^■■i'k^ 
 
 
THE LIBRARY 
 
 OF 
 
 THE UNIVERSITY 
 
 OF CALIFORNIA 
 
 PRESENTED BY 
 
 PROF. CHARLES A. KOFOID AND 
 
 MRS. PRUDENCE W. KOFOID 
 
AFGHANISTAN AND THE AFGHANS. 
 
 
LO.NDOX : 
 GILBERT AND RIVINGTOX, PRINTERS, 
 
 ST. John's sc^uare. 
 
Iifgljanistiin anir t\^t |.fgljiins: 
 
 BllIEF REVIEW OF THE HISTORY OF THE COUNTRY 
 AND ACCOUNT OF ITS PEOPLE, 
 
 SPECIAL REFERENCE 
 
 TO 
 
 THE PRESENT CRISIS AND WAR WITH THE 
 AMIR SHER ALI KHAN. 
 
 By H. W. BELLEW, C.S.I. 
 
 Author of " Journal of a Mission to Kandahar in 1857-8 ;" 
 
 The Indus to the Tiyris ; " " Kashmir and Kaahghar ; " " Dictionary and Gramimw 
 
 of the PuMoo Language ;" " History of the Yuaufzais," Sf"- 
 
 EonUon : 
 SAMPSON LOW, MARSTON, SEARLE, & RIVINGTON 
 
 CROWN BUILDINGS, 188, FLEET STREET. 
 
 1879. 
 
 \_All rights reserved.'] 
 
 
Digitized by tine Internet Arciiive 
 
 in 2008 with funding from 
 
 IVIicrosoft Corporation 
 
 littp://www.arcliive.org/details/afglianistanafgliaOObellricli 
 

 PREFACE. 
 
 The final rupture between our Government 
 and the Amir of Kabul, which has been 
 impending at any time during the past 
 four or five years — and which assumed a 
 more threatening aspect after his con- 
 temptuous treatment of the Viceroy's polite 
 invitation to the Imperial Assemblage at 
 Delhi, by which act he signalized himself as 
 the only independent ruler in diplomatic 
 relations with the Government of India 
 who refused to be represented at that 
 august ceremony — has all of a sudden been 
 brought prominently before the British 
 people by the warlike action of Government 
 
 M31iGrj7 
 
b PREFACE. 
 
 to resent tlie premeditated and unprovoked 
 insult of a spoiled and petted barbarian 
 neighbour wbo has mistaken conciliation 
 for fear, and forbearance for weakness. 
 And the circumstance has naturally led to 
 the public discussion of the causes which 
 have brought about this crisis in the 
 relations heretofore subsisting between 
 that Ruler and ourselves. 
 
 In the course of this discussion, as it is 
 represented in the periodicals of the day 
 by the utterances of those who are the 
 guides of public opinion at home, one sees 
 the subject treated piecemeal from different 
 points of view, based upon an isolated 
 occurrence, according to the information 
 and bias of the author or speaker, but no- 
 where with a comprehensive grasp of the 
 whole case ; thus leaving the people to form 
 their opinions upon incomplete premises. 
 
rREFACE. ( 
 
 Convinced as I am of the very great 
 importance to our national interests of the 
 thorougli comprehension by the nation of 
 tlie character of our previous relations, and 
 of the nature of our final rupture with the 
 Amir of Kabul, and assured as I am of our 
 power to safeguard our own rights over the 
 whole country which we have assisted him 
 to hold as the frontier province of our own 
 Empire in India, I have ventured to put 
 together for submission to the consideration 
 and inquiry of the nation a very brief 
 account of the country and people ruled by 
 the Amir with whom we are now at war. 
 
 The account is in the form of a connected 
 summary of the principal events in the 
 history of the country from the time it 
 came into existence as an independent 
 state, to the time of Slier All's defiance, 
 and the march of our troops into his 
 
8 I'EEFACE. 
 
 territory; and it concludes with a short 
 account of the main divisions of the country 
 and the several races inhabiting it. 
 
 I have attempted to show from its past 
 history, and the heterogeneous character 
 of its population, how utterly unable the 
 country is to maintain its independence as 
 a friendly neighbour without our support, 
 especially in face of the aggressive and dis- 
 turbing policy pursued by Russia in Central 
 Asia. For we must not lose sight of the 
 fact that Russia is more than ever active in 
 this quarter, and, despite the most solemn 
 and reassuring promises made at St. 
 Petersburg, does not for a moment cease 
 from intrigue and aggression at Tash- 
 kand. 
 
 It is not a trivial occurrence that Russian 
 officers should, by the Amir's order, find a 
 welcome all over the country, and a Russian 
 
PEEFACli. 9 
 
 Mission be entertained with unwonted dis- 
 tinction and hospitality at the capital for 
 days before we in India became aware of 
 even their intention to enter the country — 
 an act in direct violation of the solemn 
 pledges of the Russian Government to the 
 contrary. And it becomes a decidedly 
 serious occurrence when, with this friendly 
 treatment offered to the stranger, we, the 
 friends and neighbours of the Amir, and 
 the benefactors to his dynasty, should be 
 jealously excluded, and when our Govern- 
 ment asks for the reception of its own 
 Mission, the British Envoy should be 
 threatened with violence, and uncere- 
 moniously repelled. 
 
 I have attempted to show that with 
 Russia on the border — especially since this 
 infringement of her engagements — the time 
 has come when we can no longer trust to 
 
10 PREFACE. 
 
 the goodwill or good sense of an uncon- 
 trolled manager of our frontier province. 
 The time has come when we must face the 
 necessity of taking the management into 
 our own hands, and this we are perfectly 
 able to do — which is the more satisfactory 
 as the task is a duty we owe to ourselves, 
 to India, and to the people of Afghanistan, 
 whom we have too long left to the forced 
 ignorance and grinding oppression of their 
 rulers. If we fail in our duty to ourselves 
 and to Afghanistan, we shall afford Russia 
 the excuse for interference where she has 
 no possible business that is not directly 
 hostile to us — for interference beyond the 
 field of her legitimate operations — and the 
 consequences will be by no means of a 
 satisfactory kind. Whereas if we plainly 
 assert our rights and stick to them, Russia 
 knows what prudence is, and will refrain 
 
PEEFACE. 11 
 
 from giving us cause to retaliate in Turkis- 
 tan. 
 
 I must explain that in committing tliis 
 little pamphlet to the notice of the public, 
 my object is to offer a brief and connected 
 account of the history of Afghanistan, and 
 the relations of our Government with its 
 rulers, so far as these have from time to 
 time become known to the public in India ; 
 whilst the account of the country and people 
 is written from personal observation and 
 inquiry. 1 have made no attempt to treat 
 the subject in detail, for that would require 
 volumes, and a leisure which I have not at 
 command ; but I have endeavoured to put 
 the case clearly and concisely for a general 
 comprehension of the whole, or for special 
 inquiry into any particular point. If my 
 own views on the subject have become 
 apparent in reading " between the lines," I 
 
12 PEEFACE. 
 
 can only say thafc they are the conclusions 
 forced upon me by a steady observation 
 for twenty-two years on and about the 
 frontier. 
 
 H. W. B. 
 
 Lahore, December 6th, 1878. 
 
AFGHANISTAN 
 AND THE AFGHANS. 
 
 The crisis which has long been foreseen 
 by those who have had the opportunity of 
 observing the course of Kabul politics 
 during the last ten or twelve years has at 
 last arrived, and we now find ourselves 
 brought face to face with the dangers 
 against which the press in this country 
 has from time to time raised its voice of 
 warning, and that too in no uncertain 
 tone. 
 
 The proverbial fickleness and faithless- 
 ness of the Afghan — of which our ex- 
 
14 AFGHANISTAN AND THE AFGHANS. 
 
 perience on a former occasion was of a 
 very practical kind — have always been held 
 forward by those who knew the people, as 
 a warning against a too-confiding reliance 
 upon them, and how correctly so is now 
 very forcibly illustrated in the hostile 
 attitude openly assumed by the Amir Sher 
 Ali Khan, our erstwhile professed ally 
 and friend — a finale of his dealings with 
 us which was confidently predicted so 
 long ago as 1869 by more than one 
 observer of his character and mode of 
 government. 
 
 The present crisis therefore cannot be 
 supposed to have come upon us entirely 
 unawares, whatever the apparent indiffe- 
 rence with which we have kept our eyes 
 shut to the very probable and possible 
 dangers that have during the past five or 
 six years threatened to imperil the peace 
 
THE QUESTION FOK CONSIDEKATION. 15 
 
 and safety of India tlirough the unfriendly 
 conduct of the Afghan ruler, whoever he 
 might be. And the conduct of our Go- 
 vernment in so long delaying action to 
 coerce the Afghan authorities into proper 
 subordination can only be explained by 
 the overweening confidence with which it 
 viewed the security of its position, and the 
 false hope it entertained of the mollifying 
 and salutary influences of a long-suffering 
 patience and conciliatory good-will. 
 
 But be this as it may, the fact of the 
 matter is that we are now at open war 
 with our neighbour on the north-west 
 frontier, and the question of most vital 
 importance to the British Empire at this 
 moment is not so much the consideration 
 and discussion of the causes that have led 
 to this final rupture between the Govern- 
 ment of India and the Amir of Kabul, as 
 
16 AFGHANISTAN AND THE AFGHANS. 
 
 the consideration and determination of the 
 momentous issues of the hostilities in 
 which we are now engaged — of how and 
 where the war which, despite all our 
 efforts to avert it, has been forced upon 
 us, is to end. For on the right determi- 
 nation of these two points rests the peace 
 of India, and the solution of the difficulty 
 of her north-west frontier. 
 
 To approach this subject with a fair 
 chance of arriving at a just appreciation 
 of the facts of the case, it will not suffice 
 for us to carry our inquiry back merely 
 to the time of Lord Auckland's famous 
 Simla Manifesto of forty years ago, nor 
 to revive the sorry memories of that Af- 
 ghan war. We must carry our retrospect 
 farther back than that, and recall to mind 
 who the Afghans are, and what is their 
 history as an independent nation. 
 
INVASION OF PERSIA BY AFGHANS. 17 
 
 Let US leave the Afghans as a people 
 for description farther on, and for the 
 present let us devote our attention to 
 them as a kingdom. It is not very far 
 back that we have to go, and the briefest 
 review will suffice to put the case clearly 
 before the reader. Let us see what it 
 really tells us as matters of history. 
 
 During the latter half of the seven- 
 teenth century, when the empire of the 
 Mughal in India and that of the Saff'avi 
 in Persia were both in a like state of 
 disorder and fast falUng to decay, the 
 Afghans made repeated attempts to throw 
 off the yoke of the Mughal, and in the 
 course of their rebellion the western tribes 
 up to Kandahar fell under the rule of the 
 Saffavi. This, however, was only for a 
 brief interval which ended in the Afghans 
 turning the tables upon their new masters, 
 
 B 
 
18 AFGHANISTAN AND THE AFGHANS. 
 
 and destroying their dynasty " by the in- 
 vasion of Persia and sack of Ispahan 
 under the Ghilzai leader Mir Yais of 
 Kandahar. This conquest of Persia was 
 made only by the western Afghans, and 
 was as fleeting as it was sudden, for their 
 wholesale butcheries and horrible excesses 
 of every kind raised enemies against them 
 on all sides, and they were soon driven 
 from the country amidst universal execra- 
 tion of the very name they bore. 
 
 During the eight or ten years that the 
 western Afghans were busy ravaging the 
 soil of Persia, their eastern tribesmen 
 were chafing imder the repressive efforts 
 of the Mughal governors, and were one 
 by one carving out petty independent 
 chief ships for themselves. And it was in 
 this chaotic state of governments — with 
 anarchy rampant in Persia, and rebellion 
 
INVASION OP INDIA BY NADIR SHAH. 19 
 
 rife in the western provinces of the Mu- 
 ghal empire in India — that Nadir Shall 
 appeared upon the scene as a world-con- 
 queror. A Turkman bandit himself, he 
 overran Persia with his hordes of slave- 
 hunting robbers of the desert with the 
 speed of only the Turkman rider. He 
 chased the Afghan invaders out of every 
 nook and corner of the country, drove 
 back the Russians from their furtive en- 
 croachments on the southern provinces 
 of the Caspian, and completed his victory 
 with the crown of Persia on his head. 
 
 But this amount of success did not 
 satisfy the whetted ambition of the con- 
 queror, now encouraged to greater achieve- 
 ments by his easy triumph over Persia, 
 and the alluring prospect offered by the 
 timidity and weakness of the Mughal, and 
 he invaded India with a vast army, which, 
 B 2 
 
20 AFGHANISTAN AND THE AFGHANS. 
 
 like all others its predecessors bound on a 
 similar errand from that quarter, was 
 largely composed of Afghans — in this 
 instance the rebellious subjects of the 
 Mughal. His sack of the city of Delhi, 
 and massacre of its inhabitants has — as 
 well may be imagined — left a deeper im- 
 pression upon the minds of the people of 
 India than the accounts of the almost 
 fabulous wealth he bore aw^ay as the spoil 
 of his invasion, and the marvellous tales 
 of which live fresh in the memories of the 
 people who immediately benefited by it. 
 
 Nadir Shah was assassinated in his camp 
 just as he reached the borders of his 
 native country, and the bulk of his spoil 
 of India fell into the hands of an Afghan 
 general of cavalry, who had joined his 
 standard with a contingent of ten thousand 
 horse at the outset of his Indian campaign. 
 
RISE OF THE DURPiANI EMPTKE. 21 
 
 This fortunate man was Sardar Ahmad 
 Khan, of the Saddozai section of the 
 Abdali tribe of Afghans. At the time of 
 Nadir's assassination he was present in the 
 camp with the rest of the conqueror's 
 court, but a strong detachment of his 
 troops was on escort duty with the trea- 
 sure-party, marching up some way in rear 
 of the main army; and on the fact of 
 Nadir's death becoming known he sHpped 
 away from the camp with a few followers, 
 and immediately betook himself to Kanda- 
 har, in the vicinity of which city, and in 
 the midst of his own people, he came 
 upon the convoy with the treasure. 
 
 Ahmad Khan appropriated the trea- 
 sure, and with its vast and varied stores 
 at his disposal had no difficulty in pur- 
 chasing the good-will and allegiance, not 
 only of his own clansmen, but of all 
 
9.9. 
 
 AFGHANISTAN AND THE AFGHANS. 
 
 other Afghans, and of the neighbouring 
 Baloch chiefs as well. And this done, he 
 had himself crowned King of the Durrani, 
 with the title Ahmad Shah, Durri Durran. 
 The ceremony was performed on a pro- 
 minent rock of one of the low spurs of hill 
 which project on to the plain near the spot 
 where the treasure was taken, and looking 
 down upon the site of the present city of 
 Kandahar, which was shortly after laid 
 out and built up under the name of Ahmad 
 Shahi or Ahmad Shahr. 
 
 These events occurred about the year 
 1747, and from that date commences the 
 history of the Afghan nation as an inde- 
 pendent kingdom. The vast wealth so 
 suddenly and so easily acquired by Ahmad 
 Shah was speedily exhausted in the ex- 
 penses of starting his newly-formed Em- 
 pire, and the self-made king was soon 
 
RISE OF THE DURRANI EMPIRE. 23 
 
 obliged to look about for the means of 
 replenisliing a very leaky treasury wliich 
 was ever being drained dry by tlie insati- 
 able demands of an improvident and reck- 
 less nobility who knew no restraint in their 
 newly-acquired habits of pomp and extra- 
 vagance. 
 
 In til is difficulty, what was more easy, 
 and more suited to the tastes of the 
 nation than the example of the new king's 
 late master ? And so it was that during 
 the twenty-six years of his reign Ahmad 
 Shah managed to keep the Durrani empire 
 going by a succession of seven or eight 
 invasions of India which brought wealth 
 to the imperial treasury, and afforded a 
 welcome outlet for the ambition of his 
 restless nobility, whilst at the same time 
 the power and prestige so acquired enabled 
 him to consolidate his authority all over the 
 
24 AFGHANISTAN AND THE AFGHANS. 
 
 country from Lahore in the east to Mash- 
 had in the north-west. Towards the close 
 of his active and eventful reign Ahmad 
 Shah became afflicted by a loathsome 
 disease which destroyed the upper part of 
 his face by a horrible corroding ulceration. 
 He retired to his ov/n little native castle at 
 Maruf in the Tobah hills south of Ghazni, 
 and there died in the midst of the simplicity 
 of his early peasant home. His body was 
 brought to Kandahar, and buried in a 
 court adjoining the palace he had built for 
 himself in the city of his own founding. 
 The mausoleum erected over it is the only 
 building of any architectural merit or 
 substantial structure in the whole city. 
 
 His eldest son Tymur Shah succeeded to 
 the throne. He was a weak and volup- 
 tuous prince, and removed the seat of 
 government from Kandahar to the gay 
 
THE EEIGN OF TYMUR SHAH. Zb 
 
 capital of Kabul. Here lie held his court, 
 and soon ran through the treasury left by 
 his father in useless pomp and extrava- 
 gance, and dissipation of all kinds ; and 
 with the results to be naturally expected 
 as the consequence of such a reckless 
 course, in which parade and pleasure took 
 the place of the duties of government and 
 protection of the people. Disorder in 
 society and peril on the roads soon spread 
 all over the country, and law, weak at the 
 capital, became a dead letter in the pro- 
 vinces, where everybody interpreted it for 
 himself, and wielded it at the bent of his 
 will. Under such a system of nursing the 
 infant empire quickly sickened, and sank 
 into a hopeless decline, that too plainly 
 foretold its early death. 
 
 During the twenty years of Tymur's 
 reign the empire brought together by his 
 
2G AFGHANISTAN AND THE AFGHANS. 
 
 father rapidly fell to pieces. Tlie Panjab 
 under the rising power of the Sikhs, Sind 
 under the Talpur, and Balochistan under 
 the Kambarani Khan, one after the other 
 ignored the upstart Durrani empire, whilst 
 the Persian districts of Ghain, Birjand, 
 Tabbas, and Zawah fell back to Persia, at 
 this time, and for the half-century follow- 
 ing the death of Nadir, distracted by the 
 contests of the Zand competitors for the 
 sovereignty, and who by their dissensions 
 prepared the way for the Kajar dynasty, 
 the fourth representative of which — Nas- 
 ruddin Shah — is now the reigning sove- 
 reign at Tehran. 
 
 With the death of Tymur Shah in 1793, 
 the downfall of the yet unfledged Durrani 
 empire became complete and irretrievable, 
 after an existence of less than half a 
 century. This prince prior to his death 
 
DOWNFAT.L OF THE DUIfKANI EMPIKE. 27 
 
 had nominated no successor, but he left 
 half a score of sons by nearly as many 
 different mothers to contest the dwindled 
 remains of the proud heritage he had so 
 nnwortliily received from his father. In 
 short, the wide empire so hastily and 
 violently and imperfectly brought together 
 by Ahmad Shah had by this time shrunk 
 back to the natural geographical limits of 
 the Afghan people, with the exception only 
 of Kashmir, which was still held as an 
 outlying province of the kingdom. 
 
 It is a tedious and sickening task to 
 wade through and sift the successive con- 
 tentions and rivalries, plots and counter- 
 plots, attended as they were by ruthless 
 reprisals and horribly savage barbarities, 
 that mark the history of Afghanistan from 
 the time of Tymur's death till the ex- 
 tinction of his dynasty and the rise of the 
 
28 AFGHANISTAN AND THE AFGHANS. 
 
 Barakzais in 1818. It is enough for our 
 purpose merely to pick out and note the 
 most important events of this troublous 
 period of the history of the country, and 
 more especially Vith reference to their 
 bearing and influence upon its subsequent 
 condition and present status as an inde- 
 pendent government. 
 
 The first fact to note is the disruption 
 of the native kingdom, which came to pass 
 almost immediately after Tymur's death, 
 for on the occurrence of this event his 
 several sons, who were either jointly or 
 singly in charge of the several provincial 
 governments of the country — that is to say 
 in Kashmir, Peshawar, Derajat, Kandahar, 
 and Herat — each and all set up as inde- 
 pendent princes and claimants of the 
 succession to the throne. So little co- 
 hesion was there in the family as a 
 
PARTITION OF THE AFGHAN KINGDOM. 29 
 
 dynasty, and so deep-rooted and ranco- 
 rous were the jealousies and rivalries of a 
 polygamous offspring, that the hopelessness 
 of a combination or peaceable settlement 
 amongst them soon became apparent, and 
 before long paved the way to a transference 
 of the government into other hands. 
 
 During the course of the contest and 
 struggle for supremacy in Afghanistan, 
 which during this period filled the country 
 with bloodshed and anarchy, three of the 
 many sons of Tymur came into prominence 
 as active and determined candidates for 
 the contested throne. These were Zaman 
 Shah, the eldest son, who at the outset 
 possessed himself of the throne for a brief 
 period of tenure : Shuja'-ul-Mulk, his full 
 brother, who held Kandahar, and there 
 plotted his schemes to acquire Kabul ; and 
 Mahmud, by another mother, who held 
 
30 AFGHANISTAN AND THE AFGHANS. 
 
 Herat as an independent chief, and de- 
 clared himself rightful sovereign of all 
 Afghanistan. 
 
 Zaman Shah, as Tymur had done during 
 the latter years of his reign, made Peshawar 
 his principal residence. Extravagant, cruel, 
 and oppressive himself, he had the further 
 difficulties of his position — an empty 
 treasury, rebellious family, and factious 
 court to contend against. In this dilemma 
 he contemplated the resuscitation of the 
 fast-fading away glory of the Durranis by a 
 resort to the rich treasure-stores of India 
 — the country which had so often proved a 
 fruitful mine of wealth, and wide field of 
 enterprise to .his people under the able 
 guidance of Ahmad Shah — and with this 
 object in view set out on a tour of his 
 kingdom to gather together his people. 
 
 The rumours of this projected Afghan 
 
niOJECTED INVASION OF INDIA. 31 
 
 invasion of India so alarmed the Court of 
 Directors of the East India Company — 
 whose possessions and rule were at this 
 time advanced up to Delhi, the seat of the 
 expu"ing Mughal power — that they forth- 
 with despatched a mission to the court of 
 the Kajar, then but newly established in 
 Persia upon the ruins of the Saffavi empire, 
 for the purpose of utihzing the Persian 
 monarch as a counterpoise to the dreaded 
 designs of the Afghan, and Zaman Shah 
 was thus kept at home through fear of the 
 Persian on his western frontier. With 
 this check to the designs with which he 
 began his reign, the troubles of Zaman 
 Shah thickened around him, and were 
 presently brought to a climax by his im- 
 politic execution of Sardar Payandar Khan, 
 a wealthy and powerful chief of the Muham- 
 madzai section of the Barakzai tribe, who. 
 
32 AFGHANISTAN AND THE AFGHANS. 
 
 under the title of Wazir Surfaraz Khan, 
 had created a name and influence for him- 
 self, second only to that of the king, as 
 prime minister of Tymur, and Ahmad Shah 
 during his last years. 
 
 By this act Zaman Shah at once de- 
 prived himself of his best guide, and of his 
 own throne. After a reign of four years 
 he was deposed by Mahmud, and at once 
 deprived of his sight ; and now began in 
 earnest the family quarrel. Shah Shuja' 
 lost no time in attacking Mahmud, and 
 after a long pursuit all over the country 
 finally captured and cast him into prison 
 (a mild treatment for which Mahmud was 
 indebted to the new Wazir Fatah Khan), 
 and then himself ascended the throne at 
 Kabul, with Peshawar as his favourite 
 residence. He was no more popular 
 than Zaman, and his long absences from 
 
CONTEST FOE THE THRONE OF KABUL. 33 
 
 the capital gave his enemies their oppor- 
 tunity. 
 
 Fatah Khan, the son and successor in 
 ofiSce of the murdered Wazir, determined 
 to avenge Zaraan's crime upon his full 
 brother, the Shah Shuja', and became the 
 active partisan of Mahmud, his half- 
 brother, whom in 1809 he released from 
 prison, and set on the throne at Kabul 
 with himself as Wazir ; Shuja' now findnig 
 the influence of the Barakzais paramount, 
 and the country arrayed against him, fled 
 from Peshawar, and after many wander- 
 ings and sufferings, sought refuge with 
 the Sikh Maharaja at Lahore as a sup- 
 pliant for his favour. But Ranjit Singh^ 
 who had already during the anarchy dis- 
 tracting Kabul possessed himself of the 
 Derajat and Peshawar — the Indus pro- 
 vinces of Afghanistan — and was intent on 
 
 C 
 
34 AFGHANISTAN AND THE AFGHANS. 
 
 the subjugation of Kashmir also, had 
 no mind to raise the Afghan from his 
 fallen estate. On the contrary, he in- 
 veigled the helpless monarch out of his 
 last hope and means of buying assistance, 
 by extorting from him that precious gem 
 which he had thus far guarded with safety 
 through all his perilous adventures and 
 hardships. And the " Kohiniir " — the far- 
 famed diamond which had successively 
 passed from the Mughal to the Turkman, 
 and from him to the Afghan — now rested 
 with the Sikh, preparatory to its transfer 
 to the glorious crown of England, where, 
 let us hope, it is destined to shine with 
 undiminished splendour till the end of 
 time. 
 
 After this Shah Shuja', in terror of his 
 life, quitted tlie inhospitable territory of 
 the Sikh, and in 1815 threw himself on 
 
SHAH SHUJa' a REFDGEE AT LAHOEE. 35 
 
 the bounty of the East India Company, 
 who assigned him a pension and a resi- 
 dence at the frontier town of Ludhiana — 
 a town which sprang into existence under 
 the rule of the former Pathan kings of 
 Delhi, and has since been famous as the 
 asylum of the broken-down princes of 
 their native land, whilst, curiously enough, 
 it still affords a secure and peaceful retreat 
 to the sons and descendants of the refuo^ee, 
 who now found rest and shelter within its 
 hospitable walls. We must here leave 
 Shah Shuja' for the present, and revert to 
 the history of events in Kabul. 
 
 The events occurring in Afghanistan at 
 this period mark the date when the fate 
 of the country as an independent kingdom 
 was already doomed. In fact the Afghan 
 kingdom had at this time ceased to exist, 
 and it did not recover from its dismember- 
 
36 AFGHANISTAN AND THE AFGHANS. 
 
 ment so as to become developed into a 
 consolidated state until only the other day, 
 when, at the close of his reign, the Amir 
 Dost Muhammad Khan recovered Herat 
 to the Kabul government. 
 
 Shah Mahmud had not long been on the 
 throne of Kabul, before he awoke to the 
 fact that he was but a mere puppet in the 
 hands of his wily minister, who held all 
 the power in his own keeping, and took 
 care to strengthen his position against 
 assault by distributing the several pro- 
 vincial governments of the country, and 
 other posts of importance, amongst the 
 members of his own family and immediate 
 adherents. The power thus acquired by 
 Fatah Khan aroused the jealousy and 
 suspicion of Kamran, the son and heir of 
 Mahmiid, who saw in the minister a 
 dangerous rival to the throne, and he 
 
MAHMUD ON THE THRONE AT KABUL. 37 
 
 therefore put him out of the way. Fatah 
 Khan was murdered with shockingf bar- 
 barity and cruel torture in 1818, and the 
 whole country was again at once convulsed 
 with anarchy. 
 
 Mahmud and Kamran retired to Herat, 
 whilst the rest of the country became 
 divided between the brothers of the mur- 
 dered ^azir. Kabul, with Jalalabad and 
 Ghazni, fell to Dost Muhammad Khan; 
 Kandahar, with Kalati Ghilzai and Girishk, 
 became the joint possession of the brothers 
 Kohndil, Purdil, and Rahmdil; and Pesha- 
 war, with Yusufzai and Kohat, was held 
 by the brothers Pir Muhammad, Sultan 
 Muhammad, and Sayyid Muhammad, as 
 tributaries of the Sikhs, who presently 
 occupied the province with a strong 
 military force ; whilst Kashmir and Dera- 
 jat were also lost to the Sikhs. 
 
38 AFGHANISTAN AND THE AFGHANS. 
 
 Such was the disordered and dis- 
 membered state of Afghanistan during 
 the early years of the present century, 
 when we first became acquainted with the 
 country and its people, through the suc- 
 cessive missions of Maldolm to Persia and 
 the journey of Elphinstone to Peshawar. 
 If we review the history of Afghanistan 
 during this period — the first quarter of 
 the present century — we shall see how 
 completely the newly-raised power of the 
 Durrani had sunk, never to rise again, or 
 even to maintain a separate existence as 
 an independent government exercising 
 sovereign authority. 
 
 At the close of the last, and opening of 
 the present centuries, when Afghanistan was 
 the home of discord and strife amongst 
 the princes of the Saddozai family, Persia 
 had emerged from her anarchy under the 
 
STATE OF AFFAIRS IN AFGHANISTAN. 39 
 
 Zand chieftains and become a settled king- 
 dom under the Kajar dynasty. Bukhara 
 was still the sport of Shah Murad — the 
 religious fanatic and political impostor 
 RaMm Bai — whose eccentricities and pious 
 austerities gained him a saintly reputation, 
 and whose ignorance and licence deprived 
 the country of all semblance of law. Ba- 
 lochistan had since some years become a 
 consolidated Khanate under Mihrab Khan, 
 a local chief of the Kambarani family. 
 Sind also had become settled under its 
 Talpur governors. The Derajat, Pesha- 
 war, and Kashmir, not yet taken by the 
 Sikh, were still held by princes of the 
 Saddozai family. And the Panjab had, 
 under the stimulus of a newly developed 
 religion, grown into a compact confederacy 
 of Sikh chieftains, with Ranjit Singh as 
 their head. 
 
40 AFGHANISTAN AND THE AFGHANS. 
 
 Such, in brief terms, was tlie political 
 situation in and around the Khorassan 
 province of the Mughal emperors, when, 
 in 1809, Elphinstone's mission made its 
 way to Peshawar, and in the following 
 year Malcolm carried his third embassy to 
 the court of Persia. At this time, too, 
 were broached the Franco-Russian desio^ns 
 against the British power in India by 
 Xapoleon Bonaparte. So much for the 
 surrounding situation. How it fared in 
 the interior of Afghanistan at and im- 
 mediately subsequent to this period we 
 have already seen — the downfall of the 
 Saddozai, and the rise of the Barakzai, the 
 transfer of rule from the family of the 
 Durrani Shah to the family of the Durrani 
 Wazir. With the exception of Mahmud at 
 Herat, where he reigned as an independent 
 sovereign, there were now no representa- 
 
RULE OF THE BAEAKZAIS. 41 
 
 lives of Tymur left in the country. They 
 had all disappeared from the scene, either 
 removed by death, or driven into exile in 
 India. 
 
 Amongst the latter was Shah Shuja', 
 and with him thus disposed of, the Barak- 
 zais to all appearance had the rule of 
 Afghanistan to themselves. How greatly 
 its extent had become reduced from the 
 empire left by the founder of the in- 
 dependence of the nation only a short half- 
 century before, will have been gathered 
 from the preceding review of the history 
 of the country. At this time, indeed, the 
 usurped authority of the Barakzais was 
 confined to the narrow limits of Kabul and 
 Kandahar only, and in this restricted area 
 Dost Muhammad Khan, as in possession of 
 the capital, exercised the supreme autho- 
 rity, such as it was, under the title of 
 
42 AFGHANISTAN AND THE AFGHANS. 
 
 Amir, or " military commander." And it 
 was to him, as the most prominent per- 
 sonage in the country, that Burnes was 
 sent on a mission of commerce and dis- 
 covery about the year 1835. 
 
 The mission of Burnes to Kabul proved 
 to be the prelude to a new phase in the 
 history of Afghanistan, and marks the era 
 of a complete revolution in the political 
 status of that country as an integral part 
 of that geographical area which in recent 
 times has become so familiarly known as 
 Central Asia — a region the affairs and 
 peoples of the several petty states of which 
 were henceforth destined to emerge from 
 the obscurity that had shrouded them since 
 the middle ages, and to grow in increasing 
 interest to the nations of the world. But 
 this is not all. The opening out of this 
 close-shut region, the petty principalities 
 
RUSSIA AND ENGLAND IN ASIA. 43 
 
 of ^vllicll were ever varying in limits, and 
 ever at war amongst themselves, and in 
 which, without exception, the fanatic 
 bigotry and ignorance of an exclusive and 
 intolerant Islam racked the land with an- 
 archy and oppression, and enslaved the 
 people in the chains forged by an arrogant 
 and jealous priesthood — the opening out 
 of this region was destined sooner or later, 
 but infallibly, nevertheless, to involve the 
 two Great European Powers, whose might 
 and greatness were inseparably connected 
 with their respective conquests and empire 
 on the broad field of the Asiatic continent 
 in a vigilant and jealous rivalry for the 
 maintenance there of a just equilibrium. 
 
 In the determination of this point of 
 balance Russia and England were hence- 
 forth destined to work, and that not as a 
 mere matter of choice or ambition, but as 
 
44< AFGHANISTAN AND THE AFGHANS. 
 
 the imperious necessity of the- birth and 
 growth of their Asiatic empires — a ne- 
 cessity which must by the very nature of 
 the situation yet impel them onwards, each 
 in his sphere, till the natural boundary 
 between the different countries and nations 
 of the north and the south is reached. 
 Until, in fact, the natural geographical and 
 ethnological and pohtical boundary be- 
 tween the Tatar and Aryan races in Asia 
 shall be recognized as the line of demarca- 
 tion between Russia in Asia and England 
 in Asia. 
 
 Where this boundary-line is, and when 
 it will be acknowledged as the fixed line of 
 separation between Russia and England, 
 are questions that are gradually answering 
 themselves by the logic of facts and the 
 onward roll of time. But their investiga- 
 tion and due appreciation by us are all the 
 
RUSSIA AND ENGLAND IN ASIA. 4o 
 
 same matters of tlie utmost interest and 
 importance from a national point of view. 
 Because the future security, peace, and 
 prosperity of the Empire depend on the 
 proper settlement of this boundary-line. 
 
 Before we approach this subject, how- 
 ever, it is necessary to take up the history 
 of Afghanistan again, and to continue our 
 summary review of its most important 
 events up to the present time, in order that 
 we may enter upon the inquiry — and this 
 will gradually unfold itself and be de- 
 veloped when we come to consider who 
 the Afghans are, and what is their country 
 — with a fair knowledge of the facts of the 
 case. 
 
 "We have already noted that when Burnes 
 took his mission to Kabul, the rule of the 
 recently established Barakzai was restricted 
 within the narrow limits of that province 
 
46 AFGHANISTAN AND THE AFGHANS. 
 
 and Kandaliar; that the Indus provinces 
 were in the possession of the Sikh; and 
 that Herat only was held by the Saddozai 
 in the person of Mahmud, who, as such, 
 styled himself Shah or " king," and kept 
 up a small royal court there ; whilst Shah 
 Shuja' had settled down quietly in his 
 retreat at Ludhiana to await the next turn 
 in the wheel of his fortune. 
 
 And we must now note that the same 
 causes which prompted the British Govern- 
 ment in India, with the frontier at the 
 river Sutlaj, to send their emissary into 
 Afghanistan and its surrounding states, 
 also prompted the Russian Government, 
 with its Asiatic frontier at the lower 
 course of the Jaxartes, or Siyr Darya, to 
 send its own emissaries into the same 
 quarters. These causes were the dis- 
 ruption of the Durrani empire of Ahmad 
 
RUSSIAN INTEEFERENCE AT HERAT. 47 
 
 Shah and the redistribution of its out- 
 lying provinces in the directions of the 
 growth of the Enghsh and Russian con- 
 quests from the south and the north re- 
 spectively. 
 
 As a consequence of the reports fur- 
 nished by their several agents, both 
 governments entered actively into a parti- 
 cipation in the political affairs of the 
 different independent states intervening 
 between their own territories, and, natu- 
 rally, each with objects at variance with the 
 interests of the other. And so it came to 
 pass that Russia, as a counterfoil to the 
 occupation of Peshawar by the Sikh, set 
 the Persian to seize Herat — the Panjab in 
 the east being in much the relative position 
 to the British on the Sutlaj that Persia 
 was to the Russian on the Caspian. 
 
