^10SANCE15J> ^^a3AINrt]WV ^.OFCALIFO% .^^OFCALIF0% .\WtUNIVERS'//i %a3AiNn3WV ^^ILIBRARYQ^ .S "^il/OJIlVDJO^ '^ o '/5a3AINn-3WV -v^lllBRARYOc. -.^llIBRARYQr |1!C C5 \ ^>i. -fA) <5? ^WEUNIVERS//, '/^a3AINn3UV ^OF'CALIF0% ,^ME•UNIVERV/, o ^ .OFCAIIFO/?^ i^Aaviian-i^^^ J o ^WEUNIVERJ//, ^ o '%a3AINn-3WV^ ^^l•LIBRARYa^ ^OFCALIFOff^ ^ ^^^lllBRARYQr ^^ILIBRARY<9^ ^^MEUNIVER5/;j^ ;ji^^OV| ^Of CALI FO/?^ ^OP CALI FO/?^ ^^WEUNIVERS/^ vr ^ ^^VLIBRARYQ^^ "^UIBRARYQ^ o "^/^aaAiNH ]wv ^ o ^ %a3AINa3WV ^OFCALIFO/?^ ^OFCALIF0/?4j, ^^AHvaaiH^ ^(^Ayvaaiix^"^ ^WEUNIVER% o o "^JiBAINfl^WV \WEUNIVERS/A vvlOSANCElfj> o o ^OFCALIFO% i. .^' ^ >i ^' \WEUNIVER% s^lOSANCElfj^. ;$^ -& THE HISTORY OF THE LIFE AND REIGN O F PHILIP KING OF MACEDON. Vol. I. lojL THE HISTORY OF THE LIFE AND REIGN O F PHILIP KING OF MACEDON; THE FATHER OF ALEXANDER. BY THOMAS LELAND, D. D. FELLOW OF TRINITY COLLEGE, DUBLIN. THE SECOND EDITION. IN TWO VOLUMES. VOL. I. LONDON: Printed for E. Johnston, in Ludgate-ftreet. MDCCLXXV. THE PREFACE. TH E hiftorles of ancient times, which feem moft likely to engage the ge- neral attention, are fuch as abound with extraordinary and furprifing events, great and glaring adlions, aftonifhing viciffitudes of fortune, and ftriking inftances of fuccefs, apparently difproportioned to the powers and abilities, or even to the expedatlons, of thofe, whofe bold attempts were thus wonderfully crowned. The hiftory now prefented to the reader, it muft be confefled, is of another nature. It leads him on gra- dually through a feries of afllons and events, many of them feemingly inconfi- derable, but all operating regularly to pro- duce one of the greateft revolutions of A 3 power, 865056 MIS' v./ VI PREFACE. power, winch the annals of the heathen world afford. The flow and painful fteps, by which PHILIP king of Macedon warily and fagacioufly proceeded, with a patient refolution, to ftrengthen and to ag- grandize his kingdom, to incorporate it with the illuftrious nation of Greece, to fubdue that nation, and to place himfelf at the head of its united powers ; as they dif- cover no lefs merit and abilities than that rapidity of conqueft, which cafts fuch glory round his fon, and other heroic characters ; fo they may ppffibly appear no lefs worthy of attention, although the detail be fre- quently addrefled rather to the judgment than to the imagination. In this cafe indeed, the tafk of the hiflo- rian is by far more difficult : his errors and impcrfed:ions more obvious and ftriking. Great and furprifmg actions fupport them- felves, and animate the writer with that fpirit and energy with which they fhould 5 be PREFACE. vil be defer Ibed. But to condiid the reader through the labyrinths of policy ; to trace the progrefs of an artful, penetrating, and fagacious prince, furrounded with dangers and difficulties, exad:ly and inceflantly at- tentive to his defigns, and wifely chufing and proportioning his inftruments and means to the great ends which he pro- pofed ; to difclofe the latent caufes of the declenfion and ruin of nations, of the gran- deur of kings, and the eftablifliment of empires ; — thefe call for all the accuracy, all the judgment, of a writer. In difplaying the difficulties of his tafk, the author means not to infmuate, that he is poflefled of any extraordinary abilities ; but to befpeak the indulgence and pardon of the reader, for thofe imperfedions, which his tafle and judgment' may, or ra- ther muft, neceffarily difcover in the fol- lowing work ; however the writer hath endeavoured, by a painful and laborious A 4 application. viii PREFACE, application, to avoid the guilt of any eflen- tial omiflions. And he may poflibly ap- pear to have a better claim to this indul- gence, when it is confidered from what a variety of authors the following hiftory is colleded ; and that his materials lie de- tached, and difperfed through fo many of the great writers of antiquity : which were to be colleded with care, united with pro- priety, and reconciled, where they difa- greed, with truth, or at leaft with the ap- pearance of probability : a tafk which re- quired attention and accuracy, and other ftill higher accomplifliments. Theopompus, an hiilorian cotemporary with Philip, colleded a large and copious account of this prince's adions, of which time hath unhappily deprived us. The fragments of this hiftorian, which Athe- naeus hath preferved (if genuine) confirm the reprefentations, which we find in an- cient writers, of the feverity and acrimony 6 of PREFACE. ill «f Theopompus. Poflibly, the corruption of thofe with whom Philip contended, as well as many parts of this prince's con- dud, (whatever greatnefs of foul, or ele- vation of genius, he poflefTed) might have juftly merited this feverity. Had we not been deprived of his work, or even if Pho- tius had tranfmitted to us the plan and general heads of his hiftory, poifibly we might have had rqany particulars both to admire and cenfure in this hero, which are now buried in eternal oblivion. DioDORUs SicuLUs, in his fixteenth book, hath given an abftradt of the hiftory of Philip, collected, not only from Theo- pompus, but fome other ancient writers, whofe names only have defcended to us. His detail is frequently interrupted by the hiftory of the affairs of Sicily ; fo as, in fome fort, to diftradt the attention of the reader, by the variety of objeds. But this cannot fo properly be cenfured as a fault, fince PREFACE. fince the fcheme of his hiftory was general ; and, whatever errors or omiflions may be difcovered in his account of Philip's ac- tions, by comparing him with other wri* ters, yet we muft juftly acknowledge our obligations to him, both as an hiftorian, and as an accurate chronologer. Trogus Pompaeus intitled his uni- verfal hiftory, Historia Philippica, ekher in imitation of Theopompus, or from a particular veneration for the king of Ma- cedon. " Although he hath employed*' (faith Olivier, an author of whom we fhall immediately give fome account) " but three ** books in reciting the actions of this ** prince ; yet he was perfuaded that thefe *' gave a new appearance to the affairs and " interefts of the world. And, in effeO:, " the empires formed on the ruins of that " of Alexander, owe their foundation to " men trained up and taught by Philip, *' It is to be prefumed, that Trogus pre- " ferved P R E F A C E. ** ferved many particulars which his abbre- " viator hath negledled. There is even a *' literal proof that this latter did not value " himfelf on his accuracy. Among fome " ancient manufcripts is found a fummary ** of the Philippic hiftory, called Periochae ** Trogi : from which it appears, that Ju- ** ftin hath not contented himfelf with re- *' verfing the order of fads, with omitting ** feveral effential ones, and adding others: *' but that he hath related fome, in a man- ** ner totally different from his author."— If this be fo, it affords an additional reafon to juftify the author of this work, in fome- times negleding, and fometimes contro- verting, his authority. And, if Juftin endeavoured to difFufe fome portion of the fpirit and acrimony of Demofthenes into the hiftory of TroguB, Paulus Orofms hath proceeded fomewhat further. His point was to prove, that the Kiiferies and enormities of the pagan world exceeded XI icii PREFACE. exceeded thofe which mankind felt, froiA the time that Chriftianity was firft propa- gated : and his zeal to fupport his argument hath rendered his account of Philip's ac- tions rather bordering on an invedive, than a difpaffionate hiftory : although he hath colleded the fads from Juftin into a fmaller compafe, with fufficient art ; and hath been rather more careful to preferve the order of time. Though we have no life of Philip written by Plutarch ; yet in thofe of Pelo- pidas, Phocion, Demoilhenes, and Alex- ander, we have many particulars relative to this prince. And, had fuch a valuable piece of antiquity defcended to us, we might have found it rather made up of pri« vate anecdotes, calculated for marking out the temper and character of Philip, than a regular detail of fads, which might fully explain the whole fcheme and fyftem of his condud. In the lives of Phocion and De- mofthenes, PREFACE. xm mofthenes, he feems, as ufual, to fuppofe the reader already acquainted with the liiftory of their time, which he relates in fuch a manner, a? that no common reader, who hath not recourfe to other works, can form a clear idea of it : and fometimes in a manner by no means confiftent with other accounts of high authority. A regular and ample comment on his truly valuable Lives, to fupply his defeds, and to corre6: his inaccuracies as an hiftorian, might make him to be read with greater fatisfadtion and utility. But, at prefent, the reader is to guard not only againft thefe, but fometimes againft his prejudices ; at leaft, critics have attributed his unfavourable re- prefentations of Philip, in his Lives, to this latter caufe. In his moral works, however, he frequently does him fufficient honour. He dwells on his maxims and fallies of wut, on the inftances of his con- defcenfion and humanity, with feeming pleafure : and hath preferved many agree- able jjcii PREFACE. exceeded thofe which mankind felt, froitl the time that Chriftianity was firft propa- gated : and his zeal to fupport his argument hath rendered his account of Philip's ac- tions rather bordering on an invedive, than a difpaflionate hiflory : although he hath colledled the fads from Juftin into a fmaller compafe, with fufficient art ; and hath been rather more careful to preferve the order of time. Though we have no life of Philip written by Plutarch ; yet in thofe of Pelo- pidas, Phocion, Demofthenes, and Alex- ander, we have many particulars relative to this prince. And, had fuch a valuable piece of antiquity defcended to us, we might have found it rather made up of pri- vate anecdotes, calculated for marking out the temper and charader of Philip, than a regular detail of fads, which might fully explain the whole fcheme and fyftem of his, condud. In the lives of Phocion and De- mofthenes, PREFACE. xiii mofthenes, he feems, as ufual, to fuppofe the reader already acquainted with the hiftory of their time, which he relates in fuch a manner, a? that no common reader, who hath not recourfe to other works, can form a clear idea of it : and fometimes in a manner by no means confiftent with other accounts of high authority. A regular and ample comment on his truly valuable Lives, to fupply his defeds, and to correct his inaccuracies as an hiftorian, might make him to be read with greater fatisfadtion and utility. But, at prefent, the reader is to guard not only againft thefe, but fometimes againft his prejudices : at leaft> critics have attributed his unfavourable re- |)refentations of Philip, in his Lives, to this latter caufe. In his moral works, however, he frequently does him fufficient honour. He dwells on his maxims and Tallies of wit, on the inftances of his con- defcenfion and humanity, with feeming pl^afure : and hath preferved many agree- able xInt preface. able anecdotes, which it would have been unpardonable in a modern compiler to pafs over, whatever pains the collecting and in- troducing them might coft. Besides the hiftorians now mentioned, we are confiderably indebted to others of the ancient writers, from whom many- particulars are collected relative to the pre- fent fubjed. Such are Athenaeus, Strabo, Paufanias, Lucian, i^lian, Polybius, Se- neca, Pliny, and others. But the greateft lights, the ampleft fupplement to the omifTions and defedts of hiftory, are fur- nifhed by the noble and valuable remains of the great Athenian orators. And here the author muft befpeak all the candour of the learned reader, in judging of the ufe he hath made of their materials. They were undoubtedly the mofl capable of giving the clearefl: and moft authentic account of af- fairs, in which they themfelves had fo con- fiderable a fhare. Yet, in afcertaining the force PREFACE. XV force and extent of their teftlmony, in diftinguifliing between truth and artifice, between the real or probable ftate of fa(^s, and the reprefentations of a vehement, impajGTioned, and perhaps interefted fpeaker, judgment, fagacity, and attention, are required : and here the defeds of a writer muft be particularly obfervable : not to men- tion the difference of fentiment which ne- ceffarily arifes in fuch a cafe. If Ifocrates reprefents all the adions and defigns of Philip in the faireft and moft advanta- geous light, the learned and judicious may not be entirely agreed, how far this is to be afcribed to the inexperience and unfuf- peding honefty, the benevolence and fim- plicity, of a reclufe rhetorician, unac- quainted with the wiles of policy, and the corruptions of the great world. If, on the contrary, Demofthenes burfts forth into the ^loft animated indignation and abhorrence of this prince; he loads him with the blackeft imputationsj it may not be agreed, how xji PREFACE. how far we are to guard againft the extra- vagance of an honeft zeal, or the artifice of a popular leader. When two great rivals are contending for reputation, power, and all that is valuable in human life, if not for life itfelf, although the difpute happily fur- nifhes us with many particulars of their public condud, as well as that of their co- temporaries ; although it hath preferved many important inftances of the policy, abilities, fentiments, and paffions, of the great adors in that fcene in which the con- tending parties were engaged; yet what credit is to be given to their different repre- fentations, may fometimes be thought by no means eafy to determine, but a matter which may admit of fome variety in opi- nion. When two competitors are violent againft each other ; when their moft mo- mentous interefts are concerned in the con- tefts ; when they know that fuccefs depends in a great meafure on the prefent imprellion made on the paffions and imaginations of their PREFACE. xvii their judges ; they muft have more than ordinary integrity, if they are not tempted to pafs the bounds of truth and juftice* And the contentions between Demofthenea and ^fchines have difclofed fome particu- lars, which render the integrity of both at leaft fufpicious. Even in their repre-^ fentations of fads, which might be fup- pofed not fo liable to fallacy and deception, we are often embarrafled by the weight of contradidory evidence, and tempted to be- lieve, that they fome times aflerted, with a deliberate purpofe of deceiving. Of this I fhall take the liberty of laying before the reader one among many inftances. In that oration of Demofthenes, in which he accufes Jifchines of corruption and mif- condudt in his management of a treaty which the Athenians concluded ; in order to load his rival with public odium, he re- lates a particular incident highly to his dif- honour ; and dwells upon it with all pof- VOL. I. a fible xviii PREFACE. fible aggravations, and all the appearance of truth and fincerity. He fays, that, during his refidencc in Macedon, he (^fchlnes) was invited to an entertainment by one of his friends : that, in the courfe of the fef- tivity, a w^'oman was introduced, a native of Olynthus, a city which had been in al- liance with Athens, which Philip had lately fubdued, and whofe inhabitants were now generally in a ftate of flavery. This woman, faith Demofthenes, was treated with the liberty which her prefent diftrefled condition feemed to allow, not with the decorum due to her former fortune. As fhe was not yet enured to feverities, fhe exprefled her uneafmefs and refentment; which fo provoked iEfchines, and fome other guefts, that, with unparalleled bar- barity, they called in an attendant flave, who was ordered to lafh her without mercy; and would have put her to death, had it not been for the interpofition of one man, to whom fhe flew, imploring his protec- 6 tion ; PREFACE. xlx tion ; and who, with great dlfEculty, faved her from their drunken rage. — This the orator infifteth on as notorious ; declares that it had raifed the utmoft indignation in Arcadia and Theflaly, where it had been commonly fpoken of; and offers to pro- duce Diophantus, an Athenian of fome eminence, as a v/itnefs to the truth of a fad, with which this citizen was well ac- quainted, and which he had before men- tioned in the affembly. — One would ima- gine that nothing could be aflerted more plaufibly, and with a greater appearance of truth and candour. Yet, when ^fchines comes to make his defence, we find him aflerting, that the bare mention of this had raifed the utmoft fury and indignation againft the falfe accufer ; that Demofthenes had adually attempted to fuborn one Arifto- phanes, a native of Olynthus, to bear teftimony to his malicious falfehood ; that Ariftophanes had rejected the infamous propofition with horrour; and, to atteft a 2 the XX PREFACE. the truth of all this, he produces the evi- dence not only of this Olynthian, but of two citizens of Athens. — Other pafTages may be obferved in both the rival orators, which afford good reafons for receiving their ^eflimony with all due caution. If the author fometlmes appears to be deter- mined to one particular fide, and to affume the reprefentations of one of the parties as authentic ; it would be prefumption to ex- pect: that the fentiments of the learned rea- der, who examines his authority, muft be ever exadly confonant to his : and, if he fometimes contents himfelf with relating the different reprefentations of the orators, ■without attempting to decide between them, this is a method which the hiflorians of times and adions lefs remote and obfcure are fometimes obliged to purfue. The orator Ariftides, who lived about live hundred years after the death of Phi- lip, made two orations againft this prince, which PREFACE. xxi which are yet preferved. They are writ- ten in the character of an ambaflador fup- pofed to be fent to Thebes, to engage this ftate to unite with the Athenians againft Macedon. Had the oration which Demo- fthenes really delivered on this occafion been preferved, it might have afforded many illuftrations of the hiftory of his time, as well as many noble proofs of his art and power of fpeaking. But the topics on which Ariftides enlarges, are common and well known ; and fcarcely any new mate- rials can be extracted from him.— His abi- lities, as an orator, it is not to the prefent purpofe to examine. George Gemifthius Pletho, a modern Greek, wrote a continuation of the hiftory of Xenophon down to the death of Phi- lip ; a work fufEciently accurate and well conneded. Had he read thofe authors which are now loft, it might have been of confiderable ufe ; but his materials are as taken :xli PREFACE, taken entirely from writers well known, Diodorus Siculus and Plutarch : and there- fore we are not to expert any new lights from him, or any information which may not be as well obtained by drawing froni the fame fources. The modern compilers, who have treats ed this part of ancient hiftory, are per- haps already well known to the reader. Monfieur Tourrell, in his learned preface to his tranflation of the Philippic Orations of Demofthenes, propofes to fupply the lofs of Theopompus, by collecting and uniting together the fcattered remains of Philip's hiftory. But his colledion is by no means fuited to fo magnificent a pro- mifc. It is confined within the compafs of a very few pages, and is by no means fo perfed and accurate as that of the learn- ed Puffendorf, who hath given us fhort but excellent and exad heads of this prince's adions, in the fecond of his Dif- fertationes PREFACE. xxiii fertationes ^cademicae fehctlores^ intltled, de Rebus gejiis Vhilippu The labours of Rollin, on this fubjed, deferve great commendations, whatever inadvertencies or omiffions may be found in them. The nature of his work did not permit him to give it the full extent, which he himfelf thought that it merited ; as appears by his wifhing that fome modern would undertake it particularly, and collect all the fcattered remains of antiquity re- lative to the hiftory of Philip. The fam^^ may be faid of the authors of the Uni- versal History, who, in their account of this prince, have dlfcovered tafte, judg- ment, and learning, amidft fome lefs ma- terial errors, and fome omiffions, which might have been avoided, even confiftently with their plan. What Monfieur Rollin wifhed to be executed, was undertaken by one of his a 4 country- jjxir PREFACE. countrymen, Claude-Matthieu Olivier, a native of Marfeilles, and Member of the Academy of Belles Lettres of that city ; and feme time after this writer's death, which happened in the year ij'^6tyh.\s work was publiflied in two fmall volumes, under the title of Hifioire de PhiUppey Sec. : a work to which the author muft acknow- ledge himfelf greatly indebted, and whofe publication makes it neceffary for him to offer fomething in j unification of his pre- fent attempt. Olitier appears plainly to have em- ployed great afliduity in making his col- ledion of materials, nor hath he difcovered lefs genius and judgment in ufmg theni. It is faid that his attention to this work haftened his diffolution : and, unhappily, his papers fell into the hands of perfons by no means fo well acquainted with the fub- ]tdi of them as the author himfelf. This ieems to have been the reafon that his au- thorities PREFACE. XXV thorlties are frequently not quoted at all ; fcarcely ever with any degree of accuracy ; and, in general, the quotations even ridi- culoufly defedive and erroneous ; v^hich in a great meafure defeats the advantages which a fubfequent writer might derive from his labours. Had this author lived to finifh and polifh his hiftory, a careful revifal of the writers from whence he drew it, might have fuggefted to him many al- terations, improvements^ and corrections. As it Hands at prefent, feveral inaccuracies appear to have efcaped him ; many, and fome material omiffions ; authorities fome- times wrefted from their real and natural purport, or ftretched beyond their due bounds, together with many faults in his arrangement, where we find the order of fa6ts and adions difturbed and reverfed. Some of thefe imperfedions the reader will find occafionally pointed out in the following hiftory : by which he will judge, whether the author hath been fevere in his cenfure, xxvi PREFACE. cenfure, or rafh in diffenting from Olivier; of whom he fpeaks with greater freedom, as he apprehends that a writer is not en- tirely accountable for the faults of a piece, to which he hath not put the laft finifliing hand. But there is one objedion to be made to the whole tenour of this writer's hiflory, and that is an objection which lies againft moft biographers : I mean, a ftrong prejudice and partiality in favour of his hero. " Unhappily" (faith he) ** for *' the reputation of Philip, the city which **" oppofed his defigns with moft obftinacy, " was that which gave birth to the great- *' eft orators of Greece : fo that many ** know Philip only as a prince, againft *' whom Demofthenes delivered the mafter- *' pieces of eloquence.'' — The defign of Olivier, therefore, was to form an apology ^ (as he himfelf fpeaks) for this prince. And how far he was tranfported by his zeal, appears remarkably in his ingenious com- parifon between Phi lip and Alexander; in PREFACE. xxvK in which his love to his hero hath betrayed him into fome violations of hiftorical truth, and even into fome contradidions to his own hiftory. The author's firft intention was to have added this comparifon, as well as that of Tourreil, between Philip and Caefar, to the prefent work ; but, upon refled:ion, he refolved rather to deprive his hiftory of thefe ornaments, than feem to take too great freedoms with the labours of other writers. And, if the obfervations he hath now made on the French writer do not exceed the bounds of truth and candour, it cannot be deemed prefumption, that he was not difcouraged, by his work, from the purfuit of a defign, undertaken fome time before he had been made acquainted with it. At the fame time that he hath endeavoured to give this hiftory a greater extent and copi- Dufnefs than Mr. Olivier hath beftowed on the fubje^ *' natural parents. The word Civil i ty, *^ among the Grecians, did not barely fig- " nify that fweetnefs and mutual deference " which render men fociable : their aNH? " nOAITKCOS was the man w^ho confider- " ed himfelf as a member of the ftate ; who ' " fubmitted his conduct to the laws ; who : " adled entirely under their direOion ; who *' confpired with them in promoting the ** general good ; without any attempt to *• encroach on the rights of individuals, of " to violate the juft equality of citizens in " the fame community. The ancient *' kings, who reigned in the different parts *' of Greece, Minos, Cecrops, Thefeus, *' Codrus, Temenes, Crefphontes, Eury- VoL. I, b " ilhenes, xxxlv PRELIMINARY DISSERTATION " fthenes, Patrocles, and others, difFufed " this laudable fpirit through the whole ** nation. They gained popularity, not by *' flattering the people, but by procuring " their good, and eftablifliing the juft au- " thority of law." A NUMBER of neighbouring focieties, thus formed and modelled, became gra- dually to be confidered as one body or na- tion, compofed of fo many diftind: mem- bers, all united and connected together by intercft and affedion. As the good of each individual was fubfervient to that of his community ; fo the good of each commu- nity was confidered as fubordinate to that of the whole nation. Hence arofe a fimi- lar fpecies of Civility, if it may be fa called, which each fociety owed to the ge- neral aflemblage. Even amidft thofe con- tefts and diforders which unruly pafTions, or the accidental clafliingof interefls, might produce, war had its laws and limitations ; the univerfal intereft of Greece was pro- feffcdly at leaR the firll and greateft ob- jed of attention ; the attempt of any ftate on ths COUNCIL of AMPHICTYONS. xxxv to extend its power beyond the juft and equitable bounds was confidered as an in- jury to Greece in general: juftice, mode- ration, equality, were ever ftrenuoufiy en- forced, and all military contefts carried on among the Greeks in a manner To me what fimilar to judicial controverfies in private focieties : and, while it was allowed thus to ) feekredrefs of particular injuries, the gene-^ ral rights of the contending parties were fe- cured by the national laws, and demanded a juft and fcrupulous attention, even amidft all | theconfufionand violence of arms. Thusth^ great Athenian orator defcribes the princi- ples and fentiments of the Greeks, fpeaking of the ancient wars of Athens and Sparta ' Ouru ^cc^x°^iug £i%5y, y^aXXov ^e nOAITI- Dem. Phil, KHS, u(rje a^e ^p'^^cijuv uvsi(r9cc( 'Trap ^^ivog Ed. Dub. »dsi/' txXX Bivxi NOMIMON nya, xcci rr^o^ocvri 17s*. Tov 7roKB[Aqv. Such ivas their Jimp li city, or rather their civility, (that is, their deference to the general laws of Greece, and their attention to the common good of that nation) that corruption ivas never made the injlrument of their fuccefs ; but they carried on ^ h^ 9 hh and an open ivar, b a While I xxxvi PRELIMINARY DISSERTATION While thefe principles preferved their due vigour and influence, Greece continued a really united body, happy in itfelf, and formidable to its enemies. Many circum- ftances contributed to form this union; and many inflitutions were fuggefted, by the fagacity of ftatefmen and legiflators, to fecure and confirm it. Of thefe, the fa- mous COUNCIL OF Amphictyons dc- ferves particular regard ; whofe origin and conftitution are here to be explained, that the reader may come duly prepared to underftand the hiftory now prefented to him, in which this auguft body makes (o confiderable a figure. The council of Amphidyons, like other jnftitutions of the fame kind, was at firft but inconfiderable ; nor did it arrive to its full fcrength and luftre but by gradual ad- vances, and in a long feries of years. Its firft origin we are to afcribe to Amphidyon, the fon ot Deucalion, an ancient king of Thefialy, as the authority of the Arunde- lian Marbles warrants us to determine. Their teftimony is full and explicit, and on account 'o7ithe COUNCIL o/AMPHICTYONS. xxxvll account of the high antiquity of this mo- nument, deferves particular attention. A^(piZTVocv A£VK(x^i:--:vog e^aa-iXsva-Bu Iv Gsp^ao- ^i^^f^Ox' -ZcTvXcck;^ y.cx.1 (rvvyjys Xixovg TTspi rev c^ov oiKyyrag, £^'o°x xoii moy.cc(TBv AuCr/^TUOvoig^ kou UuXoii/xv, ovwea ^^'^^' Kdt vvv In Bvovcoii fJt,ovov\s (rmoiy^oi koci o[a,o- Lo and, at the fame time, more fully proved, than by quoting the palTage from ^fchi- •jefaifa ncs *, to which we are indebted for this information : Kan^^t^jCt^o-aj^tTyv d e^r/] Su^iKcn Oyj^oiiHg i^cvovgy Aooisxg, Icovocg, UB^^oii^agj MocyvTiTugj Aoa^ag, Oircciag, <^9iuroigy MaXeer^-, OuiuTg' y.oii r^rccv sdsira, exxg-ou eBv^ Icrowvi' Cpov y£VC[^BVov, TO fjCByig-ov ru eXarjoviy rov Tiycovroi, ex, Aupm yccci KvTivia lo'ov ^vvocfA.svov Aa- }CB^oiifA,oviOigy ^uo yoc^ ^^B^pag exug-ov tpsas. sBu^, 'jTOC.XlV £K TCCV \'jOV'j)V TOV EpSTDlBCi. ZOil HoiTjVSOi TOtg AdTjvoiioigy x,oci rag uXXag ycoorcx. rocvToc,. " I *' enumerated the twelve people who had a '* right to jQiare in the guardianfhip of the " temple ; the ThefTalians, the Boeotians, '* (not the Thebans alone) the Dorians, lo- *' nians, Perrhebaeans, Magnetes, Locrians., " Oeteansj e« the COUNCIL of AMPHICTYONS. xWt " Oeteans, Phthiotes, Maleans, Phocians. " Of thefe I fliewed that each particular *' ftate had an equal right of fuffrage, the " leaft with the greateft ; the deputies of Do- *' rium and of Cytinium the fame with the *' deputies of Lacedaemon : tv^^o voices to " each ftate: and again, of the lonians, the *^ Eretrian and Priencan deputy an equal " power with the Athenian : and fo of the « reft." We find a remarkable paft"age in the life of Themiftocles by Plutarch, which exadly agrees to this. The hiftorian relates, that the Lacedaemonians endeavoured to have all thofe cities excluded from the Amphic- tyonlc council, that had refufed to unite in the war againft the Perfians ; and that The- miftocles, who conceived this to be a fcheme for throwing the v/hole power of the coun- cil into the hands of the Lacedaemonians, oppofed it ftrenuoufly, and prevailed on the pylagorae to reje6t the propofition : OiOOi^ccq cog t^iixkovtix Kczi i^ta, y,ova,i iToXiiq sltriv at [^£r(X(r^ov(roii rov 7rcXeiA.0Uj yccci tovtuv cm TrKEiag '7Tot.vTc<,7Tociou. Utque triuui in Phocide urbium moenia deftruantur ; nee templi deinceps, et Amphidyonum curiae Phocenfes fint participes. The word r^tuu feems fo very difficult to be explained, that it is fufpeded to be an interpolation : but, even upon this fuppofition, it is obferved by the commen- tators, that the article cannot be reconciled to another in the fame decree, which im- ports, not that the cities of Phocis, or three cities of Phocis, fhould be difmantled, but that all the Phocian cities fhould be razed to the ground. The article, now quoted, I would tranflate in this manner : " That ** the walls of the three cities of the Pho- " cians fhall be pulled down ; and that the *' Phocians ihall have no further commu- ** nication with the temple, or the afTem- *' bly of the Amphidyons/' By the THREE cities, fo called by way of emi- nence, I would underfland the three Am- phidyonic cities of Phocis, or at leaft the three Amphictyonic cities which had fhared in the guilt of facrilege. The oath which each deputy in this council was obliged to take #« the COUNCIL ^/ AMPHICTYONS. Jv take (as we fliall immediately find) forbad the deftrudion of any one of thefe cities. Out of refped; therefore to this oath, and to the right which thefe Amphidyonic cities of Phocis formerly enjoyed, I fnp- pofe that a diftin£lion was made between thefe three, and the Phocian cities in ge- neral : and that, while the reft were totally demolifhed, their walls only were pulled down. And that fuch a diftindion was really made, ' and that, while a great num- ber of cities in this ftate were razed to their foundations, fome were fuffered to conti- nue, appears from this, that, fome years after this decree, Elataea, one of the cities of Phocis, was accounted a poft of fuch confequence, that all Greece was thrown into the greateft confternation when Philip king of Macedon poffefTed himfelf of it. And this interpretation not only reconciles the two articles of the decree, which were deemed repugnant to each other, but alfo explains the addition of the fecond claufe in that now quoted, and that the Phocians JJjally &c. which muft otherwife appear c 4 not Ivi PRELIMINARY DISSERTATION not fo natural at leaft, if not difEcult to be accounted for. Each of thofe cities, which had a right to aflift in the Amphidyonic council, was obliged to fend its deputies to every meet- ing; and the number of thefe deputies was ufually and regularly two : the one entitled Suidas,Har. HIE R oMN E j,ioN, to whom was particu- et ai. larly entruiled the care of religion and its rites. His ofEce was annual, as appears from feveral decrees, in which his name is joined with that of the Athenian archon Dem. (3e STruvvfio; ; and he was appointed by lot, Coron. feft. _,, . 11111 1 51. ihe other aeputy was caned by the general in Nub. ' name pylagoras, and was chofen by Finoc. election for each particular meeting. Each ctef. kl\. of thefe deputies, however differing in their fundtions, enjoyed an equal power of de- termining all affairs relative to the general interefl. And thus the cities which they reprefented, without any difllndion or fu- bordination, each gave two voices in the council of the Amphidyons, a privilege JLnown hj the name of the double suf- frage j s«. en the COUNCIL of AMPHICTYONS. Ivii FRAGE; which term, fo frequent in the ancient writings, is thus fully explained, without any refinement or difficulty. But, although the number of deputies feems to have been fettled originally fo as to anfwer to the number of votes which each city t^ras allowed, yet, in procefs of time, we find, that, on fome extraordinary occafionSj the principal cities aiTumed a power of fending more than one pylagoras to aflift in a critical emergency, or to f^rve fome purpofe of a fadion. Thus we fhall find, in the following hiftory, that the Atheni- ans, at one particular time, nominated three pylagorae, Midias, iEfchines, and Thraficles. Prideaux aflerts, that Demof- thenes alfb Was joined with thefe; and fpeaks with feverity of thofe who deny it. And yet poffibly fome arguments might be brought to difprove this affertion, if, not- withftanding the pofitive manner in which it is advanced, it was not fufficiently dif- credited by coming entirely unfupported by any authority. But, in ail cafes where the leading cities took the liberty of enlarging the number of their deputies, though fuch procedure Iviii PRELIMINARY DISSERTATION procedure might fcrve to increafe their fecret infiuence, yet their power of voting continued the fame. This was exa(Stly afcertained, without any regard to differ- ences of grandeur or power in the different ftates. Each enjoyed two voices, the leafl as well as the greateft ; they who fent but two deputies, and they whofe affairs re- quired a greater number. When the deputies, thus appointed, ap- peared to execute their commiffion, they in the firft place offered up their folemn facri- fices to the gods ; to Ceres, when they affembled at Thermopylae ; when at Del- phi, to Apollo, Diana, Latona, and Mi- nerva : and, before they entered on their fundion, each deputy was obliged to take an oath, which iEfchines hath preferved, or at leaft fome part of it ; and which wa$ conceived in thefe terms ; M(ch. de " I S W E A R that I will never fubvert fed. 35! " any Amphidyonic city : I will never flop ** the courfes of their waters either in war *' or peace. If any fuch outrages fliall be " attempted. cnthe COUNCIL of AMPHICTYONS. lix *' attempted, I will oppofe them by force ** of arms, and dertroy thofe cities who *' may be guilty of fuch attempts. If any '' devaftations fhall be committed in the ** territory of the god ; if any fhall be privy ** to fuch offence, or entertain any defign ** againfl the temple ; I will make ufe of " my feet, my hands, my whole force, to *' bring the offending party to condign pu- ** nifhment.'* To render this oath flill more folemn, the following awful imprecations were fub- joined : "If any one fhall violate any part of /Efch. " this lolemn engagement, whether city, fea. 36. " private perfon, or country, may fuch *' violators be obnoxious to the vengeance *' of Apollo, Diana, Latona, and Minerva " the provident. May their lands never *' produce their fruits : may their women *' never bring forth children of the fame " nature with their parents, but offsprings " of an unnatural and monftrous kind : may they be for ever defeated in war. (I s • la Ix PRELIMINARY DISSERTATION *' in judicial controverfies, and in all civil *• tranfadions ; and may they, their fanji- " lies, and their v.'hole race, be utterly d&r " flroyed: may they never ouer up an " acceptable facrifice to Apollo, Diana, " Latona, and Minerva the provident; but *' may all their facred rites be for ever re- " jeded." As the hleromnemon was particularly entrufted with the affairs of religion, the dignity of his fundion gave him a fuperi- ority over the pylagoras, who appears to have been obliged to pay him fome kind of deference and fubmilTion. There is a paf- • inctfr. fVjp-e in uEfchines ''' which feems to warrant this : ngp4^a^e^©- os 6lsooizv7j[/,uv Vj^iov i>(,£ BicnX- 6eiv slg TO l^vvsSpiov, Koci uttuv ti TT^og rovg Af/.