LIBRARY

THE UNIVERSITY
OF CALIFORNIA

SANTA BARBARA

FROM THE LIBRARY
OF F. VON BOSCHAN

fln^>vx^

CARLSBAD

AND ITS ENVIRONS

JOHN JN(1ERRYLEES

AUTHOR OF

' THE ENGLISHMAN'S GUIDE TO THE UNITED STATES AND CANADA,
"PATERSON'S UNITED KINGDOM," "SWITZERLAND," ETC.

21 jflfee&fcal {treatise on tbe Tnse of tbe Idaters

B. LONDON, M.D.

RESIDENT PHYSICIAN AT CARLSBAD

JFiourtcm Illustrations, anti ^lan of Carlsbai an& CHnbtrons

LONDON

SAMPSON LOW, MARSTON, SEARLE, & RIVINGTON

CROWN BUILDINGS, 188 FLEET STREET, E.G.
1886

gaflantpne -press

BAI.I.ANTYNE, HANSON AND CO.
KUINBURtiH AND LONDON

UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA:
SAIsTA BARBARA

PREFACE.

IN" the preparation of this handbook it has been
the aim of the Author to supply English-
speaking visitors to Carlsbad with such prac-
tical information as may contribute to the comfort and
enjoyment of their sojourn at this beautiful watering-
place. Although exhaustive treatises, principally medi-
cal, have been written on Carlsbad in other languages,
the English contributions to its literature have so far
been exceedingly meagre, and have only been obtainable
in Carlsbad itself. The present work, therefore, has
been undertaken in response to the frequently ex-
pressed need of a handbook which intending English
and American visitors can consult prior to undertaking
the journey, and which it is hoped will prove of prac-
tical use during the period of their stay.

We have pleasure in taking this opportunity to
tender our grateful acknowledgments to the Burgo-
meister of Carlsbad, and his courteous secretary, for

IV PREFACE.

valuable information received from them during the
Author's visit to Carlsbad. We have also to acknow-
ledge our indebtedness to the comprehensive German
works on Carlsbad by Dr. Hlawacek, Dr. Rudolf Mannl,
Herr Vincenz Prokl, and an excellent 'brochure in
French by Dr. W. Pichler, as well as to the admirable
articles on Carlsbad, written to the Times by its well-
known correspondent, Fraser Rae, Esq.

Annexed to the descriptive portion of the work is a
medical treatise by Dr. London, resident physician at
Carlsbad, which embraces the nature and rules of the
treatment, and a synopsis of the various diseases which
can be relieved or cured by the use of the Carlsbad
waters. Coming from so well-known an authority,
this treatise will doubtless be of interest, not only to
patients, but also to the medical profession.

CONTENTS.

CARLSBAD AND ITS ENVIRONS.

NO. PAGE

I. INTRODUCTION . .11

Routes to Carlsbad .' . . . . . . 19

II. SITUATION AND CLIMATE 25

III. HISTORY AND REMINISCENCES OF CARLSBAD ... 28

IV. LIFE AT CARLSBAD . . . . . . .48

V. ARRIVAL, HOTELS, LODGINGS, CAFES, AND BEST SHOPS 53

VI. CONCERTS, THEATRES, AND AMUSEMENTS 59

VII. TOWN REGULATIONS 62

Cure and Music Tax . . . . . .62

Regulations Respecting Lodgings . ' . .64

Bath Regulations 68

Public Carriages . . . . . . .72

Donkeys and Donkey Carriages .... 76

Omnibuses ........ 78

Post and Telegraph Regulations .... 80

Dienstmann-Institute 81

VIII. DESCRIPTION OF THE TOWN AND PRINCIPAL BUILDINGS . 83

IX. THE SPRINGS OF CARLSBAD .' .' .' ... . 93
Sprudel . . . . . ' . . . -97

Hygiensquelle 99

Marktbrunn . ' . " . ' . ' . ' . . . 99
Kaiser Karlsquelle . . . . . . . 100

VI CONTENTS.

NO. PAGE

Schlossbrunn 100

Russische Kronequelle . . . . . . 101

Miihlbrunn 101

Neubrunn ......... 101

Bernhardsbrunnen 102

Elisabethquelle 103

Felsenquelle . . . . . . . .104

Curhausquelle 105

Kaiserbruimen . . . . . . . .106

Eisenquelle 107

Sauerbrunn 1 08

X. WALKS TO THE

Alte Wiese, Kiesweg, Posthof, and Kaiser Park . .109
Ecce Homo Kapelle, Franz Josef's HShe, and Find-
la ter's Temple. . . . . . . .114

Findlater's Pyramid and Freundschafts-Hohe . 115

Hirschensprung 116

Belvidere and Aberg . . . . . . .118

Weisses Kreuz and Shiitzen Park . . . .120

Panorama, Waldschloss, and Drei Kreuzberg . . 121
Wiener Sitz, Sauerbrunn, and Schweizerhof . .122
Schonbrunn . . ... . . . .123

Veitsberg . . . . ' . . . . . 123

Rothe-Sauerling 124

Dallwitz 125

XI. DRIVES BOUND CARLSBAD

Hammer, Aich, and Hans Heiling-Fels . . .126

Engelhaus 130

Elbogen 137

Giesshiibl-Puchstein 140

Petschau 144

Schlaggenwald 145

Schlackenwerth and Hauenstein ..... 145

Falkenau 148

Joachimsthal and the Sonnenwirbel . . . .148

CONTENTS. vii

No. PAOE

Kupferberg .150

Fischern, Altrohlau, and Neudeck . . . .151

XII. LONGER EXCURSIONS

Eger and Marienbad 152

Frauzensbad . . . . . . . .157

Teplitz 159

XIII. SHOOTING AND FISHING 163

XIV. THE EXPORTATION AND PRODUCTS OF THE CARLSBAD

WATERS 165

MEDICAL TREATISE.

I. ACTION OF THE CARLSBAD WATERS 173

II. USE OF THE WATERS 177

III. EXTERNAL USE OF THE WATERS 179

IV. DIETETICS DURING THE USE OF THE WATERS . . .182
V. GENERAL INDICATIONS FOE THE USE OF THE WATERS . 187

1. Dyspepsia ........ 188

2. Gastralgia . 189

3. Dilatation of the Stomach . . . . 1 89

4. Chronic Catarrh of the Bowels, Chronic Diarrhoea,

Chronic Constipation 190

5. Colic 190

6. Diseases of the Liver and Biliary Ducts . . .190

7. Gallstones and Hepatic Colics . . . .191

8. Gravel and Small Calculi of the Kidneys and Bladder 192

9. Gout and Chronic Rheumatism . . . .193

10. Bright's Disease 194

11. Diabetes 195

12. Haemorrhoids . . . . . . . .196

13. Obesity 196

14. Prosopalgia and Migraine 196

15. Diseases of the Sexual System . . . .196
VI. PERIOD AT WHICH THE EFFECT OF THE WATERS MANIFESTS

ITSELF 198

ILLUSTRATIONS.

PAGE

VIEW OP CARLSBAD ...... Facing title

STADTPARK 49

GARTENZEILE . . 83

PARKSTRASSE ..'.' 85

CURHAUS 89

NEUBAD 93

SPRUDEL COLONNADE . . . .. . . -97

MARKTBRUNN 99

MUHLBRUNN COLONNADE 103

HANS HEILING-FELS 127

ENGELHACS . 131

ELBOGEN 137

GlESSHUBL-PCOHSTEIN 14!

CASTLE OF HAUENSTEIN 145

PLAN OP CARLSBAD AND ENVIRONS . in packet at end of volume.

Ipart L

CARLSBAD AND ITS ENVIRONS.

INTRODUCTION.

Carlsbad season is from the 1st of May to
the ist of September, the most crowded time
being from the middle of June till the end of
July. The spring at Carlsbad is generally early, and
by May the foliage is well advanced, but the weather
is apt to be somewhat changeable. Nevertheless the
bright sunshine and soft invigorating breezes, so wel-
come to the invalid after the winter is past ; the wild-
flowers which grow in the woods and on the hillsides
around Carlsbad in such endless variety ; the cheerful
notes of the feathered songsters as they herald the
approaching summer, when their voices will be hushed
in the drowsy noon-tide heat ; and the first fresh green
and the blossoms of the orchards, amply compensate for
the few wet days and cloudy skies.

The summers at Carlsbad are generally very warm, but
as the life is entirely out of doors, and the walks and
resting-places delightfully shaded, the discomforts of the
heat are reduced to a minimum, while, to those who are
unable to take active exercise, the warm summer days,

1 2 INTRODUCTION.

in which they can remain in the open air without risk
of being chilled, are very welcome. But perhaps the
pleasantest time of the year at Carlsbad is September
and October, when there is little rain, and the air is
clear, dry, and bracing, and the tints of the foliage
almost rival the brilliant autumn colouring of American
woods. The disadvantage, however, of remaining after
the 1 5th September is that the open-air concerts are
over and most of the cafe's close, although a still con-
siderable number of visitors remain till November. In
spite of what several works on Carlsbad, written by
Carlsbad physicians and others, say about its advan-
tages as a winter i*esidence, it has no attractions what-
ever at this season for visitors either sick or well ; the
hotels are almost all closed ; the sole distraction is an
occasional concert at the Curhaus ; and the ground being
generally covered with snow for several months, some-
times to a considerable depth, walking is difficult and
unpleasant.

Americans who intend visiting Carlsbad should try
and arrange their journey so as to sail from the United
States in April, which will secure them time to travel
in Europe, after the course of the cure, at the most
agreeable season. With the large, fast, and magnifi-
cently appointed steamers now crossing the Atlantic,
the voyage is no longer to be dreaded, and indeed is
exceedingly beneficial to many patients, especially to
those suffering from disorders of the liver and stomach,
or from lung complaints. The enforced relaxation from

INTRODUCTION. I 3

daily business anxieties during the voyage is also of
great value to business men, in affording them an
opportunity of banishing from their minds the cares
they have left behind them.

The present travel across the Atlantic has reached
such large proportions that, in spite of the number of
steamers sailing weekly, the best state-rooms are gene-
rally engaged months ahead ; American travellers are
therefore strongly advised not to leave engaging their
rooms till near the time of sailing. The seasons the
steamers are most crowded are, from America, during
the spring and early summer months, and from England,
during the late summer and autumn months. If the
intending traveller be not a good sailor, he should
secure a berth as nearly amidships as possible, prefer-
ring the bow to the stern. This is a matter of the
utmost importance, as the most trying hour on board
ship is when dressing in the morning, and it will often
depend on the situation of the state-room whether the
passenger comes through it safely or not. In rough
weather the difference between the motion at the bow
or stern, and amidships is very marked indeed. As
so much of the comfort at sea, therefore, depends upon
having a well-situated state-room, it is advisable, if
possible, to go over the ship and see the position of
the state-room before engaging it. Nervous invalids
should not take their state-rooms near the pantry,
as the clatter of the dishes is very disturbing ; they
should also, if possible, avoid the proximity of the

1 4 INTRODUCTION.

cinder- shoot from the engine-room. Invalids should
also choose the sunny side of the ship.

Useful Hints for the Passage. Travellers are recom-
mended to get a steamer trunk or bag that will fit
under the berth, to contain the articles required on the
passage ; the space between the floor and bottom of
lower berth is generally about 15 inches. We also
strongly recommend getting a " steamer chair," which
will be found most useful on the voyage, especially if
the weather be at all fine ; a good supply of rugs and
shawls should also be taken. All the steamers have
bath-rooms, and those who desire their morning " tub "
should, as soon as coming on board, register their name
and the time at which they would like to take their
bath with the barber or bath-room steward (whoever
has charge of the baths), as the demand for the baths
generally exceeds the supply. Travellers making the
passage across the Atlantic who are liable to sea-sick-
ness will do well not to put their trust in any of the
so-called remedies for sea-sickness. Some of these may
alleviate the trouble on a short passage, but no remedy,
except that of becoming accustomed to the motion of
the vessel, will cure sea-sickness on an Atlantic voyage,
and the best thing the unfortunate sufferer can do is to
brace up as well as he can, be as much as possible on
deck, and live plainly ; and, from long experience, we
can assure timid travellers that it is very rarely mal-de-
mer lasts more than the first day or two. The purser
allots the places at table. The usual fees on board the

INTRODUCTION. 1 5

Atlantic steamers are ics. each to the table and bed-
room stewards, and 2s. 6d. to the " boots ; " or in the
case of ladies, IOS. to the stewardess who attends to the
ladies' state-rooms. A collection is also made among
the frequenters of the smoking-room for the smoking-
room steward.

The meals on board are usually : Breakfast be-
tween 8.30 and 10 A.M. ; lunch, I P.M. ; dinner,
6 P.M.

Invalids going to Carlsbad can save the fatiguing
part of the journey from Liverpool to Germany, and
the discomforts of crossing the Channel, by taking one
of the fine new steamers " Elbe," " Werra," " Fulda,"
" Ems," or " Eider," of the North German Lloyd, to
Bremen. The appointments of these steamers are fully
equal to any of the Liverpool lines, while the cuisine is
superior.

General Hints. We cannot do better than preface
these remarks with the excellent advice of Dr. E. Gut-
mann, the well-known authority on European spas,
" that patients in the last stage of consumption or
Bright's disease, or other chronic affections, should not
be allowed to undergo the hardships and the excitement
of a trip to a watering-place, thereby sacrificing the
little amount of strength they still possess for the
imaginary hope of an impossible cure. It is the sacred
duty of the physician to dissuade them from the journey,
though very often the contrary takes place. Every bath
physician during the bath season has the opportunity

1 6 INTRODUCTION.

of examining quite a number of incurable invalids, who
have been sent to the spa by unscrupulous medical
advisers, never again to return to their homes. Far
away from their families, surrounded by strangers,
more helpless and suffering than ever before, they vainly
long for the tender care of their relatives during the
last days of their earthly pilgrimage."

It should not be forgotten that the waters of Carls-
bad are powerful remedies, and no invalid should go
there without having first consulted his own physician
and obtained from him a certificate stating the history
and nature of his disease, which he should hand to the
physician at Carlsbad under whose care he intends
placing himself. This will save the bath physician
much time and trouble, and enable him to prescribe
the treatment at Carlsbad with greater certainty. The
usual stay is four weeks ; but it is quite impossible
even for an experienced physician to accurately de-
termine beforehand how long it will be necessary
for a patient to take the waters, and indeed it is
often the case that a patient must return for two or
three consecutive years before a radical cure can be
effected.

Having chosen his route, the invalid should proceed
by short and easy stages, and should by all means avoid
travelling at night, which on the Continent, with the
exception of the few lines which run wagons-lits, is
most uncomfortable. For the convenience of travellers
we append to the routes to Carlsbad a list of the most

INTRODUCTION. I /

interesting places on the way, with the principal sights
and best hotel at each.

On all Continental lines the amount of the fare is
stamped on the tickets. The fare should be tendered
in the coin of the country, and not in English bank
notes or gold, as the rate of exchange at the railway
stations will sometimes be found anything but satisfac-
tory. The change should always be counted.

The second class carriages in Germany and Austria
are comfortable, and are used by a most respectable
class of travellers, and, except for invalids whb may
wish to have as few fellow-travellers as possible, the
small extra comfort of the first class is hardly worth the
additional cost. In France, however, the second class
carriages generally speaking are uncomfortable, and
certainly quite unsuited for ladies or invalids. In tra-
velling from Paris, or any other place in France, to any
place in Germany and Austria by the express trains,
the traveller can purchase a mixed ticket entitling him
to travel first class to the frontier, and thence to his
destination in the second class.

As the trains in the Continent seldom wait long
enough at the stations to give time for a meal, a lun-
cheon basket should always be taken.

"When circular or through tickets are taken the
ticket must be stamped at the ticket office, both on
arrival and departure, when the journey is broken at
any intermediate station.

Travellers should always be careful to see that the

1 8 INTRODUCTION.

conductor when collecting the ticket tears out the
proper coupon.

In Germany and Austria smoking is permitted in all
carriages except those marked 'Nicht Raucher,' and
in compartments reserved for ladies. In France com-
partments are set apart for travellers who wish to smoke
(marked ' Fumeurs') ; and no smoking is allowed in
any other except with the consent of the occupants.
The guard will always interfere to prevent smoking in
the non-smoking compartments if he is requested to do
so. Lavatories and other conveniences, ' cabinets am-
bulants,' are attached to most of the express trains.

With regard to luggage, on the ocean steamers no
limit is made, and whatever may be the printed rules ot
the steamship companies on the subject, practically, the
traveller is permitted to carry all the personal luggage
he may desire. In France and Belgium 56 Ibs. of lug-
gage per passenger is carried free, but on the Rhine
railways, and on most of the German lines, a charge is
made for all luggage except such as is taken in the
carriage. The charge for extra luggage on the Con-
tinent is very high, and if the visitor to Carlsbad
intends taking a quantity of luggage with him, con-
siderable expense may be saved by sending it on by
goods trains through some express company. Baggage
forwarded in this way, however, should be sent on at
least a week in advance.

English bank notes and gold can be exchanged every-
where on the Continent. The rate of exchange is

INTRODUCTION. 1 9

generally 25 francs, 2O marks, or 12 Austrian florins
to the pound, but a little more than this can be ob-
tained at respectable banks or exchange offices. Eng-
lish silver is of no use except at a very low exchange.

As the weather of Carlsbad is liable to sudden
changes, visitors should be provided with both warm
and light clothing. It is not necessary for invalids to
encumber their luggage with a number of " invalid
comforts," such as English tea, biscuits, &c., as they
can be obtained at Carlsbad. Smokers, however, who
are particular, should take their cigars, cigarettes, and
tobacco, although they will find when they have paid
the duty they will have become somewhat expensive.

ROUTES TO CARLSBAD.
The two main routes from London to Carlsbad are

(i.) Via Brussels, Cologne, Mayence, Aschaffenburg,
and Eger. Between Aschaffenburg and Eger some of
the trains run via Nuremberg, and others via, Bamberg
and Oberkotzau. Travellers intending to go through
without stopping will find this the quickest and most
direct route.

(2.) Via Paris, Strassburg, Carlsruhe, Stuttgart,
Nuremberg, and Eger.

The length of the journey, of course, depends upon
the length of the stoppages made by the way, but the
time consumed in actual travelling is about one and
a half days via Calais or Ostend.

2O INTRODUCTION.

The best train from London via Calais and Ostend
is the 8 P.M., as it gives an opportunity of travelling up
the Rhine by daylight.

If the journey to Brussels is taken by the London,
Chatham, and Dover service, via Queenborough and
Flushing, or by the Great Eastern service, via Harwich
and Rotterdam or Antwerp, the time is about four to
six hours longer. The steamers on both these services
are large, swift, and exceedingly comfortable, and the
fares about twenty shillings cheaper.

The night express trains from Calais, Ostend, Flush-
ing, Rotterdam, and Antwerp to Cologne have sleeping
carriages. Travellers from Paris can take the Orient
Express, leaving in the evening, as far as Stuttgart,
where it arrives about nine o'clock the next morning.
This train, which is exceedingly comfortable, is com-
posed entirely of sleeping, dining, and drawing-room
carriages. The fares are about 25 per cent, more than
by the ordinary expresses, but to those who can afford
it, the additional comfort is well worth the extra charge.

Carlsbad can also be reached from Paris by Strass-
burg, Appenweier, Heidelberg, and Aschaffenburg (see
above). Also by Pagny- stir-Moselle, Forbach, Binger-
bruck, Mayence, and Aschaffenburg (see above). These
routes take from four to six hours longer than the
route via Stuttgart.

(3.) An exceedingly pleasant and interesting route to
Carlsbad, though somewhat longer and more expensive

INTRODUCTION.

than the above routes, is from Paris to Bale, thence to
Zurich and Rorschach, across the Lake of Constance
by steamer to Lindau, thence to Munich, Pilsen, and
Carlsbad.

Note. Through tickets are only issued from London
by Route I.

FARES.

Routes from London.

Single Tickets.

Return Tickets, avail-
able for 30 days.

ist Cl.

2nd Cl.

ist Cl.

and Cl.

s. d.

> d.

. d.

Harwich, Rotterdam, Col- \
ogne, Mayence, Wurz- V
burg, Nuremburg, Eger J

S 16 3

437

10 14 9

7 14 8

Queen boro', Flushing, Col- *|

ogne, Mayence, &c., as >

627

490

10 18 o

7 18 6

Harwich, Antwerp, Brus-}

sels, Cologne, Mayence, > 5 17 o

4 3 o

10 10 6

7 10 o

&c., as above . . . . J

Dover, Calais (or Ostend), )
Brussels, &c., as above . J

6 17 o

500

n 17 6

8 IS 3

The fares via Paris are about 7, los. first class,
and ^"5, 53. second class.

PRINCIPAL PLACES OF INTEREST ON THE ABOVE ROUTES.

ROUTE I.

Brussels. Hotel Mengelle. Sights : Cathedral of St.
Guduld, Hotel de Ville, King's Palace, Museums, Zoo-
logical Gardens, Wiertz Museum, Gallery of the Duke

2 2 INTRODUCTION.

of Arenberg, the New Palais de Justice, and the Bois
de Cambre.

Aix-la-Chapelle. Hotel Grand Monarque. Sights :
Cathedral, Eathaus, Elisenbrunnen, Kurhaus, Suer-
mondt Museum, and Lousberg.

Cologne. Hotel du Nord. Sights : Cathedral, Wall-
raf-Kichartz Museum, Episcopal Museum, Eathaus,
Giirzenich, Churches of St. Gereon, St. Maria-im-
Capitol, and St. Ursula, Monument of Frederick
William III., Flora and Zoological Gardens.

Collenz. Hotel du Ge"ant. Sights : Fortress of
Ehrenbreitstein, Ehine Promenade, Church of St.
Castor, The Castor Brunnen, The Burg, Kaufhaus,
Moselle Bridge, Imperial Palace, The Petersberg.

Mayence. Hotel de Hollande. Sights : Cathedral,
Gutenberg Monument, The Citadel and Eigelstein,
Museum in the Palace, New Promenade on the Ehine.

Frankfort. Hotel Schwan. Sights : The Kaisersaal
in the Eomer, Cathedral, Ariadneum, Picture Galleries
of the Sta'del Institute, Kunst Verein, and Kunstge-
werbe-Verein, Historical Museum, Jenkenberg Natural
History Museum, New Opera, Zoological Garden, Palm
Garden.

Wurzberg. Hotel Kronprinz. Sights : Cathedral,
Neue Minister, Eoyal Palace, Marien Kapelle, Citadel.

Nuremberg. Hotel de Baviere. Sights : Church of
St. Lawrence, Frauen Kirche, Eathaus, Church of St.
Sebaldus, Schone Brunnen, Germanic Museum, The
Burg.

INTRODUCTION. 2 3

ROUTE II.

Strasburg. Hotel de la Ville de Paris. Sights:
Cathedral, Church of St. Thomas, Statue of Gutenberg,
The Broglie.

Stuttgart. Hotel Marquardt. Sights : Konigs Bau,
New Palace, Old Palace, Stifts Kirche, Natural His-
tory Museum, Museum of Art, Stadt Garten, and
Anlagen.

EOUTE III.

Bdle. Hotel Trois Hois. Sights : Cathedral, Cathe-
dral Museum, Rathaus, Town Museum, Zoological
Garden.

Zurich. Hotel Bauer au Lac. Sights : Stadt Gar-
ten, Stadthaus, Grossmunster, St. Peter's Church,
Wasser Kirche, The Tonhalle, Hohe Promenade, Town
Museum, Kunster Giitli Museum, The Arsenal, Botanic
Garden, Excursion to the Uetliberg.

Munich. Hotel Four Seasons. Sights: Royal Palace,
Alte Pinakothek, Glyptothek, Neue Pinakothek,
National Museum, The Basilica, Count Schack's Pic-
ture Gallery, The Propylaea, Monument of Maximilian
II., Mariahilf Kirche, Royal Library, Hof Garten,
Aquarium, Hall of Fame and Statue of Bavaria,
English Garden.

INTRODUCTION.

TABLE OF MONEY, WEIGHTS, AND MEASURES.

American.

English.

French, Swiss,
or Italian.

German.

Austrian.

Dots, centi.

i. d.

Frs. centmt.

Marks. Pf.

Florins. Kr.

O I

O O oi

o 5

o 4

2 4\ P

OO2|

o 25

o 20

o 10 h

O IO

005

o 50

o 40

o 25! ! %

o 20

009|

I O

o 80

o 5* >E

o 25

O I O

I 25

I O

o 60 3

o 50

O 2 O

2 50

2 O

i 20 1 S-

I O

040

5 o

4 o

2 40 / *

4 86

I O O

25 20

20 30

12 55 actual

(The Austrian gulden or florin equals is. &d. English money.)

WEIGHTS (APPROXIMATE).

i Gramme = ^ g oz.

i Hectogramme = 3^ oz.
i Kilogramme = 2! Ibs.
51 Kilogrammes = i cwt.
1015 Kilogrammes = i ton.

LINEAR MEASURES.

i Centimetre = f inch,
i Metre = 3 ft. 3^ inches,
i Kilometre = f mile.
8 Kilometres 5 miles.

LAND MEASURES.

i Centiare = ij sq. yd.

i Are = | acre.

i Hectare = z\ acres.

FLUID MEASURES.

i Litre = if pints.
\\ Litres = i gallon,
i Hectolitre = 22 gallons.

THERMOMETER.

Far.

Cent.

Reau-
mur.

Far.'

Cent.

Reau-
mur.

Far.

Cent.

Reau-
mur.

Far.

Cent.

Reau-
mur.

104

19 I

I-2S

16 !

0-8

12 I

O'O

II.

SITUATION AND CLIMATE.

jARLSBAD, one of the most attractive and
beautiful of European watering-places, is situ-
ated in the north-west of Bohemia, in lat. 50
and long. 13. The town lies in the narrow and
winding valley of the Tepel, near its junction with the
Eger, 1 1 24 feet above the level of the sea. On either
side of the valley rise picturesque and rugged hills of
volcanic formation, the highest of which, called the
Ewige Leben, or ' Eternal Life,' is 2003 feet above the
sea-level, or 879 feet above the town. These hills are
covered with woods of pine, spruce, beech, elm, birch,
and oak ; spruce and pine predominating. Numberless
paths intersect the wocds in all directions, affording
shady and picturesque walks, and on the level portion
of the valley, and over some of the gentler slopes, are
well-kept carriage roads. The composition of these
hills is of three varieties of granite : gneiss, quartz, and
argillaceous schist, the rocks being intersected with the
usual fissures accompanying this formation. On some
of the hills are strata and out-croppings of basalt, and
extensive veins of hornstone.

26 CLIMATE.

A humorist has said that Carlsbad " is built on the
lid of a boiling kettle," which is almost literally true, as
it stands on a crust of comparative thinness, through
which rise no less than nineteen springs of various
temperatures. Borings which have been made in the
crust have reached a vast and seething subterranean
cauldron below, of immeasurable depth. This crust,
on which the Marktplatz, the Kreuzgasse, and the
Muhlbrunn Colonnade are built, is mostly composed
of Sprudelstein, or Sprudelschelle (Sprudel-stone or
Sprudel-shell), a hard stone, capable of taking a fine
polish. The Sprudelstein is supposed to have been
formed by the mineral constituents of the springs being
gradually deposited as they came into contact with the
open air (see page 95).

THE CLIMATE of Carlsbad, like that of all mountainous
districts, is rather changeable, but the air is remarkably
pure and invigorating, the town never having been
visited by any contagious diseases or epidemics. It
entirely escaped the Pest of the Middle Ages, and during
the Austro-German war, when cholera, brought by the
sick and wounded soldiers, was raging in the surround-
ing districts, not a single case occurred at Carlsbad.
There is no stagnant water in the neighbourhood, and
consequently malaria is unknown. In summer, even
when the days are very warm, the nights and early morn-
ings are generally cool and invigorating. - Owing to
the character of its soil, which permits of moisture being
rapidly absorbed, the roads and paths around Carlsbad

CLIMATE. 27

become perfectly dry, and are fit for walking in a few
hours, after even heavy rain. The mean temperature
of the year is 43 J Fahr. ; in summer, 66| Fahr. ; in
spring and autumn, 47 Fahr. ; and in winter 27^ Fahr.
The prevailing winds are from the west and north, the
latter of which, having free access to the town, is gener-
ally cool and bracing.

III.

HISTORY AND REMINISCENCES OF CARLSBAD.

[ARLSBAD is one of the very few important
European watering-places which does not
appear to have been known to the Romans.
The town was originally incorporated by King John
of Luxemburg, who, by an ancient charter dated 1325,
conferred on it certain rights and privileges, though
there is no doubt from the name, Wary, or ' Warm,' that
the hot springs were known long before this period.

The discovery of the springs is traditionally attributed
to the Emperor Charles IV., son of King John, who in
the year 1358 was hunting in the neighbourhood while
on a visit to the castle of Elbogen (see page 137). One
of his dogs while following a wounded deer fell over a
cliff, since called the ' Hirschensprung,' or Deer's Leap
(see page 116), into one of the hot springs below.
Attracted by its cries, the hunters came to the rescue of
the animal, and on taking it out, found it severely
wounded by its fall. Its subsequent recovery was so
rapid, that the Emperor's physician attributed it to the
healing power of the water, and he induced his royal

HISTORY. 29

master, who was suffering from an old wound in his leg,
received at the battle of Crecy, to test its efficacy.
The Emperor's wound also rapidly healed, and in
gratitude he founded a town at the springs and named
it Carlsbad.

