M33 UNIVERSITY OF CA RIVERSIDE UBRARY 3 1210 017 0642 s l]p tes for the guidance of authors on the prerjaration of manuscripts .... — ^Jjacmillan, firm, publ. - Ai At Ol lOf ' 1 i ' 2i is; 13' I 8 i7 16 THE LIBRARY OF THE UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA RIVERSIDE CHARLES E. WEAVER COLLECTION Notes For the Guidance Of Authors r^he Submission of Manuscripts to Publishers New York The Macmillan Company Numbers Sixty-four and Sixty-six Fifth Avenue 1905 7rice : T'wenty-fi'oe Cents Notes for the Guidance of Authors " ^n boneft Stationer (^or Publisher^ it he, that exercizetb hit Alvftery (^"whether it be in printing, hynding or telling of Booket) •with more refpect to the glory of God Gf the publike aduantage than to hit owne Commodity & it both an ornament (Sf a profitable member in the ciuill Commonwealth. ... If he he a Printer he maket confidence to exemplefy hit Coppy fiayrely fef truly. If he be a Booke-bynder^ he is no meere Bookfieller {^that it) one who fielleth meerely ynck (^ paper bundled up together fior hit o'wne aduantage only : hut he it a Chapman ofi Arts, ofi "v-vifidcme, & ofi much expe- rience fior a little money. . . . The reputation ofi Schollert it at deare unto him at hit owne : For, he acknowledgeth that firom them hit Msfitery had both begining and meant ofi continuance. He heartely loues (Sf teeket the Profiperity ofi bit owne Corporation : Yet he would not iniure the Uniuerfityet to aduantage it. In a •word, be is such a man that the State ought to cherish him ; Schol- lert to loue him, good Customers to firequent his shepp ; and the whole Company ofi Stationers to pray fior him." — GsoRGK Wither, 1625. Notes For the Guidance Of Authors In the Submission of Manuscripts to Publishers New York The Macmillan Company Numbers Sixty-four and Sixty-six Fifth Avenue Copyright, 1900 and :90s. By the MACMILLAN COMPANY. J. S. Cashing iV- Co. — Horwiok & Smith Co. XorwooJ, Mass., U.S.A. Preface ^, It is hoped that the suggestions made in the following pages will be of use to ^ authors desirous of submitting manuscripts V for the consideration of publishers. It must not, however, be taken as necessary for manuscripts to conform with these suggestions before they can receive atten- tion from the publishers' readers. The suggestions have been compiled ^ with the aid of the heads of the various departments of The Macmillan Company, , and it is believed that the observance of ^ many of the points emphasized in these \i pages will result in a saving of effort and \w expense to the mutual benefit of both ^>^ author and publisher. ^ The Macmillan Company make it a rule to give careful attention to all manu- \^ scripts that may be submitted, whether (s* prepared in accordance with these sug- gestions or not. 3 Table of Contents Preface ....... Page 3 The Macmillan Company . . . . 7 Preparation of a Manuscript 1 1 Submitting a Manuscript to a Publisher . H Copyright ..... i6 Forms of Agreement .... i8 Bindings, Covers, and Cover Designs 20 Proof-reading ..... 22 Educational Books .... 28 Signs used in correcting Proof 33 Proof showing Corrections . 36 Composition and Presswork . 38 J. S. Cushing & Co.'s Rules for Spelling, Punc tuation, and Style 39 How an Author can aid his Publisher . 61 Advertising, Circulars, etc. . • (>i Press and Presentation Copies . 64 Index ...... . 6s THE foundation of the house now known as The Macmillan Company was laid in 1869 by the late George Edward Brett, who established in New York for the London house of Macmillan & Co. an agency for the sale of their publications. The business was soon enlarged to include the publication of books by American authors, and remained under the management of George Edward Brett until his death in 1890, when his son, George Piatt Brett, became the resident American partner. In 1896 the American firm was incorporated under the laws of the State of New York, and adopted the style of The Macmillan Company. The Company's interests as publishers are not confined to any particular departments of litera- ture or science, but its list of current publications, which at present numbers some five thousand, embraces titles of works in practically the whole 7 8 range of intellectual activity, and its authors include many of the names best known in all the various fields of literature, both American and foreign. In addition to its publishing inter- ests. The Macmillan Company acts as agents for the sale of the works published by the Uni- versity of Cambridge (England), Columbia Uni- versity (New York), Macmillan & Co., Ltd., George Bell Sc Sons, A. & C. Black, and Whittaker & Co., all of London, and for Bohn's Libraries. The Macmillan Company has established agencies for the publication and sale of its books by American authors in London, Eng- land J Toronto, Canada ; and Melbourne, Aus- tralia, where they are at all times carried in stock. It also has branch houses in Boston, Chicago, Atlanta, and San Francisco in this country. The Macmillan Company occupies the build- ings at 64 and 66 Fifth Avenue, New York City, purchased and owned by the Company. 