^ ; 5 6 1 6 2 PITMAN PHONOGRAPHY THE LIBRARY OF THE UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA LOS ANGELES i^ALLAS, TEXAS "^JS.-r^^ /rcz^^-^ Digitized by tine Internet Arcliive in 2007 witli funding from IVIicrosoft Corporation littp://www.arcli ive.org/details/barnessliortliandmOObarniala BARNES' SHORTHAND MANUAL Complete ^elf-In^tiiuctoi?. RKVISKI) EDITION. Designed for Home Study, and for use in Schools, Academies and Colleges, BY L. E. BULLARD Barnes, A. M. PRICE, $1.25. ST. LOUIS: ARTHUR J. BARNES, PUBLISHER. Entered according to Act of Congress, in the year 1888, Entered according to Act of Congress, in the year 1889, By L. E. BAENES, In the Office of the Librarian of Congress at Washington. PREFACE. This book was not written because the author wished to pro- mulgate any new theory of shorthand. Pitman's Phonography, or modifications of Pitman's system, under the name of Graham, Munson, etc., is now used by all the eminent reporters of the English-speaking world. It has been thoroughly tested and im- proved in the daily practice of over two hundred thousand steno- graphers within the last fifty years, and it has been found equal to every emergency. We prefer this system to any theory of our own or of others whose claim to superiority rests upon the words of a few interested individuals. Hence, this book contains Pit- man's Phonography (as found in Isaac Pitnjan's ninth edition and in Benn Pitman's Manual), with such modifications as have been adopted by a vast army of expert reporters. It has been written because the author has found no text-book that makes shorthand J2 appear as simple as it really is and that teaches the reporting style ^ from the beginning. In this work the student is not taught to >. write a word one way in his first lessons, another way when 5 further advanced, but he is taught from the very outset to write § words as a reporter would write them. Thus the student mem- 3 orizes no bad or awkward forms. He learns nothing that will have to be unlearned, or that is unnecessary for the skilled reporter to ^ know. He learns to use the w and y semicircles as the reporter 5*" uses them instead of learning the more difficult method of the W corresponding style. Unnecessary difllculties have been removed. 5 The explanations are clear, the classifications natural and helpful, the rules explicit and easy to understand, the exceptions few. The author has shown plainly when to use a brief sign, such as a ij hook, circle, etc., and when to use a stroke to represent a conson- h ant sound, when to halve and when not to halve, etc. g Instead of using both sides of a straight stroke for the shun hook, the large final hook on the n side of a straight stroke is used to represent thr, tr, or dr. Graham's thr tick is also used. A rule has been given, not found in any other text-book, by which many words, like child, call, care, etc., may be correctly written, without the necessity of memorizing them as word-signs. Twenty other words have been dropped from the list of word- signs because the natural forms are easier, not only for the 448450 student but also for the reporter. Thus the number of word- signs has been reduced to a minimum. The principles upon which contractions are based are so clearly set forth that the reason as well as the memory aids the student in forming them. While this volume contains the results of ray experience of twenty years of court and miscellaneous reporting, it is essen- tially the outgrowth of the school-room, and is the result of years of painstaking labor on the part of my wife. Every explanation, every suggestion in it first found voice in the school-room, was modified by repeated teaching and was crystallized into shape by daily contact and sympathy with the pupil, and by daily endeavor to remove his difficulties and to make his study of phonography easy, pleasant, and successful in the highest degree possible. The author has not aimed to be original. Her sole aim has been to make a shorthand text-book so simple that the average intellect may easily grasp its principles in all their details, so clearly writ- ten that a child may understand and apply its directions, and so complete as to contain all the material needed in the most rapid reporting. While good instruction is needed in Shorthand as much as in any other branch of study, it is believed that this work has no equal as a self-instructor. Children not yet through the multipli- cation table have mastered its contents. It has been written especially for those who cannot afford to attend a shorthand school and for those teachers, who, knowing nothing of Phonography, yet find themselves confronted with a demand to teach Shorthand to their pupils. It is hoped that the simplicity of this little book will lead to its introduction into common schools, not only because Shorthand is of great and increasing value in the business world, but because it is not surpassed by either the languages or mathematics as a means of awakening thought and of stimulating mental activity. It quickens observation and gives the power to think more quickly and accurately. If this work shall accomplish for a few of the general public what it has accomplished for our own pupils in aiding them to a happier and better means of living, the author will feel that her labor has not been in vain. ARTHUR J. BARNES. CONTENTS. Page. Consonant Phonographs, - 1 Joining Strokes, - - 3 and 5 Consonant Outlines of Words, 3 Choice of Strokes for R, - 8 Long Vowels, _ _ _ 9 Short Vowels, - - - 12 Diphthongs, - - - - 14 Small Circle, - - - - 16 Large Circle and Loops, - 18 When to use the Stroke and when the Circle for S or Z, 20 Review Questions, - - 22 Emp. When to use the Stroke and when the Tick for H, 24 W and Y Semi-circles, - - 26 Position, ----- 28 Review Questions, - - 31 Word-signs, - - - - 32 L and R Hooks on Straight Strokes, - - - - 36 F, V and N Hooks on Straight Strokes, - - - - 39 When to use the Stroke and when the Hook for final F, VorN, - - - - - 40 Circle combined with Hooks on Straight Strokes, - - 42 L and R Hooks on Carves, - 44 Page. N Hook on Curves, Word- signs, ----- 46 Halving, ----- 48 When to Halve and when not to Halve, - - - - 60 Double-length Curves, - 62 Word-signs, - - - - 64 Large Hooks, - - - - 56 Prefixes and affixes, - - 58 Word-signs, - - - - 60 Choice of Strokes for L, - 62 Ticks for The, A, An, And, - 62 Review Questions, - - 64 Exceptions, - - - - 66 Phrase-writing, - - - 68 Review Questions, - - 73 Miscellany, Numerals, Punct- uation, Derivatives, Omis- sion of Consonants, Omis- sion of Syllables, Contrac- tions and Intersections, Omission of Words, Final Directions, - - - 74-78 Review Questions, - - 79 List of Word-signs, - 80-81 Table showing all the Appen- dages of the Stroke, - 82-83 Shorthand Cnatiaal. CONSOIfANT PHONOGRAPHS. Phono- graplis. Lattsi. \ P \ B Sssnd as ia pop bob Kame. Pe Be 1 T D /igh/ died Te De / CII c/iiiTcA, cMn, etc/i Chay / J G — K J'e m , ^em , j'n d^e k\Q,k^ cat, c//asm Jay Kay — G V. F ^et, Qgg, g^g z'ie, hiz;e Gay Ef Ve ( TH />^igh, brea//^ Ith ( ¥H My, brea/>5e The ) s jee, U5, cent Es ) z ^eal, U2^, ea^e Ze J SH 5^ake, vicious, \i\xsh Ish J ZH a^ure, vii'ion, rou^e Zhe r L ^Ixxll Lay Written up ~^ R ark, fire Ar ^ R rake, fiery Ray Always written up .-^ M waiw Era -^ N m«e En ■^ NG si«^, ba«:^, si«k we, always, Oswego Ing Way ^ Y _;/es, je, Mayo Yay ^ H ^ay, i^igh, Oma,4a Hay Always written up Except in case of horizontals, and (" 1, ^.^^x and^h, write the phonographs with a downward motion of the hand. DOUBLE CONSONANTS. c (r> e^ ^p r c c^.^i^ cy mp, w-1, w-m, w-n, w-r, tw, dw, kw, gw, Ir, ml, nl, rl. mb, qu, CONSONA.NT PHONOGRAPHS. Phono- Name. Sound. graph. \ Pe Represents the sound of p as m piu, rope. \ Be " b '< bin, robe, 1 Te " t " to, ate. 1 De " d " do, aid. / Chay ** eh " chew, each, etch. / Jay "jorsoftg" Jem, gem, judge. — Kay •' k " kick, cat, chasm. Gay " hardg " get, egg, gag. 1. In Shorthand, words are written exactly as they sound, with- out any regard to the usual spelling. Thus in Shorthand know is written the same as no; rough is written as if it were spelled ruf ; dough as if it were spelled do; judge as if it were spelled juj, etc. The signs used in Shorthand are called phonographs. Every consonant sound has its own phonograph and is always repre- sented by that phonograph, no matter what the letters are in the printed word. Thus, the words kick, cat, chasm, begin with dif- ferent letters but with the same sound and with the same phono- graph, — k. 2. Notice that light sounds are represented by light phonographs and heavy sounds by heavy or shaded phonographs. Example: \ P. \ b. 3. Kay and__Gay are always written from left to right. The other phonographs given above are always written with a dotomoard motion of the hand. 4. Memorize the sound, name, shading and direction of each of the above phonographs. Shottthand CQanual. Exercise I. II II I I II II Hl__l I II ^\ //\\ //\\ //\\ // *\\ I I // \\ I I // »_/l\ /l\_l\//\ e.„_L ...N Z. .N L I Z. - -■\ ^ h < > ■) > 6. The last two lines of Exercise I should be read as follows : tk, bk, etc. Read Exercise 1 until you can read it without hesitation. In this and in all other reading exercises in the book, trace the exer- cise with a wooden point or dry pen as you read it. After it has become familiar, copy the same carefully until you can reproduce the exercise with accuracy and ease. As you write it, give the sounds aloud, thus educating eye, ear, and hand together. 6. Make the phonographs of uniform length, about one-sixth of an inch long, or as long as the distance between each pair of lines in phonographic double-line copy books. 7. Be very careful not to slant ] Te or | De. 8. Kay and Gay should rest on the line of writing (the lower line in double-line copy books) and should be made just as long as the other phonographs and no longer. Consonant Outlines. 9. As has been said before, words are written in shorthand as they sound without any regard to the usual spelling. All silent letters are therefore omitted. A reporter generally omits the vowels a, e, i, o, u, final w and y ; that is, he represents only the consonant sounds in a word. Shorthand CQanual. 8 10. Join the second consonant to the first, the third consonant to the second, etc., without lifting the pencil. This will form the consonant outline of a word. Examples of consonant outlines of words : L k L ^ ; / k_ tk tb dk pk dch jj tbk take tube decay peck ditch judge tobacco 11. Notice that a double letter is represented by a single phono- graph. Thus, tobacco is written in shorthand as if it were spelled tobako. 12. There is no c or x in shorthand. C is always represented by either k or s, and x is represented by ks or gz, according to its sound. 13. In joining two down strokes, the first rests on the line of writing, and the second goes below the line, and is just as long as the first stroke. See Exercise 1, line 7. 