As, however, the existence of the springs was known
long before this time, the legend, as far as their first
discovery is concerned, is purely mythical, though the
incident itself may actually have occurred. But if the
Emperor did not first discover Carlsbad, he gave it its
present name, extended the charter granted by King
John, and built a royal residence in the town.

Of the early history of Carlsbad we have no certain
data, as the archives of the town were almost entirely
destroyed by fire in 1604. In the middle of the sixth
century the Eger district was settled by a horde of Slavs,
who came from the plains of Russia and Lithuania, and
from whom the present Bohemian people are descended.
These Slavs were pagans, and it was not until after
Bohemia was united to the German Empire by Charle-
magne in A.D. 800, that Christianity began to spread
among them ; indeed, paganism did not finally disappear
till the tenth century. In the ninth century the district
of Eger came into possession of the powerful Margrave
Vohburg, who built the castle of Elbogen in 870, and it
seems impossible that the remarkable phenomena of the
hot springs should have been unknown to those who
lived so near them. A chronicle written about this time
mentions the rivers Tepel and Eger, which in the ori-

30 HISTORY.

ginal Slav language meant 'tepid' and ' re- warmed.'
Another curious fact is that the walls of the castle of
Neudeck, built at the commencement of the thirteenth
century, and distant about nine miles from Carlsbad,
are partly constructed of Sprudelstone.

In 1 149 the whole of the Eger district, together with
the towns of Falkenau, Elbogen, and Warmbad (or
Wary), became the personal property of the German
Emperor, Frederick Barbarossa, who received it as a
dowry on his marriage with Adelheid, daughter of the
Margrave Diebold von Vohburg.

The nomenclature of the towns and villages which
were founded before the commencement of the twelfth
century is almost entirely Slavonic; the settlements
founded after the district came into possession of the
Emperor Frederick Barbarossa in 1149 having been
generally given German names. We may, therefore,
assume that the towns, and villages, and castles with
Bohemian names were founded before, and those with
German, founded after this date.

In 1306 John of Luxemburg, the blind King who
was killed at the battle of Crecy in 1 349, was elected
King of Bohemia, and in 1317 he visited the castle of
Elbogen (see page 137) with his consort and his infant
son. In 1 325, by a charter which still exists, he enfiefed
the town and granted it certain privileges, which he
increased by a second charter dated 1337. In 1358 the
Emperor Charles IV., son of King John, built a royal
castle at Carlsbad, at which time the town consisted of

HISTORY. 3 1

only forty houses, and in 1370 granted a new charter,
conferring on the citizens rights of self-government and
the free choice of magistrates. A transcript of this
charter, in which Wary is first called Carlsbad, still
exists. Charles died in 1378, and his son, Wencelaus I,
confirmed all these privileges. At the end of the four-
teenth or beginning of the fifteenth centuries the estate
of Elbogen, with Carlsbad, was separated from the dis-
trict of Eger, and came into possession of the Bohemian
royal family ; how, is not exactly known, but the first
step which led to this was doubtless the foreclosing
of a mortgage of 7000 marks silver, which Wencelaus
I. claimed had been lent by his father, Charles IV., to
the heirs of Frederick Barbarossa.

An eventful period in the history of Carlsbad com-
mences with the mortgaging in 1434 of the Burgravate
of Elbogen by the crown to the Chancellor Caspar
Schlick for 11,900 florins. Schlick had constant feuds
with a neighbouring magnate, Count Yon Eulenburg,
who, in the prosecution of certain personal claims he
had against the Chancellor, made frequent raids on
Carlsbad and the Elbogen district, burning the houses
and plundering the inhabitants. These outrages were
returned in kind by Schlick and his followers, till they
reached such a height that the German Parliament in
1444 passed a special Act for their suppression. In
1455 Heronimus Schlick, the nephew of Caspar, mort-
gaged the castle of Carlsbad to Count Polaczky von
Polaky for 500 florins, reserving to himself the protec-

32 HISTORY.

torate of the town. A feud soon broke out between these
nobles; the citizens of Elbogen siding with Schlick,
and those of Carlsbad taking the part of Polaky. In
one of their numerous fights Polaky took 2OO of the
Elbogeners prisoners and brought them to the castle
at Carlsbad, which was, however, shortly afterwards
besieged and taken by Schlick, and the prisoners set at
liberty. This feud was finally settled by arbitration,
and three umpires were appointed by King Wladislaw,
the decision being that Schlick had to pay to Polaky
600 florins to redeem his debt, and receive back his
castle at Carlsbad.

In 1462 civil war broke out in Bohemia owing
to the issue of a Papal bull by Pope Pius forbidding
the taking of the wine at the sacrament by laymen.
King George of Bohemia, on his refusal to allow his
subjects to obey the bull, was deposed -by the Pope,
who offered the crown to King Matthias Corvinus of
Hungary. The greater part of Bohemia rebelled and
went over to King Matthias, but a still influential
number of his subjects, among whom were the Burgrave
Schlick and his vassals of Elbogen and Carlsbad,
remained faithful for a time. Owing, however, to the
rapidly increasing power of King Matthias and the
persuasions of Papal emissaries, together with threats
of excommunication from Rome, they finally deserted
their sovereign, and sent him a letter renouncing their
allegiance. After the restoration of peace on the
death of George, the Burgrave Matthias Schlick

HISTORY. 33

commenced to plunder and oppress the citizens of
Elbogen and Carlsbad, and succeeded in making himself
so unpopular that he lost all control over his followers.
Schlick vainly appealed to King Matthias for assist-
ance to quell the insurrection, and finding himself
unable to cope with his rebellious vassals, he made over
the Burgravate of Elbogen and Carlsbad in 1470 to the
brothers, Elector Ernst and Duke Albrecht of Saxony,
for the sum of 2 3 ,000 florins. The Elbogeners, however,
relished as little the rule of their new masters as of
their former ruler, and declined to take the oath of alle-
giance. The brothers took up arms in 1471, and laid
siege to the castle of Elbogen, which was surrendered
by treachery, and numbers of its defenders were hung
over the castle walls. After the subjugation of the
Elbogeners peace was concluded, Schlick being per-
mitted to remain actual lord in fief, while Duke
Albrecht became lord protector. No sooner, however,
was Schlick reinstated than he began a second time to
harass and oppress the citizens of Elbogen and Carls-
bad, and on their again showing signs of rebellion he
arranged with Duke Albrecht to make another raid on
Elbogen. This plan was executed on the night of the
1st October 1476; the town was taken and plundered,
and frightful atrocities were committed by Schlick
and his followers, in consequence of which many of the
citizens emigrated.

For the next fifty years the history of the town is
simply one of petty feuds and personal quarrels.

34 HISTORY.

In 1480 we have the first mention of a ' Cur-guest/
Fraulein Barbara Schenk von Frautenburg,.who came
for the cure accompanied by her mother.

In 1531 Albert Schlick, grandson of Matthias,
founded in Carlsbad a hospital for indigent patients,
which he dedicated to the Holy Spirit. He also
obtained a charter from King Wladislaw giving him
the right to exact from all visitors to Carlsbad, rich or
poor, a donation for the hospital ; the amount being
left to the guests themselves. This was the first
' Cur-tax ' imposed at Carlsbad.

In 1533 Albert Schlick exchanged with his cousin,
Hermonius, the Burgravate of Elbogen and Carlsbad
for that of Winteritz. On the outbreak of the war
between Bohemia and Saxony, Hermonius Schlick
renounced his allegiance to his sovereign and joined
the Saxon army. After the disastrous defeat of the
Saxons at the battle of Muhlberg, 24th April 1547,
Hermonius was outlawed, but on the conclusion of
peace he managed to obtain a pardon from the Emperor
Ferdinand I., his estates of Elbogen and Carlsbad, how-
ever, being confiscated to the crown. The town of
Carslbad was then incorporated and made a royal
borough, and the citizens took the oath of allegiance
to Ferdinand.

There being now no resident Burgrave, the castle
of Carlsbad for a long time remained unoccupied,
and the citizens not wishing to see this historic
building fall into decay, petitioned the Emperor

HISTORY. 35

Maximilian to make it over to the town for the use of
the fire-brigade. This request was granted by a deed
dated 1567.

The crown still retained possession of all the land
and other property attached to the Burgravate of
Carlsbad, and the citizens for many years tried in vain
to acquire them. They, however, succeeded at last in
purchasing them from the needy Emperor Rudolph in
1598 for the sum of 52,800 marks. By this purchase
the town gained considerably, and also greatly extended
its influence and status.

When the Reformation began to spread in Bohemia
at the commencement of the sixteenth century, the then
reigning Burgrave, Sebastian Schlick, who was a friend
of Luther, energetically devoted himself to furthering
the cause of the new faith, and succeeded in establishing
the Protestant religion throughout the whole Eger dis-
trict. The first Reformed preacher, Wolfgang Rappold,
was appointed in Elbogen in 1 523. A Lutheran pastor
was doubtless appointed about the same time to Carlsbad,
though the first reference made in existing records is
to the preaching of Andreas Hampisch in the Andreas
Church in 1554. After the death of the Emperor
Rudolph in 1612, his successor, Ferdinand II., who was
bitterly opposed to the Reformed faith, re-established the
Catholic religion throughout Bohemia, and in 1624 the
parish church of Carlsbad was again made over to the
Romanists, in consequence of which the last Lutheran
pastor, Johann Georg Kreizel, together with a large

36 HISTORY.

number of the citizens, emigrated to Saxony and founded
the town of Johanngeorgenstadt. On the Galgenburg,
above the Chapel of St. Mary, is a large stone which
commemorates this exodus.

During the Thirty Years' War Carlsbad suffered
severely, the town being repeatedly sacked, and many of
the citizens killed.

The fame of Carlsbad as a resort for crowned heads
and personages of the highest rank dates from the
visit of the Archduke Ferdinand in 1571, who was
accompanied by his consort, Philippina Welser, the
daughter of an Augsburg merchant, who won all hearts,
even of the Archduke's royal relations, by her beauty
and accomplishments.

In 1630 Carlsbad was visited by Wallenstein, Duke
of Friedland, who was afterwards barbarously mur-
dered in the Castle of Eger (see page 153).

In 1683 the Crown Prince of Saxony, afterwards
George III., with the Duke of Lauenburg, came to
Carlsbad for the cure, accompanied with a large retinue,
and stayed six weeks. During their visit they gave
great entertainments, at one of which, we are told, an
ox stuffed with capons was roasted whole and served
in the Fest Platz, now occupied by the garden of the
Hotel Goldener Schild. All the inhabitants of the town
were summoned to the banquet by a fanfare of trumpets
and kettledrums stationed on the Hirschensprung. The
Prince, dressed in a servant's livery of red and green,
waited on the guests himself. The festivities wound

HISTORY. 37

np with a ball, the music being supplied by an or-
chestra of fiddles, pipes, and steinbok horns !

In 1691 Augustus I., King of Poland, accompanied
by the famous beauty, Aurora, Countess von Kb'nig-
stein, took the cure at Carlsbad. He was accompanied
by so many soldiers that temporary barracks had to be
erected for their accommodation in the fields. He
entertained the visitors and townspeople with tourna-
ments on the Alte Wiese, and on the Allee Platz he
gave a grand entertainment in a ballroom he had
erected, and decorated with Bohemian lustres and
mirrors. We are told he provided a surprise for his
guests by having the water from the Sprudel conducted
in pipes to the ballroom, and while the ball was at its
height he had the water turned on and gave the
dancers a thorough drenching.

At this time the Cur-guests at Carlsbad were such
insatiate pleasure - seekers that, in addition to the
almost nightly fetes, they had matinees dansantes every
day from 1 1 A.M. to I P.M.

The years 1711 and 1712 were memorable from the
visits of Peter the Great, who came to be cured of
rheumatism.

We are told that the Czar on his arrival was ordered
by his physician to take three glasses of the waters
before breakfast, but by some misunderstanding he
thought three large pitchers were meant. He managed
to get down one, and was almost choking over the second,
when the doctor, fortunately appearing, informed him of

38 HISTORY.

his mistake. He must, besides this, have swallowed a
considerable quantity of the waters during his stay, as he
was in the habit of taking twenty-three glasses at a time.
In a letter dated igth September, written to the
Empress Catherine, he says : " We, thank God, are
well, only our bellies are swelled up with water, because
we drink like horses, and have nothing else to do." In
the following year he writes again to his wife : " We
began to drink the waters at this hole yesterday. How
it works I will write, but don't look for any other news
from this wilderness." The treatment may have bene-
fited him in a bodily sense, but it certainly did not
improve his violent temper. We are told that he took
part in the annual shooting match at Carlsbad, and
carried off the prize. One of the spectators, whose
admiration had been excited by his fine shooting, began
to vigorously applaud, when the Czar, thinking he was
trying to distract his aim, fired at him, but fortunately
missed him. On another occasion he assisted at the
building of a house, laying the stones with his own
hands. One of the masons, who was gazing at him in
astonishment, was the victim of a similar outbreak of
temper. One of the peculiarities of the Czar was an
intense dislike of being watched while he was at work,
and on seeing the mason looking at him he became
so enraged that he threw a trowelful of mortar in his
face. On finding his mistake, however, he made ample
amends in both cases by apologising and presenting the
men with handsome sums of money. There being no

HISTORY. 39

Russian church at Carlsbad, the Czar went daily to offer
up his prayers before the cross on the Hirschensprung,
on the spot since named the Petershohe (see page 117).

At the shooting match referred to, the Czar had given
as the prize, a cask of wine, which had been sent him by
the Emperor Charles VI., and on winning it himself
he refused to take it back. Another contest was there-
fore held, in which the Czar did not compete. The
winner of the cask at the second contest had it bottled
in small flasks which readily sold at a high price, and
invested the proceeds for the benefit of the shooting
society, to whom this fund still yields an income of
thirty florins a year. The target which the Czar shot
at is preserved in the Schiesshaus.

It was at Carlsbad that Peter carried on the nego-
tiations for the marriage of his son Alexis with
the Princess Charlotte of Wolfenbiittel, whom the
Prince first met at the Castle of Schlackenwerth. It
was at first proposed that the marriage should take
place secretly at Carlsbad, but it was eventually solem-
nised at Dresden. The Czar left Carlsbad to attend
the marriage, contrary to the advice of his physicians,
which led to his experiencing a serious relapse. During
his second visit to Carlsbad in 1712 Peter renewed his
acquaintance with the celebrated philosopher Leibnitz,
whose advice received at that time proved of such
assistance to the Czar in introducing reforms into
Russia. The Czar lived in the house 'Zum Rothen
Herz,' on the Alte Wiese.

4O HISTORY.

In the same year, 1712, the Empress Christina of
Austria, with a large retinue, visited Carlsbad, accom-
panied by her daughter, the Princess Maria Theresa,
then four years of age. In honour of her visit the citizens
had a beautiful drinking goblet made for her at the
famous porcelain manufactory at Meissen. This goblet
is now in the museum at Prague.

In 1/32 Carlsbad was honoured with a visit from the
Emperor Charles II. and his consort, the Empress
Christina, who seem to have been accompanied by about
half the nobility of Austria. The town records of that
time relate that it required 6600 horses to convey their
Majesties and their retinue to the place. The Emperor
during his stay took a great interest in Carlsbad. He
rebuilt the parish church, and gave largely to the
charities and for improving the town.

During the war of succession, which broke out after
the ascent, of Maria Theresa to the throne of Austria in
1740, Carlsbad suffered severely, as well as Eger and
Elbogen, these three towns being sacked by the French
and the citizens laid under heavy contribution.

In 1762 the first Cur-lists were published. These
lists were in writing, the first printed lists not being
published till 1794.

In 1766 commenced what may be termed a new era
in the history of Carlsbad, as in that year the celebrated
physician, Dr. David Becher, made the first scientific
analysis of the medical and chemical properties of the
waters, and laid down regulations for their use which

HISTORY. 41

were practically the same as those in force to-day, and
which have proved so beneficial to hundreds of thousands
of patients for the last century. From this time the
number of visitors has steadily increased ; from 445 in
1785 to 28,600 in 1885. This rapid increase encouraged
the municipal authorities to provide better accommoda-
tion for visitors, and to take steps for making the town
more attractive. Fine chestnut alleys were planted
and walks were laid out along the Tepel and through
the woods. In 1774 a new drinking and bathing hall
was erected in place of the old Sprudel Hall.

One of the most celebrated leaders of Carlsbad society
at this period was Count Maurice von Briihl, the inti-
mate friend of Admiral Orloff (see page 114). At one
of the great open-air fetes he gave on the Plobensberg
fresh flowers were fastened to the trees in the woods,
which gave them the appearance of a forest in bloom.

In 1784 the municipality erected the fine stone
bridge over the Eger which now leads to the railway
station.

In 1794 the "Sprudel Book," in which all visitors
entered their voluntary contributions, was abolished,
and an act was passed ordering that every nobleman
should pay a cur-tax of two florins, and every commoner
one florin. In 1800 the walls which confine the course
of the Tepel were built, and a row of wooden booths or
shops erected along the 'Alte Wiese.' At this time
Carlsbad benefited greatly from the visits of Lord
Findlater, a Scotch nobleman, who, in gratitude for

42 HISTORY.

the great benefit he derived from drinking the waters,
gave large sums of money to the local charities and for
laying out and beautifying the environs of the town.

In 1785, when thirty-four years of age, Goethe paid his
first visit to Carlsbad, where he afterwards spent many
of the happiest and most fruitful years of his life. He
altogether paid fourteen visits to Carlsbad, and there is
little doubt but that the drinking of the waters greatly
contributed to prolong his life and added greatly to his
vigour of both mind and body. The houses in the
Markt Platz in which he lived are marked by marble
tablets. Goethe from his youth was afflicted with a
painful malady which caused himself and his friends
great anxiety. After much suffering he was at last
persuaded to try the efficacy of the Carlsbad waters.
Shortly after his first arrival in 1785 he wrote that
he had already experienced great benefit, and that
pleasant intercourse with the visitors had " rubbed off
the rust" he had gathered in the retired life he had
hitherto been obliged to lead. A touching incident is
related of his visit in 1819. " The 28th August being
' his seventieth birthday, the Grand Duke of Mecklenburg
provided a pleasant and most agreeable surprise for
him by bringing the old clock which hung up in the
house where he first saw the light and spent his youth
at Frankfort, and having it hung up in his Carlsbad
lodgings. When Goethe awoke early in the morning
and heard the clock strike the hour, he called to his ser-
vant, saying, ' I hear a clock strike that arouses all the

HISTORY. 43

memories of my childhood. Is it a dream or a reality ? '
Then he got up, and learning the truth, was moved to
tears." His last visit was in 1823. He was then
seventy-four, but, susceptible as ever, he fell in love
with a charming young lady, Fraulein von Levetzov.
He proposed marriage, which she declined, although
she never married afterwards, and when the bust of the
poet was unveiled in 1883 she sent a wreath of flowers
to be laid at its foot. During his visits Goethe wrote a
number of odes on subjects connected with Carlsbad.

The period embracing the close of the eighteenth
and commencement of the nineteenth century was the
" golden age " of Carlsbad. The royal and noble visitors
vied with each other in the originality and costliness of
their entertainments. Among the most celebrated files
was the Chinese banquet given in 1786 by the Countess
Ozinska, when the Alte Wiese was lighted with 1 500
coloured lanterns and lined with small pavilions deco-
rated with mirrors. On the Pupp'sche Alle'e an immense
Chinese pagoda was erected, in which the servants of
the Countess, dressed in Chinese costume, served the
feast. Another curious entertainment was given in
1797 by the Duke of Saxe-Gotha to the beautiful
Duchess Dorothde of Curland (see page 122). In a
meadow near the Franzens Briicke hay was being
made, and the Duke had invited all the visitors to take a
drive along the Eger. While the carriages were passing
the field the Duke suggested that his guests should
alight and join in the merriment of the haymakers, who

44 HISTORY.

were dancing to the music of pipes and fiddles. His
proposal was at once adopted, and after the dance was
over their host led the guests to an immense hayrick
which stood in the meadow, and from which sounds of
music were apparently proceeding. On their approach
it fell apart, and disclosed a sumptuous banquet spread
on a long table, over one end of which a gallery filled
with musicians had been erected. Besides these fites,
there were, almost daily, balls, balloon ascents, chess
tournaments, where the places of the chessmen were
taken by children suitably attired, and concerts in which
the most celebrated musicians in Europe took part.

In 1791 the poet Schiller visited Carlsbad with his
wife, to whom he had been married the year before. We
gather from his letters written during his stay that the
time he passed was the happiest period in his life. It
was during this visit that Rheinhardt painted the cele-
brated portrait of the poet. He lodged at the house
' Zum Weissen Schwan,' near the Johannisbriicke.

In 1809 the town suffered severely in the French
war, the number of guests being reduced from 1200
the year previous, to 112. In 1813 the visitors from
Saxony and Poland and other states then at war with
Saxony were ordered to leave the baths within three
days. In 1819 the celebrated conference which was
held to decide the settlement of Europe after the
Napoleonic wars, and which lasted from 7th August to
2oth December, assembled at Carlsbad, in the Hotel
Zum Weissen Lowen. Shortly after the battle of

HISTOKY. 45

Waterloo Marshal Blucher paid a visit to Carlsbad, and
was much feted by the Cur-guests. He is said to have
remarked that " he had been an enemy to water all his
life, but now the devil had sent him where he could get
nothing else."

In 1830 the new bath-houses were commenced, and
other improvements in the town and environs were
undertaken. In 1852 the present Cur-tax was estab-
lished, and visitors were no longer received as formerly
by a flourish of trumpets from the Stadtthurm. In
1858 the 5<DOth anniversary of the legendary discovery
of the baths by the Emperor Charles IV. was held
amid great rejoicing.

Besides the distinguished visitors already mentioned
Carlsbad has been honoured by visits from Frederick I.,
1708, and Frederick William I., of Prussia, 1732 ; the
Emperor Joseph II. of Austria, 1 766 ; the Empress
Marie Ludovika, 1 8 1 o ; King Anthony of Saxony, 1 8 1 2 ;
the Emperor Francis I. and his daughter Maria Louisa,
second wife of Napoleon I., 1812 ; William III., 1816 ;
the Empress Maria Feodorowna of Eussia, 1 8 1 8 ; King
Ernest of Hanover, 1837; King Otho of Greece, 1856;
the present German Emperor, 1 864 ; the Crown Prince
and Princess of Prussia, 1870; the Emperor and Em-
press of Brazil, 1 872 ; the ex-Empress of the French,
1883.

Besides these royalties the Cur-books at Carlsbad are
inscribed with the names of Bach, Beethoven, Catalani,
Sontag, Paganini, Schopenhauer, Wellington, Prince

46 HISTORY.

Metternich, Kroner, Chateaubriand, Auerbach, Tour-
genieff, Pryice Bismarck, John Bright, and the late
Lord Ampthill.

Carlsbad has many times suffered severely from
inundations of the Tepel, notably in May 1582, when
three-fourths of the houses were swept away and many
of the inhabitants drowned; in February 1655, when
eighteen houses were destroyed; and in September
1821, when all the bridges and a great part of the wall
along the Tepel were carried away, and the goods in the
shops on the river-bank were almost entirely destroyed,
the water reaching the second floor of the houses. Great
destruction has also several times been worked by
the breaking out of the Sprudel. On the 22d February
1 799, in consequence of the sudden breaking-up of the
ice, the spring burst through the ground, carrying every-
thing before it, and then almost disappeared, in conse-
quence of which a rumour spread that the spring had
been swallowed up by an earthquake. This was a
serious calamity for Carlsbad, as a total cessation of the
drinking of the waters took place in consequence. It
was months before the spring was replaced, it being
necessary to level the bed of the river and pave the
sides with massive slabs of granite, while its banks had
to be sealed with cement. In 1604 the town was
almost entirely distroyed by fire, only three houses being
left standing, and again in 1759, when 224 houses were
burned to the ground.

A sketch of the history of Carlsbad would not be

HISTORY. 47

complete without reference being made to its celebrated
K. K. Schiitzen-Corps, or Royal and Imperial Shooting
Corps. This society is a very ancient one, having been
orginally a company of crossbowmen. The date of the
foundation of the society is unknown, but its first royal
charter was granted in 1630. One of the ancient privi-
leges of Carlsbad was that no military should be quartered
in the town, and there being therefore no garrison, the
shooting corps have always undertaken the duties of the
town guard. The corps wear a handsome uniform of
green and gold, and the visitor to Carlsbad will have
many opportunities of seeing them marching through
the town headed by their band. The shooting matches
of the society have been patronised by most of the royal
and noble visitors to Carlsbad since its foundation, who
have written their names in the autograph-book, and
have presented a number of prizes to be shot for. This
book and many of the prizes are preserved in the Schiess-
haus in the Schiitzen Park, and form a most interesting
collection. Weekly shooting matches are still held on
Sundays, at which visitors are made welcome, and
allowed to take part.

IV.
LIFE AT CARLSBAD.

jARLSBAD has now settled down, after the
gay days of her premiere jeunesse when her
princely and noble visitors accompanied the
drinking of the waters with a continual round of gaiety
to follow again the sound maxim of old Dr. Payer,
tl that Nature hath created this bath for patients, and
not for anybody's lust or amusement." When he reads
of the open-air fetes, the balls, and the nightly illumina-
tions given by the distinguished guests, where all were
welcome, the visitor of to-day may naturally feel tempted
to regret the change in the social life at Carlsbad, when
he finds his days bound by rigid rules, and himself but
a unit of a crowd of health-seekers who, from their very
number and difference of station and nationality, are
debarred from that free social intercourse which doubt-
less most would desire if it were possible.

There are many reasons that account for this change.
In earlier days the guests were few in number, and were
nearly all of the " upper classes," with some crowned
head or star of fashion as their presiding genius. To-

LIFE AT CARLSBAD. 49

day this select circle has gradually extended to a
mingled concourse, drawn from all countries and classes
of the civilised world, with few able to lead, and fewer
willing to follow, in any revival of the old festivities.
All now must feel themselves more or less strangers in
this vast throng, and be content to devote themselves to
the business of the hour, and to seek their enjoyment
amid their own immediate circle, and in the happy
consciousness of returning health. But in spite of the
barriers to general intercourse among the visitors, there
is withal a kindly tone in the social life at Carlsbad,
doubtless owing greatly to the leaven of the geniality
of the Austrian character, and there are many quiet and
healthful pleasures, particularly suited to those who have
come in search of health and repose.

The cure at Carlsbad is by no means a " fancy " cure.
It is no place for those who wish to make a visit to
a watering-place simply in search of amusement or
gaiety. Here there is no extravagance either in the
mode of life or in .fashionable display, The goddess of
health reigns supreme, and all must yield to her sway.
But after all he must be a discontented and unapprecia-
tive mortal indeed who cannot find amusement enough
in the pleasant summer days at Carlsbad, with its
charming drives and walks, its promenades and cafe\s,
where he can mingle with the passing throng, or can
rest luxuriously beneath some shady chestnut tree,
and wile away the hours in friendly intercourse, or in
listening to the music of the orchestra ; or perchance,

5O LIFE AT CARLSBAD.

if weary, and wishing solitude, lie can seek refuge with
a favourite author in some sequestered nook, returning
health and the hope of a speedy recovery adding zest
to every pleasure.

" Early to bed and early to rise " is the strict rule at
Carlsbad, and the visitor must be prepared for the
perhaps at first unwelcome rap at half-past five ; but
when once up and dressed, what can be more delightful
than the first fresh cool hours of the summer mornings
and the first singing of the birds, which are so carefully
looked after by the kindly peasantry for the welcome of
the guests ? At six the visitor seeks the health-restoring
springs, and takes his morning goblet from the hands
of the neatly dressed little maid who presides over the
fountain ; and here let us advise him' to be early at the
well, and so save himself many tedious waits in the
slowly advancing line of two or three hundred other
patients, which have to be repeated for as many glasses
as he is ordered to drink. This trouble can be avoided,
however, by hiring a ' dienstmann ' (see page 8 1 ) for
20 kr., who will stand in the line and hand the cup to the
visitor when his turn comes. After drinking, a promenade
is taken, enlivened by the strains of the band and the
curious sight of a long line of people, of many climes
and many costumes, solemnly waiting their turn, cup
in hand, at the spring. After each cup another walk
is taken, until the prescribed quantity has been taken.
Then to breakfast ; and now, to the newly arrived
English or American visitor, comes the rub. Accus-

LIFE AT CARLSBAD. 5 I

tomed at home to his substantial morning meal, it does
seem hard at first, after a good hour's exercise in the
fresh morning air, to have to content himself with a cup
of coffee and a roll purchased at the nearest bakery. He
is not even allowed butter, unless he happens to have
an indulgent doctor, who will allow him just enough to
remind him of his boarding-school days. But there is
no help for it ; he has come for the " cure," and must
abide by its rules. One solace, however, is left him,
few doctors being so hard-hearted as to deny just one
pipe or cigar. The rest of the morning is spent at
the Curhaus perusing the newspapers, with which the
reading rooms are plentifully supplied, or in a short
drive or gentle stroll, until the bathing-hour comes
round ; after which the visitor returns to his hotel re-
freshed and invigorated with the bracing mineral or
luxurious peat bath. The dinner-hour at Carlsbad is
primitive, but to the hungry visitor who has gone
through a long morning on a roll and a cup of coffee, it
is welcome enough. The dinner of the Cur-guest, how-
ever, must be simple and in keeping with his Arcadian
life ; but, with soup, fish, a roast joint, green vegetables,
stewed fruit, and the sauce piquante of a healthy appe-
tite, he has little ground for complaint. Nor is he ob-
liged to join the Army of the Blue Ribbon ; in modera-
tion he can take claret, hock, light German beer, or
better still, and most refreshing, the country wines of
Bohemia, diluted with sparkling Giesshiibl or Kron-
dorfer water. Dinner over, another walk is taken, for

$2 LIFE AT CARLSBAD.

even "forty winks," however tempting in the drowsy
summer weather, are strictly forbidden. And so passes
the day, till the sun begins to drop behind the wooded hills,
when all Carlsbad turns out at its gayest to promenade,
to see and be seen, or to sit at the little tables under the
trees and drink the most aromatic coffee in the world,
so cheerfully served by the young and pretty coffee-girls.
At the cafes or in the Curgarten Labitzky's band dis-
courses sweet music from four to six, and on the Alte
Wiese and the Pupp'sche Allee there is a constant ebb
and flow of promenaders, amongst whom the lively and
exquisitely dressed daughters of Austria and Hungary,
we must unpatriotically say, bear away the palm for style
and beauty. The concert ended, the visitors soon dis-
perse ; and a light supper taken, the fine new theatre
or the evening concerts at the Curhaus are now the
attractions, or if it be a Saturday the fete-day of the
week, on which visitors, like children of a larger
growth, are allowed to " stay up " the ballroom at the
Curhaus is opened, and from eight till twelve, to the
strains of Labitzky's band, dancing goes on with the
full consent of even our tyrant the Cur physician.
These are no formal gatherings; the "swallow-tail"
of civilisation finds no place in the simple life at
Carlsbad, and ladies are expressly requested to appear
in " toilette de ville ; " but, nevertheless, these dances
are most enjoyable from their very freedom from re-
straint and ceremony. On other evenings Carlsbad is
in bed by ten, for early to rise means early to rest.

