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 Ubc 'Clniversiti? of Cbtcaao 
 
 FOUNDliD BY JOHN D. ROCKEFELLER 
 
 THE PARTICIPLE IN PLAUTUS, 
 
 PETRONIUS, AND 
 
 APULEIUS 
 
 A DISSERTATION 
 
 SUBMITTED TO THE GRADUATE SCHOOL OF ARTS AND LITERATURE 
 
 IN CANDIDACY FOR THE DEGREE OF 
 
 DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY 
 
 (department of latin) 
 
 
 >H: 
 
 (TJ'-I^.^ 
 
 THOMAS K. SIDEY 
 
 CHICAGO 
 
 THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO PRESS 
 
 1909 
 
Zbc XHniversit^? of Cbicaao 
 
 FOUNDED BY JOHN D. ROCKEFELLER 
 
 THE PARTICIPLE IN PLAUTUS, 
 
 PETRONIUS, AND 
 
 APULEIUS 
 
 A DISSERTATION 
 
 SUBMITTED TO THE GRADUATE SCHOOL OF ARTS AND LITERATURE 
 
 IN CANDIDACY FOR THE DEGREE OF 
 
 DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY 
 
 (department of latin) 
 
 BY 
 
 THOMAS K. SIDEY 
 
 
 
 CHICAGO 
 
 THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO PRESS 
 
 1909 
 
1 
 
 (p^^ 
 
 5.'^^ 
 
 Copyright 1909 By 
 The University of Chicago 
 
 Published October 1909 
 
 Composed and Printed By 
 
 The University of Chicago Press 
 
 Chicago, Illinois, U. S. A. 
 
TABLE OF CONTENTS 
 
 IV. Ablative Absolute 
 
 :lil 
 
 PAGE 
 
 Introduction v 
 
 I. Perfect Participle Passive - r 
 
 II. The Present Participle - - - - - - - -21 
 
 III. Future Active Participle 32 
 
 39 
 
 V. Gerltnd and Gerundfvt: ........ ^4 
 
 Index 69 
 
INTRODUCTION 
 
 When this study of the part, was begun it was the purpose of the author 
 to determine what part this many-featured verbal adjective played in the 
 sermo-plebeius presented in these three authors of widely separated periods. 
 But the subject soon assumed a wider scope and became an investigation 
 into the development of the use of the part, in general. The three authors 
 were chosen in the first place because of the material in each for the study of 
 the speech of the common people, but they were retained afterward because 
 they were seen to represent three stages in the development of the language 
 and of the use of the part, especially. The fact that in Plaut. the parts, con- 
 stitute only one-half of i per cent, of the total vocabulary, while in Petron. 
 the proportion has risen lo 4 per cent, and in Apul. to 6 per cent., would of 
 itself indicate that in the increase of freedom and copiousness of expression 
 which the language underwent the part, was an important factor. In 
 fact it may be doubted whether the rhetorical richness of the later writers 
 as contrasted with the plainer and more restrained language of their early 
 predecessors is due to any one factor more than the developed freedom of 
 the part. To be sure, we cannot overlook the fact that the language of 
 comedy must be different in general composition from that of rhetorical 
 prose, but the difference is not so great as to account for the remarkable 
 increase in the use of the part. Even in Virgil's Eclogues the parts, consti- 
 tute 3 per cent, of the vocabulary, and in the Aeneid the number is much 
 greater. 
 
 In Plaut. we see the language with all the essential features of form and 
 syntax developed but not elaborated. In Petron. we have a remarkable 
 combination of rhetorical flourishes and the homely language of the middle 
 class. In Apul. we reach a stage of extravagant adornment which is mainly 
 interesting as illustrating the possibilities of the language for richness of 
 expression and rhetorical freedom in sharp contrast to the simplicity of 
 earlier days. 
 
CHAPTER I 
 
 PERFECT PARTICIPLE PASSIVE 
 
 The perf. part, passive is the commonest in usage and the most char- 
 acteristic of the Latin parts. In the original Indo-Germanic language, 
 however, it was not a part, at all. Brugmann^ classifies the original parts, 
 as follows: 
 
 1. Active form with suffix -ent, -nt, e. g., Lat. jerens, Gk. Tr€/A</'as. 
 
 2. Middle passive form with suffix -meno, e. g., Gk. SeSojuitVo-?. 
 
 3. Active form of perf. with suffix -ues, -us, e. g., Gk. XeAoiTroi?. 
 Besides these parts, there were certain classes of verbal adjecs., which, 
 
 though not possessing full verb functions, yet stood so near the verb that 
 they could easily take on full participial functions. Thus from early 
 Indo-Germanic times there were (i) the primary adjecs. formed with -I0-, 
 and (2) those formed with the suffix -to- as /cAktos, Lat. -inclutus (he of 
 whom one hears — celebrated). Brugmann goes on to show how these 
 verbal adjecs. already in the Italic became parts, and by their union with 
 the verb sum insinuated themselves into the finite verb. 
 
 In its fully developed usage the perf. part. pass, marks an action as past 
 but not necessarily past with reference to the main verb. Its use may 
 simply indicate that the action is past when the account is written. In 
 the latter case the part, may represent (a) a dependent clause with the 
 main verb in a past tense (perf. or pluperf.), e. g., Caes. B. G., 7. 47. i, 
 "consecutus id quod animo proposuerat, receptui cani iussit;" Cic. T. D. 
 3. 27, "Dionysius Syracusis expulsus Corinthi pueros docebat;" (6) an 
 action absolutely past, but not defined as to the main verb, that is, an 
 aorist part.,^ e. g., Ter. H. T. 118, "clam me profectus menses tres abest]" 
 (c) an action absolutely past, but of the same time as the main verb,3 e. g., 
 Liv. 2. 36. I, "serum caesum medio egerat circo." Sometimes a fourth 
 use {d) is found in the late writers, where the action of the part, represents 
 
 ' Karl Brugmann, Indogerman. Forschung., V, Part I, p. 89: "Die mit dem 
 Suflax -to gebildeten Partizipia im Verbal System des Lateinischen und des Umbrisch- 
 Oskischen." Cf. Schmalz in Miiller's Handbuch, II, p. 381 (5). 
 
 2 See Brugmann, op. cit., p. 97 (6). 
 
 3 Brugmann, p. 100 (7): Drager, H. S. II, 2, 776, and Schmalz in Miiller's 
 Handbuch, II, state that this use is not found in early Latin. But Tammelin gives 
 examples from Plaut. and Ter. pp. 37, 46; cf. Lane's Lat. Gram., 2280; Kiihner, II, 
 p. 567 (6). 
 
2 THE PARTICIPLE IN PLAUTUS, PETRONIUS, AND APULEIUS 
 
 some act following that of the main verb, e. g., Tac. Hist. 4. 34, "ex quibus 
 unus, egregium facinus ausus, clara voce gesta patefecit, confossus ilico 
 a Germanis." 
 
 The perf. pass. part, was originally active as well as passive. Brug- 
 mann^ shows how the verbal adjec. in -to- was equivalent at times to the 
 medial-pass. perf. part, and again to the act. perf. part, formed with the 
 sufl&x -ues, -us. Thus cinctus in Plant. Cure. 220, "nam iam quasi zona 
 liene cinctus ambulo," corresponds to the Gk. middle part., SeSo/ieVos. 
 Furthermore, some perf. pass, parts, have active force, e. g., cenatus, one 
 who has dined, iuratus, having sworn, poius, drunk, and the perf. part, of 
 deponents, which are only occasionally pass. 
 
 PLAUTUS 
 
 The classification of the parts, which follows will be in the main that 
 made by Tammelin in his work on the parts, in Plant, and Ter.^ The 
 same classification will be used as far as possible for Petron. and Apul. 
 so that the comparison of the three authors may be made clear at each 
 stage of the investigation. 
 
 In Plant, we find the part, with almost all its uses already developed 
 but not playing the important part in the general vocabulary that it does 
 in later authors. The development to be noted therefore is one of amount 
 rather than of forces acquired or lost. 
 
 I. Participles with True Participial Force 
 
 QUALIFYING THE SUBJECT 
 
 A. Passive idea 
 
 I. According to the significance of the word, (a) Mil. 899, "lepida 
 hercle omata incedit;" Aid. 721, "male perditus pessume omatus eo." 
 Ornatus is the commonest part, used in this way and occurs in ten or twelve 
 other places. Examples of other words are, Ps. 1275, "sic amictusincessi;" 
 Men. 511, "Non ego te indutum foras exire vidi pallam;" Cure. 220, 
 "cinctus ambulo;" Cas. 720, "candide vestitus exornatusque ambulat;" 
 Cas. 689, "lepide excuratus incessisti." It will be noticed that the verb 
 from which these parts, come is transitive and that the part, has the 
 pass, sense. 
 
 (6) Other parts, used with the subject but without notion of external 
 state are: Epid. 691, "ego solutus adsto;" Capt. 330, "filius mens apud 
 vos servit captus;" Ps. 9, "Quid est, quod tu exanimatus gestes;" Rud. 73, 
 "Nunc ambo leno atque hospes in saxo sedent eiecti." 
 
 • Pp. 94, 95. 2 E. J. Tammelin, De Parlicipiis Priscae Latinitatis. 
 
PERFECT PARTICIPLE PASSIVE 3 
 
 (c) The state of mind is sometimes expressed by the part., but not as 
 frequently in Plaut. as in later writers. This is a development to be expected 
 since many words at first used only of physical conditions afterward acquire 
 a metaphorical force and are used of mental and moral states: As. 875, 
 "is etiam corruptus porro suom conrumpit filium;" Bac. 603, "SufHatus 
 ille hue veniet;" As. 822, "Ne ilia existumet amoris causa percitum id 
 fecisse te;" Poen. 216, "Atque haec ut loquor, nunc domo docta dico." 
 
 2. According to syntactical relationship, (a) Causal force, Trin. 658, 
 "ita vi Veneris vinctus, otio captus, in fraudem incidi;" Cist. 202, "ut 
 vobis victi Poeni poenis sufferant;" Mil. 457, "at ego abeo missa." It 
 is very seldom that a purely temporal force is found in the part., the adversa- 
 tive or causal idea being more or less prominent. 
 
 (b) Appositive and predicate force, Amph. 1053, "spes atque opes 
 vitae meae iacent sepultae in pectore;" Cure. 572, "leno minitatur mihi 
 meaeque pugnae proeliares plurumae optritae iacent." 
 
 (c) Adverbial force. Most. 441, "Expectatus veniam familiaribus;" 
 Ps. 955, "Transvorsus non provorsus cedit." 
 
 B. Active Idea 
 
 1. Meaning of the word, (a) and (b) do not occur. 
 
 (c) Of the parts, which express condition of mind the commonest is 
 iratus. It expresses also the condition or nature of the action and in 
 many cases is nearly equivalent to an adjec. Pers. 666, "Di deaeque te 
 agitant irati;" Poen. 445, "illic hinc iratus abiit;" Cure. 533, "Non ego 
 nunc mediocri incedo iratus iracundia." So also Aul. 377; Men. 779, 810; 
 Poen. 141 1. Fretus similarly is equivalent to an adjec. and seldom refers 
 to a past action: Cas. 349, "sed tamen vidi ego dis fretos saepe multos 
 decipi;" Men. 767, "ita istaec solent, quae viros subservire sibi postulant 
 dote fretae." So in Capt. 349; Amph. 212; Ps. 581; As. 547; Aul. 586. 
 
 2. Syntactical relationship. 
 
 (a) Adversative force, Merc. 938, "percontatus non inveni." But more 
 frequently they express state or condition: Trin. 494, "aequo mendicus 
 atque ille opulentissimus censetur censu ad Acheruntem mortuos;" Ps. 
 792, "nam ego si iuratus peiorem hominem quaererem." 
 
 (6) Expressing past action. These generally express a condition arising 
 from completed action. Sometimes they even correspond to a hypotactic 
 sentence: Capt. 145, "Ego postquam gnatus tuos potitust hostium expertus 
 quanti fuerit nunc desidero;" True. 815, "idem istuc ipsa, etsi tu taceas, 
 reapse experta intellego." 
 
 (c) Past action approaching notion of the present. Some of these are 
 already given under A, i (c) — those denoting condition of mind. Others 
 
4 THE PARTICIPLE IN PLAUTUS, PETRONIUS, AND APULEIUS 
 
 denote the condition or manner of the principal verb. The idea of past 
 action has become so weakened that they can scarcely be distinguished 
 from the present parts.: Rud. 560, "duae mulierculae hie in fano Veneris 
 signum flentes amplexae tenent." Other examples are found in Rud. 695, 
 1203; Poen. 698; Am ph. 290, 132. 
 
 IN OBLIQUE CASES 
 
 A. Passive Idea 
 
 These are found only in the accusative case and most of them in the 
 singular. 
 
 (a) External state: Capt. 944, "in lapicidinas conpeditum condidi;" 
 True. 771, "Calliclem video senem ancillas duas constrictas ducere;" 
 As. 342, "atque idem te hinc vexerunt vinctum rus." Other examples 
 are found in Bac. 747; Ps. 630; Mil. 791; Pers. 158; Rud. 730; Men. 
 467; Mil. 935; Bac. 984. 
 
 (6) Without notion of external state: Epid. 692, "At mihi magis lubet 
 solutum te rogitare;" Capt. 364, "Nam ego te dedi aestumatum huic 
 viginti minis." 
 
 B. Active Idea 
 
 These parts, are often almost purely adjecs. The case found most 
 frequently is the dat. sing. Amph. 437, "Nam inurato scio plus credet 
 mihi quam iurato tibi;" Amph. 459, "vivo fit, quod numquam quisquam 
 mortuo faciet mihi." Here mortuo is opposed to vivo and has the force 
 of an adjec. So also in Most. 427; Capt. 684; Poen. 840; Merc. 289. 
 
 Iratus also is generally equal to a simple adjec: Poen. 1288, "sed 
 mea amica nunc mihi irato obviam veniat velim;" As. 404, "quique 
 obviam huic incesserit irato;" superlative degree in Poen. 452, "Nam 
 ego hodie infelix deis meis iratissimis immolavi." 
 
 Natus, Epid. 635, "Video ego Telistidem te, Periphonei filiam, e 
 Philippa matre natam Thebis, Epidauri satam?" 
 
 II. Used as an Adjective 
 
 Many parts, are used as adjecs. at all periods of the language, e. g., 
 doctus, eductus, mortuus, perditus, adultus, meritus, transvorsus. 
 
 In Plant, the sing, number is commonest and the accus. case. A few 
 other cases may be cited. 
 
 Accus. plur., Men. 862, "Nunc equos iunctos iubes capere me indomitos 
 ferocis;" Men. 452, "quae homines occupatos occupat." 
 
 With pro, Bac. 420, "pro tam corrupto filio." 
 
 Gen., Men. 27c, "ego autem homo iracundus, animi perditi." 
 
PERFECT PARTICIPLE PASSIVE 5 
 
 With ex, Epid. 308, "ex occluso atque obsignato armario." 
 Dat., Bac. 924, "Aequomst tabellis consignatis credere." 
 
 III. Used as a Substantive 
 
 Brugmann (p. 140) says that the neuter of the verbal adjec. in -to- was 
 used as a verbal substantive from Indo-Germanic times. He classifies the 
 uses in two categories: (i) the adjec. was used to express an event or 
 condition, e. g., commentwn, invention, ausum, venture, iussum, censum, 
 responsum; (2) it was used for the expression of something connected in 
 some way with the act as subject or predicate: e. g., Gk. <\iVT6v, a plant, 
 iroTov, a drink, Lat. tectum, a roof, punctum, a point, sertum, a wreath. 
 
 Those commonly used by all writers are dicta, data, facta, audita, coepta, 
 incepta, optata, mandata, porta, promissa, errata, commenta, nota, rapta. 
 Plant, also has. Aid. 260, "pactum non pactumst;" Trin. 164, "celata 
 omnia;" Poen. 1271, "cupitum." Tammelin adds a number of examples 
 from Plant, which he thinks are characteristic of colloquial speech, e. g., 
 Men. 979, "edo lubentius molitum quam molitum praehibeo;" Poen. 
 325, "mulsa loquitur;" Aid. 430, "quid tu, malum, curas utrum crudum 
 an coctum edim." 
 
 The abl. with prepositions is common, and the part, in the abl. does 
 not seem to differ in any way from a noun. Common expressions are 
 "de audito," "pro auditis," "de compacto." 
 
 Part, used of persons: Most. 1000, "vidi efferri mortuom;" Rud. 
 621, "facite hie lege potius liceat quam vi victo vivere;" Poen. 880, "quia 
 doctum doces;" Ps. 133, "male habiti et male conciliati;" Poen. 506, 
 "ego hos duco advocatos." 
 
 IV. Used Predicatively 
 
 With verbs of wishing. — The perf. infin. was sometimes used in early 
 Latin for the pres., but the use became more frequent in the later speech. 
 Poen. 872, "nolito edepol devellisse." 
 
 Tammelin (p. 78) maintains that the use of the simple part, after verbs 
 of wishing was earlier than the use of the infin. It is clear, he says, that 
 the part, was better adapted to poetic usage and to colloquial speech, 
 both because of the brevity of the expression and the more animated style. 
 The perf. infin. came to be used when the writer desired to express not so 
 much the completion of the act as the continuous situation. Both con- 
 structions are used indiscriminately by Plant, and later writers. 
 
 In Plant, the most frequent of the verbs of wishing is volo. As. 37, 
 "neque hercle ego istuc dico nee dictum volo." Other examples are As. 
 
6 THE PARTICIPLE IN PLAUTUS, PETRONIUS, AND APULEIUS 
 
 685; dipt. 425; Bac. 495; Pers. 311; Aul. 146; Most. 816; Trwc. 700; 
 Pers. 370. 
 
 There are comparatively few (T. says only 6) cases where esse of the 
 infin. is found. Poen. 1119, "qui illam conventam esse vult;" Stick. 127, 
 "quodque esse ambas conventas volo." 
 
 Nolo: The perf. part, is used only once, and then with esse. Amph. 
 890, "atque adiuret insuper nolle esse dicta quae in me insontem protulit." 
 
 Malo: Epid. 119, "malim istiusmodi mihi amicos fumo mersos, quam 
 foro;" Aul. 661, "Mortuom ego me mavelim leto malo." 
 
 Cupio: Epid. 644, "di me ex perdita servatam cupiunt;" True. 877, 
 "factum cupio;" Cure. 304, "qui te conventum cupit." 
 
 With '^oportet." — As in the case of verbs of wishing, so with oportet 
 the perf. part. act. and pass, is often used for the pres. The infin. esse 
 again, is generally omitted. As regards the difference in meaning between 
 hoc jacium volo and hoc factum oportuit, the former expresses a wish directed 
 to the fulfilment of a thing, the latter represents a thing which ought to 
 be done now and completed but is not, however, done. Ziemer' in his 
 discussion of the perf. infin. with oportet, decet, convenit, aequiim est comes 
 to the conclusion that we here find simply a case of attraction, e. g., Mil. 
 730, "Itidem divos dispertisse vitam humanam aequom fuit." Here 
 the dependent infin. is in the perf. and there has been an adjustment of 
 two ideas: The gods should divide but they have not divided and so the non- 
 fulfilment idea has been strong enough to take the perf. tense. Others, 
 including Zumpt, explain this perf. as aoristic. Wickham would explain 
 Hor. Od. 3. 4. 51, "tendentes imposuisse" as a true perf. "to have it placed 
 and stay there." None of these explanations seems to satisfy every case 
 and it would appear to be more satisfactory to consider the perf. as a 
 shift of tense common to colloquial speech. Sittl^ in discussing the nature 
 of the African Latin shows how the pluperf. subjunc. was frequently used 
 in place of the imperf. subjunc. even in classical times. Roth^ carries the 
 subject down into the Romance languages and endeavors to account for 
 some compound tenses of the French from this confusion of tenses. 
 
 • Ziemer, J unggrammatische Streifziige, p. 76, on "Tempus-Ausgleichung." The 
 use of the perf. infin. pass, with volo, nolo, without esse is common in all periods. He 
 gives the figures: Plaut. 5, Ter. 4, Cic. 26, Li v. 5. Cupio sometimes occurs also. 
 
 2 Sittl, Die lokalen Verschiedenheiten der lateinischen Sprache viit beso7ideren 
 Beriicksichtigung des afrikanischen Luteins, p. 132. 
 
 3 Roth, Die Verschiebung lateinischer Tempora in den romanischen Sprachen," 
 Romanische Stiidien, II, and footnote p. 271; cf. also Ronsch, Ital. u. Vulg., p. 431 
 for examples of the perf. infin. with debiii. 
 
PERFECT PARTICIPLE PASSIVE 7 
 
 Stick. 130, "Nam aut olim, nisi tibi placebant, non datas oportuit." 
 Our English "ought to have been given" is a literal translation of this but 
 is contrary to the classical idiom "dari oportuit." I can see no difference 
 in force here between dari and datas. So also Merc. 724, "dictum oportuit;" 
 Mil. 1336, "aurem admotam oportuit." With esse are: Trin. 1092, 
 "res quom animam agebat, turn esse offusam oportuit;" Most. 1093; Bac. 
 819; Rud. 1146; also Amph. 318, "Exossatum os esse oportet." 
 
 With causative verbs. — Tammelin considers that in the sentence "hoc 
 factum reddam" the force is consecutive rather than final. That is, we 
 should not expand the sentence thus: "reddam eo consilio ut sit factum," 
 but thus: "reddam ita ut hoc facta sit." 
 
 The three causative verbs used most frequently in this construction are 
 facio, red do, a,nd do. 
 
 With jacio: Rud. 800, "ego te hodie faxo recte acceptum, ut dignus es;" 
 Epid. 86, "neque ego nunc quomodo me expeditum ex impedito faciam 
 consilium placet." In this case the part, has become almost an adjec. 
 Merc. 1000, "Missas iam ego istas artis feci." Here the expression missas 
 feci is an equivalent of the simple misi. 
 
 With reddo: Bac. 767, "tam frictum ego ilium reddam quam frictumst 
 cicer;" Bac. 1150, "lepide ut lenitum reddas;" Ps. 530, "effectum hoc 
 hodie reddam utrumque ad vesperum;" As. 121; Ps. 385, 1309; Mil. 
 1214; Capt. 345; Trin. 819. 
 
 With do: Pers. 457, "nunc ego lenonem ita hodie intricatum dabo;" 
 Mil. 1174, "satin est, si tibi meura opus ita dabo expolitum ut improbare 
 non queas;" Mil 1214; Ps. 926, 881. 
 
 With habeo, teneo, etc. — Cas. 189, "vir me habet pessumis despicatam 
 modis." In this sentence the meaning of the finite verb seems to pre- 
 dominate. The part, is a necessary addition to the finite verb, but is used 
 in such a way that it is not of equal weight, and simply describes the present 
 situation. But in Poen. 541, "equidem haec vobis dixi per iocum. Per 
 iocum itidem dicta habeto quae nos tibi respondimus" the words dicta 
 habeto = dicta sunto and the force of the part, predominates. Habeo is 
 used with two dift'erent forces: (i) with that of holding, or possessing, 
 e.g., Epid. 529, "multiplex aerumna exercitam me habet;" Men. 579, 
 "sollicitos patronos habent." (2) with a force so weakened that it can 
 frequently be omitted, e.g., Trin. 347, "multa bona parta haberaus," 
 Mil. 886; Trin. 500; Ps. 602. 
 
 Other verbs so used are teneo, Poen. 720; attineo, Bac. 180; True. 
 837; gero, Amph. 341; Rud. 1144; gestio. Mil. 7. 
 
