TS 
 
 38.0 
 
 IRLF 
 
 HANDBOOK 
 
 ON - 
 

 GIFT OF 
 
Steel Hammer. Used for general forging, such as billets, shafts, 
 special shapes, etc. 
 
SHOP HANDBOOK 
 
 ON 
 
 ALLOY STEELS 
 
 A technical subject 
 
 treated in a 
 non-technical way 
 
 BY 
 
 G. VAN DYKE 
 
 Manager, Special Steel Department 
 Joseph T. Ryerson & Son 
 
 JOSEPH T. RYERSON & SON 
 
 ESTABLISHED 1842 INCORPORATED 1888 
 
 IRON STEEL MACHINERY 
 
 CHICAGO ST. LOUIS DETROIT BUFFALO NEW YORK 
 

 COPTRIOHT, 1921 
 
 JOSEPH T. RTEBSON A SON 
 CHICAGO 
 
TABLE OF CONTENTS 
 
 Detailed index will be found on the 
 following page 
 
 CHAPTER PAGE 
 
 I Quality (Analysis not the only factor) ... 12 
 
 II Method of Manufacture 15 
 
 III Elements and the Part They Play 16 
 
 IV How to Buy and Select Alloy Steels 21 
 
 V Shop Equipment 28 
 
 VI Furnaces 29 
 
 VII Quenching Equipment 33 
 
 VIII Heat Measurement . ..... V !7!, . . 1 36 
 
 IX Heating ...- ;.-.;...-..-. 39 
 
 X Cooling and Quenching. . , 43 
 
 XI Drawing 48 
 
 XII Annealing .^. . '.'. . ','*. 50 
 
 XIII Testing Heat Treated Steel . .^. ^ . . . . 54 
 
 XIV Case Hardening or Carbonizing 58 
 
 XV General Remarks . .66 
 
 [7] 
 
 494487 
 
DETAILED INDEX 
 
 Alloy Steel 
 
 PAGE 
 
 Untreated ................... 25 
 
 Low Carbon ................. 26 
 
 High Carbon ................. 26 
 
 Analyses 01 Alloy 
 
 Annealing ............... 50, 61, 52 
 
 Overheated Steel ............. 53 
 
 Axles ......................... 21 
 
 Ball Bearing Steel ..... , ....... 19 
 
 Lead, Salt, Oil 30 
 
 Barium Chloride 31 
 
 Bolts 21. 23, 26 
 
 Brinell Hardness 55 
 
 Buying Alloy Steels 12, 13, 66 
 
 Calcium Chloride... .. 31 
 
 Cams 21 
 
 Carbon 
 
 Effect of 16 
 
 Steels 16, 17, 93 
 
 Crucible Machinery 16 
 
 Carbonizing 58 
 
 Case Hardening 58 
 
 Mixtures 69, 60 
 
 Boxes 60 
 
 Temperature 59, 61 
 
 Furnaces 61 
 
 Depth of 59, 61, 62 
 
 Heat Treatment Following 62 
 
 Formulae 92 
 
 Experiments 63 
 
 Packing 64, 71 
 
 Common Steel 71 
 
 Chromium 
 
 Effectof 19,20 
 
 Amount In Different Steels 19 
 
 Nickel 19,95 
 
 Vanadium 19, 94 
 
 Connecting Rods 21, 27 
 
 Cooling 43 
 
 Rate of 44,45 
 
 Core Examination 65 
 
 Cost 12, 15 
 
 Countershafts 27 
 
 Cracking, Cause of 69, 70 
 
 Crankshafts 21, 27 
 
 Critical Temperature 17, 43, 44 
 
 Range 43, 44 
 
 Crucible Process ; 15 
 
 Crystallization 26 
 
 Cyanide of Potassium 31 
 
 Cyanide Hardening 64 
 
 D 
 
 Dead Soft Steel 16 
 
 Drawing 48, 49, 70 
 
 E 
 
 Electric Furnace Process 15 
 
 Elements, Refer under Names. 
 Expansion 39, 40 
 
 Fatigue 26 
 
 Forging Alloy Steels 72 
 
 Fuel, Amount Used 41 
 
 Furnaces 29 
 
 Atmosphere 41, 50, 72 
 
 Constant Temperature 40 
 
 Using Two In Heat Treatment 40, 41 
 Temperature, Excessive 70 
 
 Gears 21,27 
 
 Hardening Tool Steel 12 
 
 Hardness 17, 55 
 
 Relation to Strength 56, 57 
 
 Heating 39, 67 
 
 Effect of Rapid 69 
 
 H Continued PAGE 
 
 Heat Treater, Duty of 38 
 
 Heat Treatment, Records 68 
 
 Heat Measurement 36, 37 
 
 High Speed Steel 19 
 
 Hot Working Die Steel 19 
 
 Initial Cost .. 13 
 
 Inspection 12 
 
 J 
 
 Jack Shaft 21 
 
 L 
 
 Lathe Spindles 27 
 
 Lead Bath 30 
 
 M 
 Machinery Steel 16 
 
 Tools 27 
 
 Manganese, Effect of 18 
 
 Steel 18,95 
 
 Manufacture, Method of 12, 15 
 
 Mild Steel 16 
 
 Nickel, Effectof... .. 20 
 
 Nickel Steels 20. 93 
 
 Nuts 21, 23 
 
 Oil Bath (for Heating) 30, 31 
 
 Open Hearth Process 15 
 
 Ordering 15, 21 
 
 P 
 
 Packing for Case Hardening 64 
 
 Phosphorus, Effect of 17 
 
 Physical Properties, Definitions of 79 
 Properties of Alloy Steels. . .22, 26, 27 
 Pyrometer 
 
 Electric 36,37 
 
 Optical 36.37 
 
 Checking 37, 73 
 
 Q 
 
 Quality 12, 15 
 
 Quenching 
 
 Equipment 33 
 
 What Happens 33 
 
 Medium 34, 45 
 
 Tanks 34 
 
 Points to Watch 34, 45, 46, 47 
 
 Medium, Agitation of 46 
 
 Rising and Falling Temperature. 68 
 R 
 
 Roller Bearing Steel 19 
 
 Rolling 12 
 
 S 
 
 S. A. E. Specifications 
 
 22, 23, 74, 93, 94, 95 
 
 Salt Bath 30, 31 
 
 Scleroscope Hardness 55 
 
 Selection of Alloy Steels 21 
 
 Shop Equipment 28 
 
 Silicon, Effect of 18 
 
 Size, Effect of 45 
 
 Sodium Chloride 31 
 
 Spring Clips 26 
 
 Substitutions 24, 25 
 
 Sulphur, Effect of . . 18 
 
 Surface Defects 12 
 
 T 
 
 Tensile Strength 54, 55, 79 
 
 Testing 54 
 
 Testing Machines 54 
 
 Tool Steel 12 
 
 U 
 Uniform Furnace Temperature ... 30 
 
 W 
 Warehouse Stocks 21 
 
 [8] 
 
INTRODUCTION 
 
 THE alloy steel industry has shown remarkable 
 growth and development during the last 
 five or six years. 
 
 The World War and the automobile industry have 
 been the principal factors in this development. 
 
 The advent of the automobile made it necessary 
 to produce steels having great strength and also a 
 ductility or toughness far beyond that of the better 
 known carbon steels. Alloy steel research work has 
 therefore been carried on by certain steel manu- 
 facturers and also by the members of the automobile 
 industry, and as a consequence remarkable results 
 have been obtained in a short time. 
 
 To the steel using fraternity in general the highly 
 successful nature of the results of this experimental 
 work in alloy steels has been fairly well known, but 
 coupled with this knowledge has too often come the 
 belief that the use of alloy steel involved the handling 
 of various mysterious and secret processes which 
 were summed up under the general heading of "heat 
 treatment." 
 
 As a result, while many people recognized the 
 decided advantages of alloy steels, they hesitated to 
 use them, believing that satisfactory results could 
 only be obtained by the maintenance of large, 
 expensive laboratories coupled with the services of 
 highly trained technical men. 
 
 While more general use of alloy steels had been 
 making itself apparent prior to the great war, 
 progress has been extremely slow. Coupled with 
 the entrance of our country into the conflict came 
 the heavy demand for automobile trucks, ordnance, 
 armor plate, steel helmets, and the many other army 
 
 [9] 
 
JOSEPH T. ^RYERSON & SON 
 
 and navy requirements which could only be manu- 
 factured successfully by the use of the highest types 
 and best grades of alloy steels, and then only when 
 these steels were subjected to careful and accurate 
 heat treatment. 
 
 Our government arsenals, of course, have long 
 been familiar with the use of alloy steels in the 
 manufacture of guns, armor piercing shells, rifle 
 barrels, and other naval and military equipment, but 
 their productive capacity was naturally too small 
 to turn out the large quantity of material necessary 
 to meet the emergency. To supplement the manu- 
 facturing facilities of the few highly specialized shops, 
 it was necessary for the manufacturers of the country 
 in general to take up the production of government 
 material, and thus it followed that many shops that 
 had never before used alloy steels found themselves 
 buying, machining, and heat treating these special 
 steels, and found also that they could obtain entirely 
 satisfactory results. 
 
 The present situation is such that alloy steel parts 
 are in demand by all industries and that these steels 
 are coming into more general use every day. 
 
 Representative steel-service plants of the country 
 are carrying alloy steel bars in stock the same as 
 any other standard steel product. 
 
 Alloy steels have come to stay, and every day 
 finds some heavy part which had previously been 
 made of carbon steel replaced with a lighter, tougher, 
 and better part made from one of the various com- 
 mercial grades of 3J^ per cent nickel, chrome nickel, 
 or other special steels. 
 
 It is the purpose of this book to avoid all tech- 
 nicalities and to condense in a small space sufficient 
 information to enable the average shop superin- 
 tendent to take hold of a special job, select and buy 
 the steel for it, and finally to give it such heat 
 treatment as will produce the desired result. 
 
 [10] 
 
ALLOY 
 
 STEEL 
 
 I N 
 
 STOCK 
 
 Free and generous exchange of views and ideas by 
 members of the trade are always of value and 
 interest. 
 
 The various heat treaters organizations about the 
 country have done much along this line, and will 
 undoubtedly do much more to spread practical 
 information in the future. 
 
 During our association with many of the leaders 
 in the manufacture and use of alloy steel, and 
 membership in various societies and associations, we 
 have built up a fund of information, data and 
 experience which of necessity can not all be included 
 in this small book, but which is available for all who 
 seek it. 
 