( 53 )

ARRIVAL HOTELS LODGINGS CAFES AND
BEST SHOPS.

N crossing the Austrian frontier the luggage of
travellers is examined by the Customs; but
tobagco and spirits, and uncut pieces of silk
or velvet are practically the only articles on which duty
is levied. The Custom-House officers are extremely
civil, but to avoid all chance of trouble the traveller
should declare at once any dutiable articles he may
have in his luggage.

Passports are not now required in Austria. It is
nevertheless advisable to carry one as a means of per-
sonal identification.

On arrival at the station the traveller will find
carriages and omnibuses from the hotels in waiting.
If he has chosen his hotel he should seek out the hotel
porter, who will look after his luggage and see him
comfortably settled in his carriage or omnibus. The
traveller should try and so arrange his journey as to
arrive at Carlsbad early in the evening, when, if he
have not secured apartments beforehand, he should
proceed to a hotel for the night, and next day look for

54 ARRIVAL HOTELS LODGINGS.

lodgings at his leisure. The choice of lodgings, how-
ever, being a matter of great importance, it is better,
in the height of the season, to secure them if possible
beforehand. The doctor to whom the visitor is recom-
mended will willingly render all assistance in his power
on receiving particulars of the case, the accommodation
required, and the expected date of arrival, and his
advice as to the most desirable locality suited to the
patient will be found most valuable. The prices of
rooms, of course, depend very much on the situation
and the period of the year at which they are taken.
Apartments in the Alte Wiese, Park Strasse, Neue
Wiese, or on the heights of the Schlossberg are much
dearer than those in the Prager Gasse, the Kreutz
Gasse, or the Eger Strasse. Between the I5th May
and 1 5th July the prices are twice as much as during
the rest of the year. During the height of the season
single bedrooms can be had from 10 to 20 fl. per
week, a suite of two to four rooms between 20 and 50
fl. a week, and large suites from 100 to 200 fl. a week.

The hotels in Carlsbad are exceedingly comfortable,
and the prices compare favourably with those of other
fashionable watering-places. The rooms are generally
large, airy, and well furnished, and the cooking is good.
The average prices in hotels of the first class are
from April to May, salon and bedroom, 15 to 30 fl.
per week; single bedrooms, 8 to 12 fl., and per day
about 2 fl. From June to July, salon and bedroom,
30 to 60 fl. per week; single bedroom, 12 to 20 fl.j

ARRIVAL HOTELS LODGINGS. 55

and per day, 3 fls. Daring August and September the
prices are the same as in April and May. The price
for rooms include service only. Gaslights and candles
are about 25 kr. each, lamps 35 kr. per day, fires 50
kr. per day. The charge for service does not in-
clude the porter or boots. Visitors should always
make a definite arrangement with the proprietor before
taking rooms.

The Carlsbad hotels do not furnish table d'hdtc, as
nearly all the visitors are on a special regimen. The
meals taken by visitors generally consist of coffee and
bread in the morning, generally taken at a cafe, dinner
in the middle of the day, and a light supper in the
evening. The average prices charged for meals at the
hotels are' about as follows : Coffee with bread, half
portion, 36 kr. ; whole portion, 60 kr. ; eggs, 6 kr. each.
Dinner is charged at a fixed price of about I fl. 50 kr.
to 4 fl., according to the number of dishes ordered.

Soup, beef or mutton, vegetables, a roast dish, and
compot and pudding, I guld. 50 kr.

Same as above, with fish, 2 fl.

With fish, ice, and dessert, 3 fl.

With fish, an additional roast dish, entree, ice, and
dessert, 4 fl.

Supper is order a la carte, a portion of fish or meat
costing from 50 to 80 kr. One portion, as in France,
can be shared by two.

The second-class hotels are generally about 20 per
cent, cheaper, although in some cases they are just as

56 ARRIVAL HOTELS LODGINGS.

dear as the first class, and should vistors intend to stay
in any of them a bargain should be made beforehand.

Hotels of the first class are Anyer's Hotel, Neue
Wiese, adjoining the new theatre ; Pupps' Hotel,
Pupp'sche Alle"e ; Konigs Villa, Theresien Park ; Gold-
encr Scliild, with de"pendances, Erzherzog Stephan and
Zwei Deutsche Monarclien; Hotel Hanover, Markt ; Hotel
National, Neue Gartenzeile ; Hotel de Russie, Kaiser-
strasse.

Hotels of the second class are : Donau, Parkstrasse ;
Paradies, Kaiserstrasse ; Drci Fasanen, Kirchengasse ;
Erzherzog Karl, Kirchengasse.

All the hotels have restaurants attached.

CAF^S. Pupps, on the Alte Wiese (page 109), Cafe
Schoribrunn (page 123), Kaiser Park (page 114), Sans
Souci (page in), Post Hof (page 113), Freundschafts-
Salle (page 113), Cafe" Saxe, Cafe" Zum Elephant, on the
Alte Wiese English and French newspapers ; Cafe"
Imperial, north of the town on the right bank electric
light, concerts.

Coffee at the cafe's, 28 kr. ; rolls, 2 kr. each. When
black coffee is desired the order is given for ' Recht
cafe,' and for weaker coffee, ' Verkehrt.' At all the
cafes two cups can be ordered with one portion. If
only one cup is wanted, the order is for a ' Kleinen
Kapuziner,' for which 16 kr. is charged. The usual
custom is to buy the rolls at a baker's, the best being
Mannl & Pittroff, in the Alte Wiese, and take them to
the cafe.

ARRIVAL HOTELS LODGINGS. 57

The servants at the hotels and lodging-houses, and
the attendants at the cafe's all expect gratuities. Those
given at the hotels and lodgings must of course depend
on the length of the visit and the attention shown. At
the cafes and restaurants the usual fees are for coffee,
10 kr. ; dinner, 20 kr. to the head waiter, to whom the
bill is paid, and I o kr. to the waiter ; supper the same.
At the baths the girl who supplies the linen expects
about 20 kr., and the male attendant 10 kr. The
drivers of the carriages expect a fee of 5 to 10 per
cent, on the fare.

RECOMMENDABLE SHOPS.

Antiquities and Curiosities C. J. Meyer, Alte Wiese.
Bohemian Glass L. Moser, " Rother Adler," Alte

Wiese ; Holzner, Bahnhof-Str. ; A. H. Pfeiffer,

42 Alte Wiese.
Booksellers Franieck, " Drei Lammer," Markt; Knauer,

Markt ; Feller, Markt ; Stark, Miihlbadgasse.
Cartridges Rosenfeld, " Weisser Lowe," Markt.
Chemists F. Worliczek, Markt, 381 ; H. R . Lipp-

mann, 17 Miihlbadgasse.
Cigars and Cigarettes David Moser, Markt; Frank,

Sprudelgasse.
Confectioners W. Stadler, " Konig von Preussen,"

Miihlbadgasse; Rumler, Alte Wiese; Bar, Alte

Wiese.
Express, Parcels, and Baggage Ulrich & Gross, Kaiser-

Str. ; Bartels, Kaiser-Str.

5 8 ARRIVAL HOTEL LODGINGS.

Grocer Rosenfeld, Sprudelgasse.

Hairdressers and Perfumers Jelineck & Erdmann,
Alte Wiese.

Hatter Karl Gimm, Miihlbadgasse.

Medical Instruments and Bandages W. Rusy, Alte
Wiese ; Berry, Neue Wiese.

Milliners E. Hein, " Mozart," Alte Wiese ; Briider
Nastopil. Alte Wiese, 335.

Opticians Briider Teiner, " Goldener Harfe," Alte
Wiese.

Photographers Jerie, Am Quai ; Hirsch, Garten Zeil ;
Wagner, Marienbad-Str.

Pianos (also for hire) Anton Wiesinger, Hotel Na-
tional.

Shoemaker Mannl-Hein, " Goldener Schliissel," Miihl-
badgasse.

Sprudelstein Articles J. Sebert, Alte Wiese ; Tscham-
merholl, Sprudel Colonnade.

Tailors E. Epstein, " Drei Lammer," Markt ; Max
Epstein, Wittwe, Markt.

Bankers

Gottlieb Lederer, Markt ; Briider Benedict, Alte Wiese
and Miihlbadgasse ; A. Schwalb, Markt ; Bo'h-
mirche Escompte, Bank Filiall, Miihlbadgasse.

( 59 )

VI.
CONCERTS, THEATRES, AND AMUSEMENTS.

CARLSBAD has a fine theatre, opened 1886
(see p. 90), in which excellent performances
of German, French, and Italian plays and
operas are given. The box-office is open from 9 till 1 2.
Doors open at 6 P.M. ; performance commences at 7.

THEATRE PRICES.

i. In the Parterre.

fl. kr.
Proscenium boxes for six persons . .12 o

Parterre boxes for four persons . '..*. .70

Parquet seats (stalls), first three rows . .20

,, fourth to eighth rows . 150

Balcony stalls, first row . . . .20

second row . . . ... I 50

third and fourth rows . . ' I 20

First floor boxes mittelfremdenloge

First row, four fauteuils . . 2 20

Second row, four fauteuils . . I 60

First row boxes, for five persons . .80

6O CONCERTS, THEATRES, AND AMUSEMENTS.

2. In the Balcony.

fl. kr.

Middle balcony seat, first row . . .120

second to sixth rows . I o

Side balcony seats, first row . . . I 10

,, second and third rows . o 70

Amphitheatre . . . . . . o 50

area . . . . o 20

CoNCEETS. From 1st May to 3Oth September in
the Curhaus, on Monday, Wednesday, and Friday,
in unfavourable weather from 7.30 to 9 P.M. When
the weather is fine the band plays on these evenings
Monday, at the Cafe Sans-Souci ; Wednesday, at the
Salle de Saxe ; Friday, in the Stadtpark ; also in the
Stadtpark, Sundays from 4 to 6 P.M. ; in the garden
of the Cafe Pupp, Tuesdays and Thursdays, from 4
to 6 P.M. ; and in rainy weather in the salon of the
cafe*. The orchestra plays during the drinking hours
from 6 to 8 A.M. in the morning daily in the Sprudel
and Muhlbrunn Colonnades. Military and classical
concerts are also given in the Cafe's Postkof, Schon-
Irunn, Sans-Soum, and Salle de Saxe admission, 50
krs. From the ist October to 3Oth April concerts
are given in tho Curhaus on Tuesday, Friday, and
Thursday evenings from 7 to 8.30 P.M., and every
alternate Sunday, from 4 to 6 P.M. in the afternoon.
The days given above for concerts are liable to altera-
tion.

CONCERTS, THEATRES, AND AMUSEMENTS. 6 I

BALLS are given every Saturday evening at the
Curhaus from 8 to 1 2 P.M.; admission, I fl. 50 kr.
The finest ball of the year is held on the i8th of
August, in honour of the birthday of the Austrian
Emperor.

In the SUMMER THEATRE performances of comedy,
vaudeville, farce, &c., are given in the afternoon from
four to six.

During the season numerous strolling companies
of actors, gymnasts, musicians, conjurors, &c., visit
Carlsbad.

For shooting and fishing see p. 163.

VII.

TOWN REGULATIONS.

CURE AND Music TAX.

visitors to Carlsbad who remain over eight
days, whether taking the cure or not, are
subject to the cure and music taxes, which
are divided into four classes.

Cure- Tax.

1st Class. Which embraces noblemen, officers,
Government employees, the superior priesthood, land-
owners, independent gentry, professional men, mer-
chants, bankers, manufacturers, and well-to-do people
generally . . . . . . . I o fl.

2d Class. People of moderate means . 6 ,,

3d Class. The working classes, small shop-
keepers, and people of small means . 4 .,

4th Class. Children under fourteen and
servants . . , . . . I

Doctors and surgeons, military officers under the
rank of captain, and their wives, widows and children,
are exempt from the cure-tax, but pay a reduced music-
tax.

TOWN REGULATIONS. 63

Music- Tax.

1st Class. One person , . , .. 5

A party of 2 persons . . 8

5) 5> 3 ?5 I*

?> 4 jj *4

5 or more 1 7

2d Class. One person ... 3

A party of 2 persons . . 5

n 3 6

4 7

5 or more 8

3d Class. One person ... 2

A party of 2 persons . . 3

>> 3 >> 4

?> 3? 4 5

,, 5 or more 6

Children under fourteen and servants pay no music-
tax.

The " cure-tax " does not include admission to the
reading and smoking rooms. Tickets for these rooms
can be purchased at the office. Daily tickets, I 5 kr. ;
weekly, 70 kr. ; monthly, 2 fl.

The taxes are assessed by the Burgomaster, but any
visitor objecting to his assessment can appeal against
it within three days, by lodging a notice in writing
at either the office of the Burgomaster, in the Town
Hall, or at the office of the District Surveyor in the
Municipal Buildings on the Neue Wiese. Shortly

64 TOWN REGULATIONS.

after his arrival each visitor is supplied with a form of
assessment to fill up, which is returned a few days
afterwards for payment. A List of Regulations is
issued annually by the Burgomaster and circulated
among the visitors.

REGULATIONS RESPECTING LODGINGS.

1. Any stranger arriving in Carlsbad is permitted
to hire a lodging either for a fixed or for an indefinite
period of time. With respect to rent, and all other
arrangements entered into, written or verbal contracts
are considered equally binding. To save disputes,
however, it is better to have a contract in writing.
(See Rule 1 3.)

2. If the lodging is hired for a fixed period, the
contract made is considered in force during the whole
of the time the rooms are occupied ; and when the
period originally fixed on has expired, and the stay is
prolonged, no further contract is necessary, unless an
alteration in the terms be agreed on, in which case a
new contract must be made.

3. The fact of the rent being paid weekly (as is
usual) has no bearing upon the contract, i.e., a week's
notice on either side is not sufficient when the apart-
ments have been hired by the month.

4. During the continuance of a contract for a fixed
period, the owner of the lodgings cannot increase the
rent.

5. If the lodgings be rented for an indefinite

TOWN REGULATIONS. 65

period, and no special contract have been made, it is
assumed that the visitor has hired the apartments for
the usual time of taking the waters, viz., four weeks ;
but during this time the landlord cannot insist on any
increase in the rent originally agreed on. In this
case, if the hirer wishes to vacate the apartments at
the end of the fourth week, or if the landlord wishes
to let them to some other person, a week's notice be-
forehand is necessary. Should this not be given, the
contract runs on for an indefinite period, and can be
put an end to at any time by either party giving a
week's notice.

6. If apartments are expressly rented by the day, it
is only necessary to give a notice of twenty-four hours
on either side ; or, if by the week, a week's notice.

7. The week's notice is reckoned from the day on
which the weekly payment becomes due. If notice be
given during the course of the week, it is only regarded
as having been given at the expiration of the week.

8 . If, in the case of a lodging which is hired either
by the week or for an indefinite period, the lodger
gives notice to leave at any time during the first day
he takes possession, he cannot be required to pay more
than the rent for the current week.

9. If the visitor who has hired his apartments
either by the week or for an indefinite period desires
to quit his lodgings suddenly, he has not only to pay
the rent for the current week, but also the amount of
an additional week's rent as compensation in lieu of

66 TOWN REGULATIONS.

notice ; but at the same time, lie cannot sublet the
apartments for this unexpired period to any other
person. In the case of lodgings being hired by the day,
the compensation in lieu of notice is one day's rent.

10. All persons letting lodgings have a right to
demand a deposit from the hirer, which, however, must
not exceed the amount of one week's rent. The de-
posit is forfeited if the hirer shall not take possession
of the lodging during the course of the first week.
This rule does not apply if the hirer furnishes the
owner with sufficient security for his fulfilling the
terms of his contract. Should such security not be
furnished, the landlord has the right, at the termina-
tion of the week, to cancel the contract and let the
lodgings to any other person.

1 1 . In hotels and boarding-houses, visitors have the
right to vacate their apartments at any time they
please, and only to pay by the day. Should, however,
a visitor hire apartments in a hotel or boarding-house
for a fixed price, and for a period longer than one day
(whether it be for a fixed or indefinite period), the above
regulations applicable to lodging-houses come into force.

12. If the stipulations of the contract are not kept
by the landlord that is, if the visitor shall not be
provided with that which is contracted for, or what
may be said to come under the head of necessities ; if
it can be proved that the lodging is damp, dirty, or in
any way injurious to health ; or if facts come to light
which the hirer had no means of discovering at the

TOWN KEGULATIONS. 6/

time of his entering into the contract, whereby he may
be inconvenienced ; and provided such causes of com-
plaint are not immediately removed by the landlord,
the lodger shall have the right of vacating the apart-
ments without notice ; but he must pay for the actual
time he has occupied the apartments.

13. In such cases the onus of proof lies upon the
lodger ; and also if any dispute arises as to whether
the ^lodging was hired for a fixed or an indefinite
period, the onus of proof lies with the person who
raises the dispute. If no written contract has been
made between the parties, and a dispute takes place
regarding a verbal contract, the arrival-sheet, which
contains a column stating the period for which the
visitor proposes to stay, shall be taken as proof. In
cases where this is not recorded in the arrival-sheet, the
assertion of the visitor is taken as proof.

14. In the case of furnished lodgings, no compensa-
tion can be claimed for injury or deterioration sustained
by the furniture, linen, &c., by ordinary wear and tear,
but compensation can be claimed where anything has
been wilfully broken or damaged, and in cases of
severe or prolonged illness, where any large amount of
bed-linen is required, or when from this cause any
articles have been rendered unfit for further use.

1 5 . Every visitor has the right to procure his
meals, food, and necessaries, as well as to take his
baths, where he pleases. He has also the right of
having his own laundress.

68 TOWN REGULATIONS.

1 6. The rent does not usually include attendance,
unless it has been expressly stipulated in the contract.
Where no arrangement shall have been made for at-
tendance, it shall be determined according to the tariff
usual in the house. When attendance is charged in
the usual monthly or weekly account, and shall have
been thus paid to the landlord by the lodger, the ser-
vants have no claim to separate gratuities.

The term " attendance" is understood to mean usual
domestic services, such as the cleaning and putting in
order of the rooms, attending at meals, and other ser-
vices usually rendered by domestics ; but ironing of
linen, washing, mending, and cleaning of clothes and
boots, or attending upon the sick are expressly ex-
cluded.

17. All disputes arising between visitors and lodg-
ing-house keepers must be laid before the Royal Dis-
trict Assessor, at the Amtsgebaude, or district offices,
Neue Wiese, who will use his best endeavours to arrange
the matters in dispute satisfactorily ; but, failing this,
he shall then direct the parties to apply to the law
courts. When, however, both parties shall agree that
the District Assessor shall be called upon to arbitrate
the matter, his decision shall be final.

BATH REGULATIONS.

I . The public baths of the town are under the direct
control of the municipality of Carlsbad, subject to the
general supervision of the Government.

TOWN REGULATIONS. 69

2. When baths are ordered, they will be allotted by
the cashier according to priority of application.

3. The baths are open to the public from morning
till evening.

4. Tickets for a bath, or for a series of baths, are
issued in the establishment by the cashier or the bath
attendants at the prices fixed by the tariff. Only
tickets obtained in this way are available. The tickets
must be paid for in advance.

5. The ticket is only available at the establishment
where it is bought and for the hour arranged.

6. In case the patient cannot take the bath at the
hour arranged for, at least two hours' notice must be
given in advance, otherwise the price of the ticket will
not be refunded.

7. The ticket must be delivered to the attendant on
entering the bath-room.

8. Bathers must be punctual to the hours mentioned
on the ticket, the time allowed being one hour for each
bath. A bell is rung fifteen minutes before the expira-
tion of the hour to give the bather warning to dress
and vacate the bath-room.

9. Every bather has the right to request that his
bath shall be prepared in his presence; and in order
to assure himself that the temperature of the bath is
exactly that desired, a thermometer is placed in each
bath-room.

10. The bath attendants must obey strictly all orders

70 TOWN REGULATIONS.

given for the preparation of the baths, and must treat
bathers with proper civility.

11. The bath attendants are strictly enjoined to keep
the bath-rooms clean and in order ; and bathers are
also urgently requested not to damage or soil the bath-
rooms in any way.

12. Smoking and the use of strong smelling liniments
are strictly forbidden.

13. A bell will be found in each cabinet, which can
be rung in case of necessity.

14. The bath inspectors and attendants are strictly
forbidden to interfere with the comfort of the bathers.

15. Any disorder in the bath-rooms, negligence, or
incivility on the part of the bath attendants, or other
cause of complaint, must be written in the complaint
book, which will be found in the waiting-room, and
which duly comes under the notice of the municipality.

1 6 It is strictly forbidden to bring dogs into the Cur-
haus or bath-rooms.

17 The use of the common baths is given free to the
poor, who, however, must produce a legal certificate of
their inability to pay.

BATH TARIFF.

fl. kr.
One mineral salon bath in the Curhaus, morning

or evening, with service . I 50
One mineral bath in the Curhaus or in the other

bath-houses, after 2 P.M., with service . I o

One mineral bath in do. before 2 P.M., with service o 70

TOWN REGULATIONS. 7 I

fl. kr.

One mineral douche bath, with service . I 50

One Russian steam bath and cold douche, with-
out service . . . . . .10

One cold douche bath, without service . . o 60
One peat bath, including a bath of fresh water

afterwards, as follows :
With 48 kilogrammes of peat . . . .20

60 .2 30

,,/2 .... 2 60

,,84 .... 2 80

96 ....30

One salon peat bath in the new Curhaus bath . 3 o
One iron bath . . . . . .10

One bath at the Sauerbrunnen . . .10

One fresh-water bath, with service . . .10
Each person in the public bath . .. .05

Heating the bath-room with woodfire . . o 20

Use of Bath Linen.
Each bath-gown . . . . . . o 20

Each bath-sheet . . . . . .010

Each towel . . . . . .04

Where a salon bath is taken, the price of bath
linen is double these rates.

In the Curhaus only peat baths can be had.

With 6 kilogrammes of earth . i ., . o 24

12 ,_,- . o 48

Bran in addition, each 3 kilos. . . . O 50

72 TOWN REGULATIONS.

fl. kr.

Carlsbad Sprudel soap-lye, per litre . . . o 20
Carlsbad Sprudel-lye salt, per kilo. . . .10
With Sprudel soap in addition . . . . o 70
Sea-salt, 2 to 5 kilos., per kilo. . . . . o 40
Common-salt, 2 to 5 kilos., per kilo. . . .020
In every bath-house there is a complaint book.

REGULATIONS FOR PUBLIC CARRIAGES.

1. The hirer is at liberty to select any vehicle he
may choose, without regard to its position upon the
rank.

2. Where the carriage is hired by the hour, the fare
commences from the time of engaging the carriage.
Where the fare is paid by distance, a delay of ten
minutes is allowed ; beyond this time, for each half-
hour's waiting, for a one-horse carriage, 40 kr. ; two-
horse carriage, 60 kr. For a longer time, in which a
wait of three hours is included, for each half-hour's
delay beyond this time, one-horse carriage, 20 kr. ;
two-horse carriage, 30 kr.

3. From 9 P.M. to 6 A.M. half-fare additional is
charged. If the carriage is hired by the hour, during
the day, and is kept beyond 9 P.M., half-fare additional
is to be paid for the time after that hour.

4. No charge is made for small articles taken inside
the carriage. For luggage carried outside a one-horse
carriage, not exceeding i i cwt., 30 kr., and on a two-
horse carriage, not exceeding 2 cwt., 50 kr.

TOWN REGULATIONS. 73

5. Should the carriage, after being hired, be counter-
manded by the hirer, a compensation of one florin for a
one-horse carriage, and I fl. 50 krs. for a two-horse
carriage must be paid, unless the delay, if reckoned
by time, entitle the driver to more.

6. The driver of a carriage can in no case decline to
take a fare, unless he can show it to be impossible to
undertake it.

7. If the drive be interrupted by any accident to
either the driver or his vehicle, he has no claim what-
ever on the hirer.

8. If the driver of a public vehicle have accepted an
engagement, he shall make it known by laying his whip
down on his seat.

9. The driver is bound to supply the hirer with the
same carriage as he had in use when hired ; and, unless
by the express consent of the hirer, he cannot transfer
the contract to any other driver.

10. Public carriages are required, when conveying a
fare, to proceed at a trot whenever the ground will
permit.

1 1 . The driver is bound, whenever he is hired by
time, to show the hirer his watch and to call attention
to it ; should he fail to do this, the time, as computed
by the hirer, will be assumed to be correct without
further question.

12. One-horse carriages are bound to be capable of
holding three persons, and two-horse carriages five
persons.

74 TOWN REGULATIONS.

13. The driver is not permitted, unless with, the
express consent of the hirer, to convey any other
person either in the carriage or on the box.

14. Each carriage is bound to have hung in the
carriage a fahr-Hlleten block ; on the front of the leaves
of this block a tariff of fares must be printed. The
back of the leaf may be used by the passenger for
making any complaint, which should be sent to the
Burgomaster at Carlsbad, either by being at once handed
to a policeman or sent through the post.

FARES.

Fares to any place not mentioned in this list are left
to be a matter of private arrangement between the
driver and hirer.

By Time.

I. For driving within the precincts of Carlsbad
(bounded by the Egerbriicke, Salzsudhaus, Biirgerver-
sorgungshaus, along the main road to the Reichsadler,
Helenenhof, Bellaria, English Church, and by the Park-
strasse and the Alte Bahnhofstrasse)

fl. kr.
Two-horse carriage for the first | hour . I 20

,, every subsequent J hour o 60

One-horse carriage for the first \ hour . . o 50
beyond \ and less than

hour . . . . . . . o 80

for every subsequent \

hour . . o 20

TOWN REGULATIONS.

By Distance.

Two-horse
Carriage.

Oi e-hovse
Carriage.

II. From any point -within the precincts

fl. kr.

of the town for the drive

To Sans-Souci (Karlsbriicke) Schon-

brunn, Posthof, Hospital, Swirnming-

bath, Klein- Versailles

o 70

To Jagerbaus, Donitzer Waterworks,

Drahowitz, Cemetery, Freundschafts-

saal, Kaiserpark ....

I 50

To Kestaurant Leibold at Pirkenham-

mer .

2 50

I 50

To Aberg, Leonhard, Bergwirthshaus,

Zettlitz, Schwarzenbergbriicke, Aich,

Dallwitz, Fischern, Pirkenhammer

(including the factories) .

3 o

III. From any point within the precincts of

the town, including a stay of three

hours and return drive

To Altrohlau .....

6040

To Schlackenwerth, Lichtenstadt, Tiip-

pelsgriin, Engelhaus

6 70

4 So

To Elbogen, Giesshubl-Puchstein, Giess-

hiibler Porcelain Works .

8 o

5 o

To Petschau, Buchau

9 o

6 o

To Joachimsthal .....

10 O

7 o

To Hauenstein, Welchau . . . j 12 o

8 o

To Schlackenwerth and back through

Lichtenstadt .....

Through Fischern, Altrohlau, Tiippels-

griin and Edersgrim to Lichtenstadt

and back .....

To Elbogen and back through Schlag-

i 9 o

6 o

genwald and Pirkenhammer .

To Elbogen, fetching the passengers

from Hans Heilings Warteplatz and

back through Aich or Hammer

To Giesshubl-Puchstein and back along

the Schlackenwerther Chau?see

To Giesshiibl and back along the

Schlackenwerther Chaussee but al-

lowing time to see Schlackeuwerth .

IO O

7 o

7 6 TOWN REGULATIONS.