 With opus est. — (a) Impersonal use of part.: Bac. 398, "obvigilato 
 
8 THE PARTICIPLE IN PLAUTUS, PETRONIUS, AND APULEIUS 
 
 opust," Merc. 330, "visost opus;" Bac. 219. The adverb is added in 
 Bac. 604, "celeriter factost opus;" Most. 902, "eo magis cauto opust." 
 
 {h) Pron. in nom. sing, added to the part.: Stick. 61, "qui minus 
 meministis, quos opus sit facto, facere in aedibus;" Merc. 565, "quod 
 opust facto, facito ut cogites;" Trin. 584, 807. 
 
 (c) Both part, and substantive in abl. : Cas. 502, "nam mihi vicino hoc 
 etiam convento est opus;" Cure. 302; Trin. 887; Amph. 1038; Pers. 
 
 584. 
 
 (d) Plur. num. in Ps. 732, "sed quinque inventis opus est argenti 
 minis mutuis;" Mil. 914; True. 523; Afen. 955. 
 
 With ^'usus est." — (a) Used alone — only one example: Triti. 503, 
 "eheu, ubi dicto nil erat usus 'spondeo' dicebat." 
 
 (6) Used with pron. in nom.: Men. 753, "ut aetas meast atque ut hoc 
 usus factost;" Amph. ^oy, Rud. ^g8; Cist. i2g. 
 
 {c) Pron. or noun in abl. with part.: As. 312, "Libane, nunc audacia 
 usust nobis inuenta et dolis;" Ps. 50; plur. num. in Bac. 749, "opsecro, 
 quid istis ad istunc usust conscriptis modum." 
 
 PETRONIUS 
 
 I. Participles with True Participl^l Force 
 
 QUALIFYING THE SUBJECT 
 
 A. Passive Idea 
 
 I. According to significance of the word, (a) Those expressing some 
 kind of external state. The commonest word of this class in Plant, is 
 ornatus, but it occurs only once in Petron. and in that case in a quotation 
 from Pubilius Syrus, chap. 55, "an ut matrona omata phaleris pelagiis 
 tollat pedes." 
 
 Amictw^ occurs twice: 65, "amictusque veste alba .... commissator 
 intravit," and again in the verse of Pub. Syr., chap. 55, "pavo .... 
 amictus aureo Babylonico." Vestitus occurs twice, once in the nom., 
 
 27, "nos interim vestiti errare coepimus," and once in the accus., 27, 
 "videmus senem calvum, tunica vestitura russea, qui soleatus pila prasina 
 exercebatur." In this sentence we have the verbal adjec. soleatus, to 
 which there is no corresponding verb. 
 
 Cin^tus does not occur in the simple form, but the compound succinctus 
 is frequent; 67, "Fortunata .... galbino succincta cingillo," and in 21, 
 
 28, and 60. In the last passage it is followed not by the abl. but the accus., 
 "pueri Candidas succincti tunicas." Praecinctus occurs in 19 and 95, 
 "Anus praecipue lippa, sordidissimo praecincta linteo, soleis imparibus 
 
PERFECT PARTICIPLE PASSIVE 9 
 
 imposita, canem trahit." In this sentence, the word Imposita seems to 
 be used after the analogy of indutus (which does not occur in Petron.) 
 and I have not been able to find other examples in Lat. of the use. Incincta 
 occurs in 135, "incincta quadrato pallio." Thus it will be seen that the 
 
 compounds of cingo are the commonest words of this class. 
 
 {b) Other parts, used with the subject but without describing external 
 condition (these parts, are used appositively) : 105, "Ancillae etiam omnes 
 familiari sono inductae ad valpulantem {sc. Gitonem) decurrunt;" 85, 
 "contentus hoc principio bene mane surrexi;" 94, "confusus hac denuntia- 
 tione Eumolpus non quaesiit iracundiae causam;" 12, "Ascyltos .... 
 subito exanimatus conticuit;" 136, "confusus itaque et novitate facinoris 
 attonitus quaerebam .... 
 
 With quasi: 63, "corpus totum luridum habebat quasi flagellis caesus; 
 42. 42, "Omnia quasi pasta." 
 
 This class of constructions is, of course, very common and is perhaps 
 the most characteristic of the Latin usage. By the use of the part, instead 
 of a finite verb, the situation can be more comprehensively depicted and 
 the chief statement emphasized in the verb. The adaptability, however, of 
 the construction to the periodic structure often leads to an excessive use of 
 the part., and the sentence consequently becomes cumbrous and obscure. 
 This is a fault already apparent in classical times. 
 
 (c) The state of mind is expressed by the part, more frequently in Petron. 
 than in Plaut. Since the time of the earlier writers many words have come 
 to be used in the transferred metaphorical force: 136, " Consurrexi equidem 
 turbatus." This word occurs in this meaning at least a dozen times in 
 Petron. loS, "nee minus Tryphaena contumelia saevit accensa;" 135, 
 "Inhorrui ego tam fabulosa pollicitatione conterritus;" iii, "Ancilla vini 
 odere corrupta;" iii, "ilia ignota consolatione percussa laceravit vehe- 
 raentius pectus;" 94, "Giton praecipue ex dolore in rabiem efferatus 
 toUit clamorem." With quasi: 128, "ego contra damnatus et quasi quodam 
 visu in horrorem perductus interrogare animum meum coepi." 
 
 2. According to syntactical relationship, (a) Causal force may be 
 seen in 88, "At nos vino scortisque demersi ne paratus quidem artes 
 audemus cognoscere;" 87, "tum ego totiens excitatus plane vehementur 
 excandui." 
 
 (6) Adversative force in 98, "ne deprehensus quidem ausus mihi verum 
 dicere;" 91, *"0 facinus' inquam 'indignum, quod amo te quamvis 
 relictus.' " 
 
 (c) Predicative construction: 128, "Non tam intactus Alcibiades in 
 praeceptoris sui lecto iacuit;" 123, vss. 190 and 195: 
 
lO THE PARTICIPLE IN PLAUTUS, PETRONIUS, AND APULEIUS 
 
 mox flumina montibus altis 
 undabant modo nata, sed haec quoque — iussa putares — 
 stabant, et vincta fluctus stupuere ruina 
 et paulo ante lues iam concidenda iacebat. 
 
 armoque congesta strue deplorata iacebant. 
 
 62, "Stabam tanquam mortuus." 
 
 (d) Adverbial force: 63, "baro autem noster introversus se proiecit 
 in lectum." 
 
 (e) Parts, with reflexive or middle force: 63, "involuta sinistra manu 
 curiose;" 28, "hinc involutus coccina gausapa lecticae impositus est;" 
 132, "erectus igitur in cubitum hac fere oratione contumacem vexavi." 
 
 Deponent parts, of intransitive verbs come under this class: 98, "mox 
 conversus ad me." This part, occurs four times always followed by ad. 
 Also in a metaphorical sense, some parts, not deponent are used this way, 
 e.g., 100, "quasi somnio quodam turbulento circumactus diu vocem 
 collegi." 
 
 B. Active Idea 
 
 1. Meaning of the word, (a) and (b) not found. 
 
 (c) Condition of mind: 87, "ille plane iratus nihil aliud dicebat;" 
 132, "haec ut iratus effudi." 
 
 2. Syntactical relationship, (a) Past action completed before time 
 of principal verb: 87, "ususque beneficio eius in somnum delapsus sum;" 
 8. "per anfractus deinde obscurissimos egressus in hunc locum me per- 
 duxit;" 94, limen egressus adduxit repente ostium celiac;" 12, "nee diu 
 moratus rusticus quidam accessit;" 74, "Habinna, nolo, statuam eius 
 in monumento meo ponas, ne mortuus quidem lites habeam." Here 
 mortuus probably has the purely adjectival meaning, though it may have 
 an adversative force as a true part. 117, "Precati deos viam ingredimur." 
 
 (&) Action co-ordinate with that of the principal verb: 98, "amplexus- 
 que iam mitigatum osculis tanquam fomentis aggressus est;" 64, "Scylax, 
 canino scilicet usus ingenio, taeterrimo latratu triclinium implevit;" 112, 
 "Miles veritus supplicium, mulieri quid accidisset exponit." 
 
 (c) Past action approaching notion of the present. Some of the 
 examples have been given in the preceding section as it is difficult at times 
 to distinguish between the time that precedes that of the main verb and that 
 which is continuous with it. Sometimes the perf. part, could be replaced 
 by a gerund or even by a pres. part. 130, "Curavi diligentius noxiosissi- 
 mum corpus, balneoque praeterito modica unctione usus, mox cibis validi- 
 oribus pastus, hausi parcius merum;" 7, "Execratus itaque aniculae 
 
PERFECT PARTICIPLE PASSIVE II 
 
 Insidias operui caput et per medium lupanar fugere coepi;" 59, "Secutus 
 est Ajax, strictoque gladio, tanquam insaniret, concidit, ac modo uersa, 
 modo supina gesticulatus, mucrone frusta coUegit;" 123 (vs. 203), magnam 
 nixus in hastam frangebat arva. no, "scite iacturae lineamenta secuta 
 totam illi formam suam reddidit;" 102, "per funem lapsi descendimus 
 in scapham;" 132, "oblitus verecundiae meae verba contulerim." 
 
 OBLIQUE CASES 
 
 A. Passive Idea 
 
 These occur in the accus. case in the sing, and plur. : 91, "video Gitona 
 cum linteis et strigilibus parieti applicitum tristem confusumque;" ^;^, 
 "ficedulam inveni piperato vitello circumdatam;" 94, "Giton me utraque 
 manu impulsum praecipitat super lectum;" 21, "nos legitime perfusos 
 oleo refecerunt (=perfundendo)." 
 
 In the following examples the part, has temporal force: 118, "ceteri 
 enim aut non viderunt viam, qua iretur ad carmen, aut visam timerunt 
 calcare; " 132, "hoc de te merui, ut me in caelo positum ad inferos traheres ? 
 
 The construction, mentioned later under the pres. part., in which 
 the part, standing alone refers to a definite person, occurs also with the 
 perf. part, in various cases. 
 
 Accus., 95, "interim coctores insulariique mulcant exclusum (sc. 
 Eumolpum);" 102, "sed finge una die {sc. nos) vinctos posse durare." 
 
 Dat., 86, "indulsi ergo sollicito (sc. puero);" 115, "Eumolpus autem 
 dum epigramma mortuo (sc. Lichae) facit;" 115, "at enim fluctibus 
 obruto (sc. ei) non contingit sepultura;" 105, "iussi squalorem damnatis 
 (sc. eis) auferri." 
 
 The gen. case of the pure part, is hard to find anywhere, since a part, 
 used in this case becomes almost an adjec. In 119 (vs. 13), "ecce aliae 
 clades et laesae vulnera pacis," the part, may be said to retain verbal force. 
 
 The abl. of the part, is almost always accompanied by a noun, and in 
 such cases it is hard to distinguish it from the abl. abs., e. g., 132 (verse), 
 "nee magis incepto vultum sermone movetur;" 8 (verse), "iunctis viribus 
 molestum contempsimus." 
 
 Abl. of means in 16, "beneficio Gitonis praeparata nos implevimus 
 cena." 
 
 B. Active Idea 
 
 Under this class I have not been able to find any words in the oblique 
 cases in Petron. and indeed they are very rare at every stage of the language. 
 Mortuuni subj. of infin. is put in contrast with vivum in 112, "malo mortuum 
 impendere quam vivum occidere." 
 
12 THE PARTICIPLE IN PLAUTUS, PETRONIUS, AND APULEIUS 
 
 II. Used as an Adjective 
 
 The parts, commonly used as adjecs. occur frequently in Petron.; 
 e. g., doctus, which occurs in the comparative degree in 84, "ipsis lenonibus 
 doctior," and in the superlative in 74, "doctissimo coco." Mortuus does 
 not occur as a pure attributive adjec. Perdita in 119 (vs. 49), "tamperdita 
 Roma." Merikis occurs in the superlative in 98, "meritissima proditione." 
 Others are peritus and iratus. 
 
 Other parts, used with the force of adjecs. are: 83, "senex canus, 
 exercitati vultus;" 85, "suspectus amator;" 108, "mulier damnata." 
 In 98, "Eumolpus autem, quia effractum ostium cellae neminem poterat 
 excludere," it is perhaps better to consider the part, as used appositively 
 (because the door was broken). 83, "inter quos etiam pictorum amentium 
 vultus;" 72, "etiam pictum timueram canem." Same word in 118, 30, 
 83 (verse), 93 (verse), and 29. 
 
 III. Used as a Substantive 
 
 (a) Neut. plur. used as abstract noun: 84, "quis enim potest probare 
 diversa;" 92, "mulier cenae mandata curaverat." 
 
 Dicta and jacta occur frequently, data occurs often as part, but not as 
 noun. Other common nouns formed from parts, which we have noted in 
 Plant, do not occur in Petron. 
 
 ib) Used of persons: 83, "coronis quas etiam ad immeritos deferre 
 gratia solet;" 112, "populus miratus est, qua ratione mortuus isset in 
 crucem." Here it would be in keeping with P.'s style to understand a 
 noun with the part. (= the dead man). 15, "advocati poenae noctumi." 
 no, "Eumolpus periclitantium advocatus;" in, "in conditorium etiam 
 prosecuta est defunctum;" 141, "a propinquis suis consumantur defuncti." 
 
 IV. Used Predicatively 
 
 With verbs oj wishing. — There are no examples in Petron. of the use of 
 the part, after volo, nolo, malo, or any other verb of wishing. 
 
 No case occurs of oportet with the part. 
 
 With causative verbs. — Facto: 47, "mei coci etiam vitulos aeno coctos 
 solent facere;" 86, "timebam ne tarn grande munus suspectam faceret 
 humanitatem meam." 
 
 Reddo and do do not occur with the part. 
 
 With habeo. — 75, "ut celerius rostrum barbatum haberem, labra de 
 lucema ungebam." The part, here may be used predicatively though 
 probably it is simply attributive, "that I might have a bearded mug." 
 62, "si mentior, genios vestros iratos habeam, and also 25, "lunonem 
 
PERFECT PARTICIPLE PASSIVE 1 3 
 
 meam irata habeam." In these liaheo has lost in part the meaning "to 
 possess" or "hold" and is not much stronger than the verb esse. 102, 
 "vos vinctos loris inter vestimenta pro sarcinis habebo;" 117, "habere in 
 Africa trecenties sestertium fundis nominibusque depositum;" 66, "duo 
 (mala)sustuli et ecce in moppa alligata habeo." In both of the last examples 
 the part, is used predicatively, qualifying its noun, and the verb habeo is 
 not yet used as an auxiliary of the perf. tense. 
 
 Opus est occurs only once in Petron., and not with the part. Usus est 
 does not occur. 
 
 Participle and noun = abstract noun. — This construction does not occur 
 in Plaut., but comes in with classical Latin. It is frequent in Livy and 
 still more so in Tac; cf. Drager, sec. 575. 94, "ideoque nee mercennarius 
 ad raptum ferramentum expaverat;" 116, "post attritas bellis frequentibus 
 opes" (= "after the destruction of wealth"); 117, "post peractum sacra- 
 men tum serviliter ficti dominum consalutamus " (= "after the completion 
 of the oath"), 126, "quo enim spectant flexae pectine comae, quo facies 
 medicamine attrita et oculorum quoque mollis petulantia, quo incessus 
 arte compositus et ne vestigia quidem pedum extra mensuram aberrantia, 
 nisi quod formam prostituis, ut vendas?" 109, "epulaeque ad certamen 
 prolatae conciliant." 
 
 APULEIUS 
 I. Participles With True Participial Force 
 
 QUALIFYING THE SUBJECT 
 
 A. Passive Idea 
 
 I. According to the significance of the word, {a) Expressing the 
 external state of the subject: M. ii. 18, "nee tamen incomitatus ibo, nam 
 gladiolo solito cinctus altrinsecus ipse salutis meae praesidia gestabo. 
 Sic paratus cenae me committo;" ii. 8, "Venus balteo uno cincta;" vii. 
 6, " Pretiosissimis monilium et auro monetali zonis refertis incincta;" 
 vii. 8, "Calceis femininis albis illis et tenuibus inductus;" vii. 27, "mater 
 pueri fleta et lacrimosa fuscaque veste contecta;" iii. 8, "Anus alia pannis 
 horridis obsita." This word, which is not so used in Plaut. and is rather 
 uncommon, occurs with a similar force in Ter. Eun. 236, "video aegrum 
 pannis annisque obsitum." Ornatus occurs several times, once with a 
 metaphorical signification, De dog. Plat, xxiv (Oud.,' p. 256), "cum 
 decreto communi virtutibus omnibus omati viri incolae et omnes fundati 
 
 ' On account of the confusion in the divisions of the philosophical works of Apul. 
 I have added the page in Oudendorp's edition. 
 
14 THE PARTICIPLE EN PLAUTUS, PETRONIUS, AND APULEIUS 
 
 legibusobsequuntur." M. xi. i6, "puppisbracteis aureis vestitafulgebat;"^ 
 xi. 8, "procedunt anteludia, votivis cuiusque studiis exomata pulcherrime. 
 Hie incinctus balteo militem gerebat;" ii. 17, "laciniis cunctis suis renuda- 
 ta." 
 
 (&) Other parts, used with the subject, but without the notion of 
 external description are very numerous and are used to express several 
 different shades of meaning. 
 
 (i) Used appositively: M. i. 10, "Et sic ilia propitiata totam civitatem 
 absolvit;" i. 18," Vesane,aio,qui poculis et vino sepultus extrema somniasti;" 
 i. 25, "His actis constematus ac prorsus obstupidus ad balneas me refero, 
 prudentis condiscipuli valido consilio et nummis simul privatus et cena, 
 lautusque ad hospitium me reporto;" ii. 10, "Cum sim paratus vel uno 
 salviolo interim recreatus super istum ignem porrectus assari;" ii. 14, 
 "nam et navis ipsa in qua vehebamur variis turbinibus procellarum quas- 
 sata, aegre ad ulterioris ripae marginem detrusa praeceps demersa est;" 
 ii. 2, "Aurum in comis et in tunicis, ibi inflexum, hie intextum matronam 
 profecto confitebatur." 
 
 This use of the part., common at all periods, is employed by Apul. 
 with the greatest freedom. There is no page of his work which does not 
 furnish examples. 
 
 (2) Used attributively: M. v. 7, "illae sedatae lacrimae postliminio 
 redeunt prolectante gaudio." The part, here = determin. rel. clause 
 ("quae sedatae erant"). ii. 19, "Hie vitrum fabre sigillatum, ibi crystallum 
 impunctum, argentum alibi clarum et aurum fulgarans et sucinum mire 
 cavatum et lap ides ut bibas, et quicquid fieri non potest ibi est." 
 
 (3) Expressing mental state or feeling: M. iii. 3, "conscientia tanti 
 facinoris merito permotus statim profugit;" ii. 2, Sic attonitus immo vero 
 cruciabili desiderio stupidus;" i. 25, "His actis constematus ac prorsus 
 stupidus ad balneas me refero;" i. 17, "Emergo laetus atque alacer, inspe- 
 rato gaudio perfusus;" iv. 27, "quidam de latronibus importunae perse- 
 cutionis indignatione permotus;" x. 3, "Ego igitur impatientia furoris 
 altius agitata;" iii. 21, "percita Fotis ac satis trepida me accurrit;" iii. 
 21, "sic exterminatus animi atque attonitus in amentiam vigilans somnia- 
 bar;" vi. 12, "tantis aerumnis exercita;" x. 5, "Tunc infelix duplici 
 filiorum morte precussus;" iv. 19, "dum reduces socios nostros suspensus 
 opperior." 
 
 2. According to S3aitactical relationship, (a) Reflexive or middle 
 force: M. i. 15, "in alterum latus evolutus;" i. 17, "Ubi es tu, qui alta 
 
 I Van der Uliet reads: "puppis intorta chemisco sublimi bracteis aureis vestito 
 fulgebat." 
 
PERFECT PARTICIPLE PASSIVE 1 5 
 
 nocte stertis involutus;" i. 19, "adsurgit et oppertus paululum planiorem 
 ripae marginem complicitus in genua apponat se;" iii. 2, "civitas omnis 
 in publicum efifusa mira densitate nos insequitur;" i. 25, "lautusque ad 
 hospitium me reporto;" iii. 13, "abiectus in lectulo meo." 
 
 (b) Deponent part, used with middle force: M. i. 20, "Ad me con- 
 versus;" i. 17, "absono clamore experrectus Socrates exsurgit;" iii. 15, 
 "ad me reversa coUoque meo manibus ambabus implexa." 
 
 (c) Temporal force: M. ii. 13, "nam et hie apud nos multa multis simi- 
 liter effatus, non par\'as stipes immo vero mercedes optimas iam consecutus, 
 fortunam scaevam an saevam verius dixerim miser incidit" (=postquam 
 with pluperf. ; v. 10, "diuque cogitationibus pressioribus instructae ad 
 superbiam puniendam firmiores redeamus" {=postquam with fut. perf.). 
 
 With adverb: Flor. No. IX (p. 166), "quae semel lecta neque augeri 
 littera una neque autem minui potest." 
 
 (d) Causal force: M. iii. 3, "conscientia tanti facinoris merito per- 
 motus statim profugit;" v. 8, "at illarum prorsus coelestium divitiarum 
 copiis afHuentibus satiatae iam praecordiis penitus nutrirent invidiam;" 
 V. 6, "monuit ne quando suorum pemicioso consilio suasa, de forma mariti 
 quaerat." 
 
 The situation rather more than the cause is expressed by the part, 
 in the following: M. v. 30, "sed nunc irrisui habita quid agam?" ( = 
 "since I am a laughing stock"); iii. i, "An mihi quisquam tam mitis 
 tamque benevolus index obtinget, qui me trinae caedis cruore perlitum et 
 tot civium sanguine delibutum innocentem pronuntiare poterit." 
 
 (e) Adversative force: M. iii. 22, "at ego nullo decantatus carmine, 
 praesentis tantum facti stupore defixus." 
 
 The adversative conjunctives with the part, occur frequently: 
 
 Quamvis — M. vi. 27, "At ilia quamvis humi prostrata, loro tamen 
 tenaciter inhaerebat;" xi. 23, "Ecce tibi rettuli, quae quamvis audita, 
 ignores tamen necesse est." 
 
 Quamqiuim — M. ix. 21, "quamquam diverso quodam negotio des- 
 tinatus;" vii. 8, "Nee ab ilia tamen patenia gloria vel mea virtute descivi, 
 quamquam semitrepidus iuxta mucrones Martios constitutus;" xi. 19, 
 "At ego quamquam cupienti voluntate praeditus, tamen religiosa formidine 
 retardabar." 
 
 There are in addition to these a few cases of the part, in the accus. case 
 used with quamquam. 
 
 (/) Manner: M. v. 16, "sed dum Zephyri tranquUlo spiritu sublimatae 
 domum redeunt." 
 
 {g) With appositive force as predicates of intransitive verbs: M. iv. 10, 
 
1 6 THE PARTICIPLE IN PLAUTUS, PETRONIUS, AND APULEIUS 
 
 "Et nunc iacet noster Lamachus elemento toto sepultus;" vii. 12, "Cuncti 
 denique sed prorsus omnes vino sepulti iacebant;" iii. 10, "fixus in lapide 
 steti gelidus;" cf. ii. 7, " Isto aspectu defixus obstupui et mirandus steti." 
 
 B. Active Idea 
 
 1. Expressing past action, (a) Action completed before the time of 
 the principal verb: M. v. 7, "At illae sorores percontatae scopulum locum- 
 que ilium adueniunt;" iii. 4, "Sic profatus accusator acerrimus immanem 
 vocem repressit;" iii. 13, "Raptim denique paupertina Milonis cenula 
 perfunctus causatusque capitis acrem dolorem, quem mihi lacrimarum 
 assiduitas incusserat, concedo cubituni venia facile tributa;" x. 13, " Adscis- 
 cor itaque inter duos illos fratres tertius contubemalis, hand uUo tempore 
 tarn benevolam fortunam expertus." 
 
