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LATIN
PROSE COMPOSITION
BASED ON CAESAR
BY
HENRY CARR PEARSON, A.B, Harvard
HORACE MANN SCHOOL, TEACHERS COLLEGE, NEW YORK
r » o e r
^>K<
NEW YORK.:. CINCINNATI.:. CHICAGO
AMERICAN BOOK COMPANY
Copyright, 1903 and 1908, by
HENRY CARR PEARSON.
Entered at Stationers' Hall, London.
PEAjiSON. latin prose.
W. p. 2
PREFACE
This book has been prepared in response to the numer-
ous requests I have received from those teachers who are
using my Greek Prose Composition. It is an attempt
(i) to combine a thorough and systematic study of the
essentials of Latin syntax with abundant practice in trans-
lating English into Latin ; and (2) to afford constant prac-
tice in writing Latin at sight.
Part I contains, in graded lessons, the principal points
of Latin syntax, the unusual and non-essential being pur-
posely omitted. These lessons are designed for use at
the beginning of the second year's study of Latin, thereby
serving as a partial review of the first year's work and as
an introduction to the composition work in connection
with the prose authors read subsequently.
Part II contains short, simple English sentences based
on Books I-IV of Caesar's Gallic War. In Books I and
II short, model sentences and phrases are selected from
the Latin text, so as to direct the student's attention more
forcibly to the actual Latin usages.
At intervals in Parts I and II review lessons are intro-
duced, containing each a list of the important words and
an enumeration of the principal constructions used in the
preceding sections. The instructor is urged to form origi-
nal sentences for his class to translate at sight into Latin
based upon these words and constructions. While, strictly
3
459825
4 PREFACE
speaking, this is not sight work, yet it enables the student
to make definite preparation for this kind of work, and
gives him valuable practice in the offhand use of words
and principles of grammar.
I take this occasion to thank Albert I. Oliver, Instructor
in Latin, Kent's Hill Seminary, Maine, and W. S. Burrage,
Ph.D., of Cambridge, Massachusetts, for reading the manu-
script of Part I. I am especially indebted to Miss Emeline
B. Bartlett, formerly of the Allegheny Preparatory School,
for the valuable criticism and assistance that she has given
me throughout the preparation of this book.
HENRY CARR PEARSON.
H = Harkness' Complete Latin Grammar, references to Harkness' Standard
Grammar being inclosed in parentheses. L.M. = Lane-Morgan. A. =
Allen and Greenough's Nevr Latin Grammar, references to the preceding
edition in parentheses. G. = Gildersleeve. B. = Bennett,
CONTENTS
PART I
LKSSON FAGK
1 . Agreement of Nouns, Adjectives, Verbs . . • . 7
2. The Accusative Case 10
3. The Genitive Case ....•••• 12
4. The Dative Case 16
5. The Ablative Case 19
6. Review and Sight Practice 24
7. Pronouns : Demonstrative, Personal, Reflexive, Possessive . 25
8. Pronouns {continued^ : Relative, Indefinite, Correlatives . 30
9. Questions'. Answers: Connectives 35
10. The Participle : Its Uses and Tenses 39
11. Gerund and Gerundive. The Periphrastic Conjugations.
Supine 44
12. Review and Sight Practice 47
13. Tenses of Indicative, Subjunctive, and Infinitive. Delibera-
tive Subjunctive. How to express " Ought," " Must " . 49
14. Commands, Exhortations, Prohibitions. How to express
" May," " Can," " Might," etc 53
15. Conditions and Wishes ..o .... 56
16. Sequence of Tenses. Indirect Questions. Construction
after Verbs of Fearing and Doubting .... 60
17. Review and Sight Practice 64
18. Subjunctive of Purpose and Result. Object Clauses . . 65
19. Construction after Verbs of Hindering and Refusing. Tem-
poral Clauses .69
20. Indirect Discourse. Simple Sentences .... 73
21. Indirect Discourse. Complex Sentences .... 78
22. Concession. Proviso. Cause. Characteristic. Review of
Relative Clauses 82
23. Review and Sight Practice 86
5
6 CONTENTS
PART II
PAGE
Exercises based on Caesar, Book I 87
Exercises based on Caesar, Book II 118
Exercises based on Caesar, Book III 146
Exercises based on Caesar, Book IV 159
English-Latin Vocabulary 239
Grammatical Index 255
PART I
LESSON I
AGREEMENT OF NOUNS, ADJECTIVES, VERBS
1. Apposition. — A noun in apposition with another noun
agrees with it in case^ and, when it is possible, in gender and
number.
Servius rex, Servius the king.
quattuor hie primum omen equos vidi, here I saw four
horses y the first omen.
2. A noun in apposition with a possessive pronoun or
adjective may be in the gemtwe, because the possessive
impUes a genitive.
nomen meum absentis, mf name in my absence (i.e. the
name of me absent).
3. A noun in apposition is often expressed in English
by a clause of time, cause, etc. :
litteras Graecas senex didici, / learned Greek when an old
man.
4. A predicate noun is one connected with the subject
by some form of the verb sum or a similar verb (i.e. fid,
become; videor, seem; maneo, remain; creor, be elected;
appellor, be called; habeor, be heldy regarded):
7
c' 8 ' LATiN^ PROSE COMPOSITION — PART I
c " J /' f Cicero oiBtor fuit, Cicero was an orator.
Numa creatus est rex, Numa was elected king.
Orestem se esse dixit, he said that he was Orestes.
Agreement of Nouns, Sections 1-4
[H. 393. I, 5, 6, 8 ; (362, 363) ; LM. 475 ; A. 282-284, 302, e ; (184,
185) ; G. 320-325 ; B. 167-169.]
5. An attributive adjective belonging to two or more
nouns regularly agrees with the nearest :
pater tuus et mater, your father and mother.
6. A predicate adjective is generally plural when it
modifies two or more singular subjects ; it is masculine if
the subjects are living beings of different genders, and
neuter if the subjects are things. If the subjects repre-
sent both living beings and things, there is no fixed rule :
pater sororque occisi sunt, father and sister were killed.
labor voluptasque inter se sunt iuncta, labor and delight are
bound together,
7. Sometimes an adjective or a participle does not
agree with a noun according to strict grammatical form,
but according to the sense or natural gender of the noun :
hominum milia sex perterriti, six thousand me7t were badly
frightened.
Agreement of Adjectives, Sections 5-7
[H. 394,395; (438,439); LM. 476-481; A. 285-287; (186, 187);
G. 286, 290; B. 234, 235. J
8. When a verb has two or more singular subjects, the
verb is either {a) plural, or {b) singular, in agreement with
the nearest subject :
I
AGREEMENT OF NOUNS, ADJECTIVES, VERBS 9
pater et avus mortui sunt, his father and grandfather are
dead.
senatus populusque Romanus voluit, the senate and people
of Rome ordained.
9. A collective noun commonly takes a verb in the
singular, but the plural is often used when individuals are
thought of :
senatus haec intellegit, the senate is aware of this.
cum tanta multitude lapides conicerent, when such a crowd
was throwing stones.
10. When the subjects differ in person^ the verb agrees
with the first person rather than the second, and with the
second rather than the third :
si tu et TuUia valetis, ego et Cicero valemus, if you and
Tullia are welly Cicero and I are well.
Agreement of Verbs, Sections 8-10
[H. 389, 392; (461, 463); LM. 469-474; A. 317; (205); G. 211,
287; B. 254, 255.]
11. Translate:
1. When a girl, she was regarded as wise.
2. You 1 and I will do this.
3. A part of the soldiers were put to flight.
4. Your sister and brother have come.
5. They gave it to Caesar, the consul.
6. The boy and his sister were very brave.
7. I heard of ^ your bravery when a youth.
8. Zeal and patience have been called virtues.
9. Two thousand men had been seen in the town.
10. A multitude of soldiers were on the wall.
^ See example under 10 for order of pronouns. * ^g ^th ablative.
10 LATIN PROSE COMPOSITION— PART I
LESSON 2
THE ACCUSATIVE CASE
12. The direct object of a transitive verb is put in the
accusative :
librum scripsit, he wrote a book.
13. The meaning of a verb, even of one ordinarily in-
transitive, may be emphasized or more exactly defined by
adding an accusative of kindred derivation. This is called
the Cognate accusative, and is usually modified by an
adjective :
tutam vitam vivere, to lead a secure life.
14. Many verbs of making, choosing, calling, shaving,
and the like, may take two accusatives, — one of the per-
son or thing affected, the other a predicate accusative :
urbem Romam vocavit, he called the city Rome.
15. Some verbs of asking, demanding^ teaching, and
concealing may take two accusatives — one of the person,
and one of the thing :
pacem te poscimus, we demand peace of you.
I. Some of these verbs may take the ablative of the
person with a preposition instead of the accusative. So,
generally, peto (ab), seek {from)', postulo (ab), demand
ipf) \ quaero (ab, de, ex), ask {of) :
quaerit ex solo ea, he asks him in private about those
things.
pacem a vobis petimus, we implore peace from you.
THE ACCUSATIVE CASE" 11
i6. The accusative is used to express the duration of
time or the extent of space :
fossas quindecim pedes latas, trenches fifteen feet broad.
quadraginta annos vixit, he lived forty years,
I. Emphasis is sometimes given by using the preposition
per, as :
Itidi per decern dies, games for ten days,
17. Proper names of towns and of small islands or pen-
insulas are put in the accusative to denote the end or limit
toward which the motion of the verb is directed :
missi legati Athenas sunt, ambassadors were sent to Athens.
1. The accusatives domum and rus are used like proper
names of towns :
domum reductus est, he was conducted home,
ego rus ibo, / shall go into the country.
2. Other designations of place than those mentioned
above require a preposition (in or ad) to denote the limit
of motion :
in Italiam venit, he came into Italy.
legiones ad urbem adducit, he is leading the legions to (or
toward^ the city.
3. When domum is modified in any way, except by a
possessive pronoun or a genitive, the preposition in is com-
monly used :
in illam domum, into that house, ,
domos suas, to their homes.
18. An exclamation, if limited by an adjective or a geni-
tive, may be expressed by the accusative :
12 LATIN PROSE COMPOSITION — PART I
m5 miserum, ahy W7'etched me ! or dear^ dear me !
fallacem spem, oh, deceptive hope !
References for Accusative
[H. 403-421; (370-381); LM. 495-524; A. 387^397, 423-429-,
(237-240, 258) ; G. 329-343 ; B. 172-185.]
19. Translate :
1. Caesar asked them for grain.
2. They will choose him consul.
3. Dear me, I am going to Rome !
4. We will demand of them fifty ships.
5. She remained in the city for ten days.
6. They made a wall fifteen feet high.
7. He set out for his home.
8. For many days he concealed the deed from his father.
9. The enemy marched into Italy.
10. The boy and his mother were free.
LESSON 3
THE GENITIVE CASE
20. The genitive is ordinarily used to express the de-
pendence of one noun upon another. This relation is
often, but not always, expressed in English by of or 's or s' :
Alexandri equus, Alexander' s horse, or the horse of Alexander.
21. If a noun of action or feeling is limited by another
noun, the dependent genitive expresses either
I. the subject of the action or feeling, and is called the
subjective genitive :
amor patris, the love of a father^ or a father^ s love (i.e. the
love felt by a father) ; or
(
THE GENITIVE CASE * 1 3
2. the object of the action or feeling, called the objective
genitive :
amor patris, love for father (i.e. the love toward a father).
22. The genitive is used to denote quality ^ but only
when the limiting noun is modified by an adjective :
vir summae virtutis, a man of the highest courage,
I. If the noun expressing the quality is not modified,
the idea of quality is expressed by an adjective rather than
a genitive. For example, *' a man of courage " is not to be
rendered vir virtutis, but vir fortis.
23. Genitive of the Whole, or Partitive Genitive. — The
genitive is used to express the whole of which a part is taken :
duo milia peditum, two thousand foot soldiers.
minus dubitationis, less hesitation.
The following are a few of the common words followed
by this construction :
plus, more.
plurimum, most,
multum, much.
minus, less.
paulum, little.
nihil, nothing.
satis, enough.
parum, not enough.
quod, quid, which, what.
aliquid, something.
I. Numerals and quidam are generally followed by ex
or de and the ablative, rather than a partitive genitive.
Also occasionally other words :
unus ex militibus, 07te of the soldiers.
pauci de nostris cadunt, a few of our men fall.
24. The genitive is used with many adjectives to limit
the extent of their application. Such adjectives are those
14 LATIN PROSE COMPOSITION — PART I
signifying desire y knowledge, familiarity, memory, particu
patiouy power, fulbiess, and their opposites :
peritus belli ^ skilled in war.
cupidus rerum novarum, eager for revolution.
Some of the common adjectives of this class are :
cupidus, eager, desirous.
conscius, conscious, aware.
peritus, experienced, skillful.
insuetus, unacctistomed, inex-
perienced.
plenus, full.
memor, mindful, remember-
ing.
expers, having no part^ free
from.
potens, riding, controlling.
particeps, sharing.
25. Verbs of remembering 2ind forgetting — memini, re-
miniscor, and obliviscor — generally take
1. the genitive when referring to persons :
oblitus sum mei, / have forgotten myself.
2. sometimes the genitive, and sometimes the accusative,
when referring to things. The object is regularly
accusative when it is a neuter pronoun :
meministine nomina, do you remember the names ?
reminiscere veteris incommodi, remember the former disaster.
haec memini, / remember this.
26. Verbs of accusing, convicting, condemning, and ac-
quitting, take the genitive to express the charge :
accusatus est proditionis, he was charged with treason.
27. The impersonal verbs paenitet, repent ; miseret, pity ;
taedet, be weary ; pudet, be ashamed ; piget, disgusts, take
the accusative to express the person affected, and the
THE GENITIVE CASE 1 5
genitive to express the person or thing toward whom the
feeling is directed:
tui me miseret, / pity you (literally, // pities me of you).
eum taedet vitae, he is tired of life.
I. misereor also governs the genitive :
miseremini sociorum, pity the allies,
28. interest and refert, it interests or concerns take the
genitive of the person concerned ; but in the case of
the personal pronoun the ablative singular feminine of
the possessive is generally used :
patris interest, // concerns the father.
magis rei publicae interest quam mea, it concerns the public
welfare more than me.
29. A few neuter adjectives of quantity are put in the
genitive with verbs of valuing to denote the amount of
estimation. Such genitives are :
magni, pluris, plurimi ; parvi, minoris, minimi ; tanti,
quanti.
The common verbs with which these genitives are used
are : aestimo, facio, puto, habeo, and sum ;
ea magni aestimantur, those things are highly valued (liter-
ally, those things are estimated of great {value)).
est mihi tanti, it is worth my while (literally, it is of so
much to me).
References for Genitives
[H. 437-458 ; (393-410) ; LM. 549-592 ; A. 342-355» 359> b ; (213-
222); G. 360-382; B. 194-211.]
l6 LATIN PROSE COMPOSITION — PART I
30. Translate :
1. They were very skillful in military affairs.^
2. He forgot his name.
3. Love for his country made him brave.
4. They asked him his brother's name.
5. He was a man of great size, but not of courage.
6. She has enough money.
7. Five of the soldiers went to Athens.
8. She pities them.
9. How valuable is that book ?
10. This interests him very much.
LESSON 4
THE DATIVE CASE
31. Indirect Object. — The dative is used to express the
object that is indirectly affected by the action of the verb :
hanc pecuniam mihi dat, he gives me this money (pecuniam
is the direct, and mihi the indirect object).
I. With certain verbs that imply motion it is often
difficult to distinguish between the dative of the indirect
object and the accusative of the limit of motion (cf. 17).
Generally the accusative (with or without a preposition) is
used when the idea of motion prevails :
litteras quas ad Pompeium scripsi, the letter which I have
written {and sent) to Pompey.
mihi litteras mittere, to send a letter to me.
32. Most verbs signifying to favor, help, please, trusty
ind their contraries; also to believe, persuade ^ command,
^res militaris.
THE DATIVE CASE 1 7
obeyy seruey resist, envy^ threaten, pardon, and spare, take
the dative.
Some of the more common of these verbs are :
persuadeo, persuade,
pareo, obey,
parco, spare.
impero, order,
resisto, resist.
fido, confido, trust,
licet, it is permitted.
credo, believe, trust,
faveo, favor.
placeo, please.
igno^co, pardon,
invideo, envy.
noceo, harm.
studeo, be eager for.
cur mihi invides, why do you envy me ?
huic imperat, he orders him.
1. Some verbs apparently of the same meaning govern
the accusative; such as \\\}Qt^, order ; ^qIqqXq, please ; iuvo,
adiuvo, help ; laedo, injure.