 Now Herat as the frontier fortress of the 
 
48 AFGHANISTAN AND THE AFGHANS. 
 
 former Mughal province of Khorassan was 
 always, as it still is, considered to be the 
 gate of India and the key of Afghanistan. 
 And its possession by Persia, or any other 
 power but Afghanistan, of which it formed 
 an integral part, was not to be allowed by 
 the British if they wished for peace or safety 
 in India; for Herat commanded Balkh, 
 which was the Oxus province of the empire 
 of Ahmad Shah, in the north, and Kandahar, 
 which was a home province, in the south. 
 
 So the British Government took mea- 
 sures to ensure the independence of Herat, 
 and to revive the extinct Durrani empire, 
 as a buffer ag^ainst Russian intrigue and 
 Persian encroachment from the west. The 
 idea, there is no doubt, especially in the 
 light of subsequent events, was as correct 
 in its propriety and conception as it was 
 faulty in its details and execution. 
 
RESTORATION OF SIIAU SHUJA' TO HIS THRONE. 49 
 
 The invasion of Afghanistan, the restora- 
 tion of Shah Shuja' to the throne of Kabul, 
 the release of Herat from the Persians and 
 their Russian coadjutors, and the recogni- 
 tion of Shah Mahmud and his successor, 
 Shah Kamran, as independent sovereigns 
 at Herat were the first results of our 
 triumphal initiation of the pohcy forced 
 upon the British Government by the neces- 
 sities of the time and the occasion. Their 
 quickly following failure, and our own 
 disasters at Kabul, were the very natural 
 results of injudicious interference and 
 divided authority in the one case, and of 
 inexcusable neglect of ordinary military 
 precautions in the other. 
 
 Having set the ousted monarch on his 
 throne, we should have left him alone to 
 organize his government in the manner 
 best suited to his people, and of which he 
 
 D 
 
50 AFGHANISTAN AND THE AFGHANS. 
 
 was the proper judge, and not have ham- 
 pered him as we did with fussy political 
 officers, pulUng him this way and that, and 
 daily dragging his authority in the dust 
 before the eyes of his own subjects. As 
 for the blunders of our military com- 
 manders, whatever palliation may be 
 pleaded on the grounds of their subordina- 
 tion to political authority, there can be no 
 excuse for their neglect of the standard 
 principles of their profession. The disas- 
 trous issue of affairs at Kabul, in the light 
 of the brilliant achievements of Sale at 
 Jalalabad, and of Nott at Kandahar, 
 appears the darker blot upon the other- 
 wise bright page of our operations in 
 Afghanistan ; and, though fully retrieved 
 by the avenging army under Pollock, has 
 left a stain which has not yet entirely 
 faded from the minds of the Afghans, not- 
 
POST Muhammad's return to kabul. 51 
 
 witlistaiiding the facts that we have since 
 that unhappy day advanced our border to 
 the very door of their house, and survived 
 the mutiny with a stronger life than ever. 
 Our protege, Shah Shuja', perished in 
 the revolt and massacre at Kabul, and his 
 numerous family became pensioners upon 
 the bounty of the British Government, or 
 were provided for by appointments in the 
 public services, a number of the former 
 constituting quite an Afghan colony in 
 the " Princestown " suburb of Ludhiana. 
 Whilst Dost Muhammad Khan, who with 
 his favourite wife and younger sons was a 
 prisoner of war in India, was released to 
 find his way back to the capital and rule 
 from which we had so unceremoniously 
 and unwisely ousted him on behalf of the 
 Saddozai, for as a Durrani himself he was 
 just as good, and as a popular chief a much 
 
 D 2 
 
52 AFGHANISTAN AND THE AFGHANS. 
 
 better instrument in our hands than the 
 puppet of our choice. 
 
 Dost Muhammad returned to Kabul all 
 the wiser for his travels and experiences in 
 India, and fully impressed with the might 
 and resources of the British Government ; 
 an impression which time did not diminish, 
 for up to the close of his life his repeated 
 injunctions to his sons were that, whatever 
 might be their future differences with the 
 British, they were never to desert their 
 friendship and alliance. He was welcomed 
 back to his country as the Amir whom the 
 people loved, and he quickly recovered his 
 previous influence and authority within its 
 former limits, Herat remaining indepen- 
 dent under Shah Kamran, and Kandahar 
 being held jointly by the brothers Kohndil, 
 Purdil, and Rahmdil. 
 
 And so ended our ill-directed attempt to 
 
BREAK CP OF AFGHANISTAN. 53 
 
 resuscitate an extinct empire, which in its 
 palmiest days never possessed any cohesion, 
 and which even at this time, under the 
 altered circumstances of its surroundings, 
 had less chance than ever of providing the 
 wherewithal to carry on the government as 
 an independent kingdom. For it must be 
 borne in mind that the origin of the empire 
 was an accident, arising out of the sudden 
 and unexpected acquisition of vast wealth ; 
 that the internal resources of the country 
 yielded nothing to the imperial treasury ; 
 that the state coffers were replenished from 
 time to time by plundering expeditions 
 into India ; and that when this source of 
 supply became closed — as has been shown 
 in the preceding pages — the government 
 collapsed, and the empire fell to pieces. 
 
 In fact the country, which as part of a 
 great empire was fully capable of meeting 
 
54 AFGHANISTAN AND THE AFGHANS. 
 
 the expenses of its civil and police admi- 
 nistration, and of taking its share of the 
 burden of imperial defence, was by itself as 
 an independent state utterly unable to 
 preserve internal order or external security, 
 or even to continue as an integral whole. 
 For its mere existence as an independent 
 state it was, and still is, essentially neces- 
 sary that it derive support from without, 
 either by conquest or diplomacy ; and in 
 the absence of such maintenance the state 
 must forego its independence and merge 
 into the territory or political system of one 
 or other of its paramount neighbours. 
 The truth of this is very plainly exem- 
 plified in the history and experience of 
 Afghanistan ever since the restoration of 
 Dost Muhammad to the government of 
 Kabul. 
 
 Had we after our evacuation of the 
 
NECESSITY OF ITS RE-CONSOLIDATION. 55 
 
 country in 1842-3 thereafter rigidly ab- 
 stained from all interest in its affairs, and 
 consistently withheld our support from its 
 rulers, there is, I believe, not the smallest 
 doubt that Afghanistan would have become 
 long ago, if not territorially, at the least 
 politically either Persian or Russian ground. 
 For there is no gainsaying the fact that it 
 has been the repeated occurrence of the 
 impending danger of this very catastrophe 
 which has, during the past quarter of a 
 century, kept our Government on the alert, 
 and drawn from it a very consistent and 
 powerful support, both material and moral 
 — a support which, as will be seen far- 
 ther on, has, so long as it lasted, been 
 given free of any return, and in conse- 
 quence yielded no result beyond the mere 
 existence of the country as an independent 
 government, and, thanks to our good 
 
56 AFGHANISTAN AND THE AFGHANS. 
 
 offices and friendly recognition, as a now 
 consolidated state in the hands of a single 
 ruler. 
 
 But this growth and unification of rule 
 has brought upon the ruler a greater bur- 
 then of government, and with of course 
 increased necessities — necessities which 
 could only be met by the home resources 
 through a complete reorganization and re- 
 modelling oS the system of the internal 
 administration of the country under the 
 protection of its paramount and friendly 
 neighbour. And failing this, the necessi- 
 ties of the ruler would compel him to look 
 abroad for that external support without 
 which his government could not endure, 
 nor his kingdom be saved from dismem- 
 berment, or lapse into other hands. Here- 
 tofore the sources of revenue dependent on 
 a Ofood administration have not been deve- 
 
NECESSITY OF ITS EE-CONSOLIDATION. 57 
 
 loped or economized through ignorance and 
 national incapability, whilst the external 
 support hitherto derived freely and gratui- 
 tously from the British Government has 
 now ceased through failure of reciprocity 
 and co-operation on the part of a suspicious 
 and ill-disposed ruler. But being neces- 
 sary all the same under the existing uncon- 
 trolled and corrupt government, it will be 
 sought for in other quarters. All this will 
 be more clearly seen and understood as we 
 proceed with our review of the history of 
 the more recent events occurring in Af- 
 ghanistan. 
 
 Following upon our withdrawal from 
 Afghanistan and Balochistan, and our 
 abandonment of them for the time being to 
 their own devices under local chiefs of the 
 native races, came the campaigns in Sind 
 and the Panjab, and the conquest and an- 
 
58 apTtHanistan and the Afghans. 
 
 nexation of botli to the British dominion in 
 Asia — a glorious redemption of the Kabul 
 misadventure. The contest was a tough 
 one against worthy foes, and in the case of 
 the latter country against the vigorous 
 nationality of a people who were them- 
 selves the growing conquerors of the 
 Afghan. 
 
 The conclusion of the Sikh war in 1849 
 planted the British arms and rule at Shi- 
 karpur and the mouth of the Bolan in the 
 one direction, and at Peshawar and the 
 mouth of the Khybar in the other. But 
 in this advance across the Indus — the 
 the eastern boundary of the Khorassan 
 province — to the very threshold of the 
 doors leading into Kabul we took up our 
 position on no pre-arranged plan of con- 
 quest, or preconceived limit of frontier. 
 We found ourselves planted across the 
 
liESULTS OF THE SIKH WAR. 59 
 
 Indus at the foot of the Suleman range 
 simply as the inheritors by conquest of the 
 Sikh kingdom — a kingdom which had itself 
 only recently extended in its continuous 
 growth by conquest to this assuredly, but 
 for our intervention, temporary line. 
 
 In fact we took up and accepted the 
 frontier the Sikh happened to possess at 
 the time we conquered him, and no more. 
 The merits or the demerits of the line as a 
 defensive frontier were never preconsidered. 
 The line was simply adopted as the heri- 
 tage of our triumph over its Sikh possessor. 
 And this is the true and the only explana- 
 tion of our position along a line of frontier 
 so indefensible against external assault, 
 and so weak strategically as a peaceable 
 and secure boundary. 
 
 Let us see what this frontier really is. 
 Well, if we consult a good map, we shall 
 
60 AFGHANISTAN AND THE AFGHANS. 
 
 fiud that it is represented by a wavy line, 
 not everywhere well defined, which extends 
 for about eight hundred miles from north 
 to south along the eastern skirts of the 
 Suleman range and its offshoots north- 
 ward, to the network of mountains which 
 fill the angle of junction between the 
 Himalaya and the Hindu Kush. 
 
 Omitting Kashmir territory, which ex- 
 tends down to Chilas, the line commences 
 at the top of the adjoining Kaghan valley, 
 skirts the Black Mountain, below which it 
 crosses the Indus at the foot of the 
 Mahaban, and then circles round the 
 Peshawar Valley as far as the Khybar 
 Pass. Here, without touching the pass 
 itself, it is thrown back towards the Indus, 
 and, passing across the Afridi hills where 
 they meet the Khattah range, reaches 
 Kohat. From this point it projects west- 
 
ITS EXTENT, NATUKE, AND PEOPLE. Gl 
 
 ward along tlie base of the Orakzai and 
 Zaimukht hills (the northern boundary of 
 the Miranzai valley) to the Kurram river at 
 Tall. Here it is again deflected along the 
 base of the Waziri hills (the southern 
 boundary of Miranzai), and passing round 
 their eastern spurs to the Bannu district, is 
 continued onwards with lesser ins and outs 
 along the base of the Suleman range, down 
 to the Sind frontier and the Arabian Sea. 
 
 The peculiar feature of this frontier-line 
 is its domination by the mountain range, 
 the base of which it skirts. This range of 
 mountains, though forming a continuous 
 chain, presents many irregularities, is 
 indented by a succession of narrow valleys 
 draining to the Indus, and is pierced by a 
 series of passes, several of which are used 
 as trade routes and military roads. The 
 whole range is inhabited by a multitude 
 
62 AFGHANISTAN AND THE AFGHANS. 
 
 of wild higlilanders, divided into endless 
 clans and tribes, but all ranged under 
 three distinct nationalities, speaking dif- 
 ferent languages, distinctly of the Indian 
 stock, and they are more or less entirely 
 independent, — they are the Baloch in the 
 south, the Hindki in the north, and the 
 Pathan in the intermediate portion of the 
 range, including the Suleman and Khybar 
 hills. The Pathan tribes upon the western 
 slopes, and in the valleys debouching upon 
 the Indus riverain, are more or less under 
 the control of the Kabul ruler either 
 directly or indirectly, and thus the com- 
 mand of the passes is held on that side. 
 
 It is at the foot of such a barrier that 
 our frontier lies. The line here skirts the 
 foot of the hills ; there it runs across a bit 
 of open plain ; elsewhere it juts into some 
 mountain glen, or runs round the end of 
 
NECESSARY CONDITIONS OF ITS TENURE. G3 
 
 some projecting spur. It is in sliort the 
 line formed by the Sikh tax-gatherer, and 
 included merely those villages which the 
 Sikh arms had in their yet youthful career 
 — nipped in the bud by us — subjugated to 
 the payment of revenue. This frontier 
 nowhere commanded any of the passes 
 debouching upon it, nor did it give its 
 possessors the smallest control or influence 
 over the country beyond. 
 
 Had the Sikhs been left in possession of 
 this line of frontier, they could not, I 
 believe, have possibly retained it with 
 safety, peace, or profit. No government 
 but a great, powerful, enlightened, and 
 benevolent one, such as is ours, could 
 have held such a frontier as we have done 
 during the thirty years of our tenure of it ; 
 notwithstanding that we have had to carry 
 fully as many military expeditions of a 
 
64 AFGHANISTAN AND THE AFGHANS. 
 
 punitive kind more or less far into the 
 hills beyond it. And to this course of 
 retaliation we were compelled, be it re- 
 membered, during a period of unbroken 
 peace with the independent states beyond 
 it. So long as peace with these conti- 
 nued, or was assured, the inconvenience of 
 a faulty frontier-line might have been 
 endured as a necessary evil. But in the 
 absence of such assurance of our safety 
 the line becomes untenable, and the 
 instinct of self-preservation renders its 
 rectification an indispensable necessity. 
 What this rectification should be, and 
 where in advance we should take up our 
 final position — for I take it for granted that 
 a retrograde step is out of the question 
 altogether — is the most momentous ques- 
 tion that now requires the matured con- 
 sideration and well-weighed decision of the 
 
NECESSARY CONDITIONS OF ITS TENURE. G5 
 
 British nation. And upon the manner in 
 which they settle it will depend the safety 
 and endurance of the empire. With our 
 frontier neighbour an open enemy, there is 
 no question of the necessity for a rectifi- 
 cation of the frontier — a frontier which is 
 pierced in front by a dozen passes, not one 
 of which is in our hands, whilst an 
 unbridged river of the first magnitude and 
 annually flooded for four months, flows in 
 rear, — the question is the nature and extent 
 of this necessary rectification, for so long 
 as he remained our friend and we could 
 rely upon his loyalty, the territory of our 
 neighbour was our real frontier ; and on 
 those terms it served our purpose to leave 
 it in his keeping. Those conditions being 
 reversed, a change — the nature of which 
 has to be decided — becomes for us a 
 matter of inevitable necessity. 
 
 E 
 
66 AFGHANISTAN AND THE AFGHANS. 
 
 We cannot too carefully consider this 
 subject, for upon tlie nature of our treat- 
 ment of it depend issues of the most vital 
 importance to the safety and prosperity of 
 the empire, not only in the present, but in 
 the future as well. I have said that we 
 took up our line of frontier across the 
 Indus without previous inquiry into its 
 merits or demerits as a boundary-line, or 
 investigation into its capabilities as a 
 defensible position. We merely received it 
 as it was, faulty or not, in virtue of our 
 annexation of Sind, and succession to the 
 dominion of the Sikh; and we have kept 
 it intact, neither receding from it, nor ad- 
 vancing (with the exception of the little 
 valley of Miranzai, which we brought 
 within the frontier-line in 1855) beyond 
 it, simply because we have from the 
 first until now had no cause of hostility 
 
ITS TENURE UNDEE MUGHAL RULE. 67 
 
 with our neighbours on its other side. 
 So long as these neighbours continued 
 our friends and alhes, and there was no 
 danger pressing upon their distant frontiers, 
 for so long it was a matter of mere incon- 
 venience, or perhaps indiflference, to us 
 whether our actual administrative frontier 
 was on this side of the passes or on that. 
 But the acceptance of this inconvenience, 
 or the endurance of this indifference could 
 obtain only on the evident condition of the 
 assured friendship and loyalty of our neigh- 
 bours in actual possession of the passes. 
 So soon as this condition ceased to exist, 
 the situation based upon it also ceased to 
 exist, and with this change the whole ques- 
 tion of the frontier enters upon a new phase. 
 Under the Mughal empire so long as 
 Kabul, Kandahar, and Herat were loyal 
 and tributary to India, the security of the 
 E 2 
 
68 AFGHANISTAN AND THE AFGHANS. 
 
 passes was assured, and tlie Delhi emperors 
 were content with this proviso to leave the 
 hill-tribes to their poverty, lawlessness, and 
 independence, as the most economical and 
 peaceable arrangement for the safety and 
 prosperity of the empire. But when any of 
 these distant frontier rulers rebelled or 
 showed signs of defection, the empire at 
 once put forth its might to reduce the re- 
 calcitrant to obedience and subjection as a 
 necessity of its own vitality. And so it has 
 been with us, the successors of the Mughal 
 in Northern India. So long as the rulers 
 of the frontier states remained friendly 
 and loyal to us, we were assured of the 
 safety of the passes into our territory which 
 they held. But when they turn from their 
 friendship and loyalty to us, with them 
 goes that safety of our position which rested 
 in their hands, and then arises for us the 
 necessity of securing the safety of our 
 
THE BOLAN PASS AND BALOCniSTAN. 69 
 
 position as a condition of our own vitality. 
 Now let us consider wliat have been the 
 conditions on wliicli we have heretofore 
 held the frontier taken over from the Sikh 
 and the Sindi rulers. As to the case of 
 the latter we may dispose of it in a few 
 words, because the Khan of Kalat — the 
 titular ruler of Balochistan, and holder of 
 the Bolan pass — has always proved amena- 
 ble and sufficiently alive to his own interests 
 to throw in his lot with the British ; whilst 
 at the same time the accident of his geogra- 
 phical position has shielded him from the 
 temptations that have beset and exercised 
 his more powerful neighbour of Afghanistan. 
 Besides, his subjects — the Baloch and the 
 Brahoe — are men of very different calibre 
 to the subjects of the Kabul ruler — the 
 Afghan and the Pathan. Accordingly the 
 Sind frontier (administered by the Bombay 
 Government on a system different to and 
 
70 AFGHANISTAN AND THE AFGHANS. 
 
 distinct from that wliich under the Panjab 
 Government obtained on the rest of the 
 line northwards) in the course of a few 
 years became settled — that is to say, settled 
 as much as a frontier-line of this kind could 
 be expected to be so— and, despite internal 
 dissensions and disorders, the ruler of 
 Balochistan received a British officer as 
 Political Resident at his court, and by this 
 public token cemented his alliance with the 
 British Government — an alliance which 
 after many years of experience he renewed 
 and strengthened by his presence and par- 
 ticipation in the ceremonies of the Imperial 
 Assemblage held at Delhi in the beginning 
 of last year ; and an alliance which he has 
 since confirmed by his practical loyalty in 
 the surrender of Quetta as a military out- 
 post of the suzerain empire. 
 
 As to the former, the case is different. 
 
EFFECTS OF BRITISH RULE ON THE FRONTIER. 71 
 
 "With the annexation of the Panjab we 
 became the rulers of a million of Pathans 
 and Afghans who occupied the Trans-Indus 
 territories of the Sikhs. These people 
 passed under our sway, not by the rights 
 of direct conquest, but as the recently con- 
 quered subjects of a defeated foe, and 
 though towards the close of the Sikh war 
 the Amir Dost Muhammad and his then 
 youthful son, the present Amir Sher Ali, 
 came dovv^n as far as Attock in the futile 
 attempt to recover Peshawar to the Kabul 
 Government — during the first years of our 
 rule, and indeed up to the time of the 
 Indian Mutiny, considered themselves an 
 unconquered people. 
 
 Time, however, and good government 
 have worked wonders in reconciling these 
 compatriots of the Afghan and former 
 fellow-subjects of the Durrani empire to 
 
72 AFGHANISTAN AND THE AFGHANS. 
 
 the situation ; and they are now, consider- 
 ing the peculiar circumstances of their 
 position, as orderly and industrious a peo- 
 ple as are to be found in any other part 
 of the Pan jab. Their increase in wealth, 
 prosperity, and domestic security under the 
 British rule is, to use one of their own 
 similes, as " clear as the noonday sun ;" 
 and these advantages have not escaped the 
 notice of their fellow-countrymen beyond 
 the frontier-line; nor have they failed to 
 excite in them a desire for participation in 
 the like blessings. 
 
 The desire, though suppressed as to ex- 
 pression beyond the border through fear 
 of .the authorities there, is none the less 
 strong, and within our limits finds free 
 vent amongst those who come this way to 
 labour or to trade — a party whose aggre- 
 gate numbers visiting India annually can- 
 
EFFECTS OF BRinSH RULE ON THE FRONTIER. 73 
 
 not be mucli less than forty thousand, 
 mostly adult men. It appears in fact, 
 that, with the exception of the ruling 
 classes and government officials, the whole 
 of the settled population of the country — 
 excluding of course the hill-tribes who have 
 always been independent in their moun- 
 tain retreats — is looking forward to the 
 day of release from the thraldom of their 
 oppressors by the happy advance across 
 the passes of the British rule, and which 
 they are persuaded cannot be long 
 deferred. 
 
 This is the sentiment which is now pre- 
 dominant in the minds of the people in the 
 towns and villages of Afghanistan, from 
 what they see and hear of our rule in 
 India. And it was the sentiment which 
 possessed their minds at the time of our 
 withdrawal from their country in 1843, 
 
74 AFGHANISTAN AND THE AFGHANS. 
 
 after only three or four years' experience of 
 our rule under military law. But so far 
 as the interests of the native rulers was 
 concerned, this was far too dangerous a 
 sentiment to permiti the growth of, or even 
 to allow the existence of. And Dost Mu- 
 hammad, when he returned to Kabul, took 
 every means in his power to crush out and 
 efface from the minds of his people the 
 good opinion those who had been brought 
 into contact with us formed of us as a 
 nation. 
 
 He shut up his country against access 
 from the side of India, and maintained a 
 most vigilant supervision over all his own 
 subjects entering or returning from its 
 territories. He encouraged a fanatic and 
 bigoted priesthood to preach us down as 
 infidels and everything that was vile, till 
 presently the term " Farangi " was used 
 
EXCLUSIVE rOLICT OF DOST MUHAMMAD. 75 
 
 by mothers as a bogy to frighten naughty 
 children into good behaviour. In his own 
 court and official audiences he allowed our 
 name to be vilified and coupled with oppro- 
 brious epithets, and to slay the unarmed 
 and unoffending European was considered 
 a meritorious act. 
 
 The exclusive and depreciatory policy 
 thus introduced by Dost Muhammad as a 
 means of suppressing the natural bias of his 
 subjects in our favour — a bias which was 
 very largely the result of self-interest as 
 created by the commercial relations of his 
 people with India — was enforced with 
 unabated vigilance on the advance of our 
 position to the mouth of the Khybar ; and 
 the same attitude of suspicion and ex- 
 clusion has been rigidly observed by his 
 successors in the government as the only 
 secure foundation on which the main- 
 
"?& AFGHANISTAN AND THE AFGHANS. 
 
 tenance of their own despotic authority 
 rested. 
 
 With the adoption of such a line of 
 policy at the outset of his resumption of 
 the government of Kabul, Dost Muhammad 
 maintained a wary reserve in his relations 
 with the Government of India ; and, in 
 fact, for several years there was a com- 
 plete blank in the diplomatic correspon- 
 dence between the two governments. The 
 interval, however, was by no means an idle 
 time at Kabul. 
 
 The prospect of the enlargement of the 
 Amir's government by the incorporation of 
 the Indus provinces having faded away in 
 the presence of the British garrisons esta- 
 blished at Peshawar and the Derajat, Dost 
 Muhammad was content to secure his 
 positions in the Kurram and Daur valleys 
 debouching upon the riverain of Kohat and 
 
RECOVERY OF BALKR TO AFGHANISTAN. 77 
 
 Bannu. He next turned his attention to 
 tlie security of his capital from the north, 
 in which direction he feared the hostility 
 of the Amir of Bukhara, from whom he 
 had received but a shabby shelter as a 
 refugee on the occasion of his flight from 
 Kabul before our invading army in 1839. 
 For this purpose it was essentially neces- 
 sary that he should hold in his own hands 
 not only the passes themselves of the 
 Hindu Kush, but also the approaches to 
 them on the other side. Accordingly he 
 commenced to set his house in order by re- 
 covering to Kabul the northern frontier of 
 the Durrani empire of Ahmad Shah. By 
 the end of 1850 Dost Muhammad had con- 
 quered Balkh, and annexed this province 
 of Turkistan to Afghanistan with the 
 Oxus, or " Amu Darya," as boundary 
 down to Khwaja Salili ; and the conquest 
 
78 AFGHANISTAN AND THE AFGHANS. 
 
 has been maintained unopposed ever 
 since. 
 
 Thus secured towards the north, the 
 Dost, as he is familiarly styled by us, en- 
 tered upon that scheme of consolidation 
 for the rest of Afghanistan under a single 
 ruler, which — owing to the jealousies and 
 personal interests of the local chiefs, which 
 he was unwilling to disturb violently for 
 fear of embroiling his family and country 
 in anarchy and civil war — was only com- 
 pleted at the close of his eventful life by 
 the occupation of Herat in 1863. This 
 project for the consolidation of the Afghan 
 territories beyond our frontier into a 
 united kingdom under a single and undi- 
 vided authority was, so far as concerned 
 that country itself, the only prospect that 
 oflfered the means (under a good adminis- 
 tration of course) of maintaining the go- 
 
DESIGNS UPON KANDAHAR AND HERAT. 79 
 
 vernment as an independent and defensible 
 state worthy tlie alliance and support of 
 its powerful neighbours, whilst at the same 
 time it vastly enhanced the political in- 
 fluence of its sovereign for good or evil 
 towards us. 
 
 The scheme, however, was not easily or 
 promptly executed, owing to the jealousies 
 of the local Afghan chiefs in possession at 
 Kandahar and Herat, and the intrigues 
 they fostered with Persia and Russia. It 
 was not till 1854 that the Dost succeeded in 
 establishing his authority at Kandahar as 
 the first step towards the accomplishment 
 of his design ; and the occasion gave rise 
 to so fresh a current of intrigue with Persia 
 in the interest of the ousted family of 
 Rahmdil Khan that Dost Muhammad, to 
 strengthen his hands, made overtures to 
 the Government of India for the renewal 
 
80 AFGHANISTAN AND THE AFGHANS. 
 
 of friendly relations. His action in this 
 matter was the more acceptable to the 
 British Government, inasmuch as, from 
 their position as the possessors of the 
 eastern provinces of Afghanistan, they 
 were very seriously interested and compro- 
 mised in the status and fate of the rest of 
 that country. The Amir's overtures were 
 received in a conciliatory spirit by the 
 Government of India, and the result was 
 the conclusion of a treaty of friendship, 
 early in 1855 at Peshawar, between Sir 
 John Lawrence and Sardar Ghulam Hydar 
 Khan, on behalf of the Government of India 
 and the Amir Dost Muhammad Khan 
 respectively. 
 
 This Sardar was a younger son of the 
 Amir, and had been nominated heir appa- 
 rent in succession to his elder brother, the 
 notorious Muhammad Akbar Khan, who 
 
RESUMPTION OF RELATIONS WITH INDIA. 81 
 
 figured so prominently in the Kabul rebel- 
 lion and massacre of 1841. During the 
 British occupation of Afghanistan he and 
 his younger brother, the present Amir 
 Sher AH Khan, were domiciled in India as 
 prisoners of war. He was not, therefore, 
 an entire stranger to the people he had 
 come to negotiate with on behalf of his 
 father, not to mention his experience of 
 their good offices on his part at the siege 
 and capture of Ghazni, when his life was 
 saved from the vengeance of the Saddozai. 
 As the first rapprochement between the 
 two o^overnments since the Afs^han war this 
 treaty in its three brief articles expressed 
 no more than the establishment of friend- 
 ship between the two contracting parties, 
 and affairs on the frontier remained much 
 as they were. But at Kandahar intrigues 
 continued rife, and on the death in the fol- 
 
 P 
 
82 AFGHANISTAN AND THE AFGHANS. 
 
 lowing year of Yar Muliammad Khan, the 
 minister and successor of Shah Kamran in 
 the government of Herat, the Persians 
 stepped in and took possession of the place. 
 This infringement of Afghan territory led 
 to the declaration of war against Persia by 
 the British Government, and the conclusion 
 of a treaty of friendship and alliance be- 
 tween the Government of India and the 
 Amir of Kabul, which was signed at Pe- 
 shawar in January, 1857, by Dost Muham- 
 mad Khan in person, and Sir John (now 
 Lord) Lawrence on the part of the Go- 
 vernment of India. At the same time it 
 was arranged to despatch a mission of 
 British officers to Kandahar, for the purpose 
 of aiding the Amir with counsel and advice, 
 and organizing an Afghan force for the re- 
 capture of Herat from the Persians. Major 
 (now Sir H. B.) Lumsden was selected to 
 
DOST Muhammad's visit to pesiiawar. 83 
 
 command the mission, and at the same 
 time a native agent was appointed to the 
 court of the Amir at Kabul. The Govern- 
 ment of India also presented Dost Muham- 
 mad with several thousand muskets, and 
 granted him a subsidy of a lakh of rupees 
 a month so long as the war lasted ; and the 
 grant was afterwards continued for the 
 eighteen months that the mission remained 
 in Afghanistan. 
 
 On this occasion of his visit to Peshawar, 
 Dost Muhammad, notwithstanding the 
 prompt and liberal support accorded to 
 him by the British Government, firmly 
 dechned to open his country to British 
 subjects, and positively refused to receive 
 British officers as political residents, on 
 the plea of his inability to protect them 
 against the violence of his turbulent sub- 
 jects — a plea he might justly advance, con- 
 F 2 
 
84 AFGHANISTAN AND THE AFGHANS. 
 
 sidering his own action in keeping alive 
 and fostering their animosity against us. 
 And it was on the grounds of this pro- 
 fessed inability to guarantee its safety 
 there, that the mission was sent to Kan- 
 dahar and not to Kabul, the centre in 
 which the British name was publicly de- 
 nounced and vilified with the consent and 
 tacit encouragement of the authorities ; 
 whilst, as a compromise with the rejected 
 demand for political officers on his frontiers, 
 the Dost consented to receive a Musulman 
 ao-ent at Kabul, a concession which he 
 considered sufficient return for our support 
 of his cause. With the installation of this 
 official at Kabul as the Mission proceeded 
 on its way to Kandahar, diplomatic re- 
 lations between the Amir and the Govern- 
 ment of India were estabhshed on a re- 
 coijnized footino;. 
 
THE PERSIAN WAR AND INDIAN MUTINY. 85 
 
 Lumsden's Mission Lad hardly arrived 
 at its destination when peace was con- 
 cluded with Persia, Herat restored to the 
 Afghan, and India plunged in the extremity 
 of peril by the mutiny of the Xative Army. 
 The occasion was one of those catastrophes 
 which bring out a nation's might, and show 
 the stuff her men are made of, and India 
 emerged from the death struggle of the 
 Sepoy revolt with a new lease of life in 
 the hands of Great Britain. She has 
 entered upon her new career with a vigour 
 and earnestness of purpose which foretell 
 a bright and great future ; and she is now 
 strouger and more loyal than ever to the 
 empire that has made her what she is. 
 
 The time of England's sore adversity and 
 trial in India was also a time of trial of a 
 very different kind in Afghanistan, where 
 the British operations centred around Delhi 
 
86 AFGHANISTAN AND THE AFGHANS. 
 
 — the for the moment revived Mughal 
 capital — were watched with the keenest 
 anxiety and interest, in impatient expecta- 
 tion of that favourable opportunity which 
 it was hoped would open the way for action 
 to recover to Kabul at least the Indus 
 provinces, if no more. The treaty con- 
 cluded by the Amir with the Government 
 of India at the beginning of the year was 
 barely dry on the paper which recorded its 
 terms, when Dost Muhammad was con- 
 fronted with the urgent question of fidelity 
 to his bond. The temptation to repudiate 
 the contract was severe, and for a while 
 the decision of the Amir wavered in the 
 balance between the claims of loyalty to 
 his compact and the dictates of self- 
 interest. There was a strong party at 
 Kabul urging on the Amir the folly of 
 letting pass so good an opportunity to 
 
AGITATION AT KABUL TO ATTACK PESHAWAR. 87 
 
 recover Peshawar without making an at- 
 tempt to benefit by its promising issues, 
 and prominent amongst its members was 
 Sardar Slier Ali Khan, younger brother of 
 the heir apparent, and now the ruHng 
 Amir of Afghanistan. The arguments of 
 this warlike party were telling upon the 
 uncertain mind of the Dost, when Sardar 
 Azim Khan, an elder brother by another 
 mother, put the case so sensibly before 
 the court, that his advice at once turned 
 the balance of doubt, and the Amir forth- 
 with decided to act honestly as being the 
 best policy. 
 
 Azim Khan, in his view of the situation, 
 accepted the arguments advanced by Sher 
 Ali ; acknowledged that as infidels we were 
 the fair prey of Islam, and that as a 
 conquering neighbour we w^ere the enemy 
 of the Afghan ; and admitted that our 
 
88 AFGHANISTAN AND THE AFGHANS. 
 
 adversity was their opportunity. But, at 
 tlie same time, with a far-seeing discretion 
 he warned the Amir to count well the cost 
 and make sure of success before he com- 
 mitted himself to the alluring enterprise. 
 He reminded his hearers that the British 
 had already on a previous occasion found 
 their way to Kabul when the Pan jab lay 
 between ; and he pointed to their position 
 now at the mouth of the Khybar. He 
 agreed to the attack on Peshawar, pro- 
 vided the Amir was reasonably assured of 
 success, but warned him, in the event of 
 failure, to be prepared for the loss of his 
 country. And this was enough to decide 
 the Amir in the line of his future friendly 
 policy. 
 
 Whilst this was the turn taken at Kabul, 
 it was whispered in the Pan jab — as is now 
 no secret — that the highest authority in 
 
PROPOSAL TO RETIRE FROM THE FRONTIER. 89 
 
 the province gravely entertained the in- 
 tention of abandoning the territories we 
 held across the Indus, and retiring to the 
 east bank of the river. But, fortunately 
 for the British in India, there were brave 
 officers on the frontier, who knew the 
 meaning and consequences of such a retro- 
 grade step, and who were prepared to take 
 upon themselves the responsibility of re- 
 fusing to execute the suicidal measure. 
 To those six or seven undaunted hearts — 
 all now gone from the scene of their 
 daring, and some (General John Nicholson, 
 Major Hugh James, Sir Herbert Edwardes, 
 and Sir Sydney Cotton) long since passed 
 away to their rest — England owes the 
 safety of her Indian Empire through the 
 storm of the mutiny. Now, whatever the 
 merits of the arguments for or against the 
 Indus as a frontier-line — and the question 
 
90 AFGHANISTAN AND THE AB'GHANS. 
 
 is one that was once more mooted at a later 
 time — there can be no question of the im- 
 propriety of entertaining the idea at the 
 time it was first advanced for serious con- 
 sideration. The danger then threatening 
 from the mere conception of such an idea 
 was happily at once averted, but the fact 
 of its production at all, and subsequent 
 discussion as an unsettled question of state 
 policy, has not been without influence in 
 bringing about the complications preceding 
 the present rupture between the Amir and 
 the British Government, and has certainly 
 stimulated his aspirations, not only for the 
 recovery of the Indus provinces of Afghani- 
 stan, but for the restoration to Kabul of 
 the territory held by the Durrani sovereign 
 down to the river Jhelam, or, as is some- 
 times heard, down to Lahore itself — the 
 frontier ceded to Ahmad Shah by the 
 
EUSSIAN MISSION TO HERAT AND SISTAN. 91 
 
 Mughal emperor Muhammad Shah when 
 he bought off the former's tlireatened 
 attack upon Delhi by the bribe of a large 
 subsidy anji his own daughter in marriage. 
 And all this to be effected with the pro- 
 mised aid of the Russian ! 
 
