®JMDMIHKS ^ce^mQ & UC-NRLF H SB 2 17 51fl <•>, w. h. saolier. nfw yopk. // 1 SADLIER'S EXCELSIOR GEOGRAPHY NUMBER ONE. SADLIERS EXCELSIOR GEOGRAPHY NUMBER ONE ON THE PLAN OF OBJECT-TEACHING DESIGNED FOR BEGINNERS BY A CATHOLIC TEACHER WM. H. SADLIER, PUBLISHER NEW YORK /CL /7 I CONTENTS. Definitions . PAGE 12 MAPS. PAGE Western Hemisphere 16 Eastern Hemisphere 18 North America 20 United States 24 North Atlantic States 32 Middle Atlantic States 36 PAGE Southern States 42 Western States 46 South America 50 Europe 54 Asia 60 Africa 64 OBJECT LESSONS. PAGE The Earth 7 Natural Divisions 13 North America 22, 23 United States 30, 31 North Atlantic States 34, 35 Middle Atlantic States .38, 3Q, 40, 41 Southern States 44, 45 PAGE Western States 48, 49 South America 52, 53 Europe 56, 57, 58, 59 Asia 62, 63 Africa 66, 67 Plants 68, 69 General Review 70, 71 ; j?oP$rfek&f*l Si J6 9 6, by W. H. SADLIER. W. P. 17 PREFAl THIS little work is based on the object system nd combines the greatest simplicity of pre- sentation with no inconsiderable amount of G graphical information. The maps, with certain illustrations and portions the text in Monteith's h First Lessons in G] RAPHY," have, by permission, been incorporated in the present work. It is offered to the numerous little ones in our Catholic Schools, in the hope that it may awaken in them a love tor the science; and with love and rex- it is laid at their feet of whom Our Lord has said "The Kingdom ^i Heaven is of such. " 541 133 villa(;k. mop mains. ocean. city. jak,; - strait. lake. island. Wer. grove, church and school-house. play-ground. EXCELSIOR GEOGRAPHY LESSON I. HERE is a picture of a Church, a School-hou and a part of the Earth's surface What notice in this picture? The Church and the School-house are built on the side of a hill. Far, far away in the distance, you can sex: the ///, which is0 very large body of water ; and above it are the clouds. The clouds and the: water seem to meet; but that is not really so. Point to the Ocean. Near the border of the Ocean is a City. You can see the tall spires of the Churches. This City is built on a Cape, which is a point of land extending into the water'. Point to the City. pposite the City, and separated from it by a small body of water called a Strait, is a high Moun- tain. Point to the Mountain. Have you ever seen a Mountain? Whet Between the City and the School-house are two rather lai\ ivuuded by /and. These are called Lakes. Point to the La! 8 LESSON VL /;/ the Center of the larger Lake, is a small body of land called an Island. Perhaps there are beautiful houses built on it ; but they are so small that we can- not see them. Point to the Island. If you drop a rose-leaf, or a piece of light wood, into a basin of water it will look like an Island in the middle of a Lake. On the edge of the smaller Lake, is a pretty little Village; {the Teacher will explain the difference between a village and a city^) and sailing over the waters of the Lake, is a small steamboat. Point to the Village. Do you live in a Village, or in a City? Now if you look carefully, you will see a River winding its way from the foot of the Hill on which the Church is built to the Lake. Trace the Course of the River. All these things of which w T e have spoken, are on the surface or ontside of the Earth. Geography is a Description of the Earth's Surface. Now we will represent by a Map, on the next page, that part of the Earth's surface which you saw in the picture. Point to the marks which represent the Mountains. The City. The . Island. The Strait. The Village. The River. Point to the Church. The School-house. What is a map ? A picture of the whole, or of a part, of the Earth's surface. LESSON in MAP. NORTH OCEAN SOUTH What arc the directions on a Map? Toward the top, Xorth ; toward the bottom, South ; to the right, East; to the left, West Point to the North. The East The South. The W What is ill tl: ; tin's Map ? A ( in i In uh.it direct an? The Playground? Th< . tiler Lake? Wh.it is North of the 1. What are Southeast of th< of this kind until the sui IO LESSON IV. This is a picture of the World or Earth upon which we live. It is a great ball. The part you see is the outside or surface, and is either land or water. The parts of this picture which appear smooth and light represent the water ; the rough and dark parts, the land; and you may know that on the Earth's surface, there is more water than land. Look at the picture, and you will observe ships sailing on the water. That great body of water is called an Ocean, and ships can sail on any part of it, and in any direction. ON V. n There are 11 on the Earth: namely, the Pacific, Atlantic, Indian, Northern or Arctic, and Southern or An rARCTic. Ships sail i)\\ all th IS you see them here on the Atlantic — just as ilies travel around an A fly travels on the outside or SI RFA< E of an orange; people and ships move on the SUR1 of the Earth. Ho we live on the outside, or the inside o\ the Earth ? Look again at the picture, and you will see land all along the left-hand side, stretching