mr. Stringer car- ried on farming on his individual account, to a limited extent, prose- cuting the work with hired help. He has between 700 and 800 acres in cultivation in Anderson county. He is a stockholder in the Belton Oil Mill & Ginnery company. In politics he is a democrat. Relig- iously he affiliates with the Baptist church, and is a member of the Masonic fraternity. He has been three times married, his first wife being Mary E. Brock, whom he married November 3, 1857. She died May 11, 1867, leaving a son who died November q, 1885. Janu- ary ID, 1871, Mr. Stringer married Miss Mary E. Rias; she died De- cember 7, 1873, leaving two children, a daughter and a son both of whom are living. He was again married September 30, 1875, to Miss Lucy P. Breazeale, who is his present wife. A son, now deceased, was born to them. Mr. Stringer has been an active, energetic busi- ness man: like many men of the south he suffered the loss of his property in the defense of his state through a desolating Civil war, bu' by that same energy and activity which characterized his earlier career, he has been enabled to re-instate himself and live in the enjoyment of a competence, an enjoyment heightened by the rcspcxt and esteem of his fellow citizens. SOUTH CAROLINA. 633 CAPTAIN JAMES WILLBOURNE POORE, a prominent and leadinir merchant of Helton, S. C, first saw the light in Anderson county, S. C, February 15, 1844. He was the son of Molhind Poore, also a native of Anderson county, and a farmer by occupation. Holland Poore died in August, 1891. He was the son of Samuel Poore, a South Carolinian by birth. The family on the father's side is of Irish descent. The mother of Capt. Poore be- fore marriage was Mary Rabourne, a native of South Carolina. She is still living, and resides on a farm in Anderson county. Capt. Poore, till he reached sixteen years of age, lived on a farm in Ander- son county. He received a limited education, and at the above men- tioned age, came to Belton, where he engaged as a clerk in a store carried on by the firm of Stringer, Cox & McGee. Here he re- mained one year so closely tied to his duties as clerk that he never slept outside of the store but a single night during the whole time. In January, 1S62, he entered the Confederate army, enlisting in Com- pamny G, of the Second Rifle regiment of South Carolina volun- teers. There he served until the Second Manassas battle, when he was wounded and in consequence discharged. Returning home he remained a short time, but returned to the military service, joining the Sixth South Carolina cavalry with which he served until the war 'was ended. He was wounded at Gravel Run near Petersburg, \"a., and in consequence spent a short time at home, wdiile he belonged to the latter command. He served as a non-commissioned officer. When the war was over he returned to Anderson county, working on a farm during the summer and attending school. In the fall of 1865 he took a situation as clerk at Anterville, Abbeville county, remaining there one year in the store Wellingham & Cox. In 1866 he took a position in the store at Belton, but shortly after succeeded Mr. Well- ingham as a member of the firm, which then became the firm of Cox & Poore. This firm continued about three years, when Mr. Poore sold out and engaged for a while in farming. In the fall of 1874, he formed a partnership with his present partner, Mr. A. J. Stringer, and though there have been several business changes the partnership existing between Messrs. Poore and Stringer has existed unchanged. The firm consists only of the two members, and is one of the leading firms in tlie mercantile trade in Belton. Mr. Poore is a director and stockholder in the Belton Oil mill, and in the Farm- ers & Merchants' bank, of Anderson. He is a stockholder in the Belton branch of the Atlantic Building & Loan association, and is its president. He owns two-thirds of the Merchants' Mills, on the Saluda river in Anderson county, and is the sole owner in a ginnery and saw mill on the opposite side of the river from the Merchants' Mills. He is one of the trustees of the Belton public school. In po- litical faith he is a democrat, fraternally he is a Mason and a member of the Sons of Temperance. Religiously he is an official member of the Baptist church. On the 23d of February, 1868, Miss Corrie P. 634 SOUTH CAROLINA. Cox, daughter of Abner Cox, became his wife, and they have five children Hving, two of whom are sons. One son is dead. Capt. Poore obtained his military title by services on Gen. VV. W. Humph- rey's staff of the state militia with the rank of captain. He served during the entire existence of the command, receiving his commission from Gov. Wade Hampton. He is a man who has filled every posi- tion in life, in which he has been called to act, with an honest con- sciousness of, and fidelity to, the duties which devolved upon him. JAMES HENRY HAMMOND, one of South Carolina's eminent statesmen, was born November 15, 1S07, in the Newberry district, S. C. He was the son of Elisha Ham- mond, a distinguished educator, a native of New Bedford, Mass. The father was a graduate of Dartmouth college, at Hanover, N. H., and was a class-mate of Daniel Webster, and afterwards became principal of the Mount Bethel academy, at Newberry, S. C. James Henry Hammond graduated from the South Carolina college in 1825, stud- ied law and was admitted to practice in 1828. He came to manhood while Mr .Calhoun was agitating the subject of the sovereignity of the states, and in 1830, became the editor of The Sinitlicrn Times, a news- paper published at Columbia, in which he strongly advocated Mr. Calhoun's nullification scheme, a doctrine to which he adhered throughout his life. During the excitement of 1830-34, he held the military rank of aide on the staff of Govs. Hamilton and Hayne. Immediately succeeding that time, in 1S34, he was elected a member of congress, but did not serve a full term on account of ill health, handing in his resignation, February 16, 1836. As a restorative of his impaired health, he visited Europe, where he