 [11] 
 
JOSEPH T. RYERSON & SON 
 
 CHAPTER I 
 
 QUALITY 
 
 (Analysis not the only factor) 
 
 IT seems appropriate at the start to call the 
 attention of the reader to the matter of quality 
 of the alloy steel which he may contemplate 
 buying and using. 
 
 Practically all users of alloy steels have been in 
 the past, or are at present, users of tool steels, and 
 they will therefore understand that chemical anal- 
 ysis is far from being the only factor governing the 
 ultimate result to be obtained from the use of any 
 steel. 
 
 All tool and die makers know the difference be- 
 tween a piece of common grade tool steel and a 
 piece of special grade tool steel, even if the carbon 
 content of each is exactly the same and general 
 analysis very close in both grades. The real differ- 
 ence in the two steels mentioned is in the method 
 of manufacture. This is governed by such factors 
 as the kind of raw material used, the method of 
 melting and casting, the amount of steel cut off the 
 end of the original ingot, the amount of rolling or 
 hammering done and the care used in annealing and 
 inspecting the finished bars. 
 
 A mild steel bar is in the majority of cases used 
 just as it is received from the mill. If, therefore, it 
 satisfactorily passes mill inspection for size and 
 freedom from surface defects it will generally be 
 satisfactory to the ultimate consumer. Tool steel, 
 on the other hand, as received from the mill has 
 only started its journey, and it may be said that its 
 
 [12] 
 
ALLOY STEEL IN STOCK 
 
 manufacture is not completed until it has passed 
 through its final process, which consists of heat 
 treatment or hardening. 
 
 Inasmuch as practically all of the alloy steel 
 purchased is subject to heat treatment before use, 
 it would therefore seem 
 that alloy steels, like tool 
 steels, cannot be judged 
 entirely by their analysis. 
 It is well known to alloy 
 steel manufacturers that 
 the ability of these steels 
 to withstand the severe 
 stresses put upon them by heat treatment depends 
 not only on their analysis or composition, but also 
 on the various processes through which they have 
 passed during the period of manufacture at the mill. 
 
 For these reasons it should be clearly remembered 
 that in purchasing alloy steels the reliability and 
 reputation of the manufacturer should be given 
 full consideration. The element of original cost 
 must not be overlooked in order to secure econom- 
 ical production; but it is equally important to 
 remember that each finished part represents just so 
 much money spent for machine work and heat treat- 
 ing, and in most cases a cent or a fraction of a cent 
 per pound in the initial cost is a very small factor 
 when compared with the money expended on 
 machine work, heat treating, freight, and other 
 elements of the total cost. 
 
 [13] 
 
JOSEPH T. RYERSON & SON 
 
 Casting. Molten steel being poured from ladle into molds. 
 
 [14] 
 
ALLOY STEEL IN STOCK 
 
 CHAPTER II 
 
 METHOD OF MANUFACTURE 
 
 AXOY steels are being manufactured by the 
 following processes : 
 
 Crucible Process. 
 Open Hearth Process. 
 Electric Furnace Process. 
 
 The crucible process, owing to extreme cost, is not 
 used for heavy tonnage production, and need not 
 be considered by the average manufacturer, it being 
 impossible to produce a strictly crucible melted alloy 
 steel at a price sufficiently low to enable the user to 
 compete with others who are using steel made by 
 one of the other methods. 
 
 A discussion of the relative merits of the open 
 hearth process and electric furnace process would 
 cover far more space than is permitted in this book 
 and would also of necessity be extremely technical. 
 
 Steel of the very best quality can be made by 
 either the electric furnace or the open hearth process, 
 and it is perhaps safe to assume that the ultimate 
 quality depends more on the selection of raw material , 
 care used in manufacturing, and knowledge and 
 experience of the maker rather than the particular 
 method which he follows in making the steel. 
 
 After all, the best solution of this problem for the 
 average shop is to buy material from an entirely 
 reliable source of supply, specifying the purpose for 
 which the material is to be used and leaving it to the 
 sellers to furnish steel in which they have confidence 
 and on which they are willing to stake their reputa- 
 tion. 
 
 [15] 
 
JOSEPH T. RYERSON & SON 
 
 CHAPTER III 
 
 ELEMENTS, AND THE PART THEY PLAY 
 
 IN this chapter we will endeavor briefly to outline 
 the various properties imparted to steel by the 
 addition of the most commonly used metals, 
 such as nickel, chromium and vanadium, also the 
 effect of the presence of carbon, manganese, silicon, 
 phosphorus, and sulphur. 
 
 CARBON 
 
 One of the most important elements in any steel 
 is carbon. The effect not only makes itself apparent 
 in the steel itself and the results obtained from its 
 use, but is also of primary importance in the deter- 
 mination of the correct heat treatment. 
 
 In straight carbon steels, that is, steels composed 
 of iron, carbon, and small percentages of such ele- 
 ments as manganese, silicon, phosphorus, and 
 sulphur, the varying amounts of carbon produce 
 steels which may be roughly listed as follows: 
 Dead soft steel, carbon not over 0.10 per cent. 
 Mild steel, carbon not over 0.25 per cent. 
 Machinery steel, carbon 0.25 to 0.40 per cent. 
 Crucible machinery steel (not necessarily a 
 crucible product), carbon 0.40 to 0.60 per 
 cent. 
 Low carbon tool steel, carbon 0.60 to 0.75 
 
 per cent. 
 
 Carbon over 0.75 per cent is used in various grades 
 of tool steel, sometimes running as high as 2 per 
 cent. The most common range of carbon in tool 
 steel is 0.75 per cent to 1.20 per cent. 
 
 [16] 
 
ALLOY STEEL IN STOCK 
 
 From these figures it will be readily understood 
 that the greater the amount of carbon used in steel 
 the harder the steel becomes. This is true for steel 
 either in the annealed condition, the natural or 
 untreated condition, or the heat treated or tempered 
 condition. 
 
 Straight carbon steel which is cooled rapidly from 
 above its critical point No. 1 (this term is explained 
 on page 43) begins to show an increased hardness 
 when the carbon content is over 0.25 per cent. The 
 amount of hardening, while increasing with greater 
 carbon content, does not tend to produce any great 
 degree of brittleness until the carbon content has 
 reached about 0.50 per cent. 
 
 When steel containing more than about 0.50 per 
 cent carbon is suddenly cooled from above its 
 critical temperature, it becomes intensely hard and 
 also develops extreme brittleness. Therefore, for 
 the great majority of purposes, alloy steels do not 
 contain much more than about 0.45 per cent carbon. 
 The reason for this is that alloy steels are principally 
 used where great strength, toughness, and freedom 
 from brittleness are required. 
 
 PHOSPHORUS 
 
 In practically all steels the presence of phos- 
 phorus may be considered a detrimental impurity. 
 The great danger of high phosphorus content is that 
 it renders a steel liable to fracture when subjected to 
 intense vibration or sudden shock. High phos- 
 phorus does not seem to give any particular trouble 
 during the course of manufacture, and high phos- 
 phorus steel can be successfully worked as long as it 
 is at a relatively high temperature. 
 
 From this explanation it is obvious that alloy steels 
 must not contain excessive phosphorus. The gen- 
 erally accepted maximum limit is in the neighbor- 
 hood of 0.04 per cent for commercial alloy steels. 
 
 [17] 
 
JOSEPH T. RYERSON & SON 
 
 In good tool steel 0.025 per cent is about the per- 
 missible maximum. 
 
 SULPHUR 
 
 Sulphur may be considered an undesirable 
 impurity in all steels, but its effect is more or less tho 
 opposite of that produced by phosphorus, inasmuch 
 as steel containing excessive sulphur develops 
 cracks, flaws and weaknesses when worked hot. 
 The detrimental effect is nevertheless present in cold 
 steel, and for this reason it is not usual to permit a 
 percentage of sulphur exceeding .045 per cent. 
 
 MANGANESE 
 
 Manganese is present in all steels, and, when 
 added in relatively large proportions, produ 
 special steel with properties entirely different from 
 those of any other known analysis. This steel is 
 known as manganese steel and may contain as much 
 as 14 per cent to 15 per cent of manganese. 
 
 Manganese steels are not in the class of material 
 to which this book particularly refers, and no 
 further mention will, therefore, be made of them. 
 
 When present in small quantities such as 0.25 per 
 cent to 0.80 per cent, manganese serves as a cleanser 
 or purifier of the steel. This action is brought 
 about by the manganese forming a chemical union 
 with the dissolved oxygen which is present in the 
 steel, thus forming an oxide of manganese which is 
 carried off in the slag. It has also been found that 
 in steels where the phosphorus and sulphur might 
 tend to produce a rather coarse grain the presence 
 of manganese tends to reduce this grain to a more 
 normal and desirable size. 
 
 SILICON 
 
 When present in small quantities silicon has very 
 uch the same effect as similar percentages of 
 
 is 
 
ALLOY STEEL IN STOCK 
 
 manganese. When present in larger quantities 
 silicon, like manganese, produces steels of unique 
 Characteristics, the principal among these being the 
 effect on the magnetic properties of the steel. 
 
 CHROMIUM 
 
 This is, perhaps, one of the most important ele- 
 ments to be considered from the standpoint of alloy 
 steels, and it is used in the production of many 
 classes of material, among which may be mentioned 
 high speed steels, certain grades of water hardening 
 tool steels, hot working die steels, ball and roller 
 bearing steels, chrome nickel steels, chrome vana- 
 dium steels, etc. 
 
 Chromium has in general the effect of producing 
 hardness in properly treated steels, and when added 
 in the correct proportions and in suitable relation to 
 the balance of the analysis, takes the place of a 
 certain portion of the carbon in producing a harden- 
 ing and strengthening effect. 
 
 The amounts of chromium used in different classes 
 of steel vary widely, although the following list will 
 give an approximate idea of the more generally 
 accepted percentages: 
 
 Kind of Steel Percentage of Chromium. 
 
 Chrome Nickel Steels | W3 | <^> .. .0.35 to 1 . 25 
 
 Ball and Roller Bearing Steels 0.80 to 1.25 
 
 Hot Working Die Steels 3.00 to 4.50 
 
 Chrome Vanadium Steels . 75 to 1 . 25 
 
 Certain Water Hardening Tool Steels . . . 20 to . 50 
 High Speed Steel 3.00 to 5.00 
 
 The presence of chromium having, as before men- 
 tioned, a somewhat similar effect to carbon in pro- 
 ducing hardness under heat treatment, it is very 
 essential that the percentage of chromium be known 
 and given full consideration when any heat treat- 
 ment formula is being developed. 
 