from the upper of the picture almost to the lower, or from the in to tl^e South. That land is A.mkrh \. At the middle, or Center, the land is very narrow, and because it is a narrow neck of land it is called an ISTHMUS. The land from this isthmus toward the north is NORTH AMERICA, and that from the isthmus ard the south is South America. North Amer- ica and South America are joined to each other by the Isthmus i >f 1 >arh n or Panama. Point to North America, — to South America. The land which you see on the right-hand side of thr picture, is a part of Europe and a part n\ Africa. Europe is north of Africa, East of these, and on the side of the Earth opposite to that which is h< represented, is Asia. North America. South America, Europe, Asia, and Afri( ni> Divisions of the land on the Earth. 12 LESSON VI. «0§ What is Geography? A description of the Earth's surface. What is the Earth ? The planet or body on which we live. What is the shape of the Earth ? Round, like a ball. Of what is the Earth's surface composed ? Land and water. What is a Continent? The largest division of the land. How many Continents are there? Two; the Eastern and the Western. On which Continent do we live? ( )n the Western Continent What arc the divisions of the Western Continent? North America and South America. LESSON VII ■3 What arc the divisions of the Eastern Continent? Europ i, and Africa. What is an Ocean? Tin st division of the water. How many Oceans are there? Pacific, Atlantic, Indian, Southern or Antarctic, Northern or Arctic. i is the largest Ocean? The Pari 1 in. What is an Island? A portion of land entirely surrounded by water. What is a Peninsul A portion of land almost surrounded by \vat< What is a A body oi surrounded by land. H LESSON VIII. What is an Isthmus? A neck joining two larger portions of land. What is a Strait? A passage connecting two larger bodies of water. What is a Cape? A point of land extending into the water. What is a Mountain? A vast elevation of land. What is a Hill? A small elevation of land. What is a Volcano ? A mountain which sends out smoke, ashes, and lava. What is a Valley? The low land between hills or mountains. What is a Plain ? A level tract of land. What is a Desert ? A barren region of country. What is a Sea ? The division of water next in size to an ocean. What is a Gulf or Bay ? A body of water extending into the land. What is a River? A stream of water flowing through the land. By what are Rivers formed ? I5y Springs. What is a Cataract or Waterfall? Water flowing over a precipice. LESSON IX. IS Here is shown a part of a River with a sail-boat on it. A man is sitting in the stern of the boat, and, by means of the helm or rudder, he steers it in any direction. The forward part of a boat is called the bow. A sloop has one mast; a schooner, two. On the BANK or edge of this river is a windmill, with its long arms spread, which, being broad and light, arc blown by the wind round and round, like a it wheel. In the mill are two large flat stones, <>f which is moved against the other, face to fi by the arms; so that whatever the miller places be- en the round fine like Hour. >rn when ripe and dry is -round into Indian mea rn meal; oats when -round we call oat' 1; wheat or rye ground, is flour. Tell how corn and when it ripei WESTERN HEMISPHERE LESSON X. '7 Iii what I division of the Earth do we i: In North America Whal -nth of North A I South America. When you look at the rising Sun, what Ocean is before The Atlantic Ocean. Vhere (toes the Sun rise ? In the East. Where, then, is the Atlantic t America. When you look at the setting Sun, what ( tcean i <>u ? The Pacific ( >cean. Where does the Sun In the We Where is the Pacific Ocean? West of America. What Ocean north of America? The Northern Ocean. LESSON XI. What Strait connects the Pacific Ocean with the Northern Ocean ? What Ocean south of America? Wh.it Isthmus joins South Amer- irth A me: h is the most northern irth Amei Wli ■ inland ? What Mountains in \". America? What Mount. Do you live in North America or in South America? What Ocean east of Ameri< Wh.it ( )eean west of Amerii Where is the Northern Ocean? Where is the Southern Ocean? In wli idwich Islands? '11. Verd Isla: Mention the principal products of a America,— of South Am. EASTERN HEMISPHERE LESSON XII. 19 What arc lh< i the tinent ? Europe, Asia, and At- ric Which is the I As, a. Which is the small Euro] h is furthest to the right, or -t? Asia. Which is furthest south? Africa. What Pacific ( >cean. What ( liv.iii south of A Indian Ocean. What Ocean west of Africa? Atlantic Ocean. What Sea south of Europe? Mediterranean Sea. LESSON XIII What Seas southeast of Europe? What Sea northeast of Africa? What Desert in Afr What Country in the southeast of A mtry in the southwest of A in the w it island in the rid ? • 'ia. What Oceans do you find on the Eastern Hemisphere ? What Division between the At- lantic and Indian Oceans? What Division west of Asia? What Division south of Europe? en what Divisions is the Mediterranean Sea? Red Sea? Where is Cap ; Hope? What