tarried nearly two 3'e'ars. Some years after his return, he was elected governor of his native state, holding the office from 1844 to 1846. While governor, his former military predilections led him to look to the organization of the state militia, to which he turned special attention. He was also a patron of the sciences and made provisions for the geological and agricultural survey of the state. At the close of his gubernatorial term, instead of returning to his law practice, he turned his attention to his extensive land estate, having in the meantime married a lady of large fortune. But in 1856 Mr. Hammond was again called to take part In the politics of his state, being elected to the United States senate in place of Hon. A. P. Bulter, deceased. He took his seat December 7, 1857, and held It until November, i860. During the time he held his seat in the senate he made a notable speech on the question of the admis- sion of Kansas into the union of states, in which he used expressions that were held to be highly offensive to northern people, particularly, when he characterized the laboring class in this country as " mudsills." The following excerpt from his speech contains the passage to which exception was taken, and the term which became a ])olitIcal by-word: In all social systems there must be a class to do the mean duties, to SOUTH CAROLINA. 635 perform the drudireryof life; that is, a class requiring but a low order of intellect and but little skill. Its requisites are vigor, docility, fidel- ity. Such a class you must have, or you would not have that other class which leads progress, refinement and civilization. It constitutes the very mudsills of society and of political government, and you might as well attempt to build a house in the air as to build either the one or the other except on the mudsills, l-'ortunately for the south, she found a race adapted to that purpose to her hand; a race inferior to herself, but eminently qualified in temper, in vigor, in docility, in capacity, to stand the climate, to answer all her purposes. We use them for the purpose and call them slaves. We are old-fashioned at the'south yet; it is a word discarded now by ears polite, but I will not characterize that class at the north with that term; but you have it; it is there; it is everywhere; it is eternal." A son of Senator Ham- mond so explained the reasons of his father's use of the offensive term as to verj' greatK' modify, if not to remove, the asperity of feel- ing which this speech had aroused, but the excitement upon the sub- ject of slavery at that particular period gave a significance to his remarks which he doubtless had not fully anticipated. When South Carolina, through a state convention, adopted the ordinance of secession, Mr. Hammond resigned his seat in the senate, but on account of declining health and advanced age, took no active part in the conflict of which the ordinance of secession was the initiatory step. He contented himself in the superintendence of his estate, though his feelings were strongly enlisted in favor of the success of the Con- federate arms. In 1853 several of the controversial letters written by Mr. Hammond in favor of slavery were issued in book form at Charles- ton under the title of "The Pro-slavery Argument." He was a forci- ble writer, and was the author of several non-political articles treating upon agriculture, manufactures and other industrial and commercial topics, and was a fluent writer upon literary subjects. His talents as a writer and public speaker were of a high grade. Mr. Hammond died November 13, 1864. GEORGE W. SULLIVAN, a prominent merchant of Anderson county, was born in Laurens county, S. C, March 25, 1848. His father's name was also George W. Sullivan, and he was born in Dunklin, Greenville county, S. C., September 27, 1809, being the son of Hon. Hewlett Sullivan, one of the early settlers of Greenville county. Hewlett Sullivan was a Rev- olutionary soldier under the noted Gen. Francis Marion. He was several times a member of the state legislature. His father was Owen .Sullivan, a native of Ireland, who, upon his voyage to America, made the acquaintance on board the vessel, of Margaret Hewlett, whom, on his arrival in this country he married, the nuptials being performed in Charleston, S. C. They subsequently located in Caroline county, Va., later went to Georgia, and finally returned to South Carolina, settling in Greenville county. They were the progenitors of one of 636 SOUTH CAROLINA. the most prominent families in Soutli Carolina, several of their descendants having been elected members of the state legislature. The wife of Hewlett Sullivan was Mary Dunklin, for whom the town of Dunklin, Greenville county, was named. Capt. George W. Sulli- van, father of the subject of this sketch, carried on farming and, mer- chandising. He served as captain of a company' of state hiilitia, and was a member of the state legislature. The greater portion of his Jife was spent in Laurens county. He was twice married, his first wife being Jane W. Brooks, of Edgefield, and she was the mother of George W. Sullivan, Jr. His second wife was Mrs. Margaret Prince. He was, for thirty years a member of the Methodist Episcopal church, and was a successful business man, accumulating a large estate. 