9^ The officers of the Company are George Piatt Brett, President ; Lyman Barney Sturgis, Vice- President ; Henry A. R. Schumacher, Treas- urer; and Lawton Livingston Walton, Secretary. The officers of the Company (except the Treasurer) will be found at 64 Fifth Avenue. The Educational Department is at 64 Fifth Avenue. The Manufacturing and Advertising Departments are at 64 Fifth Avenue. The Treasurer is at 66 Fifth Avenue. The Trade and Retail Departments are at 66 Fifth Avenue. Preparation of a Manuscript Use white paper about eight inches wide and eleven inches long, and leave margins of i^ inches on the left-hand side, and about one inch at the top of each sheet. Let the sheets of the manuscript be of uniform size throughout. The pages of a manuscript should be numbered consecutively throughout. In- serted pages should be numbered alpha- betically [e.g. 45 <2 ; 45 '^ ; 45 ^] • Pages taken out should be accounted for on the preceding page. The pages of individual chapters should not be numbered independently. Write on one side of the sheet only. Black ink should always be used for handwriting. Manuscripts should not be rolled or folded when sent by mail or express. 12 Preparation of a Manuscript Sheets that have been rolled are very unhandy for both readers and printers. Typewritten manuscript is preferable to handwriting. It is easier to read and to correct. It saves the printer's time and prevents the occurrence of typographical error with its consequent expense. Notes and other subsidiary additions should be written on a separate sheet of paper, placed next to and numbered con- secutively with the text, to which it should refer by the word " footnote " or by an asterisk ('''). Short notes may be inserted between two lines drawn across the full width of the page and reference be made to them in the text by an asterisk, thus (*). Note. Extracts from the works of other au- thors should be carefully marked, as they are generally set up in a smaller type than that of the text. Do not use pins when attaching one piece of paper to another. The manu- Preparation of a Manuscript i 3 script goes through so many hands that pinned papers are likely to become sepa- rated. They also cause confusion and loss of time to both reader and printer, and when once separated are often misplaced. In the case of an illustrated book the manuscript should be marked at the point where each cut is to be placed. Care in this matter will save confusion and often much unnecessary expense. Where illus- trations or suggestions for illustrations are provided by the author, they should be pasted or written on a separate sheet, which should follow and refer to the sheet on which they are to appear. In the case of technical works the illustrations should be numbered. Submitting a Manuscript to a Publisher In submitting a manuscript tc a pub- lisher it is well to bear in mind that the manuscript will be carefully read, and usu- ally by several advisers of special com- petence on the subject with which the work deals, and by whose judgment the publisher invariably reenforces his own opinion. As an aid to the publisher in the selec- tion of the special advisers to whom the work should be submitted, it is advisable to attach to the manuscript a very concise statement of its scope and purpose. The publisher will at once arrange for an interview with an author on receiving a request to that effect. Publishers are not responsible for the loss of manuscripts sent to them except in 14 Submitting a Manuscript 1 5 those cases where the loss is occasioned by their negligence. Authors should, accord- ingly, send manuscripts either by express or registered mail, as they can then be traced in case of loss or misdirection. It is advisable that copies of important manu- scripts should be made. The author's full name and address should always be clearly marked on each manuscript, and a note should be sent, by post, advising the publisher of the despatch of a manuscript to him. On the acceptance of a manuscript by The Macmillan Company, a contract or agreement covering the publication of the work will be sent to the author, and on the execution and return of this agreement, specimen pages showing the style and size of type which it is proposed to use will be forwarded. Immediately upon the approval of these, proofs of the book will be sent for correction and revision. Copyright Copyright is usually obtained by the publisher when the book is printed, and is held by him so long as his agreement lasts with the author. At the termination of the agreement the copyright is trans- ferred to the author. Authors who wish to obtain a copy- right before offering their manuscripts can do so by following the directions in Bul- letin No. 2. Directions for Securing Copy- rights, prepared by Thorvald Solberg, Register of Copyrights.^ It is easier and customary, however, to leave this matter to the publisher. It is customary to print, on the reverse of the title-page, the legal notice of copy- right in the name of the publisher, rather ^ This will be sent gratis on application to the Librarian of Congress. i6 Copyright 17 than in the name of the author, for several reasons, among which may be mentioned the fact that the pubhsher can then defend the copyright, if attacked, in the event of the author being out of the country or unable for any reason to give the matter immediate attention. This does not affect the ownership of the copyright, which is determined entirely by the agree- ment or contract between the author and publisher. It is rarely found necessary to secure copyright in Great Britain. A publisher with houses in both the United States and Great Britain usually attends to the copy- righting of the English editions when necessary. Macmillan & Co., Limited, pubHsh in London all books issued in America by The Macmillan Company, unless they are works of interest to Americans only, or are otherwise specially arranged