do m Asia? Af- rica LESSON XIV. 21 Wh.it tl round th Aiikti . Atlantic, and Pa- MC. What Country furthest north? ( ireenland. What Country furthest south? ntral America. In what Country do we live? In the United States. What Country north of the 1 fnited Stat. I dominion of Canada. What Country south of the I 'nited States? M e x i ( What Territory in the north- rn part of \. Auk Alaska. What Peninsula in the south? Yucatan. LESSON XV. en what two Oceans is the ttited Stati Wli enland? What Bay in Canada? What large Gulf south of the •s? southeast of th America? Mountains in North Ameri< amus Name the Countries of North America, and their products. Which are the largest two Coun- tries of North America? Between what two Countri< the United St In what Country is Hudson 1 what two Countri< Baffin Ba What In 1 southeast of the I Wh 11? 22 LESSON XVI NORTH AMERICA. COLUMBUS DISCOVERED AMERICA, OCT. I2TH, I492. By whom was America discovered ? By Columbus ; about 400 years ago. What kind of People did he find here? Dark-colored Savages, whom he called Indians. What was the name of the vessel in which Columbus sailed ? Santa Maria, in honor of the Blessed Virgin. What did Columbus do as soon as he landed ? He erected a Cross, and gave thanks to God. After whom was America named ? A man named Americus, or Amerigo. LESSON XVII. ICEBERGS NEAR GREENLAND. This picture represents icebergs, and ships near them. Icebergs are great bodies of solid ice, reaching much higher than the masts of a ship, and extending downward to a great distance below the surface of the water. They will float in the -water, and every >me ships are wrecked by coming in contact with them. i numerous in the Arctic Ocean. Men have sailed through Baffin Bay, and as far north as the ship ■ in the map. of those men who have become famous their adventures in the frozen regions north of rth America, arc Sir John Franklin, Dr. Kane, Dr. Hall, De Lorn ly, and Peary. pd f *" pd 9 u d 2 pd be 9 C pd (d 9 pjjj o O is > -r c 3 d ,a . & V 'd - pC Q n d 42 ca pd pd pd d 5 .2 id O — - pd 1* u u s *-> > ■~ X *-> I* > 5 d d o ■4-J G - — ft c • '3 d 9 a s C _ C O ed x3 A lc pd pd pd pd ia o U C o U pd £ £££«££ ? ? > $ E/3 c 1 "8 o ? 2 5 £ pd o ^ .S s £ $ fi '3 D M . o a a "2 «* 5 u «3 cd L B =2 J- - V TJ ,£2 - 5 pd B — •^ cd ~ "z: c In +J >» £ ^ «_i fcJ * > r; DC - X s pd pd X £<* j B E cd pd pd 3 IM W «M r- J- — El c 5 * J C >- «d t3 Tj B - - ~ — 5 6 d ':/: I : u d c pi C (^ o .3 m B 13 -S ed 26 •S g 3 K .« co vO A-. rv. +j X X z if) rv. CD d s o > o Hd o rv. Ih o > o -t-> CO 03 V rv. # o O «4H o Hd Ih O d co tn , o 53 3 O d 03 O (A O 3 O 3 o en O 3 o3 5 U CD ^-» 4J 03 ^3 oJ Ah hington, who the first Pr dent of the United States. 28 LESSON XXIII. The United States comprises forty-six States, four Territories, and one District. The Territories of Alaska and Hawaii are detached from the main part of the country. We also own Porto Rico in the West Indies, the Philippine Islands, and other islands in the Pacific Ocean. CAPITAL OF THE UNITED STATES. Washington, on the Poto?nac River. NORTH ATLANTIC, OR NEW ENGLAND STATES. States. Capitals. Situation. Maine, Augusta, on the Kennebec River. New Hampshire, Concord, on the Merrimac. Vermont, Montpelier, on the Winooski. Massachusetts, Boston, on Bostofi Harbor. Rhode Island, Providence, on Providence River. Connecticut,* Hartford, on the Con?iecticut. MIDDLE ATLANTIC STATES. States. Capitals. Situation. New York, Albany, on the Hudson River. New Jersey, Trenton, on the Delaware. Pennsylvania, Harrisburg, on the Susquehanna, Delaware, Dover, on St. Jones River. Maryland, Annapolis, on the Severn River. Virginia, Richmond, on the James. West Virginia, Charleston, on the Gt. Kanawha, Note. — The capital of a state or a country is the city in > vhich its laws are made. * kon-ncf- e-kut. LESSON XXIV. Cajn Situation. Raleigh, near the Neuse River* Columbia, on the nee. • Atlanta, r the Chattahoochee* Ftot Tallahassi Inland. Montgon on the Alabama. JIPPI, Jack on the l\arl. n Rouge, on the ALississippi. .-tin, on the ado. ( >KI.\Ii Guti near the Cimarron River, Little Rock, on the Arkansas A 1 Nashville, on the Cumberland. WESTERN STATES, tes. Capitals. Situation. Frankfort, on the Kentucky. Ohio, Columbus, on the Scioto. Mich: -ing, OO the Grand. Indianapolis, on the IT. Fork of White R. Ilii\ Springfield, near the :mon. isoo, on Fourth Lake. <>n the Moines. ri, Jefferson City, on the uri. riA, Sacramento, on the ^a men to. -OTA. Paul, on the Mississippi. Sal- on the Willamette. ka, on the Kansas A\ Carson City, on the N Lincoln, on Salt ( ADO, aver, on Cherry Creek. I'AKOTA, irek, on Pierre, I ad. (shi-en l'), on ck. Salt Lake City, Salt Lake. LESSON XXV. This picture shows a holy priest teaching the Indians. He holds a crucifix in his hand, and is telling them about the sufferings of our Saviour. More than 300 years ago, this country, now called the United States, was a wilderness, inhabited by Indians, who subsisted upon fish, and the flesh of wild animals which they killed in hunting, and who lived in