2. If these verbs are used in the passive, the dative is
retained and the verbs are impersonal :
nobis persuadetur, we are persuaded,
33. Most verbs compounded with ad, ante, con, in, inter,
ob, post, prae, pro, sub, super, and sometimes circum, govern
the dative case. If transitive, such verbs may take an
accusative besides :
consiliis obstare, to oppose plans.
pecuniae pudorem anteponit, he puts honor before money,
34. Dative of Possession. — The English verb have is
often expressed in Latin by the dative and some form of
sum. The possessor is expressed by the dative, and the
object possessed is the subject of sum.
LATIN PROSE COMP. — ?,
1 8 LATIN PROSE COiMPOSITION — PART I
. The English sentence, " The master has a book," may
be expressed in either of the following ways:
1. magistro est liber.
2. magister habet librum.
35. The dative is used with many adjectives of fitness,
nearnesSy likeness^ sendee, inclination^ and their opposites.
Some of the more common adjectives are :
similis, like.
dissimilis, unlike.
adversus, opposite.
iniquus, not equal to.
proximus, next to.
utilis, useful to.
idoneus, suitable for.
aptus, suitable for,
par, equal to.
aequus, equal to.
amicus, friendly.
carus, dear.
familiaris, friendly to.
alienus, unfavorable^ for-
eign.
castris idoneum locum, a place suitable for a camp.
filius patri similis, a son like his father.
I. Similis and a few others also sometimes govern the
genitive (cf . 24).
36. Dative of Reference. — The dative is used to denote
the person to whom the thought of the sentence is of
special interest. This dative is translated into EngUsh
in a variety of ways :
laudavit mihi fratrem, he praised my brother, (mihi
shows that it was out of regard for me, while meum
would imply no such motive.)
nobis divites esse volumus, we wish to be rich for ourselves.
37. Dative of Purpose or End. — The dative is often
used to denote the purpose, use, or result of a tljing, often
THE ABLATIVE CASE I9
with another dative of the person for whom. This con-
struction is most common with the verb sum:
magno usui nostris fuit, it was a great help to our men
(literally, // was for a great help to our men).
tertiam aciem nostris subsidio misit, he sent the third line
as a relief to our men.
The datives most frequently used are: usui, subsidio,
praesidio, auxilio, curae, muneri, odio, bono, impedimento.
References for Datives
[H. 422-436; (382-392); LM. 525-548; A. 361-385; (224-236)5
G. 344-359; B. 186-193.]
38. Translate :
1. You and your sister gave him this.
2. The soldiers obey the general.
3. He wrote a letter to his mother.
4. Caesar was persuaded.
5. The wall will be a great hindrance to the enemy.
6. He put^ an officer in charge of the legion.
7. The farmer had^ fertile fields.
8. There was a hill opposite the town.
9. My ^ brother went to Corinth.
10. He took the lead of all his friends.
LESSON 5
THE ABLATIVE CASE
39. Verbs indicating separation or privation take an
ablative to denote the thing from which the separation
takes place. A preposition, ab or ex, is often used with
* Put in charge of= praeficio. ^ Do not use the verb habeo.
• Do not use meus; express the idea in another way.
20 LATIN PROSE COMPOSITION — PART I
these verbs, and regularly when the ablative denotes a
person :
magno me metu liber abis, you will free me from great fear,
secernantur a nobis, let them be separated from us.
auxilio eget, he needs help.
de provincia decedere, to withdraw from one s province.
40. The ablative, with or without a preposition, de, ex,
or ab, is used to denote the source from which a thing is
derived, or the material of which it consists.
Source — amplissimo genera natus, born of an influential
family.
Material (ex is regularly used) — pocula ex auro, cups
of gold. An adjective could also be used, as pocula aurea.
Also a genitive of material, pocula auri.
41. The ablative with a or ab is used with passive verbs
to denote tho, personal agent ;
ab his fit initium, a beginning is made by them.
42. An ablative may be used with a comparative instead
of quam, than^ and a nominative or accusative :
patria mihi vita carior est, my country is dearer to me than
life (quam vita could be used instead of vita).
tui studiosior sum quam illius, / am fonder of you than of
him (here the ablative could not be used).
43. The ablative may denote the cause, means, or instru-
ment :
f ortuna amici gaudeO, / rejoice at the good fortune of my
friend (i.e. on account of, etc.).
lacte atque pecore vivunt, they live upon milk and flesh
(Lc. by means of milk and flesJi).
THE ABLATIVE CASE 21
I. The ablative of the agent (which requires a or ab)
must be carefully distinguished from the ablative of means
or instrument, which uses no preposition. See 41.
44. The deponent verbs utor, use ; fruor, enjoy ; f ungor,
perform; potior, get possession of; vescor, eat; and their
compounds, govern the ablative :
vita fruitur, he enjoys life.
45. The ablative, with or without cum, may be used to
express the manner of an action. If the noun is modified
by an adjective, cum is often* omitted, otherwise cum is
regularly used.
Allobroges magna cum cura suos finis tuentur, the Allobroges
guard their own territory with great care. (Note the posi-
tion of cum ; magna cura would also mean with great care ^)
cum celeritate venit, he came with speed {speedily).
I. Some nouns that are unmodified express manner
without cum:
iure, rightly.
iniuria, wrongly.
Vi, by force, forcibly.
consilio, on purpose.
casu, by chance.
consuetiidine, more, according to custom.
46. To denote acco7npaniment, the ablative is used with
cum. But cum is often omitted in military expressions
where an adjective is used :
cum comitatibus profectus est, he set out with his attendants.
22 LATIN PROSE COMPOSITION — PART I
47. Ablative of Specification. — The ablative is used with
nouns, verbs, and adjectives to show that in respect to which
the statement applies :
reliquos Gallos virtute praecedunt, they excel the rest of the
Gauls in courage.
claudus pede, lame in his foot»
1. Note the phrases:
minor natii, j/ounger (literally, less in respect to age or birth),
maior natu, older,
2. On this principle the adjectives dignus and indignus
govern the ablative : '
digni honore, worthy of honor,
48. Ablative of Degree of Difference. — With words ex-
pressing comparison the ablative is used to denote the
amount or degree of difference between the objects.
Especially common are the ablatives paulo, little ; multo,
much; tanto, quanto, hoc, quo.
tribus pedibus altior, three feet higher (literally, higher by
three feet).
multo me vigilare acrius, that I watch much more sharply
(literally, more sharply by much).
49. Ablative of Quality. — The ablative, modified by an
adjective or genitive, is used to denote quality :
summa virtiite adulescens, a youth of the highest worth.
I. The genitive case likewise may describe a noun, or
express quality. See 22.
50. The Ablative of Price. — The definite price of a thing
is expressed by the ablative :
I
THE ABLATIVE CASE 23
eervum quinque minis emit, he bought the slave for five
minae.
I. For the genitive of indefinite price, see 29.
51. Ablative of Time. — The ablative is used to express
1. Time when an action takes place :
postero die movet castra, on the next day he moves his camp,
2. Time within which an action takes place. The
preposition in is sometimes used :
his paucis diebus, within these few days.
I. For the accusative of the duration of tinie^ see 16.
52. The ablative absolute is explained in the lesson on
the participle. See 89.
References for Ablative
[H. 459-487; (411-429); LM. 596-655; A. 398-420, 423, 426;
(242-253) ; G. 384-408; B. 213-226.]
53. Translate :
1. Rome was much larger than Corinth.
2. For five days they refrained from battle.
3. She was born of a German family.
4. It is very important ^ for me to remember this.
5. He performed his task very carefully.
6. On the third day, through the bravery of his troops,
Caesar got possession of the town.
7. This river is two feet wider than that one.^
8. Aspasia was famous for her wisdom.
9. Our ancestors were men of great ability.
10. He was slain by a sword by one of the soldiers.
1 See 29. 2 Omit.
24
LATIN PROSE COMPOSITION — PART I
LESSON 6
REVIEW AND SIGHT PRACTICE
54. Review the principles of syntax in sections 1-5 1.
55. Learn thoroughly the meanings of the following
words :
I. facio.
25.
peto.
2. fugo.i
26.
rus.
3. soror.
27.
mitto.
4. frater.
28.
postulo.
5. habeo.
29.
murus.
6. miles.
30.
maneo.
7. do.
31.
proficiscor.
8. studium.
32.
satis.
9. video.
33.
parum.
10. opus.
34.
miseret.
II. celo.
35-
pudet.
12. fr amentum.
36.
persuaded.
13. peritus.
37.
credo.
14. cupidus.
38.
impero.
15. memini.2
39.
delecto.
16. reminiscor.
40.
libero.
17. obliviscor.
41.
egeo.
18. similis.
42.
fungor.
19. praesidium.
43.
potior.
20. usus.
44.
finis.
21. mille.^
45.
adulescens
22. creo.
46.
nascor.
23. posco.
47.
clarus.
24. quaero.
48.
nanciscor.
1 Do not confuse this with fugi5.
* Perfect in form, but present in meaning.
8 Look up its declension.
PRONOUNS 25
56. Memorize the principal parts of the verbs in 55.
57. Let the instructor form several original sentences
in English from the words in 55, illustrating the gram-
matical principles of 1-5 1. These sentences may be given
for oral drill or a written exercise.
LESSON 7
PRONOUNS: DEMONSTRATIVE, PERSONAL, REFLEXIVE,
POSSESSIVE
58. Demonstrative pronouns point out what object is
referred to, and show whether it is here or there.
They are :
1. hie, this (i.e. the object that is near where I am),
2. iste, that {that near you ).
3. ille, that {that yonder^ over there , not near the speaker),
59. Hie is, therefore, called the demonstrative of the
first person. It is used as follows :
1. To point out the object that is near the speaker (in
time, place, thought, or on the written page).
2. To refer to the present as contrasted with the past:
haec tempora, modern times ^ present times,
3. To refer to what follows :
eius belli haec fuit causa, the cause of this war was as
follozvs.
4. Sometimes to refer to what precedes :
his Caesar ita respondit, to them (the persons just men-
tioned) Caesar thus replied.
5. In reference to two objects previously mentioned,
hie generally refers to the latter one, and is translated,
26 LATIN PROSE COMPOSITION — PART I
the latter. lUe refers to the former, and is translated
the former.
[H. 505-507; (450); LM. 1049-1055; A. 296, 297; (102, a, b);
G. 305-307; B.246.]i
60. Iste is called the demonstrative of the second per-
son. It often implies contempt, as :
iste Manlius, that (fellow) Manlius of yours.
[H. 507, 3 ; (450) ; LM. 1053 ; A. 297, a, b, e, f ; (102, c) ; G. 306;
B. 246, 4-]
61. lUe is called the demonstrative of the third per-
son. It is often translated :
I. The former [see 59, 5].
3. That well-known, that notorious, that famous, etc.
Magnus ille Alexander, that famous Alexander the Great.
(Note the position of ille.)
62. Learn the following adverbs of place :
Place Where
hie, here.
istic, there.
illic, there.
Place to Which
hue, hither.
istue, thither.
illue, thither.
Place from Which
hine, hence.
istine, thence.
' illine, thence.
63. The determinative pronoun is, ea, id, that, is not as
strong as ille. It is used
I. As a pronoun of the third person, meaning he, she, it,
they, when one needs to be expressed. See 64.
As an antecedent of the relative, is qui, he, who, etc.
* Grammatical reference will now be given, as far as is possible, after each
section.
PRONOUNS 27
2. The English expression "that of *' is not expressed by
is and a genitive, but by a genitive alone or by the
repetition of the noun to which " that " refers :
in exercitu Sullae et postea in Crassi fuerat, he had been in
the army of Siilla^ and afterwards in that of Crassus,
3. Is has often the force of talis, such:
non sum is qui terrear, / am not such a person as to be
frightened.
[H. 508; (451); LM. 1056-1058; A. 297, b, d, e, f; (102, d) ; G.
308; B.247.]
64. The personal pronouns ego, /; tu, you ; is, ea, id,
he^ she, it, are used as subjects only to show emphasis or
avoid ambiguity ; te voco, I'm calling you ; but ego te voco,
/(emphatic)^/// calling you (such, emphasis might be ex-
pressed in English by the translation, " It is I who am
calling you ").
1. The genitive forms mei, tui, sui, vestri, nostri, are
chiefly used as objective genitives. See 21, 2. The geni-
tive plural forms in -um (nostrum, vestrum) are generally
used as partitive genitives:
desiderium vestri, longing for you,
nemo vestrum, no one of you.
2. Never express my, your, our, etc., by the genitive
of the pronoun. Use the proper possessive adjective.
See 6^].
[H. 5CX) ; (446, N. 3) ; LM. 456, 1041 ; A. 295 ; (194) ; G. 304 ; B. 242.]
65. A reflexive pronoun refers to the subject of the
sentence. There are two uses.
I. It may refer to the subject of the clause in which it
stands (direct reflexive) :
se videt, he sees himself.
28 LATIN PROSE COMPOSITION — PART I
2. It may be used in a subordinate clause and refer^
not to the subject of its own clause, but to the subject of
the principal clause (indirect reflexive) :
cum intellegeret sibi bellum gerendum, when he perceived
that he must wage war. (Sibi refers to the subject of
intellegeret.)
66. The personal pronouns of the first and second per-
son are also used as reflexives. But there is a special
reflexive for the third person :
sui, etc., himself i herself , itself; (plural) themselves.
[H. 174, 502; (448, 449); LM. 1042-1046; A. 299-301; (196)5
G. 309, 520, 521 ; B. 244.]
67. The possessive pronouns are :
meus, my^ mine-, noster, our, ours ; tuus, your, yours ;
vester, your^ yours (plural); suus, his^ hers, its, their, theirs
(reflexive).
Note the following :
1. They are all decHned like adjectives of the first and
second declension, and agree in gender, number, and case
with the noun to which they belongs and not with the noun
to which they refer:
suam matrem occidit, he slew his own mother,
2. They are generally not expressed in Latin, except
for the purpose of clearness :
video pattern, / see my father, (To express / see your
father it would be necessary to use video tuum pattern.)
3. The possessive pronouns of the third person in
English, his, hers, its, their, may refer either to the subject
of the verb (j.e. be reflexive), or refer to some other person
PRONOUNS
29
than the subject. When reflexive, suus must be used,
otherwise use the genitive of is :
laudavit suum fratrem, he praised his brother, (eius fratrem
would mean his brother, but some one else's brother.)
[H. 176, 501, 502, 503, I ; (447,449» i- ; LM. 271, 1048; A. 299,
302 ; (196, h, 197) ; G. 309, 312 ; B. 243, 86.]
68. Reciprocal Pronouns. — The Latin has no special
reciprocal pronoun {each other, one another). The recipro-
cal idea is expressed by the phrases inter nos, inter vos,
inter se. See 73, 2.
obsides inter se dederunt, they gave one another hostages
(literally, they gave hostages among themselves).
[H. 502, 1 ; (448, N.) ; LM. 1047 ; A. 301, f, 145, c ; (196, f) ; G. 221 ;
B. 245.]
69. Summary of personal, reflexive, and possessive pro-
nouns :
Personal
Reflexive
Possessive
First
Person
ego
meii
meus, -a, -um, my, mine,
noster, nostra, nostrum,
our, ours.
Second
Person
tu
tuii
tuus, -a, 'Mm, your, yours
(sing.),
vester, vestra, vestrum,
your, yours (pi.).
Third
Person
is, ea,id
sul^
suus, -a, -um, his, his
own, hers, her own,
etc. (reflexive).
When not reflexive, use
genitive of is, ea, id.
* W^hy is there no nominative form for reflexives ?
30 LATIN PROSE COMPOSITION — PART *
70, Translate:
1. You have convinced yourselves.
2. He praised his own friends, but blamed his.
3. I am the one^ that is doing this.
4. We love each other.
5. They saw her mother on the street.
6. The former is his friend, the latter my enemy.
7. She said that ^ they would obey her.
8. Many of us will be freed from fear.
9. He sold her house and that of his brother.
10. The following are my reasons.
LESSON 8
PRONOUNS (CoNTiNUED> CORRELATIVES
71. Relative Pronouns. — The relative pronoun qui, quae,
quod, who^ which, that, agrees with its antecedent in gender
and number, but its case depends upon the construction of
the clause in which it stands :
pecunia quam habeo, the money that I have. (Here quam is
accusative because it is the direct object of habeo.)
gladius quo pugnabat, the sword with which he fought. (Here
quo is ablative because it expresses the instrument.)
1. The relative generally agrees in gender and number
with a predicate noun of its own clause, rather than with
an antecedent of different gender and number :
Celtae, quae est tertia pars, the Celts, zvho are the third part.
2. Sometimes the relative takes its gender and number
from the real meaning of its antecedent, rather than its
actual form :
* See 64. 2 (fidt . . . ob^ : use accusative and future infinitive.
PRONOUNS. CORRELATIVES 3 1
nostra qui adsumus salus, the safety of iis who are present,
(Here qui agrees with nostrum implied in nostra.)
3. The antecedent of the relative is sometimes omitted,
especially if it is indefinite :
sunt qui, etc., there are men who,
4. In English the relative is sometimes omitted, but
never vsi Latin. Thus, tJie book I have mvis,t be expressed
in Latin liber quern habeo.