~ (piKTVovug uVep TVjg TToAewj, a. r. A. *' The *' hieromnemon fent for me, and fignified " his diredions that I fhould go into the " affembly, and fpeak to the Amphidyons " in behalf of the ftate, &c." But this doth not fully prove that it was the pecu- liar province of the pylagoras to fpeak in the council, as M. de Vallois fuppofes : I for, tnthe COUNCIL of AMPHICT YO'NS. Jxi *for, at this particular time, the hieromne- mon was fick; and we may as well luppofe that his directions to iEfchines were occa- fioried by his prefent inability of appearing -and fpeaking, as that it was not 'a part of 'his office and pow^er to fpeak in the council. ♦Indeed the principal weight of bufinefs . ^feems to have fallen on the pylagorae, who, 'as they were chofen by eledion, were ge-, nerally men of abilities; and from this caufe feem to have become the fpeakers 1^0* TTSf^TTo^Evoi ccTTo Tuv TToXsuv eig A^(pi:i.rvovioiv i'fYjjo^sg. " Men fent from the feveral ftates " to the Amphidtyonic council as fpeak- ** ers," as Suidas calls them) rather than 'from any particular power annexed to their •^■office. As the hieromnemons, on the con- - trary, were appointed by lot, this office ' muft have fometimes devolved on men un- ■■ acquainted with public bufinefs, and un- fkilled in politics. And, when intrigue and corruption began to prevail in the Am- phidyonic council, many inconveniencies muft have arifen from this. Artful ftatef- ^ men, and fadious leaders, by affecting an - high veneration for their authority, by alarming Ijui PRELIMINARY DISSERTATION alarming them with the real or pretended dangers to which religion was expofed, abufed their honeft, though mifguided, zeal ; and made them the dupes of their craft and policy. Thus we find Demofthe- • de coron. ^^^ * complaining, ro i^sXXov ov TT^oo^uiJiivoug *''^* rag Isgo^Wty^ovoLt; -srei^ei ip'j^cp/crafrda;, 7c, r, A. " He perfuadcd the hieromnemons, who '* did not forefee the confequences, to vote, « &c." It was the peculiar privilege of one of the hieromnemons to prefide in the council. He colledied the votes ; he reported the re- folutions : he had the power of convening the ^K-aXviu-ioc, or general convention : (as • in ctef. we learn from iEfchines * : KorlvCbog o rocg fcft. 39. , ^ ^ I Y ^ (piycTvovtcv, " Cottyphus, who collected the " voices, convened a general affembly of " the Amphidtyons.") His name was pre- fixed to every decree, together with his title, which was that of fovereign pontiff - de Coron. or pricfl of Apollo. Of this Demofthenes * ' ^'' furnifhes us with fome infiances : Etti Is^bloq KXeivuyo^oVj eoc^ivrig HvXatug e^o^e roig nu>^- yoDUiCf c» the COUNCIL of AMPHICTYONS. Ixiii yo^oiig, J6. T. A. " In the pontificate of Cli- " nagoras, the vernal aflembly, it is de- ** creed by the pylagorae, &c." This ho- nour of prefiding doth not feem to have been a privilege granted to power or gran- deur, or to have been confined to the de- puty of any one flate. We find in the Athenian orators, that Cottyphus, the pre- fident of the council, was the deputy either from Arcadia or Pharfalia, places of infe- rior note. It is probable, therefore, that the hieromnemon of each Amphid:yonic ftate enjoyed this power in rotation. Such feems to be the language of the following ancient infcription taken from Gruther, p. 129 and 1021, (if the infcription be co- pied accurately :) 0EOI2. Eni. APISTArOPA. APXONTOS. EN. AEAOOIS. nXAAIAS. HPINHS. lEPO MNHMONYONTXIN. AITOAXIN. nO AEMAPXOT. AAEHAMENOT AAMaNOS, But, IxW PRELIMINARY DISSERTATION But, whatever honours might have been annexed to the office of hieromne- mon, the real equality of power was flill fcrupuloufly obferved ; and even all appear- ances of fuperiority, all forms of fpeaking or writing, that might point out any dif- ference between the members of the coun- cil, avoided with particular delicacy and politenefs. Of this we have an inftance in the form of an Amphidlyonic decree, as it Dem.ut is explained by M. de Vallois : EJcJe rcig UvXccyopoiigj kui roig l!,uv£ogoig ruv Af^iSix<; ^ l^n xa6 aura. T>ji' ^i ttj^j Catheter' ocvTuTrifiLivtoxi TO ap^a-Top oiTii l^ A^yvi tJ^aloilKiriffUirQi Ken t^ae.- trthti'T-ocy, av«rr;(7atl£; (^«X'p ^x (Jiiii IliEgmj Uie^xq. Ex ^s t«; EotI»«? xs5^a/A£»n; Borltaiaf, o» vw e/*o§o» }^x>.Kt^uv oixa^u Trif ^£ n«.*o!na? "TTuix. TOM ' AfjoK 7:oTix[4.of, revvjn rwat xaSrixtfj-af uvudet f/'SXi^ Tli>}\rjg xcci 5a>.ctaani IxTiis-a^Io* r-.M •m^otv A|m, f^^X^* Sl^w- fiovozf 1:71)) lAvylonxv xa^SftEv^v, H^oinzj i^tXaaavIe?, vff*o>]ai. Are- f »icr«v ^i xat Ix Tv;5 t'l/v 'Eopd'taj xaXa/X£V/)f Lo^oa;. [uv ot (jkit 7>o>Ao( JiE(pS«gy/5-an', ^ga;^u ^e T* at/Iwn 7r!|i fvaxav xccluxtolat) zai ll A^/xw- wt«?, 'AX/hwtoo?. 'ExjaI>)(Ta» Jt xat t ec?\Xm I9wi» o» MaxtJovEj *To», « xa« jy* It» ix^^*' ''''"' ''* 'AvSefitfrt-a xaci rg>!r4'w when Sitalces formed his invafion. Smith, Vol* L C games. iS THE LIFE ANTD REIGN OF Book T. games, as being by defcent an Argian, and was' admitted even to contend in the exercifes, and bore away the prize from thole who had defpifed him as unworthy of fliaring in the Grecian en- tertainments. A prince of genius and renown, admired in Greece, beloved and revered in his own "kingdom, and refpeded by the Perfians, both on account of his own virtues and his filter's marriage, was efleemed by Mardonitis a fit am- baflfador to negociate a feparate peace with A thens, that he might thus weaken the force of Greece. In this negociation, though the propofitions were Hfrcd. i.8. rejeded with a difdain which hiftory hath re- corded with wonder and applaufe, yet the am- bafiTador himfelf was acknowledged as a friend. And however his prefent interell might oblige him to adhere to Perfia, yet a prince of his en- dowments'! could not but admire and love the 1 9-e 43> Grecian virtue. He foon after difcovered his 44. real attachments, by informing the Greeks, even at the hazard of his life, of the intentions and motions ©f Mardonius [d]. [d] This prince's alliens are here related with a brevity which would be unpardonable, were it my prefent purpoie to give an accuraia hiilory of the earlier ftate of Macedon. The delightful account which Herodotus gives of thefe tranf- actior.s, will abundantly reward the leamed reader, who may turn to the paflage quoted in the margin. He PHILIP KING OF MACEDON. He had three fons, Perdiccas, Alcetas, and Philip Tharaleus. The firll fucceeded to the throne ; but his brothers difputed his preten- fions, and rofe up in arms to difpoflefs him. The neighbouring nations beheld, with envy and difcontent, the accedions of territory which Macedon had received in the reign of Alexan- der. The Athenians were powerful by their co- lonies and allies, their dependent towns and di- l^rid:s on the fea-coafts -, and either to fecure, or to enlarge their territories, found it convenient, to affift his rivals. Greece was at this time in Thncyd. commotion : the Lacedemonians began to think of ellablifhing a power in Thrace; while the Perfians, hitherto the great fupport of Mace-, don, were weak and contemptible. A king-' dom thus circumftanced, required a prince of vigour and abilities : and Perdiccas feems to- have inherited all the virtues of his father. He fupported himfelf againft his rivals and neigh- bouring enemies : and, by his art and policy, made both Athens and Lacedemon ferve to ftrengthen his power, at the time when he ap- peared, and profefled, to aflifl them in the efta- blifliment of their own. The mutual jealoufies fubfifting between thefe two ftates and king Perdiccas, was one great caufe of the Peloponnefian war. The actions C 2 of 70 THE LIFE AND REIGN OF Book I. of this prince, and the fliare which he bore in the Grecian conteft, are diftindly recorded by Thucydides : here it is only neceflary to point out fome particulars, tending more immediately to illuftrate the prefent hiftory. At the firft rife of the famous Peloponnefian war, the Athenians, as hath been obferved, had a confiderable power on the coafts of Thrace ; and controuled the King of Macedon by their tributary and dependent towns and diftrifts, bor- dering on his territories. All that traft, which lay towards the coaft between the Thermaic and Singitic bays, was inhabited by Greeks origi- nally from Chalcis, a city in the ifland Euboea, who all acknowledged the jurifdidlion of Athens, afforded that ftate the convenience of their ports and harbours, and aided and fecured its com- TRucyd. merce with the upper Thrace. But when the Corinthians and Corcyraeans began to quarrel about Epidamnus, and that the Athenians took a part in this conteft, the Corinthians perfuaded Potidaea, one of the chief towns in the Chal- crdian region, to revolt from Athens ; while Perdiccr.s, to revenge himfelf on a people who" had fupported the pretenfions of his competi- tors, urged the other Chalcidians to abandon- their fettlemencs on the coaft, to forLify, Olyn-, thus. I.I. PHILIP KING OF MACEDON. 21 thus, a city about fixty ftadia from Potydaea, Stcr.f. built near the river Strymon, and which pre- L..ccer.ni . . • 1 1 r I Not.iuArg. fcrved a communication With the lea, by means oiin. 1. of the port of Myceberna -, to make tliis their refidence, and to fhake off their dependence on the Athenians. His inftances were fo far fuc- Jhi.cyd. « lup. cefsful, that Olynthus was made the chief feat of their power j and all the other cities united in intereft, and were governed by this their capital. Such a revolution was confidered by the Athe- nians as an outrage on their lawful authority. They declared war againft the Olynthian con- federacy, and laid fiege to Fotidaea. This city was, after fome difficulties, reduced j but the Chalcidians found means to fupport their inde- pendency, and protrafted the war to a confider- able length. Thefe praflices of Perdiccas, how- ever neceflary and politic at this time, yet in the end proved the means of raifing up a powerful and dangerous rival to the Macedonians -, and had lading and important effeds, both on that kingdom, and on Greece. In the courfe of the difputes, which thus arofe, the attack of the famous city of Amphipolis, of which lb fre- quent mention muft be made in the progrefs of this work, is alfo worthy of particular notice. This city was feated on the Strymon, in that narrow ^ut, where the river divides into two C 3 branches, THE LIFE AND REIGN OF branches, wafhing the town on each fide, and falling into the fea at the diflance of two ftadia, Thucyd.1.4. ^j. ^.j^g mouth of the principal of thefe branches Hood Eion, a fmall town, which ferved as a port to Amphipolis, and rendered the commerce with the upper Thrace eafy and convenient. The place where Amphipolis flood, was origi- nally called Enneodoi ; that is, the nine ways •, oiivirrHifv. pofTibly becauft the roads which led through Macedon and Thrace, ifTued from that point. Aridagoras of Miletus attempted to fettle there, after his revolt from the Perfians ; but was pre- vented by the Edonians, a people of Thrace, Thufyd.1.4. ^j^Q ^i^^j^ inhabited that diftrid. The Atheni- ans, fully fenfible of the value of its fituation, took care to afTert a claim to it, and deduced fair 'kg?' ^J^cii' title from Acamas, the fon of Thefeus, fed. J4. ^}^Q j.j^gy f^i^ received it as a dowry with his wife. Thirty-two years after the attempt of Ariftagoras, they fent thither a colony of ten thoufand men, who drove out the Edonians : but attempting to pufh their vidlory to the up- per Thrace, they were furrounded, and cut to pieces, by a general confederacy of the people of that country, who fufpedled the new colony. Thucyd.1.4. At length, Agnon, the fon of Nicias, eftablilhed himfelf in this place, with a colony which the Athenians fent thither twenty-nine years after their firft attempt. He expelled the Edonians, and PHILIP KING OF MACEDON. and raifed a fortification round from one arm of the river to the other ; fo that the new fettle- ment had now the form of a triangle, whofe bafe was towards the fea, and whofe two fides were defended by the branches of the Strymon, which was confiderably deep, and formed a mo- rafs at the upper angle. Here the Athenians continued peaceable pofleflbrs till the Pelopon- nefian war broke out i and Perdiccas fpirited up the Lacedemonians to carry their arms in- to thefe parts, and to endeavour to difpofTefs them from a fettlement of fuch importance to their commerce j from whence, be fides a large pecuniary revenue, they drew all their materials for building their Ihips •, and which he muft ne- celTarily have regarded with uneafinefs andjea- loufy, as it abfolutely commanded his kingdom on that fide. Hither, therefore, Brafidas, the Thucydj,^, Lacedemonian general, was now fent: and partly by force of arms, partly by addrefs, and an equitable attentbn to the liberty and welfare of the inhabitants, wreded Amphipolis from the Athenians; who, fully fenfible of their lofs, and naturally impatient of every difappointment^ baniflied Thucydide$ the famous hiftorian, who had been unfuccefsfuj in his attempts to fecure the city. And when Perdiccas fliewed fome in- clination to defert the Lacedemonians, another army was fent from Athens to recover Amphi- C 4. polis. 24 THE LIFE AND REIGN OF Book T. polis, under the command of Cleon ; which pfo- *"" " ^ duced the engagement where the general on ThuryH.1.5. each fide fell. The people of Amphipolis in- terred Brafidas in the moll: honourable manner, acknowledged him as their real founder, and de- molifhed all the monuments of Agnon the fon of Niciasj yet the city was yielded the next year to the Athenians, by a treaty concluded with Lacedemon, and continued under their jurif- didion, until the dellrudtion of their liberties, by the victory of Lyfander, In all thefe difputes, Perdiccas had a confider- able fhare ; and appears to have adled a part, which the intereft of his own kingdom recom- mended ; but which, by no means, difcovered a ftrid and honourable adherence to his en- gagements. akche- He v/as fucceeded by Archelaus, his illegiti- in Gorg. mate fon, according to Plato, who fpeaks with p- 47*. great feverity of this prince i the blood which he fhed, to fecure the pofleflion of his throne, having fuliied thofe great qualities which he af- terwards difcovered. As his meafures for for- tifying and ftrengthening his kingdom, alarmed Dio TT^oIs^o? '^loKiavj ?\a.oTai t KSUKlcci What boots the pride which high defcent infpires? And what, thy race, from royal Argian fires? Hear Macedonia ! — From a Philip's reign, Expeft, thine happinefs : expe6t thy banei The firft, great prince ! fhall diftant lands obey ; And realms confefs his delegated fway. The laft, O fatal name! what woes attend ! With him thy conquefts, honours, alllhallend: From eaft, from weft, behold thy foes arife I And in one haplefs hour thine empire dies* Vol. L D v/ork THE LIFE AND REIGN OF work of a Philip. It is too clear and explicit not to have been made after the event: how- ever, it ftill might have been the inrereft of Amyntas, in a leafon fo critical, at the eve of a dangerous and hazardous war, to amufe and encourage his barbarous and ignorant fubjefts, with predidions and oracles ; and to improve this incident, of the birth of his fon, into a pledge of future happinefs, vouchfafed by hea- ven itfclf. While he was thus encouraging his fubjecfls, colleding his army, and making every provifion in his power for war, he had the pleafure of finding, that the Spartans concurred fo warmly in his views, that, in conjunction with their al- lies, they declared war againft Olynthus ; re- folved to raife ten thoufand men for this fervice ; and, in the mean time, difpatched Eudamidas, Xen. Hift. with two thoufand Lacedemonians, in order to p/556." ^' keep thole cities firm in their revolt, or difaf- fedlion, which were declared, or fecret enemies to Olynthus. To have the clearer conception of the nature and reafons of the condu6l of Sparta on this occafion ; a condudl which had the moft important confequences, and proved the fource of many great events, which the fol- lowing hillory mufl difplay j it will be conve-^ • 3 nient I'HILIP KING OF MACEDON. ;^5 nient to recall to the reader's mind the charadter. Sect. L difpofitions, and prefent circumitances, of this famous people. Whoever is in the lead acquainted with Grecian hiftory, muft know, that their legiflator, by the feverity of his inftitutions, formed the Spartans into a robuft, hardy, valiant nation,^ made for warj that their early atchievements, in the field, foon raifed their military reputation ; infpired them v/ith exalted fentiments of glory, and vaft defigns of power j and that under the appearance of a rigid difcipline, manners ftriclly corred:ed, and a life of frugality and labour, they concealed an inordinate ambition. The vidory of their general Lyfander, over their great rival ftate, leemed to have confirmed them in that fupreme authority, to which they had incefiantly afpired, from the moment that their foreign enemies had been driven out of Greece. An intemperate and tyrannical abufe of power, was the immediate conftquence of this fuperio- rity, which, joined with an unreafonable parti- ality in favour of their own form of government, (now arbitrarily and cruelly impofed on all the ftares which they had reduced to fubjedion) made them foon regarded as the odious and haughty mailers, not as the protedlors, of D 2 Greece. 3^ THE LIFE AND REIGN OF Bo«K I. Greece. A natural love of liberty, animated by the patriot zeal of one illuftrious Athenian, foon overturned the power of ihofe tyrants, whom they had impofed on that ftate. The other Greeks faw this event with fecret fatisfaflion, and feme even dared to deny their affiftance to fupport the tottering dominion of the thirty, and to rivet the chains with which their country- men (for fo the Greeks regarded each other) were cruelly loaded. But, although the origi- nal conftitution was thus re-eflablilhed at Athens, ftill the Spartan fovereignty was acknowledged and felt in Greece. The genius of this ftate, and the fupport of this its fovereignty, required a continued courfe of aflion and war. Difputcs and contefts were perpetually excited ; and the Grecian ftates attacked, haraiTed, and opprelT- td, by a people, whofe domellic courfe of feve- rity rendered them infenfible to the diflrefles of their neighbours. Their reftlefs ambition, at length, prompted them to fend their king Age- filaus into Afia -, there to extend his conquells, and the glory of his country, under pretence of fupporting the independency of the Grecian co- lonics. The king of Perfia, alarmed at his progrefs, and well informed and experienced in the method of fccuring his own peace, by arm- ing the Grecians againfl each other, wifely 7 fends PHILIP KING OF MACEDON, 37 fends his emiflaries to foment the difcontents Sect. r. already conceived againft Sparta -, and, by the power of money, to induce the flates to rife up againft an odious, oppreflive dominion. The Thebans were the firft to embrace the defign ; the Athenians eagerly concurred j Argos and Corinth joined in the confederacy ; a pretence of quarrel was foon found out •, and the defeac and death of Lyfander, the foul of all the am- bitious defigns of Sparta, obliged this (late to recall Agefilaus to the defence of his native land. This prince, while yet upon his march, receives an account of the naval vidory gained at Cnidus by Conon the Athenian; the fatal ilroke to the ambition and power of his coun- try : whofe allies now began to revolt. Sparta itfelf was forced to that mortifying meafure of making overtures of accommodation to Per- fia ; and, by the peace of Antalcidas, to re- nounce all the advantages gained in Afia, to abandon the Afiatic colonies to the Ferfian, and to acknowledge the right of all the feveral Grecian ftates to freedom and independency. Thus controuled, difmembered, and reduced, Sparta ftill retained a pafTion for pre-eminence and fovereignty •, exerted an affe6led fuperio- f ity over the lefTer ftates •, and, under pretence D s of 3? THE LIFE AND REIGN OF Bo IK I. of fupporting the late accommodation, diflated ' ~' fuch terms, and, by force of arms, made luch difpofitions in the feveral communities, as might raife her own reputation, and convince others of their weaknefs ; at the fame time fully fenfible how effentially the late events aiftdtd lier real flrength and grandeur, and retaining the mofl inveterate refentment againft Thebes, whofe pratftices had obliged the Spartan arms to retreat from Afia, and -had produced the late revolu- tions of power, by which their old rivals had been once again enabled to dilpute the fove- reignty of Greece. ■ From this affedation of appearing the fu- preme umpire and general prote(5lor of the in- jured, and with thefe difpofitions of refentm.ent and revenge againft their late oppofers, the Spartans nov«^ engaged in the v/ar with Olynthus. Xfnop.T-iiii. Eudamidas, their genera], fortified fome tov/ns p'lje." ^' in Thrace, fecured their attachment by his gar- rifons, and became mailer of Potidaea ; which, by its voluntary fubmiffion, {eems to have been .difpleafed with its new mafters. In the mean time Phoebidas marches to reinforce his brother ii 557' Eudamidas with a powerful body. He en- camps near Thebes, and there renders his expe-r dition famous, by boldly and unexpcdedly, in time PHILIP KING OF MACEDON. 39 time of peace and fecurity, feizing the [f1 cita- Soct. r. del of Thebes; an adion which hiftory hath piut.inv.m juftly branded as the great difgrace of Spartan a\S' integrity, and which proved the fource of thofe calamities, which afterwards fell on this ftate, as a punifhment of fo outrageous a violation of public faith. With an unaccountable and ridi- culous inconfiftency the Spartans kept poffefilon of the citadel, yet cenfured and recalled Phoe- bidas ; and Teleutias, the brother of one of their kings, was fent to command in the expe- dition againll Olynthus. This general urged king Amyntas to unite Xen, Hift. his force with that of Lacedemon againft their p, sCo/se'i, common enemy. His brother Derdas was alfo warned of the danger to be apprehended from the ambition of Olynthus, and invited to affift in crufhing a power which might prove as dan- gerous to his peace, as to that of the Mace- donians. Thefe two princes embraced the fa- vourable occafion of fighting in their own caufe with the arms of Sparta, and took the field with a well-appointed body of horfe, which proved {f] It was an ar.cient fortrefs built by Cadmus, 1519 years before the Chriftian era, and called after his name Cadmaea. The city of Thebes was afterwards built round this place, and thus the Cadmaea became its citadel. Oliv. h I. p. 16. D4 of THE LIFE AND REIGN OF of confiderable fcrvice. Derdas, who com- manded in perfon, difplayed both abilities and valour ; the Olynthians were defeated, and obliged to fhelter themfelves, within the walls of their city, from the purfuit of the vi6lorious army. This aftion clofed the firft campaign. Derdas and his Macedonians were difmifled with ^he refpedt due to their conduft, but did not fpend the winter inacflively. This warlike prince found a favourable opportunity of fallying forth from Apollonia, on a large body of Olynthian cavalry who were ravaging the adjacent country -, whom he defeated, and drove to their very walls with confiderable flauQ-hter. x«n. Hift. The next feafon proved, more favourable tQ Grae, 1. 5. ... — , , . 1 1 j p. 560,561. the Olynthians. Teleutias appeared at the head of his troops, and began to lay wafte their ter- ritories i when the enemy iffued out, and feemed difpofed to give him battle. The Spartan ge- neral, with contempt and indignation, ordered fome lisht-armed forces to charge them : thefe the Olynthians, by an affefted retreat, drew on, till they had pafied a river which cut them off from all affiftance ; then furioufly attacked and deftroyed them, together with their commander. Teleutias, naturally warm and impatient, now loft all remains of temper, and hurried on with Jiis main body to attack the enemy ; • who ftill retired, PHILIP KING OF MACEDON, retired, and were purfued with paflion and re- fentment, rather than with caution and difcipline. The Spartans foon found themfelves before the walls of Olynthus, in confufion and diforder, attacked by miflive weapons from the fortifi- cations, and furioufly charged by a general fally, unable either to oppofe the enemy, or to retreat with any order or fafety. Here Teleutias, by his fall, paid the price of his temerity j and his army fled with precipitation to the adjacent cities in the interefls of Sparta and Macedon. But this defeat neither difcouraged the Spar- Xen. hir* tans nor Macedonians. Agefipolis, one of the p. 564.' kings of Sparta, was fent to purfue the war ; and Amyntas, and Derdas, both united with him, and exerted extraordinary and fuccefsful efforts. The ficknefs and death of Agefipolis, for a while, fufpended their operations. Polifti- ades, his fucceffor, for whom the decifionof this quarrel was referved, Iliut up the Olynthians within their walls, and foon obliged them to de- mand a capitulation. Their deputies were fent to Sparta, where a peace was foon concluded, upon terms father more favourable than their prefent difficulties could claim. They were obliged to P-s^i* acknowledge thofe as their allies, with whom La- cedemon was thus connedled; to affift this ftate, and to march under its tlandard. Thefe con- ditions THE LIFE AND REIGN OF ditions fecured Amyntas in the peaceful pofief- fion of his kingdom ; reftored a confiderable part of his territories, and enabled him to ap- str"7p. P^^^* with fplendour. He fixed his refideaoe at 33°' Pella, the city of greateft figure and confe- quence in Macedon : and here his young fon Philip received his earliefl education. His al- liances in Greece were the means of deterring his barbarous neighbours from difturbing the tranquillity of his government; and the jea- loufies of thefc barbarous neighbours, ren- dered it necelTary for him to be ever careful to embrace all occafions of ftrengthening thofe alliances ; to have a conftant attention to the affairs of Greece ; and, according to the differ- ent flufluations of power, to attach himfeif to that ftate which appeared mofl likely to afford him an eiieclual protection. The Spartans, by the reduction of Olynthus, feemed to have at- tained the full fummit of authority and grandeur, piut. in They counted amons; their allies, that is, their Corn. Nep. dependents and fubjects, ahnoft all the commu- Bon. nities in Greece. Athens, though enabled to maintain its liberty, was ftill incapable of con- tending for fuperiority: and Thebes was fecured by the Spartan garrilon, which commanded its citadel, and the Spartan governors who ruled the city \ and who had banidied all thofe that had been fufpeded of the leaft defign to dillurb the PHILIP KING OF MACEDON. the prefent fettlement. But the fortitude and patriorifin of Pelopidas, one of thofe illuftrious exiles, raifed an unexpected ftorm, which firft fliook, and, in the end, overturned all this great fabric of power. This man, feconded by Epa- pei** *" minondas, that truly great and virtuous Theban, and afTifted by fome other of his gallant coun- trymen, determined to relieve his native land from the prefent oppreffion -, killed the Spartan tyrants, and (fupported by fome forces which ^"f- ^'^ the Athenians had fent to affift this daring en- terprife, againft the enemies of their power,) recovered the citadel, reftored liberty to Thebes, and laid the foundation of its future greatnefs. The better to fupport the war which this event produced, the Thebans determined to engage the Athenians in a conteft with their common enemy, and by fecret practices prevailed on the Spartan general to make an attempt to feize the x^"- "''^« . . .... Grae. 1. 5, Athenian port. Juftly incenfed at this injurious Diod. 1. 15. attempt, fired with revenge, jealoufy, and am- bition, Atliens determined to feize this favour- able opportunity of joining in a confederacy againft her rival, which had a fair profpedl of fuccefs J engaged vigoroufly in the war, and, by her repeated fucceffes, recovered the empire of the fea, and this in a manner which had a fair and popular appearance, and enabled her Dem. in orators to declaim on her generous concern for & alibi.* relieving 44 THE LIFE AND REIGN OF Book I relieving the opprefied, and her invariable at- ^^^""^ tachment to the liberty of Greece. Thus did the Athenians divide the fovereignty with Sparta; but faw, with fome concern, the rifing greatnefs of the Thebans, and therefore were obliged to ufe their advantages with moderation : and when the king of Perfia, who had occafion for fome Grecian troops to aflifl him in a war againft Egypt, fent his ambafTadors to recommend a renewal of the late peace, an accommodation was readily embraced, and a convention held to x«i». Pioi. 2Ld\u^ fuch terms as might fecure the tranquil- lity of Greece. The king of Macedon, duly attentive to thefc Events, thought it neceffary to gain the friend- fhip and alliance of the Athenians, who now appeared the great rifing power of Greece ; and, for this purpofe, prefented an advantage to their view, the moft flattering and agreeable, the re- covery of Amphipolis. From the time of Ly- Lht'ad^ fander's viftory, this city had continued to en- Athen. joy its independence under the proteftion of La- cedemon. A confiderable number of Lace- demonians had taken their refidence there, and lived in amity with the original inhabitants. But now their late fucceffes had encouraged the Athe- nians to renew their old pretenfions to a place of fuch confequence to their ftate ; and, in the convention PHILIP KING OF MACEDON. convention held to fettle the affairs of Greece, their right to Amphipolis was by them aflerted, and acknowledged by the whole affembly. It Efchia. de was even refolved, that they Ihould be reinflated, kd. j^ii in full pofTefTion, by the general force of Greece, in cafe of any oppofition. Amyntas was the firft to confefs the juftice of their claim, and, by his apparent zeal, fo far wrought on the Athe- ;iians, that they thought themfelves bound to acknowledge him as their friend and ally. But while the prince was thus wifely engaged Ju'^'JjJ*?^ in providing for the fecurity of his government, and his policy feemed to promife a perfed and un- difturbed tranquillity j in his own family he found that uncafinefs and diftraftion which his foreign enemies could not occafion. His wife Eurydice, a princefs of exalted genius, but of palTions evil and ungoverned, having conceived a violent affedlion for a young nobleman of Macedon, to whom ftie had given her daughter Euryone in marriage, formed the deteftable projefl of difpatching her own hufband, and giving her fon-in-law polTef- fion both of his bed and throne. But whether the Macedonian looked with horror on a defign fo (hocking, and, in his furprife and tendernefs, communicated it to his wife ; or, whether this princefs difcovered the unwarrantable corre- fpondcnce and confpiracies of her mother and hulband THE LIFE AND REIGN OF hufband by accident, ihe defeated the infernal fcheme, by difclofing it to Amyntas. The king^ too tender in his nature to inflift the full feverity of punifhment on the mother of his three young princes, was prevailed on to forgive the offence: and hiftory hath fuggefted, that this proved a fatal weaknefs ; and that his death, which hap- pened foon after, was occafioned by the wicked arts of Eurydice, who fufpeded the fincerity of his pardon, (confcious how little her offence de- ^Q^Y. 3. ferved it) and calmed her apprehenfions by dif- patching Amyntas* ' alexan- Alexander, the eldeft of his three legitimate fons, fucceeded to the throne ; unable, however, to fupport his dignity with fplendour or fecurity. Ibid. 'pj^e lllyrians once more rofe up in arms, and obliged the king to purchafe peace by a tribute, which he agreed to pay, and gave his brother Philip as an hoftage and fecurity for the per- formance of his ftipulation. The lllyrians, on their part, feem to have been foon convinced of the integrity of the king of Macedon ; as it will appear, that the young prince was, in fome time after, fent back to his court, where the wicked- nefs of his mother, and the ambition of Pto- lomy, raifed fuch diforders, as utterly fubverted the peace and fecurity of the kingdom, which Ibid. Amyntas had long endeavoured to eftablilh. This PHfLIP KING OF MACEDON. 47 This Ptolomy is called by * Diodorus the Ion Sect.!. of Amyntas. But, as f Juftin doth not mention •*T1^7fS!. him, in recounting the offspring of this prince; V{ ^ as he is alfo called dx>oT^io^ to-j ysvov?, « an alien from his race,' in another author-, and as we Ji;'slTi. find him, in Plutarch's life of Pelopidas, pro- c'^'""*'- mife to keep the kingdom for the brothers of Alexander, without mentioning any affinity of his own, we muft fufpefl fome miftake, or at lead fome inaccuracy of exprefTion, in the above- mentioned hiftorian. It is fuo:o;e(led by a learned J'".''* ?''• t-o / menus in commentator on Diodorus, that he was the huf- ^'°^- '• *> . , P- 49' band of Euryone, for whom Eurydice conceived her unlawful paffion. By the fecret pradices of f{p^^"' "' Eurydice, or of Ptolomy, (for hiftorians are not Aihcn.1.14. agreed in their relations) Alexander died, after a reign of one year. The conjedure of Pal- merius may enable us to reconcile their differ- ences, by making the death of this prince the effedl of a confpiracy formed by the queen and her adulterer. And, that there really was fom.e combination formed todeftroy him, appears from Demofthenes, who, in his oration on the em- balTy, mentions ApoUophanes, a citizen of Pyd- Defain» r , ,. leg.fedt. cl. na, as one 01 the accomplices. We find it alTerted, in the fourteenth book of i. h- p. arfyas, that Alexander 61Q Athenaeus, from an hiftorian called Marfyas, that THE LIFE AND REIGN OF Alexander fell, by the hand of Ptolomy, in a martial dance, in which the performers were armed: if fo, the murderer did not reap the EfchiH. dc fruits of his cruelty and treachery. For Fau- fca. 13. fanias, a prince of the royal blood, but from another branch, took advantage of the prefent confufion, and returned to Macedon, from whence fome former attempts to difturb the go- vernment had occafioned him to be baniihed. Here he found many friends and adherents. He poflefTed himfelf of Anthemus, Therma, and Strepfa, with fome other towns, and afTumed the royal title. The friends of Perdiccas, the fecond fon of Amyntas, who now became the lawful poflefTor, were gained over or intimidat- ed i and the interefts of the family of king Amyn- tas began to appear totally defperate, when, hap- pily for the young princes, Iphicrates, the Athe- nian general, appeared in Macedon, upon an important commiflion from his ftate. Amphi- polis, as hath been already obferved, was, by the general voice of Greece, configned to the Athenian jurifdidlion. But the prefent inhabit- ants had fo long tafted the pleafures of inde- pendence, (and poflibly were influenced by the Spartans) that they refufed to fubmit to the fen- tence of the Grecian convention, or to return to a ftate of fubjedion. The Athenians, on their part, PHILIP KING OF MACEDON. 49 part, determined to aflert their right by force of Sect. I. arms. But firft, they fcnt their general, whofe charadter gave weight and dignity to his repre- fentations, with a few fliips, to try the gentler methods of perfuafion and remonftrance, as well as to inform himfelf of the prefent condition of the city, and the meafures fit to be purfued, if an open rupture fhould prove neceflary. Iphi- PIu^. in crates had been fome years before in Macedon, cor. NVp, when charged with an expedition againlt fome *" *'"^* barbarous natives of Thrace : on which occafion Amyntas had expreffed his refpe6t to this illuf- trious Athenian and his ftate ; and had enter- tained him at his court with due magnificence iand politenefs. A friendfhip and affedtion grew from this incident, which the people of that age would have deemed it the utmoft bafencfs to fofget. Eurydice therefore now fought an in« terview with this general i he was entertained at her palace, and there furprifed by an aftion, which could not fail to have the utmoll influence on a humane and polilhed mind. The queen j with her tVy-o fons, whofe age, ftation, and misfortunes, rendered them objeds of attention and refped, appeared fuddenly be- fore him in all the marks of grief and calamity. The elder (he gave to his hand j Philip, the Vql. h E younger. THE LIFE AND REIGN OF younger, was placed on his knee. " Here," faid Eurydice, " behold the tender pledges of •' that friendlhip which Amyntas always felt, *' always exprefied, for Iphicrates. To you he *' was a father ; you he confidered as his child. " Your city he loved and revered •, and you the " moll refpedable of that city. Thefe helplefs " orphans are your brethren and your friends. •' To you they fly for protection and afiiftance. *' Pity their tender years, opprefied by cruel •'' ufurpation; pity their weeping mother, who " thus begs redrefs of her own, and her chil- *• dren's injuries ; relieve the dear remains of " of your ancient friend, and reflore the peace •' that kingdom, which hath ever merited the '** kindeft ofhces from Athens." Iphicrates, affected by this addrefs, readily engaged to reinftate the fon of Amyntas in the throne of Macedon. Paufanias was foon obliged to yield to his power and authority ; Perdiccas was acknowledged fovereign : and, during his minority, the adminiflration was entrufted to Ptolomy. This difpofuion could not at ail con- tribute to abate the ambition of Ptolomy, who was by no means contented with the power and dignity of a regent. Fired with the hopes of afcending the throne, he began with forming • his PlIlLIP KING OF MACEDON. his alliances and connexions in Greece, fo as to facilitate his lecret deflgns. The Thebans were by this time become eminent and powerful. The implacable refentment of Agefilaus, who never could forgive the people that flopped the glori- ous progrefs of his arms in Afia, kindled up the flames of a war with Thebes, which proved fatal to his country. At Leudra the Spartans loft one of their kings, the choice of their troops, and the reputation of their arms. The Theban?