'He died December 19, 1887. His first wife, the mother of the subject of this sketch, was born in Edgefield county, about the year 182 1, and was the daughter of Littleton A. Brooks. She died February i, 1855, after having given birth to nine children, three sons and six daugh- ters. Two of the sons and four daughters are still living. George W. Sullivan was reared on a farm in Laurens county. In 1864, he joined the state militia being then only sixteen years of age. After serving a few months on the coast defense, he was appointed to a cadetship in the South Carolina military academy, by Gov. McGrath. He, however, spent about only two months there, when he again en- tered the Confederate service as a member of the state cadets, serv- ing there until the close of the war. While a member of the militia company he held the rank of orderly sergeant. In 1867 he entered Wofford college, from which he graduated in 1870, as a bachelor of science. On leaving college he became a member of the Sullivan Manufacturing company, in which his father and one brother, with others, were also interested. This company, in 1870, erected a cot- ton mill at Fork Shoals, Greenville county, and for ten years Mr. Sullivan gave his whole attention to the business of this company, in which he held the office of treasurer. In 1880 he sold his interest in the mill, and located upon a farm he owned in the vicinity, and car- ried on both farming and merchandising, having a store on his farm In July, 1885, he purchased a stock of merchandise at Pelzer, Ander son county, and has conducted a large general store at that place ever since. In December, 1885, he removed to Williamston, Ander- son county, which is his present home, but he still retains possession of his farm at Fork Shoals. In October, 1890, he purchased a busi- ness building in Williamston, and established a general store at that place, which he now conducts in connection with his store at Pelzer and his farming interests, the latter of which are quite extensive. In Greenville county Mr. Sullivan owns 1,000 acres of land, and has three farms in Anderson county. He is a stockholder in the National bank and the People's bank, both of Greenville. He is a stockholder in the People's Loan & Exchange bank, at Laurens, in the Farmers & Merchants' bank, at Anderson; in the Williamston female college, and in the? Male high school at the same place. He is a director of the former and president of the latter. He is an official SOUTH CAROLINA. 637 member of the Methodist Episcopal church, and in poHtics is a demo- crat, lie took an active part in the political revolution of 1876, and in 1877 was apjKMnted upon the staff of Gen. J. W. Gray, with the rank of rnajor, a distinction, however, which he declined to hold. Mr. Sul- livan is a Mason, and is past master of his lodge. He belongs to the K. of H. In 1877 he was married to Miss M. Lizzie Chiles, of Abbe- ville county. They have had five sons and two daughters, all of whom are living. Mr. Sullivan ranks as one of the solid and influential met* of Anderson county. He has served one term as intendant of Will- iamston, but aside from this he has declined all political preferment, though frequently solicited thereto, preferring to hold his position as a business man and a private citizen. Mr. Sullivan was one of the incorporators and promoters of the Greenville & Laurens railroad, and was elected a director in the same, by the taxpayers of Greenville county, serving in that capacity as long as he lived in Greenville county. ASBURY C. LATIMER is one of the prominent business men of Belton. He was born at a place near Lowndesville, Abbeville county, S. C., July 31, 1S51. His father, Clement T. Latimer, was also a native of x'\bbeville county, and was by occupation a farmer. He died in 1876. His father was Dr. James M. Latimer, a practicing physician. The wife of Clem- ent T. Latimer, the mother of the subject of this sketch, was before marriage Miss Frances Beulah Young, also a native of Abbeville county, and daughter of William Young, a farmer by occupation, and a man widely known for his piety and devotion to the Methodist per- suasion. He was really the founder of that sect in that portion of the state where he resided. Mrs. Latimer, his daughter, died in 1874. Asbury Churchwell Latimer spent his youthful days and early man- hood on a farm near Lowndesville, there receiving his primary edu- cation at the common schools. Upon the death of his father he managed the farm himself, and he has ever since been identified with that pursuit. June 26, 1877, he was united in marriage with Miss Sarah Alice Brown, of Belton, and niece of the Hon. Joseph E. Brown, ex-United States senator from Georgia. Shortly after his marriage Mr. Latimer was appointed to a position on the staff of Gen. W. W. Humphreys, with the rank of captain. His commission to that post was tendered to him, but his devotion to his own busi- ness prompted him to decline the position. In 1880 he removed to Belton, but retained possession of his farm and gave his undivided attention to its cultivation until within the year just passed, when he was elected president of the Belton Co-operative Oil Mill, Ginnery & Fertilizer company, in which he is a large stockholder. His atten- tion is now divided between his agricultural interests and the factory. Mr. Latimer has become very prominent in the farmers' alliance movement, to which he attached himself at its organization. In iS8g he was the prime mover in the establishment of the large farmers' 638 SOUTH CAROLINA. alliance store at Anderson, and was the framer of the constitution and by-laws which govern its operations. He was one of its largest stockholders and the store itself is one of the most extensive retail establishments in the state, its annual business amounting to nearly a half million dollars. Mr. Latimer is also a stockholder in the farmers' alliance store at Belton, and in the Farmers & Merchants' bank at Anderson. He also owns stock in the People s Advocate news- ipaper at Anderson. He is likewise a stockholder in the Williamston female college. Mr. Latimer's politics are of the democratic stamp, but he has steadily refrained from allowing his name to be used in connection with any political office, though he has often been solicited to do so. In 1S90 he was urged by numerous friends to accept the people's nomination for lieutenant governor on the ticket headed by B. R. Tillman, but though it was conceded he could have secured the nomination, he declined to have his name presented to the nominat- ing convention. He is chairman of the democratic executive com- mittee of Anderson county, and the presiding officer of the demo- cratic conventions of that county. He took an active part in the political campaign of iSqo, making many effective speeches for the people's ticket. When