5. The antecedent of the relative is often incorporated
in the relative clause :
urbem quam statuo vestra est, the city which I am building
is yours (literally, what city I am building is yours).
6. A relative is used at the beginning of a sentence or
clause, where in EngHsh a demonstrative or personal pro-
noun would be used :
quae cum ita sint, since these things are so,
quo factum Qst,from this it resulted.
7. A relative clause in Latin is often used when the
corresponding construction is not employed in English :
the bystanders, qui adsunt (literally, those who are preseitt).
the standard bearer, qui aquilam ferebat (literally, he who
carried the eagle),
the existing laws, leges quae nunc sunt (literally, the laws
which now exist [^are']).
the plaintiff, ille qui petit (literally, he who sues).
[H. 396, 510; (445) ; LM. 820-827; A. 304-308; (198, 199, 201);
G. 610-616; B. 250, 251.]
72. Indefinite pronouns are used to indicate that some
person or thing is referred to, without indicatingy/^i-/ what
32 LATIN PROSE COMPOSITION — PART I
one. They vary in degree of indefiniteness. Quis is the
least definite, and quidam the most definite. The mean-
ings of the following indefinite pronouns should be thor-
oughly learned :
quis (generally used only after si, nisi, ne, num), some one^
any one,
aliquis, some one, any one,
quisquam, any ^«^(used chiefly in negative and conditional
sentences).
qui vis ] .
quilibet}^^-^"^"-^"^^^^^"^-
quisque, each,
quidam, a certain^ a.
1. Quis, some, any, is never the first word in its clause :
si quid his . . . accidat, if anything should happen to these
2. Quisque, each, should be distinguished from omnis,
every. It is not often used in the plural, quisqu^egularly
follows the word to which it belongs.
3. Quisque is often used with the superlative:
optimus quisque, all the best (literally, each best one),
[H. 512; (455-458); LM. 1064-1072; A. 309-314; (202); G. 313-
318; B. 252.]
73. Alius, other (of more than two), and alter, other (of
two only), are used idiomatically as follows :
1. In pairs, alius . . . alius, one . . . another ; alter,
alter, the one , , , the other; alter exercitum perdidit, alter
vendidit, one ruined the army, the other sold it.
2. When repeated in different cases or when used with
the corresponding adverb, they express in a condensed
form various idiomatic phrases:
>
PRONOUNS. CORRELATIVES 33
alius alium incusat, one accuses one^ another another
(literally, another accuses another^ i.e. each one accuses
some one else).
alii aliam in partem, {they fled) some in one direction, others
in another.
[H. 516; (459) ; LM. 1047; A. 315; (203) ; G. 319; B. 253.J
74. Ipse, self, emphasizes the substantive with which it
is used. Do not confuse it with the reflexive (65, 66).
" Self " in English may be either intensive or reflexive, while
the Latin has a special word for each :
se videt, he sees himself (reflexive).
ipse puerum videt, he himself sees the boy (intensive).
Note the following uses and meanings of ipse :
1. very, mere, in person, own accord^ etc.
60 ipso die, on that very day.
ipsa audacia, by mere audacity.
ipse aderat, he was present in person,
valvae se ipsae aperuerunt, the doors opened of their own
accord.
2. When it emphasizes a reflexive, it is put in the nom-
inative rather than in agreement with the reflexive :
se ipse continere non potest, he cannot contain himself (not
se ipsum).
3. It is sometimes used instead of an indirect reflexive :
legates misit qui ipsi vitam peterent, he sent messengers to
beg life for himself {hQVQ ipsi is used instead of sibi).
[H. 509; (452); LM. 1060-1062; A. 298, c-f, 300, b; {195, f-1) ;
G. 311; B. 249.]
LATIN PROSE COMP. — 3
34 LATIN PROSE COMPOSITION — PART I
75. The interrogative pronoun is quis (qui), quae, quid
(quod), who^ which, what? The forms qui and quod are
generally used as interrogative adjectives :
qui locus est, what place is there ?
Quis and quid are generally used as pronouns (i.e. no
noun is expressed):
quis clarior Themistocle, who is more famous than The-
mistocles ?
[H. 511 ; (454) ; LM. 285; A. 148, 149; (104) ; G. 106; B. 90.]
76. Idem, the same, is often equivalent to the English
likewise, at the same time, also, yet:
quod idem mihi contigit, which likewise {or also) happened
to me (literally, which, the same thing).
quidquid honestum est, idem est utile, whatever is honorable
is at the same time advantageous.
cum . . . dicat, negat idem, although he says, etc., yet he
denies, etc. (literally, he, the same man, denies),
I. For idem atque (ac), the same as, see 82, 3.
£H. 508 ,-(45 1, 3, 5); LM. 1059; A. 298, a, b; (i9S>e); G.310; B.248.]
77. Translate:
1. I witnessed those deeds with my own eyes.
2. What road did he fortify t
3. The boy, whose book I have, is not here to-day.
4. He blamed himself for his laziness.
5. The Rhine, which is a river in Europe, is one hun
dred feet wide.
• 6. All the houses I had were burned.
7. Some did one thing, others another.
i
QUESTIONS. NEGATIVE CONNECTIVES 35
8. The perpetrators ^ of the crime have left the city.
9. That also belongs to me.^
10. Each one fled to the very gates of the city.
LESSON 9
QUESTIONS. NEGATIVE CONNECTIVES
78. Direct questions in Latin are not distinguished by
the order of the words, as in English. They are introduced
by the following special words :
1. -ne. This is an enclitic, and is added to the emphatic
word, generally the first word. Such a question merely
asks for information :
mansitne Romae ? did he stay at Rome ?
2. nonne. This particle implies that the answer "yes"
is expected :
nonne mansit Romae ? didnt he stay at Rome, or he s'taid
at Rome, didn't he? (answer "yes " expected).
3. num. This particle implies the answer "no."
num mansit Romae ? did he stay at Rome f or he didn't
stay at Rome, did he ? (answer " no" expected).
[H. 378 ; (351, N. 1-3) ; LM. 697-701 ; A. 330-333 ; (210) ; G. 454-
^56; B. 162, 2.]
79, Direct questions that are introduced by the various
interrogative pronouns and adverbs, such as quis, qui, ubi,
qualis, quot, etc., are like the corresponding English ques-
tions, and involve no difficulties. See 75.
' 1 What does this noun really mean ?
* belongs to me — is mine.
is it good or badf
36 LA'HN PROSE COMPOSITION — PART I
80. In double or alternative questions, utrum, -ne,
whether^ or occasionally no particle at all, is used in the
first member ; in the second, an, or^ is used. In direct
questions, if the second member is negative, annon, or not^
is used ; in indirect questions, necne.
The following table summarizes the various forms :
FIRST MEMBER SECOND AND SUBSEQUENT
Members
Utrum, whether. an, or.
-ne. an.
an.
Examples :
utrum bonum an malum est ?
bonumne an malum est ?
bonum an malum est ?
mansitne R5mae annon ? did he stay at Rome or not ?
[H.380; (353); LM.705; A. 334, 335; (211); G.458; B. 162,4.]
81. Answers. — Latin has no words meaning exclusively
" yes " or " no." Answers are expressed as follows :
1. By repeating the verb :
mansitne Romae ? did he stay at Rome ? marsit, yes (pt
non mansit, no).
2. By the following adverbs and phrases :
For "yes,"
ita, so, true, etc.
ita est, it is so, etc.
etiam, even so, yes, etc.
sane, surely, no doubt, etc.
vero, in truth, true, no doubt, etc.
certe, certainly, unquestionably, etc. ; and others.
B QUESTIONS. NEGATIVE CONNECllVES 3/
Kl For "no,"
^H non, not {so),
^y minime, not at all,
nuUo modo, by no means,
^ non quidem, certainly not ; why, no ; etc. ; and others.
[H. 379; (352); LM. 703, 704; A. 336,337; (212); G. 471; B.
162,5.]
82. Connectives. — Note the following facts about the
connection of coordinate words and clauses :
1. at is the most common particle of connection, and
unites likes and unlikes.
2. -que (enclitic) unites more closely than at. It com-
bines things that belong closely to each other, and is
appended to the first word of its clause (unless that word
is a preposition of one syllable).
pariculis insidiisqua, dangers and plots,
3. atque (ac) generally emphasizes the second of the
two things mentioned, as the English " and also," " and
in fact," "and indeed." After words of likeness and
difference^ atque (ac) may have the force of as^ than,
Ac never stands before vowels or h.
intra moenia atqua in sinu urbis sunt hostes, within the
walls, and, in fact^ In the heart of the city are the
enemies.
ego idem sentio ac tu, / think the same as you,
4. atiam, even, still, emphasizes the word to which it
belongs, and which it generally precedes.
5. quoque, also, immediately follows the word to which
it belongs.
38 LATIN PROSE COMPOSITION — PART I
6. When three or more words are to be connected,
either (i) connect all by et, or (2) omit all conjunctions,
or (3) connect the last two by -que.
uxores, et liberi, et bona, 1
uxores, liberi, bona, ?- wives, childreUy and property,
uxores, liberi, bonaque, J
7. Instead of et and the negative, neque (nee) and the
positive is generally used in Latin. Such combinations
give us the following phrases:
and noty neque (nee), literally, nor,
and no, neque iillus, nor any,
and never, neque umquam, nor ever,
and no one, neque quisquam, nor any one,
and nothing, neque quidquam, nor anything,
8. Two adjectives belonging to one noun are connected
by et, and generally follow the noun :
vir clarus et fortis, a famous brave man.
[H. 314,315; (310); LM. 755-761; A. 323, 324; (156); G.475-
480; B. 341.]
83. Translate:
1. He will go to Rome, will he not?
2. They had many fields, buildings, and cattle.
3. Whose book is that on the table .^
4. He was a general, and no one obeyed him.
5. Do you remember ? No.
6. Will he not use his sword ?
7. Did he fight or stay in camp ?
8. Will you free us from danger } No, indeed.
9. A Roman is a brave, faithful soldier.
10. The Gauls plundered the houses, and, indeed, the
very temples of Rome.
THE PARTICIPLE — ITS USES AND TENSES 39
LESSON 10
THE PARTICIPLE — ITS USES AND TENSES
84. The participle is a verbal adjective. As a verb, it
may govern a case ; as an adjective, it agrees with a sub-
stantive. The tenses of the participle denote time, not
absolutely, as in the indicative mood, but with reference to
the time of the verb of the clause in which it stands. The
participle has the following tenses :
Present: representing an action as in progress at the time
indicated by the tense of the verb :
video eum id agentem, / see him as he does it (literally, him
doing it').
videbam eum id agentem, / saw him as he was doing it,
videbo eum id agentem, / shall see him as he will be doing
it.
Note that the participle in these examples expresses no
absolute time. It describes an action that is going on at
the time of the main verb.
Perfect : representing an action as completed at the time
indicated by the tense of the verb :
cohortatus suos abiit, he encouraged his troops, and went
away (literally, having encouraged his troops, he went
away).
cohortatus suos abit, he encourages his troops, and goes
away.
cohortatus suos abibit, he will encourage his ti^oops, and
then go away.
Note again in these examples the various meanings of
the perfect participle, yet they all express action that is
completed hQioxQ the action of the main verb begins.
40 LATIN PROSE COMPOSITION — PART I
Future: expressing subsequent action :
videbam eum id acturum, I saw him when he was intending
to do it,
[H. d-ij^^ 640; (548, 550) ; LM. 1009-1011 ; A. 488-493 ; (289, 290) ;
G. 282,283; B. 336.]
85. The following outline shows how the tenses of the
participle may be formed from the stems obtained from
the principal parts :
Present stem. Perf. act. stem. Perf. pass. stem.
Principal Parts. — ago, age|re eg|i act|us
Tense
Active Voice
Passive Voice
Present
pres. stem + ns
wanting
Future
perf. pass, stem + urus
Gerundive. Pres. stem
+ ndus
Perfect
wanting
the last one of the prin-
cipal parts
1. Deponent verbs have the participles of both voices.
2. The missing perfect active participle is supplied by
the perfect passive participle of the deponent verbs , if
there is no deponent verb with the necessary meaning,
clauses with cum, postquam, etc., may be used :
having done this^ he went away^ cum id fecisset, abiit.
3. The missing present passive participle is supplied
by clauses with dum, cum, or quod.
THE PARTICIPLE — ITS USES AND TENSES 4 1
4. The perfect participles of some deponents are used
practically like our present participle :
usus, using,
secutus, following,
arbitratus, ratus, thinking.
solitus, accustomed,
ausus, daring.
And some others.
[H. 222, 1,640, 1, 4, 5 ; (231. 550^ N. 4and 5) ; LM. 393-40T ; A. 190, a,
b, 491^493; 035? a, 290 b, c, d); G. 128, 585 r. ; B. 112, a, 336, 5, 356, 2.]
86. Form all the participles (giving the English mean-
ings) of the following verbs :
do, dare, dedi, datus, give,
. video, videre, vidi, visus, see,
facio, facere, feci, factus, make^ do,
sequor, sequi, secutus sMmy follow.
munio, munire, munivi, mumXxis, fortify.
87. Participles are used in Latin more extensively than
in English. They may express tiiney condition^ cause,
manner, meanSy concession, circumstance.
Study carefully the following examples which show Che
various relations that the participle expresses :
1. Time.
milites cohortatus . . . proeli committendi signum dedit,
after he had encouraged his soldiers, he gave the signal to
begin battle,
2. Condition,
damnatum poenam sequi oportebat, if condemned, the punish^
ment must follow.
42 LATIN PROSE COMPOSITION — PART I
3. Cause.
horum auctoritate finitimi adducti retinent, since their
neighbors were influenced by their authority, they retained.
4. Manner,
*
Romani gratulantes Horatium accipiunt, the Romans receive
Horatius with congratulations {congratulating^
5. Means.
sol oriens diem conficit, the sun, by its rising, makes the day,
6. Concession.
repulsus in oppidum, tamen . . . impetravit, although he
had been driven back into the town, yet he gained, etc.
It will be seen from these examples that clauses beginning
with '*if," ^'when," "after," "although," "since," "while,"
etc., and relative clauses may often be rendered in Latin by
the participle.
[H. 637-639; (549) ; LM. 1017; A. 496; (292) ; G. 664-668 ; B. 337, 2.]
88. When a verb in English is coordinate (connected by
"and") with another verb, it may often be rendered in
Latin by a participle in agreement with the subject or
object of that verb :
copias eductas ex castris instruxerunt, they led their troops
out of camp and drew them up (literally, they drew up
their troops having been led out of camp).
89. Ablative Absolute. — A noun or pronoun in the
ablative, with a participle agreeing with it, may be used to
express any of the relations mentioned in Sy. The word
" absolute " means that this construction can be used only
THE PARTICIPLE — ITS USES AND TENSES 43
when the noun has no grammatical connection with the
rest of the sentence :
armis obsidibusque acceptis Crassus . . . profectus est, after
arms and hostages had been received^ Crassus set outy etc.
The student will notice that it is possible to use the abla-
tive absolute in the above example because armis . . .
acceptis has nothing to do grammatically with the mair
clause, O'assiis set out.
1. The ablative absolute is often used to supply the
lack of a perfect active participle [85, 2]. If we wished to
express Caesar having done thisy we must say quo facto
Caesar {this having been done^ Caesar).
2. The participle is sometimes omitted, and two sub-
stantives, or a substantive and an adjective, are used in the
ablative absolute construction :
duce Bruto, under the leadership of Brutus.
[H.489; (43O; LM. 638-642; A. 419, 420; (255); G. 409, 410; B.227.]
90. Translate :
1. When they had performed these deeds, they set out
for Rome.
2. Though he was wounded, he fought for many hours.
3. I heard her while she was speaking.
4. He took 1 the town and killed the inhabitants.
5. He received the gifts that had been sent..
6. When Cicero had been elected ^ consul, he drove
Catiline from Rome.
7. When Cicero had been elected ^ consul, Catiline
formed a conspiracy.
8. We become better citizens by doing ^ our duty.
9. If he is killed, we shall all mourn.
1 Use potior. 2 Use facio. * Use fungor.
44 LATIN PROSE COMPOSITION — PART I
LESSON II
GERUND AND GERUNDIVE. THE PERIPHRASTIC CONJUGA-
TIONS. SUPINE
91. The gerund is a verbal noun. It has only the
oblique cases of the singular, i.e. genitive^ dative^ accusa-
tive , and ablative. As a noun the gerund may itself be
governed by other words ; as a verb it may take an object.
Examples of its use in different cases :
Genitive.
ars Vivendi, art of living,
agendi causa, for the sake of doing,
cupidus videndi, desirous of seeing.
Dative,
aan? utilis est bibendo, water is useful for drinking.
The dative is not often used.
Accusative.
This case is used only with ad (sometimes in) to denote
purpose.
niilla res tantum ad dicendum proficit, etc., nothing is as
profitable for speakingy etc.