IV. From the Railway Station.

1. To any point within the town or vice versa

fl. kr.
Two-horse carriage . . . .20

One-horse . . . . i 20

2. To any of the places mentioned above in

II. or III. or vice versa
(a) For all places on the right bank of the
Eger, in addition to the regular fare as
above mentioned

Two-horse carriage . , . . . I 20
One-horse . . <. ., . . o 60
(5) For all places on the left bank of Eger,
deduct from the regular fare as above
mentioned

Two-horse carriage . . . . I 20

One-horse ,, . . . . o 60

STANDS.

For two-horse vehicles : Theaterplatz and Kaiserstrasse.
For one-horse vehicles : Marktplatz, Geweihdiggasse,

Sprudelgasse, Lower Kaiserstrasse and Parkstrasse,

behind the military baths.

REGULATIONS FOR HIRING DONKEYS AND DONKEY-
CARRIAGES.

The office where orders are taken is in the Stadthaus,
in the Miihlbadgasse (first floor, Stadtkassa).

TOWN REGULATIONS. 77

Fares.

fl. kr.

For the whole day . . . . . . 4 50

For the whole day, if hired for one week or

more . , . . . , .40
For half a day . . . . .30

During the forenoon : for a ride or drive to the
Kreuzberg, the Hirschensprung, or any
other place at a similar distance . I 50

During the forenoon : for a ride or drive, on

level ground, per hour . . . .080

Drive to the springs or "baths within the
town, including the Eisen- and Sauer-
brunn baths, with or without return drive O 80
The drivers are not entitled to ask for any douceur,
as they are employed by the town.

For any ride or drive commenced in the forenoon, but
not completed until after I P.M., the fare for the day has
to be paid.

The fares for conveyance to the baths are only in
force until i o'clock P.M. ; after which time half a day
must be paid for.

If any other object than a mere visit to the baths be
combined with a ride or drive thither, the fare according
to time comes at once into force.

In ordering donkeys the following regulations must
be observed :

Only such orders as are lodged at the above office will
be attended to.

78 TOWN REGULATIONS.

Owing to the distance of the stables from the office,
it is requested that orders may be given at least half an
hour before the animal is required.

More than one grown-up person or two children under
the age of twelve years are not allowed to sit in the
carriage. A contravention of this rule will involve the
driver in punishment. He is also not permitted to
make his donkey go faster than a walking pace.

Payment must be made in advance, and the hirer will
be provided with a ticket, which is only available on the
day of issue. Afternoon excursions can only be coun-
termanded up to 12 o'clock noon.

It is requested that any improper behaviour on the
part of the driver may be at once reported to the town
officials in the above-named office.

OMNIBUSES.

To the station from the Becher Platz, opposite the
Hotel Goldener Schild, every hour before the departure
of the trains. Fare, 40 kr. ; each piece of luggage, 10 kr.

To Leibold's Restaurant and PirJcenhammer from the
Theater Platz, Neuewiese, ist May to 3Oth Septem-
ber :

From Carlsbad

Arrive at Leibold's

Arrive at

Theater- Platz :

Restaurant :

Pirkenhammer

1.30 P.M.

2 P.M.

2. 10 P.M.

2-3

2.40

3-30 ,,

3-40 ,i

3-30

4.10

TOWN REGULATIONS.

Return from

Pirkenhammer to the
Leibold Restaurant. :

2.10 P.M.

2.40
340
4.10

5.10

Fare, 40 kr.

Leibold Restaurant to
Carlsbad :

5.30 P.M.

6
6.3
7

Omnibuses also run to ErVs Restaurant, Habsburg,
and Pirkenhammer, starting from the Goldener Thurm,
Sprudelgasse

Leaving Carlsbad at 9.30 A.M. and 1.30 and 3 P.M.

Returning at 12.15, 2.15, 4.30, and 6 P.M.
Single fare, 40 kr.

To Aich, from ist May to 3Oth September, from the
Theatre Platz

Leaving Carlsbad at 1.30 and 3.30 P.M.

Returning at 5.30 and J P.M.

Single fare, 40 kr.

To Dallwitz, from ist May to 3Oth September, from
the Dienstmann Institut, on the Becher Platz

Leaving Carlsbad at 1.30 and 3.30 P.M.

Returning at 5 and 7 P.M.

Single fare, 60 kr. Return fare, I fl.

To GriesshilU Puchstein, from ist May to 3Oth Septem-
ber, starting from the omnibus office on the Becher
Platz

Leaving Carlsbad at 1 1 A.M. and i P.M.

Returning at 6 P.M.

Return fare, I fl. 50 kr.

TOWN REGULATIONS.

To Petschau, from the Post-Office, 12.30 P.M.; re-
turn, 6.30 P.M. Fare, I florin.

To NeudecJc, from the Post-Office, 6.30 and 11.30
A.M. ; return, 6 A.M. and 3 P.M. Two hours. Fare, 90
kreutzers.

POST AND TELEGRAPH REGULATIONS.

The Post and Telegraph Office is in the Markt Platz,
and is open in summer 6 A.M. to 12 P.M. (istMay to 3Oth
September), and in winter from 8 A.M. to 9 P.M. For
sale of stamps, issuing of post-office orders, and register-
ing of letters, from 7 A.M. to 7 P.M.

There are also branch and pillar post-offices in various
parts of the town.

Postal Hates.

Countries.

Prepaid, each
15 grammes
(i oz.)

Post-cards,
each 2
grammes.

Printed mat-
ter, prepaid,
eacti 50 gram-
mes (i j oz.)

Austria . . . . \
Germany . . . J

5 kr.

2 kr.

Montenegro and Servia .

7 n

All other European coun- }

tries, Canada and the >

United Statesof America )

South America and Asia

Unstamped letters are forwarded, but double postage
is collected on delivery. Only Austrian post-cards and
stamps are available.

TOWN REGULATIONS. 8 I

TELEGRAPH RATES.
Austria-Hungary

A first charge of 24 kr., and each word . 2 kr.
France

First 5 words 60 kr., and each additional

word 12

Great Britain and Ireland

First 5 words 85 kr., and for each addi-
tional word . . . . . 17 ,,
German Empire

A first charge of 24 kr., and each word . 6 ,,
Italy

A first charge of 24 kr., and each word . 8 ,,
Switzerland

Per word . . ., . . 6 ,,

United States and Canada

From I fl. 27 kr. to 2 fl, 47 kr., according

to destination.
In all cases the address and signature must be paid for.

TARIFF OF THE DIENSTMANN-!NSTITUTE.
Proprietor WILLIAM KNOLL.

1 . For messages and light employments, or carrying
packages up to 15 kilogrammes, ^ hour, 15 kr. ; J
hour, 20 kr. ; I hour, 30 kr. ; each additional hour,
15 kr.

2. For heavy work, and for messages beyond town
limits, J hour, 2O kr. ; ^ hour, 30 kr. ; I hour, 40 kr. ;
each additional hour, 20 kr.

82 TOWN REGULATIONS.

3. Carrying packages to and from the railway station,
50 to 60 kilogrammes, 60 kr. Each additional 10 kilo-
grammes, ip kr.

4. Messages from 9 P.M. to 6 A.M. are charged half
as much again as ordinary messages.

Cleaning clothing and boots, per week, each per-
son, I florin.

Carrying a piano one way, 2 florins.
,, both ways, 3 florins.

VIII.

DESCRIPTION OF THE TOWN AND PRINCIPAL
BUILDINGS.

5 HE town of Carlsbad consists principally of
two long streets, which extend for about
a mile on either side of the river Tepel,
a clear and rapid stream, which winds through
the town in the shape of the letter S, 'and which
is crossed by one large stone, and a number of
small iron and wooden bridges. These streets, as we
approach from the station, take the names, on the left
bank, of the Gartenzeile, Miihlbadgasse, and Alte
Wiese ; and on the right the Eger Strasse, Kaiser
Strasse, Kreuzgasse, Sprudelgasse, and Neue Wiese,
the latter being simply portions of the long Marienbad
road, which runs through the town. In the centre of
the town, on the left bank, is the Markt Platz, in the
immediate neighbourhood of which are the Sprudel
Colonnade, Mlihlbrunn Colonnade, and the Curhaus
the principal places of resort of the visitors. From
the Markt Platz along the left bank of the river runs
the Alte Wiese, a favourite promenade (seepage 109).

84 TOWN AND BUILDINGS,

The oldest portion of the town is that surrounding the
Markt Platz and Sprudel Colonnade, while the newer
hotels and villas extend on either side of the Tepel,
and line the heights above the left bank. Beyond the
Alte Wiese the valley of the Tepel is laid out with
beautiful walks and drives, having all the advantages
of a large and well-kept park. (For detailed descrip-
tions of the walks and drives see page 109.)

The town at present has about 1 2,OOO inhabitants
and 900 houses, mostly hotels and lodging-houses, the
majority of which have been built within the last thirty
years. At the time of the visit of Charles IV. in
1358, the town only contained forty houses ; and even
two hundred years later, only consisted of the Markt
Platz and the Sprudelgasse. The next streets built
were the Kreuzgasse and the Andreasgasse. The first
houses on the Alte Wiese were built in 1690, and in
1796 the first shops on the Alte Wiese were erected
by the town guilds, in whose possession they remained
until 1842, when they were sold to private individuals
and rebuilt. None of the buildings in Carlsbad have
in themselves any particular historical or architectural
interest ; but, taken as a whole, the town is well built,
and, aided by its natural attractions, it is picturesque
and cheerful.

The chief occupation of the inhabitants of Carlsbad
is housing, feeding, and generally supplying the wants
of its numerous visitors. Its principal industries are
the polishing and carving of objects made of sprudel-

TOWN AND BUILDINGS. 8 5

stone, the manufacture of the various products of the
Carlsbad salts, and of hand-made needles and pins,
which latter have quite a celebrity, and, which as
late as the commencement of this century were known
throughout Germany and Austria as " Carlsbad wares."
Goethe during one of his visits sent a parcel of Carls-
bad pins to his favourite Fraulein von Stein, with a
letter telling her they cost 7 marks, "as brass was so
dear." There are also a few manufactories of boots and
gloves, which are of excellent quality. A considerable
trade is carried on in porcelain, which is made in the
vicinity.

Other specialties of Carlsbad are " Carlsbad plums,"
which are prepared by the fruit being partially dried in
the sun, and which are even superior to the finest French
plums ; and " Carlsbad wafers," a thin dessert biscuit,
which can be had best at Barbara Bayr's, Konigshof.

The inhabitants of Carlsbad are a kindly, intelligent,
and industrious people, and always willing to do all
in their power to add to the comfort and enjoyment
of visitors. An exceedingly pleasant trait in their
character is their kindness to birds, of which there are
a great number and variety in and around Carlsbad.
Killing, and robbing the nests of small birds is strictly
forbidden by law, and besides this, a society cares for
and feeds them during the winter. The birds are
therefore naturally very tame, and any visitor who
has a few crumbs to scatter can soon attract numbers
of them round him.

86 TOWN AND BUILDINGS.

The majority of the inhabitants are Eoman Catholics,
but there are German and English Protestant and
Russian churches, as well as a Jewish synagogue.

PUBLIC BUILDINGS.

The principal centre of attraction is the Sprudel
Colonnade, a large and handsome pavilion of iron and
glass, erected in 1879 over the Sprudel and Hygeia
springs at a cost of 254,000 florins. The principal
entrances are from the Sprudelgasse and at the west
end. The springs are in the north-east portion of the
building, while the south-west portion consists of a
large promenade hall, in which is ample space for a
thousand people. Here the orchestra plays every
morning from six until eight. After drinking each
glass of the waters, visitors promenade round the hall
to the strains of the band for a quarter of an hour, all
being done with the greatest regularity, notices being
put up at either end requesting the visitors to circulate
from right to left. This long line of promenaders, of
many nationalities, with their varied costumes, is one
of the most picturesque sights in Europe, to which a
grotesque element is lent by the earthenware mugs
which each patient carries, either in their hand or,
more generally, suspended from their necks. The hall
is prettily decorated with palms and flowering plants,
while round the walls and up the centre are ranged
comfortable seats for the use of the Curguest's spec-
tators. On dark days the hall is brilliantly illuminated

TOWN AND BUILDINGS. 87

by handsome chandeliers. Opposite the orchestra is a
monument erected in honour of the celebrated Carlsbad
physician, Dr. Becher, died 1792 (see p. 40). En-
tered from the promenade hall are the rooms containing
the springs, which are conducted from the main reser-
voir by pipes. (For description of the springs see

P- 93-)

Beside the Sprndel Colonnade is the Sprudel Bath-
house, which contains thirty-six baths ; the baths on
the ground floor being of porcelain, and on the second
floor of metal.

On the opposite side of the river, below the Markt
Platz, fronting on the Muhlbrunngasse, is the Miihlbrunn
Colonnade, a handsome covered promenade of Corin-
thian architecture, 410 feet in length, supported by
96 pillars, and decorated with eight classical stone
statues. The building was completed in 1880 at a
cost of 800,000 florins. Under the Colonnade are the
Miihlbrunnen (p. 101), Neubrunnen (p. 101), There-
sienbrunnen (p. 102), Bernhardsbrunnen (p. 102), and
Elizabethquelle (p. 103).

Near the Miihlbrunn Colonnade, and attached to the
Stadthaus, is the Milhlbad, which is supplied by the
waters of the springs in the Miihlbrunn Colonnade.
These bath-rooms are exceedingly comfortable and well
fitted up, the baths being of porcelain.

The Stadthaus is a plain building, erected in 1874
on the foundations of an older structure built in
1510.

Beyond the Muhlbrunn Colonnade is the Curhaiis, a

88 TOWN AND BUILDINGS.

large castellated building of little architectural preten-
sions, erected in 1 874-77, at a cost of 3 50,000 florins.
The interior, however, is comfortable, and admirably
fitted for the purpose for which it was designed. The
lower storey is used for bathing purposes the bathing
rooms being high and well ventilated, and some of
them, called " Salon-bader," are luxuriously fitted up.
In all, there are seventy-five mineral baths, twenty-six
peat baths, and a Eussian steam bath, which, how-
ever, is fitted up in a rather primitive style. On this
floor there is also a reception room. In the upper
storey is a large concert salon, in which concerts and
balls are given (p. 61), a restaurant, and three reading-
rooms, which are liberally supplied with the principal
European newspapers. The English and American
newspapers taken are The Times, The Daily News,
Daily Telegraph, Standard, Illustrated London News,
Punch, Galignani's Messenger, New York Herald, Tri-
bune, and the American Register. Readers pay a small
fee for admission (see page 63).

To the east of the Curhaus is the Stranger's Hospital
for poor patients visiting Carlsbad, containing four bed
and four bath-rooms. Beyond the Curhaus, to the
west, is the Military Hospital, in which accommoda-
tion is provided for 3 3 officers and 2 1 privates.
The hospital was built in 1856 from the proceeds
of a lottery. In the dining-hall is a large oil-
painting by Randier, representing the discovery of the
springs at Carlsbad by Charles IV. Admission to
the hospital can only be had by an order from the

TOWN AND BUILDINGS. 89

Commandant. The springs which supply the hospital
are the Hochbergerquelle and the Kaiserbrunn.

Beyond the hospital is the Stadt-Parlc, a prettily
laid out open space, shaded with trees, under which
tables and chairs are placed for visitors to drink their
coffee, and sit and listen to the band. In the park is
an excellent restaurant, open I st May to I st September.

On the opposite side of the river, near the stone
bridge, is the Neiibad, a commodious stone building,
completed in 1880, at a cost of 165,600 florins ex-
clusive of the cost of the ground. On the ground-
floor are twenty-two peat baths, and on the first floor
twenty-four mineral baths, the first-class baths being
of porcelain, and the second-class of wood.

Opposite the Neubad is the Zweite VolJcschule, in the
upper storey of which is the Town Library and Museum,
open Wednesdays and Saturdays, 2 to 4 P.M. The
Museum contains collections of natural history, minerals,
and a few curiosities.

On a small eminence above the Markt Platz is
the oldest building in Carlsbad, the Stadtthurm, or
Town- tower, erected in 1608 on the site of the castle
built by Charles IV. in 1358. It was greatly dam-
aged by fire in 1757, and rebuilt a few years later.
Formerly all guests arriving at Carlsbad were wel-
comed by a flourish of trumpets sounded from the
town tower. This custom was abolished in 1852, as
visitors began to complain about their rest being con-
stantly disturbed at all hours.

In the Markt Platz is a monument to the Holy

90 TOWN AND BUILDINGS.

Trinity, erected in 1716 by the Countess Wrtby, in
commemoration of the escape of Carlsbad from the
plague, which raged throughout Bohemia in 1713.
'In former times on Trinity Sunday the clergy of the
town marched round the statue in procession after
morning service.

Nearly opposite the statue is the Post and Telegraph
Office, erected in 1875. (For post and telegraph
regulations see p. 80.)

The most beautiful public building in Carlsbad is
the new Theatre on the Neue Wiese, a handsome
edifice of Renaissance architecture, with a fine facade
decorated with groups of figures representing Poetry
and Music, and richly ornamented with designs in
terra-cotta and plaster-work. The building which
was erected in a remarkably short space of time, the
first stone having been laid on the I st of November
1885, and the first performance given on the 1 5th
of May 1886 occupies the site of the old theatre
erected in 1784. The interior is chastely decorated
in white and gold in Louis XVI. style, the balcony
panels being richly upholstered in red velvet. On
the ceiling are four fine frescoes. The whole theatre
is lighted with electric light, and the body of the
house is protected from fire by an iron curtain. On
the first and second floor are refreshment buffets.
(For hours of performance and prices of seats see
page 59.)

CHURCHES. The principal church in Carlsbad is
the Church of St. Magdalen or the Dekanal Kirche,

TOWN AND BUILDINGS. gi

a plain Romanesque edifice with two towers, erected in
1733-36 on the site of an older building which had
fallen into great disrepair, and which was pulled down
by desire of the Emperor Charles VI., who made a first
donation of I ooo ducats towards the new building.

It is not known when the original church was
founded, the church records having been destroyed
during the great fire of 1 604. The earliest mention
of it, however, in existing records is in 1419.

Like the exterior, the interior is plain, and contains
little of either antiquarian or artistic interest. Above
the high altar is a picture of St. Magdalen, which
was presented by Lord Odo Russell, the late British
Ambassador at the Court of Berlin, who lived for some
time at Carlsbad, and became a great favourite in the
town. To the left is a painting representing the con-
version of St. Magdalen, and on the right the Cruci-
fixion with St. Magdalen at the Cross. Above the
altar are four colossal figures of the Evangelists.

The services in the church are performed by the
deacons of the ancient Order of the Red Cross with
the Star, which was established during the Crusades to
care for the sick and wounded. On their return from
Palestine in 1227 they settled in Bohemia, and were
presented with a hospital in Prague by King "VVen-
celaus I., which is still under their charge. They
were admitted to Holy Orders by Pope Gregory IX.,
and have since supplied ministers to many of the
Bohemian churches. The Order still holds consider-
able possessions in Austria and Bohemia.

92 TOWN AND BUILDINGS.

The Andreas Kirche in the Pragerstrasse, dating
from 1500, is the oldest ecclesiastical building in
Carlsbad. Over the altar is a fine painting of the
martyrdom of St. Andreas, which is attributed to
Leonardo da Vinci. It was the gift of Countess
Pauline von Luxenstein in 1677. A copy of this
picture is in the Belvedere at Vienna. In the dis-
used graveyard attached to the church, a son of Mozart,
who died at Carlsbad in 1844, is buried.

Hours of Service in the Roman Catholic Churches.
Mass daily at 7, 9, and 10 A.M. Sundays and festivals,
mass, 7 and 8 A.M. High mass with sermon, 9 A.M.
Mass, 1 1 A.M Vespers, 3 P.M.

The German Protestant Church in the Marienbad-
strasse is a plain building consecrated in 1865. The
church was erected by subscriptions collected among
the Curguests, among whom the King of Prussia and
King George of Hanover were liberal subscribers.
Services on Sundays at 1 1 A.M. Pastor Eodewald.

The Russian Church, Marienbadstrasse, was erected
in 1867. Services from May ist to September 3Oth
Sundays and festivals, 1 1 A.M. and 6 P.M.

The English Church on the Schlossberg, a tastefully
designed Gothic edifice, was consecrated by the Lord
Bishop of London in 1877. Services from 1st May
to 3Oth September Sundays 1 1 A.M. and 4 P.M.
The services are performed by visiting clergymen of
the Church of England.

( 93 )

IX.
THE SPRINGS OF CARLSBAD.

tells us that the method in which
the Emperor Charles IV. took his bath was
by sitting on a stone bench, carved out of the
rock, over the Kaiser Karlsquelle, with his legs in the
water. For the first two centuries after the discovery
of the springs the waters were only used for bathing.
During this period the patient was kept in the hot mine-
ral water for eight to twelve hours at a time, the object
being to cause an eruption to break out over the whole
body, in order that the " evil humours," as they were
called, might be brought to the surface ; or, as we are
told, " the waters bit the skin so that the evil matter
might come out." When this took place the patient was
pronounced in a fair way to recovery. It was not until
1 550 that the patients began to drink the waters. This
treatment was advocated by Dr. Payer in a pamphlet
published in 1522, in which he writes "Nature has
created this bath for patients and not for anybody's lust or
amusement." The new treatment at first seems to have
been as heroic as the old, as Dr. Hoffmann, a celebrated

94 THE SPRINGS OF CARLSBAD.

physician of his time (1705), prescribed a dose of eigh-
teen to twenty glasses of the water as a commencement,
which was gradually increased to thirty or forty glasses.
Dr. Tilling (1756), who was himself under treatment,
states that he drank from fifty to sixty glasses within
two hours. At that time drinking was not done, as at
present, in the open air at the springs, but in a warm
room, and the effect was similar to that of drinking
water in a Turkish bath. When the drinking of the
waters was first instituted it was alternated with the
bathing seven days being devoted to drinking, and the
next seven days to the baths ; but as time went on
the latter period was gradually diminished and the
former extended, till finally both the waters and the
baths were taken together. In 1766 the first really
scientific analysis of the physical and chemical proper-
ties of the mineral waters was made by Dr. David
Becher, who published a pamphlet embodying his ana-
lysis and setting forth his treatment, which may be said
to have been the first work which attracted general
attention to the springs of Carlsbad.

The first document setting forth the virtues of the
mineral waters at Carlsbad is a fine Latin Ode written
by Dr. von Bohuslaw of Lobkowitz in 1510.

The theory of the rising of the springs may be
generally explained as follows. The rain water and
melting snow, and probably part of the river Tepel and
its tributary streams, percolating through the crevices
of the strata of granite rocks which underlie the

THE SPRINGS OF CARLSBAD. 95

district, absorb a number of mineral constituents
carbonate of soda, lime, and magnesia, sulphate of soda
a ad potash, chloride of sodium, &c. The celebrated
chemist Herr Gottl, by a series of exhaustive experi-
ments, has proved conclusively that the granite of
which the hills round Carlsbad are formed contains all
the mineral constituents which have been found in
the springs. These waters penetrate to a great depth,
which, from the temperature of the springs, is ascer-
tained to be not less than 8000 feet. By the action
of the earth's heat at this depth on these mineral con-
stituents, carbonic acid gas is given off, which forces
the water back again to the surface, the hottest spring
being that which has the shortest channel connecting
it with the main reservoir. This spring is the Sprudel,
but all the other springs in Carlsbad come from the
same source. The taste of all the waters, which are
free from smell and not unpleasant, having been com-
pared to the flavour of over-salted chicken broth, is
the same, except that the cooler waters contain rather
more carbonic acid gas. When exposed to the air the
waters become cloudy and precipitate a brown sub-
stance, which is precisely of the same nature as the
Sprudelstein. The daily discharge of the springs is
2,000,000 gallons, of which two-thirds is discharged
by the Sprudel.

9 6

THE SPRINGS OF CARLSBAD.

PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF THE SPRINGS.
Analyses of the springs have been made by Dr.
Berger (1708), Dr. Borries (1733), Dr. Becher (1770),
Dr. Schneider (1855), Herr Eaysky (1862), Herr Gottl
(1870), and by Professor Ludwig and Dr. Mauthner
(1879). Their leading constituents, sulphate of soda,
carbonate of soda, and muriate of soda, place them
among the so-called alkaline and saline springs, or
Glauber salt waters.

A comparative analysis of nearly all the springs has
been frequently made, as above mentioned, in order to
ascertain the similarity or the difference which the
springs may show in their composition. It will be
readily seen on examining the following table, showing
the results obtained by Professor Ludwig in 1 879 of the
three chief springs, that their constituents are almost
identical :

LEADING CONSTITUENTS OF THE WATERS.

10,000 Grammes of the Water

Sprudel.

MUhlbrunn.

Schlossbrunn.

contain

Temp. 162 F.

Temp. 132 F.

Temp. 126 F.

Grammes.

Sulphate of soda . .

24.05

23.91

23.16

Carbonate of soda

12.98

12.79

12.28

Chloride of sodium .

10.42

10.23

10.05

Carbonate of lime

3.21

3-27

3-34

Carbonate of magnesia

1.6;

1.61

Sulphate of potash .

0.86

1.19

1-93

Total of solid constituents

55-17

54-73

53-30

Carbonic acid half com- )
bined \

7.76

7.68

7-49

Carbonic acid free . .

1.90

5-17

5-82

THE SPRINGS OF CARLSBAD. 97

Later analysis has revealed some other constituents,
but only in very small quantities, namely, carbonate of
iron, oxydulate of manganese, phosphate of alumina,
phosphate of lime, fluoride of potassium, iodide and
bromide of sodium, lithium, boracic acid, rubidium,
caesium, and arsenic.

The temperature of the springs is as follows :

Fahrenheit. Re"aumeur.

1. Sprudel ")

2. Hygiensquelle } have a temperature of 166 59.5

3. ernhardsbrunn , . . . 151 53

4. Curhausquelle 149 52

5. Neubrunn 145 50

6. Felsenquelle . . . . . 140 48

7. Theresienbrunn . . . . . 140 48

8. Milhlbrunn . . . .-133 45

9. Schlossbrunn 130 43-5

10. Marktbrunn . . . .122 40

11. Kaiserbrunn . . . .-.,.. 120 39

12. Elisabethquelle ... . . . 116 37-6

13. Hochbergerquelle - .' ". " :' ' ' ." 106 33

14. Kaiser Garlquelle .--. --. - . 102 31

15. Russische Kronenquelle . ,^ ,-_., ; 97 29

1 6. Sprudelsauerling . . ; . r> r .. 84 23

Eleven only of these springs are now prescribed by
physicians, viz., (i.) The Sprudel ; (2.) The Berrihards-
brunn ; (3.) The Neulrunn ; (4.) The Felsenquelle ; (5.)
The Theresieribrunn ; (6.) The Muhlbrunn ; (7.) The
Schlossbrunn; (8.) The MarJctbrunn ; (9.) The Kaiser-
Irunn ; (10.) The Elisabethquelle ; (i I.) The Kaiser
Carlquelle.

THE SPRUDEL is the most abundant and the most used

9 8 THE SPRINGS OF CARLSBAD.

of the Carlsbad springs. It discharges about 90 gallons
per minute, or 1 30,000 gallons per day. The waters are
used both for drinking and bathing, and also for the
manufacture of Sprudel salts. This spring has the
property of rapidly encrusting any objects placed in it,
with a thick yellowish brown coating, called sprudel-
stein, consisting principally of lime and silicious earth,
the yellow colour being due to a small quantity of iron
which it contains. The water is so impregnated with
this earth that the pipes which conduct it to the sur-
face have to be cleaned four times a year. The ex-
planation of this phenomenon is that the mineral con-
stituents in the water are held in solution by the
carbonic acid gas. As soon as the water comes into
contact with the air, it discharges its gas and precipi-
tates the solid matter it contains. In addition to this
sprudelstein, a greenish mould is formed at the edge
of the springs, which, on microscopic examination, has
been found to consist of animalculae of a very low
order. The waters are conducted from the main reser-
voir to the surface by iron pipes, which are about 20
feet in depth. Only about one-sixth of the water in
the spring is discharged in the fountain, the remainder
supplying the various bath-houses and the factory of
the Sprudel salts, any excess of the amount required
for these purposes being allowed to escape into the
Tepel. The water rises in a volume about ij ft. in
diameter and 3 ft. in height, and every few minutes
suddenly springs up to a height of 6 to 8 ft., with

THE SPRINGS OF CARLSBAD. 99

a faint subterranean murmur, throwing up clouds 'of
steam. When the volume of steam becomes excessive
it is considered an almost certain sign of approaching
rain. The Sprudel has a temperature of 166 Fahr., hot
enough to boil eggs ; indeed some of the thrifty house-
keepers in the neighbourhood use the water for cooking
purposes. (For analysis see page 96.) The analysis
of a large body of the water made by Herr H. Gottl of
Carlsbad gives traces of twenty metals and acids, of
which gold is one.

There have been many violent eruptions of the Spru-
del when the spring, either from an excess of steam or
extra pressure of the water, has broken through the
upper crust, necessitating new borings and the sealing
up again of the spring. (See page .) During the
great earthquake at Lisbon the spring ceased to flow
for three days.

THE HYGIENSQUELLE, which springs beside the Sprudel,
broke forth in 1809 during one of the eruptions of the
latter spring, when it shot up in a column as high as
the third storey of the neighbouring houses. Coming
from the same source, its constituents are, of course,
identical with those of the Sprudel. It is only used for
bathing.