 [19] 
 
JOSEPH T. RYERSON & SON 
 
 Chromium increases the susceptibility of steel to 
 heat treatment, and it also has the property of 
 carrying the hardness produced by quenching to a 
 greater depth so that steels of a fairly high chro- 
 mium content after quenching will, in medium sized 
 sections, be found to have hardened all the way 
 through to the center. When present in rather large 
 proportions, such as are found in hot working steels, 
 chromium enables the steel to retain its hardness 
 at relatively high temperatures, and it is this prop- 
 erty that makes these steels particularly suitable 
 for gripper dies and other work where the steel will 
 be used at high temperatures and must still retain 
 a reasonable degree of hardness. 
 
 NICKEL 
 
 Nickel is the best known of all the elements used 
 in the manufacture of alloy steels. Nickel steel was 
 one of the first alloy steels generally used and still 
 continues to be extremely popular. 
 
 Various percentages of nickel have been tried, and 
 it has been found that for general all round work 
 about 3^ per cent nickel seems to give the best 
 results, both in the way of producing a high tensile 
 strength and elastic limit and at the same time 
 leaving the steel ductile and tough. 
 
 The presence of nickel may be said to increase the 
 toughness and strength of the steel and also to 
 increase its resistance to sudden shock and excessive 
 vibration. Steels containing nickel respond very 
 readily to heat treatment, so much so that a bar of 
 3}/ per cent nickel steel containing 0.40 carbon will 
 have an elastic limit of about 60,000 pounds per 
 square inch in the annealed condition and about 
 200,000 pounds per square inch in the maximum 
 heat treated condition. 
 
 [20] 
 
ALLOY STEEL IN STOCK 
 
 CHAPTER IV 
 
 HOW TO BUY AND SELECT 
 ALLOY STEELS 
 
 PERHAPS one of the most difficult problems 
 that must be solved by the user of alloy steels 
 is the selection of a suitable grade to use for a 
 certain piece of work. 
 
 A study of the table on page 22 (Table A) will 
 show that somewhat similar physical characteristics 
 may be obtained from the use of any one of the sev- 
 eral commercial grades of alloy steel mentioned, and 
 the user will, therefore, perhaps, be at a loss to de- 
 cide which class of steel to select. For this reason 
 we call attention to the following. 
 
 There are many elements which must be taken 
 into consideration besides the actual physical prop- 
 erties which may be obtained from any one grade of 
 steel. Among these may be mentioned availability, 
 cost, machine qualities, equipment necessary for 
 heat treatment, and past experience of the user in 
 handling the steel selected. 
 
 The largest warehouse tonnages of alloy steel are 
 confined to the chrome nickel steels, containing 
 about 1 to 1.5 per cent nickel and .40 to .75 per cent 
 chromium, and the 3}/ per cenF nickel steels (car- 
 bon contents varying in both). 
 
 These two alloy steels are suitable when properly 
 heat treated for the manufacture of such parts as 
 axles, jack shafts, oil hardened and case hardened 
 gears, high duty bolts and nuts, cams, crank shafts, 
 connecting rods, and the thousand and one different 
 
 [21] 
 
JOSEPH 
 
 R Y E R S O N 
 
 SON 
 
 parts entering into the manufacture of automobiles, 
 trucks, tractors, and other special machines. 
 
 TABLE A 
 
 COMPARATIVE PROPERTIES OF ALLOY STEELS 
 The following are the approximate physical prop- 
 erties which may be obtained from some of the alloy 
 steels under ideal conditions of heat treatment. 
 
 GRADE OF STEEL 
 
 ELASTIC 
 LIMIT 
 Lbs. per sq. 
 inch 
 
 REDACTION 
 OP AREA 
 Per cent of 
 Original area 
 
 ELONGATION 
 Per cent in 
 2 inch 
 
 C'HKOMK NICKEL 
 S. A. E. 3120 
 Natural Condition. 
 Heat Treated.. *.<J 
 
 40,000 
 100,000 
 
 65 
 50 fa 
 
 30 
 20 
 
 CHROME NICKEL 
 S. A. E. 3135 
 Natural Condition. 
 Heat Treated V 
 
 55,000 
 120,000 
 
 50 
 39 
 
 20 
 18 
 
 
 
 
 
 3J/3 PERCENT NICKEL 
 S. A. E. 2320 
 Natural Condition. 
 Heat Treated 
 
 45,000 
 130,000 
 
 55 
 50 
 
 30 
 15 
 
 3^ PERCENT NICKEL 
 8. A. E. 2340 
 Natural Condition. 
 Heat Treated 
 
 60,000 
 170,000 
 
 50 
 45 
 
 18 
 15 
 
 The analysis ranges most commonly used in 
 chrome nickel and 3J/ per cent nickel steels are as 
 follows: 
 
 Low CARBON CHROME NICKEL STEEL 
 (S. A. B. Specification 3120) 
 
 Carbon /Ltoi. tdiri&i . .0. 15 to 0.25 
 
 Nickel 1.00 to 1.50 
 
 Chromium 0.40 to 0.75 
 
 Manganese 0.50 to 0.80 
 
 Phosphorus maximum . 04 
 
 Sulphur maximum . 045 
 
 [22] 
 
ALLOY STEEL IN STOCK 
 
 HIGH CARBON CHROME NICKEL STEEL 
 (S. A. E. Specification 3135) 
 
 Carbon 0.30 to 0.40 
 
 Nickel 1.00 to 1.50 
 
 Chromium 0.40 to 0.75 
 
 Manganese 0.50 to 0.80 
 
 Phosphorus maximum . 04 
 
 Sulphur maximum . 045 
 
 Low CARBON 3J/2 PER CENT NICKEL STEEL 
 (S. A. E. Specification 2320) 
 
 Carbon 0. 15 to 0.25 
 
 Manganese 0.50 to 0.80 
 
 Phosphorus not over . 04 
 
 Sulphur not over . 045 
 
 Nickel 3.25 to 3.75 
 
 HIGH CARBON 3J/ PER CENT NICKEL STEEL 
 (S. A. E. Specification 2340) 
 
 Carbon 0.35 to 0.45 
 
 Manganese 0.50 to 0.80 
 
 Phosphorus not over . 04 
 
 Sulphur not over . 045 
 
 Nickel 3.25 to 3.75 
 
 These steels are available from stock in practically 
 all sizes from % mcn to 6 inches round with a hot 
 rolled finish, and can also be secured in many sizes 
 with a cold drawn finish. The S. A. E. 2320 and 
 3120 analyses steels are also carried in cold drawn 
 hexagons for the manufacture of high duty hexagon 
 head bolts and hexagon nuts. 
 
 This data is given in connection with the use of 
 the previously mentioned four standard grades of 
 alloy steel, owing to the fact that these can readily 
 be secured from stock sources in large and small 
 quantities, 
 
 [23] 
 
JOSEPH T. RYERSON & SON 
 
 It is not always possible to obtain the size or 
 quantity of steel needed in the particular analysis 
 desired, and we therefore attach a possible substi- 
 tution list. A study of this list will show that where 
 a certain analysis is specified one or more of the 
 other alloy steels can probably be used in its place 
 with satisfactory results. It must not, of course, 
 be taken for granted that this will hold true in each 
 and every case, and where a doubt exists the matter 
 should be referred to some authority on the subject. 
 In using the substitution list it is of the utmost 
 importance that the heat treatment of the substitute 
 steel be carefully considered, inasmuch 
 as in all probability it will not be the same 
 as the treatment of the 
 originally specified analysis. 
 
ALLOY 
 
 STEEL IN 
 
 SUBSTITUTION LIST 
 
 STOCK 
 
 Steel Specified 
 S. A. E. No. 
 
 Possible Substitution 
 S. A. E. No. 
 
 3120 
 
 2320 
 
 
 6120 
 
 3130 
 
 2320 
 2330 
 2335 
 
 3120 
 3135 
 3140 
 
 6120 
 6125 
 6130 
 
 3135 
 
 2330 
 2335 
 2340 
 
 3130 
 3140 
 
 6125 
 6130 
 6135 
 
 3140 
 
 2330 
 2335 
 2340 
 
 3135 
 
 6130 
 6135 
 
 
 2320 
 
 
 3120 
 
 6120 
 
 2330 
 
 2320 
 2335 
 2340 
 
 3130 
 3140 
 
 6125 
 6130 
 6135 
 
 2335 
 
 2330 
 2340 
 
 3135 
 3140 
 
 6125 
 6130 
 6135 
 
 2340 
 
 2330 
 2335 
 
 3135 
 3140 
 
 6130 
 6135 
 
 6120 
 
 2320 
 
 3120 
 
 
 6125 
 
 2330 
 2335 
 
 3130 
 3140 
 
 6120 
 6130 
 
 6130 
 
 2330 
 2335 
 2340 
 
 3130 
 3135 
 3140 
 
 6125 
 6135 
 
 6135 
 
 2335 
 2340 
 
 3135 
 3140 
 
 6130 
 
 It must be clearly remembered that in selecting 
 an alloy steel for any special purpose the physical 
 properties of the steel in its heat treated condition 
 must determine its use. Alloy steels in the untreated 
 or natural condition undoubtedly have advantages 
 over the non-alloy steels, but the advantages are not 
 sufficient to warrant the increased cost. Another 
 factor in this matter is that no reliance can be placed 
 on the physical properties of untreated alloy steels. 
 
 [25] 
 
JOSEPH T. RYERSON & SON 
 
 These physical properties will vary widely in bars of 
 different sizes and also in different bars of the same 
 size. This condition depends upon the amount of 
 work which has been done on the steel at the mill and 
 also largely on the final temperature of rolling. 
 
 The most readily procured alloy steels may be 
 roughly divided into two classes, the first being of 
 low carbon content and the second of relatively high 
 carbon content. These two classes are naturally 
 used for widely divergent purposes. In order to 
 assist the prospective user we will endeavor to give 
 a brief outline of the general application of the two 
 classes of material. 
 
