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 o 
 
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 LIBRARY 
 
 OF THE 
 
 University of California. 
 
 Class 
 
 V 
 
Collector Series 
 
 COINS 
 
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 Microsoft Corporation 
 
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 Manuscripts 
 
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 Colours 
 
 
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 Fine Prints 
 
 
 Tapestry Lace and 
 Embroidery 
 
 THE COIN 
 COLLFXTOR 
 
 BY 
 
 W. CAREW 
 HAZLITT 
 
 SECOND EDITION, REVISED 
 
 EDINBURGH 
 J O VMS GRANT 
 
 Miniatures 
 
 English 
 Book Plates 
 
 
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 Pictures 
 
 Porcelain 
 
 Old Bibles 
 
 Ancient Glass 
 
 
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CONTENTS 
 
 NO 
 
 Introductory .... 
 
 PACK 
 
 7 
 
 I. 
 
 Collectors and Collections . 
 
 19 
 
 II. 
 
 Value of Coins 
 
 30 
 
 III. 
 
 Unique or Remarkable Coins 
 
 38 
 
 IV. 
 
 Greek Coins .... 
 
 50 
 
 V. 
 
 Rome ..... 
 
 107 
 
 VI. 
 
 Continent of Europe . 
 
 121 
 
 VII. 
 
 United Kingdom . 
 
 158 
 
 VIII. 
 
 The Coin Market 
 
 196 
 
 IX. 
 
 Terminology . 
 
 217 
 
 X. 
 
 Bibliography . 
 
 286 
 
 XI. 
 
 Description of Plates 
 
 295 
 
 
 Index ...... 
 
 300 
 
 211157 
 
OF THE 
 
 UNIVERSITY 
 
 C'i 
 
 COINS 
 
 INTRODUCTORY 
 
 There are many collectors of antiquities, whatever the 
 class may be, who must have felt that they would have 
 been under very considerable obligations, both in re- 
 spect to time and expense, to such a work of reference 
 as might have enabled them to take a general survey 
 of the proposed field of research, and select the ground 
 which it seemed to them best to take up, supposing 
 that it was out of the question to work on more com- 
 prehensive lines. We feel sure that in numerous cases 
 disappointment has been experienced on the too tardy 
 discovery of the unsuspected or imperfectly known 
 magnitude and cost of a collection of old china, old 
 books, old coins, or anything else of the kind, fol- 
 lowed sometimes by a relinquishment of the pursuit, 
 sometimes by an enlargement of the scheme; and, 
 apart from the extent and outlay proving themselves 
 in excess of anticipation, the absence of a tolerably 
 trustworthy guide to the principal points and par- 
 ticulars demanding attention on the side of the buyer 
 and to the dangers, or some of them, which beset the 
 
 7 
 
8 THE COLLECTOR SERIES 
 
 inexperienced amateur, must be regarded as incon- 
 venient and undesirable. For surely it is far better 
 for all concerned to start, if not with eyes quite open, 
 at all events not with eyes quite shut. 
 
 It is perfectly true, when we narrow the discus- 
 sion to numismatics, that coins are sought by different 
 persons from different motives or aims. The col- 
 lector who chooses to buy specimens regardlessly of 
 condition and value, just for the sake of forming 
 a sort of assemblage of the currencies of older and 
 extinct communities or of the former monetary sys- 
 tems of existing ones, does not perhaps perceive 
 the necessity or utility of counsel. There have been 
 thousands of human creatures who have lived and died 
 under the hallucination that they were the proprietors 
 of important and interesting cabinets of coins, whereas 
 those which were really valuable might have been 
 counted on the fingers. It is so, always has been, and 
 always will be, perchance, with every kind of curiosity 
 and relic, so long as money is to judgment and taste 
 in the ratio of 1000 to 1. We have associated with 
 individuals who had succeeded, much to their appa- 
 rent satisfaction, in amassing archaeological remains of 
 various sorts, and if in their entire length and breadth 
 there was an item or so above mediocrity, the fact was 
 to be ascribed to some fortuitous circumstance, for 
 which the owner was not immediately responsible. 
 
 There are already two or three works belonging to 
 the category of General Handbooks of Numismatics. 
 Akerman's " Introduction to the Study of Ancient and 
 
INTRODUCTORY 9 
 
 Modern Coins" and "Numismatic Manual," 1840-48, 
 are alike admirable ; but they represent the knowledge 
 of half-a-century since, and are very weak indeed 
 in the Continental section. "The Coin-Collector's 
 Manual" of Humphreys, originally produced about 
 sixty years ago, continues to reappear with new title- 
 pages, and is not only in many respects obsolete, but 
 mischievously deceptive, inasmuch as its text is the stan- 
 dard of a period before the whole subject was placed on 
 a new footing by modern scholarship and enterprise. 
 
 It is probably unnecessary to insist on the wide dif- 
 ference between the apparently trivial hobby and the 
 real aims and uses of coin-collecting. It has been an 
 object of interest and curiosity from ancient times, and 
 has been adopted as a pursuit and a research by many 
 of our greatest scholars and public characters in Eng- 
 land of all ranks and professions, from the throne 
 downward. But the manifold and immense value of 
 the study as an aid to history and the progress of 
 commerce and art, no less than to an elucidation of 
 religious sentiment and popular superstition, must be 
 allowed to be a relatively modern development, for 
 which we have to be grateful to the surrender by the 
 earth of its hidden treasures and to the interpreters of 
 the lessons and secrets there discernible. 
 
 The province of numismatics is so widely spread, 
 that it embraces all periods and countries from the 
 earliest introduction of coined money, and concerns a 
 vast number of historical personages and events. The 
 magnitude of the study is lightened to us by the 
 
10 THE COLLECTOR SERIES 
 
 sectional labours of a host of able and enthusiastic 
 inquirers, and we are at liberty to select the particular 
 field or line which appears to suit our particular views. 
 But if we cast our eyes around, we soon discover that 
 the range of special pieces extends over the whole area, 
 and that while we possess within the limits of modern 
 Europe, or even of Britain, many remarkable examples, 
 we should form a very imperfect idea of this aspect of 
 the matter if we forbore to comprise the ancient Greek 
 and Roman series and certain salient productions of 
 the East; and it is apt to be a source of agreeable 
 surprise to many who have not devoted much atten- 
 tion to this topic, when they for the first time enjoy 
 an opportunity of examining a veritable coin of the 
 good Caliph Haroun El Reschid, or of that illustrious 
 ruler of Hindostan, so greatly nearer to us, the 
 Emperor Akbar. It is natural enough, of course, 
 that both should have struck money, as they in fact 
 did; but every one does not immediately realise that 
 the Caliph of Bagdad was an actual reality (he was 
 contemporary with Charlemagne), or that the author 
 of the famous " Institutes " was a great practical sove- 
 reign in the same way as Queen Elizabeth was. He 
 was almost exactly parallel with her. Then, again, 
 what collection of this class would be judged complete 
 in the absence of Cleopatra — the Cleopatra — the lady of 
 whom, when we read of her achievements and triumphs 
 and regard her features, we are nearly betrayed into 
 suggesting that it must have been in her manner that 
 much of the charm lav. 
 
INTRODUCTORY 11 
 
 The numismatic products of every part of Europe 
 exhibit their own peculiar features of interest and 
 claims to attention ; but a careful and leisurely colla- 
 tion of one with another shows us more and more how 
 much in this respect the moderns owe to the ancients, 
 or how little the world has acquired in its riper life 
 which it had not learned and forgotten in its youth. 
 In the sort of coup-d'ceil which our volume affords, that 
 great lesson is readable in many and many a place. 
 
 One of the earliest collectors of coins in England is 
 said to have been Prince Henry, son of James I. But 
 the pursuit is undoubtedly of great antiquity, and the 
 Romans are credited with having sought the money of 
 those nations which preceded them, and notably the 
 Greeks, in power and in the arts. There was a very 
 prolonged interval, during the whole of the mediae- 
 val period and later, when the ancient coinages were 
 neglected and destroyed ; and even when the taste for 
 memorials of the past revived, it was at first the medal 
 rather than the current money which attracted atten- 
 tion — the medal in the wider sense in which it still 
 finds acceptance in many languages and systems. The 
 modern Europeans made amends for their barbarous 
 predecessors by engaging from the seventeenth century 
 onward with unbroken continuity in the collection and 
 study of these inestimable treasures ; and we know how 
 busy the pickaxe and the spade have been in reclaiming 
 from the earth in all parts of the world trodden by the 
 ancients the buried heirlooms of centuries — numismatic 
 archives, which have in some instances made the writing 
 
12 THE COLLECTOR SERIES 
 
 of history possible, and in others its rewriting necessary. 
 These eloquent though inarticulate expounders of the 
 transactions of mankind in remote ages have created, 
 nearly within living memory, a new era in almost every 
 department of human science, and have reduced our 
 older books of reference and our former speculations 
 alike to waste paper. The prosaic and utilitarian spirit 
 of our modern money forbids us to believe that in the 
 time to come men will turn to it for instruction from 
 any point of view, save perhaps its betrayal of incipient 
 national decline. 
 
 Fortunately for those who follow numismatics as a 
 calling, the inducements to collect are manifold indeed. 
 There may be said to be no piece so destitute of com- 
 mercial value, so insignificant in aspect, so artistically 
 and historically trivial, which does not meet with a 
 home, if not with an admirer. Poor specimens are fre- 
 quently of the greatest use to the student in settling a 
 moot point of detail. You cannot, as with a book, 
 make a good coin out of two bad ones ; but you can com- 
 plete a legend or a type ; and instances are on record 
 where it has asked half-a-dozen more or less imperfect 
 pieces to supply the whole reading and story. 
 
 To specialists, whose treatment is naturally sectional 
 and exhaustive, the compiler of a volume which may 
 not be entitled to aspire to a higher rank than that 
 of a general numismatic chart must not calculate upon 
 being very serviceable. Yet, although a collector on 
 this narrow gauge may, and usually does, know what 
 he is doing, to him it is apt to be acceptable for the 
 
INTRODUCTORY 13 
 
 sake of collateral illustration and comparative study, 
 since regions geographically far distant from each other 
 are often found to present striking points of agreement 
 in their monetary laws and patterns from a variety 
 of agencies ; and many, again, like to have the means 
 ready to hand of ascertaining what is outside as well as 
 within their own frontiers. 
 
 It may not be superfluous to reiterate the observa- 
 tion, trite as it may be, that in the present class of 
 monument — nay, in it alone not seldom — we seek and 
 find many of the most precious truths pertaining to the 
 history and fortunes of the human race in all parts of 
 the globe from the sixth century before the Christian 
 era. The magnificent Greek series, so ably edited by 
 Dr Head, is itself of incalculable value, not only in 
 illustrating customs, arts, and opinions, but in deter- 
 mining the names and situations of places no longer 
 known, and the titles and chronology of dynasts of 
 whom we meet with no other trace. The Roman 
 coinage, inferior in execution, variety, and antiquity, 
 remains an imperishable and unique record of that ex- 
 traordinary people in their rise, greatness, and decline, 
 and reflects all the stages of national progress and 
 decay during eight centuries of fluctuating political 
 life and activity. 
 
 The currencies of the European Continent, and in- 
 deed that of England, take up the thread where the 
 Romans, as it were, let it fall ; and setting aside the 
 money struck since the close of the old rtgime in 1789, 
 we find ourselves the inheritors of a stupendous accu- 
 
14 THE COLLECTOR SERIES 
 
 mulation of coins in all metals, of all countries, of all 
 periods, which the incessant and combined labours of 
 numismatic experts have, more particularly within the 
 last half -century, reduced to some degree of order and 
 sequence by the means of monographs and local studies, 
 without arriving at a solution of many moot problems, 
 much less at the end of the task. MM. Rollin and 
 Feuardent of Paris keep a number of early coins pending 
 the means of attribution. 
 
 The modern European coinage has perhaps enjoyed 
 at the hands of those most competent to deal with it 
 far less attention than it merits. Many localities are 
 still without any systematic account of their currencies, 
 which has to be obtained by casual or indirect means ; 
 and even such as have secured specialists to describe 
 them, cannot be said, as a rule, to possess more than 
 dry academic lists or calendars, destitute of allusion to 
 the human interest resident in so large a proportion of 
 these remains. 
 
 In the treatment of the coinage of the United King- 
 dom from British times, condensation and succinctness 
 have of course been imperative, while the larger books 
 on this branch of the theme, in regard at least to the 
 more modern coins, are perhaps too copious and minute. 
 The Anglo-Gallic series has been classed with the French, 
 which it chiefly follows in its models and denominations. 
 It is trusted and thought that no essential facts have 
 been overlooked. 
 
 It is only necessary to make a survey of the extent 
 of the field covered by a manual like that now offered 
 
INTRODUCTORY 15 
 
 to the coin -collector, and of the bulky and even volumi- 
 nous publications which scholars have dedicated to 
 accounts of the numismatic histories of individual 
 countries and towns, to become aware of the difficulty 
 of treating the subject in an intelligible and satisfac- 
 tory manner on so contracted a scale as that to which 
 it is here compulsorily reduced. On the other hand, 
 there is at present no single book of reference where 
 students and amateurs can, as a starting-point, gain a 
 general idea and estimate of the proportions and limits 
 of their plan for forming a cabinet either on a compre- 
 hensive or on a restricted basis. The grand divisions 
 of the volume are : — 1. Greek ; 2. Roman ; 3. Conti- 
 nental; 4. British, or money of the United Kingdom 
 and the Colonies in its successive stages of development. 
 There are collectors who make their choice and stand by 
 it ; others who collect different series at different times ; 
 others whose scheme is miscellaneous or desultory. To 
 all these classes increased facility for judging within a 
 convenient compass what constitutes a series, its chro- 
 nology, its features, its difficulties, ought to be accept- 
 able. To master even the prominent monographs is a 
 task which is sufficient to deter all but the most earnest 
 and indefatigable enthusiasts; and as usual, no doubt, 
 collections are made on a principle more or less loose 
 and vague. At any rate, the first step should be, 
 we apprehend, to reconnoitre the ground, and mea- 
 sure the space to be traversed, with the approximate 
 cost. 
 
 In the production of a monograph, it may be said 
 
16 THE COLLECTOR SERIES 
 
 that there is no detail which is too minute for notice, 
 and no point so trivial but that it deserves admission 
 in its proper place as an incidental or collateral illus- 
 tration. But, again, the monograph may be of more 
 than one kind — a treatise devoted to the records of a 
 country or of a city, or of a particular epoch or reign, 
 or, finally, of the coins of a given type associated with 
 a locality or with a group of localities. Dr Head 
 describes his very scholarly, admirable, and interesting 
 Historia Numorum, 1887, as a "Manual of Greek 
 Numismatics"; it is a royal 8vo of over 800 pages. 
 Stevenson's " Dictionary of Roman Coins," 1889, runs 
 to 928 pages. The present writer's "Coinage of 
 Europe," 1893, makes 554 pages, and the Supplement, 
 1897, 193 pages. If we turn to undertakings limited to 
 a city, we find the bulk augmenting in proportion to the 
 narrowness of the scope ; and this class of numismatic 
 work is of the highest value when it has had the 
 advantage of local information and experience. The 
 process, by which accounts of well-nigh every place in 
 the world known at any time to have been the source 
 of a coinage, great or small, permanent or temporary, 
 have been printed by specialists, has been carried on 
 within the last half century so assiduously, that a 
 complete corpus of numismatic literature, including 
 certain recognised catalogues, such as the D'Amecourt, 
 Reimmann, Rossi, Robert, Montenuovo, Meyer, Ligny is 
 a library in itself, and a large one. 
 
 To compile a sort of Index Raisonne" to such a body 
 of material, with select illustrations, has been, then, the 
 
INTRODUCTORY 17 
 
 object of the writer; he has mapped out in outline 
 the entire field of numismatic activity in ancient and 
 modern Europe, and has reserved to those who consult 
 his pages the option of inquiring further, and of regu- 
 lating their course by the general indications here sup- 
 plied. In the space allotted to him, to accomplish 
 more than this was impossible. 
 
 It is obvious enough that the multiplicity of books 
 and pamphlets on coins equally attests the vivid and 
 lasting interest in the subject, and the slowly cumu- 
 lative method whereby we have enriched our stores and 
 our knowledge in this direction. Some of the most 
 momentous additions to our means of properly under- 
 standing the ancient and mediaeval series have accrued 
 in the most fortuitous manner ; one discovery has often 
 led the way to others, till a chain of evidence has been 
 gradually completed, and what appeared at first sight 
 to be a stray and unconnected item has proved to be a 
 member of a consecutive series ; and incalculable service 
 has been rendered to the cause by the host of honorary 
 workers who have identified themselves with a small 
 branch of the inquiry, or even with an isolated group 
 of numismatic remains. We may mention, for ex- 
 ample, the obligations under which we lie for the 
 Bactrian coins to the late General Cunningham; for 
 those of Cyzicus to Canon Greenwell ; for the coins of 
 Metz and Lorraine to M. Kobert ; for those of Venice 
 to Schweitzer and Count Papadopoli; for the Sieben- 
 btirgen series to the Count of Montenuovo; and for 
 innumerable revisions and additions in every depart- 
 
 B 
 
18 THE COLLECTOR SERIES 
 
 ment to the Numismatic Societies' Transactions of 
 England, France, Germany, Belgium, and Switzerland. 
 The works of Hoffmann and Poey D'Avant are of im- 
 mense importance for the royal and feudal money of 
 France. The collections of the Cavaliere Rossi and 
 of the Reimmann, Meyer, and Gnecchi families were 
 indirectly instrumental in enlarging our acquaintance 
 with the earlier coinages of Italy and Germany. 
 
 Some incidental notices will occur respecting Oriental 
 coins. This is almost a class apart, and from the 
 difficulties offered by the legends it is one sought only 
 in specimens by ordinary European collectors. The 
 majority of the more modern productions of this char- 
 acter are obtainable at rates very slightly in advance 
 of the metallic values. The late keeper of the Medal 
 and Coin Department of the British Museum possessed 
 a special knowledge of the Oriental side of numismatics, 
 and we are indebted to his scholarship for the ably 
 edited volumes on the subject published under the 
 direction of the Trustees, and to which the reader 
 cannot do better than refer. 
 
COLLECTOKS AND COLLECTIONS 
 
 The formation of Collections of Coins originated, not 
 in the Numismatist, but in the Hoarder. Individuals, 
 from an early stage in the history of coined money, laid 
 pieces aside, as (nearer to our day) Samuel Pepys did, 
 because they were striking or novel, or secreted them 
 in the ground, like Pepys, because they were thought 
 to be insecure. The former habit may be considered 
 the germ of the coin-cabinet, as we know it ; the latter 
 accounts for those Finds which in modern times have 
 enriched and advanced numismatic science to so pro- 
 digious and unlooked-for an extent ; and in some cases 
 the result of casual excavation seems to point to a 
 habit, in primitive times, among certain classes, of hold- 
 ing large sums in specie, which the prospect of danger 
 led the owner to bury, as we appear to see in the 
 Chancton find of 1866. 
 
 The French term medaille, as commonly applied either 
 to a medal or a coin, is a key to the inducement, in 
 the first instance, to treat this class of monuments as 
 objects of study. During a prolonged period, when 
 coins had fairly begun to attract attention beyond their 
 
 19 
 
20 THE COLLECTOR SERIES 
 
 commercial and current aspects, it was their historical 
 and biographical interest which awakened and stimu- 
 lated curiosity. It was as records of public occurrences 
 and as portraitures of celebrated men and women that, 
 first of all, the Greeks, then the Romans, and finally 
 the modern Europeans, sought and cherished them; 
 and collections of medals proper and monetary medal- 
 lions remained accordingly the principal, even when 
 they had ceased to be the exclusive, aim of connoisseurs. 
 In Great Britain the two systems have been usually 
 kept apart; but in the continental coinages, down to a 
 quite recent period, the ancient theory and feeling have 
 survived. 
 
 There is no probability that the practice of accumu- 
 lating extensive and scientifically ordered assemblages 
 of coins was one favoured by our remote predecessors 
 beyond the necessity, prior to the institution of banks, 
 for storing specie in private houses ; yet this very need 
 may have led to the study of types by inquiring eyes, 
 while, in the interval between an archaic law of exchange 
 or of calculation by weight, a considerable proportion 
 of the personality had its appointed place of custody 
 on the premises of merchants and others. Traders and 
 travellers were just the two elements in early human 
 societies which were most apt, from the exceptional 
 facilities afforded to them, to look more or less critically 
 at currencies, and to institute comparisons between one 
 and another, if they were not sometimes instrumental in 
 suggesting to those in authority changes and improve- 
 ments. 
 
COLLECTORS AND COLLECTIONS 21 
 
 The first distinct intimation, however, of a cabinet of 
 medallic character, that is to say, of medals and coins 
 selected on account of their illustrative and artistic 
 value, is associated with a relatively modern epoch and 
 with an English prince. Books, manuscripts, paint- 
 ing, statuary, ceramics, bronzes, even gems, had found 
 admirers long before Prince Henry, eldest son of 
 James I., directed his attention to numismatics in con- 
 junction with his pursuits as a book -lover. At his 
 death in 1612 his medals and coins were valued at 
 something like £3000 ; it must have been a large and 
 important body of examples, if we take into account 
 the difference in the monetary standard. The most 
 remarkable point seems to be, that the taste developed 
 itself thus strongly and abruptly in the Stuarts, a 
 Scotish house influenced by French culture, if not by 
 Spanish magnificence and fondness for display. 
 
 The great Pembroke collection, of which we fortu- 
 nately possess a catalogue, belongs to the two succeed- 
 ing centuries, and was probably formed during the reigns 
 of Charles II., James II., William III., Anne, and 
 George I., by Thomas Herbert, Earl of Pembroke and 
 Montgomery (1685-1733), an enthusiastic antiquary; 
 it is especially noticeable, inasmuch as it for the first 
 time recognises the English and Scotish series side by 
 side with the Greek and Roman ; they constitute Part IV. 
 of the posthumous Catalogue, 1746. The whole has 
 been dispersed ; and the prices realised by the fourth 
 portion were very high, as it comprised numerous rari- 
 ties acquired by the original noble owner, not for that 
 
22 THE COLLECTOR SERIES 
 
 reason, but for a far better one — their archaeological 
 interest. 
 
 It was doubtless the precedent set by such persons 
 as Lord Pembroke, who has had occasional successors, 
 such as Lord Ashburnham, Lord Hastings, and Lord 
 Grantley, which encouraged the pursuit on the part 
 of others, with whom it might become an object of 
 ambition to emulate the titled aristocracy and qualify 
 themselves to occupy a footing based on confrdrie ; and 
 the cause of knowledge and the interests of science 
 naturally profited by a generous competition, in which 
 at last all classes found themselves joining. In the 
 course of the eighteenth century, and still more, owing 
 to political developments, of that of which we are per- 
 sonal witnesses, scarcely a vocation exists which has 
 not, or has not formerly had, its representatives on the 
 now long roll of coin-collectors. Every profession and 
 industry have contributed their quota: the Church, 
 the Law, the Army, the Navy, Medicine, the Stock 
 Exchange, Commerce; and the taste, though more 
 usually personal, is occasionally hereditary. 
 
 The older race of collectors, even in the century just 
 behind us, leaned on the whole more toward the medal 
 than the coin, and at any rate displayed an almost 
 exclusive partiality for the Greek and Roman series, 
 just as the bibliophile of the same period cultivated the 
 Greek and Roman writers at the expense of the early 
 English and continental literature. A survey of the 
 catalogues of the average coin-collectors of a few gene- 
 rations since will show how prevalent was this bias, and 
 
COLLECTORS AND COLLECTIONS 23 
 
 in how slight esteem the monetary productions and 
 antiquities of England and Scotland were formerly held 
 in comparison with those belonging to classical times. 
 The Earl of Pembroke seems to have almost taken 
 the lead in admitting the ancient money of his own 
 country to a share of attention and space, and his 
 descendant, who sold his numismatic treasures, profited 
 by the favourable change which had meanwhile occurred 
 in the market value; and we must not forget that 
 Hunter, the famous surgeon, also established an early 
 sympathy with the modern and English side, as we see 
 from his noble bequest to Glasgow, of which the ancient 
 Greek section is in course of publication. It was from 
 the end of the first quarter of last century, when Mr 
 Sotheby sold the cabinet of Sir Mark Sykes, that the 
 more modern lines of collecting may be said to have com- 
 menced. Marmaduke Trattle's extensive and splendid 
 assemblage of English coins, however, was the earliest, 
 perhaps, of first-class importance sold by the same firm, 
 while in a pecuniary respect it proved, from the sum 
 realised, one of the most remunerative and encouraging. 
 This happened in the thirties ; and the sixty or seventy 
 years which separate us from that notable event have 
 been witnesses to an instructive succession of similar 
 episodes in the numismatic world, indicating the inevi- 
 table fluctuations in tastes and prices, but with a steady 
 tendency, on the whole, to the acceptance of Condition 
 as a postulate and an influence, and the surrender of 
 inferior specimens to the student on the one hand or 
 the crucible on the other. 
 
24 THE COLLECTOR SERIES 
 
 A complete list of all the coin-sales which have 
 taken place during the past fifty years in Great Britain, 
 and on the continent would fill a larger volume than 
 the present, and would scarcely exclude any rank or 
 vocation in life within a liberal sphere. But, limiting 
 ourselves to the more remarkable incidents of this 
 class, we have to cite the Addington, Ashburnham, 
 Bieber, Bryce, Christmas, Cuff, Cunningham, Drum- 
 mond, Duncombe, Durrant, Dymock, Forster, Mar- 
 sham, Yorke Moore, Murchison, Rostron, Shepherd, 
 and Thomas cabinets; and for Scotland, those of 
 Coats, Lindsay, Martin, and Wingate, of which the 
 first is still intact in the hands of a son. Of all 
 these, the Thomas sale, the fruit of half a century's 
 devotion to the pursuit, was the most comprehen- 
 sive, embracing coins and medals of all countries and 
 periods; while that of Mr Coats may claim to be 
 most complete in the Scotish series. Among the 
 minor gatherings may be grouped the numerous in- 
 stances where casual acquisitions by a family during 
 generations in the course of travels abroad have 
 insensibly grown into a hoard, and have included, 
 as was the case (1890) with the Beaufort coins, a few 
 pieces of considerable value. 
 
 When we pass from collectors, whose possessions 
 have changed hands, and sometimes have found per- 
 manent homes in public institutions, our thoughts and 
 eyes naturally turn to such as are yet in the midst of us : 
 Sir John Evans, Canon Greenwell, Dr Hermann Weber, 
 Lord Grantley, Mr Richardson, and others ; to whom it 
 
PLATE 1. 
 
COLLECTORS AND COLLECTIONS 25 
 
 is hardly improper to add the names of the late Hyman 
 Montagu and the late Mr Murdoch, owners of the 
 largest, richest, and most varied assemblages of numis- 
 matic monuments since the historical Thomas sale. 
 Of the magnitude and splendour of the Montagu 
 cabinet some idea may be formed when we mention 
 that it contained 1300 Roman aurei, and in the medallic 
 department 150 pieces wanting in Great Russell Street, 
 besides an Anglo-Saxon series of extraordinary extent. 
 The Murdoch sale was more recent, and occupied 
 about 40 days. 
 
 As regards the Sources of Supply, an intending 
 collector (although at first collectors are often uncon- 
 scious of being such) has to rely in the main on the 
 auction and the dealer, the former being a medium of 
 acquisition attended by many drawbacks and dangers, 
 inasmuch as the coins in a sale under the hammer are 
 seldom lotted in a way to suit private buyers, and as 
 the trade not unnaturally resents that class of com- 
 petition. It very greatly depends on the line chosen, 
 with what firms one should have relations ; but all the 
 leading European centres have their numismatic emporia, 
 and even in minor towns desirable coins are frequently 
 offered for sale. Just at the commencement any one 
 may provide himself very well in London; later on, 
 according to the extent of his plan, he may find it 
 possible and convenient to correspond with Paris, 
 Madrid, Berlin, Vienna, Dresden, Leipsic, Frankfort-on- 
 Main, Munich, Amsterdam, and other headquarters of 
 experts and specialists. The sooner, in case he pro- 
 
26 THE COLLECTOR SERIES 
 
 poses to work on more or less ambitious lines, he 
 acquires knowledge and judgment, the less likely it 
 will be that he will grow dissatisfied with his hobby 
 and out of humour with those who have contributed to 
 indulge it. 
 
 A new aspirant to numismatic honours cannot do 
 better when he has passed the "penny-box" stage, 
 unless he leaps at one bound into the saddle, having 
 started at a maturer period of life, and with experience 
 gained from others — he cannot do better than study 
 attentively the best authorities. These are — (1) numis- 
 matic books of the latest date, whether monographs or 
 general treatises ; (2) sale catalogues, with the prices. 
 Personal experience has satisfied the writer that com- 
 mercially, as well as numismatically, a thorough ac- 
 quaintance with the best catalogues is of the utmost 
 value; and, besides those of the collections already 
 named, the hunter for continental coins must bring 
 himself into touch with the principal works of reference 
 ready to his hand, as it were, in the shape of descriptive 
 accounts of those magnificent cabinets which have been 
 formed and dispersed in various parts of Europe. We 
 may particularise the names of the Prince de Ligny, 
 Meyer, Montenuovo, Reimmann, Robert, Rossi, Boyne, 
 Gnecchi, as affording through their respective cata- 
 logues the most precious insight into the material 
 which exists, and the probable and best means of 
 accomplishing a new numismatic project. 
 
 Monographs have, of course, their clear use ; but for 
 general purposes they are apt to be too minute and 
 
COLLECTORS AND COLLECTIONS 27 
 
 elaborate, and they are calculated, perhaps, for the 
 literary inquirer rather than for the amateur. At 
 the same time, every one ought to be aware that of 
 recent years a very large and important body of works 
 has accumulated, dealing with the monetary annals 
 of the smaller foreign States, on a scale which would be 
 impossible on any other principle; and, on the other 
 hand, those who desire to become conversant with the 
 development and processes of coinage at different epochs 
 and in different countries will find it necessary to 
 resort to such books as Ruding's "Annals," of which 
 there are analogues in every European literature and 
 language. A general notion of the subject is to 
 be derived from the introduction to Mr Eobertson's 
 "Handbook to the Coinage of Scotland," 1878. But 
 the Coats Catalogue is the most complete work of 
 reference. 
 
 Finds of coins do not usually prove of signal service 
 to ordinary purchasers, as they are too often composed 
 of specimens of the same piece indefinitely repeated, 
 and as a rule occur under conditions which place them 
 beyond the reach of the public, or at least of private 
 individuals. As additions to our knowledge of types 
 and mints, if not of actual products, these periodical 
 events have constantly augmented our numismatic stores 
 and information, verifying entries in ancient records, 
 filling up gaps in series, supplying hitherto unreadable 
 legends, and helping us in many other ways. The 
 circumstances under which trouvailles have taken place 
 are literally endless. A small hoard of English and 
 
28 THE COLLECTOR SERIES 
 
 foreign gold coins was discovered in 1895 at West- 
 minster, encased in a sheet of lead. The unique half 
 George Noble of Henry VIII. in the Montagu collec- 
 tion was bought by Mr Curt in Paris for a moderate 
 sum, sold to the Rev. Mr Shepherd for £90, and at his 
 sale in 1885 realised £255. We must resist the 
 temptation to dwell on this part of the topic. 
 
 To return for a moment to the questions of condition 
 and difference of taste, it is not to be denied that some 
 of the most precious fruits of numismatics have been 
 gathered and applied by persons who, like the late Mr 
 Babington, almost ostentatiously disregarded the state 
 of the pieces under examination; and again, there is 
 no doubt that real and cultivated interest in the 
 pursuit has been first awakened by the accidental or 
 desultory acquisition in early life of a handful of old 
 coins selected from the familiar penny-box. The dis- 
 advantage which a practical and exact student incurs 
 by the employment of defective examples lies in the 
 inability to decipher the whole of the type; and this 
 becomes tantalising when the object of attention is a 
 supposed inedited variety. 
 
 An entertaining paper might doubtless be written on 
 the eccentricities of the less experienced in the present 
 branch of inquiry or recreation. Many numismatists, 
 who lived to outgrow the crude conceptions of their 
 novitiate, might, had they been of an autobiographical 
 turn of mind, have let us into some curious secrets, 
 some affecting only themselves, others where third 
 parties were concerned. Few collectors, it is probable, 
 
COLLECTORS AND COLLECTIONS 29 
 
 have escaped without making mistakes, and without 
 falling into the toils of the wily expert, while they 
 graduate; and it goes without saying that the majo- 
 rity, as they seldom prosecute the undertaking to the 
 end, seldom also attain sufficient discernment and mas- 
 tery to enable them to achieve a satisfactory result. 
 Instances are on record where simple gentlemen have, 
 Procrustes-like, clipped their coins to fit the piercings 
 in their cabinets ; where an entire collection of Roman 
 brass was submitted to treatment with brick-dust ; and 
 where, once more, an owner, solicitous of patinated 
 specimens, has improved upon the too leisurely pro- 
 cesses of nature by enlisting the services of art, and 
 superimposing a nice coat of green paint, or dipping the 
 pieces in oil to lend them a lustre ! These are inepti- 
 tudes ; and so far as the more respectable numismatic 
 houses in London and elsewhere are concerned, the 
 clients whom they prefer are such as understand what 
 they want and seek, and are prepared to pay for the 
 proper article a reasonable price. 
 
II 
 
 VALUE OF COINS 
 
 The estimation of ancient coins of different countries 
 and periods depends on such a variety of considerations 
 and circumstances that it is almost impossible and 
 useless to attempt to form, for the instruction of the 
 younger school of collectors, a scale or standard for 
 judging either the merits or commercial worth of any 
 class of currency. The interest with which this pursuit 
 inspires those engaged in it is singularly diversified. 
 Some are governed by topographical, some by chrono- 
 logical, and others by internal lines and limits; and 
 the prevailing motive has, of course, a tendency to 
 render others of secondary weight and influence. One 
 man collects the coins of a particular country or epoch, 
 and does not study their preservation; another looks 
 exclusively to the state of his acquisitions, and disre- 
 gards the places of origin, treating each item on its 
 own individual merits as a curiosity or work of art. 
 The choice of metals is a further contribution to the 
 wide diversity of taste and fashion in these matters; 
 there are collectors of gold only, of silver only, and of 
 copper only. Then there are such as will buy a small 
 coin and will not entertain the notion of a larger one, 
 
VALUE OF COINS 31 
 
 and vice versd. It must be evident that the co-existence 
 of so many numismatic faiths or tenets unavoidably 
 operates on the market, and sways it in different direc- 
 tions from time to time. A call for a given series, 
 type, country, on the part of a small knot of amateurs 
 suffices to innate for the moment the quotations. These 
 vicissitudes and fluctuations are incessant ; and to them 
 have to be added the surprises and perils which equally 
 beset the buyer and seller in the shape of periodical 
 finds of rare coins, with the result that the balance is 
 at once disturbed, and prior investments depreciated 
 for a longer or shorter period, according to the circum- 
 stances. The serious and sometimes puzzling fluctua- 
 tions in the prices of coins are susceptible of the general 
 explanation that the market is governed for the time 
 being by a very small body of collectors, often buyers 
 on the same lines. We see that it is now the Greek 
 series, now the Eoman, now the English, which is in 
 the ascendant. An influential amateur is in the field 
 for one or the other, and he gains followers ; and the 
 set makes a new tariff, which lasts till they are tired of 
 their amusement, or have no further desiderata. In 
 many of these cases prices current are adapted to the 
 circumstances ; there is an artificial inflation ; the climax 
 is reached at last, and the bubble bursts. The loss is 
 to the last holders at high quotations. The foregoing 
 criticism applies only to hobby-riders, not to the man 
 who has a genuine feeling for the pursuit, and acquires 
 coins, not because they are dear or cheap, but because 
 he likes them. The Carfrae and Ashburnham sales 
 
32 THE COLLECTOR SERIES 
 
 have recently reawakened the interest in Greek coins, 
 and the Richardson cabinet of English ones went a 
 little tamely ; this was partly because several collectors 
 of such things are dead or have withdrawn, and partly 
 because the sale was merely a portion of the property, 
 and that of a living person. The vast and varied 
 numismatic treasures of the continent of Europe are 
 still, in the main, a terra incognita to English and 
 American collectors. Some say they may have their 
 turn, and they will be found almost incapable of 
 exhaustion. 
 
 The formation of priced lists of coins in Numismatic 
 Manuals is, on the grounds above stated, shown there- 
 fore to be at best of very slight utility, and more 
 often a source of error and trouble. It may gratify a 
 possessor to read in a book or in a newspaper that some 
 specimen which he acquired for a very moderate sum 
 has realised a much larger one; but the price is a 
 feature which is well known to rely on — (1) the condi- 
 tion; (2) the type; (3) the prior owner. Which of 
 these factors is the most influential, it might be pre- 
 sumptuous to attempt to decide. Even condition is a 
 relative term. The auctioneer tells you that a piece 
 is "fine for the coin" ; and this is apt to be most true 
 when a coin has been struck on impure material by an 
 unskilful moneyer, or when, as in so many of the colo- 
 nial coins of all countries, siege-pieces, or currency of 
 troubled and insecure reigns, the flan is too small for 
 the die. At any rate, condition has of late com- 
 manded more general respect in England, France, and 
 
THE 
 
VALUE OF COINS 33 
 
 the United States ; and when one reflects that a private 
 cabinet can be little more than a selection of specimens, 
 it would appear to be very possible to reject examples 
 which are undesirable on this account, if the object is 
 simply to bring together a representative assemblage of 
 productions agreeable to the eye and the taste. 
 
 Taking the type as a leading inducement, there are 
 all the gradations from an absolutely different die 
 to infinitesimal minutice of detail in one or another 
 respect, constituting a variety. The prior ownership 
 or provenance is a third agency, which impairs the trust- 
 worthiness of prices, and necessitates caution in forming 
 estimates from coins surrounded by a sort of atmospheric 
 nimbus of the value of normal specimens. It is, to some 
 extent, with coins as it is with books. 
 
 The safest branch of early numismatics of every part 
 of the world to cultivate in a practical sense as a col- 
 lector is probably the copper and billon money; for, 
 as the preservation becomes more generally a question 
 in the choice of coins, it will be more and more 
 apparent that productions in these two metals are 
 the most difficult to procure in fine state, and if 
 they occur in trouvailles, are almost always irre- 
 mediably damaged by corrosion. On the contrary, 
 through the extension of railway enterprise and other 
 causes, early money in the more precious metals 
 may be expected to arise as the fruit of excava- 
 tions, as it has already done in Affghanistan, Asia 
 Minor, Greece, Turkey, Italy, France, England, and 
 other parts of Europe and Asia, revolutionising prices 
 
34 THE COLLECTOR SERIES 
 
 as well as knowledge. The British Museum Annual 
 Reports of acquisitions during the twelvemonth will 
 give a good idea of the temerity of presuming either 
 finality of information or uniqueness of examples. 
 
 Altogether, in the absence of a special line of study, 
 where the outlay by right should not be excessive, the 
 soundest counsel to tender to a new enterer on the 
 numismatic field seems to be to obey two cardinal prin- 
 ciples : (1) to buy the best quality ; (2) to refrain from 
 over-buying. The real art in these cases (it is equally 
 so in other departments) is to hold one's hand ; it is 
 always easy enough to acquire to satiety ; and it is not 
 a whit more difficult to realise at a heavy sacrifice. 
 The completion of a scheme of this kind usually extends 
 over years ; it is wise not to be in a hurry ; profit by 
 accidental opportunities and intervals of depression ; 
 and rejoice if, in the long-run, the harvest is not too 
 ample. If the hammer can scatter in not more than 
 three days the work of a lifetime, it is well ; and if the 
 standard is high and uniform, and the owner has shed 
 an odour on his property, there is no reason for fear. 
 It is the man who buys too much and not too well for 
 whom his friends ought to offer up their prayers. It is 
 highly necessary that the English or English-speaking 
 collector of foreign coins should protect himself against 
 two classes of danger: — the want of conversance of 
 English dealers, on the one hand, with the market value 
 of a large proportion of the items belonging to the 
 series, from the infrequency of their occurrence among 
 us ; and, on the other, the not unknown habit of the 
 
VALUE OF COINS 35 
 
 continental houses of marking their property for an 
 English or American meridian. But personal experi- 
 ence and judgment are the best safeguards in respect 
 alike to this branch of the pursuit and to others, as the 
 Greek, Koman, and British, where examples, especially 
 those of higher value, rest on their individual merits, 
 and dearness or the reverse are merely relative terms. 
 Another very essential point to be held in view is, that 
 it is a real disadvantage to a private cabinet to be 
 too complete, as in sales abundance cloys; and it is 
 always better to wait opportunities of securing deside- 
 rata at reasonable prices than to jump at the first 
 offer. 
 
 The permanent and exclusive loyalty, not to a class 
 or country, which may be very well, but to a more or 
 less obscure series, is very apt to prove dangerous, inas- 
 much as there is the inherent accumulation of a body 
 of virtual duplicates even where scarcely two articles 
 are absolutely the same. 
 
 In the foregoing remarks there has been a primd 
 facie presumption that the dedication of an appreciable 
 amount of property to this purpose has not taken place 
 without some ulterior regard to reimbursement, since, 
 even where one does not engage in a pursuit with an 
 eye to profit, one may very possibly and very reasonably 
 do so with the expectation that a fair proportion, if 
 not the whole, of the outlay will return. This can 
 only be the experience when judgment and taste are 
 combined. 
 
 With coins it is as with books and every other species 
 
36 THE COLLECTOR SERIES 
 
 of similar property. The quotation of auction prices 
 can by no means be affirmed to be without its degree of 
 utility ; but it is a class of information which, in the 
 hands of a tyro (they are not invariably young), is 
 exceedingly apt to be fallacious and misleading. A 
 dealer asks over £12 for a tetradrachm of Perseus of 
 Macedon; you judge it to be dear; he shows you 
 another, which will cost you a guinea. It is the same 
 coin — with a difference. In the same manner M. Fon- 
 taine, the great Paris bookseller, lays down side by side 
 two copies of an edition of a certain old book ; one is 
 to be bought for 100 francs, the other for 5000. Then, 
 at a sale, the biddings are regulated not merely by the 
 items themselves, but by the atmosphere ; not by the 
 state of business in the city, but by the presence in the 
 market of two, or say three, buyers whose cabinets lack 
 certain rarities, or perhaps by a competition between a 
 private individual and the British Museum ; or it may 
 happen (who knows?) that the commissions for the 
 highest figures have crossed over from the Continent ; 
 that MM. Rollin and Feuardent of Paris, M. Serrure, 
 or some other continental firm, have instructions to 
 secure this or that against all comers. That is the sort 
 of agency which is behind prices and the fluctuations in 
 prices; and for the bulk of a collection under the 
 hammer there is no question that the character of the 
 owner is a most potential influence. It is almost less 
 what you have to sell than who you are that are selling ; 
 and it is immense odds in your favour if you are a dead 
 hero. Fortune smiles upon the posthumous. The 
 
VALUE OF COINS 37 
 
 auctioneer and the company, if they are not unanimous 
 on any other point, agree in loving a departed celebrity ; 
 for if there were one or two tiresome traits in his gene- 
 rally faultless character, these are things of the past ; 
 he can play no more tricks. 
 
 Although the question of prices may be a moot one, 
 and the uncertainty attending the product of any given 
 coin under the hammer is, from an infinite variety of 
 causes, as great as it is inexplicable, it has been thought 
 best, on the whole, to attempt to meet the case to a 
 certain extent, and in a section which we call The Coin 
 Market, we have essayed to reduce to an intelligible 
 form some statistics bearing on this topic, with a few 
 particulars, which may be of interest and use, of a 
 cognate character. 
 
Ill 
 
 UNIQUE OK KEMAEKABLE COINS 
 
 It may be requisite to offer a few observations on a 
 species of money, of which examples are found in almost 
 every important European currency, both ancient and 
 modern, and which owe their interest and value to the 
 peculiar type or denomination, to the person by whom 
 they were struck, or to the circumstances attending 
 their appearance. In such works as Dr Head's Historia 
 Numorurriy Stevenson's " Dictionary of Roman Coins," 
 Akerman's various publications, the Numismatic 
 Chronicle, and similar periodicals printed abroad, and 
 the present writer's "Coinage of the European Con- 
 tinent," 1893-97, mention frequently occurs of coins 
 which have descended to us in presumedly unique 
 specimens, or are represented by two or three deposited 
 in public collections. Nevertheless it cannot fail to be 
 of some service to draw up a notice of the leading 
 monuments of this rather tantalising class belonging to 
 the respective divisions of our subject, more especially 
 as, by directing attention to them, duplicates or addi- 
 tional examples may be discovered or identified. 
 
 It is not to be supposed that uniqueness or singu- 
 larity of character necessarily involve intrinsic merits 
 
 38 
 
UNIQUE OR REMARKABLE COINS 39 
 
 and attractions, beyond the fact that these qualities 
 often render rarity and beauty, or excellence, con- 
 vertible terms. The most splendid examples of Greek 
 workmanship and art may be seen, for instance, on a 
 bronze coin obtainable for a few shillings in the highest 
 state of preservation; and, again, they occur on the 
 Syracusan dekadrachms or medallions, which are cer- 
 tainly costly, but are not very uncommon. 
 
 In the Greek Series, the pieces falling within the 
 present category, if they were exhaustively enumerated, 
 would prove a considerable body, distributed over the 
 large numismatic area to which ancient Hellas extended. 
 But we are dealing only with such extreme specialities 
 as may appear to deserve an independent section. For 
 instance, it will be perceived from a perusal of the 
 Historia Numorum that in the archaic electrum coinage, 
 so widely prevalent at one period, many unique examples 
 are preserved in the English or French national collec- 
 tions, and that there were special issues of money, like 
 that of the exiled Themistocles at Magnesia, of which 
 not above two or three specimens have descended to us. 
 Again, the Macedonian dekadrachm is as rare as most 
 of the coinage of that power after the period of Alex- 
 ander I., and the Archaic era is the reverse ; and the 
 coins of Bactria, once almost unknown, and very imper- 
 fectly so when Wilson published his Ariana Antiqua 
 in 1841, are at present abundant, with certain excep- 
 tions — those exceptions of a somewhat momentous 
 kind. For we have, appertaining to this rather 
 fascinating succession of currency, illustrations of both 
 
40 THE COLLECTOR SERIES 
 
 the points before us. A 20-stater piece in gold of 
 Eukratides, King of Bactria, and a silver dekadrachm, 
 unassigned, exist, so far as has been ascertained, in soli- 
 tary specimens in the Bibliotheque at Paris and in the 
 British Museum respectively ; a silver tetradrachm of 
 Plato, King of Bactria, is unknown outside the latter 
 repository; and our national collection also possesses 
 three examples of the highly interesting coinage 
 (tetradr. and dr.), with the portrait of Eukratides on 
 one side, and those of Heliocles and Laodice on the 
 other. The true history of the Bactrian money is still 
 involved in great obscurity ; we have little more than 
 internal evidence to guide us ; but, except of Diodotus, 
 the earliest autonomous ruler, and of Eukratides, we seem 
 to have no gold. The 20-stater above mentioned was 
 obtained in the Punjaub, sold to Rollin & Feuardent 
 of Paris for £800, and by them, under the express autho- 
 rity of the Emperor, who paid half, transferred to the 
 Bibliotheque for £1200. This was in 1867. The 
 Museum dekadrachm presented by Sir Wollaston 
 Franks in 1887, is not well preserved. The British 
 Museum greatly increased its store in this direction by 
 the purchase of the collection of General Cunningham. 
 The gold of Athens is particularly rare, and that of 
 Syracuse, of Macedonia, and of Egypt under the 
 Ptolemies, though plentiful enough, equally conspicuous 
 by its beauty of execution. One of the most recent 
 finds in Russia occurred in 1895 at Reni, on the Pruth, 
 and consisted of a large number of gold staters of Philip 
 of Macedon. The discovery shews how widely spread 
 
#© # # 
 
UNIQUE OR REMARKABLE COINS 41 
 
 was the distribution of this coin, of which the hoard 
 had been probably buried during centuries. 
 
 When we come to the Roman coins, we first meet 
 with the Roman ces in all its varied divisions and 
 periodical gradations of weight, of which more 
 will be said elsewhere; there are in the Consular or 
 Republican Series certain families, of whose currency 
 the examples are of the utmost rarity, and have baffled 
 the researches of the most ardent and generous col- 
 lectors, while others are common to excess even in fine 
 state. The Yorke Moore cabinet lacked many examples 
 to the last. The denarii, with the portraits of Julius 
 Csesar, Pompey, Mark Antony, Antony and Cleopatra, 
 etc., the VictoriaU, and the Family and Romano- 
 Campanian gold, are always desirable. Of the Imperial 
 Roman and Colonial money the proportion of notable 
 pieces is large, and the normal rarities numerous. No 
 brass or copper of Otho of Roman origin, and no first 
 size of any kind, have yet been reported; the first 
 brass of Matidia, Marciana, Plotina, Pertinax, and 
 others, and the aurei, and even third brass, of more 
 obscure reigns, are extremely difficult to procure. All 
 the coins of Julia, daughter of Augustus, and wife 
 of Agrippa, are rare ; they are only found in the 
 Colonial Series (Pergamus, Corinth, etc.), which also 
 includes the Judma Capta and other interesting his- 
 torical examples. To the English collector the 
 Britannia type in good state, and the gold and even 
 silver of Carausius and Allectus, are to be commended. 
 Throughout the series, but especially in the earlier 
 
42 THE COLLECTOR SERIES 
 
 first brass, we encounter reverses of great artistic merit 
 and historical interest. Fuller information is to be 
 found in Cohen or in Stevenson ; the former should be 
 consulted preferably, but in all cases opinions are safer 
 as to the scarcity than as to the price. The valuation 
 is apt to be influenced by circumstances. 
 
 Vast as is the field occupied by the Greek and 
 Roman coinages, it is insignificant in comparison with 
 that which the Continental or Modern Foreign Series 
 covers, and this fact partly arises from the extra- 
 ordinary multiplication of coin-yielding centres under 
 the feudal system. A reference to the "Coinage of 
 the European Continent" will readily show how the 
 subdivision of political authority and the gradual rise of 
 numberless seigniorial fiefs to great power and affluence 
 naturally led to the concession of monetary privileges 
 and the establishment of mints over every part of the 
 country, and to a competition between the different 
 secular and ecclesiastical dignitaries for superiority in 
 the splendour of their money, which frequently eclipsed 
 that of the Crown. It is literally impossible within 
 the compass of a few pages to do more than faintly 
 indicate the principal objects of attention and research 
 among the foreign numismatic productions of the 
 earlier epochs; nearly all are specified by us in our 
 former work; we follow the order of sequence there 
 observed : — 
 
 Bavaria . . The heavy gold coinage of Maximilian I. of 
 
 Bavaria, 1598. 
 Saxony . . The gold money of Saxony, 15th and early 16th 
 
 centuries. 
 
UNIQUE OR REMARKABLE COINS 43 
 
 Brunswick . . The bracteates and widespread silver pieces of 
 Brunswick-Liineburg. 
 
 Baden . . All the early money, especially the larger silver 
 of the Margraves. 
 
 Hesse . . . The very early money and the thalers of 1502-4. 
 
 Lorraine . . The first dated thaler, 1488, and the first dated 
 gold, 1492. 
 
 Oldenburg . . The first dated pieces of Oldenburg and Ham- 
 burg. 
 
 Mecklenburg . The 10-ducats in gold of Wallenstein of Meck- 
 lenburg. 
 
 Brandenburg . The bracteates and first dated pieces of Bran- 
 denburg. 
 The Colonial series for Hindostan, 1688-94. 
 
 Prussia . . The coins of Frederic I. of Prussia (1701-13). 
 
 Juliers . . The early denarii with portraits of the dukes. 
 
 Stolberg . . The bracteates and early gold of Stolberg. . 
 
 Austria . . The Austrian schauthalers for Austria, the 
 Tyrol, and Carinthia (1479-1533). 
 The thaler struck in gold with the jugate busts 
 of Maximilian I., Carl V., and Ferdinand.* 
 
 Bohemia . . The heavy gold money of Frederic of Bohemia 
 (1620). 
 
 Hungary . . The Hungarian quintuple ducat of 1508.f 
 
 Transylvania . The earliest gold ducats, silver thalers, etc., of 
 Transylvania. Any coin prior to 1527 ; the 
 100-ducat piece of 1677. 
 
 Switzerland . The dicken and thaler of Berne (1492-94), the 
 
 St Gallen plappart of 1424, the Geneva sol 
 d'or of 1550, the £ convention-thaler of Uri, 
 etc., and the Zurich thaler of 1512. 
 
 Poland . . The earliest gold money of Poland proper. 
 
 Russia . . The gold coinage of Russia, 15th century ; the 
 piece in that metal struck by Peter the Great 
 in remembrance of his parents ; silver and 
 copper patterns from 1723 ; the copper uniface 
 roubles of 1725-26, with their divisions. 
 
 Sweden . . The sterlings in silver prior to Olaf Skotkonung. 
 The earliest Salvator thalers. 
 
 * Even the normal silver type is rare. 
 t There are casts. 
 
44 THE COLLECTOR SERIES 
 
 Sweden . . The early money of necessity, including that of 
 Charles of Sudermania. 
 The 5-ducat piece of Christina. 
 The daler of Oxenstierna (1633). 
 Denmark . . The first dated money (1496). 
 The daler of 1523. 
 
 The gold portugaloser and half portugaloser. 
 The Colonial money of 1683. 
 Flanders . . The gold coinage of Loos and Rummen in 
 Brabant. 
 The gold coinage of Luxemburg under John of 
 
 Bohemia (1309-46). 
 The gold coinage of Wenceslaus, Duke of 
 Luxemburg, King of Bohemia, Duke of 
 Poland, &c, especially that struck for Prus- 
 sian Poland at Liegnitz, and at his chateau 
 of Mouzaive, near Luxemburg. 
 Cambrai . . The episcopal double mouton d'or, sede vacante 
 (1368-78). 
 The demi-parisis, lower gold and silver denomi- 
 nations, and copper money of Louis of 
 Maele, Count of Flanders, 1346-84, particu- 
 larly the old gold heaume. 
 The heavy gold of the Spanish rulers of Bra- 
 bant. 
 Any copper or other money struck by Maria 
 Theresa for the Austrian Netherlands prior 
 to 1744. 
 Holland . . Any money of the Counts of Holland prior to 
 Thierri VI. (1122-57). 
 The gold rijder of William V. (1346-59), struck 
 
 for Holland. 
 The Merovingian or other ancient money for 
 West Friesland prior to Bruno III. 
 (1038-57). 
 The double kogger-daalder of 1601 in gold for 
 
 West Friesland. 
 The gold money of the bishops of Utrecht 
 
 (1393-1496). 
 The original imitation at Gorinchen of the 
 
 English noble. 
 The Campen imitation of the sovereign of 
 Mary I. of England. 
 
UNIQUE OR REMARKABLE COINS 45 
 
 Holland 
 
 Gueldres 
 Italy . 
 
 Holy See 
 
 Venice 
 
 Savoy . 
 
 Monaco 
 Florence or 
 Tuscany 
 
 Bologna 
 Ferrara 
 
 Any inedited coins of Louis Napoleon, King 
 
 of Holland (1806-10). 
 The money of Batenborg and Cuilemborg. 
 The Ostrogothic regal copper nummi with 
 
 portraits. 
 The gold coins of the Lombard kings. 
 The earliest papal danari (8th century), and 
 
 copper (15th century). 
 The Roman money of the interregna (1049- 
 
 1362, 1527-28). 
 The 5-sequin piece of Clement VII. (1525). 
 The earliest scudo di argento (1585). 
 The first gold ducat under Giovanni Dandolo, 
 
 Doge of Venice (about 1284). 
 The lira and bagattino or sesino Tron. 
 The multiples of the gold ducat (2 to 100). 
 The gold doppia. 
 The gold oselle and double oselle. 
 The | silver ducat struck in gold to pass for 
 
 4 ducats. 
 Any patterns. 
 Any deniers or other money prior to Um- 
 
 berto II. (1080-1108). ".,..,. 
 
 The gold money of Amadeo VIII. 
 The silver scudo of Carlo II. (1504). 
 The heavy gold of the 17th century (2 to 20 
 
 scudi). 
 The coins of Emmanuel Filiberto (the Duke 
 
 connected with Chillon). 
 Any coins prior to Onorato II. (1605-62). 
 The grosso delta volpe. 
 The mezzo-scudo of 1530 of Nicolo Guicciardini, 
 
 Gonfaloniere of Florence. 
 The 40 soldi of Alessandro de' Medici, engraved 
 
 by Cellini. 
 The piastro di oro of Ferdinando II. (1610) 
 
 engraved by Scipione Mola. 
 The zecchino and double zecchino in gold of 
 
 Giovanni II. Bentivoglio, with his portrait. 
 The coins of Borso d'Este, first Duke (1450- 
 
 71). 
 The gold and copper money of Ercole I. (1471- 
 
 1502). 
 
46 
 
 THE COLLECTOR SERIES 
 
 Mirandola . 
 Monteferrato 
 Mantua 
 Milan 
 
 Pesaro 
 Parma 
 
 Genoa 
 
 Saluzzo 
 Franco-Italian ) 
 
 Series > 
 
 Sicily and \ 
 
 Naples j 
 
 Malta 
 France 
 
 Lorraine and 
 Bar. 
 
 Castile and Leon . 
 
 The zecchino and double zecchino in gold of 
 
 the learned Gio. Francesco Pico, Signore of 
 
 Mirandola. 
 The scudo di oro of Teodoro, Marquis of M. 
 
 about 1310. 
 Any of the early money in fine state. 
 The heavy gold of the earlier Dukes. 
 The denaro of the Virgilius type. 
 The large silver scudi di argento, with portraits. 
 The gold and silver money of the Visconti, for 
 
 the costumes and head-dresses. 
 There are some exceedingly rare patterns. 
 The copper sesino of Giovanni Sforza. 
 The scudo di argento of Alessandro Farnese 
 
 (1592). 
 The earlier gold money generally. 
 The heavy gold and silver pieces (multiples of 
 
 the genovino), usually ill-preserved. 
 The medagUe of 1503 and 1516. 
 