 On the conclusion of peace with Persia 
 — returning to our review of the course of 
 events in Afghanistan — Herat was restored 
 to Afghan rule in the person of Sardar 
 Ahmad Khan, Barakzai, generally known as 
 Sultan Jan. He was a brother of the 
 Amir Dost Muhammad, and had been an 
 active participator in the rebellion and 
 massacre at Kabul in 1841, and at the 
 time of his installation at Herat was 
 known to be more — as regarded his politi- 
 cal tendencies — in the interest of Persia 
 than in that of the British Government. 
 And this was presently exemplified by his 
 
92 AFGHANISTAN AND THE AFGHANS. 
 
 coining in the name of tlie Persian Shah, 
 and in his receiving and entertaining for 
 some time the Russian mission under 
 Khanikoff, on its way down the western 
 frontier of Afghanistan to Sistan. The 
 consignment of Herat to his charge — 
 however much a necessity of the time and 
 situation — proved a sore disappointment 
 and inexphcable move to Dost Muham- 
 mad, and was viewed with discontent and 
 alarm by his heir apparent at Kandahar. 
 It was enough, however, for the Govern- 
 ment of India that this frontier fortress 
 and key of the country was in the keeping 
 of a member of the ruhng Barakzai family, 
 for despite home jealousies and contentions, 
 the place was unquestionably safer in such 
 hands than in those of a foreigner. 
 
 With this settlement of the Herat diffi- 
 culty, affairs in Afghanistan assumed a 
 
THE amir's choice FOR THE SUCCESSION. 93 
 
 temporary lull. Lumsden's Mission re- 
 turned to India, and our Native Agent 
 remained permanently established at Ka- 
 bul, whence lie kept his own government 
 informed of passing events. But the 
 country was kept as close sealed as ever 
 against access on the side of India, and 
 the frontier relations between the two 
 neighbour governments continued on their 
 former footing — a jealous suspicion and 
 exclusion on the part of the Amir, and a 
 conciliatory forbearance and unnecessary 
 submission to indignities on the part of 
 the Government of India. 
 
 On the departure of the British Mission 
 from Kandahar, the Sardar Ghulam Hydar 
 Khan proceeded to Kabul, and died 
 shortly after arrival there in July, 1858. 
 Dost Muhammad then nominated his 
 younger brother by the same mother — 
 
94 AFGHANISTAN AND THE AFGHANS. 
 
 Sardar Slier Ali Khan — as heir apparent 
 in his stead, and duly informed the 
 Government of India of the fact. This 
 action of the Amir in determining the 
 succession to the government in the line 
 of the younger members of his family by a 
 favourite wife, was held to be a defiance 
 of the customs of the country and the 
 acknowledged rights of primogeniture 
 coupled with fitness, and gave rise to 
 dissensions in the family and discontent 
 amongst the nobles, who foresaw in the 
 Amir's choice a repetition of the anarchy 
 that followed upon the death of Tymur. 
 The claims of his eldest sons, Muhammad 
 Afzal, governor of Balkh, and Muhammad 
 Azim, governor of Kurram, were urged 
 upon the Amir by the nobles, with warn- 
 ings of the confusion and bloodshed that 
 would inevitably ensue after his death, 
 
DIf=APPROVAL OF HIS COURT AND NOBLES. 95 
 
 should he persist in ignoring the just 
 rights of proved and able governors. But 
 Dost Muhammad was resolute in his deter- 
 mination, and turned a deaf ear to the 
 counsels of his oldest adherents and well- 
 wishers. In his ripe old age of over three- 
 score and ten years, his death in the 
 course of nature was an event that might 
 occur at any time, and consequently the 
 whole country was thrown into uncer- 
 tainty, and parties were formed and 
 reformed against the early expected day 
 when the contest for the succession should 
 commence in earnest. And this state of 
 suspense and expectation disturbed the 
 minds of his people, and for five years 
 kept the country distracted by ever- 
 changing and re-changing factions at court 
 and parties in the provinces, together 
 with a revived activity of intrigue with 
 
96 AFGHANISTAN AND THE AFGHANS. 
 
 Persia on the sides of Kandahar and 
 Herat. 
 
 It was in this state of parties in the 
 country, that Sardar Ahmad Khan died 
 at Herat early in 1862, without an acknow- 
 ledged successor to the government. One 
 candidate after another claimed the rule, 
 and each in turn appealed for support to 
 the Persian governor of Mashhad, whilst 
 an unsuccessful one hoisted the British 
 flag as the symbol of his right. The inter- 
 ference of the Persian increased the con- 
 fusion, and introduced an element of 
 complication which at one time threatened 
 a recurrence of the former difficulties with 
 this important frontier fortress of Afghan- 
 istan ; until the Amir, alarmed for the 
 safety of the key of his house, set out to 
 secure it in his own keeping. The oppor- 
 tunity was one he had patiently waited for, 
 
DEATH OF DOST MDHAMMAD KHAN. 97 
 
 and it was his good fortune to find it 
 before too late. Accompanied from Kabul 
 by the heir apparent, the Amir reinforced 
 his small army at Kandahar, and in May, 
 1863, after a siege of three weeks, was 
 master of Herat. This was the last great 
 act of the Amir Dost Muhammad Khan, 
 and with it he closed his long and suc- 
 cessful rule. He died in his camp under 
 the walls of the fortress, on the 6th June, 
 only a few days after its capture, aged 
 seventy-six years. 
 
 The " Great Amir," Amiri Kabir, as he 
 is generally styled by his own people, was 
 a popular and successful ruler in his day, 
 and a character greatly admired by the 
 Afghans for his intrepidity, vigour, and 
 general success in war; whilst his simple 
 manners, free hospitality, and rough and 
 ready justice, coupled with a ready inter- 
 
 G 
 
98 AFGHANISTAN AND THE AFGHANS. 
 
 course with and free accessibility to Ms 
 subjects of all classes, gained him the 
 respect and afifection of them all. Yet 
 during his long reign he did nothing to 
 improve the condition or advance the 
 domestic welfare of his people, nor did he 
 introduce a single measure of general 
 benefit to the country. He kept it a 
 close borough of Islam, stationary in the 
 ignorance of the middle ages, and pervaded 
 with the religious bigotry of that period; 
 and to the close of his life defended that 
 policy as the only one whereby to maintain 
 the independence of the country. For his 
 undisturbed reign and the general pros- 
 perity of his rule he is mainly indebted to 
 the consistent support and recognition of 
 the British Government, given as they were 
 freely and without return, and supple- 
 mented as they were by a long enduring 
 
EECOYERY OF HERAT TO KAIJUL. 99 
 
 forbearance. His great merit is that he 
 had the sense to perceive his own interest 
 in the British alliance ; and he reaped the 
 fruits of his good judgment in the ultimate 
 consolidation of his kingdom. But he was 
 a barbarian nevertheless. 
 
 The last act of his reign — the recovery 
 of Herat to the Government of Kabul — 
 completed the consolidation of the state 
 under an undivided authority. But this 
 new and long desired state of the 
 Barakzai rule was in its very initiation 
 destined to undergo the fiery and perilous 
 ordeal of civil war and domestic anarchy. 
 The new Amir — Sher Ali Khan — had no 
 sooner concluded the funeral ceremonies 
 over the grave of his father at Herat than, 
 leaving his youthful and able son Yacub 
 Khan in charge of the place, he set out for 
 Kabul, where, in September, 1863, he 
 G 2 
 
100 AFGHANISTAN AND THE AFGHANS. 
 
 assumed the government as Amir. At no 
 time a popular provincial governor, he 
 assumed the reins of government with a 
 character for severity and wilfulness that 
 did not bode well for his tenure of the 
 throne. He commenced his reign, however, 
 with studied caution, conciliated the mer- 
 chants by a reduction of the tariff, and 
 gained the favour of the priesthood by an 
 avowed hostility to the British, towards 
 whom since his youth he had shown a 
 marked antipathy. 
 
 Just at this time — towards the close of 
 1863 — our troops were engaged in the pro- 
 secution of the Ambela campaign, in the 
 hills to the north of the Peshawar valley, 
 against the Hindustani fanatics — our sub- 
 jects, who had formed a seditious colony 
 beyond the border at Malka on the Maha- 
 ban mountain — and it was at this juncture 
 
SeER ALI SUCCEEDS TO THE THRONE. 101 
 
 that Sher Ali anuounccd to tlie Government 
 of India his accession to the throne as Amir 
 of Kabul, and expressed the hope of receiv- 
 ing its countenance and support. But 
 considering that his subjects, excited by 
 the priesthood, were at the very time flock- 
 ing to swell the ranks of our opponents in 
 the Ambela hills, the hope expressed by 
 Sher Ali seemed somewhat out of place, 
 and the circumstance was brought to his 
 notice by the officer then in political charge 
 at Peshawar, That the Amir at this time 
 had any great control over his subjects is 
 doubtful. Anyhow the campaign was con- 
 cluded early in the opening year with the 
 destruction of the several positions attacked, 
 and the defeat of the enemy, by the unaided 
 force of the British arms, and without the 
 least assistance, moral or other, from Sher 
 Ali. 
 
102 AFGHANISTAN AND THE AFGHANS. 
 
 The new Amir was busy arranging his 
 government and introducing reforms ; and 
 amongst others the reduction to the state 
 pensions granted to some of the nobles — 
 an indiscreet and untimely measure, which 
 deprived him of the support of many power- 
 ful leaders of the people. The discontent 
 produced by these innovations afforded his 
 elder brothers the opportunity to advance 
 their own interests, and Muhammad Afzal 
 and Muhammad Azim very soon secured a 
 large party in favour of their cause. 
 
 Azim, the governor of Kurram, was the 
 first to rebel, but an army being promptly 
 sent to coerce him, he abandoned his go- 
 vernment, and sought shelter in British 
 territory. Presently Afzal, the governor 
 of Balkh, revolted, and against him Sher 
 Ali marched in person with a considerable 
 army. After some indecisive collisions he 
 
IS OPPOSED BY HIS ELDER BROTHERS. 103 
 
 inveigled Afzal into his power on a promise 
 of fair adjustment of their dispute, and 
 then, in viohition of his oath, cast him into 
 prison — an act of treachery condemned 
 even by Afghans. This occurred in August, 
 1864. And so commenced the civil war in 
 Kabul, which lasted five years, and ended 
 with the final recovery of the throne by 
 Slier All, It is unnecessary and unprofit- 
 able here to recite the complex changes of 
 parties and events which during this period 
 chequered the board of Afghan history with 
 a maze of intricacies. It is enough for 
 our purpose to note only the most salient 
 features of the civil war, in so far as they 
 affected the relations of the state with the 
 Government of India, 
 
 After Sher Ali had secured Afzal as his 
 captive, he set out after his son, Abdurrah- 
 man Khan, who had raised the whole 
 
104 AFGHANISTAN AND THE AFGHANS. 
 
 province of Balkh in rebellion, and driving 
 jiim from place to place, pacified tlie coun- 
 try as he proceeded. Meanwhile Azim, 
 disgusted at his failure to get assistance 
 from the British, towards whom he had 
 always observed a disposition of friendli- 
 ness, made his way through Swat and Ba- 
 dakhshan to Balkh, and there joining his 
 nephew Abdurrahman, soon raised a strong 
 party, and releasing Afzal, attacked Kabul 
 in March, 1866. The Amir Sher Ali was 
 defeated and fled to Kandahar, whilst Mu- 
 hammad Afzal entered Kabul as Amir on 
 the 21st May. And he was duly recog- 
 nized as such by the Government of India. 
 He died very suddenly — his death being 
 attributed to cholera — on the 7th October, 
 1867, and is now reckoned the second Amir 
 of Afghanistan. He was succeeded by his 
 brother Muhammad Azim as Amir, but he 
 
FLrCIIT OF SHER ALI TO KANDAHAR. 105 
 
 was not as sucli ofificially recognized by the 
 Government of India, and lie is not now rec- 
 koned amon^^st the Amirs of Afo^hanistan. 
 Sher Ali in the meantime, after two un- 
 successful attempts to recover his throne 
 from Kandahar, and hopeless of aid from 
 the British, proceeded to Herat and sought 
 the help of Persia. Returning from this 
 to Kandahar, he organized a force and made 
 another effort to regain Kabul, but was 
 signally defeated in a decisive battle fought 
 near Kalati Ghilzai on the 22nd January, 
 1867. In this battle he lost his favourite 
 son Muhammad Ali, a youth of remarkable 
 talents and great promise. He was killed 
 in single combat by his uncle Muhammad 
 Amin Khan — full brother of Sher Ali — who 
 himself was then cut down by the attendant 
 soldiers. His defeat and the loss of these 
 two near relatives powerfully affected Sher 
 
106 AFGHANISTAN AND THE AFGHANS. 
 
 All, who fell back upon Kandaliar, and sliut 
 himself up to mourn over his losses. lie 
 is said to have quite lost his senses for a 
 time through excess of grief. The intelli- 
 gence, however, of Azim's accession to the 
 throne as Amir roused him out of the 
 lethargy into which he had fallen, and he 
 set out for Herat, to make another attempt 
 upon Kabul from the side of Turkistan. 
 But here also he was defeated by Abdurrah- 
 man, and at the same time lost Kandahar 
 to Sarwar Khan, the son of Azim. 
 
 Finally, after negotiating with Russian 
 agents in Bukhara, and collecting what 
 money he could in the country, Slier All 
 repaired to Herat, and here, getting aid 
 from Persia and Russia, he once more or- 
 ganized a force for the recovery of his 
 throne. He secretly bought over to his 
 side Ismail Khan, who was with Abdurrah- 
 
HIS FINAL RECOVERY OF KABUL. 107 
 
 man in Balkh, and liimself advanced by 
 way of Kandahar, sending his son Yacub 
 Khan ahead with the main army. All this 
 revival and activity on the part of Sher 
 Ali commenced after the interview of Yacub 
 with the Shah of Persia on the occasion of 
 his visit to Mashhad in 1867. 
 
 Yacub captured Kandahar from Sarwar 
 in April, 1868, and on the 10th of the fol- 
 lowing month Sher Ali entered the city in 
 state amidst the acclamations of the people, 
 who had been terribly oppressed by Sarwar 
 Khan. From this point, with Yacub ope- 
 rating in advance, Sher Ali steadily made 
 good his advance towards Kabul, and by 
 September established himself in all the 
 country up to Ghazni. His position here 
 drew Azim from the capital to oppose him, 
 and Ismail then descending from Balkh, 
 took Kabul city by a couj^-de-maiti in 
 
108 AFGHANISTAN AND THE AFGHANS. 
 
 tlie name of Slier Ali, and laid siege to the 
 Bala Hissar, held by Shamsuddin Khan on 
 the part of Azim. At this critical junc- 
 ture Azim, whose rule was horribly oppres- 
 sive and cursed by the people, was deserted 
 by all but a few trusty personal attendants, 
 and seeing the game lost, he fled towards 
 Persia by way of Sistan. He died at 
 Shahrud on the high road to Tehran from 
 Mashhad, in the summer of 1869. With the 
 flight of Azim the road to Kabul for Sher Ali 
 was clear, and he was welcomed back by the 
 citizens as a deliverer from the tyrants who 
 had squeezed and ground them to the last 
 extremity to meet their current expenses. 
 
 Once more in possession of his throne, 
 Sher Ali was by no means secure against 
 further assault, for though Afzal had been 
 removed by death, and Azim by the deser- 
 tion of his party and his own flight from 
 
SEER ALI VISITS THE VICEROY IN INDIA. 109 
 
 the country, still there was Abdurrahman 
 (the son and heir of the Amir Afzal, who 
 was considered the rightful successor of the 
 Amir Dost Muhammad) yet at large and an 
 avowed claimant of the throne, the recovery 
 of which it was supposed he would attempt 
 with the aid of Russia. Whatever entangle- 
 ments Sher Ali may have had with Persia 
 and Russia, and whatever may have been the 
 hopes of Abdurrahman from the latter, there 
 is no doubt that at this time, as Sher Ali ap- 
 proached Kabul, he was extremely anxious 
 to secure the recognition and support of 
 the British Government, and lost no time 
 in communicating his desires to that go- 
 vernment. His overtures being received in 
 a friendly spirit, Sher Ali at once threw 
 himself upon the support and protection of 
 the British, and, leaving his newly reco- 
 vered capital in charge of his son Yacub, 
 
110 AFGHANISTAN AND THE AFGHANS. 
 
 set out for India in February, 18G9, to meet 
 the new Viceroy, Lord Mayo, at Amballa. 
 He was accompanied by bis youthful son, 
 and nominated heir apparent, Abdulla 
 Jan, and a small retinue of court officials, of 
 whom his Prime Minister, Nur Muhammad 
 Shah, was the most important personage. 
 
 The reception accorded by Lord Mayo 
 to Slier Ali was highly honourable and 
 hospitable in the extreme, and did much 
 to soften those bitter feelings — feelings 
 which he took no care to conceal — which 
 possessed his mind on first arrival, as the 
 result of our abstention from intermedia- 
 tion in the contest for the succession. 
 The treatment Sher Ali received on this 
 occasion was most gratifying to his 
 natural pride, and — although the extrava- 
 gant demands he put forward, with no- 
 thing conceded in return on his own part, 
 
I.NnrEDIATE GOOD EFFECTS OF HIS VISIT. Ill 
 
 were not acceded to — lie was on tlie whole 
 pleased witli his visit, and returned to 
 Kabul a made man, and full of all sorts of 
 plans of reformation. He took away with 
 him rich gifts in arms and money, and, 
 more valuable than all, the good-will and 
 recognition of the British Government. 
 Affairs at Kabul, and thence all over 
 Afghanistan, at once, as if by magic, 
 assumed a settled aspect under the newly- 
 acquired prestige of the fortune-favoured 
 Amir. His enemies everywhere accepted 
 the altered situation, renounced their 
 ambitious schemes, ceased their factious 
 intrigues, and submitted with unexpected 
 resignation to the rapid changes and inno- 
 vations which, in the first burst of his zeal 
 for reform, Sher Ali set to work intro- 
 ducing into the administration of his 
 government immediately after his return 
 
112 AFGHANISTAN AND THE AFGHANS. 
 
 from India. The sense of injustice suffered 
 at our hands during the late civil war, by 
 our abandonment of his admitted rights, 
 and the recognition of the temporary 
 success of his rival, though never referred 
 to by Sher Ali without reproach and com- 
 plaint, seemed to have been greatly miti- 
 gated, if not removed entirely by his hand- 
 some reception in India. The disappoint- 
 ment caused by the rejection of his very 
 large requests was taken in good part and 
 treated as a hope deferred. And the rap- 
 prochement between the two governments, 
 thus happily inaugurated, was genuine 
 and cordial, and full of promise for the 
 future, till nipped in the bud by the blight 
 of the Sistan arbitration. 
 
 Sher Ali at the time of his visit to India 
 was solicitous, not so much for the safety 
 of his own position at Kabul — of which he 
 
RAriD TROGKESS OF RUSSIA IN ASIA. 113 
 
 was assured by the removal from the 
 scene of his two most powerful adversaries, 
 and by the final recognition of the British 
 — as he was for the security of his country 
 against the approaching danger of tlie 
 Russian advance in Turkistan. At the 
 time that Dost Muhammad annexed Balkh 
 the Russian outpost in Turkistan was still 
 no farther advanced than the lower course 
 of the Jaxartes. But by 1854, when Kan- 
 dahar was added to Kabul, the Russians 
 had taken up positions at Ac Masjid and 
 Almati or Vernui. And by the time that 
 Herat was recovered to Kabul, the Rus- 
 sians were closing up the line between their 
 advanced posts, and completed the opera- 
 tion by the capture of Tashkand in 1864. 
 Finally, during the course of the Afghan 
 civil war, the Russians extended their con- 
 quests to Samarkand and the Bukhara 
 
 H 
 
1 14 AFGHANISTAN AND THE AFGHANS. 
 
 line of frontier at Jam ; and immediately 
 sought the concession of Charjoe on the 
 Oxus as an advanced military outpost. 
 
 The rapid progress of the Russian arms 
 over the petty states of Turkistan could 
 not fail to inspire the Amir with alarm, 
 and misgivings as to where the wave of 
 onward rolling conquest would end, or 
 how soon it might reach his own frontier 
 line on the Oxus. His alarm on this 
 score was real, and his desire for the 
 assurance of our aid in the time of need 
 very earnest. He saw that his own 
 interests in this matter of the security and 
 defence of the northern boundary of 
 Afghanistan were identical with our own, 
 and he therefore looked on his proposal 
 for the conclusion of an offensive and 
 defensive treaty between Kabul and India 
 as a point on which there could be no 
 
SnER ALl's DESIRE FOR BRITISH ALLIANCE. 115 
 
 demur or difficulty. Though at the time 
 disappointed in the failure of this desire to 
 be thus assured of his future safety against 
 Russian encroachment, Slier Ali did not 
 abandon the hope of its ultimate attain- 
 ment, and meanwhile accepted the good 
 offices of the British Government in the 
 matter of coming to a diplomatic under- 
 standing with the Government of Russia 
 on the subject of the recognition and 
 respect of the northern boundaries of the 
 Afghan territories. His confidence in the 
 British Government was at this time com- 
 plete, and his conduct frank and upright, 
 as evinced by his passing on to the Govern- 
 ment of India all communications received 
 by him from the Russian authorities in 
 Turkistan for information, and for guid- 
 ance as to the reply he should give. He, 
 in fact, put himself completely in our 
 H 2 
 
116 AFGHANISTAN AND THE AFGHANS. 
 
 hands in tlie matter of this negotiation, 
 yet he would not then consent to receive 
 British ofiBcers as political residents in his 
 country, though he held out the hope of 
 his being able to do so at some future and 
 not long distant time, after the friendship 
 now so promisingly commenced had had 
 time to mature and smooth away existing 
 animosities and suspicions. 
 
 And in justice to Sher Ali, it must be 
 admitted that — in spite of his disappoint- 
 ment in the matter of the treaty, as well as 
 in that of the recognition of his nominee 
 as heir apparent — he did to some extent, 
 though small and gradual as it was, make 
 an effort to cultivate a freer intercourse 
 with India, and as an earnest of his 
 new policy of friendship with us, relaxed 
 the heretofore rigid exclusion of Indians 
 and Europeans from Afghan soil. During 
 
SHER ALl's CHOICE OP HIS HEIR. 117 
 
 the three or four years following the 
 return of Sher All to Kabul from his inter- 
 view with Lord Mayo, a large number of 
 Indians, both Hindu and Mussulman, and 
 three or four Englishmen visited Kabul in 
 the course of trade or business, and with 
 perfect safety. This promising aspect of 
 Sher Ali's attitude and sentiments towards 
 us was not, most unfortunately, destined to 
 last long. There were two circumstances 
 which at this time occurred to mar the 
 even tenour of the relations between Sher 
 Ali and us. 
 
 Unaffected by the refusal of the Govern- 
 ment of India to recognize the heir of his 
 choice, Sher Ali on his return to Kabul 
 proclaimed his favourite son Abdulla Jan, 
 then a delicate and not very bright boy of 
 eight years of age, as heir apparent, and 
 to check opposition made his nobles and 
 
118 AFGHANISTAN AND THE AFGHANS. 
 
 courtiers swear to acknowledge and support 
 him. This choice of the Amir roused the 
 jealousy of Yacub Khan, an elder son by 
 another mother, who, considering the active 
 part he had taken in recovering Kabul for 
 his father, claimed the succession as his 
 right both by birth and by state service. 
 But Sher Ali, probably better informed 
 than Yacub' s partisans in India of the 
 youth's political tendencies and intrigue 
 entanglements, adhered to his resolve and 
 took care to hedge round his nominee with 
 every means of strength. And to this he 
 was driven by the rebellion and flight of 
 Yacub to Herat, and the sympathy and 
 partiality evinced towards him in India, 
 as well as by a considerable section of his 
 own people. In this state of the case, 
 and with the view to maintain quiet in his 
 own country, Sher Ali again sought the 
 
SETTLEMENT OF THE OXUS BOUNDAUY. 110 
 
 recognition of the British Government in 
 favour of Abdulla Jan, but without success, 
 and this unwillingness on their part to 
 meet his views for the final settlement of 
 this question, produced in his mind a doubt 
 as to their sincerity, and certainly checked 
 the progress of the rapprochement between 
 the two governments. At the same time 
 that this difficulty was pending, the ques- 
 tion of Sistan was under consideration. 
 
 The settlement of the negotiation re- 
 o^ardino: the northern boundaries of Af- 
 ghanistan which the Amir had entrusted in 
 full confidence to the British Government 
 resulted so much to his benefit by the 
 definition of the Oxus boundary and the 
 enclosure within the line of the Afghan 
 frontier of the yet unappropriated districts 
 of Badakhshan and Wakhan, that Shcr AH 
 had no cause to suppose his confidence 
 
120 AFGHANISTAN AND THE AFGHANS. 
 
 misplaced, nor indeed did he so think. On 
 the contrary, apart from his discontent in 
 the matter of our views regarding the 
 family dispute with Yacub, he confided his 
 interests in the dispute with Persia re- 
 garding the possession of Sistan to our 
 hands, with unabated trust in our good- 
 will and justice, and, foregoing at our 
 instance a direct appeal to force, consented 
 to submit the question to the arbitra- 
 tion of the British Government. In thus 
 committing his interests in that region 
 to our decision, so convinced was Sher Ali 
 of the justness of his claim to the terri- 
 tory in dispute with Persia, that it seems it 
 never occurred to him that his foregone 
 conclusions might possibly be reversed in 
 the issue. 
 
 In the prosecution of this arbitration 
 Sir F. J. Goldsmith, accompanied by a 
 
ARBITRATION OF THE SISTAN QUESTION. 121 
 
 staff of British officers and a Persian 
 agent, proceeded to Sistan from the side 
 of Persia, as Arbitrator, and Colonel (now 
 Sir R. F.) Pollock, accompanied by an 
 assistant and an Afghan agent, proceeded 
 to the same destination from the side of 
 India, as exponent of the Amir's case ; and 
 both parties met in Sistan in March, 1872. 
 As a result of the investigation conducted 
 on the spot, the territory which had be- 
 longed to Afghanistan ever since the 
 establishment of the Durrani empire by 
 Ahmad Shah, and had been seized by 
 Persia only during the confusion of the 
 civil war in Afghanistan which followed 
 upon the death of Dost Muhammad in 
 1863, was declared to belong to Persia by 
 right of actual possession; and a boun- 
 dary-line was drawn across a map of 
 the province as the limit beyond which 
 
122 AFGHANISTAN AND THE AFGHANS. 
 
 neither Persian nor Afghan was to trans- 
 gress. 
 
 The movement of the Persians towards 
 this important corner of Afghanistan had 
 long been contemplated, and intrigues had 
 long been set on foot and worked quietly 
 and perseveringly to gain a footing in the 
 territory without the employment of force, 
 and not — as was found to be the case — 
 altogether unsuccessfully. But it was 
 only after the journey this way of the 
 Russian Mission under Khanikoff that 
 Persia boldly announced her claim to the 
 territory, and it was only after Yacub 
 Khan's interview with the Shah at Mash- 
 had that military possession was taken of 
 the western parts of the province by 
 Persian troops. Wliatever the rights of 
 the question, or merits of the arbitra- 
 tion, there is no doubt that the decision 
 
SHER ALI'S DISAPrROVAL OF THE DECISION. 123 
 
 given against the Amir higlily incensed 
 him against us, and at once completed the 
 revulsion in his sentiments of newly born 
 good-will towards us (which had already 
 been commenced by the part taken by us 
 in Sher All's quarrel with his son Yacub), 
 and at a stroke undid all that had been 
 done since the Amballa meeting, to cement 
 a good understanding and cordial co- 
 operation between the two governments 
 for the advancement and development of 
 their mutual relations and interests. 
 
 Sher Ali felt, in the decision given, and 
 — on his remonstrance — upheld against 
 him by us, that we had inflicted a grievous 
 injury upon him in respect to a most im- 
 portant strategical point of his country, 
 and had besides dragged his honour in the 
 dust at the feet of the Persian — to him, as 
 an orthodox Sunni, the accursed Shiah. 
 
124 AFGHANISTAN AND THE AFGHANS. 
 
 But putting aside the question of his 
 honour and offended dignity, Sher All 
 argued that the position accorded to 
 Persia in Sistan gravely compromised the 
 authority of his rule in that out-of-the-way 
 and remote quarter, and, moreover, very 
 seriously threatened the security of his 
 western frontier. For, by surrendering 
 this portion of his line of defence in that 
 direction, he lost a position on the main- 
 tenance of which the safety of Herat 
 largely depended. In fact, Persia — which 
 in his view was the same as Eussia — had, 
 by this decision of the question, succeeded 
 in driving a wedge into the south-western 
 granary of Afghanistan, to the splitting 
 asunder of the integrity of the frontier, 
 and the tapping of the line of communica- 
 tion between Kandahar and Herat, and the 
 dominance of both these provinces in time 
 
GEIEVANCES AGAINST THE BRITISH. 125 
 
 of war. Further, lie considered our arbi- 
 tration so unreasonable — even on the 
 grounds on which we put the case and its 
 decision before him — that he was at a loss 
 to account for what seemed a manifest 
 stultification of our own arguments. He 
 suspected our collusion with Russia, or 
 our fear of her, and condemned the whole 
 business in no unmeasured terms. In his 
 own court he never alluded to the subject 
 without losing his temper, and vowed re- 
 peatedly that we should never forget the 
 day on which we thus sold him, for he 
 would never forgive us. 
 
 Sher Ali was in this discontented state 
 of mind, sulky and sore at the somewhat 
 peremptory manner in which his criticisms 
 of our Sistan arbitration had been snubbed, 
 when the Government of India, towards 
 the close of 1873, informed him that a mis- 
 
126 AFGHAXrSTAN AND THE AFGHANS. 
 
 sion of British officers under Mr. (now Sir 
 D. P.) Forsyth would return to India from 
 Kashghar by way of Balkh and Kabul, and 
 requested liis good offices for their protec- 
 tion and honourable treatment on the road 
 through his territories. At any other time 
 of smoother diplomatic relations between 
 the two governments such a request, pre- 
 ferred without previous consultation and 
 understanding, might have been entertained 
 and arranged to the satisfaction of both 
 parties, but made as, and when, it was no 
 other than a negative reply or shuffiing 
 excuse could have been expected ; espe- 
 cially as Sher Ali had already expressed, 
 rather curtly, his objection to British of- 
 ficers entering his country, and had com- 
 plained of one who had passed from Persia 
 to India by Herat and Kandahar without 
 his permission or consent. 
 
SnER ALl's ESTRANGEMENT FKOM BRITISH. 127 
 
 This untoward occurrence added to tlie 
 wrath of tlie Amir tlie suspicion that we 
 were overriding his proper authority, and 
 the suspicion thus aroused was presently 
 confirmed by the intervention of the Go- 
 vernment of India on behalf of Yacub Khan, 
 whom the Amir, having enticed to Kabul 
 from Herat, cast into prison for rebellion 
 against his authority and conspiracy against 
 the throne. This act of the Government 
 of India was viewed by Sher Ali as an un- 
 warrantable intrusion upon his domestic 
 concerns, and an interference in the internal 
 affairs of the country, which was contrary 
 to our repeated assurances ; and he resented 
 the interposition with some warmth. This 
 cause of grievance had hardly passed away, 
 when by some oversight, a communication 
 was made direct, and without previous 
 reference to the Amir, with his frontier 
 
128 AFGHANISTAN AND THE AFGHANS. 
 
 Governor in Badaklishan — a trivial acci- 
 dent, merely a letter of thanks for attention 
 and civility sliown to a party detached from 
 the Kashghar Mission. But in the then state 
 of his temper, it did not escape the notice 
 of Sher Ali. These unlucky miscarriages 
 of official routine, with others of minor 
 importance, formed the subject of very 
 warm discussion in the court of Kabul, and 
 were unanimously condemned as a depar- 
 ture from the policy of non-interference 
 heretofore observed and confirmed by Lord 
 Mayo. Both Sher Ali and his courtiers 
 were now thoroughly mistrustful of our 
 intentions, and confirmed in the revulsion 
 of their friendly disposition and sentiments 
 towards us. The confidence at first dis- 
 played by the submission of all Russian 
 correspondence to the Government of India 
 was replaced by a strict reserve, and the 
 
IKTERVENTION OF THE RUSSIANS. 129 
 
 withlioldment of all intelligence concern- 
 ing tlie events passing on and beyond the 
 distant frontiers of Afghanistan ; whilst 
 the correspondence through our native 
 agent at Kabul was very guarded and con- 
 cise, and the agent himself kept under a 
 strict surveillance. 
 
 This hitch in the even tenour of our rela- 
 tions with Sher Ali was at once seized upon 
 by the Russian authorities at Tashkand to 
 ingratiate themselves in his favour, and 
 their heretofore rejected advances being 
 now encouraged by him, a continuous suc- 
 cession of Russian agents and emissaries 
 began to pass and repass between Tash- 
 kand and Kabul. Beyond the mere fact of 
 the arrival and departure of the more pro- 
 minent amongst them, we knew nothing 
 whatever of their sayings and doings, or 
 the object of their comings and goings. 
 
 I 
 
130 AFGHANISTAN AND THE AFGHANS. 
 
 "Wliilst this was tlie freedom of access to 
 Afghanistan on the side of Russia, the 
 passes on the side of India were watched 
 with vigilant care, and, in fact, practically- 
 closed to all except Afghan subjects going 
 and coming in the course of their commer- 
 cial business with India. 
 
 Sher Ali had now, 1875, to all intents 
 and purposes thrown over the English, to 
 try a turn of the Russian friendship. The 
 line of conduct now adopted by Sher Ali — 
 an attitude of studied reserve and estrange- 
 ment towards the British Government, 
 and one of lively intercourse and rajp- 
 prochement with that of Russia — could 
 not fail to awaken us in India to the perils 
 such a course, if allowed to continue, was 
 sure to bring upon us. It could not fail 
 to rouse the government to a proper safe- 
 guarding of the interests of the Empire 
 
BENEFITS CONFERRED BY THE BRITISH. 131 
 
 upon the frontiers held by him. In fact, 
 the attitude now assumed by Sher Ali 
 towards the British Government was a sub- 
 version of the heretofore existing order of 
 relations between the two governments 
 since their connexion as neighbours after 
 the conquest of the Pan jab, and a new 
 departure upon lines tending in a diame- 
 trically opposite direction to those hitherto 
 followed. That the Amir has any solid 
 grounds of justification for this sudden 
 change of front there is — whatever the 
 shadow of semblance — not the least reality 
 of substance. In dwelling upon the grie- 
 vances alleged by him as above mentioned, 
 Sher Ali has taken an entirely one-sided 
 and personal view of the case, and exposed 
 the secret of his own ambitions which have 
 grown out of the fostering care and main- 
 tenance he has received — gratuitously and 
 I 2 
 
132 AFGHANISTAN AND THE AFGHANS. 
 
 liberally, without any return, even the 
 smallest, on his own part — from the very 
 government whose friendship — so long 
 benefited by, to the consolidation of his 
 kingdom, and his own establishment on the 
 throne — he now spurns. Sher Ali, in the 
 blindness of his ambition and the excess of 
 his pride, ignores the benefits he has received 
 from the British Government, and forgets 
 that but for the consistent countenance 
 and very material support afforded by that 
 powerful neighbour on successive occasions 
 of domestic peril, there would not at this 
 moment have been the united Afghanistan 
 . made and defined to his hand for him — a 
 country consolidated and strengthened for 
 the defence of the Empire of which it 
 forms the frontier province; not, as he 
 would now use it, to be a weapon against 
 the paramount sovereign. 
 