 Low CARBON ALLOY STEELS 
 The low carbon alloy steels, such as chrome nickel 
 (S. A. E. 3120) and 3J^ per cent nickel (S. A. E. 
 2320) with a carbon range of from .15 to .25 per cent, 
 are used primarily for parts which are to be case 
 hardened. They are also used for certain struc- 
 tural purposes such as spring clips, bolts, and other 
 parts which will be subjected to frequently alter- 
 nating stresses and intense vibration. When prop- 
 erly heat treated these low carbon steels, though 
 not developing a very high tensile and elastic limit, 
 show a very fine fibrous structure and one having 
 consequently great resistance to fatigue, or what is 
 commonly but erroneously known as crystallization. 
 Owing to the ability of these low carbon steels to 
 stand relatively high temperatures without deteri- 
 oration, they are particularly suitable for drop 
 forging. 
 
 HIGH CARBON ALLOY STEELS 
 The most popular and generally used high carbon 
 alloy steels have a carbon range of from .30 to .45 
 per cent carbon, and can readily be obtained in 
 either chrome nickel (S. A. E. 3135) or 3J/2 per cent 
 nickel (S. A. E. 2340) grades. 
 
 [26] 
 
ALLOY STEEL IN STOCK 
 
 These higher carbon steels are used in the most 
 part for structural purposes where relatively high 
 elastic limits coupled with a reasonable degree of 
 toughness are required. 
 
 The physical properties obtainable by heat treat- 
 ment of high carbon alloys render them suitable for 
 the manufacture of such parts as crank shafts, con- 
 necting rods, counter shafts, rocker arms, gears, 
 keys, and in fact all parts where high physical prop- 
 erties are necessary. 
 
 It has been found very advantageous to use some 
 of these alloy steels in the manufacture of certain 
 parts of machine tools such as lathe spindles, milling 
 machine spindles, and other parts where the least 
 amount of bending under severe stress would render 
 the tool entirely useless. By the use of these high 
 grade steels the weight of many machines can be 
 materially lowered without in any way impairing 
 their efficiency or reducing their load capacity. 
 
 The higher carbon alloys can be successfully drop 
 forged, although they cannot with safety be raised 
 to as high a temperature as the lower carbon series. 
 
 From the preceding remarks in this chapter the 
 reader will have noted that the selection of the cor- 
 rect grade of alloy steels presents several more or 
 less technical problems, and these problems are sup- 
 plementary to the very important question of avail- 
 ability. In view of these conditions we believe that 
 the most satisfactory method of handling this prob- 
 lem will be to take the matter up in detail with some 
 reliable source of supply. The sellers of special alloy 
 steels naturally have available the services of men 
 thoroughly familiar with the various problems of 
 alloy steel procurement and use, and, therefore, 
 although they do not know all that is to be known, 
 they are in a position frequently to give advice 
 which will save both time and money for the user. 
 
 [27] 
 
JOSEPH 
 
 R Y E R S O N 
 
 SON 
 
 O 
 
 CHAPTER V 
 
 SHOP EQUIPMENT 
 
 NE of the most important elements to be con- 
 sidered when undertaking any heat treating 
 operation is the matter of shop equipment. 
 Primarily heat treatment consists of subjecting 
 the parts to definite temperature 
 increases over and above the 
 normal atmospheric tempera- 
 tures during certain periods of 
 time, and also subjecting parts 
 to decreases in temperature from 
 various definite points to the 
 normal atmospheric tempera- 
 ture, also during certain time 
 intervals. 
 
 It will be readily understood 
 that in order to adequately 
 single chamber Heating han <*le this work there are three 
 
 Furnace. essentials to be considered : 
 
 First, some device whereby the temperature of the 
 part may be increased to a certain point and 
 maintained for any desired length of time at that 
 temperature. 
 
 Second, some device whereby the temperature of a 
 piece may be reduced from one point to another 
 at any desired rate. 
 
 Third, some means for definitely measuring the 
 various high and low temperatures which are used 
 in this work. 
 
 28 
 
ALLOY 
 
 STEEL 
 
 I N 
 
 STOCK 
 
 CHAPTER VI 
 
 FURNACES 
 
 THE device referred to as the first essential may 
 be one of the numerous gas, oil, or coal fired 
 furnaces which are on the market, or may con- 
 sist of a molten lead, molten salt, or oil bath. The 
 question of furnace design is too large a subject to 
 be handled in this book, so it will suffice to say that 
 money spent in procuring a first class furnace is well 
 invested. The selection of such a furnace should be 
 undertaken in conjunction with the service depart- 
 ments of one of the reputable furnace manufac- 
 turers. The question of the design is, of course, 
 dependent upon such factors as the fuel most 
 readily obtainable, the size 
 of work to be handled, 
 temperatures required, and 
 other shop factors. The 
 same remarks will also 
 apply in the matter of the 
 selection of apparatus using 
 molten salt, molten lead, or 
 hot oil for heating. 
 
 In general the following 
 items should be considered 
 in furnace selection: The 
 size will, of course, depend 
 entirely on the class of work 
 to be done, and, while the furnace must be of suffi- 
 cient proportions to accommodate the largest pieces 
 which are to be heat treated, it must be remembered 
 that small pieces can not be heated economically in 
 
 Double Chamber Heating 
 Furnace. 
 
 29] 
 
JOSEPH T. RYERSON & SON 
 
 a large furnace. It is also well to note that the 
 greatest economy in furnace operation is obtained 
 when it is run at a more or less uniform temperature. 
 Every time the furnace is heated through a certain 
 temperature range the furnace itself absorbs a large 
 amount of heat, and consequently when the furnace 
 is again cooled this heat is lost and will have done 
 no useful work in the heat treatment process. In 
 many cases this alternate raising and lowering of the 
 furnace temperature is unavoidable, but the matter 
 is worthy of consideration inasmuch as frequently 
 the loss occasioned by this condition may be elimi- 
 nated by the use of two or more furnaces which are 
 maintained at different but uniform temperatures. 
 
 MOLTEN LEAD, SALT, AND OIL BATHS 
 
 MOLTEN LEAD BATHS 
 
 For certain work the molten lead or molten salt 
 bath is a very desirable method of raising tem- 
 peratures. The steel is protected from contact with 
 furnace gases which, if not properly balanced or 
 proportioned, may cause excessive oxidization. A 
 strong point in its favor is that it will hold a very 
 accurate temperature. Owing to the high specific 
 gravity of molten lead, steel will float in it and must, 
 therefore, be held down. 
 
 It is very important that the lead used be free 
 from impurities, this applying particularly to sulphur 
 which, if present in the bath, may be absorbed to a 
 certain extent by the steel. The lead bath when 
 dirty can be cleaned by throwing in perfectly dry 
 sodium chloride (common salt) and stirring, inas- 
 much as this will bring all dirt to the surface where 
 it may readily be removed. 
 
 Where it is found that the lead adheres to the 
 surface of the pieces of steel, the difficulty can be 
 overcome by dipping the pieces in a saturated water 
 
 [30] 
 
ALLOY 
 
 STEEL 
 
 I N 
 
 T O C K 
 
 solution of potassium cyanide prior to heat treat- 
 ment. The pieces must be dipped cold, and the 
 solution allowed to dry on the surface before they 
 are placed in the lead bath. 
 
 Heating in lead has no influence on the quenching 
 temperature of quenching medium, and steel after 
 it is removed from the lead bath is handled exactly 
 the same as if it has been heated in a furnace or by 
 some other method. 
 
 Molten lead baths may be used conveniently for 
 temperatures from about 700 Fahr. to 1600 Fahr. 
 
 MOLTEN SALT BATHS 
 
 In some particular instances molten salts, such 
 as barium chloride, cyanide of potassium, mixtures 
 of calcium chloride and sodium chloride, and various 
 other mixtures seem to give very satisfactory results. 
 The molten salts, however, frequently give con- 
 siderable trouble by having a chemical effect upon 
 the surface of the steel. It is well known that cy- 
 anide of potassium, for instance, will raise the carbon 
 content of the surface of the steel to a very high 
 point, and, although this penetration is not deep 
 this method is frequently used as a quick and easy 
 means of case hardening. Other 
 salts cause erosion and pitting 
 under some conditions; and, 
 therefore, owing to the many 
 problems that arise in connec- 
 tion with molten salt baths, we 
 do not particularly recommend 
 their use. 
 
 OIL BATHS 
 
 Oil is one of the most useful 
 mediums for the heat treater. 
 It is employed both as a heating 
 and cooling medium. At present 
 we will consider oil only from Molte L S rnac e r . Lead 
 
 [31 
 
JOSEPH T. RYERSON & SON 
 
 the standpoint of heating, wherein it may be used 
 for temperatures up to and including about 600 
 Fahr. This temperature, of course, does not have 
 any material effect on untreated or annealed steel, 
 but is used to relieve the internal strains brought on 
 by quenching from higher temperatures and to 
 change the physical properties of heat treated steel. 
 For this purpose an oil bath is extremely desirable 
 owing to the fact that a steady uniform temperature 
 can be maintained for any desired length of time. 
 This is an extremely difficult operation to carry out 
 in a furnace when using such low heats. 
 
 [32] 
 
ALLOY 'STEEL IN STOCK 
 
 CHAPTER VII 
 
 QUENCHING EQUIPMENT 
 
 T IT TE will now consider the matter of temperature 
 \\ reduction, which is listed in Chapter V under 
 
 the heading of essential No. 2. 
 In heat treatment temperature reduction is the 
 second operation and follows the initial heating of 
 the parts which are going through the process. 
 
 Various mediums are available for this heat reduc- 
 tion or quenching, such as oil, water, brine, ashes, 
 slack lime, air, etc. Note that, in addition to the 
 large number of different quenching mediums used, 
 these various mediums are used at different tempera- 
 tures, all this depending upon the degree of cooling 
 desired and also the time element or rate of cooling 
 necessary to give the desired result. 
 
 The physical properties of heat treated steel 
 depend primarily on five factors: 
 Fir st t the analysis of the steel. 
 Second, the size of the piece under consideration. 
 Third, the temperature at the time when the tem- 
 perature reduction starts. 
 Fourth, the rate at which the temperature reduction 
 
 takes place. 
 
 Fifth, the temperature of the final heating or drawing. 
 Oil and water are probably the most generally 
 used mediums for temperature reduction or quench- 
 ing, and in the great majority of cases these two 
 mediums are used as nearly as possible at normal 
 atmospheric temperature. In order to secure 
 uniform results it is necessary that the temperature 
 of the quenching bath be kept as nearly constant as 
 
 [33] 
 
JOSEPH T. RYERSON & SON 
 
 possible. Because repeated quenchings will raise 
 the temperature of the quenching medium, these 
 baths, except where used for very intermittent 
 service, are provided with cooling coils through 
 which cold water is circulated. Sometimes this 
 cooling system is modified, and the oil is pumped 
 from the tank through an exterior coil which is 
 surrounded by cold, circulating water. 
 