 (6) Expressing a state or condition as a result of past action, or an action 
 coincident with the main action: M. v. 15, "Tunc ilia pristina sermonis 
 oblita novum commentum instruit;" viii. 2, "nanctus denique praesentiae 
 suae tempestillam occasionem sceleri quod diu cogitarat accingitur;" 
 i. 19, "ultroneum exilium amplexus nunc Aetoliam novo contracto matri- 
 monio colo;" vii. 28, "donee solo quod restabat nisus praesidio, liquida 
 fimo strictum egesta faciem atque oculos eius confoedassem." 
 
 2. Equivalent to pres. parts.: M. i. 17, "et cum dicto Socratem deos- 
 culabar amplexus;" xi. 5, "Adsum tuos miserata casus;" v. 25, "Pan 
 deus rusticus sedebat complexus Echo;" ix. 21, "Barbarus vultu turgido 
 incedit iratus;" iii. 5, "extirpare latrones boni civis ofiScium arbitratus 
 eos aggressus sum;" x. 2, "immodice bacchatus Amor exaestuabat. " 
 Drager says this word is used with this force only in poetry. M. iv. 2, ille 
 conatus fortunae meae scaevitatem anteire non potuit;" Apol. i. "quo ego 
 uno praecipue confisus gratulor medius fidius, quod;" M. ii. 32, "nee 
 cunctatus medios latrones invado." This part., and others like it, e. g., 
 moratus, commoratus, are perhaps hardly equivalent to pres. parts, and 
 had better be called aorists. De dog. Plat. ii. 9 (Oud., p. 234), "Sic haec 
 scientiam imitata iuris simulat quidem virtu tem se animis augere." Apol. 
 3, "Quam quidem vocem et tua aequitate et mea innocentia fretus spero 
 in hoc iudicio erupturam;" M. vi. 3, "Tunc genu nixa et manibus aram 
 tepentem amplexa sic adprecatur." 
 
 OBLIQUE CASES 
 
 A. Passive Idea 
 1. Accus.: M. ii. 14, "cum etiam nos omnes circumsecus astantes in 
 clarum cachinnum videret effusos;" vi. 19, "Hunc ofifrenatum unius 
 offulae praeda facile praeteribis" (conditional =" if you bribe him by 
 
PERFECT PARTICIPLE PASSIVE 1 7 
 
 one grain"); vi. 27, "ubi me conspexit absolutum;" v. 31, "Sed earn 
 protinus Ceres et Juno continuantur, visamque vultu tumido quaesiere" 
 (temporal = " cum viderent cam esse vultu tumido"); i. 23, "Fotis, inquit, 
 sarcinulas hospitis susceptas cum fide conde in cubiculum." Here the part, 
 and the main verb are of equal weight and are equivalent to two finite 
 verbs. The construction is very frequent from the classical period down 
 to latest times. A few other examples will suffice for Apul.: M. v. 14, 
 "quamvis invitus susceptas eas gremio spirantis aurae solo reddidit;" 
 ix. 9, "statimque vinctos in Tullianum compingunt;" v. 7, "Vocatum 
 Zephyrum admonet." Used appositively: M. i. 22, "litteras ei a Corinthis 
 Demea scriptas ad eum reddo;" i. i, "modo si papyrum Aegyptia argutia 
 Nilotici calami inscriptam non spreveris inspicere, et figuras fortunasque 
 hominum in alias imagines conversas et in se rursum muto nexu refectas." 
 Equivalent to adj. clause: M. i. 5, "sinistro pede prefectum me spes 
 compendii frustata est;" ii. 6, "Ego curiosus alioquin ut primum artis 
 magicae semper optatum nomen audivi." With causal force: M. ii. 3, 
 "Ego sum Byrrhaena ilia, cuius forte saepicule nomen inter tuos educatores 
 frequentatum retines;" De. dog. Plat. i. 2 (Oud., p. 184), "pubescentis 
 primitias labore atque amore studendi imbutas refert;" M. ix. 5, "dum 
 ad opus susceptum proficiscitur." 
 
 2. Dat. : M. v. 8, "Eas statim vocato Zephyro tradit reportandas;" 
 i. 26, "optatae me quieti reddidi;" vi. 11, "Vocatae Psychae Venus infit 
 talia;" iv. 24, "At illi introvocatae anui praecipiunt;" viii. 31, "destinatae 
 etiam langienae cultros acuebat." 
 
 3. Gen.: M. ii. 31, "Solemnis, inquit, dies a primis cunabulis 
 huius urbis conditae' crastinus advenit;" ii. 30, "ceram in modum praesec- 
 tarum formatam aurium ei applicant." Florida III, No. 16 (73), "immo 
 etiam docuit argumento suscepti sacerdotii, summum mihi honorem Cartha- 
 ginis adesse;" iv. 6, "in modum stipati maris;" v. 14, "Thesaurumque 
 penitus abditae fraudis tegentes;" De. dog. Plat. ii. 4 (Oud., p. 225), 
 "malitiam omnibus vitiis imbuti hominis ducebat esse;" De. dog. Plat. 
 II (Oud., p. 249), "pro merito vitae purius castiusve transactae." 
 
 4. Abl. : M. V. 21, "Psyche quamvis statuto consilio et obstinato 
 animo;" x. 17, "ut, quod vellem, relato, quod nollem, deicto capite mons- 
 trarem;" ix. 38, "de prostratis tuis civibus gloriose triumpha." 
 
 B. Active Idea 
 
 I. Accus. : M. ii. 26, "Vix effatum me statim familiares omnes 
 insequuntur;" viii. 7, "illuvie paene coUapsa membra lavacro, cibo denique 
 confoverat." 
 
 I Van d. Uliet reads conditus. 
 
1 8 THE PARTICIPLE IN PLAUTUS, PETRONIUS, AND APULEIUS 
 
 2. Genitive: M. ix. 39, "dilapsae domus fortunam miseratus;" vii. 
 27, "Casum defuncti magistri." 
 
 II. Used Predicatively 
 
 With verbs of wishing. — ^The most frequent verb of wishing in Apul. 
 is volo. The perf. part, occurs with it eight times, though none of these 
 is found in the Metamorphoseon. De. dog. Plat. ii. 24 (Oud., p. 256), 
 "sic enim fiet, ut omnes una mente sint, aequumque sibi factum velint." 
 A similar combination occurs in De mund. xxv and Apol. 61 (Oud., p. 532), 
 "factum volebat;" Apol. 95 (Oud., p. 589), "Si Avitum audias neque 
 additum quidquam velis neque detractum, neque autem aliquid commuta- 
 tum;" De. dog. Plat. ii. 8 (Oud., p. 231), "sic enim aXoyov rpt^rjv elo- 
 cuti sumus, quae persuasum velit quod docere non valeat;" ii. 11; ii. 27; 
 ii. 14; Flor. iii. No. 16. 
 
 One case occurs with nolo: Apol. 98 (Oud., p. 593), "noUem hercle 
 hoc a me profectum." A case of cupio occurs in M. ii. 5, "ut anxie tibi 
 metuo et utpote pignori meo longe provisum cupio." Also Apol. (Oud., p. 
 593), "proventum cupit." 
 
 There are no examples as far as I can find of opto or desidero. There 
 '\%on&oi mala va. Flor. iv. No. 21, "Habet interdum et necessaria festinatio 
 honestas moras, saepe uti malis interpellatam voluntatem" ("you would 
 prefer to have your journey delayed"). 
 
 In none of these cases is the part, joined with esse. 
 
 Oportet is used frequently with the infin. act. and pass, but not with 
 the part. 
 
 Opus est is used with the gen., abl., supine (scitu), infin., and once with 
 the part., Flor., No. 15, sub. fin., ". . . . cum dicto est opus, impigre dicere, 
 et cum tacito opus est, libente tacere." Once also with part, and noun, 
 Flor. iv. No. 21, "Quippe et illis, quibus curriculo confecta via opus est." 
 
 Usus est is not often used and not at all with the part. 
 
 In the perjed infinitive. — ^The perf. infin. pass, is used in Apul. generally 
 without esse. I have been able to find only twenty-three examples of the 
 full form, while the perf. part, without esse, used as the infin., occurs on 
 almost every page. Fuisse is found with the part, only three times. 
 
 With habeo, teneo, etc. — ^The use of habeo with the perf. part. pass, 
 does not differ from the classical usages, though there are some cases 
 which have no parallel in Plaut. 
 
 In the first place are to be noticed places where habeo has its full force 
 and the predicate noun or part, is used appositively, e. g., Apol. xxx (Oud. 
 p. 458), "An soli pisces habent aliquid occultum aliis sed Magis cognitum ?" 
 
PERFECT PARTICIPLE PASSIVE I9 
 
 Here the part, could be expanded into a determinative adjec. clause; 
 of. M. iii. 3, "Habet is itaque reum tot caedibus impiatum, reum coram 
 deprehensum, reum peregrinum;" xi. 20, "praesertim cum nullum um- 
 quam habuisse me servum isto nomine nuncupatum certus essem;" Apol. 
 liii (Oud., p. 512), "Ais enim me habuisse quaedam sudariolo involuta 
 apud Lares Pontiani." This word is curiously repeated as a substantive 
 in the next sentence, "ea involuta quae et cuiusmodi fuerint, nescisse te 
 confiteris." Farther down it is again the part., "Habuit Apuleius quae- 
 piam linteolo involuta." In all of these the part, is quite independent of 
 the verb habeo and simply qualifies the noun, which is the direct object of 
 the verb. When the verbs habeo and teneo are used in the passive the part, is 
 a pred. nominative and in the following cases would seem to have a slightly 
 closer connection with the verb. Apol. xxxi (Oud., p. 465), "iussisse illico 
 pisces eos qui capti tenebantur solvi retibus et reddi prof undo ; " De. dog. 
 Plat. ii. 27 (Oud., p. 261); "in actuosa vero civitati describit, quemad- 
 modum simul omnis hominum multitudo bonitate et iustitia conducta 
 habeatur." Almost the same force is to be given the part, in De. deo Soc. 
 xxii, "cumulata enim habent, quae sedulo percolunt, ipsi autem horridi 
 indocti incultique circumeunt." 
 
 Close to this use of the part, but distinct from it is the use of habeo 
 with the part, as a sort of a complement to it. The part, qualifies the 
 object but cannot be resolved into an adjec. phrase, but rather the verb 
 and the part, coalesce into one idea and govern the noun as a direct object. 
 The first stage of this development may be seen in the use of the predicate 
 noun capHvos in M. vii. 12, "istos tuos hostes statim captivos habebis." 
 Nearly the same force is to be seen in the part, in M. iii. 19, "Cum semper 
 alioqui spretorem matronalium amplexuum in servilem modum addictum 
 atque mancipatum teneas volentem." The neut. sing, of the part, came 
 to be used with this force when referring to a whole clause as a sort of an 
 appositive, e. g., M. xi. 6, "Plane memineris et penita mente conditum 
 semper tenebis, mihi reliqua vitae tuae curricula ad usque terminos ultimi 
 spiritus vadata." The pred. part, similarly in De. dog. Plat. ii. 5 (Oud., 
 p. 227), "hoc vero proclivius, si ratio in regni sui solio constituta appetitus 
 et iracundias semper domitas et in frenis habet." 
 
 A further step is taken when the verb habeo uses its full verbal force 
 and the significance of the expression is contained in the part., the main 
 verb thus becoming almost an auxiliary to a compound perf. tense, e. g., 
 M. vii. 9, "nam etipse quosdam lenones pridem cognitos habeo" (=novi). 
 Similarly the use of the neut. part, compertum, as found in Cic. and Caes, 
 but not in Plaut., e. g., Apol. Ixxxv (Oud., p. 571), "si compertum habeas 
 
20 THE PARTICIPLE IN PLAUTUS, PETRONIUS, AND APULEIUS 
 
 filios tibi similes futures, non audeas ducere uxorem?" Also ApoL, p. 
 534, "Compertum habebatis." A good example is ApoL, p. 574, "satis 
 dictum habebo, si hoc unum addidero." 
 
 Wiih facio. — De deo Soc, Oud., p. 125, "Missum igitur hunc locum 
 faciam;" ApoL, Oud., p. 579, "Missa haec facio." 
 
 III. Used as an Adjective 
 
 Apul. employs all the common parts, that usage has adopted as adjecs. 
 and several others not so commonly used, e. g., solitus (usual, wonted), 
 optatus (desired), exsertam vigiliam (careful watch), M. ii. 30. Koziol gives 
 a list of fifty-five words from Apul. which occur only in the form of the 
 perf. part., most of them having the force of adjecs.' He also gives a list of 
 twenty-five perf. parts, which are used by Apul. with meanings not found 
 in the earlier Latin. ^ 
 
 IV. Used as a Substantive 
 
 As in the case of Petron. examples are found of parts, without their 
 noun used to refer to particular persons and so not strictly to be regarded 
 as nouns; e. g., M. iii. 8, "quae circumfusae lectulum, quo peremptorum 
 cadavera contecta fuerant." This may be translated " the bodies oj the 
 slain" and in English the word "slain" might be considered a noun. But 
 a sentence in the same chap, has the noun with the part., "miseremint 
 indigne caesorum iuvenum." So I am inclined to think that the Latins feli 
 the words as parts. Other examples of similar usage are M. iii. g, "per- 
 mittite corpora necatorum revelari;" iv. 19, "indomo visa nuntiat;" here 
 it may be a pure noun = "quae viderat." Also a noun in M. iv. 24, "seque 
 ad sectae sueta conferunt." 
 
 In the philosophical writings a large number of adjecs. and parts, are 
 used in the neut. plur. for abstract nouns. The Latin language was very 
 deficient in abstract nouns, for the speech was like the people, and it was 
 not until classical times that such writings as Cicero's philosophical works 
 required the creation of terms not before used. Apul. in his curious 
 reproductions of Greek philosophy uses the neut. plur. of the part, 
 generally instead of the nouns in -tio and -tus, especially when the product 
 or result of an act is to be expressed. (Cf. Haacke, Lateinische Stilistik, 
 sec. 105, Brugmann, p. 140.) 
 
 I Heinrlcli Koziol, Der Stil ties L. Apuleius, p. 281. 
 => P. 295. 
 
CHAPTER II 
 
 THE PRESENT PARTICIPLE 
 
 The Indo-Germanic language in the very beginning possessed among 
 its participial forms the active form with the suffix -ent, -nt-, belonging 
 to the diflferent tense stems, e. g., Lat. jerens, Gk. ^epwv for the pres., and 
 Gk. TTCfj.if/a'i for the aorist.' 
 
 This pres. part, is used to express action in which the person or thing 
 to which it refers is engaged. It does not of itself express the time of action, 
 but merely its nature or quality. In strict use the time represented by the 
 principal verb and that indicated by the part, should be the same, though 
 the rule is not always strictly observed even in the best writers,^ e. g., 
 Hor. Sat. i. 5. 94, "inde Rubos fessi pervenimus, utpote longum carpentes 
 iter," Liv. 45. 10. 6, "diu negantes pertulerunt ut moram .... pateren- 
 tur." The part, is used so loosely in English that to our feeling sentences 
 like these seem perfectly natural, especially as they are easier and just as 
 clear as the more formal circumlocution. But a careful study of the best 
 Latin writers will show that the construction was rare and was generally 
 avoided. Cic. has very many sentences where the pres. part, would have 
 been the easier expression but where he uses the more correct form of cum 
 with the subjunctive or ablative absolute. 
 
 PLAUTUS 
 
 The examples in Plaut. of this aoristic use of the part, are not numerous 
 and are confined to verbs expressing motion, such as are used in narration: 
 Trtic. 382, "sed quo ego facinus audivi adveniens tuom?" Capt., pr. 9, 
 "eumque hinc profugiens vendidit;"^ Poen. 652, "adiit ad nos extemplo 
 
 ' Brugniann in Indogerm. Forschung., Vol. V, p. 89. 
 
 2 See Drager, He S., II, p. 774. He says there is nothing very unusual in the use 
 of the part, in Cic. Tusc. 2. 25, 61, "cum Rhodum venisset decedens ex Syria," as both 
 actions occur at the same time and decedens = " on his journey." But it seems to me 
 that this is forcing the meaning of decedens, and logically the two words do not refer to 
 the same time. The looseness of the narrative style in beginning a statement at one 
 point where the act is presented vividly to the mind, without regard to the verb which 
 is to end the sentence, is accountable for the unusual construction. 
 
 3 Tammelin, p. 18, considers profugiens = in fuga. and would defend this sentence 
 as well as the others on the ground that the part, expresses the same time as the verb. 
 But profugiens represents an action which began and probably ended before that repre- 
 sented by vendidit. 
 
22 THE PARTICIPLE IN PLAUTUS, PETRONIUS, AND APULEIUS 
 
 exiens;" Most. 570, "continuo adveniens pilum iniecisti mihi." So also 
 in Ps. 1201; Amph. 800; Rud. 1275; Bac. 361; Epid. 361; Pers. 731. 
 
 I. Participles with True Participial Force 
 
 QUALIFYING THE SUBJECT 
 
 These will be best classified according to the various forces which 
 they have, thus : 
 
 (a) Those which express the state of mind of the subject at the time 
 when the principal action takes place. Mil. 202, "illuc sis vide, quem 
 ad raodum astitit severo fronte curans cogitans;" Merc. 556, "uxor me 
 expectat iam dudum esuriens domi." So also Bac. 208; Pers. i. 
 
 (6) Those which express a condition, state, situation of the subject: 
 Cas. 664, "ita omnes sub arcis, sub lectis latentes metu mussitant;" Bac. 
 477, "ut ipsus in gremio ausculantem mulierem teneat sedens;" Pers. 
 208, "Feminam scelestam te astans contra contuor;" Capt. 848, "vigilans 
 somniat," and many others. 
 
 (c) Those expressing manner though still describing the condition of 
 the subject: Cist. 123, "quae hinc flens abiit;" Ps. 44, "salutem ex te 
 expetit, lacrumans titubantique animo, corde et pectore." So also Trin. 
 154; Aid. 318; Rud. 695. 
 
 {d) Those which express the means or manner of the action, being 
 equivalent to an abl. of the gerund: As. 291, "loquens lacerat diem;" Men. 
 922, "occidis fabulans;" Trin. 680, "Sed tu obiurgans me a peccatis 
 rapis deteriorem in viam." 
 
 (e) Those which have the force of adverbs but are grammatically almost 
 adjecs. : Rud. 367, "properans exsolui restim;" Cas. 607, "faciem lubens; " 
 Cas. 675, " sciens de via in semitamdegredere;" Ps. 842, "peccaviinsciens." 
 The commonest words in this use are sciens and lubens. 
 
 (/) Those with temporal force: Most. 1103, "nimio plus sapio sedens;" 
 Aid. 305, "ne quid animae forte amittat dormiens;" Epid. 662, "remeabo 
 intro ut adcurentur advenientes hospites;" Rud. 71, "vehemens sum 
 exoriens, cum occido vehementior;" Epid. 90, "quam abiens mandavit 
 mihi." The commonest words used with temporal force are adveniens 
 and abiens. 
 
 (g) Those used with causal notion: Rud. 561, "signum flentes amplexae 
 tenent, nescioquid metuentes;" Rud. 274, "nunc tibi amplectimur genua 
 egentesopum." 
 
 (h) Those used with concessive force: As. 290, "Sed quid ego hie 
 properans concesso pedibus, lingua largior ? " 
 
THE PRESENT PARTICIPLE 23 
 
 IN OBLIQUE CASES 
 
 Parts, which are used in oblique cases incline to the nature of adjecs., 
 and it is often hard to distinguish between the forces. They are found in 
 all the oblique cases in Plaut. but the examples are few. 
 
 iVccus. sing.: Men. 951, "at ego te pendentem fodiam stimulis triginta 
 dies;" Ps. 1247, "an id voltis, ut me hinc iacentem aliquis tollat;" Rud. 
 722; Stick. 765; Amph. 624; Cist. 547. In all of these the part, expresses 
 situation or condition. In the following it has a temporal force: Bac. 
 loi, "bene me accipies advenientem;" Amph. 978; Ps. 603; Stick. 422; 
 Most. 389; Trin. 997. The commonest word so used is advenientem. 
 
 Accus. plur. : Most. 330, "iacentis toilet postea nos ambo aliquis;" 
 Ampk. 701 ; Stick. 99. This use is rare. 
 
 Dat.: Men. 724, "peregrino ut advenienti narrent fabulas?" Bac. 
 197; Capt. 1004; Most. 430; Trin. 869; Epid. 571; Poen. 614; Mil. 393. 
 The word advenienti is most frequent and the force is temporal. 
 
 Gen.: As. 591, "quia tui amans abeuntis egeo." 
 
 Abl. : Ps. I, "Si ex te tacente fieri possem certior." 
 
 II. Used Predicatively 
 
 The part, is often used after verba sentiendi and also after causative 
 verbs such as jacio, reddo, and do, with almost the same force as the infinitive. 
 The parts, form a complement of the verb, which in this case may be 
 called a verb of incomplete predication, and at the same time they qualify 
 the direct object. It seems probable that the use of the verb wath the part, 
 preceded that of the accusative with the infinitive. In Plaut. we find 
 both uses side by side without difference of meaning, though the examples 
 of the verbs video and audio with the infinitive are much more numerous than 
 those with the part. (See Tammelin, pp. 58-62.) The verb video is the 
 commonest in this connection and next to it is audio. Other verbs used 
 similarly are aspicio, conspicio, conspicor. A few examples of each will 
 suffice: Mil. 199, "qui illam hie vidit osculantem;" Rud. 163, "mulierculas 
 video sedentis; Bac. 204, "exeuntem me unde aspexisti modo;" Epid. 
 435, "sed quis illic est quem hue advenientem conspicor;" Ampk. 1099, 
 "uxorem tuam neque gementem neque plorantera audivimus." 
 
 With causative verbs. — ^The only one of these used with the pres. part, 
 is jacio, but the use is not a common one. With the perf. part, do and 
 reddo also occur. Epid. 436, "qui undantem chlamydem quassando 
 facit;" Sticli. 407, "eos nunc laetantis faciam ego adventu meo." 
 Similarly in Ps. 324, 1041; Poen. 377; Ampk. 789; As. 45. 
 
24 THE PARTICIPLE IN PLAUTUS, PETRONIUS, AND APULEIUS 
 
 III. Used as an Adjective 
 
 Nom. : Rud. 1114, "eo tacent, quia tacitast melior mulier semper quam 
 loquens." The pure adjec. force is clear in Capt. 912, "lupus esuriens;" 
 Capt. 1032, "amans adulescens," and also in Slich. 605; As. 591; Pers. 
 299. 
 
 Accus. : Cist. 222, "ita meum frangit amantem animum;" Pers. 
 770; Merc. 160; Bac. 478; Epid. 555; As. 82. 
 
 Dat.: Pers. 253, "lovi opulento .... bonas spes commodanti 
 lubens vitulor;" Cure. 115; Poen. 74; Ps. ^20. 
 
 Abl.: Ps. 44, "lacrumans titubantique animo;" Trin. 301, "ab 
 ineunte adulescentia;" Amph. 585; Capt. 847. 
 
 Gen.: True. 223, "piaculumst miserere nos hominum rei male geren- 
 tum;" True. 434. 
 
 IV. Used as a Substantive 
 
 Dat.: Bac. 186, "hospitum et cenam poUicere, ut convenit, peregre 
 advenienti;" As. 848; Bac. 538; Mere. 994, 116; Mil. 1341. 
 