 Any pieces in fine condition. 
 
 See Hazlitt, C. o/E., p. 460. 
 
 See ibid., p. 461-64. 
 
 The gold coinage of the Merovingians, with 
 
 their portraits. 
 Certain special pieces of Pepin le Bref and 
 
 Charlemagne (Hazlitt, p. 467). 
 The royal d'or and other gold coins of Louis IX. 
 The cadUre d'or of Anne of Brittany (1498). 
 The pattern-pieces of Nicholas Briot. 
 The gold and silver deniers de Foi or Pour 
 
 Epouser, Louis XI 1 1. -XIV. 
 The feudal coinages of Turenne, Dombes, and 
 
 Sully. 
 Certain patterns of Napoleon I. , especially the 
 
 pattern 5-francs struck as Protector of the 
 
 Swiss Confederation. 
 The earliest dated coin (1488), the earliest gold, 
 
 1492, the ecus of 1557, 1569, and 1603. 
 Any coin of Bar anterior to 1297. 
 The gold dinhero of Alfonso VIII. (1158-1214), 
 
 with Arabic legends and A L F. 
 
UNIQUE OR REMARKABLE COINS 47 
 
 Castile and L8on . The heavy gold of Pedro the Cruel and suc- 
 ceeding kings. 
 See further in Hazlitt, p. 515-16. 
 Aragon . . The heavy gold coinage indicated infrd under 
 
 Aragon. 
 United Spain . The 50 and 20 excelentes in gold of Ferdinand 
 
 and Isabella, and Joanna and Charles. 
 The 100-escudi in gold of Philip III. and IV. 
 
 (1609-33). 
 The 50-reales in silver of various reigns. 
 Portugal . . Any money of Henry of Burgundy, first Count 
 
 of P. (1094). 
 The niaravedi and marabotins di ouro of Moorish 
 
 pattern (12th-13th c). 
 The gold dobra of Duarte I. (1433-38). 
 The gold portuguez of Emmanuel (1495-1521). 
 The 4-cruzado piece in gold of Philip II. of 
 
 Spain, for Portugal. 
 The money of the Cardinal Dom Anthonio 
 
 (1590). 
 The money of Joao IV. (1640-56) in fine state. 
 The 20,000 reis in gold of Joao V. (1725, 1726). 
 See further in Hazlitt, p. 517, et seq. 
 England . . Certain silver pennies and copper or billon 
 
 stycas of Northumbria. 
 Gold trim* struck at Canterbury. 
 Earliest coinage of Kent. 
 Coins of Offa of Mercia. 
 Penny of Offa and Cynefrith, his queen. 
 Gold dinher of Offa with Arabic legend and 
 
 Offa Hex. 
 Penny of Alfred with portrait, struck at London 
 
 (26 gr.). 
 Pennies of Henry I., Stephen, Stephen and 
 
 Matilda, Eustace, son of Stephen, etc. ,jchiefly 
 
 barbarous. 
 Gold penny (?) of Henry III. (1257). 
 Pattern groat of Edward II. or III. (1327). 
 Florin, half florin, and quarter florin of Edward 
 
 III. in gold (1344). 
 First noble of Edward IV. 
 Sovereign, double sovereign, rial and shilling 
 
 of Henry VII. 
 
48 
 
 THE COLLECTOR SERIES 
 
 England . . Half George noble of Henry VIII. 
 
 Triple sovereign and pattern 6-angel piece of 
 
 Edward VL 
 Half-crown or mezzo-scudo of Philip and Mary, 
 
 struck for Naples. 
 Three-halfpenny and three-farthing pieces of 
 
 Elizabeth. 
 Portcullis series of same (1600-1601). 
 Oxford crown of Charles I. 
 Fifty-shilling piece in gold of Cromwell. 
 Petition and Beddite crowns of Charles II. 
 Gold and silver touch-pieces from Charles II. 
 
 to James III. (Pretender), those in silver the 
 
 rarer. 
 Pattern guinea of Anne (1702). 
 Pattern guinea of George I. (1727). 
 English Colonies Hog-money of James I. for Bermuda. 
 
 Maryland shilling, sixpence, groat, and penny. 
 New England uniface shilling, sixpence, and 
 
 threepence. 
 Massachusetts shilling, sixpence, threepence, 
 
 and twopence (1652-62). 
 Silver and eopper money struck under Charles 
 
 II. for Bombay and Madras. 
 Carolina and New England halfpence (1694). 
 Rosa Americana of George I. (1722-24). 
 Rosa Americana pattern twopence of George 
 
 II. (1733). 
 Port Philip gold ounce, half ounce, and quarter 
 
 ounce (1853). 
 Scotland . . Any coins which can be found anterior to 
 
 Alexander I. (1107-24). 
 Pennies, halfpence, and farthings of John Baliol 
 
 and Robert Bruce (1292-1329). 
 Gold noble of David II., copied from the 
 
 English coin. 
 Gold unicorn and half-unicorn of James III. 
 
 (1486). 
 The divisions of the gold rider and St Andrew 
 
 of James IV. (1488). 
 The gold ryal and St Andrew of James V. 
 
 (1517). 
 
UNIQUE OR REMARKABLE COINS 49 
 
 Scotland . . The two-third and one-third Bonnet piece of 
 James V. (1539). 
 The coins of Mary I. with her portrait. 
 The twenty-pound (Scots) piece, hat-piece, and 
 divisions of the unit, all in gold, of James VI. 
 The so-called Cruickston dollar (1565). 
 The forty-shilling piece in silver (1582). 
 The sword and sceptre piece (1604). 
 Charles I. . . The lower divisions of the gold unit, especially 
 
 the 4th and 8th. 
 James VII. . The silver sixty-shilling-piece (1688). 
 
 William II. (III. The silver sixty-shilling piece (1699). 
 of England) The gold pistole and half pistole for Darien 
 
 (1701). 
 
 Any Scotish billon or copper coins in fine state are 
 more or less rare. 
 
 The coins in billon, silver, and gold struck by the 
 sovereigns of England in various parts of France from 
 Henry II. to Henry VIII. constitute a remarkable 
 group, among which are numbered several rarities of 
 the first order, like the gold mouton, chaise, said florin 
 of Edward III., the guiennois and other coins of the 
 Black Prince; the gold salute and gros d'argent of 
 Henry V., the Tournay groat of Henry VIII., dated 
 1513, and many more pieces, some insignificant as 
 works of art, but valuable as historical and numis- 
 matic relics. Akerman, in his " Numismatic Manual," 
 1840, gives a very fair account of this peculiar series, 
 which was very imperfectly known to the earlier 
 antiquaries. 
 
IV 
 
 GKEEK COINS 
 
 There is perhaps no series of coins which, at any period 
 of the world's history, has afforded a measure of instruc- 
 tion and entertainment to scholars and students, as well 
 as to collectors, equal to that created and maintained 
 by the money of Ancient Greece, and of the countries 
 subject to Greek influence, in all metals from the 
 seventh century B.C. to the third century a.d. The 
 pleasure and profit arising from the survey and inter- 
 pretation of this truly immense body of authentic monu- 
 ments of the religious, social, and political history of 
 the greatest nation of antiquity have been incessant, 
 and prove inexhaustible. No people has ever written 
 its own life so completely, so broadly, so picturesquely 
 as the Hellenes, or in characters so convincing and so 
 imperishable. We are accustomed to speak of Greek 
 and Eoman coins as of things intimately allied; but 
 the spirit of the monetary systems of the two countries 
 was essentially different, except when Kome and her 
 Italian neighbours, in the time of the Eepublic, em- 
 ployed Greek artists and models. Neither in the 
 Archaic currency, based on the ces, nor in the so-called 
 Consular or Family Group of coins, is local influence 
 
GREEK COINS 51 
 
 perceptible ; and when we place the regular examples 
 of Eoman workmanship side by side with those of 
 republican and Hellenic origin, we have no difficulty 
 in estimating the disparity between the two schools of 
 sentiment, art, and design. 
 
 Of all the classes of ancient money which engage the 
 attention of numismatists and amateurs, there is pro- 
 bably none on which they are more apt to fix at the 
 outset, and to which they more frequently revert and 
 remain permanently loyal. In comparison with all 
 other European systems, the Greek excels in its undy- 
 ing interest as a faithful reflection of the religious cults, 
 the social feelings, the popular usages, and the political 
 transactions and vicissitudes of an unique nationality, 
 which once made its influence sensible over a great part 
 of the civilised world, and yet not only could not 
 transmit its peculiar genius to other succeeding com- 
 munities, but survived sufficiently long to witness the 
 decline of its own glory as a nursery and mistress of 
 the arts. Beyond the services which these precious 
 archives have rendered to other departments of know- 
 ledge, we have to consider the obligations under which 
 we lie to their survivorship for our acquaintance, de- 
 rivable from no other sources, with long dynasties of 
 forgotten rulers and the lost sites of cities formerly 
 populous and powerful. 
 
 The agencies which most influentially contributed to 
 the formation of style, and, on the other hand, to the 
 periodical changes and vicissitudes in the character of 
 ancient Greek money, were primarily a deep and widely 
 
52 THE COLLECTOR SERIES 
 
 diffused religious feeling, varying in its incidence in 
 different localities ; and, secondarily, the evils arising 
 from foreign or domestic wars, changes of government, 
 and financial depression. The earliest coins are the 
 most attractive, if for no other reason, because they 
 reflect most vividly and sincerely the daily worship of 
 the simple populations among which they were intended 
 to circulate. It is impossible to over-estimate the share 
 which strong religious faith, even to the point of super- 
 stitious credulity, had in the making of the Greek 
 people. 
 
 Dr Head divides into five periods the rise, progress, 
 and later stages of Greek numismatic production : (i.), 
 Archaic ; (ii.) Transitional ; (iii.) Finest Art ; (iv.) Later 
 Fine Art; (v.) Decline of Art. This method of dis- 
 tribution is, of course, susceptible of modified treat- 
 ment and liable to exceptions. The Archaic era Dr 
 Head places between 700 and 480 B.C. ; the transi- 
 tional, between 480 and 415 ; the Finest Art, between 
 415 and 336; the Later Fine Art, between 336 and 
 280; and the Decline, between 280 and 146. All 
 these figures are necessarily approximate and tentative ; 
 the broad feature in the question appears to be, that we 
 have in our hands for study a progressive succession of 
 monuments, which, from the seventh century b.c. to 
 somewhere about the middle of the fourth, afford evi- 
 dence of a continuous onward movement, culminating 
 in the noble Sicilian coins and medallions of Kimon 
 and other known engravers at Syracuse and elsewhere,* 
 
 * Our knowledge of the ancient Greek artists in this department 
 
GREEK COINS 53 
 
 who often transferred to their dies masterpieces of sculp- 
 ture or painting less durable than metal, and that on 
 many accounts the value of the intermediate grades of 
 excellence or improvement is equal to that of the most 
 finished examples by the greatest masters. It is upon 
 the period of decadence, which, when it first commenced, 
 there was no means of arresting, that we cannot refrain 
 from looking with greater sorrow than interest. There 
 was that difference between the First Epoch and the 
 Last that there is between the flow and the ebb of the 
 tide; but here there was no rally, not even among 
 the political inheritors of the soil on which all these 
 examples of skill and refinement saw the light. But in 
 the Greek coinage there is another consideration, of 
 which the collector becomes sensible, and that is the 
 liability to unequal work in the money of the same 
 ruler produced, if not concurrently, at least within a 
 short interval. The disparity of execution often arises 
 from the circumstances under which the particular die 
 was engraved, from the call for an issue of money on 
 a sudden emergency in a distant province, or in the 
 absence of skilled operatives ; and in many of the Greek 
 series we are able to place side by side two tetra- 
 drachms, or other pieces of contemporary date, where 
 the type is identical and the workmanship perceptibly 
 differs. The same phenomenon occurs in the English 
 and French coinages ; and that is more usually due to 
 
 has considerably increased within the last few years, and since Dr 
 Head's Bistoria Numorum appeared in 1887, several new names 
 have been recovered. 
 
54 THE COLLECTOR SERIES 
 
 the employment of a provincial artist, as in the case of 
 the Oxford twenty-shilling piece of inferior style, and 
 in some of the copper currency of Henry III. and IV. 
 of France. 
 
 The original conception of coined money arose among 
 a people whose commercial prosperity needed such facili- 
 ties for exchange with distant countries, and who pos- 
 sessed the means, in rich gold-mines, of establishing a 
 metallic medium at once intelligible and convenient. 
 The introduction of the coinage, which is usually re- 
 garded as the basis of that of the Greeks, has to be 
 sought for outside the limits of Hellas and on another 
 continent ; and this circumstance involves the arrange- 
 ment of any book devoted to a survey of the subject 
 rather complicated and perplexing. As the Historia 
 Numorum is the standard work of reference, it was 
 judged best to obey the initiative or precedent there 
 given; but the principle followed is not perfectly 
 clear or satisfactory, as Dr Head not only places 
 Lydia near the conclusion of his volume, but com- 
 mences it with the Greek and Roman settlements in 
 Western Europe. The story of the invention of money 
 by the Lydians of the seventh century B.C. has been told 
 often enough to have become familiar to all. Whether 
 a specimen of the maiden mint exists we do not 
 know. It would be very difficult to determine the pre- 
 cise age of such a piece ; but here was the Asiatic birth- 
 place of the Greek numismatic movement, which owed 
 nothing to its foreign founders save the happy idea of 
 converting to practical purposes the mineral resources 
 
GREEK COINS 55 
 
 of Lydia. A very considerable interval must have 
 elapsed — two centuries or upward — before the Greeks 
 began to acquire the faculty of communicating to lumps 
 or discs of metal their impressions of natural objects ; 
 and the gold ingots of Lampsacus, attributed to the 
 fifth century B.C., may be the most ancient memorials in 
 existence of the bold and free treatment which we see 
 at length carried to such perfection during the best 
 period of Art. 
 
 The portraiture on Greek coins is undoubtedly, as a 
 rule, less realistic than that on Eoman money ; and it 
 may be true that the lineaments found on urban or 
 municipal pieces were intended to personify the tutelary 
 genius of the locality. But at the same time numerous 
 are the instances where the likeness stamped on an 
 ancient Greek coin carries with it a conviction that it is 
 neither more nor less than an idealised transcript of the 
 face of the sovereign in whose name the money was 
 struck. Numismatists are very steadfast in their adher- 
 ence to the contrary view ; but it seems to us one of 
 those points which are eminently open to discussion, 
 and which may be settled hereafter on a new footing. 
 Keightley remarks in his Notes on Virgil's Bucolics, 
 that " it was the general belief of at least the educated 
 classes at that time at Eome, that the gods of the 
 popular creed were merely deified men"; this 
 opinion corroborates my own. The utmost which 
 strikes us as capable of being urged in support of 
 the existing theory is that the early engraver 
 aimed at investing the personage whom it was his 
 
56 THE COLLECTOR SERIES 
 
 business to portray with a kind of divine afflatus 
 calculated to impress the popular fancy. With the 
 exception of certain cases where the portrait on a Greek 
 coin is almost obviously a vera effigies, as in the Syrian, 
 Egyptian, Bactrian, and some of the Macedonian series, 
 the heads must be accepted, we think, as flattering 
 resemblances of the rulers themselves, as we see in the 
 Roman imperial currency, and in that, coming much 
 later down, of Napoleon I. But we have modern 
 analogy on our side to assist in showing that even 
 allegorical and emblematical figures on a coinage are 
 generally traceable to an actual individual, and were 
 adopted by the artists as the objects nearest at hand. 
 The portraits on the staters and tetradrachms of Philip 
 of Macedon and on the silver money of his son Alex- 
 ander the Great possess a verisimilitude which is very 
 persuasive, and the prevailing character of the head 
 on the more or less coeval tetradrachms of Alexander 
 strike us as far more likely to have resembled the king 
 than that on the posthumous iEsillas piece. 
 
 Of the metals employed by Greek engravers, electrum, 
 silver, and bronze, were the most usual. The two latter 
 were at all times the most widely diffused ; the electrum 
 money was restricted to particular districts where this 
 natural amalgam of gold and silver, prized as harder 
 than the more precious ore for these purposes, was found. 
 Gold was, in a comparative sense, sparingly used ; and 
 the Greek series in that metal bears a very small pro- 
 portion to those in the other three mineral substances. 
 Modern discovery has added a good deal to our know- 
 
GREEK COINS 57 
 
 ledge of the electrum coinages of Cyzicus and other 
 localities. For gold, subsequently to the Archaic 
 period, we have to look to Attica, Macedonia, Thessaly, 
 Epirus, Thrace, Sicily, and Egypt; and the Athenian 
 stater and its divisions are among the rarities and 
 problems of Greek numismatics, since very few genuine 
 specimens are extant, although the currency is supposed 
 to have had a duration of about half a century (B.C. 
 394-350.) 
 
 In the settlement of the order of sequence the prin- 
 ciple followed by Dr Head has been mainly adhered 
 to ; it appears to be to a large extent that approved by 
 Eckhel ; but the present writer would have preferred 
 to change the relative positions assigned in the Historic/, 
 Numorum to Greece and some of its European colonies, 
 and to Lydia and a few other Asiatic centres belong- 
 ing to the First Epoch. The title of Britain to 
 admittance into this section solely rests on the imita- 
 tion by its moneyers of the Macedonian stater in a 
 progressively degraded form. 
 
 It will be sufficient to glance at the Historia Numorum 
 to make it immediately clear that what here follows is 
 merely a general sketch, sufficient to prepare any one 
 to estimate or gauge the extent and nature of the task 
 which he may have before him either as a collector or 
 as a student. Perhaps Dr Head has passed over rather 
 too lightly the bronze coins, which constitute in a high 
 state of preservation at once a beautiful and an inex- 
 pensive branch of study or pursuit, and may be confi- 
 dently recommended to amateurs on these grounds. 
 
58 THE COLLECTOR SERIES 
 
 But purity of condition is here of the first import- 
 ance.* 
 
 Hispania. — (i.) Greek coinage, 4th-3rd century b.c. 
 Mints : Emporise, Rhoda, Gades, Ebusus. Types : imi- 
 tations of the archaic Phocsean drachma, with the 
 divisions into thirds, sixths, twelfths, and twenty- 
 fourths, and various emblems or symbols : a cock, a 
 cuttlefish, a bull's head, etc. The coins of Rhoda have 
 a rose, those of Gades or Cadiz the head of the Tyrian 
 Herakles, and the Ebusus series Kabeiros with a hammer 
 and a serpent. The last are not later than 217 B.C., 
 when the Baleares became Roman, (ii.) Hispano-Car- 
 thaginian coinage, 234-10 B.C. (iii.) Romano-Iberian 
 and Latin coinages, 225-130 B.C. : (1) money struck at 
 Emporiae and other places in Hispania Citerior and 
 Ulterior, in the names of certain tribes which occupied 
 the surrounding territory, with Iberian inscriptions; 
 (2) money struck under Roman authority {victoriati, 
 denarii, divisions of the reduced ces, etc.), in silver and 
 bronze with Iberian or Latin legends, (iv.) Coins with 
 Latin legends, 133-80 B.C. (v.) Coins with bilingual 
 legends, Latin and Iberian, 80-72 B.C. (vi.) Latin or 
 Roman coins, 49 B.C. to A.D. 41. 
 
 Gallia. — Here, as indeed in Hispania, we have to 
 study two distinct classes of coinage : (1) that of foreign 
 colonists on the seaboard; (2) that of the Gauls them- 
 selves. The most ancient settlement was that about 
 
 * The present point* since the first edition of this small volume 
 appeared, has attracted almost more than expected attention, and 
 the ancient Greek bronze in fine preservation has increased ten 
 times in value within a few years. 
 
GREEK COINS 59 
 
 600 B.C. at Marseilles by Phocseans, who appear to have 
 struck for their use a drachma and its divisions of 
 archaic type, first known from the trouvaille d'Auriol 
 (1867), and perhaps existing for us only in remains 
 of the fifth century B.C. These coins in their types and 
 legends refer to the worship of Apollo and Artemis. A 
 drachma of fine work, attributed to the fourth century, 
 has the head of Artemis on obverse, and on reverse a 
 lion with Massa in Greek characters; this beautiful 
 piece was soon imitated in a degraded style. During 
 the Eoman period the drachma was adjusted to the 
 weight of the victoriatus, introduced into Spain by the 
 conquerors; and there are bronze coins of this time 
 with the heads of Apollo or Pallas, (ii.) The civil 
 currency having, as it is thought, ceased, and the Mar- 
 seilles and other mints closed, about 50 B.C., the coins 
 circulating in the four usual divisions of Gaul thence- 
 forward to the Merovingian era were either the Koman 
 money or the barbarous imitations of it side by side 
 with those of the Greek stater of Macedon and other 
 ancient models, which may be referred back to the third 
 century B.C., and survive in large numbers in various 
 metals, with types seldom intelligible or (except by con- 
 jecture) capable of localisation. This description of 
 currency extended over the whole of Gaul and Belgium 
 and parts of Britain and Spain. 
 
 Britannia. — This section concerns Greek numis- 
 matics, as we have just said, no further than the copies 
 of the Macedonian stater or degraded imitations of 
 Gaulish reproductions of it. We have offered a few 
 
60 THE COLLECTOR SERIES 
 
 remarks on this subject under another head, to which 
 the ancient money of Britain may perhaps be more 
 properly referred. 
 
 Italia. — Of the coins of Grseco-Italian origin we have 
 those in gold and silver (the latter often uniface) of 
 Etruria, which sometimes bear marks of value, and 
 appear to have followed the decimal system, and in 
 bronze. The gold is of two standards and the silver of 
 three, both more or less coexistent and local, those of 
 the Eubo'ic-Syracusan one being usually uniface. The 
 types are numerous and varied : obverse, head of Hermes, 
 Gorgon's head, seahorse, etc.; reverse, a wheel, circle, 
 crescent, sphynx, etc. The bronze series is large, inte- 
 resting, and, on the whole, beautiful; it is of two 
 classes — the cast pieces, of larger size and thick fabric, 
 and the struck pieces, of later date. The types are 
 numerous, and often resemble those on the coins in the 
 superior metals; and all possess a strong interest in 
 connection with the obscure cults of this region. 
 
 The other leading divisions are : — 
 
 Umbria. — The coinage is wholly of bronze, and largely 
 consists at first of the Roman ces. Some of the money 
 is almond-shaped or oblong, and it is chiefly cast. The 
 chief centres were Ariminum (Rimini),Iguvium (Gubbio), 
 and Tuder (Todi). 
 
 PiCENUM. — Chief centres: Ancona, Ascoli, Fermo, 
 and Hadria. The first place, owing its name to its 
 situation at a bend of the coast — whence on its coins we 
 get a bent arm — was an important depot for Illyrian 
 trade and the seat of a temple of Aphrodite. It was of 
 
GREEK COINS 61 
 
 Syracusan origin. The known coins of this region seem 
 to be chiefly Eoman of the third century B.C. and later. 
 
 Vestini. — Alliance-coins with Kome, 301-268 B.C. 
 Imitations of the money of Umbria and Picenum. 
 
 Latium. — The cast Eoman ces and its divisions, and 
 struck coins of various towns, 4th-3rd century B.C. 
 Some of those of Cora have the Campanian bull crowned, 
 and of Signia the head of Silenos and a boar's head. 
 
 Samnium. — No money prior to the Koman coinage 
 about the third century B.C. The district was long 
 held by village communities, which may be supposed 
 to have employed the currencies of their neighbours. 
 
 Frentani. — Money of third century B.C. in retro- 
 grade Oscan characters. Of Larinum we have bronze 
 money only, third century B.C., struck coins of the 
 uncial reduction of the ces. 
 
 Campania. — A province, containing many important 
 coin-yielding centres, and essentially Greek in the char- 
 acter of its money. The latter is chiefly in silver and 
 bronze ; the former was superseded about 268 B.C. by 
 the Koman currency {denarius) ; the latter remained in 
 use much later. Of some places silver only is known, 
 of others bronze only. It is to this region and to the 
 period of the war with Hannibal, about 210 B.C., that 
 the series of Komano-Campanian gold coins, the earliest 
 money in that metal struck under Koman authority, is 
 ascribable. Many singularly beautiful types belong to 
 Campania, including those of Neapolis with the anthro- 
 pokephalous bull common to the coins of this district. 
 Some of the pieces with Oscan legends are perhaps to 
 
62 THE COLLECTOR SERIES 
 
 be referred hither. The worship of Dionysos was more 
 or less widely diffused through Campania, sometimes in 
 conjunction with a female divinity. 
 
 Apulia. — The earliest coins are supposed to be those 
 of Tarentum, before Apulia acquired its own monetary 
 system. The types resemble those of Campania ; they 
 are of silver and bronze, the latter both cast and struck. 
 The coin-centres were numerous, and include Neapolis 
 Peucetise, the modern Polignano, a town whose ancient 
 history is exclusively derived from its coins, of which 
 there have been many finds. 
 
 Calabria. — This district included Tarentum and 
 Brundusium (Brindisi) ; the money of the former, com- 
 mencing with the sixth century B.C., is at first of archaic 
 type and of incuse uniface fabric, but attained great ex- 
 cellence and beauty. The coins from the outset exhibit 
 on obverse Taras on a dolphin, and some examples pre- 
 sent the mythical founder, and son of Neptune, on both 
 sides, variously posed. In the fourth century we find 
 gold first struck ; but silver was the prevailing metal. 
 The bronze is late. 
 
 Sicilia. — At first this island possessed coins of an 
 Italian type, introduced by the settlers from the main- 
 land; but as the Greeks established themselves here, 
 the style of the money became by degrees Hellenised, 
 and acquired in course of time an unsurpassed excel- 
 lence and celebrity, the cities which arose, both along 
 the coast and inland, emulating each other in the 
 beauty of their numismatic products and the choice 
 of the most skilful engravers, of whom in several cases 
 
GREEK COINS 63 
 
 the names are preserved. Dr Head divides the mone- 
 tary annals into eight epochs, which embrace those of 
 archaic art and of decline under the Eoman authority. 
 The Sicilian medallion, which was, in fact, the ten- 
 drachma piece, is well known ; the agonistic type of the 
 reverse is common to the tetradrachm and didrachm, 
 and probably does not allude to any specific event; 
 the triquetra, which was copied on the modern cur- 
 rency of the Two Sicilies, and on that of the Isle of 
 Man, was first introduced under Agathocles (317-289 
 B.C.), by whom it is supposed to have been intended as 
 a token of his sovereignty over the whole island. The 
 most remarkable coins in this series are those of Agri- 
 gentum, Camarina, Catana, Gela, Leontini, Naxos, 
 Panormos, and Syracuse. Many varieties of the Syra- 
 cusan dekadrachm exist, and likewise many counterfeits. 
 Macedon. — This ancient kingdom appears to have 
 been at one time under tribal and separate governments, 
 which developed into coin-producing centres, in some 
 instances of considerable importance and volume. The 
 Macedonian coinage, which comprises, on more than one 
 account, some of the most interesting remains of this 
 kind, is now divided by the highest authority into 
 eight districts or periods: — 1. The Pangcean District; 
 2. the Emathian District; 3. the Bisaltian District; 
 4. Chalcidice ; 5. the Strymonian and Botticean Dis- 
 tricts; 6. the Regal Period; 7. the Kings of Pceonia ; 
 8. Macedon under the Romans. We have in the present 
 compass altogether a line body of numismatic examples 
 commencing with the bold archaic style of the sixth 
 
64 THE COLLECTOR SERIES 
 
 century B.C., and with the productions of the rich 
 mineral country round Mount Pangaeum, where the 
 money illustrates the cults of Dionysos and Silenos. 
 The standards were successively the Phocaic, Babylo- 
 nian, and Phoenician. The currency of the Orrescii 
 comprised the silver octadrachm. The money of the 
 Bisaltae is of special importance, because it formed 
 the type employed by the earliest regal moneyers under 
 Alexander I. When Xerxes was in this neighbourhood, 
 during his invasion of Greece, the Odomanti were work- 
 ing the gold and silver mines ; and it is worth noting 
 that the camels of the king of Persia were attacked by 
 lions, which at that time abounded in this part of 
 Greece. The lion is a frequent Pangaean type, together 
 with the peculiar kind of bull also at that epoch belong- 
 ing here. Associated with the Strymonian division are 
 the beautiful coins of Amphipolis. 
 
 The original capital of Macedon under its kings was 
 iEgae, of which some of the latest money may have 
 been of regal origin ; but the earliest piece directly 
 identifiable with a ruler is of Bisaltian pattern and 
 style, with the name of Alexander I. (498-54 B.c.) 
 substituted for the older legend. Only a silver octa- 
 drachm of Phoenician standard is thus inscribed ; and 
 there is great obscurity as to the attribution of coins, 
 even to succeeding sovereigns, from the absence of 
 names. Of course the greatest share of interest centres 
 round the common and copious coinages of Philip II. 
 and his son Alexander III. (359-23 B.C.), of whom the 
 former introduced a species of bimetallism, and greatly 
 
GREEK COINS 65 
 
 improved the style of the gold and silver money, substi- 
 tuting the celebrated gold stater for the Persian daric 
 previously in use. Alexander resumed the principle of 
 a single standard, owing to the depreciation of gold 
 by the reopening of the mines at Philippi by his father, 
 and their vast yield of ore.* The money struck by 
 Alexander alone constitutes a study, and it is divisible 
 into two classes : that struck in his lifetime ; that struck 
 after his death, or in imitation of his types, both in 
 silver and in gold. But the entire regal series com- 
 mands attention from the portraits which it furnishes 
 down to the iEsillas tetradrachm with one said to be 
 a likeness of Alexander himself. The tetradrachm of 
 Antigonus Gonatas, sometimes ascribed to Doson, ap- 
 pears to refer, from the type of the reverse, to the naval 
 victory obtained by him over the Egyptian fleet off 
 Cos in 265 p B.c.f The Koman coinage for Macedon 
 usually bears the word Leg, to indicate that it was 
 struck by the authority of the Roman Legatus or 
 deputy ; but the most valuable relic of this class is the 
 gold stater of the Roman general T. Quinctius Flami- 
 ninus, assigned to the period following the battle of 
 Cynoscephalse (196-90 B.C.), and of which the exact 
 history is unknown. 
 
 The coins of Pseonia, which begin with those of 
 Lycceius (359 B.C.), after the revolt of the Pseonians, 
 at the death of Perdiccas III., from the Macedonian 
 
 * See St John's Manners and Customs of Ancient Greece, 1842, 
 1,5. 
 t See a note in Reliquiae Hearnianw, 1869, i. 45. 
 
 E 
 
66 THE COLLECTOR SERIES 
 
 
 yoke, form a short series spreading over about sixty 
 years, and composed of silver tetradrachms of reduced 
 module, didrachms, drachms, and tetraboli. 
 
 Lucania. — This region, peopled by colonists from 
 Tarentum, Thurium, Samnium, etc., comprised the very 
 important and prolific mints of Metapontum, Poseidonia, 
 Paestum, Sybaris, and Thurium. At first it employed 
 the money of other cities not originally included in 
 its boundaries, Metapontum, Sybaris, and Poseidonia 
 among them ; but eventually, down to the Roman time, 
 about 210 B.C., the various towns produced a remark- 
 ably fine series of coins, chiefly silver, ranging from 
 the archaic uniface incuse type to the 10-drachma 
 piece. A wolfs head found in the field on some of 
 the reverses is significant of the name of the locality. 
 The ear of corn which accompanies the coins of 
 Metapontum symbolises the worship of Ceres or 
 Demeter. The head of Herakles (sometimes with a 
 ram's horn and ear) on those of Heraklea has a similar 
 import. On some of the money of Metapontum the 
 river Acheloiis occurs in the form of a nude man hold- 
 ing a patera and a reed. A large assortment of beauti- 
 ful and interesting examples is to be found in this 
 series. Of the archaic incuse coins the authenticity 
 should be assured. The silver pieces of Sybaris which 
 we possess seem to belong to a coinage of very short 
 duration (453-451 B.C.); they are all incuse. 
 
 Bruttii. — This was another region where the incuse 
 uniface pattern at first prevailed; it included the 
 coinage of Croton, Caulonia, Rhegium, and Western 
 
GREEK COINS 67 
 
 Locri. No silver was coined after the submission to 
 Kome, 272 B.C., and the bronze ceased about 203 B.C. 
 Certain silver coins of Khegium equivalent to the 
 Sicilian litra were intended exclusively for the com- 
 merce with that island. There must have been an enor- 
 mous output of currency between the commencement, 
 about 550 B.C., and the final close of monetary rights in 
 89 B.C. On the coins of Croton alone we may read many 
 instructive lessons respecting the religious worship and 
 beliefs current there in remote times among the dis- 
 ciples of Pythagoras. There are others of Ehegium 
 with a mule-car and a hare, commemorative of an 
 Olympian victory gained with the former by Anaxilas, 
 and of the worship of Pan under the symbol of a 
 hare. As regards the seated bearded figure on some 
 of the money of this place, it certainly appears most 
 reasonable to agree with Dr Head in assuming it to 
 represent a rural divinity, and the dog, duck, or cow, 
 which generally accompany it, as cognate adjuncts. 
 We see among the coins of Terina some of the finest 
 specimens of Greek art. Herakles already presents 
 himself here as elsewhere on the money as an apotheosis, 
 whence it may be inferred, perhaps, that at the very 
 dawn of history his personality and patria had faded 
 into an obscure tradition, and so with other pieces of 
 Hellenic folk-lore. It seems clear from the plural 
 genitive form on the coins that Bruttii, rather than 
 Bruttium, is the correct designation. 
 
 Thrace. — The money of this region was composed 
 of that of the towns on the southern coast, the Thracian 
 
68 THE COLLECTOR SERIES 
 
 Chersonesos, the Islands of Thrace, the European coast 
 of the Propontis, the Danubian Provinces, the Regal 
 Series, the Inland Settlements, the Scythian dynasts. 
 The most important places were iEnus, Maroneia, 
 Abdera, Thasos (the seat of rich gold mines), Byzantium, 
 Panticapaeum. The worships of Dionysos, Hera, Apollo, 
 Herakles, and Artemis Tauropolos are traceable in the 
 coins. Not in a technical, but in a human sense, 
 Tomi, between Istrus and Callatia, commands our 
 respect as the place of exile of the poet Ovid, and 
 of his death. The regal series extends from the fifth 
 to the first century B.C.; but the best period is that 
 of Lysimachus (323-281), of whom there are coins in 
 gold and silver of good style, and existing both in 
 contemporary or early imitations, and the former (the 
 gold stater) frequently of doubtful authenticity. The 
 Greek currency of Byzantium is common in silver, and 
 there seem to have been alliance-coins between Byzan- 
 tium and Chalcedon in 270 B.C., but we have none of 
 the iron money mentioned by Aristophanes. Of the 
 monetary productions of the Roman epoch, and of the 
 Grseco-Scythian series, there are plentiful examples in 
 silver and bronze; those belonging to Odessus are of 
 good style and fabric. Gold was sparingly used, and 
 its survival in a stater of Panticapaeum testifies, perhaps, 
 to the commercial prosperity of the ancient Kertch in 
 the fourth century B.C. A common colonial type in 
 the Chersonesos is that with Silenos carrying a wine- 
 skin over his shoulder. 
 
 Thessaly. — This was a country, where Poseidon was 
 
GREEK COINS 69 
 
 universally revered as the author of the miracle to which 
 it owed its existence as dry land, and in whose honour 
 games, or taureia, where the youth displayed their skill 
 in seizing wild bulls by the horns and bringing them 
 to earth, were formerly held; this legend, and the 
 grazing horse, significant of the rich pastures of the 
 Thessalian plains, present themselves on the coins, of 
 which some are of very fine work. Dr Head classifies 
 the money under three periods. About 480-344 B.C., 
 when the Thessalian autonomy ceased for a time, and 
 the Macedonian currency took its place ; 302-286 B.C., 
 a temporary autonomous coinage of certain cities, after 
 the visit to Thessaly of Demetrius Poliorcetes; 196- 
 146 B.C., a federal coinage, which terminated only on 
 the reduction of Thessaly to a Koman province. The 
 chief cities were Crannon, Herakleia (where Herakles 
 was worshipped), Pharsalos, Pherae, and Larissa. The 
 iEtsei inhabited the mountain where Herakles is said 
 to have died. The island of Peparethus was once called 
 Euoinos, in allusion to the excellence of its wines. 
 Besides Poseidon and Herakles, Athena, Apollo, 
 Asklepios, and Achilles occur on the Thessalian money 
 at various epochs down to Koman times. The head 
 on the drachma figured at p. 253 of Head has been 
 supposed to be a portrait of the hetaira Lamia, mistress 
 of Demetrius Poliorcetes. Attention should be paid 
 to the rich variety of subjects on the archaic currency 
 of Larissa, and the interesting treatment of the reverses, 
 with the eponymous nymph Larissa holding up a 
 mirror, playing at ball, fastening her sandal, etc. 
 
70 THE COLLECTOR SERIES 
 
 Illyria. — The coinage is constituted of three classes : 
 civic, regal, and that of the islands. It extends from 
 the fourth to the first century B.c. The chief places 
 were Apollonia and Dyrrhachium (Durazzo). Some of 
 the money is of Macedonian type, that Power having 
 the ascendency here from about 211 to 196 B.C. The 
 regal series is very short and unimportant. Of the 
 Illyric islands, Pharos is the best known, and produced 
 coins from the fourth to the second century B.C. The 
 Illyrio-Epirote series is similarly a brief one, chiefly 
 arising from the existence of silver mines at Damastium, 
 whose currency, with its mineral wealth, is recorded by 
 Strabo. 
 
 Epiros. — The Epirote coinage forms three classes: 
 the money struck at Ambracia in silver, and in bronze 
 at Cassope and elsewhere, before 295 B.C. ; (ii.) that of 
 the short regal period, 295-72 ; (iii.) that of the Republic. 
 The prevailing types are the veiled head of Dione 
 and the conical pillar of Apollo of Ambracia, the jugate 
 heads of Zeus and Dione, the former generally with 
 the oak -wreath, significant of the oak of Dodona, or 
 the head of Zeus alone. The one piece with Pthias 
 and the veiled head of Pthia is supposed to represent 
 the mother of Pyrrhus, who struck money not only at 
 Locri in Bruttium and Syracuse, but in Southern Italy. 
 There are no coins subsequent to 168 B.C., except some 
 in bronze, attributed to the priest of the temple of 
 Zeus at Dodona, with the heads of Zeus and Artemis 
 on either side. 
 
 CORCYRA. — A wealthy commercial city, which obtained 
 
GREEK COINS 71 
 
 its independence in the sixth century B.C., and pro- 
 duced a long series of autonomous coinage of silver 
 and bronze down to Roman imperial times. The 
 uniform archaic type is a cow suckling a calf with 
 incuse reverse in compartments, inscribed with devices. 
 The silver stater of Corinthian weight was sub- 
 sequently reinforced by the drachma, the half and 
 quarter drachma, the victoriatus, the half victoriatus, 
 and the obol. The standard of the money declined 
 in course of time, and about 300 B.c. the silver 
 stater of reduced weight was withdrawn. The 
 types of many of the bronze coins suggest the 
 Dionysiac cult. In 338 B.C. Corcyra had fallen into 
 Macedonian hands, but this did not affect the cur- 
 rency further than the insertion of Kor, as an indica- 
 tion that the money, which had become in the 
 Corinthian cities of a uniform standard, belonged 
 here. The Roman series comes down to Caracalla, 
 and appears to have been also autonomous. 
 
 Acaknania. — As far back as the fifth century B.C. this 
 country formed itself into a confederacy, with Stratos 
 on the Achelous as its capital, and there are coins in 
 silver (Corinthian staters) and bronze. Stratos, Leucas, 
 and Thyrreium were the principal centres and mints. 
 The heads of Zeus, Apollo, Pallas, Bellerophon, and 
 the personified Achelous occur on the money. The 
 Romans partly broke up the union by severing Leucas 
 from it in 167 B.C. ; and the later coinage bears the 
 names of magistrates or strategoi. It is noticeable 
 that the bronze currency of Leucas about 300 B.c. is 
 
72 THE COLLECTOR SERIES 
 
 often struck over pieces of Philip of Macedon, There 
 was probably no coinage after the second century B.C. 
 
 jEtolia. — The earliest iEtolian money appears to be 
 of a federal cast, and to refer to the period from the 
 third to the second century B.C., when iEtolia formed 
 itself into a League to resist first the Macedonians, 
 and subsequently the Gauls. The seated figure on 
 the reverse type of the earliest tetradrachms represents 
 ./Etolia armed, with military trophies, and is supposed 
 to have been copied from the statue at Delphi, placed 
 there in grateful memory of the victories over the 
 invaders. There is a Gaulish trumpet at the feet of 
 the heroine, who sits on a pile of Macedonian and 
 Gaulish shields mingled together. There are a few 
 bronze coins with iEtolian types belonging to cities 
 outside the League, but in alliance with it. 
 
 Locris (Eastern), or Locri Opuntii. — It is to be 
 suspected that the archaic money of this region 
 has been to a large extent lost, or has yet to be 
 recovered. The oldest at present known belongs to 
 Thronium, and is a silver obolos with a bearded head 
 on the observe and an incuse reverse. The coinage of 
 the best period of the Locri, whose capital town or city 
 was Opus, is between 400 B.c. and 338 B.C., the date of 
 the battle of Chseroneia, when the exclusive monetary 
 rights were withdrawn by Philip of Macedon from the 
 capital and transferred to Locris in genere. The inscrip- 
 tion on the money (silver staters and hemidrachms) was 
 changed from Opuntion to Zocron. The Locrian coinage 
 was suspended under Macedonian rule, and under that 
 
rL,A 1 C V . 
 
IVEflSITY 
 
 OF 
 
 If |i 
 
 
 
GREEK COINS 73 
 
 of Rome we have coins only of the two short reigns of 
 Galba and Otho. The Locri Ozolae appear to have 
 belonged to the iEtolian League. Of Amphissa and 
 CEantheia there are coins of the second century B.C. 
 
 Phocis. — The coinage commences about the middle 
 of the sixth century B.C., and is of federal character, 
 emanating from a confederation of two-and-twenty 
 cities, whose Amphictyonic folk-moot or Synedrion as- 
 sembled near Daulis in a building known as the Phoki- 
 Jcon. We have coins of various character from the 
 middle of the sixth to the middle of the second century 
 B.C. The principal cities were Daulis and Delphi. The 
 types of the bull's head and of the boar with the head 
 of Artemis are symbolical of ancient worships (see Head, 
 p. 287). Of Delphi there are very ancient coins in 
 silver with two rams' heads and two dolphins on obverse, 
 and on reverse an incuse square cantonned with dolphins, 
 allusively to the name of the place, as well as, perhaps, 
 the worship of the Delphian Apollo. Between 357 and 
 346 B.C. money of a different character was struck as 
 the result of the war concluded in the last-named year ; 
 and the silver staters, drachms, and diobols may be 
 referred to the year (346) of the meeting of the Syne- 
 drion and the Pythian games, the reverses bearing 
 Amphictyonon. From this date to the reign of the 
 Emperor Hadrian the coinage of Delphi was suspended, 
 but it was restored under that prince and the Anto- 
 nines. It is interesting to recollect that Plutarch the 
 historian was a member of the Amphictyonic council 
 and priest of the temple of Apollo at Chseroneia. 
 
74 THE COLLECTOR SERIES 
 
 Archaic coins are known of other towns of Phocis — 
 Lilsea and Neon. The figure on one of Elateia of the 
 second century B.C. is identified with the bronze statue 
 of Athena mentioned by Pausanias. 
 
 Bceotia. — Like Phocis, this State at a very early 
 period of its numismatic history resorted to federalism. 
 The most ancient examples of currency, however, are to 
 be found among the series struck at Thebes in the sixth 
 century B.C. on an iEginetic model, with the type of the 
 Boeotian shield, a religious emblem connected with the 
 dedication of golden ones, probably to Athena, in the 
 Acropolis at Coroneia, the place of assembly for the 
 Boeotian League. The Theban coinage, at first primi- 
 tive in fabric and style and uninscribed, acquired an 
 artistic character in the succeeding century, when the 
 rude incuse reverses were superseded by a more elegant 
 and attractive pattern, and to this era the rare gold 
 coinage belongs. Other important coin -yielding centres 
 were Tanagra on the Asopus ; Coroneia, just mentioned ; 
 Haliartos, celebrated as the seat of a temple of Neptune 
 (who is represented on its money) and as a second 
 meeting-place of the Amphictyonic council; Orcho- 
 menos, a very early commercial city in relations with 
 iEgina and Pharae. Athena and Poseidon seem to 
 have been the divinities chiefly revered throughout the 
 Boeotian confederacy ; but there are also vestiges of 
 the cults of Dionysos, Eros, Aphrodite, and Herakles. 
 After the destruction of Thebes in 335 B.C. and the 
 suspension of autonomy, the periods of prosperity and 
 numismatic production were intermittent and limited ; 
 

 GREEK COINS 75 
 
 the most glorious interval of political restoration was 
 that associated with the names of Pelopidas and 
 Epaminondas (379-338 B.C.). The Koman imperial 
 coinage for Boeotia is only of three reigns (Galba, 
 Hadrian, Domitian); but long prior to this period 
 (146 b.c.) the financial condition of Greece had become 
 very unsettled, and here money of necessity appeared in 
 the form of bronze coins made to pass current for silver 
 values. A special group of Theban coinage for Bceotia 
 was that struck under Macedonian authority, with the 
 type of Alexander the Great and the Boeotian shield 
 as a subsidiary emblem on reverse (288-244 B.C.). But 
 there can be no doubt* that the most interesting epoch 
 is that which immediately followed the archaic one. 
 
 Eubcea. — The oldest coinage of this island is assignable 
 to the seventh century B.C. and to the town of Chalcis. 
 The other principal places were Carystos, Cyme, Eretria, 
 and Histiaea. Of Chalcis the first money consisted of 
 staters in electrum and the tetradrachm and its divi- 
 sions in silver. That of Eretria is remarkable for the 
 type of the Gorgon's head and the irregularity of the 
 module ; but subsequently to the wars with Persia the 
 fabric and type underwent a change. From 336 to 
 197 B.c. there was no autonomous currency, but it 
 revived after the liberation of Greece by Flamininus. 
 The Histiaean money carries on it the recollection of 
 the fertility of the vines of the district. The coinage 
 of Eubcea may be divided into four periods : first auto- 
 nomous period (including archaic pieces); Macedonian 
 period; second autonomous period; Koman imperial 
 
76 THE COLLECTOR SERIES 
 
 period — the whole extending over about five centuries 
 (700-146 B.C.). I may refer to General Fox's paper 
 on a then inedited silver coin of Glauconnesus.* 
 
 Attica. — The most ancient money current in Attica 
 is thought to have been that of iEgina, and this heavy 
 coinage was probably superseded in the time of Solon 
 by one of lighter weight, afterward known as the Attic 
 or Eubo'ic standard, and bearing the proportion of 73 
 to 100. But the Athenians seem to have had a com- 
 mercial as well as a current standard, and the former, 
 when the Euboic weight was introduced, was still 
 maintained for trading purposes, the mina being money 
 of account and = 138 drachmas. The types of the 
 coinage varied little, but the fabric and style, from 
 being extremely barbarous and primitive, grew more 
 refined and artistic. The denominations were unusually 
 numerous after the earliest period,f and comprised all 
 varieties of size and value in silver and bronze, from 
 the dekadrachm to the lepton. The gold money is 
 remarkably scanty, and does not begin till the fourth 
 century B.C. There are the stater, the drachma, the 
 triobol, the ekte, and the hemiekton, of all of which 
 the examples offered in commerce are frequently spu- 
 rious. Nearly the whole of the silver currency down 
 to about a.d. 220, when a new type was introduced 
 with improved methods of coinage, is negligently 
 executed and struck; and it is remarkable that the 
 
 * Communicated to the Transactions of the Numismatic Society > 
 1869. 
 t Dr Head speaks of 106 series of Attican money. 
 
GREEK COINS 77 
 
 finest numismatic period is that when Athens had 
 ceased to exercise preponderant influence in Greece. 
 The bronze money consisted of the kcdkous, the kollu- 
 bos, and the Upton. Four kolluboi or seven lepta were 
 = one kalkous, and eight kalkoi were = one obol. 
 
 Of the Demi of Attica, Eleusis alone struck autonomous 
 coins, and for a brief term (350-320 b.c.) ; here was the 
 temple of Triptolemos, whose name was associated with 
 the Eleusinian Mysteries, and the ephemeral coinage 
 refers to this cult. So at Oropos and Salamis, Amphi- 
 araos and Ajax had an oracle and statue and a temple 
 respectively. For a minute classification of the later 
 money of Attica we must refer to the Historia Nvmo- 
 rum. There are types belonging to the Roman period, 
 as elsewhere. 
 
 Megaris. — This minor state contained the townships 
 of Megara, iEgosthena, and Pagse, on the Corinthian 
 Gulf. Megara was a prosperous place before the Mace- 
 donian conquest in 338 B.C. The best numismatic 
 period appears to have been from 307 to 243 B.O., when 
 Megara joined the Achaean League; the types per- 
 petuate the worship of Apollo, the reputed builder of 
 the original walls of the city ; and the obelisk observed 
 on some of them is identified with the stone which was 
 termed Apollo Karinos. In honour of this divinity 
 the lesser Pythian games were celebrated here. 
 
 Of all three places imperial coins are known, but the 
 reverses preserve their Hellenic spirit and complexion. 
 
 ^Egina. — This island is claimed as the cradle of 
 ancient European coinage, its famous tortoises dating 
 
78 THE COLLECTOR SERIES 
 
 back to the seventh century B.C. ; but perhaps they are 
 not much anterior to the money of Chalcis and a few 
 other points within the Greek frontier. The most 
 remote in date may be those of heavy Phoenician 
 standard, of which a find of four specimens occurred 
 at Thera in 1821. The electrum stater of the archaic 
 tortoise type in the French national collection may 
 be the oldest piece belonging to this locality in 
 existence, and it is described as unique. Dr Head 
 distributes the coinage into eight periods, inclusively 
 of the Roman; and the last is in this case the only 
 one, singularly enough, where the treatment exhibits 
 any variety, the more natural delineation of the sea or 
 land tortoise having previously been the chief mark of 
 progress. The earlier coins are uninscribed; in the 
 inner reverses of those of the fifth century certain 
 letters occur on either side. The bronze money begins 
 in the first quarter of the same century. 
 
 Corinthia. — The numismatic archaeology of Corinth 
 is intimately associated with the myth of Bellerophon 
 and Pegasos, and the winged steed forms the standard 
 type of its fine coinage, appearing even on pieces of 
 archaic fabric and pattern, and accompanied on the 
 later currency by the helmeted head of Athena, the 
 goddess under whose auspices Bellerophon achieved his 
 exploit. The operations of the mint seem to have con- 
 tinued undisturbed through the Macedonian conquest 
 in 338 B.C. till Corinth joined the Achaean League in 
 243. From this time its output of autonomous money 
 was intermittent and limited, and in 146 it was destroyed 
 
GREEK COINS 79 
 
 by the Eomans. After its restoration in 46 by Caesar, 
 the city produced a rich volume of bronze coins, with 
 a large assortment of mythological types, well deserving 
 of study and attention. In this series we meet with 
 one of the rare coins with the name and portrait of 
 Julia, daughter of Augustus. 
 
 Peloponnesus. — The coinage of this extensive geo- 
 graphical area long consisted of the money of other 
 states — Corinth, iEgina, and Arcadia. The region 
 embraced the important districts of Achaia, Messenia, 
 Laconia, Argolis, and Arcadia, and the three influential 
 and prolific coin-centres t Elis, Sicyon, and Argos, as 
 well as those other well-known political organisations, 
 the Achaean and Arcadian Leagues. Out of all these 
 sources sprang an immense body of currency, almost 
 exclusively silver and bronze, particularly the beautiful 
 work of Elis and the interesting remains of the Ionian 
 Isles, which are powerfully marked by traces of ancient 
 cults. 
 
 The coinage of Lacedaemon, so far as we are at 
 present aware, commences with the third century B.C., 
 none of the legendary iron money being known, and 
 to this period is referable a curious tetradrachm of good 
 Greek workmanship on obverse, but with a roughly- 
 executed archaic reverse, representing the Apollo of 
 Amycloe, helmeted and armed, with a goat at his side ; 
 this coin may belong to Areus, king of Sparta, 310- 
 266 B.C. The bronze money of Lacedaemon is plen- 
 tiful, and extends over the whole period. The Spartans 
 joined the Achaean League in 192 B.C. 
 
80 THE COLLECTOR SERIES 
 
 The coins of Argos, which cover the period from the 
 sixth to the second century, are in the best time 
 (fourth century) remarkable for their beauty of execu- 
 tion and their mythological eloquence. The Stephanos 
 on the head of Hera is taken to be a recollection of the 
 head-dress on her statue by Polycleitus. Besides Argos 
 itself, there were other coin-centres, particularly Cleonae, 
 Epidaurus, and Tiryns, the last associated with the 
 modern discoveries of Schliemann, and Epidaurus made 
 interesting by the identification of its coinage with the 
 statue by Thrasymedes of Paros of Asklepios, who was 
 worshipped here. Of Tiryns there are coins of the 
 fourth century, which refute the ordinary statement 
 that it was not inhabited after its destruction in 468 
 B.C. The Roman currency of Argolis retains its 
 Hellenic character. 
 
 Of Arcadia we possess a federal coinage from the 
 middle of the sixth to the latter part of the following 
 century. The seats of mintage were probably more or 
 less numerous. As elsewhere, some of the archaic money 
 was doubtless struck within the sanctuary of Zeus on 
 Mount Lycaeum on the occasion of the annual games 
 (Lycsea), which brought the whole community or their 
 representatives once a year thither; but other mints 
 were Hersea in Western Arcadia, and, later on, Megalo- 
 polis. The cults in vogue among the Arcadians were 
 those of Zeus and Pan, of whom both had their shrines 
 on Mount Lycaeum. Within this district lay several 
 ancient and important townships or communities, in- 
 cluding Hersea and Megalopolis above mentioned (the 
 
GREEK COINS 81 
 
 former rising into notice after the battle of Leuctra in 
 371), Mantineia, Orchomenos, and Stymphalos. Almost 
 all these archaic centres are rich in mythological asso- 
 ciations, and other coins are similarly valuable in 
 rectifying historical views. Stymphalos was the fabu- 
 lous land of the anthropophagous birds destroyed by 
 Herakles. Hersea is represented as having been in 
 primitive times a confederation of village communities. 
 The bear appears on the early money of Mantineia, 
 allusively to the legend of Kallisto ; that of Pheneus 
 forms a long series, and the type of the feeding horse 
 recalls the episode of Odysseus pasturing his mares in 
 this country. Arcadia joined the Achaean League 243 
 B.C., and there are Eoman imperial coins with Greek 
 reverse types. It is to be noted that the Arcadia and 
 Pan of geography and mythology do not accord with 
 the common poetical conception, for the climate of this 
 part of Northern Greece was ill-suited to pastoral and 
 al fresco life, while the Pan of popular belief and the 
 Pan of song are two very different personages. 
 
 Ckete. — The numismatic records of this island are 
 replete with evidences of the ancient worship of Zeus, 
 who was supposed to have been born on Mount Ida. 
 Hera was worshipped at Cnossus and elsewhere in this 
 locality. Another prominent cult was that of Europa, 
 the mother by Zeus of Minos, and apparently the 
 heroine of a myth of Phoenician origin. Crete was also 
 the seat of the fable of Talos, the man of brass, who 
 made the circuit of the island thrice daily, and hurled 
 stones at vessels attempting to land, and of the dog 
 
 F 
 
82 THE COLLECTOR SERIES 
 
 who guarded the youthful Zeus, both the work of 
 Hephsestos. The coinage of Crete is chiefly of civic 
 origin, and in silver and bronze ; it is of two standards 
 — the iEginetic and the Attic, the latter proceeding 
 from an alliance between the Cretans, Athenians, and 
 others against Macedon about 200 B.C. The prin- 
 cipal towns were Cnossus, Cydonia, G-ortyna (whose 
 coins perpetuate the fable of Europa), Lyttus, Elyrus, 
 Pha&stus, Phalasarna, Polyrhenium, Praesus, and Sybrita. 
 Unusual obscurity hangs over the topographical and 
 political history of this island, and it is possible that 
 there may have been a monetary system anterior to any 
 now identifiable. Gortyna seems to have been an im- 
 portant mint in the fifth century, and a silver stater 
 presents on reverse the almost unique feature conveyed 
 in the words Topruvos to TrairjK. The famous Laby- 
 rinth of Minos is a common reverse type on the coins 
 of Cnossus, sometimes with the Minotaur's head in the 
 centre, sometimes with the Minotaur occupying the 
 obverse ; on those of Phsestus the Herakleian myth 
 prevails. The bronze currency is abundant. There is 
 a limited Koman imperial series. 
 
 The islands of the ^Egaean Sea (Cyclades and Spo- 
 rades), which, down to the second century B.C., consti- 
 tuted part of the Ptolemaic kingdom of Egypt, offer 
 many points of numismatic interest and instruction; 
 they are Amorgos, Andros, Ios, Delos, Syros, Tenos, 
 Ceos, Naxos, Paros, Siphnos, Melos, etc. Our know- 
 ledge of the oldest remains is due to two finds at Thera 
 (1821) and Melos, the former composed of nearly 800 
 
GREEK COINS 83 
 
 coins, including some not of Cretan origin ; but these 
 do not go very far to assist us in forming a complete 
 view of the evidently enormous volume of money in 
 silver and bronze which emanated from this group down 
 to Eoman imperial days. The earliest of which we 
 possess any exact knowledge belong to Paros, Naxos, 
 Melos, and Ceos. The religious cults were manifold, 
 and included those of Dionysos and Zeus, with whom 
 we find at Ceos coupled a pastoral deity named Aristaeos, 
 supposed to have been capable of protecting the herds- 
 man in summer from the rays of the sun. At Amorgos 
 there are evidences of the. worship of Asklepios, and at 
 Anaphe of Apollo. There are numismatic proofs of 
 occasional or partial federalism. 
 