 Addition of salt to water increases the specific 
 heat of the solution, and therefore produces a more 
 rapid cooling of the parts which are quenched in it. 
 However, care must be used to always maintain 
 about the same proportion of salt in the bath or a 
 non-uniform quenching will result. 
 
 With certain steels, and where certain physical 
 properties are required, the atmosphere will form 
 a desirable quenching medium, in which case pieces 
 are merely removed from the heating furnace and 
 allowed to cool in the air. This is naturally a slow 
 medium of cooling, and physical properties thus 
 obtained are consequently lower than those given 
 by the same steel when quenched from the same 
 temperature in such mediums as oil or water. 
 
 The whole problem of quenching mediums, 
 designs of quenching tanks, and other shop details 
 are of too broad a scope to be taken up in detail in 
 this book, and should be included in a general 
 scheme of shop equipment at the time the furnace 
 installation is determined. The following general 
 remarks may, however, be useful. 
 
 Be sure that you provide means of keeping your 
 quenching bath at constant temperature. This 
 factor is governed by: 
 First, the weight of steel being quenched in a given 
 
 time. 
 
 Second, the temperature of steel at time of quenching. 
 Third, the quantity of quenching medium provided. 
 
 [34] 
 
ALLOY 
 
 T E E L 
 
 I N 
 
 STOCK 
 
 Fourth, the efficiency of system used to cool the 
 
 quenching medium. 
 
 It will be well to emphasize the need of a very 
 quick transfer of the hot steel from the furnace to 
 the oil quenching tank. As soon as the steel is 
 taken from the furnace it starts to lose heat, and 
 even if the temperature of the steel while in the 
 furnace is correct it will have dropped too low if 
 much time is lost in making the transfer to the 
 quenching tank. For this reason the quenching 
 tanks should be as near the furnaces as possible. 
 
 Plate mill, consisting of top and bottom rolls. Plates rolled on these mills 
 are irregular on the edges and must be sheared on all four sides. 
 
 [35] 
 
JOSEPH T. RYERSON & SON 
 
 CHAPTER VIII 
 
 HEAT MEASUREMENT 
 
 THE matter of heat measurement has already 
 been given as the third essential in shop 
 equipment for heat treating, and, while this 
 matter has been taken up as the third element, it 
 must not be considered as being third in importance. 
 
 Granted the use of good steel and high class 
 equipment for heating and quenching, neither 
 accurate nor dependable results can be obtained 
 unless the operator has a means of determining 
 accurately the temperatures of the various furnaces, 
 lead baths, oil baths, etc. 
 
 Temperatures up to 600 Fahr. can be accurately 
 measured by the use of high temperature mercurial 
 thermometers, but where the temperatures used are 
 in excess of this figure it becomes necessary to use 
 some other means of determination. 
 
 There are two methods in common use of measur- 
 ing the higher temperatures: (1) by the optical 
 pyrometer, and (2), the thermoelectric couple. 
 
 The optical pyrometer has its application and is 
 useful in many cases, but for numerous reasons the 
 thermoelectric apparatus is generally used. 
 
 Very briefly, the principle of the thermoelectric 
 couple is as follows: When two pieces of metal of 
 different composition are joined together at both 
 ends so as to form a complete electric circuit, a flow 
 of current is produced when the two junctions or 
 joints are at different temperatures. 
 
 Provided that the wires are of exactly uniform 
 composition throughout, the difference in electro- 
 
 [36] 
 
ALLOY STEEL IN STOCK 
 
 motive force, or voltage, is directly proportional to 
 the increase in temperature, and therefore, if a very 
 delicate voltmeter or galvanometer be placed in the 
 circuit, a reading can be obtained which will indicate 
 the difference in temperature of the two junctions. 
 
 Selection of pyrometer equipment must be 
 governed by such factors as the permissible original 
 cost and also shop conditions and -kind of work 
 which will be undertaken. These several matters 
 having been determined, the pyrometer equipment 
 installation should be turned over to one of the 
 recognized and dependable pyrometer manufac- 
 turers, all details being left to their experience and 
 co-operation. 
 
 In connection with this matter, it may be well to 
 emphasize the desirability of recording pyrometers. 
 These instruments are provided with a moving 
 chart, on which a line is automatically drawn 
 representing the furnace temperature at all times. 
 Such a recorder can be kept in a locked box, thereby 
 providing evidence as to just how accurately the 
 furnace operator has followed his instructions in 
 reference to temperature and time. 
 
 Whatever system is installed, it must be remem- 
 bered that the pyrometer is essentially a delicate 
 instrument, and the voltages and currents handled 
 are necessarily extremely small. For these reasons 
 it is essential that the couples be properly protected 
 from furnace gas action and that they be handled 
 with care. All contacts must be kept scrupulously 
 clean and the indicating and recording instruments 
 so placed that they are free from excessive vibration 
 and jar, such as may be produced by steam hammers 
 or other heavy machines. Pyrometers must be 
 accurately checked at fairly frequent intervals, this 
 being best handled by the service departments of 
 the various pyrometer manufacturers. (See page 73.) 
 
 [37] 
 
JOSEPH T. RYERSON & SON 
 
 If the pyrometer equipment is given adequate care 
 and attention, readings of remarkable accuracy can 
 be obtained, but, on the other hand, if not properly 
 cared for, inaccuracies are bound to develop and 
 trouble with heat treatment will surely follow. 
 
 Heat treated alloy steels are used for the most 
 vital parts of automobiles, trucks, aeroplanes, and 
 other fast moving mechanisms, and the safety of 
 human lives depends on their withstanding the 
 severe stresses that are imposed upon them. Their 
 success in fulfilling their function depends more 
 largely on their heat treatment than any other 
 factor, and it is, therefore, a duty of all those doing 
 heat treatment work to see that this work is properly 
 done and that no chances are taken, either with the 
 use of inferior material or equipment. 
 
 In using the thermoelectric pyrometer to deter- 
 mine the heat of a piece of steel, it is well to place 
 the thermo couple near the steel, and by observation 
 of the heat color it may be readily seen whether the 
 thermo couple and the steel are at the same tem- 
 perature. This matter is of importance inasmuch 
 as no furnace will be the same temperature at all 
 points, and, where the thermo couple is distant from 
 the steel, the temperature which it registers may 
 not be the actual temperature of the steel being 
 heated. 
 
 [38] 
 
ALLOY 
 
 STEEL 
 
 I N 
 
 STOCK 
 
 CHAPTER IX 
 
 HEATING 
 
 IN another section of this book there are tables 
 giving the correct quenching temperatures for 
 various alloy steels, together with the drawing 
 temperatures and the approximate physical prop- 
 erties resulting therefrom. In order that these tables 
 may prove of the greatest possible value, it will be 
 in order to outline briefly the general principles to 
 be observed in following the heat treatment formula 
 given in these tables, and 
 we will therefore first 
 consider the matter of 
 heating. 
 
 All steels when heated 
 are subject to expansion, 
 the amount of expansion 
 being more or less directly 
 proportional to the in- 
 crease in temperature . If 
 a bar of steel is allowed 
 to remain in a furnace 
 which is at a certain 
 temperature, the center Tapping Blast Furnace, 
 
 of the bar, or that part of the metal farthest from 
 the surface, will ultimately reach approximately the 
 same temperature as the furnace. It will be obvious 
 from consideration of this matter, however, that the 
 heat must pass by conduction from one particle of the 
 steel to another, starting at the outside and pene- 
 trating inward. A certain amount of time is there- 
 fore required for the steel to assume the same 
 
 [39] 
 
JOSEPH T. RYERSON & SON 
 
 temperature throughout, consequently if the bar is 
 placed in an extremely hot furnace, the outside will 
 for a while be very much hotter than the inside 
 portion. 
 
 The difference in expansion of the outside and 
 center of a piece of steel, owing to the difference in 
 temperature, is dangerous, and to this cause may 
 be frequently attributed the development of cracks 
 or checks. This condition is more highly developed 
 with some steels than with others on account of the 
 difference of density and heat conductivity. High 
 speed steels and certain high percentage chromium 
 steels are particularly dense, and in such extreme 
 cases very rapid heating is almost sure to produce 
 disastrous results. On the other hand, low carbon 
 steels which contain no alloys, such as mild steel, 
 are more free from danger in this respect. 
 
 As a general rule it may be stated that the higher 
 the carbon and the greater the percentage of alloys 
 in a steel the more care must be used in raising the 
 temperature. There are exceptions, of course, to 
 this rule, but by taking it as applying to all cases no 
 harm will be done and many undesirable results 
 may be avoided. 
 
 Heating, therefore, should be done as slowly as is 
 commercially possible, and in all cases the steel 
 must be allowed to remain in the furnace for a 
 sufficient length of time to insure absolutely uniform 
 heat penetration throughout all parts of the bars or 
 pieces. 
 
 Where a long run of heat treatment is contem- 
 plated it is sometimes advantageous to use two or 
 more furnaces; furnace number one may be main- 
 tained at a comparatively low temperature and used 
 solely for the purpose of pre-heating the steel. After 
 having reached the temperature of the pre-heating 
 furnace, the pieces can then be transferred to the 
 higher temperature furnace and brought up to the 
 
 140] 
 
ALLOY STEEL IN STOCK 
 
 ultimate heat which is required. This system will 
 give quicker results and avoid the heat loss occa- 
 sioned by alternately raising and lowering the tem- 
 perature of the furnace itself, as well as insuring a 
 gradual rise in temperature of the parts which are 
 being heat treated. 
 
 Furnace atmosphere is of the utmost importance, 
 and great care should be used in properly propor- 
 tioning the relative amounts of fuel and air. 
 
 Air is composed of oxygen and nitrogen, and 
 where an excess of air is mixed with the fuel a sur- 
 plus of free oxygen will exist in the furnace atmos- 
 phere. Free oxygen, when brought in contact with 
 heated steel, will combine chemically with the iron 
 contained in the steel, forming iron oxide or scale. 
 Oxygen will also combine readily with the carbon 
 in steel and will thus change the carbon percentage 
 in the outside surface of the bar. Scaling and de- 
 carbonizing are, of course, both undesirable and can 
 be practically eliminated by properly proportioning 
 the mixture of fuel and air so that there will be 
 sufficient fuel to use up all the oxygen which is 
 being fed into the furnace. 
 