 Accus.: Cure. 199, "bene monstrantem pugnis caedis;" Epid. 112, 
 "nihil agit, qui diflBdentem verbis solatur suis;" As. 561; Most. 190, 
 Pers. 776; True. 578; Trin. 247. 
 
 Nom.: True. 26, "quot amans exemplis ludificetur," where amans 
 — amator; As. 587; True. 181; Cure. 477. 
 
 Gen.: 7?^^. 259, "nam vox me precantum hue foras excitavit;" Most 
 171; True. 25; Men. 355. 
 
 Abl.: As. 175, "cum quiquam amante." 
 
 PETRONIUS 
 In Petron. the pres. part, is very frequent, and owing to the loose 
 narrative style is sometimes used where more formal Latin would require 
 a perf . part, or a cww-clause. 67, "tunc sudario manus tergens quod in 
 collo habebat, applicat se illi toro." In this example the principal verb is 
 a historic present, but the part, represents an act completed before the time 
 of the verb. 97, "publicus vero servus insertans commissuris secures 
 claustrorum firmitatem laxavit." Here the part, is equal to a gerund. 
 Sometimes the pres. part, is used in the abl. abs. where it would seem 
 more correct to use a clause with a verb in a past tense, e. g., 74, "haec 
 dicente eo gallus gallinaceus cantavit," where apparently the meaning 
 is "when he had said this." In 36 we find the more formal clause — 
 "haec ut dixit, ad symphoniam quattuor tripudiantes procurrerunt." 
 A similar looseness appears in 68, "interim puer luscinias coepit imitari 
 
THE PRESENT PARTICIPLE 25 
 
 daman te Trimalchione subinde: muta! — ecce alius ludus." As the whole 
 story of Petron. is told by means of the historical pres., the pres. part, 
 occurs more frequently than would be expected in other kinds of narrative, 
 though it cannot be said that the aoristic use of the part, is frequent. 
 
 I. Participles with True Participial Force 
 
 QUALIFYING THE SUBJECT 
 
 The pres. part, when qualifying the subject in its proper use is generally 
 equivalent to an adverb or to an additional statement — 36, "res electis- 
 simas ridentes aggredimur;" 60, "nee minus reliqui convivae mirantes 
 erexere vultus, expectantes quid novi de coelo nuntiaretur." Here the 
 first part, is equivalent to an adverb, the second to a finite verb. 60, unus 
 pateram vini circumferens ' dii propitii ' clamabat." Here a slight temporal 
 force may be seen. 69, "respiciens Agamemnonem 'Mirabor' inquam." 
 This part, occurs seven times in similar sentences. 64, "tum Trimalchio 
 iactans candidum panem 'nemo' inquit 'in domo mea me plus amat.'" 
 In these last examples the pres. part, is used with the verb inquam in a free 
 conversational style which resembles closely our English, but is not usual 
 in Latin. Petron. uses the construction frequently, though sometimes the 
 act represented by the part, is not strictly contemporaneous with that of 
 the verb. 65, "quae ut comessemus ambitiosissime a nobis Trimalchio 
 petiit dicens exossatas esse gallinas." Here the part, has something of the 
 force of an abl. of means — "by saying." 
 
 Other uses may be classed under the categories used for Plaut. 
 
 (a) Those expressing the mental state of the subject — 131, "at ilia 
 gaudio exultans;" 136, "ego praeda gaudens." 
 
 (b) Those expressing the situation or condition of the subject — 17, 
 "sedens super torum meum diu flevit;" 72, "algentes utique petissemus;" 
 74, "super quem incumbens Fortunata." 
 
 (c) Those expressing manner being adverbial in their force — 75, 
 "Scintilla flens dixit;" 114, "discurrunt, nautae ad officia trepidantes;" 
 116, "in montem sudantes conscendimus;" 36, "haec ut dixit ad sym- 
 phoniam quattuor tripudiantes procurrerunt." 
 
 IN OBLIQUE CASES 
 
 The part, is used much more freely in the oblique cases in Petron. than 
 in the early writers. It is often equivalent to a descriptive clause, e. g., 59, 
 "clamorem Homeristae sustulerunt, interque familiam discurrentem 
 vitulus in lance donaria elixus allatus est;" 41, "laudavimus dictum 
 Trimalchionis et circumeuntem puerum perbasiamus;" 26, "Gitona 
 
26 THE PARTICIPLE IN PLAUTUS, PETRONIUS, AND APULEIUS 
 
 libentissime servile officium tuentem usque hoc iubemus in balnea sequi;" 
 30, " dispensatorem in atrio aureos numerantem deprecati sumus." 
 
 Of the accus. plur. the following will illustrate the use: 40, "parati 
 aucupes cum harundiaibus fuerunt et eos circa triclinium volitantes momen- 
 to exceperunt;" 98, "genua ego perseverantis amplector ne morientes vellet 
 occidere;" 33, "accipimus nos cochlearia non minus selibras pendentia." 
 
 Dat.: The examples of this case are also numerous and the differences 
 of force rather remarkable, iii, "assidebat aegrae fidissima ancilla, 
 simulque et lacrimas commodabat lugenti." In the usual style of Petron. 
 the noun (domlnae) is omitted and the part, is used with the same force 
 as the adjec. 109, " ut tu nihil imperabis puero repugnanti non amplexum, 
 non osculum." Here the part, is equal to a conditional ^-clause. 98, 
 "immo ni deus quidam pendenti puero excussiset indicium." Here the 
 part, is equal to a characterizing gm-clause. 92, "conatus sum circa 
 solium sedentibus carmen recitare." This is an example of the Greek 
 use of the dat. to refer to a class, But Petron. often uses the part, to 
 refer, without its noun, to a particular person known from the context. 
 This use is unclassical. 114, "tu inquit, Encolpi, succurre periclitantibus 
 {sc. nobis);" 108, "aderat interpellanti {sc. Eumolpo) mercennarius 
 comes;" 79, "neque fax ulla in praesidio erat, quae iter aperiret errantibus 
 (sc. nobis)." 
 
 Gen.: The most frequent use of the gen. is in cases like those of 
 the dat. already noticed, where the part, refers not to a class but to par- 
 ticular persons, e. g., 52, "excipimus urbanitatem iocantis {sc. pueri);" 70, 
 neuter sententiam tulit decementis (sc. Trimalchionis)." Sometimes the use 
 is classical, i. e., it refers to a general class, e. g., 70, "pedes recumbentium 
 unxerunt;" 79, "silentium noctis iam mediae promittebat occurrentium 
 lumen;" 114, "Ecce iam amplexus amantium iratum dividet mare." 
 But even in these cases the application is to a certain extent restricted, and 
 some may even think it confined to the persons mentioned in the context. 
 Other examples of the unclassical use are: 108, "plorantis (sc. mei);" 
 108, "saevientium;" in, "lugentis, iacentis." In 124 we have a part, 
 used with the force of a forward-moving qiii-clause — ' ' incidimus in turbam 
 heredipetarum sciscitantium quod genus hominum aut unde veniremus." 
 
 Abl. : 65, "oneratusque aliquot coronis et unguento per frontem in 
 oculos fluente;" 29, "in deficiente vero iam porticu." Here the part, is 
 used instead of a noun with a dependent gen. The construction is not 
 frequent in Petron., though common in Livy. In several instances the 
 part, when used in the abl. becomes almost an adjec; e. g., 36, "putares 
 essedarium hydraule cantante pugnare;" 30, "distinguente bulla." 
 
THE PRESENT PARTICIPLE 27 
 
 II. Used Predicatively 
 
 The verb video is followed by the pres. part, as its complement five 
 times, and by the accus. with infin. six times, though videor followed by 
 the infm. is frequent. The instances of the part, are: 9, "vidi Gitona 
 in crepidine semitae stantem;" 7, "video quosdam spatiantes," and in 126 
 the sing, of the same part.; 92, "ministrantem;" 27, "ludentem." It is 
 worthy of notice that in three of the six cases where video is used with 
 the accus. and infin. it has the meaning of "knowing," "understanding," 
 a force which would not permit the part, to be used. 
 
 Audio occurs once with the pres. part., 140, "ut ilium loquentem 
 audirent," and once with the infin., 104, "audio enim non licere cuiquam" 
 where again the verb audio has the meaning of mental perception. 
 
 Other verbs used with the part, are to be found in 29, "notavi gregem 
 cursorum se exercentem" and in 73, 102. In 65, "Habinam intrantem 
 spectabam." 
 
 With causative verbs. — The only example in Petron. of the use of the 
 pres. part, as complement of the verb jacio is in 75, "suadeo, milva, me 
 non facias ringentem." No examples are to be found of do and reddo 
 used in this way. 
 
 III. Used as an Adjective 
 
 Many parts., since the time of Plant., had come to be used as adjecs. 
 and some are peculiar to Petron. 
 
 Nom. case: 43, "homo negotians;" 98, "esuriens Cyclops;" fr. 
 xxviii. 5. 8, "calami loquentes." 
 
 Gen.: 32, "digiti sequentis;" 68, "errantis barbariae." 
 Dat. : 67, "ut Fortunata armillas Scintillae miranti ostenderet." 
 Accus.: 26, "praesentem procellam;" 53, "circulos ardentes." Prob- 
 ably in 31 the part, is to be taken predicatively: "fuerunt et tomacula 
 supra craticulam argenteam ferventia posita." 
 
 Abl.: In addition to those already mentioned under ''Oblique Cases" 
 are these: 29, "cum comu abundanti;" 34, "a choro cantante;" 64, 
 "oleof erven ti." 
 
 IV. Used as a Substantive 
 
 The number of parts, which have acquired the force of nouns does not 
 seem to be large in Petron., but the peculiar usage already referred to must 
 be again noted here. Very frequently the part, is used to refer to individuals, 
 not general classes, when the noun, which classical usage requires, is not 
 present. In some instances the part, may have been felt as a noun and 
 
28 THE PARTICIPLE IN PLAUTUS, PETRONIUS, AND APULEIUS 
 
 the effect would be a humorous one, as often in English; e. g., 72, "quic- 
 quid enim a nobis acceperat de cena, latranti sparserat." One may 
 translate this "to the howler." 79, "neque fax uUa in praesidio erat, 
 quae iter aperiret errantibus," may mean "Show the way to the wanderers." 
 72, "dum natanti opem fero in eundem gurgitem tractus sum." Here 
 natanti may be translated "to the swimmer," and possibly not "to him 
 as he swam." In 82 the part, has clearly the force of a noun — "furentisque 
 more omnes circumeo porticus." 
 
 APULEIUS 
 As we have seen in the case of Petron., in narrative style there is a 
 tendency to use the pres. part, rather freely, especially in describing a 
 succession of events. Not infrequently the principal verb refers to a single 
 event while the parts, describe some act or situation preceding this event 
 or continuing along with it. Apul. furnishes numerous examples of this 
 usage which, though perfectly clear and natural, is not strictly in accord 
 with the classical norm. e. g., M. i. 16, "Atque ego de alto decidens, Soc- 
 raten superruo;" ii. 8, "Haec dicens, in me respexit et risit;" Apol. 2,3, 
 (Oud., p. 472), "sed enim feminal nullo pacto reperiens munditer dicere 
 ad mea scripta confugit;" M. iv. 21, "quidam procurrens e domo lanceam 
 mediis iniecit ursae praecordiis." 
 
 I. Participles with True Participial Force 
 
 QUALIFYING THE SUBJECT 
 
 The pres. part, is used by Apul. to qualify the subject with many 
 different forces which may be grouped as follows: 
 
 (a) Those expressing the mental state of the subject. M. i. 19, "Ipse 
 trepidus et eximie metuens mihi per diversas et avias solitudines aufugi;" 
 ii. II, "ac si in Avemum lacum formidans deieceram;" iv. 3, "cum 
 grandi baculo furens decurrit;" iv. 32, "cupiens eius nuptiarum petitor 
 accedit;" vii. 15, " gaudens laetusque praecurrebam." 
 
 (b) Those expressing the state, situation, or condition of the subject, 
 e. g., M. i. 12, "at hie bonus humi prostratus grabatulo succubans iacet; 
 V. 28, "in thalamo matris iacens ingemebat;" vi. 23, "pro sede sublimi 
 sedens procerus lupiter sic enuntiat;" i. 7, "lassus ipse fatigatum aegerrime 
 sustinens perduco;" Apol. 18 (Oud., p. 435), "filiae ad maritos ierunt 
 portantes gloriam domesticam, pecuniam publicam." 
 
 {c) Those expressing the manner of the action, e. g., M. ii. 4, "si fontes, 
 qui deae vestigio discurrentes in lenem vibrantur undam;" ii. 7, "in 
 orbis flexibus crebra succutiens et simul membra sua leniter illubricans, 
 
THE PRESENT PARTICIPLE ' 29 
 
 lumbis sensim vibrantibus spinam mobilem quatiens placide decenter 
 undabat." 
 
 (d) Those expressing the means by which the act is performed, with 
 the force of a gerund in the abl., e. g., M. v. 15, "sed ad destinatam fraudium 
 pedicam sermonem conferentes, dissimulanter occipiunt sciscitari ....;" 
 i. 7, "operulas etiam, quas adhuc vegetus saccariam faciens merebam." 
 
 (e) Those which have temporal force, e. g., Apol. 72 (Oud., p. 545), 
 "fortene an fato ego advenio pergens Alexandriam;" M. vi. 18, "Moriens 
 (when dying) pauper viaticum debet quaerere;" Apol. 96 (Oud., p. 590), 
 "Litteras tamen quas ad me Carthagine vel iam adveniens ex itinere 
 praemisit." 
 
 (/) Those which express the reason or cause of the action, e. g., M. 
 i. 9, "ea bestia captivitatis metuens ab insequentibus se liberat;" vii. 
 25, ''nee invitus ego cursui me commodabam, relinquens atrocissimam 
 virilitatis lanienam;" Apol. 15 (Oud., p. 421), qui se neque pingi neque 
 fingi unquam diffidens formae suae passus est;" Apol. 20 (Oud., p. 437), 
 "hi philosophi non ultra volentes quam poterant dites et beati fuerunt;" 
 73 (Oud., p. 548), "sin haec reputans formae et divitiarum gratia me ad 
 aliam condicionem reservarem." 
 
 (g) Those used with adversative force, e. g., Apol. 60 (Oud., p. 528), 
 "cuius stupra sciens dissimulat;" Apol. 73 (Oud., p. 549), "sed utpote 
 peregrination is cupiens impedimentum matrimonii aliquantisper recusa- 
 veram;" Apol. 99 (Oud., p. 596), "quis vel aeque ut ego spemens here- 
 ditatis, tamen vindicari de tam inoflficioso privigno non recussasset ? " 
 M. i. 14, "cui videbor veri similia dicere, proferens vera?" 
 
 IN OBLIQUE CASES 
 
 Accus. : This case occurs very frequently and is used with a variety 
 of forces. Very often the part, is used where classical writers would be 
 more likely to use a relative clause, e. g., M. iii. 2, "trahere me sane non 
 renitentem occipiunt;" iii. 3, "conspicio istum crudelissimum iuvenem 
 mucrone destricto passim caedibus operantem iamque tris numero saevitia 
 eius interemptos, ante pedes ipsius spirantes adhuc corporibus in multo 
 sanguine palpitantes." Sometimes it has a temporal force, e. g., M. iv. 
 31, "Talis ad Oceanum pergentem Venerem comitatur exercitus." Some- 
 times it expresses a reason, e. g., M. viii. 15, "nee me pondus sarcinae 
 quamquam enormis urguebat, quippe gaudiali fuga detestabilem ilium 
 exectorem virilitatis meae relinquentem." 
 
 Gen.: M. i. 4, "mollitie cibi glutinosi faucibus inhaerentis et meacula 
 spiritus distinentis minimo minus interii;" M. iii. 2, "nam inter tot milia 
 
30 THE PARTICIPLE IN PLAUTUS, PETRONIUS, AND APULEIUS 
 
 populi circumsedentis." The use of the pres. part, to describe a general 
 class is very common, and the gen. case is frequent; e. g., M. ii. 21, "et 
 ad quempiam praetereuntium;" ii. 30, "Ac dum directis digitis et detortis 
 nutibus praesentium denotor, dum risus ebuUit, inter pedes circumstantium 
 frigido sudore diffluens evado." Other words so used are M. i. 10, "inhab- 
 itantium;" i. 19, "commeantium;" ii. 13, "circumstantium." 
 
 Dat.: M. i. 16, "tu mihi ad inferos festinanti subministra telum salu- 
 tare;" i. 19, "ut mihi prae metu noctumas etiam Furias illas imaginanti;" 
 ii. 12, "mihi denique proventum huius peregrination is inquirenti multa 
 respondit;" v. 6, "Age iam nunc ut voles, et animo tua damnosa poscenti 
 pareto." 
 
 Frequently the dat. is used in reference to a class, e. g., M. ii. 4, "signum 
 — introeuntibus obvium;" vi. 4, "Quod sciam, soles praegnatibus peri- 
 clitantibus ultro subvenire;" iii. 3, "sed providentia deum, quae nihil 
 impunitum nocentibus permittit." 
 
 Abl. : This case does not occur frequently, though some of the apparent 
 abl. constructions may possibly be explained as simple abls. of manner 
 or means, e. g., M. ii. 4, "Atria longe pulcherrima columnis quadrifariam 
 per singulos angulos stantibus attollerabant statuas palmaris deae facies." 
 Undoubted examples of its use where the construction is certainly not the 
 abl. abs. are: Apol. 38 (Oud., p. 481), "pauca etiam de Latinis scriptis 
 meis ad eandem peritiam pertinentibus legi iubebo." The construction of 
 the part, with the noun after the model of "ab urbe condita" is seldom 
 found in Apul. I have found these instances of the present part. : Apol. 
 V (Oud., p. 390), "ab ineunte aevo;" iv. (Oud., p. 419), "ab ineunte 
 pueritia ad abeuntem senectam." 
 
 II. Used Predicatively 
 
 The pres. part, occurs frequently as the complement of the verbs audio, 
 video, conspicio, invenio, specto, and other verbs, e. g., Apol. vii (Oud., p. 
 393), "vidi ego dudum vix risum quosdam tenentes;" xi (Oud., p. 410), 
 "CatuUum ita respondentem malevolis non legistis;" 57 (Oud., p. 522), 
 "Ulixes fumum terra sua emergentem prospectans;" M. i. 19, "eumque 
 avide esitantem aspiciens, aliquanto intentiore acie pallore buxeo defici- 
 entem video;" i. 22, "Intuli me eumque accubantem exiguo admodum 
 grabatulo et commodum cenare incipientem invenio." 
 
 III. Used as an Adjective 
 
 The number of parts, used by Apul. which can be translated by common 
 English adjecs. is very large. Some of the more uncommon ones are 
 
THE PRESENT PARTICIPLE 3 1 
 
 M. i. 8, "lingua intemperante ; " i. 12, "praecedentis dicacitatis et instantis 
 curiositatis;" i. 23, sufficientem supellectilem ; " ii. 10, "morsicanlibus 
 (winking) oculis;" ii. 31, "titubante vestigio;" ii. 10, "patentis oris et 
 occursantis linguae." 
 
 IV. Used as a Substantive 
 
 Of this use I have not found many examples, outside of the philo- 
 sophical works in which many parts, are used as abstract nouns. A few 
 examples may be cited, however, from the Met.: i. 9, "ab insequentibus 
 liberat;" iii. 5, "secum iam de inhabitantium exitio deliberantes quam 
 viribus dormientes aggrediamur." 
 
CHAPTER III 
 
 FUTURE ACTIVE PARTICIPLE 
 
 The difference between the old Latin and the late in the use of parts, 
 is most noticeable in the case of the fut. act. part. In the early writers, 
 including Plaut. and Ter., it is always joined with the verb esse to form the 
 active periphrastic conjugation. The part, is not used independently 
 till the time of Cic, and then in a few instances only. Landgraf^ has 
 given a sketch of the history of the development of its independent use 
 and, like Drager,^ Schmalz,^ and other grammarians, states that the use 
 of the independent fut. act. part, is rare before Livy. He arranges its 
 uses in the earlier writers in three groups: (i) Where it is equivalent to an 
 adjec. ; (2) where it is used as a true verbal; (3) where it expresses purpose, 
 being the equivalent of a supine or a dependent clause. In the first group 
 the only fut. part, so employed isfuturus, which is used by Cic. with res 
 and a few other words. The full list is given by Hoppe.^ Caes. uses 
 futurus in this way only once and in the case in question with tempus. 
 Virgil and other poets have a few examples of this word and of other fut. 
 act. parts, used with similar meaning, e. g., Aen. iii. 158, "venturos nepotes." 
 Of the second group probably the earliest example we have is the quotation 
 from Ennius given by Cic. In Tusc. iii. 28, "ego cum genui, tum morituros 
 scivi." This use does not occur in Plaut. or Ter. In Cic. a few instances 
 can be cited from the Letters and in a few other cases the text is doubtful, 
 e. g., Ad. Qu.fr. ii. 5, "exiturus;" Ad. Att. v. 15. 3, "redituro" and viii. 
 9. 2, "quid agenti," "quid acturo." In Sallust the examples are a little 
 more numerous; and with him also parts, of the third class, those expressing 
 purpose, come into use, though Gellius, ii. 10. 4, quotes a phrase from a 
 speech of C. Gracchus which exhibits the use — "qui prodeunt dissausuri." 
 In Cic. Verr. i. 56, "P. Servilius adest de te sententiam laturus," although 
 the part, is still used with the verb its force is clearly that of purpose, so 
 that the example seems to give us an idea of the origin of a use which 
 
 1 Archivfiir lat. Lex., Vol. IX, p. 47: "Die Anfange des selbstandigen Gebrauches 
 des Particip. fut. act." 
 
 2 Hist. Syn. II, § 573. 
 
 3 Mailer's Handhuch, Vol. II, § 108. 
 
 4 Zm den Fragmenten u. d. Sprache Ciceros, Gumbinnen, 1875, § 10. Brenous, 
 Les hellenismes, p. 349, thinks the use a Grecism. 
 
 32 
 
FUTURE ACTIVE PARTICIPLE ;^;^ 
 
 became a favorite one with the later writers. It was used most extensively 
 by Tac. and is an essentially post-classical development.' 
 
 PLAUTUS 
 
 In Plant, and Ter., as we have said, the fut. jmrt. is always joined to the 
 verb esse; but, nevertheless, it is used in a variety of ways. The peri- 
 phrastic conjugation may express action that is taking place now or "an 
 action impending, resolved on, or destined, at the time indicated by the 
 tense of the verb."^ "The fut. act. part, is a verbal adjec. expressing 
 capability or tendency. "^ and consequently when joined with the verb 
 may sometimes even in early Latin be practically a predicate adjec. These 
 various forces of the act. periphrastic conjugation may be illustrated 
 from the foUowng passages: 
 
 Amph. 263, "Attat; illic hue iturust, ibo ego illic obviam." In the 
 first verb the action is represented as now taking place; the second is 
 the statement of a future act. 
 
 -^^- 357> "Ille in baHneas iturust; inde hue veniet postea." The 
 periphrastic verb is used of an action which the subject intends, or is 
 about, to do; i. e., the present situation is intimately connected with the 
 fut. act; the simple verb refers to an action to be done at a future time and 
 has nothing in common with the time that now is. 
 
 Trin..^6, "Vivit victuraque est" is said of an action neither beginning 
 nor impending, but is used to describe the condition or nature of one who is 
 capable of doing so and so. In fact the fut. part, here approaches nearly 
 the force of an adjec. 
 
 Rud. 467, "Ubi tu's? etiamne hanc urnam acceptura's? ubi's?" Here 
 the participial construction has the force of a command, the part, itself 
 probably having the notion of intention, which is thus impatiently inquired 
 about,'* "aren't you going to take it?" 
 