 ASIA 
 
 Bosporus. — The two chief points of numismatic 
 interest on the Asiatic side of the Cimmerian Bos- 
 porus are Gorgippia and Phanagoria, of both of which 
 there are limited and unimportant currencies in silver 
 and bronze. There are also silver coins of Sinde of 
 the fourth century B.c. It is supposed that the 
 Koman imperial money of the time of Augustus, with 
 the name of Agrippia Csesareia, is referable to Phana- 
 goria, and that the latter was temporarily known under 
 that name. We have likewise a series of dynasts of 
 the Cimmerian Bosporus from the second century B.C. 
 to the fourth A.D., with Greek coins exhibiting inscrip- 
 
84 THE COLLECTOR SERIES 
 
 tions, the latter bearing on one side the head of the 
 king, and on the other that of a Roman emperor. 
 
 Colchis (Mingrelia). — The only coinage seems to be 
 pieces of the third or second century B.C., of base silver, 
 with a bull's head, and bronze money of the first 
 century B.C. of Dioscurias, with the emblem of the 
 Dioscuri, the legendary founders of the place. A 
 ruler named Aristarchus, only known by his coins, 
 appears to have held sway in this district about 
 60 b.c. 
 
 Pontus, a district containing two or three towns 
 with interesting associations, and over which a dynasty 
 of princes reigned from about 250 B.C. to a.d. 63, when 
 Pontus became a Roman province. The kings of 
 Pontus at one time held nearly the whole of Asia 
 Minor, and their chief mint was at Pergamum. The 
 principal cities were Amasia, birthplace of Mithridates 
 the Great and Strabo the historian, of which we have 
 autonomous and Roman money with Greek inscrip- 
 tions, Amisus, Sebastopolis, Zela, and Comana Pontica, 
 of all of which there are coins, some of ancient date, 
 in silver and bronze. Pontus embraced within its 
 boundaries many religious cults allied to those of the 
 Greeks ; others, as of Men, Enyo, Anaitis, and Serapis, 
 were peculiar to itself. The high-priest of the goddess 
 Enyo at Comana enjoyed a precedence next to that of 
 the king. The high-priest of Zela united the temporal 
 with the sacerdotal authority. Gold staters exist of 
 Mithridates VI., but of the other dynasts there are 
 only tetradrachms and their divisions, and bronze 
 
GREEK COINS 85 
 
 money, many with good portraits, though of inferior 
 style and workmanship. The history and chronology 
 of these personages are often very obscure. 
 
 Paphlagonia. — There are silver coins with Aramaic 
 legends of certain satraps of this region, while it 
 remained under Persian rule. But the central interest 
 lies in one or two of the cities, namely, Amastria and 
 Sinope. Of the former there are silver staters of 
 Persic standard, with the deified head of Amastris 
 the foundress, daughter of Darius Codomannus, in 
 a Persian head-dress; but Sinope, an ancient city of 
 Milesian origin, has a long numismatic history, having 
 been an important Persian mint in the fourth century 
 B.O., and continuing to strike money down to Roman 
 times. A son of Nicomedes II. of Bithynia seems to 
 have exercised sovereignty over Paphlagonia in the 
 second century B.C. ; but the dynasty was deposed by 
 the Romans, and Paphlagonia, with Pontus, added to 
 that empire. 
 
 Bithynia. — Except as a Roman province, there do 
 not seem to be any coins of Bithynia in genere. 
 Roman Bithynia comprehended that district or king- 
 dom, Paphlagonia, and Pontus. There is a plentiful 
 coinage of cistophori, etc., issued under imperial autho- 
 rity or licence in the name of the kolvov or com- 
 munity of Bithynia. But of the cities separately there 
 are ancient autonomous coins from the sixth century 
 B.C. belonging to Astacus, Chalcedon, Cius, and Hera- 
 cleia. There are gold staters of Cius, only known 
 from the Sidon find (1865). Some of the religious 
 
86 THE COLLECTOR SERIES 
 
 indications on the money of the Pontic region allude 
 to the worship of Antinous, Apollo, and Demeter. The 
 money of Chalcedon resembles that of Byzantium in 
 the presence of the bull, which here has an ear of corn 
 under his feet instead of a dolphin. The legal series 
 extends from 278 to 74 B.C., and consists of six dynasts, 
 so far as the evidence of coins goes. There are gold 
 staters of Nicomedes II. Epiphanes, 149-91 b.c* 
 
 Mysia. — In this division of Greece there are several 
 interesting and important considerations to occupy the 
 attention of the numismatist and collector. We can 
 only glance at them. Mysia embraced the ancient 
 and extremely prolific mints of Cyzicus and Lampsacus, 
 and was the source of that immense volume of con- 
 vention-money known under the name of cistophori, 
 of which the Bacchic type appealed to the common 
 religious sympathies of the population among which 
 they were intended to pass current. The principal coin- 
 centres were Apollonia on the Rhyndacus, Cyzicus, 
 Parium, Lampsacus, and Pergamum. The electrum 
 coinages of Cyzicus and Lampsacus are well known, 
 and in the case of the former we have the advantage 
 of the learned researches of Canon Greenwell. Per- 
 gamum was a noted stronghold under Lysimachus, 
 king of Thrace, and became in 283 B.C. the capital 
 
 * In regard to these coins, it seems to be generally understood 
 at present that there are no authentic original examples. But 
 compare Head (Historia Numorum, 1887, p. 445), where they are 
 said to have been actually struck under Nicomedes soon after his 
 accession, and there is no reference to their suspicious, or more 
 than suspicious, character. 
 
GREEK COINS 87 
 
 of a kingdom under Philetserus of Tium, who had been 
 treasurer to Lysimachus. All the money of Pergamum 
 exhibits the head of the founder of the dynasty except 
 that of Eumnees II. The legal government lasted 
 from 283 to 133 B.C., when it became the capital of 
 the Eoman province of Asia. The bronze types, both 
 of Pergamum and Cyzieus, under the Eoman rule, are 
 varied and local, preserving the traditional symbols 
 found on those of the prior epochs. The British 
 Museum has lately acquired a fine and rare gold 
 stater, presumed to have been struck at Pergamum 
 about 310 b.c. by Herakles, son of Alexander the 
 Great by Barsine, when that personage was asserting 
 his claim to the Macedonian throne. It may be some 
 proof of the confidence and esteem with which Barsine 
 was regarded by Alexander that the latter committed 
 to her the government of Pergamum. 
 
 Teoas. — This locality included Abydos, a very in- 
 fluential numismatic centre as far back as the sixth 
 century B.C., and the place of origin of electrum staters, 
 similar to those of Lampsacus, Miletus, etc., silver 
 staters of the Persic standard and gold staters of the 
 Euboic one, probably coined from the local mines 
 mentioned by Xenophon. The bronze pieces range 
 from the fifth to the first century B.C. There is a later 
 silver coinage of autonomous character belonging to 
 the period subsequent to the Eoman conquest, but 
 of very inferior work. Other towns were Alexandria, 
 Dardanos, Gergis, Larissa, Ilium, Thymbra, Scamandria, 
 and Sigeium. The money of Dardanos sometimes 
 
88 THE COLLECTOR SERIES 
 
 shows two cocks fighting. That of Gergis transmits 
 the legend of the Gergittian sibyl, who was said to 
 have been born near there. The type of the feeding 
 horse, which also occurs on coins of Neandria in the 
 Troad and of Pheneus in Arcadia, may belong to this 
 Larissa, although it has been assigned to Larissa in 
 Thessaly. Thymbra, near Ilium, was so named by the 
 founder, Dardanos, after his friend Thymbrseus. One 
 of the Roman imperial reverse types of Scepsis exhibits 
 the judgment of Paris on Mount Ida. The island of 
 Tenedos, off Troas, was an ancient site and mint. The 
 prevailing type is the Janiform head on obverse and 
 the reverse with its double axe, both significant of reli- 
 gious ideas or superstitions, and probably connected in 
 meaning. 
 
 ^Eolis. — We possess iEolian money of the third cen- 
 tury B.o. and later, both federal and civic. The former, 
 which reads Aiole, is assumed to have been struck for 
 the common use of the towns, the chief of which were 
 Mgas, Autocane (mentioned in the Homeric Hymn to 
 Apollo, 1. 53), Cyme, Grynium, Elaea, and Myrina. 
 The most important was Cyme. On the money of Gri- 
 nium the head of Apollo, which also occurs on that of 
 Myrina and other places, probably alludes to the statue 
 of the god in white marble once visible there. There 
 are iEolian coins of Roman imperial origin. 
 
 Lesbos. — Within the confines of this island lay seve- 
 ral cities, of which the chief was Mytilene. The most 
 ancient coins are electrum staters, and later pieces in 
 base silver of two different standards and of several 
 
fLiAlJi VI. 
 

GREEK COINS 89 
 
 types, of which we may mention two calves' heads or 
 two boars' heads facing each other, a lion's, a calf's, 
 or a boar's head, two human eyes, or one eye. Some 
 of these subjects present themselves on the electrum 
 coinage, which was the earliest. It appears that the 
 convention-money for the common use of Lesbos and 
 Phocsea was struck at Mytilene about 438 B.C. The 
 only other place of consequence was Methymna. In 
 the Hecatonnesi off Lesbos there were coinages in silver 
 and bronze, which are allusive in their legends to Apollo 
 Smintheus and Asklepios. 
 
 Ionia. — This is, from our present point of view, a 
 very wide field of inquiry, and at the same time, in 
 regard to its earliest coinages, one where considerable 
 obscurity still prevails. The most extensive and re- 
 markable section in this case is the civic one. Clazo- 
 mena3, Colophon, Ephesus, Erythrse, Magnesia, Miletus, 
 Smyrna, Teos, are names familiar to all; the most 
 ancient examples are uninscribed. Of Clazomenae a 
 favourite early type or symbol is a winged boar, allusive 
 to a legend of such a creature having once haunted the 
 vicinity — an animal perhaps, to which its exceptional 
 swiftness imparted the popular idea that it possessed 
 wings. Some of the gold and silver coins of the 
 fourth century B.C. are of the best style; and on a 
 tetradrachm occurs the name of the artist Theodotos. 
 The autonomous gold and silver do not come down 
 lower than the fourth century; but there are, as at 
 Colophon, gold staters and silver tetradrachms of Mace- 
 donian type and of regal origin, and bronze coins down 
 
90 THE COLLECTOR SERIES 
 
 to Roman times. The famous Colophonian cavalry are 
 denoted in the armed horseman which constitutes a 
 reverse type on the coinage, as the head of Apollo, 
 whose temple and oracle were in the vicinity, does on 
 the obverse one. The money of Ephesus is divided into 
 about eight classes, commencing with the electrum 
 coins of the sixth century, and concluding with the 
 Roman imperial series. The most singular feature 
 of the primitive currency is the mystical type of the 
 bee and the stag, symbols of the worship of the 
 Nature-goddess, the high-priests of whose temple were 
 called King Bees, and the priestesses Bees. The Roman 
 money for Ephesus is plentiful, but of no great value 
 or interest, except, perhaps, the pieces of religious 
 significance, as that where the founder, Androclos, is 
 slaying a wild boar, in allusion to the legend that he 
 had been commanded by an oracle to build a city on 
 the spot where he met such an animal. Of Magnesia 
 the most noteworthy monument is the plated didrachm 
 struck by Themistocles when he was banished from 
 Athens and had this city assigned to him by the king 
 of Persia (464-449 B.C.). 
 
 The earliest coins of Miletus are associated with the 
 oracle at Didymi of Apollo Didumseus, who was sym- 
 bolised by the lion and the sun ; and it may well be 
 that they were struck within the temple, and continued 
 so to be till the fourth century B.C., by the priests in 
 charge. There are gold staters and silver pieces of 
 the second century B.C., and bronze coins of analogous 
 types. To the Roman period (Augustus to Salonina) 
 
GREEK COINS 91 
 
 we have to assign a coin in the inferior metal of parti- 
 cular interest, as the obverse contains a copy of the 
 statue of Apollo Didumaeus by Canachus. The gold 
 staters are rare. 
 
 Phoc^ea began, from its position on the Mediterranean 
 as a maritime port, to avail itself of the earliest oppor- 
 tunity of possessing a coinage, which is referable to 
 the seventh century B.C. and commences with electrum 
 staters and their divisions, followed or accompanied by 
 silver money of similar patterns, and succeeded by elec- 
 trum hectce ; besides which there are staters of electrum 
 struck at Mytilene and elsewhere in alliance with 
 Phocaea, of the earlier or original class. More than 
 one writer refers to staters of Phocaea as concurrent 
 with the smaller pieces, but no examples of contem- 
 porary origin are known. The Phocaean bronze is 
 common, and extends over a lengthened period. The 
 money of Phygela seems to refer to the cult of Arte- 
 mis Munychia, and that of Priene to that of Poseidon 
 and Athena. The hippocamp held by the former on 
 coins is common to the statue of the god mentioned 
 by Eratosthenes, and presumably then at Priene. Of 
 Smyrna we have nothing, owing to political circum- 
 stances, prior to the rebuilding of the city, when tetra- 
 drachms appeared with the turreted head of Kybele, who 
 occurs as an obverse type on the unique gold stater 
 in the French national collection. The autonomous 
 and Eoman imperial bronze is abundant, and presents 
 numerous interesting inscriptions and types, including 
 that of Homer seated, which conferred on these pieces 
 
92 THE COLLECTOR SERIES 
 
 the name of Homereia. The griffin on the coins of Teos 
 is figurative of the Dionysiac cult ; the temple of the 
 god at Teos was considered one of the finest specimens 
 of Ionic architecture in Greece. A Phocaic gold stater 
 bearing a griffin's head, and the reading Teon, has been 
 ascribed to this place, and there are some small electrum 
 pieces with the rare symbol which may belong here. 
 There is an important series of archaic silver money, 
 sixth to fourth century B.C., and bronze and Roman 
 imperial brass of Dionysiac types; in one Anacreon 
 appears seated, playing on a lyre. 
 
 There is also a short-lived satrapal currency in the 
 fourth century, while Ionia and the neighbouring states 
 were once more under Persian rule. These coins are of 
 Persian type and in silver. The exact circumstances 
 connected with their origin and legends do not seem 
 to be known. 
 
 Of the Ionian group of islands, the only members 
 which have transmitted numismatic records are Samos, 
 Icaria, and Chios. The archaic Samian coinage, which 
 probably attained the height of its importance under 
 Polycrates (532-522 B.C.), consisted of electrum staters 
 and their fractions; these were followed, while the 
 island was in alliance with Athens, by silver money ; 
 and we find that the island successively, as it obeyed 
 political exigencies, employed Athenian, federal, and 
 Roman imperial types, becoming part of the Roman 
 province of Asia. On some of the later coins we meet 
 with a head of Hera on obverse, and on reverse the 
 prow of a Samian galley, on which stands a peacock, 
 
GREEK COINS 
 
 symbolical of the goddess. The Koman series preserves 
 the Greek myths, and not merely those immediately 
 appertaining to Samos, but to the legendary history of 
 its Ionian neighbours. 
 
 Caria. — The most conspicuous points were Cnidus 
 (the seat of the worship of the Triopian Apollo and 
 of Aphrodite), Cheronesus, and Halicarnassus, the re- 
 puted birthplace of Herodotus. Apollo is symbolised 
 on the money by a lion (as elsewhere), and Aphrodite 
 by a bull or the prow of a galley. The coins go back 
 to the sixth century B.c. We may also mention Astyra, 
 opposite Rhodes, an early seat of coinage. The regal 
 series, including that of the celebrated Mausolus, extends 
 from about 391 to about 333 B.C. only. Halicarnassus 
 was the capital, and this city on its currency perpetuated 
 the cult of Zeus. The Roman imperial money for the 
 different centres is considerable both in volume and 
 interest ; it still embodied in its types the local reli- 
 gious sentiments of the people. We would call atten- 
 tion to an unique electrum stater of Halicarnassus of 
 archaic fabric, described by Dr Head. In connection 
 with Caria are the more or less adjacent islands, and 
 foremost Rhodes, of which there is an abundant coinage 
 in all metals, chiefly conforming to the Rhodian stan- 
 dard, and commencing in the fifth century B.C. It 
 comes down to Roman times, and includes some of 
 Macedonian and Thracian regal types. The fine head of 
 Helios on many of the obverses was copied from the 
 colossal statue of Apollo by Chares of Iindus. 
 
 Lydia. — The most ancient coined money of Greek 
 
94 THE COLLECTOR SERIES 
 
 type and character was of Asiatic origin, and we have 
 to cross over into another continent in search of the 
 germs of the archaic gold currency of Bceotia and the 
 Hellespont. In the seventh century B.C. it is tradi- 
 tionally believed that Gyges, king of Lydia, founder of 
 the dynasty of the Mermnadse, first struck at Sardis 
 electrum staters and their divisions on the Babylonic 
 and Phoenician standards for respective use in different 
 parts of his dominions. The stater of the former weight 
 (about 167 gr.) constitutes, perhaps, the earliest pre- 
 cedent for the usage of adapting a coinage to the 
 region or object for which it was designed, as this light 
 piece is supposed to have been limited in its circulation 
 to the interior, while the Phoenician (about 220 gr.) 
 was reserved for commercial purposes, where the other 
 would not have been acceptable. The electrum coinage 
 was superseded after the Persian conquest by the gold 
 daric, and the latter by the cistophori, struck by the 
 Romans here and elsewhere upon their formation of the 
 province of Asia, in the second century B.C. We pos- 
 sess, of later times, imperial and alliance coins (cisto- 
 phori) only, with a few exceptions, where cities such as 
 Sardis and Philadelphia continued to issue autonomous 
 bronze money, doubtless under Roman sanction, and 
 generally inscribed with magistrates' names. 
 
 Phrygia. — The coinage is largely of Roman imperial 
 origin, but merits attention and study from its interest- 
 ing elucidations of geography and mythology. Pro- 
 bably the most curious type is that of Apameia, with 
 the ark or chest exhibiting two inmates, and inscribed 
 
GREEK COINS 95 
 
 Noe, a too literal graft of the early Christian element 
 in the locality on Paganism. The only trace of monar- 
 chical government seems to be at Cibyra, which with 
 three other towns was for some time under the sway of 
 reguli or tyrants. The preponderance of the money of 
 Phrygia is Eoman brass, of which the reverse types 
 illustrate local cults, as those of Zeus, Aphrodite, etc. 
 
 Lycia. — Federalism, of which we find two distinct eras, 
 was the prevailing feature which here governed the char- 
 acter of the money ; the favourite symbol is the famous 
 triquetra or three-legged emblem, occasionally varied so 
 as to form a diskelis or tetraskelis ; but boars, winged 
 lions, griffins, and bulls likewise occur. The presence 
 of the triskelis, emblematical of the solar revolutions, 
 on the group of monuments belonging to this region, 
 seems to set at rest the theory as to its original applica- 
 tion to Sicily. The reader may be usefully referred to 
 Sir Charles Fellows' " Coins of Ancient Lycia," and to 
 a paper in the Revue Numismatique for 1886 by M. Six. 
 There are coins of the fifth century B.C. ; some of those 
 of later date bear legends in the Lycian character. The 
 series comes down to Koman imperial times. There are 
 here, as in Phrygia, very remarkable types significant 
 of ancient beliefs, and a particularly striking one, a 
 coin of Myra, engraved by Head. 
 
 Pamphylia contained within its boundaries several 
 noteworthy and ancient seats of coinage, of which we 
 may specify Aspendus, where we get the Slinger(Asphen- 
 detis) and triskelis types, Attalia, Antiochia, and Side. 
 There are regal types arising from the formation of the 
 
96 THE COLLECTOR SERIES 
 
 province with other territory into the kingdom of Galatia, 
 36 B.c, and Roman imperial coins (Augustus to Salo- 
 nina), as well as alliance money and tetradrachms, 
 countermarked with a bow and bow-case and m.m., to 
 pass current for the same value as cistophori. 
 
 Pisidia lay to the north of Pamphylia and Lycia, 
 and was a very mountainous country. With the excep- 
 tion of Selge, which struck autonomous coins of the 
 triskelis, wrestlers, and Slinger types in the 4th-3rd 
 centuries B.C., the money of Pisidia is chiefly unimpor- 
 tant or Roman imperial. Pisidia successively formed 
 part of the kingdoms of Pergamum and Galatia. 
 
 Lycaonia, to the east of Pisidia, possesses a some- 
 what feeble numismatic interest. Its few autonomous 
 coins are bronze of late date ; but we discern traces of 
 the worships of Zeus, Pallas, Herakles, and Hermes ; 
 and it was at Lystra that the inhabitants saluted Bar- 
 nabas and Paul as Zeus and Hermes. 
 
 Cilicia, divided into Eastern and Western, in the 
 former of which the Greek, and in the latter the Ara- 
 maic language was that of the country, possessed a 
 coinage in the fifth century B.C., with legends which 
 are often bilingual. The ancient mints were Tarsus 
 (of such peculiar Scriptural celebrity), Mallus, and 
 Celenderis; but others were afterward added. Some 
 of the money of the fourth century discloses a strong 
 Persian influence, proceeding from the occupation of the 
 ports by Persian satraps for strategical purposes. The 
 coinage goes back to the sixth century B.C., of which 
 epoch there are electrum staters of Tarsus of great 
 
GREEK COINS 97 
 
 rarity, and comes down to Eoman times. Under the 
 Seleucid kings Tarsus was a leading mint. 
 
 Cypkus. — The rich and large series belonging to this 
 island dates from the sixth century B.C. Much has 
 been done to identify and arrange it, but it forms a 
 subject over which, both from historical and philological 
 difficulties, a great deal of uncertainty and obscurity 
 yet hangs ; and the task of classification is aggravated 
 by the normally poor condition and careless execution 
 of specimens. The coinage may be divided into civic, 
 dynastic (proceeding from reguli), regal (under the 
 Ptolemies), and Eoman imperial. There are many 
 beautiful and characteristic productions, and nearly all 
 are curious and valuable as evidences of the existence 
 of rulers, sites, or legendary faiths. Of the kings of 
 Salamis (4th-3rd century B.C.) the sequence is unusually 
 complete. Cyprus was under Ptolemy Soter and his 
 successors an Egyptian mint, and later on a Eoman one. 
 
 Galatia was erected into a kingdom, as above noted, 
 late in the first century B.C. There is a very short regal 
 series and a Eoman imperial one, besides autonomous 
 civic money of Germa, Pessinus, Tavium, etc., from 
 which conclusions may be drawn as to the long survival 
 of cults relating to Zeus, Aphrodite, Dionysos, Askle- 
 pios, Men, etc. 
 
 Cappadocia was, in addition to its municipal or urban 
 currencies, the seat of two regal dynasties (380 B.c- 
 a.d. 17), both of which struck money in silver and 
 bronze; but perhaps the more interesting coins are 
 those of the cities and of the Eoman period, when Cap- 
 
 G 
 
98 THE COLLECTOR SERIES 
 
 padocia was a procuratorship. The prevailing religious 
 idea presented on them is the snow-capped and deified 
 Mount Argseus, rising to an altitude of 13,000 feet 
 above the sea. 
 
 Armenia is not known to have struck any coins prior 
 to the second century B.C., when two of its nobles, 
 revolting from Syria, divided the territory between 
 them, distinguishing the two portions as the Lesser and 
 the Greater Armenia. There are coins of these dynasts 
 down to A.D. 35, when the country was under Roman 
 protection, as we infer from a denarius on which Ger- 
 manicus is represented crowning the last king, Artaxias. 
 
 Syria is one of the most important of the ancient 
 divisions of Asia from a numismatic point of view, as 
 we enjoy an uninterrupted succession of the Seleucidan 
 coins from the fourth to the first century B.C., when Syria 
 was incorporated with Armenia under Tigranes (83-69 
 B.C.). The portraits of the Seleucidae offer unusual 
 individuality of character, and among them occurs that 
 of Cleopatra, mother of Seleucus V., and consort of 
 Antiochus VIII. The head of Tigranes has an Ar- 
 menian tiara ; his coins exhibit barbarous reverses, and 
 he is described on many of them in the Oriental fashion 
 as King of Kings. Besides the money of the Seleucid 
 kings, we have that of those of Commagene and Chalci- 
 dene ; of the cities, including Palmyra, Seleucis, Antioch, 
 etc.; of Ccele-Syria, where Damascus is the leading 
 centre ; of Decapolis, and of Phoenicia, in the last of 
 which there were the important towns or cities of 
 Aradus, Berytus, Marathus, Sidon, Tripolis, and Tyre ; 
 
GREEK COINS 99 
 
 of Samaria and Judaea. The whole of this extensive 
 region was a very productive source of Greek and other 
 types, of which the shekel and its divisions with Samari- 
 tan inscriptions must not be overlooked. The coins 
 are not, on the whole, so difficult to procure as was often 
 formerly the case ; successive finds have rendered acces- 
 sible many which were once almost unknown, including 
 the half -shekels struck over Eoman denarii. The oldest 
 coins of Phoenicia appear to be those of Sidon and Tyre, 
 both names suggestive of commercial prosperity and 
 associated with the Hebrew Scriptures. From A.D. 6 
 Judsea had been a Eoman procuratorial government 
 subordinate to the praefects of Syria. It was in the 
 eighteenth year of the Emperor Tiberius, when 
 Valerius Gratus and Pontius Pilatus held this office, 
 that Jesus Christ is said to have been crucified at 
 Jerusalem. A full account of Syria and the countries 
 contiguous to it, including the Holy Land, is to be 
 found in the Historia Nwmorum and the authorities 
 there cited. 
 
 Arabia. — Leaving the ground consecrated by its 
 more or less intimate associations with Christ and 
 Christianity, and with the Apostles, we pass into 
 Arabia, where we have the two numismatic divisions 
 of Arabia Petrsea and Arabia Felix, with some unim- 
 portant regal coins of ephemeral and obscure dynasts ; 
 a series of the currencies of the Himyarite line of 
 kings, which governed a large territory in Arabia Felix 
 during many centuries, and copied Greek and Eoman 
 models; and, lastly, the Eoman imperial money, of 
 
100 THE COLLECTOR SERIES 
 
 which some of the types are interesting and historically 
 instructive. 
 
 In Mesopotamia, where we again approach Scriptural 
 scenes, and the reputed cradle of the human race, 
 Babylonia, and Assyria, coins were struck by the cities, 
 by the Syrian Seleucidae, by native reguli, and by the 
 Romans. Among the more important centres were 
 Edessa, Carrhse, and Seleucia on the Tigris, the second - 
 named famous for its worship of the Moon. The 
 reverse types of the Roman epoch are often of mytho- 
 logical interest. 
 
 Parthia. — This, like other States (comp. Bactria 
 infra), erected out of larger and well-established govern- 
 ments, not only at once produced a well-executed 
 coinage under the first of the Arsacidse, circa 250 B.C., 
 but that of the succeeding kings suffered a progressive 
 declension in fabric and style, till toward the end of 
 the series the inscriptions and types become equally 
 barbarous and illegible. Nevertheless, in this branch 
 of the inquiry (249 B.C. to A.D. 227) we have, down to 
 a certain point, many productions interesting from their 
 costume and from the presence of dates. The titles are 
 curious, and are servilely borrowed from those found 
 on the Greek money. The most intelligible is that of 
 Philellen, adopted to propitiate the Greek element in 
 the Parthian dominions. It is said that Seleucus II. of 
 Syria (246-226 B.C.) borrowed the fashion of wearing a 
 beard, to which he owed the sobriquet of Pogon, from 
 having resided in Parthia, whose kings are generally 
 represented bearded. 
 
GREEK COINS 101 
 
 Persis (capital, Persepolis) enjoyed a brief interval 
 of regal autonomy in the third century B.C., and to this 
 circumstance, due to the temporary weakness of the 
 Seleucid dynasty in Syria, we owe certain tetradrachms 
 and gold staters of Athenian and Macedonian patterns, 
 but of barbarous work and with indistinct legends. 
 One of the silver types exhibits a king worshipping 
 before a fire-altar. The coins of the Sassanidae, which 
 extend from the third to the seventh century A.D., and 
 represent the product of thirty reigns, and those of 
 Characene in Susiana, constitute other departments of 
 the Greek school of work; to which, as being almost 
 outside the strict lines, it is impossible to do more than 
 refer in the present case ; and the same is predicable of 
 the Persian series of gold darics and silver sigloi ; the 
 main Hellenic feature of interest about the former 
 being that about 331 B.C. Alexander the Great is sup- 
 posed to have first struck the double darics, of which 
 specimens, once extremely rare, are now more or less 
 readily procurable. The ordinary coin is remembered 
 by the anecdote of Agesilaus and the thirty thousand 
 archers, who had driven him out of Athens — allusively 
 to the figure on the coin. 
 
 Bactria and Northern India. — The line of succes- 
 sion of the Princes of this region, and the extent and 
 distribution of their authority, are still unsettled and 
 incomplete, although the rich fruit of excavations in 
 Afghanistan and the Punjaub has placed our know- 
 ledge of the coinage on an entirely new footing. The 
 series is at present known to have extended from about 
 
102 THE COLLECTOR SERIES 
 
 250 B.C. to about a.d. 250, and to embrace about thirty 
 reigns. It commences with Diodotos, who made him- 
 self independent of Syria, and of whom we have staters 
 and tetradrachms, as well as copper or bronze money, 
 of good work. His successors produced some fine 
 examples of portraiture down to Menander, but not 
 uninterruptedly, as many of the intervening rulers show 
 coins of inferior execution, and in nearly all the reverse 
 types are unequal to the obverse. The inscriptions are 
 often bilingual, and the fabric of the tetradrachms is 
 usually widespread ; among the smaller denominations 
 there are pieces of square form. The mythology is 
 partly Greek and partly Indian. We allude elsewhere 
 to the unique 20-stater piece of Eukratides,* to the 
 unique tetradrachm of Plato, king of Bactria, and to 
 another with the busts of Eukratides, Heliocles, and 
 Laodice. The tetradrachms of Heliocles vary in their 
 style, owing, no doubt, to the mint or circumstances. 
 The copper or bronze series is most difficult to obtain 
 in desirable state. 
 
 AFRICA 
 
 JRgyvt, like Bactria, Parthia, and so many other 
 States which acquired independence between the middle 
 of the fourth and that of the third century B.C., was a 
 kingdom originally founded by Ptolemy, one of the gene- 
 
 * Of this and of many similar rarities, no less than of others, 
 which are not particularly uncommon, there are excellent casts, 
 against which collectors should be on their guard. 
 
GREEK COINS 103 
 
 rals of Alexander the Great, and to this source we are 
 indebted for a lengthened, rich, and varied series of 
 coins in all metals down to Koman imperial times. 
 The money of the Ptolemies themselves, more particu- 
 larly the earlier princes of the line with their consorts, 
 rank first in point of importance and attraction. We 
 may specify the gold octadrachms and tetradrachms of 
 Ptolemy III., and the gold octadrachms of Berenice II., 
 and Arsinoe. But the coins of the cities, especially of 
 Alexandria and of the Nomes of Egypt, offer an inex- 
 haustible variety of types, of historical, mythological, 
 and astronomical significance, which can only be treated 
 in a monograph. In the precious Alexandrian series 
 there is no limit to the diversity and utility. Akerman 
 long since pointed out two matters of detail which we 
 here reproduce ; the custom of noting the date by the 
 letter L preceding the word one or other number, 
 whence comes to us the information, for instance, that 
 the visit of Hadrian to this city took place in the fif- 
 teenth year of his reign; and again, the type of Isis 
 Faria, or Pharia, holding a sail, which, if stretched out- 
 ward, indicated vows offered up for a safe voyage, and 
 if inward, for a safe return. There is also the large 
 brass series belonging here, and rarely found in good 
 state, with reverses significant of local faiths and 
 cults. 
 
 Ethiopia possessed kings or other rulers who struck 
 money with Greek or Grseco- Coptic inscriptions as far 
 back as the fourth century B.C. ; but very little is known 
 of one or the other. There were early commercial rela- 
 
104 THE COLLECTOR SERIES 
 
 tions between Egypt and the modern Abyssinia, which 
 rendered some currency essential; and, as elsewhere, 
 the types were copies of Greek money by engravers 
 unacquainted with that language ; the later pieces bear 
 Ethiopian legends. The metals appear to have been 
 gold and bronze, both of small module. 
 
 Cykene and its colony, Barce, equally go back, 
 numismatically and politically speaking, to the sixth 
 century B.C. The former, itself a Dorian settlement, 
 has left us a wealthy assortment of most interesting 
 regal and other coins in electrum, silver, gold, and 
 bronze. The electrum was the earliest metal employed, 
 if the attribution to Cyrene be correct ; but there were 
 also archaic gold pieces, as indicated by Babelon and 
 other authorities. A prevailing type on the most 
 ancient silver money is the silphium plant, its leaf, 
 bud, or seed. Certain tetradrachms of thick fabric are 
 thought to have been struck by Arcesilaus III. in 530 
 B.C. to pay his Samian and Ehodian auxiliaries, when 
 he regained power with the aid of Polycrates, tyrant 
 of Samos. In 247 B.C. Berenice, daughter of Magas of 
 Cyrene, brought that country in dower to Ptolemy III. 
 of Egypt. There are later Roman coins. But the first 
 period was during the republican era, B.C. 431-321, to 
 which we have to refer all the gold and silver pieces 
 of the best workmanship and of Greek style. At 
 Barce we also find the silphium type, and money in 
 gold, silver, and bronze. The money is scarce and 
 valuable, which may partly proceed from the decline 
 of the place after the rise of its port Ptolemais under 
 
GREEK COINS 105 
 
 the Egyptian kings. The three remaining town- 
 ships in Cyrenaica also issued coins. There is a 
 tetradrachm of Euesperides at Turin, said to be 
 unique. 
 
 The coinages of Libya, Byzacene, and Syrtica or 
 Tripolitana (from its three cities) are of late date, and 
 principally of bronze; Leptis Magna, colonised from 
 Sidon, was the most important place, and struck money 
 in silver and bronze in the first century B.C., with 
 Dionysiac and Herakleian types. It has been thought 
 that the primitive inhabitants of the Canary Islands, 
 which had their own chieftains, were emigrants from 
 Libya, and they must have had a currency, as their rule 
 extended over hundreds of years prior to the Spanish 
 conquest. Zeugitana included Utica, Hippo, and 
 above all Carthage, of which the coinage betrays a 
 powerful Sicilian influence; the best period was from 
 the fifth to the fourth century B.C. (410-240). There is 
 money in gold, electrum, silver, and bronze. The silver 
 tetradrachm, bearing the deified head of Dido, may be 
 mentioned ; it seems to have supplied a model to some 
 of the modern engravers for a personification of Liberty. 
 The large silver pieces of later date with the head of 
 Persephone are of coarse work. The authorities classify 
 the currencies connected with this illustrious city as 
 follow: — Siculo-Punic coins (410-310); coins struck at 
 Carthage (340-146) ; Carthaginian coins struck in Spain ; 
 those struck under the Romans subsequently to the 
 rebuilding by Julius Csesar in 44 B.C., to which may 
 be appended the coins emanating from the islands 
 
106 THE COLLECTOR SERIES 
 
 between Africa and Sicily in the second and first 
 centuries B.C. Dr Head has pointed out that the 
 similarity of the Capuan coins to those of Carthage 
 may have proceeded from the fact that, while Hannibal 
 was wintering in the former city, 216-215 B.C., money 
 familiar to his troops was struck on the spot. 
 
 There is comparatively little Hellenic element or 
 interest in the numismatic systems of Numidia and 
 Mauretania, of which two regions we possess regal 
 and urban series belonging to the first century B.C., 
 and, in fact, of the former kingdom the fabric and 
 weight are rather Roman than Greek. Of Juba I. 
 of Numidia, Cicero speaks as a young man bene capil- 
 latus, and another Roman writer relates how Caesar 
 on one occasion took him by the beard. 
 
 Of Mauretania the regal list is incomplete, and we 
 do not know whether Bogud III., who flourished about 
 50-30 B.C., is the King Bocchus who engaged in medical 
 and philosophical pursuits, and confounded the learned 
 men of his court by drinking poison with impunity in 
 the name of the Trinity, and by the wonderful things 
 which he collected from the Book of Noah, according 
 to the terms of an early English work (said to be 
 translated from the French), printed at London about 
 1530.* 
 
 To Iol in this country are ascribed the second brass 
 Roman coins, bearing a portrait of Julia, only child 
 of Augustus. 
 
 * 4t The History of Kyng Bocchus and Sydracke," by Hugo de 
 Caumpeden, translated into English, 4to. 
 
KOME 
 
 When we enter upon the consideration of the Koman 
 coinage, we of course find ourselves occupying very 
 interesting ground, yet we cannot fail to be aware of 
 the change which has occurred in the atmosphere sur- 
 rounding the new branch of our inquiry. The Komans 
 as the next and yet more westerly centre of civilisation 
 and power, had owed much to their precursors before 
 they acquired the opportunity of politically supplant- 
 ing them; the brass cbs, in its primitive amplitude, 
 was characteristic of rude Pelasgian grandeur, for this 
 heavy currency or medium, which supplied a prototype 
 of the phenomenal Swedish dalers of the eighteenth 
 century, was common to the cities of Southern Italy, 
 which the new empire necessarily absorbed, and was in 
 fact adopted, rather than initiated, by Eome. We 
 have already seen that in Lydia the archaic money was 
 of gold, for the apparent reason that that region pos- 
 sessed mines of that ore ; and in the same way in Italy, 
 copper being abundant, and the primitive inhabitants 
 having been instructed in the art of smelting it and 
 hardening it by an alloy of tin, we find what was 
 termed ces, or bronze, in use throughout the southern 
 
 107 
 
108 THE COLLECTOR SERIES 
 
 part of the peninsula centuries before any gold or even 
 silver coinage was introduced. Again, the Consular 
 series of denarii, quinarii, aurei, no less than the so- 
 called Romano-Campanian gold (twenty, forty, and 
 sixty sestertii), are for the most part of Hellenic fabric 
 and represent the best and purest period of Italian 
 numismatic art prior to the Renaissance. In the Roman 
 imperial series the two leading features and attractions 
 are the portraits of the emperors and empresses, and 
 other august personages, and the reverses significant of 
 historical events, for which they are sometimes the sole 
 existing evidence. The execution of the likenesses, 
 from the Augustan era down to the fall of the Western 
 Empire, is artistic yet lifelike ; the series of empresses 
 and other Augusta is a most interesting gallery for the 
 costume and head-dress as well as the features ; and we 
 turn with curiosity to many an obscure name in the 
 later portion of the annals for the lineaments of a man 
 whose reign was reckoned by weeks or days, but whose 
 earliest care was to stamp his e&igy on the money. 
 
 Rome was originally, and through the entire period 
 of prosperity remained, the official and political centre 
 from which all acts of government took their initiative. 
 As Paris is said to be France, and as London is really 
 the United Kingdom, so Rome was the Roman empire, 
 till a combination of agencies led to its disruption. 
 The coinage of the Romans for their Greek colonies 
 and Asiatic and African dependencies resembled in its 
 fabric and complexion that for internal use, and if 
 it was not struck at home, as was the case with the 
 
ROME 109 
 
 extensive colonial series of Venice later on, we may 
 presume that it was the work of Italian moneyers, or 
 at least from dies approved by the representative of 
 imperial authority. 
 
 Thus it will be understood that Greece and Eome 
 are in an equal measure generic terms applicable at the 
 respective dates of highest prosperity to vast territories 
 extending over three continents, and embracing popu- 
 lations, infinitely diversified in their climatic conditions, 
 their language, their customs, and the nature of their 
 allegiance. But the comparison fails altogether when 
 we begin to consider that • these two great empires 
 obeyed diametrically opposite laws of political exist- 
 ence, and that while Hellas in ancient times never 
 possessed a central government, but passed through the 
 stages of separate republics, federalism, and a mixed 
 system of democracy and autocracy, fluctuating agree- 
 ably to current circumstances and the successive rise of 
 men capable of shifting the balance of power, Eome 
 remained, on the contrary, during several centuries, the 
 metropolis of the then known world, round which all 
 the states and princes subject to her jurisdiction re- 
 volved. Not even excepting, perhaps, the older Asiatic 
 monarchies, the Eomans set the earliest example of 
 centralised government, as it is now conducted in 
 Europe with very few and immaterial exceptions. 
 The Eomans were a connecting link between the poli- 
 tical life of the past and of the present. 
 
 Some account will be found in the authorities of the 
 archaic method of computation by weight for pur- 
 
110 THE COLLECTOR SERIES 
 
 poses of barter and exchange through the medium of 
 a bronze or brass coinage, of which the unit was at 
 first a square or oblong cast ingot of twelve ounces (ces 
 libralis), and its multiple, stamped with the head of 
 Janus or Minerva, a bull, a sheep, a sow, a fowl, or two 
 fowls feeding, or a shell ; from some of which emblems 
 we may perhaps infer that the word pecunia is a deriva- 
 tive from pecus. But the presence of these symbols in 
 some cases was not merely literal, and is capable of an 
 explanation on historical or religious grounds, as, for 
 instance, the sow and the two fowls, of which the latter 
 may be referable to the sacred birds kept for augury, 
 and the former to the veneration of the ancient Romans 
 for an animal which ^Eneas was said to have seen 
 bringing forth thirty young on the site where the city 
 was subsequently built, the number surviving in the 
 thirty curice, and by its multiple in the three hundred 
 gentes* The heaviest and most ancient ingot which 
 appears to have come down to us was formerly in the 
 Pembroke collection, and weighed 4 lbs. 9 oz. 11 dwts. 
 38 grains. It is probably a quincussis; it bears the 
 figure of an ox. It is not necessary to assume that the 
 decussis, or double, mentioned by Akerman as having 
 on obverse Minerva in a biga, and on reverse the prow 
 of a galley, belonged to the same period, as its type 
 shows it to have been of much later date. While the 
 ces maintained its original standard, it seems to have 
 served not only as a medium of currency, but as a basis 
 of fiscal assessment and social distribution in regal Rome, 
 * See Stevenson's " Dictionary of Roman Coins," 1889, v. Sus. 
 
ROME 111 
 
 where the five classes of Servius Tullius were required 
 to possess a graduated property qualification from 20,000 
 to 2000 pounds of bronze. The square ccs was succes- 
 sively reduced from twelve ounces to nine ounces or 
 nine and a half ounces, and the circular form to four 
 ounces, two ounces, one ounce, and half an ounce, when 
 it became an actual coin ; and it is to be supposed that 
 Macrobius the grammarian, who lived in the fourth or 
 fifth century of our era, alludes to the modified piece 
 when he speaks of the Roman youths tossing up the 
 money and crying capita aut navia ? — like our " heads or 
 tails" — in reference to the head and the prow of a 
 galley on either side. In the Roman Consular 
 series the highly picturesque types form a valuable 
 adjunct to classical mythology, as the coins on 
 their reverses generally present an allusion to some 
 familiar legend associated with the prehistoric or 
 primitive annals of the republic. The earliest silver 
 coinage took place about A.U.C. 485, and the types chosen 
 were Greek in their feeling and taste : a figure driving 
 a chariot, a galeated head of Rome, a Janiform head, 
 all with the word Roma, at first in indented letters. 
 These pieces were denarii = the ancient decussis or two 
 osra, and they were followed by the quinarii and victo- 
 riati — respectively to a half and two-thirds of the larger 
 denomination. It is extremely probable that the as, in 
 its final nodule under the Papirian law, remained current 
 long after the introduction of a higher metal, in emula- 
 tion of the Greek system in Southern Italy, and that 
 the denarius and its divisions merely superseded the 
 
112 THE COLLECTOR SERIES 
 
 multiples of the brass or bronze, no longer found neces- 
 sary or convenient, except that in the more remote parts 
 of the amplified Roman territory, and still more among 
 the ruder population of the adjoining Italian states 
 or cities, we can well believe that the old-fashioned 
 system lingered for a considerable time. 
 
 The coinage of bronze of reduced standard survived 
 the principle on which the Roman gentes or families 
 struck money with their names and with types indica- 
 tive of legendary or actual incidents connected with 
 them, and these only gave way to the silver series of 
 denarii and their parts by degrees. The denarius under 
 the republic was adjusted to the weight of the Greek 
 drachma, which must have long been a familiar coin at 
 Rome, and have been accepted in commercial payments 
 in default of a national silver currency ; and the spirit 
 of the bronze money was maintained in rendering the 
 new medium in equal measure a vehicle for embodying 
 and perpetuating traditions of the past and actual 
 events of the time, while the Romans, among the fruits 
 of their victories and conquests in Greece, adapted the 
 types on the new metal, of which they thus acquired an 
 abundance, to those of their Hellenic subjects or de- 
 pendents in workmanship and style. The transition 
 from the ces system to that of the denarius — from a 
 bronze to a silver standard — was gradual but complete, 
 and during most part of the republican period we find 
 only silver and gold employed, the latter very sparingly. 
 It is supposed that the original denarii, struck in the 
 third century B.C., are those with the head of Pallas or 
 
ROME 113 
 
 Koma, with the numeral X for the value, and on the 
 reverse the Dioscuri with Roma in the exergue. The 
 association of Castor and Pollux with the legendary 
 annals of Kome may be familiar to those who have 
 read Macaulay's "Lay of the Battle of the Lake 
 Kegillus." The dendrites had been in circulation some 
 length of time before the quinarius or half was added, 
 and the sestertius or sesquitertius or quarter was probably 
 a still later institution. 
 
 The silver republican money of Eome is plentiful 
 enough to this day, and with its beautiful and fascinat- 
 ing types, so diversified, so chaste, so eloquent, lies 
 within the reach of any one at the most moderate 
 prices in pristine condition, if we accept certain families, 
 which happen to be rare, and the gold, which is 
 always costly. Nor should it be forgotten that pieces 
 belonging to the most ancient mintage are of the 
 greatest rarity, having been presumably struck in 
 smaller numbers. The original simplicity of the design 
 was naturally lost in the more elaborate details, which 
 found room on obverse and reverse in course of time, 
 including the name of the gens or the individual and 
 that of the moneyer. The art is throughout Greek, 
 and if there is any fault in the execution it generally 
 lies in the reverses, where the nude human figure is 
 portrayed. There cannot be a more charming series for 
 a collector who does not desire heavy expenditure, and 
 does not insist on completeness ; and the victoriati and 
 their divisions and multiples, which were posterior in 
 their appearance by nearly a century, constitute appro- 
 
 H 
 
114 THE COLLECTOR SERIES 
 
 priate adjuncts to the denarius group, where we may read 
 a history in little of the period over which it extended. 
 
 The first essays in the direction of striking gold and 
 higher values in silver seem to have been equally due 
 to the exigencies of war, and to have been temporary 
 experiments independent of the normal coinage. We 
 allude, of course, to the scripulum of 20 sesterces and 
 its multiples of 40 and 60 in the most precious metal, 
 with the head of Mars struck during the campaign 
 with Hannibal, at Capua or elsewhere, in or about 206 
 B.C., of which some of the examples are of finer work, 
 and to the tridrachm in silver, and the pieces of 
 52 and 105 sesterces in gold, which form the earliest 
 convention-money of Rome, and refer to the treaty 
 between the republic and Capua for the subjugation of 
 Southern Italy ; the reverses of the latter coins exhibit 
 two parties swearing an oath over a sow, an Italian 
 usage of the highest antiquity. A similar type belongs 
 to the denarii and other money issued in Italy in the 
 name of the Anti-Roman League during the Social War 
 in 91 B.C., where eight warriors are represented per- 
 forming the same rite ; and Livy furnishes the alleged 
 text of the adjuration. 
 
 A very copious account of the Roman family series is 
 to be found in Humphreys, Akerman, and Stevenson. 
 The portraiture has a twofold interest in supplying us 
 not only with contemporary, but with posthumous like- 
 nesses of illustrious Romans. We obtain through this 
 medium the best busts of such men as Caesar, the 
 Pompeys, and Mark Antony, and the earliest one of 
 
ROME 115 
 
 Augustus ; and down to the last days of the republic 
 the Janiform head was occasionally employed. Where 
 mythological subjects occur, as they so often do, we 
 perceive without difficulty the strong Greek influence 
 on the sentiment as well as on the style. Numismatists 
 have gradually accomplished much to elucidate the 
 import of the subjects and symbols represented; the 
 coining implements and machinery, with the helmet of 
 Vulcan above, on a denarius of the Carisia gens, are 
 curious as showing us the fittings, as it were, of a 
 Eoman mint. We shall see later on that the Komans 
 long preserved their taste for writing their history on 
 these imperishable monuments. 
 
 To the last years of the Roman commonwealth apper- 
 tain those exceptionally attractive silver and gold pieces 
 with the heads of Caesar, Mark Antony, Octavianus or 
 Augustus, Brutus, and Lepidus with symbolical acces- 
 sories on the reverse and of various types; and the 
 Janiform one survived in its occasional employment, as 
 in pieces with busts of the Pompey and Cinna families, 
 down to the commencement of the empire, but no longer 
 of a fixed or statutory weight. The Cinna coin is of 
 superior style. Some of the coins of Caesar and others 
 above mentioned are without portraits; but there is 
 the denarius bearing the effigy of Caesar himself as 
 Pontifex Maximus and Perpetual Dictator, and a gold 
 solidus of similar character, of which one variety is of 
 much finer work than the other. The coinage of 
 the triumvirate formed after his death is also highly 
 interesting, and exists in several modifications; but 
 
116 THE COLLECTOR SERIES 
 
 probably the most fascinating series is that struck by 
 Mark Antony, either with his head alone, wearing a 
 radiated crown or an Armenian tiara, or with the jugate 
 heads of Cleopatra and himself, particularly the silver 
 tetradrachm from the mint at Alexandria about 33 B.C., 
 where the Egyptian princess is figured as the New Isis. 
 With the democratic form of government the old 
 monetary system gave way to a new and more elaborate 
 one in the three metals; and the Roman imperial 
 coinage affords the first example of one where gold, 
 silver, and copper or bronze appear to have been during 
 the best period struck, proportionately speaking, in 
 equal abundance, unless we have to except Egypt under 
 the Ptolemies. There is as complete a revolution in 
 the numismatic as in the political state of affairs. The 
 ancient system was superseded by a new principle, 
 under which the unit was the ces yet further reduced in 
 weight, the dupondius, and the sestertius, or, as we 
 usually say, first, second, and third brass, with the 
 denarius in silver = 10 sestertii, and the aureus or solidus 
 = in weight to 2 and in value to 20 denarii; yet a 
 good deal of caution and patience was displayed by 
 Augustus before he rendered his personality and auto- 
 cracy too prominent on the currency ; and one point is 
 conspicuous, namely, that although the coinage forms 
 three divisions, that of the lowest metal in the first 
 size, which had been identified with the primitive epoch, 
 was under the empire the only one of which the issue 
 was subject to the authority of the Senate, and that on 
 which, partly owing to its diametrical capacity, we meet 
 
ROME 117 
 
 with the most interesting recollections most carefully 
 treated, and the finest portraits of the Caesars and 
 their august kindred and consorts. Moreover, certain 
 reigns, such as those of Hadrian and Antoninus Pius, 
 present us with large bronze medallions and smaller 
 pieces of silver rich in archaeological interest, and in 
 testimony to the respect still cherished for the traditions 
 of the mythical epoch or for the Greek cults which 
 the joint influence of trade and conquest had made 
 familiar to the Komans. This fine and valuable series 
 in the two metals exists of the emperors from Augustus 
 to the Antonines, but specimens are rare. The first 
 brass struck at Alexandria with various mythological 
 reverses, chiefly of local or at least Asiatic origin, under 
 some of the later Caesars, may be classed under the 
 same head; these are not uncommon, except in high 
 preservation. 
 
 As in the Consular coinage, there are many exceptions 
 to the prevailing rule in regard to the scarcity of the 
 imperial money in the respective metals. The bulk of 
 it is remarkably common, especially in second and third 
 brass ; but the first brass of many reigns, and of those 
 out of the direct line of succession, such as Marciana 
 and Matidia, is difficult to procure; and patination is 
 imperative. The gold and silver of the earlier Caesars 
 is mostly plentiful, but the later and briefer reigns offer 
 frequent difficulties to the collector who aims at being 
 complete. The work alike in both metals is very 
 unequal, and even on the same coin the obverse is 
 superior to the reverse, the artist who engraved the 
 
118 THE COLLECTOR SERIES 
 
 portrait proving less successful in the symbol or allegory 
 on the other side. As we have noted under Greece, 
 the objects on the reverse often doubtless represent 
 copies of actual works of art existing at Rome when 
 they first appeared, like the figure of Hope on the first 
 brass of Claudius, which is found represented on some 
 of the subsequent money in inferior style. When we 
 come to the later reigns, we find the execution of the 
 secondary details more and more careless. As we pass 
 from the Roman to the Byzantine group, we become 
 sensible of a transition to a spirit and style half Greek 
 and half Oriental, and except that no collection can 
 pretend to be even representative without specimens of 
 the numismatic productions of the Lower Empire, there 
 is very slight importance beyond the occasional illustra- 
 tion of contemporary costume in the long succession 
 from the fourth century B.C. to the thirteenth century 
 of our own era. 
 
 Of the Emperor Otho there is no Roman brass, and 
 the gold is scarce. In the third brass, and in the size 
 intermediate between that and the second, there are 
 not a few rarities, but, as a general rule, not a year 
 elapses without swelling the already vast and over- 
 whelming volume of these pieces, which appear to have 
 been buried in large numbers in nearly all parts of 
 the ancient world. Intrinsically they possess the 
 highest value, and are for the most part carefully 
 executed. Those of Constantine the Great, from a 
 variety of mints (London included), are particularly 
 abundant and diversified, and there are several types 
 
ROME 119 
 
 of his mother Helena, who is remembered as the dis- 
 coverer of the true Cross. 
 
 The coins relating to Britain, among which those 
 of Constantine are to be included, embrace the pieces 
 struck at Rome to commemorate the triumphs of the 
 imperial arms over the barbarous islanders, which com- 
 mence with the reign of Claudius, the series in all 
 metals of the British-born Caesar Albinus, and the 
 large assemblage, also in gold, silver, and copper, of 
 Carausius and Allectus, comprising many rare types. 
 
 The small bronze of Constantine the Great is ex- 
 tremely plentiful and varied, the silver and gold 
 scarce; the same is predicable of the money of 
 Carausius and Allectus. 
 
 There is another family of Roman coins, to which 
 attention is due — those of earlier reigns restored by the 
 later rulers; they commence with Augustus, and are 
 sometimes far rarer than the original money. 
 
 Speaking generally, the interest resident in these 
 monuments is either historical or personal, if not both. 
 On the reverses, though in a more limited measure 
 than in the republican money perhaps, and in a 
 different way, there are records of events of which 
 we might otherwise have known nothing; and the 
 portraits of such men as Augustus, Hadrian, Trajan, 
 Marcus Aurelius, Severus, Alexander, Constantine the 
 Great, Julian, and of some of the august ladies who 
 enjoyed the privilege of appearing on the coinage, 
 Livia, Crispina, Matidia, Marciana, Plotina, Domna, 
 inspire us with a strange sympathetic interest, of which 
 
120 THE COLLECTOR SERIES 
 
 we are not quite able to divest ourselves when we 
 contemplate the effigies of Tiberius, Commodus, Ela- 
 gabalus (whose features belie his character), of Julia, 
 the daughter of Augustus, the two Faustinas, and 
 Lucilla. Of Augustus it may be questioned if we do 
 not obtain in the Divos Ivlivs piece a more veracious 
 resemblance than on the ordinary currency, and the 
 restitutions by Trajan and Titus doubtless natter the 
 founder of the dynasty. 
 
 Full details of all the rulers and their numismatic 
 incidence may be found in Stevenson, Humphreys, 
 and Akerman ; or, again, where technical minutiae are 
 desired, in Mionnet and Cohen. A gold coin of the 
 emperor Saturninus, noticed in the Revue Numis- 
 matique, appears to be unique, and in the Numismatic 
 Circular of Messrs Spink & Son of London are repre- 
 sentations of two interregnal denarii between Nero 
 and Galba, said to be inedited. There is an enormous 
 disparity in the survival of the Roman series. As 
 many as 20,000 coins in all metals of Aurelian are 
 known, while of a few ephemeral rulers, such as 
 Martinianus, there are perhaps not more than a dozen 
 examples in all metals. 
 
PLATE VIII. 
 
VI 
 
 CONTINENT OF EUEOPE 
 
 The necessarily succinct sketch which we present in 
 this case of the numismatic history of a vast and pro- 
 lific region may be read side by side with the more 
 copious account which we were enabled to furnish in a 
 preceding publication, the "Coinage of the European 
 Continent," 1893-7. The two great sources of inspira- 
 tion and development were Teutonic and Scandinavian, 
 or, in other words, the earliest as well as the best 
 suggestions for modern numismatic productions were 
 derived from the North by different channels, and 
 supplanted the Greek, Eoman, and Byzantine models, 
 which we recognise in the so-termed Merovingian 
 money, and in the primitive currencies of Gaul and 
 Britain. We shall perceive how during centuries the 
 whole of the Continent satisfied itself with a monetary 
 system of the simplest and most meagre description, 
 how in actual circulating media it possessed down 
 to the thirteenth century nothing higher than the 
 silver penny and its equivalent, and how it was the 
 great commercial and religious movement stimulated 
 by the Crusades which, by opening new routes for 
 
 trade, and drawing more closely together the East 
 121 
 
122 THE COLLECTOR SERIES 
 
 and West of Europe and the coasts of Asia and 
 Africa, led to the conception of higher denominations 
 of coined specie of fixed standard, first in silver, and 
 finally in gold. As it had happened in Lydia when 
 Gyges struck for mercantile purposes an electrum 
 stater of 220 grains against one of about 167 for 
 internal use, the early Italian trading communities 
 took the initiative in making, at all events, their gold 
 money of such true weight as to ensure its universal 
 acceptance. The Merovingian triens or tremissis was 
 equal to the third of a Byzantine solidus ; but it was 
 not a commercial currency, nor does there seem to 
 have been any real metallic standard for coins anterior 
 to those established about a.d. 1250-80 by the Floren- 
 tines and Venetians, who adopted and maintained them 
 from motives of financial convenience. The concurrent 
 introduction into Trance, under Louis IX., of gold 
 pieces of broad fabric, probably on a much more 
 restricted scale, divided Europe into two numismatic 
 schools, of which one followed the French, the other 
 the Italian prototype ; and it is singular enough that 
 in France itself certain feudal centres preferred the 
 latter. 
 