only ten years of age he united himself with the Methodist Episcopal church and he has long been an official member, taking an active part in church affairs and in Sabbath-school work. Mr. and Mrs. Latimer have four children, one son and three daughters. COL. JEFFERSON DAVIS MAXWELL, a prominent commission merchant of Anderson, was born in Oconee, then Pickens county, S. C, June 5, 1851. He was the son of Dr. Rob- ert D. Maxwell, in his day a prominent physician, his professional fame extending through the northwestern part of South Carolina and the northeastern part of Georgia. He was born in Oconee county, about 1817, and died in 1858. He was the son of Capt. John Maxwell, a South Carolinian by birth. He served as a captain in the state militia, and was one of the signers of the South Carolina secession ordinance of i860. He died in 1868, at the advanced age of eighty- three years. Capt. John Maxwell was the son of John Maxwell, who emigrated from Scotland to America and settled in this state. He was killed by a tory during the Revolutionary period. Col. J. D. Maxwell's mother was before marriage, Miss Lucy Catherine Sloan, daughter of David Sloan, a member of one of South Carolina's dis- tinguished families. She still lives, being now in her seventieth year, having rcmnained in her widowhood ever since the death of her hus- band. From the age of eight to that of fourteen years, Jefferson Davis Maxwell resided at Pendleton, S. C. During that period his education was under the tutorage of the late Prof. \\^ J. Ligon, a dis- tinguished educator. Under him Mr. Maxwell not only acquired a good I'lnglish education, but also a fair knowledge of the Latin and Greek languages. At the age of fourteen he came to Anderson, and SOUTH CAROLINA. 639 for over nine years acted as book-keeper for B. I''. Crayton & Sons, one of the foremost mercantile firms in the city. He had had some experience as a clerk, havinand it was modulated with the most perfect art. Absolutely without affectation or artifice, simple to excess almost in his air and manner, never using a gesture except a rare and apparently involuntary motion of one hand, he nevertheless produced by his voice alone all the effects of the most impassioned oratory. Utterly untheatrical, he was thoroughly and in the highest sense dramatic. There are certain sentences and passages in some of his sermons which must always live in the memory of those who once listened to them. And the power of the 668 SOUTH CAROLINA. voice was even greater in reading tlian in preaching. The purity, simplicity and intense reverence with which he rendered the prayers and offices of the church were only equaled by the perfect literary, and elocutionary skill which gave to every syllable its exact weight, and to every thought its complete and accurate expression. His reading of the burial service was itself a majestic piece of eloquence. It is a noteworthy circumstance that this office was the last he ever performed. He rose from a sick bed to conduct the funeral services of a member of the congregation of Grace church. In less than a week thereafter he was dead. JOHN BELTON O'NEALL (deceased) was the son of Hugh O'Neall and Anne Kelly, his wife, both of whom were members of the Society of Friends, on Bush river, Newberry district, S. C, and consequently he was, by his birth- right, a member. His ancestry on both sides were Irish, his paternal great-grandfather belonging to the ancient house of O'Neall of Shane's Castle, Antrim, Ireland. His maternal grandfather, Samuel Kelly, was of King's county, and his grandmother, Hannah Belton, was of Queen's county, Ireland; so that he may rank as a full-blooded Irish-American. He was born April lo, 1793, about half a mile below Bobo's Mills, on Bush river. At his earliest recollection his father removed to the mills, and there his boyhood was spent. He began to go to school when he was five j^ears old. A young man, the son of a friend of his father's, boarded at his house and went to " Master Howe" (as the teacher, James Howe, was familiarly called), about one mile and a half distant. He took the child-like pupil with him day by da}', carrying him across the branches on his back. The other children of his father were girls. They were all remarkable for talents. His eldest sister, Abigail, went to school with him, and learned more rapidly than he did. She is still alive, and is the widow of John Caldwell, Esq. His two next sisters, Rebecca and Hannah, have long been tenants of the "silent house." In 1S04, a library so- ciety was organized at Newberry, of which his father was a member. The books were selected and bought in the city of Boston, by Elijah Hammond, the father of Senator Hammond. This afforded to young O'Neall the opportunity of reading, a taste for which he had acquired by Mr. Howe having permitted him to read, under his direction, his books, of which he had a pretty good selection. He continued to go to English schools, with slight interruptions, until 1808. Occasionally he was employed as a clerk in his father's store. At the schools to which he went for the first thirteen years of his school life, he learned to spell and read well, and to write an indifferr ent hand, and came to understand arithmetic perfectly. He acquired great facility in memorizing promptly whatever was put in his hands. He committed to memory, in an hour, the gth Chap, of 2d Kings. SOUTH CAROLINA. 