for. Forms of Agreement Forms of Agreement vary in minor details, and terms are offered with par- ticular reference to the subject of the work, its purpose, or prospects of sale. The usual rule, howev^er, is for the pub- lisher to assume the whole cost of print- ing, manufacture, and publishing, and to offer the author a royalty on the selling price of the work. An author is usually expected by the terms of his contract to hold his publisher free from legal liability on account of scan- dalous or libellous matter, or any infringe- ment of another author's copyright which his book may contain. The rights of translation and dramati- zation are usually subject to special terms of agreement. As the carrying out of any agreement Forms of Agreement ig^ to the satisfaction of both parties thereto depends upon their mutual good will and good faith, an author should have the clearest possible understanding of the de- tails of the contract. He should also not fail to satisfy himself as to the ability of the publisher to make good its pro- visions both for the present time and for the term of its continuance. Bindings, Covers, and Cover Designs The style of a binding must depend upon the character of the contents of the book. The cover of a work of fiction may be appropriately decorated with a design bearing relation to the story within; the cover of a book of verse may also, with equal propriety, bear ornament. In volumes of essays, works of philoso- phy, science, or economics, good taste will as a rule dictate freedom from all deco- ration, but the lettering may be so de- signed on the back or side as to lend beauty to the dignity of a plain cover. While the widest latitude may be given to choice of color in the case of fiction, in most other branches of literature bright colors are manifestly inappropriate. In the selection of a color which in Bindings, Covers, etc. 21 itself is in good taste, the long experience of a publisher generally may be depended upon. Authors sometimes desire a color which will fade in a short time and which will consequently entail a loss on the book- seller who exposes it in his window or store. It is not unusual also for an author to desire a cover design or a bind- ing which is impossible on account of its costliness, forgetting that each color needs a separate stamp and a separate handling, and that certain fabrics would add so much to the cost, that a suitable selling price could not be placed upon the vol- ume. It will be readily seen, therefore, that while an author can, and often does, aid the publisher by valuable suggestions, which are always gladly received, their practicability must depend finally on busi- ness reasons of which the publisher may fairly be the best judge. Proof-reading Soon after the manuscript has been sent to the printer the author will receive a specimen page to show the proposed style of type, size of printed page, and the estimated number of printed pages that the manuscript will make. This speci- men page should be returned at once to the publisher with the author's approval or suggestion for its improvement. First proofs usually are sent in page form unless there are likely to be many corrections, in which case the author should not fail to advise the publisher well in advance to send his proofs in "galley"^ form. If the author wishes to see a revised proof of his work after he has corrected ' The long frame on which the compositor places the lines of type as he sets them. 22 Proof-reading 23 the first proof, he should write to the printer to that effect when he returns the first proofs corrected. He can have a revised proof of any individual page, or any part, if the whole is not needed. When making a change in page proofs, it should be remembered that in order to add a few words or a sentence it may be necessary for the printer to overrun every line on the page, perhaps the page itself, and possibly a whole chapter ; so that a correction in page proof, while apparently one of only a few words, may prove an expensive matter. It is sometimes easy to make room for the new words by taking out neighboring words of the same length, or shortening an adjoining phrase. The final proofs (Foundry proofs) are marked " F." These are practically finally corrected proofs from the electrotype plates, which do not admit of changes except where absolutely necessary. Changes in 24 Proof-reading "F" proofs accordingly should be made as sparingly as possible, as they necessitate the cutting of the electrotype plate — a pro- cess which is likely to be expensive to the author and sure to be injurious to the plate. Proofs are usually sent to the author in duplicate, the one to be corrected and re- turned to the printer and the other to be kept by the author. He will do well to transfer carefully his corrections to his own duplicate, for reference while his original corrections are in the hands of the printer. On both first proofs and final proofs the abbreviation " Qy." for " query " may oc- casionally appear. As this indicates that some point has arisen, such as an incon- sistency in the manuscript or a possible misstatement of fact, which the proof- reader has thought it best to leave for the author to decide, attention should be paid to all such queries, in order that any de- sired change may be made as early as possible. The final proofs are just as Proof-reading 25. likely to contain queries as the first proofs, and should be looked through for the purpose of discovering and answering them. If there