 The necessity of using a slight excess of fuel has 
 already been indicated, but this action must not be 
 carried too far. Where large amounts of excess fuel 
 are used no advantage is gained and waste will occur. 
 
 [41 
 
JOSEPH T. RYERSON & SON 
 
 [42] 
 
ALLOY STEEL IN STOCK 
 
 CHAPTER X 
 
 COOLING OR QUENCHING 
 
 HAVING in the previous chapter considered 
 the matter of raising the temperature of steel 
 for heat treatment, we will now touch on the 
 matter of temperature reduction, more commonly 
 called quenching. The matter of heat reduction for 
 the purpose of annealing will be considered in another 
 chapter. 
 
 When steels are heated to a certain temperature, 
 which will be different in every grade and analysis 
 of steel, certain changes take place in the metal. 
 These changes are of physical and chemical nature, 
 and the point at which the change occurs is known 
 as the " critical temperature" or "critical range" of 
 the particular steel in question. The nature of these 
 changes is known and very ably discussed by many 
 authors of technical books on the subject of metal- 
 lurgy. It is not within the scope of this book to go 
 into these technicalities, and we will therefore con- 
 tent ourselves with accepting the fact that such a 
 point of change actually does exist. 
 
 When steel is heated above the critical tempera- 
 ture, the changes so caused are such that, if they 
 can be retained in the steel after cooling, the physical 
 properties of the steel will be entirely different from 
 those of the same steel prior to the change having 
 taken place. When the temperature of a piece of 
 steel is raised to a point slightly above the critical 
 temperature, the changes do not occur instantane- 
 ously, a certain amount of time being necessary 
 for this action. On cooling a piece of steel from a 
 
 [43] 
 
JOSEPH T. RYERSON & SON 
 
 temperature above the critical point (we will call 
 this critical point No. 1), providing that the cooling 
 is done slowly, the changes which have occurred 
 will reverse themselves and the steel will return to 
 its original condition. The temperature at which 
 the return to original condition starts is lower than 
 the No. 1 critical point and this point may be, for 
 convenience, called critical temperature No. 2. 
 
 In considering a decreasing temperature and the 
 change which the steel undergoes during such 
 decreases, the time element is of the utmost impor- 
 tance, inasmuch as the changes occur not instan- 
 taneously but over a certain period of time. 
 
 The whole operation of heat treating, therefore, 
 depends upon the following facts: 
 First, that steel undergoes a change when heated 
 
 above a certain point. 
 
 Second, that such change will be reversed on suffi- 
 ciently slow cooling, thus returning the steel to its 
 original condition. 
 
 Third, that the changes can not occur instantane- 
 ously. 
 
 Fourth, that the physical properties of the steel will 
 
 be different provided the changes which took place 
 
 on heating can be retained in the steel when in a 
 
 cold or normal temperature condition. 
 
 Owing to the fact that time is required for the 
 
 changes to occur on a falling temperature, we can, 
 
 by heating steel above the critical point No. 1 and 
 
 cooling it quickly by quenching in water, oil, or 
 
 some other medium, to a certain extent prevent the 
 
 return of the steel to its previous condition. 
 
 It is not possible to entirely prevent the return 
 of the steel to its previous or natural condition. 
 From a practical standpoint the more we do to 
 prevent the return of the steel to the natural con- 
 dition the harder and stronger it will be; therefore, 
 
 [44] 
 
ALLOY 
 
 STEEL 
 
 I N 
 
 TOOK 
 
 it will be obvious that the final physical properties 
 of the steel will depend on the rate of cooling. 
 
 Different rates of cooling may be obtained by 
 using different cooling mediums, and also by holding 
 these various cooling mediums at different tempera- 
 tures. The above remarks make it clear that it is 
 very necessary to maintain the quenching bath at a 
 uniform temperature if uniform results are to be 
 obtained. 
 
 It will now be obvious to the reader why the 
 matter of size of the pieces being heat treated has 
 such an important bearing on the final result. It is, 
 of course, physically impossible to cool a 6 inch 
 round bar as rapidly as can be done in the case of 
 a 1 inch round bar. The great difference in the 
 final physical properties produced by the different 
 rate of cooling is clearly shown in Table B. 
 
 TABLE B 
 
 EFFECT OF SIZE ON RESULTS OF HEAT 
 TREATMENT 
 
 SIZE 
 
 TENSILE 
 STRENGTH 
 
 Lbs. per sq. 
 Inch 
 
 ELASTIC 
 LIMIT 
 
 Lbs. per sq. 
 Inch 
 
 EXTENSION 
 
 Per cent in 
 2 Inch 
 
 CONTRACT- 
 ING AREA 
 Per cent of 
 original 
 area 
 
 1-in. Rd. 
 
 138,500 
 
 106,000 
 
 18.80 
 
 60 
 
 2-in. Rd. 
 
 125,000 
 
 95,000 
 
 19.00 
 
 58 
 
 3-in. Rd. 
 
 112,000 
 
 84,000 
 
 19.50 
 
 56 
 
 4-in. Rd. 
 
 107,000 
 
 70,000 
 
 19.00 
 
 54 
 
 5-in. Rd. 
 
 105,000 
 
 69,000 
 
 18.90 
 
 54 
 
 6-in. Rd. 
 
 98,000 
 
 68,500 
 
 19.00 
 
 49 
 
 These tests were made on steel of exactly the same composition 
 and the heat treatment given was identical in regard to quench- 
 ing and drawing temperatures, the difference being in the time 
 required to cool the pieces through a certain temperature range. 
 This illustrates very clearly the fact that the result of heat treat- 
 ment depends on the Rate of Cooling, all other factors such as anal- 
 ysis, quenching temperature, and final temperature being equal. 
 
 [45] 
 
JOSEPH T. RYERSON & SON 
 
 It is not very practical to work out a definite 
 chart indicating the probable effect of size in heat 
 treating, and this matter must, therefore, be deter- 
 mined by experience and by actual test. 
 
 Cleanliness is of importance in heat treating as 
 well as all other manufacturing operations, and is 
 particularly important in reference to quenching 
 baths and tanks. Where oil is used, it should be 
 clean, and it must be remembered that it will not 
 last indefinitely. The effect of the high tempera- 
 tures on quenching oils will in tune change their 
 specific heat or cooling ability; and this matter 
 must, therefore, be watched with care. 
 
 Arrangements must be made to keep the cooling 
 solutions agitated, as otherwise the parts being 
 treated will raise the temperature of the cooling 
 medium in their immediate neighborhood to a high 
 degree, thus cutting down the cooling effect. 
 
 Oils may be agitated by pump circulation which 
 carries the oil from the tank out through cooling 
 colis and then back to the tank, or the piece may be 
 kept in motion until it has lost most of its heat. 
 
 When water is used as a cooling medium, the 
 agitation problem is not quite so hard to handle 
 inasmuch as fresh water can be constantly added to 
 the bath, and owing to the low cost the loss thus 
 occasioned will not be serious. 
 
 The quenching tanks should be placed close to 
 the furnaces, inasmuch as after being removed from 
 the furnace the hot steel must reach the quenching 
 medium with the least possible delay. 
 
 Where the pieces are light the quickest and most 
 efficient cooling can be accomplished by having a 
 heavy wire screen placed well down in the cooling 
 medium on which the pieces can rest. The screen 
 will allow the quenching medium to circulate freely 
 and the pieces will be cooled much more rapidly 
 than if they were resting on the bottom of the tank. 
 
 [46] 
 
ALLOY 
 
 T E E L 
 
 I N 
 
 TOOK 
 
 With heavy parts such as long bars, some mechan- 
 ical arrangement for suspension in the liquid quench- 
 ing medium should be made, so that either the bars 
 or the bath can be kept moving constantly. 
 
 In quenching do not allow the pieces to rest on 
 the bottom of the tank, because when this is done 
 the upper part of the piece will be cooled much more 
 rapidly than the lower part and uneven results and 
 possible warping will occur. 
 
 Oil Quenching Tank with cooling unit located outside of building. 
 
 Note this system is equipped with water spray pipe for use 
 
 when necessary to increase the cooling effect. 
 
 
 [47] 
 
JOSEPH T. RYERSON & SON 
 
 CHAPTER XI 
 
 DRAWING 
 
 DRAWING is a term used to designate a re- 
 heating of steel that has been heated and 
 quenched. When steel is quenched from 
 above the critical temperature No. 1, it is usually 
 too hard and does not possess the necessary tough- 
 ness for most purposes. For this reason the draw- 
 ing or reheating process is necessary. 
 
 We have already shown that by heating steel 
 above critical temperature No. 1 and cooling rapidly 
 by quenching we retain in the steel certain proper- 
 ties induced by heating, owing to the fact that we 
 have not given the steel sufficient time during the 
 cooling process to return to its original condition. 
 Considering a piece of steel as it is removed from 
 the quenching bath, we will now understand that 
 its physical condition is fixed owing to the fact that 
 no change can occur while the steel remains below 
 a certain temperature. The tendency of the steel 
 is to return to its original condi- 
 tion, and each increase of tem- 
 perature above a certain point will 
 allow the steel to approach more 
 closely to its condition prior to the 
 heating and quenching operations. 
 The temperature at which the 
 return to normal condition starts 
 will vary with different steels; 
 however, in most cases this tem- 
 perature will be somewhere between 
 Small Heating Furnace. 270 and 300 Fahr. The amount 
 
 [48] 
 
ALLOY STEEL IN STOCK 
 
 of change occurring will depend entirely on the tem- 
 perature and the time at which the steel is held at 
 this temperature. The change increases until the 
 temperature has reached the critical point No. 1, 
 when the change will be complete and the steel will 
 have returned to exactly the same condition as it 
 was prior to the initial heating and quenching. The 
 drawing should not be carried beyond the critical 
 temperature, as if this is done all the work of quench- 
 ing and drawing will be wasted and the steel will 
 again be in the same condition as it was prior to the 
 first quenching. The ability to partially return the 
 steel to the normal condition is naturally very 
 valuable, inasmuch as it will enable us to produce 
 any desired degree of strength, toughness, or hard- 
 ness within the range of the particular steel which 
 we may be using. The practical application of this 
 operation is shown in the tables in another part of 
 this book. 
 