669 In May, 1808, he became a pupil of the Newberry academy, then un- der the care of the Rev. John Foster. He pushed his young pupil for- ward much too rapidly. By January he had him reading Virgil with- out at all understanding it, as he should have done. Young O'Xeall became a thorough Latin scholar, and was sufficiently instructed in Greek and all the branches of English to prepare him for the junior class of the South Carolina college. During this time he also ac- quired the habit of extemporaneous speaking, by practicing to speak every night. In I^ebruar}', iSii, young O'Xeall was allowed to enter the junior class of the South Carolina college. In December, 1812, he graduated with the second honor of that institution — the ex- penses of his collegiate education having been paid in part by him- self, and the balance out of his father's dilapidated estate. In 1813, for about six months, O'Neall taught in the Newberry academy. At the end of that time he devoted himself to the study of law, in the office of John Caldwell, Esq. At that time Anderson Crenshaw, Esq., af- terward Judge Crenshaw, of Alabama, lived in the village; he gave O'Neall free access to his library, and imparted to him much valuable instruction. A debating society then existed at Newberry, to which the young men, and many of the middle-aged, belonged. A meeting was held every Saturday, and subjects debated with much energy. O'Neall there improved his habit of extemporaneous speaking very much. In May, 1S14, he was admitted to the practice of law and equity. He immediately entered into partnership with John Caldwell, Esq., (who was the cashier of the Branch bank of the state, at Columbia, and had removed to Columbia). He opened his office at Newberry, and from the commencement was honored with a large and lucrative practice. His first equity speech was made at Laurens, before Chan- cellor DeSaussure, at the June term of 1814, for Washington equity district. The chancellor's approving smile was of great benefit to him then, and so was his friendship ever after. At the October elec- tion of 1816, he was returned third, out of four members of the house of representatives, from Newberry district. This gave him the op- portunity of being more generally known, and probably furthered his views of advancement. On the 2d of December, 1816, the deghee of master of arts was conferred on him by the South Carolina college. On the 7th of August, 1817, he was elected from the rank of captain to that of colonel of the Eighth and Thirty-ninth regiments of mili- tia. He was enthusiastically fond of the military, and soon raised his regiment to a proud position as militia. The whole regiment were devotedly attached to their colonel. In the December session of the general assembly of that year, he voted for the increase of the judges' salaries; the consequence was, that at the elections of 1818 and 1820 he was left at home. This period of rest from political pursuits, he thought, w^as of immense advantage to him; it made him a much better lawyer, and increased his reputation and business. In 1S16 he was appointed by Gov. Pickens, one of his aids, with the rank of 670 SOUTH CAROLINA. lieutenant-colonel; this appointment he resigned in consequence of his election as colonel. In December, 1817, he was elected a trustee of his alma matci', the South Carolina college, and he filled that office forty years. On the 25th of June, iSiS, he was married to Helen, eldest daughter of Cap.. Sampson Pope and Sarah Strother, his wife, of Edgefield. In 1S22 he was returned second to the house of repre- sentatives in the general assembly of South Carolina, and, by succes- sive biennial elections, he was returned in 1824 and 1826. In 1824 and 1826, he was elected speaker of the house of representatives, without opposition. During the four years in which he held that great office there was only a single appeal from his decisions, and in that his de- cision was sustained. No reading clerk existed at his first term; the consequence was, that he read all bills, reports and resolutions. In February, 1823, he was elected brigadier-general of the Tenth brigade. Fifth division, of the South Carolina militia; and on the 20th of August, 1825, he was elected and commissioned major-general of the Fifth division. In that and the previous election for brigadier- general, the officers of the Thirty-ninth regiment gave him a unan- imous vote. On the 20th of December, 1S28, John Belton O'Neall was elected and commissioned as an associate judge. On the first day of December, 1830, Judge O'Neall was elected a judge of the court of appeals, and entered immediately upon his duties. With Johnson and Harper, he encountered and performed the labors of the court of appeals — Herculean as they were — until December, 1835. In 1846, the degree of LL. D. was conferred on him at Columbia col- lege. District of Columbia, and was repeated a few years later at Wake Forest, N. C. On the 31st of December, 1832, to save a friend, he abandoned the use of spirituous liquors, and in June following gave up the use of tobacco. To these two causes, he ascribed his health and ability to perform more labor than most men, at his time of life. He joined, soon after, the Head's Spring temperance society, New- berry district, of which he was president. He became a teetotaler, and, in December, 1841, he was appointed president of the state tem- perance society. In 1849, he joined the sons of temperance, Butler division. No. 16, at Newberry. He was elected G. W. P. of the grand division of South Carolina, October, 1850; and in June, 1852, at the city of Richmond, Va., he was elected and installed M. W. P. of the sons of temperance, of North America. He attended, in 1853 and 1854, the annual meetings at Chicago, 111., and St. John's, New Brunswick. Then, he surrendered his office to his successor, Samuel L. Telby, of St. John's. In the spring of 1834, the judge and his wife lost, by the scarlet fever, two of their lovely little girls. In 1837, he was elected president of the Newberry Baptist Bible society. To this office he was annually elected, and much good was accomplished by this society under his direction. He was elected president of the Bible board of the Baptist state convention in July, 1858, and again in 1859. He was elected president of the Newberry district agricultural society in 1839, and annually elected thereafter. The good accomplished by / %-^ % r SOUTH CAROLINA. 