^ conduced and encouraged by Epaminondas, purfued their advantage, and almcft all Greece crowded to their ftandard ; the Athenians ex- cepted ; who envied and dreaded their rifing power J and, in order to preferve the balance, united with Lacedemon. The Thebans, there- J,'"'?- '^' ' fal. leg. fore, Ptolomy determined to gain ; and, to re- iea. i^. eommend himfelf to their alliance and protec- tion, oppofed the Athenians in their attempts to recover Amphipolis. Thus flrengthened, as he imagined, by the alliance of a (late now in the full fplendour of its glory, this turbulent and ambitious prince began to avow his defigns, and openly claimed a right to the fovercignty of Ma- cedon. A conflderable party was brought over Piut.la to his interefl, and the whole kingdom fell once '^ "^' more into confufion and diforder, by the con- tentions of the two competitors to fupport their different claims : when a particular event put £ 2 an 52 THE LIFE AND REIGN OF Book T* an end to this confufion, and greatly contributed ^^"^ to lay the foundation of that greatnefs, to which Philip, the younger prince, afterwards attained. The Theffalians had for fome time groaned under the opprefTion of a family of ufurpers. Jafon, the Pheraean, who had at firft feized the o-overnment, was a prince of merit, genius, and fa^acity. His afiiflance had been of the utmoft conlequence to the Thebans in the war with Sparta -, and both the contending parties he had Xen. Hift. endeavoured to manage in fuch a manner as to p,6oi, prevent either of them from growing too great, fo as to obflru6l thofe vaft defigns of power and grandeur which he had meditated for himfelf and Theffaly. His abilities reconciled the ThefTa- iians to his ufurpation, and might have had im- portant confequences, had he not been fuddenly cut off by a confpiracy. The refped: due to his memory induced the Theflalians to acknowledge his two brothers, Polydorus and Polyphron, as their rightful Ibvereigns. The latter, impatient of a divided power, ilabbed Polydorus ; but foon after met with the like fate by the hand of * •• *> Alexander, fon, or, according to Diodorus *, feft. 6i. ' P , . the brother of the murdered prince. This aflion might have been coniidered as the effed of a jult refentment j but the conduct of Alexander left so lop. PHILIP KING OF MACEDON. 53 no room to extenuate his crimes. His ambi- Sect, l tion and cruelty were equally outrageous, and ^"^^ equally oppreflive to the Thefialians, who foon found themfelves obliged to implore the good offices of Thebes, to relieve them from fo into- lerable a tyrant. His outrages had even reached ^f"- "« to the Thebans and Athenians ; and all mankind Fii.t. in Pe- feemed concerned to reprefs tne cruelties of this deteftable monfter. The Thebans, therefore, fentPelopidas, their illuftrious citizen, into Thef- faly to reftore the tranquillity of that country. His reputation rendered him revered and dread- ed ; the principal cities opened their gates to him ; and the tyrant fled before him. At firfl, he endeavoured, by the gentle methods of pcr- fuafion and addrefs, to inf'ufe fuch principles into the breaft of Alexander, as might prove more friendly to mankind ; but finding him in- capable of reformation, and receiving repeated complaints of his cruelty and abandoned fen- fuality, he thought it necelTary to threaten him with the feverity of his power, which fo intimi- dated the tyrant, that he retired privately with his guards, and left his countrymen freed from his opprefllon. To Pelopidas, who was ftill in Theffaly, and who feemed formed for rcftdring the peace of E 3 kingdoms, THE LIFE AND REIGN OF kingdoms, and redrefling the injuries of the opprefied, the Macedonians now applied. Nof could the two contending brothers refufe to fub- IopV^"'^' mit their caufe to the determination of an umpire, no lefs diftinguifhed for his equity, than for his other glorious accomplifhments. On this occa- fion, his fentence feemed entirely confonant to the ftricleft rules of juilice and moderation. Thofe, whom the violence of party had driven from their country, he caufed to be reftored, both on one and the other fide. Perdiccas he declared fole king of Macedon, and obliged Pto- lomy to relinquifh his pretenfions, and to profefs a cordial reconciliation with his lawful prince. The king, whom he had now eftablifhed on the throne, engaged to aft, in all particulars, as a friend and ally to the Thebans ; and, as a fecu- rity for his performance of every thing required on his part, Philip [c] his brother, together with thirty youths of the firft diftinifion in Macedon, Vv'ere committed as hoftages to the hands of Pe- [g] The hiftory of this prince's earlier years is embar- rafied with many differences and inconfiftencies in different hiilorians. By weighing and comparing their feveral ac- counts, i have endeavoured to form a confiftent narration, ^vithout entering into any particular difcuffion of the rela- tions of thofe writers, who fpeak of his confinement in Illyria andTkebes; which might add to that tedioufnefs which the reader may hav^ already found in the introductory part of this hiftory. Iopida,s^ PHILIP KING OF MACEDON. 55 lopidas, and by him conveyed to Thebes. A Sfct.i, tranfadion which, as Plutarch obferves, refleded ^CtXi^ the higheft honour on his country ; difplayed ^^"^ the authority which the reputation of the The- ^- 4- ban arms had gained abroad, and the opinion which had been univerfally conceived of the juftice and integrity of this ilate. To the inftances he had a^lready given of his humane and generous difpofition, Pelopidas add- ed that of a ftrict attention to the care and education of the young prince, whom the ne- ceflity of affairs had thus torn from his family and his country. He had now attained the age of fifteen years, the time of life which demanded the exafteft culture and regulation, and when a mind, to which nature hath been bountifulj be- gins to be fufccptible of folid inftruftion. And P'ut.in Pelopidas confulted molt effedually for his im- Diod. 1. .6„ provement and diredion, by placing Philip in Nep m the family of Polymnus, the father of Epa- ^^*'°' minondas, who had the happinefs to be ftill living, a witnefs of the glory and greatnefs of his illuftrious fon. The fame tutors, and the fame courle of fludy, by which Epami- nondas had been formed, were provided for the Macedonian prince. He had now an op- portunity of forming his mind by the Gre- dan manners, the flandard of poiicenefs, and E 4 the THE LIFEAND REIGN OF the fchool of virtue. He had ever before his eyes a charafler, one of the moft truly great and amiable which the Grecian ftory hath preferved, which he was inftantly taught to revere, and to believe it his interell and glory to innitate. But it may be neceffary to enter a little more parti- cularly into the character of this renowned The-? ban, that we may have the clearer conception of thofe advantages which Philip happily de- rived from his prefent fituation, Kep. ut Epaminondas was born and educated in that "*"^' honeft poverty, which thofe lefs corrupted ages accounted the glorious mark of integrity and virtue. The inftrudions of a Pythagorean phi- lofopher, to whom he was intruded in his earlieft years, formed him to all the temperance and fe- verity peculiar to that fed, and were received with a docility and pleafure which befpoke an ingenuous mind. Mufic, dancing, and all thofe arts which were accounted honourable diftinc- tions at Thebes, he received from the greatefl mailers. In the athletic exercifes he became confpicuous, but foon learned to apply particu- larly to thofe which might prepare him for the labours and occafions of a military life. His modefty and gravity rendered him ready to hear and receive inftrudion -, and his genius enabled liini to learn and improve. A love of truth, a |0Y^ PHILIP KING OF MACEDON. love of virtue, tendernefs, and humanity, and an exalted patriotifm, he had learned, and foon difplayed. To thefe glorious qualities he added penetration and fagacity, a happinefs in improv- ing every incident, a confummate fkill in war, an unconquerable patience of toil and diftrefs, a boldnefs in enterprize, vigour, and magnani- mity. Thus did he become great and terrible in war; nor was he lefs diftinguifhed by the gentler virtues of peace and retirement. He had a foul capable of the mofl exalted and dif- interelled friendfhip. The warmth of his bene- volence fupplied the deficiencies of his fortune : his credit and good offices frequently were em- ployed to gain that relief for the neceffities of others, which his own circumllances could not grant them : within the narrow fphere of thefe were his defires regularly confined ; no tempta- tions could corrupt him •, no profpe(5l of advan- tage could ihake his integrity ; to the public he appeared unalterably and folely devoted, nor could negleft or injuries abate his zeal for Thebes. All thefe illuftrious qualities he adorned with that eloquence which was then in fuch re- pute, and appeared in council equally eminent, equally ufeful to his country, as in adlion. By bim Thebes firfl: rofe to fovereign power, and with him Ihe loft her greatnefs. Such THE LIFE AND REIGN OF Such was the accomplifhed perfonagc, in Clemens whofe ftcps Plulip was DOW taught to tread [h], Aiex^in ^ Pythagorean philofopher was alfo given to to him as an inftrudlor, to form his mind by thofe precepts, whofe efFeds were already fo eminently difplayed in Epaminondas. But thefc precepts do not feem to have been received by Philip with that due regard to their intrinfic worth, which the virtuous Theban had difco- vered. Yet, as reputable and honourable ac- compliflhments, they fufficiently engaged his Died. Sic. attention -, and, under the diredion of this tutor, i.i6.rea.)s. }^g attained to a remarkable proficiency in the Pythagorean doflrine. The fame polite and or- namental parts of education he had alfo the [h] a severe perfecution, to which the difciples of Py- thagoras had been expofed in Italy (of which we have a par- ticular account in Juilin, 1. 20. Polybius, I. z. Plutarch de Gen. Socrat. and other authors) obliged thofe few who could efcape from the barbarity of their enemies, to take ftielter in Greece, where they found proteftion and refpe<^; and were employed in inftrufting youth in the fevere rules and precepts of their philofophy. Hence Epaminondas found an ufeful and agreeable preceptor in Lyfis ; and hence Naufithous, another of that fed, was now at Thebes ready to undertake the important charge of the young Macedo" nian prince. The poverty of Polymnus may induce us to concur with the Abbe de la Tour, author of the Life of Epaminondas, in fuppofing, that a public penfion was af- figned, to defray thee-vpence of Philip's education. faireft PHILIP KING OF MACEDON. 5^ faireft opportunities of acquiring, and was early Sect. i. taught to admire all thofe arts in which Greece ^^'^^^^ ^, . , Plut. ia excelled. Eloquence was pointed out, as an aicx. accomplilhment highly meriting his regard-, and he continued, even in his moil: exalted fortune, to glory in the proficiency he was now labouring to gain. The converfation of Epaminondas en- riched his mind with knowledge, and taught him the lovelinefs of virtue. High and exalted fen- timentsof glory were bell fitted to hisdifpofition; and all the arts and accomplifhments which led to this, he ftudioufly cultivated, and eagerly acquired. From the great Theban he learned activity and vigour in all military operations ; addrefs and fagacity in improving all opportuni- ties, and turning every incident to his advantage; but as to the more material parts of this sreat • r, , man's excellencies, faith Plutarch, hjs juflice, his magnanimity, and his clemency, of thefe Philip pofiefled no Ihare by nature, nor did he acquire them by imitation. But, although the condud of this prince may Ibmetimes give a fanftion to this fevcre fentence, yet may we rea- fonably confider the hiilcrian as fpeakjng from the refentment of a man, whofe country had ftiffered by this prince's power. To conceal his faults, and, by a flrained defence, to convert his moft exceptionable adions into fo many inllanccs gf virtue or abilities, is to deftroy that profit- able THE LIFE AND REIGN OF able in(tru(5lion which his hiflory may afford to mankind. But it may be at lead aflerted, with- out any violation of hiilorical truth, that Philip doth not always appear deftitute of thofe virtues. He was fenfible of the worth and amiablenefs, and never failed to afliime the exterior appear- ance of them ; and it may be more confonant to liis charafler to fay, that an inordinate ambition, the firft great pafTion of his mind, checked and controuled all the humane and benevolent fenti- ments which he received from nature and educa- tion. Glory was his ultimate purfuit ; and, to this, all his virtues were made fubfervient. Hence it is, that we lliall find this prince, who, from many inflanccs of his condu6t, appears by no means infenfible to the didlates of juftice and clemency, yet fometimes a6ling injurioufly and cruelly ; forgetting, or negledling, thofe noble inftrudions he had received, and that example of true greatnefs, which had been pointed out to his imitation. That this young prince, whofe genius now began to fhine out, might want no advantages to complete his education, he was not confined to Thebes, but feems to have been attended by his preceptors into different parts of Greece, oiiv. 1. 1. "vvhere the peace which this country enjoyed in ?• 37- the beginning of the reign of Perdiccas, admit- ted PHILIP KING OF MACEDON. ted him to vifit the feveral liates, to ftiidy the tempers, manners, and difpofitions of thofc people, who then engaged the general atten- tion. The arts, the learning, and elegance of Athens, he feems to have particularly ftudied, relifhed, and admired. With the learned men of that city he formed connexions which conti- nued during the whole courfe of his reign. He JE\hn.l.4. revered and admired Plato, as appears from Ath^m.i.u. that regard which he ever difcovered to his fol- ^l^' lowers : nor doth he feem to have been lefs re- garded by the philofopher. He paid the due refpeft to the rifmg genius of Theophraftus ; and that intimacy, to which he admitted libera- tes, we fhall have frequent occafion of obferv- ing. But his intercourfe with Athens doth not feem to have been entirely devoted to the adorn-, ing his mind, or improving his tafte. The poli- tical ftate of that city, the pafiions, inclinations, and prefent corruptions of its inhabitants, were objefls no lefs fitted to gain his attention. Thefe he undoubtedly ftudied with the greateft dili- gence ; for no man appears to have been more intimately acquainted with them. He well knew how to efteem their good qualities, to defpife their faults, and to derive the due advantages from their prejudices and weaknefs. In THE LIFE AND REIGN OF In thefe his excurfions from Thebes, he vi* PhTIT*' fited Samothrace, and was there initiated into Aiexan. ^^^^^ grand myfteries of Ceres, which were ce- lebrated at Athens, at Eleufis, and in other parts of Greece. Here he firft faw Olympias, the fecond daughter of the king of Epirus-, who was alfo initiated into the myfteries, and was now called Myrtalis, a name which the re- membrance of their firft afFedion feems to have preferved, and occafioned it to be frequently repeated. The affinity of their houfes naturally engaged Philip's attention to this princefs^ Paufan in For Lanufla, the grand-daughter of Hercules, jEiCaef, ^^^ b^^" efpoufed by Peleus, the grand fon of Achilles, from whom the kings of Epirus were defcended. And her extraordinary beauty^ joined to the natural graces of her tender years, made an impreffion on the young prince, which never was effaced, but by their conjugal dif- agreements. Olivier, 1. 1. It is alfo probable, that Philip was permitteil Ro^?i'n. to attend Epaminondas in fome of thefe expe- ditions which have fo highly exalted the military charafter of that great Theban. Men of diftin- guiihcd note in Greece thought themfclves ho- noured by following the ftandard of a general^ whofe arms pierced into the very bofom of I Sparta> PHILIP KING OF MACEDON. 63 Sparta, and who, more than once, made his Sect. I. enemies tremble for the fafcty of their very city. • While Philip was thus labouring to acquire all thofe accomplifliments which might render him great and eminent, the kingdom of Mace- don became again diftrafled by the ambition of Piuf.ia Ptolomy, who was again encouraged to renew his pretenfions to the fovereign power; again began to opprefs the family of Amyntas ; and obliged them once more to apply to Pelopidas, their proted:or. His honour and his difpofition both engaged him to fupport his own fettlement, ^nd to aflert the interefts of his friends : but, ■as the Theban forces were otherwife engaged, lie was obliged to coiledl fome mercenary troops; and, at their head, marched againft the ufurper. As they approached, Ptolomy contrived to cor- rupt thofe mercenaries, to engage them to re- volt from their general, and to join his own larmy: yet the very name of this illuftrious The- 'ban ftruck him with more terror than the ap- pearance of an armed force. Single, and de- ferted, as he was, the Macedonian humbled 'himfelf before him, acknowledged his fault, and •implored pardon, as from a fuperior : folemnly ^romifing, for the future, to confine himfelf to The duties of a regent ; to pay due allegiance to - • .-- the. THE LIFE AND REIGN OF the lawful heir of the throne, and to behave, Jri every particularj as a faithful friend and ally to the Theban ftate ; and, as a fecurity for his condudt, he gave his own fon Philoxenus, with fifty other young Macedonians, as hoftagesj who were all fent to Thebes* piut» in This expedition, fo honourable to Pelopidas^ in the end proved fatal to him. His defire of revenging the treachery of his mercenaries, was the occafion of his falling into the hands of A* lexander, the tyrant of Theffaly ; (from whence he was delivered by his friend Epaminondas 5) and his refentment of the tyrant's cruelty after- wards induced him to lead an army into Thef- faly, where his fury and impatience to attack Alexander in perfon, hurried him into the midll of his enemies ; and this renowned Theban fell beneath their numbers. Probably the death of Pelopidas encouraged Ptolomy once more to aflert his pretenfions j Diod. 1. 16. and to raife new diforders in Macedon. At leaft, we find that Ferdiccas ftill fufpedled his enterprizing temper ; and, to fecure the quiet pofleflion of a throne, which he had hitherto enjoyed but in name, recurred to the expedient ufually praftifed in this unlettled kingdom, and- quieted his apprehenfions by murdering his tur-- bukni^ PHILIP KING OF MACEDON. 65 bulent guardian. Thus was this prince efta- Sect. I. blifhcd in an undifturbed poffeffion of the fove- * "^ ' reign power : and, from this event, we find oiyirp.103. hiftorians date the beginning of his reign. " *' Perdiccas was a prince who did not want onv. c. i, talents, but wanted the art of regulating and applying them ; he had more boldnefs than firmnefs, more cunning than prudence, and more genius than judgment. He valued him- felf upon his learning, and was paffionately fond of learned men, without informing him- felf whether their charaders anfwered to the knowledge they had acquired. Not contented with fupporting them with his bounty, and en- couraging them by his favour, he admitted them indifcriminately into his ftridlell confi- dence; and even fuffered himfelf to be abfo- lutely governed by one Eupratus, a philofo* pher unworthy of the fchool of Plato, where he Ath-ni.u. had been inflru6ted •, who pofTefled the prince ^' ^"^ * with an high opinion of his own proficiency in fcience, with an afi^edation of refinement and fpeculation ; colleded all thofe about him, who might flatter this difpofition, and made him pre- fer pedants to his generals. His connexions with Thebes naturally led him to oppofe the Athenian intereft. Amphi- VoL. I. F polls, , THE LIFE AND REIGN OF polis, the perpetual fubjed of difpute, was ftill claimed by that people : but Perdiccas peremp- iE'hin. de torily refufed to acknowledge the juftice of left. il'. their pretenfions, and prepared to defend the poffefiion of this important city, which he now affumed, by the force of arms. The Athe- , nians, on their part, determined to aflert their right, and, for this purpofe, fent out a confi- derable armament, under the command of a o-eneral named Calliilhenes. Perdiccas found himfelf unable to oppofe this force, which had defeated him ; and was on the point of regain- ing the city, when he was obliged to call in ar- tifice to his alTiftance, and (poffibly by tamper- ing with Callifthenes) obtained an advantageous truce. The Athenians were juftly diflatisfied with the conduft of their general, who now re- turned with difgrace, and fome time after fell under the refentment of his countrymen. He was put to death, but without any public decla- ration, that the truce which he had concluded with Perdiccas, was the real caufe of his fcn- tence. The people rather affeded a regard to public faith, to adhere inviolably to the a6t of the man whom they had regularly commiflioned, and even to approve of this truce, as a means of bringing the king of IMacedon to a juft fenfe of G^rj. i.V. ^^'^ equity of their caufe. Nor had they fuffi- cient PHILIP KING OF MACEDON. 6j cient opportunity to aficrt their claim effeftually, Sect^T. being now engaged in affifting the Lacedemo- nians. The united force of thefe ftates were conquered by Epaminondas at Mantinea, but unhappily the Thebans loft their glorious ge- neral ; and, with him, all the fruits of their oiymp. 104; Y z vidtory, and all their Ihort-lived power and grandeur. The effed which this important lofs muft ne- ceflarily have on Thebes, was foon perceived by the powers bordering on Maccdon, which had hitherto been awed by that ftate, and pre- vented from attacking its ally. But now the declenlion of the Theban grandeur, evidently forefeen, appears to have encouraged the old enemies of the Macedonians to difturb their peace : The Illyrians had flill at their head the fame brave and experienced prince, Bardyllis, oiod. 1. 16. whofe age doth not feem to have abated his vi- gour, and whofe arms had already proved lb formidable. He now fent to Perdiccas to de- mand the payment of that tribute which he had exadled from fome former kings ; and, on hijs refufal, advanced at the head of a powerful ar- my to fupport his claim ; which quickly roufed the IVlacedonians, who marched out to oppofe the invaders. The valour of each army v/as equal : but the Illyrians were better dilciplined, F 2 and THE LIFE AND REIGN, &c. and better conduced ; and found but little dif- ficulty in gaining a complete viftory. The poor remains of the Macedonian army, of which more than four thoufand, by far the greatell part of its force, had been cut to pieces, was obliged to lay down their arms, and fubmit to the conqueror. Their king, who had not been deficient in a6ls of valour, fell a prifoner into the hands of his enemies, and there died of the wounds he had received in battle. His fon Amyntas, who now became his fuccelTor, was yet in his infancy, unable to a flu me the govern- ment, much more to retrieve the difordered and dangerous ftate of his kingdom. Thus was Macedon left expofed to all the confequenccs of civil diflenfion, at the fame time that it was driven to the brink of ruin by the molt fatal calamities of a foreign war. BOOK BOOK I. SECTION II. CONTENTS. jTilFFERENT opinions about the place of Philip^s reftdence at the time of Perdiccas* death. — Complicated diftrefs of Macedon at this conjun^ure. — Philip ajfumes the regency. — The immediate effe^s of his appearance. — Is raifed to the throne in the place of his infant nephew. — Ani- mates his fuhje£ls^ by his fucceffes^ againfi the Paeo- nians, — Enforces military difcipline. — Inflitution of the Ao^'j(po^oi — Philip forms the Phalanx. — De- fcription of that body. — Obfervations on its form^ arms^ advantages, and defers. — Philip 'prevails on the king of Thrace to abandon his rival Paufa- nias. — Declares Jjnphipolis a free city. — His con- duct explained. Philip defeats Argaeus. — Con' dudes a treaty with Athens. — Subdues Paeonia. — His battle with the Illyrians. — The death of Bar- dyllis, — Philip erects a trophy. — A probable reafon cf his making this alteration in the Macedonian cufioms. — Philip projetls the fiege of Amphipolis, ^-^His addrefs in defeating an intended union be- tween Athens and Olynthus, — He gains over the F 3 Olynlhiajjs 70 CONTENTS. Olynthians to his inter eji. — He lefieges AmphipoUs. . — Amufes the Athenians. — The Amphipolitans fue to this people for fuccours — hut in vain. — Philip takes Amphipolis. — Finds it necejfary to cement his union with the Olynthians. — He gives them Pydna. '-'The account of Libanius confidered relative to Philip's condu^ towards the Pydneans. — Potidaea hefieged by Philip. — His treatment of the Athenian garrifon. — The city given up to theOlynthians. — Phi- lip's expedition into Thrace. — Chara5fer of Cotys. — Efiablifhment of the city of Philippi. — Golden mines near Crenidae. — The advantages which Philip de- rived from this fund of wealth. — JVar between Cotys and the Athenians^ — Death of Cotys. — Difor- ders occafioned by the ambition of Cerfobleptes. — -> Philip's attention to the commotions in Thrace, BOOK fed. a. BOOK THE FIRST. SECTION II. DIODORUS* aflerts, that Philip was BookT. ftill detained at Thebes, and there re- Seci. if. fided ; when the news of the total defeat of the oi^ii^jCi^. Macedonians, and the death of their king, ^, Vg. fpread through the neighbouring nations, and reached this young prince. Education, exam- ple, his youth, and natural ardour, all confpir- ed to render him impatient for fome great occa- fion of exerting his abilities; and this event Teemed, as it were, the fignal for his darting forward in the race of honour and glory. Ac- cording to that hiftorian, he now eluded the vigilance of the guards, to whom the care' of his perfon was entrufted ; and fled privately away to Macedon -, refolved to alTifl; his family and country in their diftrefs -, elevated with expec- tations of renown -, and perhaps not without hopes of the throne, to which he afterwards was raifed. F 4 But, 72 THE LIFE AND REIGN OF BookT. But, according to this account, Philip mufi: "^ have refided for a much longer term at Thebes *].7. c. 5. than three years, which Juftin * makes the time of his confinement in that city. And this feems + L. IF. ^Q favour a relation, which Athenaeus + hah preferved, but which he fpeaks of as obfcure and uncertain. It is faid, that Plato conceived fuch expeflations of this prince, that he recom- mended him to the late king Perdiccas as a per- fon entirely qualified for a public truft ; and that, in confequenc? of the philofopher's advice, Perdiccas placed him at the head of one of the Macedonian provinces, that he might there raife, train, and difcipline, a body of forces, by way of a referve, on ariy fudden emergency. If we may credit this relation, Philip mufl have been in his government at the time of his brother's defeat-, and now appeared opportunely in de- fence of his country, not fingle or unprepared, but at the head of a confiderable reinforce- ment. owv 1. X. Circumstanced as Macedon was at this **■ ^'^' time, a prince whofe only virtue was courage, muft neceffarily have completed its ruin, and one who poiTeHed leis of this than Philip could DJoH. 5;e. not have attempted to re-eflablifh it. The i. 1 .jctt.z. j,|^Q;j.g Qf ^\\ jfg forces had been cut to pieces, or PHILIP KING OF MACEDON. or made prilbners, in the late engagement •, the remains were totally intimidated •, their wounds ftill bleeding, and the terrour of the enemy ftill ftrongly imprefled upon their minds. The vic- torious army, which Bardyllis had augmented by new levies, was every moment expefted to pour down upon them ; and nothing was fpoken of, but the necefTity of an abfolute fubmilTion. The Paeonians, a powerful and warlike people, accounted, in earlier times, lefs barbarous and more confiderable than the Macedonians, had received fome caufe of offence from Perdiccas ; and were now indulging their revenge, ravaging and infulting the kingdom without the leaft in- terruption or controul. Ancient pretenfions to the fovereignty were at the fame time renewed ; and foreign enemies invited to fliare the fpoils of this unhappy kingdom, under the pretence of fupporting the claims of different competitors. Paufanias, whom Iphicrates had difpoffeffed, openly afferted his right to the crown. The Thracians he had engaged to fupport his title ; and was now ready to invade the kingdom, at the head of a formidable army, which the king of that country had been prevailed upon to raife for his alTiftance. Argaeus, the old competitor of king Amyntas, looked on the vidtory of his friends, the Illyrians, as an event highly fa- vourable to his pretenfions j which he alfo now avowed THE I/IFE AND REIGN OF avowed and aflerted. His known connexions with the viflorioLis enemy, mull have confider- ably increafed his party in Macedon : but his dependence was not entirely on this party, nor on the Illyrians. The people of Athens had conceived an high refentment againft Perdiccas, who had prefumed to difpute their right to Am- phipolis ; and oppofed their attempts to regain this city. They were by no means favourably difpofed to Philip, the friend of Thebes, and pupil of their enemy Epaminondas, They juftly fufpefted that this prince, if once elta- blifhed in the peaceable adminiftration of af- fairs, would not be inclined to make them any conceffion which Perdiccas had denied. Ar- gaeus, on his part, who was grown old in in- trigue, knew how to make the moft flattering promifes, when he flood in need of aflillance : and fo effectually convinced the Athenians, that their interefl was clofely connedled with his re- llauration to that throne, on which he had for Diod. Sic. fome time fat, that they refolved to exert them- iupra. |"gjygg jj^ defence of his title ; and, for this pur- pofe, fent out Mantias, one of their comman- ders, with a powerful fleet, and three thoufand men. Ibid. Two pretenders to the crown, and four for- midable enemies, now adually in arms, and 2 ready PHILIP KING OF MACEDON. ready to fiirround him, were not capable of de- terring Philip from affuming the reins of go- jlnTT^ vernment, under the title of regent and protec- *''^' tor to his infant nephew. His eloquence was now firft exerted to roufe the Macedonians from their defpair; to recall to their minds the cou- rage, and the ancient honours of their fathers ; ?'"''• '• '^• D ' ' lea. 3. to infpire them with hopes of better fortune; and to engage them in a faithful allegiance to the reigning family. All the motives that could poffibly diffipate their terrour, and con- ciliate their affed:ions, were pathetically and cffe6tually urged by this prince: his own un- daunted deportment gave weight to his argu- jnents ; and the appearance of his extraordinary merit made them confider fidelity and flri6l ad- herence to him, not only as their duty, but their true intereft. He poffefled all thofe quali- iications, in an eminent degree, which render a prince amiable in the general eye. His perfon MCchm.de was remarkably graceful, and commanded af- pJuc. in a- -fedion and refpedl: his addrefs and deportment n?e&ai. ^' were obliging and infmuating : his confummate penetration had not the leaft appearance of re- ferve : he had affability the moll pleafing and flattering -, natural and unftudied ; without that timidity and hefitating condefcenfion, that awk- ward and ridiculous mixture of caution and af- "|je§ed opennefs, which the great may fome- times 76 THE LIFE AND REIGN OF Book I. times betray, who know the ufe of affability, and vainly hope to appear what nature forbids them to attempt. He had a temper gay and unclouded ; a wit indulged with apparent eafe, but ever well correded. Such accomplifliments are oftentimes found to be the veil of deep de- figns and turbulent paffions -, but are frequently known to raife fuch prejudices in favour of the polTciTor, as caudon and refledion cannot con- quer. The bare appearance, therefore, of fuch a prince, in a time of public danger, muft have had a confiderable effect : and the firft experience of his abilities, in the beginning of his regency, ftrengthened the expeftations of the people, and confirmed their attachment to him. But the dignity of regent was by no means fuited to the greatnefs of his ambition, now inflamed by the popular favour, and general good opinion, juftin. 1. 7. which his merit had acquired. The oracle was induftrioufly publifhed, which promifed that Macedon (hould arrive to the higheft grandeur, under the reign of a fon of Amyntas: and it was received with all poffible deference. " This *' is the man," they cried, " whom we are to <* regard as the deftined deliverer of his country. " Let us refledl upon the dangers now impend- *' ing over us, and can we hope for any fecurity " but from a king like him, or that an infant ^* reign can be at all confiftent with the prefent " ftate PHILIP KING OF MACEDON. " ftate of Macedon ? Can it be expefted, that ** a young prince, fired with a generous love of *' glory and power, will exert all his abilities in ** defence of the glory and power of another ? *' No : let us make our caufe his own : let us ** offer him a prize worthy to be contended for-, " and let us place that prince upon the throne " of Macedon, whom the God himfelf points ** out to us, and commands to be received as «' our deliverer." Such fentiments were, no doubt, propagated with all diligence by the friends and partifans of Philip, and were heard with all attention. And, as the circumftances and inclinations of the Macedonians favoured the fchemes of his ambition, the infant Amyn- tas was fet afide, without difficulty, in a king- dom which had frequently been ufed to fee the lineal fucceflion interrupted ; and Philip himfelf was now invcfted with the royal title and autho- rity. Thus was he happily and eafily put in pof- feflion of the firft darling objedl of his afpiring hopes. And, having afcended the throne of Macedon, he inftantly began to exert himfelf with due policy and vigour, for the defence of his own power, and the welfare of his new fub- je6ls. His attention was, in the firft place, djq,, jj,.. turned to the army which had fuffered fo feverely "' ^"P'** in yS THE LIFE AND REIGN OF Book T. in the late engagement : and his iirft care was *''"'"^'' ' to reftore its ftrength and vigour j and to efta- blifli and improve its difcipline. The art of war had not, as yet, been duly imderftood in Macedon, though, from the ear- lieft ages, the foldiers of this kingdom had been remarkable for natural valour : and, in a dif- ordered ftate, where many competitors frequently contended for the fupreme power, and the go- vernment was weak and precarious, it is eafy to conceive that princes might have been tempted to connive at many relaxations in military dif- cipline, in order to preferve the affections of their foldiers by this falfe indulgence. But Philip's views were much jufter, and more ex- tenfive. The obfervations he had made, and theinftruclions he had received in Greece, formed him completely in the military art ; and taught him to regard an exadt regulation of his army, as the fure foundation of all his future hopes. DioH.sic. 1. He therefore applied to this work with an at- *''■** tention fuited to its importance. He began with providing a fufficient quantity of arms for his foldiers •, and, in the form and management of thefe, made fuch alterations as his experience and obfervation had fuo-o-efted. His forces were DO conftantly exercifed, reviewed, engaged in mock battles i trained and inured to form, to move, to PHILIP KING OF MACEDON. to march, with eafe and regularity. Every thing that tended to luxury and indulgence was ftridlly prohibited. Their wives were never lufFered to attend his officers ; though [a] he himfelf was yet Athenae. not careful to inforce this ftri<5t regard to the dii- cipline of his camp by his own example. His ex- a6l care, in banilhing luxury and effeminacy, con- tinued during the whole courfe of his reign. We learn from Polyaenus *, that one officer was dif- * '• ^ '^' 3* mifled from hisfervice, for ufing warm baths; and two others for entertaining a finging girl. The men of moft diftindtion in his army were not permitted to make ufe of any carriages in their march, either for themfelves, or for their bag- gage ; which was allowed to be no more than f'T^Jf,*,'"' their fervants could carry ; nor were the number of thefe permitted to be any greater than ftrid: ne- ceffity required. Among the inftances of his attention to the modelling and regulating his army, and training up his foldiers to the military art, we may reckon one which Arrian * and iElian f both afcribe * ^"■'"' ' 1.4. p. 268. to Philip : and that is the inftitution of the _t --^i' AOPT^OPOI, or fpear-men, as they were called. Thefe were carefully chofen from all the noble families in Macedon ; educated and inftrufted, [a] O ^= OiAjotcjoj «£* Kcclx 'jrohf [A.oy iyui/.n, Athen. in loco cit. in 1.14. C.49. THE LIFE AND REIGN OF in all liberal accomplifliments, at the royal court, from their earlieft years, and employed in all of- fices about the king's perfon. They guarded his chamber-door by turns ; they attended him in hunting and in battle ; they had peculiar ho- nours and privileges, and particularly were ad- mitted to dine at the king's table. Thus he contrived to keep, as it were, a number of hoft- ages, to fecure the allegiance of all the nobles in Macedon : and thefe youths, early taught to love and refpe6b the perfon of their prince, con- ftantly under his infpedtion, and, of confequence, fired with emulation to render themfelves worthy of his regard, ferved as a glorious feminary (fo * 1. 