 The first direct initiative in the more modern 
 school of European numismatic art was received from 
 Northern Germany, whence, through the Franks, and 
 perhaps the Lombards to some extent, the new in- 
 fluence spread to Italy, the Low Countries, France, 
 and ultimately the Iberian peninsula. We have to 
 ascribe to the multifarious fruits of trade, navigation, 
 
/ 
 
 CONTINENT OF EUROPE 123 
 
 and travel, so largely promoted by religious fanaticism, 
 and the unforeseen outcome of the successive expedi- 
 tions to the Holy Land for the recovery of the 
 Sepulchre, the increased call for the means of exchange 
 on a better footing; and the purity and undeviating 
 weight of the mediaeval Italian gold was primarily due 
 to its competition with the high oriental standard. 
 
 The text which follows, with the matter occupy- 
 ing the latter part of the volume, and the very full 
 information collected in our previous work, should 
 altogether suffice to afford inquirers a tolerably clear 
 and complete view of what, so far as English readers 
 were concerned, remained till recently a very imper- 
 fectly known department of numismatic history. Eng- 
 lish scholars are obviously competent to study, through 
 publications in various languages, the progress and 
 particulars of the coinages of each locality and region 
 within the European frontier ; but the present under- 
 taking is more especially calculated for the service of 
 the majority, who possess neither the leisure nor the in- 
 clination to make themselves masters of the facts, here 
 broadly and methodically stated, by the laborious per- 
 usal of a polyglot library of monographs and other 
 treatises. 
 
 The marvellous number and extent of the persons 
 and places formerly entitled to issue their own money, 
 and the disappearance or obscurity of the clues to 
 identification in many cases, have combined with im- 
 perfect lines of succession and broken or fragmentary 
 records of numismatic policy and enterprise to em- 
 
124 THE COLLECTOR SERIES 
 
 barrass the labours of the most indefatigable among 
 the Continental workers, and to compel them to leave 
 certain series with lacunae to be supplied hereafter; 
 and this condition of affairs, which may be partly 
 attributed to the loss of their archives by petty States 
 and the committal of the obsolete coinages to the 
 crucible, exists in the face of continuous research and 
 continuous discussion. 
 
 The grand series of groups of numismatic produc- 
 tion which the European Continental section of this 
 work offers to our view forms a virtual sequel to the 
 monetary history of Rome, and may be considered 
 as commencing at the point where the coinage 
 of the Western Empire, with the exception of the 
 ephemeral exarchate of Ravenna, determines. During 
 centuries we have to note the lingering influence of 
 the masters of the ancient world in the imitation 
 of their types, subject to such changes as modified 
 political and religious conditions insensibly accom- 
 plished, and at the same time necessitated. A mainly 
 new nomenclature and symbolism for the coins them- 
 selves arose, but classical history or mythology was 
 recollected in such forms as Hercules, Phoebus, Achilles, 
 Julius Caesar, Augustus, Cicero, Theodore, Demetrius, 
 Alexander, Michael, Philippus, Constantinus, Octavius, 
 occasionally disguised by linguistic postulates. Until 
 the Frankish authority was more or less consolidated 
 in the person of Charlemagne about the close of the 
 eighth century of our era, there was no central power 
 in succession to that of Rome on the Continent, nor 
 
CONTINENT OF EUROPE 125 
 
 can it be said that that prince exercised more than a 
 suzerainty over a great part of the dominions titularly 
 comprehended within his empire. Already in the 
 sixth century the enormous volume of money, usually 
 designated Merovingian, began to issue from a large 
 number of mints in the Low Countries, France, and 
 Spain, while the more immediate followers in the foot- 
 steps of the Komans, and the temporary inheritors of 
 that soil, the Goths and the Lombards, produced a 
 currency in all metals (though sparingly in gold) partly 
 on the Eoman and partly on the Teutonic model. 
 The imperial system soon resolved itself numismatically 
 into the enjoyment of the right of striking money by a 
 numerous body of autonomous states under the sanction 
 of the Frankish or German Caesar ; and in France, where 
 the jurisdiction of the emperors was soon lost, and in 
 the Peninsula, where it only revived with the rise of the 
 great Spanish monarchy in the single person of Charles 
 V., the crown long remained too weak to preclude the 
 great feudatories from having their own mints. Never- 
 theless, there is of the Frankish and other dynasties, 
 which successively swayed the fortunes of Germany, 
 the Netherlands, and Italy, a notable assemblage of 
 coins of all kinds, either of pure imperial origin or 
 with mixed types, exhibiting the names of cities 
 or princes in conjunction with the name and cogni- 
 sance of the superior lord. 
 
 This principle survived down to the last days of the 
 old regime. But there were exceptions to its observ- 
 ance. The Italian republics, for the most part, re- 
 
126 THE COLLECTOR SERIES 
 
 nounced the pretensions of the emperor or king of 
 the Romans in this respect at an early date, and 
 Savoy, the Holy See, Florence, and Milan, the two 
 Sicilies, and other powers followed a similar course. 
 The admission of the claim had its real or sup- 
 posed advantages ; it was an acknowledgment of vas- 
 salage, but it was a plea for protection on the part 
 of the minor governments from their more power- 
 ful neighbours. This point is treated more at large 
 in our other work, and we may now proceed to furnish 
 an outline of the numismatic history of the European 
 Continent, with the premonitory notice that a great 
 deal of further information may be found in that 
 volume. 
 
 Starting with Westphalia, we meet with many 
 important coin-centres, such as Cologne, Munster, 
 Paderborn, Salm, Bronkhorst, and Dortmund, as well 
 as the scarce and ephemeral currency of Walmoden- 
 Gimborn ; and in conclusion there is, though extending 
 over a short period (1806-13), the somewhat prolific 
 coinage, in all metals, of Jerome Napoleon, king 
 of Westphalia, who had previously, as Grand-Duke 
 of Berg, issued various pieces with his portrait and 
 titles. 
 
 In the Rhenish Provinces there are the Duchies 
 of Cleves, Juliers, and Berg (subsequently united 
 to Saxony), the two branches of the house of Hohen- 
 zollern, and the very important town of Aix-la- 
 Chapelle or Aachen, the residence and burial-place of 
 Charlemagne. The Counts and Dukes of Nassau, the 
 
CONTINENT OF EUROPE 127 
 
 Counts of Schaumburg-Lippe, the Princes of Waldeck, 
 the Counts of Sayn, the Counts of Lichtenstein, and 
 the Archbishops of Mayence, all struck an abundance of 
 money in each metal at Wiesbaden and elsewhere. 
 
 The coinage of the undivided landgraviat of Hesse 
 commences with bracteates with the Hessian lion, 
 and develops into a rich volume of currency in gold, 
 silver, and copper, the thaler first appearing in 1502. 
 The earlier specimens are particularly scarce. Within 
 this territory were several feudal mints, including 
 Isenburg and Oppenheim. 
 
 Frankfort - on - the - Main was once the Frankish 
 capital, and continued during centuries to enjoy poli- 
 tical and monetary autonomy ; we have numismatic 
 examples from the eleventh to the nineteenth century 
 (1866). The absolute right to strike its own money 
 was conferred in 1428. 
 
 The margraviat, afterward grand-duchy, of Baden, 
 of which there were two branches down to 1771, 
 is less remarkable on account of its own coinage, 
 which dates from an early period, than as the seat of 
 several independent mints, of which we may mention 
 Mannheim, Ulm, Leiningen, Freiburg - in - Brisgau, 
 Breisach, etc., almost all of which issued currency 
 anterior to that of the margraviat itself; the earlier 
 specimens of Baden, especially the gold, are difficult 
 to procure. 
 
 Wurtemburg, at first a county, then (1492) a 
 duchy, and finally (1806) a kingdom, with which, 
 till 1792, was incorporated the countship of Mont- 
 
128 THE COLLECTOR SERIES 
 
 beliard, presents a large body of material to the 
 collector or student in all metals from the fourteenth 
 century ; there was a separate coinage for Montbeliard 
 in the lower values; the full titles on the money 
 describe the sovereign as Count or Duke of Wurtem- 
 burg, Count of Montbeliard, and Lord of Heidenheim. 
 The gold ducats of Duke Ulric are varied through the 
 course of his protracted reign (1498-1550); there are 
 many pieces interesting for the costume. Copper 
 liards with well-executed portraits were struck for 
 Montbeliard in the early part of the eighteenth century. 
 
 We call attention to the extensive area of research 
 and selection existing in Bavaria and the Palatinate, 
 a region interesting in connection with the Thirty 
 Years' War and its incidence, and the union of the 
 Palsgraf Frederic with Elizabeth Stuart. Gardiner's 
 " History of the War," 1874, should be consulted. It 
 is here that we have to place the not very extensive but 
 peculiarly interesting money of the princely family of 
 the Fuggers, dating from 1534, when Charles V. ac- 
 corded to Anton Fugger, Herr von Weissenhorn, who 
 died in 1560, the right of striking his own coins; these 
 have usually on the reverse the imperial titles and 
 symbol. 
 
 When we enter Saxony, there is a great diffi- 
 culty in emerging without entering into an amount 
 of detail which is at present impossible ; for the par- 
 tition of the province among several reigning houses, 
 and the concurrent existence of a large number of in- 
 dependent feudal and urban centres, have combined to 
 
CONTINENT OF EUROPE 129 
 
 accumulate a store of numismatic records alike un- 
 surpassed in extent and variety, in historical value, 
 and in fidelity and excellence of portraiture. The 
 recognisable coinage dates from the tenth century. 
 The modern kingdom, dating from 1806, is, of course, 
 only a portion of what was embraced within the same 
 geographical term. There were the separate states of 
 Saxe-Weimar (subdivided into Old, New, and Middle 
 Weimar, and Weimar - Jena), Saxe-Coburg, Saxe- 
 Meiningen, Saxe - Hilburghausen, Saxe - Saalf eld, and 
 Saxe-Altenburg, each of which had its monetary system, 
 subject to periodical political changes. In Saxe-Mein- 
 ingen we have the coinage of the Counts of Henneberg, 
 to which belong rare early thalers. 
 
 We mention Anhalt, of which there were for- 
 merly four branches, Schwarzburg and Schwarzburg- 
 Eudolstadt, and Eeuss Senior and Junior (each throw- 
 ing out various branches), of which any single division 
 would suffice to engage the exclusive attention and 
 resources of a collector, and pass on to Brunswick, 
 which resembles Saxony in the subdivisions of the 
 ruling family, but far less so in the minor places 
 of coinage. There were at one time six branches, of 
 which one, Luneburg, acquired signal distinction as 
 the origin of the present royal house of Great Britain 
 through a double tie — Henry the Lion and Elizabeth 
 of Bohemia. The grand numismatic monuments of 
 this state, more especially of the Luneburg line, ought, 
 however, to command interest apart from any colla- 
 teral consideration. 
 
 I 
 
130 THE COLLECTOR SERIES 
 
 There is a good deal of instructive matter to be 
 gleaned from the coinages of points within the Bruns- 
 wick frontier, particularly Gottingen, Goslar, Hildes- 
 heim, and East Friesland ; and the same may be said 
 when we approach the North, and take in succession 
 Oldenburg, which possesses curious early dated pieces ; 
 Holstein, with its three branches; the Hanse towns, 
 particularly Lubeek and Hamburg, the latter once the 
 seat of the great Von Hovel family, whose castle may be 
 seen on its coins ; Mecklenburg, permanently associated 
 in its undivided state with the illustrious Wallenstein, 
 and now forming two duchies, Mecklenburg-Schwerin 
 and Mecklenburg-Strelitz ; and finally Pommern or 
 Pomerania, with a group of towns on the Baltic coast 
 — Wismar, Rostock, Wolgast — round which a religious 
 curiosity has gathered, as the seats in old times of 
 a nature-worship symbolised on their money, and 
 common to many other places. 
 
 Brandenburg is a name borne by a margraviat and 
 electorate, as well as by a margraviat in Franconia, 
 and by the branches of Anspach and Bayreuth. With 
 the three last are connected series of coins dating back 
 to an early period, and in all metals. The electorate 
 was the germ of the modern kingdom of Prussia through 
 the acquisition of Brandenburg, in 1415, by Friedrich 
 von Hohenzollern, Burggraf of Nurnberg, by purchase 
 from the Emperor Sigismund. Long prior to the ex- 
 istence of Prussia as a kingdom, it was in a contracted 
 sense a duchy subject to Poland ; the Dukes of Massow, 
 whose capital was Warsaw, and of whose money, struck at 
 
CONTINENT OF EUROPE 131 
 
 Culm, in Western Prussia, we have no direct knowledge, 
 and later on the Teutonic knights, who have left 
 ample monetary records (1195-1572), occupied the 
 remainder. 
 
 In or about 1525, Albrecht, Margraf of Brandenburg, 
 having become Grand Master and seized the possessions 
 of the Order, was made duke of Prussia under Polish 
 suzerainty; but in 1657 this territory vested abso- 
 lutely in Brandenburg, and so remained till 1701, when 
 Wilhelm III. assumed the crown of Pkussia. It was 
 while he was Margraf, and in 1681, that, having 
 acquired a settlement on the coast of Guinea, he 
 made the maiden essay of the Prussians in colonising 
 it, and striking money for its use. His money as Mar- 
 graf is common, but as king (1701-1713) is peculiarly 
 scarce ; nor is that of his successor, above all the silver, 
 easily obtained. 
 
 The coins of Frederick the Great, except the in- 
 auguration ducat of 1740 and the thaler s of 1741 and 
 1750, are abundant, and those of the later monarchs 
 call for no special comment. Numismatically speaking, 
 the changes in territorial distribution after the events 
 of 1815 Bggrandised Prussia at the expense of Saxony. 
 
 Silesia, Mansfeld, and Stolberg, of which the two latter 
 formed themselves into branches, were down to the 
 end of the eighteenth or early years of the nineteenth 
 centuries, prolific sources of monetary production. On 
 Stolberg the stag, and on Mansfeld St George and the 
 Dragon, were immovable types. Both houses produced 
 a distinguished soldier in the Thirty Years' War ; but 
 
132 THE COLLECTOR SERIES 
 
 the former has to boast the permanent literary claims 
 of the two brothers whose names are familiar in the 
 German poetical annals of the eighteenth and nineteenth 
 centuries. The coinage of Silesia was various, according 
 to the locality whence it proceeded, with the exception 
 of that of the ancient dukes. At Liegnitz the early 
 kings of Poland struck money for Polish Prussia, 
 including gold florins of the Italian type. 
 
 Austria, first a margraviat, afterward a duchy and 
 archduchy, and ultimately an empire, struck bracteates 
 in primitive times of very numerous types. The Flo- 
 rentine gold pattern was adopted by Albrecht I. (1298- 
 1308); and we owe to this source the earliest dated 
 thalers, executed with great care and skill, particularly 
 that of Maximilian and Mary of Burgundy, 1479, of 
 which there are three distinct varieties, and those of 
 1505, 1509, 1516, and 1518, with the older bust. There 
 are also magnificent gold coins in this series. With 
 Austria are connected by political ties the Tyrol, Car- 
 inthia, Moravia, Istria, Styria, Dalmatia, Bohemia, 
 Hungary, Transylvania, nearly all of which had been 
 originally sources of autonomous coinage on a large 
 scale, and, in fact, offer to our consideration numismatic 
 examples equal in character and interest to any which 
 Austria itself possesses. 
 
 Hungary still retains its own currency ; Bohemia and 
 Transylvania did so till the last century. The Madonna 
 and Child is an almost invariable Hungarian type, and 
 on some of the modern pieces for that part of the empire 
 the peculiar form of the Magyar crown may be observed. 
 

 
 CONTINENT OF EUROPE 133 
 
 The Swiss Coinage leaves little to be desired in 
 regard to its extent, duration, and variety. It is 
 divisible into imperial, feudal, cantonal, and federal. 
 Historically, the series of early money of bracteate or 
 semi-bracteate fabric is perhaps the most important; 
 but the pieces most attractive in aspect belong to the 
 fifteenth and sixteenth centuries, although the can- 
 tonal and federal coinage of the last and even present 
 century is handsome and well executed, and occasion- 
 ally exhibit views of the city to which it refers. 
 Some of the ancient coins, as the St Gallen plappart 
 of 1424, the Bern thaler of 1494, and the dicken of 
 1492, of which an example is known, struck in gold, 
 are of signal rarity, a characteristic which is shared by 
 several large silver . pieces of later date, like the 
 celebrated thaler struck by Cardinal Schinner, with 
 his portrait as Bishop of Sitten, and the Zurich thaler 
 of 1512, presenting the three Martyrs carrying their 
 heads before them. 
 
 The coinage of Poland, traceable to very rudi- 
 mentary and barbarous beginnings, remained without 
 great perceptible improvement till the reign of Sigis- 
 mund I. (1506-48), who gave a powerful impetus to 
 this feature in the national life and character, and 
 from whose time dates that advance in fabric and style 
 which continued to the end. The earlier numismatists 
 apparently enjoyed a very imperfect acquaintance with 
 the volume and variety of this extensive and important 
 series. 
 
 Down to a certain period a considerable portion of 
 
134 THE COLLECTOR SERIES 
 
 Prussia belonged to the dukes and kings of Poland, 
 and special money was struck for East Prussia, as 
 well as for Livonia, acquired by marriage from the 
 Jagellon dynasty. Of coins in the highest metal 
 struck for Poland itself we have seen nothing prior 
 to the reign of Sigismund II. Augustus. But of 
 some of his successors there are pUces de plaisir of very 
 high denominations and of great commercial value. 
 The earliest thaler ( = 30 Polish groschen) was struck 
 in 1564 for Livonia. The smaller silver denominations 
 in this group of currency are the most abundant ; the 
 older thalers in fine state, and well-preserved copper, 
 are of extreme rarity, and the ducat and its multiples 
 are not common. Those of John IIL Sobieski pre- 
 sent a life-like portrait of that celebrated personage; 
 but the most realistic one accompanies the fine thaler 
 of 1685. The latest autonomous Polish piece which 
 we have is a six-groszy of 1794. 
 
 Russia was of course far behind the Poles in every 
 respect, and down to the reign of Peter the Great had 
 no coinage worthy of a great nation. The cradles of 
 metallic currency, when the system of bartering skins 
 was gradually abandoned, had been Kiev and Nov- 
 gorod. An effort was made by one of the dukes of 
 Muscovy at the end of the fifteenth century to intro- 
 duce Hungarian gold types, but nothing was then 
 accomplished, nor was the alleged mission of Walter 
 Basbee, assay-master of the Goldsmiths' Company, in 
 1608, to the court of the Czar, on the part of James 
 I. of Great Britain, in order to assist in the reform 
 
CONTINENT OF EUROPE 135 
 
 of the coinage, more successful ; and so far as we are 
 aware, the coinage of Peter, 1704, was the first essay 
 toward a general reform of the system, that of 
 Alexie or Alexis Michailovitch, 1654, amounting to 
 scarcely more than an isolated experiment. But Eussia 
 used to a very considerable extent in the seventeenth 
 century the money of Germany and the Netherlands 
 and even Italy, with countermarks rendering it current. 
 Peter the Great lived to see the circulating medium of 
 his country placed nearly on an equality with that of 
 more westerly states, and his successors have certainly 
 in this respect, so far as the fabric and workmanship 
 are concerned, maintained the standard. There are 
 many rare and little-known patterns of Peter himself, 
 Catherine I., Peter II., and other sovereigns of the 
 Eussias, which have lately realised considerable amounts 
 at foreign sales. The rouble of Peter I. (1725) and 
 that of Catherine I. of same date, with head to left, are 
 considered scarce. 
 
 Of the Danubian Provinces, Moldavia, Wallachia, 
 Eoumania, Bulgaria, Bosnia, and Servia, the numis- 
 matic annals have varied with their political vicissi- 
 tudes. Some of the money goes back to the eleventh 
 century, and much of it to the fourteenth. The early 
 coins of Bogdana bear, as a symbol or type, the mys- 
 tical bull's head, so common in Germany and in the 
 Baltic district. The fabric and style of the more 
 ancient coins of Bulgaria and Servia are Byzantine; 
 the Servian currency of the fourteenth century is partly 
 copied from Greek models, both of the ordinary and of 
 
136 THE COLLECTOR SERIES 
 
 the concave form, and partly follows the lines of the 
 Venetian grosso called matapan. Since 1867 these 
 states have been erected into autonomous governments, 
 with the exception of Bosnia, which remains under 
 Austrian jurisdiction. Of Georgia there are copper 
 coins of irregular form belonging to the seventeenth 
 and eighteenth centuries. 
 
 A sufficient sketch of the monetary system of the 
 Latin Empire established after the Fourth Crusade, 
 and of those of modern Greece and Turkey in Europe, 
 may be found elsewhere. The expedition of the Vene- 
 tians and their allies to the Holy Land vid Constan- 
 tinople effected in the whole of Eastern Europe a 
 political revolution, of which the fruits lasted in some 
 instances during centuries ; and this event laid the 
 foundation of the colonial currency of Venice for the 
 territories which the republic thus acquired in 1204. 
 One of the rare pieces in this series is the imitation of 
 the Venetian gold ducat struck by the Duke of Milan 
 for Chios during his temporary sovereignty over Genoa. 
 
 The Northern Kingdoms, Denmark, Sweden, and 
 Norway, have always possessed a certain characteristic 
 individuality, distinct even from those countries by 
 which they are more immediately bounded. From 
 what has been said in another place, it is easily in- 
 ferable that the numismatic fortunes of these three 
 kingdoms have been strongly and strangely influenced, 
 not so much by external agencies as by civil or inter- 
 national disagreements and struggles. From time to 
 time the balance of power was shifted between Sweden 
 
FLALtt IX, 
 
CONTINENT OF EUROPE 137 
 
 and Denmark, both of which have weakened and im- 
 poverished themselves in bygone days by interference 
 in foreign wars, while Norway has never achieved any 
 sensible share of importance either in its government 
 or in its coinage, the Norwegian money having been at 
 all times for the most part of Danish or Swedish origin. 
 The archaic coins of this entire region, of which none 
 can perhaps be assigned to a period anterior to the 
 tenth century, appear to have been modelled on the 
 Anglo-Saxon types of Ethelred II. ; a find of these 
 silver sterlings in Norway some few years since led to 
 the hypothesis that they might have been struck there. 
 But the Danish and Swedish mints soon learned to 
 emulate the best productions of other countries; and 
 the very reasons which have caused the currencies of 
 these two realms to descend to us as a broken and 
 irregular record constitute in our eyes an additional 
 attraction, as they were the means of calling into 
 existence an unusually large body of money of neces- 
 sity, and of pieces issued by usurpers or competitors 
 for the throne. Of late years the attention of col- 
 lectors has been' drawn in a greatly increased measure 
 to the Scandinavian provinces on two grounds : the 
 curiosity of the more ancient monuments and their 
 connection with England, and the fine workmanship 
 and historical interest of those belonging to more 
 recent times. Sweden associates with itself the names 
 of Gustavus Adolphus, his daughter Christina, the 
 great minister Oxenstierna, Charles XII., as well as 
 the singular phenomenon offered in the ponderous 
 
138 THE COLLECTOR SERIES 
 
 copper plate-money of the eighteenth century, and the 
 series of very rare early gold money. The earlier 
 Danish Colonial money is of extreme rarity, especially 
 the Indian pagodas countermarked for Danish use. 
 
 In entering the Low Countries we soon become sen- 
 sible that we are on ground which has been trodden by 
 a remarkable succession of rulers, and which, looking 
 at their comparatively limited area, exhibit a residual 
 assemblage of currencies belonging to dynasts, fiefs, 
 towns, and provinces, of which nearly all have passed 
 into the domain of history, of which many are obscure, 
 and of which a few have left only numismatic vouchers 
 for their existence. Throughout Belgium and Holland 
 formerly flourished numerous powerful feudatories prac- 
 tically independent of the imperial authority, pros- 
 perous cities and towns, almost equally autonomous, 
 and a host of minor seigneurs, of whom all have trans- 
 mitted to us proofs of their importance, wealth, and 
 taste in a huge volume of obsolete money in the various 
 metals, of infinitely diversified types, of countless deno- 
 minations ; and each trouvaille adds to the aggregate 
 and to our knowledge of the several series. 
 
 There are many excellent compilations and mono- 
 graphs dealing with the coinages of the Northern and 
 Southern Netherlands. Of the latter, the prominent 
 divisions in ancient times were Brabant, Namur, Liege, 
 Limburg, Reckheim, Luxemburg, Flanders, Hainault, 
 Artois, Saint Pol, and Boulogne. These fiefs or states 
 constituted sources during a very lengthened period of 
 great numismatic activity. Liege was not only a busy 
 
CONTINENT OF EUROPE 139 
 
 episcopal mint, but (with Maestricht) a very early and 
 leading one of the emperors. Loos and Rummen, even- 
 tually merged in the See of Liege, produced a variety 
 of money in all metals, of which some is of extreme 
 rarity. Brabant, Luxemburg, and Flanders, under 
 their respective dukes or counts, attained in their 
 coinage a wealth and splendour absolutely regal. 
 
 In the north we have the great feudal houses of 
 s'Heerenberg and Bronkhorst in Gronsfeld, the latter 
 associated with the illustrious family of Brederode, 
 with many other baronial and seigniorial centres, of 
 which it is necessary to specify the Counts of Holland 
 and West Friesland, the Counts and Dukes of Gueldres, 
 and the Bishops of Utrecht, with each of which are 
 connected elaborate monetary systems of long dura- 
 tion and signal importance. The coinages of Holland 
 (county) and West Friesland, as well as that of the See 
 of Utrecht, commence abruptly, and we have evidently 
 a good deal yet to learn about the products of the 
 parent mints of these districts. By the Amersfoort 
 Find (1894) some additions were made to our acquaint- 
 ance with the gold currency of Gueldres; but there 
 were almost certainly coins of Holland and Utrecht 
 prior to any at present identifiable; the sumptuous 
 gold florins of the latter may be commended to notice. 
 
 Besides the feudal currencies of the Netherlands there 
 are those of the United Provinces, of the Batavian 
 Republic, of the Brabantine Revolution of 1790, of 
 the Austrian, Spanish, and English rulers, and of the 
 kingdoms of Holland, the Netherlands, and the Bel- 
 
140 THE COLLECTOR SERIES 
 
 gians, without reckoning a vast Dutch colonial series 
 extending over two centuries and a half, and at one 
 period emanating independently from each province. 
 It is unnecessary to point out the voluminous and 
 intricate monetary policy arising out of the unwieldy, 
 and decentralised imperial system, and appurtenant to 
 a scheme of local government by vassals of the Crown 
 often as powerful as the Crown itself; but with the 
 formation of Holland into a kingdom in 1806 the old 
 rSgime may be considered to have been brought to an 
 end, as the subsequent changes in 1816 and 1830 were 
 matters of detail. Throughout the less remote epoch, 
 from the sixteenth century downward, the most attrac- 
 tive and superb examples of numismatic art abound. 
 The Leicester series is apt to be interesting to English 
 folk ; it extends from 1586 to 1659, or later (long after 
 the Earl's death), and consists of the thaler and its divi- 
 sions of various dates. The coins of William the Silent 
 and of William Henry of Orange, afterward William III. 
 of Great Britain, in all metals command attention. 
 
 Italy possesses manifold titles to our special conside- 
 ration as having been the cradle of the ancient Roman 
 coinage, as having passed through a succession of 
 political revolutions, each of which left its numismatic 
 traces and lessons behind it for our instruction, as the 
 seat of the alleged patrimony of St Peter, which was to 
 outlive all revolutions, and embracing within its fron- 
 tiers Venice and Florence, and as the only region where 
 the finest productions of German medallic art were 
 eclipsed. Subsequently to the fall of the Western 
 
CONTINENT OF EUROPE 141 
 
 Empire the invasions in turn of the Ostrogoths, the 
 Lombards, the Franks, and the Germans, gradually 
 tended to bring the Italian coinage in its fabric and 
 feeling into closer touch with that of the Scandinavian 
 and Teutonic communities of Northern Europe. The 
 Ostrogoths themselves had largely adopted the mone- 
 tary style and module of the nation which they entered 
 the peninsula to replace ; but those who came after 
 them, especially the Franks and the Germans, changed 
 the prevailing type, and substituted that which formed 
 the standard one throughout Western Europe during 
 many centuries. The Ostrogothic and Lombard series, 
 the former in all metals, the latter in gold and silver 
 only, are of considerable extent, and embrace certain 
 examples in gold of extreme rarity and commercial 
 value. The most usual pieces are the Gothic copper 
 nummi and the Lombard silica and half -silica in poor 
 silver ; but the latter people also established their rule 
 in Sicily and Naples, where they retained their ground 
 longer than in the North. A fair account of the Italian 
 numismatic annals of this period of transition is to be 
 found in our former volume, 1893, as well as in the 
 Appendix to it, 1897. 
 
 We have elsewhere shown how the aggrandisement 
 of the Frankish power under Pepin of Herstal and 
 his son Charles or Charlemagne prepared the way, 
 through the decentralising and unfeebling action of a 
 political growth or structure too heavy for its base, for 
 the rise and consolidation of the Holy See on the one 
 hand, and of the republics, especially that of Venice, on 
 
142 THE COLLECTOR SERIES 
 
 the other. Already in the fifth century the Venetians 
 had laid the first stone of that wondrous constitutional 
 edifice which was to witness the rise and evanescence 
 of so many other States ; and in the ninth we may say 
 that the Republic and the Papacy were the two powers 
 in the peninsula most independent of the imperial 
 authority. 
 
 Many other communities, as we learn from Sismondi, 
 formed themselves by degrees into virtually autonomous 
 governments resting on a federal basis, and preserved 
 this freedom for a longer or shorter period according 
 to local or other circumstances ; but those which had 
 risen by commerce survived those which had risen by 
 mere force of arms. Eventually there was a reflux of 
 imperialism, which in the eighteenth century absorbed 
 nearly all these states in succession, and even Venice 
 fell at last in the Great Revolution. 
 
 The Papacy remains ; but its temporal jurisdiction has 
 passed away for ever ; and the whole of the land, which 
 once included the most marvellous nationality (for 
 Venice was nothing less), and gave birth on Corsican 
 soil to the greatest soldier in the world, is united under 
 one sovereign and one monetary system, which has been 
 recently disimproved by the introduction of a nickel 
 coinage — one of the vilest inventions of numismatic 
 man. 
 
 The almost numberless currencies and descriptions of 
 money in use among the mediaeval Italians and Sicilians 
 constitute not only an ample volume of historically, 
 artistically, and technically important archives, but one 
 
CONTINENT OF EUROPE 143 
 
 infinitely diversified by the force of local conditions or 
 political exigencies. The most singular anomaly con- 
 nected with this portion of our subject is the slenderness 
 of the interest attendant on the lengthened and enor- 
 mous series of coins in every metal and of the most 
 varied denominations issued in the names of the Doges 
 of Venice between the twelfth and the eighteenth cen- 
 turies, owing to the monotony of the type and the 
 poverty of style. Possibly it suited the views of a com- 
 mercial people to maintain a uniformity of pattern 
 intelligible to the trader of every country ; but through 
 all that long lapse of time we meet, except in the Oselle, 
 with the fewest possible variations of legend and design. 
 Even the Florentines, who were greatly indebted to 
 trade as a source of wealth and strength, did not study 
 this principle prior to the Medici period ; but in Milan, 
 Naples, Mantua, Ferrara, Monteferrato, Saluzzo, Savoy, 
 and other coin-striking centres, the desire seems long to 
 have been to outvie one another in the splendour and 
 variety of the money, which remains in our hands to-day 
 a precious inheritance for all lovers of what is beautiful. 
 In Sicily and Naples the gold Merovingian types 
 for some time prevailed, and were superseded under 
 the Normans by gold money, often with bilingual 
 (Arabic and Latin) legends, and a bronze currency 
 which followed the lines of the heavy Greek coinage 
 in that metal for Syracuse and other localities, just as 
 we have observed that the Ostrogothic bronze nummi 
 were modelled on the old Roman system. Of all the 
 productions of this region down to the Renaissance, 
 
144 THE COLLECTOR SERIES 
 
 those in the lowest metal strike us as the most curious ; 
 and, indeed, the two Sicilies formed a region where, to 
 the last, special attention seems to have been paid to 
 this class of medium, and where we meet with a sur- 
 prising number of coins in unbroken sequence from 
 Hellenic times, but unhappily not too often in an 
 irreproachable state. It strikes us as more probable 
 that Sicily borrowed the idea of the heavier bronze 
 (ten grani or tornesi) from the long anterior Russian 
 five-kopek pieces than from England. Alike at Bene- 
 ventum and Salerno, under the Lombards, the Arch- 
 angel Michael appears as a tutelary symbol. 
 
 One of the most conspicuous rarities in the later 
 Sicilian series is a double gold ducat of Charles III. 
 (Charles VI. of Germany), 1723. It appears to have 
 been wanting in all the collections, and is one of His 
 Majesty the King of Italy's desiderata. A very fine 
 specimen fell a few years ago in the way of the writer. 
 
 The reader must be invited to refer for fuller par- 
 ticulars of all the Italian coinages, and of the rarities 
 in the several series, to our larger book, and the 
 authorities there cited, collaterally with the new facts 
 enumerated below, and in Hazlitt's " Venetian Republic," 
 1900. The special desiderata in the Sicilian series are 
 indicated by us in another place. 
 
 The autonomous coinage of the Knights of St John 
 of Jerusalem at Rhodes, Candia, and Malta has found 
 a capable historian in M. Furse, whose large mono- 
 graph deserves to be better known to collectors. It 
 is a series abounding in fine examples of workmanship 
 
CONTINENT OF EUROPE 145 
 
 and portraiture, but which offers many almost insuper- 
 able difficulties to the aspirant to completeness, as 
 some of the earlier pieces are of the first order of 
 rarity, and nearly all the silver and copper occur, as a 
 rule, either poorly struck or in a condition which the 
 French describe as laid. The early gold sequins (of 
 Venetian type) are common enough, with a few notable 
 exceptions; but they are so carelessly executed as to 
 be uninviting. The later heavy gold is of frequent 
 occurrence, but is worth only its weight in metal. The 
 most covetable acquisitions are the large silver scudi, 
 dating, except one or two special issues, from about 
 1720, and the earlier copper in fine state. 
 
 France presents to our view a sufficiently extensive 
 and intricate monetary system, though far less so than 
 Germany or the Low Countries, inasmuch as the rights 
 of coinage enjoyed by a very large body of feudatories 
 throughout the Middle Ages, and down to the firm 
 establishment of the House of Bourbon on the throne, 
 were taken back by the Crown at an earlier period than 
 in the two divisions of Europe just mentioned, leaving 
 only the regal currency for our consideration. It has 
 been explained at some length elsewhere that the 
 volume of old French money in our hands owes its 
 magnitude in part to the almost innumerable varieties 
 of type and issue due to political exigencies, from the 
 long dedication of a separate coinage to certain pro- 
 vinces of the kingdom, as well as to a host of baronial 
 or seigniorial tenants, and also to the personal caprice 
 of the sovereign or his moneyers ; and this statement 
 
 K 
 
146 l^bE COLLECTOR SERIES 
 
 is particularly true of the protracted reigns of Charles 
 VI. and Louis XL (1380-1461). 
 
 It is readily observable that in this highly interesting 
 series we pass through successive stages: the Mero- 
 vingian era, when the prevailing metal was gold ; the 
 Carolingian, when the currency was almost exclusively 
 silver ; the Capetian, when we meet with little beyond 
 billon of careless execution and a sparing supply 
 of gold, commencing with the latter portion of the 
 reign of Louis IX.; the Valesian (1328-1589), in 
 which the gold becomes more plentiful, the silver is 
 somewhat improved, and copper of good workman- 
 ship is introduced; and the Bourbon one, which, in 
 point of fabric, character, and execution, easily excels 
 all that preceded. Yet, looking at the wealth, great- 
 ness, and power of France, and her opportunities of 
 employing the best engravers and the most efficient 
 machinery, we desist from a survey of her whole numis- 
 matic life with a feeling of surprise and disappoint- 
 ment. We take up the Frankish deniers and oboles 
 of Charlemagne and his successors to the end of the 
 tenth century, and place them side by side with their 
 equivalents under the Capetian rulers and French arti- 
 ficers, and the contrast is impressive enough ; the latter 
 constitute an unsatisfactory and repellent array of 
 poorly engraved and struck examples on billon blanks, 
 originally washed with a solution of silver or white 
 metal, but as a rule divested by hard wear of every 
 trace of the plating process. 
 
 It is not till we arrive at the great reforms accom- 
 
CONTINENT OF EUROPE 147 
 
 plished under Louis IX., about the middle of the 
 thirteenth century, that we meet with any creditable 
 specimens of numismatic art, and that after a length- 
 ened interval of sterile monotony there comes not only 
 a new era in the silver coinage, but the singular pheno- 
 menon of gold types wholly differing from those almost 
 simultaneously instituted by Italy and Germany, where 
 the Venetian or Florentine models prevailed. The 
 broad pieces struck under the authority of Louis about 
 1250 did undoubted honour to those concerned in pro- 
 ducing them; and his successors of the Capetian and 
 Valesian lines maintained the character and standard 
 of this branch of the national coinage, which lasted 
 down to the middle of the seventeenth century, when 
 it gave place to the louis-d'or and its divisions and 
 multiples in 1640, in common with the silver currency 
 — the ecu d 'argent and its fractions — the copper remain- 
 ing unchanged, till the following reign substituted the 
 Hard and other denominations. 
 
 Meanwhile, the feudal series, which must be under- 
 stood to comprise the vassals of the French crown of 
 all grades and all measures of subservience, including 
 Burgundy, Normandy, Brittany, Lorraine, and other 
 grand fiefs, whose allegiance was more or less nominal, 
 had swollen to a bulk which far surpassed that of the 
 monarchy, and which embraced within its limits pro- 
 ductions transcending in personal or in artistic interest 
 those of the suzerain. Perhaps, indeed, it may be 
 advanced as a general proposition that the redeeming 
 features of the French system lie outside the direct 
 
148 THE COLLECTOR SERIES 
 
 dynastic succession, and are to be sought in the feudal, 
 Franco-Italian, Franco-Spanish, and Napoleonic coins, 
 apart from a group of essais or patterns of superior 
 style by Briot and others, which the G-overnment 
 usually rejected. 
 
 Altogether, we perceive in this case a vast assemblage 
 of metallic monuments, which, as a special collection, 
 are decidedly undesirable, from the unusual poverty of 
 their character and condition, but among which it is 
 not difficult to make choice of a considerable assort- 
 ment of specimens in all the branches — the earlier 
 colonial inclusive — equally attractive and interesting 
 from many points of view, and in some instances 
 associated with great historical names. 
 
 In turning over the pages of such works as those by 
 Hoffmann and Poey d'Avant, the student or amateur is 
 apt to form a more favourable idea of the French series 
 than a personal examination of ordinary pieces will 
 probably give, as the engravings are derived to a large 
 extent from examples in the Bibliotheque, or natter 
 the originals. The representative or eclectic plan is 
 by far the best and safest here ; to become complete is 
 an impossibility; and the collector has the option of 
 starting with the Merovingian and Carolingian money, 
 which is Frankish or Franco-German rather than 
 French, or with the true national series from Charles 
 le Chauve, or even from Hugues Capet. The gold or 
 the copper money alone would constitute an agreeable 
 study and an ample collection. 
 
 We have, in conclusion, to deal with the Iberian 
 
CONTINENT OF EUROPE 149 
 
 Peninsula, a region subject to very peculiar numis- 
 matic as well as political experiences, and on whose 
 soil many different races have left their footprints and 
 their influence without affecting France, except on its 
 southern frontier. 
 
 The earliest known coinage of Spain belongs to 
 peoples who were not Spaniards in blood, language, 
 or religion. The Greek, the Carthaginian, the Eoman, 
 the Moor, the Arab, struck coins of the types with 
 which they were familiar in their own lands, before the 
 Spaniards existed as a nation, and even before the 
 states which were to be united under Ferdinand and 
 Isabella were recognised. 
 
 The earliest monetary system of Spain is divisible 
 into several broad sections : (i.) Celtiberian, Phoenician 
 or Punic, Greek, and Eoman ; (ii.) colonial, municipal 
 and urban, and regal. The last category is susceptible 
 of sub-classification into heads answering to the succes- 
 sive political centralising and decentralising movements 
 which the country from time to time underwent, until 
 the final union under Charles V. (rather than under Fer- 
 dinand and Isabella), if it did not reduce the currency 
 to a uniform standard and type, placed it on a more 
 national footing. But long subsequently to the accession 
 of the House of Aragon the various provinces and towns 
 of Spain retained, as elsewhere, the right of coinage ; 
 an extensive catalogue of localities occurs in Hazlitt's 
 "List of Mints" where money was struck indepen- 
 dently of the crown, and down to the present century 
 some of the outlying portions of the kingdom preserved 
 
150 THE COLLECTOR SERIES 
 
 the memory and recognition of their former numismatic 
 autonomy in special types and legends sanctioned by 
 the central authority. From the remotest times the 
 output of urban currencies must have been very large. 
 
 M. Heiss enters at much greater length, of course, 
 than in a general survey of the present kind is possible, 
 into the political distribution of the Peninsula among 
 different classes of townships and other local govern- 
 ments, accounting for the extensive numismatic remains 
 of various characters which have descended to us in 
 connection with this region. It is evident that the 
 Greek and Roman influence survived here much longer 
 than in France, and that, even when it became feebler 
 and fainter, the inhabitants of Spain, instead of receiv- 
 ing lessons from the Western and Northern invaders 
 and civilisers of the Gaulish territory, fell in this as in 
 other respects under the sway of the powerful African 
 element, which so largely contributed to promote their 
 national culture. 
 
 The early Spanish coinage is mainly concerned with 
 the large and important provinces of Granada, Aragon, 
 L£on, Castile, Catalufia, Valencia, and Navarre, all of 
 which originally possessed and retained independent 
 monetary rights. Down to a comparatively recent 
 period, the two last-named divisions of Spain struck 
 their own currency ; and after the accession of Henry I. 
 of Navarre to the French throne in 1589 as Henry IV., 
 coins were issued by France for Lower, and by Spain 
 for Upper Navarre. The plentiful numismatic remains 
 of Leon and Castile subsequently to their union, and of 
 
CONTINENT OF EUROPE 151 
 
 those states posterior to the marriage of Ferdinand of 
 Aragon with Isabella or Elizabeth of Castile, are suffi- 
 ciently well known, and comprise a great number of 
 examples of unmistakable individuality. The produc- 
 tions of Navarre and Valencia are far less common, and 
 among them we find interesting pieces, especially those 
 with the portraits of the house of D'Albret. For 
 Catalufla we have a special coinage down to the reign 
 of Isabella II. 
 
 Although the ancient Moorish dominion enters much 
 less conspicuously into the later political history of the 
 country, the monetary fortunes of Granada participated 
 in the striking changes and developments which this 
 part of the Peninsula experienced from the first settle- 
 ment of the Carthaginians there, and the foundation 
 of Carthago Nova (Cartagena) in the third century 
 before our era. All that is manly and noble in Spanish 
 life and archaeology owed their existence to African 
 inspiration and energy ; the Moorish blood and intellect 
 raised almost every grand monument which we see or 
 of which we hear ; and the famous Alhambra was at 
 one time, like the mediaeval palace both in Eastern and 
 Western Europe and in Asia, the royal residence, the 
 seat of government, the prison, and the mint. Coins 
 have descended to us bearing in their legends that 
 they were struck in the Alhambra of Granada. In 
 some other ways the Gothic element in Spain was 
 influential for good, but not numismatically so, for the 
 money of the Visigothic princes is merely a degraded 
 form of the Merovingian or of the Byzantine patterns, 
 
152 THE COLLECTOR SERIES 
 
 and the first marked impulse toward an improvement 
 in the fabric and execution of the currency of any part 
 of the Peninsula seems to have come from Aragon, 
 where, in the twelfth century, we meet with dinheri and 
 grossi, exhibiting a long advance in the art of por- 
 traiture, and of good silver, chiefly from the mint at 
 Barcelona. At the same time, Castile and L6on pre- 
 served the old billon money, slightly modified from 
 Visigothic prototypes, and the Moorish gold pieces, on 
 which, as we perceive from one engraved here, Alfonso 
 VIII. about 1190 inserted in the field the letters 
 A L F as a first step toward the establishment of a 
 Castilian medium in that metal. In this, as in other 
 parts of Europe, it was the middle of the fourteenth 
 century which witnessed a general revival of art and 
 taste, and Castile then took the lead under Pedro the 
 Cruel (1350-60) in numismatic activity, so far as the 
 institution of a gold coinage, including certain sump- 
 tuous pieces of high value, was concerned. The ordinary 
 escudi of this reign are tolerably abundant, and were 
 probably struck in considerable numbers, a testimony 
 to the growing national prosperity ; but the multiples, 
 no doubt, were destined for presentation, or for other 
 than commercial purposes. 
 
 The consolidation of the Spanish monarchy and 
 its temporary aggrandisement under Ferdinand and 
 Isabella, Charles V., and Philip II. by maritime dis- 
 covery and commercial enterprise, led to the present 
 branch of the European coinage attaining and pre- 
 serving during centuries a high rank and repute. The 
 
PLATE X, 
 
OF T 
 
 OF 
 
CONTINENT OF EUROPE 153 
 
 Spanish doubloon and piece of eight are familiar to all ; 
 but the collector who engages in the task of forming 
 a cabinet of Spanish coins becomes aware that he has 
 committed himself to a vast, multifarious, intricate, and 
 costly series, which embraces the inheritance left to us 
 by Celt, Carthaginian, Sueve, Goth, and Moor, modified 
 by French and other foreign influences of later advent. 
 The political and commercial supremacy of Spain 
 scarcely outlived the days of Charles V., but the money 
 issued under the authority of its rulers, while it was 
 internally less varied, grew, and long remained under 
 his immediate successors, and under the Bourbons, of 
 enormous volume, and comprehended separate monetary 
 systems, with Spanish types, for the possessions or 
 dependencies in Europe and America. From 1580 to 
 1640 the kings of Spain struck coins for Portugal, which 
 Philip II. had annexed or restored to his dominions. 
 On the other hand, France struck coins for parts of 
 Spain from 1642 to 1648, and from 1809 to 1813. The 
 former series is in silver and copper, and is very ill- 
 struck, and scarcely ever procurable in tolerable state. 
 Elsewhere we have set out some of the prominent 
 rarities and difficulties of the series under notice, and 
 additional particulars occur in the Numismatic Cir- 
 cular. With these facts and suggestions to guide him, 
 the student should have no fear of being unable to 
 arrive at an approximate view of the subject, and the 
 monumental works of Heiss are at hand to assist those 
 whose aim it may be to enter into this section more 
 exhaustively. We are not to overlook the occasional 
 
154 THE COLLECTOR SERIES 
 
 intimacy of political relations between England and the 
 Peninsula in the marriages of Eleanor of Castile, John 
 of Gaunt, and Philip II., and in the British possession 
 of Gibraltar. 
 
 The coinages of Central and Southern America, not 
 reckoning indigenous products prior to the Spanish 
 epoch, have largely partaken of the nationality of the 
 early conquerors, as they have been influenced by the 
 constant political changes which have affected that vast 
 region. In the respective metals, the peso, the dollar, 
 and the centavo have always constituted the main 
 currency ; but money of necessity of all kinds has been 
 an unfailing periodical incidence. 
 
 Portugal, in the first instance an integral portion of 
 Spain, and erected into a county by Alfonso VI. of 
 Castile (1078-1109) in favour of Henry of Burgundy, his 
 son-in-law, in 1094, completes the numismatic survey 
 which has been undertaken of the European states. 
 From having been at the outset an appanage of the 
 mother-kingdom, this government gradually acquired, 
 in the same manner as Spain, and about the same 
 period, and retained during an even briefer term, a 
 very distinguished place among the maritime and com- 
 mercial communities of the Continent, and from the 
 most obscure commencement (for there is no identifi- 
 able currency of Count Henry or of Affonso I. of Por- 
 tugal) developed a rich and sumptuous monetary policy, 
 which long survived the national greatness and power. 
 Even down to the first half of the eighteenth century, 
 when Portugal had lost nearly all her trade and her 
 
CONTINENT OF EUROPE 155 
 
 influence, the coinage continued to be of the same 
 ambitious stamp as before, and comprised those heavy 
 gold pieces (20,000 reis) which formerly obtained favour 
 in Castile, United Spain, the Spanish Netherlands, and 
 elsewhere, and which the Czars of Muscovy obtained as 
 complimentary offerings to illustrious personages in the 
 absence of any medium of the kind at home. Few who 
 feel an interest in coins have failed to make acquaint- 
 ance with these old relics of the past, balancing in the 
 scales six or seven English sovereigns, and fast dis- 
 appearing in the hands of refiners. 
 
 The earliest autonomous Portuguese coinage was 
 modelled on that of the Moors, and followed Mahom- 
 medan denominations; these were the marabotin, the 
 maravedi di ouro, the medio, the method, the pezante, of 
 some of which our knowledge is solely derived from 
 documents. The gold maravedi was allied in type to 
 the dinhero of Castile, already mentioned; and of all 
 these, and other ancient monetary experiments, which 
 passed successively out of use, an account is given else- 
 where. We must satisfy ourselves on the present occa- 
 sion with stating that with Pedro the First, 1357-67, 
 the currency began to improve in volume, fabric, and 
 national costume; and this is another way of saying 
 that the movement, which had had its first stimulus on 
 French soil under Louis IX., and in Italy collaterally at 
 Florence and Venice, made its influence sensible about 
 a century later in Portugal, as it did in Germany, Eng- 
 land, and Castile. The successors of Pedro I. carried on 
 the work, which he assisted in promoting ; and Duarte I. 
 
156 THE COLLECTOR SERIES 
 
 not only developed the gold currency, but substituted 
 pure copper for the mixed metal hitherto employed for 
 the lower values, thus anticipating nearly every other 
 European state in a most useful reform. Between the 
 middle of the fifteenth and that of the sixteenth century 
 the increasing prosperity of the country, crowned by 
 the important geographical achievements of its mari- 
 time explorers, brought the currency to the height of 
 its variety, amplitude, and splendour ; and it has been 
 shown how the magnificent gold portuguez of Emmanuel 
 (1495-1521) perpetuated in its legends the noble ser- 
 vices performed by Bartolommeo Diaz and Vasco da 
 Gama for their native land. Beyond this chronological 
 limit the Portuguese numismatic annals never practi- 
 cally exhibited any real progress; but, on the other 
 hand, while the national strength and rank steadily 
 declined, the money betrayed no symptoms of narrower 
 political and financial resources, unless we reckon as 
 such the very frequent occurrence during the seventeenth 
 century of countermarked pieces ; and we observe down 
 to the nineteenth century an abundance of beautiful ex- 
 amples of workmanship and design in all metals. One 
 conspicuous characteristic, which should not surprise us 
 in such a stronghold of the Papacy and its adjuncts, is 
 the presence on the coins of all kinds of religious symbols 
 and suggestions, bespeaking the staunch and fervid Catho- 
 licism of the people, which has outlived everything else 
 except its natural associates, sloth, poverty, and crime. 
 
 The colonial series in this case is of exceptional extent 
 and importance, and dates from the reign of Emmanuel. 
 
CONTINENT OF EUROPE 157 
 
 Very full information on these points is afforded in the 
 Portuguese monographs by Fernandes and Aragao. 
 
 A very striking peculiarity in the monetary system 
 of Portugal is the almost complete absence, as in 
 Scotland, of the seigniorial and ecclesiastical ele- 
 ments, as the sole instance of a concession from the 
 Crown to any person or corporation appears to be 
 that accorded in 1128 by Affonso I. to the cathedral of 
 Bracara, of which there exists a possible result or out- 
 come in a coin reading Civitas Bragce ; and even this 
 piece is of doubtful origin. A slight feature of English 
 interest consists in the employment of the celebrated 
 engraver Wyon by Maria II. da Gloria for the coroa of 
 1837 (perhaps the prototype of the Victorian coinage 
 of 1837-39), and of the Birmingham mint about the 
 same time (1820-30) for two pattern 10-reis elsewhere 
 described. The heavy Portuguese copper may have 
 been borrowed from England, from the two Sicilies, or 
 from Eussia ; it lasted from about 1812 to 1830, and 
 the scarcest piece is a pattern 40-reis of Dom Miguel, 
 1828, with his portrait. 
 
VII 
 
 UNITED KINGDOM 
 
 The fourth and concluding division of the work is 
 devoted to the coinage of those races which have suc- 
 cessively occupied and governed the region now known 
 as the United Kingdom. It is hardly requisite to men- 
 tion that down to comparatively recent days this section 
 embraced several numismatic systems more or less dis- 
 tinct from each other. England itself, from the second 
 half of the tenth century, may be said to have pos- 
 sessed a single authorised regal coinage ; but Scotland 
 had its own money, at first autonomous and subse- 
 quently of independent type, till the union of the 
 crowns; and even Ireland, the Isle of Man, and the 
 Channel Islands have enjoyed intermittent or partial 
 monetary privileges down to our own time. 
 
 The historical and artistic value, if not interest, of 
 the British coinage sensibly declines after the death 
 of Anne in 1714. The best period may perhaps be 
 said to lie between the reigns of Edward III. and 
 Charles II. With the House of Brunswick-Limeburg, 
 although foreign artists were generally employed to 
 execute the work, the style becomes monotonous and 
 
 158 
 
UNITED KINGDOM 159 
 
 mechanical, and more so as we approach the long reign 
 of George III. 
 
 This division readily lends itself to a distribution 
 under the following heads or sections : — British Period, 
 Anglo-Saxon Period, Anglo-Norman Period, the Plan- 
 tagenets, the Tudors, the Stuarts, the Commonwealth and 
 Protectorate, the Second Stuart Period, the Hanoverian 
 Dynasty (and Anglo-Hanoverian series of coins), and 
 the earlier Colonial currencies. 
 
 Notwithstanding the extensive, learned, and successful 
 researches of Sir John Evans, the attribution of a vast 
 family of money in a variety of metals, with rude types 
 and destitute of any clues in the shape of names of 
 rulers or of places of origin, must be considered as still 
 on its trial, and as beset with the utmost difficulty 
 and uncertainty. The coins usually termed British or 
 Gaulish, on speculation or conjecture, may often have 
 been struck in other and distant parts of Europe, and it 
 is hardly probable that the Britons themselves produced 
 a fraction of the numismatic remains ascribed to them 
 by the older school of writers on this subject. One 
 trustworthy criterion, in allocating the pieces of so- 
 called British or Gaulish fabric to their true patria, 
 and so at all events narrowing the inquiry, may be the 
 comparison of the Mediaeval coinages of France, Ger- 
 many, etc., with them, which would, no doubt, reveal 
 the survival of local characteristics, and so assist in 
 identifying a British or Gaulish piece as the original 
 occupant of a German or even an Asiatic home. (See 
 Hazlitt, " Coins of Europe/' p. 98.) 
 
160 THE COLLECTOR SERIES 
 
 It should be noted that the discovery of coins of this 
 or any class in situ is not necessarily a sure test of 
 local origin, since the wide acceptance of foreign cur- 
 rencies at a recognised rate in all commercial transac- 
 tions, from a very early period, led to hoards and finds 
 becoming of a composite or mixed character. This 
 circumstance explains the discovery of Carolingian 
 money in Britain side by side with Anglo-Saxon, and 
 of a British or Gaulish coin in Jutland ; and after all 
 the hypotheses and theories which have been advanced 
 on the subject, the appropriation of most of the anepi- 
 graphic currency, and even of some of the inscribed 
 pieces, to British ground is little more than speculative. 
 
 The style and workmanship observable on the British 
 and Gaulish money are to be distinctly traced through 
 gradual stages of improvement, even so late as the 
 ninth century, in the coinages of certain parts of the 
 kingdom, particularly in the sceattas and stycas of 
 Northumbria ; and even in the lines of a penny of Offa 
 of Mercia we discern the archaic germ in a refined form, 
 while, on the other hand, some of the sceatta class, even 
 of early date, are carefully engraved and have fairly 
 good portraits. There are very interesting copper 
 coins of Cunobeline and silver quinarii of his brother 
 Epaticcus. The artistic delineation of natural objects, 
 or the successful transfer to a die of a borrowed type, 
 was evidently beyond the grasp of the moneyers 
 employed by the reguli of those times, as it had proved 
 to the authors of the deplorable abortions produced 
 in Britain both before and after the days of Caesar, 
 
UNITED KINGDOM 161 
 
 although the theory has been advanced, that in some 
 of the objects portrayed in the ancient British currency, 
 we ought to recognise intentional delineations of fabulous 
 creatures.* 
 
 One remarkable feature in the whole group of numis- 
 matic monuments of British or Celtic extraction is the 
 spirit of servile imitation which it breathes, as well as 
 the absence of that religious sentiment which confers a 
 character and an individuality on the Greek and Koman 
 coinages; and this attribute equally belongs to the 
 productions of the Anglo-Saxon mints, when the con- 
 temporary work on the Continent of Europe presented 
 in a conspicuous manner such diplomatic types or sym- 
 bols as the Temple, Christiana Beligio, and Dei Gratid 
 or Domini Misericordid, a survival of the interesting 
 records of local cults and beliefs impressed on the circu- 
 lating medium of the ancients. At the same time, the 
 retention of the costume of the British coins on those of 
 the later race may fortify our belief in the local origin 
 of the former, from which the Anglo-Saxon pennies, 
 sceattce and stycas would thus be a natural evolution. 
 
 When we come to the inscribed series, we feel that 
 we are treading on somewhat surer ground. Yet the 
 fact is, that nearly all that we know about the money 
 of this class bearing names, generally abbreviated if 
 not corrupt, is that they are almost certainly of native 
 parentage. Like the anepigraphic coins, they are of 
 very unequal pretensions in respect to fabric and art, 
 and while we read certain names or parts of names 
 
 * Lady Charlotte Guest (Mabinogion, 1877, p. 288). 
 