CONSOLIDATION OF THE AFGHAN KINGDOM. 133 
 
 The countenance and support which 
 have been uniformly afforded by the British 
 Government to that of Afghanistan ever 
 since the annexation of the Panjab has 
 undoubtedly not been entirely disinte- 
 rested, but it has been, up to the time we 
 are now considering, most undoubtedly 
 advantageous to the mutual interests of 
 the two governments, which fi'om their 
 position as neighbours in part of an inte- 
 gral whole, cannot sever themselves from 
 the bonds of a natural connexion and 
 union, whether the tie be considered from 
 a geographical, national, or political point of 
 view. More than this, the sum of the advan- 
 tages conferred by the paramount govern- 
 ment has preponderated greatly in favour 
 of the weaker state, and, raising it out of 
 a state of anarchy and dismemberment, 
 has brouo-ht it to a condition fitting for the 
 
134 AFGHANISTAN AND THE AFGHANS. 
 
 successful development of its own internal 
 resources under an enlightened government 
 and civilized administration on the part of 
 the ruler. That this orderly settlement 
 and material development of Afghanistan 
 as an independent frontier-state in alhance 
 with the British Empire in India has been 
 the object aimed at by our Government, is 
 clearly manifested throughout the course 
 of its dealings with the rulers of that 
 country ; and with so scrupulous an atten- 
 tion to their national prejudices, and so 
 conciliatory a deference to their lawless 
 proclivities that it has systematically ab- 
 stained from interference in their home 
 affairs — has abstained from pressing very 
 necessary reforms upon them, and from 
 exacting a return in compensation for the 
 support it afforded to them. Even more, 
 it has patiently endured the ignominy of a 
 
POLICY OF CONCILIATION AND FORBEAKANCE. 135 
 
 rigid exclusion of its subjects from their 
 territory, and of the denial of justice to the 
 murderers of its unoffending subjects — • 
 amongst the number several British 
 officers assassinated within their own 
 limits by Afghan subjects crossing the 
 border. 
 
 With such forbearance towards the 
 Afghan Amir our Government has been 
 compelled in self-defence to resist by force 
 and punish from time to time the raids of 
 his independent tribesmen along the fron- 
 tier, and during the thirty years of its 
 tenure of the position there, to carry — large 
 and small together — more than that num- 
 ber of punitory expeditions into the hills 
 held by them. But with all this we have 
 laid no restrictions upon the intercourse of 
 the Amir's people with India. They pass 
 and they repass, even in this time of active 
 
136 AFGHANISTAN AND THE AFGHANS. 
 
 war with Sher AH, unquestioned and unhin- 
 dered, and in British India find more free- 
 dom, security, and justice than they do in 
 their own country. Further, apart from 
 the very considerable material aid granted 
 freely to the Amir, our Government affords 
 the bounty of its hospitality to scores of 
 Aghan princelings and nobles who have 
 been exiled from their home by the Afghan 
 Amir for his own peace and their safety. 
 In short, if we strike a balance of the 
 account between ourselves and the Amir, 
 we shall find Sher Ali very considerably in 
 our debt. Let us look at the main items. 
 We have twice rescued Herat from the 
 Persian by force of arms, and restored 
 the place to the Afghan, at a cost to our- 
 selves of several millions of money and 
 some thousands of lives. We have from 
 time to time eased the pecuniary necessities 
 
FREE AND LIBERAL SUPPORT. 137 
 
 of the Amir by free gifts of money, aggre- 
 gating half a million sterling. We have 
 given him thirty thousand muskets and 
 two batteries of rifled artillery with their 
 proper munitions. We have trained drill- 
 instructors and officers for him in the 
 ranks of our Indian army, and we have 
 provided him with skilled artisans for his 
 gun-cap and arms manufactories. Finally, 
 we have sheltered and restrained dozens of 
 exiled members of his family and others, 
 his sworn enemies and rivals. What has 
 the Amir done for us in return for these 
 concessions and favours ? Nothing, sim- 
 ply nothing but the postponement of the 
 day of his enmity. His repeated refusal 
 to admit our officers to his country, his 
 steady denial of justice against the crimes 
 of his subjects in our territories, and his 
 continuous demands for greater and more 
 
138 AFGHANISTAN AND THE AFGHANS. 
 
 unrestricted assistance, are samples of the 
 kind of return lie made for our friendship, 
 till finally, taking offence at the settlement 
 of a negotiation entrusted to us for deci- 
 sion, he estranged himself from us, and 
 made a grievance of some unfortunate and 
 easily remedied accidents of official routine, 
 to persevere in a mood of ill-temper and 
 rudeness towards the powerful neighbour 
 who had made his country what it was, 
 and his own position in it what he has 
 proved himself unworthy of holding. 
 
 It was in this condition of the relations 
 between the two governments, and in 
 consequence of the unshaken attitude of 
 estrangement persevered in by Sher Ali, 
 that the Government of India resolved, 
 as a precautionary measure, to take up the 
 position at Quetta which had long been 
 contemplated, and to which it was entitled 
 
ATTRIIPT TO RENEW FRIENDLY RELATIONS. 139 
 
 by treaty rights witli the Khan of Balo- 
 chistan, but which it had hitherto ab- 
 stained from doing out of deference to the 
 sensitiveness of the Amir. At the same 
 time the Government endeavoured to ne- 
 gotiate with the Amir for an amicable 
 settlement of the existing differences and 
 a more satisfactory and secure arrange- 
 ment for the future ; and with this object 
 in view were prepared to grant Sher Ali 
 the several requests he had on previous 
 occasions submitted to the Government 
 of India, such as the recognition of Ab- 
 dulla Jan, the son of his choice, as heir 
 apparent ; the conclusion of a treaty, of- 
 fensive and defensive on equal terms ; and 
 the free grant of a very handsome sum of 
 money, with a regular subsidy besides. Had 
 Sher Ali accepted the terms now offered, 
 he would have secured lasting safety, and 
 
140 AFGHANISTAN AND THE AFGHANS. 
 
 peace, and prosperity to Afghanistan, but 
 the breach between himself and us was 
 already too wide for him to care to bridge 
 it over. The delicate task of this difficult 
 business fell to the skilful hands of Lord 
 Lytton, the newly installed Viceroy, who, 
 in May, 1876, shortly after his assumption 
 of office, despatched a distinguished native 
 officer, one of his own aides-de-camp, to 
 Kabul with a friendly letter to the Amir, 
 and explanations regarding the important 
 matters then affecting the interests of the 
 two governments. It soon became ap- 
 parent that the reception of the Viceroy's 
 messenger at Kabul boded no good as the 
 result of future negotiation, and conse- 
 quently the occupation of Quetta was pro- 
 ceeded with, and a detachment of native 
 troops of the Indian army arrived there 
 to garrison the place in October. 
 
THE AMIli's ENVOY AT TESnAWAR. 141 
 
 As a result of tlie correspondence be- 
 tween the Viceroy and the Amir, Sher Ali 
 sent his Prime Minister, Nur Muhammad 
 Shah, as envoy to Peshawar, there to 
 meet Sir Lewis Pelly, envoy of the Go- 
 vernment of India, and there to discuss 
 the several matters then before the two 
 governments for adjustment. Although 
 Sher Ali had taken no notice of the Vice- 
 roy's polite attention in inviting his High- 
 nest to grace with his presence the im- 
 perial assemblage about to be held at 
 Delhi on the 1st January, 1877, his envoy 
 arrived at Peshawar shortly after the con- 
 clusion of that august ceremony. He was 
 accompanied by Mirakhor (Master of, or 
 Lord of the Stable) Ahmad Khan, an 
 important court official, notoriously hostile 
 to the British in particular, and all Euro- 
 pean infidels in general, and a small 
 
142 AFGHANISTAN AND THE AFGHANS. 
 
 retinue of attendants. Witli the envoy- 
 came tlie British agent at Kabul, a portly 
 gentleman, eternally telling his beads and 
 gabbling his litanies to the interruption 
 of his speech and distraction of his atten- 
 tion from business, and with the not very 
 flattering habit of hawking and spitting 
 after converse with the unbeliever. 
 
 The conference between the two envoys 
 was entered upon without loss of time, 
 and it soon became apparent that the 
 Afghan (apart from the experience of his 
 previous dealings with the Government 
 of India, his knowledge of the diverse 
 views held in high quarters, and his ac- 
 quaintance with the fussiness of frontier 
 ofiicials who would have opinions of their 
 own) had received positive instructions 
 fi'om his master on the score of rejecting 
 the basis on which the negotiations he had 
 
EEJECTION OF BRITISH raOPOSALS. 143 
 
 come for were to commence. He wasted 
 his breath in tedious repetitions of the 
 Amir's grievances and wrongs at our 
 hands, and his disgust at our shilly-shally 
 policy; and he concluded his rambling 
 arguments with the rejection of the basis 
 (the reception of British officers as political 
 agents on the Afghan frontiers) which it 
 was understood Sher Ali had accepted 
 before sending his envoy. This decision 
 of the Afghan envoy closed the conference, 
 without the stage of negotiation being 
 approached, and it was evidently intended 
 to be a final and decisive break with the 
 British, as confirmed by the action of the 
 Amir at this time. Whilst his envoy was 
 at Peshawar on a friendly mission to the 
 British Government, Sher Ali, at Kabul, 
 was busy preaching a jaliad, or " religious 
 war," against it, and summoning his sub- 
 
144 AFGHANISTAN AND THE AFGHANS. 
 
 jects to join the army lie had assembled 
 at Jalalabad. And this too without the 
 move of a single regiment on our part 
 towards the frontier. The Afghan envoy 
 was in very failing health at the time he 
 came to Peshawar, and he died there 
 shortly after the conclusion of his business, 
 in March, 1877. 
 
 And so ended the last attempt on our 
 part to renew amicable relations with the 
 Amir of Kabul. The breach between 
 Sher Ali and the British was now com- 
 plete and hopeless. After this Sher Ali 
 took possession of the fort of Ali Masjid 
 in the Khybar Pass, and garrisoning it 
 with his own troops, put guards upon all 
 the roads and passes towards Kabul, and, 
 in fact, closed his country entirely against 
 British subjects on the side of India. At 
 the same time, he issued strict orders for 
 
INTIMATE RELATIONS WITH RUSSIA. 145 
 
 the minutest precautions to be taken 
 against any intelligence from his country 
 reaching India, and severely punished and 
 harassed those of his subjects who were 
 suspected of being friendly to us. Yet 
 all this time, and up to the time of the 
 rebuff of Chamberlain's mission at the 
 Khybar, so great was the indifference of 
 our forbearance, that Sher All's post- 
 master and namesake was left alone un- 
 disturbed at Peshawar, to send his master 
 the daily telegrams from Europe, and our 
 own doings in India. 
 
 Of the course of events in Afghanistan 
 since this time — about the middle of 1877 
 — we have no reliable or connected ac- 
 count. It was known that after breaking 
 off his relations with us, Sher Ali at once 
 turned his thoughts to the Russians, and 
 courted the advances on their side which 
 
 K 
 
146 AFGHANISTAN AND THE AFGHANS. 
 
 he had so long kept at arm's length. But 
 what the nature of his communications 
 and negotiations with them now was, 
 remained a mystery. Bazar reports were 
 rife enough, and the gossip brought down 
 by Afghan traders of the sayings and 
 doings of the Kabul court were soon the 
 theme of discussion in every city of India. 
 In the midst of all that was heard there 
 was much that was interesting and in- 
 structive, as indicating the influence and 
 effects upon the people of Afghanistan of 
 thirty years' independent contact with 
 British rule ; and much that showed that 
 the people as a whole entirely disapproved 
 of Sher All's conduct towards the British 
 Government. The Englishman, officially 
 denounced at Kabul as the infidel and all 
 that was vile, was spoken of by these 
 people, away from the restraint of their 
 
PUBLIC OPINION IN AFGHANISTAN. 147 
 
 rulers, as tlie patron of justice and the 
 herald of peace and prosperity. Whilst 
 the Amir Slier Ali, at no time a popular 
 ruler, was upbraided for his ingratitude 
 and faithlessness, abused for his tyrannous 
 oppression, and viewed as a traitor for 
 admitting the Russian into Afghanistan. 
 In fact, the public opinion of the country 
 was divided into two great camps. In 
 the one, headed by the Amir, were the 
 nobles and their clansmen, the clergy, and 
 government officials of all ranks but the 
 lowest : in fact, in this camp were mus- 
 tered aU who held authority, place, and 
 position in the country. In the other, 
 headed by the great merchants and some 
 depressed nobles, were the trading com- 
 munity, the industrial classes in the cities, 
 and the agricultural populations in the 
 villages around them. The first was 
 K 2 
 
148 AFGHANISTAN AND THE AFGHANS. 
 
 bound to maintain its position at all 
 hazards. The second sighed for relief 
 from the burdens oppressing it, and looked 
 with a favouring eye upon the British ; 
 whilst apart from both parties were the 
 hill-tribes, who cared only to preserve 
 their independence. The classes in the 
 latter camp were wearied and worn by the 
 exactions and oppressions of their rulers, 
 and were ready to welcome any new 
 comer. They knew the British by reputa- 
 tion, and some of them by experience. 
 Under British rule there was law and 
 protection, and a man's liberty and earn- 
 ings were his own — blessings they had 
 heard of, but to which they were strangers 
 in their own country. They had heard of 
 the Russians, and knew them by repu- 
 tation as a fierce and powerful people, 
 who sided with the native rulers in grind- 
 
DIVIDED INTO TWO GREAT PARTIES. 149 
 
 ing and squeezing the people. They knew 
 nothing of the Russian rule in Turkistan, 
 but they did know British rule in India ; 
 and they also knew that the prosperity of 
 their country depended upon its trade 
 with India, despite the road-tolls, customs- 
 fees, and official exactions hampering it 
 in their own limits. In short they liked 
 the English rule, considered themselves 
 British subjects, and longed for the day 
 when the SarJcdr (government) should take 
 their country. 
 
 The classes in the former camp, by no 
 means blind to the spread of knowledge 
 amongst their people through their com- 
 merce with India, and the wonderful tales 
 they brought back of its railways, bazar 
 activity, and commercial prosperity, of its 
 security, order, and liberty, knew that 
 io-norance could not prevad for long, and 
 
150 AFGHANISTAN AND THE AFGHANS. 
 
 that the result of comparison would be the 
 growth of discontent and the necessity for 
 reformation. But the sweets of despotism 
 and irresponsibility are not easily sur- 
 rendered ; and hence the exclusive and re- 
 strictive policy pursued by the Government ; 
 hence the persistent refusal to receive 
 British oflQcers as political agents — for fear, 
 as was repeatedly stated by the Afghan 
 envoy at Peshawar, that their example 
 would make the people dissatisfied with 
 their own rulers ; and hence, too, the pre- 
 ference now shown by Sher Ali for the 
 Russian. It is stated on excellent authority 
 that Sher Ali has recently often avowed in 
 his public audiences at Kabul that he 
 would sooner lose his country than see his 
 subjects drawn away from his control by a 
 preference for the British system of rule. 
 In fact, so long as the Amir could keep 
 
CHANGES IN THE TOLITICAL SITUATION. 151 
 
 US out of liis country, and remain undis- 
 turbed in his despotism, lie Avas willing to 
 court our friendsliip and get out of us 
 what he could. And in this policy there 
 is no doubt that his people some years 
 back coincided. The progress of time, 
 however, has worked changes both in the 
 political situation and in the popular senti- 
 ment in Afghanistan. The rapid advances 
 made by. Russia in recent years towards 
 the Afghan frontier has of itself rendered 
 it necessary that we should have a free 
 and safe communication with that country, 
 and assure ourselves by trustworthy and 
 responsible agents of the integrity and 
 security of its territories, and of the free- 
 dom of its people from Russian inter- 
 ference and intrigue. Whilst, at the same 
 time, the increased growth of trade rela- 
 tions between the Afghans and Indians has 
 
152 AFGHANISTAN AND THE AFGHANS. 
 
 rendered it incumbent upon us to protect 
 their interests. For the trade of Afghanis- 
 tan is with Hindustan, and has been so 
 from time immemorial; and it is on this 
 trade that the prosperity of the country- 
 depends. This trade cannot be diverted 
 from its ancient channels, nor stopped even 
 for a short time, without bringing ruin 
 upon the country ; because the productions 
 of Afghanistan are also the productions of 
 Persia and Bukhara — her staple exports 
 are also their staple exports ; and because 
 the requirements of Afghanistan, her im- 
 ports, are only from India, and can be 
 profitably obtained only from India. The 
 trade relations of Afghanistan, in short, 
 bind her to India as strongly as do her 
 national affinities, and political necessities. 
 These facts are well known to the Afghans, 
 and fully appreciated by them, however 
 
UNWILLINGNESS TO DEAL WITH RUSSIA. 153 
 
 much it may suit their rulers to set them 
 aside for the advancement of personal 
 ambition. 
 
 Sher Ali, when he severed his connexion 
 with the Government of India after the 
 Peshawar conference, had no intention of 
 immediately throwing himself into the 
 arms of R-ussia. He hated and feared the 
 Russian even more than he did the English, 
 and was determined to the utmost of his 
 power to keep both alike out of his terri- 
 tory as long as he possibly could. He 
 knew perfectly well that his own best 
 interests and those of his people were on 
 the side of India and of the British, and 
 not on the side of Persia or of Turkistan — 
 of the Persian or the Russian. But he 
 considered that he was indispensable to us; 
 that we could not do without his friend- 
 ship ; and that if he only brought sufificient 
 
154 AFGHANISTAN AND THE AFGHANS. 
 
 pressure to bear upon us, we should be 
 obliged to give in and accept his terms. 
 He encouraged the Russian advances, and 
 shut up his country to us in the hope of 
 intimidating us into concessions and over- 
 tures for a renewal of friendly relations, 
 counting still upon the forbearance and 
 conciliation we had shown on former occa- 
 sions. And when he found that he had 
 gone too far, and overshot the mark, his 
 pride carried him farther away upon the 
 false track, and he allowed himself to be 
 entoiled in the web of Russian intrigue 
 and seduction. 
 
 In this course Sher Ali was doubtless, 
 seeing his own failure to coerce us, to 
 some extent influenced by the course of 
 events in Europe in connexion with the 
 Russo-Turkish war, the incidents and suc- 
 cessive phases of which were watched and 
 
CAUSES WHICH INFLUENCED HIS DECISION. 155 
 
 discussed with the keenest interest in 
 Kabul. During the progress of the war, 
 and long before he had clearly identified 
 himself with the Russian interest, ^her Ali 
 received an envoy from the Sultan of 
 Turkey, warning him against the Russian 
 as the declared enemy of Islam, and ad- 
 vising him to make up his differences w^ith 
 the British Government, which was the 
 well-wisher and protector of all Muham- 
 madans. This at least was the ostensible 
 errand of the Turkish envoy. But Khu- 
 lusi Effendi, if there be any reliance on 
 popular rumour, drew such a picture at 
 Kabul of the perfidy of England in desert- 
 ing her ancient ally in the hour of his 
 peril and distress, that Sher Ali was rather 
 more inclined than otherwise towards the 
 Russian. After this, the subject of the 
 Russian alhance was spoken of more favour- 
 
156 AFGHANISTAN AND THE AFGHANS. 
 
 ably at court, and discussed more freely tlian 
 ever — with Russian agents and emissaries 
 in the place to give the turn and furnish 
 arguments in fa\^our of their side — whilst 
 the timidity of England was set down to 
 conscious weakness and decay. 
 
 The merits of the two Great Powers 
 were discussed seriatim, and the balance 
 struck in favour of Russia. England, 
 argued the Amir's advisers, was a selfish 
 power, working only for the advancement 
 of her own interests. It was true that 
 since the Shah Shuja' episode she had 
 assisted the Barakzai; but this was as 
 much to her own advantage as to the 
 benefit of the Afghan, since the interests 
 of both were identical in the preservation 
 of the country as an independent state. 
 In short, where they did not see their own 
 immediate interests afi*ected, they did not 
 
DISCUSSIONS IN THE KABUL COURT. 157 
 
 trouble, or care to trouble, themselves on 
 belialf of the Afghan. How did they 
 treat the Amir during the civil war for the 
 succession after the death of Dost Mu- 
 hammad ? "Was it a fair or a friendly act 
 to acknowledge as Amir the successful 
 rival against the claims and rights of the 
 acknowledged heir ? How did they treat 
 Sher Ali after he succeeded in recovering 
 his "God-granted" throne and went to 
 India to meet the Viceroy ? Did they 
 accede to any of the requests he preferred 
 for the recognition of his chosen heir, or 
 the conclusion of a treaty, or the grant of 
 a subsidy ? No, the Enghsh looked to 
 their own interests and discarded those of 
 the Amir. How did they treat the dignity 
 of the Amir in sending their agent without 
 his knowledge to his Governor of Badakh- 
 shan ? Was that a right procedure on the 
 
158 AFGHANISTAN AND THE AFGHANS. 
 
 part of one friendly government towards 
 another ? What was their conduct in the 
 matter of the Amir's punishment of his 
 rebellious son Yacub Khan? Was that 
 an adherence to their repeated assurances 
 of an abstention from interference in the 
 domestic affairs of Afghanistan ? How did 
 they settle the Sistan question? Was 
 giving away the Amir's territory to the 
 Persian, and "blackening his face" before 
 the world, a just settlement or honourable 
 discharge of the duty they undertook for 
 us ? What is their move to Quetta ? Do 
 they mean to take Kandahar from us? 
 And what is their last dealing with us? 
 Is it fair to demand the concession of the 
 location of their officers in our frontier 
 towns before proceeding with negotiation ? 
 What are we to do with a government 
 which treats us thus? Who encourao-ed 
 
ENGLAND AND EUSSIA BALANCED. 159 
 
 US to raise an army, and gave us arms for 
 the pm'pose ? And now that we have 
 raised a large army for the defence of their 
 frontiers and India, why do they refuse us 
 lielp to maintain it ? Is this fair deahng ? 
 This is our experience of the British. 
 
 Russia, on the other hand — though 
 equally the infidel, " God's curse upon 
 them both !" — has done us no injury. We 
 know her as a great, a powerful, and 
 a victorious nation of whom England is 
 afraid, and at whose growing strength she 
 is alarmed and disconcerted. If England 
 felt herself able to oppose Russia, why did 
 she reject the appeals of the distressed 
 Amirs of Khocand, and Bukhara, and 
 Khiva, and refuse them her support and 
 encouragement? "What has come of her 
 alliance and treaty with Atalic Ghazi ? 
 And what is the fate of Kasho^Lar now? 
 
160 AFGHANISTAN AND THE AFGHANS. 
 
 Was England able to stop Russia in the 
 war against the Sultan? Then, why did 
 she desert her old ally ? Was Sebastopol 
 a victory or a defeat ? No, England can- 
 not withstand Russia. She cannot with- 
 stand her here without us, and yet she does 
 not value our aid. Then Russia is our 
 game. She means to attack India, and she 
 will for her own purposes help us to recon- 
 quer our lost territories there. This is our 
 chance, and in Russia our hope now centres. 
 The Russian rule, besides, is preferable to 
 that of the British, who depress the nobility 
 and raise the mob ; whereas Russia leaves 
 the nobility to rule their people after their 
 own fashion, and requires only loyalty and 
 revenue. Let us then vote for Russia. 
 
 With arguments such as these the court 
 of Kabul balanced England against Russia, 
 and turned the scales in favour of the 
 
TURKEY AND THE STATES OF CENTEAL ASIA. IGl 
 
 latter. But besides all these there was 
 another motive which was not without 
 weight at this crisis in inducing Slier Ali 
 to cast in his lot Avith Russia. He was 
 well aware tliat when Atalic Ghazi in 
 1864-5 established himself as an indepen- 
 dent ruler in Kashghar, he sought to secure 
 himself against Russia — into whose hands 
 his native country of Tashkand had passed 
 before he entered upon his career of con- 
 quest in Chinese Turkistan, and of whose 
 empire he was consequently a subject — by 
 getting himself acknowledged as a feuda- 
 tory of the Sultan of Turkey ; a project in 
 which he was favoured with the influence 
 and moral support of the Government of 
 India. Sher Ali was also aware that it 
 was the aim of Atalic Ghazi, after lie 
 assumed the title of Amir Yacub Beg under 
 the flagof Turkey, to effect a confederation 
 
 L 
 
162 AFGHANISTAN AND THE AFGHANS. 
 
 of tlie states of Central Asia under the 
 same flag; and lie foresaw what his own 
 fate would be if this scheme were carried 
 out, for he would then have no alternative 
 but to lapse into a feudatory himself — and, 
 more than merely probable, of the British 
 Government. The danger of this, so far 
 as Sher Ali was concerned, was yet remote 
 at that time ; but for Russia the mere con- 
 ception of such a scheme was a near and 
 pressing danger, and one that required 
 immediate tackling. And this was done by 
 Russia dealing her blow straight at the 
 head. The diplomatic skill, the political 
 sagacity, and the courageous action of 
 Russia for the aversion of this vital danger 
 to her empire in Asia, won — as it well 
 might — the admiration of Sher Ali, and 
 Russia's success so far in the enteriDrise has 
 increased his confidence in her prestige. 
 
THE EUSSIAN MISSION IN KABUL. 103 
 
 And with all these causes at work it is 
 noways strange that Sher Ali in July last 
 welcomed a Russian Mission to Kabul. 
 
 All that passed at this time between Sher 
 Ali and tlio Russians was kept so pro- 
 foundly secret that in India we had no 
 knowledge of the approaching Mission 
 until it had already arrived at Kabul, and 
 for several days enjoyed the hospitality of 
 the Amir. The Russians were treated at 
 Kabul with the greatest distinction, reviews 
 were held in their honour, and the chiefs 
 and representatives of the people were 
 summoned from all parts of the country to 
 meet the new friends of the Amir, the new 
 allies of the nation. It appears, in fact, 
 from the manner of his entertainment, that 
 Sher All's object was to give the whole 
 proceeding a national character. And the 
 Russians in accepting this role have thrown 
 L 2 
 
164 AFGHANISTAN AND THE AFGHANS. 
 
 down the gauntlet to us for supremacy in 
 the frontier province of our own empire. 
 Violating her repeated promises and engage- 
 ments — which of course cannot be con- 
 sidered more binding than " the sacred word 
 of honour of his Imperial Majesty the 
 Tsar" — Russia has after long-continued 
 and persevering efforts succeeded in gain- 
 ing a footing in Afghanistan, and supplant- 
 ing us there — in territory which is Indian 
 and not Tatar; which is Khorassan and 
 not Turkistan. Her presence and influence 
 there can only mean mischief to us, and is 
 not to be tolerated if we value our own 
 position in India; especially after the 
 very significant manner in which Sher Ali 
 has welcomed his new allies, and empha- 
 sized his change of policy. The challenge 
 thus thrown down by Russia has not 
 quailed England, the British arms have 
 
ACTION OF THE BRITISH GOVERNMENT. 165 
 
 crossed the frontier, and are now on Afghan 
 soil. But before taking this decisive step 
 the British Government, with that patience 
 and forbearance which have throughout 
 characterized its dealings with the Govern- 
 ment of Afghanistan, sought to give the 
 Amir a last chance of retrieving his false 
 position. 
 
 As soon as the Government became 
 aware of the actual lengths to which Sher 
 Ali had gone in violation of his engage- 
 ments, it resolved to send forthwith a 
 counter-mission to Kabul, to demand ex- 
 planations of the Amir ; and the urgency 
 of this measure was the greater by reason 
 of the action taken by Russia in falsifi- 
 cation of her solemn pledges to abstain 
 fi'om interference in the affairs of Afghan- 
 istan ; whilst the object could be attained 
 by no other means but a British Mission, 
 
166 AFGHANISTAN AND THE AFGHANS. 
 
 because tlie Amir liad adopted a course of 
 reticence and estrangement which pro- 
 scribed the resort to other agency of the 
 same friendly nature. He not only closed 
 his roads against us, but he steadily 
 refused to answer the letters addressed 
 to liim by the Viceroy. 
 
 Accordingly, Nawab Ghulam Hasan 
 Khan, C.S.I., a native gentleman, who had 
 formerly resided at Kabul as British 
 Agent at the court of the Amir, was sent 
 forward to inform Sher Ali of the approach 
 of a British Mission, and to request his 
 good offices for its safe conduct and 
 honourable treatment on the journey 
 through his territories. He was also the 
 bearer of a letter addressed by the Viceroy 
 to Sher Ali. The reception of our mes- 
 senger by the Amir, though not openly 
 dishonourable, was by no means friendly, 
 
DHrARTUT?E OF BRITISH MISSION DELAYED. 167 
 
 for ho was placed under strict surveillance 
 bordering upon imprisonment, and was 
 allowed to make no communications to his 
 own government that did not first pass 
 through Sher All's hands and scrutiny. 
 At this juncture, about the 17th July, 
 Sardar Abdulla Jan, the favourite son and 
 heir apparent of the Amir, died at Kabul 
 of fever; and the event being made the 
 most of for procrastination, the Govern- 
 ment of India unhesitatingly postponed 
 their business with the Amir till the ex- 
 piry of the full period of fort}^ days of 
 mourning, and in the interim the Viceroy 
 addressed a letter of condolence to Sher 
 Ali upon his bereavement. The grief 
 which left this letter unanswered, and 
 deferred the attention to business on the 
 side of India, was not so obstructive on 
 the side of Turkistan, and messenwrs and 
 
168 AFGHANISTAN AND THE AFGHANS. 
 
 letters passed to and fro in hot haste 
 between Kabul and Tashkand without 
 intermission. In this interval the arrange- 
 ments of the Mission were completed, and 
 the party assembled at Peshawar early in 
 September in readiness to start. To give 
 the Mission the best chances of success 
 and the Amir every confidence in its friend- 
 liness, the Viceroy selected Sir Neville B. 
 Chamberlain, an officer of high rank and 
 distinction, who had long experience and 
 intimate acquaintance with the Afghan 
 people and country, and was besides a per- 
 sonal friend and acknowledged favourite of 
 Sher Ali, for the chief command. 
 
 It was evident, however, on the arrival 
 of the Mission at Peshawar that the Amir 
 had not only made no arrangements for 
 its reception, but, on the contrary, had 
 taken very decisive measures to prevent 
 
HOSTILE MEASURES TAKEN BY SHER ATJ. 1G9 
 
 its euteriug bis territory. He had issued 
 peremptory orders to the officers in com- 
 mand of his frontier outposts to close the 
 road against us, should wo attempt a pas- 
 sage, and to use force if necessary to 
 prevent our passing the frontier. At the 
 same time he strengthened his garrison at 
 Ali Masjid with troops from Dhaka, and 
 reinforced the army collected there with 
 fresh troops from the capital. And finally, 
 a day or two previous to the date fixed 
 for the start of the Mission, he sent 
 Mirakhir Ahmad Khan, Governor of 
 Jalalabad, down to the Kh3^bar outpost 
 to see that our passage was efi"ectually 
 barred. Besides these manifest signs of 
 Sher Ali's intentions, his commandant in 
 the fort of Ali Masjid repeatedly and 
 plainly informed the Peshawar authorities 
 that his orders were positive to prevent 
 
170 AFGHANISTAN AND THE AFGHANS. 
 
 the passage of the Mission, that he had 
 been reprimanded for having given pas- 
 sage to Nawab Ghulam Hasan Khan, the 
 Viceroy's messenger, and that if the Mis- 
 sion attempted to pass his post against 
 orders and without a permit from the 
 Amir, he had no ahernative but to abide 
 by his orders as a soldier, and to use force 
 to prevent its passage. 
 
 Such being the state of affairs, and 
 time passing away with no reply, or 
 probability of a reply, coming from the 
 Amir, it was decided that the Mission 
 should advance to the Khybar and 
 put to the test the assertions of the 
 Amir's commandant at Ali Masjid. So, 
 on the morning of the 20th September, 
 the Mission marched from Peshawar to 
 Jamrud, at the entrance to the Khybar 
 Pass, and camped there ; whilst Major 
 
THE BEITISn MISSION REFUSED PASSAGE. 171 
 
 Cavagnari, accompanied bj CoIodcI Jen- 
 kins and Captain Wygram Battye, of tlie 
 Corps of Guides, and twenty-four troopers 
 of the regiment as escort, together with a 
 small party of our own frontier village 
 chiefs, and some representatives of the 
 pass Afridis, rode on to Ali Masjid to see 
 the commandant, and personally ascertain 
 whether the road was open to the Mission 
 or not. The commandant, Fyz Muham- 
 mad Khan, met Major Cavagnari and 
 Colonel Jenkins (who with a few atten- 
 dants advanced somewhat from the rest 
 of their small party) at a spot a few 
 hundred yards outside the fort, and in 
 the course of the parley that ensued told 
 them plainly what he had before com- 
 municated to the Peshawar Commissioner, 
 namely, that his orders were to prevent 
 the passage of the Mission, and that if it 
 
172 AFGHANISTAN AND THE AFGHANS. 
 
 attempted to pass after this warning, he 
 would be obHged to open fire upon it to 
 turn it back. Fjz Muhammad also drew 
 attention to the flict of Major Cavagnari 
 being attended by a party of Afridi tribes- 
 men, subjects of the Amir, and properly 
 under his own command; censured him 
 for seducing them from their allegiance, 
 and said that, had he acted on strictly 
 military principles, instead of on friendly 
 motives, he would have been justified in 
 firing upon the armed party approaching 
 his fort in company with the Major. The 
 refusal of a passage having been clearly 
 established, and the conversation trenching 
 upon delicate ground, amongst an audience 
 continuously growing by fresh arrivals 
 from the fort. Major Cavagnari skil- 
 fully brought the interview to a close, 
 and both parties returned on their respec- 
 
ITS EETURN AND DISSOLUTION. 173 
 
 tive ways, Major Cavagnari and Fyz 
 Muhammad shaking hands on departure 
 as on meeting. 
 
 On the following day Sir N". Chamber- 
 lain returned to Peshawar with his camp, 
 and the Mission was then and there 
 dissolved, and the Viceroy's messenger 
 recalled from Kabul. Thus came to a 
 crisis the for years unsatisfactory, and of 
 late unsafe, state of our relations with the 
 Amir of Kabul. The rebuff of the Mission 
 was decided, and the rejection of this last 
 effort to adjust differences by friendly 
 means premeditated. Sher Ali's act was 
 meant to be insulting, and the insult was 
 all the greater because it was unprovoked, 
 and in the face of a long-enduring forbear- 
 ance, such as no other great government 
 would have had the courage to show. 
 The conduct of Sher Ali throughout the 
 
174 AFGHANISTAN AND THE AFGHANS. 
 
 course that lias culminated in this final 
 step of his beyond the pale of consideration 
 from the British Government, is what was 
 foreseen and predicted by those who have 
 had opportunities of learning the Afglian 
 character, and studying Afghan politics. 
 The occasion is a good warning to us to 
 trust no more to a broken reed. Sher 
 All's conduct towards the Britisli Govern- 
 ment in this his defection from its alliance, 
 and rejection of its friendship, is condemned 
 by a very large portion of his own subjects, 
 and by public opinion in India generally. 
 It is the result of the instability and fickle 
 ambition of the Afghan character, when 
 let loose to its own devices, without the 
 restraint of a paramount and guiding 
 authority. It is the fruit of the exclusive 
 policy initiated by Dost Muhammad and 
 left by him as a legacy to his successors, 
 
A BRITISH AKMY SENT TO THE FEONTIER. 175 
 
 whereby the country was hedged about 
 with a wall of ignorance and prejudice, 
 and kept stationary in its mediaeval bar- 
 barism, whilst the rest of the world around 
 it was advancing in the paths of civiliza- 
 tion. 
 
 On the rejection of its friendly Mission 
 by tlie Amir, the Government of India 
 had no alternative but the resort to 
 force. Orders were promptly issued for 
 the assemblage of an army for service in 
 the field, and it was expected that the 
 Amir's insult would be at once avenged by 
 the invasion of his territory. The British 
 Government, however, averse to hasty 
 action, resolved to give the Amir yet 
 another opportunity of recovering his 
 forfeited place in its friendship, and, ac- 
 cordingly the Government of India, post- 
 poning immediate action, addressed an 
 
176 AFGHANISTAN AND THE AFGHANS. 
 
 ultimatum to Slier Ali, and granted him 
 up to the 20th jSTovember for a satisfactory 
 reply — the period of grace allowing ample 
 time for an answer. The date fixed upon 
 in due course came, but with it no reply. 
 Sher Ali was obdurate, and obstinately 
 maintained his silence. The order went 
 forth, and on the morrow the British arms 
 crossed the frontier into Afghan territory, 
 and war against Sher Ali became an 
 accomplished fact. 
 