8. c. 6. Curtius * calls them) of future generals and of- ficers •, on whofe abilities and zeal the king might have the firmeft reliance.- And, for this purpofe, it was particularly necefiary that they Ihould be enured to an exemplary obfervance of his regulations. Not all the favour which he fhewed them ; not all the affability and conde* fcenfion with which he entertained them, as his equals and companions, was fuffered to encou- rage them to the leaft relaxation of his rigorous AW^n, ut difcipline. One of them, who had left his com- fupia, pany on a march, to allay his thirft in a tavern, was feverely chaftifed. Another, who, when he Ihould have remained under arms, was tempted to lay them down, for the greater convenience of PHILIP KING OF MACEDON. 81 of plundering, was put to death without mercy ; Secr.ir. and without the leait regard to his intimacy '"■"""^''""^ with the king, which had encouraged him to commit this offence. And now it was, that Philip formed the fa- ojod. sic, ut fupra, mous Macedonian Phalanx, which afterwards performed fuch effe^ual fervices on many oc- cafions ; which fo greatly contributed to his fon's conquefts in Afia, and which appeared fo formidable to the Romans, at a time when its figure and its arms alone remained, without the fpirit by which it was originally animated. Ho- mer was the fource from whence the Grecians drew all their knowledge : and, from the fol- lowing paifage of his immortal poem, Philip is faid to have conceived the firft idea of this renowned body : AtTTrt? ap' aa-fnS^ i^si^s, xo^v; ytoavv, dveox S' xvno, Yauov o iTnro'KOfMoi JtoouOt? Xxy.7rpoithefe overtures Philip boldly replied, that an •equitable and an honourable peace would be •entirely confonant to his inclinations -, that he could not regard any peace, as either equitable or honourable, buc fuch a one as fhould effec- tually confine the Illyrian within his ancient limits. That he fliould immediately relinquifh ,all his conquefts in Macedon, were the terms which became the king of Macedon to propofe j and thefe the only terms he was determined to I accept. This fpirited anfwer put an end to all further negociations. The Illyrian king ordered Vol. I. H his 9? THE LIFE AND REIGN OF Book. I. his troops to march ; and, with a due intrepi- ^""^""^ (Ijfy^ ibught out the bold invaders. Diod. Sic. The armies of the two nations were nearly fed. 4. equal, that of the Illyrians being compofed of ten thouland foot, and five hundred horfe. They v/ere alfo equally animated, though by different motives. The Macedonians fought to revenge their hte difgraces, and to regain the honour of their arms : the Illyrians came on in the pride of former vidtories, and were eager to fupport their advantages, and maintain the glory they had already gained. As they ap- proached, each army endeavoured to ftrike ter« jor into their ailailants, by horrid (houts and outcries, according to the ancient cuftom of •thele nations. The Illyrians advanced in one large column, of that kind which the Greeks called Plinthion, to fall with all their weight upon the enemy. The right wing and center of the Macedonians were compofed of their choiceft infantry, and, among thefe, the Pha- ffon. s-rat. Janx htcly formed. On the left, Philip llationed his cavalry, who were ordered to wheel about and attack the Illyrians in flank ; while the prince, at the head of his favourite body, flood firmly in the front, and bravely fuftained their charge. Both fides fought with equal valour, fmd victory reniaincd long in fufpence. Ac knsth. ^ PHILIP KING OF MAC'EDON. 99 length, the Macedonian cavalry began to make Sect. !I. fome impreflion, both on the flank and the rear ^'■^^"^^^""^ of the lUyrians ; while all the boldeft efforts of the Phalanx, and all the military flcill of their royal general, were exerted to break their front. Viftory began, at length, to favour, and, after a long and obftinate conteil, to declare for Phi- lip : repeated charges, direded with due fkill» and executed with becoming valour, obliged the Illyrian column to bend and fludtuate : the Ma- cedonians preffed their difordered enemy on all fides 5 on the front, the flank, and the rear ; and, with great havock, broke and difperfed the whole army. More than feven thoufand fell on the field of battle ; and, among thefe, the gallant old king Bardyllis j whofe mind and body ftill retained fuch vigour, that, at the age of Ji','"^Vo"birs ninety, he fought bravely on horfeback. This P^otius man had raifed himfelf, by his valour, from a 1579' ftate of the greateft meannefs and obfcurity. Having firfi; gained a few followers, he fupport- cic. deoar. ed himfelf by rapine and plunder -, and, by ' remarkable equity and exactnefs in the diflribu- tion of the prey, attached his followers to his interelt, and greatly increafed their numbers. Hence he feems (in this favage nation, where power was chiefly founded on violence and perfo- nal bravery, the great mark of merit) to have been enabled to raife himfelf to the fovereignty. In H 2 this • 1. 1«. tea. 4. 100 THE LIFE AND R-EIGN OF Book T. this ftation he afted with becoming vigour j '""^^ ' and now fell in a manner worthy of a warlike prince. The purfuit was, for fome time, continued with confiderable (laughter j but, as the rout difperfed and feparated the enemy, Philip, who well knew how hv to purfue his vidlory, recall- ed his foldiers to the field of battle ; where he caufed the dead to be interred, and, as Diodo- rus * hath recorded, ereded a trophy in honour of this important victory. It is certain, that this account is not agreeable to the ellablilhed maxim of his predecefTors •, and that Paufanias, as hath been already obferved, afferts, that neither Philip nor Alexander ever erefted a trophy in honour of any of their many viftories. Yet, in the medals which have been preferved, both of the father and the fon, we find a re- verfe charged with one of thefe memorials of Yidory •, which feems to favour the account of Diodorus, and to imply, that Philip did really make this innovation in the Macedonian cuftoms j and rather chofe to imitate the manners and ufages of Greece. And if fo, it is a circum- ftance the more worthy of attention, as it feems' to be an indication of. the afpiring temper of this prince. His firft great ambition was to make PHILIP KING OF MACEDON. loi make his kingdom be confidered as a true and Sect. II. genuine member of the illuftrious community of Greece. This was an honour the Greeks were now by no means difpofed to grant him ; and every circumilance of diflindion many of them were fufficiently ready to point out. Hence might poflibly have arifen this affeftation of conforming to the Grecian manners : which was by no means accidenral, or lightly conceived by Philip ; but the refult of deep defign, to place himfelf and his fubjeds in a more honourable view than that of barbarians, in which their see Demoft, enemies were willing to confider them ; and to fe^.'sVet abolidi every, even the minuteft, cuftom, which ^'''"* might tend to preferve the memory of a diftinc* tion fo odious and mortifying. However this may be, the ambitious and daring fpirit of Philip, enlivened and elevated by fuccefs, now meditated Hill greater and more cxtenfive defigns. The late vidory had com- ^^^ ^.^ pletely freed his country from the incurfions of "' ^"P"* a dangerous ensmy •, and reduced Illyria to the condition of a province dependent on Macedon. His abilities, his fuccefles, his whole deport- ment, obliging and engaging, both by nature and by art, all confpired to captivate the affec- tions of his fubjefts, and to attach them with particular firmnefs to his fervice. They now H 3 fpoke THE LIFE AND REIGN OF Book!, fpoke of nothing but the greatnefs of their kinn; ; and, under his diredion and command, were prepared to undertake the moft hazardous enterprizes. Thus animated, and thus fupport- ed, Philip now determined to go on in that courfe of bold and hazardous enterprizes, which he had hitherto purfued with fo much good for- tune ; and, not contented with fecuring the peaceable po/TefTion of the throne, (which many princes, fituated as he had been, would have thought fufficient for their glory) refolved to render his kingdom much more opulent and ficurifning, much more powerful and fefpefl;- able. Amphipolis he confidered as a city, the pof- felTion of which was, in the firft place, necefiary to his future defigns ; and which both glory and interell equally prompted him to reunite to Macedon. But many difliculties there were to obftrud an attempt of this nature, which re- quired the moft confummate policy to furmount. The Athenians had by no means refigned their pretenfions, but prepared to reduce the city by force of arms. The Amphipolitans, on their part, had now tafied the comforts of freedom ; and determined, if poffible, to maintain their independence: for this purpofc, they attached thcmfelves to the Olynthian league, which had onc(? PHILIP KING OF MACEDON. once more grown powerful by the ruin of the Spartans. The people, who formed this con- federacy, appeared well-difpofed to defend them, both againll the Athenians, with whom they were, at this time, engaged in a conteft ; and againft Philip, whom they juitly dreaded and fufpeded. Iphicrates, the Athenian, was once more fent againft this city, whole abilities foon made him mafter of all the adjacent polls. The town was blocked up ; when a party of the ci- tizens, in the Athenian intereft, promifed to Tie-nod. deliver up one or the gates to him, and gave hoftages for the fecurity of their performance. Thefc hoftages Iphicrates committed to the care of Charidemus, the commander of a body of hired troops, who then fought under him, and was himfelf obliged to return to Athens, whither the dilTatisfaflion of his countrymen had recall- ed him. Charidemus, pretending to refent the wrongs of Iphicrates, refuled to ferve under Timotheus, who had fucceeded him; and re- turned the hoftages to the Amphipolitans. The Athenians were thus defeated in their hopes of gaining the city ; and Timotheus himfelf was foon after obliged to raife the fiege, as he had not forces fufficient to oppofe the Olynthians and Thracians, with whom he was at once engaged, H 4 The THE LIFE AND REIGN OF The Amphipolitans, thus fecured from their prefent danger, feem to have grown to Ibme de- gree of infolence, and to have given Philip rea], or pretended, caiifes of complaint. The Olyn- thians plainly perceived, that thefe muft necef- farily produce an open declaration againft them on the part of Phjlip •, and that a place, where many of their fubjedts had fettled, was in im- minent danger of falling under the dominion of a prince, whofe power was already become for- midable to his neighbours. What ufe he might be tempted to make of fuch an accefllon of ftrengthi how far their intereft might be affeded, and their welfare rendered precarious by it, was uncertain. They, therefore, determined to quiet Dcmoft. 2.]\ their fufpicions and iealoufies at once, and to Oiynth. J. . ^ \ ' ftft, 3. provide eftedually agamfl all confequences, by a timely union with Athens ; and now fent their deputies to that city, to propofe an accommo- dation and alliance. Such a conjun6tion could not but appear \t\ the higheft degree alarming to Philip ; his future hopes entirely depended on defeating the de- fign ; and, for this purpofe, that artifice and policy,, which had always fo great a ihare in the fucccfs of all his fchemes, were now effeftually exerted. His agents were inftantly dilpatched to Athens: the popular leaders, and public minifters, PHILIP KING OF MACEDON. minifters, were gained -, and the people flattered with the faireft and moft plaufible declarations. To give thefe an air of greater fincerity, a n^ gociation was commenced, and a formal ftipu- lation made, that the Athenians, in the firft Demoi». place, fhould be put in poffefTion of Amphi- f^a. 3.' polis ; and that they, on their part, fhould give up Pydna to Philip j which, though famous for its fidelity and attachment to Amyntas ; an attachment carried even to adoration, as we learn from Ariftides *, yet had revolted from * 0"t. ie . Societ. torn, Philip, and committed itfelf to the protedion i.p.480. of Athens. Under the pretence of preventing the inhabitants of this city from taking the alarm, and feeking the defence of fome other itate, the whole tranfadion was privately carried ^j^^^ ^^ on in the fenate of five hundred, without being p"^ >« uip. referred, as ufual, to the aflembly of the peo- ple : and, by this means, there was the greater room for evafion and fubterfuge, and better op- portunity for delays and difficulties. The Athe- nians, fired with exped:ations of regaining Amphipolis, the great objefl of their wilhes, fuffered themfelves to be amufed, and, with the moft infolent contempt, refufed to receive any overtures from the Olynthian deputies -, a treat- ment which juftly irritated their ft ate, and de- ^gnjoft ,< termined it to give all poftible oppofition to the f^P"* Athenian intereft. 6 This io6 THE LIFE AND REIGN OF Book I. This was the difpofitlon with which Philip *""'''''"*' wifhed to infpirc the Olynthians. He inflantly applied himfelf to them, while yet their refent- ment was violent ^ he flattered, he courted, he promifed them, and they readily hearkened to his propofals. With an air of the utmoft friend- Hiip and cordiality, he gave them up Anthemus, ^Tft^"^''' ^ ^'^^y which feparated Olynthus from the fea, and which had, for a long feries of years, ac- knowledged the jurifdicflion of the kings of Macedon : and, thus gratified and obliged, the . Olynthians made no difficulty of entering into ftrid engagements with their benefadlor. By thefe means did this confummate matter of in-- trigue difpei that florm, which, had it once burft forth, muft have deftroyed his rifing great* nefs, and engaged a powerful and important people firmly to his interefls, who had ever re- garded him with envy and difcontent, and were, but a moment before, prepared to unite with his moil dangerous antagonifts. Strengthened by this new alliance, he; made no fcruole of avowino; thofc hoftile inten« J. O tions, which he had, for fome time, entertained againfl Amphipolis. He had art fufficient to perfuade the Olynthians, that their interefl, as well as that of Macedon, required that he Ihould reduce this city to his obedience. Thi^s peopl? PHILIP KING OF MACEDON". 107 people had alfo fome wrongs to urge againft the Sect. ir. inhabitants. It was therefore determined to ^ ""»"-' unite their refentments ; and Amphipolis was preflcd by a vigorous fiege. The Amphi- ^^.^^ . politans, more affefled by danger, when »6. ka. i. it had once fallen upon them, than attentive to the means of preventing it, had recourfe to Athens in this emergency, and fent two of their citizens to defire the proteflion of that flate. oemofi. o- The Athenians had iuft now given an uncom- '■""• 3- mon proof of attention to their public Interells. The ifland of Euboea had been, for fome time, \inder their protection ; and its refpeflive cities were governed by perfons devoted to their fer- •vice. Diforders, however, had arifen \ and a fedi- tion, fomented and fupported by the Th&bans, whofe forces had been admitted into fome of the cities, threatened the whole ifland with a revo- MfMn. m lution. Menefarchus, the governor of Chal- Jj''^' ^''^' c;is, had been guilty of fome outrages againft the Athenians : Themifon, who governed in Eretria, had alfo given them a particular caufe of complaint. He had taken from them the city of Oropus, fituated on the confines of Attica and Boeotia, and given it into the hands of the Thebans ; who ftill obftinately refufed to re- ftore it to a people, who eitlier could not, or ^ere not difpofed to make ufe of any other means THE LIFE AND REIGN OF means for recovering this city, but thofe of re- monftrating, and pleading the juftice of their pretenfions. Yet thefe chiefs now found them- felves obliged to implore the afliftance of the Athenians, who, notwithftanding all former complaints and quarrels, could not but fee the neccfiity of fupporting their intereft in Euboea, which, by its fituation, ferved either to com- mand, or to defend, the country of Attica; and, by its fertility, fupplied it amply with pro- vifions. But, although the attempt of Thebes was fufficiently alarming, yet doubts and delays Dcmoft. de wcrc arifmg ; when Timotheus, the great A- chejfon. in fj^gj^i^n general, appeared in the aflembly. " What, my countrymen," cried he, " the *' Thebans are in the ifland ; and are you de- " liberating ? why are you not already at the *' port ? why are you not embarked ? why is *' not the fea covered with your navy ?'* So jEfch. ut fpirited an addrefs, determined them at once : "''"* in five days, they entered Euboea ; in thirty, they obliged the Thebans to come to terms, and Dem. o- to cvacuatc the ifland ; and, on their return, 'SX^* Hierax and Stratocles, the deputies of Amphi- polis, appeared before them to implore their aid upon a like occafion. They reprefented the danger of a jundion between Philip and Olyn- thus in the ftrongeil: light -, and earneftly prefled them to fend out their fleet, to take a city under their PHILIP KING OF MACEDON. 109 g. Ed. Luicc. PHILIP KING OF MACEDON. 117 port this war, he demanded a loan from the Sfct. II people of Perinthus, which they refiileil. He ^i^' then defired, that they fliould, atlcalt, grant him feme troops to replace his garriibns, tluit he might be enabled to appear with all his forces in the held. The Fcrintluans flattered them- felves, that it would be in their power to keep thofe places where they were to be ftationed, as a fecurity for his performing the terms of their ftipulation •, and therefore agreed to his demand. But this capricious prince treated their fuccours as prifoners, and refufed to difmifs them with- out a ranfom. Such was the man againft whom Philip marched. The particulars of his expedition are not recorded exaftly by any hiftorian now extant: but the Thracian king feems to have iled, with precipitation, at the bare rumour of {o formidable an enemy j for, from a fragment of Theopompus, which Athenaeusf hath pre- t ' "• fcfved, we learn, that, on the third day of tlwiir inarch, the Macedonians poffeired themleives of Onocarfis, a delightful refidence, fituated in the midft of a forell, to whicli Cotys had opened feveral avenues -, and which was mod frequently ithe feat of his enjoyments. The Thracian prince, thus driven from his favourite fettlement, and I ^ unable 53». n8 THE LIFE AND REIGN OF Book I. unable to oppofe an enemy who were now freely ' '^ ^ traverfing and wafting his dominions, vainly hoped to ftop the progrefs of Philip by a letter. Its contents are not known, but, we muft fup- pofe, were in the higheft degree extravagant. The bare mention of a letter from Cotys raifed a loud exclamation of contempt and ridicule piut. In among the Macedonian courtiers. " Yes," re- Apofhth. ^^.^^ Philip, « from Cotys ! doth that excite " your mirth ? you little think what demands *' he makes." The arms of this prince were as inefFeclual as Djod. Sic. his negociations. Some few parties of the Thra- cians were fent out againft Philip, whom he with eafe difpcrfed, and purfued his march to the fhore. He encamped near Crenidae, a co- lony of the Thaflians, equally diftant from the mountains of Thrace and from the fea. The beauty of the fituation v/as fufficiently ft ri king : a lake, into which there entered divers ftreams and rivulets, tempered the drynefs of the foil -, which produced fruits of the fineft and moft delicious kind, and rofes of a peculiar hue and fragrancy. But Philip, however delighted with the charms of nature, was determined to this refidence, by a much more material confideration. The grand objed of his attention were thofe mines of gold Ut lupra. PHILIP KING OF MACEDON. in the neighbouring mountains, of which he had been well informed, and from whence he pro- mifed himfelf conliderable advantages. He Lep7,' *" drove out the Xhracians from Crenidae, which J^J^"^* '• ^^* they had juft built (without any regard to their alliance with Athens) ; fettled a colony of Ma- cedonians there, and called the place, after his own name, Philippi, fo famous afterwards, in the Roman hiftory, for the defeat of Brutus and Cafllus. He then proceeded to examine the flate of thofe celebrated mines : his foldiers de- Afdepiodo*. fcended, with their torches, into a vein, which neca. had not been wrought upon for a confiderable i/j.'pTyej. time. Here they traced the art and labour of ^'^•^'p^* the ancient pofieffors. Canals had been con- trived, with infinite pains, to drain off the water, which burft forth into fubterraneous lakes; and many circumftances appeared to encourage and to facilitate his defign, though the barbarous inhabitants had, for a long time, neglefled this important fund of wealth. Nu.mbers were in- ftantly employed j and all the contrivances, which ingenuity could fuggeft, were made ufe of, in order to work thofe mines to greater ad- vanta2:e than had hitherto been derived from them. The fuccefs rewarded his labours ; for he, by this means, eftablilhed an annual reve- nue of ten thouland talents, without any bur- den or impofition on his fubjeds. And, how- I 4 evejr THE LIFE AND REIGN OF ever leverely the philofophcr Seneca [d] may have Ipoken of this traniac5lion, fuch a fcfource will not be thought unworthy of the attention of a wife prince. He now ftruck that cele- brated coin, which was called after his own name: it was difpeded liberally to promote his afpiring fchemes, and foon became of general high eftimation, as formed of the pureft metal Diod.sic. ^hich thefe minet. afforded. By this he was en- 1. 16. fcfl.8. ■' abled to reinforce his army with a numerous body of mercenary foldiers, of whom manywerd found in all the neighbouring nations, ready tO [d] Afcleplodotusauftorefi, demiflbs quamplutitnosaPhi- lippoin metailum antiquum, olimdeftitutum, utexplorarent, quae ubertas ejuseffet, quis ftatus ; an aliquid futuris reli- quiflet vetusavaritia: defcendifle illos cum multolumine, & jnultosdurafTedies: deinde longa via fatigatos vidifieflumina ingentia, & conceptus aquarum inertium vallos pares noftrisj nee compreffos quidem terra fupereminente, fed liberae laxitatis non fine horiore vifos. Cum magna haec legi vo- luptate, intellexi enim faeculum noftrum non novis vitiis, fed jam antiqukus traditis laborare : nee noftra aetate pri- mum avaritiam venas terrarum lapidumque rimatam in te* nebris male abftrufa quaefifle. Illi qaoque majores hoftri, quos celebramus laudibus, quibus diffimiles querimur abs efle, fpe dudli monies ceciderunt, ut fupra lucrum fub ruina lleterunt. Ante Philippum Macedonem reges fuere, qui peeuniam in altiffimis ufque latebris fequerentur ; & reliftp fpiritu libero, in illos fe demitterent fpecus in quos nullum noftium, dierumque p'ervehiret difcrimenj & atergo lueem relin ,44 THE LIFE AND REiGN Of Book I. Peloponnefus, which it was Philip's intereft to **''^''**^ foment, and from which he afterwards derived confiderable advantage. Olivier!. 3. SUSPICION, flupidity, and bravery, formed ^■"^* the charafter of the Thebans. Thefe qualities, united, frequently produced the moil fingular refolutions in that people : but, while Epami- nondas was at iheir head, no defedls appeared in their minds : this great man rendered them fovereigns of Boeotia, and arbiters of Greecer. But with him their glory was extinguilhed. They retained only a brutal fiercenefs, and am inveterate hatred of their neighbours. The only general they had, after Epaminondas, was Pammenes, who, in his youth, had been at- tached to Philip by the ftrideft and tendereft friendlhip. Ibid. The Phocians were naturally obflinatej and did not want valour. They were oftentimes un- juft, and fometimes generous. Their minds were open ; their genius fufficiently cultivated and elevated. Their mifconduft involved them in calamities, which were attributed to their impiety, and, therefore, lefs pitied ; yet, in thefe calamities, they discovered a remarkable iirmnefs and greatnefs of foul. The mod dif- tinguilhed part of their charadler, was an un- furmount* PHILIP KING OF MACEDON. 145 furmountable antipathy to the [b] Thebans, Sect. iff. Locrians, and Thellalians, their neareft neigh- hours. The Theffalians were fufceptible of all im- o;i»ier,ut preflions, and incapable of preferving any, ''^"' equally forgetful of the good and evil which they received : ever ready to fubmit to tyrants, and to implore the fuccour of their neighbour^ againft them. They now obeyed Tifiphonus, Lycrophon, and Pitholaus, who had removed Alexander of Pherae, only to have an oppor- tunity of continuing his injuftices. [?] Some particular caufes of enmity feem to have lately arifen between Thebes and Phocis, and to have effaced the memory of that alliance which fubfifled between them in the late war with Lacedemon. Juftin (in 1. 8. c. i.) hints at forae outrages and devaluations committed by the Pho- cians in the territories of Boeotia ; of which the Thebani complained in the council of Amphidtyons, and which there- fore feem to have been committed before any hoRilities were declared, though that hiltorian appears to be of a con- trary opinion. And we learn from Athenaeus, (1. 13^ p. 560) that Duris, an ancient hillorian, recorded one parr ticular aft of violence in the Phociaps, fometime fince com- mitted ^againft Thebes. 1 heano, a Theban lady, was feized, and forcibly borne away from her huftand, by /bme lawlefs inhabitants of Phocis : nor could the remonftrance made to that flate prevail to have her reftored. Such ac- tions had, in ancient times, produced the bloodiell conteils : and the hiftorian above mentioned makes this particular outrage the real caufe of the facred war. Vol. I. L This THELIFEAND REIGN OF This Alexander was the moft deteftable ty- rant that Greece ever knew. He had maflacred, in cold blood, his father-in-law, his uncle, and pi.-tarcb. in ^ nuiTiber of his fubjeds. Nor was he ever known to have difcovered the lead feelings of humanity, but at the reprefentation of a tragedy of Euripides ; from which he retired with fhame and confufion, for being betrayed into tears, at the fight of imaginary misfortunes, after all the horrid cruelties which he himfelf had com- mitted. The BE, the wife of this Alexander, quite Ibid. tired out by his barbarity, and fpirited up by the interviews which fhe had with Pelopidas, at the time when he had been feized and con- fined by Alexander, at laft refolved upon his deilrudtion. The execution was difficult : the tyrant's palace Vv'as always filled with his guards: and even in thefe he did not wholly confide. He lay in a high and retired chamber, to which he mounted by a ladder. This he drew up after him ; and the pafTage was guarded by a furious madiff, whom nobody dared to approach, but Alexander, his wife, and the flave who fed him. pi-.t \n Thebe concealed her brothers Tifiphonus, Pelep. _. r » Lycophron, and Pitholaus, in the palace. And, at i'HILIP KING OF MAGEDON. 147 at night, having come to the tyrant's apartment, Sect. UN ordered the (lave, who had the care of ihe ' "v— — ' mafliff, to remove it, as it difturbed the king's reft. She then went down the ladder, which . fhe had taken care to cover all over with wool to prevent the leaft noife ; brought up her bro- thers, pofted them at the door, and ftiewed them the fword of Alexander, which vv'as the fignal agreed on. Juft at the point of execu- , tion, the youths began to hefitate •, but Thebe threatened that llie would awaken the tyrant ; they refumed courage-, one of them feized him by the feet, another by his hair, and the third buried a dagger in his heart, TisiPHONUS, Pitholaus, and Lycophron, were oiod. sic, now regarded as the deliverers of their country, ^j^'^ But they did not long appear folicitous to main- tain this honour. Tempted by the fplendour of a ftation, which their father Jafon had pof- fefled, they affumed the power, and, in a great meafure, imitated tne conduft of Alexander. They hired a large body of foreign troops to fupport their ufurpation •, and puniflied, or ba- nilhed, all thofe who attempted to oppofe them : until the nobility of Theffaly, with the Aleua- dae dtfcendents from Hercules, at their head, finding themtelves oppreiTcd by three tyrants inftead of one, declared openly againft them : L. 2 and THE LIFE AND REIGN OF T'ooK I. and implored the afliftance of Philip, now coit- ;;;p^. fefiklly the greateft of all the neighbouring powers. 148 v.* Nothing could havepoffibly been more flat- terin<^ than this invitation. The honour of affift- ifi<^ the Aleuadae, who were defcended from the fame race with himfeif -, and of imitating the renowned Pelopidas, in giving liberty to Thef- faly ; the long wifhed-for opportunity of inter- fering honourably in the affairs of Greece •, of affecting a natural connexion with that nation, and appearing interefted in the peace and liberty of its ftates ; all confpired to determine Philip at once to fufpend the progrefs of his Thracian conquefts, and to march againft the tyrants. Delighted with the profped of difplaying his power in the m.oft honourable manner, and hav- * 1. 7. c. 6, ing firft feized LarilTa, according to Juftin *, he advanced, with all his force, towards Pherae, fituated between Magnefia and the Pelafgiotae, at a little diftance from mount Pelion, which feparates thefe provinces from Macedon. The tyrants, who had coUefted their army to oppofe this invafion, met the Macedonians, and deter- mined to try their fortune in the field. Here the abilities of Philip, and the fuperiour zeal and vigour of his foldiers, foon determined the fortune of the battle. The army of the tyrants was PHILIP KING OF MACEDON. 149 was totally defeated; and they tliemfelves, SRCT.llf. prefled by a vidorious enemy, and deferted by j);^^, <5i<., their adherents, were foon obliged to acknovv- "' '^"^"* ledge the fuperiority of the conquerour, and to fubmit implicitly to his decifions. He now compelled them to refign their ufurped autho- rity, and to leave their country in peace and free^ dom : while all Greece refounded with the praifes of the great protedlor and defender of li- berty ; the avenger of tyranny ; and generous patron of the opprefTed. But renown and popular applaufe were not the only advantages which Philip derived from this expedition. The nobility of The/laly ima- Dem. Phii. ojned, that they never could fufficiently exprefs ■pountii!'' their acknowledgments to their noble and hu- ^°^-\ '" C3 Phil. I, mane deliverer ; and, in the firft heat and vio- 5"'""''- > feet. 9. Jence of a zealous gratitude, concluded a treaty with him, by which he was empowered to com- mand all the conveniencies of their ports and fhipping. Their cavalry was remarkably the beft and mod celebrated in Greece : and thefe were now obliged to attend him in all his wars. Such an acquifition only was wanted to render his forces complete : and he is faid, by the ab- breviator * of Trogus, to have been prompted to this expedition by the hopes of obtaining it. In /-"^c- 6. cffeft, Philip had too much penetration, not to L 3 fore fee •Jiif^in. I. THE LIFE AND REIGN OP forefee all the good confequences of his under- taking i and too much vigilance and policy, not to fecure them. His condud in Theflaly, as it • strat.1.4. is defcribed by Polyaenus *, was the exad epi- *■ '^* tome of his whole fyftem, and general courfe of his addrefs and artifice. He watched the con- tentions in the feveral cities, with a ftrid and attentive regard -, encouraged or allayed, fo- mented or decided, thofe quarrels which differ- ^ ent opinions and attachments had produced among a diftraifled people, juft as his own views Tourreii. and intcrefts direfted. He was fo complete a o°ynih I. mafter of diffimulation ; he appeared fo gentle, fo humane, fo affable, and obliging, fo amiable, even to the conquered, that the Theffalians re- figned themfclves to him with a total confidence. Thus was he enabled to kt himfelf up in the place of thofe he had fubdued, not by open force, but by gentle and unfufpe6led, and not lefs effedlual, methods. Philip was now returned to his own kingdooi in all the pride of conqueft ; honoured, admir- Jt.ftin. ut ed, and applat ded -, when Olympias, the young princefs, whofe charms had engaged his affec- tions at Samothrace, was conduded, with all due magnificence, to his court, and their efpou- fals were publicly celebrated. Neoptolemus, king of Epirus, the father of this princefs, had Utely ^ufia. PHILIP KING OF MACEDON. 151 lately died, and was fucceeded by his brother Sect. llf. Arymbas (or Arybbas, as he is called by Pau- fanias and Juftin). The better to feciire the peaceable pofleflion of his throne, he determin- ed to unite, in his perfon, all the rights of his family, and married Troas, one of his nieces : and, to piirchafe the favour and alliance of a prince, whofe reputation was become great and extenfive, he now gratified Philip's paflion for her filter Olympias. The queen of Macedon had beauty, fpirit, oiiv. 1.3. and elevation. She appears to have at firft ^' "** loved her hufband with fufficient tendernefs ; till the repeated inftaRces of his unfaidifulnefs raifed other fentiments in her mind. Thcfe could not but fufficiently affedl her, although her refolution enabled her to conceal the imprcl- fion for a while. She was at one time told of a beautiful ThelTalian lady, called Phjiinne, with whom Philip was faid to have been defperately enamoured. In compliment to the queen, her courtiers affefted to afcribe this to fome charm or philtre, which forced the affefdons of the king from their proper objeifl. Olympias de- fired to fee her : and, finding that her beauty and graces far exceeded report, " Yes !" laid Ihe, " I now perceive what are the enchantments *' this fair TheiTalian employs." L 4 o Ths THE LIFE AND REIGN OF The nuptials of Philip and Olympias were J^I^T^J^ celebrated with the utmoft fplendour. The fu- Soiin. perftitious obferved, that a dramatic perform- ance was exhibited, on this occafion, called the Cyclops j and that foon after Philip loft an eye. This lofs was even faid to have been oc- cafioned by a jealous curiofity of prying into the conduft of his queen, who is accufcd thus early of unfaithfulnefs, with many fabulous and extra- vagant circumftances, calculated to make the birth of Alexander appear the more extraordi- nary. The ancient writers, indeed, imagined, that every thing, relating to this hero, fliould have an extraordinary and important appear- ance •, and have taken care to furnifh a feries of dreams, prodigies, and prediftions, all expref- five of his future fortune, from the moment of Philip's nuptials, down to the birth of Alexan- riiit. m der. Olympias is faid to have dreamed, the night before the confummation of her marriage, that a thunderbolt fell upon her body, which kindled up a conflagration, whofe flames dif- perfed and raged to a confiderable extent, and were then extinguilhed. Philip alfo had his dream a little after, in v/hich he fancied himfelf employed in fealing up the womb of his queen with a fignet, whofe imprefllon was a lion. •in Alex. Some interpreted this, faith Plutarch*, as a warning to the king to watch over the behavi- our PHILIP KING OF MACEDON. 153 our of his wife: but Ariflander, his favourite SEcrJlf. interpreter of divinations, reflcdling that it was not ufual to feal up any thing that was empty, affured him that this dream denoted, that the queen had now conceived a fon, who fhould hereafter prove bold and courageous as a lion. Flattery, and indulgence to the weaknefs of Alexander, who, when intoxicated with his fuccefles, conceived the vanity of being thought the fon of Jupiter, fecm to have given rife to the fiflion of an enormous ferpent difcovered by Philip in ftrid; intercourfe with his queen. The SeeBayie?a fight of a ferpent in her bed, fome of the anci- ^j^j. ^"" ents do not allow to have been fo very extraor- dinary, in a country where they were tame and harmlefs -, and as Olympias, who was remark- piutarch. ia ably devoted to the celebration of the enthufi- aftic rites of Orpheus and Bacchus, is faid to have danced in thefe ceremonies with great tame ferpents twining round her, fometimes inter- woven with the ivy of the facred fpears, or with the chaplets of her attendants, in order to in- ipire fpeftators with the greater awe and hor- rour. Yet, from henceforward, faith Plutarch, his affeflion fenfibly abated -, and, whether he feared her as a forcerefs, or imagined that fhe held a commerce with fome god, and was afraid of offending a fuperior rival, his correfpondencc with 154 THE LIFE AND REIGN OF Book I. with her became lefs frequent : and, having fent ^"^"^"^^^ to conlult the Delphian oracle on this alarming occafion, he received for anfwer, that he was to pay peculiar honours to Jupiter Ammon, and muft exped: to lofe that eye, which had pre- fumptuoufly intruded on the fecrpt communica- tion of a divinity with his wife. According to ♦1. 