is to be an index, it should be prepared from the author's duplicate page proofs, and, if possible, should be ready to be sent to the printer with the last batch of corrected page proofs. Should the author wish to be relieved of the burden of making his own index, he will do well to ask the publisher to suggest to him the name of an index- maker. Indexes can be made at a very reasonable rate. In this connection it may be well to call attention to the provision usually made in a contract to apportion the cost of corrections in proof, and in which it is understood and agreed that a percentage of the full cost of the plates shall be allowed the author for changes made by him in type or in plates during the process of making the plates or afterwards, and that 26 Proof-reading the cost of author's changes in excess of this amount shall be charged to the author. The cost of correcting the errors of com- positors will not in any case be charged to the author, but he will find that the cost of his own changes will accumulate more rapidly than he would anticipate, unless he has had great experience. It will be advisable for him to make his manuscript as nearly perfect as possible. Still, changes in the type and even in the plates will doubtless be necessary, and it would be unwise economy to leave the book im- perfect rather than bear the expense of needed corrections. When the text of a book is to be illus- trated, the proof will be sent to the author in galley form, which will allow for the insertion of the cuts at the time when the first proof is corrected. Galley proof can- not be divided into pages until the cuts of the illustrations are placed in their correct places in the proof. Proofs of illustrations will be sent to the Proof-reading 27 author by the publisher. If they do not arrive when the first proof of the text is in hand, they should be written for at once. The author should not fail to attach each to its correct place in the galley proof. If galley proof is sent back to the printer without carefully placed illustrations or instructions for the position of the illustra- tions, the printer is likely to make up page proof without allowing space for the cuts — an expensive process for the author, as the page proof will have to be made over again, and the time it takes to do so will be charged as author's corrections. An author should apprise the publisher of the final correction of his proofs the moment he returns his last batch of page proof to be electrotyped. The author is requested to tell his pub- lisher at once if he is seriously dissatisfied with the conduct of any part of the work. Prompt notice of such cause for complaint will save time and misunderstanding and not infrequently ultimate expense. Educational Books The Macmillan Company maintains a special department for the pubHcation and sale of text-books and educational books. This department has branch offices in Boston, Chicago, Atlanta, and San Fran- cisco, and the representatives of the Com- pany attached to these various branch offices and to the home office visit the educational institutions and school author- ities in their respective territories for the purpose of presenting the merits of the Company's text-books, and of recom- mending such books as may be best suited to the requirements of any special case. The department aims to keep in close touch with the universities, the public schools, and private schools, and with all those who are engaged in educational work. 28 Educational Books 29 In submitting the manuscript of a text- book it is advisable for the author to send a statement outHning briefly the plan and scope of his work, and giving the grade or grades for which it is suitable. The exam- ination of the manuscript of an educational book, being of necessity very thorough, sometimes requires more time than the reading of a manuscript of more general character. It is, however, the invariable rule of the Company that this work shall be completed with all the promptness which careful and accurate examination will allow. When an educational book is accepted for publication, the manuscript is read with the utmost care in the educational department before the book is actually sent to press. The department stands ready at all times to give such information as authors may desire in reference to the courses of study in use throughout the country, and to make any suggestions which may be solic- ited. The department also reads the proofs and gives attention to many of the 30 Educational Books details connected with the manufacture of the book, such as the style of type, the size of the page, the illustrations, cover design, and style of binding. A constant effort is made to have every educational publication of The Macmillan Company as nearly perfect as possible in all of its de- tails, and free from even the minor errors and discrepancies which not infrequently hamper the usefulness of books intended for school purposes. Proofs are sent by the printers direct to the educational department and are forwarded by the de- partment to the author, with whom the department endeavors to cooperate in every way. Upon publication specimen copies of the book are sent from the New York office and from the branch offices to the teachers and school authorities likely to be interested in such a book. These sample copies are followed by circulars and an- nouncements which frequently contain re- views of the book and the opinions of Educational Books 31 prominent educators in reference