Ablative. -
deterrere a scribendo, to deter from writing.
mens discendo alitur et cogitando, the mind grows by learn-
ing and reflection.
Note. — As a rule, the gerund takes a direct object only when used
in the genitive or the ablative (without a preposition).
[H. 624-631; (541-542); LM. 989,990; A. 501-507; (295-301),-
G. 425-433 ; B. 338.]
GERUND AND GERUNDIVE 45
92. The gerundive is a verbal adjective and is passive in
its literal meaning. See 85. Therefore, being an adjec-
tive, it always agrees with a substantive :
consilia urbis delendae, plans for destivying the city (literally,
plans of the city to be destroyed).
ad pacem petendam venerunt, they came to seek peace
(literally, they came for peace to be asked).
93. Gerundive Construction used instead of the Gerund. —
When the genitive or ablative of the gerund would have a
direct object, the gerundive is generally used instead. See
91, note.
Gerund Construction
cupidus pacem petendi, desir-
ous of seeking peace.
scribendo epistulas, by writing
letters.
Gerundive Construction
(preferable)
cupidus pacis petendae.
scribendis epistuliSo
1. The gerundive is always used to avoid using a direct
object with the dative of the gerund, or with a case de-
pendent upon a preposition. 91, note.
aptum tegendis corporibus, suited to the defense of the body,
ad pacem petendam venerunt, they came to seek peace.
Brutus in liberanda patria est interfectus, Brutus was slain
in freeing his country.
2. When the genitives mei, tui, sui, nostri, vestri, are
used in the gerundive construction, the gerundive regularly
ends in di, regardless of the gender and number of the
pronoun :
nostri servandi causa, yj^r the sake of saving ourselves.
[H. 625-631 ; (543, 544) ; LM. 987-1003 ; A. 503-507 ; (296-301) ;
G. 427-433; B. 339.]
46 LATIN PROSE COMPOSITION — PART I
94. Active Periphrastic Conjugation. — This is formed
by the future active participle and the auxiliary verb sum.
It expresses the idea conveyed by the English phrases
" I am about to," " I am going to," " I intend to " :
amaturus est, he is about to love,
[H. 236 (233) ; LM. 355 ; A. 193-19S ; (129) ; G. 247 ; B. 115.]
95. Passive Periphrastic Conjugation. — This is formed
by the gerundive and the auxiliary verb sum. It expresses
obligation or necessity, and in its literal meaning is passive.
The agent is expressed by the dative case.
Note the following points :
1. Since the conjugation is passive, all active English
sentences must be recast into the passive voice before they
can be literally translated in Latin. Thus : " I must give
the signal " (active) = " The signal must be given by me "
(passive) = signum mihi est dandum.
2. Intransitive verbs of this conjugation are always
used impersonally in Latin. Thus : "■ We ought to come "
= " It ought to be come by us " = nobis veniendum.
[H. 237 ; (234) ; LM. 991, 992 ; A. 193-196; (129) ; G. 251 ; B. 115.]
96. Supine.
1. The form ending in -um is used chiefly to express
purpose after verbs of motion :
ad Caesarem gratulatum convenerunt, they came to Caesar
to congratulate him.
2. The form in -u is used as an ablative of specification
with various adjectives :
REVIEW AND SIGHT PRACTICE 4/
hoc est Optimum factu, this is best to do (literally, this is
best in respect to doing).
mirabile dictu, wonderful to say.
[H. 633, 635 ; (546, 547) ; LM. 1004-1008 ; A. 508-510; (302, 303);
G. 435»436; B. 340.J
97. Translate:
1. She was fitted to rule.
2. You must remain here.
3. Ambassadors came to seek peace.-^
4. Since Crassus is their leader, they ought to fight
bravely.
5. They formed ^ the plan of renewing the war.
6. We will flee for the sake of saving ourselves.
7. No time was given the Romans to^ arm themselves.
8. That is easy to do.
9. Caesar had to recall the soldiers.
10. By giving and aiding we enjoy life.
LESSON 12
REVIEW AND SIGHT PRACTICE
98. Review the principles of syntax in 58-96.
99. Learn thoroughly the meanings of the following
words :
I. hinc.
6.
pareo.
2. illic.
7-
vendo.*
3. hue.
8.
domus.
4. culpo, / blame.
9.
soleo.
5. inimicus, hostis.
10.
quisque.
1 Express in two ways.
2 capio.
^ ad and ace.
48
LATIN PROSE COMPOSITION — PART I
11. quisquis.
12. quisquam.
13. quidam.
14. relinquo.
15. porta.
16. portus.
17. etiam.
18. vero.
19. ager.
20. ago.
21. cohortor.*
22. audeo.*
23. audio.
24. obses.
25. dives.
26. aptus.
27. trado.
28. salus.
29. adsum.
30. peto.
31. aperio.
32. munio.
33. pigritia, ae, laziness
34. pes.
35. minime.
36. quidem, ne-quidem.
37. quoque.
38. aedificium.
39. castra.
40. periculum.
41. fidelis.
42. conficio.
43. instruo.
44. interficio.*
45. consilium.
46. iuvo.
47. statuo.
48. constituo.
49. consisto.
100. Memorize the principal parts of the verbs given
above, and write out all the participles of those that
are starred.
loi. Let the instructor form several original sentences
in English from the words in 99, illustrating the gram
matical principles of 58-96. These sentences may be
given for oral drill or a written exercise.
TENSES OF INDICATIVE, SUBJUNCTIVE, INFINITIVE 49
LESSON 13
TENSES OF INt)ICATIVE, SUBJUNCTIVE, AND INFINITIVE.
DELIBERATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE. HOW TO EXPRESS "OUGHT,'*
" MUST "
102. Present Indicative. — Aside from its regular mean-
ings, the following uses should be noted :
1. It is used to describe past actions and events which
the writer imagines to be now going on before his eyes.
It is then called the Historical Present^ and is generally
translated by a past tense :
Caesar Aeduis obsides imperat, Caesar demanded hostages
of the Aediians.
2. When dum, while, is used with the present tense,
the verb is generally translated as if it were imperfect :
dum haec geruntur, while these things were going on.
3. In combination with, iam, now: iam ^m, now for a
long time; iam pridem, now long since, and similar words,
the present is used with the force of the English perfect.
iam diu cupio te visere, / have for a long time wished to
visit you (i.e. / now wish and have long wished).
103. Imperfect Indicative. — This tense represents the
action as taking place irt past time.
1. It sometimes represents an action as customary or
repeated:
epulabatur more Persarum, he used to banquet in the
Persian style.
2. With iam, iam diu, iam dudum, etc. [see 102, 2],
the imperfect has the force of the English pluperfect :
LATIN PROSE COMP. — 4
50 LATIN PROSE COMPOSITION — PART I
iam diu cupiebam te visere, / had for a long time wished to
visit you.
m
104. Future Indicative. — The Latin uses the future
much more exactly than the EngHsh. We often use the
present tense to refer to future time, the Latin very
seldom. Thus :
If he comes, I shall see him, si venie^ (literally, will come\
eum videbo.
105. Perfect Indicative. — Note its two meanings (i)
amavi, / have loved, called the present perfect or perfect
definite ; (2) amavi, / loved, called the historical perfect or
perfect indefinite.
106. Note these perfects that have a present meaning.
Their pluperfect forms have the force of the imperfect :
novi, I know.
memini, / remember,
Odi, / hate.
consuevi, / am accustomed.
107. Future-perfect Indicative. — Note again (see 104)
how exactly the Latin uses its tenses :
When I reach Rome, I will write, Romam cum venero
(literally, shall have reached), scribam.
References for Use of Tenses of iNDiCAxrvrE
[H. 532-540; (466-473); LM. 730-748; A. 465-479^556; (276-
281); G. 227-244; B. 259-264.]
108. The tenses of the infinitive denote present, past,
or future time not absolutely, but with reference to the time
of the verb on which they depend. The significance of the
TENSES OF INDICATIVE, SUBJUNCTIVE, INFINITIVE 5 1
tenses is the same as that of the tenses of the participle.
Review 84, with the examples given, very carefully.
[H. 617 ; (537) ; LM. 978 ; A. 486, 569, a ; (288) ; G. 529, 530 ; B. 270.]
109. The following outline shows how the tenses of the
infinitive may be formed. Review 85.
Infinitives
Tense
Active Voice
Passive Voice
Present
second one of the prin-
cipal parts
change final e of pres-
ent active infinitive
to i, except in third
conjugation, which
changes ere to i
Future
future active parti-
ciple and esse
supine and iri
Perfect
perfect active stem
H-isse
perfect passive parti-
ciple and esse
I. Deponent verbs substitute the future active for the
future passive infinitive.
Form all the infinitives of the following verbs :
vincO, vincere, vici, victus, conquer,
sentio, sentire, sensi, sensus, perceive,
proficiscor, proficisci, profectus, set out
no. Deliberative Subjunctive. — The subjunctive is used
in questions that are asked, not to receive information, but
to indicate (i) doiibty indignation^ or (2) an impossibility
52 LATIN PROSE COMPOSITION — PART I
of the thing's being done. The negative is non. They are
most common in the first person.
quid agam, iudices ? what am I to do, judges ?
quid dicerem ? w/iat was I to say f or what could I say ?
[H. S59j 4; (484, V) ; LM. 723; A. 444; (268) ; G. 265 ; B. 277.]
III. English expressions that employ the auxiliary verbs
ought or musty such as you ought to go, he mtist do this, are
expressed in Latin in several ways :
1. The passive periphrastic conjugation. Review 95.
2. debeo and the infinitive.
3. oportet (an impersonal verb) with the infinitive, or
the subjunctive (without ut):
te oportet virtus trahat, virtue ought to attract you (literally,
it ought (to be) that virtue attract you).
legem brevem esse oportet, a law ought to be brief.
Examples : —
id mihi faciendum est,
debeo id facere,
me oportet id facere,
oportet id f aciam,
/ ought to do thiSf
or
/ must do this.
[H. 564, II, I ; (502, I) ; LM. 694, 782 ; A. 565 ; (331, i) ; G. 535,
R. 2 ; B. 295, 6, 8.]
112. Compare these two English sentences:
" I ought to do this."
" I ought to have done this."
In changing to past time, the infinitive changes, and
not the main verb "ought.'* This is because the verbs
"ought" and "must" are defective in English. In the
COMMANDS, EXHORTATIONS, PROHIBITIONS 53
following Latin examples, note that the main verb changes
to a past tense, and not the infinitive :
debeo id facere, ] ^ . ^ j ^r •
[ / ought to
oportet me id facere
debui id facere, ) ^ 7^^ ? ■, \j -
,^\ \ I ousrkt to have done this,
oportuit me id facere, J
[H. 618, 2 ; (537, 1) ; LM. 980; A. 486, a ; (288, a); G. 254, R. i ;B. 270, 2.]
113. Translate:
1 . We have been living in the city for many years.
2. Shall I tell him this ?
3. She ought to work more diligently.
4. '-While the city was being fortified, the enemy ar-
rived.
5. He had been in command of ^ the army a long time.
6. You ought not to have written that letter.
7. He hates them on account of their laziness.
8. Caesar had to fortify his camp.
9. What was I to do }
10. He never used to obey his parents.
LESSON 14
COMMANDS, EXHORTATIONS, PROHIBITIONS ; HOW TO
EXPRESS "MAY," "CAN," "MIGHT," ETC.
114. The present imperative is used to express a direct
positive command in the second person. The future tense
is used chiefly in legal phrases :
da mihi hoc, give me this.
[H. 560; (487) ; LM. 725; A. 448, 449; (269) ; G. 266; B. 281.]
1 Be in command of — praesum.
54
LATIN PROSE COMPOSITION — PART I
115. The first and third persons, which are missing in
the imperative, are supplied by the subjunctive (negative
ne). The tense is usually present. The subjunctive then
expresses an exhortation or an entreaty :
amemus patriam, let us love our country.
secernant se a bonis, let them separate themselves from the
£[ood,
[H. 559. I. 560; (484, 11) ; LM. 713; A. 439; (266);
G.263, 1, 3; B. 274, 275.]
116. A direct command in the second person, when
negative, is called a prohibition. They are expressed in
Latin as follows :
1. Noli (plural nolite), he unwilling, with the infinitive.
This is the common expression : noli hoc facere, do not do
this (literally, be tmzvilliiig to do this).
2. Ne with the second person of the perfect subjunctive,
or cave, cave ne, fac ne, take care not, see that not, with the
second person of the present or perfect subjunctive. These
expressions, however, are less common.
Caution. — Do not express prohibition by ne or non and
the imperative. j-^ ^^i, i, 2; (488-489); LM. 728, 729;
A. 450 ; (269, a, b) ; G. 271, 2, 272, 2 ; B. 276.]
Summary
Person
Positive
Negative
First
hoc faciamus, let us do
this
ne hoc faciamus, let us
not do this
Second
hoc fac, do this
noli (nolite) hoc facere,
do not do this
Third
hoc faciat, let him do
this
ne hoc faciat, let him
not do this
COMMANDS, EXHORTATIONS, PROHIBITIONS 55
117. The English auxiliaries, rnayy might, could, would,
should, are not always used with the same force. When
used with their full force of possibility, or power, they are
expressed by corresponding Latin verbs. Thus, licet, it is
permitted, gives the idea of may, might ; possum, / am
able, the idea of could; volo, I am willing, the idea of would.
When these English auxiharies are less forceful, that is,
are not used with their full literal meaning, they are
represented in Latin by the subjunctive mood.
118. Potential Subjunctive. — This expresses an action
2iS, possible or conditional, not as real. It often represents
an action as dependent upon some implied condition. The
negative is non. This subjunctive is generally represented
in English by may, should, would:
quispiam quaerat, some one may ask,
velim, / should wish, or / should like (more polite than
volo, / wish).
diceres, you would say, or would have said,
[H. 552-556; (485, 486); LM. 717-720; A. 445-447, 522; (311,
a, b); G. 257, 258; B. 280.]
119. When may or might emphasize the idea of permis-
sion, use licet. It is used as follows :
1. Followed by subjunctive.
2. Followed by infinitive.
Examples :
licet eum(ei) venire, 1 , ,. . . . v
licet veniat, J ^^-^ ^^'^' ^^ P^^^^^^^^ ^^) ^^'^^^
[H. 564, II, I, 615 ; (501, I, 536, 2, (3)) ; LM. 693, 782 ; A. 565,
N. 2 ; (331, i, N. 3) ; G. 535, 553, 4; B. 295, 6, 327, i.]
56 LATIN PROSE COMPOSITION — PART I
120. Translate :
1. Let them free us from danger.
2. He ought to have remained here.
3. Don't leave the city.
4. Let us all enjoy life.
5. What can that fellow do ?
6. Let us not be afraid of work.
7. I should like to do that.
8. You may ^ do it if you wish.
9. Some one may ^ ask you for that book.
10. Any one would have fought for ^ his country.
LESSON 15
CONDITIONS AND WISHES
121. Conditional sentences are complex sentences con-
sisting of two parts, the condition (or protasis) introduced
by " if," "if not," " unless," and the conclusion (or apodosis).
For convenience, they may be arranged in these classes:
L Conditions referring to present or past time.
1. Simple.
2. Contrary to Fact (Non-fact).
IL Conditions referring to future time.
1. Vivid Future.
2. Less Vivid Future.
122. Simple. — In this class the condition (or protasis)
simply states a present or past supposition of fact, without
1 Does " may " mean " is permitted " ?
2 Do not use the dative.
CONDITIONS AND WISHES 57
implying whether or not it is true. The present and past
tenses of the indicative are used in both condition and
conclusion :
si hoc faciunt, bene est, if they do this, it is well.
si hoc fecerunt, bene fuit, if they did this, it was well,
[H. 574; (508) ; LM. 933 ; A. 515 ; (306) ; G. 595 ; B. 302.]
123. Contrary-to-fact Conditions. — When the condition
states a present or past supposition, implying that the con-
dition is not or was not fulfilled {i.e. is contrary to the actual
facts of the case), the imperfect and pluperfect subjunctive
are used in both condition and conclusion. The imperfect
expresses present time, the pluperfect past time:
si hoc facerent, bene esset, if they zvere {now) doing this
(implying that they are not), it would be well.
si hoc f ecissent, bene f uisset, if they had do7ie this, it would
have been well.
I. Expressions oi ability, obligation, or necessity (such
as debeo, oportet, decet, possum, the periphrastic conjugation,
etc.), when used in the conclusion, are often in the imper-
fect, perfect, or pluperfect indicative^ instead of the sub-
jitnctive :
si Romae privatus esset, tamen is erat deligendus, if he were
a private citizen at Rome, yet he ought to be appointed.
[H. 579,1, 583; (510,511,2); LM. 938, 940; A. 517; (308, a, c);
G. 597. 3, (a) ; B. 304, i, 3.]
124. Vi^id Future Condition. — When a supposed future
case is stated distinctly and vividly (as in English, ** if I
shall go," or " if I go "), the future or future-perfect indica-
tive is used in both condition and conclusion :
58
LATIN PROSE COMPOSITION — PART 1
61 hoc facient, bene erit, if they do (i.e. will do) this, it will
be well.