huts made of bark and the skins of animals. As these poor Indians knew nothing of the true God, many holy priests came over from Europe, to teach them the true religion. These priests, called missionaries, had to suffer very much from hunger, cold, fatigue, and worse than all, from the cruelty of the Indians; but as they loved God very much, they persevered through every dan- ger, and in the end, a great many Indians became good and pious Christians. LESSON XXVI 3i The people of the United States are famous fox perseverance and inventive genius. A few years ago, people rode in stage-coaches over rough and hilly roads ; but now they travel by steamboat or railroad. A 1 boat is moved along by the two large wheels revolving in the water. The wheels are moved by Steam, which rises from boiling water. A Steamship differs from a Steamboat in having sails besides the steam power. A Sailing Vessel is moved by the wind blowing against the sails. Rah i the most rapid means of traveling. You can cross the country from the Atlantic to the an in six days. The rRAPH you see in the picture is a long iron wire supported by tall poles. At each end of the wire th an instrument, by which men send res with lightning speed. Massachusetts Bay Cape Cod ^lymoJU ^ 13 7 / C O N N E C\ T I C Jf T © U n \ . % /IS NEW ENGLAND A STATES 1.01 LESSON XXVII forth Atlantic States What two States north New 1 [ampshire and Vermont What two States south of M nnecticut and Rhode Island. What State W( New York. What \ 1 [ampsh Connecticut Ri\ i Through what States d<>. How? Massachusetts and Con- necticut. What Rivers ill Maine? Kennebec and Penob- scot. What River in New Hampshire? Merrimac River. LESSON XXVIII. Which of the New England States h the Atlantic ( )cean ? Which touch New York ? What Lake between Vermont and . York? What Country north of the I era i What Country east of Maine? What [and south of Con- What water 1) cticut and ! \\d} Name the New England States. Which is the largest? Which is the small- Where are the Green Mountains? Where are the White Moun- tains? What large River flows into I island Sound? What Cape in the eastern part of Ma Ms? What tin flow into the Atlantic ( )( ean ? 34 LESSON XXIX. Ship-building in Maine. — The ship with flags flying is about to be launched, or slid down on a wooden track into the water ; after which it will receive its masts and sails. There are more ships built in Maine than in any other State. What are these six States together called? New England. Who first came to New England? Catholic priests, who began an Indian Mission on Mt. Desert Island. Who first settled in New England? People from England, called Puritans, also Pil- grims. In what does Massachusetts excel every other State? In the manufacture of cotton and woolen goods, and of boots and shoes. For what is Connecticut noted? For the manufacture of woolen and cotton goods, iron and wooden wares, clocks and buttons. LESSON XXX This is a view of a canal and a manufactory. In the tore- round are sheep and cattle, which are raised in Vermont in large numb COTTON is a soft, white substance obtained from the ton-plant, which grows in the Southern States. It is brought in bales to the manufactories of the East- ern where, by means of machinery, it is drawn OUt and twisted into threads, and then it is woven into h. It can be dyed or printed in colors. Muslins and calicoes tor ladies' dresses are made of cotton. WOOL grows upon sheep, and is cut in warm w < ther. It is made into threads by spinning, then woven, nketS and winter clothing are made of wool. So. btained from a plant, wool, from an animal. A Canal is like a great ditch filled with water, so that boats may be drawn along by horses or mules which walk on a TOW-PATH at the side of the canal. MIDDJLE STATES D Toronto q Niagara Falls ft X T A & *% SOswego P JS N S Y* A^ I A NEW Y Ojs Jersey City y L> \ V I R\G & * v lphia)>^ ^ J oi * i~i< v * / * C) ,' ^ 1 LESSON XXXI os ttic States Wh N< rk, Whv Pennsylvania. h is the smalli Which is furthest south? Virginia Whal Chesapeake What Country north of New York? Canada. What two Lakes on the West? ( )ntario and Krie. What large River in the eastern part of New York? I ludson River. LESSON XXXII. What Ri\ n Pennsylvania and New What River flows through the eastern p nnsyl- What two Rivers meet in the What ■ What Mountains in IVnnsyl- Wliat Mountains in New York? In Maryland ? What Mountains in Virginia? What Bay between New J and I felawai What States south of New York? What Stat New York? Where is Lake Erii Where is Lake ( )nt.i Where is the Hudson Ki Where is the St Lawrei Into what Lake does tin River tl< What Lake norti York? of 38 LESSON XXXIII. On* the west bank of the Hudson River is a high wall of rocks which extends several miles. It is called the Palisades. Where is the Hudson River? For what are the Middle Atlantic States noted ? For Canals and Railroads. What can you say of New York? It has more inhabitants than any other State. For what is Pennsylvania celebrated ? For Coal and Iron. What does New Jersey produce ? Fine fruits and vegetables. What does Delaware produce ? Excellent wheat, Indian corn, and peaches. What does the word Pennsylvania mean ? Penn's Woods. LESSON XXXIV. 