14. Write the consonant outlines of the words given below. Write them carefully, thoughtfully, slowly. Phono- graph. ( ( ; ) Writing Exercise. take duck' dodge bake chalk judge be^ touch depot dug Dutch Dakota joke pitch baggage jug' badge bedeck peck batch Jacob Consonant Phonographs — Continued. Name. Sound. Ef'denotes the sound of f as in fee, off, cough. Ve Ith The Es Ze Ish Zhe V '« vie, hive. th " thigh, breath. th " thy, breathe. s " see, us, cent. z " zeal, Uz, ease. sh ' shoe, sure, vicious. zh '« azure, vision, rouge 4 ShoPtHand fllanual. 15. Notice that the th in breath is a whispered sound and is there- fore represented by a light phonograph f Ith. Inbreathe the th is a heavier, spoken sound and is represented by the heavy phonoi graph { The. 16. Except Ish _J all of the above phonographs are always writ- ten down, Ish ^ is always written down when alone; but when joined to other strokes, it is sometimes written up for the sake of a good joining. 17. Remember that these phonographs are each a part of a circle and that they should curve uniformly from beginning to end. If you find it difficult to make them, practice the following flguies until you succeed in getting a uniform curve : ..^.....(D.-...^......L-.v,.....(:...(.....I.L-J.J.. 18. Slant l^ ^ and ^y ^ from the very beginning to the end. ( ( and ) ) should not slant at all. When making the latter, curve to the right or left until you are half way down, then curve in un- til you come to a point just under the beginning of the stroke. The end of these strokes should be exactly under the beginning. 19. Read and write exercise below according to directions given for the preceding exercise. Exercise 1 — Coxtinued. « ( I ) C I ) (I) (!))()( » ( ( ) ) ( ( ) .) ( ( )) ( ( ) ) '»v\/^ v\/y v\/y w/y uKX J J \K J J VV yy VV M --\-v-v--v--f--') -V-- ask- faith ■ shaky tissue espy defy shabby death above dizzy Aztec shove shadow depth ShoPthand Ctlanual 5 20, Draw each phonograph with care and precision. Accuracy and thoroughness should be the sole aim of the beginner. Those who wish to become proficient in shorthand as speedily as possible, will not leave any lesson until they know exactly everything in it. They will review' each day the lesson learned the day before, and at the end of each week they will review all learned during the week* Writing Exercise. flfe veto vouch fetch tooth tithe thatch Consonant Phonographs— Concluped. Phono- Name. Sound, graph. r Lay represents the sound of 1 as in lull. "^ Ar " / Ray " ^-% Em " ^^ En " v^ Ing " "^ Way " r Yay " /' Hay " 21 a. Hay and Kay are always written up. up when alone, and is generally, but not always, written up when joined to other strokes. When written down f is called El. Ish Is seldom written up. c. Horizontals are written from left to right. The other phono- graphs are always written down. 22. Cautions: a. Curve /^ 1, ^ r, "^ w, and ^ y always out at the bottom, that is, slant them like \ or /. b. Make both the hook and the main line of Hay perfectly straight. c. When alone, slant Hay and Ray more than Chay. When joined to other strokes, their slope should be the same as that of Chay. Copy: r ^ ..^ . >v_^^^^/^cr^ r (( ark, fire. r K rake, fiery. in <( may, Tom. n <( nine. ng i( long, sing, bank. w (< we, Iowa. y (( yc, yes, Mayo. h (( he, high, Omaha. ten up. b. Lay is written 23. When joined to other strokes, Ray is distinguished from Chay by its direction, Ray being always written up and Chay al- ways \*Titten down. Examples. y1 ^ rch chr rp chp m EXERCISE NO. 2. C / chn ch ^.-.-.^. ..i ....L........^...^......y ^.^ ng, also between ^land-'-^m. See line 7. 30. When a light and a heavy stroke join without an angle, the shading should be gradual, as in ordinary writing. Do not pause in the middle of a line to change the shading. For example: write log thus/"^ , not ^ T See Exercise 2, line 8. 31. Use Ray for r in the exercise below. WRITING EXERCISE. Take, bake, choke, peck, beg, tug, duck, jug, tub, job, dip, touch, Dutch, pitch, batch, bSdge, dodge, judge, fetch, fife, five, vouch, veto, tooth, death, dizzy, asthma, ask, shake, asp, shape, shadow, both, faith, thatch, sheaf, shove, lip, lady, love, make, mail, money, neck, name, king, among, gong, awakej>*waylay, yellow, hcjid, honey, hung, heavy, lily, holy, herb, Lehigh, came, mummy, roar, cape, nave, cage, knob, funny, fang, lame, knife, move, mop, vying, pony, rub, chubby, /rich, cherry^cheek, rock, review, niche, catch, Mary, ripe, road, chime, chilly, rash, rung, hatch, rmughtr, kitty, nap, became, shame, muff,^ite, right, wrighllmo, knowygurry, writhe, coach, pig, namely, notary, wreck, zeroiW>ach, sherry ,ycash, giddy, mulatto, Fanny, rosy, page, body, damage, epitome, engage, notoriety, knife, tiny, nothing, keg, Chicago, data, dialo^e, ind^ipiiity. Interior, leaf, terror, deputy> budge, locked, kicked, knock, apology, chimney, evoked, fishing, 8 Shorthand Hlsinual. USE OF ^ AR OR / RAY, EL. OR LAY. 32. The name Ar begins with a vowel. Ar "^ at the beginning of an outline generally indicates that the word begins with a vowel sound. "If a vowel goes before, the letter you must lower." The name Kay ends in a vowel sound. Ray / at the end of an outline generally indicates that the word ends in a vowel sound. "But a vowel at the end makes the letter to ascendr" 33. However, there are two considerations that determine whether Ar or Ray should be used, the angle and the vowel; gen- erally the angle is more important. See Art. 23. The one rule that governs all other rules in shorthand is this: Choose that out- line which is firsts most easily read ; and second^ most easily wntten. Hence the following rules. 34:. When a word begins with a vowel sound before r, as In ark, arm, etc., Ar ^ should be used, provided it makes a good angle with the following stroke. Thus, ~^ may be used before "~^ \. or \ preceded by a vowel, but not before other down strokes nor before v-^because it does not make a good angle with these strokes. Ex. '\ ark, ~Y^ early, "^ orb, /f arch, /^"^"^ arena. 36 When a word begins with r or the sound of r, Ray / should be used, as in rope, rack, etc; but use Ar ~^ before •'~^ because / does not make a good angle with^--^ Ex. /\ rub, ^\_^ Rome. 36. When a word ends in a vowel sound after r use Ray as in tarry [/, flery 'k.^, etc. 37. When a word ends in the sound of r use Ar ~^ Ex. Tear , But after ^-^ or / use / because it is easier and plainer. Ex. ^-^ Moor, / roar, ^~\_^ inferior. 38. In the middle of an outline use whichever r makes a sharp point or angle with the other strokes to which it is joined. 39. a. After ._^ or ^_^use the downward 1 (El) for the sake of the angle. b. After \^ V /or ^ use El provided no vowel fol- lows 1, as in the words fail, veil, roil. But if a vowel follows 1 as in the words fellow, roily, etc., use Lay. A silent vowel is regarded as no vowel at all. c. After other strokes Lay is generally used. Further rules for 1 will be given hereafter. UWYER Shorthand mailAJJiifrS. TEX A' 9 WRITING EXERCISE. Ark, rake, Argo, rogiie, orb, rob, row, write, rock, ear, door, tear, tarry, bear, Barry, jar, Jerry, bore^ boffow, fairy, fair, pour, tore, army, rim, shore, morrow, sherry, mar, roar. Are, fiery, hero, rear, ruby, cherry, Europe, Rome, urge, earth, room, merino, dairy, arch, aright, rhyme, four, inferior, interior, shower, arena, carry, jury, arrear. Nail, NeTlie, file, veil, roil, follow, roily, vile, mail, valley, pail, doll, chill, leap, lady, fellow, rally, lower, latch, vowel, relay, fowl, folly, assail, leaf, early, rely, hourly, Laura, rill, liar, lore, alarm, fuel, guile, tall. LONG VOWELS. 40. The long vowel sounds are denoted by heavy dots and dashes. 41. A dot or a dash represents one sound when at the begin- ning of a stroke, another sound when at the middle^ and still another when at the end of a stroke. The vowels below are placed by the stroke [ t. •| -I .1 -I -I -I E A AH AW 00 •| -I V- r -I J eat ate arm thaw owed ooze 42. A heavy dot at the beginning of a stroke signifies long E, like E in me ; the same heavy dot at the middle of a stroke denotes long A, liiie A in may; and at the end of a stroke, a heavy dot represents the sound of AH, as heard in arm or alms. Examples, I ' tea, I • day, X, Pa. 43. A heavy dash at the beginning of a stroke represents the sound of AW as heard in awl, call, walk, ought; when at the middle of a stroke, the same heavy dash means long O like O in old, go; and at the end of a stroke it denotes the long sound of 00 as heard in the words ooze, move, food, pool. 44. Remember that these vowel signs do not represent letters, "but sounds, each sign representing always the same sound. Thus, a heavy dash at tlic middle of a stroke always represents the long sound of O, as heard in the words go, no, so. It never stands for short O, as heard in not. 10 Shofthaftd manual. 45. Those vowels which are placed at the beginning of a strode are called flrst-place vowels, those at the middle of a stroke are called second-place, and those at the end of a stroke are called third-place vowels. 46. The order of reading and writing in Shorthand is the same as in long-hand, from left to right, and from above downward. If a vowel is placed at the left of a stroke^ it is read before it; if it is placed at the right of a stroke, it is read after it. See line 1. If a vowei is placed above a horizontal, — k, -^ g, ^— -> m, ^-— ^ n, ^ — ng, it is read before the horizontal. If below the horizontal, it is read after it. See line 2. 47. The dots and dashes should be written close to, but should not touch the stroke. Dash vowels are written at right angles to the stroke. Copy lines 3 and 4 many times. 48. Since flrst-place vowels belong at the beginning of a stroke, they must be written at the bottom of the up strokes, ^ h, / r, and (^ 1 ; and third-place vowels must be put at the top or end of these strokes. Copy line 5 many times. 49. All the consonants in a word are written without lifting the pencil, and the vowels are inserted afterward, if at all. In words containing several vowels, only the most prominent vowels need be inserted. Example, „ — «/ll nierino. WRITING EXERCISE. Pay, bee, bay, tea, tow, day, dough, do, key, caw, fee, foe, thaw, thee, though, they, say, sew, lay, low, mow, may, me, know, no, nay, knee, gnaw, woe, woo, yea, hay, he, hoe, so, ode, oak, eke, eat, aid, ache, ale, each, age, go, own,^eel, awl, Esau, Pa, arm, ark, all. Eve, ace, aim, oath, ape, ate, owed, paw, Poc, pooh, Abe, she, shah, jaw, fay, pshaw, jay, fa, show, ease, law, owes, ooze, Lou, la, moo, way. Ma, saw, coo, oak, gay, ha, dame, talk, beach, bake, beak, poke, ark, rake, rope, beer, bore, team, tame, tore, pall, deer, pale, cheer, mower, rear, ore, keep, cage, make, comb, gauge, arm, choke, joke, knave, shame, babe, four, leer, shape, lake, nail, heed, hate, both, faith, mail, leech, ball, fall, meal, kneel, sheer, gall, veer, beam, bier, loathe, lame, mole, name, reachj^roach, heath, bail, Nero, obey, decay, dome, poach, bathe, balk, peel, teach, tall, tear, shave, deal, peek, kale, teeth, Paul, vacate, below, also, delay, dado, daub, cake. EXERCISE NO. 3. _ \ X (■ V 5 ^ C A" v.. > -^ 11 12 13 U <• KV r»^ ^ X-. XI 10 V .^ rc^ V r ■■ T ^ I S ^ 15 V s /O-.. 11 \ / \. Jv J -) -) > ^ ^ a .; < k < !) ' \ u n' M' r / >\^ M .-^ u r ^.^^ '• r V ^ ^ 12 ^ V t . .. n ^/ 13 1 v> ^ ^■ H Cr Cr _y y-^ ^ Y 15 1 1 -, VI -Tv"^ H^. 