Caution. — Remember that the present tense in English
often refers to future time. See 104.
[H. 574; (508) ; LM. 933 ; A. 516, a; (307, a) ; G. 595 ; B. 302.]
125. Less Vivid Future Condition. — When a supposed
future case is stated in a less distinct or vivid form (as in
English, "if I should go "), the present (less often the per-
fect) subjunctive is used in both condition and conclusion :
si hoc faciant, bene sit, if they should do this, it would be
well.
This form of condition may be recognized in English by
the auxiliaries should ox would, in both parts of the condition.
[H.576; (509); LM.936; A.5i6,b; (307,b); G. 596; B. 303.]
126. Summary of conditions :
I. Present or past time.
1. Simple. Present or past tenses of
indicative in both parts.
2. Contrary to fact.
(i) Present time — imperfect subjunc-
tive in both parts.
(2) Past time — pluperfect subjunc-
tive in both parts.
11. Future time.
1. Vivid future. Future or future per-
fect indicative in both parts.
2. Less vivid future. Present or perfect
subjunctive in both parts.
Classes
OF
Conditional
Sentences.
CONDITIONS AND WISHES 59
127. Condition omitted. The condition (or protasis) is
sometimes contained in a participle, or implied from the
sense of the sentence.
liberatus Romam ibit, if he is set free (literally, having been
liberated), he will go to Rome. See potential subjunc-
tive, 118.
128. Wishes may be divided into two classes :
1. Those that refer to the future as, ** may he do this,"
or " O that he may come."
2. Those that refer to present or past time, and that
wish for something which (it is implied) is not or was not
attained. They are sometimes called contrary-to-fact
wishes. Thus, ** O that this had happened " (implying
that it did not happen), or " would that he were not here "
(implying that he is here now).
129. The subjunctive, usually with utinam, is used to
express a wish. The negative is ne. The force of the
tenses is as follows :
1. The present tense, often with utinam, refers to future
time, and denotes the wish as possible.
2. The imperfect tense, regularly with utinam, expresses
a wish that is contrary to fact in present time.
3. The pluperfect, regularly with utinam, represents a
wish as contrary to fact in past time.
Examples :
1 . utinam hoc f aciat, may he do this ! (possible).
2. utinam hoc faceret, would that he were doing this!
(contrary to fact in present time, implying that he isn't do-
ing this).
6o LATIN PROSE COMPOSITION — PART I
3. utinam hoc ne fecisset, would that he had not done
this ! (contrary to fact in past time).
[H. 558, I, 2 ; (483) ; LM. 710-712 ; A. 441, 442 ; (267, b) ; G. 260,
261 ; B. 279.]
130. Translate :
1. I wish he would not come!
2. If he should leave the city, we would all be glad.
3. Let us not surrender to the enemy.
4. Would you have remained, if I had come ?
5. O that the famous^ Alexander were now alive !
6. Even if he gives the signal, we will not advance.
7. Would that we had not persuaded him 1
8. You would not have done so.^
9. If she is at home, I am glad.
LESSON 16
SEQUENCE OF TENSES. INDIRECT QUESTIONS. CONSTRUC-
TION AFTER VERBS OF FEARING AND VERBS OF DOUBT-
ING
131. When the subjunctive is used in a dependent
clause, the choice of the tense to be used depends upon
the time of the principal or leading clause.
All tenses are divided into two classes : primary (^prin-
cipal^ and secondary {historical).
I. The primary or principal tenses include all forms
that express present or future time. They are the present,
future, and future-perfect indicative, the present and per-
fect subjunctive, and the present and future imperative.
* See 61. * Is a condition implied ?
SEQUENCES OF TENSES 6 1
2. The secondary or historical tenses are those that
express past time. They are the imperfect, perfect, and
pluperfect indicative, the imperfect and pluperfect sub-
junctive.
(a) The historical present [102, i] is sometimes consid-
ered a primary tense, although more often a secondary.
132. Rule for Sequence of Tenses. — ^ Whenever the sub-
junctive is used in a subordinate or dependent clause, the
tense that shculd be used is determined by the following
rule:
A primary tense in the main clause is followed by a
primary tense in the dependent clause ; a secondary tense
is followed by a secondary tense.
133. In applying this rule for the sequence of tenses-
the student should notice (i) whether the verb of the main
clause is primary or secondary ; (2) whether the depend-
ent verb denotes (a) time that is present or future with
reference to the time of the main verb (i.e. whether it
denotes incomplete action), or (d) time that is past with
reference to the main verb (i.e. completed action).
I. If the main verb is primary, the dependent subjunc-
tive must be present tense if the action is incomplete, and
perfect if it denotes complete action.
e 2. If the main verb is a secondary tense, the dependent
subjunctive must be imperfect if it denotes incomplete
action, and pluperfect if it denotes completed action.
Examples of sequence of tenses :
1. video quid faciat,
/ see what he is doing,
2. vidi quid faceret,
I saw what he ivas doing.
In both these examples
the dependent clause ex-
presses incomplete action,
because the doing was go-
ing on at the same time as
the seeing.
LATIN PROSE COMPOSITION — PART I
3. vided quid fecerit,
I see what he did {or has done\
4. vidi quid fecisset,
/ saw what he did (or had done). ^
Here the dependent
clauses denote completed
action, because the doing
was finished before the
seeing began.
Outline for Use of Subjunctive Tenses
Principal or Main Verb
Tense used in Subjunctive
Incomplete Time
Completed Time
Present
Future
Future perfect
Imperative
Present
Perfect
Perfect
Pluperfect
Imperfect
Imperfect
Pluperfect
References for Sequence of Tenses *
[H. 543-545 ; (490-495) ; LM. 802-809; A. 482-485 ; (285, 286) ;
G. 509-511 ; B. 266, 267.]
134. Indirect Questions. — When a question is not asked
directly, but depends upon some introductory verb, the
subjunctive is used :
scio quis ille sit, / know who he is, (The direct question
was, quis ille est? who is he?)
Indirect questions may be recognized in English by the
fact that some interrogative word follows the main or
introductory verb.
[H. 649, n ; (529, 1) ; LM. 810 ; A. 573-575 ; (334) ; G. 467 ; B. 300.]
SEQUENCES OF TENSES 63
135. A clause dependent upon a verb or expression of
fearing may be expressed by ut or ne and the subjunctive.
Ne is affirmative, and means that ; ut is negative, and
means that not:
timeo ne hoc faciat, I fear that he will do this (or I fear
that he is doing this),
timebam ut hoc faceret, I feared that he would not do this,
I. ne non, that . . . not, is occasionally used instead of
ut, and regularly so when the verb of fearing is negative :
non vereor ne hoc non fecerit, / am not afraid that he has
not done this,
[H. 567, 1 ; (498, III) ; LM. 897 ; A. 564 ; (331, f ) ; G. 550, 2 ; B. 296, 2.]
136. Verbs of doubting^ when negative or in the form
of a question that implies a negative answer, are followed
by quin, that^ but that, and the subj unctive :
non erat dubium quin plurimum possent, there was no doubt
that they had very great power.
quis dubitat quin in virtute divitiae sint ? who doubts (im-
plying that no one does) that there are i^iches in vii^tue ?
I. Dubito also means hesitate, and is regularly followed
by the infinitive :
non dubitem dicere, etc., / should not hesitate to say, etc.
[H. 595, I ; (504, 505, I, 4) ; LM. 913, 914; A. 558, a; (332, g, r.
N. 2); G. 555, 2, R. 3; B. 298, b.]
137. Translate:
I. Do not tell me where you went.
' e not hesitate to fight '
not asked who she is.
. x-/vy i.i.\j\, i,v^xj. ixxv^ vv xxv^x v^ ^ \j\x vv v^xi >,.
2. May he not hesitate to fight bravely !
3. I have not asked who she is.
64
LATIN PROSE COMPOSITION — PART I
4. I was afraid that they had not returned home.
5. Would any one doubt that he was a good soldier?
6. Let us not fear that the enemy will come.
7. What has that fellow ^ told you ?
8. Caesar ought not to have killed all the inhabitants.
LESSON 17
REVIEW AND SIGHT PRACTICE
138. Review the principles of syntax in 102-136.
139. L^
jarn thoroughly
words :
I.
vinco.
2.
vincio.
3.
vivo.*
4.
cognosco.
5.
oportet.
6.
debeo.*
7.
finitimus.
8.
parens.
9-
epistula, littera.
10.
secerno.
II.
quaero.
12.
iter.
13.
licet.
14.
vereor.
15.
timeo.
16.
terreo.
17.
queror.*
18.
incola.
19.
consuesco
20.
traho.
21.
brevis.
22.
lex.
23.
labors.
24.
munus.
25.
odi.
26.
gero.*
27.
fides.
28.
gaudeo.*
29.
cupio.
30.
gratia.
31.
scio.
32.
dubito.
33-
nemo.
34.
scelus.
Write all the infinitives of the starred verbs.
1 See 60.
SUBJUNCTIVE OF PURPOSE AND RESULT 6$
140. Let the instructor form several original sentences
in English from the words in 139, illustrating the gram-
matical principles of 102-136. These sentences may be
given for oral drill or a written exercise.
LESSON 18
SUBJUNCTIVE OF PURPOSE aND RESULT. OBJECT CLAUSES
141. A purpose clause is one which expresses the end or
purpose of the action of a verb.
In English, purpose is indicated in a variety of ways.
In the sentence, " He came to see me," the purpose clause
"to see me" may be expressed "in order that he might
see me," or "for the purpose of seeing me," or "in order
to see me," etc.
142. In Latin, also, there are many ways of expressing
purpose. In previous lessons these have been considered.
1. The genitive of the gerundive construction followed
by causa. See 91, second example, and 93.
2. The genitive of the gerund followed by causa. See
91, second example.
3. ad and the accusative of the gerundive construction.
See 93, I, second example.
4. ad and the accusative of the gerund. See 91, accusa-
tive. This construction is not used with transitive verbs.
See 93, I.
5. Supine in -um after verbs of motion. See 96, i.
143. A clause of purpose is most commonly expressed
by ut, fkaf, in order that, and ne, in order that not^ lest, and
the subjunctive :
LATIN PROSE COMP. — 5
66 LATIN PROSE COMPOSITION — PART I
veni ut meum amicum viderem, / came that I might see my
friend (or to see my friend).
portas clausit, ne quam oppidani initiriam acciperent, he
closed the gateSy lest the townsmen should receive any
injury,
1. A relative pronoun is used with the subjunctive to
express purpose. There must, of course, be an antecedent
of the relative, expressed or understood, in the main clause :
qui cognoscerent misit, he sent men to find out, etc. (literally
he sent those who should find out).
2. quo (the ablative of the relative) is often used with
the subjunctive to express purpose when the purpose clause
contains a comparative :
carinae aliquanto planiores quam nostrarum navium, quo
facilius vada excipere possent, the bottoms of the ships
(were) considerably flatter than those of our vessels, so that
they might be able to stand the shoals more easily.
[H. 568; (497); LM. 835, 899,908; A. 529-532; (317); G. 544,
R. 2; B. 282.]
Caution. — Do not express purpose in Latin by the
infinitive. This is used in English, but not in classical
Latin.
Query. — In how many ways may purpose be expressed
in Latin }
144. The student should notice carefully the difference
between a purpose and a result clause. A result clause
expresses the result or outcome of the action of a verb
Observe the difference as shown in these two examples :
"They shouted so that he might hear." (Purpose.)
"They shouted so that he heard." (Result.)
SUBJUNCTIVE OF PURPOSE AND RESULT 6/
Some word or phrase like so^ suck, in such a way, etc., is
often used in the sentence before the result clause to lead
up to it, and to show that such a clause is to follow.
145. A result clause is expressed in Latin by ut, that^ so
that, and ut non, so that not, and the subjunctive :
tanta subito malacia exstitit ut se movere non possent, such a
calm suddenly arose that they could not move,
I. A relative and the subjunctive also often express
result :
nemo est tarn senex qui se annum non putet posse vivere,
nobody is so old as not to think that he can live a year.
Note that a negative purpose clause is introduced by ne,
a negative result clause by ut non.
[H. 570; (500); LM. 90s; A. 537, 538; (319); G. 552; B. 284.]
146. After many Latin verbs the object clause is ex-
pressed by ut or ne and the subj unctive, whereas in English,
the corresponding construction employs the infinitive:
(Latin.) huic persuadet uti ad hostis transeat (the object
of persuadet is the clause uti . . . transeat).
(English.) he persuaded him to go over to the enemy (the
object of persuaded is the infinitive clause, to go over to
the enemy).
Because of this difference in idiom it is necessary to
know what Latin verbs are followed by^an object clause in
the subjunctive.
147. The subjunctive introduced by ut or ne is used as
the object of verbs signifying to ask, command, advise,
resolve, urge, persuade, permit, strive, decree.
68 LATIN PROSE COMPOSITION — PART I
monet ut omnis suspiciones vitet, he advises (or warns) him
to avoid all suspicion.
Helvetiis persuasit ut exirent, he persuaded the Helvetians
to march forth.
suis imperavit ne quod omnino telum in hostis reicerent, he
ordered his men not to throiv back at the enemy any weapon
at all.
te rogo ut eum iuves, / beg you to aid him.
The following verbs are some of the most common that
take this construction :
persuades, persuade.
impero, mando, order.
rogo, ask,
6r6, beg,
postulo, demand,
moneo, advise,
peto, quaero, request^ entreat.
cohortor, hortor, encourage^
urge.
•concedo, permitto, allow,
ctnsQQ, propose, move,
decerno, resolve, decree,
operam do, take pains,
negotium do, employ., charge,
laboro, contendo, strive.
[H. 565 ; (498, I, II) ; LM. 893-895 ; A. 563, 566; (331) ; G. 546,
and N. I ; B. 295, i, 2, 4, 5.]
148. There are many exceptions to the principle stated
in 147, of which note the following :
1. lubeo, order y and Ytio, forbid, are regularly followed
by the infinitive :
<..
Helvetios oppida restituere iussit, he ordered the Helvetians
to rebuild their towns.
2. Conor, try, strive, regularly takes the infinitive :
si transire conarentur, if they should try to cross^
VERBS OF HINDERING AND REFUSING 69
3. The following verbs are followed either by (i) the
infinitive, or (2) ut and ne and the subjunctive. Yet the
infinitive is more common.
patior, sino, allow.
constituo, determine.
statuo, resolve upon.
volo, wishy be willing.
nolo, be unwilling.
malo, prefer.
cupio, desire.
studeo, be eager for.
149. Translate :
1. They sent a man to see her. (Express in six differ-
ent ways in Latin.)
2. They were persuaded ^ to do this.
3. Caesar asked Labienus to occupy ^ the mountain and
wait for his men.
4. I ordered him to be bound ^ and led to me.
5. We should like to go to Athens.
6. He was so lazy that he would not fight.
7. I am not the man to desert a friend.
LESSON 19
CONSTRUCTION AFTER VERBS OF HINDERING AND REFUS-
ING. TEMPORAL CLAUSES
150. Object clauses dependent upon verbs of hindering^
preventing, and refusing are expressed as follows :
(i) By ne or quominus and the subjunctive, if the main
clause is affirmative.
Caesar deterrere potest ne maior multitude Germanorum
Rhenum traducatur, Caesar can prevent a greater multi*
tude of Germans from being led across the Rhine.
1 were persuaded : see 32, 2. 2 Use a participle to express this verb.
70 LATIN PROSE COMPOSITION — PART I
I. Prohibeo regularly takes the infinitive.
Germanos transire prohibebant, they kept the Germans from
crossing,
(2) By quin (less often quominus) and the subjunctive, if
the main clause is negative.
neque recusant quin armis contendant, and they do not
refuse to contend in arms.
retineri non potuerant quin tela conicerent, they could not
be restrained from hurling their weapons.
[H. 566, 568, 8, 595» 2; (504, 4, 505, II) ; LM. 898; A. 558; (331,
e, 2, 332, g) ; G. 548, 549, 554, 555 ; B. 295, 3, a.]
151. The time of the action of a verb may be defined
by (i) a noun, or (2) a clause. As, ** At six o'clock he went
home." " When it was dark he went Home."
Review 51.
152. Temporal clauses introduced by the following
particles take the indicative. The tense is generally per-
fect or historical present.
postquam (posteaquam), after.
ubi, when.
ut, as^ when.
ut primum,
cum primum,
simul atque,
simul ac,
simul,
> as soon as.
postquam Caesar pervenit, obsides poposcit, after Caesar
arrived, he demanded hostages.
Pompeius ut equitatum suum pulsum vidit, acie excessit,
when Pompey saw his cavalry beaten, he left the army.