 How and where the war now begun is 
 destined to terminate, time will show. 
 But it will be our own fault, if, with the 
 opportunity now before us, we do not 
 settle the question of our Indian frontier 
 in this direction once and for all. It 
 behoves us to remember, and the fact 
 requires to be impressed upon our minds, 
 that in our invasion of Afghanistan now. 
 
THE TROOPS ENTER AFGHANISTAN. 177 
 
 it is not the Amir of Kabul that we have 
 to deal with alone, but with the fate and 
 disposal of the entire territory over which 
 we have recognized his rule, and which we 
 have made for him what it is. But for 
 our consistent aid and countenance, and 
 very material support during the past 
 thirty years, the rule and possessions of 
 the Amir of Kabul would never have 
 extended beyond the province of that 
 name itself. The country would have 
 remained a dismembered state held 
 piecemeal by local native chiefs, eter- 
 nally at feud with each other, and in- 
 triguing with foreigners for the main- 
 tenance of theii' several isolated positions. 
 For the possession and retention of Kan- 
 dahar, Herat, and Balkh the Amir Sher 
 All Khan is indebted to the British 
 Government; and it behoves us to take 
 
 M 
 
178 AFGHANISTAN AND THE AFGHANS. 
 
 care that — either through the act of Sher 
 Ali, or the interference of any other power 
 — the solidarity of the Afghan possessions 
 is not destroyed or damaged by our 
 invasion. 
 
 We have now in entering Afghanistan 
 to provide not only for its internal security 
 and order, but we have also to provide 
 for the safety of its frontiers against 
 external aggression and intrigue. And the 
 only way in which these objects of vital 
 importance to the success of our enter- 
 prise, and of lasting benefit to the empire, 
 can be attained with any prospect of a 
 satisfactory and stable result, is by our 
 taking their arrangement, execution, and 
 control directly into our own hands. 
 With British garrisons at Kabul, Kan- 
 dahar, Herat, and Balkh — for which the 
 existing army of India with but slight 
 
THE WAR AGAINST SHER ALI KHAN. 179 
 
 increment is amply sufficient in ordinary- 
 times — Afghanistan will be pacified, and 
 Russia in the direction of Persia and 
 Bukhara be deprived of an object of am- 
 bition and field of intrigue. 
 
 Afghanistan thus secured, her people 
 around these centres of protection will 
 devote themselves to industry and the 
 profits of a for long untilled soil. And 
 prosperity radiating will soon spread over 
 the country to the development of its 
 rich treasures and internal resources, and 
 to the speedy creation of a real bulwark 
 of the British Empire in India. Of the 
 realization of this picture we have solid 
 grounds of hope in the brilliant results 
 of the experiment of British rule over the 
 million of our Afghan subjects on the 
 Trans-Indus frontier. And that, too, 
 under the disadvantageous circumstances 
 M 2 
 
180 AFGHANISTAN AND THE AFGHANS. 
 
 of their contact with the independent and 
 lawless hill-tribes, who are free from the 
 pressure and control of any government 
 or fixed authority behind them. 
 
 Leaving alone the discussion of the 
 military and political aspects of our occu- 
 pation of Afghanistan as questions for the 
 consideration and settlement of govern- 
 ments, let us inquire who the people of 
 Afghanistan are, and see what are their 
 affinities and relations with the people 
 of Hindustan. 
 
 The Afghan nation, as understood by 
 us, comprises all the inhabitants proper 
 of Afghanistan. And this leads to the 
 inquiry — What is Afghanistan? Literally, 
 the word means " place or country of 
 the Afghan," as Hindustan does of the 
 Hindu, and Turkistan of the Turk, &c. 
 But it is not a geographical term in the 
 
WHAT IS AFGHANISTAN ? 181 
 
 same sense as the examples mentioned. 
 Nor is it the name used by the Afghans 
 themselves to designate their country. 
 The term appears to have come into pro- 
 minent use only in modern times, to desig- 
 nate the territory in which the Afghan is 
 the dominant race — just as Balochistan 
 signifies the territory of the Baloch. Both 
 at the same time being divisions of an 
 extensive geographical area known by the 
 name of Khorassan. And this is the term 
 used by both Afghan and Baloch to de- 
 signate their native country — the terms 
 Afghanistan and Balochistan being em- 
 ployed only by foreigners. 
 
 The word Khorassan itself is said to be 
 a mere euphonism of Khoristan or "the 
 country of the sun," " the place of light." 
 Or, in other words, "the East," "the 
 Orient," as being the easternmost or Indian 
 
182 AFGHANISTAN AND THE AFGHANS. 
 
 province of the ancient Persian Empire — 
 of the empire of Cyrus and Darius. The 
 terminal word stan or istaii means, when 
 affixed in combination with another word, 
 "the place where a thing abounds," as 
 hohistan, "the place of hills, highlands," 
 or guUstmij "the place of flowers, a gar- 
 den," or nayistdn, " the place of reeds, a 
 reedy swamp," or inglistan, " England, the 
 country of the English," and so on. 
 
 Amongst themselves, however, the Af- 
 ghans more commonly speak of their 
 country as Pukhtun-khwa, " Pathan coun- 
 try," or Watan-khwa, " Home country" — 
 the terminal word in their own language 
 signifying " side, quarter, tract, coast." 
 But these terms carry with them the pre- 
 cise definition of the country actually 
 peopled by the Pukhtun themselves, in 
 distinction to the territory peopled by 
 
THE TROVINCE OF KHORASSAN. 183 
 
 foreign tribes amongst them or connected 
 witli them, as Kafiristan by the Kafir, and 
 Hazarajat by the Hazara, &c., within the 
 integral area of Khorassan. 
 
 Again, the term Khorassan is used to 
 designate a well-known geographical area, 
 as well as a distinct portion of it, just as 
 the word England is used to designate the 
 whole island as well as a distinct portion 
 of it. The limits of the whole area are 
 held to be the Indus river on the east, and 
 the desert of Yazd on the west ; the river 
 Oxus (in its ancient course) on the north, 
 and the Arabian sea on the south. That 
 is to say, Khorassan is bounded on the east 
 by Hindustan or India, and on the west 
 by Iran or Persia ; on the north by Turan 
 or Turkistan — which was called by the 
 Arab conquerors Mawaranahar, "beyond 
 the river," or Transoxiana — and on the 
 
184 AFGHANISTAN AND THE AFGHANS. 
 
 soutli by tlie sea. The lesser portion of 
 this region — designated by the same name 
 as the whole — is a narrow strip of high- 
 land country which lies north and south 
 along its western coasts. It is generally 
 distinguished as Irani Khorassan on ac- 
 count of its long possession — in the 
 modern age, only interrupted by the short- 
 lived conquest of the Durrani — by the 
 Persians, who, indeed, in the thirteenth 
 century held the whole region down to 
 the Indus. How they came to lose this 
 territory we need not here delay to in- 
 quire; but we may note that their hold 
 of it appears to have been finally shaken 
 by the invasion of Changiz Khan during 
 the first half of that century. In fact, this 
 Mongol conqueror, like his predecessor 
 Sabaktakin the Turk, in his devastatinsr 
 course over the country, produced a very 
 
THE INVASIONS OF THE TUEK AND TATAE. 185 
 
 considerable dislocation of the population, 
 and left a powerful colony of his country- 
 men firmly planted in the stronghold of the 
 territory, where they are to this day, as 
 we shall see farther on. Changiz at the 
 time of his invasion found the Peshawar 
 valley held by Irac or Persian troops, and 
 the adjoining valley of Swat — which was 
 then called Swati Gabri, or Swat of the 
 Gabr — a stronghold of the Fire-worship- 
 pers. That the Persians dominated this 
 region for long after the catastrophe of 
 the Mongol invasion is certain, for under 
 their recovered sway the Mongol colony 
 forgot its mother tongue and learned the 
 Persian. At this period, and onwards 
 up to the time of the Mughal conquest 
 under Babur, the language of Kho- 
 rassan was Persian, the Pukhto and 
 other dialects being confined to the hill- 
 
186 AFGHANISTAN AND THE AFGHANS. 
 
 regions and inaccessible corners of the 
 country. 
 
 The hmits of Irani Khorassan are not 
 well defined, and would appear to be more 
 of a political than of a tribal or geo- 
 graphical character. The country gene- 
 rally may be said to comprise the suc- 
 cession of elevated valleys and plateaux 
 which echelon the range of hills extending 
 from Mashhad in the north to Korian in 
 the south, together with the strip of 
 country skirting its base on either side. 
 In fact, if it had not remained a possession 
 of Persia, the distinction of name would 
 not have arisen, and the territory would 
 have formed part of the province or 
 country of Hari, to which it properly 
 belongs. It is, however, separated from 
 Herat by a belt of desert and sand which 
 extends north and south between Khaf and 
 
MOUNTAIN BAERIEES OF THE EEGION. 187 
 
 Sistan. As it is, this region forms a but- 
 tress of hills on the west side of Khorassan 
 corresponding with that on the east side 
 formed by the range of the Suleman 
 mountains — the two being connected to- 
 wards the north by the cross range of the 
 Hindu Kush and its western prolonga- 
 tions. 
 
 These three mountain barriers, with 
 their hohdaman, or " mountain skirt," 
 along the outer base of each, form the 
 true boundaries of Khorassan — boundaries 
 which, as before mentioned, are the Indus 
 on the east, the Oxus in the line of its 
 ancient course on the north, and the 
 desert of Yazd on the west. The region 
 thus defined is the Khorassan of the 
 ancient Persian Empire — its province of 
 India — and up to the time of the Arab 
 conquest in the eighth century of our era 
 
188 AFGHANISTAN AND THE AFGHANS. 
 
 Persian was tlie common language of tlie 
 country, and the Persian was its dominant 
 people. The language is still spoken, and 
 with but comparatively little change, in 
 several parts of the country inhabited by 
 the representatives of its ancient rulers — as 
 in Sistan and Makran towards the south- 
 west, and in Ghorband and Badakhshan 
 towards the north-east, as well as in many 
 parts of the interior of Balochistan and 
 Afghanistan, where the Parsiwan and the 
 Tajik are found at the present day. And 
 it is the language of the Hazara Mongols 
 in Ghor. 
 
 Khorassan, then, is the region buttressed 
 against Iran on the west, and Hindustan on 
 the east, and Turkistan on the north by 
 great mountain ranges, the two first of 
 which abut upon the Arabian sea towards 
 the south — in which direction they are con- 
 
CLIMATE AND SOIL OF THE COUNTRY. 189 
 
 nected by a cross-line of bold cliffs and sea 
 coast. Tlie wliole region is mountainous 
 and elevated, and presents a very diversified 
 aspect, so far as concerns its physical con- 
 figuration. And the remarkable feature of 
 this region is that its interior has no river 
 that reaches the sea. The mountains in 
 the north are more or less clothed with 
 forests ; in the south they are bare; whilst 
 in both directions the valleys are fertile 
 and watered by perennial streams. The 
 central region spreads out into wide plains 
 or steppes, and these are coursed by rivers 
 which concentrate in the south-west of the 
 area, where the space is occupied by a vast 
 desert of moving sands. As may be 
 naturally understood, the valleys in the 
 north and south are the principal centres of 
 population — they are, apart from the cities, 
 the sites where the population is densest. 
 
190 AFGHANISTAN AND THE AFGHANS. 
 
 The climate of the region is as diver- 
 sified as its surface, the seasons being 
 largely affected by the natural configura- 
 tion of the land. Spring and summer, 
 which are delightful seasons and mild or 
 temperate in the sheltered valleys and on 
 the elevated plateaux, are tryingly hot 
 and arid, or intolerably scorching on the 
 steppes and borders of the desert, and 
 amongst the bare rocky hills of the south. 
 The autumn and winter, which in the 
 sheltered valleys of the north are severe 
 only from the hardships of snow, are 
 rigorous on the elevated plateaux of the 
 south and the wide steppes of the central 
 region from the blighting effects of keen 
 winds and biting frosts. In the north the 
 people are fair or rufous, in the south they 
 are dusky or black. 
 
 Considered from a national as well as 
 
ITS NATIONAL DIVISIONS. 191 
 
 political point of view, Khorassan com- 
 prises two great countries with many- 
 points of resemblance, few of divergence — 
 they are Balochistan and Afghanistan. 
 The distinction between the two is of 
 modern date and more of a political 
 nature, the ancient polity having been one 
 and the same for both. In fact, the 
 Afghan and Baloch consider each other 
 of allied race — as brethren descended from 
 a common stock. Balochistan is the smaller 
 country of the two, and occupies only the 
 southern portion of the whole region. 
 
 In the time of the ancient sovereignty 
 of India its people were Budhist, and in 
 that of Persia they were Magian (Magh, 
 Gabr) as to reUgion. KeUcs of both these 
 religions are still extant in the country. 
 Of the first in the cheda or "funeral pillars," 
 which are still erected by the Brahoe no- 
 
192 AFGHANISTAN AND THE AFGHANS. 
 
 mads, as well as in the wedding-rings 
 formed by them of stones set in circles on 
 their pasture-grounds (see my " Indus to 
 the Tigris : " Triibner and Co.). The funeral 
 pillars, though the fact is unknown to the 
 people of the present day, who are pro- 
 fessedly — and very much more so than 
 practically — Musalman, are the representa- 
 tives of the Budhist chaitiya or chorten^ 
 which is still in full force in the Budhist 
 countries of Nepal and Ladak, and is to be 
 traced amongst the Afghans and Pathans 
 in the tsalai, or the heap of stones piled 
 over the graves of their saints and religious 
 martyrs. The wedding-rings, on the other 
 hand, are emblems of the yunilingam type 
 adopted from the Brahmin, whose religion 
 supplanted that of Buddha. And of the 
 other in the gahr or gmir-hand or gaur-hasta 
 — the stone platforms of the dtash-Jcada or 
 
BUDHISM AND FIRE-WORSHIP. 193 
 
 " fire temple." The term gaurhand or 
 gaurbasta of itself gives no clue to the 
 real object and nature of these structures. 
 The meaning conveyed by the term is 
 simply something "made or built up by 
 the Gabr," and is evidently one employed 
 by foreigners. Probably the name was first 
 applied to these relics of the Fire-worship- 
 pers by the early Arab conquerors, who 
 swept them and theirs clean out of the 
 country, or else by their successors, who, as 
 Musalmans and iconoclasts, cared nothing 
 for the antiquities of the pagan and the 
 infidel. However, putting aside the con- 
 sideration of Balochistan and its people — 
 the subject, full of interest as it is, not 
 being immediately connected with the 
 purpose of our present inquiry — let us 
 confine our attention to Afghanistan and 
 the Afghan people , 
 
 N 
 
194 AFGHANISTAN AND THE AFGHANS. 
 
 By Afghanistan is meant the northern 
 division of the Korassan country previously 
 defined. Its southern hmits, from the 
 river Indus, westward are along the line 
 of the valleys of Sibi, Peshin, and Sho- 
 rawak to the desert of Sistan, and that 
 province itself. The country is divided 
 into numerous districts, many of which 
 retain ancient names, the origin and sig- 
 nification of which are subjects inviting 
 investigation, whilst others are named 
 after the tribes now occupying them. But 
 besides these, there are several large 
 divisions of the territory which consti- 
 tute distinct countries or provinces with 
 marked differences between them. The 
 principal of these are Roh and Kabul, 
 Zabul and Sistan, Hari and Ghor, and 
 Balkh and Badakhshan. The limits of 
 none of them are very clearly defined, and 
 
KABULISTAN AND ZABULISTAN. ] 95 
 
 as employed at the present day the several 
 terms are used very loosely in the coupled 
 connexion above given. Thus Roh and 
 Kabul are often spoken of as one and the 
 same country, yet there are parts of Roh 
 which are not Kabul, and there are parts 
 of Kabul which are not Roh. And this, 
 apart altogether from the political sense in 
 which the name Kabul is used (from the 
 fact of its being the recognized seat of 
 government) to designate the entire terri- 
 tory of the kingdom or khanate. And so 
 it is with Zabul and Sistan, the latter being 
 spoken of as Zabul, but all Zabul not being 
 Sistan. In other words, Kabul and Zabul, 
 or Kabulistan and Zabulistan, are two 
 great divisions of country : one of which 
 contains Roh and the other Sistan. It is 
 to some extent the same with Hari and 
 Ghor, and to a lesser extent also with the 
 N 2 
 
196 AFGHANISTAN AND THE AFGHANS. 
 
 Balkh and Badakhslian provinces. Still, 
 notwithstanding this loose apj^lication of the 
 names, there is a distinction between the 
 several countries to which they properly 
 belong, and I propose to consider each 
 separately in as brief terms as possible. 
 
 Roh is said to have the same signification 
 as Koh, which means " Mountain," and in- 
 cludes all the country of the Suleman 
 range and Khybar hills, as far as it is 
 occupied by Pathans. That is to say, from 
 Bajaur and Boner in the north, to Sibi and 
 Peshin in the south ; and from the river 
 Indus on the east, to Ghazni and the 
 Khwaja Amran range on the west. The 
 people of this country call themselves 
 Rohilai, and are known in India as Ro- 
 hilla. In Persia and w^estern countries 
 they are more generally styled Sulemani, a 
 term which is familiar to the people of the 
 
THE COUNTRY OF EOH AND THE EOHILLA. 197 
 
 central part of the region only. In Eng- 
 lish the terms Roh and Rohilai are correctly 
 rendered by " Highlands " and " High- 
 lander." During the successive invasions 
 of India by Mahmud of Ghazni in the 
 tenth century whole tribes of these hill- 
 people, with their families and flocks, 
 accompanied his armies as military colo- 
 nists, and settled in different parts of the 
 conquered territory; notably in the district 
 to the north of Oude, which is named 
 after them Rohilkand — a district which 
 there are grounds for believing was the 
 home of their remote ancestors. These 
 Highlanders are a very martial people, and 
 addicted to soldiering. Large numbers of 
 them are to be found in the ranks of our 
 Native army, and amongst the forces 
 maintained by our feudatory princes and 
 chiefs. 
 
198 AFGHANISTAN AND THE AFGHANS. 
 
 Kabul is the name of the country 
 between Ghazni and Sufed Koh, on the 
 south, and the Hindu Kush on the north. 
 The Lohgar valley is its southern district, 
 and the Pughman hills on the Hazara 
 border of Ghor form its western boundary. 
 The eastern limit is defined by the Kunar 
 river and Chitral valley ; though by some 
 it is held to extend to the Indus from the 
 junction of the Kabul river northwards to 
 the vicinity of Gilgit. But for this exten- 
 sion there is no justification, the whole of 
 the tract between the Kunar or Chitral 
 river, and this portion of the Indus, being 
 independent territory, and called Yaghistan 
 or " unconquered country." The northern 
 part of Kabul up to the watershed of 
 Hindu Kush is called Kohistan or " High- 
 lands," and that part of it on the southern 
 slopes of Hindu Kush is distinguished as 
 
KABUL AND KAFIEISTAN. 199 
 
 Kafiristan, or the " Kafir country," the 
 country of the Pagans or Infidels — it is 
 altogether independent. Kafiristan, as 
 will be gathered from its meaning, is not a 
 geographical term. In the early centuries 
 of the establishment of Islam in these 
 regions the term was applied to a very 
 extensive area held by peoples who refused 
 the new religion, and it included all the 
 inaccessible country on both sides of the 
 Hindu Kush and the Himalaya, as far as 
 Little Tibet or Ladak. Both Badakhshan 
 and Baltistan were included in Kafiristan 
 as late as the middle of the sixteenth cen- 
 tury, when Babur founded the Mughal 
 Empire in India. All Yaghistan, with 
 Swat and Boner, were at the same period 
 included in Kafiristan. All these countries 
 are now professedly Musalman, and the 
 term Kafiristan at the present day is limited 
 
200 AFGHANISTAN AND THE AFGHANS. 
 
 to a very restricted and gradually diminisli- 
 iiig area on the southern slopes of Hindu 
 Kush, directly to the north of Kabul. All 
 the converted portion of the former Kafiri- 
 stan to the south of the Himalaya and 
 Hindu Kush, as far as the Pathan limits in 
 Bajaur and Boner, is called collectively 
 Kohistan. 
 
 Zabul is the old name of the country to 
 the south of Kabul, and is not now in 
 general use, though well known to the 
 people, the modern term Kandahar having 
 superseded it, except perhaps in books. It 
 includes all the country from Ghazni west- 
 ward to the river Helmand as far as Bust 
 or Bost (now in ruins), together with the 
 country about the sources of that river, or 
 drained by its upper course. It is a very 
 extensive region, but is not so densely 
 peopled as is Kabul. Its southern limit is 
 
KANDAHAE AND GHAZXI. 201 
 
 Peshin, and its eastern the range of the 
 Kach Tobah hills, which connects the 
 Khwaja Amran with the western offshoots 
 from the Sufed Koh to the south of 
 Ghazni. Ghazni itself forms the north- 
 eastern limit, whilst the northern is 
 formed by the Siyah Koh range of Ghor. 
 This division is not well watered, and is 
 more open than any other part of the 
 country except Sistan, with which it is 
 continuous, 
 
 Sistan, formerly called Sijistan, and 
 known also by the name of Nimroz, is 
 the country which fills the south-west 
 corner of Afghanistan up to the Helmand, 
 between Bust and Girishk ; though by 
 some it is held to extend up to the ^4cinity 
 of Ghazni — in fact, to include all the coun- 
 try drained by the Helmand. In former 
 times it was a very flourishing province 
 
202 AFGHANISTAN AND THE AFGHANS. 
 
 of Persia, but was finally depopulated 
 and ruined by Nadir ; and after his death 
 it was incorporated with the Durrani 
 Empire, until partitioned by the Arbitra- 
 tion of 1872. The country, especially 
 Sistan proper — the basin of the Helmand 
 — has never recovered its former pros- 
 perity, and is now very thinly peopled by 
 a remnant of the ancient possessors, mixed 
 up with outlaws and castaways from the 
 neighbouring countries, and encroached 
 upon by Afghan and Baloch colonists. 
 The Persians, however, who have now 
 recovered the best part of the region, are 
 gradually restoring it from its long neglect 
 and decay; and. if they possessed the 
 energy and enterprise of Europeans, would 
 soon make it a very valuable acquisition. 
 
 Hari is the country of Herat, the 
 ancient Aria, and lies to the north of 
 
THE COUNTRY OF SISTAN. 203 
 
 Sistan. It forms the western province of 
 Kliorassan, and was incorporated witli Af- 
 ghanistan by the founder of the Durrani 
 Empire. It has been maintained ever 
 since as part of the kingdom, though shorn 
 of its outlying districts of Ghani, Birjand, 
 Zawah, &c., up to Kochan and Chinaran 
 during the reign of his successor. It is a 
 fertile country, and important as the key 
 of Afghanistan from the west and north. 
 It forms a mountain barrier for Afghan- 
 istan on the west, as Roh does on the east. 
 Its people are called Haravi or Herati, and 
 consist of Parsiwans, Tajiks, and Hazara 
 Mongols. Its political boundary on the 
 side of Persia is the strip of desert which 
 extends fi'om Sistan to Khaff, and thence 
 the line of the Hari Rud, or Herat river, 
 to the vicinity of Sarakhs. Its southern 
 limit is the district of Sabzwar, and the 
 
204 AFGHANISTAN AND THE AFGHANS. 
 
 northern the Turkman desert, whilst to 
 east it extends to the skirt of the Ghor 
 hills and the Murghab river. 
 
 Ghor is the mountainous country — as 
 its name signifies — which is situated be- 
 tween Herat and Kabul in one direction, 
 and Kandahar and Balkli in the other. It 
 is formed by the western prolongations of 
 Hindu Kush, and is peopled by a number 
 of Mongol tribes who were settled here as 
 military colonists by Changiz Khan — as 
 Rohilkand was colonized with Rohillas 
 b}'- Mahmud of Ghazni — after the expulsion 
 and extermination of the original Persian 
 possessors. Its people are collectively 
 styled Hazara by the Afghans, and it is 
 the term by which they speak of them- 
 selves. The term is also employed to 
 designate their country. In both cases on 
 account of the original military disposition 
 
HERAT AND GHOR OF THE MONGOLS. 205 
 
 of the colony. In Persian Hazara means 
 a division or disposition by thousands, 
 and in its application here is the equivalent 
 of the Tatar term himan, or camp, or mili- 
 tary division. The region is watered by 
 the sources and upper courses of the Herat 
 and Murghab rivers, and very little is 
 known about it ; for though included in 
 Afghanistan, it is entirely independent as 
 regards its interior districts, whilst its 
 outskirts in the direction of Kabul, Kan- 
 dahar, Herat, and Balkh only pay revenue 
 on pressure. Its people are Shia' Musal- 
 mans of the Ali Ilahi sect, who believe in 
 the divinity of Ali. 
 
 Balkh is the strip of country between 
 the northern base of Hindu Kush and its 
 western prolongatioD, and the river Oxus 
 as far as Khwaja Salih, and thence across 
 an arid desert to the Sarakhs frontier. By 
 
206 AFGHANISTAN AND THE AFGHANS. 
 
 some tliis part of the line is held to be 
 along the course of the ancient bed of the 
 river. The western limit is at the Mur- 
 ghab river, and the eastern at Cunduz. It 
 is an important frontier province, as it com- 
 mands Herat on one side, and Kabul on 
 the other. It is now in a very neglected 
 and unsettled state, but under a secure 
 and good government is capable of much 
 development. At present the territory is 
 divided amongst a number of different races, 
 mostly Tajik and Mongol, with some Uzbak 
 and Turk colonists from the other side of 
 the river, and a few camps of nomade 
 Turkmans. All are subjects of the Af- 
 ghan, and as a rule vevj turbulent ones, 
 there being very few, if any, Afghan tribes 
 settled amongst them, and only a small 
 garrison of the Kabul army at Tashkur- 
 ghan. The province was first incorporated 
 
BALKH AND BADAKHSHAN. 207 
 
 with the Durrani Empire by Ahmad Shah, 
 was lost in the reign of his successor, and 
 finally recovered to the kingdom by the 
 Amir Dost Muhammad Khan in 1850. 
 
 Badakhshan is the country in the north- 
 east corner of Afghanistan, and comprises 
 all the territory drained by the sources of 
 the Oxus as far west as the Wakhsh river, 
 beyond which lie the Turk districts of 
 Caratakin and Hissar. It is a poor and 
 mountainous country throughout, and com- 
 prises the plain of Fyzabad with the 
 tributary valleys of Darwaz, Roshan, Shu- 
 ghuan, and "VYakhan. It has only in part 
 been recently added to the Afghan domi- 
 nions — to which it had been lost (except 
 as a nominal tributary to the Amir Dost 
 Muhammad Khan) since the death of 
 Ahmad Shah, Durrani — through the good 
 offices of the British Government, and the 
 
20S AFGHANISTAN AND THE AFGHANS. 
 
 political frontier is now at the Panja river. 
 The rest of the country is independent, 
 but is fast passing under Russian influence 
 for want of consideration and support on 
 the side of Kabul or India. Its hidden 
 mineral wealth is entirely unexplored, and 
 the mines of ruby and turquoise, for which 
 the region has long been celebrated, are 
 altogether neglected and undeveloped. Iron 
 of excellent quality is also found in this 
 country. Its people are pure Arians of 
 the ancient Persian stock, with many 
 Tajiks amongst them. 
 
 Such must here suffice for our very brief 
 enumeration of the principal countries in- 
 cluded within the limits of Afghanistan. 
 Let us now note who are the people in- 
 habiting and possessing them. And this 
 we will do in the briefest manner com- 
 patible with the fair comprehension of the 
 
THE PEOPLE OF AFGHANISTAN. 209 
 
 subject, for to treat each case fully would 
 easily fill volumes — volumes too of very 
 interesting matter. 
 
 As before mentioned, the term Afghan 
 is commonly employed by us to designate 
 the inhabitants of Afghanistan collectively. 
 The term, however, strictly speaking, is 
 apphcable only to one section of the 
 people, and that by no means the most 
 numerous in the country. The people of 
 Afghanistan, in fact, are not a mixed race 
 in the sense of miscegenation; on the 
 contrary, they are a conglomeration of 
 several distinct nationalities which do not 
 intermarry, and each of which maintains 
 its own traditions, and customs, and dia- 
 lects, more or less completely distinct from 
 the others. The Afghan is merely the 
 dominant race amongst them, and, though 
 figuring prominently in the history of the 
 
 
 
210 AFGHANISTAN AND THE AFGHANS. 
 
 country from a very early period — and 
 more especially since the introduction of 
 Islam by Malimud of Gliazni — has only 
 attained its present independence and 
 position of dominance since the middle 
 of last century. 
 
 The Afghans claim an Israelitish descent 
 (see my "Journal of a Mission to Kan- 
 dahar in 1857-8," Smith, Elder, and Co., 
 London), and call themselves "Bani Israil." 
 They are proud of and lay great stress on 
 this title, and consider themselves a pecu- 
 liar people, distinct from those amongst 
 whom they are now settled. Yet they 
 call themselves Pukhtun in common with 
 the rest of the Pukhto-speaking tribes. 
 But they are careful to make the differ- 
 ence, and excluding other Pukhtiins from 
 their genealogies, do not admit that they 
 are true Afghans. In other words, all 
 
THE CniLDKEN OF ISRAEL. 211 
 
 Afghans are Puklitims, but all the Pukh- 
 tiins are not Afghans. From this it 
 would appear that a national language is 
 the bond of connexion. According to 
 their own accounts, they were originally 
 carried away into captivity from Palestine 
 to Media by Nebuchadnezzar. Subse- 
 quently they emigrated to Ghor; and 
 thence they finally spread over the country 
 to then' present locations. The nation, 
 as it exists to-day, traces its descent from 
 a common ancestor named Kais or Kish, 
 through three great branches named Ba- 
 tan, Ghurghusht, and Saraband, or Sara- 
 baur. This Kais, they say, was one of 
 the early disciples of Muhammad, and 
 converted his people to the new faith pro- 
 mulgated by the Arabian prophet. The 
 prophet changed his name to 'Abdurrashid 
 — " the servant of the Guide " (God) — and 
 2 
 
212 AFGHANISTAN AND THE AFGHANS. 
 
 as he was to be tlie master-guide of his 
 people in the way they should go, he gave 
 him the title of " Pahtan," which is said 
 to signify "rudder" in the Syrian lan- 
 guage. Of the three great tribes said to 
 be descended from this apostle of Islam, 
 the first is said to have emigrated to 
 Hindustan, and there become lost amongst 
 its people ; the second — which appears to 
 have derived its name from its location in 
 Ghor — also largely emigrated to India ; 
 whilst the third — which appears to be 
 named after its real Indian parentage, 
 Sarabaur, being the Pukhto form of Surya- 
 bans, " the Solar race," the Rajput of Hin- 
 dustan — remained in their native seats. In 
 this traditionary account, it will be noticed, 
 no provision is made for the disposal of 
 the other Afghans cotemporary with Kais. 
 Nor have the Afghans at this time any 
 
THE AFGHAN A EAJPUT. 213 
 
 knowledge of their fate or whereabouts. 
 Now, though distinguishing themselves 
 from other Pukhtuns in lineage, the Af- 
 ghan in no respect differs from them in 
 language or poUty, both alike being bound 
 by the Pukhtun code or "Pukhtiinwali" — 
 an unwritten law, which, though some- 
 what modified by the ordinances of Islam, 
 is very similar in character and principle 
 to that given by Moses to the Hebrews ; 
 and it has besides so many points of re- 
 semblance to the Rajput customs as to 
 raise the suspicion of a real connexion. 
 It is possible that the Afghan really may 
 be an Israelite, as he asserts, who has 
 become absorbed into Rajput tribes; for 
 whole colonies of the latter people are 
 known by the records of history to have 
 moved into Afghanistan with the Pandu 
 kings after their defeat in the great con- 
 
214 AFGHANISTAN AND THE AFGHANS. 
 
 test on the field of Kurukshetr, " tlie field 
 of the Kuru " near Thanesar, north of 
 Delhi — the Mahabharat fought between the 
 Suryabans and the Chandrabans, the Solar 
 race and the Lunar race, for sovereignty 
 in India at the dawn of Indian history. 
 Whatever his origin, however, the Afghan 
 is now, and has been for ages, completely 
 identified as an Indian. The Afghans — 
 or Durranis, as they have since their 
 independence as a nation styled them- 
 selves, — are now settled principally in 
 the Kandahar country, and especially in 
 the valleys drained by the sources of the 
 Helmand river — a region which may be 
 considered as their real home. From it 
 they extend westwards into the border 
 districts of Sis tan and Herat as Popalz i 
 and Alikozai ; to the eastward they extend 
 as far as the Tobah hills, which are held 
 
THE PATIIAN THE PACTIYAN OF HEKODOTUS. 215 
 
 by the Acliakzai and Saddozai; to the 
 north-eastward they spread into Kabul as 
 Barakzai ; and thence through the ancient 
 Gandaria, held by the Mahmandzai or 
 Mohmands, to Bajaur, Swat, and Buner 
 (the Greek Massagaur) and the adjoining 
 portion of the Peshawar valley as the 
 Yusufzai. In Kabul and Kandahar they 
 share the soil with other peoples, but in 
 the hill-tracts and Peshawar they possess 
 the land entirely. 
 
 Next to the Afghan as the dominant 
 people comes the Pukhtun as the national 
 people. The Pukhtun or Pathan, as dis- 
 tinct from the Afghan, is located alto- 
 gether on the eastern coasts of the 
 country — on the Suleman range and its 
 offshoots — and includes a great variety of 
 tribes who are only bound together by a 
 common language and code, and in other 
 
216 AFGHANISTAN AND THE AFGHANS. 
 
 respects are more or less antagonistic, 
 with rival interests and avoidance of 
 intermarriage. In India this people is 
 known by the name of Pathan, which is 
 merely the Hindustani form of Pukhtana 
 — the plural of Pukhtun — whatever be the 
 value of the native tradition as to the 
 Syrian title bestowed by the Arabian 
 Prophet on his apostle to the Afghans. 
 
 According to the current idea the 
 term Pukhtun — plural Pukhtana — means a 
 " Highlander," and Pukhto or Pushto "the 
 language of the Highlanders," and the 
 derivation is thus explained. Pukhta or 
 Pushta — the former harsh form is used in 
 the east, and the latter soft form in the 
 west of the country — means a " hill " or 
 " bank," or " elevated land ;" Pukhtun or 
 Pushtun the inhabitant of that land ; and 
 Pukhto or Pushto the language spoken 
 
PUKnTUN A NATIONAL TITLE. 217 
 
 by him. This looks simple enough, but 
 there are certain important facts which 
 militate against its validity. In the first 
 place, the term Pukhtun is not by Pathans 
 themselves — though it is by strangers — 
 applied to all the inhabitants of the high- 
 lands occupied by that people, nor to all 
 those who, dwelling amongst them, use 
 that language and that only. On the 
 contrary, foreigners — settled for ages 
 amongst them — are carefully debarred 
 the title of Pukhtun by its proper owners, 
 and are severally distinguished according 
 to their origin as Hindki, Gujar, Tajik, 
 Turk, Uzbak, Hindu, Jat, &c., as the case 
 may be ; and these foreigners themselves 
 severally never claim the title of Pukhtun, 
 except perhaps when they come down to 
 lower India and adopt the term to indi- 
 cate whence they come. Pukhtim, then, is 
 
218 AFGHANISTAN AND TEE AFGHANS. 
 
 a distinct national title, and Puklitim-kliwa 
 the name of the country inhabited by the 
 Pukhtun, and Pukhto the language spoken 
 by that people. It is probable that the 
 terms are identical with the Pactyi and 
 Pactyea of Herodotus. In the mouth of 
 an Afridi of the Khybar the pronunciation 
 favours the latter view — apart altogether 
 from other considerations — for he calls him- 
 self Pakhtun, and his language Pakhto. 
 