 Ps. 387, "quid es facturus?" "what are you going to do," i. e., "what 
 do you plan to do ?" Here the part, expresses a meditated action, as also 
 in Ps. 396. 
 
 Most. 604, "Daturin estis faenus?" "Won't you give it ?" 
 
 Other examples of this are numerous, e. g., Poen. 167; Ps. 565; Bac. 
 716; Mil. 202. 
 
 The fut. part, in fut. infinitive. Plant, frequently omits esse, but it 
 
 I Kiihner, II, i, p. 576. = Lane's Lat. Gram., § 1633. 
 
 3 Gildersleeve's Lat. Gram., § 247. 
 
 4 Sonnenschein's note on this passage is "etiamne and etiam, when introducing 
 impatient questions, equivalent to commands, take either the fut. part, with sum or the 
 pres. indie." 
 
34 THE PARTICIPLE IN PLAUTUS, PETRONIUS, AND APULEIUS 
 
 is doubtful if there is any distinction to be drawn between the cases where 
 it is present and those where it is omitted. Later writers for the most part 
 omit esse. 
 
 Examples of the omission for Plaut. are: Cure. 325, "postquam scimus 
 venturum;" True. 430, "munus to curaturum scio;" Amph. 22, "sciebat 
 facturos." 
 
 Examples of the use of it are: Mil. 11 97, "nam ilium hue sat scio iam 
 exiturum esse intus;" Ps. 105, "spero aliunde hodie me inventurum esse." 
 
 The nom. of the part, in connection with the infinitive is rare. An 
 example is found in True. 85, "is nunc dicitur venturus peregre." 
 
 PETRONIUS 
 
 In Petron. all the uses found in Plaut. appear in greater abundance 
 together with other uses not known to Plaut. Livy uses very freely the 
 independent part., and after him it continued to be a favorite, owing to the 
 ease and brevity which it afforded for expression.' 
 
 I. Used as an adjec: Certain parts, after the time of Sallust and Livy 
 became common as adjecs. and were so used by all subsequent writers. 
 Petron. augmented the list and uses with pure adjectival force some parts, 
 not so used before his time; viz., iii, "dolore supervacuo ac nihil pro- 
 futuro gemitu;" 115, "tanquam intersit, periturum corpus quae ratio 
 consimiat." 
 
 IL Used as a pure part, governing some word as a verb, and in agree- 
 ment with some noun as an adjec: This use is exceedingly common in 
 Petron., more so than in any previous WTiter. 88, "Summumque certamen 
 inter homines erat, ne quid profuturum saeculis diu lateret." Here the 
 part, is equivalent to a relative clause. 99, "Ego sic semper et ubique vixi, 
 ut ultimam quamque lucem tanquam non redituram consumerem." The 
 usual construction in such a case as this would be the finite verb in the 
 subjunctive. But the simple participial expression is briefer and just as 
 clear. The use of the part, with tanquam, quamvis, etc., became a 
 favorite construction with Tac. Another example of tamquam with the 
 part, is found in 102, "ita, vero, inquam ego, tamquam solidos alligaturus, 
 quibus non soleat venter iniuriam facere." 
 
 IIL Denoting intention: (a) In periphrastic form: 94, "ego si te 
 non invenissem, periturus per praecipitia fui;" 115, "nempe diem etiam, 
 quo venturus esset in patriam, animo suo fixit." In 102 the verb expresses 
 perplexity, "Si diutiusaut tranquillitas not' tenuerit aut adversa tempestas? 
 quid facturi sumus?" 
 
 I Kuhner, II, i, p. 524; Miiller's Handbiich, § 104. 
 
FUTURE ACTIVE PARTICIPLE 35 
 
 (6) As pure part, without verb: 140, "access! {sc. fratrem) temptaturus, 
 an pateretur iniuriam;" 108, "Saepius ego cultrum tonsorium super 
 iugulum meum posui non magis me occisurus, quam Giton, quod mina- 
 batur facturus;" 83, "Juppiter in caelo suo non invenit quod diligeret, 
 sed peccaturus in terris, nemini tamen iniuriam fecit." 
 
 The periphrastic forms with the verb expressed are not numerous in 
 Petron., and those not already mentioned may be here given: 45, "et 
 ecce habituri sumus munus excellente in triduo die festa .... ferrum 
 optimimi daturus est," "We are going to have .... he is going to give;" 
 44, "quid enim futurum est, si nee dii nee homines huius coloniae miser- 
 entur?" 115; "quicquid feceris, omnia haec eodem ventura sunt." 
 This expression is quite different from the simple form venient. The 
 part, is really a characterizing adjec, describing the nature of the subject, 
 havdng much the same force as redittiram in 99 and of victuram in Plant. 
 Trin. 56. loi, "iurat se in navigium comites induxisse, quo ipse iam 
 fuerit usurus." 
 
 When the fut. infin. is used in oratio ohliqua the part, is usually not 
 accompanied by esse. Esse is found, however, in no, "quam expositurum 
 se esse, si vellemus audire; 72, "cum sciamus nos morituros esse." 
 
 It is omitted in 117, "Mercennarius Corax, detractor .... afSrmabat 
 se aut proiecturum sarcinas aut cum onere fugiturum;" 108, "negat 
 Eumolpus passurum se ut quisquam sed intentans in oculos Tryphaenae 
 manus usurum me clamavi. uno tantum gubernatore relicturum se navis 
 ministerium denuntiante. minatus se abscisurum tot miseriarum causam. 
 cum apparet futurum non tralaticium bellum." 
 
 This last example serves very well to show the freedom with which the 
 construction was used by Petron., for in less than half a page there are five 
 fut. act. parts, with esse omitted, all introduced by words of different meaning. 
 There are nineteen cases of the infin. without esse and four with esse in 
 Petron.' The use already noticed in the case of the pres. and perf. part, 
 by which a definite person, not a class, is referred to, is also frequent with 
 the fut. act. part.: 112, "commodaret modo ilia perituro {sc. militi) locum;" 
 137, "epulasque etiam lautas paulo ante, ut ipsa dicebat, perituro {sc. 
 mihi) paravit." 
 
 APULEIUS 
 
 Although probably no other Latin writer used parts, to such an extent 
 as Apul. he is not a great innovator in the variety of usages employed, as 
 some constructions found in Liv. and Tac. rarely occur in his pages. 
 
 ' According to Postgate's counting (see Indogerm. Forschung., IV, p. 252); though 
 I have counted twenty-two cases of the first kind. 
 
36 THE PARTICIPLE IN PLAUTUS, PETRONIUS, AND APULEIUS 
 
 But in his frequent use of participial constructions he affords a fine example 
 of the floridity, redundancy, and even at times of the brevity characteristic 
 of the later Latin. In regard to the fut. act. part, he shows in general the 
 same usages as Petron., but of course a much greater number. 
 
 I. As adjec: Apul. offers no remarkable instances of this use, though 
 he freely uses the gerundive as an adjec. The part, fukirus is almost 
 the only one that can be said to be used as an adjec. and even it retains 
 something of its verbal force. 
 
 M. iv. 13, "floridae picturae, decora futurae venationis receptacula;" 
 viii. 2, "Salutique praesenti ac futurae suboli novorum maritorum gaudi- 
 bundus;" vi. 5, "principium futurae secvun meditabatur obsecrationis." 
 The word profutura may in a few cases be considered as an adjec, since 
 it can be rendered in EngUsh by "profitable." 
 
 M. iii. 3, "nee parva res et exemplo serio profutura tractatur;" De 
 dog. Plat. (Oud., p. 230), "nihil profutura curatio." 
 
 Moriturus occurs often but never in the sense of mortalis, nor has 
 venturuni anything of the force oifuturum. 
 
 We should notice here the numerous classes of adjecs., formed from 
 verbs, which Apul. uses with the force of parts. Those in -bundus^ are 
 especially common. Whatever may be the origin of these forms^ they 
 certainly possess that double function of adjec. and verb, which is charac- 
 teristic of the part. Examples are: M. iii. i, "ipsum denique carnificem 
 imaginabundus;" iii. 21, "sui periclitabunda paulatim terra resultat;" 
 iv. 16, "Multi numero mirabundi bestiam confluebant ; " v. 27, "Psyche 
 rursus errabundo gradu pervenit ad civitatem." Other examples found 
 in Apul. are Apol. (Oud., p. 566), "bacchabundus;" Deo. Soc. (Oud., p. 
 145), "auxiliabunda;" M. viii. 2, "gaudibundus;" ii. 19, "murmurabun- 
 dus." Also "rimabunda" (Deo Soc, p. 126), "certabundus" {Apol. p. 
 442), " excusabunda " (p. 561), " osculabundus " (p. 587). 
 
 II. Pure part.: As all the fut. parts, in Apul. express something more 
 than mere futurity, it will be most convenient to classify them according 
 to their various shades of meaning. 
 
 (a) Expectation: M. vi. 14, "At ilia studiose petit tumulum, certe 
 illic inventura vitae pessimae finem;" vii. 15, "Et sane gaudens laetus- 
 que praecurrebam, sarcinis et ceteris oneribus iam nunc renuntiaturus ; 
 nanctaque libertate, rosas utique reperturus aliquas." 
 
 (b) Concessive force or force of resignation, as in the first of the two 
 
 1 Cf. Kretschmann, De Latinitate L. Apulei Madaurensis, p. 50. 
 
 2 Lindsay connects them with the gerundive suffix -ndo. See Latin Language, 
 P- 544- 
 
FUTURE ACTIVE PARTICIPLE 37 
 
 in M. vii. 24, "Inedia denique conlinua vel praecipiti ruina memet ipse 
 quaerebam exstinguere, moriturus cquidem nihilominus, sed moriturus 
 integer." The second moriturus expresses determination. 
 
 (c) Purpose, intention, determination: M. i. 5, "festinus adcucurri, id 
 omne praestinaturus;" i. 7, "per transitum spectaculum obiturus;" v. 31, 
 "meo pectori violentiam scilicet perpetraturae venitis;" vi. 12, "Perrexit 
 Psyche volenter, non obsequium quidem ilia functura, sed requiem malorum 
 habitura." 
 
 This is the commonest use of the fut. part, in ApuL, nearly every chapter 
 containing one or more examples of it. 
 
 (d) When the intention of the subject of the verb is expressed by the 
 fut. part, in agreement with the object, the part, becomes equivalent to 
 an expression of what is doomed, fated, assigned, etc. Numerous examples 
 of this can be found, but a few will suffice to show the range of the use. 
 M. vi. 25, "me et equum vectores rerum illarum futuros fustibus exinde 
 tundentes producunt in viam;" vi. 26, "eum vulturiis gratissimum pabulum 
 futurum praecipitabo;" vii. 2, "equum namque ilium suum candidum 
 vectorem futurum duxisse secum ( = quo veheretur);" vii. 9, "potent 
 puellam istam praestinare, condigne natahbus suis fornicem processuram, 
 nee in similem fugam discursuram, non nihil etiam, cum lupanari servient, 
 vindictae vobis depensuram." 
 
 (e) Promise: M. vi. 8, "conveniat retro metas Murtias Mercurium 
 praedicatorem accepturus indicinae nomine ab ipsa Venere septem savia;" 
 vii. 8, "Meque nobis ducem fidissimum, si tamen non recusatis, offero 
 bre\i temporis spatio lapideam istam domum vestram factunis auream." 
 
 (/") Threat: M. vi. 8, "sed bene, quod meas potissimum manus incid- 
 isti, datura sciUcet actutum tantae contumaciae poenas." 
 
 (g) Reason, cause — accus. case: M. vii. 24, "in novissima parte 
 corporis totiun me periturum deflebam." 
 
 (h) Mere situation unaccompanied by any other idea is rare: M. ii, 
 4, "Actaeon loturam Dianam opperiens visitur;" iv. 13, "Ibi famam 
 celebrem quodam super Demochare munus edituro gladiatorium depre- 
 hendimus;" vii. 27, "An ipsum saepius incursare calcibus potuisti, mori- 
 turum vero defendere alacritate simili nequisti;" vii. 27, "An ignoras 
 eos etiam qui morituris auxilium salutare denegarint, solere puniri?" 
 
 III. The infinitive esse is not found in combination with the fut. part, 
 in any of the works of Apuleius except the philosophical treatises, where 
 more exactness of expression is required and the language is more formal. 
 But even there only three instances can be cited, viz., De dog. Plat. i. 10 
 (Oud., p. 201), "perituramque esse observationem computationis huius, 
 
38 THE PARTICIPLE IN PLAUTUS, PETRONIUS, AND APULEIUS 
 
 si hie olim choiiis antiquus steterit;" ii. 23, "quamvis sciat se terrenis 
 relictis consecuturum esse meliora;" De niund. xxv (345), "dico nun- 
 quam commissuros esse, ut id suis manibus factum vclint." 
 
 One example W\\hfidsse in Apol. Win, "me facturum fuisse." 
 The cases where the infinitive is omitted are very numerous. Two 
 examples will suffice: M. ii. i, "lam statuas et imagines incessuras, parietes 
 locuturos, boves et id genus pecua dicturas praesagium, de ipso vero 
 coelo et iubaris orbe subito venturum oraculum;" vii. 27, "impune se 
 laturum tantum scelus credit at utrumque se praesumit innocentem (sc. 
 habendum esse)." In the last clause we see that the whole of the infinitive 
 must be supplied. 
 
 IV. Grecism: In M. vii. 14, the fut. part, is used in the nom. case 
 instead of the accusative with the infinitive. This construction is generally 
 looked upon as a Grecism^ of the same nature as the expression in CatuU, 
 iv. 2, "Phaselus ait fuisse navium celerrimus" and Virg. Aen. ii. 377, 
 "sensit medios delapsus in hostes." The sentence in Apul. runs thus: 
 "non destitit, quoad summos illi promitterent honores habituri mihi 
 (se habituros esse)." (See Postgate, Indogerm. Forschung., IV. p. 257.) 
 
 V. At least two constructions of the fut. part, found in some other 
 authors are lacking in Apul.: (i) its use in the abl. abs.,^ which according 
 to Schmalz,3 came in with Asinius PoUio and occurs with some frequency 
 in Liv.; (2) its use as a substantive. 
 
 Note. — Article by Postgate in Indogerm. Forschung,, IV, Part II, p. 252, 
 on the "fut. infin. act. in Latin." He shows that in various writers the forms 
 without esse greatly outaumber those with esse, and concludes that the fut. inf. act. 
 is not formed from the fut. part, either with or without e^^e, but was originally 
 an indeclinable form in -turum. The declinable form came in by way of attraction. 
 The insertion of esse was due to the idea that -tirum was a neut. sing. 
 
 I See Brenous, Les hellenismes, p. 328; Schmalz, Lat. Synt., 283. 
 
 a Brenous, p. 354, classifies this also as a Grecism. 
 
 3 Uber Sprach. d. A. Pollio, p. 28; Miiller's Handhuch, 104; Drager, II, 790. 
 
CHAPTER IV 
 
 ABLATIVE ABSOLUTE 
 
 This construction is discussed by most grammarians' under the head 
 of the abl., though the fuller treatment of its uses is given under adverbial 
 clauses.^ Emmanuel HoflFman^ maintains that it cannot properly be 
 classified under the partcipial constructions because the part, is an essential 
 member of it, while on the other hand it is not to be classed with adverbial 
 clauses. He commends in part IMadvig's definition,-* who was, he thinks, 
 the first grammarian to feel that the characteristic of the abl. abs. does not 
 consist in the part, but rather in the relation which exists between the 
 substantive and the accompanying object, part., or other substantive. 
 Hoffman does not think "apposition" an adequate word to express the 
 relation between the noun and the part, or other word to which it is joined. 
 For a word in an attributive or appositive relation could be paraphrased 
 by a relative clause, while the part., adjec, or noun of the abl. abs. is in 
 a predicate relation and would be the equivalent of an adverbial clause 
 with cum. Hoffman, therefore, gives this definition: "Ein mit pradica- 
 tiven Bestimmung versehener Ablativ." 
 
 The origin of the construction is much debated. Delbrucks thinks 
 it is to be found in the Indo-European locative. He says that functions 
 performed by the abl. abs. are not those of the true abl., but primarily 
 only those of the locative, to which some of the instrumental were added 
 
 ' Roby, 1240, calls it the "abl. of attendant circumstances" under which an 
 action takes place, or an assertion is made. Gildersleeve, 409, says, "The so-called 
 abl. abs. is an abl. combined with a part, and serves to modify the verbal predicate of 
 the sentence. Instead of the part, a predicate substantive or adjec. can be employed." 
 Lane, 1362: "The abl. of a substantive, with a predicate part, in agreement, is used 
 to denote an attendant circimistance of an action." Cf. Drager, II, § 578. 
 
 2 Kuhner, II, i, 139 ff. 
 
 3 Neue Jahrb.fur Phil., No. Ill, p. 783. 
 
 4 Msidvig's Lateinische Sprachlehre, § 277; "Ein Substantiv (oder substantivisches 
 Pronomen) mit einem Adjectiv, einem Participium oder einem anderen Substantiv, 
 durch Apposition verbunden (rege vivo, rege duce) tritt im Ablativ zu einem Satze, 
 um den Umstand zubezeichnen, das im Satze ausgesagte wahrend jenes Zustandes 
 der erwahnten Person oder Sache geschicht." 
 
 5 Ablativ localis instruvientalis in altindischen, lateinischen, griechischen und 
 deutschen, Berlin, 1S67. Cf. E. H. Miles, Comparative Syntax of Creek and Latin, 
 P-35- 
 
 39 
 
40 THE PARTICIPLE IN PLAUTUS, PETRONIUS, AND APULEIUS 
 
 when the latter became a separate case. This view is combatted by Bombe,^ 
 who thinks the abl. abs. is derived from the pure abl. of time, since of all 
 the constructions of the part, with the noun in the abl. abs. which occur in 
 the oldest writers we find that the great majority are equivalent to temporal 
 clauses. When the form had become established to express one idea, 
 it easily passed over to other ideas in which no temporal force can be 
 detected. Such a development can be traced in Plaut. and other early 
 writers. We shall therefore begin with the construction as we find it in 
 Plaut. 
 
 Present Participle 
 
 PLAUTUS 
 
 The instances which Plaut. furnishes of the abl. abs. with the pres. 
 part, show that this construction was not a common one with him, as the 
 verbs most frequently employed are ahesse and praeesse^ which seem to 
 have been established in this construction as standard formulas. The 
 abl. abs. with the two words praesens and absens occurs forty-five times in 
 Plaut. and eleven times in Ter. A few examples will suffice: Most. 564, 
 "Jam illo praesente adibit;" Bac. 301, "Auferimus aurum omne illis 
 praesentibus;" 335, 
 
 Ni. — Sad qui praesente id aurum Theotimo datumst? 
 Ch. Populo praesente; nullust Ephesi quin sciat. 
 
 Trin. 167, 
 
 Me absente atque insciente, inconsultu meo, 
 Aedis venalis hasce inscribit litteris. 
 
 Examples of other parts, used with the abl. abs.: 
 
 Mil. 144, "Et sene sciente hoc feci; is consilium dedit;" Men. 272, 
 "Cape atque serva; me lubente feceris;" AmpJi. 747, "Egone istuc dixi ? 
 Al. Tute istic etiam astante hoc Sosia;" Poen. 322, "Nam \-igilante 
 Venere si veniant." 
 
 Another variety of the construction found in Plaut. is that in which 
 an adjec. or noun takes the place of the part. It is customary to supply 
 here in thought a pres. part, of the verb esse. But, as Drager says,^ the 
 Romans probably felt this to be a modal abl. and did not think of the part. 
 
 ' Ernest Bombe, De Ablativi AhsoluH a pud Antiquissimos Romanorum Scriptores 
 Usu Gripeswolda, 1876. Tammelin thinks we must look for the origin of the con- 
 struction in both the instrumental and locative cases. 
 
 » Bombe, p. 17, says that the temporal notion is here contained in the verbs them- 
 selves and the construction of the abl. abs. without temporal force defines more accurate- 
 ly the main action. Cf. Tammelin, p. 142. 
 
 3 Hist. Syn., II, § 578 and § 585. 
 
ABLATIVE ABSOLUTE 4I 
 
 The Greek language, so rich in parts., rarely omitted o)v in such cases, and 
 so by a false analogy grammarians have supplied it in Latin.' Bac. 419, 
 "non sino neque equidem ilium me vivo comunpi sinam;" Most. 562, 
 "Ne ego sum miser, scelestus, natus dis inimicis;" Trin. 1014, "Recipe 
 te et recurre petere re recenti;" Capt. 739, "Cur ego te invito me esse 
 salvum postulem ? 
 
 When a noun takes the place of the part, the construction is generally 
 equivalent to an instrumental abl. or else merely defines more clearly the 
 main action: Most. 916, "me suasore atque impulsore id factum audacter 
 dicito;" Stick. 602, 
 
 non me quidem 
 Faciei auctore hodie ut ilium decipiat. 
 
 Trifi. 13, "Is rem paternam me adiutrice perdidit." 
 
 It will be seen from some of the above examples, e. g., Bac. 419, that 
 Plant, does not always observe the rule of the grammarians that the abl. 
 abs. is not to be used if the subject of the absolute clause is expressed in 
 some case in the main clause.^ Some further examples from Plaut. are: 
 Poen. 369, "men praesente ego illaec patiar dici?" Aid. 98, "Profecto 
 in aedes meas me absente neminem volo intromitti." 
 
 PETRONIUS 
 
 In the time from Plaut. to Liv. the pres. part, in the abl. abs. became 
 much more frequent, and developed several different visages such as (i) 
 the use of the part, alone, when the subject could be suppHed from the 
 context, (a) from the following relative clause, (b) from some preceding 
 word, (c) from the general idea, svich as "one," " people. "^ All these are 
 common in Tac. 
 
 In Petron. the pres. part, is used more freely than in any previous writer. 
 This may be due in part to the nature of the work — a running tale, told in 
 the historic present. But still more is it due to the flexibility or even 
 looseness which the language had acquired at this stage of its development. 
 Indeed, some of the constructions in Petron. seem forced and cumbersome 
 
 ' Bombe, p. 28. Tammelin, § 83, says that to suppose a part, omitted such as 
 -ente is false and contrary to Latin idiom. The construction is a sociative instrumental 
 abl., expressing the person through whose attendance, by whose aid, etc., anything is 
 done. 
 
 2 Bombe, p. 37. Bennett, § 227, n. 4, states the rule and says exceptions to this 
 principle are extremely rare. Gildersleeve, § 410, n. 3: "This rule is frequently 
 violated at all periods of the language, for the purpose either of emphasis or of stylistic 
 effect. The shifted construction is clearer, more vigorous, more conversational." 
 
 3 Drager, II, § 579. 
 
42 THE PARTICIPLE IN PLAUTUS, PETRONIUS, AND APULEIUS 
 
 even to our English ears, though we use the absolute construction almost 
 as freely as the Romans did. The various forces of the abl. abs. may be 
 classified as follows: 
 
 (a) Time: 136, "quid tu me absente fecisti." This is the only case 
 of the abl. abs. with absente. Likewise only one instance can be found of 
 praesens in abl. abs. and that is in verse. 
 
 137, v. 9, Quod vis, nummis praesentibus opta, 
 et veniet. 
 
 92, "Haec Eumolpo dicente mutabam ego frequentissime vultum." 
 