 Like all other heating operations, drawing must 
 be handled with care and above all with extreme 
 accuracy. The hot oil bath gives the most accurate 
 method of drawing where the temperatures do not 
 exceed 600 Fahr. Molten lead may be successfully 
 used for higher temperatures, and in some cases, 
 where the furnace control is good and the proper 
 care is exercised in their use, furnaces will give 
 accurate and dependable drawing. 
 
 [49] 
 
JOSEPH T. RYERSON & SON 
 
 CHAPTER XII 
 
 ANNEALING 
 
 IT will sometimes be desirable to anneal alloy 
 steel which may be either in the form of rolled 
 or hammered bars or forgings. Such annealing 
 may be for the purpose of rendering the steel softer 
 so that it may be machined more readily, or it may 
 be with the idea of refinement of the granular struc- 
 ture where this has been coarsened by the forging 
 or rolling operation having been finished at too high 
 a temperature. Internal stresses resulting from forg- 
 ing or rolling can also be relieved by proper an- 
 nealing, and sometimes this operation is very 
 desirable. 
 
 The equipment necessary for annealing will be 
 similar to that used for other heat treatment work, 
 and will consist primarily of a furnace for raising 
 temperatures together with some means of lowering 
 temperatures slowly. 
 
 In heating steel during the annealing process it is 
 important that the furnace gases be so proportioned 
 that they do not contain an excess of oxygen. Steel 
 during the annealing process is maintained at rel- 
 atively high temperatures for a considerable length 
 of time, and if, therefore, the furnace atmosphere 
 is of an oxidizing nature, considerable decarboniza- 
 tion will occur and a heavy scale will be formed as 
 well as loss of carbon in the surface. 
 
 We have already pointed out that no change in 
 the physical structure of the steel will take place 
 unless the steel is heated slightly beyond the critical 
 temperature No. 1, and therefore, where grain refine- 
 
 [50] 
 
ALLOY STEEL IN STOCK 
 
 ment is desired the annealing temperature will be 
 above this point. 
 
 We have already shown that the slower the cooling 
 from above this critical temperature the greater is 
 the opportunity given the structural changes to 
 reverse themselves, thus bringing the steel back to 
 its normal condition. It will, therefore, be seen 
 that annealing consists of raising the temperature 
 of the steel to a point above the critical No. 1 and 
 then allowing it to cool very slowly. 
 
 From the preceding explanation the reader under- 
 stands that the degree of annealing will depend 
 upon the selection of the right heating temperature 
 and the rate of cooling. This annealing temper- 
 ature will, of course, vary for different steels. On 
 page 52 of this book will be found a table showing 
 the approximate figures to be used. 
 
 As in all other heat treating, time is a factor as 
 well as temperature, and after the steel has been 
 brought to the proper annealing heat it must be 
 held at this temperature for sufficient length of 
 time for the necessary changes to take place. The 
 tune during which steel should be held at the an- 
 nealing heat will depend primarily on the size of 
 the pieces. No very definite rule can be made, and 
 the actual time will vary from a few minutes in some 
 cases to several days in others. 
 
 For small forgings, such as automobile engine 
 connecting rods and similar parts, about 20 to 30 
 minutes at the annealing temperature will be suffi- 
 cient to insure heat penetration and completion of 
 the structural changes. For a bar 6 inches in diam- 
 eter about two or three hours at the full annealing 
 heat should insure penetration, although these are 
 matters which must be worked out by experiment 
 in each particular case. 
 
 Where it is necessary that a part be produced 
 having a clean, smooth surface after annealing, it 
 
 [51] 
 
JOSEPH T. RYERSON & SON 
 
 is usual to pack the parts in some non-active ma- 
 terial, such as pulverized ashes or dry slaked lime. 
 Other operators prefer to use charcoal or powdered 
 anthracite coal; either of these substances will give 
 satisfactory results, the pieces, of course, being 
 packed in boxes having tight fitting lids or covers 
 which will exclude all air. 
 
 The whole object of packing parts prior to an- 
 nealing is to exclude air and thus prevent oxidization 
 and decarbonization. 
 
 Where the steel is packed in boxes and surrounded 
 by one of the previously mentioned substances, it 
 must be borne in mind that the steel will not attain 
 the full furnace temperature owing to the fact that 
 it is surrounded by poor conductors of heat, and 
 this matter must be considered in regulating the 
 temperature of the furnace. 
 
 One of the best methods of reducing the tem- 
 perature slowly is to leave the pieces in the furnace ; 
 shut off the fire and, having closed the doors, close 
 up all openings or cracks with clay. When closed 
 up tight the furnace will cool very slowly, and if the 
 annealing temperature has been correct the anneal- 
 ing result will in all probability be entirely sat- 
 isfactory. 
 
 ANNEALING TEMPERATURES 
 
 STRAIGHT CARBON STEELS 
 
 .15 to .25 Carbon 1570 Fahr. 
 
 .25 to .35 Carbon 1550 Fahr. 
 
 .35 to .45 Carbon 1525 Fahr. 
 
 .45 to .55 Carbon 1500 Fahr. 
 
 .85 to 1 . 10 Carbon (Tool Steel) 1425 Fahr. 
 
 %}/2 PER CENT NICKEL STEEL 
 
 . 15 to .25 Carbon . r^r.^.k . . 1530 Fahr. 
 
 .25 to .35 Carbon #$W^; . . 1500 Fahr. 
 
 .35 to .45 Carbon 1450 Fahr. 
 
 [52] 
 
A L L O Y 
 
 STEEL 
 
 I N 
 
 S T (3 C K 
 
 CHROME NICKEL STEEL 
 (S. A. E. Specification 3120 to 3140) 
 
 . 15 to .25 Carbon 1600 Fahr. 
 
 .25 to .35 Carbon 1550 Fahr. 
 
 .35 to .45 Carbon 1500 Fahr. 
 
 Where alloy steels have been severely overheated 
 and a very coarse structure has thereby been pro- 
 duced, the condition can be frequently rectified by 
 a double annealing process. This process consists 
 of raising the temperature to about 180 Fahr. over 
 the normal annealing temperature, cooling quickly 
 and following this by the regular annealing, using 
 the temperatures given for annealing in the above 
 table. The temperatures given for annealing are of 
 necessity only approximate and must be considered 
 as such. 
 
 Quenching Tank with coil for cold water circulation. 
 
 
 53] 
 
JOSEPH T. RYERSON & SON 
 
 CHAPTER XIII 
 
 TESTING HEAT TREATED STEEL 
 
 ATER we have completed the heat treatment 
 of steel, provided the work has been done 
 properly, we should have a very close idea of 
 just what results we have obtained. In order to 
 check our work, however, it is desirable to submit 
 the heat treated parts to certain tests for physical 
 properties. Such tests will not only tell us whether 
 or not the steel is suitable for the purposes for 
 which it is to be used, but it will also serve to in- 
 dicate as to whether or not our equipment, such as 
 furnaces, quenching baths, pyrometers, etc., have 
 been functioning properly. 
 
 The usual tests to which steels are submitted are 
 for the purpose of determining the following physical 
 properties: Tensile strength in pounds per square 
 inch, elastic limit in pounds per square inch, elonga- 
 tion (usually as a percentage in 2 inches), and con- 
 traction of area. 
 
 The usual method of testing for these physical 
 characteristics is to turn down a sample of the steel 
 to a known diameter and submit it to a gradually 
 increasing pull in one of the standard testing 
 machines. The testing machines are so designed 
 that the actual stress on the specimen can be read 
 at all times, and this stress is increased until the spec- 
 imen is fractured, thus giving the desired information. 
 
 Testing machines are large, heavy, and expensive, 
 and the services of a thoroughly trained man are 
 necessary in order to successfully operate them. 
 Where considerable testing is to be done a machine 
 
 [54] 
 
ALLOY STEEL IN STOCK 
 
 is, of course, a necessary investment, but otherwise 
 it is more economical to send sample pieces to one 
 of the fully equipped commercial testing laboratories 
 that handle this work and furnish accurate reports 
 of the results obtained. 
 
 It has long been known that a relation exists in 
 steel between hardness and tensile strength; and the 
 method of determining the approximate tensile 
 strength by first determining the hardness may, 
 therefore, be used. 
 
 Hardness may be ascertained by one of several 
 methods. The most widely used methods are those 
 employing the Brinell testing machine and the Shore 
 scleroscope. 
 
 The Brinell system consists of exerting a definite 
 and known pressure on a hard steel ball of certain 
 diameter which rests on the surface of the material 
 to be tested. The area of the indentation made by 
 the steel ball on the surface of the specimen is 
 carefully measured and is used as a basis for figuring 
 the so called Brinell hardness of the specimen. The 
 Brinell machine is rather expensive, and where 
 accurate results are to be obtained it must be used 
 with great care. The results are, however, entirely 
 reliable within certain hardness ranges. The 
 Brinell method does not work very satisfactorily on 
 extremely hard steels, owing to the fact that the 
 impression will be too small to be measured with 
 accuracy, and that the ball instead of penetrating 
 the sample will flatten out to a certain extent. 
 
 The Shore scleroscope consists of a glass tube 
 and a small piece of extremely hard steel which is 
 free to travel up and down the center of the tube. 
 The machine is so arranged that the glass tube is 
 placed vertically and at right angles to the surface 
 of the material to be tested, and the small piece of 
 steel is allowed to fall through the tube from a 
 certain height. The harder the sample to be tested 
 
 [55] 
 
JOSEPH 
 
 T . 
 
 R Y E R S O N 
 
 SON 
 
 the higher will the small piece of steel rebound, and 
 the amount of this rebound is taken as a measure of 
 the hardness of the sample. The scleroscope is per- 
 haps the cheapest of all the standard hardness testers, 
 and if used with care fairly reliable results may be 
 obtained. The scleroscope is particularly useful 
 in working on hard material, and it is, therefore, 
 used for testing the hardness of tempered tool steel 
 dies, the teeth of hardened gears, roller bearing and 
 ball bearing surfaces, and other kindred work. 
 
 In the following tables will be found the Brinell 
 and scleroscope hardness numbers and the ap- 
 proximate corresponding tensile strength in pounds 
 per square inch on carbon, chrome nickel, and 3J/2 
 per cent nickel steels. These tables are as nearly 
 accurate as possible, but must not be taken as being 
 exact. 
 