 Of the several tribes reckoned as Pukhtun 
 or Pathan several are evidently of Indian 
 origin, judging from their names, such as the 
 Khatrini (Khatri or Hindu military caste), 
 Sheorani (Shiva sect of Hindus), Kakar 
 (Gakar tribe of Indians in the north 
 Panjab), Tori (Tuari tribe of Rajputs), &c. 
 All these Pathan tribes are located on the 
 Suleman and Khybar ranges from the 
 Kabul river in the north to the Kaura or 
 
THE HOME OF THE PATUAN. 219 
 
 Valiou Pass in the south. This pass 
 debouches on the Indus riverain opposite 
 Dera Fatah Khan, in the middle of the 
 Derajat, and marks the boundary between 
 the Pathan and the Baloch. All to the 
 southward of this is held by the Baloch, 
 except a small tract held by the Khatranis, 
 who are here isolated amongst the Baloch. 
 As before mentioned, the Pathans of this 
 region are sometimes called Sulemani, after 
 the range of hills they inhabit, but gene- 
 rally the term is restricted to the tribes in 
 the centre of the range. Some of the 
 tribes, as the Waziris, Lohanis, Kakars, 
 Ghilzais, &c., are also known by the name 
 Povindia or Parwindia, a term — derived 
 from the Persian jparicinda^ a "bale of 
 merchandise," — which signifies their oc- 
 cupation as " packmen," " mercantile 
 travellers," &c., for they are the people 
 
220 AFGHANISTAN AND THE AFGHANS. 
 
 wlio drive the caravans to and fro between 
 Khorassan and Hindustan, and monopolize 
 the whole carrying trade of the country. 
 . Connected with the Afghan and gene- 
 rally reckoned as a Pathan is the Ghilzai. 
 His language is the Pukhto, and his man- 
 ners and customs assimilate to those of 
 the Afghan, with whom he is an orthodox 
 Sunni Musalman. But he is professedly 
 of a different origin, and never styles 
 himself anything but Ghilji. He has no 
 knowledge why he sticks to this term as 
 his patronymic, beyond the fact that he is 
 not an Afghan nor a Pathan, though now 
 he is more or less blended with them by 
 intermixture of territory, and to a small 
 extent by intermarriage also. The Ghilzais 
 are supposed to have come into the country 
 with Sabaktakin the Turk in the tenth 
 century, and to be representatives of the 
 
THE GIIILZAI — WHO IS HE ? 221 
 
 Turk tribe of Kliilich wbicli was anciently 
 
 located on the upper course of the Jax- 
 
 artes. They are a very numerous and 
 
 powerful tribe, and extend from the west 
 
 side of the Khybar to Kabul, and thence 
 
 across the western emanations of the 
 
 Sufed Koh to Ghazni, and onwards down 
 
 the Tamak valley to Kandahar and Peshin, 
 
 in which latter localities their chief tribes 
 
 are the Hotak, Tokhi, and Tarin. Their 
 
 chiefs take a leading part in the politics 
 
 of the country, and since the accession 
 
 of the Barakzai to power, have always 
 
 exercised considerable influence at the 
 
 court of Kabul. Unlike the rest of their 
 
 fellow-countrymen, they are said to be 
 
 generally hostile to the British and friendly 
 
 to the Russian. They are a pre-eminently 
 
 martial race, and only short of exercising 
 
 the sovereignty, are quite as influential in 
 
222 AFGHANISTAN AND THE AFGHANS. 
 
 Afghanistan as the Afghan. A large por- 
 tion of the tribe is still nomadic in its 
 habits. Those in Kabul spend the summer 
 on the uplands of Sufed Koh and winter 
 in Gardez, Zurmat, and the country south 
 of Ghazni to Abistada. Those in Kan- 
 dahar summer in the Tobah range and 
 Khwaja Amran, and winter on the borders 
 of the desert of Sistan along the south 
 bank of the Tarnak river down to its 
 junction with the Helmand. This mode 
 of life, necessitating a change from the 
 high to the low lands with the seasons, is 
 the cause of their subjection to the go- 
 vernment, for without their winter quarters 
 on the plain country they could not exist 
 themselves, or their flocks. 
 
 Another principal people of Afghanistan 
 is the Tajik or Tazik. The term means 
 Arabian, and is applied to anything of 
 
THE AEAB AXD HIS OFFSPRING. 223 
 
 Arab origin produced or reared out of 
 Arabia, and especially in Persia. For 
 example, an imported Arab horse or dog, 
 &c., is called Arabi, but one reared abroad 
 from imported Arab stock is called Tazi. 
 So Arabs who emigrated with their families 
 from Arabia and settled abroad are called 
 Arab (or Sayyid, if connected with the 
 family of Ali), and their full-bred ofiPspring 
 also are called by the same name. But the 
 offspring and descendants of Arabs who 
 married women of the country in which 
 they settled are called Tazik or Tajik. In 
 Afghanistan the term is applied collectively 
 to all the people of ancient Persian origin 
 who speak their mother-tongue, and in- 
 cludes Parsiwans, or pure Persians, with 
 the Dihcan, or Diligan, or Dihwar, who is 
 of Arab descent by a native mother, and 
 also the ancient Persian inhabitants of 
 
224 AFGHANISTAN AND THE AFGHANS. 
 
 Badakhshan and Sistan. The Tajik is 
 everywhere devoted to the cultivation of 
 the soil, and in the towns and cities carries 
 on most of the mercantile business of the 
 country, as well as providing the handi- 
 craftsmen and scribes for all the usual 
 pursuits and trades of domestic industry — 
 neither the Afghan or other Pathan en- 
 gaging in any occupation but that of the 
 farmer, the soldier, and the merchant. In 
 fact, throughout the country to the 
 west of the Suleman range — where he 
 is principally found — the Tajik is the 
 servant of the Pathan; and his place 
 on the east of the range is filled by the 
 Hindki. 
 
 The Hindki, like the Tajik on the other 
 side of the Suleman range, is the descendant 
 of Arab settlers, or of early Musalman 
 converts, by Hindustani or Indian mothers. 
 
THE HAZAEA OR MONGOL TATAR . 225 
 
 He is confined almost entirely to tlie 
 Indus provinces of Afghanistan. 
 
 Next to the Tajik — and like him speak- 
 ing a dialect of Persian — is the Mongol 
 located in Ghor or Hazara. This people 
 are the descendants of the military colonists 
 settled in this region by Changiz Khan, 
 when he subjugated Afghanistan, intent on 
 the conquest of India. Though they have, 
 with the exception of a few domestic terms, 
 entirely lost their native language, they 
 have retained the physical and physio- 
 gnomic characters of their race in perfect 
 integrity, and they are as pure Mongols 
 now as when they first settled here six 
 hundred years ago. This is explained by 
 the isolation of their position, and the 
 peculiar system of Changiz Khan's con- 
 quests, to Avhich he moved his hordes with 
 their families and flocks and woi-ldly goods, 
 
 P 
 
226 AFGHANISTAN AND THE AFGHANS. 
 
 as well as to the thorough manner in which 
 they swept Ghor clear of its ancient in- 
 habitants. As before stated, they are 
 known to the Afghans by the term Hazara, 
 and this is the name by which they call 
 themselves, outside their own limits at all 
 events. They comprise numerous divisions 
 or camps all styled Hazara, and dis- 
 tinguished by the addition of the tribal 
 name, as Hazara Jaghuri, Hazara Cara- 
 baghi, Hazara Besudi, Hazara Dih Zangi, 
 Hazara Jamshedi, Hazara Char Aymaghi, 
 Hazara Tymani, &c., &c. To the north, 
 towards the Oxus, they come in contact 
 with the mixed population of Balkli — with 
 the Tajik and Usbak, the Turk and Turk- 
 man, but without mixing with either. In 
 fact, they intermarry with none of the 
 races around them, and in the interior of 
 their territory are entirely independent. 
 
THE ARIANS AND PAGANS OF HINDU KDSH. 227 
 
 Finally, to tlie north of Kabul are the 
 Kohistani people, or " people of the hill- 
 country." They are composed of the 
 ancient Persians and the ancient Indians. 
 The former as far eastward as the Alishang 
 river ; the other onwards thence into Kash- 
 mir. The former speak Persian, and are 
 all subjects of the Kabul Government ; 
 the other speak a variety of different 
 dialects, which are unintelligible to their 
 neighbours in adjoining glens even — 
 though, with one or two exceptions, they 
 are all of cognate stock with the Sanscrit. 
 These ancient Indians are divided into 
 numerous small communities or tribes, 
 having little intercourse with the world 
 around them, and eternally at war with 
 each other. They are collectively styled 
 Kohistani, but are distinguished as Kafir 
 or " Infidel," Musalman or " Muhamma- 
 r 2 
 
228 AFGHANISTAN AND THE AFGHANS. 
 
 clan," and Nimclia or " Half-and-lialf," — 
 that is to say, a new convert or the off- 
 spring of a Musalman by a Kafir woman. 
 These people in all the country northward 
 of Chaghan Sarae up to Hindu Kush, and 
 as far as the Kashmir border in Yasin are 
 independent. Whilst Badakhshan and 
 Wakhan on the other side of the range are 
 Kabul subjects. 
 
 The foregoing brief account of Afghanis- 
 tan and the Afghans, will, it is trusted, 
 enable the reader to form a clear idea of 
 the past and present of the country and its 
 people. At the same time it will serve to 
 explain how it is that the country has never 
 been able to maintain itself in any degree 
 of security or prosperity as an independent 
 kingdom without the support derived from 
 external sources of aid — either by military 
 expeditions, as in the time of the Saddozai, 
 
CONCLUDING REMARKS. 220 
 
 or else by diplomatic negotiations as in the 
 time of the Barakzai. It will show how the 
 progress of time has altered both the 
 political situation and the popular senti- 
 ment of the country, and brought it back 
 into closer relations with and fuller depen- 
 dence upon the paramount power which 
 has succeeded and taken the place of the 
 great Empire of which it formerly consti- 
 tuted the frontier province towards Persia 
 and Turkistan. Finally, it will illustrate 
 the error of trusting — without adequate 
 guarantee, as we have done — the safety 
 and peace of the Empire to the hands of a 
 barbarous and untrustworthy neighbour, 
 who claims all manner of support and 
 assistance as the guardian of its most 
 important frontiers, and yet scorns control 
 and the free communication absolutely 
 necessary under the altered circumstances 
 
230 AFGHANISTAN AND THE AFGHANS. 
 
 of liis position, not only to tlie prosperity 
 of liis own kingdom, but to the well-being 
 of the paramount Empire, and who holds 
 himself at liberty to dispose of his country 
 and his power for or against the Empire to 
 which he owes his very existence, as it may 
 seem to suit his own fancy or ambition — 
 forgetful alike of past favours, and the value 
 of the friendship he has rejected. 
 
 THE END. 
 
LONDON : 
 GILBERT AND RIVINGTON, PRINTEKS, 
 
 ST. John's square. 
 
A Catalogue of A mencan and Foreign Book, Piiblislicd or 
 
 Imported by Messrs. Sampson Low & Co. can 
 
 be had on application. 
 
 Cro-cvn Buildings, i88, Fleet Street, London, 
 October, 1878. 
 
 PUBLISHED EY 
 
 SAMPSON LOW, MARSTON, SEARLE, & RIVINGTON. 
 
 ALPHABETICAL LIST. 
 
 A CLASSIFIED Educatiofial Catalogue of Works pub- 
 ■^^ lished in Great Britain. Demy 8vo, cloth extra. Second Edition, 
 revised and corrected to Christmas, 1877, 5:-. 
 
 Abney {Captain IV. de IK, F.F., F.F.S.) Thebes, mid its Five 
 
 Greater Temples. Forty large Permanent Photographs, with descrip- 
 tive letter-press. Super-royal 4to, cloth extra, by. 
 About Some Fellows. By an Eton Boy, Author of *'A Day 
 
 of my Life." Cloth limp, square i6mo, is. 6d. 
 Adventures of Captain Mago. A Plicenician's Explorations 
 
 icoo years B.C. By Leon Cauu.v. Numerous Illustrations. Crown 
 
 8vo, cloth extra, gilt, "js. 6d. 
 Adventures of a Young Naturalist. By Lucien Biart, with 
 
 117 beautiful Illustrations on Wood. Edited and adapted by Parkkr 
 
 GiLLMORE. Post Svo, cloth extra, gilt edges, New Edition, 7j. 6d. 
 Adventures in Neiv Guinea. The Narrative of the Captivity of 
 
 a French Sailor for Nine Years among the Savages in the Interior. 
 
 Small post 8vo, with Illustrations and Alap, cloth, gilt, 6j. 
 Africa, and the Brussels Geographical Conference. Translated 
 
 from the French of Emile Ba.nning, by R. H. Major, F.S.A. 
 
 With Map, crown Svo, 7^. 6^. 
 Alcott {Louisa M.) Aunt Jo's Scrcrp-Bag. Square i6mo, 
 
 2s. 6d. (Rose Library, is.) 
 
 Cupid and Chow-Cho7ii. Small post Svo, 3^. 6d. 
 
 Little Men : Life at Plumfield xcith Jo's Boys. Small 
 
 post Svo, cloth, gilt edges, 31. 6d. (Rose Library, Double vol. 2s.) 
 Little Women, i vol., cloth, gilt edges, 35-. 6d. (Rose 
 
 Library, 2 vols., is. each.) 
 
 A 
 
Sampson Low, Marston, & Oors 
 
 Alcott {^Louisa M.) Old-Fashioned Girl. Best Edition, small 
 
 post Svo, cloth extra, gilt edges, 3^'. i)d. (Rose Library, 2.s.) 
 Wo7-k and Beginning Again. A Story of Experience. 
 
 1 vol., small post Svo, cloth extra, 6^-. Several Illustrations. {Rose 
 
 Library, 2 vols. , is. each. ) 
 
 Shawl Straps. Small post Svo, cloth extra, gilt. 3,?. bd. 
 
 Eight Consins ; or, the Aicnt Hill. Small post Svo, 
 
 Avith Illustrations, 3J-. bd. 
 
 The Rose in Bloom. Small post Svo. cloth extra, 35. dd. 
 
 ■ Silver Pitchers. Small post Svo, cloth extra, 3^. dd. 
 
 U^ider the Lilacs. Small post Svo, cloth extra, ^s. 
 
 "Miss Alcott's stories are thoroughly healthy, full of racy fun and humour 
 exceedingly entertaining .... We can recommend the ' Eight Cousins.'" — 
 A the>i(Biim. 
 
 Alpine Ascents and Adventures ; or. Rock and Snow Sketches. 
 By H. SCHUTZ Wilson, of the Alpine Club. With Illustrations by 
 Whymper and Marcus Stone. Crown Svo, ioj-. bd. 2nd Edition. 
 
 Anderseji {Plans Christiaji) Fairy Tales. With Illustrations in 
 Colours by E. V. B. Royal 4to, cloth, 25.f. 
 
 Andrews {L)r.) Latin-English Lexicon. 14th Edition. Royal 
 
 Svo, 1670 pp., cloth extra, price iSj. 
 
 Anecdotes of the Queen and Royal Family. Collected and 
 Edited by J. G. Hodgins, with Illustrations. New Edition, 5^-. 
 
 Animals Painted by Themselves. Adapted from the French of 
 Balzac, Georges Sands, &c., with 200 Illustrations by Grandville. 
 Svo, cloth extra, gilt, ioj. bd. 
 
 Af-t of Reading Aloud {The) in Pulpit, Lecture Room, or Private 
 Reunions, with a perfect system of Economy of Lung Power on just 
 principles for acquiring ease in Delivery, and a thorough command of 
 the Voice. By G. Vandenhoff, M.A. Crown Svo, cloth extra, 6s. 
 
 Asiatic Turkey : being a Nan-ative of a Journey from Bombay 
 to the Bosphorus, embracing a ride of over One Thousand Miles, 
 from the head of the Persian Gulf to Antioch on the Mediterranean. 
 By Grattan Geary, Editor of the Times op India. 2 vols., crown 
 Svo, cloth extra, with many Illustrations, and a Route Map. 
 
 This Work gives a full and detailed account of the author's ad- 
 venturous ride of which an epitome appeared in the Times. 
 
 Atlantic Lslands as Resorts of Pfealth a?id Pleasure. By 
 S. G. W. Benjamin, Author of " Contemporary Art in Europe," &c. 
 Royal Svo, cloth extra, with upwards of 150 Illustrations, i6j-. 
 
 Atmosphere {The). See Flammarion. 
 
 Auld Lang Syne. By the Author of "Wreck of the Gros- 
 venor." 2 vols., crown Svo, 21^. 
 
 B 
 
 4KER {Lieut.- Gen. Valentine, Pasha). See "War in 
 
 Bulgaria." 
 
List of Publications. 
 
 Barton Experiment {The). By the Author of " Helen's 
 Babies." \s. 
 
 THE BAYARD SERIES, 
 
 Edited by tlie late J. Hain Friswell. 
 
 Comprising Pleasure Books of Literature produced in the Choicest Style as 
 
 Companionable Volumes at Home and Abroad. 
 
 " We can hardly imagine better books for boys to read or for nien to ponder 
 over." — Times. 
 
 Price 2S. dd. each Volume, complete in itself, flexible cloth extra, gilt edges, 
 •with silk Headbands and Registers. 
 
 The Story of the Chevalier Bayard. By M. De Berville. 
 
 De Joinville's St. Louis, King of France. 
 
 The Essays of Abraham Cotcley, including all his Prose Works. 
 
 Abdallah ; or the Four Leaves. By Edguard Laboullaye. 
 
 Table- Talk and Opinions of Napoleon Buonaparte. 
 
 Vathek : An Oriental Romance. By William Beckford. 
 
 The King and the Commons. A Selection of Cavalier and 
 
 Puritan Songs. Edited by Prof. Morley. 
 Words of Wellington : Maxims and Opinions of the Great 
 
 Duke. 
 Dr. Jonnson^ s Rasselas, Prince of Abyssinia. With Notes. 
 Hazliifs Round Table. With Biographical Introduction. 
 Tlie Religio Medici, Hydriotaphia, and the Letter to a Friend. 
 
 By SiV Thomas Browne, Knt. 
 Ballad Poetry of the Affections. By Robert Buchanan. 
 Coleridge's Christabel, and other Imaginative Poems. "With 
 
 Preface by Algernon C. Swinburne. 
 Lord Chesterfield' s Letters, Sentences, and Maxims. With 
 
 Introduction by the Editor, and Essay on Chesterfield by IM. DE Ste.- 
 
 Beuve, of the French Academy. 
 Essays in Mosaic. By Thos. Ballantyne. 
 My " Uncle Toby ; his Story and his Friends. Edited by 
 
 P; Fitzgerald. 
 Reflections ; or. Moral Sentences and Maxims of the Duke de 
 
 la Rochefoucauld. 
 Socrates : Memoirs for English Readers from Xenophoifs Memo- 
 
 rabilia. By Edw. Ll.ViEN. 
 Prince Albert's Golden I^recepts. 
 
 A Case containing 12 Volumes, price ^is. 6d. ; or the Case separately, price 3J. 6d. 
 
 Beauty and the Beast. An Old Tale retold, with Pictures by 
 B. V. B. Demy 4to, cloth extra, novel binding. 10 Illustrations 
 in Colours (in same style as those in the First Edition of " Story 
 without an End''). 12s. 6./. 
 
 A 2 
 
Sampson Low, Alar s ton, 6^ Co.'s 
 
 Beuwer's German Copybooks. In six gradations at ^d. each. 
 J^iart {Lucien). See "Adventures of a Young Naturalist." 
 
 "My Rambles in the New World," "The Two Friends." 
 BiclieistetlC s Hymnal Coinpanion to Book of Comtnon Prayer. 
 The Original Editions, containing ifiT, Hymns, always kept in Print. 
 Revised and Enlarged Edition, containing ^^^^o Hymns — 
 
 *» ' Tlie Revised Editions are entirely distinct from, and cannot be used 2vit'i, the 
 originat editions. 
 
 7A Medium 32mo, cloth limp o S 
 
 7B ditto roan 12 
 
 7C ditto morocco or calf . . . . .26 
 
 8A Super-royal 32mo, cloth limp . ... . .10 
 
 cJB ditto red edges . . . . , .12 
 
 8C ditto roan . . . . . . .22 
 
 8D ditto morocco or calf . . . . • Z ^ 
 
 9A Crown 8vo, cloth, red edges 30 
 
 9B ditto roan . . .... ..40 
 
 9C ditto morocco or calf . . . . . .60 
 
 loA Crown 8vo, with Introduction and Notes, red edges . .40 
 
 loB ditto roan 50 
 
 loC ditto morocco . . . . . . .76 
 
 iiA Penny Edition in Wrapper 01 
 
 liB ditto cloth ........02 
 
 I iC With Prayer Book, cloth 09 
 
 iiD ditto roan .......10 
 
 liE ditto morocco . . . . . .20 
 
 iiF ditto persian . . . . . .16 
 
 12 A Crown Svo, with Tunes, cloth, plain edges . . .40 
 12B ditto ditto persian, red edges . . .0 6 
 
 12C ditto ditto limp morocco, gilt edges . .76 
 
 rjA Small 4to, for Organ . . . . . . .86 
 
 1315 ditto ditto limp russia . . . . .210 
 
 Chant Book Supplement (Music) . , . . .16 
 Ditto 4to, for Organ . . . . 3 '> 
 
 14A Tonic Sol-fa Edition . . . . . . .36 
 
 14B ditto treble and alto only . . . .10 
 
 5B Chants only 16 
 
 5D ditto 4to, for Organ 36 
 
 The Church Mission Hymn-Book . . . fer 100 8 4 
 Ditto ditto cloth . . . each o 4 
 
 The "Hyjnnal Companion" may now tie Juid iji sfiecial bindings for firesetitation 
 luith and imtliout the Common Prayer Book. A red title edition is ready. 
 Lists on afptication. 
 
 Bkkersteth {Rev. E. H., M.A.) The Beef and other Parables. 
 
 I vol. , square Svp, with numerous veiy beautiful Engravings, "js. 6d. 
 
 " The Clergyman in his Home. Small post 8vo, \s. 
 
List of Publications. 
 
 Bickcrstcth {Rev. E. B., M.A.) The Master's Home- Call ; or, 
 ]?nef Memorials of Alice Frances Bickersteth. 20th Thousand. 32010, 
 cloth gilt, \s. 
 
 " They recall in a touching manner a character of which the religious beauty has 
 a warmth and grace almost too tender to be definite." — The Guardian. 
 
 The Shado7Li of the Rock. A Selection of Religious 
 
 Poetry. iSmo, cloth extra, 2s. 6d. 
 
 The Shadowed Home and the Light Beyond. 7th 
 
 Edition, crown 8vo, cloth extra, z^s. 
 Bida. The Authorized Version of the Four Gospels, with the 
 
 whole of the magnificent Etchings on Steel, after drawings by M. 
 IjIDA, in 4 vols., appropriately bound in cloth extra, price 3/. 3J'. each. 
 
 Also the four volumes in two, bound in the best morocco, by Suttaby, 
 extra gill edges, iS/. iSj., half-morocco, 12/. I2J-. 
 
 " r.icla's Illustrationb- of the Gospels of St. Matthew and St. John have already 
 received here and elsewhere a full recognition of their great merits." — T ivies. 
 
 Bidtvell {C. T) The Balearic Lslajids. Illustrations and a 
 
 Map. Crown 8vo, cloth, loj. dd. 
 
 The Cost of Living Abroad. Crown 8vo, 65. 
 
 Black (JVm.) Tlirce Feathers. Small post 8vo, cloth extra, Gs. 
 Lady Silverdale's S^veetheart, and other Stories, i vol., 
 
 small post 8vo, 6s. 
 
 Kilmeny : a Novel. Small post 8vo, clotli, 6.f. 
 
 Ln Silk Attire. 3rd Edition, small post 8vo, ds. 
 
 A Daughter of Heth. nth Edition, small post 8vo, C>s. 
 
 Blackmore {R. D.) Lorna Doone. loth Edition, cr. 8vo, 6^'. 
 
 "The reader at times holds his breath, so graphically yet so simply does John 
 RiJd tell his tale." — Saturday Revieuj. 
 
 Alice Lorraine, i vol., small post 8vo, 6th Edition, 05'. 
 
 Clara Vaughan. Revised Edition, ds. 
 
 - — Cradock N'oivell. New Edition, (iS. 
 
 Cripps the Carrier. 3rd Edition, small post Svo, ()S. 
 
 Blossoms from the King's Garden : Sennonsfor Children. By 
 the Rev. C. Bos.'VNQUEt. 2nd Edition, small post Svo, cloth extra, 6s. 
 
 Blue Banner {The); or, The Adventures of a Mussulman, a 
 Christian, and a Pagan, in the time of the Crusades and Mongol 
 Conquest. By Lf.O.N Cahun. Translated from the French by W. 
 CoLLEir Sandars. With Seventy-six Wood Engravings, i vol., 
 square imperial i6mo, cloth extra, 7^. 6d. 
 
 Book of English Elegies. Small post 8vo, cloth extra, 55-. 
 
 Book of the Flay. By Button Cook. 2 vols., crown Svo, 2^. 
 
 Bradford {\Vm.) The Arctic Regions. Illustrated with Photo- 
 graphs, taken on an Art Expedition to Greenland. With Descriptive 
 Narrative by the Artist. In One Volume, royal broadside, 25 inches 
 by 20, beautifully bound in morocco extra, price Twenty- Five Guineas. 
 
Sajnpsoji Low, Marsfofi, d^ Co.^s 
 
 Brave Men in Action. By S. J. Mackenna. Crown 8vo, 
 
 480 pp., cloth, IOJ-. 6d. 
 Breck {Samuel). See " Recollections." 
 Browning {Airs. E. B.) The Rhyme of the Duchess May. 
 
 Demy 410, Illustrated with Eight Photographs, after Drawings by 
 
 Charlotte M. B. MORRELL. 2\s. 
 Bryant {JF. C, assisted by S. H. Gay) A Popular History of 
 
 the United States. About 4 vols., to be profusely Illustrated with 
 
 Engravings on vSteel and Wood, after Designs by the best Artists. 
 
 Vol. I., super- royal 8vo, cloth extra, gilt, 42J-., is ready. 
 
 Burnahy {Capt.) See "On Horseback." 
 
 Burton {Captain R. F.) Tzvo Trips to Gorilla Land and the 
 Cataracts of the Congo. By Captain R. F. Burton. 2 vols, demy 
 8vo, with numerous Illustrations and Map, cloth extra, 28^-. 
 
 Butler {W. F.) The Great Lone La?id ; an Account of the Bed 
 River Expedition, 1S69-70, and Subsequent Travels and Adventures 
 in the Manitoba Country, and a Winter Journey across the Saskatche- 
 wan Valley to the Rocky Mountains. With Illustrations and Map. 
 Fifth and Chea]5er Edition, crown 8vo, cloth extra, "js. 6d. 
 
 The Wild North Land; the Story of a Winter 
 
 Journey with Dogs across Northern North America. Demy 8vo, cloth, 
 with numerous Woodcuts and a Map, 4th Edition, iSs. Cr. 8vo, Js. 6d. 
 Akini-foo : the History of a Failure. Demy 8vo, cloth, 
 
 2nd Edition, i6j-. Also, in crown 8vo, -js. 6d. 
 By Land and Ocean ; or, The Journal and Letters of a Tour 
 round the World by a Young Girl, who went alone to Victoria, New 
 Zealand, Sydney, Singapore, China, Japan, and across the Continent 
 of America home. By F. L. Rains. Crown 8vo, cloth, yj. 6d. 
 
 r^ABUL: the Ameer, his Coujitry, and his People. By Phil 
 ^-^ Robinson, Special Correspondent of the Daily Telegraph, with the 
 Army ot Afghanistan. With a Portrait of Shere Ali, and a Map of 
 the Seat of the Anglo-Russian Question. i6mo, is. Fourth Thousand. 
 Cadogan {Lady A.) LI lustra ted Games of Patience. Twenty- 
 four Diagrams in Colours, with Descriptive Text. Foolscap 4to, 
 cloth extra, gilt edges, 3rd Edition, 12s. 6d. 
 
 Cahun {Leon) Adventures of Captain Afago. See " Adventures." 
 
 Blue Banner, which see. 
 
 Ca7i>on Process {A Manual of). See Liesegang. 
 
 Ceramic Art. See Jacquemart. 
 
 CJianged Cross {The), and other Religious Poems. i6mo, 2s. 6d. 
 
 Child of the Cavern {The) ; or, Strange Doings Underground. 
 By Jules Verne. Translated by W. H. G. Kingston, Author of 
 "Snow Shoes and Canoes," "Peter the Whaler," "The Three 
 Midshipmen," &c., &c., &c. Numerous Illustrations. Square crown 
 Svo, cloth extra, gilt edges, 7^. 6d. 
 
List of Publications. 
 
 Child's Flay, with i6 Coloured Drawings by E. V. B. Printed 
 on thick paper, with tints, "js. dd. 
 
 Neii'. By E. V. B. Similar to the above. See New. 
 
 Chip from many Blocks. By Elihu Burritt, Author of 
 "Walks in the Black Country," "From London to Land's End," 
 " Sparks from the Anvil," <S:c. Demy 8vo, cloth extra, 6j-. 
 
 Choice Editions of Choice Books. 2S. 6d. each, Illustrated by 
 C. \V. Cope, R.A., T. Creswick, R.A., E. Duncan, Birket 
 Foster, J. C. Horsley, A.R.A., G. Hicks, R.Redgrave, R.A., 
 C. Stonehouse, F. Tayler, G. Thomas, H. J. Townshend, 
 E. H. Wehnert, Harrison Weir, &c. 
 
 Bloomfield's Farmer's Boy. 
 Campbell's Pleasures of Hope. 
 Coleridge's Ancient Mariner. 
 Goldsmith's Deserted Village. 
 Goldsmith's Vicar of Wakefield. 
 Gray's Elegy in a Churchyard. 
 Keat's Eve of St. Agnes. 
 
 Milton's L' Allegro. 
 
 Poetry of Nature. Harrison Weir. 
 
 Rogers' (Sam.) Pleasures of Memory. 
 
 Shakespeare's Songs and Sonnets. 
 
 Tennyson's May Queen. 
 
 Elizabethan Poets. 
 
 Wordsworth's Pastoral Poems. 
 
 " Such works are a glorious beatification for a poet." — AthencEum. 
 
 Christian Activity. By Eleanor C. Price. Cloth extra, 6s. 
 C/iristmas Story-teller {The). By Old Hands and New Ones. 
 
 Crown 8vo, cloth extra, gilt edges. Fifty-two Illustrations, loj-. 6d. 
 Cohbett ( William). A Biography. By Edward Smith. 2 
 
 vols., crown 8vo, 255. 
 Cook (Z>.) Young Mr. Nightingale. A Novel. 3 vols., 31.?. 6d. 
 
 The Banns of Marriage. 2 vols., crown 8vo, 21s. 
 
 ■ • Book of the Play. 2 vols., crown 8vo, 24^. 
 
 Doiihleday's Children. 3 vols., crown 8vo, 31 J. 6d. 
 
 Coope {Col. JV. Jesser) A Prisoner of War in Russia. By 
 
 Col. W. Jesser Coope, Imperial Ottoman Gendarmerie. Crown 
 
 Svo, cloth extra, \os. 6d. 
 Covert Side Sketches: Thoughts on IIu?iting, with Different 
 
 Packs and in Different Countries. By J. Nevitt Fitt (H.H. of the 
 
 Sporliiig Gazette, late of the Field). Crown Svo, cloth extra, los. 6d. 
 Craik {Mrs.) The Adventures of a Brownie. By the Author of 
 
 "John ILilifax, Gentleman." With numerous Illustrations by Miss 
 
 Paterson. Square cloth, extra gilt edges, 5^. 
 Cripps tJie Carrier. 3rd Edition, 65-. See Blackmore. 
 Cruise ofH.M.S. " Challenger'' {The). By W. J. J. Spry, R.N. 
 
 With Route Map and many Illustrations. 6th Edition, demy Svo, 
 
 cloth, iSj. Cheap Edition, crown Svo, small type, some of the 
 
 Illustrations, 7^-. dd. 
 "The book before us supplies the information in a manner that leaves little 
 
 to be desired. 'The Cruise of H.M.S. Challenger is an exceedingly well-written, 
 
 entertaining:, and instructive book." — U idled Set-ince Gazette. 
 
 "Agreeably written, full of information, and copiously illustrated." — Broad 
 
 Arro'v. 
 
Sampson Low, Marston, 6^ Co!s 
 
 Curious Adventures of a Field Cricket. By Dr. Ernest 
 Caxdkze. Translated by N. D'Anvers. ^Vith numerous fine 
 Illustrations. Crown 8vo, cloth extra, gilt edges, Is. 6d. 
 
 ■TiANA {R. H.) Two Years before the Mast and Twenty-Four 
 
 •*-^ years After. Revised Edition with Notes, i2mo, 6j-. 
 
 Dana {/as. D.) Corals and Coral Islands. Numerous Illus- 
 trations, Charts, &c. New and Cheaper Edition, with numerous 
 important Additions and Corrections. Crown 8vo, cloth extra, Sj. 6d. 
 
 Daughter {A) of Heth. By W. Black. Crown 8vo, ds. 
 
 Day of My Life (A) ; or, Every Day Experiences at Eton. 
 By an Eton Boy, Author of "About Some Fellows." l6mo, cloth 
 extra, 2s. 6d. 6th Thousand. 
 
 Dick Sands, the Boy Captain. By Jules Verne. With 
 
 nearly lOO Illustrations, cloth extra, gilt edges, 105. 6J. 
 Discoveries of Prince Henry the Navigator, and their Results ; 
 
 being the Narrative of the Discovery by Sea, within One Century, of 
 
 more than Half the World. By Richard Henry Major, F.S. A. 
 
 Demy Svo, with several Woodcuts, 4 Maps, and a Portrait of Prince 
 
 Henry in Colours. Cloth extra, \z^s. 
 Dodge {Mrs. M.) Hans Brinker; or, the Silver Skates. An 
 
 entirely New Edition, with 59 Full-page and other Woodcuts. 
 
 Square crown Svo, cloth extra, 7^-. bd. ; Text only, paper, \s. 
 
 Theophilus and Others, i vol., small post Svo, cloth 
 
 extra, gilt, 3J-. (id. 
 Dogs of Assize. A Legal Sketch-Book in Black and White. 
 
 Containing 6 Drawings by Walter J. Allen. Folio, in wrapper, 
 
 6^. 8./. 
 Dore's Spain. See " Spain." 
 Dougall's {/. D.) SJiooting ; its Appliatices, Practice, and 
 
 Purpose. With Illustrations, cloth extra, \os. 6d. .S>^ " Shooting. " 
 
 pARLY Histoty of the Colony of Victoria {The), from its 
 
 •^— ' Discovery to its Establishment as a Self-Governing Province of the 
 British Empire. By Francis P. Labilliere, Fellow of the Royal 
 Colonial Institute, &c. 2 vols., crown Svo, 2\s. 
 
 Echoes of the Heart. See Moody. 
 
 Elinor Dry den. By Mrs. Macquoid. Crown Svo, ds. 
 
 English Catalogue of Books {The). Published during 1S63 to 
 1S71 inclusive, comprising also important American Publications. 
 
 This Volume, occupying over 450 Pages, shows the Titles of 
 32,000 New Books and New Editions issued during Nine Years, with 
 the Size, Price, and Publisher's Name, the Lists of Learned Societies, 
 Printing Clubs, and other Literary Associations, and tlie Books 
 issued by them; as also the Publisher's Series and Collections- 
 altogether forming an indispensable adjunct to the Bookseller's 
 
List of Fiiblicatious. 
 
 Establishment, as well as to every Learned and Literary Club and 
 
 Association. 30J., hall-bound. 
 
 *#* Of the previous Volume, 1835 to 1862, very few remain on 
 
 sale ; as also of the Inde.x Volume, 1S37 to 1857. 
 English Catalogue of Books (The) Siipplcincnts, 1S63, 1864, 
 
 "1S65, 3J-. dd. each ; 1S66, 1867, to 187S, t^s. each. 
 Eight Cousins. See Alcott. 
 English Writers, Chapters for Self-Improvement in Englisli 
 
 Literature. By the Author of "The Gentle Life," bs. 
 Eton. See " Day of my Life," " Out of School," " About Some 
 
 Fellows." 
 Evans (C.) Over the Hills and Far A^oay. By C. Evans. 
 
 One Volume, cro\\n 8vo, cloth extra, los. 6d. 
 A Strange Friendship. Crown 8vo, cloth, ^s. 
 
 rpAITH Gartnefs Girlhood. By the Author of "The 
 -^ Gayworthy's." Fcap. with Coloured Frontispiece, 3^. 6d. 
 