 Sometimes the construction is accompanied by adverbs or conjunctions 
 of time: 12, "Veniebamus in forum deficiente iam die;" 20, "Ascyltos 
 iam deficiente fabularum contextu;" 54, "Cum maxime haec dicente 
 Gaio, puer Trimalchionis delapsus est." This passage is, however, 
 considered doubtful by both Biicheler and Segebade.^ 
 
 (6) Situation or attendant circmnstance : 69, "Amplius semihora 
 tubicines imitatus est succinente Habinna et inferius labrum manu depri- 
 mente;" 71, "Totum a primo ad ultimum ingemescente famiha recitavit;" 
 137, "Dum haec me stupente in lectulo sedet;" 52, "Atque ipse erectis 
 supra frontem manibus Syrum histrionem exhibebat concinente tota 
 familia;" 31, "Tandem ergo discubuimus pueris Alexandrinis aquam in 
 manus nivatam infundentibus aliisque insequentibus ad pedes ac paronychia 
 cum ingenti subtilitate toUentibus." 
 
 This last sentence illustrates one of the noticeable features of the style 
 of Petron. A number of parts, follow in loose order, not representing 
 time strictly contemporaneous with that of the principal verb but really 
 a succession of actions thus: "We sat down, boys brought water, others 
 followed," etc. One should notice also the large number of instances 
 where several parts, are joined together by et, -que, atque, and other con- 
 junctions. Other examples are : 17," tacentibus adhuc nobis et ad neutram 
 partem adsensionem flectentibus intra vit ipsa;" 25, " Plaudentibus ergo 
 universis et postulantibus nuptias;" 34, "potantibus ergo nobis et accura- 
 tissime lautitias mirantibus laruam argenteam servus attulit." 
 
 (c) Manner: Next in force to the abl. abs. of situation, comes that 
 which expresses the manner or the circumstances under which an action 
 takes place: 72, "ducente per porticum Gitone ad ianuam venimus;" 
 28, "hinc involutus coccina gausapa lecticae impositus est praecedentibus 
 phaleratis cursoribus quattuor;" 65, "oneratusque aliquot coronis et 
 unguento per frontem in oculos fluente praetorio loco se posuit." 
 
 J In Segebade and Lommatzsch, Lexicon Petronianum, Leipzig, 1898, this passage 
 is marked "Dubia et memorabilia, resecto verbo." 
 
ABLATIVE ABSOLUTE 43 
 
 (d) Reason or cause: 96, "ego durante adhuc iracundia non continui 
 manum;" 81, "ibi triduo inclusus redeunte in animum solitudine atque 
 contemptu verberabam aegrum planctibus pectus." 
 
 We may perhaps classify under cause a rather peculiar abl. abs. in 
 27: "numerabat pilas non quidem eas quae inter manus lusu expellente 
 vibrabant." 
 
 60, "quibusdam tamen etiam post hanc venerationem poma rapientibus 
 et ipsi mappas implevimus, ego praecipue," may be translated "since," 
 "seeing that," etc. 
 
 Sometimes the abl. abs. is accompanied by conjunctions of imaginative 
 comparison, ut, tanquam, veliit, quasi. ^ This is very common with the 
 perf. part. An example with pres. of abl. abs. is: 100, "Sed repente 
 quasi destruente fortuna constantiam meam eiusmodi vox super constratum 
 puppis congemuit." 
 
 The abl. abs. of the pres. part, with the force of a condition or a con- 
 cession does not seem to occur in Petron. 
 
 APULEIUS 
 
 All the uses of Plaut. and Petron. are found in Apul. together with 
 several others. 
 
 {a) Time: M. i. 5, "vespera oriente= point of time," "when evening 
 came;" i. 11, "Haec adhuc me suadente .... Socrates stertebat" = 
 time during which, "while;" v. 9, "haec novissima, quam fetu satiente 
 postremus partus effudit" = "at the time when;" v. 9, "Fortassis tamen 
 procedente consuetudine et adfectione roborata deam illam deus maritus 
 efficiet," = "when love shall have been strengthened;" v. 15, "Quae 
 cuncta praesente nullo animos audientium remulcebant." This part, 
 occurs several times, but ahsente is not found, vii. 26, "meum vero 
 Bellerophontem ad casas perducunt quoad renascenti die sequenti poenae 
 redderetur"= reference to future. 
 
 {b) Situation: M. ii. 25, "ut ne deus quidem Delphicus ipse facile 
 discerneret, duobus nobis iacentibus, quis esset magis mortuus;" iii. 
 2, "lamque sublimo suggestu magistratibus residentibus iam praecone 
 publico silentium clamante, repente cuncti consona voce flagitant." With 
 this succession of events compare Petron. 31. iv. 3, "nam lumbis elevatis 
 in ahum, pedum posterioribus calcibus iactatis in eum crebriter, iam 
 mulcato graviter atque iacente contra proclive montis attigui fuga me 
 liberavi;" viii. 31, "coquus diu lamentatus, iam iamque domino cenam 
 fiagitante, mortem sibi comparabat." 
 
 ' See Kiihner, Vol. II, i, p. 579, § 2. 
 
44 THE PARTICIPLE IN PLAUTUS, PETRONIUS, AND APULEIUS 
 
 (c) Manner: M. vi. 9. "Impares enim nuptiae et praeterea in villa 
 sine testibus et patre non consentiente factae legitimae non possunt videri;" 
 V. 3, "fercula cupiosa, nullo serviente seel tantum spiritu quodam impulsa 
 subministrantur;" x. 32, "Quibus spectatorum pectora suave mulcentibus 
 longe suavior Venus placide commoveri, cunctantique lente vestigio et 
 leniter fluctuante spinula et sensim adnutante capite coepit incedere." 
 
 (d) Reason, source or origin of action: M. v. 2, "mox prolectante 
 studio pulcherrimae visionis miratur singula;" xi. 7, "ut canorae etiam 
 aviculae prolectante^ verno vapore, concentus suaves adsonarent." Cf. 
 same verb in v. 7, "lacrimae redeunt prolectante gaudio." v. 4, "Vespera 
 suadente, concedit Psyche cubitum;" i. i, "sermonem aerumnabili 
 labore, nullo magistro praeeunte, aggressus excolui." 
 
 Apol. 50 (Oud., p. 509), "moribundo corpore cessante animo cadunt. 
 
 (e) Agent: When a person is represented as the source or mover in an 
 action we have in a way the idea of agency suggested. Apol. 76 (Oud., 
 P- 557)) "Pontianus ei multiun quidem dehortantibus nobis nuptianim 
 titulum falsum et imaginarium donavit;" 41 (Oud., p. 495), "ceterum me 
 etiam beneficii reum postularent, ut qui hoc negotium ex lectione et 
 aemulatione Aristoteli nactus sim, nonnihil et Platone meo adhortante, 
 qui . . . . ; 100 (Oud., p. 598), "qui tibi plurimas postea contumelias 
 dixit coram et adiuvante patruo fecit;" 98 (Oud., p. 595), "cum ab eo 
 quaereres, donassetne illis mater, quae ego dicebam me adnitente donata." 
 
 The agent becomes almost the instrument in M. vi. 8, ad hunc modimi 
 pronuntiante Mercurio tanti praemii cupido certatim omnium studium 
 arrexerat. 
 
 The instrumental force is clear in M. v. 22, fati tamen saevitia submin- 
 istrante viribus roboratur. 
 
 (J) Adversative force: M. v. i, "ut diem suum sibi domus faciat, 
 licet sole nolente;" v. 27, "quamvis alio vento flante;" v. 22, "quamvis 
 alis quiescentibus extimae plumulae lasciviunt." 
 
 (g) Hypothesis, 5t*-clause: Apol. 43 (Oud., p. 500), Maximus omnium 
 Magus est, quo praesente Thallus diu steterit." 
 
 Perfect Participle 
 
 The most characteristic construction with the part, in Latin is that of 
 the abl. abs. with the perf. part, pass.^ It is the simplest substitute for an 
 adverbial clause, since it can be used to express not only time, but also 
 manner, reason, concession, and other notions. In early Latin the perf. 
 
 I Van der Uliet reads prolectatae. 
 ' Drager, II, 185. 
 
ABLATIVE ABSOLUTE 45 
 
 part, in the absolute construction is more frequent tlian the pres. part., 
 but its use is still much restricted in comparison with that of later periods. 
 
 PLAUTUS 
 
 As was remarked in discussing the pres. part., it seems contrary to 
 Latin idiom to understand a part, (generally the missing pres. part, of sum) 
 when a noun is used in the abl. with an adjec. or other noun. It seems 
 better to consider such cases as ablatives of manner, accompaniment, or 
 instrument.^ 
 
 Bac. 1070, "Salute nostra at que urbe capta per dolum domum reduce 
 integrum omnem exercitum." Tammelin^ considers that "urbe capta" 
 is used in the same way as "salute nostra," both being used with modal 
 force. Ussing compares it with Amph. 32, "pace advenio," which he 
 says is not so much a modal as a comitative abl. A simple example would 
 be Stick. 602, "non me quidem faciet auctore, hodie ut ilium decipiat." 
 Many grammarians classify this kind of construction under the abl. abs.^ 
 But Tammelin would call it "instrumental sociative" and thinks it strange 
 that even Ebrard^ should have fallen into the common error. In Amph. 
 642, "absit, dum laude parta domum recipiat se," Tammelin thinks that 
 parta is used attributively and hence the construction is not abl. abs. but 
 sociative. He compares Trin. 11 82, "Bene re gesta salvos redeo," and 
 Pers. 753, "Hostibus victis, civibus salvis, re placida, pacibus perfectis, 
 bello exstincto, re bene gesta, integro exercitu et praesidiis — eas habeo 
 grates." Here the abls. are not really abls. abs. but abls. of circumstance 
 and manner. But Drager quotes the sentence to illustrate the fondness of 
 old Latin for the abl. abs. However, whether we give the name of abl. 
 abs. to such constructions or not in the early Latin, it is certain that they 
 were felt as such in the later language. When the form of expression had 
 once been established for the modal force, other notions came to be expressed 
 by the same form, until constructions were evolved in which no modal 
 force remains and only the temporal or some other idea is expressed. Then 
 the construction is a pure abl. abs. 
 
 Under constructions undoubtedly belonging to the abl. abs. are: {a) 
 Those expressing time: Cist. 161, "tum ilia — decumo post mense exacto 
 
 1 Drager, II, § 585. Tammelin generally calls is "sociative," p. 131. 
 
 2 P. 132. 
 
 3 Roby, 1242, gives such cases under his abl. of attendant circumstance, along 
 with other abls. abs. 
 
 ^Neue Jahrb. f. Phil., Supplement ic, p. 613: Ebrard in the article "De Abl. 
 Local. I nstrmnentalis " derives the abl. abs. from the locative and classifies such cases 
 as above under the abl. abs. 
 
46 THE PARTICIPLE IN PLAUTUS, PETRONIUS, AND APULEIUS 
 
 hie peperit filiam;" Capt. 82, "item parasiti rebus prolatis latent;" Merc. 
 92, "his sic confectis navem soluimus;" Men. 470, "pallam ad phrygionem 
 fert confecto prandio, vinoque expoto, parasito excluso foras." 
 
 Besides the temporal idea there is also sometimes implied (&) condition: 
 Am ph. 390, "non loquar nisi pace facta, quando pugnis plus vales;" Rud. 
 581, "Tibi ego numquam quicquam credam, nisi si accepto pignore." 
 
 {c) Concession: Aul. 783, "is me nunc renuntiare repudium iussit 
 tibi, Repudium rebus paratis exornatis nuptiis?" 
 
 The abl. abs. without the part. : This construction is classed by Drager^ 
 under the abl. abs. but Tammelin thinks it should be considered merely 
 as an adverb. Drager shows that in old Latin the part, was used alone, 
 without the dependent clause, an addition that was made in the classical 
 period. Probably these participial forms were originally abls. of neut. 
 parts, used as nouns in abl. of manner. When the modal force was lost, 
 they were used predicatively and are really abls., and it was natural that 
 then a clause should be used to take the place of the substantive that was 
 felt to be missing. Examples in Plaut. are: Amph. 658, "Certe enim 
 me illi expectatum optato venturum scio;" Merc. 135, "At tibi sortito id 
 optigit." 
 
 There are also found improviso, consulto, faenerato, auspicato. 
 
 PETRONIUS 
 
 There are no instances of the perf. part, in the abl. abs. in Petron. 
 which differ much from classical usage, except that there is a greater 
 relative frequency in their occurrence. A few examples of the common 
 uses will suffice. 
 
 (a) Expression of time: 87, "interposita minus hora pungere me 
 manu coepit;" 94, "reseratis foribus intrat Eumolpus;" 92, "siccatoque 
 avide poculo negat sibi acidius fuisse." Sometimes adverbs of time accom- 
 pany the construction, but the only examples of this sort which I have found 
 in Petron. are: 11, "oculisque tandem bona fide exactis alligo complexibus 
 puerum;" 115, "hoc opere tandem elaborato casam piscatoriam subimus;" 
 94, "Novaculam rapit et semel iterumque cervice percussa ante pedes 
 collabitur nostros." 
 
 The adverbs statim, simul, extemplo, common with the abl. abs. in 
 Cic. and Liv., are not so used in Petron. 
 
 (b) Reason or cause: 115, "cibisque naufragio corruptis utcumque 
 curati tristissimam exegimus noctem;" 15, "et recuperate, ut putabamus 
 thesauro in deversorium praecipites abimus praeclusisque foribus ridere 
 
 I Vol II, 584; Tammelin, p. 140. 
 
ABLATIVE ABSOLUTE 47 
 
 acumen non minus cocionum quam calumniantium coepimus." The 
 first of these abls. abs. may be taken as implying something of the cause 
 of ridere, but still it is more temporal in its force; the second is purely 
 temporal. 
 
 A few cases occur where the conjunctions igitur and ergo are used with 
 the abl. though these express rather the result of a preceding statement than 
 the reason for the succeeding one. no, "Conversis igitur omnium in 
 se vultibus, orsus est." In 74 the clause has no causal force, "sumptis 
 igitur matteis respiciens ad familiam Trimalchio — inquit;" 108, "Data ergo 
 acceptaque ex more patrio fide praetendit ramum oleae." Here we may 
 translate "since the pledge was accordingly given" etc., with causal force. 
 
 (c) Adversative force: 105, "miretur nunc aliquis Ulixis nutricem post 
 vicesimum annum cicatricem invenisse originis indicem, cum homo pruden- 
 tissimus confusis omnibus corporis orisque lineamentis ad unicum fugitivi 
 argvmientum tarn docte pervenerit." 
 
 (d) Conditions with nisi: 136, "excusare coepit moram, quod amica 
 se non dimisisset nisi tribus potionibus e lege siccatis." 
 
 (e) Imaginary comparison with velut: 128, "si quid habueram virium, 
 perdidi, totoque corpore velut luxato, 'quaeso' inquam." 
 
 There are no instances in Petron. of the abl. abs. of the perf. part, with 
 ut, utpote, qvusi, tanquam, or quamvis. 
 
 (f) Manner: It is often difficult to decide whether a construction is to 
 be understood as an abl. abs. or an adverb of quality, instrument, or manner. 
 Tammelin is inclined to regard nearly all such cases in Plaut. as something 
 other than abl. abs.^ Especially in the case of phrases describing per- 
 sonal appearance or manner would he reject the abl. abs., e. g., Cas. 
 862, "obtunso ore nunc pervelim progrediri senem;" Capt. 475, "ipsi de 
 foro tam aperto capite ad lenones eunt." These are properly abls. of 
 quality, though the grammars are not clear on the subject.^ In Epid. 
 452, "Immo si audias meas pugnas fugias manibus dimissis domum," 
 we probably have an abl. of manner. In Epid. 524, "is etiam sese sapere 
 memorat: malleum sapientiorem vidi excusso manubrio," if we translate 
 "when the handle has been struck off" we give it the force of an abl. abs., 
 but if we say a "hammer with its handle gone" it seems to be an abl. 
 of quality. In Amph. 368, "immo equidem tunicis consutis hue advenio, 
 non dolis," Tammelin sees a sociative ablative. 
 
 1 P. 139, under "Exempla non absolute posita." 
 
 2 Thus Lane's Grammar, § 1367, gives as an example of the abl. abs. of description, 
 Cic. Ph. ii. 77, "domum venit capite obvoluto," but in § 1360, "nudo capite" is given 
 as abl. of manner. 
 
48 THE PARTICIPLE IN PLAUTUS, PETRONIUS, AND APULEIUS 
 
 Turning to Petron. we find many examples of abls. expressing personal 
 appearance and the most of them can undoubtedly be explained as abls. 
 of quality or manner: 16, "Mulier erat operto capite." 
 
 Not so simple is 106, "Lichas, turbato vehementius vultu proclamat." 
 In the following cases the abls. seem to be clearly abls. of manner: 124, 
 
 vs. 252 f., 
 
 huic comes it submissa Fides et crine solute, 
 lustitia ac maerens lacera Concordia palla. 
 
 frag, xxxviii, vs. 7 f., 
 
 exsilio et pedibus nudis tunicaque soluta 
 omne iter impedio, nullum iter expedio. 
 
 But in 108, vs. 6 f., the abl. is an abl. abs. of manner or means: 
 sed contemptus amor vires habet, ei mihi fata 
 hos inter fluctus quis raptis evocat armis. 
 
 So also probably in 99, "profusis ego lacrumis rogo." 
 
 In 73, "ceteri convivae circa labnun manibus nexis currebant et gingil- 
 ipho ingenti clamore sonabant, alii autem restrictis manibus anulos de 
 pavimento conabantur tollere aut posito genu cervices post terga flectere 
 et pedum extremes pollices tangere," the last abl. must be taken as abl. 
 abs. but the other two would seem to be abls. of manner. 
 
 There are, of course, in Petron. as in every other author, examples of 
 the abl. abs. used not with any distinctly adverbial force but merely as a 
 substitute for a finite verb, thereby adding variety and strength to the 
 sentence; e. g., 108, "Lichas indignatur quod ego relicta mea causa tantum 
 pro alio clamo;" 124. vs. 250 f.. 
 
 Pax .... relicto 
 
 orbe fugax Ditis petit implacabile regnum. 
 
 APULEIUS 
 
 It would be surprising if in the time between Petron. and Apul. the 
 abl. abs. construction had not taken on some new forms, especially since 
 Tac. used it so freely. And indeed we do find in Apul. almost every variety 
 of the classical period exemplified ; but, nevertheless, several uses found in 
 Tac. and other writers before Apul. do not occur in his pages. No classi- 
 fication can give an adequate idea of the extent to which he used the con- 
 struction though one may serve to exemplify the varieties: 
 
 (a) Time: M. v. 4, "Finitis voluptatibus, vespera suadente, concedit 
 Psyche cubitum;" v. 9, "Quo protenus perpetrato, sorores .... per- 
 strepebant;" v. 7, "sono penetrabili vocis ululabis per prono delapso 
 amens Psyche procurrit." 
 
ABLATIVE ABSOLUTE 49 
 
 Often the construction is accompanied by an adverb of time: M. ii. 
 13, "Quern cum electum destinasset illi, iam deposita crumina, iam pro- 
 fusis nummulis, iam dinumeratis centum denarium — ecce adolescentulus 
 eum iacinia prehendit;" i. 25, "Quo audito statim arrepta dextera, post- 
 liminio in forum cupidinis reducens;" x. 8, "quo semel conditis calculis 
 iam cum rei fortuna transacto nihil postea commutari licebat;" ix. 21, 
 "Philesitherus .... sagaciter extempio sumpta familiari constantia, 
 invadit Myrmecem;" xi. i, "confestimque discussa pigra quiete alacer 
 exsurgo;" ix. 42, "emensis protenus scaUs iniecta manu quidam me velut 
 captivum detrahunt." 
 
 It will be noticed that in some of these examples, the very presence of 
 the temporal adverb gives the clause something more than a temporal force. 
 In the last two quoted it has almost the force of an adverb of manner. 
 
 Many of the temporal clauses illustrate well the extensive use which 
 Apul. made of the part., especially of the abl. abs., to describe successive 
 events in a narrative, e. g., M. i. 19, "relicta patria et lare, ultroneum exiUum 
 amplexus nunc Aetoliam novo contracto matrimonio colo;" v. 26, "sic 
 locuto deo pastore, nulloque sermone reddito, sed adorato tantum numine 
 salutari Psyche pergit ire." 
 
 (b) Manner: M. i. 19, "Denique corpus exanimatum in flumen paene 
 cemuat, nisi ego altero eius pede retento vix et aegre ad ripam superiorem 
 attraxi;" i. 21, "Remoto, inquam, ioco, parens optima, die oro cuiatis 
 sit;" V. 19, "Tunc nanctae iam portis patentibus nudatum sororis animum 
 facinerosae mulieres, omissis tectae machinae latibulis, destrictis gladiis 
 fraudium simplicis puellae paventes cogitationes invadunt." The pres. 
 part, here in the abl. abs. has the force of manner, "her mind left bare by 
 having its doors open;" the abls. abs. with the perf. part, also express 
 manner, "without secrecy, with drawn sword." Here may be given 
 two examples which are almost equivalent to abls. of characteristic: M. 
 vi. 27, "Nam ubi me conspexit absolutum, capta super sexum et aetatem 
 audacia, lorum prehendit ac me deducere ac revocare contendit," "with a 
 boldness beyond her sex and years;" vi. 27, "ilia virgo captiva — sumpta- 
 que constantia virili facinus audet pulcherrimum." 
 
 (c) Means: M. v. 15, "sic affectione simulata paulatim sororis invadunt 
 animum;" vi. 27, "incussis in earn posteriorum pedum calcibus protinus 
 aplodo terrae." 
 
 As in the case of Plaut. and Petron., there are in Apul. many cases where 
 it would be difficult to say whether the abl. is true abl. abs. or abl. of means, 
 manner, or description. In M. ii. 30, the means of action is clearly expressed 
 but probably the construction is not abl. abs., "sed capiUis hinc inde 
 
50 THE PARTICIPLE EN PLAUTUS, PETRONIUS, AND APULEIUS 
 
 laterum directis aurium vulnera celavi; nasi vero dedecus linteolo isto 
 pressim adglutinato decenter obtexi." 
 
 The abl. in the following case is one of characteristic: M. iii. 13, "Non 
 enim laeta facie nee sermone dicaculo sed vultuosam frontem rugis insur- 
 gentibus adseverabat." 
 
 In the following sentence the abl. abs. expresses the means or manner, 
 but is really in apposition to the object of the verb: M. vi. 10, "singuUsque 
 granis rite dispositis atque seiugatis, ante istam vesperam opus expeditum 
 approbatomihi." 
 
 In M.\. I, "Enim vero pavimenta ipsa lapide pretioso caesim deminuto 
 in varia picturae genera discriminantur," the abl. abs. clause is one of 
 means but is equal to a descriptive adjec. 
 
 {d) Adversative: M. v. 14, "lugum sororium consponsae factionis ne 
 parentibus quidem visis scopulum petunt." 
 
 Quamquam occurs with abl. abs. in M. ii. 30, "quamquam foribus 
 obclusis." Licet occurs with pres. part, and perf. part, in abl. abs. in De 
 dog. Plat. (Oud., p. 217), "aut cum dominam illam reginamque rationem, 
 obsequente licet et pacata cupidine, ira flagrantior vicerit." 
 
 (e) Reason or cause: M. ii. 15, "mihique non mediocriter suscensebam, 
 quod ultro inducta serie inopportunarum fabularum partem bonam vesperae 
 eiusque gratissimimi fructum amitterem;" i. 20, "Quod beneficium etiam 
 ilium vectorem meum credo laetari, sine fatigatione sui me usque ad istam 
 civitatis portam non dorso illius sed meis auribus provecto," "since I was 
 carried;" viii. 6, "At ille quamquam perfecto voto, prostrato inimico 
 laetus ageret." 
 
 (J) Condition =5i-clause: M. vii. 23, "nefas tam bellum asinum sic 
 enecare, cum alioquin exsectis genitalibus possit neque in venerem uUo 
 modo surgere;" vii. 15, "subibat me tamen ilia etiam sequens cogitatio; 
 quod tantis actis gratiis honoribusque plurimis asino meo tributis, humana 
 facie recepta multo tanto pluribus beneficiis honestarer,"="if so great 
 honors are given now, how much more would I be honored if my human 
 countenance returned." 
 