 L 
 
162 THE COLLECTOR SERIES 
 
 upon them, there is no direct or collateral clue to the 
 region in which they were struck, or when the per- 
 sonage specified flourished. Sir John Evans may be 
 right in supposing that the two classes ran side by side ; 
 but the workmanship is as unsafe a guide in fixing the 
 chronological sequence as the place of discovery is in 
 trying to arrive at the place of mintage. 
 
 The list of rulers is doubtless still incomplete ; there 
 are, so far as one can judge, traces of about seventeen 
 or eighteen reguli who enjoyed, by virtue of a more or 
 less ample dominion, the right of signing the money in 
 a seigniorial or royal capacity. On some of the gold 
 inscribed coins occur other initials, which may represent 
 the moneyer or the mint, or both. The names which 
 are least doubtful are * : — 
 
 Tasciovanus or Taschof. Dubnovellaunus. 
 
 Cunobeline, son of Tasciovanus. Andoco[ mius ?]. 
 
 Epaticcus, brother of Cunobe- Boduoc. 
 
 line. Vosii or Vosenos. 
 
 Commius, King or Regulus of the Antedrigus. 
 
 Atrebates, son of Bran, from Suei. 
 
 whom Dinas Bran, near Llan- Amminus. 
 
 gollen, appears to be named. Addedomaros. 
 
 Eppillus, ) Cara or Carat. 
 
 Tincommius, V * on * of Catti. 
 
 Verica, i Commius. W 6Mm. 
 
 Cara may represent Caradoc or Caractacus. Among 
 the Scotish kings is enumerated Caratack, a.d. 35-55, 
 of whom an account precisely similar to that trans- 
 mitted about Caractacus is given, and to whom the 
 pieces with Cara might belong; but Cassivelaunus 
 and Cadwallader, the two other chieftains most 
 * See Thorburn, by Grueber, 1898, pp. 7-9. 
 
UNITED KINGDOM 163 
 
 familiar to us by repute, do not seem to be known 
 by coins, unless they are concealed under such tribal 
 designations as Sego, Boduoc, Vosii, etc. The Latinised 
 forms of some of these appellations somewhat aggravate 
 our perplexity ; but in Dubnovellaunus we seem to have 
 a sort of allied termination to that of the better known 
 personage. We appear to be debarred from supposing 
 that the coins issued under the authority of these and 
 other reguli (such as the celebrated Galgacus) are latent 
 in the uninscribed series, since they would belong not 
 merely to the later period of British history, but to a 
 date anterior to the evident decline in numismatic art. 
 
 Of the mints we seem to hear nothing beyond Kich- 
 borough, Silchester, Yerulam, Colchester, Cirencester 
 (Corinium),* the place apparently indicated by the 
 abbreviated form Sego, the capital (?) of the Boduni, 
 probably intended in the Bodu of coins,f to which 
 probably may be added Canterbury, if not London. 
 But if the so-called Merovingian or Merwing monetary 
 system found favour on the English side of the Channel, 
 the natural result would be that every local centre, 
 however inconsiderable, struck its own coins ; and such 
 
 * Has the name Corinaeus for one of the City of London Giants 
 any connection with this place ? 
 
 t See Glossary to Bishop Kennett's Parochial Antiquities, v. 
 Bodu. Is it possible that Bodu may be an abridged form of 
 Bonduca or Bonduc = Boadicea ? The Boduni, however, appear to 
 have placed the name of their chief town Corinium on their money, 
 which would not suit the Iceni, unless there was a second place so 
 called, no longer traceable, in East Anglia, which is rendered more 
 dubious by the circumstance that the Gloucestershire Corinium 
 owed its name to a cognominal river. 
 
164 THE COLLECTOR SERIES 
 
 a law might, as in the case of the large family of Mero- 
 vingian products, readily facilitate numberless and in- 
 finitesimal variations and gradations of type and style. 
 
 There is valid evidence that, wherever the coins were 
 fabricated, the authorities learned the utility or neces- 
 sity of instituting by degrees some more or less strict 
 regulations in regard to the weight of the money, and 
 that there was a well-understood divisional principle 
 of moieties and thirds or quarters — one borrowed from 
 the later Roman solidi ; and a comparison of specimens, 
 allowing for wear and tear, supports the view that what 
 may be taken to be the money of the middle and best 
 period was adjusted with tolerable care to the appointed 
 standard. The Jersey find of 1820 consisted of Gaulish 
 rather than British money, and of that in silver of low 
 alloy ; the two classes which occurred weighed respec- 
 tively about 100 and 25 grs. The British metrological 
 system would be borrowed from Gaul. 
 
 It is perhaps not usually recognised or realised to 
 the full extent, that a monetary system prevailed in 
 Southern Britain from the third century B.C. to the 
 fifth A.D., varying and fluctuating in its character and 
 execution between an approximately artistic style in 
 the inscribed money and the most degraded barbarism 
 in a large proportion of the uninscribed. There was a 
 sufficient lapse of time at any rate to account for all the 
 known varieties of type ; and it is now understood that, 
 although the celebrated gold stater of Philip of Macedon 
 was a favourite object of the copyists in Gaul and Britain, 
 the engravers there resorted to many other models. 
 
UNITED KINGDOM 165 
 
 We have referred to the uncertainty attendant on 
 the settlement of the original provenance of many of 
 the uninscribed British coins, as well as of those in the 
 inscribed series, from the habitual absence of any token 
 which we are able to recognise as a mint-mark or note 
 of place. The more or less uniform restriction, how- 
 ever, of certain inscribed coins, when they occur, to a 
 particular district or zone, may not only be taken for 
 what it is independently worth, but for its analogical 
 virtue in encouraging and justifying the application of 
 the same criterion to the much larger anepigraphic 
 collection in our hands, and consequently in claiming 
 a British origin for a greater proportion of the entire 
 body of extant remains. 
 
 We are admitted to so scanty an acquaintance with 
 the political vicissitudes connected with the British 
 epoch, alike before and after the Eoman time, that it 
 is futile to speculate on the circumstances which led 
 to the establishment of a coinage in Britain, when it 
 began, and when it terminated. It is of course easy 
 to trace in the rude and often amorphous pieces, which 
 presumably belong to the period between the latest 
 money of absolute British fabric, and the sceatta and 
 styca era, the old influence in the grotesque and bar- 
 barous designs and the primitive fabric ; but there is 
 nothing beyond guesswork to help us in ascertaining, 
 even approximately, the date at which a marked im- 
 provement on the best style of the inscribed British 
 currency set in, or the causes of such a progress and 
 change. Of the greatest power in the world, the 
 
166 THE COLLECTOR SERIES 
 
 history down to the middle of the sixth century is the 
 most obscure from every point of view, when we have 
 exhausted the little that is trustworthy and have dis- 
 carded all that is empirical or false. 
 
 Of the commercial value of British coins it is difficult 
 to speak. The inscribed series is the most esteemed. 
 The pieces in base metal, copper, and tin are abundant ; 
 but really fine specimens are of the rarest character, 
 especially in copper, insomuch that a small copper 
 coin of Cunobeline, now in the writer's possession, 
 brought £40, 10s. at the Yorke Moore sale. The 
 gold money with Cundb and Boduoc is easily obtained. 
 That of Verica, Tasciovanus, Epaticcus, Anted rigus, 
 and some of the less familiar names is rarer. The 
 small silver pieces corresponding to the Koman quinarii 
 are particularly uncommon, and exist only of certain 
 rulers in a few examples. These coins, in common 
 with those of Cunobeline, are carefully executed, and 
 suggest foreign workmanship. But the coins of Verica, 
 of which one at least is reputed to have been struck in 
 Gaul, have become commoner by reason of finds. 
 
 Of the Anglo-Saxon money it must be predicated 
 that the objects themselves are less interesting, from 
 their general destitution of all claims as works of art, 
 than the historical associations which they possess, and 
 in many instances exclusively preserve. With very few 
 exceptions, the symptoms of progress among the earlier 
 rulers of Britain, numismatically speaking, were not 
 only faint and slow, but liable to interruption; and it 
 
UNITED KINGDOM 167 
 
 was not till England came into contact with Flemish 
 workmanship and taste, under the later Plantagenets, 
 by commercial and other relationships, that the cur- 
 rency assumed an aspect worthy of the rank of the 
 country in other respects. The Anglo-Saxons obeyed 
 the principle, so characteristic of a barbarous people, 
 of copying every variety of model, in general with in- 
 different success, and of these imitations there were 
 often degraded counterfeits. 
 
 There seems to be a fair probability that, as time 
 goes on, many important discoveries will be made in this 
 series, if not in the British. The exhumation in 1868 
 of the gold tremisses at Crondale, Hants, conclusively 
 shows how near to our feet, as it were, lie the means 
 of augmenting and revising our state of knowledge 
 respecting the numismatic transactions of remote ages 
 in this island, no less than the constant and intimate 
 relationship between the English and their Continental 
 neighbours. 
 
 The coins of the Heptarchy, to our knowledge of 
 which large and important additions have been made 
 in recent times, both in the way of discovery and 
 appropriation, succeeded not immediately to those of 
 the Britons, but to a very numerous and varied class of 
 silver currency termed sceatta, from the Anglo-Saxon 
 sceattan, to cut. These pieces resemble the British in 
 their imitative character, and appear to be almost 
 invariably efforts on the part of engravers superior to 
 those of the former epoch, yet still far from expert, to 
 copy Roman and other types. The sceattce are usually 
 
168 THE COLLECTOR SERIES 
 
 round, but also of irregular forms, and frequently im- 
 perfect in the rendering of the impression from the die. 
 They occur, like their predecessors, inscribed and un- 
 inscribed ; and there is no further clue to their origin 
 than the sites on which they have been brought to 
 light. Kent is the county in which many of them 
 have been found, and Canterbury was probably a lead- 
 ing centre of production, as it was the presumed source 
 of the unique gold triens reading Dorovemis, men- 
 tioned by numismatic writers. Parallel with them in 
 the north were the singular billon stycas of the king- 
 dom of Northumbria, a series which stands by itself, 
 and comprises many rare names of princes and varieties 
 of mintage ; it dates from the seventh century to the 
 ninth (670-867), when the secular rulers of this part 
 of Britain adopted the silver coinage, long elsewhere 
 prevalent. But the Archbishops of York retained the 
 system some years later. 
 
 Of the South and West Saxons there are no identi- 
 fiable coins, but of Kent, Mercia, and East Anglia 
 there are considerable series, those of the first-named 
 district comprising many struck by certain Archbishops 
 of Canterbury. The earliest silver penny is attributed 
 to iEthelbert II. of Kent, about 725 ; one of Baldred, 
 the last king, exhibits for the first time, unless we 
 reckon the triens above referred to, the place of 
 coinage, DBVR CITS, an abbreviated form of Doro- 
 vemia Civitas. 
 
 The coinage of Mercia is redeemed from the normal 
 barbarism of Anglo-Saxon workmanship by the well- 
 
PLATE XI. 
 
OF THE 
 
 UNIVERSITY 
 
 OF 
 
UNITED KINGDOM 169 
 
 executed pennies of Offa (757-796), which exist in very 
 numerous types, all more or less uncommon and valu- 
 able ; the theory that they, or some of them, were the 
 work of Italian engravers, is at least doubtful ; but 
 the most singular production of the reign is the 
 imitation of a gold Arabic mancus, with Mahommedan 
 legends, like the gold dinhero of Alfonso VIII. of 
 Castile (c. 1193), and Offa Bex added. This piece 
 appears to be the survivor of a very large number 
 once existing, if it be the case that it belongs to the 
 annual oblation of 396 mancusi promised by Offa to 
 the Pope's Legate. But there is a second, almost 
 equally striking, which bears the name of his queen, 
 Cynethrith or Quinred, on the reverse. The story 
 runs that the daughter of this princely couple died a 
 beggar in the streets of Pa via. The pennies of Burgred 
 are tolerably abundant, and do not greatly vary from 
 each other or from those of his successor, Ceolwulf. 
 There seems to be no possibility of calculating or 
 foreseeing how much more we may learn about the 
 present series, or what surprises the earth has in store 
 for us. Not long since the late Sir Wollaston Franks 
 presented to the British Museum a most valuable 
 hoard found, it is understood, in the vicinity of the 
 metropolis. But no recent finds have tended to make 
 the coinage of Ethelbald less rare. Of the Franks gift 
 Mr Grueber compiled an excellent catalogue. 
 
 The numismatic annals of East Anglia extend from 
 690-890 ; the pennies of Beonna, the first recorded 
 king, are rare, as well as those of the other rulers, ex- 
 
170 THE COLLECTOR SERIES 
 
 cept Edmund, specimens of whose posthumous coinage 
 subsequent to his canonisation may be easily obtained 
 in fine state, although that struck during his life is 
 far more uncommon. His halfpenny, the first coined 
 so far as we know in England, is rare. 
 
 Besides the prelates, who struck money at Canterbury 
 and York, we have pennies of St Peter, St Martin, and 
 St Edmund (just mentioned), from the mints at York, 
 Lincoln, and Bury ; the ecclesiastical coinage determined 
 in the ninth century, but the monetary privilege lasted 
 down to the Reformation, and was extended to some 
 of the episcopal Sees. Pieces of the ordinary regal 
 type frequently present themselves with the initials or 
 monogram of the personage under whose immediate 
 authority they were struck. Some of the Durham 
 pennies of Wolsey bear T. W. and a cardinal's hat, 
 which bespeaks them not prior to 1516. 
 
 The sole monarchs of England are usually reckoned 
 as commencing with Egbert (800-837) with whom at 
 one time, however, a second ruler named Heahbert is 
 found associated, insomuch as coins are known to have 
 been struck with no other differences than the substitu- 
 tion of his name for that of Egbert ; but the question 
 arises, whether Heahbert may not be a moneyer's error 
 or a moneyer's name; but Edgar (959-975) was the 
 first who can be said to have actually reigned over the 
 whole country ; and we know that the royal authority 
 in the time of Alfred (872-901) was constantly disputed 
 and infringed, and that down to the period of the 
 Norman settlement in 1066 there was no stability in 
 
UNITED KINGDOM 171 
 
 the government, owing in great measure to successive 
 invasions and revolts. The style and fabric of the 
 silver penny under Egbert and his successors, however, 
 gradually improved ; those of Alfred, of numerous types, 
 including the London one with the portrait,* and a 
 second with a reverse copied from a Koman aureus, 
 are peculiarly interesting to us from the personal 
 character of the issuer; and the profuse volume of 
 currency belonging to the long reigns of Canute and 
 Edward the Confessor, amounting to hundreds of varie- 
 ties, seems to establish the beneficial growth of foreign 
 influence and an increasing demand for specie. It was 
 precisely a juncture when the coinage of France had de- 
 generated from the later Carolingian standard, and under 
 the Capetian dynasty exhibited debased types. But 
 the Northern nations had improved their money, and it 
 was from the Danish conquerors that England acquired 
 the superior material and designs which distinguish the 
 circulating medium from this time till the civil troubles 
 under the Plantagenets. Under Alfred the halfpenny 
 reappeared for the first time since the reign of iEdmund 
 of East Anglia ; but the innovation may be supposed 
 not to have met with favour, as we meet with no 
 examples beyond those struck by his successor Edward 
 the Elder, Eadred, Eadgar, and by Edward the Confessor. 
 The halfpence of Alfred were unknown till the 
 Cuerdale find; but they are now ascertained to have 
 issued from several mints, Oxford inclusive ; one, it is 
 
 * The one, formerly Captain Murchison's, and now in the 
 writer's possession, is remarkable as weighing 26 grains. 
 
172 THE COLLECTOR SERIES 
 
 said, was found in the Thames at Wandsworth; and 
 specimens of other reigns may come to light. 
 
 The earliest Anglo-Saxon money was, like the majo- 
 rity of the British, uninscribed ; occasionally what ap- 
 pears to be the name of an individual occurs on the 
 sceattas ; there is even one ascribed to a king of Kent, 
 Ethelbert I. (568-615), with an indistinct legend ; but 
 in course of time the system prevailed of naming the 
 sovereign and the moneyer on opposite sides. Some- 
 times the former is omitted, and the Normans added the 
 places of mintage, which became under them extremely 
 numerous. It is deserving of remark that on several 
 of the Northumbrian pennies the Scandinavian element 
 manifests itself in the forms Kununha, Kunuk, or 
 Conunc, for Bex. 
 
 The Anglo-Norman line closely adhered, from dip- 
 lomatic motives, to the monetary principle which 
 William I. found in force on his assumption of the 
 crown ; his common PAX type followed the precedent 
 of a Lincoln penny of Canute ; and no material variation 
 occurred in the English currency down to the reign of 
 Henry III., unless we regard as such the halfpenny 
 struck under Henry II., of which an example occurred 
 in a very poor lot of English coins many years ago. In 
 the proclamation of 1222 against clipping, mention is 
 made of farthings, but none are at present traceable. 
 The very protracted reign of Henry III., however, 
 witnessed three remarkable novelties or experiments: 
 in the insertion in some pieces of the word Terri, 
 
UNITED KINGDOM 173 
 
 Terci, or III., to distinguish the money from that 
 of the preceding Henrys ; in the issue of a gold piece 
 weighing two sterlings and current for 20 silver 
 pence ; and in the effort to supplement the penny itself 
 by the coin already existing in France and Italy under 
 the name of the gros or grosso = 4 pence. The latter 
 does not seem to have been actually struck in 1249, 
 when, according to Grafton, it was sanctioned by Par- 
 liament ; but the gold money was not only issued, but 
 remained in circulation many years, and in 49 Henry III. 
 was ordered to pass for 24 pence. This highly interest- 
 ing monument, of which two of the five* known speci- 
 mens are in the British Museum, differed from the 
 occasional essays in the same metal in France of anterior 
 date in being a serious effort, which did not, however, 
 succeed, to institute a gold coinage in England nearly 
 a century before the actual date. With the reservation 
 of the gold penny of Henry III., of which Captain 
 Murchison's (previously Mr Martin's) fetched £140, 
 the Anglo-Norman series is less rich in costly rarities 
 than the Anglo-Saxon, although there are many pieces, 
 such as the so-called Stephen and Matilda penny and 
 certain rare varieties of Stephen and Henry I., with a 
 few baronial coins, which command good prices. At 
 the Webb sale in 1894, some silver pennies with Matilda 
 Begina were withdrawn as spurious. 
 
 But among the antecedent collections numerous difli- 
 
 * When the first edition of this volume appeared (1896) only four 
 were thought to be extant ; but Lord Grantley subsequently met 
 with another, which he did not buy, but left to Sir John Evans. 
 
174 THE COLLECTOR SERIES 
 
 culties beset the path of the collector, and it is perhaps 
 unnecessary to add that the most exacting figures are 
 asked for the poorest and rudest examples appertaining 
 to brief and obscure reigns. In this case, again, it is wiser 
 to be incomplete, so far as private collections go. The 
 British Museum catalogue of the English coins down 
 to the Conquest, the new Montague catalogue, and Mr 
 Grueber's account of the last find of rare Anglo-Saxon 
 pennies are our best guides. 
 
 In 1280 occurred a new coinage of pennies, half- 
 pence, and farthings, of which the lowest value hence- 
 forth continued to form a permanent feature in the 
 English currency. Under the Edwards mints again 
 grew more numerous, and the name of the moneyer 
 disappeared. Owing to the increase of trade the influx 
 of foreign money became larger, and various descrip- 
 tions of counterfeit coin are mentioned, and interdicted 
 by proclamation; these pieces are cited by terms 
 chiefly corrupt and unintelligible. The acceptance of 
 a medium of lower standard, which we conclude to 
 have come in principal measure from the Netherlands 
 and Luxemburg (Luxemhurghs are noticed by Chaucer 
 in the Monk's Prologue), was obviously profitable 
 to experts, as the English penny was of fine silver 
 24 to 23 and a fraction grains Tower) ; in the time 
 of Henry III., it was appointed to weigh 31 grains 
 of wheat. During upward of a century (1272-1377) 
 the silver underwent very slight alteration either for 
 England or Ireland, and until recent times the coins 
 of the three Edwards remained undistinguished. The 
 
UNITED KINGDOM 175 
 
 Irish money of Edward I. and II. equally reads 
 Edw. 
 
 The feeling for a higher denomination than the ex- 
 isting unit seems to have sprung from the introduction 
 of the gros toumois into France about 1248, but the 
 project was not carried out till the reign of Edward 
 III., although a trial-piece of the new type is some- 
 times ascribed to his predecessor on the throne. The 
 former prince has the honour of being associated with 
 the second attempt, which equally failed, to establish 
 a gold coinage in emulation of those which had now 
 for some time been in use on the Continent ; in 1343, 
 florins, half-florins, and quarter-florins were issued to 
 pass for 6s., 3s., and Is. 6d. respectively ; they were of 
 fine gold, and 50 florins were to be made out of the 
 pound Tower. In the same year these pieces were 
 withdrawn, and were superseded by the noble, half- 
 noble, and quarter, current for 6s. 8d., 3s. 4d., and 
 Is. 8d., the half not appearing till 1346. All these 
 monetary enterprises suffered from a single disadvan- 
 tage, inasmuch as the standard was superior to that 
 elsewhere employed, and they were exchanged and ex- 
 ported. To the reduction of Calais by the English we 
 owe, a few years after this important numismatic era, 
 the commencement of the long-lived Anglo-Gallic series 
 in gold, silver, and billon, among which occur some of 
 the most beautiful and artistic examples of early cur- 
 rency connected with the country. The salute oVor and 
 gros d'argent of Henry V. are considered the rarest 
 pieces, but the florin, ecu, chaise, leopard, and guiennois 
 
176 THE COLLECTOR SERIES 
 
 of Edward III. or of the Black Prince are also very 
 valuable. The florin is of the usual Florentine type 
 and module, and so far differs from the rest ; it occurs 
 with the m.m. of two crowns or a leopard's head. 
 
 It seems probable that the fine preservation in which 
 we have received much of the early gold money of 
 England is susceptible of the solution at which Ruding 
 long since arrived, and which may be equally applicable 
 to that of France, that it was at first a luxurious 
 rather than a practical novelty, and was little used 
 in commerce, the prices of the necessaries of life falling 
 within the pieces in the inferior metal already current. 
 It is at the same time farther remarkable that in 
 the currency of Edward III. and his immediate 
 successors gold preponderated, if we include the Anglo- 
 Gallic money; and even in the time of Edward IV. 
 the currency was equally divided between the two 
 metals. There were no middle values. 
 
 The English coinage underwent no material develop- 
 ment subsequently to the accession of the groat, half- 
 penny, and farthing in silver, and the noble and its 
 divisions in gold, with the collateral Anglo-Gallic money 
 current for the possessions of Edward and his successors 
 in France, until the 5th Edward IV., when the angel in 
 gold and the moiety appeared; nor were any farther 
 substantial additions made prior to the 5th and 18th 
 Henry VII., two very important dates, as they are those 
 of the introduction of the first pound sovereign, or double 
 rial, and the first shilling, coins struck perhaps in 
 small numbers, and of considerable rarity, particularly 
 
UNITED KINGDOM 177 
 
 the latter. The shilling is at the same time noteworthy, 
 as well as the groat of contemporary mintage, for the 
 earliest realistic portrait of an English king. Henry 
 continued the rose-rial or half-sovereign, which is far 
 rarer than the former, and of which the Pembroke 
 example fetched £205, and struck the double pound 
 sovereign or four-rial piece. There is a very rare 
 groat of the portcullis type of this reign, with a full- 
 face portrait, which sold at the Thomas sale for £14, 10s. 
 Henry VIII. in his first year struck the double sove- 
 reign, and in his second issue (eighteenth year) the gold 
 crown and half-crown, and the George noble and the 
 half. There is probably no silver coin in the Tudor 
 series, not even the shilling of Henry VII., so difficult 
 to procure in absolutely fine state as that of Henry 
 VIII.* The silver crown, half-crown, sixpence, and 
 threepence followed in 5th Edward VI. ; they are of 
 many varieties, the shilling being of two distinct types 
 and standards, one of base silver, with a profile portrait, 
 the other full-face of fine silver. There is a very 
 remarkable example of an Edward shilling counter- 
 marked about 1600 for use in the East Indies; it has a 
 portcullis punched in on the reverse. A groat of Mary, 
 and similarly countermarked, is extant. The shilling 
 of Edward of the second issue, 1547, is the earliest 
 English dated current coin, as the Perkin Warbeck gros 
 of 1494 is doubtless a jeton ; the half-sovereign, which 
 also bears 1547, is regarded as an essay. Edward also 
 struck a triple sovereign in his third year, and in his 
 
 * Spink <f- Son's Numismatic Circular for February, 1897. 
 
 M 
 
178 THE COLLECTOR SERIES 
 
 fourth a six-angel piece in gold, supposed to have been 
 a pattern, and weighing 480 grains. It was to the 
 base shilling of this reign that Latimer referred in his 
 sermon before the king, when he spoke of it as little 
 better than a groat for value, and of its motto, Timor 
 domini fons vitce, which he trusted that his Highness 
 would take to heart in choosing his wife and his officers. 
 But the probability seems to be, that the advisers of the 
 young king had merely continued the process of debase- 
 ment, commenced by Henry VIIL, whose Brasenose 
 shillings became notorious, and are satirized by Hey- 
 wood the epigrammatist. The mints at this period were 
 London, Southwark, York, Bristol, and Canterbury. 
 That of London was at Durham House in the Strand, 
 and was under the control of Sir William Sharrington. 
 
 The rule of Mary and of Mary and Philip brought 
 no noticeable accessions to the coinage beyond a re- 
 puted half-crown, but rather a mezzo-scudo, of Neapo- 
 litan origin, with both their portraits ; the shilling with 
 the vis-h-vis busts has become famous from the couplet 
 in Hudibras, but it was merely the common Spanish 
 type. The rarest coin of Mary alone is the half -groat ; 
 the pennies are not common. The half-sovereign of 
 1553 is the first published one with a date. 
 
 The volume of English currency had now become, 
 as we see, both large and important, and some of the 
 types found admirers and copyists abroad. At Gorin- 
 chen, Zwolle, Campen, and elsewhere in the Nether- 
 lands excellent imitations of the gold nobles of Edward 
 III. and IV., and of the sovereign of Mary, were 
 
UNITED KINGDOM 179 
 
 struck, with the substitution of Dutch legends and arms. 
 The Campen sovereign is far scarcer than the English 
 original, not more than three or four being known.* 
 
 The lengthened government of Elizabeth was chiefly 
 distinguished by the improvement of the standard, the 
 debased coinage of the two previous reigns being called 
 in and sent over to Ireland; by the institution of two 
 standards of gold — standard and crown; by the first 
 experiment in milled money ; by certain subsidiary 
 changes, as the withdrawal of the farthing and the 
 issue of pieces in silver for three halfpence and three 
 farthings, the latter of which Shakespeare, from its 
 excessive tenuity, compares, in King John, to a person 
 of very spare habit — "Look where three farthings 
 goes ! " — and finally by the establishment for the first 
 time in England of a colonial silver coinage, composed 
 of a crown, half-crown, shilling, and sixpence, in 1600, 
 for the use of the East India Company, and generally 
 designated the portcullis series. The only other instances 
 in which the country had connected its name with cur- 
 rency not intended for internal circulation, were the 
 Anglo-Gallic money, definitely discontinued under 
 Henry VIII., and the daalders and their divisions 
 minted under the authority of the Earl of Leicester in 
 1586 and following years. 
 
 Many of the coins of Elizabeth bear dates recorded 
 in the customary manner, but the portcullis money of 
 1600 and 1601 exhibits only the last numeral. The 
 
 * That formerly belonging to Sir Joseph Banks is in the British 
 Museum. The writer has an extremely fine one. 
 
180 THE COLLECTOR SERIES 
 
 Queen is well known to have struck pence and half- 
 pence in copper for Ireland of various dates ; but what 
 appears to be a regal halfpenny in the same metal for 
 England exists, and is figured and fully described in 
 Spink & Son's Circular for December 1893. 
 
 With the advent of the Stuarts and the union of the 
 crowns the monetary system necessarily became more 
 complex and elaborate, and so it may be convenient 
 to offer a few introductory remarks on the independent 
 coinage of Scotland prior to the Union.* 
 
 The earliest money of this division of the United 
 Kingdom is ascribed to the reign of Alexander I. 
 (1107-24) ;f there is nothing but the silver penny, of 
 more or less barbarous execution, anterior to the reign 
 of Alexander III. (1249-85), who added the half- 
 penny and farthing, and greatly improved the fabric 
 and style by following the English model. We have, 
 perhaps, to attribute to the residence of David II. in 
 England his subsequent adoption of the groat and the 
 noble, of which the latter is extremely rare, and was 
 possibly never published. Both pieces belong to the 
 latter part of his reign. With Robert II., his im- 
 mediate successor, the regular gold coinage began. We 
 meet with the types of the St Andrew, the Lion, the 
 Unicorn, the Rider, the Bonnet-piece, the Ecu, the Ryal, 
 the Merk, the Noble, the Hat-piece, the Sword-and- 
 Sceptre, and the Unit, in gold, and in silver, billon, 
 
 * The Coats Catalogue is, no doubt, the most complete record and 
 authority on this branch of the subject 
 t See p. 162. 
 
UNITED KINGDOM 181 
 
 or copper, upon the accession of Mary and the growth 
 of foreign influence, the testoon in several varieties, the 
 Kyal, the Dollar, the Shilling, Merk, and Penny, with 
 their multiples, the multiples of the pound Scots up to 
 twenty, the Plack, the Bawbee, the Lion or Hardhead, the 
 Turner, and the Bodle,* besides the ordinary English de- 
 nominations with distinctive marks subsequent to 1707. 
 
 A certain historical interest attaches itself to the 
 coins of John Baliol (none of Edward Baliol have 
 been found), Eobert Bruce, James IV., and Mary ; 
 but, as a general proposition, the Scotish money 
 commands attention, first, because it is Scotish, and, 
 secondly, because it embraces a large number of pieces, 
 principally fractional portions, of singular rarity. Here 
 our experience teaches us that the whole is not greater 
 than its parts, as a gold unit of Charles I. by Briot, the 
 finest example in the entire series, is procurable for a 
 quarter of the amount paid for fourth or the eighth. 
 The fabulous prices realised at the Wingate sale, how- 
 ever, were due to special circumstances, and more recent 
 quotations are greatly reduced. The separate currency 
 for Scotland closes with Anne and the year 1707, and 
 consists of silver only. 
 
 The period from James V., whose bonnet-piece of 
 1539 is the earliest dated Scotish coin, to the succession 
 of the Stuarts to the British throne, was, from an auto- 
 nomous point of view, the most prosperous one for 
 
 * The entire Scotish series in the lower values and metals is 
 uniquely difficult to obtain in fine state. Its normal plight is deplor- 
 able. 
 
182 THE COLLECTOR SERIES 
 
 Scotish numismatic history; and within these dates 
 there are many pieces of admirable execution and char- 
 acteristic design, as the Bonnet-piece, the Gold Ducat, the 
 Hat-piece, the Cruichton and Sword dollars, the silver 
 coins with the young head of James VI., and those with 
 the portraits of his mother. The finest epoch, however, 
 may be probably considered as having been from 1608 
 to 1707, when the coinage was under English auspices, 
 and was on a par with that of the dominant nation in 
 quality and variety. The difference between the two 
 series is that the local and sentimental interest seems to 
 subside very sensibly after 1603 ; but the curious old 
 denominations and symbols survived to the end; and 
 among the latest fruits of the Scotish mint was the 
 numismatic memorial of the rather uncanny Darien 
 project. 
 
 The latest monetary evidence of Scotish autonomy is 
 the gold sword-and-sceptre piece of 1604; thencefor- 
 ward we have only to deal with the coinage of Great 
 Britain, Ireland, and the British colonies or dependen- 
 cies. The coinage of the Stuarts was sumptuous and 
 lavish. James retained most of the types of his prede- 
 cessor with the necessary modifications, and introduced 
 others, namely, the unit, the laurel, and the fifteen- 
 shilling piece (a substitute for the spur-ryal, and 
 the obverse copied from a Bavarian Jcipperthaler of 
 1621). The unit and laurel were only variants of the 
 twenty-shilling piece. The silver coinage corresponded 
 with that of Elizabeth, except that on the crown and 
 half-crown the king appears on horseback. Farthings 
 

 UNITED KINGDOM 183 
 
 of copper were also struck under a grant made to John, 
 Lord Harington of Exton, and there are pattern half- 
 farthings of similar origin. The rare pieces in the 
 James series are the rose-ryal with the plain back 
 to the throne, the spur-ryal, the fifteen -shilling 
 piece, and the silver half-crown of the Exurgat type. 
 The crown is difficult to procure in thoroughly fine 
 state. 
 
 The principal numismatic features of the subsequent 
 reign are due to the Civil War, prior to which the 
 coinage was a virtual reproduction of that of the first 
 Stuart. To the period of the troubles (1642-46) are 
 to be referred the Oxford crown of 1644 ; the twenty- 
 shilling, ten-shilling, and five-shilling pieces of the 
 Declaration type ; the £3 piece in gold, of which there 
 are varieties and in the Hunterian Museum a pattern ; 
 and the interesting series of siege-money, largely coined 
 from plate presented to Charles for the purpose by his 
 subjects and by the Universities. The crown of 1644 
 and the twenty-shilling piece of fine work seem to 
 have been equally from the hands of Thomas Kawlins, 
 engraver, dramatist, and poet. Mr Kichardson's speci- 
 men brought £90 in 1895. The royal farthing was again 
 struck, and is still sufficiently common. Of the normal 
 coinage outside, that of necessity the chief sources were 
 the Tower, York, Bristol, and Aberystwith; the pro- 
 ducts of the last mint are distinguished by the Prince 
 of Wales' feathers. 
 
 The Commonwealth and Protectorate (1649-58) 
 
184 THE COLLECTOR SERIES 
 
 represent a highly striking and memorable epoch ; but 
 the types employed by the Government both before and 
 after Cromwell's assumption of supreme power were 
 remarkably simple, and in fact monotonous, since a 
 single specimen of either coinage practically answers for 
 the rest. The peculiar allocation of the shields on the 
 republican series, perhaps copied from the Anglo-Gallic 
 salute, angelot, or blanque, procured for these pieces 
 the nickname of Breeches, which, it was said at the 
 time, was a fit name for the coins of the Rump. The 
 sole novelty in the Protectoral money was the fifty- 
 shilling piece in gold, unless we are to include the so- 
 called two-shillings and the ninepence in silver, and 
 certain essays in copper (1649-51), which were never 
 issued, but possess a historical interest in presenting 
 the likeness of Cromwell and the Protectoral title some 
 time prior to 1653, as if the matter had been thus early 
 in debate. There are scarce patterns by Blondeau and 
 Ramage of the Commonwealth, and three distinct varie- 
 ties of the crown with the head of Cromwell, of which 
 the finest, that by Simon, unfortunately presents more 
 or less the historical flaw caused by the fracture of the die. 
 The earliest monetary examples associated with 
 Charles II. are the octagonal siege-pieces in gold and 
 silver, struck for use during the defence of Pontefract 
 Castle by Colonel Morris after the death of Charles I., 
 with the legends Carohs Secvndvs, 1648, and Post Mortem 
 Patris Pro Filio. In his ordinary coinage the new king 
 at first adopted the hammered system, but in 1662 re- 
 turned to that introduced under Cromwell. At the same 
 
PLATE XII. 
 
 tig 
 
 t 29 
 
UNITED KINGDOM 185 
 
 time he retained the gold broad and its divisions, aban- 
 doning the higher denominations in that metal instituted 
 by his illustrious predecessor on the throne. Several 
 patterns were struck during this period, particularly the 
 famous Petition and Beddite crowns, so termed from the 
 legends, and at present of great rarity and value. In 
 the British Museum is an example of the former in the 
 original leather case ; it is said that only twelve were 
 struck, and in similar state one realised at. an auction a 
 few years ago the sum of £500. But others have since 
 fetched less, and this particular one was resold in the 
 Murdoch auction for £420. It may be a question, 
 whether the Beddite type is not the scarcer. From 
 1662 the coinage embraced the guinea, two-guineas, 
 half-guinea in gold, to which in 1668 the five-guineas 
 was added (Pepys tells us that he ordered two on their 
 first appearance in that year) ; and in silver the crown, 
 half-crown, shilling, sixpence, and Maundy money. In 
 1672, after the issue of some patterns, a halfpenny and 
 farthing in Swedish copper came into regular use, the 
 seated figure of Britannia on the reverse sometimes 
 erroneously said to represent the features of the 
 Duchess of Eichmond, "La Belle Stewart." One of 
 the farthings of 1665, with a bust of the king resembling 
 that on the Petition crown, bears the proud legend, 
 Quatuor Maria Vindico, when England could not even 
 hold the Thames against the Dutch. A tin farthing of 
 later date with a copper plug reads Nvmmorvm Famvfos. 
 An interesting adjunct to the gold money of this and 
 later reigns is the elephant and castle, the mark of the 
 
186 THE COLLECTOR SERIES 
 
 Africa Company, whose exportation of the precious ore 
 from Guinea gave the now familiar name to the coins 
 struck from it. 
 
 The most remarkable features in the numismatic 
 annals of the Restoration and of the short-lived rule 
 of James II. were due, as in the case of Charles I., 
 to abnormal circumstances; we allude to the famous 
 Petition and Reddite crowns, arising from differences and 
 jealousies among the rival engravers of the time, and to 
 the gun-money of James, fabricated out of a variety of 
 material at short intervals during his final struggle 
 for the crown in Ireland during the years 1689 and 
 1690, and consisting of the crown, half-crown, shilling, 
 and sixpence. Some specimens occur in silver, white 
 metal, and even gold ; but these may be later re-strikes 
 from the original dies. The ordinary Irish copper 
 and English pewter money of James is rare in fine 
 state. 
 
 William and Mary, and William alone after 1695, 
 preserved substantially without change the English or 
 British coinage as it existed under the former Stuarts ; 
 but in the shield Nassau is added on an escutcheon 
 of pretence. In one France occupies the fourth grand 
 quarter, possibly through an error. The money with 
 the jugate busts is scarcer than that with the head of 
 the king. In 1696, when complaint of the bad state of 
 the currency had for some time been growing louder, 
 and Fleetwood, Bishop of Ely, author of the Chroni- 
 con Preciosum, had declaimed from the pulpit against 
 the injustice done thereby to the poor, William under- 
 
UNITED KINGDOM 187 
 
 took an inquiry into the matter, and in the ensuing 
 year appointed Sir Isaac Newton Master of the Mint, a 
 post which he held down to the reign of George I. The 
 coins of William sometimes occur in proof state. The 
 Maundy money is only of the jugate type and of 1689. 
 Anne, the last of the Stuarts (1702-14), made no 
 material alteration in the monetary system. Her coin- 
 age, in which the star of the Garter takes the place of 
 the shield of Nassau, is divisible into two classes : that 
 before and that after the Union with Scotland in 1707. 
 The issue of 1702, particularly the pattern guinea with 
 the low drapery, which was withdrawn at her majesty's 
 instance, is perhaps the more desirable; but it com- 
 mands a very high price. The roses and plumes found 
 in the angles of some of the money, and the word Vigo 
 under the bust in other pieces, refer to the sources 
 whence the metal was derived : the "West of England, 
 the Welsh mines, and the Spanish ships taken in Vigo 
 Bay in 1702. The suggestion of Dean Swift, that the 
 currency should be made what it had been in foreign 
 countries and among the ancients from time immemorial, 
 a medium for perpetuating historical events and personal 
 merit, met with no further response than we find in the 
 pattern halfpenny with the Britannia holding a rose and 
 thistle sprung from one stem, and the farthing com- 
 memorating the general peace of 1713 with the legend 
 Pax Missa per Orbem. Of the halfpenny there are at 
 least five varieties, and of the smaller piece as many. 
 A good specimen of the common farthing of 1714 is 
 worth about 12s. 
 
188 THE COLLECTOR SERIES 
 
 The union of the kingdoms in 1707 put a term to 
 the special coinage for Scotland, which since the advent 
 to the British throne of James VI. in 1603 had accumu- 
 lated into a very large and important volume in all 
 metals, and embraced many fine examples of numismatic 
 skill. The series extends from 1605 to 1642, and from 
 1661 to 1709; there was an interruption during the 
 Civil War and the Republic, and in this long interval the 
 old coins doubtless circulated exclusively. Among the 
 rarities may be mentioned the first coinage of James 
 I., the quarter and eighth unit of Charles I., the sixty- 
 shilling piece of James II., and the sixty-shilling piece 
 of William III. The Darien pistole and half-pistole 
 of 1701 are also valuable, and interesting as the last 
 gold money of Scotland; they are said to have been 
 coined out of gold brought from the Darien settlement 
 by the ship Rising Sun ; and hence a rising sun occurs 
 as part of the type. But the gold unit of Charles L, 
 by Briot (1637), is the chef-d'ceuvre, although it is by 
 no means uncommon. To obtain these productions 
 of the more recent epoch, however, in fine state is 
 generally a task of almost equal difficulty with that 
 attending the earlier reigns; and the remark most 
 strongly applies to the billon and copper, which are, 
 as a rule, wretchedly poor. 
 
 The House of Brunswick-LUneburg, on its accession 
 in 1714, found the coinage of the realm established on 
 its modern basis in nearly every respect; and in a 
 sketch of the subject which does not aspire to enter 
 
UNITED KINGDOM 189 
 
 into the documentary annals or technical details there 
 is less and less to be said. In the special Montagu 
 Catalogue issued by Messrs Spink & Son, fuller 
 particulars may be found. 
 
 George I. struck all the denominations of his pre- 
 decessor, the halfpenny and farthing becoming 
 ordinarily current ; and the dump of 1717-18 is a well- 
 executed piece. The only salient numismatic features 
 of the reign, besides the Irish and American money, 
 were the Elector and pattern guineas of 1714 and 1727, 
 the quarter-guinea, now issued for the first time (1718), 
 and the rather scarce silver pieces marked W. C. C, for 
 Welsh Copper Company. George II. (1727-1760) had 
 two coinages, the Young and the Old heads, the former 
 engraved, like those of George I., by Croker, a German 
 artist, the latter by Tanner. The Young-head money 
 ranged from 1728 to 1739, the Old-head from 1739 to 
 1760 ; and there are modifications of the second. The 
 money of the earliest years is scarce, particularly that 
 of 1728-30. The coins with Lima under the bust were 
 made from gold captured by British vessels at sea. 
 
 Considering its length, the Government of George 
 III., from 1760 to 1820, was not, from a monetary 
 point of view, prolific, yet to some extent it is 
 numismatically remarkable from the number of pat- 
 terns which were made by various artists for the 
 improvement of the coinage, which continued to grow 
 from the death of George II. to 1816 scantier and 
 poorer, till tokens and counter-marked foreign specie 
 were brought into requisition to supply the deficiencies, 
 
190 THE COLLECTOR SERIES 
 
 while the Brunswick-Liineburg or Hanoverian silver 
 currency of the king, with well-executed portraits and 
 in good style, was uninterrupted and profuse. The 
 scarcity of silver was most severely felt, as the coinage 
 of gold and copper was carried on more regularly. In 
 the year just mentioned, however, the deadlock came to 
 an end, and such a dilemma has never recurred. 
 
 The most notable productions of this reign were the 
 quarter-guinea of 1762, struck for the second and last 
 time, the seven-shilling piece, the Northumberland shil- 
 ling of 1763, of which there was a very limited issue 
 for a special purpose, the spade-guinea with the half, 
 the Maundy wire money of 1792, the broad-rimmed 
 copper series of 1797, including the novel twopenny- 
 piece, the first sovereign, 1817, with the half, and the 
 five-pound piece of 1820 by Pistrucci, of which it is 
 said that only twenty were struck. To these may 
 be perhaps added the English pattern silver token for 
 ninepence, the counterpart of the Irish one for tenpence. 
 
 The shorter administrations of George IV. and 
 William IV., and the extremely protracted one of 
 her late Majesty, bring us down to the present day 
 without enabling us to point to any striking achieve- 
 ments beyond the admirable works of Wyon and a 
 few novel types: the rose, shamrock, and thistle 
 money, of which the shilling of 1820 is rare, the lion 
 shilling and sixpence, Colonel Fullerton's patterns of 
 1799 of George Prince of Wales as Seneschal of Scot- 
 land, and the five-pound piece of Victoria (1839), of 
 which the first and most rare issue omits the garter on 
 
UNITED KINGDOM 191 
 
 the shoulder of the queen, has a plain edge, and reads 
 Dirigit for Dirige. The sovereign of 1837 is the 
 prototype of the fascinating coinage of 1839. To the 
 Victorian era belong the Gothic crown (1846), of which 
 a rare variety has the decollete 1 drapery, disapproved (it 
 is said) by Prince Albert; the florin (1848-51-87-93), 
 the double florin (1887), the substitution of the bronze 
 coins with the artificial portrait for the copper (1860), 
 and the withdrawal of the groat (1856). There are 
 four types of the florin, the first having been sup- 
 pressed because it omitted D.G. in the legend. In the 
 armorial shield on her Majesty's coinage, the crown of 
 Hanover having passed to the next male heir, the escut- 
 cheon of pretence was omitted. There are also numerous 
 patterns, notably those for a proposed international 
 coinage — the 4s. and 2s. or dollar and half-dollar in 
 gold, and the dime, centum, and other essays in silver 
 for the florin of 1848. The double florin was coined 
 only in 1887 ; for the £5 and the £2 pieces the call is 
 very restricted. The so-called Jubilee series of 1887 
 and the current one are scarcely entitled to attention. 
 They equally run from £5 to 3d. A new bronze 
 coinage similar to the gold and silver was subsequently 
 issued ; it was delayed by the too close resemblance of 
 the farthing to the half-sovereign — a chronic fatality ! 
 But since the death of her Majesty there is of course 
 an entirely new currency with the name of Edward VII. 
 The double florin, however, has been abandoned, and 
 the £5 and £2 pieces are not in normal circulation. 
 
192 THE COLLECTOR SERIES 
 
 It remains to offer some observations on the Irish 
 and Colonial currencies. The former opens with 
 a series of barbarous imitations, emanating from Irish 
 chieftains or reguli between the eighth and eleventh 
 centuries, of the Anglo-Saxon types, the earliest of 
 tolerable execution being those which closely resemble 
 the pennies of Ethelred II. of England. Canute struck 
 pennies for Ireland, but they are of great rarity. From 
 John, first as Lord of Ireland and then as king, com- 
 mences the regular and common series from a variety 
 of mints: Dublin, Waterford, Cork, Limerick, Trim, 
 Drogheda, Youghal, and Wexford. A peculiarity of 
 the more ancient coins is the enclosure of the portrait 
 in a triangle ; the system determined in 1822 ; and it 
 is uniquely remarkable on one account, that it offers 
 in a groat of 1538 the earliest dated piece in the entire 
 British series ; but there is no money of Edward VI. or 
 of Anne ; and no gold exists. We must consider the 
 Inchinquin, Cork, and Ormonde siege-pieces of Charles 
 
 I. and the gun-money and Limerick halfpenny of James 
 
 II. as classable under the present head. Elizabeth, 
 James, and Charles I. struck small copper coins repre- 
 senting halfpence and farthings with the harp, which 
 distinguishes the whole of this section from the reign 
 of Henry VIII., and procured for the silver sixpences 
 the name of harpers. The first genuine copper coinage 
 was in 1723, when Wood's halfpence and farthings 
 appeared with a bust similar to his Rosa Americana. 
 The series was carried on by George II., III., and IV. ; 
 and George III. issued silver tokens for 6s., 2s. 6d., 10d., 
 
UNITED KINGDOM 193 
 
 and 5d. between 1804 and 1813 for the sister kingdom. 
 The prevailing characteristic of all this currency, except 
 the copper, is its light weight. The Irish harp on the 
 coins of Henry VIII. divides the initials of the king and 
 his consorts ; some have H. and A. for Henry and Anne 
 (Boleyn), divided by the harp on reverse. These may 
 be referred to 1533, and occur in gold as well as silver. 
 The formation of a satisfactory collection is barred by 
 the excessive difficulty of procuring specimens in good 
 state from the heavy wear of the low standard of metal 
 under the Tudors and Stuarts. 
 
 The money of the Channel Islands and the 
 Isle of Man forms a couple of groups of differing 
 origin, yet alike distinct from the ordinary currency for 
 the Colonies. The former dates from 1830, of which 
 year we have the four doubles and one double for 
 Guernsey, and extends to the present reign, comprising 
 1 d., 2 d., 4 d., and 8 d. for Guernsey, and a penny, 
 halfpenny, and farthing for Jersey. The earliest 2 d. 
 appears to be of 1858, and 8 d. of 1834. The double 
 is interesting as the last numismatic vestige of French 
 rule. There are silver Bank tokens for 5s. for Guernsey, 
 1809, and of 3s. and Is. 6d. for Jersey, 1812-13, besides 
 others of lower values issued by tradesmen. There is 
 no gold, and the English money is generally accepted. 
 The 5s. Guernsey token of 1809 is rare. 
 
 The Isle of Man owes its independent coinage to the 
 feudal conditions under which it was held till 1765 by 
 the Stanley family. James, Earl of Derby (1702-36), 
 
 N 
 
194 THE COLLECTOR SERIES 
 
 struck from 1709 to 1733 a series of copper coins of 
 the Eagle and Child type, of which some are reputed 
 to be patterns, and a piece supposed to be intended 
 for a half-crown, 1725 ; and the Duke of Athol in 1758 
 issued two coins (penny and twopence) with his crowned 
 monogram. From 1786 to 1839 the regal copper with 
 the special insignia of the island was the only separate 
 medium, excepting a few Bank tokens ; and the penny 
 of 1786 is the first struck within the British dominions. 
 The Manx independent currency ceased in 1839. 
 
 The triquetra or trisJcelis on this money occurs on 
 ancient Sicilian coinage and on other Greek money. 
 It is found in the arms of Stuart of Buchan, and forms 
 the third quarter in those of the Duke of Albany. 
 
 The monograph of Mr Atkins, of which a second 
 and very much improved edition is a want, and the 
 Montagu Colonial Catalogue, 1892, are the best guides 
 for the coinage of British America, the East India Com- 
 pany, Ceylon, Canada, the West Indies, Australasia, 
 and the other settlements of the English abroad. In 
 the American series the Hog money of the Sommers 
 Islands: the Maryland shilling, sixpence, groat, and 
 penny: the New England uniface shilling, sixpence, 
 and threepence : the Massachusetts (1652-62) oak and 
 pine-tree, and the Rosa Americana (1722-33) series: 
 the Carolina and New England tokens of 1694, are the 
 prominent features. A penny of Maryland reads on 
 reverse Denarivm Terras, Marice, and has two flags 
 issuing out of a coronet: on obverse the titles as on 
 the other pieces, with the same portrait and m.m. But 
 
UNITED KINGDOM 195 
 
 it is infinitely rarer. For India there was nothing 
 between the portcullis money of Elizabeth, 1600-1, 
 already mentioned, and the coinage in all metals under 
 Charles II. for Bombay and Madras, embracing several 
 rare and valuable types and examples. Some of the 
 earlier issues of silver and copper are highly character- 
 istic and beautifully executed; but the more recent 
 bronze money for many of our colonies has been 
 intrusted to mechanics. 
 
VIII 
 
 THE COIN MAEKET 
 
 The most usual and favourite types of money, whether 
 English or foreign, ancient or modern, which occur 
 for sale are the Persian daric, the Macedonian stater, 
 a coin of Alexander the Great, a Eoman as, a coin 
 of Julius Caesar, the German or Low Country thaler 
 or daalder, the Eussian rouble, the French gold 4cu, 
 louis, and 20 francs and silver 5-franc piece, the Spanish 
 piece of eight or piastre and gold doubloon, the 
 Portuguese silver coroa and gold dobra, the Italian 
 5 -lire piece, the American dollar of the Northern and 
 other States, and the English guinea, crown, half- 
 crown, shilling, and old-fashioned penny and double 
 penny, and in the earlier series the Anglo-Saxon and 
 Anglo-Norman silver pennies of St Edmund, Alfred 
 the Great, Edward the Confessor, William the Con- 
 queror, and the Plantagenets. The average market- 
 price of such coins may be tabulated as follows : — 
 
 196 
 
THE COIN MARKET 
 
 197 
 
 
 Face-value. 
 
 Ordinary 
 Specimen. 
 
 Fine or 
 
 Early 
 
 Specimen. 
 
 Maximum. 
 
 
 
 
 
 £ s. 
 
 Daric 
 
 10*. 
 
 42*. 
 
 63*. 
 
 5 5 
 
 Stater . 
 
 14*. 
 
 63*. 
 
 £5, 5*. 
 
 7 7 
 
 Alexander 
 
 4*. 
 
 15*. 
 
 63*. 
 
 10 
 
 Roman as. 
 
 Id. 
 
 Is. 6d 
 
 42*. 
 
 20 
 
 Julius Caesar (silver) 
 
 lOd. 
 
 7*. 6d. 
 
 21*. 
 
 3 3 
 
 Thaler or daalder 
 
 2s. 6d. to 3*. 
 
 5*. 
 
 15*. 
 
 10 
 
 Rouble 
 
 2s. 9d. to 3*. Sd. 
 
 5*. 
 
 15*. 
 
 50 
 
 Ecu d'or . 
 
 
 Is. 
 
 12*. 
 
 30*. 
 
 5 
 
 Louis 
 
 
 18*. to 19*. 
 
 21*. 
 
 30*. 
 
 2 2 
 
 20-francs . 
 
 
 16*. 
 
 21*. 
 
 42*. 
 
 3 3 
 
 5-francs . 
 
 
 4*. 
 
 6*. 
 
 15*. 
 
 1 5 
 
 Piece of eight 
 
 
 4*. 
 
 6*. 
 
 15*. 
 
 5 
 
 Doubloon 
 
 
 64*. 
 
 70*. 
 
 80*. 
 
 5 
 
 Coroa 
 
 
 4*. 
 
 6*. 
 
 10*. 
 
 1 1 
 
 Dobra 
 
 
 £6, 12*. 
 
 £7 
 
 £7, 10*. 
 
 9 
 
 5-lire piece 
 
 
 4*. 
 
 6*. 
 
 10*. 
 
 15 
 
 Dollar . 
 
 
 4*. 
 
 6*. 
 
 15*. 
 
 2 2 
 
 Guinea . 
 
 
 21*. 
 
 25*. 
 
 35*. 
 
 10 
 
 Crown 
 
 
 5*. 
 
 7*. 
 
 15*. 
 
 10 
 
 Half-crown 
 
 
 2*. 6d. 
 
 5*. or 6*. 
 
 15*. 
 
 5 
 
 Shilling . 
 
 
 Is. 
 
 2*. 6d. 
 
 10*. 
 
 10 
 
 Penny 
 
 
 Id. 
 
 2d. 
 
 2*. Qd. 
 
 5 
 
 Double-penny 
 
 
 2d. 
 
 Id. 
 
 5*. 
 
 2 2 
 
 Anglo-Saxon penny . 
 
 Id. 
 
 2s. 
 
 10*. 
 
 25 
 
 Anglo-Norman \ 
 penny J 
 
 
 2s. 
 
 10*. 
 
 25 
 
 Queen Anne farthing 
 
 Id. 
 
 12*. 
 
 42*. 
 
 10 
 
 These figures embrace, as we perceive, the entire 
 range of probability as regards nine collectors out of 
 ten ; but they refer only, of course, to certain selected 
 denominations belonging to the several European 
 States, Great Britain included. Of the Scottish money, 
 which does not find a place there, the face-value is 
 perhaps less trustworthy as a guide than in the case 
 of any other series except the early billon coinages of 
 France, and the ascending ratio for condition and other 
 circumstances is in both instances phenomenally rapid ; 
 
198 THE COLLECTOR SERIES 
 
 and it may be predicated of other numismatic pro- 
 ductions in every country that the price of a fine 
 example bears no comparison to that of a normal one. 
 A really first-rate shilling of Philip and Mary may 
 be worth £10, while an indifferent one is purchasable 
 for 25s. A silver half-crown of James I. might com- 
 mand, if in exceptional preservation, £15, whereas one 
 of the ordinary kind is not cheap at a third of that 
 sum. 
 
 Our preceding table, however, does not contemplate 
 unique types, absolute rarities of high class or match- 
 less examples. The moment that a collector soars into 
 these altitudes, he finds himself in a different atmos- 
 phere — in different company — among those whose 
 pockets are deep and full. 
 
 On the contrary, there is the consoling prospect 
 before the eyes of every energetic and discreet col- 
 lector of securing in his time many bargains, as they 
 are termed, and of adding to a cabinet coins which 
 would at a normal price be unattainable, or at least 
 undesirably dear; and these odd chances, if they do 
 nothing more, tend to reduce the aggregate average. 
 
 Now, for instance, on the same day in London, a 
 shilling of Charles II., 1673 (a common date), is sold 
 by auction (1885) for £11, on account of its condi- 
 tion, while the exact duplicate is sold over the counter 
 for 14s. In one catalogue a modern Bavarian thaler 
 of a scarce type, 1825, is marked £11, 5s. 0d., in an- 
 other 8s. 6d., both being proofs. Two specimens occur 
 by a fortuitous circumstance of the Florentine siege- 
 

 THE COIN MARKET 199 
 
 piece of 1530 (see Plate vii. No. 75) ; the better goes 
 to an English collector for 30s., the inferior to a 
 foreign numismatist for £7, 10s. Od. At the Meyer 
 sale at Frankfort in 1894, three 10-kopek pieces of 
 Catherine I. of Kussia, 1726, are sold together for 
 £15, 15s. Od. ; a finer one is obtained in London 
 for 15s. These are merely, of course, a few examples, 
 selected at random, of the disparities and caprices of 
 selling values. The buyer has to have eyes. 
 
 An extremely fine Wallenstein thaler of 1632, with 
 three other coins, realises at Sotheby's 34s., while a 
 second, not to be compared with it, brings separately 
 a year or two later, at the same mart, £8, 8s. Od., 
 and far higher figures were sustained for quite an array 
 of these coins in the Meyer auction. 
 