to it. Such letters of inquiry as are received are answered promptly and fully, and adver- tisements are inserted in the columns of the principal educational papers. By these methods and by the visits of its agents, the Company makes a strong effort to bring its educational publications to the attention of the educational world and to obtain for them such consideration as their quality may deserve. A catalogue and price-list of educational books is published annually. This cata- logue is to quite an extent descriptive and gives information in reference to the vari- ous text-books and educational books and the special uses for which they are adapted. The catalogue is sent to all teachers whose names are on the list of the educational department, and also to all educational institutions. It will be forwarded at any time upon the request of any one inter- ested in educational work. Authors can be of the greatest assist- 32 Educational Books ance to the educational department by calling attention to any persons likely to be particularly interested in their books, and also by making any helpful sugges- tions in reference to advertising or cir- cularizing which may occur to them. Correspondence of this character is always welcomed by the publishers, and such sug- gestions are acted upon as far as possible. Any criticisms or corrections received by the publishers are forwarded at once to the author in order that they may receive due attention, and that the successive editions of the book may have the advantage of the careful criticisms of those who use it. Signs used m correcting Proof J^ = Push down the lead which is showing with the type. 1? Delete ; take out. 9 Turn inverted letter right side up. at&t f Let it remain ; change made was i wrong. U Indent one em. O A period. 11 The type line is uneven at the side of the page ; straighten it up. X A broken letter. ^ A hyphen. ital. Use italics. O Join together ; take out the space. X Take out letter and close up. 33 34 Signs used in correcting Proof e^emXA^ = Put in middle of page, or line. ^^^ Straighten lines. ^ Insert an apostrophe. /^ Insert a comma. 1 I Raise the word or letter. I 1 Lower the word or letter. I Bring matter to the left. I Bring matter to the right. ^ Make a space. 6&cu{- A thin metal strip used to widen the space between the lines. a-^uvd^ out Spread words farther apart, Tf Make a paragraph. no T[ Run on without a paragraph. eo^. Use a capital. l.t'. Use the lower case (small type), i.e. not capitals. O'-e-. Small capitals. u. lo-yru. Signs used in correcting Proof 35 . = Wrong font — size or style. Kind of type. Transpose. Use roman letter. ov-e-^vwyv Carry over to next line. A Indicates where an insertion is to be made. ^. o-L (/) Doubt as to spelling, etc. ^^ Indicates CAPITAL letters. ■ Indicates small capital letters. Indicates italic letters. Indicates black type letters. ^= Indicates BLACK CAPITALS. Indicates black small capitals. Indicates black italic. cMi^. Proof showing Corrections ADDRESS AT GETTYSBURG / J FourscoilUn^even years/S^our fathers brought I 7 forth on this continent a new nation, conc eived in = liberty, and dedicated to the proposition that all jt men are created equal. Now we are engaged in a great civil war, testing whether that natioiL or any ^ nation so conceived and so dedicated,ican long J^ endure. We arc met on a great battlefield ofthat ^if^ '^ war. We have come to _£edicate a portion of that field as a final resting-place for those who here hef& J? . t.c^. gave their lives that that Ration might live, /t is e^aJ^ altogether fitting and proper that we should do this, -tttv^v i^ ] -B ut^ in a larger sense^we cannot dedicate —p^ ^leu^ we cannot consecrate — we cannot hallow this y.^/ ground The brave men, living and dead, who struggled here, have consecrated it far above our >Aa^*^ poor power to add or detract. • The world will ^ little note nor long remember what we (here^aw 7>r ;;^ b ut it can never forget wh at they did here^ _^ ^t is for us, the living, rather, to be'^d^cated ^ here to the unfinished work which they who fought ^1 'L ( Address at the dedication of the Gettysburg National '♦^'^^'^^ Cemetery, Nov. iq, i86'^ . Reprinted, by permission of The -M.. C, M acmillan Company , from -Abraham Lincoln, the Man ^IfL .■ly, the People, by Norman Hapgood.) ' J Corrected Proof ADDRESS AT GETTYSBURG Fourscore and seven years ago our fathers brought forth on this continent a new nation, conceived in liberty, and dedicated to the proposition that all men are created equal. Now we are engaged in a great civil war, testing whether that nation, or any nation so conceived and so dedicated, can long endure. We are met on a great battlefield of that war. We have come to dedicate a portion of that field as a final resting- place for those who here gave their lives that that nation might live. It is altogether fitting and proper that we should do this. But, in a larger sense, we cannot dedicate — we cannot consecrate — we cannot hallow — this ground. The brave men, living and dead, who struggled here, have consecrated it far above our poor power to add or detract. The world will little note nor long remember what we say here, but it can never forget what they did here. It is for us, the living, rather, to be dedicated here to the unfinished work which they who fought here {Address at the dedication of the Gettysburg National Cemetery, Nov. ig, jS6j. Reprinted, by permission of The Macmillan Company, from " Abraham Lincoln, the Man of the People," by Norman Hapgood.) 