14 ShoPthand manual. DIPHTHONGS. "I 1 'J .1^ I 01 ow u I l— X I ti aI Vj\ /n V_n die item toy oil out vow sue few 55, When convenient, flrst-place diphthongs may be joined to the beginning of a stroke, as in the words item and oil given above; and third-place diphthongs may be joined at the end of a stroke, as in the word vow. BESUMi: OF THE VOWELS. LONG. SHORT. DIPHTHONGS. I VIA 01 1. E • "AW i — v o 2. 3. A • AH . -0 _00 e • a . - ii 00 OW .|nU 66. The first-place vowel sounds are found in order in the sentence, "lie saw it on my boy;" the second-place are con- tained in, "Jane Jones, get up;" and the third -place in, "Artie, move that wool 'round you." 57. Study the vowels until you can give them up and down, across, forwards and backwards, without the least hesitation. WRITING EXEKCISE. Tie, time, dime, pipe, lime, ripe, toy, boy, boil, foil, roil, annoy, cow, bough, row, vow, avow, foul, shower, bower, pew, few, dew, cube, tube, fume, lure, our, owl, pike, bile, thou, out, raew, timely, view, joy, tire, mouth, couch, knife, fire, fiery, fuel, review, rhyme, coil, beam, balm, meek, calm, ninny, Nannie, pick, pack, vile, vowel, mile, mule, poke. Puck, robe, rub, dome, dumb, gem, jam, dale, dell, game, meadow, pour, purr, four, fur, palm, pair, poor. Moor, Armada, farm, form, moody, doom, ci^ol, calm, xGuinea, loaf, love, lady, mellow, Nellie, boom, sha^re, chair, room, Madge, dare, tooth, pool, hatch, move, hash, bouquet, cuckoo, duchy, jocky, jolly, penny, jelly, bellow, ice, item, idea, ideal, flfe, five, decoy, enjoy, duty, ivy, eyes, icy, allow, pouch, dike, guile, alive, tile* lion, Lima, deny, endue, downy, China, areiia, hourly, mica, attire, dial, towel, lounge, defy, untie, undo, pica, Powell, liar, boiler, gouge, toiler, envoy, loyalty. EXERCISE HO. 5. 15 t^ r v-A, v 2 ') U T / T. V ^. 3 V ^ r aT A^-^ r ^^ 4 A "^ V ^ /* -^ > 5 J i ^ I, A w^ V^. 6 Iv \ \ .> ^ ^ { 7 ^ \ S c > \ H 8 2 o|.. .r r AV; Y< t-^ 9 IV ^ . ^■ V >" ■ ^ 10 ^ r n 6 1 IX 1 .^^ 11 r ^-^ n ^ ^. V 12 Sr^ 4^ Vl .^ d:^ / Z. 68. A small circle ° called Iss, represents the sound of s or z, and is generally used instead of the stroke for s or z. f- '\ r X ^ _. r- stay soap city buzz some gas lose 59. When the circle begins an outline, it is read not only before the stroke, but before any vowel that may precede the stroke; that is, it is read before everything else. See line 1. GO. When the circle ends an outline, it is read not only after the stroke, but after any vowel that may follow the stroke ; that is, it is read after everything else. See line 2. 61. Straight Strokes. When joined to a straight stroke, Iss must always be written with a motion contrary to that of the hands of a clock, the same motion as is used in writing the capital letter (iP. Making Iss with the c/ motion, puts it always on the right side of a down stroke, on the left side of an up stroke, and on the upper side of a horizontal. See lines 3 and 4. The student must observe this direction, for the circle has a different meaning when placed on the other side of a straight stroke. 62. When joined to a curve, or when between two straight strokes, Iss is written the easiest way as follows : 63. Curves. Iss is always written on the inside of curves. See line 5. 64. Between Strokes. a. When Iss occurs between a straight stroke and a curve, it is written on the inside of the curve. See line 7. b. Between two straight strokes, Iss is written on the outside of the angle. See line 8. WRITING EXERCISE. Omit vowels. Piece, boys, ties, does, chase, joys, guess, race, this, saves, seems, sour, snows, shoes, signs, less^ ashes, ways, yes, hours, slope, smoke, scheme, Smith, lacks, lax, fix, sick, six, heroes, debase, advice, factious, notice, obvious, soaks, sinks, skip, hedges, sledge, surveys, serge, surpass, passive, baser, cousin, besom, hats, basin, dozen, beseech, dusty, testy, dusk, museum, dissolve, Cincinnati, reason, receipt, dispatch, spike, locks, syrup, hues, nozzle, stakes, mosquitoes, sincerity, fastens, cellars, incites, miseries, muscles, salaries, lesser, despoil, Sandusky, ditches, searches, absolve, resolve, Missouri. EXERCISE NO. 6. 1 f .^ >^ ^ \ I- /* 3 \ \' L* T c Q-£> Q«P ^* '^* ^ 17 T .r • No r r s J- J- '"^ > > e:. L. s^ v^ r' o ^ ^ r^ /. j:^ ^ <^. y^ 18 Shorthand ftlaftaal. CIRCLES SEZ, SES, ZES, ZEZ. 65. A large circle called Sez indicates two sounds of s or z, as sez, ses, zes, or zez, heard in the words pieces, recess, possess, gazes. See line 1. 6G. Iss may be added to final Sez. See line 2. LOOPS ST, ZD, a:^d str. 67. A small loop called Steh represents the sound of st or zd. 68. A large loop called Ster represents the sound of str. 69. Iss may be added to final Steh and Ster. See line 7. 70. The loops should be narrow^ Steh half as long, and Ster two-thirds as long as a strolje. 71. When Steh can be conveniently joined, it may be used initially. See line 10. Its chief use is at the end of words. 72. In rare cases the loops may be used in the middle of words; but, unlike the circles, the loops cannot be formed by the crossing of two strolies, but are written as in line 11. 73. Sez, Steh, and Ster are merely modiiications of Iss, hence they are written on the same side of a stroke as the small circle Iss is. See Articles 61 and 63. See Table at end of book, first six columns. Copy these columns many times. 74. With the exception of the rule for the circle between two strokes (see Article 64) all I'ules for the circle apply equally to the loops. WRITING EXERCISE. Omit vowels. Passes, past, pastor, pieces, passed, pastors, post- ers, baste, boasts, bosses, box, boxes, toes, toast, toaster, toasts, toasters, abscess, abscesses, beast, beasts, cast, casts, castor, cas- tors, kiss, kisses, kissed, jest, jester, jests, jesters, guess, guessed, mist, mister, musters, nest, haste, hissed, hisses, fosters, fasts, taste, lasts, dispose, arrest, amazed, repast, safest, still, lustre, faster, refused, best, just, justify, noises, steal, store, possessed, voices, dust, tests, Chester, testify, phases, successes, gust, gazed, vaster, rust, excesses, roasts, guest, tastes, dispossesses, Missis- sippi, duster, dusters, necessary, system, stole, star, storm, styles, invest, invests, destiny, artist, artists, artistic, utmost, surmised, deepest, register, rejoiced, stillest, fairest, digest, debased, forest, baptized, biggest, deduced, atheist, atheistic, surfaces, earnest, Rochester, registers, surfaced, justice, chastises, revised. EXERCISE NO. 7. 19 1 \. t- 6 ^ k k v^ 10 .r ^ ^ •^'=V. .^ =^ 11 k < ^ ^ ^A-' /^ •p 12 yv^ n ,,-/" /V" /i- V" V 13 iro C*;. ^^ vj)=^ U^ ^ .^ 14 ■^ -^ ^ ^^ -t^ ' > 15 • / X- i ^ k 20 Shot«tHand manual. STROKE OR CIRCLE FOR S. 75. Since the meaning of a dot vowel or a dash vowel depends upon its place, whether at the beginning, the middle, or the end of a stroke, it is evident that a vowel must always be placed by a stroke, never by a circle or a loop. In sucli words as sicli, city, gas (see line 1), the vowel, though near the circle, is not considered as belonging to the circle at all, but to the stroke. 76. Since a vowel can never be placed to the circle, the stroke, must be %isedfor s whenever it is necessary to place a vowel by s, as in the words ask, see, fussy. 77. Wlie7i it is not necessary to place a vowel by s, the circle should always be used. 78. Therefore: a. When a word begins or ends with s, use the circle as a rule. See line 3. b. When a word begins with a vowel before s, use the stroke s always. See line 4. c. When a word ends in a vowel after s, use the stroke s always. See line 5. d. When two vowels come between s and another consonant it is sometimes necessary to indicate both vowels, and then the stroke must be used for s. See line 10. 79. The rules for z are the same as for s, except at the beginning of a word. When a word begins with the sound of z, the stroke z must always be used. See line 11. 80. In such words as bask, task (see line 2), the vowel does not come between two strokes, hence the rules under Article 64 do not apply ; in bask the vowel comes between b and s, and since the vowel cannot be placed by the circle s, it must be placed by the stroke b. 81. In a few words, a vowel is written within the large circle Sez. This is the only exception to the rule that a vowel must always be placed by a stroke. 82. Before writing each word in the following exercise, let the student ask himself two questions : First, what is the stroke in this word? Second, does the vowel belong before the stroke or after the stroke? EXERCISE NO. 8. 21 2 V 4 -) 5 )• •) )- ■^ '\ V ^"b' ^ )' r •)■ Q__P ^ X) »xj "^' X) f -r i^ -L \ L n .u ~i .3 10 I. ^ -^ T.. ' \ ^ ^ y Lp U^' - ^ ^" ^ ^ A ^ ^ V ^ ^ ^ .y^ ^ ,/^ ^ ^ ^^ ^ ^^ ^ \ 1 -17/ / 11 ^ \ V v t / ^ ^ ^ ^ V 1 -1 I r\ r' '•Ki^ 1 1 X d / / ■] 1 1- B ^ >L ^ ^ "X r ^(^ 9 ^' S ^ v^ \ X 10 (T JT »^ t^ ci^ cj^ c_- »./ ^ v/ ^ M- n' x~ ^1^ '^(^^ V^ ^ e^ CT^ iS;^ 12 n .^ y(r IT •<^^ C^ (Lv 28 Shorthand ITlanual. WRITING EXERCISE. Woep, wet, wave, woof, watch, wage, widower, wove, weave, wash, week, wake, walk, woke, wig, wag, awake, awoke, yawn, young, yoke, wasp, wing, wedge, wisp, sweep, yes, swab, swap, waylay, Yankee, wedge, yam, wink, swing, wizen, swoop, wane, wail, swale, war, windy, wine, one, warehouse, work, worthy, wealthy, welfare, wall, well, window, Wednesday, win, wire, wear, swear, Edwin, wore, swore, swill, weal, wiles, worse, wan, ween, worst, wheel, while, whim, when, swallow, swearer, wolf, where- fore. Wheeling, whims, warm, swarm, wolfish, swarthy, worm, whale, wallow, wheeze, wherry, willow, whereby, whirl, when, whereat, once, whence. POSITION. 103. By means of position the reporter can indicate the vowel without writing it, thus saving time and increasing his speed. 104. When the principal or accented vowel of a word is a first- place vowel, the word is put in the first position. When the vowel is second place, the word is put in the second position ; ' if third- place, in the third position. 105. The first position of a word is a little higher than usual, the second position is the same as usual, and the third position is lower than usual. Examples : U U •k- Time, teem or team. Tame or tome. Tomb. 106. In a sentence the context will easily determine whether time, teem or team is intended. 107. It is always the first down (or up) stroke which is put in position. See line 4. 108. The three positions for down strokes and up strokes are as follows : a. Half a stroke above the line of writing. See line 1. b. On the line of writing. See line 2. c. Through the line of writing. See line 3. 109. The student who uses double-line copy-books should be careful to write the first down or up stroke, so that when in first position it will not only pass through the upper line, but be half above and half below that line. EX£flCISE>HO. V. 29 -3 7\ V) _V-_ >N .3 ;)-V- '•V y.. ....... r^ \ _Q. -TQ. ---iL .. I »..X...v^ \. u /I ^■ -A (q^_S) (f- 12 ;3. ^ I x^- ^- --/r- 14 C^.-.C\U.-U..'yC<. ..m-./vi V - - (^ - - ■4— W :^:^->^. 30 Shofthand HlanuaL POSITION— Continued. 110. If an outline has no down or up strokes, then the hori- zontals are put in position as follows : a. Nearly a stroke above the line of writing. See line 6. b. On the line of writing. See line 6. c. Just under the line of writing. See line 7. 