 Metal has by no means a prevalently governing 
 influence on prices. The Greek coins in copper do 
 not yet command high figures ; but they bring in fine 
 state infinitely more than they did.* But the Koman 
 first brass in pure state are far dearer in proportion 
 than most of the gold solidi. A genuine first brass 
 Roman coin of the Emperor Otho would fetch £200. 
 A highly preserved one of Matidia, Marciana, or Plotina, 
 commands £25. Even on the Continent higher quota- 
 tions begin to be reached for the money in this metal, 
 and at the Meyer sale just cited the biggest figure for 
 
 * The average price for a fairly preserved example was not so 
 long since from 3s. to 5s. Now it is from £1 to £5 ; and if rarity is 
 also a feature, much more. One or two houses hold large stocks ; 
 but among them all there is not perhaps a handful worth posses- 
 sion by a fastidious collector. 
 
200 THE COLLECTOR SERIES 
 
 any lot was bidden for a Russian copper rouble of 1725, 
 and a quarter rouble, 1726, both struck at Catherinen- 
 burg, the hammer falling at the sensational price of 
 £105 or 2200 marks. In England fine copper is 
 growing more and more into esteem and request. 
 
 In the United States department the coins which 
 prove the exception to the prevailing rule are the 
 Hog-money, the New England, Massachusetts, and 
 Maryland series, the New England and Carolina half- 
 penny tokens, 1694 (the New England the scarcer) the 
 Rosa, Americana (1722-33), of which there are rare 
 dates and varieties, the " Continental Currency " pewter 
 dollar (1776), certain cents with the portrait of George 
 Washington, the cent of 1799, the half -dime of 1802, and 
 the dollar of 1804. With the half -dime it is said that 
 a man once paid his travelling expenses from the States 
 to England and back. 
 
 A set of the Hog-money of Bermuda — a shilling to 
 a penny — may be worth from £50 to £100. The 
 shilling is the commonest, but the most interesting, 
 and should be procurable for £5 ; the penny is the 
 rarest, and might fetch £20. The New England 
 uniface shilling, sixpence, and threepence, struck there 
 about 1650, cannot be obtained under £25; the 
 shilling alone has realised £10. 
 
 A fine set of the Massachusetts shilling, sixpence, 
 threepence, and twopence, 1652-62, commands five 
 guineas; the sixpence in good state is the hardest 
 to find. Of the twopence there is a cast. 
 
 Of the Maryland currency of Lord Baltimore, struck 
 
THE COIN MARKET 201 
 
 in England about 1630, there are the shilling, sixpence, 
 groat, and penny, the first three in silver, the last a 
 copper pattern. If the four should occur together 
 highly preserved, they would not fall under the 
 hammer at much less than £60. The sixpence is 
 most readily obtained, but costs £6 or £7. The 
 penny alone might run to £25. The last which was 
 exported to America was lost with the vessel on which 
 it was despatched by an English dealer to his Trans- 
 atlantic client. 
 
 Of the two halfpence of 1694, either in fine condi- 
 tion may be estimated at from £10 to £15. 
 
 The cents of Washington are fairly numerous, but 
 those of 1783 and 1791 are the best known. The 
 former has been re-struck from the original dies still 
 in existence ; a proof in gold is advertised in a recent 
 continental auction catalogue. Those of 1791 cost 
 £2 or £3. 
 
 The Rosa Americana series has lately exhibited a 
 tendency to rise in estimation. There are the two- 
 pence, penny, and halfpenny. Of the ordinary dates, 
 1722 and 1723, a set in fair condition fetches £3 or 
 £4. The twopence of 1724 is not to be had for less 
 than £10, nor that of 1733 (which has been imitated) 
 under £25 or £30. 
 
 The Central and Southern American currencies are 
 remarkably varied, but the commercial interest in 
 them is not very keen. £2 or £3 ought to secure 
 even a rarity, unless the metal-value is unusually high. 
 The scarce and curious silver peso of Philip II, struck 
 
202 THE COLLECTOR SERIES 
 
 at Potosi, fetched only 18s. at a recent sale in London. 
 But it is different with a few pieces of heavy gold 
 struck by the earlier Portuguese rulers for the Indies. 
 The celebrated gold portuguez of Emmanuel (1495- 
 1521), and some other pieces issued by his successors, 
 are excessively uncommon, and would certainly go into 
 large figures (10 to 30), if they were offered to 
 public competition. 
 
 Australasia has, as may be naturally imagined, a 
 very modest array of nuggets, numismatically speak- 
 ing, whatever it may possess in another sense. The 
 Adelaide assay-piece of 1852 is worth 30s., having 
 been intended as a sovereign, but happening to weigh 
 about 21s. 6d., it was melted by the bullion-dealers. 
 
 The Port-Philip sovereign, 1852 and 1853, and the 
 Sydney sovereign and half-sovereign of 1855-56, which 
 generally occur as proofs, are apt to realise about 
 thrice the face-value. The primitive ounce, half -ounce 
 and quarter-ounce are worth somewhere about double 
 their weight in ore. They are described as Pure 
 Australian Gold. 
 
 The scarce pattern penny for New Zealand, 1879, 
 has been carried to £3, 15s. 
 
 Upon the whole, the Oriental series, when a few 
 early rarities irrespective of metal are excluded, must 
 not be calculated at more than a fraction over weight. 
 The gold is in general of high standard. An excep- 
 tion has to be noted in much of that of Japan, by 
 which even experts were at first misled. 
 
 A limited number of exceptions to the principle are 
 
THE COIN MARKET 203 
 
 met with in the Anglo-Indian coinage for Bombay 
 under Charles II. The Pax Deo rupee of 1678 with 
 the arms of England, and the undated rupee and half- 
 rupee with the arms of the East India Company 
 belonging to the same reign, realise about £8, 8s. 
 each; and there is a still rarer copper piece of the 
 seventh year of Charles, also struck for Bombay, which 
 cost the writer £3, 15s. Od. 
 
 The tin and pewter money (pice and double pice) of 
 Charles II. and George II. for the same Presidency, are 
 not expensive, but rarely occur in tolerable preservation ; 
 they are relatively worth from 10s. to 30s. 
 
 Some very interesting copper coins of the cash de- 
 nomination and of native fabric, with the elephant on 
 obverse, may be very occasionally procured in good 
 state at a low price. 
 
 The acquisition of the British Colonial series, outside 
 that of India and the other regions above mentioned, 
 is not calculated to entail a very heavy cost, unless the 
 purchaser determines to include rare patterns and 
 varieties of type or metal. Take such pieces as the 
 gold 4-gulden of George II. for Hanover, an acknow- 
 ledged rarity — it may ascend to £3 ; or the 3-guilders of 
 George III. 1809, for British Guiana — its commercial 
 value lies between 30s. and 40s. A thousand coins, 
 one with another, would not exceed £200. 
 
 Taking the 129 representative illustrations of the 
 present little volume, of which the cost is unfortunately 
 too well within the personal knowledge of the writer, 
 let us tabulate them on a commercial basis : — 
 
204 
 
 THE COLLECTOR SERIES 
 
 Plate I. 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 3 
 
 4 
 
 5 
 
 6 
 
 7 
 
 8 
 
 9 
 
 10 
 
 11 
 
 12 
 
 13 
 
 14 
 
 15 
 
 16 
 
 17 
 
 18 
 19 
 20 
 21 
 22 
 23 
 24 
 25 
 26 
 27 
 
 29 
 30 
 31 
 32 
 33 
 34 
 35 
 36 
 37 
 38 
 39 
 40 
 41 
 
 £ s. 
 
 5 5 
 
 6 6 
 1 
 
 17 
 
 1 5 
 
 3 3 
 1 5 
 
 1 10 
 6 15 
 
 2 2 
 
 4 4 
 12 
 
 3 10 
 15 
 
 5 5 
 15 
 
 Plate II. 
 
 Plate III. 
 
 . 2 10 
 . 13 
 . 18 
 . 15 
 .036 
 . 10 
 . 1 5 
 . 8 
 . 15 
 . 4 10 
 . 4 
 
 5 5 
 
 1 15 
 
 15 
 
 15 
 
 8 
 
 10 
 
 11 
 
 7 6 
 
 3 3 
 
 15 
 
 3 10 
 
 4 
 1 10 
 
 Plate IV. 
 
 42 . 
 
 43 . 
 
 44 . 
 
 45 . 
 
 46 . 
 
 47 . 
 
 48 . 
 49-50 
 
 £ s. 
 
 d. 
 
 15 
 
 
 
 10 
 
 
 
 14 
 
 
 
 16 
 
 
 
 2 10 
 
 
 
 15 
 
 
 
 3 
 
 6 
 
 6 6 
 
 
 
 51 
 52 
 53 
 54 
 55 
 56 
 57 
 
 67 
 68 
 69 
 70 
 71 
 72 
 73 
 74 
 75 
 76 
 
 77 
 78 
 
 Plate V. 
 
 3 
 16 
 5 10 
 5 
 12 
 3 
 2 
 
 Plate VI. 
 
 58 
 
 . 
 
 . 
 
 
 
 59 
 
 . 
 
 . 
 
 1 
 
 60 
 
 . 
 
 . 
 
 2 
 
 61 
 
 . 
 
 , 
 
 1 
 
 62 
 
 . 
 
 . 
 
 1 
 
 63 
 
 . 
 
 . 
 
 
 
 64 
 
 
 . 
 
 
 
 65 
 
 . 
 
 . 
 
 1 
 
 17 
 
 10 
 
 15 
 
 1 
 
 10 
 
 17 
 
 3 
 
 5 
 
 12 
 
 Plate VII. 
 
 . 15 
 
 . 2 10 
 
 . 1 10 
 
 . 1 
 
 Plate VIII. 
 
 . 15 
 
 . 2 10 
 
 79 . 
 
 80 . 
 
 81 . 
 
 82 . 
 
 84 
 
 £ s. 
 
 6 
 
 1 5 
 16 
 2 
 2 
 2 
 
 Plate IX. 
 
 85 . 
 
 86 . 
 
 87 . 
 
 88 . 
 
 89 . 
 
 90 . 
 
 91 . 
 
 92 . 
 
 93 . 
 
 94 . 
 
 Plate X. 
 
 8 
 
 8 6 
 
 2 10 
 
 15 
 
 15 
 
 10 
 
 18 
 
 6 
 
 15 
 
 2 2 
 
 95 . 
 
 . 16 
 
 
 
 96 . 
 
 . 16 
 
 
 
 97 . 
 
 . 10 
 
 
 
 98 . 
 
 . 6 
 
 
 
 99 . 
 
 . 4 
 
 
 
 100 . 
 
 . 7 
 
 6 
 
 101 . 
 
 . 6 
 
 
 
 102 . 
 
 . 5 5 
 
 
 
 103 . 
 
 . 5 5 
 
 
 
 104 . 
 
 . 16 
 
 
 
 105 . 
 
 . 18 
 
 
 
 106 . 
 
 -.14 
 
 
 
 107 . 
 
 . 1 4 
 
 
 
 108 . 
 
 . 2 10 
 
 
 
 Plate XI. 
 
 
 109 . 
 
 . 9 
 
 
 
 110 . 
 
 . 1 
 
 
 
 Ill . 
 
 6 10 
 
 
 
 112 . 
 
 2 2 
 
 
 
 113 . 
 
 1 15 
 
 
 
 114 . 
 
 2 2 
 
 
 
 115 . 
 
 2 2 
 
 
 
 116 . 
 
 3 3 
 
 
 
 117 . 
 
 2 10 
 
 
 
 118 . 
 
 2 2 
 
 
 
THE COIN MARKET 
 
 205 
 
 
 
 
 Plate XII. 
 
 
 
 
 
 119 . 
 
 120 . 
 
 121 . 
 
 122 . 
 
 £ s. 
 . 1 10 
 . 8 15 
 . 14 
 . 3 15 
 
 d. 
 
 
 
 
 
 £ s. 
 
 123 . .0 12 
 
 124 . .44 
 
 125 . .0 15 
 
 126 . .1 16 
 
 d. 
 
 
 
 
 
 127 . 
 
 128 . 
 
 129 . 
 
 £ s. 
 
 . 5 
 . 11 11 
 . 7 2 
 
 a 
 
 6 
 
 
 
 6 
 
 Here we get a total of £272, 13s. 6d. for 129 pieces, 
 or rather more than £2 each ; but it may be said that 
 this amount is in excess of the average on a larger 
 number, where the picked examples do not so pro- 
 minently rule. At the same time, where quality is 
 cultivated and rarity is not excluded, it must be feared 
 that an ascending ratio of cost is the necessary 
 consequence. 
 
 Passing from hypothesis to absolute practical ex- 
 perience, a case may be noted where a representative 
 and miscellaneous cabinet in all metals, and in the 
 first state, amounting to upwards of 3000 items, cost 
 just under £2500, and where it has been calculated 
 that an additional £1500 would secure about 300 
 more specimens, including a few costly ones, so as to 
 constitute, at a total outlay of £4000, a distinctly 
 important collection, yet one not aiming at minor 
 varieties of type, mint, date, and other detail. 
 
 Moreover, outside such an estimate must He in- 
 numerable coins in all series, principally accidental 
 rarities commanding factitious prices; but it would 
 scarcely exclude anything of substantial value and 
 interest. To take an illustration from the English 
 series, it would comprise the Oxford, Petition, and 
 Reddite crowns. 
 
206 
 
 THE COLLECTOR SERIES 
 
 Such a numismatic gathering would be approxi- 
 mately thus apportioned: — 
 
 
 No. of 
 
 No. of 
 
 Mini- 
 
 Maxi- 
 
 Average 
 
 
 Pieces. 
 
 Metals. 
 
 mum. 
 
 mum. 
 
 Aggregate. 
 
 
 
 
 s. d. 
 
 £ 
 
 £ 
 
 Greek .... 
 
 250 
 
 5 
 
 1 
 
 20 
 
 500 
 
 Roman .... 
 
 250 
 
 3 
 
 3 
 
 20 
 
 400 
 
 Byzantine 
 
 50 
 
 3 
 
 6 
 
 10 
 
 50 
 
 Continental — 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Germany . 
 
 300 
 
 5 or 6 
 
 3 
 
 20 
 
 300 
 
 Swedish, Danish, \ 
 and Norwegian / 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 100 
 
 
 6 
 
 20 
 
 100 
 
 Netherlands . 
 
 200 
 
 
 3 
 
 20 
 
 250 
 
 Italy . . 1 
 Two Sicilies . J 
 
 300 
 
 
 
 
 300 
 
 Knights of Malta . 
 
 50 
 
 3 
 
 
 
 75 
 
 France . 
 
 300 
 
 5 or 6 
 
 
 
 300 
 
 Spain 
 
 100 
 
 3 
 
 
 
 150 
 
 Portugal . 
 United Kingdom — 
 
 100 
 
 4 or 5 
 
 
 
 150 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 British . 
 
 25 
 
 3 or 4 
 
 2 
 
 15 
 
 75 
 
 Anglo-Saxon . 
 
 50 
 
 2 
 
 2 6 
 
 25 
 
 100 
 
 Anglo-Norman 
 
 150 
 
 1 
 
 2 6 
 
 15 
 
 75 
 
 Plantagenet 
 
 150 
 
 2 
 
 1 
 
 15 
 
 100 
 
 Tudor . 
 
 150 
 
 3 
 
 1 
 
 25 
 
 150 
 
 Two Stuart Periods . 
 
 200 
 
 5 or 6 
 
 1 
 
 20 
 
 300 
 
 Commonwealth \ 
 and Protectorate J 
 
 25 
 
 2 
 
 3 6 
 
 20 
 
 50 
 
 Hanoverian 
 
 250 
 
 3 
 
 1 
 
 10 
 
 250 
 
 Colonial . 
 
 150 
 
 5 or 6 
 
 1 
 
 10 
 
 100 
 
 We here attain a total of 3050 coins in all metals, 
 and of all European regions and European Colonial 
 settlements, belonging to every period, the Greek and 
 Roman inclusive, and we arrive at an estimatal cost 
 of £2775, or average throughout of about 18s. But 
 we have to take into consideration that this is a 
 miscellaneous selection at which we are looking, and 
 that even then we do not comprise such examples of 
 high price as the Petition crown, the Oxford crown, 
 
THE COIN MARKET 207 
 
 any Greek or Roman or continental pieces of super- 
 lative importance, or the Oriental class ; so that, these 
 contingencies provided for, the result will be what we 
 above mentioned, £4000. 
 
 A purely Greek collection is not unfrequently a 
 special line, and when we enter on this field with 
 the plan before us of representing in a cabinet the 
 varied productions of all the autonomous regions 
 into which ancient Hellas divided itself, we quickly 
 discover that the chief difficulty lies in drawing a line, 
 beyond which we will not go, in regard to specimens 
 of given localities or examples of given types. 
 
 No two Greek coins exactly correspond ; the varieties 
 arise from the methods of production, or from the use 
 of more than one die ; and it is obviously out of the 
 question for an ordinary amateur to regard these tech- 
 nical minutiae, unless he has a special object in view. 
 For we know that this series is capable of yielding 
 within its own limits an infinite number of fields for 
 study in the coins of a particular place, or even of 
 that place during a particular period. 
 
 Now let us suppose, not an enterprise of this very 
 restricted character, but one confined to Greek money 
 generally. The country which we are considering, with 
 its dependencies or colonies, included in ancfient times 
 the following divisions, as we note elsewhere : — 
 
 In Europe — 
 
 Italia. 
 
 Thessaly. 
 
 Hispania. 
 
 Sicilia. 
 
 Illyria. 
 
 Gallia. 
 
 Macedonia. 
 
 Epirus. 
 
 Britannia. 
 
 Thrace. 
 
 Corcyra. 
 
208 
 
 THE COLLECTOR SERIES 
 
 In Europe — 
 
 Pontus. 
 
 Syria. 
 
 Acarnania. 
 
 Paphlagonia. 
 
 Arabia. 
 
 JEtolia. 
 
 Bithynia. 
 
 Mesopotamia. 
 
 Locris. 
 
 Mysia. 
 
 Babylonia. 
 
 Phocis. 
 
 Troas. 
 
 Assyria. 
 
 Boeotia. 
 
 yEolis. 
 
 Parthia. 
 
 EubcEa. 
 
 Lesbos. 
 
 Persia. 
 
 Attica. 
 
 Ionia. 
 
 Bactria. 
 
 Megaris. 
 
 Caria. 
 
 
 iEgina. 
 
 Lydia. 
 
 
 Corinthia. 
 
 Phrygia. 
 
 In Africa — 
 
 Peloponnesus. 
 
 Lycia. 
 
 iEgypt. 
 
 Crete. 
 
 Pamphylia. 
 
 ./Ethiopia. 
 
 Cyclades and 
 
 Pisidia. 
 
 Cyrene. 
 
 Sporades. 
 
 Lycaonia. 
 
 Libya. 
 
 
 Cilicia. 
 
 Syrtica. 
 
 
 Cyprus. 
 
 Byzacene. 
 
 In Asia — 
 
 Galatia. 
 
 Zeugitana. 
 
 Bosporus. 
 
 Cappadocia. 
 
 Numidia. 
 
 Colchis. 
 
 Armenia. 
 
 Mauritania. 
 
 No person of average insight into the subject will 
 be surprised to hear that there is no collection in the 
 world which can boast of possessing anything approxi- 
 mate to a complete assemblage of the coins of this 
 vast and fruitful numismatic area, or that to ap- 
 proach within a considerable distance of that result 
 would demand a very large fortune. But on a basis 
 far more comprehensive, as being a special principle of 
 research, than our former scheme, we proceed to com- 
 pute the probable extent and cost of a Greek cabinet. 
 
 There are no fewer than 63 geographical divisions 
 requiring our attention; in several of them the pro- 
 ducts are not costly, of a few scarcely any are known, 
 but, on the contrary, each of these divisions embraces 
 numerous mints. Broadly speaking, a Greek gold or 
 
THE COIN MARKET 
 
 209 
 
 electrum coin fetches from £1 to £20, one in silver 
 (size, unless it is the 10 -drachma or dekadrachm, not 
 material), from 3s. 6d. to £10, and one in bronze from 
 Is. to £1 or 30s. Many Greek states and cities struck 
 no gold or electrum; certain places had only bronze. 
 Receiving all these points into calculation, we may 
 tabulate a Greek collection thus: — 
 
 No. of 
 
 Countries. 
 
 No. of Mints. 
 
 No. of Coins of 
 each Mint. 
 
 Range of 
 Prices. 
 
 Average Cost 
 of each Coin. 
 
 63 
 
 630 
 
 6 
 
 1*. to £20 
 
 10*. 
 
 This gives 6300 coins for £3150. But the estimate 
 cannot be regarded as guaranteeing certain exceptional 
 rarities, while it would probably allow for all pieces of 
 real interest and consequence. So we find ourselves 
 drawing near to the same figures as before — that is to 
 say, to the same cost for one class of coins on a larger 
 scale as for every class on a limited one. 
 
 Again, take a collection dedicated exclusively to 
 ancient Roman money, and from a table it will become 
 apparent that, on the whole, it will prove less costly, at 
 a modest level, or (in other words) not aiming at too 
 many of the gold series, than either of the two pre- 
 ceding experiments. 
 
 There are three periods : Regal, Consular, Imperial ; 
 of which the first is concerned with the as and its 
 parts or multiples only; and we may therefore prac- 
 tically look on this great branch of numismatics as 
 
 O 
 
210 
 
 THE COLLECTOR SERIES 
 
 Consular and Imperial, the Eegal section amounting 
 to a few specimens of the primitive bronze money: — 
 
 Denominations. 
 
 No. of 
 
 Examples. 
 
 Cost of 
 Ordinary Coins. 
 
 Maximum Cost 
 of Fine, Rare, or 
 Patinated Coins. 
 
 Silver denarius . 
 „ quinarius . 
 „ victoriatus . 
 Gold sestertius 
 ,, aureus 
 „ medallion . 
 Bronze — First size 
 H Second size . 
 „ Third size 
 N medallions 
 
 250 
 
 50 
 
 50 
 
 10 
 
 150 
 
 6 
 
 100 
 
 250 
 
 500 
 
 6 
 
 65. 
 
 6*. 
 21«. 
 £3, 10«. 
 255. to 425. 
 £5 
 305. 
 
 65. 
 
 15. tO 55. 
 
 £10 
 
 215. 
 
 215. 
 
 425. 
 
 £6,65. 
 
 £10 to £20 
 
 £25 
 
 £25 
 
 305. to £2 
 
 £5 (extreme) 
 
 £50 
 
 About 1370 moderate coins in all metals would 
 thus cost about £910, to which add for specimens of 
 the as, many of them most characteristic and picturesque 
 in their types, £10 or £20 more, which brings us to £930. 
 But for satisfactory specimens, and in the brass series 
 a fair representation of patina, we have to reckon, not 
 perhaps the maximum estimate above given, but some- 
 thing between, and we see that the same number of 
 coins is not to be obtained under £2500. At the same 
 time, a collector should be aware beforehand that in 
 this, as in other cases, he can expect only a very small 
 selection — little more than a series of specimens, since 
 the extant corpus of remains is simply enormous. 
 
 Much of the difference lies here in (i.) rarity; (ii.) 
 general condition; (iii.) patination; the last a feature 
 common to the Greek bronze, but not in so essential 
 a degree. 
 
THE COIN MARKET 
 
 211 
 
 Once more, an undertaking directed to a tolerably 
 complete series and sequence of continental money in 
 all the metals is one which is bound to prove more 
 onerous and expensive than either the Greek or the 
 Koman, owing to the magnitude of the subject and 
 the heavy proportion of rarities. This is most readily 
 perceived by an actual demonstration, which must be 
 treated as approximate : — 
 
 
 No. of 
 Divi- 
 
 No. of 
 
 No. of 
 
 Ordinary 
 
 Fine 
 
 
 Towns 
 
 Specimens 
 
 State, 
 
 State, 
 
 Country. 
 
 with 
 
 of each 
 
 per Coin 
 
 per Coin 
 
 
 sions. 
 
 Mints. 
 
 Mint. 
 
 (Average). 
 
 (Average). 
 
 North Germany . 
 
 35 
 
 350 
 
 4 
 
 s. d. 
 3 
 
 s. d. 
 5 
 
 South Germany . 
 
 10 
 
 50 to 60 
 
 6 
 
 3 
 
 5 
 
 Hungary, with Swit- ( 
 zerland . . J 
 
 19 
 
 25 
 
 3 
 
 3 
 
 10 
 
 Poland. 
 
 3 
 
 10 
 
 6 
 
 3 
 
 10 
 
 Russia .... 
 
 1 
 
 6 
 
 10 
 
 3 
 
 10 
 
 Danubian Provinces . 
 
 6 
 
 12 
 
 4 
 
 3 
 
 10 
 
 Latin Empire 
 
 1 
 
 6 
 
 6 
 
 3 
 
 7 6 
 
 Greece. 
 
 1 
 
 3 
 
 6 
 
 3 
 
 7 6 
 
 Turkey in Europe 
 Northern Kingdoms . 
 Netherlands (Northern) 
 
 1 
 
 3 
 
 6 
 
 3 
 
 7 6 
 
 4 
 
 30 
 
 6 
 
 3 
 
 15 
 
 25 
 
 50 
 
 6 
 
 3 
 
 15 
 
 Netherlands (Southern) 
 
 25 
 
 50 
 
 6 
 
 3 
 
 15 
 
 Italy (Northern) . 
 Italy (Southern) . ) 
 Sicily . . . J 
 
 26 
 
 50 
 
 6 
 
 3 
 
 10 
 
 3 
 
 12 
 
 10 
 
 3 
 
 10 
 
 Knights of Malta . 
 
 1 
 
 3 
 
 10 
 
 6 
 
 15 
 
 France — 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Regal coinage . 
 
 1 
 
 50 
 
 4 
 
 2 
 
 15 
 
 Feudal coinage . 
 
 28 
 
 100 
 
 4 
 
 2 
 
 15 
 
 Spain .... 
 
 6 
 
 25 
 
 6 
 
 2 
 
 15 
 
 Portugal 
 
 1 
 
 6 
 
 10 
 
 3 
 
 15 
 
 From this statement, which is professedly experi- 
 mental, although founded on actual experience, the 
 following statistics are deducible: — 
 
212 
 
 THE COLLECTOR SERIES 
 
 Country. 
 
 No. of 
 Speci- 
 
 Coins. 
 
 
 
 
 mens. 
 
 Ordinary Coins. 
 
 Fine Coins. 
 
 
 
 £ s. d. 
 
 £ s. d. 
 
 North Germany 
 
 1,400 
 
 90 
 
 350 
 
 South Germany 
 
 300 
 
 £45 to £50 
 
 £75 to £80 
 
 Switzerland 
 
 75 
 
 11 5 
 
 37 10 
 
 Poland . 
 
 60 
 
 9 
 
 30 
 
 Russia .... 
 
 60 
 
 9 
 
 30 
 
 Danubian Provinces 
 
 48 
 
 7 4 
 
 24 
 
 Latin Empire . 
 
 36 
 
 5 8 
 
 13 10 
 
 Greece .... 
 
 18 
 
 2 4 
 
 5 15 
 
 Turkey in Europe . 
 Northern Kingdoms 
 Northern Netherlands . 
 
 18 
 
 2 4 
 
 5 15 
 
 180 
 
 27 
 
 235 
 
 300 
 
 45 
 
 225 
 
 Southern Netherlands 
 
 300 
 
 45 
 
 225 
 
 Northern Italian States . 
 
 300 
 
 45 
 
 150 
 
 Southern Italian States \ 
 Sicily ... J 
 
 120 
 
 18 
 
 60 
 
 Knights of Malta . 
 
 30 
 
 9 
 
 22 10 
 
 Regal France . 
 
 200 
 
 20 
 
 150 
 
 Feudal France 
 
 400 
 
 40 
 
 800 
 
 Spain .... 
 
 150 
 
 15 
 
 112 10 
 
 Portugal .... 
 
 60 
 
 9 
 
 45 
 
 The nett ultimate outcome is that a continental 
 collection of 5955 coins, more or less, may be expected 
 to cost, according to the state of preservation, from 
 £450 to £2000, or thereabout, the immense disparity 
 proceeding from the instantaneous rise in the tariff 
 for fine coins and the prevailing poverty of state. 
 
 Then, owing to the so vastly greater extent of 
 ground here represented and covered, the commercial 
 anomalies are naturally more numerous, and in order 
 to comprise — which is really politic, and stamps a 
 collection with a character and prestige — a handful of 
 the gems, which occur in all, or almost all, the series, 
 it may be well to calculate on laying out a supple- 
 
 
THE COIN MARKET 
 
 213 
 
 mentary £500, or altogether, taking the higher scale, 
 £2500 — the estimated cost of a miscellaneous cabinet. 
 Finally, the collector who may choose to content 
 himself with English, or at least British coins, is in 
 a position, as a matter of course, to enter far more 
 at large, than if he was a general buyer, into the 
 respective series. Let us tabulate: — 
 
 
 No. of 
 
 
 No. of 
 
 
 Coins. 
 
 
 Coins. 
 
 British— 
 
 
 Hanoverian to Victoria 
 
 . 200 
 
 Uninscribed 
 
 . 210 
 
 Anglo-Hanoverian 
 Colonial- 
 
 50 
 
 Inscribed . 
 
 . 20 
 
 
 Anglo-Saxon — 
 
 
 India . 
 
 30 
 
 Sceattae 
 
 . 20 
 
 America 
 
 30 
 
 Stycas 
 
 . 20 
 
 West Indies 
 
 50 
 
 Pennies 
 
 . 100 
 
 Australasia 
 
 30 
 
 Anglo-Norman . 
 
 . 100 
 
 Dependencies — 
 
 
 Plantagenets . 
 
 . 100 
 
 Channel Islands 
 
 30 
 
 Tudors . 
 
 . 100 
 
 Isle of Man 
 
 30 
 
 First Stuart Period . 
 
 . 100 
 
 Scotland . 
 
 60 
 
 Commonwealth . 
 
 . 50 
 
 Ireland 
 
 30 
 
 Protectorate 
 
 . 20 
 
 
 
 
 Second Stuart Period 
 
 . 150 
 
 
 1530 
 
 These pieces would be in gold, silver, mixed metal, 
 copper, tin, pewter, lead, and here and there in 
 electrum. The total must strike any one as very 
 inconsiderable; but we are not allowing for varieties 
 of date, mintage, and other subsidiary particulars ; we 
 are merely looking at the means and cost of bring- 
 ing altogether a representative gathering of the older 
 currencies of this country, carrying them down to the 
 present time ; and unless one aspires to form an 
 accumulation similar to that of Mr Montague, which 
 is a question of cost and of policy, what more is to 
 be desired than a series substantially complete, in which 
 no positive type or denomination is overlooked ? 
 
214 THE COLLECTOR SERIES 
 
 Great collections of every class have always owed 
 their extent to the presence of thousands of virtual 
 duplicates in the shape of variants ; and it must be so 
 when it is recollected that the denominations issued 
 in Great Britain, even reckoning different pieces 
 similarly named from the time of the British period 
 to Victoria, do not exceed eighty-one. It follows that 
 about 1530 items really represent all that one can 
 have of the numismatic products of Britain from the 
 earliest period to the present. 
 
 Denominations. 
 British Series — 
 
 Stater, third stater, and half stater, and say six 
 
 other weights in different metals . . 9 
 
 Anglo-Saxon — 
 
 Penny and halfpenny 2 
 
 Anglo-Norman — 
 
 Add the farthing 1 
 
 Plantagenets — 
 
 Add florin, half and quarter florin, noble, half 
 and quarter noble, angel, half and quarter 
 angel, ryal, half and quarter ryal and 
 double ryal, groat and half groat . . 20 
 Tudors— 
 
 Add sovereign, double sovereign, and triple 
 sovereign, half-sovereign, crown and half- 
 crown, in gold; crown and half-crown, 
 shilling, sixpence, threepence, three half- 
 pence, halfpenny, and three farthings, in 
 silver; penny in copper . . . . 15 
 Stuarts — 
 
 Add Laurel and half, Unit, Britain crown, 
 Thistle crown, Rose rial, Spur rial, 30s.- 
 piece, 15s. -piece, guinea, half and quarter, 
 two and five guineas, in gold ; the 20s. and 
 10s. Oxford pieces in silver ; the halfpenny 
 in copper and Maundy money . . . 21 
 Commonwealth and Protectorate — 
 
 Add broad and half and 50s. in gold ... 3 
 
 Hanoverian — 
 
 Add two and five pounds and 7s. pieces in gold, 
 florin and double florin in silver, and penny 
 and twopence, and £, £, and \ farthing, in 
 copper 10_ 
 
 81 
 
THE COIN MARKET 215 
 
 In the foregoing estimate (1530) the Anglo-Gallic 
 series (see present volume, pp. 173, 179, 219, 285) is 
 not included ; and it must be confessed that it almost 
 equally presents difficulties, and a disproportionate aug- 
 mentation of outlay, in case the object is to acquire 
 fine examples. 
 
 In regard to the coinage of Scotland, one singu- 
 larity is that the denominations from the eleventh 
 century to the Union surpass in number those of 
 England from the fifth or sixth century to the present 
 day; and a tolerably safe guide in selection is the 
 principle of confining oneself to pieces in good pre- 
 servation in the respective metals, not omitting to 
 provide for such reigns and names as John Baliol, 
 Eobert Bruce, and Mary, and coins of historical in- 
 terest, such as the Bonnet^piece of 1539, the Cruick- 
 ston Dollar of 1565, etc. One hundred representative 
 Scotish coins in all metals should be obtainable for 
 £300, and such a total of specimens would comprise 
 every denomination, there being about ninety. Of the 
 Anglo-Gallic money we have supplied some statistics 
 elsewhere. 
 
 Yet an aggregate of 1530, as suggested, is capable 
 of putting the owner in possession of a thoroughly good 
 national collection, not from the point of view of the 
 British Museum or Mr Coats but from that of an average 
 private individual. Having regard, however, to the large 
 quota of gold types, and other high-priced articles, 
 especially in the Stuart groups, we should err in 
 estimating the cost at less than £3000, of which 
 
216 THE COLLECTOR SERIES 
 
 three pieces, the Oxford, Petition, and JReddite crowns 
 would at once absorb £450. 
 
 So, upon the whole, it seems that to become a 
 master of any of the four sorts of collections which 
 we have sketched out, one must be prepared to dis- 
 burse from £2500 to £4000. But the expenditure 
 would be gradual, even slow ; so many of the pieces 
 are not of frequent occurrence. 
 
IX 
 TEKMINOLOGY 
 
 A. b. c. Assez-bien conserve — An expression which 
 often occurs in foreign numismatic catalogues, and 
 which constitutes a matter of taste or opinion. 
 
 Agonistic, adj. — Connected with the public games of 
 Greece. The prize-money awarded to victors. 
 
 Agonothetes — An officer sometimes named on the 
 ancient Phrygian money in connection with the public 
 games. 
 
 Aigret, or heron's crest — An almost invariable ad- 
 junct on the heads of the Waiwodes of Transylvania. 
 
 Alliance coins — Money struck by the Greeks pur- 
 suant to a concordat between two or more cities, either 
 for mercantile convenience or under some political 
 emergency. (See Head, Historia Numorum, lxxvii.) 
 We have money of the Italian and Achaean Leagues, 
 which were of political origin, and other currency com- 
 mon to two or three cities ; in which there seems to be 
 
 217 
 
218 THE COLLECTOR SERIES 
 
 no violence or rashness in discerning an analogy and 
 prototype to the modern European convention-money. 
 
 Alpha et Omega — An allegorical symbol found on 
 many mediaeval coins. (See Hazlitt, " Coins of Europe," 
 pp. 61, 182.) The symbol also occurs in the Anglo- 
 Saxon series on the pennies of Ceolwulf of Mercia, 
 Edward the Martyr, and Ethelred II. 
 
 Amphictiones — A term found on a silver autonomous 
 coin of Delphi. These institutions appear to have been 
 tribal meetings at some central point in primitive times, 
 for the purposes of common religious cults and social 
 intercourse. They usually met in a temple or sanctuary. 
 
 Anepigraphic — Without a legend. 
 
 Angel — A gold coin of the St Michael type, similar 
 to those found in the continental series. It first occurs 
 in the 5th Edward IV., and was carried down to the reign 
 of Elizabeth with the half and the fourth. Certain 
 pieces attributed to Edward V. have as m.m. a boar's 
 head, or a rose and sun united, or the two, one on 
 either side. In the Pembroke collection was a six- 
 angel piece in gold, weight 480 grains, supposed to be 
 a pattern, and considered unique ; it belongs to the 
 4th Edward VI. (See Keary's edition of Henfrey, 1885, 
 p. 51.) 
 
 Angelet — The half -angel, as well as a gold piece of 
 Henry VI. in the Anglo-Gallic series. 
 
TERMINOLOGY 219 
 
 Anglo-American money — The currency struck for the 
 American dependencies and settlements from the time 
 of Elizabeth (if we include the portcullis series of 1600- 
 1601) till the declaration of independence in 1776. 
 The series embraces the Sommers Islands, the Massa- 
 chusetts, the Maryland, the Virginian, the Connecticut, 
 and New York coins and tokens, and those of Canada. 
 
 Anglo-Gallic money — The series of coins struck in 
 France by the English rulers of portions of that country 
 from Henry II., in right jof his wife, Eleonore d'Aqui- 
 taine, to Henry VIII., including those of the Eegent 
 Bedford. It is still a doubtful question whether King 
 John struck money for Poitou. The latest Anglo- 
 Gallic coins are the Tournay groats of Henry VIII. 
 (See Akerman's " Numismatic Manual," 1840, pp. 367- 
 392.) 
 
 Anglo-Indian money — The currency struck for Bom- 
 bay, Madras, etc., by English sovereigns from Charles II. 
 to Victoria. The Madras rupees of Charles II. are 
 curious, rare, and costly, especially the Pax Deo type ; 
 there is also small silver money on the Indian model, 
 and copper of similar design to the rupees. 
 
 Arc or lobe — The division of a tressure or epicycloid, 
 which is a common form of enclosure for the type on 
 early English and foreign coins ; the number of arcs 
 varies. 
 
220 THE COLLECTOR SERIES 
 
 Archon — The chief magistrate of a city, whose name 
 appears on Greek coins struck during his term of office. 
 
 Ark of Noah is delineated literally as a chest with 
 two inmates on the reverse of a coin of Apameia, in 
 Phrygia, of the Roman imperial period. (See Head, 
 Historia Numorum, p. 558.) 
 
 Asiarchus — The president of the public games, whose 
 name appears on Greek coins, perhaps those intended 
 for agonistic purposes. 
 
 Association — A political or constitutional principle, 
 borrowed by the Romans from the East in the later 
 period of the Empire, and followed by the kings of 
 Italy (Emperors of the West), Doges of Venice, etc., in 
 mediaeval times. Usually in Europe the son was joined 
 in the government with his father, as the latter ad- 
 vanced in years, in order to secure the succession ; but 
 we also find in Italy and Germany brothers, cousins, 
 and other kindred associated in this way, and occa- 
 sionally the mother and son ruled together during a 
 minority. In the Italian imperial series of the eighth 
 century we meet on the coinage with traces of this 
 practice, as, for instance, a denier reads on obverse 
 Lvdowicvs Imp., and on reverse Angilberga Imp., to 
 signify the regency and guardianship of the Empress 
 Angilberga, while her son Louis II. remained under age 
 (855) ; and in another way a coin of the same series and 
 class, of the Christiana religio type, struck at Pavia, 
 
TERMINOLOGY 221 
 
 reads Vgo Lohtariv, to denote the joint administra- 
 tion of Hugo and Lothair (931-946). 
 
 Atkinson — The name of the principal mint-master 
 of Scotland under the government of the Earl of Mor- 
 ton (sixteenth century), during the minority of James 
 VI., and hence of the copper pieces struck under his 
 authority. 
 
 Auriga — A charioteer. 
 
 Autonomous — The right to strike money without 
 external licence. 
 
 Banco — An artificial and usually reduced standard 
 of currency. (See Hazlitt, " Coins of Europe," p. 184.) 
 This system, like that embodied in the terms courant 
 and species, has fallen into disuse. 
 
 Bar — The archaistic money, usually in bronze, struck 
 by the Low Countries for Java, in deference to the 
 local or native predilection. An analogous class of 
 coinage was employed for Ceylon. 
 
 Barbel — The name of a fish found on the money of 
 the Counts and JDukes of Bar and Lorraine and Bar. 
 
 Basel — The designation given to certain Swiss coins, 
 doubtless of billon, of which the currency in England 
 was prohibited under Henry II. 
 
222 THE COLLECTOR SERIES 
 
 Bawbee — A billon piece, first struck under this name 
 by James V., with the half. Said to be derived from 
 bas-billon. It seldom occurs in fine condition. There 
 is a rather rude Scotish pleasantry about Jenny's bawbee. 
 
 Besant — (i.) A gold coin in the Byzantine series; 
 (ii.) a silver coin in the same series. Without being 
 part of the Venetian currency, the gold besant was, 
 before money in that metal or silver of higher value 
 became available, admitted in payment at the Saturday 
 markets at Venice. 
 
 Biga — A Greek or Roman two-horse chariot. 
 
 Billon, otherwise potin — Mixed metal, usually plated 
 or washed with silver. It was a practice adopted by 
 the later Parthian rulers, by some of the Roman em- 
 perors in their denarii, and by a majority of the Euro- 
 pean states of more recent date. 
 
 Bit — The centre of the Spanish-American dollar, 
 countermarked to pass for the multiple of three bits in 
 British Guiana ; the remainder of the piece was made 
 current for three guilders, and both were stamped 
 E & D., for Essequibo and Demerara. This primi- 
 tive and inconvenient system was not suspended till 
 1809, when the British Government introduced a very 
 handsome series of silver and copper money for this 
 dependency. Compare Joe. 
 
TERMINOLOGY 223 
 
 Black money — The zwaart or denier noir of certain 
 states of the Continent, which was imported into Eng- 
 land, and, with a coating of white metal, made to 
 pass as silver. It forms the subject of statutes and 
 proclamations in the thirteenth and fourteenth cen- 
 turies. See a letter from Edward Lee to Wolsey of 
 1527. Ellis's Orig. Letters, 3rd. S. ii. 94. 
 
 Bodle — Scotish copper currency under Charles II., 
 1677 (new coinage), and William and Mary, 1691-94. 
 The word is said to be a corruption of Bothwell, and 
 perhaps the bawbee may have been known as the bodle 
 as early as the time of Mary L, although the two are 
 of distinct types. 
 
 Bonnet-piece — With the two-thirds and one-third, 
 a gold coin of James V. of Scotland, 1539-40. It is 
 the earliest dated piece in this series, and is of un- 
 usually thick fabric and artistic execution ; it exhibits 
 a life-like portrait of James with the bonnet. 
 
 Bonus Eventus — A symbolical representation found 
 on many Eoman coins under the form of a youthful 
 naked figure holding a patera and ears of corn. 
 
 Borodoraia — The Russian beard-money, which, how- 
 ever, is to be regarded as a token rather than as coinage. 
 It was first introduced under Peter the Great. 
 
 Box-thaler — The variety is usually confined to certain 
 
224 THE COLLECTOR SERIES 
 
 German states, but also found in Savoy, where the coin 
 opens as a box, and contains objects inside, sometimes 
 of an erotic complexion. There is a piece of eighty lire 
 in gold, of Carlo Felice, King of Sardinia, 1826, enclos- 
 ing four counters in platinum for the game of ombre. 
 
 Bracteate — A term which has been explained in 
 Hazlitt, "Coins of Europe," pp. 186-187. It occurs 
 sparingly in gold and copper, but is very plentiful in 
 silver, and of every gradation of art, from a mere piece 
 of metal foil without any type, to comparatively fine 
 work with well-executed portraits and regular legends. 
 The bracteate was spread over a very extensive area — 
 North and South Germany, Bohemia, Hungary, Poland, 
 Switzerland, Northern Netherlands, Lombardy, etc. 
 There was a modification of it, or semi-bracteate pro- 
 duction, struck under the Lombard kings and the 
 Emperors of the West at Milan, Pavia, Lucca, Mantua, 
 and other points down to the twelfth century. The 
 subjects introduced on the face of the bracteate proper 
 are innumerable, but they seem to be, in the case of 
 those of later date, copies of ordinary coins rather 
 than prototypes. That of the twelfth century of 
 Mayence, of large module and superior independent 
 work, with an inscription (see Hazlitt, "Coins of 
 Europe," pp. 186-187), is uniface and purely bracteate 
 in character. A few present themselves without any 
 type. 
 
 Brass, first, second, and third — The three normal 
 
TERMINOLOGY 225 
 
 divisions of the Roman bronze or copper currency. 
 But in some of the reigns irregular sizes or dimensions 
 often occur, and the weight of pieces in this metal 
 was rendered uncertain and arbitrary by the occasional 
 employment of thicker flans, the prototype of the 
 modern European piedfort. (Comp. Minimi.) 
 
 Breite-groschen, pfenning, or thaler — The widespread 
 type, as distinguished from the dick or thick. 
 
 British mints — Canterbury, Cirencester, Colchester, 
 London, Richborough, Silchester, Verulam, and, of 
 course, many others not identified. 
 
 Broad, with the half — The name given to the twenty- 
 shilling piece in gold of the Protector Cromwell, and of 
 the first and second issues of Charles II., 1660-61. 
 
 Broad pieces — The old widespread gold money of 
 England, as distinguished from the more modern fabric. 
 
 Brunswick — Henry the Lion, Duke of Brunswick, 
 who married as his second wife Matilda, daughter of 
 Henry II. of England, and reigned from 1139 to 1195, 
 struck deniers of a bracteate fabric, of which one in 
 the writer's possession, found at Brunswick in 1756, 
 exhibits a lion passing under an archway. From the 
 above-named union the present royal family of Great 
 Britain is descended. On a denier of Otto V., Duke 
 of Bavaria (1180-83), Henry of Brunswick appears 
 standing and in armour, attended by a lion. 
 
 P 
 
226 THE COLLECTOR SERIES 
 
 Carpentum — A covered carriage, used at Rome under 
 the republic only by privileged persons, and even later 
 reserved for ladies of high rank and for religious 
 observances. It occurs on first brass coins of Agrippina, 
 etc. The Roman' carpentum was borrowed from the 
 still ruder Babylonian vehicle, also delineated on coins. 
 
 Causia — A felt broad-brimmed hat, seen on the coins 
 of the kings of Macedon, and subsequently introduced 
 among the Romans. 
 
 Chiton — A sort of under-vest worn by figures on 
 Greek coins ; it was originally a short woollen garment 
 without sleeves, but afterward developed, in some parts 
 of Greece, into a long linen one with sleeves. (See 
 Smith, v. Tunica.) 
 
 Christiana Religio — A legend found on Prankish 
 coins of the Carolingian era, with and without the 
 temple. It was thought necessary to associate the 
 words with the more or less rudimentary building, 
 which had constituted part of the type of many pagan 
 coins. A denier bearing this legend, ascribed to Louis 
 le Debonnaire, and struck at Milan, omits the temple, 
 and is of semi-bracteate fabric. 
 
 Circle, double and triple — The gros tournois of 
 Louis IX. of France (circd 1250), who is generally 
 supposed to have first introduced the form, which 
 afforded new facilities to the moneyer in arranging 
 
TERMINOLOGY 227 
 
 and distributing his legends, as well as in amplifying 
 them; and we find cases where, even long after the 
 abandonment of the type, this principle was found 
 convenient, as, for instance, on the coronation -daler 
 of John III. of Sweden, 1568. But, in fact, the prin- 
 ciple of a double circle occurs on an obolus of Otho I., 
 936-973, struck for Verona. In France itself this 
 variety of the gros underwent modification in the 
 reign of Charles VI. (1380-1422) by the substitution of 
 three lis for the chatel. A double circle also occurs on 
 a Southwark penny of Henry I. of England. 
 
 Cistophoros — A silver coin of ancient Greece, struck 
 by several cities in alliance, and by the Eomans after 
 the conquest of Greece, exhibiting a common type, the 
 mystic cista or basket, from which a serpent escapes, 
 a symbol significant of the widely prevailing worship of 
 Bacchus in Asia. These interesting pieces are common, 
 having been struck in very large numbers from about 
 200 B.C. to about 48 B.C. It was a species of federal 
 currency, and long formed, with the Attic tetradrachm 
 and the gold Macedonian stater, the staple medium. 
 
 Clipped, Fr. rogue" — A term applied to coins of 
 which the edges have been trimmed for the sake of 
 the metal or otherwise. The guinea of George III. of 
 Great Britain was struck with the legend so arranged 
 as to prevent this abuse. But the appearance of having 
 been clipped is often communicated to old coins by the 
 original insufficiency of the flan. 
 
228 THE COLLECTOR SERIES 
 
 Consecratio — A common type and legend on the 
 Roman gold, silver, and brass money, referring to the 
 favourite usage of paying divine honours to deceased or 
 living rulers. The idea proceeded from the desire of 
 the reigning dynasty to strengthen itself by identifica- 
 tion with supposed deified predecessors and kinsfolk. 
 Where there are busts, they are usually veiled. 
 
 Continental names — The forms of continental names 
 of places and persons are somewhat different in different 
 writers and works, and it is difficult to decide on a 
 uniform orthography. Of the termination for fortified 
 positions, or at least localities which owe their designa- 
 tion to having been originally strongholds, we have, for 
 instance, four variants — Burg, Burgh, Borg, Berg. 
 
 Contorniatus, or Numi contorniati — A peculiar class of 
 Roman medallions, rather than coins, of special module, 
 and with peculiar characteristics, of which the applica- 
 tion seems to be uncertain. See Stevenson in v. 
 
 Contrqfagon — An imitation or counterfeit. 
 
 Convention-money — A legacy from the monetary 
 system of the ancients, who had similarly their alliance- 
 coins. Comp. also Bundesthaler and Vereinsmiinze, 
 Dreilander, and Vierlander, in Hazlitt's "Coins of 
 Europe." The earliest modern European convention- 
 money appears to be that of 1240, unless the treaty 
 between Brabant, Limburg, and Louvain (1006-15) 
 

 TERMINOLOGY 229 
 
 was really such an arrangement : see Hazlitt's " Coins 
 of Europe," p. 384. The half daalder of 1580, on a 
 square flan, reads on obverse Trivm " Civi ' Impe . 
 Daven ' Campen ' Zwol, and bears in the field the arms 
 of the three towns and the date, and on the reverse the 
 double-headed eagle and imperial titles. There are 
 thalers of the same series with the portrait of Charles V., 
 but without his titles. The coinage issued during the 
 Thirty Years' War in the name of the Protestant 
 princes, 1634, falls under this head. 
 
 Corrosion — The destruction of the surface of a bronze 
 or copper coin by exposure to atmospheric and chemical 
 effects. 
 
 Courant — A term found on the Norwegian and 
 Danish money, and apparently employed to distinguish 
 the normal internal currency from that used in com- 
 merce. 
 
 Cross — A symbol which in different forms presents 
 itself on European coins from a very remote period, and 
 was obviously intended to constitute part of a scheme 
 by which the currency of a country was made the vehicle 
 for keeping before the people general and local objects 
 of worship, the authority of the Church, and the 
 intimate bond between the latter and the temporal 
 ruler. The chief varieties of cross are : the Greek cross, 
 with the four limbs of equal length; the Latin cross, 
 with the lower arm lengthened, the others equal; the 
 
230 THE COLLECTOR SERIES 
 
 Maltese cross or cross of Jerusalem, with four equal 
 limbs expanded at end ; the cross of St Stephen, as on 
 the piastro of Etruria, 1587; the croix de Bourgogne, 
 somewhat similar to the St Andrew's cross (its origin 
 is referred back to the prehistoric annals of that 
 ancient kingdom, and it is probably the prototype of 
 the Brunswick, Scottish, and Russian varieties) ; St 
 Andrew's cross, the Greek cross resting on two of the 
 limbs ; croix patte'e, with the terminal expanded like the 
 Maltese cross ; croix fourch^e, cross with forked termi- 
 nals; cross crosslet, cross with limbs rearward; cross 
 pommee, with globular ends ; cross raguled or ragged 
 cross, cross foliate from centre to end of limbs ; cross 
 voided, cross with the arms hollowed ; cross potent or 
 potence, cross with the ends resembling a crutch ; cross 
 tripMe, cross with the ends in the form of a trefoil, etc. 
 A cross moline appears on an English penny of Edward 
 I., in one quarter of reverse being the armorial cog- 
 nisance of Beck, Bishop of Durham. This symbol was, 
 as we know, adopted on some of the money of the later 
 Roman emperors from Constantino the Great, whence 
 it found its way to Italy, the Low Countries, and the 
 rest of Europe. It appears on the coin of Justinian II., 
 where he styles himself Servus Christi. 
 
 Crown — A gold coin, with the half and the quarter, 
 struck by Henry VIII., 18th year (second issue), and 
 continued down to Charles I., with numerous variations, 
 and also for Scotland. James I. struck the double crown, 
 the Britain crown and half, and the Thistle crown. 
 
TERMINOLOGY 231 
 
 Crown — A silver coin of England, first struck under 
 Edward VI., 1551, and the second dated piece in the 
 English series. The so-called pattern crown of Henry 
 VIII. is now generally treated as a medal. The most 
 celebrated crowns are the Oxford crown, 1644, the 
 Petition crown of Charles II., engraved by Simon, and 
 the Beddite crown of the same reign. At a sale in 
 London a Petition crown in red morocco case, and in 
 the finest state, was bought by Spink & Son for the 
 record figure of £500. But several exist. 
 
 Crown — A gold coin of Mary I. of Scotland, 
 1561. 
 
 Crown and Standard Gold — These expressions were 
 used to distinguish the relative purity of the money of 
 Henry VIII. in this metal of the second issue, the 
 former being 22 and the latter 23 carats. By the 
 arrangements made in 1st Elizabeth, the crown gold was 
 maintained at 22 carats, and the standard gold was 
 raised to 23 carats 3 J grs., and out of a pound of gold 
 were coined 24 thirty-shilling pieces, 48 rials, 72 angels, 
 or 144 half -angels. 
 
 Crusaders {Empire of the) — There is a half-gros of 
 Bohemond VII., struck for Tripoli (1274-87) in Sch. 
 xxvi. 778 ; but the piece was poorly preserved. Lord 
 Grantley recently purchased of a dealer at Athens 
 about 6000 coins belonging to this series, and speaks 
 of arranging and tabulating them. 
 
232 THE COLLECTOR SERIES 
 
 Gunnetti — The word found on a plentiful series of 
 silver pennies of the ninth and tenth centuries, with 
 many variations in the type, of which the place of 
 origin is still undetermined. (See Hawkins, 1887, 
 pp. 81-84.) 
 
 Curator or Hejpimeletes — A term found on certain 
 coins of Lydia and Caria. The Eomans had Curatores 
 of the public games, to whom the inscription of the 
 name on coins would most probably refer. 
 
 Baric — A gold and silver denomination of Persia, 
 both of thick amorphous fabric, and alike representing 
 a kneeling archer or half-length figure, with bow, spear, 
 or dagger in hand to right. There is no legend, and the 
 reverse is incuse in both cases. There are several varieties. 
 The gold daric is supposed to have been first struck about 
 the middle of the sixth century B.C., the double, which 
 is dissimilar from the unit, in the fourth century about 
 331 B.C., perhaps by Alexander the Great after the battle 
 of Arbela. It seems to be generally agreed that large 
 numbers were melted down by Philip of Macedon to 
 furnish the bullion for his own staters. The word is 
 taken to be independent of the name of Darius, having 
 been known in Persia before his time as a measure of 
 value, if not as a coin. 
 
 Dates on Coins — The insertion of a chronological 
 mark or word on coins was a practice known to the 
 ancients, but carried out by them on their money in 
 
TERMINOLOGY 233 
 
 a different method from that pursued by the more 
 modern sovereigns of Europe. It may be said that in 
 principle the notation of date is referable back to the 
 coinage of Hellas ; and the Komans still more fre- 
 quently indicated the year of issue by identifying it 
 with the consulship or other regnal term. In the later 
 European monetary economy the earliest examples of 
 dated pieces seem to commence with the Ostrogothic 
 princes in the sixth century, who placed on their bronze 
 nummi the regnal year ; in the first half of the eighth cen- 
 tury the money of the Moorish kings of Granada, struck 
 in Europe, bears the year of the Hegira, a practice con- 
 tinued by the kings of Castile till the twelfth century, 
 the Mohammedan inscriptions being retained, and the 
 king's name in an abbreviated form inserted in the 
 field. In Southern Italy, a region then equally with 
 parts of Spain under Oriental influence and govern- 
 ment, Eoger II. (1105-54) put on his gold coins the 
 date in this way : An[no] B[egni] X. Again, there 
 are the curious Toulousan coins of 1238, consisting of 
 the livra and its divisions, and the groschen of the St 
 Charlemagne type of Aix-la-Chapelle of 1374-1421, 
 the Swiss jplappart of 1424, the Palatinate gold ducat of 
 1437, and the jagers of Groningen from 1439. The 
 first dated money of other European states may be 
 tabulated as follows : — 
 
 Antwerp, 1475. Lorraine, 1488. Brittany, 1498. 
 
 Austria, 1479. (gold in 1492). The earliest dated 
 
 Berg, 1482. Berne, 1492. money in any part 
 
 East Friesland, 148a. Denmark, 1496. of France. 
 
 OFTHE 
 
 UNIVERSITY 
 
 OF 
 
234 THE COLLECTOR SERIES 
 
 Bishops of Utrecht, Hesse, 1502. Mansfeld, 1514. 
 
 1498. Saluzzo, 1503. Ireland, 1538. 
 
 Brandenburg, 1500. Savoy, 1508. Scotland, 1539. 
 
 Hungary, 1499. Breslau, 1513. England, 1547. 
 
 The year of issue, where it is added to ancient pieces, 
 is inserted either in Roman or Arabic numerals, and 
 occurs indifferently, as the engraver found space or 
 thought fit, in the outer circle, field, or exergue. It 
 often demands close scrutiny to detect the presence of 
 the figures, especially where they are divided and in a 
 minute character. Sometimes, as on the money of East 
 Friesland, Poland, and the Low Countries, the regis- 
 tration is limited to the decade, 83 standing for 
 1483, 96 for 1596, whereas in the portcullis coinage 
 of Elizabeth of England and 1 represent 1600 and 
 1601. 
 