THE MARKTBRUNN, in the Markt Platz, enclosed in a
small colonnade, was discovered in 1838, and is used for
drinking. Its temperature is 122 Fahr. The follow-
ing analysis was made by Dr. Ludwig of Vienna in
1879:-

IOO

THE SPRINGS OF CARLSBAD.

In io,OOO grammes of water

Sulphate of potass ....

soda .

Chloride of sodium ....
Carbonate of lithia ....

soda ....

lime .

magnesia .

strontium .

protoxide of iron

manganese
Borate of soda ....
Oxide of alumina . . . .
Phosphate of lime ....
Fluor of sodium ....
Silica

Carbonic acid in combination . . 7.681
Free carbonic acid . . , . 5-557
Density ... . . 1.00357

THE KAISER KARLSQUELLE is also in tne Markt
Platz, and has been enclosed since 1871. It is prin-
cipally used for drinking. This is the oldest spring in
Carlsbad, and is supposed to have been that in which
the Emperor Charles IV. bathed.

THE SCHLOSSBRUNN, discovered in 1789, is a short
distance up the hill, beyond the Kaiser Karlsquelle.

THE SPRINGS OF CARLSBAD. IOI

This spring suddenly disappeared on the occasion of
the outbreak of the Sprudel in 1 809, and did not make
its reappearance till 1823. The waters are principally
used for drinking. (For analysis see page 96.) Op-
posite the Schlossbrunn is the

RUSSISCHE KRONEQUELLE, discovered in 1844, an ^
enclosed in the Hotel Russische Krone.

The following springs are under the Miihlbrunn
Colonnade :

THE MUHLBRUNN, known since 15/1, and one of the
most used of the springs. Near it is the

NEUBRUNN, which, in spite of its name, has been
known for three centuries. It was first recommended
in 1748 by Dr. Springsfeld, who gave it this name.
It has latterly fallen into disuse, it is supposed from
the absurd notion that drinking it was apt to produce
vertigo. Up to 1748 the spring was only used for the
treatment of sick horses. The following is the analysis
by Dr. Ludwig of Vienna in 1 879 :

In 10,000 grammes of water

Grammes.

Sulphate of potass .... 1.839

soda .... 23.654

Chloride of sodium .... 10.309

Carbonate of lithia . . . . o. 1 1 3

soda .... 12.910

lime . . 3.287

,, magnesia . . . I-59 2

strontium . . . 0.004

102

THE SPRINGS OF CARLSBAD.

Carbonate of protoxide of iron

manganese
Borate of soda , . .
Oxide of alumina ....
Phosphate of lime ....
Fluor of sodium ,
Silica ,,,,,.

Carbonic acid in combination .
Free carbonic acid ....

Density

Temperature 145 Fahr.

Grammes.
0.026

traces
0.036
0.006
0.004
0.046
0.709

54,535
7.627

4-372
1.00534

THE BERNHAKDSBRUNNEN, which takes its name from
statue of St. Bernhard beside it, is also but little used.

At the back of the Colonnade is the THERESIENBRUN-
NEN, which has been used since 1 571. During the great
eruption of the Sprudel in 1 809 this spring ceased to
flow for two days. The following is the analysis by
Dr. Ludwig of Vienna in 1 879 :

In 10,000 grammes of water '

Sulphate of potass

,, ,, soda
Chloride of sodium
Carbonate of lithia
soda
lime

Grammes.
1.905

23-774

10.278

O.II3

12.624

3-277

THE SPRINGS OF CARLSBAD.

103

Carbonate of magnesia

strontium .

protoxide of iron .

manganese

Borate of soda . . . . [..'..

Oxide of alumina .
Phosphate of lime
Fluor of sodium
Silica

Carbonic acid in combination . , . 7.584

Free carbonic acid . ,. .. ,. 5- IO

Density . . ... . 1.00537

Temperature 140 Fahr.

The ELISABETHQUELLE was discovered in 1 874. Tem-
perature, 1 1 6 Fahr. This is the coolest of the springs
in general use. The following is the analysis by Dr.
Ludwig of Vienna in 1879 :

In 10,000 grammes of water

Grammes.

Sulphate of potass . -. '.'.. . 1.840

soda .. . 23.769

Chloride of sodium . . ' .>:

Carbonate of lithia . , ..- 4 X.

soda .

lime

magnesia

10.314
O.I 2 I
12.799

3-273
1.642

104

THE SPRINGS OF CARLSBAD.

Carbonate of strontium .

protoxide of iron .

manganese

Borate of soda

Oxide of alumina ....
Phosphate of lime ....
Fluor of sodium
Silica

Carbonic acid in combination . . 7.697
Free carbonic acid . . V . 6.085
Density . . . . . 1.00539

Beyond the Miihlbrunn Colonnade is the
FELSENQUELLE, which came into use in 1844, and is
one of the favourite drinking springs. The following is
the analysis by Dr. Ludwig of Vienna in 1879 :
In 10,000 grammes of water

Sulphate of potass .

soda
Chloride of sodium .
Carbonate of lithia .
soda ,

lime .

magnesia .

strontium .

protoxide of iron

Grammes.
1.803

23-78S
10.314

0.116
12.836

3-293
1.615
0.003
0.026

THE SPKINGS OF CAKLSBAD. IO5

Carbonate of protoxide of manganese

Borate of soda . .: ,

Oxide of alumina ....

Phosphate of lime .

Fluor of sodium ....

Silica

Carbonic acid in combination .
Free carbonic acid .

Density

Temperature 140 Fahr.

Opposite the Curhaus is the CURHAUSQUELLE, enclosed
since 1866, and principally used for bathing. The
analysis made by Herr Gottl in 1872 is as follows :

In 1 6 ounces =: 7680 grains

Grains.

Sulphate of potass .... 1.920

soda . . '. .18.217

Chloride of sodium .... 8.303

Carbonate of soda .... 9.002

lime . . 2.459

magnesia . . 1.537

protoxide of iron . . 0.023

Phosphate of alumina . . . o.0 1 1

Silica ...... 0.469

41.941
Free carbonic acid . . . . -5

io6

THE SPRINGS OF CARLSBAD.

THE KAISERBRUNNEN was discovered in 1851, in
excavating the foundations of the Military Hospital, to
which it is now attached. It is open to the public for
drinking up to 9 o'clock in the morning, after which
it is used for the baths in the hospital. The analysis
made by Dr. Ludwig of Vienna in 1 879 is as follows :

In 10,000 grammes of water

Grammes.

Sulphate of potass .... 1.796

soda .... 23.411

Chloride of sodium . . . . 10.103

Carbonate of lithia . . . . o. 1 2 1

,, soda .... 12.674

lime . -3-173

magnesia . , . 1.602

,, strontium . . . 0.004

,, oxide of iron . . 0.029

,, ,, manganese . 0.002

Borate of soda .... 0.056

Oxide of alumina ', . . . 0.005

Phosphate of lime .... 0.007

Fluor of sodium .... 0.053

Silex 0.729

53765

Carbonic acid in combination . . 7. 581
Free carbonic acid .... 5-641

Density 1.00537

Temperature 120 Fahr.

THE SPRINGS OF CARLSBAD. IO/

THE EISENQUELLE is situated on the brow of the hill
on the right bank of the Tepel, a short distance beyond
the stone bridge. Though known for several centuries,
it was only first used in 1852. This spring, rising
from a separate source, differs entirely in its consti-
tuents from the other waters of Carlsbad. It is classed
among the chalybeate springs, and is recommended in
the treatment of diseases requiring iron waters. On
coming to the surface the water is clear, but on being
exposed to the air it takes a slight yellowish tinge.
Its temperature is only 48 Fahr., which it retains even
in the hottest weather, The following is the analysis
by Herr Gottl in 1852 :

In 7680 grains of water -

Grains.

Sulphate of potass , 0.076

soda , . , .0.156

Chloride of sodium . , , . 0.152

Carbonate of soda .... 0.092

lime , 0.215

magnesia . . , 0.053

Phosphate of iron , , . O.O08

Oxide of iron , . . . . 0.345

Silica .,,.,. 0.013

Organic matter . . ... 0.268

1-378
Carbonic acid . . . 1.300 to 1.700.

The waters are used both for drinking and bathing.

IO8 THE SPRINGS OF CARLSBAD.

THE SAUERBRUNN rises behind the Dorotlieenau. It
contains but few mineral ingredients, but is largely
impregnated with carbonic acid gas, and is an agree-
able and refreshing drinking water. It is also used for
bathing. Its temperature varies between 53 and 60
Fahr.

WALKS.

The letters and numbers in brackets refer to the numbers on the
plan in the pocket at the end of the volume. These numbers are also
plainly marked, for the guidance of visitors, on trees or rocks at the
sides of the paths.

To THE ALTE WIESE, KIESWEG, POSTHOF, AND
KAISER PARK.

)HE most frequented and one of the most beau-
tiful promenades at Carlsbad is the Alte Wiese,
" Old Meadow," which commences from the
market-place and follows the left bank of the Tepel up
the valley. The Alte Wiese, which is beautifully shaded
with chestnut trees, presents an animated scene in the
season, when it is thronged by all classes of visitors,
who assemble here twice a day to promenade and to
sit under the trees drinking their coffee and listening
to the strains of the band at the Cafe Pupp. On the
left-hand side, as far as the Cafe" Pupp, and on the
river-side as far as the second bridge, the street is
lined with good shops, giving it the appearance of

I I O WALKS.

a bazaar. At the farther end, in the Pupp'sche Allee,
is the handsome Hotel and Cafd Pupp, at which the
band plays thrice weekly. The open space in front of
the Caf4 is planted with trees, under which are placed
tables and chairs for the accommodation of visitors.
In the CafiS is a large and handsome salon, in which
the band plays when the weather is unfavourable.

Beyond the Pupp'sche Allee we come to the Kiesiceg
(C I ), a beautifully shaded avenue which leads along
the river up the valley as far as the Kaiser-Brucke
(C 1 1). We first pass the fine marble monument
of Goethe, unveiled in 1883. The monument, the
first erected to Goethe in Austria, cost 12,000
marks. To the right, above a little grotto, is the
Rasumowska Platz, an open space with seats, named
in honour of the Eussian Countess Rasumowska.
The rocks on the side of the road here are covered
with inscriptions recording the gratitude of many visi-
tors, high and low, for the benefits they have received
from the Carlsbad waters. We next pass on the right
hand the Mohan Platz (C 6), a little shady nook with
an iron table and seats, which were placed here by the
family of the present Prince de Rohan, who has made
forty-two visits to Carlsbad. On the trunk of a beech-
tree we read an inscription to the memory of his
father, the late Prince Louis de Rohan (d. 1837).
Adjoining the Rohan Platz is the Kaizerin Sitz,
" Empress's Seat," erected in memory of its having
been the favourite resting - place of the Austrian

WALKS. I I I

Empress, Maria Ludovika (the third wife of Francis I.),
who visited Carlsbad in 1 8 I O. Goethe has celebrated
the erection of this Sitz in some charming verses. On
the heights above the Sitz is the Summer Theatre
(page 61).

We now reach the Sans Souci (C 8), an elegant
cafe, with a concert salon and tables under the trees.
On the opposite side of the river is the little Dorotheen's
Temple (Cd 12), erected in honour of the Herzogin
Dorothee in 1791. A few steps farther bring us to
a small rock called the Paulinen Sitz, dedicated to
Pauline, Duchess of Hohenzollern. From this rock
there is a most picturesque view of the romantic valley
of the Tepel.

The Kiesweg ends at the Karlsbriicke (C 1 1 ), an
iron bridge of one arch crossing the Tepel, erected
in 1880 at a cost of 29,000 fl. The first bridge
here was simply a wooden foot-bridge, waggons and
carriages having to cross the river over a ford. This
bridge was replaced in 1798 by a carriage-bridge,
which was carried away by a flood in I 80 1. A third
bridge was then erected and opened by Maria Theresa,
who named it the Karlsbriicke in honour of her
brother, the Grand Duke Charles, the victor of Aspern.
After this the bridge was several times destroyed by
floods, lastly in 1821, when the heavy wooden beams,
being carried down the river, did immense damage,
breaking into the houses and carrying away a number
of the bridges lower down. In 1822 the Town

1 I 2 WALKS.

Council resolved to build an iron bridge, and began to
collect subscriptions for this purpose ; but it was not
until 1880 that the bridge was finally completed.

Beyond the Karlsbrlicke the valley widens consider-
ably and takes a sharp bend to the south, forming a
picturesque amphitheatre, surrounded by beautifully
wooded hills, rising abruptly from the level meadows.
Here we come to the Vier Uhr Promenade (Ca 1 1 ),
" Four o'clock Promenade " so called from its being
in the shade after 4 P.M. a beautifully shaded avenue
which leads up to the right to the Fiirstenstein-Sitz,
"Princesses Seat" (Ca 12), a small platform of rock
named in honour of Queen Pauline of Wiirtemburg,
the Archduchess Maria of Austria, and the Duchess
Amelia of Sachsen-Altenburg, three royal sisters who
often visited Carlsbad. The names of the princesses
are engraved in gilt letters on a black marble tablet.
Farther on is the Schwarzeriberg Monument (Ca 14),
a pyramid erected in honour of Field-Marshal Prince
von Schwarzenberg, the conqueror of Leipzic, by some
officers of the Austrian army.

On the right of the Karlsbriicke are a number of
shooting-galleries, which are largely patronised by
visitors. In the meadow is a granite obelisk, erected
in 1883, as a thank-offering, by several Hungarian
patients who were cured at Carlsbad. To the left, on
the brow of the hill, are the Sauerbrunn baths and
drinking-hall (see p. 108). Above the Sauerbrunn is
the Cafe" Schweizerhof, and farther along the brow of

WALKS. I I 3

the kill the Cafd Schonbrunn, two favourite resorts in
summer. From both the Kiesweg and the Vier Uhr
Promenade well-laid-out paths lead up the hills through
the woods, the directions being indicated everywhere
by finger-posts.

Following the main road, which is lined with poplar
trees, and which follows the course of the Tepel, afford-
ing beautiful glimpses of river and woodland scenery, we
reach the Cafe Posthof, with a prettly laid out garden,
where Labitzky's band plays on Mondays, Wednes-
days, and Fridays from 4 to 6 P.M., the concerts on
Friday being symphony concerts (entrance 50 kr.)
The large concert salon, called the " Prussian Hall,"
was opened in 1817 with a ball, given in honour of
Marshal Bliicher by the Cur-guests. From the Posthof
an avenue of fruit-trees leads up the hill on the right
to the Schwarzenberg Sitz (see above).

Beyond the Cafe Posthof the course of the valley
turns westward, and, continuing our walk, we next
pass on the right the Antons Euhe (C 22), named in
honour of King Anthony of Saxony. Here a path to
the left, leading to Pirkenhammer, crosses the river over
a foot-bridge. About ten minutes farther on we come
to the Freundschafi's-Salle (C 31) or "Friendship's
Salon," a favourite resort, with a good restaurant and
cafe, erected in 1 8 1 923. The Salle was opened with
a ball given in honour of the Duchess of Cumberland.
The cafe is surrounded by a pretty and well-shaded
garden, and military concerts are given twice weekly

I I 4 WALKS.

from 4 to 6 P.M. Opposite is the Sitz der Freunde,
"the Friends' Seat," erected in 1781, and named in
honour of the Russian Admiral Orloff and Count
Briihl, who were boon companions, and who often
visited Carlsbad together. Five years later the Countess
Briihl erected a small granite tablet with the inscrip-
tion, ' A Hygeia le xxi. Aout MDCCLXXXVI. erige 1 par
Tina Briihl." Near it is another stone with the inscrip-
tion, " Elle e*carte les maux, les languors, les faiblesses,
sans elle beauts' n'est plus " She drives away the
evils of languor and weakness without her beauty
cannot exist.

Beyond this point the road, still following the river,
again bends northwards, leading in about a quarter of
an hour to the Kaiser Park (C 41), a Swiss chalet,
with a cafe and restaurant nestling in a most pictu-
resque and shady nook. The walk can be extended
by following the road for half an hour to the village of
Pirkenhammer (see p. I 26).

To THE ECCE HOMO KAPELLE, FRANZ JOSEF'S HOHE,
AND FINDLATER'S TEMPLE.

Starting from the Pupp'sche Alle'e we turn to the
right up the hill and reach the Mariannens Ruhe
(A 10), a rocky prominence surmounted by a cross,
from which there is a pretty view of the Alte Wiese
and the town. On the side of the rock is the inscrip-
tion, " Plus etre que paraitre " " Be more than you

WALKS. I I 5

appear to be." This spot is named in honour of the
Princess Marian of Saxony. From the Mariannen's
Ruhe we take the Buturlin Weg (following the marks
Ab), a road constructed by the Russian Count Buturlin,
which ascends through the wood in about twenty
minutes to the Hammer or Ecce Homo Kapelle. Here
two paths, indicated by finger-posts, branch off, lead-
ing to the Franz Josefs ITdhe, which is crowned with
glorietta, commanding one of the most beautiful views
round Carlsbad. Beyond the Franz Josef's Hohe we
follow the path, A 29 to 12, where we again reach
the Pupp'sche-Allee.

Another path (B) from the Ecce Homo Chapel
descends to the Findlater's Temple, a classical semi-
circular building surrounded by a cupola, erected by
Lord Findlater, a Scotch nobleman, in gratitude for
the benefits he received from the Carlsbad waters.

Beyond the Findlater's Temple a path descends
on the right (Ca 2839) to the Freundschaft'.s Salle
(p. 113), the main path (Ca 2815) leading to the
Schwartzenberg Obelisk and the Vier Uhr Promenade
(p. 112).

To THE FINDLATER'S PYRAMID AND FREUNDSCHAFT'S-
HOHE.

Starting from the Mariennen's Ruhe (A 10), near
the Pupp'sche Allee (see page 109), we take the first
path to the right (Ab 1 1 ), which leads in windings

I I 6 WALKS.

through the wood, passing the Helencns Situ, the
favourite resting-place of the Grand Duchess Helena
of Russia, to the Mndlater's Pyramid, a granite
obelisk, twenty-eight feet in height, erected in 1804
in honour of Lord Findlater, " the friend and beautifier
of nature, as a token of the gratitude of the citizens of
Carlsbad." The pyramid commands a fine view of the
valley below.

About a quarter of an hour farther up the hill (by
path D) we come to the Freundsckaft's-Hohe (D 5),
also commanding a beautiful view. From here a small
footpath ascends to the Vogdhutte, the highest point
on the left bank of the river with the exception of the
Aberg. From the Freundschaft's-Hohe we descend
to the Friedrich Wilhelm Platz, named in honour of
Frederick William III., from which there is one of
the finest views of the town. A little lower down
(path "W) is an open space in the wood, which is often
illuminated. From here a path winds down to the
Marien Kapelle, behind the Hotel Pupp.

To THE HlRSCHENSPRUNG.

The easiest way of making the ascent of the Hir-
sch en sprung is by starting from the Markt Platz or
Curhaus and ascending to the English chapel, where
we take the road to the left (B 5). After passing the
mark B 8, we find a path to the left, called the
Jubildumsweg, which leads to the Himmel auf Erden, a

WALKS. I 1 7

little retired spot which scarcely merits its high-sound-
ing name. Beyond this we take a path to the right,
shortly after passing Jb 2, which joins the path, de-
scribed below, leading directly up to the Hirschen-
sprung. The rocks here are covered with inscriptions
commemorating cures by the Carlsbad waters.

A shorter but somewhat steeper path can be taken
from the Markt Platz by passing the Schlossbrunnen
and turning to the left along the Hirschensprung-
gasse, from which a path (at A 5) turns to the right,
leading in windings up the face of the hill. At Aa 8
the path divides, and we take that leading to the
right, which shortly after joins the path from the
Jubilaumsweg (see above). A short distance farther
on the path divides, leading on the right directly to
the restaurant, and to the left to Meyer's Gloriette, a
little temple built by a merchant of Vienna who was a
native of Carlsbad. Near this point is an isolated
rock, on the summit of which is a bronze figure of
a chamois. Beyond the Gloriette we pass a black
marble tablet erected in honour of the Grand Duke
of Saxe Weimar, and reach the Peterskohe, named
in honour of Peter the Great, who ascended the Hir-
schensprung mounted on a bare-backed horse, and
inscribed on the cross the letters, M. S. P. I., " Manu
sua Petrus I." This cross has unfortunately been
destroyed, the present cross, which is on the summit
of the rock, being modern. On the rock before the
cross is a colossal bust of Peter the Great. On the

I I 8 WALKS.

face of the rock below is a black marble slab on which
are inscribed the names of Russian nobles who have
visited Carlsbad, the list being headed by the name of
Peter the Great. A few steps above the Petershohe
is the Theresienhohe, a small open space with a stone
pryamid erected in honour of Theresa of Angouleme.
A stone stairway now leads us to the summit of the
Hirschensprung, which commands a magnificent pano-
ramic view of the valleys of the Tepel and Eger and
the Erzgebirge. A short distance below the summit,
on a terrace, is a cafiS restaurant.

The Hirschensprung, or Deer's Leap, is the tradi-
tional spot from which the deer sprang while pursued
by Charles IV. (see page 28).

To THE BELVIDERE AND ABERG.

Starting up the hill from the Marien Kapelle behind
the Caf6 Pupp, and passing the Friedrich Wilhelm
Platz (see page 1 1 6), we take the path to the right at
B 20, and then to the left at B 19, along the brow of
the hill, keeping the Freundschaffc's Hohe (see page 1 1 6)
on our right, and after a pleasant walk of about twenty
minutes through the woods we arrive at the Katha-
rinen Platz (E 9), a sheltered nook among the trees,
named in Leopold Stohr's " Reminiscences of Carls-
bad," after his friend Katharine Deimel. A short
distance beyond, a path to the left (Ea i 3) leads up
to the Belvidere, which commands a fine view of the

WALKS. I I 9

valley, with the ruins of Engelhaus in the distance.
Near the Belvidere the path (G) descends to the
Kaiser Park (see page 1 1 4). If, instead of turning off
to the Belvidere at E 13, we keep straight on, we
come to the Bild, so called from a picture of the
Madonna fastened to a pine-tree. In about twenty
minutes more, keeping along the path E, we reach
the summit of the Aberg, 2000 feet above the sea, or
806 feet above the Sprudel, the highest point near
Carlsbad. Near the summit is a cafe* and a tower,
from which we have a magnificent view. Beyond the
summit the path turns northwards, and descends to
Ziegelhutte, where refreshments can be had. "We can
return to Carlsbad by St. Leonard's Chapel and the
Echo (see route below).

Another way to reach the Aberg is by taking the
road from the Schlossberg, passing the English Church,
and following the road B till we come to B 13, when
we take the road Be, leading to Kaiser Karl IV.' s
Jagerhaus. Passing the bowling-green, we come to
an open space, and crossing a small brook, find a
path on the left (at Be 24), which leads up to the
Russell Sitz, a seat on a rock named in honour of Lord
Odo Russell, the late British Ambassador to the Court
of Berlin. The rock commands a fine view of the
Erzgebirge, through an opening in the woods.

Beyond this we reach the Echo, a spot where an
echo answers five or six times. From the Echo we
take the path Beb, and next pass, situated on a small

I2O WALKS.

hill, the Chapel of St. Leonard, formerly the parish
church of the ancient village of Thiergarten, of which
only a few traces now remain of old walls built of
Sprudelstein. The inhabitants of this village migrated
to Carlsbad after King John had issued his charter
(see page 28). The chapel has been restored by the
late Lord Odo Russell, British Ambassador to the
Court of Berlin. About ten minutes farther on we
arrive at Zicgelhutte, from whence we take a path to
the left, leading up to the summit of the hill (see
route above).

To THE WEISSES KREUZ AND SCHUTZEN PARK.

Proceeding to the English Church, we take the
road to the right (Bb), which we follow as far as the
Restaurant Klein Versailles (Bb 12). Here we cross
the meadows by a path which leads along the edge of
the forest. A few paces beyond Bb 22 we turn to
the right, and in about five minutes arrive at a group
of rocks, surmounted by a white cross, called the
Weisses Kreuz. Farther on, the path reaches the Marie
Sophienweg, a carriage road, along which we turn first
to the right (32) and then to the left (3 i), and wind-
ing round the slope of the mountain, have beautiful
views of the valley of the Eger. We now descend
into the valley, and take the road leading to the rail-
way station, and passing the restaurant of the Schutzen
Park, return to Carlsbad.

WALKS. I 2 I

To THE PANORAMA, WALDSCHLOSS, DREI KREUZBERG,
AND EWIGES LEBEN.

Starting from the church opposite the Sprudel
Colonnade, and proceeding up the Schulgasse to
the left, we arrive first at the Stephans Platz, and
then reach the Stadtgarten, an open space in which is a
column surmounted by a statue of Charles IV., erected
in 1858 to commemorate the 5<DOth anniversary of
the foundation of Carlsbad. From here we have a
fine view of the town. A short distance farther on,
on the left, is the Panorama, a favourite point of view,
with a cafe restaurant, in which is a collection of
stuffed animals killed in the neighbourhood.

The return to the town can be made by following
the road to the left, or the walk may be extended by
taking the first road to the right from the Prager
Strasse, which leads by a winding path to the
villa of Waldschloss. The next turning to the right
(K) from the Prager Strasse, a short distance before
we come to the Andreas-Kirche, leads up the hill
winding round behind the slope to the Restaurant of
the Drei-Kreuzberg, with a small garden. Near the
Restaurant is a camera obscura. Five minutes farther
on we reach the summit of the Drei-Kreuzberg itself,
and in ten minutes more the summit of the Ottds-Hdhe,
named in honour of the late King of Greece, to whom
a statue has been erected.

To return from the Otto's-Hbhe we can descend a

I 2 2 WALKS.

steep path which leads directly down to the Panorama.
From the Otto's-Hohe a footpath leads to the summit
of the Ewiges Leben (2003 feet), the highest point
near Carlsbad. On the summit a gloriette has been
erected, which commands the most extensive view
round Carlsbad.

To THE WIENER SITZ, SAUERBRUNN, AND

SCHWEIZERHOF.

We proceed along the right bank of the Tepel by
the Marienbad Strasse, passing on our right, as we
approach the Karlsbriicke, on the face of a steep rock,
the iron head of a lion, with a serpent in its mouth,
designed and erected by the sculptor Kiess. On the
face of the rock are numerous inscriptions recording
cures. A little farther on is the Dorotheen's Temple
erected in 1791 in honour of Dorothee, Duchess of
Curland. Before arriving at the bridge we take a
path (Cd) up the hill to the left, and join another
path leading along the brow of the hill. Taking
this path to the left (Ce) we come to the Wiener
Sitz, an eminence commanding a fine panoramic view
of the town and valley. On this point there is an
elegant temple, erected in 1840 by a subscription
made among the Cur-guests. Several paths lead from
the west side of the Wiener Sitz directly into the
town.

The path to the right, opposite the Dorotheen's

WALKS. I 2 3

Temple, leads to the Sauerbrunn drinking-hall and
baths, and to the Schweizerhof, a prettily situated
restaurant, with a garden, commanding a fine view up
the valley of the Tepel. From the Saurbrunn we can
descend into the valley again by taking the path to
the right, and crossing the river by the foot-bridge a
short distance above the Karlsbrlicke.

TO THE SCHOXBRUNN.

We follow the Kiesweg to the Karlsbriicke, and
keeping along on the road leading to the Posthof for
a short distance, we take a road to the left planted with
trees, and crossing the Tepel by a foot-bridge, ascend
the hill opposite, to the Restaurant Schonbrunn. From
here paths lead in all directions through the woods
which overhang the right bank of the Tepel. From
the Cafe* the Schwindelweg follows the brow of the hill,
passing the Augustus Platz, on which is a pyramid,
erected in 1823 in honour of the Duchess of Cum-
berland, finally arriving at the Kaiser Park (see p. 1 1 4).
Some short distance (Cb 33) before arriving at the
Kaiser Park a path descends to the right, crossing
the river over a foot-bridge, reaching the Freundschaft-
saal (see p. 115).

To THE VEITSBERG.

We follow a path turning off from the Schwindelweg
(see above), nearly opposite the Posthof (see p. 1 1 3), which

I 24 WALKS.

ascends the hill through beautifully wooded scenery to
the summit of the Veitsberg. Descending on the other
side, we leave on the right the village of Espenthor,
and turning to the left again ascend, arrive at a
most picturesque little glade, surrounded by beeches,
from which we can return again to the Schwindelweg.
This walk is one of the most beautiful in the neigh-
bourhood of Carlsbad, with its lovely and ever-chang-
ing views of the Tepel valley, and the open country on
the other side towards Engelhaus.

To THE ROTHE-SAUERLING.

Starting from the Andreasgasse, near the Andreas-
Kirche, we take the road leading up the Galgenberg,
passing a small monument erected to commemorate
the exodus of the Protestant citizens of Carlsbad, who
left the city in 1624, in consequence of the re-estab-
lishment of the Catholic religion by Ferdinand II.
Before reaching the Cemetery we find (at 8) a path,
rather ill-defined, leading down to the main road to
Giesshiibl. From here we take another path to the
left, which brings us to the Rothe-Sauerling, a small
mineral spring. Near the bank of the Eger, a short
distance down the river, is Eulenfels or Jfexenfcls,
"Rock of the Owls or Witches," at which, according to
a local tradition, the witches meet on Walpurgis night,
and after having gone through their incantations ascend
the Bloxberg on their brooms. Returning, we take

WALKS. I 2 5

the main Giesshtibl road, which brings us back to
Carlsbad.