 Besides these uses of the abl. abs., Apul. also uses the construction in 
 what might be called a superfluous or redundant clause. The sense may 
 be clear in the verb itself or in a single adjec. or adv., but the writer wishes 
 to elaborate it by giving an additional florid phrase: M. vi. 18, "Sed tu 
 nulla voce deprompta tacita praeterito;" vii. i, "ut primum tenebris 
 abiectis dies inalbebat;" and a little lower, "discussa sollicitudine iam 
 possumus esse securi." 
 
 Apul. is rather fond of the construction of abl. abs. of the neut. substan- 
 
ABLATIVE ABSOLUTE 5 1 
 
 tive or part, without an accompanying noun. The original form of this 
 we saw in Plant. The addition of the dependent clause was made in the 
 classical period. Apul. adds several words to the list. Those found in his 
 works are: cognito, M. vii. 4, "cognitoque, quosdam immo vero fortissimum 
 quern que variis quidem sed impigris casibus oppetisse;" comperto, M. i. 5, 
 "comperto, caseum recens commodo pretio distrahi;" addiio, M. x. 24, 
 "addito ut sola et sine ullo comite perveniret;" mandato, M. x. 26, "man- 
 dato saltern promissam mercedem deposceret;" placito, M. ii. 24, "sic 
 placito ocius surrexit;" testato, Apol. 78 (Oud., p. 561), "Quas tamen 
 litteras testato descripsimus," "with witnesses," so also Apol. 83 (Oud., 
 P- 567), "haec mecum testato descripseris;" transado, M. x. 8, "quo 
 semel conditis calculis, iam cum rei fortuna transacto, nihil postea commu- 
 tari hcebat." Oudendorp also reads haesitato ("cum haesitatum esset") 
 in Apol. (p. 472), though the general reading is haesitans. See Oud., 
 Vol, II, p. 472. 
 
 STATISTICS OF PARTICIPLES IN PETRONIUS 
 
 PERFECT PARTICIPLES 
 
 Nominative case (a) attributive to subject . . 448 
 
 (6) predicate complement . 14 
 
 Accusative case 182 
 
 Ablative case (a) abl. abs 143 
 
 {b) other uses of abl 52 
 
 Genitive case 7 
 
 Dative case 10 
 
 Adjectives formed like perf. parts 13 
 
 As adverb, 68, "desperatum valde ingeniosus 
 
 est" I 
 
 Total 870 
 
 To these might be added: 
 
 Perf. part, with esse as perf. infin 9 
 
 Perf. part, without esse as perf. infin. ... 10 
 
 PRESENT PARTICIPLE 
 
 Nominative case 78 
 
 Accusative case 112 
 
 Ablative case (a) abl. abs 50 
 
 (b) other uses of abl 27 
 
 Genitive case 40 
 
 Dative case 46 
 
 As adjective 23 
 
 As noun 11 
 
 Total 387 
 
52 THE PARTICIPLE IN PLAUTUS, PETRONIUS, AND APULEIUS 
 
 FUTXJRE PARTICIPLE 
 
 Nominative case 9 
 
 Accusative case 6 
 
 Genitive case i 
 
 Dative case 3 
 
 Ablative (as adjec, projuturo) i 
 
 Total 20 
 
 To these may be added: 
 
 Fut. part, with sum as finite verb .... 8 
 
 Fut. part, with esse as infinitive 4 
 
 Fut. part, without esse as infinitive .... 22 
 
 STATISTICS OF PARTICIPLES IN APULEIUS 
 
 Metajnorphoseon 
 
 PERFECT PARTICIPLE 
 
 Nominative case 804 
 
 Accusative case 467 
 
 Ablative case (a) abl. abs 809 
 
 (6) other uses of abl 73 
 
 Genitive case 66 
 
 Dative 22 
 
 Total 2241 
 
 present participle 
 
 Nominative case 740 
 
 Accusative case 195 
 
 Ablative case (a) abl. abs 100 
 
 (b) other uses of abl 66 
 
 Genitive case 119 
 
 Dative case 57 
 
 Total 1277 
 
 future participle 
 
 Nominative case 50 
 
 Accusative case 16 
 
 Ablative case i 
 
 Genitive case (adjecs.) 3 
 
 Dative case 4 
 
 Total 74 
 
 The fut. infin. without esse occurs 36 times. 
 
ABLATIVE ABSOLUTE 53 
 
 II. Other Works of Apuleius 
 
 PERFECT PARTICIPLE 
 
 Nominative case 241 
 
 Accusative case 168 
 
 Ablative case (a) abl. abs 107 
 
 (b) other uses of abl 30 
 
 Genitive case 15 
 
 Dative case 7 
 
 Total 568 
 
 present participle 
 
 Nominative case 161 
 
 Accusative case 63 
 
 Ablative case (a) abl. abs 45 
 
 (b) other abls 18 
 
 Genitive case 58 
 
 Dative case 46 
 
 Total 391 
 
 future participle 
 
 Nominative case 10 
 
 Dative case i 
 
 Total 11 
 
CHAPTER V 
 
 GERUND AND GERUNDIVE 
 
 As we are concerned more with the uses of these parts, than with their 
 origin,^ it will be sufficient for the latter subject merely to state the con- 
 clusions arrived at by T. Horton-Smith,^ inasmuch as his work appears 
 to be most satisfactory and his theories most plausible. In the Amer. 
 Jour, of Phil., Vol. XVIII, p. 449, Smith summarizes his \dews thus: 
 
 1. The Italic gerundive developed itself on Italic soil, the gerundive 
 being the earUer formation of the two and the gerund was developed from 
 the gerundive. 
 
 2. The gerundive itself is a compound, wherein the prior member, 
 consisting of the Prim. Ital. accus. infinit. in -m is governed as object by 
 the second member, the verbal suffix -do. 
 
 In Plaut. and Ter. the frequency of the gerundial construction makes 
 it evident that this distinctively Itahc form of expression had thus early 
 developed nearly all the uses which we find it has in later stages of the 
 language. The most remarkable difference in usage between the early 
 and later writers is that the gerund is more frequent than the gerundive 
 in the early authors, while the conditions are reversed in the later writers. 
 Platner3 thinks this natural, if we are to consider the gerundive as devel- 
 oped from the gerund. But this view of the development is not the one 
 generally accepted. 
 
 ' Brugmann, Grnndriss, LXIX, 2, derives the -ndo of the Lat. gerundive from It. 
 -tno. But Conway in Class Rev., V, p. 296, shows the weak points of B's view and gives 
 a new one of his own. He thinks the gerund is a derivative formed by the common 
 secondary adjectival sufl&x -io from the stem of verbal nouns in -en; -on. Brugmann 
 in Grund., II, 1 103-3 discards his former theory and gives a new one. He says 'Im 
 Urital. verband man die accusativischen Iniinitve auf -m wie Umbr. fero{m) mit der 
 Postposition -do oder -de 'zu' (vgl. Lat. en-do, indu, do-nicum donee, Gr. ij/xerepdv de) 
 im Sinne unsres 'zu' mit Infinitiv -md- musste schon im Urital. zu -nd- werden, so 
 bekam die Verbindung mit des Postposition eine isolierte Stellung gegeniiber dem 
 sonstigen Infinitiv -auf -m." Drager, II, 594, describes the gerundive ending -ondus 
 as compounded of (i) the sufl&x -on seen in verbal nouns like -edo, -onis and eno, -onis 
 and (2) the sufl&x -dus connected with dare with the force oi facer e. This is the view 
 of Weissenborn, p. 105, who is followed also by Holtze, II, 45. 
 
 » Smith's articles are to be found m A. J. P., Vol. XV, p. 194; Vol. XVI, p. 217 
 Vol. XVIII, p. 439; Vol. XIX, p. 413. 
 
 3 S. B. Platner, A. J. P., Vol. XIV, p. 483, gives the statistics for the use of the 
 gerund and gerundive in Plaut. and Ter. In Vol. IX, Nos. 2 and 4 he does the same 
 for Tac. and Pliny. 
 
 54 
 
GERUND AND GERUNDIVE 55 
 
 Smith thinks that the gerund probably did not arise until such time as 
 the infinitive had lost ts use as a substantive, and had come to be used as 
 essentially a part of the verb.' To supply the need thus created, the neut. 
 sing, of the gerundive was employed as an abstract substantive, with both 
 the inherent meaning of the gerundive and also the original meaning, which 
 the infinitive, whose place it was to fill, had while it was still a substantive, 
 viz., the abstract idea indicated by the root itself. Like the gerundive it is 
 originally active in meaning. 
 
 Brugmann concludes from the investigations of Weisweiler^ that there 
 was in the beginning the idea of "deed to be accomplished" ("die Bedeut- 
 ung der zu volziehenden Thatigheit") in the gerundive. Kuhner^ says 
 that it is a common mistake of the grammarians to say that the idea of 
 necessity belongs originally to the gerundive. It has rather the force of 
 a pres. part, used as an adjec, e. g., secimdus, following; placendus, pleasing. 
 So also Drager4 who adds that the idea of necessity came in when the gerun- 
 dive was used as a predicate with the verb esse. The original force is 
 active, the root of the ending, -do, signifying doing, causing to be done. 
 Smith sees this force in many adjectives formed with the same rt. suflSx, 
 e.g., geli-dus, giving forth cold; vividus, causing to live. Drager sees 
 the same force in a large class of proper names, e. g., Adferenda, Adolenda, 
 etc., and in such forms as oriundus, peretmdus, placendus. Now as there 
 was already a pres. part, act., this gerundive form was used to take the 
 place of the missing pres. part. pass. It is not till the third century A. D. that 
 the gerundive is used as a fut. part. pass. The genmd is really the neut. 
 of the gerundive used as a verbal substantive, corresponding in force to 
 abstract nouns in -tio and supplying the gen., dat., and abl. cases to the 
 substantive infinitive. 
 
 As the gerund occurs more frequently in Plaut. and other early writers 
 than the gerundive, its uses will be considered first. 
 
 Plautus 
 
 GERUND 
 
 I. Gen. of the gerund depending upon a substantive and used absolutely 
 without any modifying or dependent words: 
 
 With copia: Epid. 162, "nunc tibi dormitandi neque cunctandi 
 copiast;" Mil. 1126, "fuit copia adeundi atque impetrandi." 
 
 ^ A. J. P., Vol. XV. p. 215; cf. Lindsay, Lat. Lang., chap, viii, § 94, where he 
 says the adjectival use appears to be the earlier one, the gerund seeming to stand to the 
 gerundive in the same relation as an impersonal to a personal verb. 
 * Jos. Weisweiler, Das lateinische participium fittiiri passivi. 
 3 Gramm., II, i, p. 540. ^ Hist. Syn., II, § 594. 
 
56 THE PARTICIPLE EN PLAUTUS, PETRONIUS, AND APULEIUS 
 
 With tempus: Pers. 469, "Id erit adeundi tempus;" Trin. 432, 
 "Tempust adeundi." 
 
 With occasio: Capt. 117, "Semel fugiundi si datast occasio;" Epid. 
 271, "Nunc occasiost faciundi." 
 
 With modus: As. 167, "Qui modus dandi?"^ 
 
 With partem: As. 517, "Et meam partem loquendi et tuam trado 
 tibi." 
 
 With locum: Capt. 212, "Ut . . . . detis locum loquendi." 
 
 With gratia: Cure. 706, "Dicendi, non rem perdendi gratia haec 
 natast mihi." 
 
 With satietas: Poen. 215, "neque eis ulla ornandi satis satietas est." 
 
 With compendium: Ps. 605, "compendium ego te facere pultandi 
 volo." 
 
 With lubido: Trin. 745, "huic ducendi interea abscesserit lubido." 
 
 Platner says there are 15 of these gerunds in Plaut. and 14 in Ter. indi- 
 cating a greater relative frequency in Ter. In general the same governing 
 words are found which occur in every style of the language, and the relation 
 expressed is objective. 
 
 (o) With modifying words: Pers. 539, "Ut tibi recte conciliandi primo 
 facerem copiam;" Rud. 765, "Ego dabo ignem, si quidem in capite tuo 
 conflandi copiast;" Poen. 629, "Ego male loquendi vobis nescivi viam;" 
 Stick. 117, "Quoi male faciundi est potestas;" Ps. 6, "Mei te rogandi 
 et tis respondendi mihi." 
 
 (b) Two cases are found in Ter. where the gerund depends on an adjec, 
 but there is none in Plaut.; cf. Drager II, p. 832 (e). 
 
 II. (a) Gen. of the gerund depending upon a substantive and used 
 transitively with a dependent accusative expressed or directly understood: 
 Capt. 743, "Breve spatiumst perferundi, quae minitas mihi;" Cas. 190, 
 "Nee mihi ius meum optinendi optio est;" Men. 687, "neque edepol te 
 defrudandi causa posco;" Ps. 6, "Duorum labori ego hominum parsissem 
 lubans, mei te rogandi et tis respondendi mihi;" Stick. 280, "nunc tibi 
 potestas adipiscendi est gloriam laudem decus;" Cure. 706, "rem perdendi 
 gratia." Cf. Drager II, § 597 (b). 
 
 II. (b) Gen. of the gerund depending upon a substantive and 
 followed by another substantive in the gen.: Capt. 852, "nominandi 
 istorum tibi erit magis quam edundi copia;" Capt. 1008, "lucis das tuendi 
 copiam;" Ter. Heaiit. 29, "novarum spectandi copiam;" Hec. 372, "eius 
 videndi cupidus." The nature of this constniction has been the subject 
 of much argument. Stallbaum, Kritz, Drager, and some others have tried 
 
 I Goetz and Schoell read dando. 
 
GERUND AND GERUNDIVE 57 
 
 to explain it by saying that the substantive (or adjec.) and gerund unite 
 in one idea and then govern the other substantive. The absurdity of this 
 contention is exposed by Brix,' Ziemer,^' and Madvig.3 Brix believes it is 
 an example of the colloquial speech which has come into the written 
 language. Ziemer says that in spite of all emendations there remain i6 
 authentic instances of the construction, including the 4 from Plaut. and 
 Ter. quoted above. The construction really appears to be a middle stage 
 between the gerund with its object in the accus. and the genitive of the sub- 
 stantive with the gerundive. 
 
 III. Gerund used with a preposition: (a) With ad — often verb or past 
 part.: Bac. 738, "At quidem herclest ad perdundum magis quam ad 
 scribundum cita." So also Epid. 378; Ps. 850. 
 
 After a noun: Mil. 80, "si ad auscultandum vostra erit benignitas." 
 So also As. 517; Merc. 935. 
 
 After an adjec: True, i, "Non omnis aetas ad perdiscendum sat est 
 amanti." 
 
 (b) With in: As. 795, "Ut quoiquam linguam in tussiendo proserat." 
 So also Cas. 399; Trin. 224. 
 
 In this construction Ter. shows a marked increase in number over 
 Plaut. 
 
 (c) With ex: Capt. 504, "Vix ex gratulando miser iam eminebam." 
 {d) With pro: Aid. 456, "Heus, senex, pro vapulando hercle abs 
 
 te mercedem petam." 
 
 III. Dat. of gerund: Used in Plaut. in dependence upon modus, pausa, 
 or opera: As. 169, "Quid modist ductando, amando?" Also As. 882; 
 Mil. 131 1. Rud. 1205, "Aliquando osculando meliust, uxor, pausam 
 fieri;" Epid. 605, "Ego relictis rebus Epidicum operam quaerendo dabo;" 
 and also in Poew. 223; Amph. 1006; Stick. 681. 
 
 Platner says that this construction is rare and seems to be a survival 
 of the rudeness of an illiterate age. 
 
 IV. Abl. of the gerund without a preposition denoting manner or 
 means, (a) with an object accus.: Men. 883, 
 
 Lumbi sedendo, oculi spectando dolent, 
 Manendo medicum, dum se ex opera recipiat. 
 
 So Trin. 1048; cf. Ebrard, ^^ Abl. Instrum." p. 646. 
 
 ' Brix in his edition of the Capt. v. 852. 
 » Hermann Ziemer, Junggrammatische Sireifzuge, p. 99. 
 
 3 Madvig, Cic. De Fin. I. 60; cf. also C. F. W. Muller, PhiloL, IX (1854), p. 603. 
 The same writer in PhiloL, XVII, p. 107, gives the statistics for the gerund in Cic. 
 
58 THE PARTICIPLE IN PLAUTUS, PETRONIUS, AND APULEIUS 
 
 (6) Used absolutely without modifiers: Capt. 502, "Ita me miserum 
 restitando retinendoque lassum reddiderunt." Also Amph. 414; ^4^. 
 555; Mil. 267, etc. There are 34 cases in Plaut., 19 in Ter. 
 
 (c) Used with some modifying word or phrase: As. 222, 
 
 Bene salutando consuescunt, conpellando blanditer, 
 Osculando oratione vinnula, venustula. 
 
 Also Capt. 832; Cure. 508. True. 916, "Ita miser cubando in lecto hie 
 expectando obdurui." This is a very interesting case of the use of the 
 abl. of the gerund instead of the pres. part. In later Latin the gerund 
 was frequently used in this way. Cf. Tac. Ann. ii. 81, "modo semet 
 afBictando, modo singulos nomine ciens, praemiis vocans, seditionem 
 coeptabat." In very late Latin this abl. took the place in large measure 
 of all the participial constructions.' 
 
 GERUNDIVE 
 
 I. Gen. of the gerundive agreeing with noun or pronoun, expressed 
 or understood, and dependent upon another substantive: Capt. 748, 
 "Ut mihi eius facias conveniundi copiam." Also Bac. 487; Merc. 850; 
 Capt. 1008; Capt. 889; True. 293; Rud. 1145. There are 7 cases in 
 Plaut. and 8 in Ter. 
 
 II. Dat. of gerundive and substantive used as final clause after verbal 
 or adjectival expression: Mere. 551, "Rei te quaerundae convenit operam 
 dare." Also As. 252; Merc. 987; Poen. 1189; Rud. 1374; True. 310; 
 Merc. 192, etc. There are 14 cases in Plaut. and 2 in Ter. The con- 
 struction is very frequent in Silver Latin. 
 
 III. Gerundive used in a passive sense in the predicate, after certain 
 verbs to denote the object of their action. The commonest verb in Plaut. 
 for this construction is dare. There are four cases with loeare: As. 676, 
 "Illic banc mihi seruandam dedit." Also in As. 778; Aul. 250; Cure. 
 440, and often. Aul. 568, 
 
 Caedundum ilium ego conduxi. Turn idem optumumst 
 Loces ecferundum; nam iam, credo, mortuust. 
 
 IV. Gerundive and substantive used with prepositions: (a) With ad: 
 Amph. 669, "Ad aquam praebendam commodum adveni domum;" As. 
 557; Merc. 11; Ml. 79; Poen. 646; Trm. 232; Trin. 646. 
 
 ' Ronsch, Itala u. Vulgata, p. 432, gives instances from the Scriptures, e. g., Acts 
 10:38, "qui pertransiit benefaciendo et sanando." Cf. also Diez, Grammatik der 
 Rom. Spr., Ill, 256. 
 
GERUND AND GERUNDIVE 59 
 
 (6) Used with in: Am ph. 2, 
 
 Ut vos in vostris voltis mercimoniis 
 Emundis vendundisque me laetum lucris 
 Adficere. 
 
 Also Amph. 633. This construction became very common in later Latin. 
 
 (c) With de: Not in Plaut. ; 2 examples in Ter. 
 
 (d) With inter: Only once in Plaut., Cist. 721, "Sed inter rem agendam 
 istam erae huic respondi quod rogabat." Very rare use. 
 
 (e) With pro: Only one in Plaut., Per^. 426, "Pro liberanda amica." 
 
 V. Abl. of gerundive and substantive used after verbs, verbal phrases 
 and adjecs.: As. 873, "lUe foris opere faciundo lassus noctu advenit;" 
 Cas. 124, "Ita te adgerunda curvom aqua faciam probe." So also Poen. 
 224; Ps. 1045. 
 
 VI. Gerundive as simple adjec: Pers. 521, "adduxit simul forma 
 expetunda liberalem virginem." 
 
 In this list it is to be observed that Platner has given no place to the nom. 
 case of the gerund and gerundive''. Probably he considers the nom. case 
 of the gerund as nothing else than the impersonal neut. sing, of the 
 gerundive and, in fact, not a gerund at all. The grammars do not agree 
 with him in thus classifying it. The nom. case occurs only with the verb 
 esse and consequently is looked upon as the periphrastic conjugation. 
 A few examples will illustrate the use of the nom., which is practically 
 the same for all periods of the language. As. 682, "inambulandumst;" 
 Cure. 486, "Sed interim fores crepuere; linguae moderandumst nihil," 
 Mil. 359, "Credo ego istoc exemplo tibi esse pereundum extra portam." 
 
 The nom. gerund, is rarely used with a direct object. Only one case 
 in Plaut., Trin. 869, "Hercle, opinor, mi advenienti hac noctu agitandumst 
 vigilias." With dependent abl., Mil. 1210, "quia ero te carendumst 
 optumo." 
 
 The nom. of the gerundive is common in all periods of the language. 
 It expresses necessity and is used only of transitive verbs: Rud. 1298, 
 "Adeundus mi illic est homo. Bac. 325, "nunc tibimet illuc navi capiun- 
 dumst iter." 
 
 I Drager, II, § 595, speaks of the nom. of the gerund, and says it differs from the 
 infin. in expressing necessity, a force not inherent in the oblique cases. Roby, 1397, 
 says "the gerund is used in the nom. as subject to the verb esse, predicating existence, 
 with a dative of the agent, the whole expression thus conveying the idea of obligation; 
 cf. Kiihner, II, i, § 129, 3, Gildersleeve curiously places the pres. inlin. in brackets, as 
 the nom. of the gerund and in § 427, 2, speaks of the nom. form in -ftdum as the imper- 
 sonal gerundive. Lane, § 2237 says, "The gerund is a neuter verbal substantive 
 used only in the oblique cases of the sing." 
 
6o THE PARTICIPLE IN PLAUTUS, PETRONIUS, AND APULEIUS 
 
 STATISTICS OF GERUND AND GERUNDIVE IN PLAUTUS 
 AND TERENCE 
 
 GERUND 
 
 Plaut. Ter. 
 
 I. Gen. of gerund dependent on a substantive and used without 
 
 modifiers 15 14 
 
 Gen. of gerund dependent on a substantive and used with 
 
 modifiers 5 4 
 
 Gen. of gerund dependent on an adjec. (cupidus) . . . . o 2 
 
 Gen. of gerund dependent on substantive and used transitively 6 6 
 
 II. Gerund with prepositions: with a(/ 9 8 
 
 with in 3 9 
 
 with ex I I 
 
 with pro I o 
 
 III. Dat. of gerund 8 o 
 
 IV. Abl. of gerund 43 27 
 
 GERUNDIVE 
 
 I. Gen. of gerundive agreeing with noun and depending on 
 
 another substantive 7 8 
 
 II. Dat. of gerundive and substantive used as final clause . 14 2 
 
 III. Gerundive used in passive sense in the predicate ... 28 6 
 
 rV. Gerundive and substantive used with a preposition: with ad 7 4 
 
 with in 2 4 
 
 with de o 3 
 
 with inter i o 
 
 with pro I o 
 
 V. Abl. of gerundive 6 2 
 
 Petronius 
 
 GERUND 
 
 The preference for the gerundive construction over that viath the gerund 
 had become so marked by the time of Petron. that the examples of the use 
 of the gerund are very few indeed. 
 