[H. 602; (518) ; LM. 881 ; A. 543; (324) ; G. 561 ; B. 287, i.]
VERBS OF HINDERING AND REFUSING 71
153. Temporal clauses introduced by cum, when, while,
after, take :
f . The indicative, if the tense is present, perfect, future,
or future-perfect.
2. The subjunctive, if the tense is imperfect or pluperfect.
The imperfect or pluperfect indicative is very rare in
classical Latin.
cum id nuntiatum esset, maturat, when this had been
reported, he hastened.
cum Caesar in Galliam venit, when Caesar came into Gaul
Review 87, i, 89.
[H. 600, 601; (521); LM. 854-858; A. 545^548; (325); G. 580,
585; B. 288,1.]
154. antequam and priusquam, before, until, are used as
follows :
( r ) With the indicative to express an actual fact. The
tense is generally perfect, future-perfect, or present.
(2) With the subjunctive when the action is viewed as an^
ticipated. The imperfect and pluperfect are generally used.
nee prius respexi quam venimus, and I did not look back
until we arrived.
priusquam telum adici posset, omnis acies terga vertit, be^
fore a spear could be hurled, the whole army fled,
1. Antequam and priusquam are often divided into their
two elements, ante . . . quam, prius . . . quam, and the
first part put in the main clause, the second in the temporal
clause. See first example given above.
2. Antequam and priusquam mean until after a negative
clause. See first example.
[H. 605, 1, II ; (520) ; LM. 877-880; A. 550, 551 ; (327) ; G. 574-
577; B. 291, 29a. i
72 LATIN PROSE COMPOSITION — PART I
•• 155. Dum, quoad, or quam diu, as long as, so long as^
take the indicative. For dum, while, see 102, 2.
quoad potuit, restitit, he resisted as long as he could.
[H. 603, I ; (519, 1) ; LM. 918 ; A. 554, 555 ; (328, 2) ; G. 569; B.
293, I, II.]
156. Dum and quoad, imtil, are used as follows :
1. With the indicative to denote an actual event. This
will be, in general, when the reference is to a past action.
In this sense dum is used less often than quoad.
nostri non f inem sequendi fecerunt, quoad equites praecipitis
hostis egerunt, our men did not give up the pursuit until
the cavalry drove the enemy headlong.
2. With the subjunctive to denote anticipation or
expectancy. This will be, in general, when the " until "
clause refers to future time with reference to the main
verb:
expectas dum dicat, you are waiting until he speaks.
dum naves convenirent, in ancoris expectavit, he waited at
anchor for the ship to assemble (Hterally, until the ships
should assemble^
[H. 603, II, I, 2 ; (519, II) ; LM. 921, 922 ; A. 553 ; (328) ; G. 571,
572 ; B. 293, III, I, 2.]
157. Translate:
1. I enjoyed my books as long as I remained there.
2. Just^ as soon as they saw the enemy, they fled.
3. When he had been informed of this, they started for
Rome.
4. You ought to have gone before they came.
5. While he was delaying near^ the city, he met many
of his friends.
1 This word merely emphasizes *' as soon as." ^ ad and ace
INDIRECT DISCOURSE. SIMPLE SENTENCES 73
6. Caesar waited for the soldiers to gather.
7. We will prevent them from going away.
8. He did not leave the city until he had seen her.
9. They did not refuse to believe me.
LESSON 20
INDIRECT DISCOURSE. SIMPLE SENTENCES
158. The words or thoughts of any person may be
quoted either directly or indirectly. A direct quotation
(i.e. direct discourse) is one which gives the exact words
or thoughts of the original speaker or writer. An indirect
quotation (i.e. indirect discourse) is one in which the origi-
nal words or thoughts are stated in the words of another,
and conform to the construction of the sentence in which
they stand.
The English sentence, / am present^ when quoted di-
rectly, is stated: he said, "/ a^n present^ When quoted
indirectly, it assumes this form : he said that he was present,
or, after a present tense of the verb of saying, he says that
he is present. An indirect statement, then, is generally
introduced in English by the word **that," although this
may be omitted, as, he says {that) he is coming.
Caution. — The English word "that" should be care-
fully examined. It may (i) introduce an object clause, a
purpose or result clause, being rendered in Latin by ut,
ne, quin, quominus ; (2) be the relative pronoun, as " the
book that I saw," and be expressed by the proper form of
qui; (3) be the demonstrative pronoun, as ''that book is
mine," and be expressed by ille ; (4) be used to introduce
a clause in indirect discourse, as " I know that he is here."
In this case there is no corresponding word in Latin.
74
LATIN PROSE COMPOSITION — PART I
159. Examine carefully these examples
Direct Discourse
/ am coming y venio.
Indirect Discourse
he says that he is comings
dicit se venire.
/ came^ veni. he said that he had come^
dixit se venisse.
Note (i) that the English expresses the indirect state-
ment by a clause introduced by "that"; (2) that the Latin
changes the verb of the direct statement to the infinitive,
with its subject in the accusative; (3) that there is no
word in Latin to correspond to the " that " in English.
Hence never write dico ut, etc., / say that, etc.
160. Rule for Main Verbs in Indirect Discourse. — In
changing from direct to indirect discourse, the main verb
of a declaratory sentence becomes infinitive with its sub-
ject in the accusative.
Verbs and expressions of knowings thinking, telling, and
perceiving are used to introduce a sentence when it is
quoted indirectly.
Some of the more common verbs are :
dico, say, tell.
niintio, announce,
refero, report.
certiorem facio, inform.
polliceor, promise.
nego, say that . . . not.
narro, relate.
respondeo, reply,
scribo, write.
memini, remember.
scio, know,
cognosco, learn, find out
sentio, perceive,
audio, hear,
video, see,
comperio, find out
puto, think,
iiidico, judge.
spero, hope.
confido, trust.
[H. 642; (523,1); LM. 1020-1023; A. 579, 580; (336,1,2); G
527; B. 314, 1,3315 i-J
INDIRECT DISCOURSE. SIMPLE SENTENCES
75
i6i. Review carefully io8 and 109. The tenses of the
infinitive do not follow the tense of the introductory verb.
They only denote time relative to that of the main verb.
The present infinitive describes an action, as going on at
the time of the main verb ; the perfect as prior or com-
pleted ; the future as subsequent.
The student will be aided in deciding what tense of the
infinitive to use in a given indirect statement, if he will
imagine what tense was used in the direct statement. A
present indicative in the direct statement becomes present
infinitive in the indirect ; an imperfect, perfect, or pluper-
fect indicative become perfect infinitive ; a future tense
becomes future infinitive, or fore (fiiturum esse) ut and
the subjunctive.
Study carefully these examples :
Tense
Direct Discourse
Indirect Discourse
(Present)
videt me venire, he sees that
Present
venio, / am coming.
I am coming.
(Past)
vidit me venire, he saw that
I was coming.
(Present)
Imperfect
veniebam, / was
videt me venisse, he sees
coming.
that I came, or have
Perfect
veni, / have come,
come.
or / came.
(Past)
Pluperf.
veneram, I had come.
vidit me venisse, he saw
that I came, or had come.
76
LATIN PROSE COMPOSITION — PART I
Tense
Direct Discourse
Indirect Discourse
(Present)
videt me venturum (esse),
or videt fore ut veniam,
Future
veniam, I shall come.
he sees that I will come.
(Past)
vidit me venturum (esse),
or vidit fore ut venirem,
he saw that I would come.
1. If a verb has no perfect passive participle, its future
infinitive must be represented by fore ut and subjunctive.
2. The subject of the infinitive should never be omitted
in Latin.
162. When the main verb in the direct discourse is used
in any one of the following constructions, it becomes sub-
junctive in indirect discourse, and not infinitive.
(i) A direct question, asked for an answer:
(Direct.) cur in meas possessiones venis ? why do you come
into m,y domain ?
(Indirect.) Ariovistus Caesari respondit, cur in suas pos-
sessiones veniret? Ariovistus replied to Caesar ^ why did
he come into his domain ?
(2) Any imperative form :
(Direct.) noli Aeduis bellum inferre, do not make war upon
the Aeduans.
(Indirect.) postulavit n6 Aeduis bellum inferret, he de-
manded that he should not make zvar upon the Aeduans.
i
INDIRECT DISCOURSE. SIMPLE SENTENCES 77
(Direct.) cum legione veni, come with a legion.
(Indirect.) scribit Labieno cum legione veniat, he writes to
Labienus to come (literally, that he should come) with a
legion,
(3) A subjunctive of exhortation {\\ 5), or wish {12^, 129),
or deliberation (no), remains subjunctive in indirect dis-
course.
[H. 642, 3, 4; (523, II, I, III) ; LM. 1023; A. 586-588; (338-339) ;
G, 651,652; B. 315, 1,37316.]
163. If the direct discourse is in the form of a rhetorical
question {i.e. one that is asked for effect, and implies its
own answer), the main verb becomes infinitive in indirect
discourse ;
(Direct.) num recentium initiriarum memoriam deponere
possum ? can I lay aside the memory of recent wrongs ?
(Indirect.) Caesar respondit, num recentium iniuriarum
memoriam se deponere posse ? Caesar replied^ could he
lay aside the memory of recent wrongs ?
I. It is often hard to distinguish between a real and
rhetorical question. It often depends merely on the
writer's point of view.
[H.642, 2; (523, II, 2) ; LM. 1024; A. 586; (338); G. 651, R. I ; B.
315,2.]
164 Translate:
1. I could not leave the city.
2. Quote sentence i indirectly after dixit.
3. We told him not to wage war on them.
4. Give the direct discourse of sentence 3.
5. He thought that he was going home.
yS LATIN PROSE COMPOSITION — PART I
6. Caesar replied asking what did he intend ^ to do ?
7. I saw who was coming.
8. Caesar was informed that the enemy would not flee.
9. He trusted that I would not be able to come.
LESSON 21
INDIRECT DISCOURSE. COMPLEX SENTENCES
165. A complex sentence is one consisting of a principal
clause and one or more dependent clauses ; as ** if he comes,
I shall go " ; " we waited until we saw her " ; ** the man
whom I saw is a German." The dependent verbs are
italicized.
166. When a complex sentence is indirectly quoted, its
principal or main verb follows the rules stated in 160, 162,
163. Its dependent verb follows this law :
Each dependent verb becomes subjunctive. Its tense de-
pends upon the tense of the introductory verb of saying,
thinking, etc., in accordance with the principle of sequence
of tenses (131).
[H. 643 ; (524) ; LM. 1026; A. 580, 585 ; (336, 2, 336, B) ; G. 650^
654; B. 314, 1,318.]
167. Pronouns in Indirect Discourse. — In changing from
direct to indirect discourse, pronouns of the first and second
persons are generally changed to pronouns of the third
person. The reflexive pronouns (65, i, 2, 66) refer either
to the subject of the introductory verb, or to the subject of
the verb of their own clause.
1 Intend— volo, or in animo habe5.
INDIRECT DISCOURSE. COMPLEX SENTENCES
79
Direct Discourse
vir quern vidi meus amicus
est, the man whom I saw
is my friend.
i68. The following examples illustrate the changes of a
dependent clause :
Indirect Discourse
(Present)
dicit virum quern viderit
suum amicum esse, he says
that the man zvhom he saw
is his friend.
' (Past)
dixit virum quem vidisset
suum amicum esse, he said
that the m^an whom, he saw
(or had seen) was his
friend.
169. When conditional sentences are quoted indirectly,
the following facts should be noted :
(i) The condition (or protasis), being a dependent clause,
is always subjunctive.
(2) The conclusion (or apodosis), being a main clause,
becomes the infinitive, unless it is in the form that would
change to the subjunctive (162).
(3) The conclusion of a less vivid future condition
becomes the future infinitive. Hence it is impossible to
distinguish vivid and less vivid future conditions when
quoted indirectly.
(4) The condition of a contrary-to-fact condition never
changes its tense.
(5) The conclusion of a contrary-to-fact condition be-
comes,
1. if active, the infinitive form obtained by combining the
participle in -urus with fuisse.
2. if passive, or without a supine stem, the periphrase
futurum fuisse ut and the imperfect subjunctive.
So
LATIN PROSE COMPOSITION — PART I
Examples of Conditions in Indirect Discourse
Kind of
Condition
Direct Discourse
Indirect Discourse
(Present)
dicit, si hoc faciant, bene
esse, he says that^ if they
si hoc f aciunt, bene
do this, it is well.
Simple
est, if they do
this, it is well.
(Past)
dixit, si hoc facerent, bene
esse, he said that, if they
did this, it was well.
(Present)
dicit, si hoc faciant, bene
futurum, he says that, if
si hoc facient, bene
they do this, it zuill be
Vivid
erit, if they do
well.
Future
thiSf it will be
(Past)
well.
dixit, si hoc facerent, bene
futurum, he said that, if
they did this, it would be
well.
si hoc f aciant, bene
Less Vivid
sit, if they should
Latin same as that of vivid
Future
do this, it would
be well.
future condition.
INDIRECT DISCOURSE. COMPLEX SENTENCES 8 1
Examples of Conditions in Indirect Discourse
Kind of
Condition
Direct Discourse
Indirect Discourse
dicit (or dixit), si hoc face-
(Present time)
rent, bene f uturum f uisse
si hoc f acerent, bene
(rarely esse), he said (or
esset, if they
says) that, if they were
were (now) doing
doing this, it would be
this, it would be
well. (The tense of the
Contrary
well.
verb of saying does not
TO Fact
affect the condition.)
(Past time)
dicit (or dixit), si hoc fecis-
si hoc fecisset, bene
sent, futurum fuisse ut
fuisset, if they
bene esset, he says (or
had done this, it
said) that, if they had
would have been
done this, it would have
well.
been well.
[H. 646, 647 ; (527) ; LM. 1034-1040; A. 589; (337) ; G. 656-659;
B. 319-321.]
170. Translate:
1. He said he would do it, if I would help him.
2. Wait until the enemy arrive.
3. Quote sentence 2 indirectly after dixit.
4. I think that I know what you did.
5. If Caesar had been present, we would not have been
defeated.
6. Quote sentence 5 indirectly after scio.
7. He hoped that we would refrain from injuring her.
latin prose COMP
82 LATIN PROSE COMPOSITION — PART I
8. He replied that, if we needed help, we ought to have
come to him.
9. They informed Caesar that they had been sent to
learn about this very thing.
LESSON 22
CONCESSION. PROVISO. CAUSE. CHARACTERISTIC. REVIEW
OF RELATIVE CLAUSES
171. Clauses of concession, introduced in English by
although^ are generally expressed in Latin by
1. Quamquam, although^ and the indicative;
2. Quamvis, cum, although^ and the subjunctive ;
3. Etsi, etiamsi, tametsi, even if, with the same construc-
tion as si. The indicative is more common.
Examples : —
quamquam f estin^s, nSn est mora longa, although you are in
haste, the delay is not long.
quamvis sis molestus, numquam te esse confitebor malum,
although you may be troublesome, I shall never confess
that you are an evil.
cum primi ordines concidissent, tamen acerrime reliqui re-
sistebant, although the first ranks had fallen, still the
others resistefl vigorously.
[H. 585, 586, I, II; (515) ; LM. 872, 875; A. 527, 549; (313); G.
603-606; B. 309.]
172. Dum, modo, dummodo, if only, provided that, intro-
ducing a proviso, take the subjunctive :
oderint, dum metuant, let them hate, provided (if only) they
fear.
[H. 587; (513,1); LM.920; A. 528; (314); G. 573; B. 310.]
dum
CONCESSION. PROVISO. CAUSE. CHARACTERISTIC, ETC 83
Different Uses of Dum
Review 102, 2, 156.
' = while, present indicative.
r ( I ) Indicative to denote actual event,
= until, < (2) Subjunctive to express anticipa-^
L tion or expectancy.
{ provided, 1 , . ^.
= H -y. / r subjunctive.
L [ if only, J
173. A clause that denotes cause may be expressed as
follows :
1. By quod, quia, quoniam, and the indicative^ when
the reason is that of the writer or speaker ; with the sub-
junctive, when the reason is regarded as that of ariother,
Aedui Caesari gratias egerunt, quod se periculo liberavisset,
the Aedui thanked Caesar because he had delivered them
from danger. (The subjunctive, liberavisset, shows that
the reason is that of the Aedui, not the writer's reason.)
quoniam supplicatio decreta est, celebratote illos dies, since
a thanksgiving has been decreed^ celebrate those days,
(The reason is that of the writer.)
2. By cum and the subjunctive :
quae cum ita sint, perge, since these things are so, proceed,
3. Sometimes by the participle. See Zy, 3.
4. By a relative and the subjunctive.
6 fortunate adulescens, qui tuae virtutis Homerum praeco-
nem inveneris, O fortunate youths since you have found
a Homer as the herald of your valor,
[H. 588, 598 ; (516, 517) ; LM. 851, 863 ; A. 540, 549; (321, 326) ;
G. 538-541 ; B. 286.]
84 LATIN PROSE COMPOSITION — PART I
174. Relative of Characteristic. — The simplest use of
a relative clause is to state 2ifact about the antecedent, as :
puer, quern vidi, adest, the boy^ whom I saw^ is here. The
indicative mood is then used. When, however, the relative
clause expresses an essential quality or characteristic of a?i
indefinite antecedent^ the subjunctive is used, as nemo est
qui dicat, there is nobody who says, etc.