111. When using double-line books the student will put first- position horizontals just under the upper line. 112. In speaking of any word, the numbers 1, 2 and 3 are used to indicate its position, whether first, second, or third. Thus, time I- U is expressed by tra 1 , tame by t m 2....ir:>.., and tomb by t m 3 113. Hereafter the student will put all short outlines in posi- tion. Detached words should be vocalized, but in sentences vowels seldom need to be inserted, provided the words are put in position. 114. A long outline or a peculiar outline can generally be read by its consonants alone without the help of a vowel, hence it is seldom necessary either to vocalize it or to put it in position ; such an outline may be written without position, resting on the line of writing, that is, the same as in second position. Note. U8e...x..or/^ for a period, and ior a question mark. WRITING EXERCISE. By, bay, bough, joy, jay, Jew, law, low, Lou, fle, foe, few, thy, they, thou, ease, owes, ooze, tick, take, took, pick, peck, pack, keep, cape, coop, bog, fog, duck, nip, nap, big, bag, nave, knife, live, thick, map, lap, loaf, leaf, pip, pap, Sue, say, see, chop, chip, cheap, muff, judge, Jack, gig, kick, gag, cage, catch, match, niche, Jim, jam, gem, root, write, wrote, ream, ram, arm, Nile, mile, meal, mere, mar. Moor, timely, add, many, Minnie, manna, came, comb, chyme, calm, mummy, meek, mace, Mag, nag, cook, Nannie, pity, muddy, Guinea, listen, lesson. May Lizzie sweep in my room? Does Jack like figs? Dick wrote five pages in sixty minutes. Mary saw four boys in papa's buggy. Most folks love money. Pack my books. Mice eat cheese. Thieves steal money. Hear my lesson. Fishes swim well. Shorthand manual. 31 REVIEW QUESTIONS. 46. What does Emp represent? 47. What are the two ways of expressing h? 48. How should the h tick be written? Give its direction and length. 49. Before what stroljcs should the h ticli be written? 60. Before what strol^es should the h strolie be written? 61. What is the first sound in words beginning with wh? 62. What two semi-circles may be used for w? 63. What semi-circles represent y? 64. How can you tell which semi-circle to use for w? For y? 55. Is the semi-circle read before or after the initial vowel? 66. What may be written within the semi-circle? 67. How should the semi-circle be written? 68. When should the stroke and when should the semi-circle be used for w? For y? 59. To what strokes is the w semi-circle joined without an angle? 60. How should the hook on Wei, Wem, Wen, and Wer be written? 61. How should such words as wheel, while, and whim be written? 62. What is the object of position? 63. What governs the position of a word ? 64. Which stroke in an outline is put in position? 65. What arc the three positions for down strokes? 66. What are the three positions for horizontals? 67. How are the numbers 1, 2, and 3 used in regard to position? 68. What outlines should be put in position? 69. What outlines need not be put in position? 70. What is said of vowels in detached words and in sentences? 71. What is the shortliaud period.? 72. What is the shorthand question mark? 32 Shopthand Hlanual. WORD -SIGNS AND PHRASES. 116. The rapidity and ease of shorthand is greatly increased by the employment of word-signs for the most common words. Gen- erally a word -sign consists of a single stroke which represents the most prominent sound in the word represented. Ex. ) was. 116. Most of the word-signs are in the second position, regard- less of the rules given for position. The position of each word- sign should be carefully memorized, as a change in position would make a change in the meaning of the sign. 117. Review the wordreigns daily . \ 1 ^ ( ) r /or n be do V o give-n o have think • • was will s he you it / I as has rT-: is his > • a and the an > -/ to of rf. on should ^... rT... and-the to-the of-the on-the should-the in-the you-will rCS. n .vo™ V^ V you-will-be you-will-do you-may-go have-you do-you 118. Notice that ~~" is the word-sign for both give and given. 119. The word-signs for on and should are always written up, but the tick denoting he is always written down. 120. The may be represented by a first-place heavy dot when alone; or, in phrasing, by a short, slanting tick joined to a pre- ceding word. 121. In the writing exercises hereafter phrase such words as are connected by hyphens. Omit vowels in the sentences, and read every exercise each time after writing it. WRITING EXERCISE. It, was, give, be, he, have, and, to, a, on, is, of, I, as, has, should, to-the, and-the, you-will, you-will-do, you-will-have, you-will-think, you-raay-go, have-you, do-you, should-the, on- the. Judge Smith was iu-the city last week, and he came to see me. You-will-be sick if-you eat so many peaches. You-will-do as well as be will. You-will-have time to do the work. You- will-think of it by and by. You-may-go to-the store and buy me some eggs. You-raay bake the cake and-the pies. He will give- you one of his books on science, if he is here. I should think so. EXERCISE NO. 12. 33 NOTE — Write the above exercise omitting: the Towels. Compare the copy with this page.Keacltheuuvooalized copy without referring: to this page. Copy and read until you can do both with perfect accuracy and ^nrithout hesitation. Proceed in like manner with simi- lar exercises. 84 Shottthand manual. DOT. DASH. 122, In the word-signs following, c and u indicate that the vowel in the word is a dot vowel, while s and " indicate a dash vowel. were what would J ye year-s yet beyond you we with ( ^ < I^ rr^. i A ^ /„ When. that without wish shall them how are are, in phrasing ^ ! ( 1 fC ^ y... we-were what-would we-think we-do we-will we-are you-are WRITING EXERCISE. We-were both in Europe last year. We-think-you-will-have to go to-the banl£. We-do linow the way to-the oflicc. What-would they do if he were to leave them? You-may keep them where they are. I think he would do it well. You-are rich, wliile we- are poor. While we-are at the store you-may stay here with Harry. We-will do as well as we know how. The arrow is beyond you. You-may-go with Fanny if you-are ready. We wish to do right, yet we-do wrong each day. See the wheel whirl. V7e-are busy as bees. His watch is one hour too fast. His whims are always amusing to-the rest of-the boys. It is warm and cosy where we-are. How do-you do? lias he glven-you his book? It is beyond his power. You-may look out of-the window and see where they are making the walk. Do-you wish to go to- the opera Wednesday? They say he is wealthy. While we-are here we-will be happy to do as you wish. Give the dog to Jack and-the kitty to Ruth. Do right and you-will-be happy. The sun sets in-the west. Do they miss me at home? I have lost my hat; have-you seen it? I think it is in cousin Jack's room. I have roses to sell — red roses, white roses, yellow tea roses. Will you buy my roses? Yes, I will buy one of-the roses. Do- you-know where Harry is? Do-you think you-will go to-the fair? He will give-you a nice buggy ride if -you like. You-may-go to- the city to-morrow. Hannah has six pennies in her bag. I will-be iiappy to visit-you when I go home. I hope you-will-think of his advice. He has given one of-the books and-the best top to his cousin. EXERCISE NO. 13. 35 J .-). k^ c '^-^ X n ^ I X t 3 _ c J.X.5.J I I i^X_.v..l o O (x_iy_.l X r ( s ' 1 - I- -^ r7--^ .r ^ X. 10 u r . ^ ' ix^-__.x_ M.-^-.-( ..nx _^__>-;„.i__.o../__!7f.x_.!._C A X. H..C--\-/; ^-■\-\r---^-----\- 15 .CJ^. v.- x__ 36 Shorthand nianual. SMALL, INITIAL HOOKS ON STRAIGHT STROKES. ry 1 123. The 1 hook is •nritteu on the right side of down strokes and the upper side of horizontal*; that is, on the same side as Iss. 12-t. The r hook is written on the opposite side; that is, on the left side of down strokes, and tlie lower side of horizontals. ^ '^ r r / / e_ c- \- .\ pi hi tl dl chl jl kl gl play able \ \ ] ] y --^ pr br tr dr chr jr kr gr pray acre \ 125. Aid to Memory fingers bent, the outline If the left hand be held up with the r tl will be formed (Left hand L hook). By turning the hand in the direction of the strokes \ | / the outlines c kl, \ pi, \ tl, A chl, will be formed. If the right hand be held up with the fingers bent, the outline \ tr will be formed (iZight hand i2 hook) . Turning the hand in the direction of the strokes \ | / the outlines ^ — kr, \ pr, \ tr, ^ chr, will be formed. 126. Hay and Ray do not take the 1 and r hooks. 127. A vowel before \ pi, 'X pr, etc., is read before both stroke and hook. Examples, /\ upper, J double, cL_i tackle. 128. A vowel after, \ pi, \ pr, etc.,^i^ read after both stroke and hook. Examples, Y tree, c__ clay. 129. Notice that the hook is written first, but read last; that is, it is written before the stroke, but read after the stroke. 130. Practice writing the two copies of double consonants until you both know them and can make them correctly and easily. 131. The 1 or the r hook must often be made by retracing the previous stroke. See line 10. In such cases, the hook, though clearly indicated, is apt to be more or less imperfect See line 11. .V. \ EXERCISE HO. 14. •M .% ^i ■V -I- T T V V. 1 ■^ ■x \ ■V I -- rl.....-1 .. 10 .!7. L £ L i--i--h-^--{--\-^- ^--v-\--\ V 11 \^....k-...k.. 12 U \- 'U ^\ -^ --<-- 1 J _ _ 15 CT 448450 88 Shoitthand nianual. 132. The names of these double consonants are their sounds as heard in the last syllables of the words, apple, able, settle, saddle, Mitchel, &ngel, &ckle, smgle, and upper, sabre, centre, cider, butcAer, lodger, acre, and angrer. 133. Never call \ Pe-El or Pe-Lay, but always pi, as in last sound of apple. Never call \ Pe-Ar or Pe-Ray, but always pr as heard in upper. These names are important to distinguish the ONE hooked stroke \^ pi, etc., \ pr, etc., from the two strokes, \^ p-1 or \i)-r, etc. 134. \ pi or% pr, etc., represents one sound, not two. It indicates that the two consonants, p and 1, or p and r, etc., are so closely combined that they make one sound together, as in the words ply, opal, acre, etc. Hence, \ pi, \ pr, etc., are to be used when the p and 1, or p and r, come close together, without any intervening voicel sotind, or when they are separated by only an obscure vowel sound, as in the words \ pickle, I collect, V badger, ^ germ. ''135. But if a prominent vowel sound separates the two con- sonants so that they are sounded hytwo distinct impulses of the voice instead of one, then \ pi, ^pr, etc., should not be used, but the two strokes should be used instead. Examples, \^ pile, pour. WRITING EXERCISE. Ply, play, plow, apple, pray, prow, blow, brew, brow, plea, ply, Prue, plough, bray, blew, gray, grow, glee, grew, glue, cloy, crow, crew, clue, clew, cry, clay, tree, tray, dry, otter, acre, try, eager, able, Troy, eagle, dray, drew, utter, upper, Tupper, keeper, pauper, bray, brace, brake, break, broom, trice, plea, pleas, please, plum, prim, block, brook, trap, trip, drop, drip, claim, crawl, gloom, crape, bloom, glass, pluck, climb, cries, praise, blame, creep, clap, clack, gleam, crimp, plump, group. See Articles 134 and 135. Peer, pour, opal, pile, dream, dire, places, pulp, clam, culls, crackle, doll, idle, dressed, bruised, bars, cloth, coils, clime, tare, door, adder, blow, bowls, beetle, globe, goal, prig, treadle, creak, black, paddle, bulk, brittle, uncle, journey, Durham, correct, collect, peddle, purple, purchases, bluster, bolster, bulb, blubber, reply, repeal. Shorthand nianaal. 