37 Composition and Presswork The composition and presswork of books published by The Macmillan Com- pany are usually done at the Norwood Press, Norwood, Mass., and proofs may be returned to the printers (J. S. Gushing & Co.) direct, except when otherwise ar- ranged. Authors are requested to report promptly to the publisher any tardiness in the forwarding of proofs, or any care- lessness in correcting errors, etc. Messrs. J. S. Cushing & Co. follow a uniform system of punctuation, spelling, etc., but when a work is intended for the use of English as well as American readers, The Macmillan Company recommend the use of the " u " in spelling the words " honour," " colour," etc. The author's directions in this respect, however, will be carefully followed. Notice as to pref- erences in spelling, etc., should be given the publishers before the manuscript is sent to the printers. 38 J. S. Gushing & Co.'s Rules for Spelling, Punctuation, and Style Explanation. — The following pages contain the points most frequently marked on proofs, and authors are advised to give them a careful reading. While the lists of words spelled differently in Worcester and Webster and of the our-words in English spelling are principally for reference, the other points mentioned should be borne constantly in mind. Although the preferences of certain publishers and authors may re- quire some changes, the general style followed is that set forth here. I. SPELLING I. The following spellings are preferred by both Worcester and Webster : — ing abridgment bouquet checkered aesthetic brier clew bazaar caliber 1 combated, behoove calk corselet 1 benefited, -ing caravansary cotillon blond (adj.) carcass criticise blonde («.) check crystallize 39 40 Spelling, Punctuation, and Style demarcation dike [except in geological meaning) disk drought dryly embarkation embed empale filigree gayety gayly glamour good-by gossiped, -ing gypsy halyard humbugged, incase incrust indorse infold ingrain ingulf inquire insure inthrall intrench intrust lackey manikin mediaeval mollusk mustache naught ■ing paralleled, -ing poniard postilion programme pygmy raccoon reen force 1 riveted, -ing sandbagged, -ing shyly slyly sobriquet stanch story [a floor) thraldom veranda visor zigzagged, -ing * There is nothing irregular in these forms, which are given because frequently misspelled. Compare fidgeted, inhabited, and profited. But similar verbs, when accented on the final syllable, double the con- sonant, according to both dictionaries, — e.g. admit, admitted, admitting; permit, permitted, permitting ; regret, regretted, regretting. spelling, Punctuation, and Style 41 2. The dictionaries differ on the fol- lowing words : — Worcester Webster accoutre accouter aide-de-camp aid-de-camp amphitheatre amphitheater ^ apparelled appareled axe ax ay {yes) aye 1 biassed biased boulder bowlder ^ carolled caroled centre center chiccory chicory cimeter scimeter cosey, cosily cozy, cozily councillor councilor counsellor counselor ^ crenellated crenelated cyclopaedia cyclopedia defence defense despatch dispatch ^ dishevelled disheveled distil distill 2 dominos {a game) dominoes 42 Spelling, Fanctuation, and Style TVorcester dulness enamour enclose encumbrance enrolment ensnare 1 equalled fetich fibre fledgling ^ focussed 2 frescos fulfil fulness gramme 2 grottos guerilla 1 imperilled instalment instil jewellery 1 kidnapped 1 libelled litre lodgement IFehster dullness enamor inclose incumbrance enrollment insnare equaled fetish fiber fledgeling focused frescoes fulfill fullness gram grottoes guerrilla imperiled installment instill jewelry kidnaped libeled liter lodgment spelling, Punctuation, and Style 43 Worcester Webster lustre luster manoeuvre maneuver marvellous marvelous maugre mauger meagre meager metre meter millionnaire millionaire mitre miter 1 modelled modeled mould, -ing mold, -ing nitre niter ochre ocher oesophagus esophagus offence offense pacha pasha pedler peddler phoenix phenix plough plow 2 porticos porticoes practise {v.') practice (v.) pretence pretense 1 quarrelled quarreled reconnoitre reconnoiter revery reverie ^ rivalled rivaled 44 Spelling, Punctuation, and Style JVorcester sabre saltpetre saviour sceptic sceptre sepulchre shrivelled 1 skilful smoulder sombre spectre 1 sulphuretted syrup theatre ^ tranquillize ^ travelled, -er vice {a tool) villanous, -y whiskey wilful woful woollen 1 worshipped, -er IVebiter saber saltpeter savior skeptic scepter sepulcher shriveled skillful smolder somber specter sulphureted sirup theater tranquilizc traveled, -er vise villainous, -y whisky willful woeful woolen worshiped, -er ^ The past tense is here given for illustration, but it is of course understood that the present participle is spelling, Punctuation, and Style 45 formed on the same principle, e.g. apparelling, apparel- ing ; tranquillizing, tranquilizing ; worshipping, wor- shiping. This list contains only a few of the more common verbs of the class ending in al, el, il, and ol, but enough to show the principle on which the two dictionaries work in forming their past tense and parti- ciple. Verbs of this class accented on the final syllable have the same form in both Worcester and Webster, — e.g. impel, impelled, impelling ; propel, propelled, propelling ; etc. ''■ The rule for nouns ending in i? is : If the singular ends in o preceded by another vowel, the plural is formed regularly by adding /, — e.g. bamboo, bamboos ; cameo, cameos ; embryo, embryos ; folio, folios. If in preceded by a