The relative clause of characteristic is necessary to complete the
meaning of the sentence ; therefore, to leave it out would destroy the
sentence. A relative with the indicative, however, merely expresses
an additional fact about the antecedent ; therefore, it may be omitted
and a complete statement still remains. Compare the two examples
just given. In the first, leave out " whom I saw," and a complete state-
ment "the boy is here" remains. In the second, omit "who says,"
and the rest of the sentence "there is nobody" seems incomplete, as
we naturally expect a clause to fill out the meaning. This test, then,
will often help the student to determine whether a given relative clause
expresses an essential characteristic :
quae civitas est quae n5n everti possit ? what state is there which can-
not be overthrown?
The relative of characteristic is especially common after such expres-
sions as :
sunt qui, there are some who.
multi sunt qui, there are many who,
nemo est qui, \ _,, ,
-11 i. - f there is no one who,
nullus est qui, J
quis est qui, who is there who ?
solus est qui, he is the only one who.
And others.
I. Dignus, worthy; indignus, unworthy; aptus, fit; id5neus, suit-
able, are often followed by a relative and the subjunctive,
idoneus qui impetret,yf/ to obtain.
[H. 591, I, 5, 6, 7; (503) ; LM. 836-838; A. 535, a, b, f; (320, a,
b, f) ; G. 631, 1,2; B. 283, I, 2 ; 282, 3.]
175. Relative clauses are more frequent in Latin than
in English. Their various uses are mentioned below :
CONCESSION. PROVISO. CAUSE. CHARACTERISTIC, ETC. 8$
1. With the indicative to state a descriptive fact dhout
the antecedent. See 174.
2. With the subjunctive to express the essential charac-
teristic. See 174.
3. With the subjunctive to denote purpose. See 143, i.
4. With the subjunctive to denote result. See 145, i.
5. With the subjunctive to express cause and conces-
sion. See 173, 4.
6. A relative pronoun may be used instead of si, if, to
form the protasis of any one of the four classes of con-
ditional sentences. See 126.
(Simple.) quicumque hoc facit, errat, zvhoever does this makes
a mistake, (quicumque = si quis, if any one.)
(Contrary to fact.) quicumque hoc fecisset, errasset, whoever
had done this would have made a mistake.
Such sentences are called conditional relative sentences.
176. Translate :
1. I sent a messenger to inform him.
2. Since you think it is best, I will go.
3. He was put to death, because (they said) he had be-
trayed his country.
4. Cicero was worthy ^ of being elected consul.
5. He went into the front ranks although he had no
shield.
6. There are many soldiers who like to linger around
the camp.
7. He came to help me in spite of the fact that^ he was
my enemy.
8. The Gauls with whom Caesar fought were very brave.
9. I will do it, provided you help me.
1 See 174, I.
* in spite of the fact that. What conjunction expresses this idea?
S6
LATIN PROSE COMPOSITION — PART I
LESSON 23
REVIEW AND SIGHT PRACTICE
177. Review the grammatical principles of 141-175.
178. Learn thoroughly the
words :
1. Clauds.
2. facilis.
3. transeo.
4. rogo.
5. telum.
6. cohortor.
7. patior.
8. sino.
9. credo.
10. piger.
11. desero.
12. posco.
13. resisto.
14. praeceps.
15. exspecto.
16. polliceor.
17. finis.
18. impetro.
19. iuvo.
meanings of the following
20. mando.
21. iubeo.
22. porta.
23. portus.
24. vito.
25. subito, repente.
26. moneo.
27. iacie.
28. Conor.
29. constituO.
30. prohibeO.
31. recuso.
32. frumentum.
33. moror.
34. morior.
35. spero.
36. fido, confido.
37. idoneus
38. prodo.
179. Let the instructor form several original sentences
in EngHsh from the words in 178, illustrating the gram-
matical principles of 141-175. These sentences may be
given for oral drill or a written exercise.
PART II
CAESAR, GALLIC WAR
Book I
Note. The student should not depend on the English-Latin vocabulary for the
Latin words. The Latin text upon which each exercise is based should always
be consulted for the proper words or phrases.
i8o CHAPTER I
a, hi lingua inter se differunt.
b. proximi GermanTs.
c. minime . . . saepe.
d, initium capit a.
a. these differ from one another
in language.
b, nearest the Germans.
c. very seldom.
d, begins at.
1. There are three parts in Gaul as a whole.
2. All of us differed from one another in many ways.^
3. The Belgae are nearest the Rhine.
4. The Gauls very seldom surpass the Germans in
bravery.
5. It has been said that Gaul begins at the river Rhine.
a.
civitati persuasit ut exirent.
a. he persuaded the state to
go forth.
b.
his rebus fiebatf.
b, the result of this was.
€.
una ex parte.
€, on one side.
1 ways = things.
8
7
88
LATIN TROSE COMPOSITION — PART II
1. Orgetorix persuaded the Helvetians to get possession
of Gaul.
2. The Rhine bounds the Helvetians on one side.
3. It was very easy to form^ a conspiracy.
4. The result of this was that Caesar waged war on the
Helvetians.
182
CHAPTER HI
a. quam maximas.
b, ad eas res conficiendas.
non esse dubium quTn
plurimum Helvetil pos-
sent.
a, as great as possible.
b, to accomplish these things,
or, for the purpose
of carrying out these
plans.
c, that there was no doubt that
the Helvetians were the
most powerful.
1. They got together as many carts as possible.
2. Orgetorix was chosen to undertake this embassy.
3. He persuaded them to exchange^ an oath-bound
pledge.
4. There is no doubt that the Helvetians are very
powerful.
183 CHAPTER IV
a. poenam sequi oportebat.
b, ne causam diceret se eripuit.
c. neque abest suspTcio quTn
ipse sibi mortem con-
sciverit.
a. punishment must (had to)
follow.
b. he saved himself from
pleading his case.
c. and there is a suspicion
that he committed
suicide.
1 form = make.
8 Do not use the infinitive.
CAESAR, GALLIC WAR 89
1 . Orgetorix ought not to be burned.
2. He gathered together all the friends that he had.
3. He will save himself from pleading his case.
4. The Helvetians think that he committed suicide.
184 CHAPTER V
a. e finibus suis exeunt.
b, paratiores ad omnia peri-
cula subeunda.
a. they emigrate.
b. more ready to undergo all
dangers.
1. The Helvetii nevertheless attempted to emigrate.
2. Each man was more ready to take grain.
3. They persuaded their neighbors to adopt the same
plan.
185 CHAPTER VI
a. bono animo in populum
R5manum.
b, L. Pisone, A. Gablnio con-
sulibus.
a. friendly (or well) disposed
toward the Roman peo-
ple.
b. in the consulship of Lucius
Piso and Aulus Gabinius.
1. The road is so ^ narrow that carts can hardly be
hauled one by one.
2. The Helvetii thought that the Allobroges were not
well disposed toward Caesar.
3. In our consulship they were compelled to go through
their territories.
4. When the bridge had been built,^ they got everything
ready.
1 tam. * 2 facio.
90
LATIN PROSE COMPOSITION — PART II
i86
CHAPTER VII
a, HelvetiT certiores facti sunt.
b, legates mittunt qui dicerent.
c, dum milites convenlrent.
a, the Helvetii were informed
(or learned).
b, they sent ambassadors to say.
c, until the soldiers should
assemble.
1. Caesar set out from Geneva.
2. He will send an ambassador to inform them.
3. Men of unfriendly spirit will not refrain from wrong-
doing.
4. He will deliberate until they return.
5. Caesar is informed of this.
187
CHAPTER VIII
a. milia passuum decern.
b. negat se posse.
c. hoc conatu destiterunt.
a. ten miles.
b. he says he cannot.
c. they gave up this attempt.
1. A wall was extended for sixteen miles.
2. Caesar says they cannot cross without his ^ consent.
3. After the redoubts had been fortified,^ the ambassa-
dors came back.
4. The soldiers will not give up the fortification of the
camp.
188
CHAPTER IX
a. Sequanis invitis, ire non
poterant.
b, Orgetorlgis filiam in ma-
trimonium duxerat.
if the Sequani were unwill-
ing, they could not go.
he had married the daugh-
ter of Orgetorix.
1 To whom does this refer ?
2 Use the participle.
CAESAR, GALLIC WAR
91
1. The Helvetii cannot emigrate, if Caesar is unwilling.
2. By the intercession of Dumnorix they could persuade
them.
3. He wished to marry her.
4. They exchanged as many hostages as possible.
189
CHAPTER X
Helvetiis esse in animo.
magno cum periculo pro-
vinciae futiirum.
munltioni Labienum prae-
ficit.
a. that the Helvetii intend.
b. that it would be very
dangerous for the province.
c. he puts Labienus in com-
mand of the fortification.
I. The Helvetii intended to do this.
"2. The Helvetii perceived that it would be very danger-
ous for them to march ^ through the province.
3. He put a lieutenant in command of the legion.
4. In three days he arrived among the Allobroges.
REVIEW OF CHAPTERS I-X
190. Review thoroughly the meanings of the following
words, memorizing the declensions of nouns and adjectives,
and the principal parts of verbs :
I.
finis.
9-
legio.
2.
finitimus.
10.
exercitus.
3.
flumen.
II.
pars, several meanings
4.
copia, sing, and pi.
12.
res frumentaria.
5-
tempus.
13.
civitas.
6.
iter.
14.
proelium.
7-
animus, sing, and pi.
15-
singuli.
8.
miles.
16.
omnis, sing, and pi.
1 Do not use inf
mitive
; see text.
92
LATIN PROSE COMPOSITION — PART II
17. quisque.
18. reliquus.
19. alius.
20. alter.
2 1 . unus.
22. magnus, compare.
23. multus, compare.
24. nuUus.
25. nonnuUus.
26. uUus.
27. superior.
28. contendo.
29. transeo.
30. gero.
31. prohibeo.
32. persuadeo.
33. consisto.
34. constituo.
35. instituo.
36. proficiscor.
37- cogo.
38. sequor.
39. iubeo.
40. impero.
41. impetro.
42. conficio.
43. utor.
44. convenio.
45. existimo.
46. praesum.
47. antecedo | with the
48. praecedoJ ace.
49. praesto.
50. praeficio.
191. Review thoroughly the following principles of
syntax :
I. Limit of motion, 17.
z. Extent of space and duration of time, 16.
3. Dative with compound verbs, 33.
4. Ablative with utor^ etc., 44.
5. Indirect statements — main clause, 160.
6. Construction with /'^n'//^^^^^, 32, 147.
7. Construction after verbs of commanding, 147, 148.
IQ2. The instructor should form original EngHsh sen-
tences employing the words of 190 and the constructions
of 191. These sentences may be given to the class for
oral or written sight practice.
CAESAR, GALLIC WAR 93
193 CHAPTER XI
a. oppida expiignari non
debuerint.
b. sibi nihil esse reliqul.
c. Caesar non exspectandum
sibi statuit.
a. their towns ought not to
have been captured.
b. that they had nothing left.
c. Caesar decided that he
ought not to wait.
1. Their fields ought ^ * not to be devastated.
2. We have nothing left except our fields.
3. The Aedui ought ^ to have been able to defend them-
selves and their possessions.
4. We must not wait.
194 CHAPTER XH
a. ea princeps poenas per-
solvit.
b. Pisonem eodem proelio
quo Cassium interfe-
cerant.
a. that was the first to pay
the penalty.
b, they had killed Piso in the
same battle with Cassius.
1. I could not judge by^ looking at it in which direction
the Sa6ne flowed.
2. They were not informed that the legions had started
from camp.
3. Caesar was the first to inflict a disaster on the
Helvetii..
4. Cassius was killed in the same battle with Piso.
5. Caesar crossed the river so quickly ^ that the enemy
fled.
* These numbers in the foot-notes refer to sections of this book.
1 See III, 112. 8 celeriter.
2 " by looking at it," use a single word.
94 LATIN PROSE COMPOSITION — PART II
195 CHAPTER XIII
a, pontem in Araii faciendum
curat.
b, ne committeret ut is locus
nomen caperet.
a. he has a bridge built over
the Saone.
b, let him not cause {^or allow)
this place to receive its
name.
1. Caesar had his army led across in one day.
2. Divico said, " Remember ^ our valor."
3. " If you remember the destruction of your army, you
will not persist in war."
4. He said that, if Caesar would remember ^ that old
disaster, he would not persist in war.
196 CHAPTER XIV
a, Caesar respondit sibi mi-
nus dubitationis darl.
b, commissum (esse) a se qua
re timeret.
€, secundiores res.
a. Caesar replied that he had
less hesitation.
b. that he had done anything
to make him afraid (to
be afraid of).
c. prosperity.
1. I have done nothing to be afraid of.
2. Caesar says that he will remember the injuries which
they have inflicted.
3. Although the gods grant you prosperity, still they
will punish you for your crimes.
4. Caesar replied, " I have less hesitation."
5. Caesar thought that they would not apologize to him
for the wrongs which had been done.
1 See 25. a Review carefully 169.
CAESAR, GALLIC WAR 95
197
CHAPTER XV
a. alieno loco.
a. on unfavorable ground.
^. pauci de nostrls.
If. a few of our men.
c. satis habebat.
c. he deemed it sufficient, was
satisfied.
1. He sent ahead a few of ^ the cavalry to see in what
direction they had marched.
2. The enemy followed so eagerly that they joined battle
on unfavorable ground.
3. Caesar is satisfied to harass the enemy's rear.
198
a. ne pabuli quidem.
^. diem ex die.
c, magna ex parte.
CHAPTER XVI
a. not even of fodder (the
emphatic word is always
placed between).
^. from day to day.
c, in great measure, chiefly,
very largely.
be brought up the river in
1. Not even grain could
boats.
2. Caesar was put off by the Aedui from day to day.
3. The day is at hand when^ grain ought to be bought
4. Although ^ the war had been undertaken chiefly be
cause of the entreaties of Liscus, yet Caesar was deserted
199
a. pliirimum valere.
CHAPTER XVn
hos multitudinem deterrere
ne friimentum conferant.
1 See 23. I.
a •• although
to have very great influ-
ence.
that these prevent the multi-
tude from bringing grain.
2 Do not use cum, see text,
undertaken," see tam . . . hostibus in text.
96
LATIN PROSE COMPOSITION — PART II
1. Some people have more influence than the officers.
2. They said that, if the Romans were victorious, thej
would deprive the Aedui of their liberty.
3. I don't doubt that Liscus spoke under^ compulsion.
4. Caesar perceived that they were frightened from
doing this.
200 CHAPTER XVIII
a. pluribus praesentibus.
b. summam in spem venire.
c. quem auxilio Caesari Aedui
miserant.
a, in the presence of many.
b, that he had the greatest
hopes.
c, which the Aedui had sent
to help Caesar.
1. Caesar did not discuss these matters in Dumnorix's
presence.
2. Dumnorix was a man of great liberality.^
3. When I bid, who will dare bid against me }
4. I have learned that Dumnorix did not favor Caesar,^
because he was a Roman.
5. I have very great hopes of buying up the revenues
at a low price.*
6. I have come to help you.
7. A few days ago the cavalry had fled.
201
CHAPTER XIX
a. satis esse causae arbitraba-
tur qua re in eum ani-
madverteret.
b. ne offenderet verebatur.
c. hortitur ut de eo statuat.
a, he thought he had suffi-
cient reason for punish-
ing him.
b, he feared that he would
offend.
c, he urges him to punish
him.
I •* under compulsion "=having been compelled.
• See 49, 22. « See 32. * See 50,
CAESAR, GALLIC WAR 97
1. The Romans have sufficient reason for punishing
Dumnorix.
2. I will have ^ him called before me.
3. We are afraid that Caesar will punish Dumnorix
without the knowledge ^ of his brother.
4. I urged him to converse with you.
5. What did they say in my presence.'*
202 CHAPTER XX
a. nee quemquam ex eo plus
quam se doloris capere.
b. qua ex re futurum (ut and
subj.)
c. tanti eius apud se gratiam
esse ostendit.
a. and that no one feels more
pain in consequence of
this than himself.
b. that the result of this would
be that, etc.
c. he shows that his regard for
him is so great.
1. No one felt more pain as a result of this than
Diviciacus.
2. While I had very little power at home, he used all
his resources to my destruction.
3. My regard for you is so great, that I urge you to
avoid ^ all suspicion.
4. The result of it was that he pardoned the wrong for
his brother's sake.
5. I did not know with whom he was talking.
REVIEW OF CHAPTERS XI-XX
203. Review thoroughly the meanings of the following
words, memorizing the principal parts of the verbs, and
declensions of nouns.