89 SMALIi TINAIi HOOKS ON STRAIGHT STROKES. R PO L N \JJ F OR V 136. There arc two small final hooks, the f or v hook and the ft hook. 1S7. The f or V hook is on the same side of a straight stroke as the circle Iss. The n hook is on the opposite side. \. V L I / /---^ ^ ^ pf, bf, tf, (If, cht, jf, kf, gf, bf, rf. pn, bn, tu, dn, clin, jn, kn, gn, hn, rn. 138. Hay and Ray take the final hooks, although they do not take the initial 1 and r hooks. 139. Aid t^) Memory. As the loops are written on the same side as the circle, so the looped letters ifand^i^have their hooks on the same side as the circle Iss. Example, t ^ o sts " y 140. Names. For the sake of convenience the outlines in Copy 1 arc called Pef, Bef, etc. The outlines in Copy 2 are called Pen, Ben, etc. These copies should be carefully written many times. 141. Vocalization. The final hook is read not only after the stroke, but also after any vowel that may follow the stroke. The final hook, unlike the initial hook, does not denote a close union between the two consonants. On the contrary, there is almost always a vowel between the stroke and the final hook. Examples : Puff, pun, grove, rain, clover, granary. 40 Shofthaftd manual. STROKE OR HOOK FOR F, V, OR N. 142. In the middle of a word the hook may be used for f, v, or n when convenient. 143 . When a word ends in f , v, or n, use the hook, if practicable. 144. Wlien a word ends in a vowel sound after f, v, or n, the stroke must be used. Examples: Xi \ J I Puff, puffy r^ dine, Dinah. 145. The stroke is also used when two vowels precede the f, v, or n, and also when it would be impossible or inconvenient to use the hook. Examples, \^ Bowen, \_^ person. These last cases are rare. 146. The use of the final hook always means there is no vowel after thef, v, or n. The use of the stroke almost always means there is a vowel after thef, v, or n. WRITING EXERCISE. Pave, pain, buff, bun, doff, done, dove, pine, cave, chafe, chain, run, rough, den, huff, Hun, tough, bluff, bean, hewn, hove, chief, ten, Jane, achieve, Jeff, Dane, hive, join, dive, drive, roof, crane, gave, grave, keen, clean, cliff, plain, rove, brown, ran, drain, brief, draAvu, brave, reef, reign, grain, skein, hen, heave, spine, bluff, blown, prove (second position), half, approve, brine, grown, glean, cleave, clever, rove, rover, referee, train, drove, ripen, broken, blacken, drown, cleanly, clinic, brandy, river, Henry, clover, plenty, stone, sudden, mechanic, provoke, proverb, divine, dentists, Grover, prefer, prefix, detain, economical, poverty, proving, schooner, runaway, proffer, divinity, rover, punish, keenly, replenish, divide, behavior, occupancy, observe, traffic, defense, attentive, driver, vagrancy, penance, pecuniary, paganish, devote, denote, pennon, See Articles 142-146. Rain, rainy, John, Johnny, cough, coffee, Cain, Canna, grave, gravy, serve, survey, pin, piano, bone, bony, huffy, pony, China, coin, person, canny, reef, review, cone, cony, cousin, deaf, defy, dozen, boon, Bennie, presence, Defoe, envy, serve, preserve, deserve, observe, lion, paean, ruin, many. Note. Prove Is pat in the second position, althongh Its vowel is tliird place, to distinguish it from approve which has the same consonant outline.. EXERCISE NO. 15, 41 .\a....\i ^. L— A /•.... /.. \ ^1 ^\ - -[: C-. J-.... J:. \- x..J-.....\,....^„ .V. , I !i ^c....J--..-J'..-..^'-...^•....3: ^. __..x °\ .l-_ IX L ^_ v^ .T\ ..":^.._:f^...V— r .J^-.'-X^-- -.1- oyA- - - err: . . - o^TT. . -''r\- - - ^7- -H- J:^ . /_\f_ .^^ - _%i^. . vr^_ _ ^■. . _tV- _ . 44 Shorthand manual. INITIAL HOOKS ON CURVES. 11 vl C till C till shl zhl fr ^ vr tlir tfir J shr zhr mr nr Copy 1. Copy 2. 15G. The outliucs of Copy 1 may be formed with the left hand and arm. Imagine that these outlines are made of Avirc; turn tliem over so that they can be made with the right hand and arm, and the outlines of Copy 2 will be formed. The L hook series are made with the Left hand, and the i? hook series with the ^ight hand. 157. There is no danger of mistaking fr, vr, thr, and thr for r, w, 8, and z, because the latter never take an initial hook. 158. ^ shX and ^^ zhl are always written %ip. 159. <:^^mr and _. .">. ■'^--l-.^ ^ ^ ^* ^1) X- 9 _ 10 e^ ^^ t -^i^ u 12 13 15 46 ShoPthand fDanual. FINAL. N HOOK ON CURVES. 1G4, All curves take the final u hook. Example, ^/^ frown. WRITING EXERCISE. Vine,* flown, miuc, none, renown, fine, fan, thin, assign, shun, lines, loans, mines, nouns, fines, ovens, iron, vain, nun, feign, shines, lean, moon, even, thine, shuns, union, refrains, heaven, shown, fans, woolens, women, woman, nine, means, summon, throne, shrines, finish, humanity, vanish, manly, finance, iron. V I • X, I /made np ^ \ aii already ought of or on him your been ~caii \ \ I I / / made up v,_^ \^ \^ too to oh but who-m shoiiid thing long for upon two owe / C ) ^ /_ ,V3 thia their 7 / \ come common >o thia their / / which any anything those there other much 165. Iss may be added to a word sign to form the plural number or the possessive case of a noun or pronoun, or the third person of a verb. Examples, things, d comes, d whose. ■WRITING EXERCISE. Pay all that you owe and you-will know what you-are worth. Sorrow always comes too soon. He who sows will reap. All but two of-the boys who were here were my cousins. He who hopes for treasures should work for them. It is a fine thing to be wealthy. You ought to be already on your way. Can you climb that apple tree? It is a long time since I have seen anything of him. I have been upon the roof of-the barn. We- shall welcome you and your sister when you-come to see us. Ilave-you been to see the other girls? It is much happier to do right than to do wrong. Which plan do-you mean? It will take me a long time to finish this book. Can any of you go to see the balloon with me? It will go up this noon. These things are useful. No-one can undo that which you have done. Whose grammar is this? Com- mon sense is a most uncommon thing. We-shall go on our way as soon-as the coach comes. All that you have said is just and right. The common branches of study are the most useful. How should I know what you ought to say to-him? Those who ought to see to this thing have all been sick. EXERCISE NO. 18. 47 I -T3 \..f..n...^...... I --/... \.J-X. .r '^ s - I I r 1 )■ r .13. ..(•../r..X. -..-)....! .(•_ / 15 X I V _ n .V,.J 48 ShoPthand manual. HAI.VING. 166. Making a stroke half as long as usual adds t or d. rr:r.__':r::_._-..^.^-..\_ a-... ^... knock knocked robe robed pay paid or pate made 167. In a sentence the context will easily determine whether t or d is to be added. 168. The names of the half-lengths \ \ II etc., are Pet, Bet, Tet, Det, etc. 169. The rule for the position of half-lengths is the same as that for horizontals, namely : 1. Nearly a stroke above the line of writing. (Just under upper ruled line.) See line 3. 2. On the line of writing. See line 4. 8. Just under the line of writing. See line 5. 170. A hooked stroke is halved the same as a simple stroke. Ex. *^ pride, X trickled, ^"^ — critical, S* straight. 171. The t or d expressed by halving is read after the final hook, C ^' but before the final circle or loop . Ex flint, splints. 172. The final syllables ted or ded are represented by a half- length t or d (see line 12), and where Tet, or Dot, docsnotmake a good angle with the preceding stroke, it is disjoined and written to the right, and partly below the preceding stroke. See line 13, 173. In order to distinguish between conflicting words like send and sent, end and nut, old and late. El, Em, En, and Ar may be shaded when halved to add d. Emp, Ing, Way, and Yay are seldom or never halved. 174. Copy columns 18-23 of Table at end of Manual. WRITING EXERCISE. Rob, robbed, pack, packed, prick, pricked, brag, bragged, bit, taught, might, not, east, made, debt, paid, act, art, get, doubt, glad, crude, added, noted, hardly, better, mailed, nailed, kept, engaged, crept, clipped, snapped, plates, blood, cried, bright, proud, cloud, titled, papered, trickled, tattered, beggared, tapered, puckered, draggled, critical, dived, band, rift, mound, round, around, trained, draft, mountain, throned, returned, happened, deserved, achieved, shrined, print, approved, heaved, blinds, offered, rumored, traveled, muffled, measured, frowned, friends, grounds, grafts, brands, drifts, drained, craved, found, mends, finds, plants, sprained, splints, flint, amendment, territory, brilliant. EXERCISE HO. 19. 40 .2...^....^....5c...]?....L....V-..:\r. 3 i^ *) ^ {p A X v■ — — • ^ ^-' sf- 9 •J-^-1--'^— -i- 10_._ ^_ ^\ ^ "Nj. % «>■ /f^ C \' il.._-^.._. -s ? li; Z ___>_ 15 J • ;/ 50 Shorthand manual. WHEN TO HALVE AND WHEN NOT TO HALVE. 175. When it is necessary to put a vowel by t or d, the stroke must be used instead of halving, hence : a. If a word ends in t or d you can generally halve for the t or d, but if a word ends in a vowel after t or d the stroke must be used for t or d. See line 1. b. The t or d stroke must also be used when two needed vowels precede the t or d. See line 3. 176. A stroke should not be halved unless it makes a good angle with the other strokes to which it is joined. For instance, fact must be written ^ — . In this word k cannot be halved, for if it were, either there would seem to be no k at all, but merely a long f, or else the outline would look like f and a full length k. See line 5. 177. In unusual words, and in a few other cases where halving would make an outline difficult to read, it is best to use the t or d stroke, instead of halving. See line 7. 178. Hay and Ray should not be halved unless joined to another stroke or unless they have a hook ; otherwise they might be mis- taken for / cht or C chft. See line 8. 179. The loop, and not halving, should be used in such words as /\j refused or /— n/^ molest where t or d comes aflcr s or z. Halve in such words as y^ refutes or ,--y^ molds where t or d comes before s or z. Use the loop for final st or zd, but halve and add the circle for final ts or dz. See line 9. WBITING EXERCISE. Beets, beast, poised, pods, buzzed, beds, best, mist, mitts, midst, modes, most, needs, sneezed, wends, bodes, bossed, wilds, whilst, fates, faced, voiced, avoids, Ned's, nest, fact, evoked, looked, rode, married, dated, stated, root, tarried, avoided, potted, imitated, red, roared, dialect, doted, locked, collect, reflect, credit, credited, date, data, mud, muddy, Neddie, naught, Lottie, flat, poet, diet, beauty, haughty, tidy, detail, wants, beautify, winds, esteem, madam, vote, iced, heard, detect, estimate, sprout, mitigate, enact, worst, intend, appealed, pity, pitched,, duty, tight, appetite, cents, tipped, used, hoped, veto, occupied, notice, notes, hired, intend, windy, Jewett, hand, styled, written, writing, fortified, effected, fortunate, sometimes, peeped, legitimate, vacate, ascend- ant, indicated, instituted, deposits, defendant, superintendent. EXERCISE NO. 20. 