To DALLWITZ.

We take the Saurbrunn Strasse, the main road to
Giesshiibl, and come to the village of Drahowitz,
where we cross the Eger in a small ferry-boat. Turn-
ing to the right, we proceed along the bank of the
river for about half an hour, when we come to a small
brook, which we follow for about ten minutes, till we
reach Dalwitz, celebrated for its magnificent oak-trees,
some of which are so large that it requires five or six
men with outstretched arms to encircle them. At the
village there is a porcelain manufactory, specimens of
which are exhibited in the small castle. Eefreshments
can be had at the Kestaurant Zu Drei Eichen, " Three
Oaks." The return journey can be made by taking
the road up the hill, crossing the railway, and join-
ing the main road leading to the railway station at
Carlsbad.

( 126 )

DRIVES ROUND CARLSBAD.

HAMMER, AICH, AND HANS HEILING-FELS.

(For omnibus to Hammer and Aich, see page 78.)

Hans Heiling-Fels can be reached either by
the valley of the Eger or the valley of the
Tepel, both roads joining at the village of
Aich. The pleasantest way is to go by the valley of
the Tepel and return by the Eger.

Leaving Carlsbad, we drive along the Marienbad
Strasse, crossing the Tepel at the Karlsbriicke, and
passing the Kaiser Park (see p. 114) reach the village of
Pirkenhammer, celebrated for its wood-carving industry ;
it has also a large porcelain manufactory, over which
visitors are shown. Behind the factory rises the Mec-
seryhdhe, from which there is a fine view of the Tepel
valley. There are two good restaurants at Pirken-
hammer, Leibold's and Habsburg.

A short distance beyond Pirkenhammer we leave the
Tepel, and cross over into the valley of the Eger, which
we reach at the village of Aich. At Aich there is a

HANS HEILING-FELS.
Reproduced bypermiition of Amand ffelm, Vienna.

DRIVES ROUND CARLSBAD. I 2 /

little chateau with a cafe restaurant, and a porcelain
manufactory with a speciality of photographs on china.

From Aich it is about half an hour's walk to Hans
ffeiling-Fels, a picturesque group of rocks overhanging
the Eger. A romantic legend is connected with these
rocks, which forms the subject of the opera of Mar-
schener and a novel by Kroner.

Once upon a time there lived in a village in the valley
of the Eger a wealthy farmer named Veit, whose only
daughter, Elsbeth, was famed far and wide for her beauty
and accomplishments. Near the farm, in a small hut,
there lived an honest and industrious peasant, whose
son Arnold was Elsbeth's favourite playfellow. As the
boy grew up he developed a restless disposition and
a love of adventure, and finally left home to seek his
fortune in foreign lands. After an absence of several
years Arnold returned to his native village only just
in time to close his aged parents' eyes in death. A few
days afterwards he and Elsbeth met again, and bringing
back the tender recollections of the happy childhood they
had spent together, they renewed their former friend-
ship, which soon ripened into love. After plighting
their troth Arnold lost no time in seeking the father
of Elsbeth and requesting her hand in marriage. Veit
at first received him in a friendly manner, and listened
with interest^ to the story of his adventures in foreign
lands ; but as soon as Arnold touched on the subject
nearest his heart the old man gave him a short and
surly answer. At last, however, he promised that if

128 r DRIVES ROUND CARLSBAD.

Arnold succeeded in making his way in the world
during the next three years he would then give his
consent to the union of the lovers. After a tender
parting, in which vows of eternal constancy were ex-
changed, Arnold, with a heavy heart, set out once
more to seek his fortune, promising that, rich or poor,
he would return when the three years were past.

Now, many years before this, one of the villagers,
named Hans Heiling, had mysteriously disappeared, and
nothing having been heard from him, he had long since
been forgotten. About a year after the departure of
Arnold, Hans suddenly returned, apparently a rich and
prosperous man. He had, however, became proud and
morose, and many strange stories began to be circulated
among the villagers, who all began to look upon him
with suspicion, with the exception of Veit, with whom,
by flattery and judicious presents, he had succeeded in
ingratiating himself. This influence he soon began to
use to further his suit with Elsbeth, of whom he had
become deeply enamoured. Elsbeth, however, remained
true to her lover, and rejected his advances with scorn.
Finding it impossible to win her hand by fair means,
Hans Heiling brought the arts of magic to his aid ; but
Elsbeth, who had received a friendly warning, constantly
wore a small cross which her lover had given her round
her neck as a talisman, 'and which was effectual in keep-
ing her evil lover and his unwelcome attentions at a
distance.

One day, however, the charm was stolen from Elsbeth

DRIVES ROUND CARLSBAD. 129

through the cunning of Hans, who became daily more
importunate. By this time the three years of pro-
bation had nearly elapsed, and, nothing having been
heard of Arnold, doubts of his fidelity began to creep
into Elspeth's bosom. Worn out by the importunities
of Heiling and the menaces of her father, the unhappy
girl at last reluctantly gave her consent to the hated
union, and the date of the marriage was fixed.

Three days now only remained of the three years,
and as they slowly passed Elspeth began to waver
and to bitterly repent the promise she had given. She
still clung desperately to the fond hope that her young
lover might even yet return in time to save her.

The morning of the last day arrived. The wedding
with Heiling was to take place on the following day,
and Elspeth had already given herself up as lost, when
there suddenly came galloping into the village a troup
of horsemen with Arnold at their head. Riding
straight to the house of Elspeth's father, and hastily
informing him that during his absence he had succeeded
in obtaining rank and fortune, he demanded of him the
fulfilment of his promise. At the same time some of
Arnold's followers recognised in Hans Heiling a well-
known sorcerer. Yeit, on hearing this, and on seeing
the good fortune of Arnold, now readily gave his consent
to the union of the true lovers, who were shortly after-
wards united.

After the wedding the happy couple, accompanied by
their friends, adjourned to a meadow on the banks of the

I 30 DRIVES ROUND CARLSBAD.

Eger, where Veit had a tent erected and a supper pre-
pared. The evening passed quickly in merriment till it
was close upon midnight ; but just as the last stroke of
the church clock struck twelve a terrible storm of wind
and rain suddenly burst on the affrighted company, and
amid the darkness appeared the form of Hans Heiling,
surrounded by a legion of devils and imps, his face fright-
fully distorted and flaming with passion. He suddenly
plunged into the foaming depths of the river and dis-
appeared ; but the wedding company remained rooted to
the spot, having been all changed by the power of the
devil into stone ; and still from the river-bank they
are said to look down with melancholy countenances on
the passers-by.

Returning from Aich we follow the right bank of
the river Eger, passing the villages of Meiershofen and
Donitz to Carlsbad.

To ENGELHAUS.

The drive to Engelhaus takes about two hours there
and back. From Carlsbad we follow the Prager Strasse,
the old coach-road to Prague, having fine views of
Carlsbad and the Tepel valley. The Prager Strasse
was constructed by the Emperor Francis I. in 1804,
and on the portion between Carlsbad and Engelhaus
shows great engineering skill. About half-way we pass
on the right at the village of Berghauser an ancient
inn, the Bergwirthshaus, erected about the thirteenth
centurv. Some of the walls are from 10 to 12 feet thick.

DRIVES ROUND CARLSBAD. I 3 I

At Engelhaus there is a small inn where refreshments
can be had.

The ruins of the Castle of Engelhaus, of which now
but a few crumbling fragments remain, occupy the
summit of an isolated and precipitous rock 468 feet in
height, which is ascended by a dilapidated stone stair-
case from behind the church. The date of the build-
ing of the castle is lost in obscurity, but mention of
it is made in records of the twelfth and thirteenth
centuries.

Many interesting legends are told about this castle,
among which the most prominent are the legend of
King Arthur and the legend of Aloisia.

King Arthur one day while hunting in England was
attracted by the screams of an infant. On approaching
the spot he found a handsome baby boy in the claws of a
bear, which had already devoured the infant's mother.
The king killed the savage beast, took the child home
with him, and adopted him as his son, having him bap-
tized Richard. The boy grew up brave and handsome,
and in time fell secretly in love with the king's daugh-
ter, Albina, who returned his affection. Fearing the
king would forbid their union they arranged to elope,
and one dark night, accompanied by a few devoted fol-
lowers, fled from the royal castle. On their arrival at
the sea-shore they found a ship awaiting them, in which
they crossed to the coast of France, and finally, after
many wanderings, reached the mountains of Bohemia in
the vicinity of Engelhaus. Here, on the rock on which

132 DRIVES ROUND CARLSBAD.

the ruins now stand, Richard erected a strong fortress,
in which he and his wife lived in seclusion for many
years.

Their marriage was blessed with many children ; but
their happiness was not complete, as Albina often re-
proached herself for her undutiful conduct towards her
father. Richard also, in time, began to tire of his wife,
whose beauty had begun to fade, and of the monotonous
life they led. He also regretted having thrown away
his chances of advancement at the English court, and
as time wore on mutual reproaches followed.

Meanwhile King Arthur, who had mourned the loss
of his daughter for many years, abdicated in favour of
his nephew, and determined to spend the rest of his
life in searching for her. He first sought the advice
of an Arabian astrologer, who, by his magic arts,
ascertained the hiding-place of the errant couple.
Disguised in the garb of a pilgrim, and attended
only by a few faithful knights, the king travelled
through Germany and Bohemia until he reached a
small village in the neighbourhood of Engelhaus, where
he left his attendants and proceeded to the castle, to
which, in his assumed character of a pilgrim, he soon
obtained admission. On hearing him speak English,
however, Richard began to suspect he might be a
spy sent by the king, and refused him permission
to see his wife, threatening at the same time, if he
discovered his suspicions were true, to put him in a
cauldron of boiling oil. The old king on hearing this

DRIVES ROUND CARLSBAD. 133

left the castle and sought the assistance of a neigh-
bouring knight, to whom he told his sad story. The
knight in return informed him how Richard had begun
to neglect his wife, and how unhappy she had become,
and at the same time proffered his services to try to
capture the castle and release Albina.

News of the intended attack was brought to
Richard, who, in revenge, resolved to poison his wife
and flee from the country. To carry out his vil-
lainous scheme he went to Albina, and pretending to
have repented of his former ill-usage, proposed that
they should pledge their reconciliation in a goblet of
wine, and should then go together and seek the pardon
of King Arthur. Two goblets of wine, one of which
had been poisoned, were brought in. Handing the
deadly draught to his wife, and taking the other him-
self, they were just about to drink the pledge when a
flourish of trumpets outside proclaimed the approach
of the attacking army. Albina and Richard, eager to see
the old king and his followers, though from very different
motives, put down their glasses untasted ; but Richard,
who now recognised the king, anxious to complete his
treacherous design before the arrival of the besiegers,
again took up the goblets, and handing one to his wife
they both drank them off, and then Richard instantly
made his escape. Albina rushed to meet her father, and
throwing herself at his feet implored his pardon, which
was only too gladly granted. He had hardly raised her
from the ground when a knight rushed in, bringing the

134 DRIVES ROUND CARLSBAD.

news that Richard had been found in the castle-yard
expiring in mortal agony. In his haste he had un-
wittingly changed the glasses and drunk the fatal
draught himself. After the burial of Richard, Albina
returned to England, and the castle, which was after-
wards haunted by the ghost of the would-be murderer,
remained uninhabited for many centuries.

Another romantic legend is that of Aloisia.

Othon Sigismond, Count of Wratibor von Starkowitz-
Schwarzstein, a Bohemian nobleman, who fought on
the side of the French at the battle of Crecy in A.D.
1346, was dangerously wounded and taken prisoner
by the English, but was afterwards released on paying
a heavy ransom. During his captivity in England he
wooed and married Aloisia, the beautiful Duchess of
Westmoreland, grand-daughter of Edward I. After his
ransom he brought her to his castle of Schwarzstein
as Engelhaus was then called. For four years she
lived a life of unalloyed happiness with her beloved
husband, but soon after the birth of their son and heir,
Sigismond was called on to join the standard of his
liege lord the Emperor Charles IV. in an expedition
to quell a rebellion which had broken out among the
cities of Northern Italy.

Before he left he committed the care of his wife and
son, and the management of his estates to his friend
Count Wlanitz, who had been his fellow-prisoner in
England. During their joint captivity there, Wlanitz
had also been in love with Aloisia, and, though un-

DK1VES ROUND CARLSBAD. I 3 5

known to Sigismond, had tried to gain her hand. As
long as Sigismond had remained to protect his wife
Wlanitz had kept his passion under due control, but
no sooner did he find her alone and in his power
than he renewed his protestations of love. The Coun-
tess, faithful to her husband, rejected his advances with
scorn, till, maddened by his passion, Wlanitz deter-
mined on a bitter revenge. Intercepting the letters
the Countess wrote to her husband, he sent messengers
instead to the Count informing him that, in his absence,
his wife was leading a life of gaiety and dissipation.
Deeply wounded by his wife's continued silence, the
confidence of her husband was at last undermined.

Finally Wlanitz sent word that the Countess had
become so shameless in her conduct that she remained
away from home for several days at a time, and that
her child had at last died of neglect. Maddened by
anger and jealousy, Count Sigismond left the Emperor's
camp and travelled night and day until lie reached
the castle. Aloisia was praying in her oratory by
an open casement overhanging the precipice, when
Sigismond suddenly entered. Startled by the expres-
sion on his face, the thought flashed across her mind
that her husband had lost his reason, and she stood
motionless before him, struck with grief and horror.
Mistaking her emotion for guilt, he seized her and
threw her from the casement over the precipice.
Sigismond then fainted and fell on the floor of the
chapel, where for hours he lay in a stupor.

136 DRIVES ROUND CARLSBAD.

When night came he was suddenly aroused by hea-
venly harmonies floating through the air outside.
Looking through the casement he beheld a beautiful
angel floating over the valley, supporting in its arms
the forms of his dead wife and child. As the heavenly
form passed the window, Sigismond heard a voice say-
ing, " I am a messenger sent from heaven to lead the
soul of your sainted wife to the realms of eternal bliss.
As you have been betrayed, God in his mercy may for-
give you, but He demands the punishment of the traitor
by whom you have been deceived." On recovering
from the trance Sigismond called his followers to-
gether, who, seizing Wlanitz, carried him to the top
of the castle, and meted out to him a just retribution by
flinging him from the window of the chapel. Sigis-
mond then seized a torch and set fire to his castle,
which was soon reduced to a few blackened walls. At
daybreak he descended to the village, and putting on
the garb of a pilgrim he set out on foot for Rome to
obtain pardon of the Pope. On his arrival absolution
was granted him by the Holy Father ; but, worn out
by the privations he had endured on his journey, he
sought refuge in a monastery, where he died shortly
afterwards.

The village of Engelhaus suffered greatly from a fire
in 1885, which destroyed the church and about half
the houses in the village.

DRIVES ROUND CARLSBAD. 137

To ELBOGEN.

Elbogen is from I J to i^ hour's walk from Carlsbad
along the valley of the Eger. It can also be reached by
rail, a short branch line connecting the village with the
main line to Eger, at the station of Elbogen Neustattel.
The town, which has a population of about 3000, is
picturesquely situated on a rocky peninsula almost sur-
rounded by the Eger, from which the town takes its
name of Elbogen or " Elbow." Visitors can obtain fair
accommodation at the Hotel Zum Weissen Ross, in the
market-place, which has a garden and pavilion from
which there is a lovely view of the Eger valley, or at
the Hotel Scherbaum, near the suspension-bridge. In
returning pedestrians can follow the course of the Eger
to Hansheilingfels, and have a carriage to meet them at
Aich (see. p. 126).

The Castle of Elbogen, situated above the village, on
a steep granite rock, was founded by the Margraves
von Voburg in 870. In 1149 the castle became the
property of the German Emperor, Frederick Barbarossa,
who received it as a dowry on his marriage with Adel-
heid, daughter of the Margrave Diebold von Yohburg.
In 1434 it came into the possession of the family
of the Burgraves Schlick, to whom it belonged for
several centuries. In 1725 the castle, along with the
town, was almost entirely destroyed by fire, but was
afterwards restored. In July 1742 the town and for-

138 DRIVES ROUND CARLSBAD.

tress were besieged by the French under General
Armitieres. The garrison held out for four months,
but were at last compelled to surrender through starva-
tion.

From its foundation up to the fourteenth century
nothing is known of the history of the castle, as all the
records up to that period were destroyed by fire. In 1317
King John of Luxembourg took up his residence for a
short time at the castle, accompanied by his wife and
infant son, afterwards the Emperor Charles IV. In
1352 Charles IV. granted the citizens of Elbogen a
charter, freeing the town from all taxes, under the con-
dition, that whenever he or any of his heirs should visit
the town, they should be presented with five pounds of
Swabian silver farthings, which were to be handed by
the Burgomaster to the sovereign in a wooden beaker.
This beaker is still preserved in the Rathhaus, where it
may be seen, filled with silver farthings, awaiting the
next visit of an Austrian monarch. It was during the
visit of the Emperor Charles IV. in 1358 to the Castle
of Elbogen that he made his famous hunting expedition
to Carlsbad.

During the progress of the Elector Frederick V.
and his consort the Princess Elizabeth, daughter of
James I. of England, from Heidelberg to Prague to
assume the crown of Bohemia, they rested for a night
at the Castle of Elbogen, and were magnificently enter-
tained by the Burgrave Schlick at an open-air banquet.

DRIVES ROUND CARLSBAD. I 3 9

The festivities, however, must have been of a somewhat
sober kind, as we are told that after the banquet the
Protestant chaplain of the Burgrave preached a sermon
of two hours in length to their Majesties on the duties
of their high position. The castle is now used as a
prison.

The Eger at Elbogen is crossed by a fine suspension-
bridge, erected 1833-36 at a cost of 90,000 florins.
From the bridge there is a fine view of the river and
valley, with the castle above.

In the Rathhaus is part of a large meteoric stone
which fell at Elbogen, the remaining portion of
which weighing 110 pounds, is in the mineralogical
museum at Vienna. A model of the stone in its ori-
ginal condition is also to be seen. The stone is locally
known as the Vervunschte Graf, or " Accursed Count,"
from the legend that one of the Burgraves of Elbogen
had so oppressed the people that they had him cursed
with bell, book, and candle. One day shortly after-
wards, as he was compelling some of his vassals to
undertake some enforced labour, he was struck by a
flash of lightning out of a clear sky, and turned into
this shapeless mass of stone. In the Rathhaus is also
the wooden beaker referred to above.

In the Deckanal, or St. Wencelaus Kirche, erected in
the thirteenth century, and restored after the fire of
1725, is a fine altar-piece by Peter Brandel, repre-
senting the murder of St. Wencelaus by his brother

I4O DRIVES ROUND CARLSBAD.

Boleslaus I. before the altar in the Church of Alt
Bunzlau in 936.

A speciality of Elbogen is the " Elbogener pumper-
nickel," a kind of gingerbread with a sugar coating.
Elbogen has an important porcelain manufactory, over
which visitors are shown on application to the office.

To GlESSHUBL PUCHSTEIN.

This is one of the most favourite excursions in the
vicinity of Carlsbad. Omnibuses run twice daily. (See
page 79.) The drive, which takes about an hour and a
half, follows the right bank of the Eger through most
picturesque scenery.

Giesshiibl, which is rapidly becoming a fashionable
watering-place, is beautifully situated on the right
bank of the Eger, at the foot of the Buchberg, a rocky
and pine-clad hill. The environs are laid out with
shady and well-kept paths, and each year the pro-
prietor, Herr Mattoni, adds some new attraction to the
place. The general arrangements for the convenience
of guests are under the charge of a Cur-committee, who
will furnish all information, and, if desired, engage
rooms in advance for intending visitors. The number
of visitors in 1885 was 18,000. The climate resembles
that of Carlsbad.

The springs of Giesshiibl have been known for cen-
turies, and were resorted to by the hunters and moun-

DRIVES ROUND CARLSBAD. 14/1

tairieers in the neighbourhood ; but it was only in
1852 that the first spring was enclosed and dedicated
to his Majesty Otho, the late King of Greece, who was
among the first to visit it. The place, however, owes
its rise into prominence to Herr Mattoni, who leased
the springs from the proprietor, Baron Neuberg, in
1867, and purchased the Otto Quelle in 1872. Besides
conferring a benefit on the public by improving and
beautifying this attractive watering - place and its
surroundings, he has been eminently successful in a
financial way, as the export of Giesshiibler water, bottled
at the springs, has reached the enormous quantity of
4,000,000 bottles per annum.

The principal building is the Curhaus, a handsome
stone erection surrounded by gardens and pleasure-
grounds. It contains a conversation-room, reading-
room, library, and sleeping apartments. Attached
to the Curhaus are two ' dependances.' Near the Cur-
haus is a Colonnade, dedorated with a bust of King
Otho. The waters of the springs are conducted in
pipes both to the Curhaus and to the Colonnade. Op-
posite the Colonnade is a handsome restaurant with a
verandah. On the hill a short distance above Gies-
shubl is the handsome residence of the proprietor, Herr
Mattoni.

The springs are the Otto Quelle, or Giesshiibler Sauer-
brunn, Elizabeth Quelle, Franz Josef Quelle, and the
Losclmer Quelle, which have nearly all the same pro-

142 DRIVES ROUND CARLSBAD.

perties. The following is the analysis of the Otto
Quell e :

In io,OOO parts of water

Silica ...... 0.5941

Chloride of potassium ... . 0.3038

Sulphate . 0.3397

Carbonate ,, ... 0.8240

sodium . . . 8*4308

,, lithium . . . 0.0650

strontium . . 0.0230

magnesia . . . 1 .4004

lime . 2.3878

Oxide of alumina .... 0.0290

Oxide of iron .... 0.0263

manganese . . . 0.0099

Organic substances . . . 0.0198

Carbonic acid in combination . 5.6004

free . . 23.7396

437936

The waters of Giesshiibl are highly charged with
carbonic acid gas and are slightly acidulated. They
are admirably suited for mixing with wines and spirits,
especially with the poorer classes of Austrian and Ger-
man white wines, as they have the property of almost
entirely destroying the acid which is characteristic of
these vintages. It is also largely used by itself as a

DRIVES ROUND CARLSBAD. 143

table water. Its effervescence is purely natural, and is
therefore free from the injurious results which frequently
attend the use of waters which are artificially charged
with gas. Giesshubler water has been found to be ex-
tremely efficacious in catarrhal affections of the stomach
and intestines, jaundice, dyspepsia, and all other com-
plaints caused by a surplus of acid in the system. It
has also been found particularly beneficial in cases of
catarrhal affection of the respiratory organs. Mixed
with warm milk or whey it has a stimulating action on
diminished mucous secretion, and at the same time is
invigorating and nourishing. In connection with the
springs a whey cure has been established.

The spring principally used is the Otto Quelle, which
is situated on the face of the hill immediately above the
Curhaus. Over the spring is a Colonnade supported on
fourteen granite pillars, which was inaugurated by King
Otho of Greece in 1853. ^ n the Colonnade is a bust of
the King, with an inscription commemorating the event.
At the spring a new bath-house has lately been erected.
The bottling of the waters takes place at this spring,
a small railway connecting the bottling establishment
with the export warehouse below.

The walks around Giesshiibl are charming in their
picturesqueness and variety and almost numberless in
extent. Well-kept paths have been opened up by the
Cur-direction to almost every point of view on the
surrounding hills, and on these points little temples,
gloriettas and resting-places have been erected, whilst,

144 DRIVES ROUND CARLSBAD.

for feebler visitors, level walks and drives extend both
up and down the valley of the Eger.

To PETSCHAU.

The village of Petschau, lying about half-way between
Carlsbad and Marienbad (2^ hours' drive), is pictur-
esquely situated overlooking the beautiful valley of the
Tepel. In mediasval times the village was of consider-
able importance, but in 1760 it was almost entirely
burned down, and, with the exception of the castle,
most of the buildings are now comparatively modern.

The castle, which was erected not later than the
eleventh century (as records exist referring to its
having been inhabited in 1061), occupies the summit
of an eminence overlooking the Tepel. On three sides
it is fortified by a wall, and is entered on the south
side by a stone bridge, which crosses the old moat, now
laid out in gardens. Several of the walls of the castle
are of immense thickness. On the left, as we enter, is
the ancient round watch-tower, the upper storeys of
which were removed in 1623. On the summit of the
tower is a platform commanding an extensive pano-
ramic view of the surrounding country. In the interior
are a number of large and handsomely decorated apart-
ments, and in the south tower is a Gothic chapel
erected in A.D. 1400, the walls of which are decorated
with fine frescoes. The view from the windows of the
chapel over the valley of the Tepel is exceedingly fine.
The castle is still occupied as a residence.

DRIVES ROUND CARLSBAD. 145

Visitors are shown over the castle during the absence
of the family.

TO SCHLAGGENWALD.

The shortest road to the village of Schlaggenwald,
passes through Pirkenhammer (see page 126), about i^-
mile beyond which we take the road to Marienbad, and
turning off to the left and following the valley of the
Tepel, reach Schlaggenwald in about ij hour. The
village, which is prettily situated, has a porcelain manu-
factory and a tin and silver mine, which was formerly
very productive, but which now hardly pays the expense
of working. The parish church is decorated with
frescoes executed in 177 1 by Dollkopf, who resided for
some time at Schlaggenwald. In the Deckanal Kirche
is a fine carved altar-piece and a number of tombs
of the fourteenth century. Refreshments can be had
at the Gasthof zur Krone. Returning we can drive
through the picturesque valley of the Zeche, which
joins the Eger at Elbogen (seepage 137). The drive
by Elbogen takes about 2\ hours.

TO SCHLACKENWERTH AND HAUENSTEIN.

Schlackenwerth can be reached direct by rail, and
Hauenstein from the railway station at Hauenstein-
Waarte, from which it is about half-an-hour's drive.
Carriages are generally found in waiting at Hauenstein-
Waarte. The drive from Carlsbad to Schlackenwerth

146 DRIVES ROUND CARLSBAD.

takes about ij hour, and to Hauenstein about 2\
hours, the road passing through exceedingly pictur-
esque scenery.

Schlackenwerth is an old town with a chateau of the
Duke of Tuscany, surrounded by a fine park on which
is a pavilion with a restaurant. The village has two
inns the Renthaus and Adler.

At Hauenstein there is also a small inn, at which
visitors can dine, as well as at the restaurant at
Hauenstein- Waarte. On the Uichelbcrg, three-quarters
of an hour's walk from the village, is the fine modern
chateau of Count J. Buquoi, built in old castellated
style. Attached to the chateau is a beautiful chapel.
Surrounding the chateau and extending over the hill
is a magnificent park, intersected by romantic and
shady walks. Visitors are not now allowed in the
park except by special permission. The summit of the
Eichelberg commands one of the most magnificent and
extensive views in Germany. In the foreground are
the ruined castles of Engelhaus, Himmelstein, Schon-
burg, and Hauenstein, and below us the fertile valley
of the Eger, while in the distance extends the range
of the Fichtelbirgen. Of the old castle of Hauen-
stein only a tower and a fragment of one of the walls
remain. In the sixteenth century this old castle was
the residence of the Burgrave Heronimus Schlick (see
page 34). In the tower the visitor is shown a room in
which, during the Thirty Years' War, a Swedish officer
was assassinated. The Himmelstein, which also com-

DRIVES ROUND CARLSBAD. 147

mands a lovely view, can be ascended either from
Hauenstein or Hauenstein-Waarte.

Pedestrians can return from Hauenstein through
Welchau, Rodisfort, and Giesshtibl-Puchstein.

Welchau is a little village prettily situated on the
Eger, with a chateau surrounded by a park in which
there are pleasant walks and fine views over the valley.
There is a good restaurant, Zur Linde, in the village.
About one mile beyond Welchau is the village of

Rodisfort, at which there is also a restaurant. Above
the village is the Rodisforlerlerg , on the summit of
which formerly stood a castle. A legend tells us that
in this castle there lived a knight named Rode, who
was a jovial soul, but always in debt. The patience of
his creditors at last becoming exhausted, they proceeded
to the castle and swore to hang him over the walls if
he did not pay his debts within an hour. The knight
having nothing to pay, and having too small a garrison
to withstand the siege, did as a good many of the needy
fraternity have done since, he quietly mounted his
horse, and leaving the castle by a secret door, made off
as fast as he could. Impatient of waiting, his creditors
at last broke into the castle, and on inquiring from
his vassals where their master was, received the short
answer, Rode ist fort Rode is off from which the
castle and village were afterwards called Rodisfort.
About half-way up the mountain there is a cave, in
which, even in the middle of summer, large icicles are
to be seen on the vaulted roof, which show a most charm-

148 DRIVES ROUND CARLSBAD.

ing prismatic colour glancing in the sunbeams which find
their way from the entrance. Giesshiibl-Puchstein (see
page 140) is about i| mile beyond Rodisfort.

FALKENAU.

Falkenau is about a half-an-hour's journey by rail on
the line to Eger, and two and a half hours' drive from
Carlsbad. The carriage road passes through Elbogen
(see page 137) and the village of Altsattel, near which
are the large vitriol, sulphur, and alum works of Herr
von Stark. About two miles beyond Altsattel we notice
on the bank of the Eger the remains of a landslide which
took place in 1832, and which uncovered two extinct
volcanoes and partly changed the course of the river.