9. c. 9. Juftin *, Olympias herfelf firft fuggefted the Plutarch, in accouttt of the fcrpent ; and is faid by Erato- fthenes, an ancient hiftorian, to have informed her fon, as he was preparing for his expedition into Afia, of the fecret of his birth. But this information was pofTibly nothing more than clearing up the fufpicions of his legitimacy ; and afluring him, that he was really the fon of Philip, whofe adlions might, with all propriety, have been urged as an incitement to his fon to approve himfelf worthy of fo great a father, Aui. Gel- This fentiment feems to be confirmed by the c?4. * ^^' well known anfwer of Olympias to her fon*s letter, in which he flyled himfelf the fon of Ju- piter. For, when the queen complained, that Alexander made mifchief^ (if I may be allowed the expreflion) between her and Juno, I cannot conceive it in any other light, bu}: that of rail-r lery on his fantaftical vanity [c]. [c] So Gellius underftood it. — Olympladem festivissime re/tripjijje legimus Amabo mi jili quiefcas, nequt deferas PHILIP KING OF MACEDON. The prefent nuptials feemed to have entirely engaged the court of Macedon, which now be- came a fcene of general pleafure and feftivity, in honour of the r®yal lovers. The fecret and avowed enemies of Philip thought this a favour- able opportunity to attempt the recovery of that power, and thofe dominions, which his arms had won from them ; and, by one fudden and united effort, to crufh his rifing greatnefs. The DioH. sie. kings of Illyria, of Paeonia, and of Thrace, ai'^'*^'*^'* joined in a flrift confederacy, and meditated an invafion of Macedon with all their powers. Their fcheme was artfully conceived, conduifled with all fecrecy, and had the fairell profpedt of pief neque criminere aJ^uer/us Junomm, 1, 13. c. 4. But, though Bayle allows that this has an air of raillery, yet he does not admit, that it warrants us to fuppofe, that Olym- pias denied any connexions with Jupiter, or intended to difcredit any fuch reports ; but only would perfuade her fon not to boaft publicly of his birth. The terms, faith he, which Plutarch makes ufe of, fignify no more, than that flie recommends it to her fon to be filent. (See Bayle Did>. Hift. in Art Olympias.) The words to which he refers, and which Plutarch afcribes to her, are thefe: oj wava/Iat {ji.i lioSiixTCKuv A^E^avopo? TT^o; rrv H^a" J which the Latin inter- preter renders non def.net Alexander in crimen me apud Juno- nem njocare? But oiafaAAan', ^laSo^w, and AlAHOAOYt are Greek words generally agreed to relate, not fo properly, or, at ]eaft, not fo ufually, to accufations founded on truth : but tp exprefs fomething of malice, or falfehood, in the aftion orperfon, not barely ofindifcretion. fuccefs. THE LIFE AND REIGN OF fuccefs. But, in the midft of all his gaiety, Philip's attention was not a moment diverted from his more important concerns. Among all the neighbouring nations he had his fpies and emiflaries, ftudious to merit his liberal pay by their vigilance, who never failed to inform himi faithfully, and minutely, of every motion and tranfadion, by which he might be affeded. While theie new allies, therefore, were yet em- ployed in making their preparations, Philip or- dered Parmenio, the general in whom he moft confided, to march into Illyria, while he him- felf furprifed the Paeonians, and reduced them to fuch a ftate of fubjedion, as appears to have ren- dered them incapable of giving him any farther oppofition : (for, from this time, hiftory makes no mention of any attempt to recover their in- dependence.) Hence he marched into Thrace, to confound the fchemes of his enemies, and to Plutarch, chaftife their defigns againft his peace. Here, while engaged in fpreading the terrour of his g.rms, he received the pleafing nev/s of a viftory, gained by Parmenio over the Illyrians. His couriers, at the fame time, arrived to inform him, that the chariots, which he had fent to the Olympic games, had obtained the prize. Proud of this event, the moft authentic proof of his being acknowledged a true and legitimate fon of Greece, in Alex. PHILIP KING OF MACEDON. 157 Greece, he determined to preferve the memorial Sect. Iir. of it, by imprefling thofe vidlorioiis chariots on ^"" *~ '^ his coins. But, fcarcely had thefe joyful ad- vices been received, when another, of ftill greater moment, was now brought to Philip, that his queen was delivered of a fon at Pella. A prince, born in the midft of fuch joy and fuc- cefs, his diviners afTured him, muft neceflarily prove invincible •, and the king, deeply affedled by thefe inftances of good fortune, breathed out te prayer in rapture, that the gods fhould fend Plutarch, him fome misfortune to temper all his accumu- lated happinefs. The moft accurate chronologers fix the birth pn™'- s*- -of Alexander to the lirfl: year of the hundred tufS. tap- -and fixth Olympiad, in the month called by the p^'* Macedonians LoCis, which, at this time, an- swered not to the Attic month Hecatombaeon, ias Plutarch aflerts, but to Boedromion, the -third of the Attic year, as appears from a letter of king Philip, preferved in the oration * of * fe^. 5.. Demofthenes on the crown. Nor can we agree with Plutarch in fixing it to the time of the re- dudion of Potidaea, without contradiding, not only Demofthenes -f, but Diodorus J, who is t '« om, imoft accurate in his chronology ; and exprefsly tiib.'is. determines the taking of that city to the third j^^ar of the hundred and fifth Olympiad. An- 2 tiquity Alcxand* THE LII^E AND REIGN OF tiquicy hath been careful to furnifh his birth with a number of prefages and omens of his Meia,i, 3, greatnefs. Thunderings, and lightnings, and Virg.Gcorg. earthquakes, were faid to have announced this *■ *' ' extraordinary event -, and two eagles, by perch- ing on the palace in which his mother lay, to have foretold his future empire over Europe and Afia. But his birth was really attended by one incident, which may, with fome appearance of propriety, be called a prefage of his future anions. On that very day, in which he firft ytutareh. in faw the light, Eroflratus, (for hiftorians name him, notwithftanding the decree of the Ephefians to forbid it) fet fire to the temple of Diana at Ephefus, from the fole motive of immortalizing his name. And this accident feemed fo expref- five of the charafter of Alexander, that, pofll- bly, the imagination of hiftorians invented the relation which Plutarch gives us, that the priefts and diviners at Ephefus, looked on the ruin of their temple as the forerunner of fome other ter- rible calamity ; and ran frantic through the city, crying out, " This day hath brought forth " lomething, which will prove deftrudive to all " Afia." The famous letter, which Philip now wrote to Ariftotle, muft not be omitted in this place. The I Epiih in F -igmcnt. -Lilian, l.g, c. 15. PHILIP KING OF MACEDON. 159 The king had always affeded an extraordinary Sect. II[. reverence for this philofopher ; and condefcend- ^"^"""^ cd even to attend with deference to his precepts Arirtot. of morality, and maxims of government. On the prefent joyful occafion, he expreiTed his fenfe of the fage's merit, and of the importance of making the earlieft and moil efFedual provifion for the future inftru6lion of his infant fon, by addrefling the following letter to Ariflotle : « King Philip, to Ariftotle. Health! Arift.ut fupra, *' \7 O U are to know, that a fon hath been " born to us. We thank the gods, not fo *' much for having bellowed him on us, as for " beftowing him at a time when Ariftotle lives. " We affure curfelves, that you will form him *' a prince worthy to be our fucceflbr, and a " king worthy of Macedon. Farewel 1" Such inftances of his refpedlful attention to men of learning have made hiftorians fpeak in the higheft terms of his greatnefs of mind, and juftnefs of fentiment. Nor could they have failed to raife his reputation in Greece, where philofophy was held in fuch veneration, and accounted one of thofe honourable diftindions, which marked out the fuperiority of that nation over the barbarian world. Nor can it feem im- probable t69 THE LIFE AND REIGN OF Book I. probable to thofe who confider the charader of ^'^''^^"^ this prince, that a politic regard to his reputa- tion might have had as great a fliare in thefe condefcenlions, as his real fcnfe of the value and dignity of thofe men, who devoted them- felves to the ftudy and propagation of know- ledge. The birth of Alexander was an event which ipight naturally have been expeded to cement the union between Macedon and Epirus ; and yet it feems probable, from a paflage in the * ua. 6. third Olynthiac * oration of Demofthenes, where the orator traces the progrefs of Philip's con- quells, that, about this time, he committed fome hoftilities againft Arymbas, either to pu- niih fome fecret praflices, into which this prince's jealoufy of Philip might have betrayed him, in favour of the late attempts of Illyria and Paeon i a ; or to gratify Alexander, the bro- ther of Olympias, by difmembering the king- dom of Epirus, in order to inveft him with fome of its dominions. Hiftory fpeaks but ob- fcurely of his condudl with refpe6l to this prince, juflin.i.g. and the affairs of Epirus ; and fometimes with c. 6. 1. 17. ■* , C.J. apparent inconfiilency, which hath occanoned a Not. in ' difference in the reprefentations of modern critics Rd"in^H!ft. ^^^^ compilers. But to difcufs thefe particularly ic phijippe. u^igiit i^^fj^ yg joo far from the principal fubjed: : nor PHILIP KING OF MACEDON. i6i nor is it necefTary to the underuanding the ge- S:ct. HI. neral tenour of this hiftory. To Thrace we now return, v^here Philip was at leifure to purfue his advantages ; to attend to the contefts and diftraflions of the native inha- bitants, and to the motions of the Athenians, whofe ancient valour had here gained fome fettle- ments, which, by their mifconduft, were now either loft, or rendered precarious ; and who made fuch efforts to regain them, as their cor- ruptions or embarraffments could admit-, and watched and thwarted the attempts of Philip with an impotent jealoufy. This prince, who knew the importance of gaining an extenfive power and intereft in this country, the fource of wealth and comm.erce, the magazine from whence Greece was fupplied with many of the ^^^^.^ j„ neceffaries and conveniencies of life, advanced AdHocr. as far as Maronea, where he was joined by Pammenes the Theban, with a confiderable re- inforcement, fent to favour the attempts of tlie enemy of Athens. He held a private corre- fpondence v/ith Charidemus, and might have com- pleted the conqueft of this country, had he not been oppofed by Amadocus, aflifted by the Athenians, with whom good policy did not as yet permit him to come to an avowed rupture. Diflenfions and contefts were arifing among the Vql, I. M Grecians : j62 the life and reign of Book I. Grecians: many of whom any open and vio- ^~^~'~' lent attack on a principal ftate might have quiet- ed and united. An afFeded regard to his treaty, a patience even of fome hoftilities and infults, might give an appearance of felf- defence, or juitifiable revenge to any hoftilities, which he might hereafter find it convenient to commit, while his enemies were loaded with the odium of being the firlf and unprovoked aggreflbrs. A fatal mixture of ftrong national vanity and de- generacy, which prevailed at Athens, was every day rendering that ftate lefs formidable and powerful, and encouraged their enemy to wait till their capricious and violent palTions had to- tally wafted their ftrength. r These had already operated in a manner which muft have been highly pleafing to Philip, by depriving them of the fervice of two illuftri- ous generals, Iphicrates and Timotheus. When Chabrias fell (as hath been related) in the fecial war, the confederates laid fiege to Samos, with all their force, which amounted to one hundred fliips. The Athenian navy, commanded by Chares, the undeferving favourite of the popu- lar aflembly, confifted but of fixty. As it was therefore neceflary to relieve a place, which had ever been firmly attached to them, and, as they were alfo alarmed by Philip's progrefs, another fleet PHILIP KING OF MACEDOK. 163 fleet of equal force was fitted out, and entrufted Sect. in. to the command of Meneftheus, the Ton of Iphi- Nl^TiTrf- crates, and fon-in-law to Timotheus, with in- '"''^'^• llru<5lions that he fhould conduct himfelf entirely by the advice of thefe two great men, who embarked with him. Upon the jundion of the two fleets, it was agreed to make a diverfion, by laying fiege to Byzantium, one of the prin- cipal cities in the confederacy. The allies abandoned the fiege of Samos, and the two fleets were upon the point of an engagement, when a fudden ftorm arofe. Chares confidently pro- pofed to begin the attack : but Timotheus and Diod.sic. Iphicrates, more cautious and experienced, faw ka.zi. the difadvantage, and declined the engagement, iphk. & For this they were accufed by Chares of cowar- '"^"^ ' dice, and negled: of duty. Their countrymen, impatient of every difappointment which did violence to their prejudices and exalted notions of their own power and importance, recalled thefe commanders, and brought them to a trial. Timotheus relied entirely on his integrity : but Iphicrates thought himfelf obliged to ufe fome artifice for his prefervation. He difperfed cer- tain young officers through the afiTembly, who were at his devotion, armed privately with fwords, which, as if by accident, they took occafion to difcover. The judges were inti- midated, and, inft:ead of condemning to death, M 2 as 3 p. 109. 164 THE LIFE AND REIGN OF Bo.)K I. as was originally intended, impofed a fine on '""' them, which both the one and the other was utterly unable to pay. And thus thefe two commanders, of the moft diftinguifhed merit and abilities, were driven difgracefully from their country, to languifh out their lives in an inadlive exile, at a time when Athens required all their fervices. Nor was it lefs fatal to the interefls of the Athenians, or lefs pleafing or promifmg to their enemy, that Chares now became the principal oiiv. 1. ,. commander of their fleets. He was a man poflTeiTed of all the exteriours of merit, without real and intrinfic abilities. His perfon was ro- buft and vigorous ; his addrefs haughty and alTuming ; his prefumption not only impofed on his fellow-citizens, but concealed his inca- pacity even from himfelf. His infatiable ava- rice rendered him intolerable to the allies, and dependents of Athens, whom he plundered with a cruelty and rapacioufnefs more becoming an enemy than a proteiflor. They dreaded his inhumanity, and defpifed the weaknefs of a Athtmt. general, who came attended by fingers, dancers, harlots, and other like infamous attendants on luxury J and who recommended himfelf to the favour of his officers, by indulging them in an I abfolute 1.12. p- 534 PHILIP KING OF MACEDON. 165 abfolute contempt of all difcipline and regularity ^ect. ill. befitting a military life. But his fellow-citizens could not divefl themfelves of their prejudices in favour of a man, who aflerted pofitively, and promifed boldly ; and who had his orators and popular leaders conftantly in pay, to defend or palliate every inflance of his mifcondu(fl. By intrigue and cabal he had been raifed ; on thefe he depended for his fupport ; nor was inclined or enabled to execute any enterprife of honour or importance. Such was the confequence of the indolence and the fcandalous profufion of the public money at Athens, that the fleet was en- oemoft. tirely forgotten, and the commander reduced fea.V.* to the utmoft difficulty for the fupport of his ^'°'*^-S'«» foldiers. At leaft fuch was the pretence by f^^-^^* which Chares concealed his avarice, and neg- Jefl of his commiflion, in deleiting the war, which had been entrufted to him, and hiring himfelf, and his forces, to Artabazus, a revolt- ed fatrap of Ionia, who had occafion for im- mediate afiillance againft a large body of Per- fians lent to reduce him to obedience. He re- lieved him from his danger, and returned with magnificent prefents, and all manner of pro- vifions and nccelTaries for his fleet. The Athenians, who Cr^ their navy thus provided, without any burden to themfelves, M 3 or i66 THE LIFE AND REIGN OF B )0K I. or any necefiity of retrenching thofe expences which were lavifhly beftowed upon their plea- llires, liftened willingly to thofe who deiended the condu6b of Chares, and urged the neceffities which were faid to have driven him to this mea- ^r fupfa^ ^"'■^ » ^"^» without any great difficulty, were perfuadedto approve of his expedition into Afia, But they were foon made to think of this affair in a diiferent manner. AmbafTadors arrived with formidable remonftrances from the king of Perfia •, who declared, that, in revenge of this their outrage, he had three hundred fhips ready to be fent out to the affiftance of the allied cities. Intimidated by thefe menaces, tlie A- thenians inftantly concluded a peace with the confederates, VN?ho were declared entirely inde- pendent, and exempted from all fubfidies, and from furnifhing their contingents in the wars of Athens. Thus the terrourofthe Perfian power had more effeft in the Athenian affembly, than the dictates of equity and moderation, whicl| their ingenuous and honed citizen, [d] Ifocrates, had [d] The difcourfe which he addrefied to his fellow-citj- zens for this purpofe is ftill extant. ]n it we find him re- proaching them, witfi great freedonij for abandoning them- felves to the infmuations of thofe orators who flatter their pafiions, while they treat thofe with contempt, who give them the moH falutary counfels. He particularly applies himfelf to corred their violent paffion for the augmentation of PHILIP KING OF MACEDON. 167 had urged, with all his candid eloquence, to Sfct. III. perfuade them to this meafure : and thus the fecial war, which had continued for three years to harafs the Athenians, and had been one caufe of the weak and ineffedual interruption which they had given to Philip's earlier defigns, was now concluded. of their power and dominion over the people of Greece, which had been the fource of all their misfortunes. He re- calls to their remembrance thofe happy days, fo glorious for Athens, in which their anceftors, from a noble and ge- nerous difintereftednefs, facrlficed every thing to the fup- port of the common liberty, and the prefervation of Greece ; and compares them with th« prefent times, wherein the am- bition of Sparta, and afterwards that of Athens, had, fuccefFively, plunged thofe flates In the greateft misfortunes. He reprefents to them, that the real and lailing greatnefs of a ftate, doth not confift In augmenting Its dominions, and extending Its conquefts, at the expence of humanity and juftice ; but in the wife government of the people, a jult attention to their happinefs, and to the protection of their allies ; in being beloved and efteemed by their neigh- bours, and feared by their enemies.— 1 he whole piece ex- prefTes a mind poffefled with the warmeft fentiments of be- nevolence, and a molt moderate and equitable regard to the common rights of mankind; together with a juft con- tempt of falfe greatnefs, the fatal objeft of the heroes and ravagers of the world. He concludes, that Athens, If It would preferve Its happinefs and tranquillity, ought not to affeft the empire of the fea, for the fake of lording it over all other ftates ; but Ihould conclude a peace, whereby every city and people Ihould be left to the full enjoyment of their liberty ; and declare themfelves irreconcilable enemies to thofe, who ihould prefuaie to difturb this fyftem, M 4. THE HISTORY OF THE LIFE AND REIGN O F PHILIP KING OF MACEDON. BOOK THE SECOND. E 171 ] BOOK II. SECTION I. CONTENTS. cr'H E facred war. — Philomelus made general of the Phocian army. — Solicits the ajftjlance of Sparta. — Raifes an army of mercenaries. — Pof- feffes him f elf of Delphi andthe temple. — Is oppofedby the 1'hehans and Locrians. — Hojiilities commenced. — Philomelus endeavours to remove the odious appearance of irapiety^ which difgraced his caufe. — Sends his deputies to the fever al Grecian powers."^ His reprefentaiions. — Their effects at Athens^ — at Lacedaemon. — Philip attentive to thefe commo- tions. — A5lions in the fecond year of the war, — The death of Philomelus.— The Athenians alarm- ed by the motions of the king of Perfia. — They confult about preparations for war. — Invite Philip to unite with them. — Demojihenes appears in the Athenian Affembly. — Character of this orator. — His oration on the ClafTes. — Effe^s of the prefent agitation at Athens. — The affairs of Thrace. — Cerfobleptes cedes the Cherfonefus to the Athenians,— 'The ftege of Seftos. — Cardia referved. 6 ^The 172 CONTENTS. ^—The effeEls of this refervation. — Philip hefieges MethonL — Lofes an eye. — Methone taken and de- molijhed. — Philip's liberality to his foldiers. — Re- markable injiance cf ingratitude funijhed by Phi- lip. BOOK r THE LIFE AND REIGN O F PHILIP KING OF MACEDON. BOOK THE SECOND. SECTION I. THE Athenians were now recovering from Book If. the alarm occafioned by the menaces of ^^,,-^A^J the king of Perfia, and, being relieved from the burden of the late war with the confederates, were principally attentive to the motions and defigns of Philip ; when the violence of mutual jealoufy and animofity burft forth fuddenly in Greece ; and the feveral dates confpired to fa- vour the defigns of the great enemy of their liberty. J74 THE LIFE AND REIGN OF Book II. liberty, and to precipitate their own ruin, hf oiJ^^JT^, arming againfi each other in the famous sacred Y.i. WAR. The Theban intereft had been, for fometime, predominant inthe great Amphidyonic council : and that venerable aflembly, formed originally to fupport the general intereft of the whole Hel- lenic body, now fhared fo largely in the cor- ruption and degeneracy of the time, that it was totally guided and dire6ted by fome one ruling power, and fervilely echoed the dictates of the reveno;e or ambition of that ftate, which could moft effediually influence and corrupt its mem- bers. The authority which the Thebans acquir- ed in this aflembly, in confequence of their late fucceflTes, they foon determined to exert againft thofe whom they fecretly or avowedly hated : and Phocis and Lacedaemon were the deftined viftims of their pride and opprefllon. The firft of thefe dates had been accufed of occupy- ing and cultivating fome lands fituated on the DioH.sic.i. banks of the Cephifus, to the eaft of Mount i'arnafliis, which the religion of ancient times had confecrated to Apollo, and, of confequence, configned to perpetual defolation. A large fine was impofed on them by the Amphidyons, the guardians of religion and the rights of the god. , At the fame time, the Thebans, not contented withr PHILIP KING OF MACEDON. 175 with the revenge which their arms had executed Sect. I. in Sparta, prevailed upon the council to take cog- nizance of the condudl of Phoebidas, and to con- demn the Lacedaemonians in a fine of fifty talents, for their breach of public faith, and viol.^tion of the general peace of Greece, in feizing the cita- del of Thebes. The two dates, affedted by thefe fentences, were by no means ready to pay the due deference to fuch fevere decifions j and poflibly the Amphidtyons themfelves were not very zealous to enforce the execution of their de- crees ; till, again folicited by the Thebans, the council, at length, refolved, that the Phocians Ihould inftantly comply, and pay their fine, on pain of being ftripped of all the fruits of their facrilege : and that the Lacedaemonians alfo d«<"3. si:. ihould, without delay, fubmit to the authority " "^'** of the general council, and make the appointed atonement for their crime ; or, in cafe of a re- fufal, be regarded and treated as rebellious againft the fovereign power of the Amphidtyons, and as the enemies of Greece. The Phocians, who were purfued with the greatcfl; zeal, as the moft odious and criminal party, were thus on the point of having all the ad- vantages, which the labour and induftry of years had with difficulty procured, at once wrefted from themj and many of themfelves and families expofed THE LIFE AND REIGN OF expofed to want and diftrefs; driven from thtf lands and habitations they had long occupied, and deprived of the means of fubfiftence. Murmurs and complaints arofe naturally among a people of fpirit to exprefs their indignation at this ex- treme feverity. Nor did they want turbulent and defigning men, to inflame their difcontents, and aggravate their grievances. Philomelus, one of the moft confiderable members of their community, was a man polTefled of all the qua- lifications necclTary to recommend him to the popular favour. He had that infinuating elo- quence, which at once feizes the attention, and engages the affedions. Under the appearance of a tender regard for the welfare of his fellow- citizens, he concealed a turbulent and violent ambition, which his daring foul prompted him to gratify at the expence of dangers and toils, and in defiance of juftice, and of all thofe rights, which the general opinion and principles of man- kind had fanftified. This man now alTembled the Phocians, and, in an artful harangue, ex-^ erted all his addrefs to lead them to his pur- pofes. Diod. sic. He began with declaring, that, gallant and courageous as they were, he could not m the lealt fufpe^t that they would fubmit to the un- juft fentence of the Amphiftyonsj and, bypay- ino' PHILIP KING OF MACEDON. ing the fine required, brand themfelves and their country with an ignominious ftain, which no time ever could efface : but that, if their Ipirit was really loft, if they were determined to fubmit to the arbitrary decifions of their enemies, ftill the fum demanded far exceeded their abilities. He expatiated on the injuftice and cruelty of the Amphidyonic decree, which had impofed a fine fo enormous, on account of a fmall portion of land, which their neceffities had forced them to occupy. If they could be fo patient as to fuffer, this land to be taken from them, and united to the ancient patrimony of the god, befidcs the difgrace of a fubmiffion fo abjedl and daftardly, the lofs of their liberty, the utter deftruflion of their properties, and their lives, he declared muft prove the inevitable confequence. All the fatal effects of the cruelty of their enemies he knew how to reprefent in the moft lively co- lours, and to inflame the imaginations of his hearers with affedling pidures of the future di- ftrefs of his dear fellow-citizens. One way yet remained to obviate all thefe melancholy confe- quences. If they would entruft him with the command of their army ; if they would refign themfelves abfolutely to his diredion, he made no doubt of proving fuflicient to extricate them from the prefent difficulties, and to afiert their Vol. I. N ancient * Th?an. s'ent name THE LIFE AND REIGN OF ancient dignity and privileges. To them, and to them alone, had been entrufced the temple ;r and the oracle of Delphi in ancient times ; their anceftors were acknowledged as abfolute propri- etors of the whole city and all its territories. Hear, faid he, the teftimony of Homer, the ve- nerable and authentic recorder of the ancient glory of Greece, and of all the rights of its fe- veral inhabitants : [a] The Phocians next in forty barks repair; Epiftrophus and Schedius head the war •, From thofe rich regions, where Cephifus leads, Her filver current thro' the fiow'ry meads : From Panopea, Chryfa the divine. Where Anemoria's {lately turrets fhine ; Where Pytho *, Daulis, Cypariffus ftood. «fDeip!u. Pope. Let us then boldly draw the fword, and aflerc the honours of our fathers, and the rights of their pofterity. These artful reprefentations had the defired cfFed: the Phocians created Philomelus their general, with full powers to condudt them as {.i] Av.df Enians, and fome others, influenced either by their attachments to Boeotia, their ancient ani- mofities to Phocis, or the popular motives of religion, and veneration for the temple, all united againft Philomelus and his adherents. And thus this quarrel, at firft feemingly incon- fiderable, became gradually to appear important and alarming : and divided all Greece with the greater animofity, as their paflions and interefts had ig2 THE LIFE AND REIGN OF Book II. had the Ipecious fhew of religion to difguifc ^' • ■' them, and to fanftify their moft bloody confc- quences. It doth not appear, that Philip was as yet invited, by either party, to fhare in this dif- , pute : but a prince of his confummate policy could not have regarded it with indifference : and, although he had no profpedl of immediate advantage from it, yet, by his condudl, he feems to have duly weighed its remote confe- quences, and, from the beginning of this fatal conteft, to have juftly confidered it as the foun- dation of his future greatnefs. He looked on with fecret fatisfaftion, while thefe people rufhed to war with an inconfiderate fury, which ren- dered them blind to their real danger ; and waited till they (hould exhauft and weaken each other, fo as to enable him to attack them all with greater advantage. The firft year of the facred war had now clapfed, (for it mud be thought an eflential part of the prefent hiftory to trace the progrefs of this important conteft) when Philomelus began to find himfelf engaged in a truly dangerous DioJ. Sic. and momentous enterprife. He perceived the left. a8. dreadful ftorm which was preparing to burft upon I>HILIF KING OF MACEt)ON. Upon him from different quarters, and faw the neceflity of guarding effedually againft it. He drew together a large body of new merce- naries, to which he added a number of fuch Phocians as were capable of fervice, but as yet had not been incorporated in his army ; and as it was abfolutely neceflary to procure a large fum of money for the fupport of thefe forces^ and as policy forbad him to commit any outrage on the riches of the temple, he conceived a Icfs odious method of raifing the necefiary fupplies ; which was to tax all the inhabitants of Delphi, who had been enriched by the devotion of Greece, and by the continual refort of various nations to the celebrated oracle. By thefe means, he was enabled to take the field with a formid- able power, and to prefent himfelf in readinefs to oppofe all the enemies of Phocis. The Lo- crians, who were ftill the firft to exprefs their zeal againft him, now again met him in arms, and came to an engagement near to thofe rocky precipices, called by the Grecians, Phaedriades. The battle was fought, on each fide, with fuf- ficient valour ; but, in fpite of their braved efforts, the Locrians were defeated, purfued with confiderable flaughter, many of them made prifoners, and many driven down headlong from the rocks. The event of this engagement ferv- VOL. I. O €d ,94 THE LIF£ AND REIGK OF Book II. cd to inflame the fpirit of the Phocians, but ^ ' "^ threw the Locrians into the deeped eonftern- ation. They inftantly difpatched their deputies to Thebes, to reprefent their deplorable condi- tion, and to urge that flatfc to hafl:en to their afliftancc, and that of the god. And now the Phocians were threatened with the immediate appearance of the Thebans, and of the other ftates, which paid deference to the decrees of the Amphi£lyonic body. Philome- i)iod. Sic. lus could not yet think himfelf fufficiently armed fe«. JO, againft fo formidable an aflbciation, and there- fore determined to reinforce his army with ftili greater numbers* To this it was previoufly neceffary to find new fupplies of money. As all his former refources were exhaufted, as nei- ther Athens nor Lacedaemon had as yet fent him the ftipulated fuccours, he was at laft ob- liged, however invidious and unpopular ic might appear, to lay his faerilegious hands on the treafures and rich offerings of the temple > and, having taken as much from this large fund as he judged neceflary, he was enabled to aug- ment the pay of his mercenaries by one half of the former fum. By thefe means, he inftantly found himfelf furrounded by great numbers from all parts of Greece, of defperate fortunes and PHILIP KING OF MACEDON, snd abandoned charadlers ; immoral and profli- gate contemners of the national religion, and influenced only by the hopes of fliaring a rich fpoil. They were all fupplied and gratified; and thus Philomelus was enabled to march into the Locrian terntory, at the head of above ten thoufand horfe and foot j a large army for a Phocian general, and much beyond what might have been expe(5ted in his circumftances. The Locrians, how reinforced by fome of the Boeo- tians, came out to meet him. The cavalry on each fide engaged, and the Phocians were vic- torious. The Thefi^alians, with the auxiliary forces, which their neighbouring ftates had raifed, having made up a body of fix thoufand men, next march down into Locris, and meet the enemy at the foot of an hill called Argolas : but here the Phocians are once more victorious, A formidable body of thirteen thoufand Boeo- tians now arrive, and join the confederates ; while Philomelus is reinforced by fifteen hundred AchaL^ans fent from Peloponnefus. This chief, though now confiderably inferiour in numbers, yet difdained the thoughts of a retreat. Both armies were colle6led on the fame plain, and in- camped in view of each other. Frequent excurfions were necefi!arily made Seft, jii from each army, on account of foraging; and, O 2 on THE LIFE AND REIGN OF on one of thefe occafions, it happened, that a number, of mercenary forces, in the fervice of Philomelus, had the misfortune to be furround- ed, and taken prifoners, by a fuperiour body of Boeotians. The wretches were brought in triumph to the camp •, proclamation was made with all folemnity, by an herald, that, by the fentcnce of the great council of Amphidlyons, thefe men were condemned to die, for having ferved in the army of facrilegious violators of the rights of Apollo -, and this fentence was in- ftantly executed without mercy. The foldiers, in the pay of Phocis, were fired with fury and indignation at the cruel and difgraceful fate of their comrades : they feized the firft oppor- tunity of furprifrng a party of the enemy : they ied them to their general's tent : they called loudly for revenge : nor could Philomelus op- pofe tiheir urgent remonftrances : the prifoners were delivered up to their fury, and put to death with every circumftance of cruelty that had been praftiled in the enemy's camp. Dwi. Sic. At length both armies decamped at once, ua.