51 1 ^^ ^__yt\ .ri.... I ^--1 !i......x..-a__ t ,e ■^ \rn c^ ^^ a A .A S>^ ■?--^h A . . .'i .^t lu -/A;.o/^^ v(^ . v(r^ ^ cy^ 11 ^ X ^ "-0 ^- -V ^2 Shottthand CQanaal. DOUBLE LEXGTH CURVES. 180. Making Emp twice its usual lengtli changes it to mper or mber. See line 1. 181. Doubling Ing adds ker or ger. See line 2. 182. Doubliugany otlier curve adds tlier,ter, order. See line 4. 183. The first half of a lengthened curve is put in the position it would occupy were it a single length. See line 6. 184. It is better to make a lengthened curve too long than too short. ..:....._.._.._.../. L I. r quite could good general-ly whatever different till difference tell "S"al-ly remark particular-ly part from full-y more Mr. advantage together WRITING EXERCISE. I shall go to Connecticut the latter part of September if the weather is fine. The Senate chamber is reserved for the highest legislators of the land. Walter wrote a long letter to his mother Thursday, and to-morrow he will write another letter to his father. The General will tell me the full particulars of the cam- paign. It will make no difference whatever with his plans. Could you tell me whether the grocer sent the oysters or not? I have heard from Mr. Jones. A good deal more can be gained by order than by disorder. Is Arthur as well as usual? "We will go to- gether. What advantage is there in the plan? Have you read of the wonderful adventures of Cinderella? Whatever may have been the cause, the General has been forced to surrender. Open the shutters. Ideas are sometimes smothered by a multitude of words. He has entered upon another term. Render honor to whom honor is due. The longer you linger the harder it will be for you to enter upon your task. Does it make any difference whether the diameter of the cylinder is six inches or ten? The feather pillows ought to be smoother, then the room will look neater. Mr. Luther's remarks were particularly good. This will be more to your advantage than that. I would tell you more of the particulars, but I am quite tired. Put the papers together in a pile. Wait till I tell you to go. It is a long ride from Eochester to Detroit. When I hear from my sister I will explain matters. 12 EXERCISE NO. 21. 53 ■..h...r., i..x..^..„../i.A.s. 13 k-> ^ ^-r h^ .t1 .^..k 14 15 _\_ - A" w?.\ u Shorthand Hlanual. WORD SIGXS. 2. A. A r 1 c- told toward call care sure principal-ly member nor I principle remember-ed near ,.:^....:^ .^ r _^. ^ - ^..... every ^difflcult-y importance over very ever however improve-ment important spirit ..1 J T 2 £ _._....:. >. I nature Dr. dear during pleasure short under immediately opinion hundred A....A \,. 1/' ....d. L (/ subject object objection first after gentlemen gentleman now ■«V11ITING EXERCISE. Do-you remember the remarks of Mr. Brown, the member from Nevada? We- judge from the principles he utters that he is a man of a very sound mind. Will you wait till I teU everybody what improvements have been made iu-the plans? If ever he calls, tell-hira all about the difficulty. Remember the importance of-the improvement of-the mind. Tell me now every thing the member told-you. From his treatment of-his friends we-are sure that he can not be a man of principle. He has displayed a very different spirit since you told-him of your cares. However important the matter may be, we-are sure that it has been fully discussed. When he came here to call he told me a very good story. He dis- played a proper spirit toward his enemies. It is more blessed to give than to receive. You-must write this lesson over and over again. There-are more things in Heaven and earth than are dreamed of in your philosophy. If you-will call we-will talk over this matter of improvements. The Nature of Evil was the subject of the Doctor's sermon. We take particular pleasure in expressing our opinion upon this important subject. Their object was to raise funds; first, to supply the necessities of-the sick, and after that to provide for the hundred orphans under their care. He is fond of expressing objections to-the plans of other gentlemen. The short gentleman who stood during the first part of-the opera is the father of our dear friend, Dr. Grant. Neither you nor I were with him when he spoke of the improverients in his store. We-are sure that you-will come to us immediately when you hear how much we need you. I am sure that all of his objections are well founded. His visits are short but they give us great pleasure. EXERCISE NO. 22. 55 1 ^ l.•5_^'..c__..!.:.^..^_.^_r?\__x, 2 ^ _ ) _ y \ o .-o ( .\__^-\--..h ° "A -\"-- „ -1 r • vl9 . v^ > \ 10_ ^.-|:-z:'rf..k ^ /cv /qV^ 5^ ^ .i. T- A 10 \ 1 ^'^ I- ^- 11 12 13 V-'^, C....C. -r- %>^ |v V -^ _ cr \ ■lb- ^..k^..V-(- ^ -V _ .,....:l.. 60 Shot»thand manual. magnificent, conquest, accommodate, irreconcilable, inspiration, self-esteem, self-instruction, complain, inscribe, unseemly, coun- terfeit, insolvpnt, discontent, recommend, inscription, recom- pense, unconflned, controversy, inconvenient, inconsiderable, profitable, painful, successful, beautiful, -wherefore, doing, making, engraving, blessings, legibility, sensibility, instrumentality, myself, yourselves, hardship, whenever, anything, admissible, himself, her- self, trying, kindly, stability, craving, peculiarity, ourselves, pay- ing, buying, sleeping, friendship, placing, cleaning, creasing, gazing, meaning, susceptibility, considering, kinship, yoursell, condensation, writing, drifting, contractor, compensation. WORD SIGNS. -' ,...->........■■' I - (.^ accordlng-ly, had, now, opportunity, dollar, advertise, because, thank. •— /...../. ../....\...v ivern-ment, danger, large, larger, number, practl V'***' ^<^ |^'rathe'r.*'T"*'^^' govern-ment, danger, large, larger, number, practice, probable, public publish, / tbougli never, nevertheless, notwithstanding, until, value, establishment, ...y^ ^:\.. being, ImposBible, influence, represent, representative, representation. They will probably publish the results of their investigations, because this will afford them an excellent opportunity to advertise their new machine, and thus introduce it to the public. A large number of counterfeit dollars were found in the possession of representatives of that establishment. His practice is probably larger. It is impossible for the people ever to have influence in the government until they understand the value of representation. Until now we have never found an opportunity to thank you. Though many dangers threaten us, we will, nevertheless, uphold the right according to our understanding of it. Whom do you represent, and what opinions do you entertain? EXERCISE NO. 25. 61 •--r,-^..^...-..i.x..r-..:...v.')-(r(.x.. . t r \j _".(. ./C_--^__1jz)_x__^ _ -^---^-V-\--/-v---v^--^- _\ _ I^ ...r..(.:.-^L^ .^..:...v.;. ..Y^i 11 12 y \. 13 _\_ •)^_1_-. 14 ° ^ ^ /__r^ l_5> •f _ >C .y-/....J -S 1 //_ -T- ■r ■I- V A_... — y ....\...i...r-^..l 64 Shorthand OQanual. WRITING EXERCISE. Elk, lake, elm, lame, Olga, log, alike, elegant, like, Illinois, lion, along, lung, lime, lamb, illumination, Allegliany, file, fallow, vile, volley, whirl, Rollia, flail, frail, freely, violent, Holland, nail, Nile, kingly, pollen, Delano, gelatine, felon, intellect, volition, electric, Elraira, eloquent, delinquent, thrills, mail, broil, trail, furlough, nestle, facile, easily, renewal, lesson, little, elope, alcohol, linger, listen, quail, loosen, annual, frizzle, lineage^ loyalty, polish, literary, aloof, abolish, location, nozzle, also, always, squall, legation, Ellen. (Where no principle would be violated, a reporter may select the form that suits him best. For example, some reporters prefer El in such words as lounge, length, etc., while others find Lay more couvenient.) For the, that the, in the, are the, from the, was the, then the, had the, is the, as the, ought the, all the, have the, by the, under the, in a, such a, and in a, and is, is a, and as, and has, as a, has a, and it, or a, or the, but a, but the, on a, on the, should a, should the, by a, if the, and had the, and at a, and was the, and in the, and was a, and which the, and that the, and is the, and as the, and for the, and then the, and when a, and think the. REVIEW QUESTIONS. 73. What is said of the position of word-signs? 74. How often should the word-signs be reviewed? 76. What is the direction of on and should? 76. On which side of straight strokes is the 1 hook written? the r hook? 77. Which hook is written on the circle side? 78. Name the double consonants given on p. 36. 79. How are the double consonants vocalized? 80. When is the hook written and when read? 81. What is said of retracing a stroke? 82. When should the hook and when should the stroke be used for 1 or r? 83. Which final hook is written on the circle side, and which is written on the opposite side ? 84. Name the double consonants given on p. 39. 85. When is the final hook read? Shorthand Cnanual. 66 86. When should the hook and when should the stroke be used for f, V, or n? Give throe cases when the stroke should be used. 87. What is always indicated by the use of the final hook? 88. What is generally indicated by the use of the final stroke? 89. How is the circle prefixed to the 1-hooked stroke? 90. How should Iss be written in words like exclusive? 91. How is the circle added to the f or v hooks? 92. How may Iss be combined with the r hook on straight strokes at the beginning of a word ? in the middle of a word? 93. How are words like disagree or Jasper written? 94. How may Iss, Scz, Steh, or Ster be combined with then hook at the end of straight strokes? 95. What is generally used instead of the ns circle in the middle of words? 9G. Name and write the curved double consonants. 97. What is said of fr, vr, thr, etc.? 98. What is said of shl and zhl? 99. How are Mer and Ner distinguished from Wem and Wen? 100. How is the circle combined with all hooks on curves? 101. What curves take the n hook? 102. Can Iss be added to a word-sign, and why? 103. Name the signs for "all, already, ought, of, or, on, two, to, owe, but, who, should." Ans. Betoid 1, Detoid 1, Jetoid 1, Petoid 1, Tetoid 1, Retold 1, Betoid 2, Petoid 2, Detoid 2, Tetoid 2, Jetoid 2, and Retoid 2. 104. What is the effect of halving a stroke? 105. Name the half lengths. 106. Give the rule for the position of half lengths. 107. When should the t or d expressed by halving be read? 108. Give two ways of expressing final ted or ded. 109. What light strokes are sometimes shaded when halved? 110. When should halving and when should the stroke be used lor t or d at the end of a word? Give two cases. 111. Name two other cases when it is not best to halve. 112. When can Hay and Ray be halved? 113. What distinction is made between final st and ts, zd and dz? 114. What is the effect of doubling Emp? Ing? any othercurvc? 115. Which half of a lengthened curve is put in position? 66 Shorthand manual. EXCEPTIONS. 219. The half length ) st is sometimes written up. See line 1. 220. All true word-signs are more or less exceptional; that is, they do not follow all tlie directions given for phonetic represen- tation, for vocalization, position, choice of hook or stroke for 1 or r, etc. 221. In rare cases the f or v hook may be used on curves, in or- der to avoid an awkward joining, or a long, inconvenient outline. This hook should be long and thin to distinguish it from the n hook. It is sometimes used to denote the afDx ful, as in the words thankful, thankfulness. See line 2. The chief use of this hook is in phrasing. 