Falkenau, famous for its hops and its beer, is a busy
village of 2500 inhabitants, almost all of whom are
employed in the cultivation of the hops and in its
large breweries. Beyond its picturesque situation in a
hilly but fertile district, its only interest to visitors is
the fine castle of Count Nostiz-Rhieneck, which is sur-
rounded by a beautiful park, intersected with lovely
walks and drives, and planted with old trees, flowering
shrubs, and exotic plants. The castle, which is shown
to visitors, contains a fine collection of ancient armour.
The best inn is the " Anker."

JOACHIMSTHAL AND THE SONNENWIRBEL, OR KJEILBERG.

Joachimsthal, a town of 5500 inhabitants, lies 5^
miles north of Schlackenwerth (see page 146), the road

DRIVES ROUND CARLSBAD. 149

passing through the beautiful valley of the Wistritz.
The town was formerly celebrated for its silver-mines,
which, although now but little worked, were very pro-
ductive in the Middle Ages, when they gave employment
to over 9000 people. These mines were among the
earliest industries of Bohemia. For several centuries
after their discovery they were only occasionally rudely
mined by the peasants and mountaineers. In 1513
they attracted the notice of the Burgrave, Stephan
Schlick, of Carlsbad, who, with the aid of several
neighbouring landowners, commenced to work them
on a large scale, when they soon became exceedingly
productive, yielding between 1516 and 1545 about
.1,250,000, an enormous sum at that time. As a
German writer naively remarks, " There being no
Stock Exchange speculations or State lotteries in those
days, this was a very nice way of getting money."

Stephan Schlick in 1519 erected a mint here, where
he coined the first " Thalers," the name of the coin
being a contraction of " Joachimsthaler." These coins
had on one side the heads of St. Joachim, and on the
other those of King Ludwig of Saxony and the Bur-
grave Schlick. This old mint is now used as the
offices of the mine.

In 1 5 2C Schlick built the castle of Fremdenstein am
Berg, near the town, of which only a few scanty ruins
remain.

The principal industries of the town are the manu-
facture of bobbin-lace, woollen yarn, plaited straw, and

I5O DRIVES ROUND CARLSBAD.

gloves. In the centre of the town is the inn " Zum
Stadt Dresden," where visitors can dine well and
cheaply.

About one hour beyond Joachimsthal we come to the
village of Gottesgdb (3300 feet inn, Grimes Hans), the
highest village in Austria, from which we can ascend
the Sonnenivirbel or Keilbcrg, 4080 feet, the highest
point of the Erzgebirge. A carriage road leads to the
summit, which commands a magnificent and extensive
panoramic view. A tower has been erected on the
highest point.

To the north, across the frontier, is the Ficlitelberg
(3985 feet), the highest peak in Saxony. The ascent
of the Fichtelberg can be made in about three-quarters
of an hour from the village of Obcr-Wiesenthal, 2\ miles
beyond Gottesgab. The summit, on which is a stone
tower, commands a most magnificent view, and was
formerly an important station in the trigonometrical
survey of Central Europe. This excursion requires a
long day.

TO KUPFERBERG.

This is one of the pleasantest excursions from
Carlsbad. We take the rail to Schlackenwerth, and
thence drive past Joachimsthal (see page 148), Got-
tesgab (see above), and the pretty village of Ober-
hals to Kupferbcrg, a station on the line from Ko-
matau to Chemitz, where the line reaches its highest
point, 2830 feet. The drive takes about four hours.

DRIVES ROUND CARLSBAD. I 5 I

The view from the little chapel on the summit of the
Kupferberg is one of the finest in Austria, and even
more extensive than that from the Sonnenwirbel, on a
clear day the white hill above Prague and the Drei-
Kreuz-Berg above Carlsbad being visible. The return
journey can be made by rail

To FISCHERN, ALTROHLAU, AND NEUDECK.

From Carlsbad we take the road crossing the Eger
by the Franz Josefs Bridge, and at the station turn to
the left, passing through the villages of Fischern and
Altrohlau, both with china manufactories, to Neudeck,
3 J hours distant from Carsbad, on the river Rohlau, a
busy village, with woollen-mills and tin-factories, and
tin and iron mines. Near the village is the handsome
new chateau of Count Asseburg, surrounded by a
large park. About a quarter of a mile south of the
town are the ruins of an ancient castle, formerly one
of the seats of the Barons Schlick. Above the town
is the Kreuzberg, on the summit of which is a monas-
tery; on the ascent, which winds in zig-zags up the
hill, is a Calvary with fourteen stone stations of the
cross. The hill was purchased by a maiden lady, who
expended 27,000 florins in constructing the road and
stations, and presented it as a votive offering to the
Church. The summit of the hill commands a charm-
ing view over the town and surrounding country.

( 152 )

XII.

LONGER EXCURSIONS BY RAIL.
To EGER AND MAKIENBAD.

JARIENBAD, though only nineteen miles
southward from Carlsbad in a direct line, is
about two hours by rail.

An exceedingly pleasant excursion can be made by
driving from Carlsbad to Marienbad (about five hours)
in a two-horse carriage, and thence returning by rail
to Eger.

About an hour after leaving Carlsbad by rail we
reach Eger (hotels, Wenzel, opposite the station, Erzher-
zogstephan, in the town), an ancient town with 16,500
inhabitants, situated on the river Eger. It was formerly
a free imperial city, and was fortified in 1809. In the
EatTihaus in the " Ring " the celebrated general, Albert
von Wallenstein, the leader of the Imperialists in the
Thirty Years' War, was assassinated by an Irishman
named Devereux on 25th February 1634. In the rooms
in the upper storey, which were those occupied by
Wallenstein before his death, there is a museum con-

LONGER EXCURSIONS BY RAIL. 153

taining a collection of curiosities and antiquities, among
which are the sword, the writing-table, and other me-
mentoes of the great general, and the halberd with which
he was assassinated. In the museum are also a portrait
of Wallenstein and pictures representing his assassina-
tion, and the murder of his officers, Illo, Terozky, Kinsky,
and Neumann. In the Council Chambers are portraits
of the emperors from Leopold I.

Occupying a commanding position on a rock above
the river to the north-west of the town are the ruins of
the Imperial Castle, erected by the Emperor Frederick
Barbarossa in 1 1 80, and for several centuries afterwards
often occupied by the German emperors. The Castle of
Barbarossa was built on the site of a still older fortress,
of which the lofty square towers built of blocks of lava,
still standing, formed a portion. In the banqueting-
room, which adjoins the chapel, the officers of Wallen-
stein were assassinated a few hours previous to the
murder of their general. Since the perpetration of this
foul deed the castle has never been inhabited. The ter-
race above the river commands a fine panoramic view
over the town and surrounding country. In the distance
rise the three towers of the Maria-Kulm, an ancient
pilgrimage church, for a long time a haunt of robbers,
the bones of whose victims are shown in the chapel.

Fourteen miles beyond Eger we pass the small for-
tress and spa of Konigswart, 2250 feet above the level
of the sea. The springs, which are chalybeate, are the
highest in Germany, and are used both for drinking and

154 LONGER EXCURSIONS BY RAIL.

bathing. They are recommended in cases of anaemia
and incipient consumption. A Curhaus and villas for
the reception of visitors have recently been erected.

At Konigswart is the chateau of Prince Metternich,
which has been in possession of the family since 1618.
The chateau, which is surrounded by beautifully laid
out gardens and pleasure-grounds, contains a collection
of coins, minerals, and antiquities, and a gallery of
family and historical portraits.

The next station is Marienbad. The station is two
miles from the town itself. One-horse carriage, I fl. ;
two horses, I fl. So kr. Omnibus, 40 kr. The best
hotels at Marienbad are, " Klinger's," " Neptune,"
"Hotel Casino," and " Stadt Hamburg." There are
also a number of good boarding and lodging houses.
The most frequented caf^s are the Bellevue, Panorama,
Victoria, Miramonte, and Ferdinand's Miihle. Excellent
meals and good beer can be had at the Delphin Restau-
rant. English Church service in the season in the
English church erected in 1879, and Presbyterian ser-
vice in a German Protestant church.

Marienbad is situated in a picturesque valley, about
2000 feet above the level of the sea, above which on
three sides rise pine- clad hills. The village is almost
entirely modern, having been built since the beginning
of the present century. The principal buildings are the
Stadthaus, which contains reading and recreation rooms,
a large hall used for balls and concerts and other
public gatherings, the large military Curhaus erected

LONGER EXCURSIONS BY RAIL. I 5 5

in 1880, and Roman Catholic, German Protestant, and
English churches.

The springs were first brought into public notice in
1870 by the Abbot of the Convent of Tepel. The
waters are of much the same character as those of
Carlsbad, except that they are of a much lower tem-
perature, ranging from 43 to 50 Fahr., but for bathing
they are warmed up to 90. There are six springs,
of which the most used is the Kreuzbrunn, which is
a mile distant from the village, the water being con-
ducted in pipes to the Promenade Platz. There are two
large bathing- houses, the Alte and the Neue Badhaus,
in which are mineral, peat, carbonic acid, and vapour
baths. The Marienbad waters, however, are principally
used for drinking. The peat found round Marienbad is
exceedingly rich in mineral constituents, each cubic
foot containing no less than one pound of sulphate of
iron. One million bottles of the water from the Kreuz-
brunn are annually exported to all parts of the world.

Adjoining the Kreuzbrunn is a beautiful shady avenue
300 yards long, where the visitors promenade from six to
eight in the morning while drinking the waters. Close
to the spring there is a large brick building, which is
used for promenading when the weather is unfavourable.
Adjoining this covered promenade is the Bazaar, a
double row of shops where Bohemian goods and other
speciality are sold.

The most abundant of the Marienbad springs is the
Ferdinands Brnnnen, which is about half a mile distant

156 LONGER EXCURSIONS BY RAIL.

from the village. The water is carried by pipes to the
Promenade Platz, where it flows into a vase of alabaster.
The spring which is used for bathing is the Marien-
quelle ; it is highly charged with carbonic acid gas,
which keeps the surface of the water in perpetual
motion. The quantity of this gas is so great that a
light lowered to the surface of the water is immediately
extinguished. Gas-baths have been erected at this
spring, in which patients are shut up in a box, all
except the head, the box being so constructed that
the gas is not breathed.

The principal place of resort at Marienbad in fine
weather is the Curgarten, a prettily laid out pleasure-
ground with lawns and parterres, and intersected with
pleasant shady walks. Concerts are given in the
Promenade Platz from 6 to 7.30 A.M. and from 6 to 7
P.M., and at the Waldquelle from 11.30 A.M. to 12.30
P.M. The season begins about 1st May and lasts till
the middle of September.

Marienbad is an exceedingly fashionable spa, and
the hotels and boarding-houses are crowded in summer.
Rooms should therefore be applied for in advance, in
the height of the season. Like Carlsbad, Marienbad
is specially attractive from the beauty of its environs,
shady walks having been laid out in all directions
through the woods and to the best points of view on
the hills. The most frequented walk is to the cross on
the Hamelikabcrg, which commands a beautiful view of
the valley. Another favourite walk is to the Mecsdry

LONGER EXCURSIONS BY RAIL. I 5 /

Temple, from which there is also a charming and open
prospect to the north. The most extensive view, which,
however, does not embrace the Wald itself, is to be had
from the Holiendorferhohe. A delightful excursion can
be made to the Podliorn (2750 feet), a mountain of
basalt lying to the east, ij hour distant from the
village. The summit of the mountain commands a
most extensive view of the Erzgebirge, Fichtelbirge,
and the Bohemian forest. A longer, but also a most
charming excursion can be made to the wealthy Abbey
of Tepel, to which the spring at Marienbad belongs.
The Abbey, which lies nine miles east of Marienbad,
contains an extensive library and a Zoological and
Geological Museum. There are also various other ob-
jects of interest which are shown to visitors.

To FRANZEXSBAD.

Franzensbad, which lies west of Carlsbad, is reached
in about 2\ hours by railway. The best hotels are the
Adler, Post, Hubner, British Hotel, Miiller's Hotel, the
Erzherzogin Gisela, and the Kaiser von Oesterreich.
Restaurants at the Cursaal, Railway Station, Weilburg,
Brandenburg Thor, Prince of Wales, the latter with
gardens.

The springs of Franzensbad, which are situated on
a level plain 1570 feet above the sea, are principally
frequented by ladies, the iron spring and peat baths
being highly recommended for female complaints. The
annual number of visitors is about 1 0,000, only a small

I 5 8 LONGER EXCURSIONS BY RAIL.

proportion of whom belong to the male sex. The
climate is bracing, but the changes in temperature are
often very sudden and somewhat tiying. About 2OO
houses have been erected at this spa, almost all of
which are devoted to the accommodation of visitors.

The principal building is the Cursaal, a large struc-
ture containing reading and conversation rooms, restau-
rant, and a large concert salon 150 feet long and 52
feet wide. For shelter in unfavourable weather there
are two colonnades, one of wood lined with shops, which
extends from the Franzensquelle to the Cursaal, and
another of brick, 220 yards in length, has been erected
at the Salzquelle.

In fine weather the visitors promenade in a large and
beautifully laid out park, which extends from the city
to the railway station. In the park there is a bronze
statue of Francis I., the founder of the baths. There
are several large bathing establishments at the spa,
about one-half of the baths being mineral, and the
remainder peat baths, which are greatly used. The
Franzensbad peat, like that of Marienbad, is ex-
tremely rich in sulphate of iron. The springs, which
are cold (50 Fahr.), are ferruginous and are highly
tonic, the principal ingredients being iron, carbonic
acid, soda, and Glauber salts. The principal spring is
the Franzensquelle, where most of the visitors assemble
from 4.30 to 6.30 P.M. to drink the waters and listen to
the orchestra. Life at Franzensbad, however, is dull
at its best, as the majority of the patients are feeble

LONGER EXCURSIONS BY RAIL. 159

and suffering, and the absence of the male sex gives a
somewhat one-sided character to the conversation and
amusements.

To TEPLITZ.

Teplitz, next to Carlsbad the most celebrated and
the most frequented of the Austrian watering-places,
lies west from Carlsbad about three hours' distance by
rail. The hotels are the Stadt London, Post, Altes-
Rathhaus, Konig von Preussen, and Schwartz's Ross ;
at Schonau, the Neptun. The best and most frequented
restaurants and cafes are at the Cursaal, in the Stephan's
Platz, and the Garten Salon, in the Schlossgarten ; at
both of these table d'hdte is served during the season.
There are also restaurants at the hotels. Excellent
confectionery at Miiller's in the Bader Platz and Zimma
in the Curgarten. English Church service is held
during the season. A new Theatre has been erected in
the Curgarten, at which performances are given daily.
Concerts are given in the Curgarten daily from 6.30 to
8 A.M., in the Schlossgarten from II A.M. to I P.M.
In the evening concerts are given alternately in the
Cur-garten and the Schlossgarten. Balls are held in
the Garten salon every Saturday evening from 8 to
12 P.M.

Teplitz, which takes its name from a Slavonic
word signifying " warm bath," Lies in the broad and
fertile valley of the Bela, 725 feet above the sea-level.
It is an ancient town with 16,000 inhabitants, and is

l6o LONGER EXCURSIONS BY RAIL.

one of the oldest watering-places in Europe, the spring
having been known as early as the eighth century.
The number of visitors is about 12,000 annually.

The life at Teplitz is a great contrast to that of most
of the other watering-places in the north of Austria,
as it is a quiet and comparatively cheap place ; but,
nevertheless, it is by no means dull, while, with . its
splendid gardens and beautiful environs, it even out-
rivals its gayer sisters of Carlsbad and Marienbad. The
season lasts from May till September, but the baths are
open the whole year.

The springs, which are saline-alkaline, have a tem-
perature of 86 to 1 1 8 Fahr., and are used both for
drinking and bathing. They have a stimulating and
exciting effect, and are considered exceedingly beneficial
in cases of rheumatism, gout, paralysis, and nervous
disorders.

As in Carlsbad, the visitors at Teplitz assemble to take
the waters and promenade at the Trinkhalle in the Cur-
garten between 6 and 8 A.M. Another favourite pro-
menade is the grounds of the Chdteau of Prince Clary,
where the visitors assemble from 1 1 A.M. to I P.M. to
listen to the concerts which are given between these
hours. In the grounds, which are beautifully laid out,
are a cafi restaurant and a dairy. On the south-east
side of the Curgarten, in the Stephan's Platz, are
the Cursalon, with reading and conversation rooms,
restaurant, and cafe, and the Kaiserbad, a magnificent
structure, fitted up with bath-rooms and elegantly

LONGER EXCURSIONS BY RAIL. l6l

furnished apartments. On the opposite side of the
Garten is the new Theatre, a handsome building of
Renaissance architecture.

The favourite walks are to the Konigsliohe (820 ft.),
an eminence lying immediately to the south of the
town, on which is the SiJilacJcenbcry, a curious roccoco
erection of sandstone and glazed bricks. In the
building is a restaurant, and from the tower (camera
obscura 1 5 kr.) there is a fine panoramic view of the
town and the Bela valley. Charming views can also be
obtained from the Belvidere restaurant and from the
cafe Villa Bellavista.

A short distance from the Curgarten, on the road to
the Schlackenberg, is a monument erected in honour of
Frederick William III. of Prussia in 1841, by " Grateful
Teplitz," to commemorate the visits of the emperor to
the baths.

To the east side of the town lies the suburb of
Schonau, which was formerly a separate village, but is
now united to Teplitz by terraces of new houses. At
Schonau there are also extensive bath-houses and ample
accommodation for visitors.

Between Teplitz and Schonau is a small hill, the
Mont de Liyne, on the summit of which is a restaurant
and a belvidere, the latter commanding a fine panoramic
view of the town and its environs.

East of Schonau is the SMossberg (1280 feet), which
can be ascended in about half an hour. On the summit

are the ruins of an ancient castle destroyed by the Im-

I 62 LONGER EXCURSIONS BY RAIL.

perialist troops in A.D 1655 during the Thirty Years'
War.

A pleasant excursion from Teplitz can be made to the
baths of Eichwald, 1378 feet above the level of the sea,
which is delightfully situated amid beautiful wooded
scenery, three miles to the north-west. An omnibus
runs between Teplitz and Eichwald several times daily.

Another favourite excursion can be made to the
Mileschauer or Donnersberg, a hill 2740 feet in height,
lying about ten miles to the south-east. The summit,
on which there is an inn, commands one of the most
extensive and picturesque views in Bohemia. Visitors
take the stage or a carriage (two hours) from Teplitz to
Pilkau, from which it is about an hour's walk to the
summit.

XIII.
SHOOTING AND FISHING.

* r shooting and fishing can be enjoyed
by visitors in the neighbourhood of Carls-
bad. For shooting, a licence (" waffenpass "),
price I fl., must be obtained from the Burgomaster,
and leave must also be obtained from the shooting
society. Shooting begins on the 1st August, and
ends on the 3 I st January ; the best time for winged
game being August and the beginning of September,
and for ground game and deer the late autumn and
winter months. Cartridges to fit English guns can
be obtained from Rosenfeldt's Wisen Lowen, Markt
Platz, and A. Epstein, Goldener Lowen, opposite the
Curhaus. The game in the neighbourhood of Carlsbad
consists of partridge (rebhahn), blackcock (birkhahn),
hares (hasen), and deer (reh), also a very few wild boar.
The fish in the streams near Carlsbad are trout
(forellen), best season May and June, which run from
4 to 6 to the pound, with an occasional half-pounder
or even larger, pike, barm, rothauge very game fish

164 SHOOTING AND FISHIXG.

with red eyes, which run from 3 to 6 pounds and
weissfisch (white fish), which average from I to 3
pounds.

Visitors are permitted to fish in the Eger provided
they are accompanied by one of the fishermen of the
Fischerei-Verein, who expects a small honorarium.
All fish caught must be given up to the society or
paid for at the market price. For fishing in the
Eger tickets are issued by the Fischerei-Verein, price
3 floi'ins per month. Fish caught can be kept by
the angler.

For trout the best baits are artificial flies, worms,
and grasshoppers. The small boys about Carlsbad will
gladly collect a packet of either of the latter for visitors.
Flies can be obtained at Rosenfeldt's and Epstein's.
Barm and rothauge are taken in the same way as
trout. For weissfisch, which in the summer months
are very plentiful and take freely, the best bait is
whole cherries, either black or red. These fish lie in
the necks of the pools, which should be baited the
previous day by throwing in quantities of cherries.
They take most freely in the mornings and evenings.

The best rivers are the Tepel, the Petschau, the
Eger (no trout), the Neudeck, and the Weissbach.
In the district round Carlsbad there are a number of
deep ditches which contain large carp. They give,
however, very little sport.

( 165 )

XIV.

THE EXPORTATION AND PEODUCTS OF THE
CARLSBAD SPRINGS.

exportation of the Carlsbad water is com-
paratively a new industry, the first water
for export having been bottled in 1842.
For a long time it was supposed that the waters lost
their efficacy after they became cold. This prejudice
was removed by Dr. Hlawacek, who proved incontest-
ably that after being heated again to their normal
temperature they still retained most of their medicinal
properties. It is impossible, however, to contend
that the exported waters are of equal efficacy to
those drunk at the springs, not only from the possible
escape of their most volatile constituents, but from the
absence of the salutary effect of the change of air and
regular mode of life, which are in themselves most
valuable aids to recovery. Besides this, their beneficial
influence is often greatly increased by bathing in the
same water, which of course is only possible at Carlsbad
itself.

I 66 EXPORTATION AND PRODUCTS OF THE SPRINGS.

Nevertheless the exported waters are often of value
in cases of sudden emergency, or when the patient
finds it impossible to visit the springs ; they are also
of great use in completing the cure after the visit is
ended. The waters best suited for exportation are
those of the cooler springs, as they contain the greatest
amount of carbonic acid gas, those most used for the
purpose, therefore, being the Marktbrunn, Schloss-
brunn, and Miihlbrunn.

The bottles are packed in cases and sold in Carlsbad
at the following prices, cases included :

fl.
Case of 5 o bottles . . . 1 3

30 ,, -9

12 . . .12

Sprudel Salt was first prepared by Dr. Berger in
1708, though his experiments were only tentative.
In 1732 Dr. Borrias discovered a method of obtaining
the salt in sufficient quantities for export by evapo-
rating the water and crystallising the depofit. This
process he made over to Dr. Bichter, who obtained
from the Emperor Charles VI. the right to manufac-
ture the salt. At first the townspeople objected
strongly to the preparation and sale of the salt, fear-
ing that it would do away with the necessity of
visitors coming to Carlsbad. This absurd prejudice
at last became so strong that the manufacture of
the salt was stopped for several years, arid it was

EXPORTATION AND PRODUCTS OF THE SPRINGS. I 67

only allowed to be given to patients actually resident
at Carlsbad.

In 1764 Dr. David Becker discovered a new pro-
cess of preparing the salt by using the natural heat of
the Sprudel itself as the means of evaporation.

By this method a much larger quantity of the salts
was able to be produced, and its price was greatly
reduced. Shortly after this a Government act was
passed permitting the exportation of the salt, and the
townspeople, finding that this had rather the effect of
attracting the attention of the public to the springs
than of keeping visitors away, soon got rid of their
prejudices.

The demand for the salt rapidly increased, until in
1813 it was found necessary to erect a building for
its manufacture, connected by pipes with the Sprudel.
In 1863 the Government leased the manufacture of
the salt to Herr Mattoni, who built a stone factory
near the Ferdinand's Briicke. In 1877 Herr Mattoni's
contract expired, and the factory was let to Herr L.
Schottlcender for ten years, at an annual rent of 70,000
florins. The constantly increasing demand for the salt
has necessitated the extension of the factory, till it is
now one of the largest and most completely appointed
in Europe.

In 1880 the Carlsbad Town Council commissioned
the celebrated analyist, Dr. Ernest Ludwig of Vienna,
to undertake experiments with the view of obtaining

I 68 EXPORTATION AND PRODUCTS OF THE SPRINGS.

a salt from the springs which, when dissolved, should
more nearly resemble the natural mineral water than
the Sprudel Salt. He succeeded in obtaining a pre-
paration which he named Natural Carlsbad Salt, and
which contains all the properties of the springs them-
selves. It has also the advantage of being less liable
to evaporation when exported. The Natural Salts,
which are packed in bottles of IOO and 200 grammes
(^ and ^ Ib.) with green labels, have now almost
superseded the Sprudel Salt.

The salt is used either dissolved in the mineral
water to increase its cathartic action, the dose being
one to two drachms to a tumbler of the water, or by
dissolving a small teaspoonful in half a tumbler of hot
water, or better still, of Giesshubl, Krondorf, or soda
water.

The Natural Carlsbad Salt is a most valuable mild
cathartic, as it operates quickly and without pain.
It has also the advantage that the dose does not require
to be increased after a time as with most other cathar-
tics, nor does constipation follow after its use is dis-
continued. The salt should be taken in the morning
before breakfast.

The Natural Carlsbad Salts are also made into pas-
tilles, which are taken for acidity, heartburn, and
flatulency. Two to four pastilles should be taken two
to three times daily, preferably about half an hour
after meals.

EXPORTATION AND PRODUCTS OF THE SPRINGS. I 69

The salt contains in IOO parts

Per cent.

Carbonate of lithium . . . . 0.39

Bicarbonate of soda . . . . -35-95

Sulphate of potash ..... 3.25
Sulphate of soda . . . . .42.03
Chloride of soda . . . . 18.16

Fluoride of soda . . . . . .09

99.87

The Spi'udel Soap is prepared from the lye, or first
deposit of the Sprudel water, after the crystallised salts
have been extracted. This lye contains about fourteen
cent, of mineral constituents.

This chemical compound is purified from all traces of
Glaubers' salt, and by the addition of lime is turned
into caustic lye, from which the soap is manufactured
by the ordinary process. The soap, which possesses
considerable healing power, is beneficial in cases of
chronic diseases of the skin, and is used in both plain
and mineral water baths. It is also used for poulticing
cold abscesses and boils, and for making a soap
embrocation.

part ft

MEDICAL TREATISE.

( 173 )

ACTION OF THE WATERS.

?/j^K^ ESIDES the stimulating properties common
^5|f^|^ to most mineral waters, those of Carlsbad
*s^A possess three special properties of their own.

( I .) By their high temperature they accelerate the
absorption, stimulate the circulation of the blood, pro-
duce perspiration, and act as a sedative upon the
nervous system.

(2.) The carbonic acid gas which they contain
augments the secretion of gastric juice, stimulates the
appetite and the digestion, calms the gastric nerves,
and strengthens the peristaltic movements of the
stomach and intestinal tract.

(3.) Their use results in a specific action, viz., a
chemical modification in the system by the introduc-
tion of the alkaline salts, the sulphates and carbonates
of soda, and the chloride of sodium. They are anti-
acid par excellence, and the sulphate of soda is a mild
laxative. Alkalies among other things have been
proved to be indispensable to the phenomena of
endosmosis, combustion, digestion, and secretion ;

I 74 ACTIOX OF THE WATERS.

they contribute to maintain the blood in the degree
of viscosity necessary to keep it fitted for endos-
mosis, exosmosis, the different compositions and
decompositions which constitute existence. They
render the saccharine and amylaceous matters, intro-
duced by alimentation, capable of combining with the
oxygen and assisting in the functions of respiration
and calorification. They cause the elements of the
bile to become fluid, prevent them from thickening
or forming calculi, maintain the intestinal diges-
tion, facilitate the secretions, and thus influence all
the acts of nutrition and assimilation. The Carlsbad
waters, in rendering the blood more alkaline, cause it
to lose a part of its coagiilatory properties ; they attack
the albumen and the fibrine, and bring about promptly
the dissolution of these substances. If the blood,
having become more fluid, moves with more liberty in
its channels, and if, besides, it possesses the property
of dissolving the two principal elements which form the
basis of most chronic congestions, a near approach has
been attained to a knowledge of the mechanism by
which the Carlsbad waters are dissolvent, resolutive,
antiplastic, and deobstruent. It is, therefore, of ex-
treme importance to pay particular attention to the
double action, tonic and chemical, of those waters
when using them for the treatment of different
diseases.

From their exciting and tonic properties their use is
not advisable in acute inflammatory disorders, in cases

ACTION OF THE WATERS.

in which chronic inflammations have a tendency to
assume an acute form, and in those in which the
viscera are subject to serious disorganisation, the pro-
gress of which is generally aggravated by anything
that accelerates the circulation. On the other hand,
they are beneficial in chronic affections, if it is required
to give a particular stimulus to the organs, to promote
the circulation, excite the secretions, or regulate nutri-
tion and assimilation.

By their chemical properties they are suitable in
all cases of congestion, obstruction of the viscera, as
catarrh of the stomach, catarrh of the bowels, biliary and
urinary calculi, disorders of the liver, gravel, catarrh of
the bladder, gout, rheumatism, and diabetes. Practical
observation shows that they produce beneficial modifica-
tions in lymphatic or scrofulous constitutions, as well as
in albuminuria. But they should be employed with
great caution and prudence by cachectic, consumptive,
or emaciated patients, who, though they sometimes
derive advantage from their stimulating virtues, have
to fear, on the other hand, an aggravation of their
condition.

The Carlsbad springs present, in their medical
aspect, differences much more important than might
be supposed from their chemical analysis. By their
stimulating and at the same time alterative properties
the same springs often present the greatest contrasts.
According to the constitution of the persons and the
nature of the disease they produce calm or excite-

1/6 ACTION OF THE WATERS.

ment, sleep or wakefulness, diarrhoea or constipation ;
they soothe or increase certain pains, strengthen or
weaken, fatten or reduce.