67 I that society is known by the fact, that Newberry reclaimed her wasted fields and made more and better improvements in a^friculture than any other district in the state. On the 5th of Auj^ust, 1857, the crown- ing sorrow of their lives occurred to the judge and his wife. Then, their excellent daughter, Sarah Strother Harrington, the wife of Dr. Harrington, their only surviving child, was taken from them by death. They were consoled by the fact that she was a Christian, and that she has left seven representatives (four daughters and three sons). Judge O'Neall wrote and labored much for his fellow-men. He always believed where he could contribute even a mite to knowledge, education, temperance, religion and agriculture, it was his duty to make the effort. HON. H. A. MEETZE, present member of the South Carolina state senate, was born in Lex- ington county, S. C, in 1820. His father's christian name was John, and the maiden name of his mother was Anna Caughman, and both were natives of South Carolina. John was the son of John Y. Meetze, a Hessian by birth, who served the king of England in his prosecu- tion of the war with the American colonies, but deserted from the English army at Charleston, and joined the army of Gen. Greene at Bacon's Bridge. After the close of the war, he settled in Lexing- ton county, S. C, and, being a man of more than ordinary education and ability, began preaching in the Lutheran church — which profes- sion he followed until the close of his life — and preached in different portions of the state but mostly in Lexington county. After the close of the war he was married to Miss Eva M. Gross, of his adopted county. There was born to this union four sons and four daughters. John Meetze, Jr., was educated in the German language at first, but afterward supplemented this by an English education. He began planting early in life and followed that and merchandising until his death. He was the father of four sons and two daughters who reached maturit3^ He took no active part in public affairs, but was an effective member of the church throughout his life. Hon. H. A. Meetze was educated in the schools of his county, and after com- pleting his education he entered the office of B. F. Saxon, who was the commissioner of equity, as his assistant, and while there he began reading law. Mr. Saxon's death occurring the following year, Mr. Meetze was appointed to succeed him as principal. He was elected by the legislature the ensuing term, and held the office until it was abolished in 1868. Previous to this, however, he had completed the law course he was pursuing and was admitted to the bar in 1843. He was not permitted to practice in the equity courts or hold any politi- cal office while holding the office of commissioner of equity, and did not commence active practice, as a matter of course, until after his office was abolished. At the breaking out of the war, in 1S61, Mr. Meetze enlisted in Gregg's regiment, and served si.x months during the service of that regiment on the coast, when it disbanded and he 6/2 SOUTH CAROLINA. returned home and organized several companies. He next entered Company K, of the Thirteenth South Carolina regiment, as a pri- vate, but was soon chosen quartermaster, serving in that capacity un- til 1S63, when he was obliged to resign his commission on account of failing health. He then entered the tax department of the govern- ment, and there remained until the close of the war. At the surren- der he resumed the duties of commissioner of equity, and, as before mentioned, held that office until it was abolished in 1868, following which he practiced law until his election to the legislature in 1872. A sketch of Mr. Meetze's official career will be found in the fol- lowing portion of a petition to the legislature by the people of Lex- ington county, asking his appointment as chief-justice of the supreme court: "In 1S68, immediately after the reconstruction acts were passed, and when the tread of the soldier was heard in almost every town in the state, and when hope seemed to have departed from the bravest men, he summoned them to come to the rescue of their county, and by his untiring efforts the first election under the consti- tution was carried by the democrats for all the county offices. Also, largely through him the next election gave the county offices and the legislature to the democrats, and from that time until the present, Lexington has always stood foremost in -the democratic ranks. In 1872, as soon as his political disabilities were removed by President Johnson, he was sent by the people to the house of representatives, where he served four years. In these, the darkest hours of our state's history, he stood, with a few others, manfully by his post, doing what hec ould for the people and the state. The first two years he was chair- man of the judiciary committee, and practically filled the same position the two last, being second on the committee, and, the chair- man being feeble, the main duty devolved on him. During these four years many eventful scenes transpired, in all the most important of which he was an active participant. Among these may be men- tioned the attempt to impeach Judge Mackey, and the actual im- peachment of Judge Moses, in which he was appointed by the house as one of the managers, and the impeachment of Cardozo. In the latter, he managed the impeachment, and had to meet in opposition the best legal talent of the state. While the impeachment failed, his work was so well and faithfully done that it gave the key to the fraudulent issue of a large portion of the state debt, and it afterward elucidated that matter, by which the state was relieved of about one and a quarter millions of this infamous debt. In addition to the above, Senator Meetze for. twenty-eight years was master in equity for this county and discharged the high duties of that office to the satisfaction of the people, the bar and the bench. For forty-five years he has been engaged in the practice of his profession in his county, in most of the important causes therein tried, and his legal ability is admitted by all. Of mature years, ripe judgment, clear and discriminating mind, broad views, and an innate love for justice, he fulfilled in an eminent degree all the requirements of his high po- sitions." Mr. Meetze was married in 1845, and again in 1862. He BRANT* FULLER. PUB5 SOUTH CAROLINA. 