 Familiar Letters on some Mysteries of Nature. See Phipson. 
 Favourite English Pictures. Containing Sixteen Permanent 
 
 Autotype Reproductions of important Paintings of Modern British 
 Artists. With letterpress descriptions. Atlas 4to, cloth e.\tra, 2/. 2s. 
 Fern Paradise ( The) ; A Plea for the Culture of Ferns. By F. G. 
 Heath. New Edition, entirely Rewritten, Illustrated with eighteen 
 full-page and numerous other Woodcuts, and four permanent I'lioto- 
 graphs, large post 8vo, handsomely bound in cloth, \2s. 6d. 
 
 Fern World {The). By F. G. Heath. Illustrated by Twelve 
 
 Coloured Plates, giving complete Figures (Sixty-four in all) of every 
 Species of British Fern, specially printed from Nature ; by several full- 
 page Engravings ; and a permanent Photograph. Large post 8vo., 
 cloth, gilt edges, 400 pp., 4lh Edition, 12s. bd. 
 
 Few {A) Hints on Proving Wills. Enlarged Edition, \s. 
 
 Five Weeks in Greece. By J. F. Young. Crown Svo, \os.(id. 
 
 Flanimarion (C.) TJie Atmosphere. Translated from the 
 French of Camille Flammarion. Edited by James Glaisher, 
 F. R.S., Superintendent of the Magnetical and Meteorological Depart- 
 ment of the Royal Observatory at Greenwich. With 10 Chromo- 
 Lithographs and 81 Woodcuts. Royal 8vo, cloth extra, 30J. 
 
 Flooding of the Sahara {The). An Account of the project for 
 
 opening direct communication with 38,000,000 people. Willi a de- 
 scription of North- West Africa and Soudan. By Do.nald Macke.nzie. 
 Svo, cloth extra, with Illustrations, los. 6d. 
 
 Footsteps of the Master. See Stowe (Mrs. Beecher). 
 
 Forrest {John) Explorations in Australia. Being Mr. John 
 
 Forrest's Personal Account of his Journeys. I vol., demy Svo, 
 
 cloth, with several Illustrations and 3 ^iaps, 16^. 
 
Sampson Loiv^ Marston, &' Co.'s 
 
 Fra7ic {^Maude Jeane). The following form one Series, small 
 
 post Svo, in uniform cloth bindings: — 
 
 ■ Emilys Choice, ^s. 
 
 Hall's Vineyard, ^s. 
 
 Joh/i's Wife : a Story of Life in South Azistralia. ^s. 
 
 Marian ; or, the Light of Some One's Home. c^s. 
 
 Silken Cords and Lron Fetters. 4s. 
 
 Vermont Vale. t^s. 
 
 Minnie's Mlssmi. 4s. 
 
 Little Mercy, ^s. 
 
 French Heiress {A) In her own Chateat(. Crown Svo, 125'. 6d. 
 
 Funny Foreigners a?id Eccentric Englishmen. 16 coloured 
 comic Illustrations for Children. Fcap, folio, coloured wrappper, 4^. 
 
 r^ AMES of Patience. See Cadogan. 
 
 Garvagh [Lord) The Pilgrim of Scandinavia. By Lord 
 
 Garvagh, B.A., Christ Church, Oxford, and Member of the Alpme 
 
 Club. Svo, cloth extra, with Illustrations, \os. 6d. 
 Geary {Grattan). See "Asiatic Turkey." 
 Gentle Life (Queen Edition). 2 vols, in i, small 4to, 10^. Q)d. 
 
 THE GENTLE LIFE SERIES. 
 
 Price ds. each ; or in calf extra, price loj-. 6^/. 
 The Gentle Life. Essays in aid of the Formation of Character 
 
 of Gentlemen and Gentlewomen. 21st Edition. 
 
 " Desprves to be printed in letters of gold, and circulated in every house." — 
 Chambers' Journal. 
 
 About In the World. Essays by the Author of " The Gentle 
 Life." 
 
 " It is not easy to open it at any page without finding some handy idea."— il/<7r«- 
 ing Post. 
 
 Like ufito Christ. A New Translation of Thomas a Kempis' 
 
 " De Imitatione Christi." With a Vignette from an Original Drawing 
 by Sir Thomas Lawrence. 2nd Edition. 
 
 " Could not be presented in a more exquisite form, for a more sightly volume was 
 never seen." — Illustrated London News. 
 
 Familiar Words. An Index Verborum, or Quotation Hand- 
 book. Affording an immediate Reference to Phrases and Sentences 
 that have become embedded in the English language. 3rd and 
 enlarged Edition. 
 
 "The most e.xtensive dictionary of quotation we have met with." — Notes and 
 Queries. 
 
List flf Puhlications. 
 
 The Gentle Life Series, continued : — 
 
 Essays by Montaigne. Edited, Compared, Revised, and 
 Annotated by the Author of "The Gentle Life." With Vignette Por- 
 trait. 2nd Edition. 
 
 " We should be glad if any words of ours could help to bespeak a large circula- 
 tion for this handsome attractive book." — Illustrated Times. 
 
 The Countess of Pembroke's Arcadia. Written by Sir Philip 
 Sidney. Edited with Notes by Author of " The Gentle Life." 7.r. 6d. 
 "All the best things in the Arcadia are retained intact in Mr. Friswell's edition." 
 — Examiner. 
 
 The Gentle Life. 2nd Series, Sth Edition. 
 
 " There is not a single thought in the volume that does not contribute in some 
 measure to the formation of a true gentleman." — Daily Neius. 
 
 Varia : Readings from Rare Books. Reprinted, by permission, 
 
 from the Saturday Rrjira', Spectator, &.C. 
 
 " I he books discussed in this volume are no less valuable than they are rare, and 
 the compiler is entitled to the gratitude of the public. "—Owcrrvr. 
 
 The Silent LLour: Essays, Original and Selected. By the 
 Autiior of "The Gentle Life." 3rd Edition. 
 " All who possess ' The Gentle Life ' should own this volume." — Standard. 
 
 FLalf-Length Portraits. Short Studies of Notable Persons. 
 
 By J. H.\IN Friswell. Small post 8vo, cloth extra, 6^-. 
 Essays on English Writers, for the Self-improvement of 
 
 Students in English Literature. 
 "To all (both men and women) who have neglected to read and study their native 
 
 literature we would certainly suggest the volume before us as a fitting introduction." 
 
 —Examiner. 
 
 Other People's Windows. By J. Hain Friswell. 3rd Edition. 
 
 "The chapters are so lively in themselves, so mingled with shrewd views of 
 human nature, so full of illustrative anecdotes, that the reader cannot fail to be 
 amused." — Moming Post. 
 
 A Alan's Thoughts. By J. Hain Friswell. 
 
 German Primer. Being an Introduction to First Steps in 
 Gennan. By RL T. Prku. 2s. dd. 
 
 Getting On in the JVorld ; or, LLints on Success in Life. By 
 \V. I\L\THEWS, LL.D. Small post 8vo, cloth. 2s. 6d. ; gilt edges, y. ()d. 
 
 Goufe. The Royal Cookery Book. By Jules Gouffe ; trans- 
 lated and adapted for English use by Alpiioxse Gouff£:, Head 
 Pastrycook to her Majesty the Queen. Illustrated with large plates 
 printed in colours. 161 Woodcuts, 8vo, cloth extra, gilt edges, 2/. 2s. 
 
 Domestic Edition, half-bound, los.Gd. 
 
 " By far the ablest and most complete work on cookery that has ever been sub- 
 mitted to the gastronomical world." — Pall Mall Cazettc. 
 
 The Book of Preserves ; or, Receipts for Preparing and 
 
 Preserving Meat, Fish salt and smoked, Terrines, Gelatines, Vege- 
 tables, Fruit, Confitures, Syrups, Liqueurs dc Faniillc, Pctits Fours, 
 Bonbons, &c., &c. i vol., royal 8vo, containing upwards of 500 
 Receipts and 34 Illustrations, \os. 6d. 
 
Sampson Low, Marsion, &= Coh 
 
 GouffL Royal Book of Pastry and Confectionery. By Jules 
 Gouff£, Chef-de-Cuisine of the Paris Jockey Club. Royal 8vo, Illus- 
 trated with lo Chromo-lithographs and 137 Woodcuts, from Drawings 
 by E. MoNjAT. Cloth extra, gilt edges, 35J. 
 
 Gouraiid l^Mdlle.) Four Gold Pieces. Numerous Illustrations. 
 Small post 8vo, cloth, 2s. 6d. See also Rose Libraiy. 
 
 Governinent of M. Thiers. By Jules Simon. Translated from 
 
 the French. 2 vols., demy Svo, cloth e.\tra. 
 Goiuer {Lord Ronald) Handbook to the Art Galleries, Public 
 
 and Private, of Belgium and Holland. l8mo, cloth, 51. 
 
 The Castle IIo7va7'd Portraits. 2 vols., folio, cl. extra, 6/. ds. 
 
 Greek Grammar. See Waller. 
 
 Guizofs Llistory of France. Translated by Robert Black. 
 
 .Super-royal Svo, very numerous Full-page and other Illustrations. In 
 5 vols., cloth extra, gilt, each 24^-. 
 
 " It supplies a want which has long been felt, and ought to be in the hands of all 
 students of history." — Times. 
 
 "Three-fourths of M. Guizot's great work are now completed, and the ' History 
 of France,' which was so nobly planned, has been hitherto no less admirably exe- 
 cuted."— /'r*;;;; lo7ig Review of Vol. III. in the Times. 
 
 " M. Guizot's main merit is this, that, in a style at once clear and vigorous, he 
 sketches the essential and most characteristic features of the times and personages 
 described, and seizes upon every salient point which can best illustrate and bring 
 out to view whatis most significant and instructive in the spirit of the age described." 
 — Eveni7ig Standard, Sept. 23, 1874. 
 
 History of E7igland. In 3 vols, of about 500 pp. each, 
 
 containing 60 to 70 Full-page and other Illustrations, cloth extra, gilt, 
 24J. each. Vol. III. in the press. 
 
 " For lu.xnry of typography, plainness of print, and beauty of illustration, these 
 volumes, of which but one has as yet appeared in English, will hold their own 
 against any production of an age '30 lu.vurious as our own in everything, typography 
 not excepted."— T'/wfi-. 
 
 Guillemin. See " World of Comets." 
 
 Guy on {Mde.) Life. By Upham. 6th Edition, crown Svo, ds. 
 
 Guyot{A.) Physical Geography. By Arnold Guyot, Author 
 
 of "Earth and Man." [n i volume, large 4to, 1 28 pp., numeroxis 
 coloured Diagrams, Maps, and Woodcuts, price los. 6d. 
 
 TJABLTA TIONS of Man in all Ages. See Le-Duc. 
 
 Hamilton {A. H. A., /.P.) See " Quarter Sessions." 
 Handbook to the Charities of Lo?tdon. See Low's. 
 
 Principal Schools of England. See Practical, 
 
 Half-Hours of Blind Alaiis Holiday ; or, Summer and JVinter 
 
 Sketches in Black & White. By W. W. Fenn. 2 vols., cr. 8vo, 24J-. 
 Half-Length Portraits. Short Studies of Notable Persons. 
 
 By J. Hai.n Friswell. Small post Svo, cloth extra, 6s. 
 Hall\]V. ]V.) How to Live Long; or, 1408 Health Maxims. 
 
 Physical, Mental, and Moral. By W. W. Hall, A.M., M.D' 
 
 Small post Svo, cloth, 2s. Second Edition. 
 
L ist of Publica tlons. 1 3 
 
 J/ans Brinker; or, ilie Sih'er Skates. See Dodge. 
 JJcaiy{M.) A Summer's Romance. Crown 8vo, clotli, loi'. dd. 
 
 The Home Theatre. Small post 8vo, 3^. dd. 
 
 Heart of Africa. Three Years' Travels and Adventures in the 
 Unexplored Regions of Central Africa, from 1868 to 187 1. By Dr. 
 Geokg ScHWEiNFUKTH. Translated by Ellen E. Frewkr. With 
 an Introduction by Winwood Reade. An entirely New Edition, 
 revised and condensed by the Author. Numerous Illustrations, and 
 large Map. 2 vols., crown Svo, cloth, \-^s. 
 
 Heath {F. G.). ^'^^''Fern World," "Fern Paradise," "Our 
 Woodland Trees." 
 
 JLl'crs {Bishop) Illustrated Edition of Hymns. With upwards 
 of 100 beautilul Engravings. Small 4to, handsomely bound, "js. 6d. 
 rJorocco, iSj. 6d. andau. An entirely New Edition. 
 
 Hector Servadac. 6"^^ Verne. The heroes of this story were 
 carried away through space on the Comet "Gallia," and their ad- 
 ventures are recorded with all Jules Verne's characteristic spirit. With 
 nearly 100 Illustrations, cloth e.xtra, gilt edges, \os. 6J. 
 
 Henderson (A.) Latin Proverbs and Quotations ; with Transla- 
 tions and Parallel Passages, and a copious English Index. By Alfred 
 Henderson. Fcap. 4to, 530 pp., los. 6d. 
 
 History and Handbook of Photography. Translated from the 
 French of Gaston Tissandier. Edited by J. Thomson. Imperial 
 i6mo, over 300 pages, 70 Woodcuts, and Specimens of Prints by the 
 best Permanent Processes, cloth extra, 6s. Second Edition, with an 
 Appendix by the late Mr. Henry Fox Talbot, giving an account of 
 his researches. 
 
 History of a Crime {The) ; Deposition of an Eye-tintness. By 
 Victor Hugo. 4 vols., crown Svo, ifls. 
 
 England. See GuizoT. 
 
 • Prance. See GuizoT. 
 
 Russia. See Ram baud. 
 
 Merchant Shipping. See Lindsay. 
 
 United States. See Bryant, 
 
 Ireland. By Standish O'Grady. Vol. I. ready, 7^^. 6d. 
 
 Ilistoiy and Principles of J leaving by Hand and by Power. With 
 several hundred Illustrations. Reprinted with considerable additions 
 from *' Engineering," with a chapter on Lace-making Macliinery. By 
 Alfred Barlow. Royal 8vo, cloth extra, i/. 5j-. 
 
 Hitherto. By the Author of" The Gayworthys." New Edition, 
 cloth extra, y. 6J. Also, in Rose Library, 2 vols., 2s. 
 
 Hofinann {Carl). A Practical Treatise on the Manufacture of 
 Paper in all its Branches. Illustrated by no Wood Engravings, and 5 
 large Folding Plates. In i vol., 4to, cloth ; about 400 pp., 3/. 13J. 6^. 
 
f4 Sampson Low, Marston, &> Co^s 
 
 Hoiij to Build a House. See Le-Duc. 
 
 How to Live Long. See Hall. 
 
 Hugo {Victor) '■'■Ninety-Three'^ Illustrated. Crowii 8vo, 6i'. 
 
 Toilers of the Sea. Crown 8vo. Illustrated, (iS. ; fancy 
 
 boards, 2s. ; cloth, 2s. 6d. ; On large paper with all the original 
 
 Illustrations, los. 6d, 
 
 See " History of a Crime." 
 
 Hunting, Shooting, and Fishing; A Sporting Miscellany. 
 
 Illustrated. Crown 8vo, cloth extra, 'js. 6J. 
 Hym?ial Companion to Book of Common Prayer. See 
 
 BiCKERSTETH. 
 
 TLLUSTRATLONS of China and its People. By J. 
 
 •^ Thomson, F.R.G.S. Being 200 permanent Photographs from the 
 Author's Negatives, Avith Letterpress Descriptions of the Places and 
 People represented. Four Volumes imperial 4to, each 3/. 3^-. 
 
 Ln my Lndian Gaj'den. By Phil. Robinson. With a Preface 
 by Edwin Arnold, M. A., C.S.I., &c. Crown 8vo, limp cloth, 35-. dd. 
 
 Lrish Bar. Comprising Anecdotes, Bon-Mots, and Bio- 
 graphical Sketches of the Bench and Bar of Ireland. By J. Roderick 
 O'Flanagan, Barrister-at-Law. i vol., crown 8vo, cloth. 
 
 ^ACQUEMAPT {A.) History of the Ceramic Art : De- 
 
 .y scriptive and Analytical Study of the Potteries of all Times and of 
 all Nations. By Albert Jacquemart. 200 Woodcuts by H. 
 Catenacci and J. Jacquemart. 12 Steel-plate Engravings, and 1000 
 Marks and Monograms. Translated by Mrs. BURY Palliser. In 
 I vol., super-royal Svo, of about 700 pp., cloth extra, gilt edges, 28j-. 
 
 "This is one of those few gift-books which, while they can certainly lie on a table 
 and look beautiful, can also be read through with real pleasure and profit." — Times. 
 
 J^ENNEDY'S {Capt. W. P.) Sporting Adventures in the 
 
 ^ Pacific. With Illustrations, demy Svo, I Sj. 
 
 {Capt. A. W. M. Clar/z). See "To the Arctic 
 
 Khedive's Egypt {The); or. The old House of Bondage under 
 New Masters. By Edwin de Leon, Ex- Agent and Consul-General 
 in Egypt. In i vol., demy Svo, cloth extra. Third Edition, i8j. 
 
 Kingston {IV. H. G.). See "Snow-Shoes." 
 
 Child of the Cavern. 
 
 Two Supercargoes. 
 
 ■ IVith Axe and Pifle. 
 
 L'Coldetvey {Capt) The Second North German Polar Expedition 
 in the Year 1S69-70, of the Ships "Germania" and "Honsa," under 
 command of Captain Koldewey. Edited and condensed by H. W. 
 Bates, Esq. Numerous Woodcuts, Maps, and Chromo-lithographs. 
 Royal Svo, cloth extra, \l. 15^. 
 
L 
 
 List of Publications. 15 
 
 A DY Silverda/es Sweetheart. 6s. SeeBhxcv.. 
 
 Land of Bolivar (Tlie) ; or, War, Peace, and Adventure in the 
 Republic of Venezuela. By James Mudie Spence, P'.R.G.S., 
 F.Z. S. 2 vols., demySvo, cloth extra, with numerous Woodcuts and 
 Maps, 3 1 J. dd. Second Edition. 
 
 JLandseer Gallery {The). Containing thirty-six Autotype Re- 
 productions of Engravings from the most important early works of Sir 
 Edwi.v Landseer. With a Memoir of the Artist's Life, and 
 Descriptions of the Plates. Imperial 4to, handsomely bound in cloth, 
 gilt edges, 2/. 2s. 
 
 Le-Duc ( V.) How to build a House. By Viollet-le-Duc, 
 Author of "The Dictionary of Architecture, "&c. Numerous Illustra- 
 tions, Plans, &G. Medium 8vo, cloth, gilt, I2s. 
 
 Afinals of a Fortress. Numerous Illustrations and 
 
 Diagrams. Demy Svo, cloth extra, i5j-. 
 
 The Habitations of Man in all Ages. By E. 
 
 Viollet-le-Duc. Illustrated by 103 Woodcuts. Translated by 
 Ben'jamin Euckn.all, Architect. Svo, cloth extra, i6j. 
 
 Lectures on Architecture. By Viollet-le-Duc. 
 
 Translated from the French by Benjamin Bucknall, Architect. In 
 2 vols., royal Svo, 3/. y. Also in Parts, \os. 6d. each. 
 
 Afont Bla?ic: a Treatise on its Geodesical and Geo- 
 
 logical Constitution — its Transformations, and the Old and Modern 
 state of its Glaciers. By Eugene Viollet-le-Duc. With 120 
 Illustrations. Translated by B. Bucknall. i vol., demy Svo, 14?. 
 
 On Restoration; with a Notice of his Works by Charles 
 
 Wethered. Crown Svo, with a Portrait on Steel of Viollet-let 
 Due, cloth extra, 2s. 6d. 
 
 Lenten Meditations. In Two Series, each complete in itself. 
 By the Rev. Claude Bosanquet,' Author of "Blossoms from the 
 King's Garden." i6mo, cloth, First Series, is. bd. ; Second Series, 2J-. 
 
 Liesegang {Dr. Paul E.) A Manual of the Carbon Process of 
 Photography, and its use in Making Enlargements, &c. Translated 
 from the Sixth German Edition by R. B. Marston. Demy Svo, half- 
 bound, with Illustrations, 4^. 
 
 Life and Letters of the Honourable Charles Suniner {77ie). 
 2 vols., royal Svo, cloth. The Letters give full description of London 
 Society — Lawyers — ^Judges — Visits to Lords Fitzwilliam, Leicester, 
 Whamcliffe, Brougham — Association with Sydney Smith, Hallam, 
 ]Macaulay, Dean Milman, Rogers, and Talfourd ; also, a full Journal 
 which Sumner kept in Paris. Second Edition, 36J. 
 
 Lindsay ( JV. S.) History of Merchant Shipping and Ancient 
 Commerce. Over 150 Illustrations, Maps and Charts. In 4 vols., 
 demy Svo, cloth extra. Vols, i and 2, 2IJ. ; vols. 3 and 4, 24?. each. 
 
1 6 Sampson, Low, Marston, & Co. s 
 
 Lion Jack: a Story of Perilous Adventures a?nongst Wild Men 
 
 and Beasts. Showing how Menageries are made. By P. T. Barnum. 
 
 With lUustrations. Crown 8vo, cloth extra, price 6s. 
 Little King ; or, tJie Taming of a Young Russian Count. By 
 
 S. Blandy. Translated from the French. 64 Illustrations. Crown 
 
 8vo, cloth extra, gilt, "js. 6d. 
 Little Mercy ; oj; For Better for Worse. By Maude Jeanxe 
 
 Franc, Author of "Marian," "Vermont Vale," .Sec, &c. Small 
 
 post 8vo, cloth extra, 4J-. 
 Locker (A.) The Village Surgeon. A Fragment of A'jto- 
 
 biography. By Arthur Locker. Crown 8vo, cloth, 35. bd. 
 Long {Col. C. Chaille) Central Africa. Naked Truths of 
 
 Naked People : an Account of Expeditions to Lake Victoria Nyanza 
 and the Mabraka Niam-Niam. Demy 8vo, numerous Illustrations, iZs. 
 Lord Collingwood : a Biographical Study. By. W. Davis. 
 With Steel Engraving of Lord Collingwood. Crown 8vo, 2s. 
 
 Lost Sir Massingberd. New Edition, i6mo, boards, coloured 
 
 wrapper, 2s. 
 Loju's German Series — 
 
 1. The Illustrated G-erman Primer. Being the easiest introduction 
 
 to the study of German for all beginners, i.e. 
 
 2. The Children's own German Book. A Selection of Amusing 
 
 and Instructive Stories in Prose. Edited by Dr. A. L. Meissner, 
 Professor of Modern Languages in the Queen's University in 
 Ireland. Small post Svo, cloth, is. 6J. 
 
 3. The First G-erman Beader, for Children from Ten to 
 
 Fourteen. Edited by Dr. A. L. JNIeissn'ER. Small post Svo, 
 cloth, is. 6d. 
 
 4. The Second German Reader. Edited by Dr. A. L. Meissxek, 
 
 Small post Svo, cloth, is. 6d. 
 Buchhcini's Deutsche Prosa. Two Volumes, sold separately : — 
 
 5. Schiller's Prosa. Containing Selections from the Prose Works 
 
 of Schiller, with Notes for English Students. By Dr. Buchhkim, 
 Professor of the German Language and Literature, King's 
 College, London. Small post Svo, 2s. 6d. 
 
 6. Goethe's Prosa. Containing Selections from the Prose Works of 
 
 Goethe, with Notes for English Students. By Dr. Buchheim. 
 Small post Svo, y. 6d. 
 
 Lozii's Stafidard LJbrary of Travel and Adventure. Crown Svo, 
 bound uniformly in cloth extra, price 7^-. bd. 
 
 1. The Great lione Land. By W. F. Butler, C.B. 
 
 2. The Wild North Land. By W. F. Butler, C.B. 
 
 3. How I found Living-stone. By H. M. Stanley. 
 
 4. The Threshold of the Unknown Keg-ion. By C. R. Mark- 
 
 IIAM. (4th Edition, with Additional Chapters, loj. bd.) 
 
 5. A Whaling- Cruise to Baffin's Bay and the Gulf of Boothia. 
 
 By A. H. Markham. 
 
List of Fiibllcations. 1 7 
 
 Lo'w's Sfa/ii!ard Library of Travel and Adventure, continued : — 
 
 6. Campaiprning- on the Oxus. By J. A. MacGaiian. 
 
 7. Akim-foo : tho History of a Failure. Ly Major W. F. 
 
 IkriLER, C.I5. 
 
 S. Ocean to Ocean. By the Rev. George 11. Grant. With 
 Illustrations. 
 
 9. Cruise of the Challenper. By W. J. J. Spry, R.N. 
 lo. Schweinfurth's Heart of Africa. 2 vols., 15J. 
 Lq-cOs Standard Novels. Crown 8vo, 6^. each, cloth extra. 
 
 Three Feathers. By William Black. 
 
 A Daughter of Heth. 13th lulition. By W. Black. With 
 Frontispiece by F. Walker, A.R.A. 
 
 Kilnieny. A Novel. By W. Black. 
 
 In Silk Attire. By W. Black. 
 
 Lady Silverdale's Sweetheart. By W. Black. 
 
 Alice Lorraine. By R. D. Blackmore. 
 
 Lorna Doone. By R. D. Blackmore. 8th Edition. 
 
 Cradock Nowell. By R. D. Blackmore. 
 
 Clara Vaug-han. By R. D. Blackmore. 
 
 Cripps the Carrier. . By R. D. Blackmore. 
 
 Innocent. By Mrs. Oliphant. Eight Illustrations. 
 
 "Work. A Story of Experience. By Louisa M. Alcott. Illustra- 
 tions. Sec also Rose Library. 
 
 Mistress Judith. A Cambridgeshire Story. By C. C. Fraser- 
 
 TVTI.ER. 
 
 Never Ag-ain, By Dr. Mayo, Author of "Kaloolah." 
 Ninety-Three. By Victor Hugo. Numerous Illustrations. 
 My Wife and I. By Mrs. Beecher Stowe. 
 Wreck of the Grosvenor. By W. Clark Russell. 
 Elinor Dryden. By Mrs. ]\Iacquoid. 
 
 Lok'S LLandhook to the C/iarities of Londoji for iZ-j']. Edited 
 and revised to July, 1877, by C. Mackeson, F.S.S., Editor of 
 " A Guide to the Churches of London and its Suburbs," &.c. is. 
 
 A,JACGALLAN (/. A.) Campaigning on the Oxus, and the 
 
 -^'-^ Fall of Khiva. With Map and numerous Illustrations, 4th Edition, 
 small post 8vo, cloth extra, "js. 6d. 
 
 Under the Northern Lights ; or, the Cruise of the 
 
 " Pandora" to Peel's Straits, in Search of Sir John Franklin's Papers. 
 With Illustrations by Mr. De Wylde, who accompanied the Expedi- 
 tion. Demy 8vo, cloth extra, i8j-. 
 
 Macgregor {John) '■^ Rob Roy" on the Baltic. 3rd Edition, 
 small post Svo, "zs. 6d. 
 
 A Thousand Allies in the ^^ Rob Roy'''' Canoe, nth 
 
 Edition, small post Svo, 2s. 6(/. 
 
 Description of the '■'■ L\.ob Roy" Gz//^^, with Plans, &c., is. 
 
 The Voyage Alone in the Yarul '•''Rob Roy." New 
 
 Edition, thoroughly revised, with additions, small post 8vo, 5^. 
 
Sampson Low, Mars ton, 6^ Co.'s 
 
 Mackeiizie (Z>). The Flooding of the Sahara. An Account of 
 
 the Project for opening direct communication with 38,000,000 people. 
 With a Description of North-West Africa and Soudan. By Donald 
 Mackenzie. 8vo, cloth extra, with Illustrations, \os. bd. 
 
 Macquoid {]\Irs .) Elinor Dryden. Crown 8vo, cloth, 6s. 
 
 Markham {A. H.) The Cruise of the '' Rosario." By A. H. 
 Markham, R.N. Svo, cloth extra, with Map and lUusti-ations. 
 
 A Whaling Cruise to Baffin's Bay and the Gulf of 
 
 Boothia. With an Account of the Rescue by his Ship, of the Sur- 
 vivors of the Crew of the "Polaris;" and a Description of Modern 
 Whale Fishing. 3rd and Cheaper Edition, crown Svo, 2 ]\Iaps and 
 several Illustrations, cloth extra, Js. 6d. 
 
 Markham {C. B.) The Threshold of the Unknown Region. 
 Crown Svo, with Four Maps, 4th Edition, with Additional Chapters, 
 giving the History of our present Expedition, as far as known, and an 
 Account of the Cruise of the "Pandora." Cloth extra, 10^. 6d. 
 
 Mau'ry {^Commander) Physical Geography of the Sea, and its 
 Meteorology. Being a Reconstruction and Enlargement of his former 
 Work, with Charts and Diagi-ams. New Edition, crown Svo, 6s. 
 
 Men of Mark : a Gallery of Co ntejnporary Portraits of the most 
 Eminent Men of the Day taken from Life, especially for this publica- 
 tion, price is. 6d. monthly. Vols. I., II., and III. handsomely bound, 
 cloth, gilt edges, 25^-. each. 
 
 Mercy Philbrick's Choice. Small post Svo, 35. 6d. 
 
 "The story is of a high character, and the play of feeling is very subtilely and 
 cleverly wrought out." — British Quarterly Review. 
 
 Michael Strogoff. los. 6d. ^^^ Verne. 
 
 Mistress Judith. A Cambridgeshire Story. By C. C. Frasek- 
 
 Tytler, Author of "Jasmine Leigh." A New and Cheaper Edition 
 
 in I vol. , small post Svo, cloth extra, 6s. 
 Mitford {Miss). See " Our Village." 
 Mohr (P.) To the Victoria Falls of the Zambesi. By Edward 
 
 MoHR. Translated by N. D'Anv£rs. Numerous Full-page and other 
 
 Woodcut Illustrations, four Chromo-lithographs, and Map. Demy Svo, 
 
 cloth extra, 245. 
 
 Mongolia, Travels in. See Prejevalsky. 
 
 MontaigJie^s Essays. See Gentle Life Series. 
 
 Mont Blafic. 6"^^ Le-Duc. 
 
 Moody {Emma) Echoes of the Heart. A Collection of upwards 
 
 of 200 Sacred Poems. i6mo, cloth, gilt edges, price 3^. 6d. 
 My Brother Jack ; or. The Story of Whatd'yecallem. ^Vritten 
 by Himself. From the French of Alphonse Daudet. Illustrated 
 by P. PiiiLirpOTEAUX. Square imperial i6mo, cloth extra, 7^. 6d. 
 " He would answer to Hi ! or to any loud cry, 
 To What-you-may-call-'em, or What was his name ; 
 But especially Thingamy-jig."— /^««//«^ »fi/te Snark. 
 
List of Publications. 1 9 
 
 My Rambles in the New World. By Lucien Biart, Autlior of 
 " The Adventures of a Young Naturalist." Translated by Maky de 
 Hautevili.e, Crown Svo, cloth extra. Numerous Full-page lUustra- 
 
 tion« 7f fi,/. 
 
 tions, "js. dd. 
 
 ISJARES (Sir G. S., K.C.B) Narrative of a Voyage to the 
 ■^ ^ Polar Sea during 1S75-76, in H.M.'s Ships "Alert" and "Discovery." 
 By Captain Sir G. S. Nares, R.N., K.C.B., F.R.S. Published by per- 
 mission of the Lords Commissioners of the Admiralty. With Notes on 
 the Natural History, edited by H. W. Feilden, F.G.S., C.M.Z.S., 
 F. R.G.S., Naturalist to the Expedition. Two Volumes, demy Svo, with 
 numerous Woodcut Illustrations and Photographs, <S:c. 4th Edition, 
 2/. 2S. 
 
 Nrcc Child: s Flay (A). Sixteen Drawings by E. V. B. Beauti- 
 fully printed in colours, 4to, cloth extra, 12s. 6d. 
 
 Ne7c> Ireland. By A. I\I. Sullivan, M.P. for Louth, 2 vols., 
 demy Svo, cloth extra, 30^-. One of the main objects which the 
 Author has had in view in writing this work has been to lay before 
 England and the world a faithful history of Ireland, in a series of de- 
 scriptive sketches of the episodes in Ireland's career during the last 
 quarter of a century. Cheaper Edition, i vol., crown Svo, Sj. 6d. 
 
 Nezu Novels. 
 
 An Old Story of My Farming' Days. By Fritz Reuter, Author 
 
 of "In the Year '13." 3 vols., i/. lu. 6d. 
 Cressida. By M. B. Thomas. 3 vols., i/. lis. 6d. 
 Elizabeth Eden. 3 vols., i/. \is. 6d. 
 The Martyr of Glencree. A Story of the Persecutions in Scotland 
 
 in the Reign of Charles the Second. By R. Somers. 3 vols., 
 
 I/. iis.6d. 
 The Cossacks. By Count Tolstoy. Translated from the Russian 
 
 by Eugene Schuyler, Author of " Turkistan." 2 vols., i/. is. 
 A Hero of the Pen. 2 vols. By Werner. Translated by Mrs. S. 
 
 Phillips. 21s. 
 The Braes of Yarrow. By C. Gibbon. 3 vols., i/. lis. 6d. 
 Auld Lang Syne. By the Author of "The Wreck of the Grosvenor." 
 
 2 vols., ll.is. 
 A Life's Hazard ; or, The Outlaw of Wentworth "Waste. By 
 
 II. Esmond. 3 vols., i/. 11s. 6d. 
 Rare Pale Margaret. 2 vols., l/. is. 
 A French Heiress. By the Author of "One Only," &c. With 
 
 Illustrations, I2s. 6d. 
 
 New Testament. The Autliorized English Version ; with 
 various readings from the most celebrated Manuscripts. Cloth flexible, 
 gilt edges, 2s. (yd. ; cheaper style, 2s. ; or sewed, is. 6d. 
 
Sampson Low, Mars ton, &> Go's 
 
 Noble Words and Noble Deeds. Translated from the French of 
 E. MuLLER, by Dora Leigh. Containing many Full-page Illustra- 
 tions by Philippoteaux. Square imperial i6mo, cloth extra, is. 6d. 
 ■ ' This is a book which will delight the young. . . . We cannot imagine a nicer 
 present than this book for children." — Standard. 
 
 " ]s certain to become a favourite with young people." — Court 'jc2tmal. 
 
 Notes and Sketches of an Architect taken during a Journey in the 
 
 North-West of Europe. Translated from the French of Felix Nar- 
 
 JOUX. 214 Full-page and other Illustrations. Demy 8vo, cloth extra, i6j-. 
 
 "His book is vivacious and sometimes brilliant. It is admirably printed and 
 
 illustrated." — British Qtiarterly Review. 
 
 Notes on Fish and Fishing. By the Rev. J. J. Manley, M.A. 
 With Illustrations, crown Svo, cloth extra, leatherette binding, \os. 6d. 
 " We commend the work." — Field. 
 
 " He has a page for every day in the year, or nearly so, and there is not a dull 
 one amongst them." — Notes a>id Qjieries. 
 
 " A pleasant and attractive volume." — Grnfhic. 
 " Brightly and pleasantly written." — yohn Bull. 
 
 Nursery Playmates {Prince of.) 217 Coloured pictures for 
 Children by eminent Artists. Folio, in coloured boards, 6s. 
 
 r\ CEAN to Ocean : Sandford Flemings Expedition through 
 ^ Canada in 1872. By the Rev. George M. Grant. With Illustra- 
 tions. Revised and enlarged Edition, crown Svo, cloth, ^s. 6d. 
 
 Old-Fashioned Girl. See Alcott. 
 
 Oleog?'aphs. (Catalogues and price lists on application.) 
 
 Oliphant {Mrs.) Jn?iocefit. A Tale of Modern life. By Mrs. 
 Olifhant, Author of "The Chronicles of Carlingford," &c., &c. 
 With Eight Full-page Illustrations, small post Svo, cloth extra, 6.S-. 
 