1 See in text — quod obsides . . . curSsset.
2 Cf. inscientibus ipsls in text. 8 Do not use infinitive.
LATIN PROSE COMP. — 7
98
LATIN PROSE COMPOSITION — PART II
1. debeo.
2. exspectiJ.
3. statuo.
4. adgredior.
5. interficio.
6. committo, several mean-
ings.
7. coepi.
8. consuesco.
9. discedo.
10. poUiceor.
11. cado.
12. praetermittQ.
13. se conferre.
14. relinquo.
15. queror.
16. quaero.
17. impedio.
18. dubito.
19. cognosco {de, not ace).
20. impedimentum.
21. dubitatio.
22. calamitas.
23. memini.
24. reminiscor.
25. praesidium.
26. concede. Cf. no. 9.
27. alienus.
28. pauci.
29. agmen novissimum.
30. mille.
31. cotidie.
32. publice.
33. frigus.
34. (prex.)
35. concilium,
36. consilium.
37. nemo, nuUius.
38. pretium.
39. equester.
40. supplicium.
41. lacrima.
42. ops, sing, and pi.
43. pernicies.
44. vulgus (note gender).
45. dolor.
46. custos.
47. quisquam.
48. quisque.
49. studium.
50. liberi.
204. Review thoroughly the following principles off
syntax :
1. Genitive of the whole, 23.
2. Ablative of separation, 39.
3. Dative of purpose ; dative of agent ; 37, 95.
4. Constructions with oportet and debed^ in, 1 12.
CAESAR, GALLIC WAR
99
5. Passive periphrastic conjunction ; gerundive with
curdy 95.^
6. Clauses of result, 144, 145.
205. The instructor should form original English sen-
tences employing the words of 203 and the constructions
of 204. These sentences may be given to the class for
oral or written sight practice.
206
CHAPTER XXI
a. qui cognoscerent misit.
J. qui rel militaris peritissi-
mus habebatur.
a. he sent men to ascertain.
b. who was considered very
skillful in military affairs.
1. Scouts informed Caesar that the ascent was easy.
2. He will send men to find out where the enemy have
gone.
3. He said that Considius was considered skillful in mili-
tary matters.
4. Show me what your plan is.
207
a. equo admisso.
b. multo die.
CHAPTER XXII
c. quo consuerat intervallo.
a, at full speed.
b, late in the day.
c, at the usual interval.
1. He found out that the enemy were coming at full
speed.
2. Late in the day, Caesar was informed that the enemy
were not more than a mile from his camp.
1 When no direct references are given to Part I, the student should search the
text and refer to his grammar for the desired construction.
lOO
LATIN PROSE COMPOSITION — PART II
3. Do not join battle unless they attack us.
4. He seized ^ the mountain and awaited the enemy.
5. They followed at their usual speed.
208
CHAPTER XXni
a. blduum supererat cum fru-
mentum metiri opor-
teret.
b, eo magis.
a, two days remain, within
which (before) grain
ought to be measured
out, etc.
b. the more so, all the more.
1. The commander ought to look out for supplies.
2. The more so because only a day remains before we
must begin battle.
3. I think they have changed their plan 2 and will cut
us off from supplies.
209
CHAPTER XXIV
a. m summo lugo.
b. sub primam nostram aciem
successerunt.
a. on top of the ridge.
b. they advanced close to our
first line.
1. He sends two legions to fill up the top of the hill.
2. Order your men to follow with the baggage.
3. They will form^ a phalanx and advance close to our
line.
210 CHAPTER XXV
a. in eos impetum fecerunt.
b. Gallls magno erat impedi-
ment©.
c. conversa signa intulerunt.
a. they attacked them.
b. the Gauls were greatly
hindered.
c. they faced about and
charged.
1 Do not use the indicative. 2 «« changed their plan," use abl. absolute.
" Do not use the indicative.
CAESAR, GALLIC WAR >,' i^Olf*
1. Caesar removed all of the horses in order to equalize
the danger.
2. We are greatly hindered in fighting, because we can-
not throw away our shields.
3. When we attacked them, they withdrew to the
mountain.
4. They guarded those who ^ had been conquered.
5. Face about and renew the fight. ,
211 CHAPTER XXVI
a, diu atque acriter pugnatum
est.
b, ad multam noctem.
c, se eodem loco quo Hel-
vetios habiturum.
a. long and fiercely they
fought.
b. till late at night.
c. that he would consider
them in the same light
as the Helvetians.
1. As our men came up, the enemy fought with them
long into the night.
2. If you help them in any way, I will consider you in
the same Hght as I do ^ the enemy.
3. There will be a vigorous fight around the baggage.
4. Letters are sent to the Lingones not to help the
Helvetians.
5. Our men delayed burying ^ their dead for many days.
212 CHAPTER XXVII
a. dum ea conquiruntur.
b, prima nocte. x
a, while they were hunting
these up.
b, at nightfall.
1 Do not use the relative. See 87. 2 •• i do," omit.
* use prep, and noun.
I02
LATIN ?^OSE COMPOSITION — PART II
1. When he had demanded their arms, with tears they
obeyed.
2. While they were being punished, they wept.
3. At the beginning of night, they did not surrender
their arms.
4. I think they will leave camp.
213 CHAPTERS XXVIII AND XXIX
a, Helvetios revert! iussit.
b, Allobrogibus imperavit ut
facerent.
c, parem atque.
a. he ordered the Helvetians
to return.
b. he ordered the Allobroges
to furnish.
c. same as.
1. I will order 1 them to hand over the fugitives.
2. The Aedui requested him to grant this.
3. I ordered ^ them to be received in surrender.
4. They have the same liberty as we have.
5. The sum total is many thousand.
214
CHAPTER XXX
a, petierunt uti id facere li-
ceret.
b, iure iurando ne quis enun-
tiaret inter se sanxerunt.
a. they begged permission to
do this.
b. they ordained by an oath
with one another that no
one should disclose.
1. At the completion of the war, Caesar got possession
of many states.
2. Although^ I have inflicted punishment on you, stil
you congratulate me.
3. I beg permission to appoint a council.
1 Use impero.
2 Use iubeo.
« See 171
CAESAR, GALLIC WAR
103
4. Ordain under oath that no one make war on the
Romans.
REVIEW OF CHAPTERS XXI-XXX
215. Review thoroughly the meaning of the following
words, memorizing the principal parts of the verbs, and the
declensions of nouns and adjectives :
1. reverto.
2. licet.
3. habeo, in pass.
4. peto.
5. posco.
6. postulO.
7. consido.
8. confido.
9. cohortor.
10. audeo.
1 1 . sustineo.
12. bellum infero, w. dat. or
in and ace.
13. resisto.
14. intermitto.
15. permitto.
16. amitto.
17. redeo.
18. pared.
19. moror.
20. morior.
2 1 . aperio.
22. vereor.
23. dedo.
24. dediticius.
25. deditio.
26. idem.
27. par.
28. similis.
29. signum.
30. rursus.
31. prope.
32. acies.
33. latus.
34. latus.
35. vulnus.
36. nuntius.
37. vesper.
38. ratio.
39. usus.
40. saltis.
41. condicio.
42. atque, see 82.
43. peritus. imperitus.
44. communis.
45. opportunus.
46. medius.
47. quantus.
48. tantus.
49. acriter.
104 LATIN PROSE COMPOSITION — PART II
2 1 6. Review thoroughly the following principles of
syntax :
1. Translations of the ablative absolute.
2. Ablative of degree of difference, 48.
3. Genitive with adjectives; dative with adjectives, 24, 35.
4. Impersonal verbs, 27. (Consult grammar.)
5. Double accusative with verbs of asking, etc., 15.
6. Construction with/^/ 37-
2. Ablative of separation. When must a preposition
be used ? 39.
3. Accusative of extent of space and duration of time,
16.
4. Construction with quaero 2Mdi postulo^ 15. i.
5. Uses of quod to introduce relative, causal, and sub-
stantive clauses, 173.
6. Substantive clauses after verbs of doubting, verbs of
hindering, and verbs oi fearing, 135, 136, 150.
253. The instructor should form original English sen'
tences employing the words of 251 and the constructions
of 252. These sentences may be given to the class for
oral or written sight practice.
254 CHAPTER IX
a, si nostri transTrent hostes
exspectabant.
b, eo consilio ut castellum ex-
pugnarent.
a. the enemy were waiting to
see i/ our men would
cross.
b, with the design of taking
the redoubt.
A. I. A river was between Caesar's army and the
enemy.
2. We are waiting to see if they will cross.
3. Caesar will not begin to cross.
4. They are doing this with the design of capturing the
camp.
5. Titurius commands the soldiers.
126
LATIN PROSE COMPOSITION — PART 11
B. I. We are waiting to see if they will attack us.
2. If ^ the cavalry battle is favorable to neither party,
we will not begin to cross.
3. The enemy are hastening to the river with the design
of finding fords.
4. Who will be in charge of the redoubt when the
enemy cross ?
255
CHAPTER X
a, primes circumventos inter-
fecerunt.
b, constituerunt optimum esse
quemque revertl.
c, his persuaderi ut diutius
morarentur non poterat.
a, they surrounded and killed
the first.
b. they decided that it was
best for each to return.
€, these could not be persuaded
to wait any longer.
A. I. A fierce battle is being fought.
2. We attacked them while ^ they were crossing.
3. They will surround ^ and kill him.
4. It is best for each to fight in his own territory.
5. I can't be persuaded to return home.
6. We assembled to defend our homes.
B. I. They informed Caesar that a fierce battle was
being fought.
2. They drove them back^ and slew many of the enemy.
3. It is best for us to use our own grain supplies.
4. We shall attack the enemy while ^ they are crossing.
5. We can't be persuaded to fight in foreign territory.
i"if . . ,
2 " while
« See 88.
do not use si and the indicative.
crossing " — express by one word in Latin.
CAESAR, GALLIC WAR
127
256
CHAPTER XI
a. fecerunt ut profectio vide-
retur.
b. prima lOce; sub occasum
solis.
c. exaudito clamore.
a. they made their departure
seem.
d, at daybreak ; at sunset.
c. on hearing the shout.
A. I. Everybody is leaving camp.
2. Their departure made Caesar fear an ambuscade.
3. At dawn, the fact was established.
4. Why did they withdraw }
5. On seeing our men, they fled several miles.
6. At sunset, they will be out of danger.
B. I. Caesar could not understand why they were
hastening home.
2. Their departure would ^ have made any one fear an
ambuscade.
3. At daybreak, the cavalry attacked the rear.
4. Those in front, on seeing the enemy, were thrown
into confusion.
5. At sunset, they had fled as far as they could.
257
CHAPTERS Xn AND XIH
a. id paucis defendentibus ex-
pugnare non potuit.
b. quae ad oppugnandum usul
erant.
c. celeritate Romanorum per-
moti.
d. maiores natu.
a. although there were few de-
fenders, he could not cap-
ture.
b. what was useful in besieg-
ing.
c. alarmed at the speed of the
Romans.
d. the elders.
1 " would have made " — See 127, 118.
128 LATIN PROSE COMPOSITION — PART II
A. I. On the next day, the enemy recovered from
their alarm.
2. Although the wall was high, he tried to take the
town.
3. Sheds are useful in besieging.
4. The Suessiones were alarmed at the towers.
5. Caesar received the two sons of Galba as hostages.
6. The elders said they had not fought against Caesar.
7. The women approached the camp with outstretched
hands.
8. I will come under your protection.
B. I. Although he saw the height of the wall, Caesar
tried to take the town.
2. Ditches and walls are useful in defending a town.
3. The Gauls were alarmed at these works and sought
peace of Caesar.
4. Galba's two sons were received by Caesar as hostages.
5. The elders approached the camp.
6. With hands outspread, the women urged their country-
men to surrender to Caesar.
258 CHAPTER XIV
populo Romano bellum in-
tulisse.
petere Bellovacos ut iitatur.
a. had waged war on the Ro-
man people.
b. that the Bellovaci begged
him to use.
A. I. How great a war did you wage on the enemy }
2. We understand how great a war you waged on them.
3. I begged him to do this.
4. He says that those who did this are fleeing to
Britain.
CAESAR, GALLIC WAR 1 29
B. I. We understand who have brought war on the
Romans.
2. If you do this, I will beg Caesar to show his charac-
teristic kindness.
3. Quote 2 indirectly ^ after dixit.
259 CHAPTERS XV AND XVI
(a) nullum aditum esse ad eos
mercatoribus.
(d) nihil vim.
{c) his persuaserant uti expe-
rirentur.
(a) that traders have no access
to them.
(^) no wine.
(c) they had persuaded these
to try.
A. I. Caesar said he would demand many hostages.
2. We will surrender ourselves and all our property.
3. Caesar had access to the Gauls.
4. The Nervii allow no wine to be brought into their
territory.
5. They learned that Caesar had marched many miles.
6. I shall persuade them to wait for me.
7. The enemy are on the other side of the river.
B. I. Caesar said he would demand hostages and make
inquiry about their customs.
2. Will you surrender yourself and all your property ?
3. The Nervii have no wine in their country.
4. They learned that Caesar had marched many miles.
5. I shall persuade him to wait for me on the other
side of the river.
1 Review carefully 165-169.
LATIN PROSE COMP. — 9
I30 LATIN PROSE COMPOSITION — PART II
260 CHAPTER XVII
a, exploratores praemittit qui
locum castris idoneum
deligant.
h, quicquam negoti.
c, non omittendum sibi con-
silium Nervii existimave-
runt.
a. he sends ahead scouts t-///«^, a^ um,
study, siudiuniy f, n.
stupid, stultust «, um; aniens^ gen.
ai7ientis,
subdue, pacify, pdco^ dre, dm, dtus.
such, so great, tantus, «, um ; such,
of such a kind, tdlis^ e; such , , .
as, tantus . . . quantus, when re-
ferring to size ; talis . . . qtidlis,
when referring to kind, nature,
quality,
suddenly, suHtdj repente, advs.
suffer, patior, pattf passus sum ; allow,
permittOf 3 ; sino, ere, sivt, situs ;
endme, perfero, ferre, tul\ Idtus,
suicide, to commit suicide, mortem,
dat. of reflex., conscisco, sciscere, scivi,
scttus.
suitable, idoneus, a, um.
summon, vocd, are, dvt, dtus.
supplies, commedtus, us, m., used in
both sing, and pi.; supplies (of
grain), res frumentdria.
suppose, existimo, dre, dvt, dtus,
surely, profectd, adv.
surpass, excel, antecello, ere, no perf.
nor sup. ; praecedo, ere, cesst, ces-
sUrus ; super o, dre, dvT, dtus.
surrender, dedo, ere, dedidt, deditus;
a surrender, deditio, onis, f.
surround, circumdd, are, dedi, datus ;
circumvenio, trey vent, ventus,
swamp, palUs, adis, f.
sword, gladiuSf i, m.
table, mensa, ae, f.
take, capio, capere, cept, capitis ; take
away, removed, ere, movi, motus ;
take from, eripio, eripere, eripm.
ereptus ; take part, be engaged in
anything, versor, dri, dtus sum ;
take possession of, occupo, dre, dvt,
dtus, w. ace; take the lead of,
praesum, esse, fui, futHrus,
task, pensum, i, n.
tax, stipendium, T, n.
teach, doceo, ere, docut, doctus.
tell, died, ere, dixi, diet us ; ndrro,
dre, dvt, dtus.
temple, templum, i, n.
ten, decern, indecl.
terrify, perterreo, ere, ut, itus.
territory, fines, ium, m. pi.; ager,
agri, m.
than, guam, adv. See 42.
thank, grdtids ago, agere, egt, dctus.
thankful, feel \}ciz^M\A,grdtiam habeo,
ere, ui, itus.
that, ille, is; that, in order that, ut;
that not, tie, ut non.
the . . . the, quantd , , . tanto ;
quo . , , eo. ^1
one . . . the other, alter . . . alter ; ^
the one party . . . the other, alterl
, , . alteri.
their, suus, a, um, when referring to
same person or thing as the sub-
ject of its sentence, otherwise,
eorum.
there, in that place, ibi, adv.
they, generally omitted. See 64.
thing, circumstance, reason, etc., res^
ret, f.
think, puto, dre, dvT, dtus; arbitror,
art, dtus sum; think upon, think
of, cogito, dre, dvt, dtus, w. ace.
third, iertius, a, um.
this, hic, is.
though, although, cum, w. subj. See
ENGLTSH-LATIN VOCABULARY
253
thousand, mille, indecl. adj. in sing.;
pi., mllia, iuniy noun, n.
three, tres^ tria.
through, throughout, /
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A GRAMMAR OF ATTIC
AND IONIC GREEK
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By FRANK COLE BABBITT, Ph.D. (Harvard), Pro-
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ELEMENTARY GREEK
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GREEK DICTIONARIES
LIDDELL AND SCOTT'S GREEK-ENGLISH
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