consonant, by adding es, — e.g. buf- falo, buffaloes ; desperado, desperadoes ; echo, echoes ; hero, heroes ; mosquito, mosquitoes ; motto, mottoes ; potato, potatoes. But the following exceptions add s only : — albino duodecimo canto halo cento lasso domino {when memento not the gaine^ octavo piano sirocco proviso solo quarto stiletto rotundo torso salvo tyro 3. English Spelling. — In the English style of spelling, many words which in 46 Spelling, Punctuation, and Style American dictionaries end in or, end in our. Words thus ending in our are: — arbour favour parlour ardour fervour rancour armour flavour rigour behaviour harbour rumour candour honour savour clamour humour splendour clangour invigour succour colour labour labour demeanour misbehaviour tumour discolour misdemeanour valour dolour neighbour vapour endeavour odour vigour Note that discoloration , invigorate^ invig- oration, pallor^ and tremor do not take the u. When an adjective is formed from any of the above words by adding ous, the ending of the original word is simply or as in American dictionaries, — e.g. clam- orous, dolorous, humorous, laborious. While the o«r-words are always found in English spelling, it is only occasionally that Spelling, Punctuation, and Style 47 English books follow the style which changes verbs ending, in American dictionaries, in ize to ise^ — e.g. civilise^ realise^ utilise. Distinctively English spellings (some- times used and sometimes not) are the forms any one J everyone., sotneone., and for every and the following : — behove gaily reflexion briar gipsy shily connexion inflexion slily drily judgement staunch enquire lacquey storey {a floor) entrust pigmy verandah gaiety postillion 4. Miscellaneous Words. — Give pref- erence to the following forms : — byways courtyard downstairs employee everyday halfway headquarters highroad knickknack long-sufFering lookout newcomer nowadays shan't subject-matter text-book thoroughgoing upstairs well-nigh widespread 48 Spelling, Punctuation, and Style By and by and by the bye are the right forms. Vender is ordinary usage, vendor the form used in law. II. COMPOUNDS Follow the style given below on compounds : — Co, pre, and re. — With words beginning with the same vowel : cooperate^ preempt^ reembark^ etc. ; with a consonant or different vowel : colaborer^ preoccupy^ reconstruct^ etc. ; but where a word having a different meaning from that desired would be formed : re-creation^ re-collect., etc. Colors. — Adjectives in tsh : bluish red^ yel- lowish green., etc. ; but a noun compounded with a color : emerald-green., iron-gray., ivory-black, pearl-gray, etc. Ever. — Ever changing sea, ever memorable scene, ever watchful eye, forever emptied cradle, never ending talk, etc. Fellow. — Fellcnv-citizens,felloiv-soldicrs, etc. Felloivship is the sole exception. Fold. — Words of one syllable : tzvofold, ten- fold, etc. ; of more than one : tiventy fold, hun- dred fold, etc. Spelling, Punctuation, and Style 49 Half. — With adjectives : half-dead man^ etc. (but I found myself half dead luith shafne) ; with verbs : half conceal^ half understand^ etc, ; also half a dozen^ half an hour. Like. — Businesslike^ childlike^ warlike., etc., except ball-like., bell-like., etc., and very unusual compounds : miniature-like., Mohammedan-like., etc. Over and Under. — With verbs and adjectives, one w^ord : overbold., overestimate., overreach., under- dressed. Party. — Party-coated., party-colored (and use this spelling). Points of the Compass. — Northeast., south- west ; north-northeast., west-southwest^ etc. Room. — Breakfast room., dining room^ sleeping room., etc. ; but bedroom and drawing-room. School. — Schoolboy, schoolfellow., schoolgirl., school- house., schoolmaster., schoolmistress., schoolroom ; school board., school children., school committee., school days., school district ; school-ship., school-teacher, school- teaching. Self. — Self-absorbed, self-contempt, self-re- spect, etc. ; but selfsame. Skin. — Words of one syllable : calfskin, goatskin, sheepskin, etc. ; of more than one : beaver skin, buffalo skin, etc. 50 Spelling, Punctuation, and Style Tree. — Always two words : apple tree^ forest tree^ fruit tree^ etc. An adverb and a participial adjective or a participle before a noun : prettily dressed girlj rapidly approaching winter j etc. Anyway, Nowise, Awhile, Meanwhile, and Meantime Distinguish between the adverb anyway and the phrase in any way, nowise and in no wise, and awhile and for a while. Always make meantime and meanwhile one word : meantime, in the meantime, meanwhile, and in the meanwhile. III. DIVISION OF WORDS Divide when possible, and when it is a correct division, on the vowel : proposition, not prop-osition. Avoid two-letter divisions where possible. Avoid making the last line of a para- graph part of a divided word. spelling, Punctuation, and Style 51 In present participles carry over the ing : divid-ing, mak-ingy forc-ing^ charg-ing (but twin-klingj chuc-kling, etc.). Divide : derision^ division^ provision^ reli-gion, etc. Divide : fea-ture^ for-tune, pic-ture^ pre- sump-tuous, etc. Divide in all cases espe-cial, inhabit-ant, and pro-cess. Divide know-ledge only where English spelling is used. Note atmos-phere and hemisphere. IV. CAPITALS Constitution of the United States should always be capitalized. Czar, etc. — Capitalize C'zar^ Pope, Presi- dent (of United States), Sultan (of Turkey), Dauphin^ Bey (of Tunis), Khedive (of Egypt). Day. — Capitalize Thanksgiving T)ay\ Nezv Tears Day^ Lord's Day, Founder