673 had one child by his first wife and four by his second, all of whom are living. Me follows farming to some extent in Lexington county, and his social standing is of the highest in the state. lie became a member of th^ Lutheran church in his youthful days and also a mem- ber of the mission board of United Synod of the south. GEORGE S. BRYAN, of Charleston, S. C, was born May 21, 1809, son of Jonathan Bryan, a Charleston merchant, and grandson of George Bryan, judge of the supreme court of Pennsylvania and delegate from Pennsylvania to the first colonial congress (1765). On his mother's side he came of the Scotch family of Lathams. He married Re- becca L. Dwight, of South Carolina, a descendant of Johnson and Broughton, colonial governors of South Carolina, and alsd a descend- ant of the Huguenot Marion. He was educated in Charleston and studied law in the office of the scholar and jurist Thomas S. Grimke, and always practiced his profession in that city. He was in public life an ardent Union man as early as the nullification crisis in South Carolina. For many years he was one of the leaders of the whig party in South Carolina, with Legare, and Petigru and others; and under the then famous signature of "Crawford," and in the councils of the whig party, he exerted a strong influence upon the political history of the period. He was the personal friend of Henry Clay and for years his constant correspondent, and enjoyed a familiar intercourse in Washington and throughout the south with the states- men of the country. At the outbreak of the Civil war he and Petigru and Perry were the chief anti-secession leaders in South Carolina. After the close of the war he was, by the people of the state, and by resolution, in 1866, of the first white legislature assembled in South Carolina after the war, recommended for the office of United States judge. And under the then existing policy at Washington of restoring the Fed- eral civil government in the southern states through the aid of the conservative forces on the soil, he was, in April, 1866, nominated by the president and confirmed by the senate of the United States as judge of the United States for the district of South Carolina, a posi- tion which he filled for more than twenty years, and from which he resigned in September, 1886. At the outset of his judicial career he found the army of the United States in military occupation of the State. And he was the first Federal judge in the south to protect the right of trial by jury against the arbitrary power of martial law, and to assert the civil rule and the law of the open courts under the con- stitution of the United States by the writ of habeas corpus, directed to the general of the army of the United States then in command at Charleston. And to enforce it he issued an attachment for contempt upon the disobedience by the military authority of the process of the court. This precipitated the contest in which his opinion and its salutary principle was finally affirmed by the supreme court of the A— 43 674 SOUTH CAROLINA. United States in ex parte Milligan, 4th Wallace, and by which the beneficent sway of the civil power was restored to the southern states, which until then had been, since the war, held as military districts under martial law. In the grave question of the test oath for the bar of Charleston he first decided the principle, re-affirmed in ex parte Garland, 4 Wal- lace, by the United States supreme court, that brought back into the legal profession and before the courts of the United States the whole bar of the south, who by the application of the test oath were then sought to be excluded from the courts. And for a generation his judicial labors were given, with rare success and acceptability, both to the government of the United States and the people of his own state, to the restoration of public peace and tranquility. And his mind was constantly working upon the judicial, permanent and peaceful, solution of all the many and complicated leading questions that grew out of the upheavals of war and the new condition of the races in their economic and legal relations. On these questions his decisions were always fearless and faithful, and their results are writ- ten in history. In these labors he enjoyed the warm friendship and personal confidence of Chief-Justice Chase and Chief-Justice Waite, both of whom, as presiding judges, sat with him in the circuit court of the United States for South Carolina, during his official life. HON. LAWRENCE MASSILLON KEITT was born in Orangeburg district (now county) , S. C, October 4, 1824, and died in Richmond, Va., June 4, 1864. He was graduated at the college of South Carolina in 1843, ^'^^ was admitted to the bar in 1845. He served in the state legislature in 1S48, and was chosen to congress in 1852 as a state's rights democrat, and served until his with- drawal in December, i860, to become a delegate to the secession con- vention of South Carolina. He was a member of the provisional Confederate congress at Montgomery, Ala., in 1861, and was con- spicuous in forming the provisional and permanent constitutions of the Confederacy. In 1862 he joined the Confederate army as colonel of the Twentieth South Carolina volunteers, and was mortally wounded, while at the head of his regiment, at the battle of Cold Harbor, and died in Richmond the next day. JOHN J. HEMPHILL is the present member of congress from the Fifth district of South Carolina, composed of the counties of Chester, Chesterfield, Ker- shaw, Lancaster, York, the townships of White Plains and Lime- stone Springs, in the county of Spartanburg, and the townships of Gowdeysville and Draytonville in the county of Union. He was born at Chester, August 25, 1849, and has always resided in his native town, where he attended school until 1866, when he entered the South Caro- lina university, from which he was graduated in i86g; he then began a^ SOUTH CAROLINA. 