222. c — c — y^ y^ c^- c — /^ and /^ may generally be used in words of frequent occurrence, even though a prominent vowel sound comes between the stroke and the hook. Ex. c— court, Z' child. If, however, a final vowel follows the 1 or the r, the stroke and not the hook should be used for 1 or r. 223. The above double consonants may be safely used, because the words which they represent are so few, that in a sentence the context will easily determine which word is meant. This class of words is generally included in the list of word-signs, but it is un- necessary to burden the memory with them, as the only irregular- ity in their formation is the use of the hook instead of the stroke for 1 or r. 224. A prominent intervening vowel sound does not always pre- vent the 1 or r hook being used on other strokes than — _- / or / when it is desirable to avoid a long or an inconvenient out- line. This liberty, however, must be indulged in only when the out- line is long or peculiar, never lohen there toould be only one stroke in the word, or tohen there would be a sacrifice of legibility . 225. To aid the beginner in reading, vowels occurring between a stroke and its initial hook may be written as follows : a. Dots are made into circles and are written, if convenient, before the stroke to indicate a long vowel, or after the stroke to indicate a short vowel. Ex. >/ charge, « — .^__^ calendar. See lines 3—13. X b. Dash vowels and diphthongs are written across the stroke See lines 3—13. EXERCISE NO. 27. 67 Q •B.-..U>--^-J-^-A'.r- " o — ,_|_D c4^ _ _ in jT. 51tL/_ _ -.H- H- --* I v~ ,^ .>'.-c^...cx:..V!-..X,... 'i-f?. .tki. -f-&/ . .1^1 . rrl'. . r-^„ 68 Shorthand nianual. c. When the presence of a hook, circle, etc., would make It in- convenient to write a vowel across the stroke, flrst-place vowels may be written at the beginning of the stroke, and third-place vowels at the end of the stroke. 226. The advanced writer seldom uses this method of vocal- ization, because he can easily read the class of words mentioned in articles 222 — 225 without vowels, and in other cases he prefers a longer outline that needs no vowels to a shorter outline that must be vocalized. 227. In such words as moral, immoral, material, immaterial, etc., the double letter in the negative word may be expressed by two strokes instead of one, to distinguish it from the positive from which it is derived. See line 14. 228. In a few cases a half length may be joined to a stroke with which it makes no angle. Such words sliould be written with especial care as to length and curvature, in order to insure legibility. See line 16. PHRASE-WRITING. 229. One of the most valuable expedients for obtaining speed is phrase-writing, by means of which two or more words arc written without lifting the pen. The words thus joined are generally easier read than when written separately. ■v Ex..\Ji.,^..we have8een,,..L at the time,w..j by that time. 280. Rule 1. The Jirst word in a phrase is written in its usual position and the other words follow after without regard to posi- tion. Ex. Si they thought, L that they were. See Exer- cise 28, line 1. ^ 231. Exc. 1. In rare instances, the second word of a phrase is put in position instead of the first. Ex in these, .v in this, ..^^n/.— , in those. This is because the meaning of the phrase depends upon the position of the second word. See line 4. 232. Exc. 2. A, an, and, and the always take the position of the word to which they are joined. Ex. -^ the first, and we were. 233. Ing the, may be represented in phrazing by writing a slant- ing tick in place of the lug dot. Ex. I doing the. y Shorthand manual. 69 WRITING EXERCISE. You may, you can, you will, you may try, you can do, you may think, you may go, you will do, you will find, you will try, we were, we will find, we will try, we are, we are glad, w-e think, we think that, we think you may, we think you must, we thiaik you will, we have had, wc have seen, they were, they think that, they thought that, it was, it would be, it was done, in these, in this, in those, in each, in which, in much, what would be, what was done, they said, and with that, what was said, what is done, having the. 234. When must is joined to a following word, its loop is changed to a circle. See line 2. 235. I is indicated in phrase-writing by one-half of the word- sign for I, either Petoid or Retoid as is most convenient. Ex. .—X I think I am. 236. You may be represented in phrasing by y "when r> cannot be conveniently joined. See line 0. 237 Not is represented either by Net or by the n hook and halving. Ex. | do, j do not or don't, /^ will, /^ will not. 238. Is, his, as, has, or us, may be indicated by Iss. Ex. \^ it is, ^ tell us, ^ tells us. See lines 1 and 7. 239. Have or of, may be denoted by the f or v hook. Ex. out of the way. See line 5. 240. Their, there, or they are may ])e added to a curve by length- ening it, to a straight stroke by the use of the thr, tr or dr hook, and to hooks, etc., by a heavy slanting tick \ Betoid or / Jetoid. See lines 8 and 9. 241. Than and oicn may be represented in phrasing by the n hook; are and sometimes our by the r hook; icill and sometimes all by the 1 hook. Line 10. ^ may be used for have been. 242. The h tick may be used by careful writers to indicate he in phrasing. Remember this tick must always be written down, in the direction of / ch. If written otherwise, it may be mistaken for one of the ticks for I. The tick for he always takes the position of the word to which it is joined. See line 11. 243. It is sometimes safe in phrasing to indicate it by halving the preceding stroke. Ex. ...J...... if it were. 70 Shorthand Cflanual. E5GERCISE 28. Line 1. It is done, it has been, wliiclx has been, is not, has not, it should not be, it has not been done, it is important, it is im- possible, it seems to me, it seems to be, it seems likely. Lin? 2. You must, you must be, you must do, we must have, we must be, we must not do, we must not think, we are sorry, we are aware, we think we are. Line 3. I think, I am, I shall, I can, I will, I jvas, I am not, I will not, I cannot be, I am very glad, I am sorry, I am sure it would be. Line 4. By these, by this, I do, I had, I did not, I do not, I had not, with me or with my, we may, we might not, we may not, we are in, we are not, were not, I do not know them. Line 6. Which have been, which have not been, who have been, who have not been, they have been, I have, I have been, I have not been, I have not done, I have gone, I have not gone, I shall not be. Line 6. Give you, send you, you know it, they sent you, we have seen you, when you can, if you can do so, if you have been, do you think, do you remember, do you know. Line 7. Do us, think so, think us, give us, gives us, send us, they sent us, let us, let us know, let us be sure, as well as, as long as, as much as, as soon as possible. Line 8. In their, I was there, I think they are, we have seen their, if there has been, for there is no one, some other, no other, the other, have their, of their. Line 9. You will not be there, I cannot be there, by their, we had their, where they are going, where there is a, I had not their, down there, I believe they are, they were not there, that we were not there, they have been there, we were there. Line 10. More than, better than, rather than, longer than, sooner than, your own, our own, which are, which will, it will, they are, they will, of all, in our, less than. Line 11. He is, he has, he has been, he was, he would not be, he cannot do, he will try, he may, I may, he said, I said, I thought he would be, if he has been, that he was. Line 12. At all, it will be, it will not be, at first, at last, for sometime, at the same time, not only, as it, is it, as it has not been, as it seems to me, of course, it may be as well. Line 13. As there, is there anything, I mean to be, I intend to be, we mean to have, do you mean to say, two or three, bill of EXERCISE NO. 28. 71 A 1 .r?.z t7. . :^.~) - ?- -~C. i^.Vii.^. C-3 C/^ — r__c^__a_v___ 5./ ^_ A.^.vv.Vor- ^o_oo .7^.73 _^m . _ rT_^. I _l _(_C «^_ 4p_ /?_ /:'rr_/?v_Co»-/f-^2A^- l-ry _ k_/ ji . i^^^.t^. r .^. ."ir^ ^ .y. area, — <7~N' cameo. 256. When a long vowel is followed by a short one, it may be indicated by putting a horizontal caret < in the place of a dot vowel or > in the place of a dash vowel. J^t .— .. *il -c_^. K ...s-y. -/r> -.y,. .... Ex. deist, ' atheist, clayey, doughy, snowy, Louis, St. Louis. 257. The w or the y semicircle may be used in place of a vowel to indicate that the sound of w or y is combined with the vowel sound. When so used, c or - is inserted in place of a dot vowel and > or A in place of a dash vowel. ^ Ex. Dissuade, persuasion, odium, Isaiah, superior. 358. As far as practicable, there should be a stroke for every syllable, that is, a stroke for every vowel. 259. Other things being equal, a horizontal outline is preferred on account of convenience, Example. JZ^rrd.cotton. 260. Numerals, a. Most numbers are expressed by figures. 6. When alone, c one and should always be written in shorthand, as the figures are liable to be mistaken for phonographic characters. c. It is better to write two, three, ten, first, second, third, sixth, and tenth also in shorthand, thus : ^ i > 5 J .^ -o 9 ^ (J d. Instead of writing two or more ciphers in succession, use the word-signs for hundred, thousand, and million. 8:-^ I 'i-{ 9i::^__.„..^.... Ex. 800 2000 7000 9,000,000 100,000 e. When convenient, 20, 30, etc., may be expressed as follows: Shorthand nianaal. 75 261 . Punctuation. An inch space may be used for a long pause such as a period or a semi-colon, and a hul f an inch space for a shorter ^ X pause; or X or,.^^ may be used for a period, and for a question mark. (^ ^ orX X denotes a parenthesis. A dash is indicated by a waving line, thus- — -; a hyphen by the sign of equality =. A dash under a word denotes emphasis. Two parallel horizontal lines under a word indicate capitals. Other stops may be written as usual. 262. Derivatives. Ait far as practicable, the form of a primitive word should be retained in its derivatives. \> ^ v^ ^ L L, Ex. Found, founder, foundry, foundation, continue, continued. 263. Sometimes, however, it is best to write derivatives unlike their primitives. ^ >i 1 Ex. See, seen, assign, assignor, weigh, weighed. 264. Distinctions. Words dififering in meaning, but containing the same consonant sounds, may be distinguished, 1. By an arbitrary or a natural difference in their outlines. /^ ^ X ^ ^-^ s Ex. Legal, illegal, resolute, irresolute, writer, reader, order / c gentlemen, agent. 2. By a difference in position. f ^^~^- -V^TT^.......^... .^... Ex. Eminent, imminent, indication, induction, needless, endlesa 3. By vocalizing one of the words. Ex. Migrate, immigrate, emigrate. 265. It is better to use a vowel to distinguish between words havtng the same consonant sounds than it is to burden the memory with too many arbitrary forms. OMISSION OF CONSONANTS. 