\i. ^^^ began to march the fame way, which the the conveniency of forage feems to have pointed out. After fome motions, in a clofe and woody country, which concealed the approach of each from the other, until they were juft in view, M their I PHILIP KING OF MACEDON. their vanguards firft met unexpecfledly, and be- gan to fkirmifli. The adlion foon became ge- neral and violent ; and the Phocians, after Ibme refiftance, were forced to yield to fuperiour num- bers. The country, in which they fought, filled with rocks, and precipices, and pathicfs woods, impeded their retreat, and expofed them to all the fury of the victorious enemy, who made great flaughter both of the Phocians and the mercenaries. Philomelus exerted all his valour and abilities to correal this diforder, but without efFeft. Unable to flop the flight of his foldiers, covered over with wounds, pierced with anguifh and defpair, he, at length, yielded to the torrent, and foon found himfelf puflied to the brow of a frightful precipice, which cut off all further flight. The enemy were prefling clofe upon him; he knew the treatment he was to expeft, were he to fall alive into their hands j his defperate refolution was, in the fame mo- ment, formed and executed ; and, from the precipice on which he flood, he boldly leaped down, and paid the punifhment due to his tur- bulent ambition. The command of the army, by this means, devolved to Onomarchus, his brother and colleague, who, with great diflicul- ty, collefted, by degrees, the fcattered remains of the defeated army, and retired to Phocis. The Thebans, and other confederates, having O Q clofcd j^S THE LIFE AND REIGN OF Book II. clofed the campaign (o fortunately, returned to, ^^^ their own territories, expatiating on the fate of Philomelus, as a manifeft indication of divine wrath-, and being, by this fuccefs, confirmed in their refokitions to purfvie the enemies of heaven and of Greece, they declared their firm purpofe of aiTerting this righteous caiife, and of punilhing all thofe facrilegious wretches, who might be taken in the courfe of the war, in the fame manner as their chief had fuffered, the manner which Apollo himfelf, by this exe- cution of his vengeance, feemed to point out to them. The Athenians, as we have already feen, were engaged by a formal treaty to fend aflift- ance to thefe unhappy Phocians. But their in- dolence had as yet prevented them from per- forming their engagement, and they had now the mortification to find their acknowledged friends and allies defeated, and almoft totally deftroyed, by means of their defertion. While they thus neglefted a contefl, which raged in the heart of Greece, and now began to threaten moft important confequences, their va- nity prompted them to extend their views to Afia, and to affe6t an attention to the motions and defigns of the great king. The thoughts of their ancient glory were too flattering ever to fubfide. PHILIP KING OF MACEDON. fubfide, even amidft all theit corruptions-, the ancient caufes of enmity, between them, and Perfia, were ftill remembered, and, on many occafions, oftentatioufly recounted. The. late condu(5t of their general Chares, in aflift- ing a rebellious noble, had raifed a juft and warm refentment at the Perfian court -, and their - notions of their own importance made them readier to fufped, that the vail armaments, which were now preparing by Artaxerxes Ochus, threatened them, and that fome important blow , was meditated againft their dominions. The orators of Athens feemed lludious to flatter the weaknefs and vanity of the people on this oc- cafion, and exerted all their eloquence to engage them in a vigorous oppofition to the ancient ene- qI^^^I'^ my of Greece. All the actions of their great ^'*^* anceftors were recalled to their remembrance j the names of Miltiades, Themiftocles, Cimon, and the other illuftrious enemies of Perfia, re- founded through the aflembly ; all the force and artifice of language was employed to adorn their actions j and their pofterity were pathe- tically invited to imitate thefe renowned patterns of virtue, and to rife up in arms againft the Barbarian. It is not impoITible but that the agents and partifans of the king of Macedon might have regarded this as a favourable occa- O 4 fion THE LIFE AND REIGN OF fion to advance their matter's intereft ; and that by joining violently in the outcry againft the Perfian, by fomenting the fufpicions of his defio-ns, and by flattering the national pride of the Athenians, they endeavoured to divert their attention from the aftions of Philip, whom they feem to have reprefented as a powerful prince, ready to lay afide all private animofities, and to unite with them againft the common enemy. The artifice of thefe fecret friends of Macedon, or their own terrours, fo far wrought upon the Athenians, that they refolved to fend a depu- tation to all the Greeks to invite them to fufpend their private quarrels, and to unite againft the defigns of Perfia; and they themfelves fo far liter. forgot all private animofities •, and poffibly were Philip, {q far influenced by the artifice of corrupted hirelings, that they refolved, on this occafion, to acknowledge Macedon as a member of the Hellenic body, and to invite Philip to join in the »Lib.4. general confederacy. Olivier * thinks it pro- ^' '^^* bable, that Ifocrates was the perfon who anfwer- ed for the condud of Philip, and induced his countrymen to this refolution. This old, re- clufe, and virtuous rhetorician was eafily flattered by the attention which Philip paid to him, as well as other men of learning ; and, convinced, himfelf, of the fincerity of his declarations, might naturally have laboured to convince his fellow^ PHILIP KING OF MACEDON. aoi fellow-citizens, and to remove their prejudices, Sect. I. by echoing thofe plaiifible pretences with which Philip difguifed all his hoftilities, and which might have had their full effect upon an honeil mind, unacquainted with the artifices of public life. Add to this, that Philoftratus tells us (as the French writer obferves) that atone time ifocrates reconciled Philip to the Athenians j which could not poffibly have happened but in the prefent conjunfture : as in the grand treaty, executed by the ten orators, Ifocrates had no fhare : and the peace which fucceeded the battle of Chaeronea was not made till after his death. However this may be, no overtures could pof- fibly be made to Philip more agreeable to his policy and ambition, nor more likely to engage his whole attention j and pofTibly the fecret prac- tices of this prince, or the vanity of Athens, might have had more material confequences in this conjundure, had not Demofthenes now ap- peared, for the firft time, in a debate about the public intereft, and exerted his addrefs and energy to moderate ^the exceffive and ill-direded zeal of the Athenians. This illuflrious orator and ftatefman, whom we lliall hereafter find adling fo confiderable a part in the courfe of this hiftory, was born in the laft year of the ninety-ninth Olympiad, ac- cording THE LIFE AND REIGN OF cording to Dionyfius, who, in his epiftle to Ammaeus, hath accurately diftinguifhed the different periods of his life, and the times in which his feveral orations were delivered. He was the fon, not of a mean and obfcure me- juren*!. chanic, as the Roman fatyrifl hath reprefented him, but of an eminent Athenian citizen, who raifed a confiderable fortune by the manufafturc Kut. In of arms. At the age of feven years he loft his father j and, to add to this misfortune, the guardians to whom he was entrufted, wafted and embezzled a confiderable part of his inheritance. Thus opprefled by fraud, and difcouraged by a weak and effeminate habit of body, he yet dif- covered an early ambition to diftinguifli himfelf as a popular fpeaker. The applaufe beftowed on a public orator, who had defended his country*s right to the city of Oropus, in an elaborate ha- rangue, inflamed his youthful mind with an eager defire of meriting the like honour. Ifo- crates and Ifaeus were then the two moft emi- nent profeffors of eloquence at Athens. The foft and florid manner of the former did by no means fuit the genius of Demofthenes. Ifaeus was more vigorous and energetic, and his ftyle better fuited to public bufmeis. To him, there- fore, he applied ; and, under his diredion, purfued thofe ftudies, which might accomplifli iiim for the charader to which he afpired. His firft PHILIP KING OF MACEDON. ^rft eflay was made again ft his guardian, by whom he had been fo injurioufly treated. But the goodnefs of his caufe was here of more fer- vice than the abilities of the young orator ; for his early attempts were unpromjfing, and foon convinced him of the neceffity of a graceful and manly pronunciation. His clofe and fevere application, and the extraordinary diligence with which he laboured to conquer his defefls and natural infirmities, are too well known, and have been too frequently the fubjecH: of hifto- rians and critics, ancient and modern, to need a particular recital. His charader, as a ftatef- man, will be beft colleded from the following hiftory, as an orator, the reader, perhaps, is not to be informed of his qualifications. I take the liberty, however, of tranfcribing a brief account from a former work : *' Energy and majefty were his peculiar ex Preface to *' cellencies. From the gravity of Thucydides, lauon'o"' « the pomp and dignity of Plato, the eafe and ^/sTp^.n'p. " elegance, the neatnefs and fimplicity of the & ^'^- " Attic writers, he formed a ftyle and manner " admirably fitted to his own temper and genius, '* as well as that of his hearers. His own feve- *' rity determined him to the more forcible me- *' thods of aftonifhing and terrifying, rather t' than to the gentle and infinuating arts of " perfua- THE LIFE AND REIGN OF " perfuafion ; nor did the circumftances and «' difpofitions of his countrymen admit of any " but violent impreflions. As many of thofe to ** whom he addrefled himfelf were men of low " rank and occupations, his images and ex- *' prefTions are fometimes familiar. As others « of them were themfelves eminent in fpeaking, " and could readily fee through all the common " artifices of oratory, thefe he afFefts todefpife-, «* appears only felicitous to be underftood ; yet, *» as it were, without defign, raifes the utmoft " admiration and delight : fuch delight as arifes " from the clearnefs of evidence, and the fulnefs " of convi6tion. And, as all, even the lower " part of his hearers, were acquainted with the *' beauties of poetry, and the force of harmony, "he could not admit of any thing rude or *' negligent -, but, with the ftrideft attention, " laboured thofe compofitions, which appear fo " natural and unadorned. They have their " ornaments ; but thefe are auftere and manly, "and fuch as are confident with freedom and " fincerity. A full and regular feries of dif- " fufive reafoning would have been intolerable " in an Athenian afiembly. He even contents " himfelf with an imperfed hint : a fentence, " a word, even his filence is fometimes pregnant " with meaning. And this quicknefs and ve- " hemencc flattered a people, who valued them- " felves I PHILIP KING OF MACEDON. '* felves upon their acutenefs and penetration. " The impetuous torrent, that in a moment " bears down all before it ; the repeated flafhes *' of lightning, which fpread univerfal terror, ** and which the ftrongeft eye dares not encoun- *' ter ; are the images by which the nature of " his eloquence hath been exprefled." He was now twenty-eight years old, when the Athenians aflembled to confider of the mea- fures to be taken in confequence of this alarm from Perfia, and particularly of the manner of raifing an armament proper to defend them againft the fuppofed danger, and of the funds required for preparing and maintaining it. Luc- cefini, in his notes on the oration which Demo- fthenes now delivered, propofes a difficulty, that, by the eftabliflied laws of Solon, no man was allowed to fpeak in public, who had not attained the age of thirty; which law, as it appears from the oration of iEfchines againft Timar- chus, was ftill in force : but this law, as the fame learned commentator hath abundantly proved, only regarded thofe ten public orators who were annually chofen and paid to fpeak in t-he affairs of ftate : who, as they were frequent- ly to addrefs the fenate, mull neceflarily be of the fcnatorial age. All the other citizens were freely allowed to declare tl^eir fentiments in the aflemblyi Tourreil. THE LIFE AND REIGN O^ afifembly, and to propofe any thing which they deemed of advantage to the ftate ; with a due deference, however, to feniority, though the law, which gave to the elders a prior right of fpeakins;, was now abrogated, according to an- Not. in Other interpreter of this great Athenian orator* Phil, I. ^ oiymp.106. This privilege, therefore, Demofthenes now ^' 3* aflumed, but not before he had heard the full fpirit of national vanity break forth in the .^f- fembly, in magnificent harangues on the ancient glory of Athens, and the neceffity of curbing the pride of the Barbarian, and of calling upon the Greeks to unite againft their common enemy. He feenis to have formed jufter notions of the prefent ftate of his country, of its connexions, interefts, and corruptions. As yet, however, it became his age to fpeak with due caution, and to curb that feverity with which he afterward? combated the errours of his countrymen •, he begins with tempering their heat and extrava* gant zeal, without abfolutely fhocking their prejudices. Oratio dc " The men, who thus dwell upon the praifes Clair, inif. cc Qf Qy^ anceftors, feem to me, ye men of " Athens, to have chofen a fubjed fitted rather " to pleafe and gratify the affembly, than to do " the due honours to-thofe on whom they lavifh 7 " their PHILIP KING OF MACEDON. 207 •* their applaufe. As they attempt to fpeak of Sect. r. *' adtions which no words can worthily defcribe, ^'^V'^^ ** the iiluftrious fubjedt adorns their fpeech, " and gives them the praifeof eloquence; while " their hearers are made to think of the virtues " of thefe heroes with much lefs elevation than *' thefe virtues of themfelves inlpire. To mc " time itfelf feems to be the nobleft witnefs to ** their glory. A feries of fo many years hath "now pafledover: and yet no men have yec " appeared, whofe actions could furpafs thofe '* confummate patterns of perfection. It (hall ** be my part, therefore, folely to endeavour to " point out the means which may enable you •* mod effedtually to prepare for war. For, in ** fa6t, were all our fpeakers to proceed in a ** pompous difplay of their abilities, fuch pa- ** rade and oftentation could not pofTibly be of *' the Icail advantage to the public. But if any " man whatever will appear, and can explain, *' to your full fatisfadion, what kind of arma- " ment, how great, and how fupported, may ** ferve the prefent exigencies of the ftate, then ** all thofe alarms mud inftantly be difpelled.'* From the circumftances of Greece, the con- tefts which now reigned, the difpofition of the principal ftates, the dangers which were nearer, more certain, and more alarming than thofe ap- preliended v— >_^ 208 THE LIFE AND REIGN OE* Book II. prchended from Perfia, he proceeds gradually to infpire them with fentiments of greater mo- deration, to recall them from all romantic pur- fiiits, and to confine them to defenfive meafures, to the care and attention due to their military- preparations, that fo they might appear amply provided againft any attack whatever. The method he propofes for raifmg their armament, dilcovers an extraordinary attention to the con- ftitution of his country, and fhews that it was not only by forming his voice, his ftyle, and his pronunciation, that Demofthenes prepared himfelf for public bufmefs. His fcheme, if particularly difcufled, might lead us too far away from the principal fubjed. It feems equi- tably and happily conceived, calculated for ex- pedition, and to obviate all difficulties and mur- murings. Though poffibly the great defign of the orator was not fo much to point out the means of guarding againft the fuppofed danger, as to divert his countrymen, by a delicate addrefs and artifice, from an affair, which had no other foundation than in the over-heated imaginations of fome orators, who were pofTibly interefted in fomenting and increafing the prefent emotions of the affembly. It was one great corruption in the flate of Athens, that the richer members of the com- munity PHILIP KING OF MACEDON. munity employed all their influence (in the ge- neral decay of public fpirit) to fhift off from themfelves the burdenfome and cxpenfive duties of an Athenian citizen. It was their province Demoft •« ■•in- r Coiona,re€t, to equip and to mamtam the ihips or war : and, 30. by the difpofition which prevailed at prefent, the richeft citizen was only obliged to contribute a fixteenth part to the fitting out of one veffel. So that the poor alone felt the public burdens, find many irregularities and deficiencies were found in their marine. In the place of this, pemofthenes propofed a new regulation, where- by every citizen, pofleiled of ten talents, was obliged, at his own fole expence, to equip one Ihip of war : they who poflefled lefs, were -to unite their fortunes, fo as to make up this iiim, and to contribute in proportion to their wealth ; and they, whofe fortunes exceeded ten •talents, were alfo obliged to contribute an ad- ditional fum, rated according to their abilities ; •and, if poflefled of twenty, were to fit out two-, if of thirty, three fliips -, which number, together with one tender, was the greatefl: that any citizen was obliged to provide by the new regulation. This propofal, equitable as it was, yet gave occafion to a profecution : but the ac- cufer had fcarcely that number of voices in his 'favour, which could fcreen him from the confe- ijuences of a malicious accufation. — The people Vol. I. P faw 2IO THE LIFE AND REIGN OF Book II, faw clearly the advantages of the fcheme which ' '^'""^ Demofthenes propofed ; and, without any dif- ficuUy, adopted and confirmed it. Their late debate only ftrved to dennonftrate what high notions they had formed of the merit and power of Philip : their magnificent fchemes quickly vanifhed, when it began to appear, that the defigns of Ochus were all direded againft Egypt; and the precarious condition of many of their dependent cities roufed them from their dream of glory, to an humble and mortifying fenfe of their weaknefs and danger. The pof- fe/Tions which they were labouring to maintain, or to recover, in Thrace, were every day threat- ened by fome new attempt made by the vigilant and active king of Macedon, who was conti- nually engaged in weakening their intereffc there, while his hoftilities were apparently aimed againft thofe petty fovereigns who divided that country, and who, by their mutual contentions for power, gave him a fair opportunity of carrying his arms into their territories, under pretence of fuccour- ArTrocr '° ^"S ^^^ opprefTcd and weaker party. Cerfo- oiymp. bleptes, who comm>anded in the Thracian Cher- IC6.Y.104. r r r lonelus, foon perceived that he could not long defend that important difiridl againft the claim Slc.r^'l 0^ Athens, and the arms of Philip: in order, therefore, to gain the friendfhip of the Athe- nians, PHILIP KING OF MACEDON. 211 nians, he now determined to make a formal re- S'cr. r. fignation of the Cherfonefus to this people : ^ ' hoping, by this method, to attach them to his intereft, and, by their afliftance, to eftablifh himfelf in the reft of the kingdom, on the ruin of Berifades and Amadocus, the other two co- heirs. This cefTion was in the higheft degree Ariftoc" '* pleafing to the Athenians : Cerfobleptes was de- clared a citizen of Athens ; the fame honour Epift. Phii. was conferred on Charidemus, who was then engaged in his fervice, and aflum.ed the greatell ihare of the merit of this conceffion to himfelf j Derroft. in and flattered the people with hopes of ftill far- ther advantages. In the ardour of their acknow- ledgments, the Athenians pafTed a decree, enjoin- ing all the allies and fubjecfls of Athens to de- liver up, alive or dead, any perfon who fhould make an attempt on the life of Charidemus ; which produced that oration againft Ariltocrates, the author of this decree, to which we are in- debted for many particulars relating to the af- fairs of Thrace. Chares, who was now coafting along the Hellefpont, was directed to receive thofe places in the Cherfonefus, which were thus yielded to the Athenians. He proceeded to execute his Di.n. 'Jx. commiflTion, but found a vigorous oppofition at Scftos, one of the principal of thefe cities. He P 2 was THELIFEAND REIGN OF was obliged to befiege it with all his force, and, having taken it by afiault, treated the inhabi- tants with a feverity capable of intimidating all the other fettlements from any further oppofi- tion. All thofe, who were of age to bear arms, were put to the fword without mercy •, the reft reduced to flavery, and an Athenian colony im- mediately fettled at Seftos. But there was one circumftance which, in a great meafure, defeated all the advantages which the Athenians might derive from the poflefTion of the Cherfonefus. Cardia, the moft confider- able city of this peninfula, had ever appeared averfe to the Athenian government : it was fitu- ated on the ifthmus, of confequence com- manded the entrance from Thrace, and was en- abled to preclude the inner fettlements from all the advantages of commerce. Its fituation af- forded room for fome difpute, whether it was to be confidered as a part of the Cherfonefus, Dcmoft. in or of the Thracian continent. It had been ex- Ariftoc. . Diod. ut cepted in feveral treaties, by which the right of Athens to the Cherfonefus was acknowledged; and now Cerfobleptes exprcfsly rcferved Cardia to himfelf. The Athenians, on their part, though unable to fupport their pretenfions to Cardia, yet ftill afferted them ; and thus a field was opened for perpetual difputes, and Philip had a fair fu pra. PHILIP KING OF MACEDON. 213 a fair occafion of diftrcfTing the Athenians, by Skct./. uniting with the Cardians, and fupporting their independence : a defign which he was afterwards enabled effedually to execute. In the mean time, this prince, ever reftlcfs and afpiring, ever attentive to the fchemes which his ambition diflated, and ever provided with fome pretence to juftify his hoftilitics againit thofe who were obnoxious to him, turned his thoughts to Methone, as a city which his inte- refts required him to reduce. Ancient geogra- phers mention feveral cities of this name : the principal of which were Methone in Pelopon- nefus, fituated between Epidaurus and Troe- zene i another of the fame name in ThefTaly, built on the coaft of Magnefia -, and a third, called the Thracian Methone, fituated on the Thermaic bay, at the diftance of * forty ftadia * -About ' , , four milci. from Pydna. This laft city it was, to which Philip now laid fiege, (as the authority of Strabo +, as well as that of Euftathius, in his +inix. . . cerpt, 1. 7. notes on the fecond book of the Iliad, direfls us to determine.) By its fituation it was capable of fcrving as a kind of citadel to favour the ex- curfions of the enemies of Macedon into the heart of his dominions, whether of Cerfobleptes, oiiv. 1. ;. • n 1 r 1 I • P' ^^9* againft whom he made no icruple to avow his enmity 5 or of the Olynthians, on whofe ruin P3 he *1. 6. 214 THE LIFE AND REIGN OF Book II. he now feems to have refolved, and who, on ■"'^' "^ their part, had good reafons to fufpcdt and dread his riling power. Nor was this city lefs con- venient to the Athenians, or lefs favourable to any attempts which they might make to invade his kingdom. Thither were their forces tranf- ported, as we have already feen, in the expedi- tion in favour of Argaeus : and, in earlier times, as we learn from Thucydides *, they had expe- rienced the convenience of this port, in making their defcents on Macedon. He could not think of leaving fuch a city open to his fecret or de- clared enemies ; and therefore determined to deftroy it. The Methoneans, to whom his de- fign could not be long a fecret, prepared and exerted themfelves as men who fought for their very being •, and, for a while, fuftained the fiege Srjho.i. 8. ^^j^j^ ^^ obftinate valour. One of the cities, called Methone, had been employed in its for- tifications from the time of the Trojan war : which the Greeks imputed to an imprecation pronounced by Agamemnon, who, when the inhabitants alleged this their engagement as an excufe for not uniting their arms with him, prayed that thefe walls, which thus prevented them from joining in the common caufe of Greece, might never be finiftied, Theopompus, wtat. as quoted by Strabo *, underitands this of the city which Philip now befieged • and, if (o, the I PHILIP KING OF MACEDON. 215 the Methoneans had ftrength, as well as valour. Sect. I. to oppofe Philip : while the Athenians, on their I^^] ' part, alarmed at this new inftance of his rellleis ''^'' 'J* ambition, were preparing to fend powerful fuc- cours to the befieged. During the operations of the fiege, as Philip was employed in viewing the works, and dircft- ing the approaches, an arrow, fhot from the town, wounded him dangeroufly in the eye, and ^»«'"^in call the befiegers into the utmoft confufion. But they were foon re-animated by the vigour and refolution of their prince, who gave orders, with the utmoil calmncfs and intrepidity, for continuing the fiege, and committed himfelf to the care of Critobulus, a chiruro-eon, whofc ^''"- ' '• fkill, in fo important a cure, hiftory has thought worthy to be recorded : and who, though he could not fave his eye, yet contrived, by his dexterity, to take away all the blemifh which might have been expeded from fuch an acci- dent. When the arrow was extrafted, this in- fcription is faid to have appeared on it. Aster ^','.^^^' TO Philip's right eye ; a circumftance on '5- which fome relations have been founded, that are unauthorized, and unfupported, by the more authentic writers. It is faid, (as the re.ider, who is at all converfant in modern compilements, P 4 perhaps 2i6 THE LIFE AND REIGN OF BooxII. perhaps need not be informed) that one After '^fZ^^^^ of Amphlpolis, or of Olynthus, according to ^"\.'" others, recommended himfelf to the fervice of Philip, by affuring him, that his fl!od.sic. liberty he profelTed himfelf wholly folicitous. ka.^S' t^*^ induftrioufly and artfully reprefented to them, that the jundlion of Lycophron and Ono- marchus muft prove fatal to their freedom and happinefs j that their tyrant, not content with haraffing and oppreffing them himfelf, had now fold them to a foreign power for a vain fhew, and empty title of fovereignty j that even of that he muft be quickly ftripped, and Thefialy to- tally loft in a mean dependence upon Phocis. In the facrilegious quarrels of this people, the braveft among the ThefiTalians muft be forced to filed their blood ignobly ; to fee their pof- fefllons torn from them, and all their fertile plains ranfacked and ravaged to fatiate the ava- rice PHILIP KING OF MACEDON. 239 rice and rapine of a chief, impioufly rebellious Sect. ir. againft heaven and Greece. All thefe, and fuch- ' "^'""^ like remonftrances, he knew how to enforce with confummate artifice ; and fo inflamed the minds of the generality of the Thefl!alians, that they breathed nothing but fury againft Lyco- phron and Onomarchus ; they acknowledgeti. the king of Macedon their leader, their protec- tor, and deliverer ; and crowded to his ftandard with a warm and cordial zeal. By thefe means, Philip foon found hinifelf at the head of twenty thoufand foot, and three thoufand of the beft cavalry in Greece. The two contending armies now advanced Diod.sic. againft each other, equally eager to engage, feft.'ss. and equally polTelTed with hopes of viftory. Glory and ambition were motives fufficfently animating to Philips and his foldiers alfo he well knew how to animate. His caufe was fair and popular: he fought againft tyranny and oppreftion, againft facrilege and profanation, in defence of liberty, of Greece, but particu- larly in defence of Apollo. He ordered all his men to crown their heads with laurel, a tree facrcd to that God ; and his enfigns he adorned ju„i„ ,_ g. with the emblems and attributes of his divinity. ^■^^ And thus the Macedonians and TheiTalians marched pn with an enthufiaftic valour, as if com- «— V Diod. Sic. 240 THE LIFE AND REIGN OF Book II. commifTioned by heaven to inflid its vengeance On facrilege and profanation. The Phocians, whom the appearance of the enemy had (truck with a confcioLifnefs of their guilt, were charged with all imaginable fury ; yet fought like men ani- mated by defpair, and fenfible of the neceflity of defending their iniquity. The infantry, on each fide, equal in numbers, and equally ob- flinate, kept the viftory for fome time doubt- r. i6. ful ; till the ThefTalian cavalry advanced, and ' * ^ * determined the fortune of the battle. The Pho- cians, unable to fuftain their force and valour, were broken, defeated, and purfued with con- fiderable flaughter. Horrour and difmay hur- ried great numbers of them towards the fea, which was contiguous to the field of battle; and, among thefe, their general Onomarchus. Here they beheld, at fome diftance, a fleet which feemed to advance towards the fhore, and which they juftly concluded to be the fuccours which Athens had fent to them under the com- mand of Chares ; and which arrived only to be witnefTes of their ruin. Inftead of attempting to ilem the torrent of the vidlorious enemy, and to make fome (land till this fleet might advance fo far as to afford them, at leaft, the opportu- nity of an orderly retreat, their terrour and im- patience plunged them headlong into the fea, in hopes, by fwimming, to find their fecurity in I PHILIP KING OF MACEDON. in the fhips. Here numbers of them faint with the lofs of blood, and confounded by their fears, funk under their wounds and fatigue, or were forced down by the tumult. Onomarchus, himfelf lliared this unhappy fate-, or, as Pau- fanias * hath afierted, fell a viftim to the revenge • b phoc. and indignation of his own foldiers ; who im- puted their ruin to his ignorance and cowardice, and forced him down into the deep, covered over with wounds. More than fix thoufand Pho- cians perifhed in this precipitate flight, and on the field of battle : three thoufi.nd were made prifoners, and referved for all the feverity which the general laws of Greece denounced againft facrilege. To exprefs the warmer zeal for reli- gion, Philip ordered his foldiers to fearch for the body of that impious chief, whofe profane arms heaven had thus puniilicd ; and caufed it to be hung on a gibbet, as a dreadful memorial of iniquity and divine vengeance. The other bodies of the flain he cafl to the v/aves, as of wretches unworthy of interment, and the com- mon rights of mankind. He was alfo autho- f^''"- T"). rizcd, by the laws of Greece, to infli-ii the fame ' r=-p' i. «» rigour on thofc who had fallen alive into his " ^'^ ' ' hands : but whether he caufe-d them likewife to be call into the fea, feems not entirely clear from the exprefTion of Diodorus \ though a Vol, I. R French 242 THE LIFE AND RElGt^ OF Book II. French compiler of this hiftory fuppofes, that the dead only were thus treated, and that it is probable he contented himfelf with reducing his prilbners to the condition of flaves, the mildeft punifhment denounced againft facrilege : but whether fuch mercy was confiflent with Philip's prefent political views of fetting up for a prince of the moil; confummate piety, and a zealous avenger of the god's injured honour, may, on the other hand, be juftly made a queftion. So that the fate of thefe unhappy captives muft for ever remain in obfcurity. This victory convinced Lycophron of the neceffity of once more refigning his pretenfions to the government of Theffaly j and obliged 01 nth ^^^ ^^ retire from Pherae. That city, together fea. 6. Yf'ixh Pagafae, his late conqueft, and Magnefia, another town of confiderable note in TheiTaly, ' Philip referved to himfelf, the better to fecure the dependence of the inconftant ThelTaliansj who were, at prefent, unwilling and unable to difpute the decifions of their deliverer, and, without difficulty, lubmitted to thofe regulations which he made under pretence of reftoring their tranquillity, but, in reality, to keep them firmly attached to Macedon. Thither he now direfted his courfe, crowned with glory and vid;ory ; the iubied PHILIP KING OF MACEDON. 243 fubjeft of univerfal praife through Greece, Sect. if. where, from this time, he began to be regarded as a prince really great and powerlul. Statef- men admired the depths of his policy, and ge- nerals acknowledged the fuperiority of his mili- tary conduct and abilities ; while the lower or- ders of men, who were incapable of penetrating into his real defigns, and were affedlcd only by thofe fair appearances with which he veiled them, revered and applauded him as a religious prince, the fcourge of facrilege, and defender of Apollo. At Athens, his great a6lions feem to have been received with envy and jealouly. A peo- ple enervated by indolence and luxury, devoted to felf-enjoyment, and, at the fame time, ele- vated with pride and national vanity, were no longer able to fupport their ancient reputation, yet could not give up the flattering remem- brance of it : they perceived the gradual ad- vances, of a new and unfufpecled rival, to con- fummate greatnefs and Ibvereignty j but per- ceived them with an impotent indignation. Convinced of the abfolute nece/Tity to check the progrefs of his arms, yet fatally averfe to thofe vigorous meafures which lb important a defign cemoft. required, they amufed themfelves with fch;;mes f^^'.J"'^* *' of raifmg up fome other enemy to Philip, who R 2 might THE LIFE AND REIGN OF might divert him from thofe excurfions which threatened Greece in general, and particularly the Athenians. The confederated ftates of Olynthus feemed to be the only power fitted for this purpofe. It was urged vehemently, that the Olynthians, if poffible, were to be engaged in a quarrel with Macedon, as the only means of confining the views of this enterprizing prince to his own neiglibourhood ; and, while they were thus folicitous to throw the bufmefs of their own defence on others, they applauded the defign, as the refult of deep and extenfive policy, though really didated by their love of eafe. The Olynthians, on their part, encou- raged them in thefe their fchemes of depreffing their rival, by the uneafmefs and fufpicions of Philip, which they now difcovered. The late reduction of Methone, which implied a peculiar diffidence of them, feems to have alarmed them with a lively fenfe of the danger to be appre- hended from their afpiring neighbour. They envied, they dreaded, they fufpeded him, in fpite of all the favours he had, fome time fmce, conferred upon them ; they deemed it abfolutely neceflary to guard againft the defigns of a prince inceffantly employed in enlarging his power, D^moft. rn. ^j^^ extending his dominions. They regarded the ftate of Athens as the only balance againft Macedon -, and, about this time, applied to the Athenians, PHILIP KING OF MACEDON. 2^3 Athenians, to propofe an accommodation of all Sicr.i'. ancient differences, and to enter into fiich terms W' of friendfliipj as "knight be the bafis of a future ftrift connexion, and of an alliance defenfive and offenfive. Overtures, fo confonant to their own fentiments, were readily embraced by that people, whofe aflemblies, the only fcenes rrt which their vigour was difplayed, feem to have been conftantly engaged in deliberations about the condufl of Philip, the tendency of his de- figns, and the means of guarding againftthem. But, while the Athenians were confuking, the Macedonian purfued his conquefls -, and, by new inftances of his aftive fpirit, caft them into new difmay and conllernation. Fresh commotions, which arofe in Thrace, determined this prince, ever indefatigable in thepurfuit of his defigns, once more to march into that country. Here Berifades, one of the ce-noft.ia coheirs of Cotys, was dead; and Cerfobleptcs, without regard to thofe engagements which he had entered into with Athens, and which lecured the interells of the other brothers, and. pro- bably fupported and fecretly encouraged by the king of Macedon, attacked the fons of Beri- fades, and his brother Amadocus, and feemed determined, if pofllble, to gain the entire fo- vereignty of Thrace. The feveral members of R 3 this THE LIFE AND REIGN OF this family, who had oftentimes experienced the vanity of a dependence on Athens, now began to find it expedient to court the friendlhip D^„of^^ of Philip. To him their differences were fub- oiynth. 3. i-^iitt^^j ; and, in the diipoficions which he now lect, 0. ^ yMn. 1. 8. made, his own intereft only v/as confidered. c 3. ... Amadociis, and the family of Berifades, f^-tm ^T,<>^fi^"' ^^ l^^"^^ been driven by him from their domi- Dem. in nions, (foi' ancicnt authors fpeak but obfcurely of thefe tranfacflions) and Cerfobleptes, who had, by this time, gained the friendlliip of Phi- lip, ellabliflied on their ruin. Tere."?, another petty prince, who claimed a part of this coun- LuccefiBi try, but of whom we have no particular ac- in Ol;n. I. 1 r 1 1 1 1 • rL counts, leems alio to have had his power eita- blifhed and enlarged by Philip, who thus diftri- buted dominions as he pleafed, and, by his nodj determined the fate of contending potentates. While he was thus engaged, his attention, fixed eternally on the purfuit of new conquefts, directed him to an attempt, whigh difcovered the depth of his penetration, and the extent of Stephan.in his vicws. Hcracum was a fortified place, built H«od.'1!''4. by the Samians in Thrace, over-againft Ghalce- Harpocrat. ^^^^ ^^^ ^-^ Called ffom the name of Juno, who was worlhippcd in that country with pecu- liar honours. The place was of no great con- Luccefini in ^ . . _ , ^ . , p]ynth.3. iequcnce in itlelr ; its harbour was dangerous I and I PHILIP KING OF MACEDON. 247 and deceitful ; but it ferved as a kind of citadel Src r. rr. to Byzantium, an eminent Thracian city, and of the utmoft confequence to the Athenian in- tereft, as it was one great mart from which the barren land" of Attica was lupplied with the ne- ceffary means of fubfiftence for its inhabitants. With a view, no doubt, of facilitating the con- queft of fo important a city, Philip now laid fiege to Heraeum. The Athenians, though too inattentive and fupine to guard againft their dan- ger, yet had penetration to conceive it in its full JJnTh.\.°* extent, and to fee through the whole fcheme of ^^^- 3- their enemy. The news, therefore, of this attack, raifed a commotion, hitherto unknown, in the affembly at Athens, Some of the orators exerted all their powers in reprefenting the danger which threatened the ftate, and in inveighins againft the ' ODD injuftice and ambition of Philip: others, in de- fending or palliating the conduct of a p:ince, who had attached them to his intereft by the power of gold. After fome time fpent in tiie warmth of mutual oppofition, a decree was for- mally made, that forty fhips of war fhould be inftantly fent to fea ; that all the citizens of Athens, within the age of five and forty years (though ufually exempted at forty from military fervice) fhould now embark on board this fleet, ^s in a time of urgent diftrefs and difficulty, R 4. and 248 THE LIFE AND REIGN OF Book IF. and that fixty talents fhould be raifed to fupport *" * ' this formidable armament. But new advices were now received to fuf- pend the effed of thcfe refolutions, and to lull this infatuated people into their former flate of ov.