s Day, Commencement Day^ etc. 52 Spelling, Punctuation, and Style De, Von, etc. — Capitalize names from foreign languages preceded by a prepo- sition, when used without a title or a Christian name : De La Fayette^ De Medici y Der Hougassoff, Von Stein ; but Marquis de La Fayette^ Catherine de Medici^ General der Hougassoff^ Baron von Stein. Headings. — In chapter headings, side headings, names of books, etc., set in capitals and small capitals, or upper and lower case, capitalize nouns and adjectives only. As You Like It, Love's Labor s Lost, and similar titles are exceptions. Heaven. — Capitalize Heaven when it stands for the Deity ; as a place, lower case. Hell and paradise always lower case. He, His, etc. — He, His, Him, Thou, etc., referring to members of the Trinity (except in extracts from the Bible). His Majesty, etc. — Capitalize all except the pronoun in his Majesty, their Royal Highnesses, your Excellency, his Lordship, etc. Spelling, Punctuation, and Style 53 House. — Lower case house of Hanover, house of Suabia, etc. King, etc. — Capitalize King John, Bishop of Rheims, Duke of Tork, Emperor of Aus- tria, etc. ; but lower case king of England, queen of Sweden, prince of France, etc. (except the Prince of Orange and Prince of Wales, and other mere titles with Prince^. Middle Ages should be capitalized. Mountains. — Appalachian Mountains, White Mountains, etc. New World, Old World, New York City, New York State, Papacy (but lower case papal). Oriental, and Occidental should be capitahzed. River, Lake, War, Valley, battle of, peace of, treaty of, etc. — Capitalize in cases like Hudson River, Crystal Lake, Seven 7'ears' War, Connecticut Valley, etc. ; but note the plurals : Hudson and Mohawk rivers, the Seven Tears' and the Hundred Tears' wars, although Lakes Huron and Michigan. Lower case the river Charles, 54 Spelling, Punctuation, and Style etc., and battle of Waterloo^ treaty of Lune- ville^ peace of Amiens, etc. State, etc. — Lower case state (except New York State), commonwealthy and terri- tory (except Indian Territory, Northwest Territory). Note Southern states. Eastern states, etc. But capitalize State meaning the government, as well as Church standing for the ecclesiastical authority or influence. Titles used in direct address should be capitalized. V. PUNCTUATION Comma in Series. — Correct style : George, John, and James are here ; hand- some, rich, but unhappy ; he could not read, write, or figure. Comma before Quotation. — Before a quotation in a paragraph, if of one sen- tence use a comma, if of more than one use a colon. As follows. — At the end of a paragraph, after phrases like as follows, the following, thus, and namely, and words like saidy Spelling, Punctuation, and Style ^^^ remarked, etc., use the colon and dash (except in mathematical work). Comma and Semicolon. — In sentences containing two sets of subjects and predi- cates — in other words, two clauses — connected by and, but, or some similar conjunction, the clauses should be sepa- rated by at least a comma ; and if either clause is very long or contains a subordi- nate clause, use a semicolon. The fore- going sentence illustrates the use of the semicolon. Quotation Marks. — In sentences ter- minating in the close of a quotation and an exclamation point or an interrogation point, do not quote the punctuation unless it is part of the quotation : — How absurd to call this stripling a " man " ! hut He cried out, " Wake up, something is going wrong ! " Can we by any mistake call him a « man " ? hut One is crazed by its '' Now then, where am I to go ? " 56 Spelling, Punctuation, and Style In the case of a semicolon and the close of a quotation, if the quoted matter con- sists of one or two words or a mere phrase, do not quote the semicolon ; but if a complete subject and predicate is included within the quotation marks, quote the semicolon too : — The punctuation of " Tristram Shandy " will naturally differ from that of the "Rambler"; and in a less degree the punctuation in Burke, etc. Sir Walter said to him, " My friend, give me your hand, for mine is that of a beggar;" for, in truth, the house, etc. If the style of a book is to quote verse, letters, and other extracts, in poetry a new quote should begin on every new stanza, in prose on every paragraph and break-line. But in extracts from plays, place a quotation mark before the first word only of the extract, and end after the last word. The proper form for quotes at the beginning and end of a letter is as follows : — spelling, Punctuation, and Style 57* "6 ScROPE Terrace, Cambridge, "June 20, 1898. " Dear Sir : With reference to the Vortex- atom Theory, I would * * * concerned is very complex. " Believe me " Yours very truly, " J. J. Thomson. " Professor S. W. Holman." VI. MISCELLANEOUS POINTS OF STYLE 2d^ jdy not 2nd^ jrd. B.C. and A.B. — Date before the letters, and letters in small capitals : 14 B.C., 28 a.d. A.M. and P.M. (for ante meridiem and post meridiem) always in small capitals : A.M., P.M. ^ and j^ should always be close up to the number with which they belong, except in mathematical work. Henrys, Jerseys, Mussulmans, and the Two Sicilies are the correct plurals. An abbreviation — e.g., Fig., § — or a 58 spelling, Punctuation, and Style number should not begin a sentence. Always spell out. Spell out titles like Colonel^ General^ and Professor (except in lists of names, cata- logues, etc.) ; but Dr., //ecially interested in reviewing his work. 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