39 William Penn, a Quaker, came from England to this country, about two hundred years ago, with many other Quakers, and formed a colony or settlement in Pennsylvania. Penn, following the example of the Maryland s< . was very wise and kind in his dealings with the Indians, and paid them for all the land which his people occupied ; consequently, the Indians respected and loved the Quakers very much; and Pennsylvania i thus formed without bloodshed. It has now more inhabitants than any other State in the Union, pt New York. On the left of the picture are Indian women called SQUAWs, carrying their PAP! or babies, which hang on their backs like soldiers' knap 4Q LESSON XXXV. Harpkr's Perry is ihe village shown in this picture. The river on the left, running under the bridge, and disappearing in the distance, is the Potomac, on the left of which is Mary- land, and on the right is Virginia. The river running from the right and meeting the Poto- mac is the Shenandoah. You see Maryland Heights on the left side of the Potomac, and Loudon Heights on the right. For what are Maryland, Virginia, and West Virginia noted ? For Grain, Tobacco, Iron, and Coal. What City in Maryland is the oldest Bishopric in the United States? Baltimore. Who was its first Bishop ? Bishop Carroll — afterwards Archbishop. What Presidents were born in Virginia? Washington, Jefferson, Madison, Monroe, William Henry Harrison, Tyler, and Taylor. LESSON XXXVI 4i About two hundred and sixty years ago, Lord Bal- timore, an Englishman, began a settlement in Mary- land. It was intended chiefly as a home for suffering At that time, Catholics were treated very cruelly in England, almost as cruelly as the first Christians were treated by th ms. The Maryland settlers v. try kind to the In- dians, who up their best wigwam as a Chapel. Very soon t many Indians became Christians, chiefly through the labors of Father White, a Jesuit. en an Indian king and his family were baptized. SOUTHEEN STATES LESSON XXXVII i the Which is the ; I \ • X Which is furthest south? Florida. What division of land is Florida? A Peninsula. Wh.it Island so^ith of Florida? Cuba. What States north of Florida? ( reorgia and Alabama. What of Virginia? Chesapeake Bay. What River flows through the northern part of Alabama? Tennessee \\\\ Into what River docs the Tennes- see flow? Into the Ohio River. LESSON XXXVIII. What Ri\ n South Caro- lina and ( Into what Ocean and Gulf do the the Southern States flo In what Mountains do mos What tli!' Mountains untainous ithern Si What River crosses Tennessee? Name the Southern States. Which of them touch the Atlantic an? Name the States that touch the Gulf of Mexico. What Souther' touch the Mississippi Ri en what ( )cean and Gulf is [da ? Where is Cape Sable? 44 LESSON XXXIX. FLORIDA APPROACHED BY THE SPANIARDS. What is the climate of the Southern States? Very warm. What are raised on the plantations of the Southern States? Cotton, Corn, Sugar-cane, and Tobacco. What State excels in the production of Sugar? Louisiana. Which of the Southern States was first settled? Florida, by the Spaniards. Why was it called Florida, or Flowery Land? Partly because, when first seen by the Spaniards, it was gay with spring flowers. For what other reason ? Because it was discovered on Easter Sunday, called by the Spaniards Pascua Florida. LESSON XL. 45 ^V^t ' V On the plantations of the Southern States, cotton, corn, sugar-cane, and tobacco are raised. In the picture, you see the tall sugar-cane growing. The sugar-cane is cut, and the juice is pressed out and irds boiled. Then it is put into hogsheads having hoi d in the bottom, and left to drain ;e cistern. In this state it is brown sugar and the drainings are moj Si. from the juice of sugar-maple ; and, in Europe, it is often made from the juice of tl: Of what is candy made? bacco-plant are dried before aly for use. (See page 69.) KA.NSA S H/ EFFE ^LVuO^ V ^\ ^ ''CITY 5 V ^OKLAIIOM^^ka I *.~ , J /iiucuiuui; ^xLITTLEf-/^ — V *\ROCK hm t ap- Wh.it States border on Lake Superior? On Lake Michi- gan ? < )n La] What River in ( )hio? In Mi] What River between Indiana Illin< Which St ■ ided into two parts by Lake Michigan ? What Stat Which is the warmest or most ithein of the Western ifomia. Which is the Minn. 4* LESSON XLIII. Which is the largest section of the Union ? The Western States. In what are the people chiefly engaged? In Farming. What are raised on their extensive farms and fields? Corn, wheat, oats, rye, and fruit ; besides millions of horses, cattle, sheep, and hogs. What States are noted for gold and silver? California, Montana, Colorado, Utah, and Nevada. Which are the most populous of the Western States ? Ohio and Illinois. What State is noted for corn, wheat, and oats? Illinois. A FARMER CUTTING WHEAT. LESSON XLIV. 49 This is a picture of an overflow of the Mississippi River. Look at your map of the United States, and rve that the greater part of our country is drained by that river; that is, the rain that falls in the and Territories between the Alleghany and Rocky Ltltains, runs into rivers which How directly or in- directly into the Mississippi. This is caused by the land sloping downward from these two chains of mountains, where the land is highest, to the Missis- sippi River, where it is lowest. To prevent inundations or freshets, which do great dam , farms, and cattle, the people h raised hanks, called : along the river. Father Marquette, who discovered the Upper Mi tiled it River of the Immaculate Conception." 