^h.'z. infenfibilicy. The fatigue of conftant aftion, fta. 3. joined to the effeds of the wound which Philip had received at Methone, threw him into a dan- serous fit of ficknefs, which alarmed the Mace- donians, and interrupted their military opera- tions. The news of this event v^'as foon re- ceived wi'h the utmofl joy at Athens, and, as is ufual in fuch cafes, was propagated with cir- cumftances far exceeding the truth; fo that the people were now flattered v/ith aifurances, that the king of Macedon was dead. They refigned themfelves, with the utmoil credulity, to the pleafing hopes of being thus eafily delivered from their dangerous enemy : their late decrees for war, and vigorous meafures, lay totally ne- glected and forgotten ; months palTed away in indolence and pleafures : their entertainments, and religious ceremonies, were deemed objeds worthier attention than their defence and fe-, curity : nor did they ever once think of execut- ing their late refolutions, till a full year elapfed; and, even then, all their projefted preparations were reduced to ten veffels, under the command 2 of PHILIP KING OF MACEDON. 249 of Charidemns, (who was, at this time, engaged Sect. li, in their fervice) without foldicrs fufficient 10 man "^'^^"'^ them, and with an inconfiderable fum of money to fupport them. But while the Athenians were gradually fink- ing into this dangerous flare of fecurity, Philip's happy temperament, and robuft habit of body, freed him from his prefent difcafe, and enabled him to proceed in the execution of his defigns. It doth not clearly appear, whether his attempt asainft Heraeum was fuccefsful, or whether his ficknefs faved that place. But, from a pafTage in the third Clynthiac oration of Demofthenes *, • ka. 6, compared with one in the firft Philippic +, it ffea.7. appears, that, immediately upon his recovery, he made an inroad into the territories of the Olynthians -, pofiibly in revenge of their late praftices at Athens ; and might havepurfued his hoftilities ftill farther, had not the diforders and commotions in Greece diverted his attention, and, for a while, fufpcnded the final ruin of Olynthus. The remains of the Phocian army, which had efcaped the fury of the viftorious Macedonians in the late engagement, retired into Fhocis, itill oiymp.107. obftinate and undiiinayed ; and, ftill rcfolving to purfue the war, chofe Phayllus, the laft fur- vivinor THE LIFE AND REIGNOF viving brother of Onomarchus, for his fuccefibr. This chief was aduated by the fame fatal paf- fions as his predeceflbrs, equally ambitious, equally vigorous, and equally a contemner of Dios. Sic. the national religion. Inftruded by their con- 37. * dudl, he determined to purfue the fame mea- fures : he employed the large fund of wealth which he pofleffed, in colleding great numbers of new mercenaries, and in augmenting thofe fubfidics which the Phocians had been obliged to pay to ftveral people j and went in perfon to folicit their fpeedy and effedual affiftance. At Athens he received afTurances of powerful fup- port. At Sparta, in ancient times fo renowned for a contempt of money, his gold now found an eafy accefs. To Denicha, the wife of king Archidamus, the Phocian, it is faid, particu- pjufan in larly applied [b]. Her perfon exprefled her mean and fordid mind ; and, by gratifying her [b] She W3S remarkably low in flature, and poflefled of none of thofe graces, for which the Spartan women were in general famous. We learn from Heraclides Lembus, an ancient writer, quoted by .Athenaeus, (1. 13. p. 566.) that the Ephori impofed a fine on Archidamus for preferring her to another lady of dillinguilhed beauty, but of inferior fortune. The Spartans, who were ever attentive to the conftitution of their ofFspring, exprefled their fears on this occafiop, left fuch a match fhould produce a diminutive race pf kings. pafTioa Lacon. PHILIP KING OF MACEDON. 25r paflion for money [c], he was confiderably af- Sect. if. filled in his defign, and found but little difficulty '~ ~^" ^ in gaining a renewal of the alliance, and a pro- mife of afliftance. The fubtle and defigning temper of Archi- damus, inceffantly employed in forming fchemes for reviving the power of his country, had, at this time, engaged him in a conteft with his neighbours, which made a ftrid connexion be- tween him and Phocis flill the more necelTary. He had conceived a plan for reconciling the dif- oiiv. i.e. ferent interefts of the Grecian dates, in appear- ^' ■** ance advantageous to the principal members of the great Hellenic body, but, in efteft, only calculated to reilore the fuperiority of Sparta. He propofed to re-eftablifh the feveral cities in the fame condition as before the late wars. [c] AccoRDjNG to Paufanias (in Lacon. p«9l.) Archl- damus himfelf had no fmall fhare of the facrilegious fpoils of the temple. To this circumllance the author of the Iti- neiary fubjoins another more for the honour of this prince. That, at fome time in the courfe of the facred war, whca the Phocians had formed a cruel and defperate refolution, of putting all the inhabitants of Delphi, who were capable of bearing arras, to thefword, and felling their wives and children for flaves ; Archidamus prevented the execution of this defign, and faved the Delphians, Athens 252 THE LIFE AND REIGN OF Book II. Athens would thus have recovered the city '~ ~' of Oropiis, to which they ftill afferted their claim, but which the Thebans kept in their D«rr,oft. pofleflion TdI. Thefpia and Plataea, two emi- pro Mega]. ^ . . -. nent cities in Boeoria, that had felt thejealoufy and revenge of Thebes, and now lay fubverted and depopulated, were, by the fame plan, to be reftored and fortified.. The Phocians were to give up their two important conquefts, Or- chomenus and Coronea. But thefe, and the other Boeotian cities, were only to acknowledge Thebes as the principal and leading city of Boe- otia, without any abfolute fubmifTion or depend- [d] Tkespia was a city of Boeotia, at the foot of mount Helicon. Its inhabitants accounted it an honour to be to- tally ignorant of all arts, even argiculture not excepted. The Thebans, after their victories over Sparta, to punilh the pretended difaffeflion of the Thefpians, facked and razed their city, without fparing even the temples. Plataea was another city of Boeotia, famous for the vidlory which the Greeks gained there over Mardonius. It had been twice demolilhed by the Thebans. In the fifth year of the Pelo- ponnefian war, the Spartans blocked it up, and obliged the inhabitants to furrender ; on which occafion, the Thebans, who were then united with the Spartans, infifted on the de- molition of Plataea. The peace of Antalcidas reftored this city. But the Thebans, three years before the battle of Leudra, provoked at the refufal of the Flataeans to join with them againft Sparta, again reduced it to a ftate of 'de- Iblation, Tour re il. Not. in Orat. de Pace. ence. I PHILIP KING OF MACtDON. a|3 ence, and without obedience to that jurifdiflion Sect. II. which the Thebans claimed over them. On the ''"'*" other hand, MefTene and Megalopolis, the two barriers which Epaminondas had railed np againfl: Lacedemon, were to be defiroyed, and their inha- bitants difperfcd. Thus, while the Thebans were to lofe that power, which their late con- quefts had acquired in Boeotia, all the regu- lations, which the equity of Epaminondas had eftablilhed in Peloponnefus, as barriers againft the Lacedaemonian ambition, were to be totally fubverted, and the Spartans to be reftored to a power of refuming that tyrannical dominion, which they had formerly exercifed over their neighbours. In order to facilitate the execution of this plan, he firft endeavoured to gain that authority in Peloponnefus to which he afpired. A diipute was foon raifed between Sparta and Argos, about the boundaries of their dominions. To Nicoftratus, an eminent citizen of Argos, Ar- chidamus fecretly applied, and, by many art- ful and flattering promifes, endeavoured to pre- vail upon him to put him in poifefiion of one of the gates of^he city. But the illullrious Ar- gian rejefted his offers with indignation. " Is p^^,^ j„ « this," faid he, " the language of a defcendcnt ^^°^^'^' , " from Hercules .? he deftroyed villains you " would THE LIFE AND REIGN OF " would make a villain.'* The king of Sparta, confounded by this gallant rebuke, refolved to have recourfe to arms, and, by engaging the fe- veral dates of Greece in a new conteft, increafed the diforders and inflamed the commotions of this diftra^led nation ; and thereby gave new hopes to the common enemy, the Macedonian, who faw, with pleafure, the commotions in Pe- loponnelus, and waited for an occafion of ii^ter- fering in them with honour and advantage. But, whatever diftant hopes Philip might have now conceived from this new difpute, the facred war was defervedly the more immediate objedl of his regard. Archidamus had fent one thou- bi'od. Sic. fand Spartans to the afliftance of Phayllus \ the Achaeans two thoufand •, the contingent of the Athenians was ftill more confiderable, for they detached five thoufand foot, and four hundred horfe, under the command of Nauficles, one of their moft experienced generals. The tyrants of ThefTuly, lately driven out of that country, without any hopes of a reftoration, reinforced the Phocian army with two thoufand Theifalians, who had followed their fortune. Nor did thofe illuftrioas (tares, which Phayllus had laboured to gain over, alone engage in this difpute. Many of the lefs confiderable communities were enticed by the profped: of advantage, and joined with no utfupra. PHILIP KING OF MACEDON. 555 no lefs ardour in this odious and unpopular Sect. J/, caufe. And, having thus formed a numerous army, the Phocian chief determined to ftrike terror into his enemies, by proceeding to imme- diate adion : for this purpofe, he entered into Boeotia -, and, having advanced as far as to Or- chomenus, encountered the enemy-, but, to mor- tify his afpiring hopes, received a fignal defeat, and was obliged to retire with the lofs of a con- fiderable part of his army. Without allowing his followers time for any melancholy refledtions, he inftantly fought an occafion of reviving their hopes, and retrieving the honour of his arms. He again marched againft the Boeotians, and engaged them near the river Cephifus : but thi? attempt was ftill more unfuccefsful : four thou- fand of his men were killed ; above four hun- dred fell into the hands of their unrelenting ene- my, who remained abfolute mailers of the field of battle. Yet, ftill undifmayed, Phayllus re- newed the combat in a few days, and, in this weak and unfuccefsful effort, fifty of his Pho- cians were flain, and one hundred and thirty made priibners. In the mean time Philip, ever ftudious to derive the full advantage from the opinions and paflions of other men, was preparing to improve his hue fuccefs. The honours of his victory over THE LIFE AND REIGN OF over Onomarchus were ftill freili and blooming: even his enemies admired him.; and his parti- fans were incefiant in founding his praifes : the minds of the Grecians were inflamed againft fa- crilege and profanation-, and every defeat, which the Phocians received, was induftrioufly repre- fented as a manifefl indication of the divine dif- pleafure. This Philip therefore conceived to be the favourable moment for an attempt to pe- netrate into the very heart of Greece •, there to appear the umpire in all difputes, and to render it€t. 33. his decifions abfolute and irrefiftible. He flat- tered himfelf, that his defigns muft be perfe>5lly concealed by the veil of religion and veneration for the gods ; he declared his refolution of en- tering into Phocis, and executing full vengeance on that profane and obftinately hardened people; and, with a numerous and formidable army, al- ready provided for the purpofe, marched to- wards Thermopylae, thofe famous fl:reights, which commanded the entrance iolo Greece. jufiin, 1. 8. The Athenians, too acute and penetrating not to fee his defign in its full extent, or to imagine DemofT, that any motive could really prompt him to this Fhii. X. attempt, but that of gaining the abfolute com- mand of Attica and Peloponnefus, v/ere fl:ruck with terrour and aftonifhment at the approach of fo formidable a prince to what theyjufl:ly efl;eemed the very borders of their territories, Boeotia J PHILIP KING OF MACEDON. 257 Boeotia alone intervening. They imagined that Stcr. II. they already faw the powers of Macedon and Thebes united, pouring down and overwhelm- ing their country, and fpreading like a deftruc- tive inundation over all Greece. This fudden and violent imprefiion roufed them from their indolence. No difficulties were thought of, no f Ji? leg.' fupplies wanted •, the richer citizens, in this ^'^' '^" prefling emergency, fupplied the public amply from their private fortunes ; a formidable arma- ment was inftantly provided at an expence, which plainly demonflrated the general fcnfe of the impending danger. They failed to the (Ireights, pofiefled themfelves of all the pafles, and ftood prepared to oppofe the invader. Their army was now polled between inac- ceffible mountains on one hand, and frightful precipices on the other, which terminated in the fea. Valour and difcipline mufl have proved ineffcdiual again fl: fuch advantage of ficuation, even if it had been confident with policy to have attempted to force a pafTage. But fuch an attempt muft have been too flagrant a decia- _ ration of his defigns againft a people with whom he was ftiil concerned to keep fome meafures ; Philip, therefore, chofe to lead his forces back to Macedon, and to load the Athenians with all the odium of the defence of facrilege. Vol. I, S This THE LIFE AND REIGN OF This unexpedted dilappointment irritated the mind of Philip to a degree of acrimony, which plainly difcovered that his own intereft and de- figns were much more affefled by it, than tlie Dem,ri,ii. caufe of heaven. His refentment againft the ' ^' Athenians was exprefTed in the bittereft and boldeft denunciations of vengeance j and, if we may believe Juftin, his prefent vexation of mind appeared in fome adions quite inconfiftent with his general condud ; in which he feldom failed to affume the appearance at leafl of juftice and lenity, and efpecially where Ibme material point of intereft was not concerned. But it is alTcrted " 1. 8. c. 3. by that hiftorian *, that he now turned his armS: againft thofe very cities which had been attached and allied to him, which had marched under his command, and congratulated both him and \ themfelves upon his vidories ; that he ravaged and plundered thefe cities, and fold the wives and children of the inhabitants for (laves ; that, in the places where he had been juft received with all the marks of hofpitality, he fpared neither their temples nor their gods, lb as to ap- pear not fo much the avenger of facrilege, as felicitous to abandon himfelf to all the excefTes of impiety and profanation. Paulus Orofius, who laboured to find out crimes and calamities in profane hiftory, dwells with feeming plealure on this defcription of Juftin j but neither the vehemence PHILIP KING OF AlACE DON. 259 Vehemence and acrimony of Dcmofthencs, nor Sect. if. the authentic hiftorical remains of antiquity, ^"'^'^*^ have given any particulars of thefe pretended outrages : neither can they be reconciled to Philip's acknowledged good fenfe, and his con- ftant attention to his future intereft. The late precaution of Athens foon became a general topic in Greece, and was varioully received and reprefenred from the variety of tempers, opinions, and intereits. " How dif- Juftin.i. 8. *' ferent," did Philip's favourers and partifans now cry our, " was this aftion of the Athenians ** from the glorious effort of Leonidas at the " fame place ! That illuftrious Spartan marched " to Thermopylae to defend the Grecian temples ** from the ravages of the Barbarians •, the Athe- ** nians, to defend the ravagers and impious ** profaners of the Delphian fhrine, and to op- *' pofe a glorious zeal for the honour of Apollo j Meurfii " that divinity, whom they had the vanity to 1.2/,"'. " account among their anceftors ; -that divinity, ^Jm^^t " whom they had ever confulted in all their dif- juftf„^'^^j " ficulties ; that divinity, by whofe diredions ^"f"* " they had made fo many conquefts, and had " gained fuch extenfive empire. Before this time, *' this degenerated people had difcovered their " contempt for all things facred> we allremem- S 2 " ber, THE LIFE AND REIGN OF " ber, that, when [e] Iphicrates had intercepted ^i^^ '* Ibme ftatues of gold and ivory deftined for the feft^'r. " Tervice of the gods by Dionyfius the Sicilian, " they ordered him to fell them publicly, tho* " dedicated to the Olympian Jupiter and Del- *' phian Apollo : they have now repeated their *' impiety j an impiety the more fhocking, when [e] Diodorus relates this tranfadlion at large, as an in- ftance of the prefent impiety of the Athenians. Iphicrates, a little before the commencement of the facred war, had been at anchor with his fleet before the ifland of Corcyra, when the Sicilian veflels, which were laden with thefe fta- tues, fell in with fome of his fhips, and were taken. When the admiral had examined the lading, he fent to his ftate to defire inftruflions how he was to proceed ; and received for anfwer, that the affairs of the gods were by no means his concern ; that a commander Was to confine his attention to the fupport and maintenance of his forces. Thus encou- raged, Iphicrates inftantly converted the ftatues into money. Dionyfius, to exprefs his refentment at this impious out- rage, addreiTed a letter to the Athenians, in which he pur- pofely omitted the ufual formulary ^^xigEm x.cn EUTr^arla!/. The letter is preferved, and was exprefled in this manner : *' Dionyfius, to the fenate and people of Athens.'* *' Happiness I cannot wifh you with propriety; as you ** commit facrilege againft the gods, both by fea and land, ** The ftatues which were fent by us, thofe holy offerings, *' dedicated to the divinities, you have feized and deftroyed, ** in an open and impious violation of the reverence due to " the greateft gods, Delphian Apollo and Olympian Ju- *' piier.'* " com- >-. -^ PHILIP KING OF MACEDON. 261 " committed, not by the ignorant and lawlefs, Sect. II. " not by the rude and barbarous, but by people " refined and poliflied, inflruded and diredced " by wife and humane laws and inftitutions, by " the example of their anceftors, and the me- " mory of their former virtue." Thus did the honeft and undefigning, who were fenfible of the corruption of Athens, and the creatures of a fubtle prince, who had received his pay, and were ever ready to echo his dic- ^■tates, exprefs their real or pretended fentiments. On the other hand it was urged, that " the af- •* " fedation of a zeal for religion, was but too " plainly a pretence to conceal the dangerous *' defigns which the extravagant ambition of the " Macedonian had formed. The prefervation " of a juft balance of power had been originally ' " thegreatobjeclof Athens, in the affiflance which *' that ftate granted to thePhocians j thejundlion ' ** of Macedon and Thebes threatened Greece *' with many dangerous confequences-, and com- *' mandedallthe attentionof the Athenians, who, *' from the early ages of antiquity, had ever ap- " peared the patrons and protedlors of Grecian li- *' berty, the enemies of oppreflion, andthefcourge *' of lawlefs and extravagant ambition. But their *' own immediate welfare, the very being of their *' ftate, had now called forth their arms, and en- S 3 " gaged 202 1?0 0K IL THE LIFE AND REIGN OF gaged them to defeat the pernicious fchemes of Macedon. The total fubverfion of Athens, and the fovereignty of Peloponnefus, were the immediate objeds of Philip's views. Caution, vigilance, and vigour, were ever to be exerted againft fo politic and enterprizing a prince -, a prince, who, from an obfcure and contemptible corner of the world, prefumes to give law to all his neighbours ; leads out his armies, extends his conquefts, foments divifions, arms nation againft nation ; equally the enemy of all, and really attentive only to the eftablifnment of his own greatnefs. Ever fmce the famous vic- tory of Flataea, no Barbarian had ever pre- liimed to fet his toot in Greece. Philip is equally alien, equally barbarous with the Per- fian, more the objed of indignation, and much more to be dreaded and fufpeded. The op- pofition, therefore, now made to his audacious attempt, v/as didated by the fame glorious zeal for the comrnon caufe, which animated Leonidas and his Spartans j and (hould be received with equal gratitude, and held in equal honour. The valour of the Athenians had obliged the common enemy to retire in fname and confufion ; and defeated the de- fi^ns of the man, who, under pretence of fuc- couring the weak, and punifhing the guilty, fought only to ered his own power and fove- " reign ty PHILIP KING OF AlACEDON. 263 " reignty on the ruin of all, friends and enemies. Sect. il. " allies and competitors." "" "^"^ DioPHANTus, who had commanded the Athe- Dcmofi. nian forces on this occafion, was received, at t'glS. 30. his return, with the fame joy and acclamations, as if he had obtained a fignal vidlory. Crowns were decreed to him, and prayers and facrifices offered up to thank the gods for the deliverance of Athens, Yet, notwithfcanding the retreat of Philip, the imprefiion of their late danger ftill remained in full force : it was now but too appa- rent, that indolence and mifcondufb, on the part of Athens, had raifed up an enemy capable of forming and executing the boldeft defigns. They faw their fatal errour in negledting and defpifing a power which (hould have been cruflied in its infancy, and were at times, tempted to believe, that all oppofition was now too late. They Oem. Phii could Icarcely perfuade themfelves, that Philip had abandoned his enterprife, but were poffeffed with the imagination of his appearing every mo- ment at their gates. To guard their territories from invafion, to defend themfelvcs againft the menaces of Philip, which were now refounded in their ears, both by thofe who were employed to magnify his power, and by thofe who- in- veighed againft his infolence, they polled a con- S 4 fiderable THE LIFE AND REIGN OF fiderable body of forces, either at the entrance of Attica, or at Thermopylae, (for interpreters are divided in explaining that pafTage in the firft Philippic oration, which alludes to this tranfac- tion.) Their former folicitude, to prevent his entrance into Greece, makes it more probable tiiat their forces were now ftationed at the very flreights ; for it could hardly be conceived, that, if Philip returned, was allowed to pafs through Thermopylae, and to unite with his allies in Boeotia, any body of forces, occafionally raifed, and flationed ever fo advantageoufly at the en- trance of Attica, could poflibly bear up againft fo form.idable an inroad of two fuch united powers, or prevent them from burfting in, and over-running that country. It is but juftice, therefore, to the penetration of this people, to believe, that, on this occafion, they took the mod eiFeflual precaution. Yet ftill their cor- ruption appeared in this inftance of timely zeal and vigour ; for, inftead of entrufting a fervice of fuch conftquence to fome citizen of worth and character, regularly cholen by the voices of the people, intrigue and cabal were fuffered to procure the command for Menelaus, an obfcurp foreigner. It is indeed hard to think with Tour- reil, that this Menelaus was a natural brother to Philip, whom his jealoufy had driven out qf Macedcn : or that the Athenians would have intruded PHILIP KING OF MACEDON. 265 intruded their army to one fo nearly allied to Sect.if. their enemy. The conjedure of Luccefini feems nO^^pi^, better founded, that he was fome Phocian of- '' ficer, who might have been recommended on this occafion, as from his] knowledge of the country, where the forces were to be flationed, he might be fuppofed capable of polling them to the beft advantage, and, from his intereft there, might gain them provifions with greater eafe and readinefs. Having thus provided for the defence of their territories, their next care was to con- vene an aflembly to deliberate on the means of correcting paft errours, and controuiing the am- bitious fchemes of their formidable rival. This was but refuming a fubjedl, which had fre- quently engaged their attention. Every inflance of ill fuccefs abroad, every motion and tranf- aflion of their enemies, was fure to raife a fer- ment in the Athenian afiembly, where the pride qf that people was flattered by the thought, that, thus convened, they decided the fate of ftates and nations, of enemies and allies, and where their orators acknowledged, and fervilely ftooped to the fovereign authority of the people; and either by condemning and inveighing againfl: the condudl of thofe to whom tlieir affairs were Jntrufted, pr by defending the public meafures, afforded THE LIFE AND REIGN OF afforded them perpetual fubjefts of conteft and debate ; and frequently acquired an intereft, which no fufpicions of their want of integrity, and fometimes even avowed corruption could not fhake. At prefent they affembled with lefs pride, and lefs paffion, than they had on fome occafions difcovered : inftead of indignation at the conduft of Philip, they felt terrour and difnnay : inftead of hearing their greatnefs, and glory, and power, refounded by their flattering leaders, they now found a counfellor in De- mofthenes, who had courage to oppofe their prejudices, and to difplay their errours and mifcondud: ; and integrity and prudence to point out the meafures necelTary for their defence and fecurity. This renowned orator now rofe up, for the firft time, againft: the Macedonian ; and difplayed thofe abilities, which, through the whole courfe of Philip's reign, proved the great obftacle to his defigns. Phil. 1. In the oration which he delivered on this oc- ' '• cafion, and which is ftill extant among the in- valuable remains of this iiluftrious Athenian, we find him introducing his fentiments with an apology for that zeal which prompted him (now but twenty- nine years old) to appear the fore- moft in the caufe of his country, without regard to the precedence ufually granted to the elder fpeakers. PHILIP KING OF MACEDON. 267 fpeakers. They had frequently been heard upon Sect. ir. the prefent fubjedt, and the infufficiency of their counfels plainly appeared from this fingle circumftance, that it was a fubjedl which the people now found themfelves obliged to refume. The prefent melancholy itate of their affairs he ^'^'* '• imputes not to any want of power and abilities, but to fupinenefs and inadion ; and from this caufe of their dillrefs, derives fair hopes and profpeds of future fortune. He reminds them of their glorious and fuccefsful efforts to reduce the power, and curb the infolence, of Lacedae- mon; and to regain that fovereignty which they had loft by the vidlory of Lyfander. " If there be a man in this affembly" (thus doth he continue his fpirited addrefs) " who ^* thinks that we muft find a formidable enemy " in Philip, while he views, on one hand, the " numerous armies which furround him ; and, ?* on the other, the weaknefs of the flate thus ^' defpoiled of its dominions j he thinks juftly. ^' Yet let him refledon this : there was a time, ^* Athenians ! when we poirelTed Pydna, and *^ Potidaea, and Methone, and all that coun- ** try round : when many of thofe ftates, now " fubjeded to him, were free and independent, *' and more inclined to our alliance than to his. j^ Had then Philip reafoned in the fame manner, " How THE LIFE AND REIGN OF " How Ihall I dare to attack the Athenians, " whofe garrifons command my territory, while *' I am dcftitute of all afllftance ! He would *• not have engaged in thofe cnterprifes, which ** are now crowned with fuccefs j nor could he " have railed himfelf to this pitch of greatnefs. ^* No, Athenians ! he knew this well, that all ♦' thofe places are but prizes, laid between the " combatants, and ready for the conqueror : '* that the dominions of the abfent naturally de- " volve to thofe who are in the field ; the pof- *' feflions of the fupine to the adive and intrepid. " Animated by thefe fentiments, he overturns " whole nations -, he holds all people in fubjec- " tion : fome, as by right of ponqueft : others, " under the title of alljes and confederates : for " all are willing to confederate with thofe whom " they fee prepared and refolved to exert therri- " felves as they ought. " And if you (my countrymen) will now, " at length, be perfuaded to entertain the like " fentiments ; if each of you, renouncing all *' evafions, will be ready to approve himfelf an " ufeful citizen, to the utmofl that his ftation ** and abilities demand ; if the rich will be " ready to contribute, and the young to take " the field : in a word, if you will be your- ** felves ; and banifh thofe vain hopes, which " every PHILIP KING OF MACEDON. " every fingle perfon entertains, that while fo " many others are engaged in public bufinefs, ** his fervice will not be required ; you then (if " Heaven fopleafes) will regain your dominions, " recal thofe opportunities your fupinenefs hath " neglected, andchaftifetheinfolenceof thisman. *' For you are not to imagine, that, like a god, he ** is to enjoy his prefent greatnefs forever, fixed " and unchangeable. No, Athenians ! there are " who hate him, who fear him, who envy him, *' even among thofe feemingly the moft attached ** to his caufe. Thefe are pafllons common to " mankind ; nor mull we think that his friends " only are exempted from them. It is true, " they lie concealed at prefent, as our indolence " deprives them of all refoufce. But let us " Ihake off this indolence ! for you fee how wc 't " are fituated j you fee the outrageous arrogance * '* of this man, who does not leave it to your " choice, whether you fliall a6l, or remain quiet-, i" *' but braves you with his menaces •, and talks '* (as we are informed) in a ftrain of higheft ex- *-it « travagance ; and is not able to reft fatisfied " with his prefent acquificions, but is ever in . " purfuit of further conquefts; and, while we " fit down, inadive and irrefolute, indoles us • " on all fides with his toils. « When THE LIFE AND REIGN, &c. " When therefore, O my countrymen ! when " will you exert your vigour ? when roufed by " fome event ? when forced by fome neceflity ? *' what then are we to think of our prefent con- *' dition ? to freemen, the difgrace attending on *' mifcondufl is, in my opinion, the moft ur- " gent neceffity. Or, fay, is it your fole am- " Ibition to wander through the public places, *' each enquiring of the other. What new ad- *' vices ? Can any thing be more new than that " a man of Macedon fhould conquer the Athe- " nians, and give law to Greece ? — Is Philip *' dead ? — No, but in great danger. — How are *' you concerned in thofe rumours ? fuppofe he " fhould meet fome fatal ftroke ; you would " foon raifc up another Philip, if your interelts *' are thus regarded. For it is not to his own ** flrength that he lb much owes his elevation, " as to our fupinenefs. And, fliould fome ac- *' cident affe6t him ; lliould fortune, who hath '* ever been more careful of the ftate than we *' ourfelves, now repeat her favours, (and may " fhe thus crown them!) be affured of this, " that, by being on the fpot, ready to take ad- *' vantage of the confufion, you will every where " be abfolute mailers : but, in your prefent dif- " pofition, even if a favourable juncture lliould *' prefent you with Amphipolis, you could not " take PHILIP KING OF MACEDON. " take pofleffion of it, while this fufpence pre- " vails in your defigns and in your councils." From thefe bold and animated expoftulations, he proceeds to lay down a plan of operation. Their force, he obferves, was not fufEcient to meet Philip in the field •, they were to be guarded againft his excurfions ; and, by depredations on the coaft of Macedon, to confine his attention to the feeurity of his own kingdom. For this purpofe he recommends to them to prepare fifty fliips of war, with tranfports and other neceflary veffels for a body of horfe, ten light veffels for a convoy, two thoufand infantry, and five hun- dred cavalry, of which number five hundred foot and fifty horfe to be citizens of Athens. He then computes the fupplies neceflary for this force, and propofes a fcheme, in form, for raif- ing them. It doth not appear, that the fpirit which ani- mated this harangue, and the accurate know- ledge of the interefts of Athens, which the great fpeaker difplayed, had that effefl which might naturally have been expefled from them. The people feem to have attended with pleafure and applaufe, without duly weighing the force of his remonftrances, or the wifdom of his counfels. Probably, the afliflance they had already fent to 6 Phocis, THE LIFE AND REIGN Of* Phocis, rendered them averfe to new expences and new armaments -, and, probably, Philip had his agents and partifans in the afTembly, who, ever attentive to the fervice of a mailer by whom they were magnificently paid, recommended lefs vigorous meafures, under various plaufible pre- tences; which had but too much weight, as they flattered the indolence and unfurmountable averfion to public cares, v/hich were ever predo- minant at Athens, notwithftanding any tempo- rary interruptions and tranfient fits of zeal. The difpofitions, the prejudices, the errours, and the corruptions of this people, were ever watched by Philip with the moll attentive regard : while they were amufed and deceived, his reftlefs mind was fecretly employed in meditating his revenge : the late fudden effort of their zeal was juft fufficient to convince him, that they were to be regarded as his principal rivals ; and that nothing but their oppofition could raife up any material obflacles to thofe fchemes, which his ambition, enlivened by fuccefs, was daily form- ing and extending : and the general weaknefs of , their conduct encouraged him to hope that this oppofition would, in the end, prove ineffeflual j and that art and refolution v/ould render him fuperiour to their power. BOOK [ 273 ] BOOK n. SECTION III, CONTENTS. TLTISTO R7' of the f acred war continued. — The death of Phayllus. — He is fucceeded by Pha- kucus^ — A5lions of this general. — Commotions in P eloponnefus . — The J^rgians and Megalopolitans ajfifted by the Thebans^ Eleans^ ifjc. — Letter of Archidamus to the Eleans. — The Spartans fupported by Phocis. — Ornemn taken. — Thebans defeated. — Their confederates retire. — Oration of Demofthenes for the Megalopolitans.' — AElion near Telphtifa. — A truce granted to Megalopolis. — Probable reafcns for this truce. — Philip's expeSlations from the dif- orders of P eloponnefus. — The continuance of the Phocian war highly agreeable to his 'views. — The Thebans exhaujied. — Apply to the king of Perfia. — Philip's attention to the affairs of Greece. — Plis influence in all popular affeniblies. — Jufliri's account of his expedition into Cappadocia. — Difficulties at- tending this account. — Philip refides for feme time in Macedon. — His buildings. — He borrows money from the men of affluence in Greece. — This conduct Vol. I, T explained. 274 CONTENTS. explained. — New commotions in 'Thejfaly.-^^ieted hy Philip's arms and policy. — The elegance and mag' vificence of Philip's court. — He encourages men of genius. — Affords an afylum to unfortunate princes and nobles. — His behaviour to his fubje5fs, — His adminifiration of jujiice. — His gaiety and fejlivity. His companions. — Clifophus. — Menecrates. — The account of Theopompus examined. — Philip raifes dif- orders in the iflandof Euboea, — Sends in his forces, —-Plutarch's application to Athens. — Is oppofed by Vemofthenes. — The violence of the Athenians.'-^' Character of Phocion. — He fails to Euboea. — Is diJireffed.-^Gains a victory over Callias. — Drives cut Plutarch,— Returns in triumph to Athens. BOOi: [ 275 ] BOOK THE SECOND. SECTION III. THE facred war (till continued to rage in Booit ll. Greece, to harafs and weaken the contend- ^^^^' ^^^' ing parties, and to prepare the way for the power of Macedon. Phayllus, the Phocian ge- D>od. sic neral, having been driven out of Boeotia by ka. 38, repeated defeats, led his forces into the territo- ries of the Locrians, furnamed Epicnemidii, and there poflefled himfelf of feveral cities. At Aryca, a town of confiderable note in this diflrift, he firft found his progrels checked; and as his arms could not readily fubdue it, he entered into a fecret conference with fome trai- tors within the walls, who prevented the delay and danger of a formal fiege, by betraying th« town to the Phocians, Here he left a fmall garrifon, left he might too far weaken the main body of his army, and marched back to Phocis ; when the Locrians, by means of fome private intelligence, furprifed the town which tliey had T 2 fo 276 THE LIFE AND REIGN OF Book II. {q lately lofl, and put the Phocian garrifon to the fword. The news of this event determined Phayllus to enter once more into Locris, where piod.sk. j^g ag-ain inveftcd Aryca with a confiderable 1. 16. ^ J ^ fea. 58. body, and led the reft of his army againft Abae, Urania. a city of eminence in Phocis, where there was cap. ij4. ^^ ancient and fplendid temple of Apollo, in which the god delivered his oracles •, whofe in-» habitants had for ages paid, and ftill continued to pay him peculiar honours ; and, from their veneration to the divinity, had refufed to join with Phayllus and his Phocians in their irreligi- ous attempts, Diod.sic. The Boeotians thought themfelves obliged to i^ci.'