 Dei Gratid — A formula which occurs on money of 
 Charles le Chauve (840-875), Eudes (887-898), etc. 
 Deniers of Louis II. and III. bear Misericordid Domini ; 
 one of Hugues, son of Robert II., reads, Domini dextra. 
 On some of the testons of Henry III. of France, and of 
 Jeanne d'Albret, Queen of Navarre, 1570-76, occurs 
 Gratia ' Dei » Sum ' Quod ' Sum — a legend perhaps de- 
 rived from Navarre. The first use of this term in 
 England appears to have been by Richard II. Even 
 the Protector Cromwell inserted it on his money. A 
 loud outcry was raised because the words were omitted 
 on the silver florin of 1848-9, and a new type was sub- 
 stituted, although on many of the coins of the Georges 
 
TERMINOLOGY 235 
 
 the D.G. is absent. It was a foolish clamour about an 
 idea which is being gradually discredited abroad. 
 
 Demy — A term applied to the gold lion of 20 grs., 
 struck under Eobert II. of Scotland, the lion itself 
 weighing 40, or more usually 38 grs. The half -lions of 
 James I. and II. were heavier (about 25 grs.). 
 
 Denarius — The silver Eoman piece of 10 asses, first 
 struck about 269 b.c, and the prototype of a manifold 
 succession of coins both in silver, billon, and copper in 
 the modern European series. There were the half or 
 quinarius, the quarter or sestertius, the libella or tenth, 
 the umbella or half-libella, and the teruncius or quarter- 
 libella. Of the denarii of some of the later emperors 
 not only the purity fluctuated, but the module and 
 weight, which in one of Caracalla of a reduced standard 
 of silver are nearly equivalent to two denarii of the 
 fine silver coins of earlier and later date. 
 
 Die — The metal plate from which the type was trans- 
 ferred by the hammer or mill to the flan. 
 
 Disc, flan, or blank — The piece of metal which re- 
 ceived the coin-type. In early coins of all countries it 
 is often too small for the die. 
 
 Discus — A quoit, first of stone and subsequently of 
 metal, used by the Greeks, and occasionally represented 
 on coins in the hands of athletes. 
 
236 THE COLLECTOR SERIES 
 
 Bodkin — A diminutive dod or doit. " Not worth a 
 dodkin" seems to have been a variant form of "Not 
 worth a farthing." 
 
 Dollar — A silver denomination of Scotland, com- 
 mencing with the sword-dollar or thirty-shilling piece of 
 James VI. (1567-71). There are the two-thirds and the 
 one-third dollar. A sword erect occupies the field on 
 the reverse. The double merk of James VI. (1578) is 
 also known as the Thistle-dollar. Charles II. (second 
 coinage, 1675-82) struck the dollar, half, quarter, 
 eighth, and sixteenth. All these are scarce in fine 
 state. The holey or ring-dollar was the name given 
 to the remainder of the Spanish piece of eight, when 
 the centre had been cut out to form the dump; the 
 former was current for 5s. and the latter for Is. 3d. in 
 New South Wales in 1813. 
 
 Drachma — The unit of the ancient Greek silver 
 coinage. There are didrachms, tridrachms, tetra- 
 drachms, pentadrachms, hexadrachms, octadrachms, 
 decadrachms, and dodecadrachms, with the hemi- 
 drachms and octadrachms in gold belonging to a 
 different standard, and no single monetary system 
 possessed all the silver we have specified. The tri- 
 drachm is also known in the ancient Roman consular 
 coinage, the silver denarius being in fact originally 
 based on the Greek piece. The drachma with its 
 moiety and multiples constitutes the monetary standard 
 in the two higher metals of the modern kingdom of 
 Greece. 
 
TERMINOLOGY 237 
 
 Ducat — Both in the Dutch and German series we 
 find gold money expressly so called, as in the case of the 
 florin. Two double ducats of Philip II. of Spain struck 
 for Zeeland are described as Dvcatvs. Co. or Com. Zel. 
 or Ze. Vol. His. or Hisp., whence it may be inferred 
 that the Spanish Netherlands were required to accept 
 the monetary standard of that country at this period 
 (about 1570). Specimens of the Venetian silver ducat 
 of the later issues, and of the half and quarter ducat 
 occasionally occur, struck in gold. There is a Harz 
 gold ducat of George III. for Hanover, 1818, and of 
 George IV., 1821. 
 
 Ducat — A term applied to the gold coin of Mary I. 
 of Scotland, struck in 1558 during her union with the 
 Dauphin. The moiety was ordered, but does not seem 
 to be known. Her son also struck this denomination. 
 
 Dump — (i.) The thick small halfpenny of George I. 
 (1717-18); (ii.) the silver token for Is. 3d. of New 
 South Wales (1813), cut out of the centre of a Spanish 
 dollar. 
 
 Duro — The Spanish dollar was also known under 
 the name of cob at Jamaica. The word is thought 
 to be derived from a Spanish slang phrase cola = 
 rial. 
 
 Ecu — A gold coin of Scotland, suggested by the 
 French one, first struck under James V. in 1525, and 
 
238 THE COLLECTOR SERIES 
 
 again by his daughter Mary in 1543. A pattern piece 
 of the same type, with the name of the former, weight 
 87 "8 grs., of a larger module, is known. 
 
 Ehton or hecte, with the half, the sixth, and twelfth — 
 Parts of the gold stater of ancient Greece. 
 
 Electrum — A natural amalgam of gold and silver, 
 brought into use by the Greeks at a very early period 
 as a medium more suitable, on account of its hardness 
 and durability, than pure gold for the purposes of 
 coinage; but in estimating its relation to the higher 
 metal its composite character has to be taken into 
 account. It continued in occasional employment at a 
 later period by the Merovingian moneyers of the 
 seventh century. 
 
 English and Scotish legends and mottoes — These par- 
 take of the empirical and insincere character of those 
 found on the money of the Continent, and, with certain 
 exceptions, as the Declaration, Petition, and Reddite 
 types, have no historical value. The reverse legend on 
 a silver testoon of Mary I. of Scotland (1561) is curious : 
 Domine • Salvvm • Fac • Popvlvm • Tvvm. 
 
 Ephor — The name of an officer found on an autono- 
 mous coin of Lacedsemon. 
 
 Eponym — The term usually applied where the name 
 of a locality is traditionally derived from that of a 
 person — usually a mythical one. 
 
TERMINOLOGY 239 
 
 Essai — A pattern or trial-piece. 
 
 Exergue — The space on a coin below the linear 
 boundary of the space occupied by the field. There 
 are many coins so struck as to leave no room for the 
 exergue, which, where it exists, contains the date, place 
 of origin, value, etc., according to circumstances. 
 
 Farthing — (i.) The fourth part of a silver penny, first 
 struck under Edward I. for England, although John 
 had coined this denomination as Lord of Ireland. A 
 farthing of Henry IV., from the Highbury find, was 
 sold at Sotheby's, July 10, 1894, for £15, 15s. ; it was 
 described as unique, (ii.) A copper denomination, first 
 struck for Ireland under Elizabeth, under Charles I. as a 
 token, and under his son as a current coin. There are 
 several patterns of the latter reign, of which one is in the 
 Hunterian Museum at Glasgow. Some of the farthings 
 of Charles II. are of tin mixed with lead. 
 
 Ferding or maille noble — The quarter - noble of 
 Edward III. This is the "gold farthing" of which 
 we find occasional mention in early records. The term 
 was applied to the continental money. 
 
 Field — The whole central area within the legend, 
 saving the space reserved for the exergue ; the portrait 
 or other type on either side occupies the field. Fr. 
 champ ; Ital. area. 
 
240 THE COLLECTOR SERIES 
 
 Flan — The piece or sheet of metal which received the 
 impression or impressions from the die. It is apparent 
 from extant specimens that a number of impressions 
 were often taken on a large sheet of metal, which was 
 subsequently cut up ; and when the die was round, and 
 the corners undipped, the coin remained square, as we 
 find on so much of the Continental money, and on some 
 of the Anglo-Saxon and English. 
 
 Fleur-de-coin, or/, d. c. — In the primitive state, as 
 struck, even if the condition is, from the negligence of 
 the striker, or the character of the flan, faulty. 
 
 Florin, with the half and the fourth — A gold coinage 
 of England under Edward III., 1344, the earliest, with 
 the exception of the gold piece struck by Henry III. in 
 1257, unless we include the Canterbury triens and the 
 ancient British Series. The Anglo-Saxon and Anglo- 
 Norman kings struck no gold. The florin was ordered 
 to be of the weight of two Florentines, fifty to be 
 coined to the pound, Tower standard, the fineness 
 twenty-three carats. At this time Walter Dunfleurs 
 was Master of the Mint. According to Camden, the 
 dies for the new pieces were made by Florentine artists. 
 The current value of the florin and its fractions was 
 6s., 3s., and Is. 6d. respectively. It did not remain 
 current more than a year. 
 
 Florin, with the double — A silver coin of the United 
 Kingdom, first instituted in 1848. The double was 
 
TERMINOLOGY 241 
 
 not struck till 1887, and has been discontinued. (See 
 Anglo-Gallic money.) 
 
 Forgeries of ancient and modern coins — See an in- 
 teresting chapter in Akerman's " Introduction," 1848, 
 pp. 177-210. An extensive system of reproducing rare 
 and valuable gold coins of all countries was being 
 pursued at Eome very recently ; but its detection and 
 exposure may have led to a discontinuance of the trouble. 
 Even experts were deceived by these fabrications. 
 
 Fortuna thaler — A denomination of Brunswick-Wol- 
 fenbtittel, with the legend : 0, Ihr, Luster, Alle, Vier, 
 Was. Ihr, sucht. das findt. 
 
 Founder (Ktistes) — The name found on many Greek 
 coins of cities, and intended to denote the real or sup- 
 posed founder of the place, or to perpetuate the memory 
 of some famous native of it. In the former category 
 we often get Hercules, Bacchus, Alexander; in the 
 latter, Hector, Theseus, Homer, Anacreon, Pythagoras, 
 Lycurgus, Hieron, Hippocrates, Plato, etc. 
 
 Franco-Italian money — The large and valuable series 
 in all metals struck by the temporary French rulers of 
 parts of Italy from Charles VI. to Louis XIV. (1396- 
 1704), not reckoning the coinage of Napoleon I. for 
 that region. The pieces belonging to this series are 
 included in Hoffman with engravings. The initiative 
 was taken by Charles VI. about 1396 (comp. Genoa), 
 
 Q 
 
242 THE COLLECTOR SERIES 
 
 and Charles VIII. and his successors struck money in 
 all metals, at Pisa, Naples, Aquila, Chieti, Sulmona, 
 Milan, Asti, and the other points enumerated by Hazlitt. 
 
 Franco-Spanish money — The currency struck in Spain 
 by Louis XIII. and XIV., 1640-59, during their 
 occupation of parts of that country. (See Hazlitt, 
 "Coins of Europe," p. 104.) 
 
 French colonial money — The earliest colonial issue 
 with which we have met is a silver piece of five sols, 
 with the laureated bust of Louis XIV. to right, and the 
 legend Lud. XIIIL D. G. Fr. Ft Nav. Rex., and on 
 reverse, Gloriam Begni Tui Dicent, 1670. This rare 
 piece purports to have been issued " pour la f acilite du 
 commerce dans les Isles et Terre f erme de rAmerique." 
 There are also pieces of fifteen sols struck for Canada. 
 The plated sol of 1742, with L in the centre of reverse, 
 is usually considered as struck for Louisiana. The 
 bank tokens for the Mauritius were struck at Calcutta 
 in 1822. 
 
 Fulmen — The thunderbolt significant of Zeus, and 
 found on coins as a symbolical adjunct or in the hands 
 of the god. 
 
 Galley halfpence — The name bestowed by the Lon- 
 doners on the foreign money tendered at Galley Quay, 
 Thames Street, by Italian and other traders, and un- 
 favourably viewed by the English. (See Hazlitt, 
 "Coins of Europe," pp. 236-237.) 
 
TERMINOLOGY 243 
 
 Gardant or guardant — See Passant. 
 
 Gazzetta — One type bears the name of Candia on 
 reverse, and on obverse the radiated sejant lion facing 
 with the sword in his right claw. The copper coins 
 struck for the same Government and island about 1630 
 for 15, 30, and 60 tornesi, represent 1, 2, and 4 gazzettas 
 respectively. There is also a copper piece of 5 g. of 
 Venetian origin. 
 
 Gilt — A term applied to coins of inferior metals 
 washed with gold. Fr. dore'. 
 
 Greek engravers (Ancient) — See Head's Hist. Num., 
 p. 100, and (List of Engravers' Names) p. 785. 
 
 Groat — A silver English coin = four pennies in the 
 same metal, first struck under Edward III. with the 
 half -groat. But there is a pattern groat which has been 
 conjee turally assigned to Edward L, but which more 
 probably belongs to the close of the following reign. 
 Under Edward IV. we meet with heavy groats and light 
 groats, of 60 and 48 grains respectively. The old type 
 determined under Henry VIII. Its successor was the 
 fourpence, of more modern fabric, struck by Edward 
 VI. and (with modifications) down to 1856. Of the 
 half-groat of the Commonwealth there are at least 
 two types. The design for the reverse of that of 1836 
 was taken from the thirty -lepta piece engraved by W. 
 Wyon for the Ionian Isles (1819). 
 
244 THE COLLECTOR SERIES 
 
 Groat, with the half and the third — A silver deno- 
 mination of Scotland, of which the two former first 
 appeared in 1358 under David II. The third seems 
 to be confined to the third coinage of James V. 
 (1527). 
 
 Gros tournois — First instituted in France under Louis 
 IX. about 1248, and imitated in every part of Europe. 
 Louis X. (1314-16) did not strike this coin, those hitherto 
 ascribed to him belonging to Louis IX. Of Charles VI. 
 (1380-1422) we have a variety with three fleurs-de-lis 
 substituted for the chatel. One probably struck at 
 Dieren or Diiren by the ruler of Juliers reads Dhilippus 
 Bex (for Philip le Bel, 1285-1314). Comp. Circle. 
 
 Guinea, with the half and double, and multiple of five 
 —Gold currency of England from 1662 to 1813. The 
 first five-guinea piece appeared in 1668. Some of the 
 guineas, half -guineas, etc., of Charles II. and William III. 
 have an elephant under the bust to denote that they 
 were coined from Guinea gold. There is a guinea of 
 William and Mary, 1694, with the shield on reverse, 
 differing from that given in Keary's Henfrey, p. 89. 
 There is the Elector guinea of George I., 1714, and 
 rare pattern guineas of that monarch (1727) and of 
 Anne, 1702, the latter with low drapery. A third- 
 guinea, or seven-shilling piece, appeared under George 
 III., 1797-1813, and there are quarter-guineas of 1718 
 and 1762. A common and favourite variety of the 
 guinea is called the spade-guinea, from the shield being 
 
TERMINOLOGY 245 
 
 in the form of a spade ace ; there are several dates, and 
 the half, which is scarcer. The guinea of 1813 is some- 
 times termed the military guinea. 
 
 Gymnasiarch — A name occurring on certain coins 
 of Pergamos, Apameia, etc., and appearing to de- 
 note a person appointed to preside over the public 
 games. 
 
 Halfpenny — (i.) A silver coin struck under the 
 Heptarchy (of Edmund of East Anglia none were 
 known till the Cuerdale find in 1840), Edward the 
 Confessor, John (Irish coinage), Henry II., Edward I., 
 etc., down to the time of the Commonwealth, of which 
 last regime a small silver barrelf ul occurred many years 
 since in mint-state at an auction. A halfpenny is men- 
 tioned, it appears, in a proclamation of Henry III., 
 1257, as if it had then been a current piece, but none 
 is known of that reign. Two very rare halfpence of 
 Edward VI., of London and Bristol, occurred at the 
 Shepherd sale in 1885, Nos. 252, 253. There is a 
 pattern halfpenny of Elizabeth (Marsham sale, £4), 
 and one in copper, (ii.) A coin in copper, pewter, or 
 tin, struck once by Elizabeth, and in and after 1665 for 
 England, Scotland, and Ireland separately, and ulti- 
 mately for the United Kingdom down to the present 
 time. 
 
 Henry I. of England — At a sale at Edinburgh, 
 December 1893, a very fine and rare penny of the 
 
246 THE COLLECTOR SERIES 
 
 Ipswich mint, now in the British Museum, occurred ; 
 the name of the money er was Rodland. A Southwark 
 penny with a double circle was sold at Sotheby's, July 
 10, 1894, No. 32, for £9. 
 
 Heraldic terms — A vocabulary both extensive and 
 intricate, especially in the German and Low Country 
 series, from the numerous intermarriages, redistribu- 
 tions of territory, temporary occupations of parti- 
 cular provinces, and other causes. Some of the 
 leading phrases are explained under their respective 
 heads. 
 
 Hibernia — The name said to have been given to the 
 overstruck Limerick halfpenny of James II. of England. 
 
 Hieromnemon — Presumably a remembrancer of the 
 ancient Greek religious ceremonies. The name occurs 
 on a coin of the Emperor Verus struck at Byzantium. 
 
 High Priest — An officer whose name is found on 
 a coin of Eumenia in Phrygia. Comp. Priest and 
 Priestess. 
 
 Hard dollar or cob — The Spanish duro. 
 
 Hardhead — See Lion. 
 
 Harrington, or rather Harinyton — The popular 
 name for the farthing tokens in copper when they were 
 
TERMINOLOGY 247 
 
 struck under James I., from John, Lord Harington of 
 Exton, the patentee. The piece continued to be in 
 circulation for many years after Harington's death in 
 1613-14. 
 
 Hat-piece — A gold piece representing King James 
 VL wearing a tall hat, struck in 1591-92 (5th 
 coinage). It is rare. 
 
 Bipa Magna — A town of the Turtuli, on the Boetis, 
 Hispania Bcetica, of which there are bronze coins of the 
 Eoman era with a fish to right on obverse, surmounted 
 by a crescent, and below ilipensb a in two lines, the 
 whole within a beaded circle ; on reverse an ear of corn 
 without legend. (?) The modern Alcolea or Penaflor. 
 
 Iron money of Byzantium and Lacedmmon — No speci- 
 mens seem to be known. It belonged to the sixth and 
 fifth centuries B.C. Nummatce ferri are cited in an 
 ancient Scotish record. 
 
 Jar-money — Earthenware jars are accepted as money 
 among the Dyaks of Borneo. There have been 
 spurious products imported to pass; but the fraud 
 was detected. The genuine articles probably exhibit 
 some special and obscure symbols of value. 
 
 Joe — (L) Paper money issued for the British Colonies 
 of Demerara and Essequibo about 1809, a joe being 
 reckoned as = 22 guilders British. The series ran from 
 
248 THE COLLECTOR SERIES 
 
 2 to 20 joes, (ii.) The English fourpenny-piece of 1836, 
 from Joseph Hume, who promoted its revival. 
 
 Kimmeridge Goal-money — See Barnes, "Notes on 
 Britain/' 1858, p. 29. 
 
 Klippe — The square or other irregular coins issued as 
 money of necessity or patterns in many of the con- 
 tinental series in early times. Some are of exceptional 
 curiosity and rarity. 
 
 Knurled or Knarled — The word which more properly 
 describes the serrated edge of a coin than that {milled) 
 generally employed. 
 
 Kopek — A Russian denomination, at first in silver, 
 and subsequently in copper, with its multiples in silver, 
 and its divisions (J and J). It seems to go back to the 
 fifteenth century. There are numerous rare patterns of 
 Peter the Great and other reigns. The weight of the 
 copper h. was arbitrary ; its multiples in the same metal 
 extend to 10 Je., of which those struck for Siberia under 
 the successors of Peter have foxes as the supporters 
 of the shield. A fuller account of the Russian currency 
 generally may be found in the writer's " Coinage of the 
 European Continent," 1893-7. 
 
 Lelongo — Portuguese currency employed at Angola 
 by the natives prior to 1693, and formed of straw, each 
 piece = 5 reis. It was superseded by copper money 
 
TERMINOLOGY 249 
 
 after the reconcilement of the Africans to the innova- 
 tion. The latter coinage is very rare, and is of unusually 
 good fabric ; there is no legend, but the cross with the 
 four figures of the date 1693 in a piece before us is 
 repeated on either side. 
 
 Legend — The description round the circle or circles 
 of a coin of the circumstances under which it was struck, 
 including the name and titles of the ruler, the name of 
 the city or province, the date, and the mint-mark. In 
 reading the legend, the ordinary rule is to begin at the 
 right hand of the cross or other symbol on the obverse of 
 a piece. The double circle was introduced in the gros 
 tournois of Louis IX. of France about 1250, perhaps 
 to afford space for particulars and to save abbreviations. 
 
 Leopard — An Anglo -Gallic coin. The animal de- 
 picted on the obverse appears to be more like a lion, so 
 far as it resembles either. A crowned leopard also 
 occurs on the English gold florin of Edward III., 
 1343-44, and a leopard's head is one of the mint- 
 marks employed by the engraver or moneyer of his 
 Anglo-Gallic florin. 
 
 Lex — The monetary standard fixed by imperial or 
 other constituted authority. The convention-money 
 of the minor German states, and some of that of the 
 United Provinces, is stated to be Ad Legem Imperii. 
 The system was adopted for general commercial accom- 
 modation. 
 
250 THE COLLECTOR SERIES 
 
 Lion, and the half — A billon coin struck in many- 
 varieties by Edward I. of England at Bordeaux, Guessin, 
 etc. 
 
 Lion and half lion — (i.) A gold denomination of 
 Scotland under Robert II., James L, and James II. 
 The variety known as the demy appears to be merely 
 an inaccurate division of the relative weights 40, 30, 
 and 20 grs. under Robert II. — a standard which was 
 altered and adjusted under James I. to 50-53 grs., and 
 the half for the lion and half -lion respectively, (ii.) A 
 billon coin of Mary I., 1555-58 (3rd coinage), other- 
 wise known as a hardhead, a word corrupted from the 
 French hardit. 
 
 Lion in the hedge — The well-known type of the lion 
 in the hedge, subsequently modified and lost in the 
 substitution of a man for the beast, occurs in the 
 Flemish coinage of the fifteenth century. Its germ is 
 to be sought presumably in the universal practice of 
 venery or hunting. The hart enclosed in a pale, or 
 lodged, was the badge of Richard II. of England, and 
 was inherited from his mother, Joan of Kent, consort 
 of the Black Prince, and sole heiress of Edmund Plan- 
 tagenet. (Comp. Hazlitt, " Coins of Europe," p. 304) 
 
 Lis or fleur-de-lis — The almost universal adjunct of 
 the older French money. Its origin is a matter of great 
 uncertainty, and it has been even doubted whether the 
 representations on ancient buildings and sculpture refer 
 
TERMINOLOGY 251 
 
 to a flower at all. It has also been suggested that the 
 name was associated with that of Louis or Clovis, quasi 
 fleur de Luce or Louis. 
 
 Lituus — The crooked staff used by the Roman 
 augurs ; also a term used for a kind of trumpet with a 
 curved extremity. But the former sense is the more 
 usual. 
 
 London — A Roman, British, Saxon, and Norman 
 mint. The money of the emperors has M. L. or 
 P. Lon. 
 
 Louis — (i.) The gold coin of 1640 exists in multiples 
 of 4, 8, and 10, as well as in the moiety. The type 
 and denomination continued in use till the Revolution 
 of 1789. The gold coinage of 1790 witnessed the pro- 
 duction of a coin of an entirely new pattern, but with 
 the portrait of the king still retained. Of the original 
 louis there are several varieties : louis a la me'che longue, 
 louis a la meche courte, aux lunettes, au bandeau, etc. 
 (ii.) The name of the silver coin of Louis XIIL, 1641 
 (essais only), 1642, etc. = 60 sols, with its divisions 
 down to 2 sols. Arthur Young, in his "Travels in 
 France," tells us that in 1787 the gold louis was = 
 about 24 francs ; it has always maintained its weight 
 and fineness. 
 
 Luceburger — See Hazlitt, p. 212, and Akerman, 
 " Introduction to Ancient and Modern Coins/' 1848, 
 pp. 202-203. The Luxemburgh of Chaucer. 
 
252 THE COLLECTOR SERIES 
 
 Mancusus — A silver coin recognised among the 
 Anglo-Saxons. It was = 30 silver pence, and there 
 was a gold m. m 10 silver m. 
 
 Mark of Cologne — A standard of silver weight, not 
 a coin. At Venice the mark soon gave way to the lira 
 as money of account, and amounts in commercial deal- 
 ings were reckoned by lire di grossi or piccoli for silver, 
 and lire di perperi for gold, the most curious circum- 
 stance being that the perpero itself was a Byzantine 
 coin. This standard was equally borrowed by the 
 French rulers, the Italian commonwealths, and by the 
 Anglo-Saxons, from Germany, and fluctuated in value 
 according to the changes effected at various times in 
 the current money. The old denier parisis was struck 
 at 220 to the mark. The normal German silver thaler 
 was = one-tenth of the mark of Cologne. A four- 
 groschen piece of Prussia, 1803, reads on reverse : 84 
 Ex Marca Pura Colon. In the monetary system of 
 Geneva, as established in 1535, the silver florin was 
 = the twenty-seventh part of a mark of Cologne. 
 
 Maundy money — The alms, consisting of fourpence, 
 threepence, twopence, and a penny in silver, distri- 
 buted by the High Almoner on behalf of the sovereign, 
 with other gifts, to a number of poor persons, regulated 
 by the age of the king or queen, on Maundy Thursday. 
 The term is derived from the maund or basket in 
 which the charity is delivered. The money was first 
 struck under Charles II. for this purpose, and the 
 practice still continues. 
 
TERMINOLOGY 253 
 
 Medallion — A term applied to the larger pieces of 
 money of the Greek and Eoman series, as to which, 
 or some of which at least, there has been a question 
 if they were intended for currency or for distribution 
 as medals. 
 
 Merovingian money — An expression rather loosely 
 applied to the whole group of coins struck in the 
 Low Countries and in France during the sixth, seventh, 
 and eighth centuries, and actually originating in Hol- 
 land. The most important and valuable examples, 
 nevertheless, are those struck on French ground, with 
 the portraits of the Merovingian dynasty. 
 
 Merovingian Period (comp. Gaul) — The gold and 
 silver coinages current in Gaul or France from the 
 sixth to the eighth centuries were of totally distinct 
 character. The former, so far as it belongs to that 
 country, was of regal origin, and was struck within 
 the precincts of the palace by the moneyer of the 
 sovereign. At Paris, under Dagobert I. and some of 
 his successors, Eligius or Eloy superintended the 
 operations of the mint, and the pieces variously pre- 
 sent the names of the ruler, the mint-master, and the 
 place. Some exhibit for the first time the words 
 Moneta Palati. We have perhaps still to learn the 
 circumstances under which the silver saigas of thick 
 fabric, of which so many occurred in the trouvaille of 
 Cimiez, were issued at Aries and other points, with the 
 monograms of individuals (Antenor, Nemphidius, etc.) 
 
254 THE COLLECTOR SERIES 
 
 on the one side, and that of the source of production 
 on the other. 
 
 Metrology — The law or system governing the ori- 
 ginal utterance of the ancient Greek money, and of 
 that struck by Rome in the consular or republican 
 period, and determining the allocation of coins as to 
 date and origin, where other guides may fail. 
 
 Metropolis — The chief city among the Greeks, equi- 
 valent to the Roman civitas ; the seat of local govern- 
 ment, coinage, etc. 
 
 Milled — See Knurled. 
 
 Minimi — A term which, from want of a better one, 
 has been assigned to a class of bronze money of Roman 
 or Ostrogothic type, probably of the fourth or fifth 
 century b.c, which may have been of local or provincial 
 origin, and is of unusually small module. It is distinct 
 from the Gaulish or other Western imitations of third 
 brass coins, and must have been introduced as a con- 
 venient medium in a region where the purchasing power 
 of currency was high. 
 
 Mining-pieces — Money struck from the gold, silver, 
 or copper ore worked in France, Germany, Russia, and 
 Sweden. There are also coins specially issued for the 
 pay of the miners. 
 
TERMINOLOGY 255 
 
 Mint-mark — The symbol denoting the place of origin 
 of a coin, sometimes accompanied by the initials or 
 name of the engraver. The mint-mark is variously 
 found in the field, in the exergue, in the outer circle 
 over the portrait or other obverse type. It often 
 occurs below the truncation of the bust. 
 
 Mint-master — The official who superintended the 
 operations of a mint, and in some cases placed his 
 initials or monogram on pieces. 
 
 Moneta — A word sometimes said to be derived from 
 the temple of Juno Moneta, where the earliest Eoman 
 coins are thought to have been struck under the super- 
 vision of the priests. 
 
 Moneta palatina, palati, or palaci — An expression 
 found on some of the Merovingian coins in the seventh 
 century, struck under the authority and supervision of 
 Eligius or Eloy, moneyer to Dagobert I. and II. The 
 same term occurs on the deniers of Charles le Chauve. 
 
 Monetarius — Moneyer, a.v. This became at an early 
 period a family name at Venice, whence we may infer 
 the antiquity, perhaps, of the mint there, unless the 
 Monetarii were later settlers in the city. 
 
 Money of account — A method of computation based 
 on an imaginary unit or on weight. We find it 
 among the Sicilian Greeks on certain bronze coins in 
 
256 THE COLLECTOR SERIES 
 
 the third century B.C. (see Head, p. 101), in the 
 ancient Roman numismatic system (comp. Sestertium), 
 and in the Middle Ages at Venice, Cologne, Paris, etc. 
 At Venice it was the mark, and subsequently the lira, 
 and in France the livre, which never had existence 
 in the normal coinage till the first Revolution, but 
 is frequently cited in large commercial transactions. 
 In Portugal in the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries 
 we find the libra = 20 soldi, mentioned as money of 
 account. It is not improbable that the Greek money 
 of account took its rise from the original ces grave 
 of Italy. Comp. Ingot, Mark, and Ring-money. Even 
 in Anglo-Saxon England in the eighth century the 
 higher values were estimated by standards of weight, 
 not of currency, as in France heavy payments were 
 reckoned in livres = the Roman libra and the Venetian 
 lira. But, on the other hand, on the Continent it 
 was a usage to strike a special issue of gold money 
 where it was required for a given occasion, and Offa, 
 king of Mercia, presumably adoptod this plan when 
 he engaged to pay the Holy See an annuity of 396 
 gold mancusi, a denomination not otherwise known 
 in that country. In England, in Anglo-Norman times, 
 the shilling was money of account, varying from four 
 to twelve silver pence ; there was no current piece so 
 called. Of the pound, libra, lira, or livre, the value de- 
 pended on the description of money and metal specified. 
 
 Money of necessity — A species of currency probably 
 known from the earliest times, but principally employed 
 
TERMINOLOGY 257 
 
 subsequently to the more intricate relationships of poli- 
 tical bodies and states to each other. It is strictly 
 limited to coins struck in an abnormal manner and 
 metal on emergencies. The annals of Europe abound 
 with examples. (See Hazlitt, "Coins of Europe," p. 
 233 et alt.) In the second century B.C. we find the 
 Boeotians, while Greece was under a financial crisis, 
 passing bronze at silver standards or values. 
 
 Moneyer — The person who struck the coin, as dis- 
 tinguished from the engraver or artist. On the Mero- 
 vingian trientes his name occurs with or without that 
 of the ruler and the state. The same individual car- 
 ried out his operations at several places, alike in the 
 case of that series and in the case of some of the later 
 German and Low Country money. On Anglo-Saxon 
 pennies the moneyer inscribed his name in a similar 
 manner, often omitting that of his employer. He 
 thereby vouched for the authenticity of his work. We 
 have before us, to an almost surprising extent, the 
 names of the men who struck the Merovingian series in 
 the Netherlands, Germany, and France, the Anglo- 
 Saxon one in England, and the mediaeval productions 
 in several of the Italian republics. The more complete 
 identification of initials and monograms may hereafter 
 greatly add to our knowledge in this respect, and 
 in that of the engravers. Count Papadopoli, in his 
 monumental work on the coins of Venice, has 
 restored to notice the names of most of the early 
 moneyers. 
 
 R 
 
258 THE COLLECTOR SERIES 
 
 Munz-recht — The right to strike money vested in 
 the Roman and German emperors, as it had been in 
 the Roman Senate prior to Augustus, who assumed the 
 authority to coin the more precious metals, leaving the 
 legislative assembly control over the bronze. The 
 munz-recht was conferred by degrees on most of the 
 European rulers and cities, with or without reser- 
 vation. 
 
 Mute— Destitute of a legend or other means of iden- 
 tification beyond those furnished by heraldic or symbo- 
 lical devices. 
 
 Navarre — A blanc of Charles II., 1349-87, reads 
 Karlvs D: Proprietarivs Navre, with K crowned be- 
 tween two roses ; on reverse a croix pattee cantonned 
 with his arms and those of Navarre. 
 
 Neocoros, or Sweeper of the Temple — A dignity as- 
 sumed by Ephesus and other Greek cities, laying claim 
 to the protection of the deity of the locality or region. 
 The Ephesians were styled the Neocori of the great 
 Diana. The Scribe, or Town Clerk, alludes to this 
 point in his appeal to the people about the preaching 
 of St Paul at Ephesus. 
 
 Nature-worship — A low form of cult, which was very 
 prevalent in different parts of Europe, particularly in 
 Germany and Switzerland, and which reflects itself in 
 some of the money, as even in the bear of Berne. But 
 
TERMINOLOGY 259 
 
 its survival is manifold, and may be traced in the pre- 
 sence on German and Italian money of the urochs, the 
 wolf, the stag, etc. Not only the most ancient brac- 
 teates of Berne already offer the hear as the urban 
 symbol, but it appears to have been one known to the 
 Helvetii in Eoman times. (See Hazlitt, "Coins of 
 Europe," p. 322.) 
 
 Navarchidus — An inscription found on the coins of 
 seaport towns in Greece, as Agse in Cilicia, Carystus^ 
 Corycus, Dora, Nicopolis, Se baste, Sidon, Tomi, Tri- 
 poli, etc. 
 
 Noble — (i.) A gold coin of English origin, first struck 
 about 1344, with the quarter (to which the half was 
 added in 1346), by Edward III. at the mint in the 
 Tower, and continued, with many variations, down to 
 Henry VIII., who struck the George noble and half- 
 noble. The rose-noble of Edward IV. is probably the 
 one intended by the placaet of Antoine, Duke of 
 Lorraine (1511), where it is allowed to pass for six 
 francs in his territories. The coin was imitated by 
 David II. of Scotland (1329-71), and in the Low 
 Countries at various places, as mentioned by Hazlitt. 
 (ii.) A gold coin of Scotland under James VI., of two 
 types, 1580 and 1588, the latter known as the Thistle 
 noble, and engraved by Thomas Foulis. (iii.) A silver 
 coin of Scotland, first struck in 1568, and = a half- 
 merk, or 6s. 8d. Scots, with the moiety. These coins 
 occur of 1568-72-73-74-75-77-80. 
 
260 THE COLLECTOR SERIES 
 
 Of the noble of Edward III. it is questionable whether 
 certain numbers were not struck at Ypres, by arrange- 
 ment between Edward and the towns of Ypres, Bruges, 
 and Ghent in 1345: (See Hazlitt, "Coins of Europe," p. 
 178.) This circumstance does not seem to have been 
 noticed by the English numismatists, who mention, 
 however, nobles with C for Calais. On the other hand, 
 the friendly relations between Edward and Jacob van 
 Artevelde of Ghent may lead to an inference that 
 these coins were struck there, and thus may be 
 the pieces permitted by Parliament to pass equally 
 in England and Flanders for six shillings. This 
 sanction, so far as England is concerned, implies 
 a foreign origin. (See Blanchet, "Manuel," 1890, 
 i. 442.) 
 
 Of the imitations in the Netherlands the divisions are 
 scarcer than the whole. But there is a rare one struck 
 in 1582 for Gueldres, after the first Spanish abandon- 
 ment of the country, with the legend Devs * Transfert • 
 Et ' Gonstitmt ' Regna. 
 
 In the Report of the Parish of St James's, West- 
 minster, for 1882, p. 72, is a reference to the noble as 
 a current piece as late as 1687. This, of course, may 
 have been the Thistle noble of James I. 
 
 Occasion may be taken to observe that the original 
 English noble was the piece which appears to have 
 assisted in laying the foundation of the more modern 
 style of gold currency in Europe, and in supplanting 
 the classical and Merovingian models ; but the honour 
 of priority is due to France. (Comp. Campen.) 
 
TERMINOLOGY 261 
 
 Nomes — The territorial divisions of ancient Egypt, of 
 which we meet with the names on a series of bronze 
 coins, accompanied by representations of the deities 
 worshipped in the respective localities. (See Head, 
 Historia Numorum, p. 722, and Langlois, Numismatique 
 des Nomes D'JEgypte, 1852. 
 
 Nomine Domini — Comp. Dei Gratid — A silver 
 groat of Jan, Seigneur of Cuinre (1297-1360), reads, 
 Moneta Cunre In Nomine Domini. The Domini No- 
 mine was borrowed by the Ostrogoths from the later 
 imperial Eoman currency, as we see it on the third 
 brass of Martinianus. Some of the Nummus series are 
 engraved by Mr Hodgkin in his volume on Theodoric 
 the Goth, 1891. 
 
 Nummularius — A money - changer among the 
 Eomans. 
 
 Nummus — According to Dr Head, a circulating me- 
 dium under constituted authority ; but the word may 
 at the same time bear a relationship to the Greek verb 
 signifying to distribute, as indeed the Greek substantive 
 signifying law comes from the same root — laws, like 
 money, being intended for current use. Nummus was 
 introduced into the Ostrogothic coinage as a specific 
 denomination for bronze pieces. 
 
 Obolos — The copper unit in the ancient Greek cur- 
 rency. There were the Diobolos, Triobolos, Tetrobolos, 
 Hemiobolos, and Tetraobolos. 
 
262 THE COLLECTOR SERIES 
 
 Obverse and Avers or Reverse — The side of a coin on 
 which the portrait or other feature is stamped, and that 
 on which the subsidiary particulars are given, as the 
 date, value, local symbol, etc. 
 
 Ounce — See under Australasia. 
 
 Overstriking — A process by which for the sake of 
 economy or expedition an existing currency was 
 stamped with a higher (or even lower) value or with 
 the names and titles of a new ruler. The practice is 
 traced back to the Romans, when the later emperors 
 ascended the throne, and often enjoyed a precarious 
 term of office, and it also occurs in the Denarius made 
 to pass for a half shekel. 
 
 Panegyriarch — Apparently the orator who delivered 
 the elogia upon the successful performers in the public 
 games. 
 
 Parisis — One of the two chief French numismatic 
 standards, one quarter higher than that of Tours. 
 (See Hazlitt, " Coins of Europe," p. 221.) But there 
 were others less widely recognised, as those of Poitou, 
 Anjou, Provins, etc. The gros Parisis of Philip VI. is 
 an unusually handsome coin. 
 
 Passant — The expression applied to a figure on a coin 
 in a walking position from right to left or left to right. 
 Where the figure (lion, leopard, etc.) carries a paw 
 
TERMINOLOGY 263 
 
 raised, as on the arms of England, it is said to be pas- 
 sant-gardant. 
 
 Patera — A round dish or plate, employed both in 
 domestic establishments and in religious ceremonies. 
 It was originally of earthenware, but subsequently of 
 bronze, silver, and even gold; and examples are pre- 
 served of ancient specimens of elaborate workmanship 
 and richly engraved or embossed with artistic designs. 
 
 Patina — The natural surface created in course of time 
 by the deposit of bronze money, more especially Roman 
 and Roman colonial, very rarely the primitive coinage 
 of the uncial reduction, in certain descriptions of soil, 
 and which must be accompanied by a complete freedom 
 from corrosion and friction. The dark and light-green 
 patince are both highly esteemed. The difference in 
 value between a patinated and unpatinated coin is 
 immense. 
 
 Penny — (i.) A silver coin of England, Scotland, and 
 Ireland under the Anglo-Saxon and Anglo-Norman 
 kings. The Anglo-Saxon penny went 5 to the shil- 
 ling of account, (ii.) A copper coin of England, Isle 
 of Man, etc., first struck under George I. in the shape 
 of a piece intended for the American Plantations {Rosa 
 Americana), 1722-24. The earliest English penny was 
 that for the Isle of Man, 1786. (iii.) A billon and 
 copper denomination of Scotland under James VI., 
 Charles I., etc., and existing in the unit, the half, and 
 
264 THE COLLECTOR SERIES 
 
 the multiples up to forty. (Comp. Turner.) The so- 
 called gold penny of Henry III. (of 1257), of which 
 only four specimens are known, is of 24-carat gold. 
 
 Pike de plaisir — A coin struck for a special purpose 
 or in a superior metal or denomination in very limited 
 numbers. Examples are not unfrequent in the Euro- 
 pean series, and the practice seems to have been recog- 
 nised by the Greeks, whose silver decadrachms and 
 dodecadrachms were probably not intended for common 
 currency. There is especially the twenty-stater piece in 
 gold of Eukratides, king of Bactria, belonging to this 
 category. 
 
 Piefort or Piedfort — Pieces of money struck on an 
 unusually thick flan of metal as proofs or patterns ; the 
 practice was not unknown to the Romans, and in the 
 mediaeval series specimens occur in the twelfth and 
 thirteenth centuries. Deniers of the English Edwards 
 are extant, struck in piedfort ; but they are of the most 
 unusual occurrence. There are also deniers and doubles 
 tournois of Henry III. and IV. and of Louis XIII. of 
 France, struck in this manner, as well as \ and \ 
 francs and other silver pieces ; and of the bronze money 
 projected for the second French Republic, 1848, etc. 
 Under the system pursued by the foreign numis- 
 matists, the dick or thick money, as distinguished from 
 the broad, is often described as piefort. (See Hazlitt, 
 " Cat. of Denom.," in v.) 
 
TERMINOLOGY 265 
 
 Pierced — Perforated for the purpose of suspension ; 
 Fr. troue. The English touch-money of Charles II., 
 James II., the Pretender, and others, is usually 
 pierced. When the hole is closed by solder, the coin is 
 said to be plugged. Touch-pieces are almost invariably 
 pierced for suspension. 
 
 Plack and half-plack — A billon denomination 
 struck under James III. of Scotland (1460-88) and his 
 successors. It seems to have merged in the bawbee. 
 
 Plated, Fr. argenU— Washed with a solution of 
 silver, or silver and zinc, like many of the Koman 
 denarii and the more modern European coins of lower 
 values. 
 
 Platinum — A hard and scarce metal employed by the 
 Kussian Government between 1828 and 1855 for coins 
 of three, six, and twelve roubles. The twelve-rouble 
 piece of 1831 is very rare. 
 
 Popular names of Greek coins — It seems that the 
 Greeks, like the moderns in their crowns and sovereigns, 
 etc., were accustomed to christen their pieces of money 
 in common parlance by the familiar type, as the virgin 
 and the owl at Athens, the tortoise at iEgina, the colt 
 (young horse) at Corinth, and perhaps the hare at 
 Khegium. In the same way a stater, of Philip or Alex- 
 ander of Macedon may have been known as a philippos 
 or an alexander. 
 
266 THE COLLECTOR SERIES 
 
 Potin — Base metal. 
 
 Pound or livre Scots — the franc — (i.) A gold de- 
 nomination of Scotland under James VI. (1st coinage, 
 1575-76) in the multiple of twenty = £3 English. 
 (it) A silver Scotish piece under Charles I., 1625, in 
 the multiple of three. 
 
 Prcetor and Propraetor — Names of officers found on 
 Greek coins, sometimes the same person serving five 
 times. 
 
 Pretence, escutcheon of — The superimposition on a 
 shield of the personal arms of a ruler, as in the arms of 
 Oliver Cromwell on his coinage as Protector (1656-58). 
 The substitution of the eagle for the fleur-de-lis by 
 Napoleon I. amounted to another form of the same 
 thing. 
 
 Priest — One of the persons who placed their names 
 on the Greek money, possibly in connection with the 
 archaic relationship of the coinage to the temples and 
 the gods. 
 
 Priestess — A title found on a coin of Attuda in 
 Phrygia, as that of a functionary responsible for the 
 character and authority of the money. 
 
 Proprietarius — See Navarre. 
 
TERMINOLOGY 267 
 
 Protos — A pretension put forward by many ancient 
 cities on their coins, generally without reason or autho- 
 rity. The term occurs on money of Ephesus, Smyrna, 
 Niceea, Nicomedia, Samos, and even Perinthus. 
 
 Prytanis — The name of an officer who signed the 
 money in some of the Greek cities (Apamaea, Cyrene, 
 Pergamos, Smyrna, etc.), and sometimes without the 
 person himself being specified. 
 
 Quadriga — A Greek or Eoman four-horse chariot. 
 
 Quaestor — An officer who signed the money occa- 
 sionally in Macedonia Komana and in Mysia. 
 
 Quarterings — The heraldic cognisances introduced 
 into the divisions of a shield of arms on coins, and 
 varying from four to fifteen or upward, the larger 
 number arising of course from intermarriages and other 
 modes of succession. 
 
 Quinarius — The moiety of the Eoman denarius, and 
 also the name by which a small silver coin of some of 
 the early rulers of Britain is usually known. 
 
 Rampant — In heraldry the word used to denote a 
 lion, leopard, etc., reared on its hind-legs. The arms 
 of Gueldres are two lions rampant vis-a-vis. 
 
 Bestrike, Fr. refrappe — A modern, or at least more 
 recent, impression from the original die. 
 
268 THE COLLECTOR SERIES 
 
 Rider, with the two-thirds, one-third, and half— A 
 gold denomination of Scotland, borrowed from the 
 continental money of the same class or type. The 
 rider first appeared in 1475 under James III. (2nd 
 coinage) ; the divisions were added in the first coinage 
 of James IV., 1488. The piece was continued, with 
 modifications, down to the reign of James VI. 
 
 Ring-money — According to Csesar, the Britons, be- 
 sides their brass and gold money, were accustomed at 
 the time the Romans first visited the island to make 
 use of iron rings (annuli ferret) adjusted to specific 
 weights. The author of the " Commentaries " does not 
 mention rings in the more precious metals ; but in finds 
 of coins, objects in gold, usually taken to have been 
 personal ornaments, as bracelets or armlets, may have 
 been employed for a similar purpose. See Lambarde's 
 Perambulation of Kent, ed. 1826, p. 443. The scarcity 
 of iron among the Britons necessarily rendered objects 
 of exchange in that metal more valuable securities 
 than they would at present be ; the application to the 
 same purpose of personal ornaments of gold in the 
 form of armlets and bracelets is deduced from analogy 
 with the existing practice in some parts of the African 
 continent ; these objects were, in fact, interchangeable, 
 and were, no doubt, as Csesar acquaints us in respect 
 to the iron rings, adjusted to certain weights. (Comp. 
 Aker man's Num. Man., p. 229.) 
 
 Rouble — Catherine I. struck in 1725 the square 
 
TERMINOLOGY 269 
 
 copper rouble, and in 1726 it was reissued with the 
 half and quarter rouble. The rouble differs from the 
 half. The rouble of 1725 and quarter-rouble of 1726 
 of this type brought £105 at the Meyer sale in 1894. 
 Elizabeth struck the sixteen roubles in gold. Catherine 
 II. issued the imperial and double imperial in gold = 
 five and ten roubles. The Emperor Paul had the five- 
 roubles in the same metal, engraved by Joseph Mager, 
 and pieces of three, and five, and ten roubles have been 
 struck by the later rulers for Poland and Eussia 
 respectively. There is a rare rouble of the Czarina 
 Elizabeth (1759) struck to commemorate the battle 
 fought near Kunnersdorf. 
 
 Runic letters — These are not only used by the en- 
 gravers of the Anglo-Saxon sceattce, but at a later 
 period by those of some of the Anglo-Saxon pennies 
 of Mercia (seventh and eighth centuries) and East 
 Anglia. (See Hawkins, 1887, pp. 37, 55.) 
 
 Ryal or rial — A gold piece, first struck in England 
 under Edward IV., otherwise known as the rose-noble. 
 But the later pieces so called, as the rose-rial, the spur- 
 rial, varied, the later being = 15s., whereas the former 
 was = 30s. ; and, in fact, the rose-rial and spur-rial of 
 James's second issue corresponded with the thirty-shilling 
 and fifteen-shilling pieces of his fifth. In some speci- 
 mens of the first the background is plain on obverse. 
 The type of the lion on the second is borrowed from a 
 hipperthaler of Bavaria, 1621. In 1 Elizabeth the ryal 
 
270 THE COLLECTOR SERIES 
 
 or rial is explicitly recognized as the moiety of the 
 pound sovereign or thirty-shilling piece. Henry VII. 
 struck a piece of four rials or a double sovereign. His 
 rial or noble is very rare. 
 
 Ryal — (i.) A gold coin of Scotland, suggested by the 
 French royal-d'or, and existing in a pattern struck under 
 James V., (1514-42) in 1525 (2nd coinage), (ii.) With 
 the two-thirds and one-third ryal, a silver coin of 
 Scotland, the largest ever struck for that country, 
 except the sword-dollar and the sixty-shilling pieces 
 of James II. and William III. It exhibits on obverse 
 the crowned arms of Scotland, and on reverse a palm- 
 tree and Bat Gloria Vires. Usually known as the 
 Cruickston dollar, from the erroneous association of 
 the palm with a yew on the estate of Darnley in 
 Renfrewshire, beneath which the Queen and himself 
 used to sit. There are the dates 1565-66-67. 
 
 S.R.I.A. — Sancti Romani Imperii Archidapifer. 
 SR.I.P. — Sancti Romani Imperii Princeps. 
 
 St Andrew, and the half — A gold coin of Scotland, 
 first struck under Robert II., 1371-90, and repre- 
 senting, with the lion of the same reign, the earliest 
 regular gold currency of that kingdom. There is the 
 Long-cross and the Short-cross type, of which the 
 latter is the rarer. Under James V. the two-third 
 and one-half were coined in 1488. A pattern gold 
 St Andrew exists of the reign of James V. 
 
TERMINOLOGY 271 
 
 Saints 1 names on Anglo-Saxon coins — In the Anglo- 
 Saxon series (a.d. 905-40-42) occur pennies in silver 
 with the names of St Peter and St Martin; of the 
 former there is a division, either a halfpenny or a third 
 of a penny. The St Martin money was struck at Lin- 
 coln. (See Hawkins, 1887, pp. 99-102.) 
 
 Sanctus Vultus — The supposed head of Christ on 
 the mediaeval and later money of Lucca in Italy. It 
 is apparently nothing more than the principle observed 
 on the ancient Greek coinage of presenting deified 
 resemblances of the temporal rulers. 
 
 Sceatta — A silver coin of England, often amorphous, 
 under the earlier Anglo-Saxon rulers, and a word of 
 analogous origin to rouble, etc., from the Anglo-Saxon 
 verb sceattan, to cut. The earliest sceattoz occur with 
 Runic legends, and probably date from the sixth century. 
 Some of the improved types possess good portraits, and 
 are of careful execution. But the original engravers 
 of these pieces, who perhaps went to Roman models, 
 appear to have been illiterate Scandinavian copyists, 
 who understood no alphabet but their own. In certain 
 cases the legends on the sceattoz may be Roman in- 
 scriptions retrograde, or, when Runic letters were not 
 used, an abortive effort to transfer the Latin terms 
 of the prototype to the die. Whatever may be said 
 of the illegibility of the British coinage, the sceatta 
 series is, to a large extent, not less obscure and 
 enigmatical. In their Numismatic Circular for Octol)er, 
 
272 THE COLLECTOR SERIES 
 
 1900, Spink & Son offer a gold sceatta, and refer to the 
 British Museum Catalogue and to Kenyon. 
 
 Scheidemiinz — Money in the German series intended 
 for general currency throughout a dominion or federal 
 union. 
 
 Scotish Mints — The principal were : Roxburgh, Ber- 
 wick, Perth, Edinburgh, Aberdeen, Lanark, Stirling, 
 and Glasgow. Minor or occasional places of coinage 
 were: Dunbar, Dundee, Forres, Inchaffray, Inverness, 
 Annan, Dumbarton, Linlithgow, Montrose. 
 
 Scribe or Town Clerk, Gr. Grammateus — An 
 officer whose name occasionally presents itself on the 
 Greek money. (See Akerman's Num. Man., 1840, 
 p. 23.) Comp. Neocoros. 
 
 Scripulum — A silver weight of 18 grains in ancient 
 Roman computation, and originally a measure in 
 counting seeds. It afterward acquired an artificial 
 meaning in the Roman monetary system, and the term 
 was applied to the earliest gold piece = 20 sestertii, 
 struck somewhere out of the city about 206 B.C. 
 
 Sede vacante — A phrase which occurs on the money 
 issued under the authority of the Senior Cardinal in 
 the Papal series, and under that of the Chapter in the 
 case of a bishop or archbishop during an interregnum 
 throughout Germany and the Netherlands. 
 
TERMINOLOGY 273 
 
 Sejarit — The type where a lion or other object is 
 represented on a coin in a sitting attitude. 
 
 Servus Christi — The legend found on some of the 
 latest money of the infamous Emperor Justinian II., 
 a.d. 711. 
 
 Sestertium — 1000 sestertii; decies sestertia, a million 
 sestertii. 
 
 Sestertius — A Roman brass coin of the republican 
 epoch — 2\ asses, or the fourth part of a denaHus. 
 
 Semissis — The moiety of the Eoman solidus, but 
 usually much scarcer. For a very fine one of Salonina, 
 found in Lothbury, in a grave, in 1873, £40 were asked. 
 There was formerly one in the National French collec- 
 tion ; but it was among the treasures stolen long since 
 and melted. 
 
 Shekel, with the half and the quarter — A silver coin 
 of Judsea = four Tyrian drachmai, with the legends in 
 Samaritan characters, first struck, so far as is known, 
 about 143-137 B.C. These coins are of thick fabric, 
 and have become, through finds, comparatively plenti- 
 ful. There is also a half shekel struck over a Eoman 
 denarius of ordinary module. Both the Jewish shekel 
 and the half-shekel are interesting in connection with 
 the Scriptural incidents of the Betrayal and the 
 tribute-money. While they remained rare, the shekel 
 and half-shekel were extensively forged. 
 
 S 
 
274 THE COLLECTOR SERIES 
 
 Shilling — (i.) A well known English denomination, 
 commencing with Henry VII. in 1504, and existing 
 down to the present time in a periodically modified 
 form. The first of the modern type is that of 
 Cromwell, 1658. The first shilling (and sixpence) on 
 which the appellation occurs are those of 1831. (ii.) 
 A silver coin of Scotland = a penny English, first 
 struck under James VI., first coinage (1567), in the 
 multiples of 30 (sword-dollar), and later on, fourth 
 coinage (1581), of 16, 8, 4 and 2; fifth coinage, 40, 
 30, 20, 10; seventh coinage, 50. After the Union, 
 we find the 60, 30, 12, 6, 3, 2, 1, and half-shilling 
 (1605). The higher values, especially the sixty-shilling 
 of James II. and William III., are rare. The sixty- 
 shilling piece was = five shillings English currency. 
 Shillings are specified as money of account among the 
 Anglo-Saxons. 
 
 Siege-money — The pieces struck either by the in- 
 habitants of the place besieged or by the besiegers, or 
 both. It constitutes an enormous series, of which even 
 the elaborate work of M. le Colonel Maillet furnishes 
 an imperfect view. A half gold real of Philip II. of 
 Spain is countermarked with a lion, having been 
 employed as money of necessity in 1573; and on the 
 other hand Dutch pieces, either of ordinary or special 
 series, occur stamped with an eagle for imperial use. 
 
 In 1610 some of the siege-pieces struck by Jan van 
 Rauschenberg to pay his troops or the expenses during 
 the siege of Julich were formed from objects of personal 
 
TERMINOLOGY 275 
 
 ornament or domestic use. There is quite a series of 
 this occasional currency. 
 
 Siglos— The twentieth of the gold Persian daric, and 
 the hundredth part in weight of the silver mina of 
 the same country and period. 
 
 Sicily — Attention is due to its having copper money 
 of Eogers I. (1072-1103) with Bogerivs Gomes and 
 Maria . Mater . Dni. of various types. It was a kind of 
 inheritance from the Greeks. 
 
 Sophist — A name found on money of Smyrna. Aker- 
 man {Num. Man., 1840, p. 25) states that it also occurs 
 on a coin of Cidyessus in Phrygia ; but the reading on 
 the latter seems to be Logietou. 
 
 Sovereign — A gold coin first struck 5th Henry VII., 
 and = two rials or nobles, or thirty shillings. It is 
 usually known as the pound sovereign. The reverse is 
 similar as regards the legend to the noble of Edward 
 III. The obverse represents the sovereign seated on 
 his throne, and hence perhaps the alternative name. 
 The double rose typifies the union of the two Houses 
 of York and Lancaster in Henry's person. Henry 
 also struck the double sovereign, or four-rial piece, 
 and Edward VI. the triple one. Henry VIII. had the 
 sovereign = twenty shillings (1542-43, thirty-fourth 
 and thirty-fifth years), of a different type, and 
 existing in several varieties; it has an older portrait, 
 
276 THE COLLECTOR SERIES 
 
 bearded. The earliest half-sovereigns of Edward VI. 
 have the name of his father and his own bust. (Comp. 
 Campen.) The three-pound piece or triple unit of 
 Charles I., struck at Oxford (Juxon's), 1643-44, in 
 several varieties, may be regarded as a triple sovereign. 
 A pattern is in the Hunterian Museum at Glasgow. 
 The half-sovereign of 1821 was withdrawn because it 
 so closely resembled the sixpence, and the sixpence of 
 1887 was withdrawn because it so closely resembled the 
 half-sovereign. Yet in both cases the appearance and 
 weight are sufficiently different. Of the sovereign of 
 Queen Victoria, 1837, in which the bust is smaller, 
 there are four varieties ; that of 1838 occurs without 
 the roses, and with a knurled edge. There is no half- 
 sovereign of Victoria prior to 1839. 
 