1 NORThTS c & 8 ; \ 1 v".^ C y r *y~~ r \Ae*'^^s. ° t> ^Tp^ e \l VE ^L?^sP\\ QTpSXpf&t. + nr 4 ^<*"****^ / EQUATOR ^ ^»& \ ( y ^ A \ 1 r Pemambucoj ijnff C^i \ PA r .Y ^^tJ^KlO JANEIRO ft :fr v Xr A8 F CI0I W ^ 'If * rtrw Aff./4oo>7 C It b °f &W *, Q Valp.rai.oSW; % ^l/^tJZ SANTlAGijM £ BOENOE 3 *^^ ill AYRES f''bJ' 1 '*Vr I)E0 "7 O i||« J '"fata jirs/ Magellan ° - T *Cp.«.r„ SOUTH ^ AMERICA LESSON XLV. 5i What natural division of land is ith Ameri A Peninsula. What Division of the Earth is north of South Ameri North Amerii What ( )« < Atlantic ( >cean. ( )cean west? an. i north? Caribbean Sea. What Bay northw< Day of Panama. Which is the largest Riv< South Amerii Amazon River. I low long is the Amazon ? Four thousand miles. What River further north than the Amazon ? Orinoco River. What Rivers in the southeast? Parana and La Plata. LESSON XLVI. Into what Ocean do nearly all the Rivers of South America flow? ountry in ith Ameri Whi rther north ? Which further south? What great ch luntains in nil ? found thei Between what two Oceans is South America? Where is the Caribbc an What Countries border on that What Countries border on the Atlai Which on the Pacific? Which is inland? What the North ? I ith? What Strait north of Tierra del Fuego? 52 LESSON XLVII. SOUTH AMERICA. For what is South America noted? For the largest rivers and longest mountain-chain in the world. What valuable trees grow in Brazil ? Coffee and India rubber trees. What is obtained in Bolivia and Peru? Silver in large quantities. What animals roam over the vast grassy plains of South America? I [orses and cattle in immense numbers. What remarkable species of serpent in South America?. The Boa Constrictor, which is able to destroy ani- mals as large as deer or buffaloes. \ LESSON XLVIII 53 M& Here is a view of the Andes Mountains, which rise sixty tin high as the highest church steeple you w; they arc- so high that their tops are contin- ually covered with snow. Some are volcanoes. hquakes sometimes occur, and destroy whole cities, killing many of the inhabitants. An earthquake violent shaking of a part of the Earth. Travelers cross the Andes on the hacks of mules, which are much safer than horses in such dangerous places. Indians, with chairs fastened on their bai som carry travelers over the mountains with ty. Immense birds, called CONDORS, are found 1 which often destroy sheep and cattle, tearing them with beak and cla EUROPE 1 ' "^ LESSON XLIX. 55 ■ orth of Europ The Arctic ( )cean. What Ocean west of Eui The Atlantic ( )cean. What >pe? The Mediterranean S is the MediterraiN The 1 Sea in the world. Whal it of France? The Bay of Biscay. Which is the ountry in Eur< Russia. Which is the small- Switzerland. What two Countries touch Russia on the south v. Austria and Roumania. What Country of Europe is shaped like a boot ? Italy. LESSON L. * two Countries west of the What Countr\ tnd? What Country south of England? What Country south of France? of Spain ? tail the warmest part? What two Oceans touch Europe? What five largi i find on the map of Kurope? What four Ri\< What Strait connects the Mediter- 111 Sea with the Atlantic? What Cape in the northern part of ! What of Italy? is the White [ Mention all the Countries of ro| 56 LESSON LI. William Tell, a heroic Swiss, in his efforts to obtain liberty for his country, was captured ; and, for punishment, was cruelly ordered to shoot an apple placed on the head of his own little son. The arrow cut the apple in two, without injuring the child. This occurred more than 500 years ago. What can you say of Europe ? It is the smallest Grand Division of the Earth. Which are the most important divisions of Europe? England, Germany, Russia, and France. What arc the inhabitants of Europe called? Europeans. What does the southern part of Europe produce extensively? Grapes, oranges, lemons, figs, and olives. For what is Rome noted ? It is the residence of the Holy Father. LESSON LII. 57 N ITALY. In Catholic countries, besides the beautiful Churches in the cities, there are pretty little shrines erected here and there, along the road ttind the traveler to raise his heart to God. This is very wise; for people sometimes become so busy buying and id making money, that they forget about God, and and their own souls. In the ; ffld of the picture is Rome. .reat dome of S Lurch, the most beautiful Church in the world. Ro first Bishop, and from it were sent forth th< rho converted \ list in wi | the faith to '.and, ami St. Patrick who brought it to Ireland. 