-8, fuccour this place; and, marching with incre- dible diligence and expedition, fell by night upon the camp of Phayllus, defeated the Pho- cians with confiderable daughter, and, having ravaged and laid wafte their territories with an uncontrouled fury, elevated by their fuccefs, and laden with booty, they returned into Lo- cris to raife the fiege of Aryca. But Phayllus, whom they fondly fuppofed to have been ruined beyond all recovery, inftantly rallied and col- lected his forces j and, when the viftorious army jirrived at the town, they were furprifed and mortified, by finding, that he had already joined ^le bcfiegers ; and was {o well prepared to give then; PHILIP KING OF MACEDON. 277 them battle, that, before they could be regu- Sect. in. • larly formed in complete order, he fell furioufly upon them -, and, having gained a complete vidlory, took the city of Aryca, and rafed it to the ground. - This was the laft military exploit of Phayllus, and the only one in which his arms had been crowned with vidlory. In feme fhort time after, he was attacked by a confumption, which ab- folutely prevented him from aflion. He ftruggled ■for fome time with his diforder, but, at len.q-rh, D.d. skt . ' . ^ ' 1. 16. was obliged to yield to the violence of it; and icci. 3S. died in fuch excruciating torments, as made his death to be regarded by the religious, as the manifeft judgment of heaven [a]. He named Phaleucu", the fon of Onomarchus, for his fucceflbr, with direftions, that, in confideratiori of his youth and inexperience, Mnafeas fliould [a] The heathen hiRorlans, who all exprefs a ferioas regard to their religion, and a deep fenfe of the veneration due to the national vvorfhip, fpeak of all the events of this war, and all the calamities of the Phocians, in that man- nef. Paufanias (I. 10 p. 318.) makes Phayllus have fuf- iicient warning of this his miferable end in a dream. Anion* the facred offerings of the temple was an artificial fkcletoa of brafs, faid to have been depoiited by Hippocrates the phvfician. The chief is faid to have dreamed, immediately upon entering on his command, that his body was become exadly like to this fieure. ^ T 3 be THE LIFE AND REIGN OP be appointed his coadjutor, an ancient friend of the family, a man well verfed in arms, and in every refpcfl capable of forming a great ge- neral. In fome time after, the Boeotians, as if refolved to make a trial of this new general and his direftor, took advantage of the night, and fell on the Fhocian camp with fo much fury, that the whole army was thrown into the utmoft diforder. Mnaftas, who exerted himfelf with due vigour to repel this unexpeded attack, fell in the engagement, together with two hundred of the Phocians •, and thus the young Phaleucui loft all the advantage of his counfels. This chief, now left to his own guidance, foon felt the fatal confequences of a precipitate valour; With all his cavalry he marched againft that of the enemy, and came to an engagement before the city of Chaeronea, where he received a total overthrow, after a bloody and obftinate conteft, in which a confiderable number of his troops were flain. And now, while Thebes and Phocis wera purfuing each other with fuch unrelenting fury, efforts were made by each in favour of their allies. The holtile intentions of Archidamus had been fufficiently declared againft the Ar- gians, v/hoie independent condicion he beheld with impatience and indignation > and againft the PHILIP KING OF MACEDON. 279 the Megalopolitans, whofe fettlement he con- Sect.III* fidered as the difgrace of his country, and the oFodl'sicT* odious memorial of the triumphs of Epami- [j^''' ^ nondas. The Thebans, on their part, were bound in honour to fupport the eftabHfhments of their illuflrious general •, and had, therefore, difpatched four thoufand foot, and five hundred horfe, under the command of their general Cephifion, to the afliftance of the Megalopo- litans and Argians. Encouraged by this fup- port, the Megalopolitans took the field, and pitched their camp near the fources of the Al- pheus, fo as to cover their city and territories : and here they received additional reinforcements from the Eleans, Meflenians, and Sicyonians. p^"'"*"- i» The Eleans had no great military reputation, and were, at this time particularly, weakened by inteftine diforders; which made Archidamus exprefs his contempt of tiieir preparations in the following Laconic letter : " Archidamus to the Eleans.'* Piut. •* Peace is a valuable thing. Farewell." The Spartans on their part, wereafTifted by the Fhocians, who, for this purpofe, detached .. three thoufand foot, and one hundred and fifty of the famous cavalry of ThefTaly, who h:id T 4 followed 28o THE LIFE AND REIGN OF Book II, followed Pitholaiis: fome of their Peloponne- dToTi. i6. fian allies alio united with them : and Archi* '«<^- 39- damns took his llation near Mantinea, in the prefence of the enemy. The vicinity of the two armies made a general engagement to be regarded as inevitable ; when Archidamus fud- denly decamped, entered the territories of Ar- fros, and feized the town of Orneum, which had engaged in an alliance with Megalopolis. The Argians were the firft to oppoie this attempt, but were foon defeated, with the lofs of about two hundred men. The Thebans followed, and renewed the engagement, in full reliance on the fuperiority of their numbers ; but the exafler order and and difcipline of the Spartan army fupplied the deficiency of their force : the con- flict was maintained with equal ardour on each fide, till night put an end to it, and left the vidory undecided ; when the Argians, who had now experienced, and feem to have dreaded, the vigour of Archidamus, retired, and the reft of the allies alfo marched back to their par- ticular cities. The Lacedaemonians, thus left mafters of the field, made an inroad into Ar- cadia, v/here they ftormed and plundered the city of HelifTon, and then returned in triumph into Sparta. In PHILIP KING OF MACEDON. 2S1 In this fhort refpite from war, Olivier aflerts, S^cx. irr, that we muft neceflarily fix the embafly of the Megalopolitans and Spartans to Athens, where each of thefe ftates pleaded their caufe before the aflembly, the one to gain afTiftance, the other to perfuade the Athenians to continue neuter : on which occafion Demofthenes appear- ed the advocate for Megalopolis. Dionyfius of inEpinoi. Halicarnaflus dates his oration for the Megalo- * '""'*'' politans fornewhat earlier; and an attentive perufal of the oration itfelfmay poflibly fugged fome arguments to confirm us in the deference due to the accuracy of that critic. From its gene- ral tenour, it appears, that the application of the Arcadians was really made, at the firft be- ginning of this quarrel, while the Lacedaemo- nians were as yet but preparing to attack them. But the learned reader may think the precife time, in which the oration was delivered, a matter not fo worthy his attention, as the arti- fice, the delicacy, the infinuating addrefs, the exact knowledge of the interefts of Athens, of the difpofitions, opinions, paflions, and defigns of the leading ftates, the penetration and ex- tenfive policy, and all the qualifications necef- fary for an accomplifhed ftatefman, which arc eminently difplayed in the oration irfelf. Yet we muft conclude, that his eloquence and abi- licks jSi THE LIFE AND REIGN OF Booiv I[. litics were unfuccefsful, as Diodorus does not ^""""^^^ mention the Athenians among the people who fent fuccours to the Megalopolitans on this oc- cafion. The hoftilities, on each fide, were now con- tinued for fome time longer. The allies, as hath been obferved, retired from the fcene of aftion : and the Thebans, in their retreat, met with a party of the Lacedaemonians, near the river Dioisic. Telphufa, commanded by Anaxander; and, 1 1 6 lia.'sg. after an engagement fufficiently obftinate and bloody, took the general prifoner, together with fixty of his Ibldiers. This fuccefs determined them not to h alien their march : they again at- tacked two different detached parties of the enemy with repeated fuccefs*, but in a more general engagement, which thefe fkirmilhes produced, the Lacedaemonians gained a viflory, which put an end to the campaign : and, a truce being now concluded between Sparta and Me- galopolis, the Thebans had no opportunity of retrieving their late difgrace, but retired into Boeotia with the remains of their army. History doth not affign any caufe for this appearance of moderation in the Spartans, in granting a truce to a diftrelTed enemy, deferted by their allies, and weakened by the taking of HeliiTon. PHILIP KING OF MACEDON. 283 HelilTon. The French hiftorian conje*5tures, Sect. iir. ,that they might have been determined to this oiivicrlri. by the arrival of feme fuccours from Athens, in p-*^** favour of Megalopolis. But, as to any fuch fuccours, hiftory is filent ; and, if it be allowed to indulge conje6lures, his apprehenfions of Philip may, not without reafon, be fuppofed to have influenced the king of Sparta on this oc- cafion. The Macedonian Prince's early con- nexions with Epaminondas, gave him a plau- fible pretence of interfering to fupport the efta- blifhments of that renowned commander : and we ihall find, in the courfe of this narration, that in a little time after this, Philip had ac- quired confiderable intereft among the enemies of the Spartan power in Peloponnefus. De- mofthenes * aflerts, in his oration on the Crown, that, from the time when thefe commotions firfl: broke out in that country, he had a particular attention to them, and took care to gain over a number of partifans in every city, who were employed to keep up and to foment all difor- ders. He was concerned, faith Olivier *, more . . particularly than any other, to prevent the exe- cution of that plan which Archidamus hiid formed." It would have deprived him of fome maritime towns, which he had gained in Thrace; the cities which he polTefled in Theflaly mult have been given up j and his connexions there S entirely THE LIFE AND REIGN OF entirely broken. The Olynthians, whofe rum he now meditated, and who, on their part, hated and fnlpefted him, mud have recovered thofe places in their diftrift, which Lacedaemon had kept poirellion of, fince the late war with Olynthus, or had rendered independent. It might therefore have been naturally urged by his creatures and agents in Argos and Arcadia, that tht mofl effe6lual method to curb the pride and infolence of Sparta, was to feek the affiftance and proteflion of the king of Macedon. To defeat a defign of this nature, from which Archidamus might have forefeen very momentous confequences, it was obvious to amufe thofe people by a truce, and the hopes of a futui-e accommodation of all differences. Philip, on his part, though ex- ceedingly defirous of interfering in thefe dif- putes, could not think it neceffary to prevent the prefent fufpenfion of them. Archidamus, he knew, however he might difiemble at pre- fent, would not willingly refign his fcheme. The different powers would ad with vigour fuf- ficient to prevent the execution of fome part of it; but, as every one of them had fome favou- rite articles in this fcheme, which they were de- firous of preferving, it was not pofTible they could a6l in concert : the contending parties would mutually weaken each other; and the Arcadians, PHILIP KING OF MACEDON. Arcadians, and other enemies of Sparta, at laft Si find themfelves obliged to have recourfe to M:i- cedon. Some fortunate event might hereafter open him a paiTage into Peloponnefiis, where his arms and policy could not fail to decide their quarrels, and make him equally the mailer of all the contending parties, while he only affeded a tender concern for the oppreffed, and an ho- nourable zeal for defending the efiablilhments of Epaminondas. Nor was it lefs confiftent with his views, to fufFer the facred war to wade and harafs the fe- veral combatants ; particularly, as the late op- pofition of the Athenians, prevented any im- D^od. sic. peachment of the fincerity of his zeal for religion. 39. ' The Thebans, when the truce granted to Me- galopolis obliged them to return into Boeotia, found that country wafted by the Phocians. Phaleucus, their chief, had jull now reduced the city of Chaeronea, when the Thebans came opportunely to drive him from his conqueft,.- and to revenge the depredations he had made in their territories, by an inroad into Phocis. Here the whole country was expofed to their fury; they ravaged and laid wafte the lands, the houfes, the pofieiTions of the wretched Pho- cians 5 and having taken and plundered Tome cities THE LIFE AND REIGN OF cities of lefs note, returned into their own coun- try, laden with the fpoils of the enemy. All this variety of fortune ferved effeftually to weaken the contending parties. The Phocians, quite exhaufted by their lofTes in the field, as well as by their conquefls in Boeotia, where they were obliged to maintain numerous garri- fons, appeared ready to fink under the attack of the firft powerful enemy who fhould declare againft them. The Thebans, equally exhauft- ed, faw fome of their moft confidei'able cities in the hands of an enemy, whom they were unable to difpoffefs ; and who, on their part, were obliged to exert all their efforts to maintain thefe polls. Military perlbns were, at the fame time, allured from every part of Greece, by large pay, and the fair profpe<5ts of advantage, to fhed their blood in the fervice of Phocis. And thus this fatal conteft not only ferved to harafs thofe who were immediately engaged in it, but proved the means of draining away, and gra- dually confuming, the natural ftrength of every Grecian ftate. No wonder, therefore, that Phi- lip did not appear extremely folicitous to put an immediate end to this war. His defigns were, by this time, become great and exten- five; he had penetration and fagacity to fee through the incidents and tranflKflions which might PHILIP KING OF MACEDON. 2S7 might facilitate them-, and temper and refolu- Seot.iII. tion to wait, with patience, the favourable mo- ' '~ ~^ ment for carrying them into execution. It was not the leaft part of the diftrefs which Diod sic.i. the Thebans now experienced, that their finan- ' " ^ '^' CCS were entirely exhaufted, by the expence of conftant armaments. To the king of Perfia, therefore, they applied; and, by their ambaf- fadors, entreated this prince, by whofe opulence the Greeks were on many occafions obliged, to relieve their prefent neceffities by a fum of mo- ney, Artaxerxes Ochus, who now reigned in Perfia, was, at this time, meditating an expe- dition againfl Egypt, where he had, fome time fmce, fought with ill fuccefs : and had fent to the leading powers of Greece to defire afTiftance. sea.44. The Athenians and Spartans declared their re- folution of adhering to the interefts of Perfia, but, at the fame time, pleaded their inability to fend any troops [b]. The Argians, on the other [b] They had already fent out Phocion, with fome fhips, to the affiftance of Hidriaeus, king of Caria, who was en^ deavouring to oblige Cyprus to return to its obedience to the king of Perfia. Hidriaeus was the fucceffor of Artemi- fia, fo famous on account of her grief for the death of her hufband. Poffibly this reputation had no other foundation than in the imaginations of thofe men of genius who difputed the 288 THE LIFE AND REIGN OF Book II. other hand, fupplied the great king with three ^'^^'^^^^ thoufand men, commanded by Nicoftratus, a general the prize in the games, which flie exhibited in honour of Maufohis. T his Maufolus was a weak prince, governed entirely by his wife ; to whom the ambaffadors of foreign ftates were always privately inftrufted to addrefs thcmfelves. It was (he who had been fhe means of kindling up the fecial war: nor did fhe, after her hufoand's death, appear to adl as a widow totally inconfolable, andregardlefs of the world. Vitruvius hath preferved the memory of a ftratagem which file employed to poffefs herfelf of Rhodes. The Rhodians held a private intelligence in the city of Halicarnaffus, the capital of Caria ; and hoped that the inhabitants would willingly unite with them, in order to Ihake off the yoke of a woman. In thefe expedations they fent a fleet thither. But Artemifia, having difcovered the plot, ordered the in- habitants to range themfelves under their walls, and to re- ceive the Rhodians as their expefted deliverers. Deceived by this appearance, the Rhodians landed, and left their fhips deferted : they were furrounded and cut to pieces. Artemifia, who had ordered her gallies to fall down fome canals which communicated with the port, and to feize their Ihips, now fet fail in the Rhodian fleet, and appeared before their city. It was fuppofed by the people of Rhodei, that their own army had returned viflorious from Caria. The Carians were maflers of their city before the fatal mi- flake was perceived : where Artemifia changed the form of government, from a democratical, to that of an oligarchy. This produced an application to the Athenians from the people of Rhodes, in order to engage that ftate to reflore their ancient government. The caufes of complaint, which they had given to the Athenians in the courfe of the fecial \va:-, it was hoped, would not be remembered; or, at leafl, would s^'Y'w PtilLiP KING OF MACEDON. 289 general equally eminent for his vigour and abi- Sect. lir. lities 5 though his great qualities were, in fome ibrr, i^'Ould not prevent the Athenians from embracing the ho- nourable occafion of re eilablilhing a government of the fame form with their own. Demofthenes pleaded the caufd of Rhodes, in the oration on this fubjeft, which is ftill ex- tant among his remains. He begins with felicitating his countrymen, that their enemies were now obliged to im- plore their alTilLnnce againft thofe who had engaged them to declare againft Athens. He freely acknowledges the mlf- condud of the Rhodians, and confeiTes that they are them- felves unworthy of thar protection which they are implor- ing; but, at the fame time, addreffes himfelf entirely to the generofity of his countrymen, which hitherto had ever proved the great refource of the diflreffed, vvithout regard to their deferts. He exprefles a greater dependence on tho misfortunes of the Rhodians, than on their gratitude; and, to give more elevation to the fentiments of his hearers, art- fully mixes with his reflexions the praifes of Athens, and urges the advantages which this ilate muft derive from in- creafing the number of democracies. Ke labours to diflipate any apprehenfions from Caria or Perha, wiiich might pre- vent the Atht'nians from afting, on this ocealion, agree- ably to the diclates of gene.-ofity ; and concludes with xe- comrtiending the noble conduLi of their anceflors to theu* prefent imitation. There is one particular ftroke in the oration vvich refpe£t to Philip, which deferves a place here: — '*■ Some of yoii, I find," faith the orator, " treat Philip " with difregard, as ff beneath their attention ; and yet ex- ** prefs the greatell apprehenfions of the King, as an ene- *' my who muft prove highly dangerous to thofe who may " be the objects of his refentment. if then we are never to " oppofe the one, bccaufe he is weak ; and if we are to yoL. I, U *' fubmjf 290 THE LIFE AND REIGN OF Book II. fort, difgraced by a wild and whimfical afFec- "^"^ tation of imitating the garb and manners of Hercules, and appearing in the field armed with his club, and cloathed in his lion*s hide. The Thebans alfo detached one thoufand of their infantry, under the command of Lacrates, Diori. sic. one of their generals -, and the Perfian, in return left. '40. for this fervice, granted their prefent requeft, and immediately iupplied them with three hun- dred talents. Yet this could not enable them to gain any material advantage over Phocis. A whole year was wafted in mutual incurfions and depredations, or, at moft, fome flight a6bions, which hiftory hath not thought worthy of being particularly recorded. During this interval, Philip wasfeated in his own kingdom, watching the feveral commotions which raged all around him •, ftriclly obfervant of the errours and diftrefles of every ftate and Demoft. o-overnment, concerting his defigns, and pre- Phil. I. '^ O G ' r feft. ». paring for new conquefts. His forces, and par- ** fubmit, in every inftance, to the other, becaufe he is for- *'midable; againfl whom, ye Athenians, fhall we ever *' draw the fword :" These particulars, which I have contented myfelf with tranflatirg from Olivier, and which he hath infeited in the body of his hiflory, I thought might, with greater propriety, be prcfented to the reader in the form of a note. ticularly PHILIP KING OF MACEDON. 291 ticularly his marine, were conftantly receivin::?. was fo exaflly imitated in his own days, as to '^"''^' deceive the Greeks, much more might fucceed- ing ages receive fuch a fpurious addition as the genuine remains of Theopompus : and if the cxquifite tafteof the Athenians could not imme- diately diftinguifti between the original and an ingenious copy •, it is fcarcely prefumptuous to fuppofe, that Athenaeus, Photius, and fome Other writers, might have been deceived. But however this may be, or however Philip might, at fome times, indulge himfelf in pka- fure and fenfuality, his attent.on was not one mo- ment diverted from his grand deligns. The X 2 ill and 3o8 THE LIFE AND REIGN OF Book II. ifland of Eiiboea, and the territories of Olyn- ^J^^JJJ] ' thus, were now the immediate objefts of his i«7. y. 4. niachinations. The fituation and importance of Euboea, which he juftly called the fetters of Greece, determined him to eftablilh fuch an in- tereft there, as might facilitate the conqueft of the ifland -, and, with Olynthus, he was now no longer obliged to diflemble ; but refolved to feek an occafion of coming to an open rup- ture, as with the only powerful neighbouring ftate which he had left unfubdued ; the only ftate, which, by uniting with the Athenians, might enable them to harafs his frontiers, or diftrefs his kingdom. „,, . . When the Athenians had driven out the The- ctef. feft. bans from Euboea, they left the ifland free, and demanded no other acknowledgment for their protection, than the advantage of thofe provi- fions, which the fertility of the foil enabled the iflanders to fupply. The country was divided into feveral diftind and independent ftates, and every city governed by thofe whofe influence and addrefs eould raife them to the fupreme com- mand. Thefe petty tyrants foon began to have frequent difputes and contefi:s with each other, which Philip, no doubt, took care to foment, until they at lafl: produced an open rupture. On this occaflon, Philip efpoufed the interefl: of Cailia*, 3» PHILIP KING OF MACEDON. 309 Callias, the governor of Chalcis, (a city neareft Sfct. HI. to the continent, and, at this day, joined to it by a bridge) and fent Eurylochus, one of his generals thither with fome forces and money. Plutarch, who commanded in Eretria, inftantly difpatched ambalfadors to Athens, exprelTing his apprehenfions of the Macedonian power, and the confeqiiences of Philip's interfering in the, difputes of the ifland j intreating the protecftion of the Athenians, and offering to fubmit to their jurifdidion. They had, at this time, fome ^ffTL^g'I" forces in Euboea, under the condil(5t of one of [f-"} .^*- Schol, their generals, named Hegefilaus, who fupport- ed the propofitions of Plutarch, and anfwered for the integrity of his intentions. Demosthenes, though an inveterate enemy ne-n.nriu to the encroaching power of the Macedonian, '' '"■'^* oppofed Plutarch, and advifed his countrymen to rejedt his overtures. No other motive hath been afiTigned for this condudl, but a fovereign contempt which he entertained for Plutarch and the Eretrians. PofTibly he might have conceived, and not without reafon, that this tyrant was le** qretly in the intereft of Philip ; and that the whole affair was no more than the confequencc of a fcheme, concerted between them, to en- gage the Athenians in an expenfkve and inglor X 3 rious 3,0 T'HE LIFE^AND REIGN OF [jooKir. nous expedition, fo as to fatigue and exhauft "■^ ^ them. If fuch was the opinion of Demoflhenes, it was fully juftified by the event: but, at prefent, he was fing'f in this opinion -, and it was re- ceived with fo much indignation, that the peo- ple, who naturally fufpedled this apparent incon- fiilency with his former fentim.ents, and were particularly inflamed by the party, whofe private defigns made them earneft to engage their coun- trymen in this expedition, were fcarcely re- flrained from tearing the orator to pieces. De- moflhenes himfelf imputes this heat and vio- lence to the latter caufe. " You may remem- " ber," faith he, in his oration on the Peace, " that during the diforders of Euboea, when " certain perfons perfuaded you to afTifl Plutarch, *' and to engage in an inglorious and expen- " five war, I was the firfl, the only one, who *' rofe up to oppofe it ; and fcarcely efcaped their <^ fury, who, for a trifling gain, were urging ^* you to many highly pernicious meafures." But, although he thus affefls to confider this fury as the mere artifice of intrigue and corruption, yet it is certain, that any oppofition to the paflions and reigning fentiments of the Athenians, was frequently received with impatience and refent- jncnt ; PHILIP KING OF MACEDON. ment : and never were they hurried on with greater ardour, than to this expedition. Men of diftindion and eminence vied with each other in their zeal for the public fervice. They were for rufhing, all at once, into the iOand, till Phocion, who was appointed general, obliged them to be content with fervlng by turns. The Piutarch in orator, Hyperides, who was bound to equip a p "49. ''" fingle veflel, infilled on fitting out two ; one on his own account, and one for his Ion. Nice- oemnft. ;„ ratus, the fon of Nicias, embarked, notwith- p.^l^oj^* Handing a lingering diforder with which he was afflided, and the recent lofs of his two chil- dren, which he then felt in all its force. Ercte- mon, Mantitheus, Euthydemus, Cleon, Arifto- cles, Pamphilus, all illuftrious Athenians, fitted out their gallies : the three laft commanded them; the others ranked with the cavalry, where ./Efchines, of whom we (hall hereafter /ECAun. de fpeak, and Demofthenes alfo ferved. Thus did this people, whofe impreflions were ever violent, and who always afled in extremes, rufh on to an expedition calculated to ferve the pur- pofes of Philip. Their forces landed at Eretria, where affairs pi^t, m appeared in a much worfe condition than had ^^^"'^''"^ been imagined. The troops of Philip were fo difpofed as to command every advantageous X 4 poll. f;ilfa L-g. f-dl. 5;. Di-m. ut fu- era. THE LIFE AND REIGN OF poft. He had Tent in but few Macedonians^ The greateft part of his force was formed of auxiliaries, who. rather appeared to be employed and paid by Gbalcis, : than as mercenaries in the ^forf?" i^rvicQ of Philip. With thefe was alfo joined fea. 32. ^ large body of Phocians, (though enemies of ]VIacedpn, and allies of Athens} engaged by ampler pay than they received at home : and Plutarch himfelf gave many indications of dif- affedion and treachery. Thofe vvhqm they came to relieve, were found equally corrupted, and equally the enemies of Athens vyith thofJ; whom they were to engage. Thus wgs thp fnare difcovered: but, happily, the abilities of their leader ejctricated them from the danger. Pint, in This man would have done honour tp thq fhmon, g,,j.|y ^^^ jg^^ corrupted times of the Athenian itate. His manners were formed jn the academy upon the models of the moft exa6b and rigid virtue. It was faid, that no Athenian ever fav( him laugh or weep, or deviate, in any inftance^ from the moft fettle'd gravity and compofure. He learned the art of war under Chabrias j and frequently moderated the excefles, and corrected the errours, of that general : his humanity he admired and imitated ; and taught him to exert It in a more extenfive and liberal manner. When he had received his diredions to fail, with twenty 1 Ihips, PHILIP KING OF MACEDON. ihips, to colled the contributions of theallies and •dependent cities ; " why that force ?'* faid Pho- cion i " if I am to meet them as enemies, it is ?* infufiicienti if I am fent to friends arjd allies, a f* fingle veflel will ferve." He bore the feve- j-ides of a military life with fo rniich eafe, that, .if Phocion ever appeared warmly clothed, the foldiers at once pronounced it the fign of a re- i^arkably bad feafon. His outward appearance ,was forbidding, but his converfation eafy and obliging ; and all his words and adions exprefTed the utmoft affedtion and benevolence. In the popular aflembly, his lively, clofe, and natural manner of fpeaking, feemed, as it were, the echo of the fimplicity and integrity of his mind ; and had frequently a greater effeft than even the dignity and energy of Demofthenes ; who called him ^' the pruner of his periods." He fttdied only good fenfe and plain reafoning, and defpifed every adventitious ornament. In an affembly, when he was to addrcfs the people, he was furprifed by a friend wrapped up in thought. " I am confidering," faid he, *• whe- " ther I cannot retrench fome part of my in- *' tended addrefs." He was fcnfible of the ill conduft of his countrymen, and ever treated them with the greateft feverity. He defied their cenfures, and fo far did he affedl to defpife their ^pplaufe, that, at a time when his fcntiments extorted their approbation, he turned about, in furprife. THE LIFE AND REIGN OF furprife, and afked a friend, '* if any thing " weak or impertinent had efcaped him." His fenfe of the- degeneracy of Athens made him fond of pacific meafures. He faw the defigns of Philip, but imagined that the ftate was too corrupted to give him any effedtual oppofition. So that he was of the number of thofe men, who, according to Demofthenes, in his third Philippic oration, " gave up the interefls of the *' ftate, not corruptly or ignorantly, but from *' adefperate purpofe of yielding to the fate of a «' conftitution thought to be irrecoverably loft." He was, of confequence, ever of the party oppofite to Demofthenes ; and, having been taught by experience to fufpect the popular leaders, confidered his carneftnefs to roufe the Athenians to arms, as an artifice to embroil the ftate, and, by that means, to gain an influence in the aflembly. " Phocion !'* faid Demofthe- nes, " the people, in fome mad fit, will cer- *' tainly facrifice thee to their fury." " Yes !" replied he, " and you will be their vidim, *' if ever they have an interval of reafon." Yet they often prevailed on him to aft againft his judgment, though never to fpeak againft his confcience. He never refufed or declined the command, whatever might be his opinion of the expedition. Forty-five times was he chofen to lead their armies, generally in his abfence ; and PHILIP KING OF MACEDON. 315 and ever without the lead application. They Sect. ni. knew his merit ; and, in the hour of danger, ^^V^^ forgot that feverity with which he ufually treated their inclinations and opinions. The prefent cccafion demanded all his abi- lities. Pompous affurances of the alTiftance and concurrence of the Euboean dates had de- termined him to lead but a moderate number of forces into the ifland. He now faw the vanity Plutarch. •« of thefe expe<5tations : nor were his foldiers duly ''^'^"' obedient to military difcipline. Immediately after the defcenr, numbers of his cavalry quitted him and difperfed ; but thefe he would, by no means, recal or wait for : " all that could be ♦' of real fervice," he obferved, *' continued ** with him : the mutinous and difobedient *' would not only prove ufelefs and ungovernable *' themfelves, but impede and corrupt others. *' And, as they are confcious of their own mif- •' conduft, they will be the lefs apt (faid he) to mifreprefent or calumniate us at our return.'* (( Thus were the Euboeans much fuperiour in numbers, an inconvenience which Phocion de- termined, if poflible, to remedy by the advan- tage of fituation. The Euboeans are celebrated by Homer for their firm and clofe manner of engaging, They valued themfelves on verify- ing Phociojii THE LIFE AND REIGN OF ing this clogium •, and, by a law, which Strabo mentions to have fcen engraven on a column in the midft of the ifland, forbad the ufe of mif- five weapons ; which they never employed, at Fiuurch. in Jeaft in their civil wars. This made Phocion chufe for the fituation of his camp, an emi- nence near the plain of Tamynas, which it was probable the enemy would occupy, and feparated from it by a piece of rough and rocky ground, inclofed with a deep ditch. Here he intrenched himfelf, and waited the approach of Callias, who encamped on the oppofite plain, and ex- erted all his efforts to furround him. Some days he remained befieged in his camp : the news was brought to Athens ; and reinforcements were decreed. In the mean time the enemy prepared for a general affault. As they advanced, Pho- cion ordered his men to ftand to their arms, while he himfelf went to facrifice ; in which, either his religion, or artifice, engaged him for fome time. His foldiers began to be impatient for the charge : but, as he obferved on this or a like occafion, " They could not then make him va- «* liant, Bor he make them wife." Plutarch, who probably faw his defign, and was willing to defeat it, began to utter many infinuations to the difadvantage of the general's courage ; and, in a pretended fit of zeal, charged the enemy himfelf at the head of the auxiliaries. When PHILIP KING OF MACEDON. When the cavalry favv this, they forgot the or- ders of their leader ; rufhed out without form- ing, and fpurred on againfl: the enemy. Plu- tarch's attack was weak and fallacious : he fled at once, and, falling back upon the horfe, fpread terrour and confufion among them : fe- veral were killed, and the reft reached the camp in the utmoft diforder. The Chalcidians, in their turn, purfued with a ra(h and intemperate ardour : and, in full confidence of the vidor)'-, inarched up boldly to the intrenchmcnts, and began to level them. Phocion now put an end to his facrifice : the enemy was engaged in an uneven and difadvantageous ground : he fallied olit with his infantry -, made great havoc among them ; and quickly drove them to the plain they had at firft occupied. Here he halted, to give time for his cavalry to rally : and, having col- ledted round him the braveft of his forces, fell furioufly c^ the center of the Chalcidians. The Plutarch, ia fight was bloody and obftinate, and Phocion in -«ichin'. ia the utmoft danger of being overpowered by {e&%^ii numbers, when Cleophanes, a gallant Athenian, ■who, by this time, had formed the cavalry on a plain which had been ufed for a horfe-courfe, charged the right wing of the enemy. This wing was quickly broken -, the center gave way, and the vi(^ory was complete. It was obfervcd, that 3iS THE LIFE AND REIGN OF Book II. tkat Dernofthenes was by no means the firfl: to Demoft.in rctum to thc chaFgc. He was even accufed ^'599?' as a deferter of his rank. JEfchines indeed be- Mhug^^ haved with an intrepidity which was honoured ^^' 53' and rewarded ; and was appointed, by Phocion, to bring the news of this vidory to Athens. The conduct of Plutarch, in the late engaoe- Plutarch. In rncnt, 'rendered him juftly fufpeded. And Ibme further practices and intelligences, in which he was difcovered, or the declaration and open avowal of his attachment to the Macedo- nian intereft, determined Phocion to treat him as an enemy. He drove him out of the ifland, and then proceeded to attack the fort of Zaratra, fituated advantageoully on that part of the ifland which projeds, as it were, into an iflhmus, fo as to command the fea on each fide. The gar- rifon furrendered, but Phocion would not fuffer any one of the Greeks to be made a prifoner: " left the Athenians," faid he, "..Ihould at fome *' time be inflamed by their popular leaders, and, *' in a fudden fit of fury, wreak their vengeance ^' on them." Demoft.in Thus had Philip the moFtification to find his ^408? ^^^^^^ practices, for this time, inefledual. The PhocToa.'*'* expedition ended to the immortal honour of the illuftrious ^•VN* PHILIP KING OF MACEDON. 3,9 illuftrious Athenian, who re-embarked at Styra, Srcr. iir. with his viflorious army -, and, with all his Ihips collefted and drawn up in order of battle, crowned with garlands, and enlivened by the found of flutes, with which the rowers kept time, entered the port of Athens, amidfl the joyful acclamations of his foldiers and fellow- citizens. END OF THE FIRST VOLUME* UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA LIBRARY Los Angeles This book is DUE on the last date stamped below. ^OFCAilFO/?^ ^OFCAilFO/?^ o ^ILIBRARYO^ ^ ^wmmor,^ •^■^mmm^ ^Aa3AINfl 3WV^ '^^ \ME UNIVERi/A o ^vWSANCElfj> o ^ ^OFCALIFOfiU; ^OFCAIIFO/?^ ^/^aHAiNH 3wv^ "^^JAUvaan-^^ '^OA«v}jan# ^^tLIBRARYQ^ ^ 1 ir^ ^ <^illBRARYQ<- %0JI"IV3JO'^ ^ o ^ as >• "^AaaAiNfl-awv^ .-i.OF-CAlIF0/?v/. y< .OF-CAL!FO/i>^ ^^JAUvaan-^^ ^(JAavaaiiY^ ^WEUNIVERS/A o "^Aa]AINn-3WV ^MEUNIVERy//i ^ ^lOSANCElfj^ o ^— < VS S -^ILIBRARYQ^ A^lLIBRARYQr .A T" C % '^ ^)'.4iijn\.-\.ji\V '^. ^\ \\ .\\\EUNIVFRS/ 3 1158 0057b 123 AA 000 986 869 IVERJ//, \VlOS»VsCFlf' o IVERi"//, c -^/Z' a: o lS0V'<'' "^AiiaAM 9Aava8n-^N' ARY6k ^^^l•LIBRA^iVo^^ 111 ^"'^" /3J0 IFO% r-n WAEUNIVERS-//, ^ cm^' <\HIBRARYG^^ ^\