675 the; Study of the law, and was admitted to the bar in the fall of 1870, and began practice the first of January following. He was nominated by the democrats for the state legislature in 1S74, but failed of elec- tion, and in 1876, he was re-nominated by the same party, was elected, and re-elected in 1878, and in 1880. He was elected also to the forty- eight, forty-ninth, fiftieth, fifty-first and fifty-second congresses, re- ceiving at the last election 9,432 votes against 1,321 votes for G. G. Alexander, republican, and 75 votes scattering. WADE HAMPTON, the third in his family i)caring that name, was born in Columbia, S. C., in 1818, graduated from the University of South Carolina, and afterward studied law, but with no intention of practicing. He served in the South Carolina legislature in early life, but the greater portion of his time was devoted to his plantation interests in South Carolina and Mississippi, and to the pursuits of a gentleman. When the Civil war opened he entered the military service of his state as a private, but soon raised a command of infantry, artillery and cavalry, which was known as Hampton's legion and which achieved great dis- tinction. At Bull Run 600 of his infantry held for some time the Warrenton road against Keyes's corps and were sustaining Bee when Jackson came to their aid. In the peninsula campaign they were again distinguished and at Seven Pines lost half their number and Hampton himself received a painful wound in the foot. .Soon after, he was made brigadier-general of cavalry and assigned to Gen. J. E. B. Stuart's command. He was frequently selected for detached service, in which he was uncommonly successful. In the Maryland and Penn- sylvania campaigns of 1862-63, he took a very active part and at Gettysburg was thrice wounded. It is stated that twenty-one out of twenty-three field officers, and more than half the men of Hampton's command were killed or wounded in this battle. August 3, 1863, Hampton was made a major-general. In . 1864, after several days' fighting, he gave Sheridan a check at Trevillians' station, which broke up a plan of campaign which included a junction with Hunter, and the capture of Lynchburg. In twenty-three days he cap- tured over 3,000 prisoners and large quantities of war material, with a loss of 71Q men. He was made commander of Lee's cavalry in August, with the rank of lieutenant-general, and in September struck the rear of the Federal army, at City Point, bringing away 400 prisoners and 2,486 beeves. Soon afterward, in another action, he captured 500 pris- oners. In one of these attacks he lost his son. Hampton was then placed in command of Gen. Joseph E. Johnston's cavalry and did good service in retarding the advance of Sherman. After the close of the war he engaged in cotton planting, but was not successful. He accepted all the legitimate consequences of defeat, and during the re- construction period his conciliatory policy found but little favor for some time, yet, in 1876, he was nominated for governor against Dan- iel H. Chamberlain, and was elected. In 1878 he lost a leg by an ac- 676 SOUTH CAROLINA. cident, and while his life was despaired of he was elected to the United States senate as a democrat. Gen. Hampton first married, in early life, Margaret Preston, daughter of Gen. Francis Preston, and on her death took for his second wife a daughter of Senator George McDuffie. REV. JAMES FULLERTON. The reverend gentleman, whose name stands at the head of this brief sketch, was born in county Derry, Ireland, May 31, 1846, and is a son of Robert and Mary (McGlade) Fullerton, highly respected citizens of the county named. The marriage of this couple took place in 1825, and to the union were born five robust and intelligent children in the following order: Neil, Ellen, Patrick, Jarnes and Robert, the last named being the pastor of the cathedral at Mobile, Ala. The father of these children, Robert F'ullerton, was born in county Derry in 1804, and there died in 1870. His widow found rest in 1876, and was deeply mourned by her family and neighbors. James Fullerton received his early education in Belfast, Ireland, and in 1866 came to America and entered St. Vincent's college at Latrobe, Penn., where he finished his theological education. He was ordained a priest in Charleston, S. C., April 16, 1871, by Bishop Lynch, and acted as as- sistant to the bishop in Charleston cathedral until February 22, 1872, when he was sent to Columbia, S. C, where he has since served as pastor of St. Peter's church. He has served his church and his flock most faithfully, and his parish is in a most flourishing condition, the people acting in cordial sympathy with their pastor. WILLIAM HENRY TRESCOTT. This famous diplomat was born in Charleston, .S. C, November 10, 1822. He graduated from the College of Charleston in 1840, studied law, and was admitted to the bar in 1843. Beside practicing law, he was also engaged in planting on one of the sea islands near Beaufort. He early entered into politics, and in December, 1852, became United States secretary of legation at London, and assistant secretary of state in i860, but resigned the latter office on the seces- sion of South Carolina from the Union. He was elected to the legis- lature in 1862, 1864 and 1866, and during that period was on the staff of Gen. Roswell S. Ripley, and was afterward a member of the ex- ecutive council. He also assisted James I. Pettigru in preparing the code of laws for the state. At the close of the Civil war he was sent to Washington to represent his state on certain questions under the reconstruction acts. In June, 1877, ''^s was appointed counsel for the United States, on the fishery commission, at Halifax, N. S., and later was one of the plenipotentiaries to China, to revise the treaties, in April, 1880; and in February, 1881, he was appointed by Secretary Evarts to continue and conclude the negotiations with the Columliian minister and the protocol, in reference to the rights of the United SOUTH CAROLINA. 677 States on the Isthnuis of Panama. He was appointed special envoy to the bellit»HaRmt» iHtit»i»(itiH«>t«rtttiitiut«Bithtltttt4»imtitH ■I .iiil