 Species — A kind of currency, as distinguished from 
 banco and courant, established for commercial use in 
 Germany, Denmark, etc. The principle was well known 
 to the ancients, the Greeks having probably borrowed 
 it from the Lydians. 
 
 Spilcgroschen — Small silver coins, which seem to 
 have been used in Saxony as far back as the sixteenth 
 century by card-players. (Compare Hazlitt, " Coins of 
 Europe," p. 235.) 
 
 Standard — (i.) In ancient Greek numismatic nomen- 
 clature, the weight to which at different times or in 
 various localities the current money was adjusted; 
 
TERMINOLOGY 277 
 
 it was a principle borrowed from Africa and Asia, 
 which had their Phoenician, Persic, and Perso-Babylonic 
 standards. The oldest European one was the iEginetic, 
 which was succeeded by the Euboi'c or Attic, chiefly 
 relevant to silver only, as Chalcis and the other 
 cities of Euboea struck no gold; the Ehodian, etc., 
 culminating in the Indian, which was followed in the 
 later Bactrian and Parthian money, (ii.) A modern 
 European principle, to which the money of the prin- 
 cipal states of that Continent respectively conformed, 
 namely, Cologne, Tours, Paris, and London, to which 
 may be added, although they are not specifically enu- 
 merated, Venice and Florence, if not Hungary, for 
 gold weights. But there were also certain subsi- 
 diary mediaeval systems, such as those of Anjou, 
 Poitou, etc., which enjoyed a similar reputation and 
 credit. 
 
 Stater, Statera (standard) — (i.) A gold coin intro- 
 duced into Macedon in the fourth century B.C., and 
 subsequently diffused over the greater part of Greece, 
 besides serving as the model for unskilful imitators in 
 Western Europe. There were the double stater, the 
 half, and the quarter, the Macedonian coin being = 
 twenty drachmae, or about twenty-three shillings Eng- 
 lish money, (ii.) The silver tetradrachm, of same 
 standard, is sometimes described as a stater. 
 
 Stephanophoros — A type of high-priest among the 
 ancient Greeks, who wore a crown, sometimes of gold, 
 
278 THE COLLECTOR SERIES 
 
 in the public processions, and had his name inscribed 
 on certain coins of Lydia, etc. The office was capable 
 of being held with that of archon. 
 
 Styca (from the Teutonic stick, piece) — A Northum- 
 brian coinage extending from the seventh to the ninth 
 century, and of a uniform fabric but of uncertain 
 standard, the usual proportion being about 70 per cent, 
 of copper, 20 of zinc, 10 of silver, and some fractional 
 ingredients of gold, lead, and tin. The stycas of 
 many reigns are tolerably common owing to modern 
 finds, but others are extremely rare — that is to say, the 
 survival in actual currency was very small, and the 
 abundance in certain cases is due to treasure trove. 
 The stycas of Ecgfrith (670-685) were, for example, 
 unknown prior to the Heworth find, 1813, and those 
 of Heerdulf (794-806) till the Hexam one, 1833. A 
 supposed unique one of Osred II., 789-90, occurs in 
 the Montagu Catalogue, Part I., No. 384. 
 
 Sulz, Wurtemberg — One of the mints of the Dukes 
 of Wurtemberg. 
 
 Surcharged — An additional quarter laid on an escut- 
 cheon, generally in the centre, to denote the connection 
 of a coinage with a special district or dynasty. 
 
 Suskin and Bodkin — The Galley halfpence offered 
 in payment at the Galley Quay, as mentioned under 
 Galley halfpence, suprd. The foreign merchants had 
 
TERMINOLOGY 279 
 
 their residence or settlement in Mincheon or Mincing 
 Lane. But the Galley-men were billeted in a quadrant 
 called Galley Row, between Hart Lane and Church 
 Lane. Sushin may be a corruption of zeskin. (Comp. 
 Bod and Bodkin, snprd.) 
 
 Sword-and-sceptre piece, with the half — A gold coin 
 of James VI. of Scotland, so called from those two 
 emblems on the obverse, 1601-4. The issues of 1603-4 
 are rare, especially the latter. 
 
 Symbol — A mark or object significant of an attribute 
 or of the possessor of one, as the fulmen of Zeus, the 
 club of Herakles, the trident of Poseidon, etc. Some of 
 these are of evident import, while others are more or 
 less recondite and subject to hypothetical solutions. 
 It seems probable that the commonly accepted and 
 favourite theory imputing the portraiture on Greek 
 money will undergo modification, as many of the heads 
 are clearly realistic. We also meet with instances 
 where a mark, such as a wheel or some other object, 
 occurs to denote value, like the rose on the Elizabethan 
 sixpence; the ear of corn, the bunch of grapes, the 
 cornucopia, the Pegasos, the free horse, the horse with 
 a loose rein, the man-headed bull, the crab, the eagle, 
 the torch, the double flute. 
 
 T. b. c, trds-bien conserve' — An expression very often 
 found in foreign numismatic catalogues. 
 
 Taro— See Hazlitt's "Coins of Europe," 1893, and 
 
280 THE COLLECTOR SERIES 
 
 Supplement, 1897. The coin so named occurs in silver 
 and copper in the currencies of the Two Sicilies and the 
 Knights of Malta. Some of the divisions and multiples 
 are rare. There is an unusually uncommon one of 30 
 tari in silver of Charles III. of Spain for the Two Sicilies, 
 1732, of which the writer possesses an example fleur de 
 coin; there are others of 1791 and 1793 of different 
 fabrics, but of similar value, although that of 1793 is 
 the heavier. There was a SO-tari piece of 1732 in 
 Boyne Catalogue 1896, No. 1040; but it is of signal 
 rarity. 
 
 Theologos — The interpreter of the sacred rites held 
 by the Greeks in honour of the gods. 
 
 Tooled — A condition incidental to many coins, chiefly 
 silver and copper, the surface of which has been re- 
 touched with a graver or other sharp-pointed implement 
 in order to produce the appearance of brilliant freshness. 
 A large number of valuable pieces have been spoiled in 
 this manner. Fr. Cisete. 
 
 Touch-piece — A coin in gold or silver of the St 
 Michael and Dragon type, more frequently the former, 
 worn by persons who had been touched by the sove- 
 reign for the king's evil or scrofula. Dr Johnson used 
 to wear, or at least possess, a gold touch-piece which 
 had been presented to him as a boy by Queen 
 Anne. 
 
 Tournois — The standard of Tours, one of the two by 
 

 TERMINOLOGY 281 
 
 which the mediaeval money of France was chiefly regu- 
 lated. We have the gros, denier, and maille tournois in 
 the earlier currency, and the Hard, double, and denier 
 tournois in copper in that of the sixteenth and seven- 
 teenth centuries. We are afraid that the theory of the 
 Oriental parentage of the gros tournois of Louis IX., 
 first struck very late in his prolonged reign, must be 
 considered more than dubious, as a comparative exami- 
 nation of the French coinage of the eleventh and 
 twelfth centuries shows in a rudimentary and variant 
 form the so-called chatel on the gros, while the double 
 circle already occurs on Italian coins of the tenth 
 century. 
 
 Tressure — The ornamental enclosure containing the 
 type, found on many coins, especially gold, in the 
 French, Anglo-Gallic, and English series. The tressure 
 varies in the number of arcs or lobes, according to 
 circumstances. 
 
 Tridrachm — (i.) An ancient Greek denomination; 
 comp. Drachma, (ii.) A three-drachma piece in the 
 Eoman consular series, otherwise known as a quadri- 
 gatus. 
 
 Trouvaille — A find of coins, either in the open 
 ground or in vessels, or in secret or disused portions 
 of ancient buildings. Excavations for public works 
 or archaeological research have proved the two most 
 fruitful sources of addition to our knowledge of the 
 
282 THE COLLECTOR SERIES 
 
 currencies of all ages. The most important finds in 
 England have been those in Jersey, 1820, of Gaulish 
 money mixed up with some British and with Roman 
 denarii, etc. ; at Hexham, in 1833, of Northumbrian 
 stycas, etc. ; at Beaworth, in Hampshire, in 1837, of 
 pennies of William I. ; at Gravesend in 1838 ; at 
 Cuerdale in 1840 of a most remarkable and extensive 
 variety of Anglo-Saxon and Carolingian coins, ingots ; 
 at Croydon in 1862 ; at Chanckton Farm, Washington, 
 Sussex, in 1866 ; at Dalgany in 1874. More recently 
 some gold trientes have occurred in the falling cliffs of 
 Dover. But numberless other minor discoveries of 
 small parcels or isolated pieces have tended in this 
 country as well as abroad, where the process still con- 
 tinues, to revolutionise the state of knowledge and 
 necessitate the rewriting of our early numismatic 
 annals. The large find at Amersfoort, near Utrecht, 
 included some gold English pieces. Of continental 
 money, etc., discoveries are incessant. 
 
 Turner and half-turner — A copper coin of Scotland 
 under James I. of Great Britain (1614), equal to two- 
 pence and a penny Scots respectively, named after the 
 French tournois. See " Diary of Mr John Lamont of 
 Newton," 1830, p. 165. It was continued under 
 Charles I. and II. 
 
 Turney — A species of "black money" current in 
 Ireland in 1339, and imitated from the tournois coinage 
 of France. Some other description of black money was 
 
TERMINOLOGY 283 
 
 in circulation at Dover in 1341. This was simply 
 the zwaarte of the Low Countries plated to pass as 
 silver. 
 
 Type — The pattern engraved on a die or a pair of 
 dies, and impressed on either side of a coin. It is an 
 inclusive term, and comprehends all the minutice which 
 are apt to distinguish one issue from another, although 
 a general resemblance between two or more pieces, pre- 
 senting subordinate variations may be sufficient to 
 constitute and establish identity of type. Again, from 
 the imperfect processes of striking, no two ancient coins 
 precisely correspond. 
 
 Unicorn, with the half-unicorn — A gold denomina- 
 tion of Scotland, which first appeared in the third 
 coinage of James III. (1486). It was continued under 
 James IV., and perhaps James V. The last does not 
 seem to have struck the half. The pieces marked with 
 a cinquefoil are attributed to his reign. 
 
 Uniface — A coin struck on one side only, and in the 
 modern European series ordinarily money of necessity. 
 But it is also a characteristic of some of the money of 
 the ancient Greeks, alike on the archaic staters of Lamp- 
 sacus, etc., on those of the thin incuse fabric of Meta- 
 pontum, etc., and on the Grseco-Italian currency of 
 Etruria. 
 
 Unit — A gold coin of James VI. of Scotland and L 
 
284 THE COLLECTOR SERIES 
 
 of Great Britain (1605-10), and of Charles I. (1625-37). 
 The latter (1625) was engraved by Briot. The last 
 coinage (1637) added the half, quarter, and the eighth 
 unit, of which the two lower divisions are extremely 
 rare, especially the quarter. 
 
 Vermeillc — Silver-gilt. 
 
 Victoriatus — The two-thirds of the silver denarius, a 
 type introduced into Rome in or about 228 B.C., and 
 virtually abolished about 100 B.C., and representing on 
 the obverse a head of Jupiter, and on the other Victory 
 crowning a trophy. There are the victoriatus, half- 
 victoriatus, marked in some examples S. for semis, and 
 the double victoriatus. The last is very rare. The 
 victoriatus also occurs in the Romano-Iberian coinage, 
 third century B.C. (See Stevenson, p. 875.) 
 
 Vierlander — A Low-Country coin current under 
 treaty in four districts, cities, or towns. 
 
 Vis-a-vis type — seen on the money of Philip and 
 Mary of England — may be considered as having, with 
 the early money of Spain, a common Gothic origin; 
 but the idea and germ are, of course, Greek. It also 
 occurs on some of the early German money, on that 
 of the Low Countries under Spanish sway, and on a 
 francescone of the modern kingdom of Etruria, 1807. 
 
 Weight — A principle in monetary computation which 
 enjoyed a universal acceptance and recognition prior to 
 the establishment of standards, of which the ancient 
 
TERMINOLOGY 285 
 
 Greeks had several, chiefly borrowed from the East. 
 In the mediaeval period all large business transactions 
 were conducted on this basis, and down to the eight- 
 eenth century Sweden had a currency in copper which 
 practically amounted to a system of exchanging weight 
 for weight. 
 
 Weights — Metallic standards which appear to have 
 been produced and preserved from time to time for 
 the purpose of testing and verifying the current money. 
 Numerous specimens exist in all metals, including some 
 in the Anglo-Gallic series. (See Head, Hist. Num., 
 xxiv., and Hazlitt, " Coinage of Europe," p. 241.) 
 Some of the nomenclature of ancient coins, and many 
 of the terms applied to the more modern, refer to the 
 original import of weight, as drachma, libra, lira, peseta, 
 oncia, etc. (Comp. Mark, Money of account.) 
 
 Wildemannsgulden or thaler — The gulden or thaler 
 with the wild man type, originating perhaps in Saxony 
 or Brunswick, and imitated in other parts of Germany 
 and in Gelderland. The varieties are the two wild men 
 and the wild man and woman. This idea is traceable 
 back to a very ancient period, and has acquired heraldric 
 importance. There is a thaler of 1557 of Brunswick - 
 Luneburg with the shield held by the wild man, and 
 enclosed by the collar of the Golden Fleece. 
 
 Wire-money — The Maundy money of 1792, so termed 
 from the form of the numerals of value. 
 
BIBLIOGEAPHY 
 
 Bibliographical List of the Principal Current 
 Works on European Coins. 
 
 Ainslie, General. Illustrations of the Anglo-French Coinage. 
 
 4to. London, 1830. Plates. 
 Akerman, John Yonge. A Numismatic Manual. 8vo. London, 
 
 1840. Plates. 
 
 Descriptive Catalogue of Rare and Unedited Roman Coins. 
 
 8vo. 1884. Two vols. 
 
 Coins of the Romans relating to Britain. 2nd edition. 
 
 8vo. 1844. 
 
 An Introduction to the Study of Ancient and Modern 
 
 Coins. 12mo. 1848. 
 Armand, Alfred. Les Medailleurs Italiens des Quinzieme et 
 
 Seizieme Siecles. 8vo. Paris, 1883-87. Three vols. 
 
 Asiatic. Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society, 1877-82. Vols. 
 
 xiv.-xvi. (Indo-Portuguese money). 
 Atkins, James. The Coins and Tokens of the Possessions and 
 
 Colonies of the British Empire. 8vo. 1889. Woodcuts. 
 Babelon, Ernest. Description Historique et Chronologique des 
 
 Monnaies de la Republique Romaine. 8vo. Paris et Lon- 
 
 dres, 1885. Two vols. Woodcuts. 
 Blanchet, J. Adrien. Nouveau Manuel de Numismatique du 
 
 Moyen Age et Moderne. Small 8vo. Paris, 1890. With 
 
 an atlas of plates. 
 Very useful for the classification and for the lists of rulers, 
 
 and the chronological sequence of regnal productions. 
 
BIBLIOGRAPHY 287 
 
 Burns, Edward. The Coinage of Scotland Illustrated from the 
 
 Cabinet of Thomas Coats, Esq., of Ferguslie. 4to. Edin- 
 burgh, 1887. Three vols. Plates. 
 Caron, E. Monnaies Feodales Francaises. 8vo. Paris, 1882-84. 
 
 Plates. 
 Chaudoir (Baron de). Apercu sur les Monnaies russes et les 
 
 Monnaies etrangeres qui ont eu Cours en Russie depuis les 
 
 temps les plus recul&s jusqu'a nos jours. 8vo. St Peters- 
 
 bourg, 1836-7. Two vols, and one of plates. 
 Cinagli, Dorr. Angelo. Le Monete de' Papi Descritte in Tavole 
 
 Sinottiche. 4to. Fermo, 1848. 
 Clerk, Major-General. Catalogue of the Coins of the Achaean 
 
 League. Royal 8vo. London, 1895. Plates. 
 Cochrane-Patrick, R. W. Records of the Coinage of Scotland, 
 
 from the earliest Period to the Union. 4to. Edinburgh, 
 
 1876. Plates. 
 Cohen, Henry. Description Historique des Monnaies frappees 
 
 sous TEmpire Romain communement appellees Medailles 
 
 Imperiales. 8vo. Paris et Londres, 1880-92. Eight vols. 
 
 Woodcuts. 
 Duchalais, Adolphe. Description des Medailles Gauloises faisant 
 
 partie des Collections de la Bibliotheque Royale. 8vo. 
 
 Paris, 1846. Plates. 
 De Voogt, W. J. Bijdragen tot de Numismatick van Gelderland. 
 
 8vo and 4to. Arnhem, 1867-74. Three parts. 
 De Witte, Alphonse. Histoire Monetaire des Comtes de Louvain. 
 
 4to. Anvers, 1894. Plates. 
 Evans, Sir John. The Coins of the Ancient Britons. 8vo. 1864. 
 
 Supplement, 8vo, 1890. Plates by Fairholt. 
 Fernandes, Manuel Bernardo Lopes. Memoria das Moedas 
 
 Correntes em Portugal. 4to. 1856. Plates. 
 Furse, Edouard Henri. Memoires Numismatiques de TOrdre 
 
 Souverain de Saint Jean de Jerusalem. Imp. 8vo. Rome, 
 
 1885. Plates. 
 Gnecchi, Francesco ed Ercole. Le Monete di Milano da Carlo 
 
 Magno a Vittorio Emanuele II., Descritte ed Illustrate. 
 
 4to. Milano, 1884. Plates. 
 With a preface by Bernardino Biondelli. The great 
 
 Gnecchi collection has since been dispersed. It included a 
 
 large number of fine coins and many unique pieces. The 
 
 King of Italy was a considerable buyer. 
 
 
288 THE COLLECTOR SERIES 
 
 Greenwell, W. Electrum Coinage of Cyzicus. 8vo. Paris et 
 
 Londres, 1887. 
 Grote, H. Miintzstudien [Neunter Band: Stammtafeln]. 8vo. 
 
 Leipsic, 1877. 
 A very valuable work for the lists of sovereigns and the 
 
 lines and branches of foreign houses ; the information which 
 
 we find ready to our hand here would otherwise entail 
 
 enormous research. 
 
 Grueber, H. A. A find of Anglo-Saxon Coins. 8vo. 1894. 
 Plates. 
 
 One of the most important and curious modern discoveries 
 of the kind. 
 
 Grueber, Herbert A., and Keary, C. F. Catalogue of the 
 English Coins in the British Museum to the Norman 
 Conquest 8vo. London, 1887-93. Two vols. Autotype 
 plates. 
 
 Attention may also be advantageously drawn to the 
 extremely important sectional Accounts published for the 
 Trustees of the British Museum of the National Collection of 
 Ancient Greek Coins, etc., under the editorial care of the 
 staff of the Medal and Coin Department. 
 
 Haller, A. Schweizeriche Munz- und Medaillen-Kabinet. 8vo. 
 
 Berne, 1780-81. 
 A new edition by Paul Charles Stroehlin, President of the 
 
 Swiss Numismatic Society, is in preparation. 
 Hawkins, Edward. Description of the Anglo-Gallic Coins in the 
 
 British Museum. 4to. 1826. Plates. 
 The Silver Coins of England, Arranged and Described, 
 
 with Remarks on British Money previous to the Saxon 
 
 Dynasties. Third edition, with alterations and additions by 
 
 R. LI. Kenyon. 8vo. London, 1887. Plates. 
 The illustrations to this, as well as to Kenyon's Gold 
 
 Coins, are most unsatisfactory and discreditable. 
 
 Hazlitt, W. Carew. Coinage of the European Continent, with 
 an Introduction and Catalogues of Mints, Denominations, 
 and Rulers, etc. 8vo. 1893. 250 illustrations. Supple- 
 ment, 8vo. 1897. 
 
 Head, Barclay V. Historia Numorum: A Manual of Greek 
 Numismatics. Royal 8vo. 1887. Plates. 
 The author refers us for further information to the 
 
BIBLIOGRAPHY 289 
 
 monograph by Professor Gardner, and to the works of 
 foreign writers on the same subject. 
 
 Heiss, Aloiss. Descripcion General de las Monedas Hispano- 
 Cristianas desde la Invasion de las Arabes. 4to. Madrid, 
 1865. Plates. 
 
 Description Generale des Monnaies Antiques de l'Espagne. 
 
 4to. Paris, 1870. Plates. 
 
 Description Generale des Monnaies des Rois Wisigothes 
 
 d'Espagne. 4to. Paris, 1872. Plates. 
 
 Henfrey, Henry William. Numismata Cromwelliana ; or, the 
 Medallic History of Oliver Cromwell. 4to. 1877. Plates. 
 
 A Guide to the Study of English Coins. New and revised 
 
 edition by C. F. Keary, M.A., F.S.A. Small 8vo. 1885. 
 Woodcuts. 
 Very imperfect The illustrations are extremely poor. 
 
 Hoffmann, H. Les Monnaies Royales de France depuis Hugues 
 Capet jusqu'a Louis XVI. 4to. Paris, 1878. 
 
 Humphreys, H. Noel. The Coin-Collector's Manual. 1891. 
 Small 8vo. Two vols. Illustrations. 
 
 The ' ' illustrations " have been described as a mere collec- 
 tion of caricatures, and most of the letterpress is obsolete, all 
 but the title-pages being the stereotyped sheets of a book 
 printed about 1850. Half a century tells seriously even on 
 the best essays or efforts in a progressive science. 
 
 Jenner, Ed. Die Miinzen der Schweiz. 8vo. Berne, 1879. 
 
 Ken yon, Robert Lloyd. The Gold Coins of England, Arranged 
 
 and Described ; being a Sequel to Mr Hawkins' Silver Coins 
 
 of England. 8vo. London, 1884. Plates. 
 
 Lade, Auguste. Le Tresor de Pas-de-1'Echelle : Contribution a 
 l'Histoire Monetaire de FEveche de Geneve. 4to. Geneve, 
 1895. Plates. 
 
 Corpus Numorum Sabaudiae. 
 
 It is understood that this work is awaiting, prior to its 
 appearance, some additional information. 
 Lindsay, John. A View of the Coinage of Ireland, from the 
 Invasion of the Danes to the Reign of George IV. 4to. 
 Cork, 1839. Plates. 
 
 A View of the Coinage of the Heptarchy. 4to. Cork, 
 
 1842. Plates. 
 
 T 
 
290 THE COLLECTOR SERIES 
 
 Macdonald, George. Catalogue of Greek Coins in the Hunterian 
 Collection at Glasgow. Large 8vo. 1899. Plates. 
 
 Mailliet, Prosper. Catalogue Descriptif des Monnaies Obsidion- 
 
 ales et de Necessite, avec Atlas. 4to and 8vo. Bruxelles, 
 
 1868-70. Two vols. Plates. 
 Mayr, Albert. Die antiken Miinzen der Inseln Malta, Gozo und 
 
 Pantelleria. 8vo. Miinchen, 1893-94. Plates and prices. 
 Meyer, Adolph. Catalog der Miinzen und Medaillen. Two 
 
 parts. Frankfurt-am-Main, 1894-95. Royal 8vo. Plates 
 
 and prices. 
 Compiled by the expert Adolph Hess. 
 
 Montagu, Hyman. The Copper, Tin, and Bronze Coinage and 
 Patterns for Coins of England. 2nd edition, with Altera- 
 tions and Additions. 8vo. 1893. Woodcuts. 
 
 Montenuovo. Die Siebenbiirgischen Miinzen, Beschrieben von A. 
 Hess. 8vo. Frankfurt-am-Main. 1886. Plates. 
 
 The Count of Montenuovo also collected coins in the 
 Servian and other series. 
 
 Muret, Ernest. Catalogue des Monnaies Gauloises de la Biblio- 
 
 theque Nationale, publie par A. Chabouillet, 4to. Paris, 
 
 1889. With an atlas of plates. 
 Neumann, Josef. Beschreibung der bekannesten Kupfermunzen. 
 
 8vo. 1858-72. Six vols. Plates. 
 Numismatic Chronicle and Journal of the Numismatic Society. 
 
 8vo. London, 1839-95. Three series. Fifty-four vols. 
 
 Plates and woodcuts. 
 Papadopoli, Nicolo. Monete Italiane Inedite della Raccolta 
 
 Papadopoli. Four parts. Large 8vo. 1893. Woodcuts. 
 Le Monete di Venezia Descritte ed Illustrate. Cogli 
 
 disegni di C. Kunz. 4to. Venezia, 1893. 
 
 Count Papadopoli has produced a series of very valuable 
 
 pamphlets illustrative of the same subject, and of ancient 
 
 Italian coinages, between 1882 and the present time. 
 Poey D'Avant, Faustin. Monnaies Feodales de France. 4to. 
 
 Paris, 1858-62. Three vols. Plates. 
 Ponton d'Amecourt, Le Vicomte de. Monnaies d'Or Romaines 
 
 et Byzantines. Imperial 8vo. Paris, 1887. Thirty-seven 
 
 plates. 
 
 The most complete assemblage of Roman gold ever formed 
 
 down to this date. 
 
BIBLIOGRAPHY 291 
 
 Ponton d'Amecourt, Le Vicomte de. Description Generale des 
 Monnaies Merovingiennes, par Ordre Alphabetique des 
 Ateliers. 8vo. Macon, 1892-95. Five vols. Woodcuts. 
 
 Published from the MSS. collections of the author by A. 
 de Belfort. 
 
 Poole, R. S. Descriptive Catalogue of Swiss Coins in the South 
 Kensington Museum, bequeathed by the Reverend Chauncy 
 Hare Townshend. Royal 8vo. London, 1878. 
 
 Promis, Domenico. Monete dei Reali di Savoia. 4to. Turin, 
 1841. Two vols. Plates. 
 
 The same writer has produced several other works relative 
 to the numismatic history of Savoy and Piedmont. See 
 Rollin and Feuardent's Catalogue 1893, p. 73. 
 
 Prou, Maurice. Les Monnaies Merovingiennes de la Bibliotheque 
 Nationale. Royal 8vo. Paris, 1892. Plates. 
 
 Relmmann, Justitzrath, of Hanover. Miinzen- und Medaillen- 
 Cabinet 8vo. Frankfurt, 1891-92. Plates. 
 
 Remedi, Angelo, di Sarzana. Catalogo delle Monete Romane 
 Consolari ed Imperiali, e delle Medaglie componenti la 
 Collezione del Signor Marchese Commendatore Angelo 
 Remedi. 8vo. Milano, 1884. Plates. With the prices, 8vo, 
 1895. 
 
 Rich in mediaeval coins. 
 
 Revue Beige de Numismatique. 8vo. Bruxelles, 1845-95. 
 
 Revue Numismatique Francaise. Three series. 8vo. Paris, 
 1836-95. 
 
 Robert. Description de la Collection de M. P. Charles Robert ; 
 Pays-Bas et Nord de la France, Eveches de Metz, Toul, et 
 Verdun, Lorraine et Barrois, Luxembourg, Alsace, Treves, 
 Cologne, Mayence, . . . 8vo. Paris, 1886. Plates. 
 
 Robertson, J. D. A Handbook to the Coinage of Scotland, in 
 
 Gold, Silver, Billon and Copper, from Alexander I. to Anne. 
 
 4to. 1878. Frontispiece and woodcuts. 
 Rollin et Feuardent, MM. Catalogue des Livres qui se trouvent 
 
 a la Librairie Numismatique de MM. Rollin et Feuardent. 
 
 Small 8vo. Paris, 1893. 
 This catalogue will be found useful for reference to many 
 
 numismatic publications, for which space cannot be given 
 
 here. 
 
292 THE COLLECTOR SERIES 
 
 Rosa, Alejakdro. Estudios Numismaticos Aclamaciones de los 
 Monarcas, Catolicos en el Nuevo Mundo. Buenos Ayres, 
 1895. Imperial 4to. Engravings. 
 
 With an introduction by Dr Angel Justiniano Car- 
 ranza. The same writer produced the Monetario Americano. 
 1892. 
 
 Rossi, Cav. Giancarlo, di Roma. Catalogo delle Monete Italiane 
 Medicevali e Moderne, componente la Collezione del Cav. 
 Giancarlo Rossi. 8vo. Roma, 1880. Plates. With the 
 prices realised at auction. 
 Very rich in early Papal money. 
 
 Collezione di Monete Italiane Medioevali e Moderni, Ordi- 
 nate e Descritta da Arturo Bignami. Roma, 1895. Royal 
 8vo. Plates. 
 
 Ruding, Rev. Rogers. Annals of the Coinage of Great Britain 
 and its Dependencies. 3rd edition. 4to. London, 1840. 
 Three vols. Plates. 
 
 Sabatier,J. Description Generale des Monnaies Byzantines. 8vo. 
 Paris et Londres, 1862. 2 vols. Plates. 
 
 Sambon, M. Recherches sur les Anciennes Monnaies de l'ltalie 
 Meridionale. 4to. Naples, 1863. 
 
 Recherches sur les Monnaies de la Presqu' He Itaile, 
 
 depuis leur origine jusqu'a la bataille d'Actium. Folio. 
 Naples, 1870. Plates. 
 
 Saulcy, F. dk. Recherches sur les Monnaies des Dues hereditaires 
 de Lorraine. 8vo. Metz, 1841. 
 
 Observations Numismatiques. 8vo. Metz, 1834. Plates. 
 
 This is merely the earliest of a series of valuable numis- 
 matic publications by the same writer, a list and account of 
 which may be found in Rollin and Feuardent's Catalogue, 
 1893, p. 83-86. 
 
 Schlumberger, G. Numismatique de l'Orient Latin. 4to. Paris, 
 
 1878-82. 
 
 Schulman, J., of Amersfoort. Series of Descriptive Catalogues of 
 European and other Coins, Nos. 1-30, 1880-95, and Bulletin 
 Numismatique, 1893-94, Nos. 1-3. 
 
 Full of valuable and interesting information. 
 
 Schulthess. Miinz- u. Medaillen-Sammlung. 8vo. Dresden, 
 1868. 2 vols. Plates. 
 
BIBLIOGRAPHY 293 
 
 Schweitzer, Federico. Serie delle Monete e Medaglie d'Aquileja 
 e di Venezia. 4to. Trieste, 1848-52. Two vols. Plates. 
 
 Serrure, C. A. Notice sur le Cabinet de S. A. le Prince de 
 Ligne. 2me edition. 8vo. Gand, 1880. 
 
 M. Serrure and M. Raymond Serrure have distinguished 
 themselves by other numismatic works and researches 
 illustrative of the coinages of France and Belgium. 
 
 Serrure, R., and A. Engel. Traite de Numismatique au Moyen 
 Age, tomes i. et ii. 8vo. Paris, 1891-93. Engravings. 
 A third volume is understood to be in preparation. 
 
 Smith, A. M. Illustrated Cyclopaedia of the Gold and Silver Coins 
 of the World. Large 8vo. Philadelphia, 1886. Numerous 
 Engravings. 
 
 Smith, William. Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities. 
 2nd edition, improved and enlarged. Royal 8vo. 1856. 
 Woodcuts. 
 Useful for the terminology of adjuncts to coins. 
 
 Soutzo, Michel C. Introduction a l'Etude des Monnaies de l'ltalie 
 Antique. Premiere partie. 8vo. Paris, 1887. 
 
 Valuable for the metrology, mint-marks, symbols, and 
 classification. 
 
 Spink & Son. Catalogue of a Collection of Milled English Coins, 
 dating from the reign of George I. to that of Her Present 
 Majesty, and including Patterns and Proofs, formed by H. 
 Montagu, Esq., F.S. A. 4to. 1890. 
 
 Numismatic Circular, 1892-95. 
 
 This monthly periodical contains useful information and 
 descriptive notices of coins, both ancient and modern. 
 
 Stevenson, Seth William. Dictionary of Roman Coins, Re- 
 publican and Imperial. Edited by C. Roach Smith and 
 Frederic W. Madden. Royal 8vo. 1889. Woodcuts. 
 
 Streber, Franz. Hennebergische und hessische Miinzen aus der 
 zweiten Halfte des vierzeynten Jahrhundert. 4to. Plates. 
 
 Die altisten Miinzen der Grafen von Wertheim. 4to. 
 
 Miinchen, 1856. 
 
 The same writer produced several other monographs as 
 contributions to German numismatic Societies' Transactions, 
 and separately. 
 
294 THE COLLECTOR SERIES 
 
 Tarif des Especes d'Or et d'Argent Fabriquees en France, dont le 
 Cours est permis dans les Pays-bas. 12mo. Bruxelles 
 [1726], 14 leaves unpaged, the last blank. 
 
 Teixeira de Aragao, A. C. Description des Monnaies et 
 Medailles de l'Histoire Portugaise. 8vo. Paris, 1867. 
 
 Teixeira de Aragao, A. C. Descripcao geral des Moedas de 
 Portugal 8vo. Lisbon, 1874-80. Three vols. 
 
 Thomsen, Christian J^rnensen. Description des Monnaies du 
 Moyen Age. 8vo. Copenhagen, 1873-76. Three vols. 
 
 Thorburn, Colonel W. Stewart. Guide to the Coins of Great 
 Britain and Ireland, in Gold, Silver, and Copper, from the 
 Earliest Period to the Present Time. With their value. 2nd 
 edition. 8vo. London, 1888. Plates. 
 
 Van der Chijs, P. O. De Munten der Voormalige Graven en 
 Hertogen van Gelderland. 4to. Haarlem, 1852-53. Plates. 
 The same writer produced other esteemed monographs on 
 the money of Overijssel, Friesland, Holland, etc., 1853-66. 
 
 Verkade, P. Muntboek. 4to. Schiedam, 1848. Plates. 
 
 A valuable account of the coins struck in the Low Countries 
 from the Pacification of Ghent in 1576. 
 
 Weyl, Adolph. Die Jules Fonrobert'sche Sammlung iiberseeischer 
 
 Miinzen und Medaillen. 8vo. Berlin and Paris, 1878. 
 
 Three parts. 
 Wingate, James. Illustrations of the Coinage of Scotland. 4to. 
 
 Glasgow, 1868. Plates. 
 Zay, E. Histoire Monetaire des Colonies Francaises. 8vo. 
 
 Paris, 1892. 
 Zeitschrift fur Numismatik. 8vo. Berlin, 1873-95. 
 
DESCRIPTION OF PLATES 
 
 PLATE I. 
 
 1. Persia. — Gold daric, 4th c. b.c 
 
 2. Hellespont (Lampsacus). Gold oblong stater, usual type, 6th 
 
 or 5th c. b.c. 
 
 3. Silver coin of Bceotia, 6th or 5th c. b.c. 
 
 4. Silver coin of iEgina, 5th c. b.c 
 
 5. Billon coin of Mitylene in Lesbos, 4th c. b.c 
 
 6. Silver tetradrachm of Athens, archaic style, 5th c. b.c 
 
 7. Hemiekton of same, 4th c. b.c Gold. 
 
 8. Ekta or hecta of Cyzicus in Mysia, 4th c. b.c Electrum. 
 
 9. One-third silver incuse stater of Metapontum in Lucania, 5th or 
 
 4th c. b.c. 
 
 10. Gold stater of Philip of Macedon, 4th c. b.c 
 
 11. Silver didrachm of Syracuse, 4th c. b.c 
 
 12. Silver tetradrachm of Philistis, wife of Hieron, King of 
 
 Syracuse, 3rd c. b.c 
 
 13. Hemidrachma of Argolis, 5th c. b.c Silver. 
 
 14. Silver drachma of Larissa, in Thessaly, 4th c. b.c 
 
 15. Silver drachma of Ephesus, in Ionia, 3rd c. b.c. 
 
 16. Silver tetradrachm of Alexander Mgus, son of Alexander the 
 
 Great by Roxana. 
 
 17. Bronze coin of Arcadia, 4th c. b.c 
 
 PLATE II. 
 
 18. Silver tetradrachm of Macedon, under Roman rule, with a 
 
 supposed head of Alexander the Great on obverse. 
 
 19. Silver stater of Locri Opuntii, 4th c. b.c 
 
 20. Gold octadrachm of Egypt, with veiled head of Arsinoe. 
 
 Theta issue. 
 
 21. Bronze coin with veiled bust of the celebrated Cleopatra. 
 
 22. Bronze coin of Cnossus in Crete, shewing the Minotaur and 
 
 the Labyrinth, 3rd c. b.c 
 
 23. Silver tetradrachm of Antiochus IV. Epiphanes, King of Syria 
 
 (175-164 b.c). 
 
 24. Silver tetradrachm of Arsaces XIII., King of Parthia. 
 
 295 
 
296 THE COLLECTOR SERIES 
 
 25. Silver drachma of Arsaces VI., King of Parthia. 
 
 26. Silver drachma of Menander, King of Bactria. 
 
 27. Gold stater of Carthage, 3rd or 4th c. b.c. 
 
 28. Jewish half-shekel (Samaritan inscriptions). 
 
 PLATE III. 
 
 29. Romano- Campanian gold coin = 20 sestertii, struck about 
 
 206 b.c. 
 
 30. Consular denarius, with portrait of Pompey the Great. 
 
 31. Consular denarius of the Junia Gens. 
 
 32. Consular denarius, with portraits of C. Servilius Ahala and L. 
 
 Brutus. Struck by Marcus Brutus, one of the assassins of 
 
 33. Aureus of the Vibia Gens. 
 
 34. Quinarius of the Antonia Gens, with veiled head of Marcus 
 
 Antonius. 
 
 35. Consular denarius with head of Julius Caesar. 
 
 36. Roman brass or copper sextans or piece of two uncice, later 
 
 period. Perhaps struck in Southern Italy. 
 
 37. Brass or copper coin struck abroad by Augustus on the death 
 
 of his uncle, with portraits of both. 
 
 38. Roman Consular denarius, with head of Augustus (Mescinia 
 
 Gens). 
 
 39. Silver tridrachm ( as three Roman denarii), struck at Antioch, 
 
 with head of Augustus. Earlier period. 
 
 40. Aureus of the Emperor Claudius. 
 
 41. First brass coin of the same. 
 
 PLATE IV. 
 
 42. Second brass coin of the Emperor Hadrian. 
 
 43. Second brass coin of the Emperor Titus. 
 
 44. Second brass coin of the Emperor Antoninus Pius. Britannia 
 
 type. 
 
 45. First brass coin of the Emperor Marcus Aurelius. Consecratio 
 
 type. 
 
 46. First brass coin of the Empress Crispina, wife of Verus. 
 
 47. Consecratio type of the Empress Mariniana. 
 
 48. Third brass coin of the Empress Helena, mother of Constantine 
 
 the Great. 
 
 49. Byzantine series. — Gold solidus of Constans II., with Con- 
 
 stantine Pogonatus, Heraclius, and Tiberius. 
 
 50. Gold solidus of Leo III. 
 
DESCRIPTION OF PLATES 297 
 
 PLATE V. 
 
 51. Silver prager-groschen of Wenceslas II., King of Bohemia 
 
 (1278-1305). 
 
 52. Gold florin struck at Liegnitz, in Prussian Silesia, with the 
 
 title of Wenceslas II., King of Bohemia and Poland, as 
 Duke of Prussia. 
 
 53. Silver thaler of Berne, Switzerland, 1494. 
 
 54. Schauthaler of Maximilian I. of Austria, 1516. 
 
 55. Testone of Antoine, Duke of Lorraine, 1537. 
 
 56. Thaler of Charles III., Duke of Lorraine, 1603. 
 
 57. Liard of Maria Theresa, struck for the Austrian Netherlands, 
 
 1745. Copper. 
 
 PLATE VI. 
 
 58. Gold ducat of Johann von Zapoly, titular King of Hungary, 
 
 1531. The earliest yet described is of 1527. 
 
 59. Silver Thaler of Achatius Barcsai, Prince of Transylvania, 
 
 1659. 
 
 60. Silver Thaler klippe of Enno III., Count of East Friesland, 
 
 1616. 
 
 61. Thaler of Gustavus Adolphus, King of Sweden, 1632. 
 
 62. Gold ducat of Friedrich Wilhelm, Margraf of Brandenburg 
 
 (afterward first King of Prussia), struck for Hindostan, 
 1694. 
 
 63. Gold ducat struck by the Municipality of Berlin in honour 
 
 of the accession of Frederic the Great, 1740. 
 
 64. Silver coin of Niirnberg, 1773, with a view of the city. 
 
 65. Double gold ducat, with the portraits of Philip II. of Spain 
 
 and his third wife, and his title as Count of Zeeland. 
 
 66. Gold ducat of Louis Napoleon, King of Holland, 1809. 
 
 PLATE VII. 
 
 67. Silver thaler of Christina, Queen of Sweden, 1642, struck for 
 
 Pomerania. 
 
 68. Silver obolo or denaretto of Philip of Suabia, 1208, struck for 
 
 Parma. 
 
 69. Gold ducat of the Florentine Republic, 13th c. 
 
 70. Orosso (silver) of the Roman Republic, 11th to 13th c. 
 
 71. Gold zecchino of Pope Innocent VIII. 
 
 72. Gold zecchino, Sede Vacant, 1700. 
 
 73. Grosso of Alphonso I. , Duke of Ferrara, 1502-34. 
 
298 THE COLLECTOR SERIES 
 
 74. Silver testone of Louis XII. of France, as Duke of Milan. 
 
 75. Silver grossone or mezzo-scudo of Florence, struck in 1530 under 
 
 the Standard-bearer, Nicolo Guicciardini, as money of 
 necessity. 
 
 76. Copper grano of Malta, 1785. 
 
 PLATE VIII. 
 
 77. Piastro di argmto of Ferdinando I. Medici, 1587. First issue, 
 
 exhibiting the Duke in his Cardinal's dress. 
 
 78. Scudo di argento of Pope Clement X., 1672. 
 
 79. Small silver coin of Pope Innocent XII., 1699. 
 
 80. Scudo di argento of the Republic of Lucca, 1754, exhibiting the 
 
 legend of St Martin and the Beggar. 
 
 81. Gold twenty-Zir* piece of Murat, King of the Two Sicilies* 
 
 1813. 
 
 82. Copper two- tornesi of Ferdinand II., King of the two Sicilies 
 
 (Bomba), 1842. 
 
 83. Five-soldi in copper of Vittorio Amadeo III., King of Sardinia, 
 
 1794. 
 
 84. Copper fom-denari of Honorato III., Prince of Monaco, 1733. 
 
 PLATE IX. 
 
 85. Silver osella of Alvigi Mocenigo, Doge of Venice, 1763-79. 
 
 86. Sixty-tomesi in copper, struck by Venice for Candia under the 
 
 Doge Gio. Carnaro, about 1632. 
 
 87. Gold dinhero struck by Alfonso VIII., King of Castile (1158- 
 
 1214), with Arabic characters. 
 
 88. Real of James III. , King of Majorca, 1324-43. Silver. 
 
 89. Real of Henry IV., King of Castile and Leon, 1454-75. 
 
 90. Peso of Philip II. of Spain, struck at Potosi for Spanish 
 
 America. 
 
 91. Rupia with the jugate busts of Maria I. and Pedro III. of 
 
 Portugal, struck at and for Goa, 1783. 
 
 92. Hundred-ms piece of Maria II. of Portugal, 1853. 
 
 93. Gold dirhem of Haroun-el-Reschid, Caliph of Bagdad, 9th c. 
 
 A.D. 
 
 *** Interesting in connection with the Arabian Nights. 
 
 94. Gold mohur of Akbar, Emperor of Hindostan, 1558-1605. 
 
 PLATE X. 
 
 95. Silver drachma, struck at Marseilles by Phoenician settlers, 5th 
 
 C. B.C. 
 
 96. Billon denier of Pepin I., King of Aquitaine, 814-839. 
 
DESCRIPTION OF PLATES 299 
 
 £97. Billon denier of Lothair, Emperor of Germany, struck at 
 Chalons-sur-Saone, 9th c. 
 
 98. Oros tournois of Louis IX. of France (about 1250). 
 
 99. Masse d'or of Philippe IV., of France, 1285-1314. 
 
 100. Billon obole of Edward II. or III. of England, struck for 
 
 Aquitaine. 
 
 101. Anglo-Gallic Leopard d'or of Edward III. of England, struck 
 
 for Aquitaine at Poitiers. 
 
 102. Hardit d'or of Richard II. (1377-99). 
 
 103. Angelet d'or of Henry VI. 
 
 104. Demi-louis d'or of Louis XIV. of France, 1645. 
 
 105. Louis d'or of Louis XV., 1717. 
 
 106. Louis d'or of Louis XVI., 1774. 
 
 107. Twenty-four livres in gold of First French Republic, 1793. 
 
 108. Forty francs in gold of Bonaparte as First Consul, Van 12. 
 
 PLATE XI. 
 
 109. Britain. — Gold stater of Verica. 
 
 110. Silver halfpenny of Eadmund, King of East Anglia. 
 
 111. Silver penny of Alfred the Great, 26 grs. The Murchison 
 
 example. 
 
 112. Canopy penny of William I. 
 
 113. Gold noble of Edward III. 
 
 114. Shilling of Philip and Mary. 
 
 115. Hammered shilling of Elizabeth. 
 
 116. Shilling of James I. 
 
 117. Shilling of Charles I. 
 
 118. Shilling of Commonwealth, 1651. 
 
 PLATE XII. 
 
 119. Shilling of Cromwell as Protector, 1658. 
 
 120. Five-guinea piece of Charles II., 1668, with the elephant below 
 
 bust. First year. 
 
 121. Shilling, modern type, 1663. 
 
 122. Copper pice of the same reign, struck for Bombay, 1667. 
 
 123. Current farthing of Anne, 1714. 
 
 124. Elector guinea of George I. , 1714. 
 
 125. Rosa Americana (smallest size), 1722. 
 
 126. 96 stuivers, struck for Ceylon, 1809. 
 
 127. Silver penny of Alexander III. of Scotland (1249-85). 
 
 128. Gold bonnet-piece of James V. of Scotland, 1540. 
 
 129. Silver testoon of Mary Queen of Scots, 1561. 
 
INDEX 
 
 Additions to numismatic know- 
 ledge, 17 
 
 jEsillas tetradrachm, 65 
 
 Africa Company, 186 
 
 Akbar, Emperor of Hindostan, 10 
 
 Akerman, J. Y. , 8-9 
 
 Alexander the Great, 65, 87, 101 
 
 Alexandrian series, 103, 117 
 
 America, Spanish, 153 
 
 Amphictyones, 73 
 
 Anacreon, 92 
 
 Ancient and modern coinages 
 contrasted, 12 
 
 Anecdotes of collectors, 28 
 
 Anglo-American money, 48, 192, 
 194 
 
 Anglo-Gallic series, 14, 49, 173, 
 179, 219, 285 
 
 Anglo-Indian coins, 48 
 
 Anglo-Norman coins, 47, 172-76 
 
 Anglo-Saxon coins, 47, 166-72 
 
 Arcadia, 80 
 
 As or Ms, Roman, 107-11 
 
 Ashburnham collection, 22 
 
 Austria, 132 
 
 Bactrian coins, 39, 101 
 
 Baden, 127 
 
 Baliol, Edward and John, 48 
 
 Barce, 104 
 
 Barnabas and Paul at Lystra, 96 
 
 Barsine, 87 
 
 Batenborg, 45 
 
 300 
 
 Bavaria, 128 
 
 Beards, 100, 106 
 
 Beaufort collection, 24 
 
 Bellerophon, 78 
 
 Bimetalism in Macedon, 64 
 
 Bocchus or Bogud III., 106 
 
 Brandenburg, 130 
 
 Brass, first, second, and third, 
 
 116-17 
 Brederode family, 44 
 Britannia, 59, 119 
 British mints, 163 
 
 rulers or tribes, 162 
 
 colonies, 15, 48. See 
 
 Colonies 
 
 Britons, money of the, 158-66 
 Bruce, Robert, 48 
 Brunswick, 129 
 
 Brunswick-Liineburg, House of, 
 188-90 
 
 Capita aut navia? — the Roman 
 
 toss, 111 
 Channel Islands, 193 
 Chaucer, 174 
 Christian symbolism on Greek 
 
 coins, 95 
 Christiana Beligio type, 220 
 Cleopatra, 10 
 
 as the New his, 116 
 
 Coinage of European Continent, 
 
 16, 42, 121 
 Coin-sales, 23 
 
INDEX 
 
 301 
 
 Collections of coins, celebrated, 
 
 21-5 
 Colonial money. See Colonies 
 Colonies, British, 15, 48, 190-1 
 Greek, 58-64 
 
 Roman, 59-60, 66, 69, 72, 
 
 75, 79-80, 82-3, et sea. 
 
 Modern European, 184-93, 
 
 219, 227 
 
 Colophonian cavalry, 90 
 Condition in coins, 28 
 Consecratio type, 228 
 Continent of Europe, 43-9, 121-57 
 Continental money, 13 
 
 specialities, 42-9 
 
 Cromwell, Oliver, 183-4 
 Cross, 229-30 
 Crucifixion of Christ, 99 
 Crusades, The, 121, 231 
 Cunningham, General, 17 
 Cyprus, 97 
 
 Danubian Provinces, 135 
 Daric, Persian, 65, 94, 101, 232 
 
 Macedonian double, 101 
 
 Darien money, 49, 188 
 Dates on coins, 232-4 
 Dealers, principal seats of, 25 
 Decimal system, 60 
 
 Dei Gratia, 234 
 
 Delphi, 73 
 
 Denarius, Roman, 111, 116, 235 
 
 Modern European. See 
 
 Hazlitt's C. ofE., 193-4 
 
 Dido, 105 
 Dioscuri, 84, 113 
 Dump, 237 
 
 Dutch imitations of English gold 
 money, 178 
 
 Eccentricities of collectors, 28-9 
 
 Electrum, 238 
 
 Electrum staters (unique), 78, 93 
 
 Eleusinian mysteries, 77 
 England, 47-8 
 English specialities, 47-8 
 Engravers' names on Greek coins, 
 
 62,89 
 Engravers of English money, 183, 
 
 188, 190 
 Evans, Sir John, 24 
 
 Finds of coins, 11, 27, 40, 78, 268, 
 
 273 
 Fontaine, M. , 36 
 France, 46, 49, 53, 59, 145-9 
 Frankfort-on-the-Maine, 127 
 Frederic the Great, 131 
 French specialities, 46 
 Fugger family, 128 
 
 Galley halfpence, 242 
 Gallia, 58-9 
 Games, Lycaean, 80 
 
 Pythian, 73, 77 
 
 Gaulish trumpet, 72 
 Gazzetta, 243 
 
 George (St.) and the Dragon, 131 
 Gold money of Athens, 40 
 
 England, 173, 175 
 
 Greece generally, 56, 62, 68, 
 
 85-7, 91, 103-4 
 
 Macedonia, 40 
 
 Graeco-Italian coins, 60, 101-13 
 Grantley, Lord, 22 
 
 Greek coins, 50-106 
 Greenwell, Canon, 17, 24 
 Gros tournois, 244 
 Guinea, 185, 244 
 Gun-money, 186 
 
 Hannibal, 106 
 Harington, 246 
 Haroun-El-Reschid, 10 
 Hastings collection, 22 
 
302 
 
 INDEX 
 
 Head, Dr., Historia Numorum, 
 13, 16, 38-9, 52, 54, 57, et alibi 
 
 Helena, Empress, finder of the 
 true cross, 119 
 
 Henry the Lion, Duke of Bruns- 
 wick, 225 
 
 Henry, Prince, of Great Britain, 
 11,21 
 
 Herakles, 67 et alibi 
 
 Hesse, 127 
 
 Hispania, 58 
 
 Hoffmann and Poey D'Avant on 
 French coins, 18 
 
 Hohenzollern family, 130 
 
 Holy or Ring Dollar, 236 
 
 Homer, 91 
 
 Humphreys' Coin - Collector's 
 Manual, 9 
 
 Hungary, 132 
 
 Imperial system on the Contin- 
 ent, 124-6 
 
 Incuse uniface money, 66 
 
 Ionian Isles, 79, 92 
 
 Irish coinage, 192-3 
 
 Iron money of Byzantium and 
 Lacedsemon, 68, 247 
 
 Isle of Man, 193 
 
 Italian republics, 122 
 
 specialities, 45-6 
 
 Italy, 60-2, 140-43 
 
 Janiform head, 88, 115 
 
 Johnson, Dr. , 280 
 
 Judaa Capta type, 41 
 
 Julia, daughter of Augustus, 41, 
 
 79, 106, 120 
 Julius Caesar, 105, 114 
 
 curious story, 106 
 
 Kertch (Panticapwum), 68 
 King-Bees and Bees at Ephesus, 90 
 Kunnersdorf, 269 
 
 Labyrinth and Minotaur of 
 
 Crete, 81-2 
 Lamia the hetaira, 69 
 League, Achaean, 78-81 
 iEtolian, 72-3 
 
 Anti-Roman or Italian, 114 
 
 Arcadian, 79 
 
 Boeotian, 74 
 
 Ligny, Prince de, 16 
 Lion in the hedge, 250 
 Lions in Greece, 64 
 Lis or fleur-de-lis, 250 
 London a Roman mint, 118 
 
 a British mint, 163 
 
 Lorraine and Bar, 46 
 
 Lost works of art preserved on 
 ancient coins, 74, 80, 88, 91, 
 93, 118 
 
 Low Countries or Netherlands, 
 44, 125, 138-40, 230 
 
 Luxemburghs, 174 
 
 Lydia, 54, 93, 107, 122 
 
 Macedonia, 63-6 
 
 Macedonian shield, 72, 75 
 
 Mary Queen of Scots, 215 
 
 Maryland money of Lord Balti- 
 more, 194 
 
 Maundy money, 185, 187, 252 
 
 Mecklenburg or Mecklemburg, 
 130 
 
 Medal and coin, the, 11, 19-20 
 
 Merovingian money, 253 
 
 Metals employed by the Greeks, 
 56, 78, 104, 217 
 
 Meyer collection, 18 
 
 Moneta palati, 255, 257 
 
 Monetary standards, 60, 76, 78, 
 88, 94, 231, 239, 254, 276 
 
 Money of account, 255-6 
 
 of necessity, 75, 114, 234, 
 
 256, 274 
 
 Montagu collection, 25 
 
INDEX 
 
 303 
 
 Montenuovo, Count of, 16-17 
 Murdoch collection, 25 
 
 Napoleon family, 45, 46, 56, 126 
 Nature-worship, 90, 258 
 Netherlands. See Low Countries 
 New England money, 196 
 New Isis, Cleopatra as the, 116 
 Noah's ark, 95 
 Noble, gold, 175, 247, 259-60 
 Nomes of ^Egypt, 103 
 Nomine Domini, 261 
 Northern kingdoms, 136-7 
 Northumbria, 47, 278 
 
 Oak of Dodona, 70 
 Oriental coins, 18, 207 
 Ovid, 68 
 Oxford coins, 48, 54 
 
 Pveonia, 65 
 
 Palatinate, 128 
 
 Pan, 67, 80-1 
 
 Papadopoli, Count, 17 
 
 Patination, 117, 210, 263 
 
 Pausanias, 74 
 
 Pembroke collection, 21 
 
 Pepys, Samuel, 19 
 
 Philip of Macedon, 59, 64, 72 
 
 Plantagenet coins, 47 
 
 Plutarch, 73 
 
 Poland, 133-4 
 
 Ponton d'Amecourt, 16, 290 
 
 Popular names of Greek coins, 
 241 
 
 Portcullis money of Queen Eliza- 
 beth, 195 
 
 Portraiture on Greek coins, 55 
 
 on Roman coins, 108, 114- 
 
 15, 119 
 
 Portugal, 154-7 
 
 Portuguese specialities, 47 
 
 Prices of coins, 22, 30-7, 196-21 
 
 Priests as moneyers, 70, 90 
 Processes of coinage, 27 
 Prussia, 134 
 Pythian games, 73, 77 
 
 Reference, works of, 16-17, 21, 
 
 27, 38-9, 286-94 
 Reimmann collection, 16, 18 
 Restitutions in Roman coinage, 
 
 119 
 Rhenish provinces, 126 
 Ring-money, 268 
 Robert collection, 16-17 
 Rollin and Feuardent, MM., 36, 
 
 291 
 Roman coins, 107-20 
 Roman mint, fittings of a, 115 
 Roman specialities, 41, 115, 117- 
 
 18 
 Romano-British coins, 41, 119 
 
 Campanian, 61, 114 
 
 Rosa Americana, 194, 200-1 
 Rossi collection, 16 
 Ruding's Annals, 27 
 Russia, 40, 134-5, 199 
 
 St. John of Jerusalem, Order of, 
 
 144 
 Sanctus Vultus, 271 
 Saxony, 128-9 
 Sceatta, 271 
 Schliemann, Dr., 80 
 Schweitzer, M., 17 
 Scotish coinage, 180-3, 188 
 Scotland, 48-9, 215, 236-7, 240, 
 
 247-50, 259 
 Serrure, MM., 36, 293 
 Sicily, 62-3, 143, 275 
 Siege-money, 251, 274 
 Silenos, 61, 68 
 Social War (Roman), 114 
 Sources of supply, 25. Compare 
 
 Dealers 
 
304 
 
 INDEX 
 
 Sovereign, 214, 275-6 
 
 Sow, ancient Roman oath over, 
 
 114 
 Spain, 46-7, 58, 149-54 
 Spanish piece of eighty 236 
 Spanish specialities, 46-7 
 Stater, Macedonian, 40 
 Stevenson's Dictionary of Roman 
 
 Coins, 16, 293 
 Strabo, 84 
 
 Stuarts, the, 21, 180, 183, 187 
 Switzerland, 133 
 
 Talos, the man of brass, 81 
 Taureia, 69 
 
 Themistocles, coin struck by, 39 
 Touch-money, 265, 280 
 Trinity, Christian, 106 
 Triquetra or Triskelis, 95 
 
 Trouvailles. See Finds 
 Tudor dynasty, 177-9 
 
 United Kingdom, coinage of, 14, 
 
 158-95 
 
 Van Artevelde, Jacob, 260 
 Village communities, 81 
 
 Wallenstetn, 130, 199 
 Weber, Hermann, 24 
 Westphalia, 126 
 
 Wildemannsgulden or thaler, 285 
 Wolsey, Cardinal, 170 
 Worships of divinities perpetu- 
 ated on coins, 58-106 
 Wurtemburg, 127 
 
 Yorke-Moore cabinet, 41 
 
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f 
 
 y 
 
 YC 29397