58 LESSON LIII. Here we see St. Patrick preaching before the Irish King, at Tara. He uses the Shamrock, or three-leaved clover, as a symbol of the Holy Trinity. Where is Ireland ? It is one of the British Isles which lie west of Europe. For what is Ireland noted ? For its beautiful green fields and its charming scenery. To what Country have many of the Irish people emigrated? To the United States. Why did they emigrate ? Because they were unjustly treated by the English Government. For what are the Irish people celebrated? For their love for their native land, and their fidelity to the Catholic Faith. LESSON LIV. 59 Here is a view in the northern part of Europe, which is noted for the great length of its winters, and of its winter nights and summer days. For several weeks in winter, the people there do not see the sun ; but for the same length of time in summer, the sun does not set. The men you see in the picture arc: called Lap- landers, because they live in Lapland. They travel from place to place in sleds drawn rapidly by rein- deer. The milk and flesh of these animals are used for food, and their skins for clothing. A Lapland- !th is known by the number of reindeer he owns. In the southern part of Europe the climate is mild and pleasant; s, lemons, figs, olives, gra] and other fruits being raised in abundar • t/3 X o a,' »— • > o •— 9 •0 c c c 3 ,2 9 "a, £ 9 IE £ 9 -d -- a x a 9 V) 'S. 5 w a> U 9 < •- c -_/ 2 W J x x ■— c ,2 X — c - X E 9 9 •- 9 c n-. In 'E. E W 9 IS en 9 u Vt-4 9 9 O U < ' — 9 9 u 9 p9 5 9 ~ £ pfl _z: ,9 - ,9 x: m9 — A ,9 SI z £ £ £ £ £ £ £ £ % £ £ T3 C ,— \ rt rt ':/. C „ r- > re. ■•-» 11 O — c/) >, z w 9 q c s 9 C r* 2 > 5 -r 9 C/) 9 - -r a J to X In 9 r. .13 13 x C •— *s i5 c — S3 £ "g: > 3 IS < — £ ? < ,9 - r j 62 LESSON LVII What can you say of Asia? Asia is the largest and the first inhabited Grand Division of the Earth. Who were our first parents? Adam and Eve, who lived in Asia. Where was our Saviour born ? In the western part of Asia. Of what docs the Empire of Japan consist? Of Islands. What articles come from Asia? Furs from Siberia, Tea from China, and Coffee from Arabia and Java. LESSON LVIII. represents the Stable at Bethlehem, in which Our Saviour was born. His Blessed are watching over the Divine Babe with tender love. The three re kneeling in adoration. Bethlehem is in Palestine, a small Country of Asia. Palestine is called The Holy Land, because there Our Divine Lord lived, suffered, and died. Many people from America are so happy as to he able to go there, and visit all the Sacred places. When you will have grown up, perhaps you too will go tin rusalem, called the I ioh is also in Pal' tine. In this city there is a street called "The S row ful Way," which is that over which our Bles •our passed when going to Calvary. When we make "'Idle Stations," we think and pray as we would if w rrowful Way." A "AZORES I s V, MADEIRA IS. sF^&^Q^ArsgfX *-V_ TRIPOLI _ ^ * ^ X I NARY .8. * ^S^ t /'^N* ^i^^PfP^ CANARY r- D £ S* 5 * — G * ♦..Louis '•#> Timbuctoo -^ <«b, 1 •*•" ,,a1|OMEY 1/ lSHANTEP "t_. (' EQUATOR GULF OF G U I N E A •ASCENSION I. %'f K O N & O k [\Kilima NjaW$Y ^ A T \E \\Lake ff *4 ZANZIBAR^ \Takganyika •8T. HELENA CAPE TOWN Cape q/ Good Wope^£^/, a8 APEICA LESSON LIX. 65 What Division of land Is A Peninsula. what h ms is Atlantic and Indian. What Division of the Earth north Euro] What Sea north of Afri< Mediterranean Sea. What Sea northeast of Africa? What Division of the Earth? Asia. What Isthmus bet* 1 and The Isthmus of Sue/. What Gulf west of Africa? Gulf of Guinea. What large Island southeast of Africa? Madagascar. What Cape in the south? Cape of Good Hope. LESSON LX, Which are the largest Rivers in What Plain in the north? What south of the Great What Country What R< What Mountains in t! What Lake in I What Clti With what Ocean is the Mediter- ranean Sea connected? With what Ocean is the Red Sea connects What three Countries of Africa touch the Red St What Liver flows through them into the Mediten What [ver flows into the Gulf of (iuin On which s 66 LESSON LXI. "HYEN A What can you say of Africa? It is the hottest Grand Division of the Earth. What animals in Africa ? The Elephant, Lion, Leopard, Hyena, Zebra, and others. What dangerous Reptiles in Africa? Crocodiles and Ser- pents. What Trees abound in the forests ? The Cocoa-nut, Date, and other Palm-trees. Palm- oil is used in making soap and candles. What storms sometimes overtake Caravans in the Great Desert? Storms of scorching sittS, Vaifcfcl/bv* jhe wind. *fW>f 1M " r A Sand-storm. Men and camels must lie on the ground till it is over. LESSON LXII 67 Africa is noted for its reme heat, ferocious animals, and Great I ert or Sahara. Th< rt is about 3,000 miles long, and 1,000 miles wide. It contains vast, sandy plains which arc dry, hot, and barren, except in some green pla< lied ( >ases. People rt in" large company lied Cara- vans, in order to defend themselves from robbers. Cam- ming the desert. and other wild animals are found in Africa as 11 as in Asia. Elephants are hunted for the ivory, of which their tusks are compos* Many have been tamed, and are very gentle. 