 On Horseback through Asia Minor. By Capt. Fred Burnaby, 
 Royal Horse Guards, Author of "A Ride to Khiva." 2 vols., 
 Svo, with three Maps and Portrait of Author, 6th Edition, 38^. This 
 work describes a ride of over 2000 miles through the heart of Asi.i 
 Minor, and gives an account of five months with Turks, Circassians, 
 Christians, and Devil-worshippers. Cheaper Edition, crown Svo, io,f.6(/. 
 
 On Restoration. See I.e-Duc. 
 
 On Trek in the Transvaal ; or, Over Berg and Veldt in South 
 Africa. By H. A. Roche. Crown Svo, cloth, loj. 6d. 4th Edition. 
 
 Our Little Ones in LLeaven. Edited by tlie Rev. H. Robbins. 
 With Frontispiece after Sir Joshua Reynolds. Fcap., cloth extra, 
 New Edition — the 3rd, with Illustrations, 5^. 
 
 Our Village. By jMary Russell Mitford. Illustrated v.ith 
 
 Frontispiece Steel Engraving, and 12 full-page and 157 smaller Cuts 
 of Figure Subjects and Scenes, from Drawings by W. H. J. Boot and 
 C. (). Murray. Chiefly from Sketches made by these Artists in the 
 neighbourhood of " Our Village." Crown 4to, cloth extra, gilt edges, 
 
List of Publications. 
 
 Our Woodland Trees. By F. G. Heath. Large post 8vo, 
 
 cloth, gilt edges, uniform with "Fern ^Vor!d " and " Fern Paradise," 
 by the same Autlior. S Coloured Plates and 20 Woodcuts, 125. itd. 
 
 Out of School at Eton. Being a collection of Poetry and Prose 
 Writings. By Some Present Etonians. Foolscap Svo, cloth, is.^d. 
 
 pAINTERS of All Schools. By Louis Viardot, and otlier 
 
 -*• Writers. 500 pp., super-royal Svo, 20 Full-page and 70 smaller 
 Engravings, cloth e.\tra, 25^. A New Edition is being issued in Half- 
 crown parts, with fifty additional portraits, cloth, gilt edges, 3U. dd. 
 "A handsome volume, full of information and sound criticism." — Tiines. 
 
 "Almost an encyclopaidia of p.iinting It may be recommended as a handy 
 
 and elcgantguide to beginners in the study of the history of art." — Saturday Rn'ievj. 
 
 FalUser {Mrs. ) A History of Lace, from the Earliest Period. 
 A New and Revised Edition, with additional cuts and text, upwards 
 of 100 Illustrations and coloured Designs, i vol. Svo, i/. is. 
 
 " One of the most readable books of the season ; permanently valuable, always in- 
 teresting, often amusing, and not inferior in all the essentialsof a gift book." — Times. 
 
 Historic Devices, Badires, and War Cries. Svo, i/. is. 
 
 The China Collector's Pocket Companion. With upwards 
 
 of 1000 Illustrations of Marks and Monograms. 2nd Edition, with 
 Additions. Small post Svo, limp cloth, 5^-. 
 
 " We scarcely need add that a more trustworthy and convenient handbook does 
 not exist, and that others besides ourselves will feel grateful to Mrs. Palliser for the 
 care and skill she has bestowed upon iL" — Academy. 
 
 Petites Lerons de Conversation et de Grammairc: Oral and 
 Conversational Method ; being Little Lessons introducing the most 
 Useful Topics of Daily Conversation, upon an entirely new principle, 
 &c. By F. JULIEN, French Master at King Edward the Sixth's 
 Grammar School, Birmingham. Author of "The Student's French 
 Examiner," which see. 
 
 Phelps {Miss) Gates Ajar. 3 2mo, dd. 
 
 J/t';/, Women, and Ghosts. 121110, sewed, 15-. dd. 3 cl., 2s. 
 
 Hedged In. i2mo, sewed, \s. 6d.; cloth, 2s. 
 
 Silent Partner, ^s. 
 
 IVotty's Wedding Tour. Small post Svo, 3.?. dd. 
 
 What to Wear. Fcap. Svo, fancy boards, \s. 
 
 Phillips (Z.) Dictionary of Biographical Reference. Svo, 
 I/. ws.U. 
 
 Phipson {Dr. T. L.) Familiar Leitej's on some Mysteries of 
 Nature and Discoveries in Science. Crown Svo, cloth extra, 'js. 6d. 
 
 Photography {Histoty and Handbook of). See Tissandier. 
 
 Picture Gallery of British Art {The). 38 Permanent Photo- 
 graphs after the most celebrated English Painters. With Descriptive 
 Letterpress. Vols. I to 5, cloth extra, iSx. each. Vol. 6 for 1S77, 
 commencing New Series, demy folio, 315. 6d. Monthly Parts, is. 6J. 
 
2 2 Sampson Loia, Marston, &= Co!s 
 
 Pike (JV.) Suh-Tropkal Rambles in the Land of the Apha7iapteryx. 
 In I vol., demy Svo, i8j. Profusely Illustrated from the Author's 
 own Sketches. Also with Maps and Meteorological ChartS. 
 
 Placita Anglo-Nor??iannica. The Procedure and Constitution of 
 the Anglo-Norman Courts (William I. — Richard I.), as shown by 
 Contemporaneous Records ; all the Reports of the Litigation of the 
 period, as recorded in the Chronicles and Histories of the time, being 
 gleaned and literally transcribed. With Explanatory Notes, &c. By 
 M. M. BiGELOW. Demy Svo, cloth, \i^. 
 
 Plutarc/i's Lives. An Entirely New and Library Edition. 
 Edited by A. H. Clough, Esq. 5 vols., Svo, 2/. io.c; half-morocco, 
 gilt top, 3/. Also in l vol., royal Svo, Soo pp., cloth extra, iSj-. ; 
 half-bound, 2ls. 
 
 Mo?-als. Uniform with Clough's Edition of " Lives of 
 
 Plutarch." Edited by Professor Goodwin. 5 vols., Svo, 3/. y. 
 Poe {E. A.) TJie Works of 4 vols., 2/. 2s. 
 Poems of the Lnner Life. . A New Edition, Revised, with many 
 
 additional Poems, inserted by permission of the Authors. Small post 
 
 Svo, cloth, 5j. 
 Poga?iuc People: t/ieir Loves and Lives. By Mrs. Beecher 
 
 Stowe. Crown Svo, cloth, lOj-. 6d. 
 Polar Expeditions. See Koldewey, IMarkham, MacGahan, 
 
 and Nares. 
 Pottery : iiow it is Made, its SJiape and Decoration. Practical 
 
 Instructions for Painting on Porcelain and all kinds of Pottery with 
 
 vitrifiable and common Oil Colours. With a full Bibliography of 
 
 Standard Works upon the Ceramic Art. By G. Ward Nichols. 
 
 42 Illustrations, crown Svo, red edges, 6.f. 
 Practical (A) LLandbook to the Principal Scliools of England. 
 
 By C. E. Pascoe. Showing the cost of living at the Great Schools, 
 
 Scholarships, &c., &c. New Edition corrected to 1S7S, crowTi Svo, 
 
 cloth extra, 3^-. bd. 
 
 " This is an exceedingly useful work, and one that was much wanted." — 
 
 Examiner. 
 
 PrejevalsJzy {N. M.) Travels in Mongolia. By N. M. Preje- 
 valsky, Lieutenant- Colonel, Russian Staff. Translated by E. Delmar 
 Morgan, F.R.G.S., and Annotated by Colonel Yule, C.B. 2vo1s., 
 demy Svo, cloth extra, numerous Illustrations and Maps, il. is. 
 
 From Ludja, across tJie Tian Siia?i to Lob-Nor. Trans- 
 lated by E. Delmar Morgan, F.R.G.S. With Notes and Intro- 
 duction by Sir Douglas Forsyth, K. C.S.I. 1 vol., demy Svo, 
 with a Map. 
 
 Price {Sir Pose, Part.). See "Two Americas." 
 
 Prince Ritto ; or, T/ie Four-leaved SJiamrock. By Fanny W. 
 
 ■Currey. With 10 Full-page Fac-simile Reproductions of Original 
 Drawings by Helen O'Hara. Demy 4to, cloth extra, gilt, \os. 6d. 
 
List of Publications. 23 
 
 Prisoner of War in Russia. See Coope. 
 
 Publishers' Circular {The), and General Record of British and 
 Foreign Literature. Publislicd on tlie 1st and 15th of every Month. 
 
 /^ UARTER Sessions, from Queen Elizabeth to Queen A/ine : 
 \z^ Illustrations of Local Government and History. Drawn from 
 
 Original Records (chieily of the County of Devon). Ijy A. H. A. 
 
 Hamilton. Crown Svo, cloth, ioj-. ()d. 
 
 ^ALSTON {W. R. S.) Early Russian History. Foui 
 -'»- Lectures delivered at Oxford by W. R. S. Ralston, ALA. Crown 
 
 Svo, cloth extra, 5^. 
 Ranibaud {Alfred). History of Russia, from its Origin to the 
 Year 1S77. With Six ALips. Translated by Mrs. L. B. Lang. 2 
 vols, demy Svo, cloth extra. 
 Recollections of Samuel Breck, the American Pepys. "With 
 Passages from his Note-Books (1771 — 1862). Crown Svo, cloth, \os. 6d. 
 "The book is admirable." — Standard. 
 
 Recollections of Writers. By Charles and Mary Cowden 
 Clakke. Authors of " The Concordance to Shakespeare," &c. ; 
 with Letters of Charles Lamb, Leigh Hunt, Douglas Jerrold, 
 and Charles Dickens ; and a Preface by Mary Cowden Clarke. 
 Crown Svo, cloth, los. (3d. 
 
 Reynard the Fox. The Prose Translation by the late Thomas 
 RoscoE. With about 100 exquisite Illustrations on Wood, after 
 designs by A. J. Elwes. Imperial i6mo, cloth extra, "js. 6d, 
 
 Robinson {Phil.). See " In my Indian Garden." 
 
 Roche {Mrs. H.). See " On Trek in the Transvaal." 
 
 Rochefoucauld's Reflections. Bayard Series, 2s. dd. 
 
 Rogers {S.) Pleasu?-es of Memory. See " Choice Editions of 
 
 Choice Books." 2s. 6d. 
 Rohlfs {Dr. G.) Advefitures in Morocco, and Journeys through the 
 
 Oases of Draa and Tafdet. By Dr. G. Rohlfs. Demy Svo, Map, 
 
 and Portrait of the Author, \2s. 
 
 Rose in Bloom. See Alcott. 
 
 Rose Library {The). Popular Literature of all countries. Each 
 volume, IJ-. ; cloth, 2s. bd. j\Iany of the Volumes are Illustrated — 
 
 1. Sea-GuU Rock. By Jules Sandeau. Illustrated. 
 
 2. Little Women. V,y Louisa M. Alcott. 
 
 3. Little Women Wedded. Forming a Sequel to "Little Women." 
 
 4. The House on Wheels. By ALvdame de Stolz. Illustrated. 
 t;. Little Men. By Louisa AL Alcott. Dble. vol., 2s. ; cloth, 3^-. 6d. 
 
24 Sampson Lotu, Marston, &= Co.'s 
 
 Rose LJbrafy {The), continued: — 
 
 6. The Old-Pashioned Girl. By LouiSA M, Alcott, Double 
 
 vol., 2J-. ; cloth, 3^. dd. 
 
 7. The Mistress of the EEanse. By J. G. Holland. 
 
 8. Timothy Titcomb's Letters to Young: People, Single and 
 
 Married. 
 
 9. Undine, and the Two Captains. By Baron De La Motte 
 
 FouQu£. A New Translation by F. E. Bunnett. Illustrated. 
 
 10. Draxy Miller's Dowry, and .the Elder's Wife. By Saxe 
 
 PIOLM. 
 
 11. The Four Gold Pieces. By Madame GouRAUD. Numerous 
 
 Illustrations. 
 
 12. Work. A Story of Experience. First Portion. By Louisa M. 
 
 Alcott. 
 
 13. Beg'inningr Agrain. Being a Continuation of " Work." By 
 
 Louisa M. Alcott. 
 
 14. Picciola; or, the Prison Flower. By X. B. Saintine. 
 
 Numerous Graphic Illustrations. 
 
 15. Robert's Holidays. Illustrated. 
 
 16. The Two Children of St. Domingo. Numerous Illustrations. 
 
 17. Aunt Jo's Scrap Bag'. 
 
 1 8. Stowe (Mrs. H, B.) The Pearl of Orr's Island. 
 19. The Minister's Wooing. 
 
 20. Betty's Bright Idea. 
 
 21. ■ The Ghost in the Mill. 
 
 22. Captain Kidd's Money. 
 
 23. We and our Neighbours. Double vol., 2s. 
 
 24. My Wife and I. Double vol., is. ; cloth, gilt, ^s. Gd. 
 
 25. Hans Briuker ; or, the Silver Skates. 
 
 26. Lowell's My Study Window. 
 
 27. Holmes (O. W.) The Guardian Angel. 
 
 2S. Warner (C. D.) My Summer in a Garden. 
 
 29. Hitherto. By the Author of "The Gayworthys." 2 vols., I j. each. 
 
 30. Helen's Babies. By their Latest Victim. 
 
 31. The Barton Experiment. By the Author of " Helen's Babies." 
 
 32. Dred. By Mrs. Beecher Stowe. Double vol., 2s. Cloth, 
 
 gilt, y. 6d. 
 
 33. Warner (C. D.) In the Wilderness. 
 
 34. Six to One. A Seaside Story. 
 
 Russell {W. H.,LL.D) The Tour of the Prince of Wales in 
 
 India, and his Visits to the Courts of Greece, EgA'pt, Spain, and 
 Portugal. By W. H. Russell, LL.D., who accompanied the 
 Prince throughout his journey ; fully Illustrated by Sydney P. Hall, 
 M.A., the Prince's Private Artist, with his Royal Highness's special 
 permission to use the Sketches made during the Tour. Super-royal 
 8vo, cloth extra, gilt edges, 52J-. bd.; Large Paper Edition, 84^. 
 
 CANCTA Christina: a Story of the First Century. By 
 ^ Eleanor E. Orleijar. With a Preface by the Bishop of Winchester. 
 Small post 8vo, cloth extra, 55. 
 
List of Publications. 
 
 Sclnceinfurth {Dr. G.) Heart of Africa. Which see. 
 
 Aries Africance. IHustrations and Description of Pro- 
 ductions of the Natural Arts of Central African Triljes. With 26 
 Litliogiaphed Plates, imperial 4to, boards, 28s. 
 
 Scientific Memoirs: being Experimental Contributions to a 
 Knowledge of Radiant Energy. By John William Draper, M.D., 
 LL.D., Author of "A Treatise on Human Thysiology," &c. With 
 a line Steel Engraved Portrait of the Author. Demy Svo, cloth extra, 
 473 P-iges, I4^-- 
 
 Sea-Gull Rock. By Jules Sandeau, of the French Academy. 
 Royal i6mo, with 79 Illustrations, cloth extra, gilt edges, is. bd. 
 Cheaper Edition, cloth gilt, 2.3. dd. See also Rose Library. 
 
 Sconce : Sporting in the Satpura Raiige of Central India, and in 
 the Valley of the Nerbudda. By R. A. Sterndale, F.R.G.S. Svo, 
 with numerous Illustrations, i\s. 
 
 Shakespeare {The Boudoir). Edited by Henry Cundell. 
 
 Carefully bracketted for reading aloud ; freed from all objectionable 
 matter, and altogether free from notes. Price 2s. 6d. each volume, 
 cloth extra, gilt edges. Contents :— Vol I., Cymbeline — Merchant of 
 Venice. Each play separately, paper cover, is. Vol. II., As You 
 Like It — King Lear — Much Ado about Nothing. Vol. III., Romeo 
 and Juliet — Twelfth Night — King John. The latter six plays sepa- 
 rately, paper cover, 9^. 
 Shooting: its Appliances, Practice, and Purpose. By James 
 Dalziel Dougall, F.S.A., F.Z.A. Author of "Scottish Field 
 Sports," &c. Crown Svo, cloth extra, los. 6d. 
 
 "The book is admirable in every way. .... We wish it every success." — Glolre. 
 
 "A very complete treatise Likely to take high rank as an authority on 
 
 shooting " — Daily News. 
 
 Silent Hour {The). See Gentle Life Series. 
 
 Silver Pitchers. See Alcott. 
 
 Simon {yules). See " Government of M. Thiers." 
 
 Six Hundred Robinson Crusoes ; or, The Voyage of the Golden 
 Fleece. A true Story for old and young. By Gilbert Mortimer. 
 Illustrated. Post Svo, cloth extra, 5^-. 
 
 Six to One. A Seaside Story. i6mo, boards, is. 
 
 Sketches from an Artisfs Portfolio. By Sydney P. Hall. 
 
 About 60 Fac-similes of his Sketches during Travels in various parts of 
 
 Europe. Folio, cloth extra, 3/. 3X. 
 
 "A portfolio which any one might be glad to call their own." — Times. 
 
 Sleepy Sketches ; or, How ii>e Live, and Hozo we Do Not Live. 
 From Bombay, i vol., small post Svo, cloth, 6.f. 
 " Well-written and amusing sketches of Indian society." — Morniiie; Post. 
 
 Smith {G.) Assyrian Explorations a?id Discoveries. By the late 
 Georoe Smith. Illustrated by Photographs and Woodcuts. Demy 
 Svo, 6th Edition, iSj. 
 
26 Sampson Loiv, Maiston, &= Co.'s 
 
 Smith {G.) The Glial dean Account of Genesis. Containing the 
 Description of tlie Creation, the Fall of Man, the Deluge, the Tower 
 of Babel, the Times of the Patriarchs, and Nimrod; Babylonian 
 Fables, and Legends of the Gods ; from the Cuneiform Inscriptions. 
 By the late G. Smith, of the Departmennt of Oriental Antiquities, 
 British Museum. With many Illustrations. Demy 8vo, cloth extra, 
 5th Edition, \bs. 
 
 Snotu-Shoes and Canoes; or, the Adventures of a Fur-Hunter 
 in the Hudson's Bay Territory. By W. H. G. Kingston. 2nd 
 Edition. With numerous Illustrations. Square crown Svo, cloth 
 extra, gilt, 7^. 6d. 
 
 South Australia: its History, Resources, and Productions. 
 Edited by W. Harcus, J. P., with 66 full-page Woodcut Illustrations 
 from Photogi-aphs taken in the Colony, and 2 Maps. Demy Svo, 2\s. 
 
 Spain. Illustrated by Gustave Dore. Text by the Baron 
 
 Ch. D'AviLLiER. Containing over 240 Wood Engravings by Dore, 
 half of them, being Full-oage size. Imperial 4to, elaborately bound 
 in cloth, extra gilt edges, 3/. 3^'. 
 
 Stanley {H. M.) How I Found Livingstojie. Crown Svo, cloth 
 
 extra, "js. 6d. ; large Paper Edition, 10^. 6d. 
 
 "J/j' Kalulu," Prince, King, and Slave. A Story 
 
 from Central Africa. Crown Svo, about 430 pp., with numerous graphic 
 Illustrations, after Original Designs by the Author. Cloth, Js. 6d. 
 
 Coo??iassie and Magdala. A Story of Two British 
 
 Campaigns in Africa. Demy Svo, with Maps and Illustrations, ids. 
 
 Through the Dark Cojitinent, which see. 
 
 St. Nicholas for 1878. The First Number of the New 
 Series commenced November ist, 1877, and contains a New Story by 
 Louisa M. Alcott, entitled "Under the Lilacs." u. Monthly. 
 
 Story without an End. From the German of Carove, by the late 
 Mrs. Sarah T. Austin. Crown 4to, with 15 Exquisite Drawings 
 by E. V. B., printed in Colours in Fac- simile of the original Water 
 Colours ; and numerous other Illustrations. New Edition, 7^. (>d. 
 
 square 4to, with Illustrations by Harvey. 2s. (yd. 
 
 Stowe {Mrs. Beecher) Dred. Cheap Edition, boards, 2^-. Cloth, 
 
 gilt edges, 35. dd. 
 Footsteps of the Master. With Illustrations and red 
 
 borders. Small post Svo, cloth extra, 6s. 
 
 Geography, with 60 Illustrations. Square cloth, 45-. 6d. 
 
 Little Foxes. Cheap Edition, is.; Library Edition, 
 
 4^. 6d 
 Petty s Bright Idea. is. 
 
List of Publications. 2 7 
 
 StoT.t<e {Mrs. Beecher) ATy Wife and I ; or, Harry Henderson's 
 History. Small post Svo, cloth extra, bs* 
 
 Minister's Wooing, ^s.\ Copyright Series, 15. dd.^cX., 2s* 
 
 Old Town Folk. 65-. : Cheap Edition, 2s. 6d. 
 
 Old Town Fireside Stories. Cloth extra, y. 6d. 
 
 Our Folks at Foganiic. los. Gd. 
 
 ■ — JVe and our Neighbours. 1 vol., small post Svo, 6s. 
 
 Sequel to "My Wife and I."* 
 Fink and JV/iite Tyranny. Small post Svo, :^s. 6d. ; 
 
 Cheap Edition, is. 6d. and 2s. 
 
 Queer Little Feople. \s. ; cloth, 2s. 
 
 Ckimtiey Corner, is. ; cloth, is. 6d. 
 
 The Fearl of Orr's Lsland. Crown Svo, 5^.* 
 
 Little Fussey Willow. Fcap., 2s. 
 
 Woman in Sacred History. Illustrated with 1 5 Chromo- 
 lithographs and about 200 pages of Letterpress. Demy 4to, cloth 
 extra, gilt edges, 255. 
 
 Street Life in London. By J. Thomson, F.R.G.S., and Adolphe 
 Smith. One volume, 4to, containing 40 Permanent Photographs of 
 Scenes of London Street Life, with Descriptive Letterpress, 25^-. 
 
 Student's French Fxaminer. By F. Julien, Author of " Petites 
 Lecons de Conversation et de Grammaire." Square crown Svo, cloth 
 extra, 2s. 
 
 Studies from Nature. 24 Photographs, Avith Descriptive Letter- 
 press. r>y Steven Thomtson. Imperial 4to, 35^. 
 
 Sub-Tropical Rambles. See Pike (N). 
 
 Sullivan {A.M., M.F.). See " New Ireland." 
 
 Summer Holiday in Scandinavia {A). By E. L. L. Arnold. 
 Crown Svo, cloth extra, \os. 6d. 
 
 Sumner {Hon. Charles). See Life and Letters. 
 
 Surgeon's ILandbook on the Treatment of Wounded in War. By 
 Dr. Friedrich Esmarch, Professor of Surgery in the Univei-sity ot 
 Kiel, and Surgeon-General to the Prussian Army. Translated bv 
 H. H. Glutton, B.A., Cantab, F.R.C.S. Numerous Coloured 
 Plates and Illustrations. Svo, strongly bound in flexible leather, i/. %s. 
 
 n^AUCHNLTZS English Editions of German Authors. 
 ■*■ Each volume, cloth flexible, 2s. ; or sewed, is. dd. (Catalogues post 
 free on application.) 
 
 • See also Rose Librarj*. 
 
28 Safiipson Loiv, Marston, ^^ Co.'s 
 
 Tauchnitz {B.) Germa?i and English Dictionary. Paper, is. 
 cloth, \s. 6d. ; roan, 2s. 
 
 Freiich and English. Paper, i^. dd. ; cloth, 2s ; roan, 
 
 2J-. 6d. 
 Italian and English. Paper, li-. dd. ; cloth, 2s. ; 
 
 roan, 2s. 6d. 
 Spanish and English. Paper, is. 6d. ; cloth, 2s. ; roan, 
 
 2s. 6d. 
 A^ew Testament. Cloth, 2S. ; gilt, 2s. 6d. 
 
 The Telephone. An Account of the Phenomena of Electricity, 
 
 Magnetism, and Sound, as Involved in its Action ; with Directions for 
 Malting a Speaking Telephone. By Prof. A. E. Doleear, Author of 
 "The Art of Projecting," &c. Second Edition, with an Appendix De- 
 scriptive of Prof. Bell's Present Instrument. 130 pp., with 19 Illus- 
 trations, IS. 
 
 Tennyson's May Queen. Choicely Illustrated from designs by 
 the Hon. Mrs. Boyle. Crown Svo [See Choice Series), 2s. dd. 
 
 Textbook (A) of Ha^-mony. For the Use of Schools and 
 Students. By the late Charles Edward Horsley. Revised for 
 the Press by Westley Richards and W. H. Calcott. Small post 
 Svo, cloth extra, 3^. dd. 
 
 Thebes, and its Five Greater Temples. See Abney. 
 
 lliomson {/.) The Stt-aits of Malacca, Tndo- China, and China; 
 or. Ten Years' Travels, Adventures, and Residence Abroad. By J. 
 Thomson, F.R.G.S., Author of "Illustrations of China and its 
 People." Upwards of 60 Woodcuts. Demy Svo, cloth extra, 21 j. 
 
 Thome (E.) The Queen of the Colonies ; or, Queensland as I 
 
 saw it. I vol., with Map, 6s. 
 Through the Dark Continent : The Sources of the Nile ; Around 
 
 the Great Lakes, and down the Congo. By Henry M. Stanley. 
 
 2 vols., demy Svo, containing 150 Full-page and other Illustrations, 
 
 2 Portraits of the Author, and 10 Maps, \2s. Sixth Thousand. 
 
 Map to the above. Size 34 by 56 inches, showing, on 
 
 a large scale, Stanley's recent Great Discoveries in Central Africa. 
 The First Jvlap in which the Congo was ever correctly traced. 
 Mounted, in case, 1/. \s. 
 
 " One of the greatest geographical discoveries of the age." — Spectator. 
 
 " Mr. Stanley has penetrated the very heart of the mystery. . ._ ._ He has opened 
 up a perfectly virgin region, never before, so far as known, visited by a white 
 man." — Times. 
 
 To the Arctic Regions and Back in Six Weeks. By Captain 
 A. W. M. Clark Kennedy (late of the Coldstream Guards). With 
 Illustrations and Maps. Svo, cloth, 15^-. 
 
 Tour of the Prince of Wales in India. See Russell. 
 
List of Publications. ?9 
 
 Trollops (A.) Harry Heathcote of Gans:;oil. A Story of Bash 
 
 Life in Australia. With Graphic Ilhistrations. Small post, cloth, i,s. 
 
 Turkistan. Notes of a Journey in the Russian Provinces of 
 
 Central Asia and the Khanates of Bokhara and Kokand. By Eur;i:NE 
 
 Schuyler, Secretary to the American Legation, St. Petersburg. 
 
 Numerous Illustrations. 2 vols, 8vo, cloth extra, 5th Edition, 2/. zs. 
 TiL'O Americas ; being an Account of Sport afid Travel, toitlt 
 
 Notes on Men and Manners in North and South America. By Sir 
 
 Rose Price, Bart. I vol., demy Svo, with Illustrations, cloth 
 
 extra, 2nd Edition, i8j. 
 Two Friends. By Lucif.n Biart, Author of "Adventures of 
 
 a Young Naturalist," " My Rambles in the New World," &c. Small 
 
 post Svo, numerous Illustrations, 7j. 61/. 
 7\i'0 Supercargoes {The) ; or. Adventures in Savage Africa. 
 
 By W. H. G. Kingston. Square imperial i6mo, cloth extra, "js. 6 J. 
 
 Numerous Full-page Illustrations, 
 
 P 
 
 ■IXDENHOFF {George, M.A). See "Art of Reading 
 Aloud." 
 
 Clerical Assistant. Fcap., 3^. dd. 
 
 Ladies' Reader {The). Fcap., 5^. 
 
 Vcrncs {Jules) Works. Translated from the French, with 
 
 fror.1 50 to 100 Illustrations. Each cloth extra, gilt edges — 
 
 Large post Zvo, price los. 6d. each — 
 
 1. Fur CoTintry. 
 
 2. Tv/euty Thousand Leagnes under the Sea. 
 
 3. From tlie Earth to the Moon, and a Trip round It. 
 
 4. IXTichael St?-og:oflf, the Courier of the Czar. 
 
 5. Hector Servadac. 
 
 6. Dick Sands, the Boy Captain. 
 
 Lniperial idmo, price "js. 6d. each — 
 
 1. rive Weeks in a Balloon. 
 
 2. Adventures of Three Engrlishmen and Three Russians in 
 
 South Africa. 
 
 3. Around the World in Eig-hty Days. 
 
 4. A Floating' City, and the Blockade Runners. 
 
 5. Dr. Ox's Experiment, Master Zacharius, A Drama in the 
 
 Air, A Winter amid the Ice, &c. 
 
 6. The Survivors of the " Chancellor." 
 
 7. Dropped from the Clouds, "i The Mysterious Island. 3 vok., 
 
 8. Abandoned. \ 2.,.. e./. One volume, with some of the 
 
 9. Secret of the Island. ) Illustrations, cloth, gilt edges, las. 6</. 
 
 10. The Child of the Cavern. 
 
3© Sampsofi Low, Marston, 6^ Co.'s 
 
 Verne's {Jules) Works, continued: — 
 
 J7ie following Cheaper Editions are issued with a few of the 
 Illustrations, in paper wrapper, price \s. ; cloth gilt, 2S. each. 
 
 1. Adventures of Three Eng-lisliinerL and Three Kussians in 
 
 South Africa. 
 
 2. Five Weeks in a Balloon. 
 
 3. A Floating- City. 
 
 4. The Blockade Kunners. 
 
 5. From the Earth to the Moon. 
 
 6. Around the Moon. 
 
 7. Twenty Thousand Leagnes under the Sea. Vol. I. 
 
 8. Vol. II. The two parts in one, cloth, gilt, 3^. 6J. 
 
 9. Around the World in Eighty Days. 
 
 10. Dr. Ox's Experiment, and Master Zacharius. 
 
 11. Martin Paz, the Indian Patriot. 
 
 12. A Winter amid the Ice. 
 
 13. The Fur Country. Vol. I. 
 
 14. Vol. II. Both parts in one, cloth gilt, 3^. 6d. 
 
 15. Survivors of the " Chancellor." Vol.1. 
 
 16. Vol. II. Both volumes in one, cloth, gilt edges, 3J. 6d. 
 
 Viardot {Lcuis). See " Painters of all Schools." 
 
 UZALLER {Rev. C. H.) The Names on the Gates of Pearl, 
 ''^'^ and other Studies. By the Rev. C. H. Waller, M. A. Crown 
 8vo, cloth extra, 6s. 
 
 A Grammar and Analytical Vocabulary of the Words in 
 
 the Greek Testament. Compiled from Briider's Concordance. For 
 the use of Divinity Students jmd Greek Testament Classes. By the 
 Rev. C. H. Waller, RI. A.^late Scholar of University College, Oxford, 
 Tutor of the London College of Divinity, St. John's Hall, Highbury. 
 Part I., Tlie Grammar. Small post Svo, cloth, is. 6d. Part II. The 
 Vocabulary, 2s. 6d. 
 
 Adoption and the Covenant. Some Thoughts on 
 
 Confirmation. Super-royal i6mo, cloth limp, 2s. 6d. 
 
 War in ^Bulgaria : a Nan-ative of Personal Experiences. By 
 Lieutenant-Gexeral Valentine Baker Pasha. Together with 
 a Description and Plan of the Works constmcted by him for the Defence 
 of Constantinople. Also Maps and Plans of Battles. 2 vols., demy 
 Svo, cloth extra, 2/. 2s. 
 
 Warner {C. P>.) My Summer in a Garden. Rose Library, i^. 
 
 Back-log Studies. Boards, \s. Gd.; cloth, 2s. 
 
 /;/ the Wilderness. Rose Librar\-, i^. 
 
 Mummies and Moslems. Svo, cloth, 12^-. 
 
List of Publications. 
 
 Weaving. See " History and Principles." 
 
 Westropp {H. M.) A Manual of Precious Stones and Antique 
 Gems. By Hodder M. Westropp, Author of "The Traveller's 
 Art Companion," " Pre-IIistoric Phases," &c. Numerous Illustrations. 
 Small post 8vo, cloth extra, 6j. 
 
 Whitney {Mrs. A. D. T.) The Gayworthys. Cloth, 3^. 6d. 
 
 Paith Gartney. Small post 8vo, 3^. dd. Cheaper 
 
 Editions, \s. 6d. and 2J. 
 
 Peal Polks. 1 2 mo, crown, ^s. Gd. 
 
 Hitherto. Small post 8vo, 3^. 6d. and 2s. 6d. 
 
 Sights and Insights. 3 vols., crown 8vo, 3ii'. 6d. 
 
 Summer in Leslie Goldthwaite's Life. Cloth, 3^. 6d. 
 
 The Other Girls. Small post Svo, cloth extra, 35. 6d. 
 
 JVe Girls. Small post Svo, y. 6d. ; Cheap Edition, 
 
 IJ-. 6J. and 2s. 
 J J Ikoff {II. ) The Pour Civilizations of the JForld. An Historical 
 
 Retrospect. Crown Svo, cloth, 12^. 
 
 Wills, A Pew Hints on Proving, without Professional Assistance. 
 By a Probate Court Official. 5th Edition, revised with Forms 
 of Wills, Residuary Accounts, &c. Fcap. Svo, cloth limp, is. 
 
 Wilson {H. Schiiltz). See "Alpine Ascents and Adventures." 
 
 With Axe and Rifle on the Western Prairies. By W. H. G. 
 Kingston. With numerous Illustrations, square crovm Svo, cloth 
 extra, gilt, 'js. 6d. 
 
 Woolsey {C. L>., LL.D.) Lntroduction to the Study of Inter- 
 national Law ; designed as an Aid in Teaching and in Historical 
 Studies. Reprinted from the last American Edition, and at a much 
 lower price. Crown Svo, cloth extra, Sj-. td. 
 
 Words of Wellington: Maxims and Opinions, Sentences and 
 Reflections of the Great Duke, gathered from his Despatches, Letters, 
 and Speeches (Bayard Series). 2s. 6d. 
 
 World of Comets. By A. Guillemin, Author of " The 
 Heavens." Translated and edited by James Glaisher, F.R.S. 
 I vol., super-royal Svo, with numerous Woodcut Illustrations, and 3 
 Chromo-lithographs, cloth extra, 3IJ. ()d. 
 
 "The mass of information collected in the volume is immense, and the treatment 
 of the subject is so purely popular, that none need be deterred from a perusal of 
 it." — British Quarterly AVtvVw". 
 
 Wreck of the Grosvcnor. By W. Clark Russell. 6j. Third 
 and Cheaper Edition. 
 
32 Sampson Low, Marston, &* Go's List of Puhlications. 
 'YENOPLLON'S Anabasis ; or. Expedition of Cyrus. A 
 
 -^^ Literal Translation, chiefly from the Text of Dindorff, by GEORGE 
 
 B. Wheeler. Books I to III. Crown 8vo, board.s, 2s. 
 
 Books L to VLL Boards, 3^. 6d. 
 
 YOUNG (J. F.) Five Weeks in Greece. Crown Svo, 105. 6d. 
 
 flontlon: 
 
 SAMPSON LOW, MARSTON, SEARLE, & RIVINGTON, 
 CROWN BUILDINGS, iS3, FLEET STREET. 
 
14 DAY USE 
 
 RETURN TO DESK FROM WHICH BORROWED 
 
 LOAN DEPT. 
 
 This book is due on the last date stamped below, or 
 
 on the date to which renewed. 
 
 Renewed books are subject to immediate recaU. 
 
 7 
 
 — -jTH — 
 
 ^ 
 
 ^ FEB-a4,?BaL£ 
 
 ^ 
 
 ^ 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 *0i«^ JAN 15 7,. 
 
 mtER-UBRARY 
 
 1tWHr19^ 
 
 jtjffpispurr— 1^ 
 ^[ITQ DISC nf?T 15 1989 
 
 n 
 
 \ 1994 
 
 LOAN 
 
 AJiUUiSCClkC 
 
 UFTTST 
 
 LD 21A-60w-10,'65 
 (F7763sl0)476B 
 
 General Library 
 
 University of California 
 
 Berkeley 
 
iviSllR;^ 
 
 r^i • '1^- 
 
 ;^CVJtw 
 
 U.C. BERKELEY LIBRARIES I ! 
 
 CD211D3m=l 
 
 ' K ■ '