The first sensation on taking the waters is decidedly
pleasant. After a short use of them a genial warmth
spreads itself over the body, and a feeling of comfort
and lightness is experienced. In some cases, after the
first week, the pains or symptoms from which the
patient is suffering are greatly increased (called the
crisis), but this need not in the least degree excite
fear or apprehension. In a few days the unpleasant-
ness passes away, and then rapid improvement takes
place. The complexion gradually clears day by day,
and by the end of the course it assumes a natural and
healthy tinge.

( 177 )

II.
USE OF THE MINERAL WATERS AT CARLSBAD.

the right use of the waters it is very
necessary that a correct diagnosis of each
case should be formed. For this reason
the invalid should always seek the advice of a physi-
cian who has made a special study of the diseases
upon which the Carlsbad waters are supposed to
exercise a salutary influence. The following explana-
nation, therefore, of the treatment is only intended to
induce the patient to follow the directions of the phy-
sician more intelligently.

The usual regime is, to commence with, from three
half to three whole tumblers of the special spring pre-
scribed by the medical attendant, taken at intervals of
a quarter of an hour, and increasing gradually to three,
four, five, and six tumblers.

The waters are taken in the morning as a rule, the
usual hours being from 6 to 8 A.M., except in the case
of delicate invalids, who may be permitted to breakfast
lightly beforehand if necessary, and even to use the
waters at home.

1/8 USE OF THE MINERAL WATERS AT CARLSBAD.

The patient should rise about 6 A.M., so as to reach
the spring about 6.30 A.M. To go early to the spring
has many advantages, as it not only avoids loss of
time, and consequent hurry, a serious consideration
for patients subject to congestion in the head and
perspiration ; but at that time, the stomach being
empty, the water will be more easily absorbed. Here
at the different springs are to be met people of
all classes and from every country crowned heads
and princes of royal blood, members of the English
aristocracy, Americans, French, Germans, Eussians,
Swedes, Turks, &c. Ailments of almost every form
are likewise represented, and it is a most interesting
sight to watch the daily improvement in health and
spirits of many who had probably considered their
cases hopeless. There is a covered colonnade at each
of the principal springs, which can be used in wet
weather, and an excellent band plays every morning
from 6 to 8, thereby assisting the cure, by diverting
the mind and enlivening the spirits. Between the
times of drinking the waters the patient should pro-
menade, as far as his strength or the complaint from
which he suffers will allow, and after the last draught
should, if possible, take a walk of an hour's duration.

Exercise facilitates the absorption of the waters,
and is also necessary to the re-establishment of health.
After the walk breakfast should be taken.

( 179 )

in.

EXTERNAL USE OF THE MINERAL WATER.

LTHOUGH drinking the waters at Carlsbad
constitutes the principal means of cure,
experience and observation teach us that
by bathing their effects are considerably increased.
To assist the operation of the waters, mineral, mud,
iron, vapour, or douche baths are prescribed, and for
this purpose there are several bathing establishments
fitted up with every requisite. The special form of
baths, their temperature, the frequency with which
they should be taken, and the time which the patient
should remain in them, must depend upon their
special case and on the advice of their medical at-
tendant.

The Sprudel Water is conducted in long iron pipes
to the Curhaus, to the Stadthaus, and to the Neiibad,
where it is cooled to the requisite degree.

The peat bath consists of Hack peat. This peat is
rich in mineral constituents. It is first pulverised,
then screened and freed from accidental impurities,
mixed with the hot Sprudel Water, or, as in the Neu-

ISO EXTERNAL USE OF THE MINERAL WATER.

bad, heated by steam when the bath is ordered. The
usual temperature of the Sprudel bath ranges from
80 Fahr. to 96 Fahr. ; of the peat bath, from 96
Fahr. to 1 00 Fahr.; of the vapour bath, from IOO
Fahr. to 130 Fahr. The baths are taken either in
the morning when fasting, after drinking the mineral
water, or about two hours after breakfast, generally
between 1 1 and I o'clock in the forenoon. During
the bath any affected parts, such as the region of the
spleen and liver or inflamed or stiffened joints, should
be subjected to gentle friction.

Before taking the bath all excitement or fatigue, or
anything that is liable to accelerate the circulation of
the blood, or produce palpitation of the heart or con-
gestion of the brain, must be carefully avoided. A
bath must never be taken on a full stomach, and three
hours at least should be allowed to elapse after a meal.
Strong persons may take their bath in the morning
after drinking the waters and before breakfast, but
weak patients should not bathe till after having had a
meal.

The nature of the bath, the number necessary to be
taken, and the duration of the bath must always be
determined by the physician, as he has in prescribing
to take into consideration the nature of the disease,
the age and constitution of the patient, and the chemi-
cal composition of the water or peat.

It very often occurs at Carlsbad that patients after
having taken a number of mineral or peat baths get

EXTERNAL USE OF THE MINERAL WATER. l8l

an eruption on the skin, sometimes itching, called the
" badfriesel " or " bath-rush." This eruption, however,
need occasion no alarm, as it is only due to the action
on the skin of the salt in the water or peats. The
eruption entirely disappears when the baths are stopped
for two or three days.

As the greater number of patients suffering from
chronic rheumatism, gout, or skin eruptions are liable
to a profuse perspiration after taking the baths, they
should always be provided with warm clothing. In
warm weather they may take a short walk after the
bath, but in damp or cold weather they should imme-
diately return home and rest for a short time.

Patients who are in the slightest degree subject to
congestion of the brain should, especially if they take
peat baths, keep a cold wet towel on their heads as
long as they remain in the bath, and they should also
be careful to have an attendant at hand to change the
towels as they become warm.

( 182 )

IV.
DIETETICS DURING THE USE OF THE WATERS.

less important than drinking the waters
and taking the baths is the proper man-
agement of the patient's regimen. It is of
the most vital importance that the patient at Carls-
bad should lead a regular life ; retire early, rise early,
eat and drink moderately, and always at the same
hour of the day. He should be the whole day, if
possible, in the open air, and should take constant
but moderate exercise, but be most careful to avoid
all fatigue or exhaustion. Above all, he should keep
his mind free from worry about business afiairs, or
any other matters requiring anxious thought, as the
mind requires rest as well as the body.

Bathing and drinking the waters cannot effect a
cure if the diet and method of life, and even the
amusements, are not regulated by the rules of the
special case. Especially the diet and the amount of
exercise has to be prescribed by the medical attendant.

DIETETICS DURING THE USE OF THE WATERS. 183

The diet should be always nourishing but simple.
The desire for food is generally increased; but as the
main object of the use of the waters is restoration to
health, reason must regulate the diet/ It is very im-
portant that there should be a considerable interval
between each meal. Experience proves that the
stomach requires from four to five hours to digest
the quantity of food eaten at a moderate meal, and after
this process the stomach remains for almost an hour
in an abnormal condition, which may be compared to a
slight catarrh. It is only after the lapse of five to six
hours that the stomach resumes its ordinary healthy
condition. Three meals during the day are generally
sufficient.

The common custom in Carlsbad is as follows :
After having drank the requisite number of cups of
mineral water early in the morning, a good hour's
walk is prescribed before taking breakfast, between 8
and 9 o'clock. This meal consists of coffee or tea
with milk, a moderate quantity of toast or roll (with-
out butter), and a couple of eggs or a small quantity
of cold meat. Butter, fat, or grease of any kind is
expressly forbidden.

The greater number of visitors to Carlsbad take
their breakfast in the open air. In the gardens and
at the restaurants the most delicious coffee and tea
and excellent Vienna rolls (Semmel & Kipfel) are
served at little tables under verandahs and beneath
the shade of the trees. Having rested a while after

I 84 DIETETICS DURING THE USE OF THE WATERS.

breakfast, another short walk should be taken before
bathing-time, which is generally between i o and 1 1
A.M. After the bath a rest should be taken before
dinner.

At Carlsbad table d'hote dinners are not cus-
tomary, as nearly all of the patients have to follow a
certain regimen prescribed by their physician. Besides
this, no dishes at the hotels or restaurants which are
unsuitable for patients taking the mineral waters (so-
called " curgemass " or " against the cure rules ") are
allowed to be put on the bills of fare.

pinner is usually taken between the hours of one
and two. It consists of three to four dishes, as soup
(not always), fish, roast beef, roast veal, or roast
chicken ; and green vegetables, such as spinach, cauli-
flower, asparagus, French beans, or green peas, &c.,
and stewed fruits (compote). The patients should be
careful not to overload the stomach ; any objectionable
or injurious food, such as raw fruits, ices, sour or too
sweet dishes, are to be avoided. Stimulants of good
quality, such as claret, hock, pilsener beer, when
taken in moderation, in no way diminish the effects of
the mineral waters ; they often, indeed, serve as a
stimulant to the system. But, at the same time,
spirits, such as brandy and whisky, must be strictly
avoided, as they may lead to the most serious conse-
quences. A short rest after dinner (but no sleep), and
then a stroll through the woods or a walk to some of
the pleasure-gardens outside the town, where there is

DIETETICS DURING THE USE OF THE WATERS. 185

music, brings the time up to 6 P.M., at which hour tea
with milk and eggs, or a chop, or cold meat, is usually
taken, and by 9 or 10 o'clock most people retire to
bed, rising up refreshed the next morning to go through
precisely the same course as on the preceding day.

Over-fatigue or unnecessary exertion is to be par-
ticularly avoided ; but, at the same time, as fresh air
greatly assists the cure, patients are advised to be out
as much as possible so long as the weather admits of
it, taking especial care, however, not to get chilled.

The climate of Carlsbad, like that of most moun-
tainous districts, is liable to sudden changes, especially
during the morning and evenings ; and as patients
have to be the greater part of the day out of doors
taking exercise, and so liable to perspire freely, they
should always wear flannel undershirts and be provided
with a shawl or an overcoat.

Smoking is to be restricted within the narrowest
limits.

Sleeping during the day is generally unadvisable.
Weak persons, however, who sleep badly during the
night may sleep for about half an hour before dinner.

Occupation. During the use of the waters the
patient ought to avoid all kinds of business. The
beneficial effect of the waters will be much assisted if
the patient's mind be at rest during his stay at our
watering-place, where he will find the most beautiful
walks and drives among the charming and picturesque
woods and mountains. Other patients need and find

I 86 DIETETICS DURING THE USE OF THE WATERS.

pleasant society and cheerful company at Carlsbad.
The excellent bands of music and the famous classical
concerts also contribute much to the general enjoy-
ment. To the artist and lover of scenery Carlsbad
presents numberless charms ; and the views to be seen
from the Aberg, the Hirschensprung, the Panorama,
and the Dreikreuzberg are magnificent, and should on
no account remain unvisited. A few miles distant
are Hammer, Hanslieiling and Giesshubl. Hans-
heiling is a lovely spot in the valley of the Eger, and
at Giesshubl there is a natural spring from which the
water issues forth as cold as ice and effervescing like
soda water.

GENERAL INDICATIONS FOR THE USE OF
CARLSBAD WATER.

CASES IN WHICH THE WATERS ARE DECIDEDLY INDI-
CATED, AND THOSE EST WHICH THEY ARE CoNTRA-

INDICATED.

conditions of every form of abdominal
disease are the most likely to be benefited by
the water. They are not in all cases com-
pletely cured, but it very rarely happens that they are
not modified in their worst symptoms. Most of our
patients are affected with Plethora abdominalis, arising
from too substantial and abundant nourishment, com-
bined with a sedentary life, where chylification exceeds
the ordinary want of nature. The blood is therefore
overloaded with the final results of the digestion, and
all the secretions are disturbed. The excretory organs
are found incapable of eliminating the superfluous
matters, and this being retained, morbid products
came to be developed. The quantity as well as the
quality of the blood and of the other fluids being
thus injuriously altered, many chronic diseases arise,

1 88 INDICATIONS FOR USE OF CARLSBAD WATER.

such as indigestion, constipation, gout, piles, gall-
stones, renal calculi, gravel, gouty eczema, &c. &c.
In these complaints the waters are very efficacious on
account of their action on the bowels, on the urinary
organs, and on the skin, which tends to diminish the
amount of the solid constituents of the blood and other-
wise to restore it to its normal condition.

SPECIAL INDICATIONS.

I . Dyspepsia. At least two-thirds of the patients to
be met with at Carlsbad go there in order to obtain
from the waters relief from the varied forms of indiges-
tion. They frequently complain that they have little
or no appetite. After eating they feel heaviness and
pain in the epigastrium, flatulence, acidity, headache,
weakness, and depression. When the dyspepsia is
simple and idiopathic it is generally cured in a com-
plete and easy manner by the use of the Carlsbad
waters.

But dyspepsia depends also very frequently on chronic
or constitutional affections, and manifests itself as a
secondary symptom of some predominant disease, such
as chronic catarrh of the stomach, ulcer of the stomach,
gout, &c. Even in these cases patients have often
obtained the most favourable results, as the thermal
treatment has a very beneficial influence on those
chronic and constitutional maladies.

It happens very often with a dyspeptic patient, as one
of the consequences of the slowness of the digestion,

INDICATIONS FOR USE OF CARLSBAD WATER.

that the local nervous system becomes excited to such a
point as to give rise to neuralgic symptoms. This
painful neurosis of the stomach, or gastralgia, manifests
itself under several forms.

2. The typical form is the attack of gastralgia or
cramp in the stomach cramps, both violent and last-
ing from half an hour to several hours. It begins with
headache, pain in the epigastrium and back, accom-
panied with dyspnoea and vomiting, and finishing with
exhaustion. There are a certain number of cases in
which we find combined both the symptoms of gas-
tralgia and dyspepsia, namely, gastralgic dyspepsia or
dyspeptic gastralgia, according to which of those forms
predominates.

Gastralgia and dyspepsia, however distinct they may
be from each other, may therefore meet on the same
ground, and thus necessitate those therapeutic mea-
sures which apply to both. Carlsbad waters produce
in both cases the most satisfactory results. Another
most disagreeable consequence of chronic catarrh of
the, stomach is

3. The dilatation of the stomach. The slightest pres-
sure on a greatly distended stomach easily produces a
visible undulation and gurgling noise, accompanied by
dyspepsia, gastralgia, flatulency, frequent eructations
of sour liquid and air, palpitation of the heart, vomit-
ing, dyspnoea, and general exhaustion. This com-
plaint, when far advanced, is seldom completely cured,
but it can decidedly be very much improved by washing

INDICATIONS FOR USE OF CAELSBAD WATER.

out the stomach with Carlsbad water, introduced and
withdrawn through a stomach tube and funnel like a
siphon.

Besides this innocent, painless, and most efficacious
treatment massage and electricity may be applied to the
dilated stomach.

4. Chronic catarrh of the bowels, chronic diarrkcea,
as well as chronic constipation, and their consequences,
all being different species of the same affection, find
generally a quick and radical remedy in the Carlsbad
waters.

5. Colic, a neuralgia of the intestinal nerves, and
perhaps also of the ramifications of the mesenteric plexus,
characterised by constringent, wandering, or fixed pains
in the umbilical region and the colon, is often cured at
Carlsbad. Also the Colica saturnina (Colic of Devon-
shire), the so-called lead poisoning, finds a remedy in
the Carlsbad waters.

The Carlsbad waters have no anthelmintic or worm-
destroying action, properly speaking, notwithstanding
that Ascarides lumbrico'ides and oxyuris vermicularis,
and even great lengths of tapeworm are often expelled
by them ; they, however, have a great influence in de-
stroying the tendency to the formation of worms.

6. Diseases of the liver and biliary ducts are also
treated with most successful results at the hot alkaline
springs of Carlsbad, especially enlargements of the liver
of various kinds, occasioned principally by accumulation
of fat or by congestion. The waters are, however, of

INDICATIONS FOR USE OF CAELSBAD WATER.

little or no use if the enlargement of the liver is caused
by cancer or by encysted echinococcus.

Cirrhosis of the liver can only be benefited in its
earlier stages. In nearly all cases of jaundice where the
discharge of the bile into the intestine is prevented,
either by gastric catarrh having extended into the
duodenum and biliary ducts or by chronic inflammation
in the liver, or when it is prevented by any other inter-
ruption of the flow of the bile, such as some strong
nervous perturbation or gallstones, Carlsbad waters are
particularly efficacious.

7. Gallstones and hepatic colics are diseases in which
the favourable effects of the Carlsbad springs may be
looked for with the greatest certainty. The fact is, that
under the influence of the thermal treatment the ex-
pulsion of gallstones and gravel is often singularly
facilitated, sometimes without pain, but more frequently
with the most painful colics, which may occur at
Carlsbad or immediately after the thermal treatment.
Such attacks of violent colic occurring either during or
after the use of the Carlsbad waters indicate invariably
a considerable amelioration of the disease, if not its
entire disappearance.

Our alkaline waters not only facilitate the expulsion
of smaller concretions through the biliary ducts into the
duodenum, but also seem to act upon the bile, so as to
do away either temporarily or altogether with tendency
to this species of lithiasis or forming of gallstones.
Carlsbad is a sure remedy also for polycholia, the ex-

192 INDICATIONS FOR USE OF CARLSBAD WATER.

cessive secretion of bile, generally the consequence of an
hereditary bilious constitution, of a residence in tropical
climates, of too luxurious and heating food, or of the
abuse of mercury and the iodides.

Also the functional derangements of the spleen,
especially enlargement of that organ as a consequence of
malaria and intermittent and typhoid fever, are generally
not only improved but completely cured in Carlsbad.

8. Our waters are also specially useful in dissolving
and expelling gravel and small calculi of the kidneys
and bladder. Patients suffering from gravel or calculi
soon feel in Carlsbad a great relief from their corn-
plaint. The urine becomes alkaline. Being secreted
more abundantly and without pain, it dissolves and
carries off the glairy and purulent matters resulting
from irritation of the mucous membrane, soon ceases
to be thick and foetid, and becomes limpid ; while at
the same time hcematuria or blood in the urine, nephri-
tic or kidney colics, pain in the kidneys and bladder,
and the disorders caused by the presence of calculi are
diminished and removed. Sleep, appetite, and strength
revive, and patients who on arriving could scarcely
stand are able in a few days to take salutary exercise.
It has been proved by practical tests that the Carlsbad
springs, being strongly charged with bicarbonate of
soda, dissolve and disintegrate the different ingredients
of the calculi, and assist in their natural expulsion from
the bladder. The waters dissolve the animal matter,
and as a consequence separate the saline parts, which,

INDICATIONS FOR USE OF CARLSBAD WATER. 193

deprived of their cement, are deposited in small scales
and expelled with the urine. In this manner the waters
may act on the phosphatic calculi, especially on those of
ammoniacal-magnesian-phosphate, as well as on the cal-
culi of uric acid.

The effect of the waters is indeed not only to neut-
ralise the uric diathesis, and for the time to prevent it
from manifesting itself, but also to modify the organic
causes of its production, by rendering the urine alka-
line before its arrival in the kidneys and bladder.
Also the efficacy of our alkaline springs is incontestably
evident in cases where the urine is neutral or alkaline,
muddy, foetid, or discoloured, containing phosphatic
(white) gravel deposits and calculi of phosphate t)f lime,
or of ammoniac-magnesia-phosphate, or of a mixture of
this latter with phosphate of lime, as well as in cases
of non-ammoniac -phosphatic gravel and calculi. By
the introduction of a large quantity of bicarbonate of
soda into the system they modify the pathological state
of the mucous membrane of the bladder and liquefy the
thickened mucus. They also act on the composition of
the blood, by preventing the formation of uric acid or
neutral phosphates ; thus they change the constitution
of the urine, so that when secreted in the kidneys and
passing through the bladder it no longer contains any
insoluble substances of a nature to form precipitates.

9. Carlsbad has also acquired a considerable reputa-
tion for its eminently beneficial influence on gout and
chronic rheumatism.

194 INDICATIONS FOR USE OF CARLSBAD WATER.

Although the treatment cannot always dissolve the
deposits of uric acid or the calcareous concretions in
and around the joints, still they diminish the frequency,
the duration, and the intensity of the attacks ; they
also alleviate, or often in whole or in part put an end to,
the local lesions, to the congestions, the stiffness of the
ligaments, and the contractions of the muscles which
are the effects of the paroxysms.

It is important for gouty people, after leaving
Carlsbad, to continue the use of alkaline waters if
they would not rapidly lose the benefits of the thermal
treatment, which, in order to insure success, should,
if required, be repeated for at least three consecutive
years.

10. Clinical experience has proved that the stimu-
lating effect of the hot alkaline springs on the skin
and gastro- intestinal membrane, the activity given to
the functions of assimilation, enervation, and secretion,
have very often removed the beginning of Bright's
disease, as well as congestion of the kidneys generally.
Albuminuria at a certain point (when not complicated
by any serious organic disorder) has very often been
not only relieved, but when the use of the waters is
combined with a tonic and strengthening regimen
there is good reason to expect even a complete recovery.

1 1 . There is another disease, the result of a general
neurosis, affecting all the nerves which govern the
secretions a neurosis resulting in an increased pro-
duction of sugar in the system, and modifying the

INDICATIONS FOR USE OF CARLSBAD WATER. 195

chemical composition of the fluids in the animal
economy, not less important by its gravity than by its
increasing frequency, which requires as a remedy a
sufficient quantity of alkali that is, Diabetes. Scrupu-
lous observation, as well as experience in numerous
cases, has shown that these waters are particularly
efficacious in diabetes and its consequences.

The excessive secretion from the kidneys charged with
sugar, excessive appetite and thirst, dryness of the skin,
emaciation, loss of the hair and teeth, eczema, boils and
carbuncles, great mental depression all of these com-
plaints become less distressing during the residence at
Carlsbad, provided the waters are taken in time and the
prescribed antidiabetic regimen strictly adhered to.

All, in fact, obtain here in a short time very great
relief, and many of the above-mentioned symptoms
disappear entirely.

The sugar in the urine disappears gradually and in
time completely. The thirst is assuaged, the general
strength is restored, calm succeeds to uneasiness, and
sleep to wakefulness. The relief obtained may be a re-
sult of the tonic action and of the stimulating proper-
ties which almost all mineral waters exercise on the skin,
on the secretions, and on the functions in general. Or,
again, the real cause of the benefit derived by diabetic
patients may be in consequence of the chemical com-
position and alkaline properties of the water, which acts
as a very useful adjuvant, or specific and sovereign
remedy in cases of diabetes.

196 INDICATIONS FOR USE OF CARLSBAD WATER.

12. The Carlsbad waters are of the greatest use in
the treatment of Haemorrhoids (piles), a very distress-
ing condition, which arise from abdominal disorders.
Patients with the most alarming symptons, such as gid-
diness, congestions, haemorrhage, asthma, itching and
burning of the skin, are very often freed from the com-
plaint, as the blind piles burst and a hEemorrhoidal flux
results from the use of the waters.

13. Also general obesity as well as local deposition of
fat in the intestinal organs of the chest and abdomen
and their consecutive symptoms, as asthma, congestion,
different disorders of the digestion, weakness, &c.,
undergo a remarkable improvement by a prolonged
residence at Carlsbad.

14. Also Prosopalgia (Fothergill's pain, Tic-doulou-
reux) as well as Migraine, which are not infrequently
a consequence of plethora abdominalis, are very often
greatly benefited here.

15. Diseases of the sexual system, such as Metritis
chronica, swelling of the ostium uterinale, menstrual
derangements, swelling of the ovaries, sterility all
these female complaints (especially if they arise in con-
sequence of plethora abdominalis, even if the state is
chronic and the character is atonic), derive much ad-
vantage and improvement from a course of these waters.
The efficacy of the Carlsbad water in the treatment of
these diseases is often greatly assisted at the same time
by the use of the peat baths and the local application
of peat poultices.

INDICATIONS FOR USE OF CARLSBAD WATER. 197

Hypochondriasis, Hysteria, and Melancholia, which
have their origin in disorders of the abdominal organs ;
symptoms of stagnation of blood in the liver, in the
spleen, in the pancreas, and in the uterus ; symptoms of
suppressed and irregular catamenia in all these cases
the use of Carlsbad water has a powerful effect.

The change of climate, picturesque scenery, and plea-
sant companions also largely contribute to the restora-
tion of the health of invalids.

( '98 )

VI.

PERIOD AT WHICH THE EEFECT OF THE
WATEKS MANIFESTS ITSELF.

)HERE is no fallacy more widely spread and
none less based on reason and experience
than the expectation of immediate or even
rapid results from the treatment by natural mineral
waters of such diseases as are amenable to this
efficacious and permanently beneficent therapeutic
agency when properly applied. Patients are fre-
quently disappointed and often lose hope if urgent
symptoms are not quickly relieved or do not yield to
treatment as they may be expected to do in acute
disease, in which remedies are usually heroic in their
application, and when successful more or less quickly
manifest their effects.

It must not be forgotten that most, if not all, of
those affections for which hydrotherapeutics are adapted
are not only chronic in character, but are also usually
of long standing. In numberless cases they are due
to hereditary causes or to the habits of a lifetime, and

THE EFFECT OF THE WATERS. 199

produce results, functional and organic, which it would
not be safe to attempt to change suddenly, even if it
were practicable to attain this result. What is slow
of growth and becomes ingrafted in the constitution
can only gradually be changed surely and safely.

" Chi va piano va sano, e chi va sano va lontano,"
says a good Italian proverb. In many cases of some
affections, such as gout in several of its protean forms,
scrofulous disease, and not a few acquired affections,
the immediate result of a course of mineral water
treatment is not only not manifest at all until some
time afterwards, but needs renewal for several seasons
before a permanent cure can be effected. Hence no
patient should lose heart or abandon hope, even if
there is no magician's wand in the hands of his physi-
cian to perform miracles in the relief of his sufferings.

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CUMBERLAND.

By JOHN BARROW, F.K.S., Member of the Alpine Club, Lieut. -
Col. late 18th Middlesex Kifle Regt. (5th Vol. Batt. Rifle
Brigade), Author of "Expeditions on the Glaciers," &c.

THROUGH THE KALAHARI DESERT:

A Narrative of a Journey with Gun, Camera, and Note-Book
to Lake N'Gami and Back.

By G. A. FARINI. With Forty-four Illustrations (mostly from
Photographs), Diagram, and Map. Demy 8vo, cloth
extra, 21s.

THREE THOUSAND MILES THROUGH BRAZIL.

By JAMES W. WELLS. With over Eighty Illustrations. Two
Vols. demy 8vo, price 28s.

One Vol. demy 8vo, cloth extra, with numerous Illustrations
and Coloured Map. 18s.

NORTH BORNEO.

Explorations and Adventures on the Equator.
By the late FRANK HATTON, Fellow of the Chemical Society
and Associate of the Institute of Chemistry of London ;
Member of the Chemical Society of Berlin, and of the
Straits Settlements Branch of the Asiatic Society; and
Scientific Explorer in the Service of the British North
Borneo Company and Government of Sabah. With
Preface by Sir WALTER MEDHURST, and Biographical
Sketch by JOSEPH HATTON.

' ' This book, on a superficially known country, destined probably to rise into brilliant
prosperity under British guidance, is sure to be deservedly popular." Daily Telegraph.
"A monument to a bright and promising career." Graphic.

NEW BOOKS OP TRAVEL continued.

Third and Cheaper Edition, crown 8vo, limp cloth, 3s. 6d.
40,000 MILES OVER LAND AND WATER.

The Journal of a Tour through the British Empire and America.

By Mrs. HOWARD VINCENT. With numerous Illustrations
and a Map of Route.

"Very bright, interesting." Morning Post.

" Deserves and will receive an extended popularity." Daily Telegraph.

" Most charming." Vanity Fair.

EL MAGHREB:

12,000 Miles' Ride through Morocco.

By HUGH E. M. STUTFIELD. "With Map. Crown 8vo,
cloth, 8s. 6d.

EIGHT MONTHS ON THE GRAN CHACO OF THE
ARGENTINE REPUBLIC.

By GIOVANNI PELLESCHI. Crown 8vo, cloth extra, 8s. 6d.

" It is a complete record of life in this little-known forest land, with notes of the
scenery and natural productions, of the natives and their customs (with a good deal
of philology and racial speculation), and some striking political scenes." The Graphic.

" A pleasant volume well packed with information." St. James' Gazette.

Popular Works of Travel and Adventure.

The Great Lone Land. By Col. W. F.
BUTLER, C.B. Illustrated. Or. 8vo, 7s. 6d.

The Wild North Land. By Col. W. F.
Bt'Ti.ER, C.B. Illustrated. Cr. 8vo, 7s. 6d.

How I Found Livingstone. By H. M.
STANI.EV. Illustrations and Maps. Cr.
8vo, 7s. 6d.

Through the Dark Continent. By H.
M. STANLEY. Numerous Illustrations.
Crown 8vo, 12s. 6d.

The Threshold of the Unknown Re-
gion. By C. R. MARKHAM. Illustrated.
10s. 6d.

Cruise of the Challenger. By W. J.
J. SPRY, R.N. Illustrated. 7. 6d.

Burnaby's "On Horseback through
Asia Minor. " With Map. 10s. 6d.

Schweinfurth's "Heart of Africa."

Illustrated. Two Vols. 15s.

Marshall's ' ' Through America. ' '

Illustrated. 7s. 6d.

LONDON : SAMPSON LOW, MARSTON, SEAELE, & RIVINGTON,
CROWN BUILDINGS, 188 FLEET STBEET, E.G.

A 000 551 605 9