68 LESSON LXIII. COFFEE TREE. TEA PLANT. The Tea Plant grows to the height of five or six feet, and is cultivated in Chi- na and Japan. The leaves are gathered when green, and dried on heated pans. The color of green tea is due to a coloring matter that is dusted over it in the pans. The branches of the Coffee Tree are loaded with berries, which look like red cherries. Each berry contains two grain's or seeds of a light green color, which resemble beans cut into halves. These are roasted and ground before the coffee is ready for use. Coffee comes from Arabia, Java, South America, and the West Indies. Wheat, Rye and Oats grow on the top of the plants or stalks. When ripe they are cut something like grass ; then the grain is removed from the husk, by being thrash- ed or beaten. The stems or stalks we call s/ni7c>. LESSON LXIV. 69 grown, is cut, and hung up to dry. made smoking and chewing , and snuff. T<> Indian Cor Maize, grows upon Ik higher and thicker than tl. the Other grain-. It is found in cars on the plant. When ripe and dry, the grain is ground into .\ or corn meal. The Tobacco Plant, when fully The Cotton Plant produces a pod which contains the w h it e , downy substance called cotton, which is spun into threads, then wov- en into cloth. Flax is a plant which has a slender stalk, and grows to the height of two or three m or hark of fine hliers that nia\ aated and spun into thread, j tin-: r made in- 'i, called 1 7o GENERAL REVIEW, COUNTRIES. Where situated? Bound them. United States ? Greenland ? Russia ? China? England ? Venezuela ? Hindostan ? Arabia ? Turkestan ? Austria ? France ? British America? Brazil? Spain ? Siberia ? Mexico ? Persia? Central America? German Empire? Scotland ? Ireland? Turkey ? Argentine Republic ? Italy? Egypt? MOUNTAINS. Where are they situated? Rocky? Blue Ridge? Himalaya ? White ? Andes ? Altai ? Alleghany ? Pyrenees ? Sierra Nevada ? Ural? CAPES. Where are they ? Itito what waters do they project? Cod ? Farewell ? Good Hope ? Horn ? Hatteras? St. Roque? ISLANDS. Where are they ? By what waters are they surrounded ? Greenland? Iceland? Australia ? M adagascar ? West Indies? Japan Is..' Cuba ? Sicily ? Tierra del Fuego ? SEAS, GULFS AND BAYS. Where are they ? Into what waters do they open ? Mediterranean S.? G. of Guinea? ( '.. of Mexico? Arabian S.? Hudson B.t BlackS.? China S.? B. of Biscay? S. of Japan ? White S.? B. of Panama? G of California? Yellow S.? Bering S.? Baffin B.t Delaware B? G of St. Lawrence? Baltic S.1 STRAITS. Between what lands are they ? II 'hat waters do they connect? Davis? Hudson? Magellan ? Bering ? Florida ? Gibraltar ? RIVERS. Where do they rise ? take ? Into what Amazon? Nile? Missouri? Susquehanna ? Genesee ? Mackenzie? St. Lawrence ? Potomac ? Kennebec ? Niger? Orinoco? Connecticut? Kongo ? What courses do they waters do they flow ? Mississippi? Delaware ? Rio Grande ? Ohio? Hudson? Savannah ? La Plata? Columbia? Tennessee ? Cumberland ? Danube ? Arkansas? LAKES. Where are they ? What are their outlets ? Superior ? Great Bear ? Great Salt? Ontario ? Great Slave ? Huron? _ Champlain ? Maravi ? Michigan ? Erie ? CITIES. In what Countries or net* London ? New York? Constantinople? Mexico? Lima? Lisbon ? Boston ? Washington? Paris? Buffalo? Montgomery ? Madrid? Dublin ? Albany ? St. Petersburg? Montreal ? New ( )rleans? Philadelphia \ Cairo? Richmond? or States are they ? On what waters ? Rio Janeiro ? St. Louis? Galveston ? St. Paul? Atlanta? Montpelier? Harrisburg ? Havana ? Cincinnati? Charleston? Nashville ? San Francisco ? New Haven? Calcutta? Jefferson City ? Annapolis '! Trenton? Santa Fe? Tallahassee? Pittsburg ? GENERAL REVIEW. ! nth? the in- to hat is the OUt- : ' I [s it all land? Wl ntinent? How many HOW ma: } Which i^ the largest Island in the world? Who dia America? What oat him? What was the condition <>f this Country at that tch the In- i? What did these ;fler? what are the people of the imous? What I unboat t<» move? How d iboat differ from a Steamship? \ isel? What is a • iph? H«.w are whales caught? What is an iceberg*? Where are k< numerous? Wl: i? What ate made <>f cotton? What is the diflf< M cotton and WOOl? Wh In what Si Cotton I mm what do v. sugar and molas What is the high wall of n>< | the Hudson River called? What can you say <>f the settlement of Pennsylvania? Who first settled Maryland? What did Father Marquette call sippi River? What are . and why are they built? How do travelers cross the Amies? In what countries are wayside shrines to be seen? Why are they erected? For what is Rome celebrated? What can you say of Ireland? Of Lap- land? What articles do we get from Where is the Holy Land? What took place there? For what is Africa noted? 14 DAY USE EOI/Catiok, . PsycHOLOGr This booJ Renew It _su JUNj 0E£2 mnW/ 60 rr . ^^ral Library (Bl321sl0)476 University of California Berkeley iB ^r\ 54 1133 UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA LIBRARY