266. As obscure sounds and sounds difficult of utterance are often omitted in the careless pronunciation of the uneducated, with- out destroying the intelligibility of their speech, so in shorthand 76 Shopthand manual. there may be many omissions without destroying the legibility of the writing, 267. An obscure consonant sound may generally be omitted. Ex. f suggest, not ^ 268. A prominent consonant sound is sometimes omitted when its insertion would be difficult, and when the remaining consonawt Bonuds are sufficient to distinguish the word. Ex. \^ practicable. 269. W, y, and h, arc the consonants most frequently omitted. Ex. ^ frequent, ^1 withdraw, "'^ comprehend. 270. The st loop is often changed to a circle in the middle of words, thus omitting t. Ex. mostly, mistake, postofflce, testimony, western. 271. G, li, 1, n, p, or r may also be omitted when there would be no loss of legibility, and when their expression would necessitate a tedious, difficult outline, or an outline that would extend too far below the line. Ex. Distinguish, sanction, intelligent, passenger, tempt, quarter. OMISSION OF SYLLABLES. 272. The prefixes con and circum may sometimes be omitted. — l---^::^- I i Ex. Contract, in consequence, in consideration, circumstances. 173. The affixes, ing, tial, tially, and a few others may be omit- ted in words of frequent occurrence where their omission would not endanger legibility. _ ............. ^ ^ Ex. Understanding, having done, substantial. 274. An outline that contains only a part of the consonant sounds in a word is called a contraction. 275. Occasionally a long-hand abbreviation or a slang word may be used as a contraction. \> r c^ Ex. N. Y., New York; steno., stenographer, reg., regular; biz., business. Shorthand nianual. 77 276. A few contractions may be formed by intersections, as fol- lows : Agent by an intersected / Ex. \ / Book agent. Association by an intersected _J Ex. v Missionary Soc. Superintendent by an intersected ^\ Ex. ^/\ Gen. Supt. 277. When studying the examples of contractions given in these pages, the student should first write each word in full, observing wherein it is difficult of formation. Then he should carefully note what is the omission in the contraction and the reason for the omission. In this way he will not only fix the contraction indel- ibly upon his mind, but he will gain the principle upon which each contractfon is based, and will be able to form similar contractions of his own, so that there will be no need of his burdening himself •with long lists of contractions to be memorized. 278. Let the student, however, bear in mind that the most emi- nent reporters, both in this country and in Europe, use compar- atively few contractions and few word-signs. It is generally quicker, as well as safer, to write a long outline, than it is to stop writing by sound and rely upon the memory for a short but arbitrai'y form. Writing from sound becomes mechanical in time, and what, ever is done mechanically can be done swiftly and easily. Do not aim, therefore, to form as many contractions as possible, but use only such contractions as are natural and easy to you. OMISSIONS OF WORDS. 279. Of the, may be omitted and indicated by writing the word following o/fAe close to the word that precedes it. Ex. i°-^i^^^ letter of the second inst. Sometimes the words may be joined. Ex. U Gentlemen of the jury. 280. To may be omitted and indicated by writing the following word below the line of writing, half a stroke below the third position. This is sometimes called the 4th position. Ex to-day. 281. From — to may be omitted in such phrases as from hour to hour ..^--.. , from day to day j | 78 Shorthand manual. 282. And, or, and the are occasionally omitted in phrase- writing. rv^ <^ ^ Ex. By and by, more and more, more or less, sooner or later. 283. As a rule, any word may be omitted, which must and will readily be supplied to complete the sense. Ex. C we mean to have, \. it ought to be, q/''^ sworn and examined. 284. Conclusion. — As this book contains all of the prin- ciples of Phonography, the student should not leave it until he has thoroughly mastered its contents. He will then be prepared to read "Business Letters in Shorthand." He should also spend a portion of each day in writing easy miscellaneous matter. He should first copy a few lines very slowly and carefully. Then he should read and correct what he has written, taking great pains to be perfectly accurate, regardless of the time required. After he is satisfied that each form is correct, he should write the same from dictation. After reading and correcting his notes he should write the same matter again and again from dictation, reading and correcting his notes each time that he writes. This should be continued until the article can be written from dictation with absolute correctness and with considerable speed. The rapid- ity of the dictation may be gradually increased, and more diflicult matter may be chosen. 285. In order to win success, these directions must be observed : Aim even in your most hurried moments to make each phono- graph as perfect as possible. Be especially careful to make each stroke of the right length. Never allow yourself to make the wrong stroke or the wrong hook. A careless habit is very hard to overcome, and it is fatal to success. Accurate writers are sure of finding employment, even if they are slow; but no one wishes a careless stenographer no matter how swift he may be. Write, therefore, no faster than you can write accurately. 286. Be slow to adopt forms of doubtful brevity . A reporter can do better and swifter work if he feels sure while he is writing, that he can read his notes when they are cold. Write so that you can read your notes swiftly and correctly, and read everything that you write. ShoPthand manual. 79 BEVLEW QUESTIONS. 147. In phrasing, which word is written in position? H&. Name two exceptions. 149. How is must indicated in plirasing? /, you, not? 150. What docs Iss represent in phrasing? 151. What is indicated by the f or v hoolt in phrasing? By the n hook, the r hoolv, the 1 hooli? 152. In what three ^Yays may there, their and they are bo plirased? 153. Wliat is said of the use of a tick for he? 154. How is it sometimes indicated in phrasing? 155. What phrases should the student use at present? 160. What three things arc to be considered in phrasing? 157. When is it best not to phrase? • Give three cases. 168. What sets of words should be plirased? • 159. What parts of speech are often joined? 160. What is said of uncommon words and proper names? 161. How is a semicircle used in place of a vowel sign? 162. How should one and six be written, when alone? 163. What other numerals may l)e written in shorthand, and how? 164. How are punctuation marks indicated in shorthand? 165. What is said of derivatives? 166. When different words contain the same consonant sounds, how may they be distinguished? Name three ways. 167. When is it safe to omit a prominent consonant sound? 168. What consonants are most frequently omitted? 169. What other consonants may be omitted, and when? 170. What is said of the st loop in the middle of words? 171. What syllables may sometimes be omitted? 172. What two classes of words often form the basis of a con- traction? 173. Name seven examples of intersections. 174. How should contractions be studied? 175. What is said of the practice of reporters in regard to con- tractions and word-signs? 176. What is said of the omission of of the? 177. Explain the fourth position. 178. Give several examples of other omissions of words. 179. How can you tell Avhen it is safe to omit a word? 180. Outline the work of the student after mastering the prin- ciples of Phonography. 181. Give five cautions and final direction. 80 Shorthand fllanua]. WORD.SIGNS. ^ \ \ r f 1 L / Opportunity, 2 hope,S party. Appear, 2 prlnclple-al, 3 practice. Particular-ly, 3 part. Opinion, 2 upon, 3 happen. By, 2 be, 3 to be. Bin. Build, billed, 2 able to. Re-inember-ed,3 number-ed 2 Board. 2 Before. 2 Been. 2 Balance. 2 Objected, 2 objection. 2 Subject- ed, 2 subjection. 1 Committee, 2 it. 2 Till, tell, 3 until. 2 Told. 2 Truth, 2 Toward. 2 Whatever. 1 Dollar. 2 do, 3 had, advertise. 1 Deal, 2 deliver. 1 Doctor, 2 dear, 3 during. 2 DIfferent-ce. 1 Each, 2 which, 3 much. / / ( ( < 2 Advantage, 3 large. 2 Danger, 3 larger. 2 General -ly. 1 Common, 2 come. 1 Quite, 2 could, 3 act. 1 Equal-ly, 2 difficulty. 1 Accordlng-ly, 3 accurate. 2 Can. 1 Because. 1 Correct, 2 character. 1 Given, 2 together, 3 ago. 2 Good. 1 Begin, 2 begun, began. 2 Govern-ed-ment. 2 For. 1 If It, 2 after, 3 future. lFill,feel,2full-y. 2 From. <~\ 2 afford 2 Phonography. 1 Ever, 2 have, 3 howeyer. 3 Value. 1 Over, 2 very, every, 3 who ever. 2 Several. 2 Think, 3 thank, thousand. 2 Them, 3 though. I That, 2 without. Shorthand manual. 81 2 There, their, 3 other. 2 This, 3 those. 1 Astonlsh-cd-ment, 2 estab- Ush-ed-ment. 2 First. 2 Was. 1 Is, his, 2 as, has. I Wish, 2 shall, shalt, 3 issue. 1 Wisher, 2 surc-ly,3 assure. 1 Short, 3 assured. 2 Usual -ly. 2 Pleasure. 2 WIU. 1 Here, 2 are, 3 our, hour. 2 Where 3 aware. 2 Him, am, home. 1 Immediately. 1 Somewhat. 1 Million. 1 Important-cc, 2 improvc- cd-ment. 1 Impossible- Ity. 1 Eomark-able-y,Mr.,2more. 2 Matter. 1 In. any, 2 no, own. 2 Under, hundred. ^^ nature. 1 Near, nor. 1 Information. 1 Influence. 1 When. Above. ^P r \ Aj y 7 2 United States. 2 Now 1 Thing, 2 long. 2 Your. 2 He. 1 The, 2 a, an, 3 and, ah. 1 All, 2 two, too. 1 Already, 2 oh, owe. 1 Ought, 2 whom. 1 Of, 2 to. 1 Or, 2 but. 1 On, 2 should. 1 /, eye, high. 2 Jtow. 1 TFe, with, 2 were, 1 What, 2 would. 1 Ye, year-s-ly, 2 yet, 1 Beyond, 2 you. 2 Probable -11 ity. 2 Property. 2 Public, publish- cd. 2 Never. 2 Nevertheless. 2 Notwithstanding. 2 Uepresent. 2 Representative. 2 Representation. Knowledge. Acknowledge. The italicized words in this list arc not true word-signs, but are regular outlines. TABLE. 1 2 S 4 5 G 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 »— -a -m -8t -str -I s-L - r .« - r -f -ft -n - Ill F \ \ V V, \ \ \ ^ \ ^ \ \, \ \ B \ \ V V V \ \ ^ \ \ V V \ \ T 1 r V '^ i \ r r 1 1 I I J <^ D 1 f v h y \ f p 1 1 I b J J CH / /" / / / / / /^ / / /, /„ ,/ J y K Q_ o c ,^ t- -» °> J> G .^_ o — £> _D ^ .<;:=> l e— (T— :, __^ •^-D F V ^ V. ^ ^ ^ '^ ^ ^ ^ v.. V V ^ Vo Vo W '^ ^ ^ ^ ^ K. ^. ,TH ( c c 6 ^ 6 c c D ") C G ¥H ( c. c 6 C i c c ) 5 ( (o /s ) r ^ ^ ) b ) .) z ) 5 5 (^ ^ 5) ) ;) SH J y oJ cJ ^ ^ cy e/ j^ J^ c/ c/ ZII J ^ J a/ c^ ^ .y e> J? J? J J L r f r /o /" r r R ^ °\ \ ^ ^ ^ ^ ~\ R ^ cy^ ^ ^ ^ >^ ^ ^ ^ y^ M ^^ (T-- ^—b /T» ^-^ ^<^ N ^^ Q-^ v_9 vj) ^^^^ ><:2? c-^ e^ ^^ v^ NG v^ ^ -U? s,-:? N,^ -^-p ^-3 W ^ 'N ^ 7^ ^ ^ Y r r r fT f (f H ^ ^ ^ C^ ^ <-^ ^ <^ ^ MP /-^ N \ \ *; \, N V \ <\ /I i 1 t> li b J ^ 1 r I, J A A c) J i 1 »> I b J d 1 f I ,1 1 1 c/ y -, C— :> _^ ^ Vp V. V<) \ k^ r L V. t V.C) V V:) \> u f 0, c G < () N Q ( t C ^ ( G ^( \ ) ^ a) ) D \\ i > ,> i o> ) <^ )\ ) J 0^ r^ ey J cy )/ J J <7 r// f/ J -r ry ^j J r r ^ /^ (T r y '{^ ^ ■> :^ ■^ -1 -^ \ '\ /O /^ ^ / J' ^ -F y^ /o c/ 6/ p x^\ ^ > •-7> ^ /-s> c^ O /^ \^-n ■^ ^5> v-P v^ c-x c ^ V7 ^ — -'V Nj> Ni» •^ S"?