 I. Gen. of the gerund depending upon a substantive and used absolutely 
 without any modifying words: Not one of the substantives used by Plaut. 
 in this construction is to be found so used in Petron. The only cases of 
 the construction are: 136, "abeundi formavi consilium;" 130, "tanta erat 
 placandi cura;" 85, "pigritiam recendendi imposuerat hilaritas longior." 
 
 II. Gerund with a preposition: With aJ: 23, "Quartilla ad bibendum 
 revocavit ....;" 87, "Annis ad patiendum gestientibus;" 80, "posui 
 ad proeliandiim gradum." 
 
GERUND AND GERUNDIVE 6l 
 
 With iuter: 39, "oportet etiam inter cenandum philologiam nosse." 
 
 III. Abl. of the gerund without a preposition denoting manner or 
 means: (a) With object accus.: 2, "le^dbus enim at que inanibus sonis 
 ludibria quaedam excitando effecistis;" 75, "per genium eius Gaium 
 appellando rogare coepit;" 107, "invidiam facis nobis ingenuos honestos- 
 que clamando;" 68, "ego ad circulatores eum mittendo erudibam." 
 
 (b) Used absolutely without modifiers: 64, "cantando paene phthisicus 
 factus sum;" 122, vs. 162, "vincendo certior exul." 
 
 IV. Accus. of gerund. The grammars all state that the accus. of the 
 gerund is used only after prepositions. But there seems to be a case of it 
 after habeo in 90, "ne tecum habeam rixandum ab hoc cibo me abstinebo." 
 
 GERUNDIVE 
 
 I. Nom. in periphrastic conjugation: 118, "Non enim res gestae 
 versibus comprehendendae sunt — sed per ambages deorumque ministeria 
 — praecipitandus est liber spiritus;" 122, vs. 171, "reddenda est gratia 
 vobis, non solus vici;" 125, "Tandem expugnata paupertas nova men- 
 dicitate revocanda;" 83, "si aUquid coronis credendum est." 
 
 The gerundive is sometimes used as an adjectival modifier of the subject, 
 not as part of the periphrastic conjugation. 
 
 123, vs. 192, "et paulo ante lues iam concidenda iacebat." Here it is 
 a predicate nom. used as a complement of the verb. 
 
 The accus. in oratio obliqua occurs in 40, "iuramus Hipparchum 
 Aratumque comparandos ilU homines non fuisse;" 96, "Giton reserandum 
 esse ostium succurrendumque periclitanti censebat." 
 
 The nom. form of the gerundive used impersonally occurs rather 
 frequently; a few examples will do for illustration: 19, "immo ego sic 
 iam paria composueram, ut si depugnandum foret, ipse cum Quartilla 
 consisterem ; " 102, "per ipsa gubernacula delabendum est;" 118, "refugi- 
 endum est ab omni verborum vilitate praeterea curandum est, ne sententiae 
 emineant — also 125, fugiendum erit.' 
 
 The accus. in or alia obliqua occurs without esse: 13, "negavi cir- 
 cuitu agendum, sed plane iure civili dimicandum." 
 
 II. Gen. of the gerundive agreeing with a noun and dependent on 
 another substantive: 122, vs. 179, "nee non horrendi nemoris de parte 
 sinistra insolitae voces flamma sonuere sequenti ( = adjec.)." 
 
 III. Accus. of I he gerund used in predicate after certain verbs to denote 
 the object of their action: 67, "inde duo crotalia protulit et Fortunatae in 
 vicem consideranda dedit;" 103, "capita denudanda praebuimus;" 109, 
 
62 THE PARTICIPLE IN PLAUTUS, PETRONIUS, AND APULEIUS 
 
 "neque si quid ante hunc diem factum est, obicies vindicabisve aut ullo 
 alio genere persequendum curabis." 
 
 IV, Gerundive and substantive used with prepositions: (a) With ad: 
 114, "procurrere piscatores parvulis expediti navigiis ad praedam rapien- 
 .dam;" 115, "Eumolpus — oculos ad arcessendos sensus longius mittit;" 
 
 136, "ad reficiendum ignem in viciniam cucurrit;" 140, simulavit se in 
 templum ire ad vota nuncupanda. So also 40, "ad scindendum aprum;" 
 62, "ad scruta expedienda," and in 87, 94, 97. 
 
 (&) With in: 80, " ut sit illi saltern in eligendo fratre libertas." 
 
 V. The gerundive somet mes has the force of a simple adjec; 80, 5, 
 "ridendas inclusit pagina partes;" 108, "mulier damnata et in toto navigio 
 sola verberanda." 
 
 STATISTICS OF GERUND AND GERUNDIVE IN PETRONIUS 
 
 GERUND 
 
 Gen 3 
 
 Dat o 
 
 Accus. (a) with ad 2 
 
 with inter i 
 
 {b) as obj. of verb i 
 
 Abl. (c) with obj. accus 4 
 
 {b) used absolutely 2 
 
 Total 13 
 
 gerundives 
 
 Used with sum to form finite periphrastic conjugation . 15 
 
 Used with esse to form infinitive i 
 
 Used without esse to form infinitive 2 
 
 Nom. case as adjec. {verberanda, horrenda) 2 
 
 Gen. case as adjec. {horrendi nemoris) i 
 
 Dat. case o 
 
 Abl. case with prep, in i 
 
 Accus. case (a) with prep, ad g 
 
 (6) as adjec. {ridendas partes) i 
 
 Total 38 
 
 Apuleius 
 As was to be expected from the nature of the prose of Apul. the gerundial 
 construction is a great favorite with him. The gerund is also common, 
 but the gerundive is found many times on every page. Used in the nom. 
 case it is by far the commonest means of expressing necessity, duty, and 
 the like. In the oblique cases it is used to express all the ideas for which 
 it is employed by earlier writers and also several new ones. 
 
GERUND AND GERUNDIVE 63 
 
 GERUND 
 
 I. Nom. of the gerundive used impersonally: M. ii. 22, "lam primum, 
 respondit ille, perpetem noctem eximie vigilandum est;" viii. 15, "ob iter 
 illud, qua nobis erat commeandum." 
 
 II. Gen. of the gerund depending upon a substantive and used (a) 
 absolutely, without any modifying or dependent words: De mundo xxviii 
 (Oud., p. 353), "Atque ut una ab unico sinu abeundi facultas concessa 
 omnibus fuerit;" M. viii. 10, "Thrasyllus — uno potiundi studio post- 
 ponens omnia;" vi. 15, "Quare paulo facilior adeundi fuit copia;" vii. 
 26, "Si loquendi copia suppeditaret ; " v. 26, "fruendi laborarem inopia;" 
 Apol. 102 (Oud., p. 601), "ministrate vel tantulam verisimilem occasionem 
 secundum vos pronuntiandi ; " M. iii. 2, "miro tamen omnes studio visendi 
 pericula negligebant ; " iii. 3, "Ad dicendi spatium;" Apol. II (Oud., p. 
 380), "Ita totiens ab accusandi periculo profugus in assistendi venia 
 perseveravit;" 56 (Oud., p. 519), "adorandi gratia manum labris admo- 
 vere;" De dog. Plat. ii. 8, "alia vero adulandi scientia est;" 1.2, "amore 
 studendi." 
 
 It will be seen from this list that several of the words used by Plaut. 
 in this construction are similarly employed by Apul. It may be noted that 
 the word tempus is not used by Apul. with the gerund, but with the infini- 
 tive, e. g., Apol. (Oud., p. 537), "nunc tempus est ad epistolas Pruden- 
 tillae praeverti." 
 
 ih) With modifying or dependent words: M. iii. 7, "quod mihi nee 
 adsistendi solatium perhibuit;" iv. 34, "Sed monitis caelestibus parendi 
 necessitas;" De dog. Plat. ii. 2, "Appetitus et agendi aliquid cupido;" 
 M. i. 17, "Studio rapiendi" aliquid." 
 
 (c) Several cases occur of the gerund depending on an adjec: M. ii. 
 I. "Cupidus cognoscendi quae rara miraque sunt;" apol. 102 (Oud., p. 
 601), "sed alium iudicem substituite, cupidum condemnandi;" Apol. 
 (Oud., p. 451), "magiam — artem Diis acceptam, colendi eos ac venerandi 
 pergnaram;" p. 588, "vir bonus dicendi peritus." 
 
 III. Gerund used with a preposition: (a) With ad. This is the most 
 frequent of the prepositions and the construction is common. M. iii. 28, 
 "uno de sociis ad speculandum relicto;" iv. 3, "canes — ad compugnan- 
 dum idoneos;" iv. 4, "ad ingrediundum exsurgere;" iv. 9, "faciliores ad 
 expugnandum ; " vi. 25, "ad exsurgendum compellunt." 
 
 {b) With a; Apol. 71 (Oud.,p.544),"suasponte anubendononalienam." 
 (c) With in: Apol. 53 (Oud., p. 512), "non est in accusando versutia;" 
 
 For. i. No. 3, "Prmus Hyaginus in canendo manus discapedinavit ; " 
 
 De. dog. Plat. i. 2, "acre in percipiendo ingenium." 
 
64 THE PARTICIPLE IN PLAUTUS, PETRONIUS, AND APULEIUS 
 
 IV. Dat. ( f g rund: M. vii. 2, "cum primum Charite nubendo maturu- 
 isset;" i. 2, "parce tamque inania mentiendo." 
 
 V, Abl. of the gerund without a preposition denoting manner or means, 
 (a) used absolu ely without modifiers: M. i. 13, "giabatulus etiam succus- 
 sus super dorsum meum palpitan:!o saltaret;" iv. 3, "me caedendo con- 
 fecissent profecto, n!si ....;" vi. 15, "aquas istas Stygias vel fando 
 comperisti?" Same word in Apol. ix. (Oud., p. 564), "fando audiv't; 
 Apol. 42; Apol. 81, "multa fando, maxime, audisti, etiam plura legendo 
 didicisti, non pauca experiendo comperisti;" M. vi. 19, "nil mali potest 
 f cere frustra territando;" vii. 27, "ventrem esitando distendit;" viii. 
 7, "amorem suum perperam delectando nutrire." 
 
 {h) With adverbial modifiers: Flor. I, No. 7, "disci;:linam regalem 
 tam ad bene dicendum quam ad bene vivendum repertam, male dicendo 
 et simi iter vivendo contaminarent." 
 
 (c) With an object accus. : M. ix. 35, "hostili modo tenuis incursabat 
 pauperiem, pecua trucitando, boves abigendo, fruges adhuc immaturas 
 obterendo;" x. 23, "partim mercedes amplissimas acceptando, partim 
 novum spectaculum domino praeparando ; " Flor. I. No. 7, "Alexandri 
 multa sublimia facinora et praeclara edita fatigaberis admirando;" De 
 dog. Plat. III. I, "(ars) voluptatem afferendi, metum incutiendi;" M. 
 vii. 22, "Talibus mendaciis admiscendo sermones alios." With accus. 
 and infin., Apol. 80 (Oud., p. 562), "nam ut absurde facit qui tacere se 
 dicit, quod ibidem dicendo tacere sese non tacet." 
 
 GERUNDIVE 
 
 I. Nom. of the gerundive, expressing various shades of necessity, duty, 
 and the like. This use is naturally very frequent. M. ii. 18, "ergo igitur 
 Fotis erat adeunda deque nutu eius consilium velut auspicium petendum;" 
 ii. 20, "sed ferenda non est quorundam insolentia;" iii. 8, "Prohinc tor- 
 mentis Veritas eruenda;" v. 16, "quam primum exterminanda est {sc. 
 Psyche); vii. 3, "cuiusque casus etiam quovis iniquissimo dolendus atque 
 miserandus merito videretur." In the last example it will be noticed that 
 the gerundive approaches closely to the force of a simple adjec. Examples 
 of pure adjectival force will be given in another section. Nearly similar 
 force in De deo. Soc. 17 (Oud., p. 157), "cuncta quae arcenda sunt, arcuit, 
 quae cavenda sunt praecavit." 
 
 (a) The accus. subj. of the infinitive, as we have observed, is generally 
 used with the gerundive without esse: i. 26, "quod viae vexationem 
 non cibo sed somno censerem diluendam;" ii. 5, "Haec tibi trepido et 
 cavenda censeo." 
 

 GERUND AND GERUNDIVE 65 
 
 Sometimes even the principal verb must be supplied, e. g., M. ii. 29, 
 "Populus aestuat divcrsa tendentes. Hi pessimam feminam viventem 
 statim cum corpore mariti sepeliendam; alii mendacio cadaveris fidem 
 non habendam." 
 
 II. Gen. of the gerundive agreeing with a noun or pronoun, exi:>ressed 
 or understood, and dependent upon another substantive: M. iii. 19, "sum 
 namque coram magiae noscendae ardentissimus cupitor;" vii. 6, "sed 
 rei noscendae carpo ordinem;" iv. 11, "Tunc nos in ancipiti periculo con- 
 stituti vel opprimendi nostri vel deserendi socii;" v. 31, "non dicendi 
 filii mei facta;" Apol. 1, "quod mihi copia et facultas, te iudice, obtigit 
 purgandae apud imperitos philosophiae et probandi mei;" M. viii. 7, 
 "studium contrectandae mulieris." 
 
 III. Dat. of the gerundive used as a final clause after verbal or adjectival 
 expression: M. i. 7, "lacinias quas boni latrones contegendo mihi concess- 
 erant;" ii. 3i,"atque utinam aliquid de proprio lepore laetificum honorando 
 deo comminiscaris;" iii. 14, "lorus iste, quem tibi verberandae destinasti;" 
 iv. 10, "clavi immittendae foramen patebat;" vii. 17, "Delegor enim 
 ligno monte devehundo;" xi. 25, "At ego referendis laudibus tuis exilis 
 ingenio et adhibendis sacrifices tenuis patrimonio." 
 
 IV. Gerundive used in a passive sense in the predicate, after certain 
 verbs to denote the object of their action: M. iv. 11, "corpus — ^mari celan- 
 dum commisimus;" iv. 12, "prius maluit rerum singula per latiorem 
 fenestram forinsecus nobis scilicet rapienda dispergere;" v. 8, "eas Zephyro 
 tradit reportandas ; " vii. 16, "qui miseros hospites ferinis equis suis 
 lacerandos devorandosque porrigebat;" xi. 23, "ea .... coemenda 
 procuro." 
 
 V. Gerundive and substantive used with prepositions, (o) With ad: 
 M. iv. 3, "ad me laniandum rabie perciti ferrent impetum;" iii. 16, "nocti- 
 que ad exercendas illecebras magiae cessisset;" vii. 5, "alios ad supplen- 
 dum numerum vestigari statuunt." 
 
 (6) With in: De deo. Soc. 16, "in vita agenda;" Apol. (Oud., p. 575), 
 "Lex lulia de maritandis ordinibus." 
 
 (c) With a: M. vii. 7, "non interdum manus Charites a pulsandis 
 uberibus amovere." 
 
 VI. Abl. of the gerundive and substantive used after verbs, verbal 
 phrases, and adjecs. : M. ii. 12, "arcana fatorum stipibus emerendis edicit 
 in vulgus." 
 
 VII. Apul. uses the gerundive with the force of a simple adjec. with 
 many words not so used by previous writers. In some cases the gerundive 
 retains a little of its verbal force and serves as a connecting link between 
 
66 THE PARTICIPLE IN PLAUTUS, PETRONIUS, AND APULEIUS 
 
 the verbal adjec. and the pure adjec. without verbal force. As examples of 
 the first class may be cited the following: M. vii. 5, "producit immanem 
 quemdam iuvenem — nescio an ulli praesentium comparandum ; " vi. 13, 
 "nee auscultatu poenitendo'' diligenter instructa." So perhaps v. 31, 
 "non dicendi filii facta" might be translated "the deeds of my unmen- 
 tionable son." 
 
 As examples of the pure adjectival force are the following: M. ii. 12, 
 " historiam magnam et incredundam fabulam;" vi. 2, " Psyche miseranda;" 
 v. 24, "Psyche — sublimis evectionis appendix miseranda;" iii. 15, "scies 
 herae meae miranda secreta;" v. 21, "Aestu pelagi similiter maerendo 
 fluctuat;" vii. 13, "nowmique et hercules memorandum spectamen." 
 Cf. Plaut. Epid. 446, "pugnis memorandis meis." The word is so used 
 in poetry and post-class, prose. 
 
 STATISTICS OF THE GERUND AND GERUNDIVE IN 
 APULEIUS 
 
 I. Metamorphosen 
 
 GERtFND 
 
 I. Gen. case dependent on a substantive and used without an object . . 14 
 
 Gen. case dependent on a substantive and used transitively ... 3 
 
 Gen. case dependent on an adjective {M. xi. 2i,"sedulum colendi") . i 
 
 II. Gerund with prepositions, with ad 5 
 
 with causa i 
 
 III. Dat. case 2 
 
 IV. Abl. case, (a) used without object 4 
 
 (b) used with object 17 
 
 Total 46 
 
 GERUNDrVES 
 
 I. Gen. case agreeing with noun and depending on another substantive 17 
 
 Gen. case agreeing with noun and depending on an adjective . . 2 
 
 II. Dat.case .... 21 
 
 III. Accus. case used in passive sense in the predicate 13 
 
 rV. Gerundive and substantive used with a preposition: 
 
 with ad 23 
 
 with propter (M. x. i) . i 
 
 with a I 
 
 J Van d. Uliet reads impoenitendo. This word and incredendam, of M. ii. 12, are 
 not strictly gerundives inasmuch as there is no verb with the negative particle; but they 
 serve as examples of a large class of words formed in a similar manner and retaining 
 some verbal force. 
 
GERUND AND GERUNDIVE 67 
 
 V. Gerundive used as adjec 27 
 
 VI. Nom. case qualifying the subject 2 
 
 VII. Abl. case . _6 
 
 Total 103 
 
 The gerundive in the infinitive without esse occurs 16 times, with esse once. 
 
 II. Other Works of Apuleius 
 
 GERUND 
 
 I. Gen. case depending on another substantive and used without an 
 
 object 90 
 
 Gen. case depending on another substantive and used transitively . 14 
 
 Gen. case depending on an adjec 3 
 
 II. Gerund with prepositions :with ad 34 
 
 with a 2 
 
 with in 4 
 
 with causa 2 
 
 with gratia 2 
 
 III. Dat. case o 
 
 rV. Abl. case 22 
 
 Total 173 
 
 Gerundives 
 
 I. Gen. case depending on another substantive 15 
 
 II. Dat. case 9 
 
 III. Accus. case used in passive sense in the predicate 15 
 
 IV. Gerundive and substantive used with a preposition : with ad . 41 
 
 with gratia . 3 
 
 with in . 17 
 
 with de . . . I 
 
 V. Used as adjec 15 
 
 VI. Nom. case qualifying the subject 11 
 
 VII. Abl. case ^ 14 
 
 Total 141 
 
 The words in -bundus used by Apul. are: auxiliabundns, bacchabundus, 
 certabundus, cunctabundus , excusabundus, errabundus, juribundus, gaudibundus, 
 osculabundus, periclitabundus, nmrmurabundus, munerabundus, moribimdus, 
 mirabundus, nutabundus, rimabundus, imaginabundus: Total, 17. 
 
INDEX 
 
 Abl. abs., 39; pres. part. Plaut., 40, 
 Petron., 41; Apul., 43; Perf. part., 
 Plaut., 45 ; Petron., 46; Apul., 48. 
 
 Amer. J. 0/ Phil., 54, 55. 
 
 Bennett, Lot. Gram., 41. 
 
 Bombe, on abl. abs., 40, 41. 
 
 Brenous, on Grecisms, 32, 38. 
 
 Brix on Capt., vs. 852, 57. 
 
 Brugmann, on perf. part., i, 2, 5, 20, 21; 
 on gerund, 54. 
 
 Biicheler, edition of Petron., 42. 
 
 -bundus, words in, 36, 67. 
 
 Caes., I, 19 32. 
 
 Catull., 38. 
 
 Causative verbs, 7, 12, 20, 23, 27. 
 
 Cic, I, 6, 19, 20, 21, 32, 47, 57. 
 
 Conway, on gerund, 54. 
 
 Delbriick, on abl. abs., 39. 
 Diez, on gerund, 58. 
 Drager, perf. part., i, 13, 21; fut. part., 
 32; abl. abs., 40, 44, 45, 46; gerund, 
 
 54, 55, 56, 58, 59- 
 
 Ebrard, 45, 57. 
 
 Fut. act. part., Plaut., 34; Petron., 34; 
 Apul., 35. 
 
 Gerund and gerundive; origin, 54; Plaut., 
 55; Petron., 60; Apul., 62; statistics 
 Plaut. and Ten, 60; Petron., 62; Apul., 
 66. 
 
 Gildersleeve, Lat. Gram., 33, 39, 41, 59. 
 
 Haacke, Lat. Stilistik, 20. 
 Hoffman, on abl. abs., 39. 
 Hoppe, on fut. part., 32. 
 Holtze, on gerund, 54. 
 Hor. 6, 21. 
 
 Infinitive with esse, 6, 18, ^^, 35, 37. 
 
 Koziol, on Apul., 20. 
 Kretschman, on Apul., 36. 
 Kritz on Capt., vs. 852, 56. 
 Kiihner, Lat. Gram., perf. part., i; fut. 
 part., ^^, 34; abl. abs. 39, 43; gerund, 
 
 55, 59- 
 
 Landgraf, on fut. part., 32. 
 Lane, Lat. Gram., i, 33, 39, 47, 59. 
 
 Lindsay, 36, 55. 
 
 Liv., I, 5, 21, 26, 32, 34, 38. 
 
 Madvig, Lat. Gram., 39; on Cic, de 
 
 fi"; 57- 
 Miiller, Handbuch, i, 34, 38. 
 Miiller, C. F. W., on gerund, 57. 
 
 Oportet with perf. part., 6, 12, 18. 
 
 Opus and usus with part., 7, 8, 13, 27. 
 
 Oudendorp, ed. of Apul., 13. 
 
 Perf. part, pass., i; Plaut., 2; Petron., 
 8; Apul., 13; as adjec, 4, 12, 20; as 
 noun, 5, 12, 20; with habeo, teneo, etc., 
 7, 12, 18. 
 
 Pres. part., 21; Plaut., 21; Petron., 24; 
 Apul., 28; used predicatively, 23, 27, 
 30; with causative verbs, 23, 27; as 
 adjec, 24, 27, 30; as noun, 24, 27,31. 
 
 Percentages of parts., introd. 
 
 Platner, S. B., on gerund, 54. 
 
 Postgate, 35, 38. 
 
 Roby, Lat. Gram., 39, 45, 59. 
 
 Ronsch, Ital. u. Vulg., 6, 58. 
 
 Roth, on tense confusion, 6. 
 
 Sail., 31, 34. 
 
 Schmalz, i, 32, 38. 
 
 sermo-plebeius, introd., 5, 6. 
 
 Segebade and Lommatzsch, Lex. Petron., 
 
 42. 
 Sittl., 6. 
 
 Smith, T. Horton, on gerunds, 54. 
 Sonnenschein, on Plaut. Rud., 33. 
 Stallbaum on Capt. vs. 852, 56. 
 
 Tac, 2, 13, 2,3, 34, 35> 4i, 54, 58- 
 Tammelin, i, 2, 5, 6, 7, 21, 23, 40, 41. 
 Ter., I, 5, 13, 32. 54, 56, 60. 
 
 Van d. UHet, edition of Apul., 14, 17, 
 44, 66. 
 
 Virg., introd., 32, 38. 
 Wickham on Hor., 6. 
 Wishing, verbs of, 5, 12, 18. 
 Weissenborn, on gerund, 54. 
 Weisweiler, on gerund, 55. 
 
 Ziemer, 6, 57. 
 Zumpt, 6. 
 
 69 
 
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