 CAKBON STEEL 
 
 Scleroscope 
 Reading 
 
 Brinell 
 Reading 
 
 Tensile Strength in 
 Ibs. per sq. inch 
 
 20 
 
 130 
 
 63,000 
 
 30 
 
 195 
 
 108,000 
 
 40 
 
 260 
 
 150,000 
 
 50 
 
 325 
 
 200,000 
 
 60 
 
 390 
 
 250,000 
 
 70 
 
 455 
 
 290,000 
 
 80 
 
 520 
 
 335,000 
 
 90 
 
 585 
 
 390,000 
 
 MM 10 
 
 650 
 
 425,000 
 
 CHROME NICKEL STEELS 
 
 Scleroscope 
 Reading 
 
 Brinell 
 Reading 
 
 Tensile Strength in 
 Ibs. per sq. inch 
 
 20 
 
 141 
 
 74,000 
 
 30 
 
 195 
 
 111,000 
 
 40 
 
 249 
 
 147,000 
 
 50 
 
 303 
 
 183,000 
 
 60 
 
 357 
 
 215,000 
 
 70 
 
 411 
 
 258,000 
 
 80 
 
 465 
 
 292,000 
 
 90 
 
 519 
 
 331,000 
 
 100 
 
 573 
 
 366,000 
 
 [56] 
 
A L L O Y 
 
 S T E E L 
 
 I N 
 
 STOCK 
 
 3J/2 PER CENT NICKEL STEELS 
 
 Scleroscope 
 Reading 
 
 Brinell 
 Reading 
 
 Tensile Strength in 
 Ibs. per sq. inch 
 
 20 
 
 158 
 
 70,000 
 
 30 
 
 213 
 
 100,000 
 
 40 
 
 268 
 
 145,000 
 
 50 
 
 323 
 
 180,000 
 
 60 
 
 378 
 
 225,000 
 
 70 
 
 433 
 
 260,000 
 
 80 
 
 488 
 
 280,000 
 
 90 
 
 543 
 
 320,000 
 
 100 
 
 598 
 
 350,000 
 
 [57] 
 
JOSEPH T. RYERSON & SON 
 
 CHAPTER XIV 
 
 CASE HARDENING OR CARBONIZING 
 
 IT is sometimes desirable to produce a piece of 
 steel having an intensely hard exterior or 
 surface, intended to resist wear, coupled with 
 a tough and strong core or center having considerable 
 resistance to shock. 
 
 This result is obtained by what is commonly 
 known as case hardening or carbonizing. This 
 process consists of taking a comparatively low 
 carbon steel, and, after having formed it to the 
 desired shape, raising the carbon content on the 
 surface to a sufficiently high point so that when 
 quenched it will become extremely hard. While 
 under certain conditions steel can be made to absorb 
 carbon, such absorption or penetration will not 
 extend very far beneath the surface; and, therefore, 
 
 when this material is 
 quenched the interior, be- 
 ing of low carbon content, 
 will merely be toughened, 
 thus giving an extremely 
 hard surface with a tough 
 and strong supporting core 
 or center. 
 
 Various materials under 
 certain heat conditions 
 will give up some of their carbon to steel, and among 
 those commonly used may be mentioned charred 
 leather, crushed and charred bone, charcoal, and 
 certain gases which contain a large percentage of 
 carbon such as carbon monoxide. 
 
 [58] 
 
ALLOY STEEL IN STOCK 
 
 In commercial case hardening the pieces to be 
 treated are packed in an iron box or container and 
 are surrounded with the carbonizing material, which 
 may consist of one of the foregoing substances or, 
 better, of the numerous prepared carbonizing mix- 
 tures that are sold for this purpose. The box is now 
 raised to a certain temperature in the furnace and 
 held at this temperature for a definite length of time. 
 When sufficient carbon penetration has taken place 
 the parts are subjected to various heat treatments 
 which will be described later. 
 
 The rate of case hardening and the depth of 
 penetration are controlled by the following factors: 
 First, the class of steel. 
 Second, the class of carbonizing mixture. 
 Third, the shape of and the material from which trie 
 
 box or container is made. 
 Fourth, the temperature at which the carbonizing is 
 
 done and the length of time during which this 
 
 temperature is maintained. 
 
 Roughly speaking, the higher the temperature, 
 the more rapidly will the carbonizing mixture give 
 up its carbon to the steel, but this heat factor is 
 governed by the degree of heat which the steel can 
 stand without detrimental effect; and, therefore, a 
 deep penetration can only be obtained safely by 
 using the normal case hardening temperature and 
 holding this for a length of time dependent on the 
 depth of case required. 
 
 Attention is called to the following points in 
 connection with this work. 
 
 CARBONIZING MIXTURES 
 
 There are many good carbonizing mixtures avail- 
 able, all having their good points. However, the 
 following features should be considered when 
 buying: 
 
 [59] 
 
JOSEPH T. RYERSON & SON 
 
 First Should have a good heat conductivity. 
 
 Second Should be uniform in granular size. 
 
 Third Must carbonize at a uniform rate. 
 
 Fourth Must be capable of being used time after 
 time in order to be economical. 
 
 Fifth Should not contain phosphorus or sulphur, 
 inasmuch as these may be absorbed by the steel. 
 
 Sixth Must be of uniform composition through- 
 out so that it will give uniform results on all parts 
 of the steel being carbonized. 
 
 A very good carbonizing medium can be made by 
 mixing the following : 
 
 Barium Carbonate, 2 Parts. 
 
 Wood Charcoal, 3 Parts. 
 
 Both the barium carbonate and charcoal must be 
 finely granulated and thoroughly mixed. This mix- 
 ture has an advantage in that if spread out and 
 exposed to the air, it will " revive," owing to the 
 fact that the barium oxide produced during the 
 carbonizing process will take up carbon dioxide from 
 the air and in this way again become barium 
 carbonate; the charcoal must of course be replen- 
 ished after it has become depleted by use. 
 
 CASE HARDENING BOXES 
 
 The boxes used for hardening should be sufficiently 
 heavy to withstand the high temperature used for a 
 considerable length of time without warping, and 
 should be made of material which is a good heat 
 conductor. It is important that the boxes be so 
 designed that after the pieces are packed in them 
 they can be closed so as to exclude all air. Iron pipe 
 is satisfactory for small pieces, although cast iron 
 boxes are more generally used. Where long runs are 
 contemplated it is sometimes economical to use 
 boxes made from certain cast alloys. These special 
 boxes are advertised in the trade journals and can 
 be readily procured. 
 
 [60] 
 
ALLOY STEEL IN STOCK 
 
 CARBONIZING FURNACES 
 
 Furnaces for carbonizing should be such that the 
 temperature can be accurately controlled over any 
 desired period of time, and in this respect they, of 
 course, do not differ from furnaces used for other 
 heat treating operations. 
 
 TEMPERATURE FOR CASE HARDENING 
 
 There are so many factors, such as the character 
 of the steel, kind of case hardening mixture used, 
 the size of the case hardening boxes, depth of pene- 
 tration desired, etc., that govern case hardening 
 temperature that it is almost impossible to give any 
 accurate data on this subject. The following list 
 will probably be useful as a general guide on this 
 subject, although it must be modified to meet 
 special conditions. 
 
 CARBON STEEL S. A. E. 1020 
 .10 to .25 carbon, 1625 to 1725 Fahr. 
 
 3J^ PER CENT NICKEL STEEL S. A. E. 2320 
 .15 to .25 carbon, 1600 to 1650 Fahr. 
 
 CHROME NICKEL STEEL S. A. E. 3120 
 .15 to .25 carbon, 1625 to 1700 Fahr. 
 
 DEPTH OP PENETRATION 
 
 The depth of penetration depends on numerous 
 factors which have already been mentioned, and, 
 owing to there being so many things that have a 
 bearing on this matter, it is hardly practical to 
 make any definite statement in regard to depth of 
 penetration which may be expected for a given time 
 and temperature. As a general guide to what may 
 be expected, when working with a straight carbon 
 
 [61] 
 
JOSEPH T..RYERSON 
 
 SON 
 
 steel using the previously mentioned barium car- 
 bonate mixture, the accompanying table can be 
 referred to, although this is only approximate. 
 
 APPROXIMATE CARBON 
 
 APPROXIMATE CARBON 
 
 PENETRATION AT 1650F. 
 
 PENETRATION AT 1775F. 
 
 Hours 
 
 Depth in Inches 
 
 Hours 
 
 Depth in Inches 
 
 1 
 
 0.030 
 
 1 
 
 0.040 
 
 2 
 
 0.045 
 
 2 
 
 0.050 
 
 3 
 
 0.050 
 
 3 
 
 0.075 
 
 4 
 
 0.060 
 
 4 
 
 0.085 
 
 5 
 
 0.065 
 
 5 
 
 0.098 
 
 6 
 
 0.070 
 
 6 
 
 0.110 
 
 7 
 
 0.080 
 
 
 
 In case hardening it must be remembered that 
 the temperature of the furnace is not the same as 
 the temperature of the piece being case hardened. 
 The heat has to first penetrate through the walls of 
 the box and then through the case hardening mix- 
 ture, and consequently the piece being carbonized 
 will be at a lower temperature than the furnace 
 itself. 
 
 Where accurate results are required it is a good 
 plan to make a few experiments by placing a thermo 
 couple in contact with or near the pieces being 
 treated, and also another thermo couple in the 
 furnace so the difference in temperature between the 
 furnace and the piece can be observed. 
 
 HEAT TREATMENT AFTER CARBONIZING 
 When carbonization has been completed the 
 hardening process is next undertaken, and it is of 
 the greatest importance that this be carried out 
 accurately and scientifically if uniform and depend- 
 able results are to be obtained. 
 
 It must be remembered that the carbonized pieces 
 have been held at a temperature considerably above 
 the critical range during a long period of time; and 
 it, therefore, follows that the grain of the steel has 
 been coarsened. 
 
 [62] 
 
ALLOY STEEL. IN STOCK 
 
 After hardening, the surface or case of a carbon- 
 ized part will be intensely hard and brittle, and will 
 in consequence not have any great degree of tough- 
 ness. For these reasons it is necessary that we 
 depend on the center or core of the piece to support 
 the hard outside surface; and we must, therefore, 
 bend our efforts toward putting the core in the 
 best possible condition in 
 regard to granular struc- 
 ture, strength, and elas- 
 ticity. 
 
 Speaking generally , the 
 best method of obtaining 
 this result is by first cool- 
 
 ,, i , ,, . Sheet Mill. 
 
 ing the parts slowly, this 
 
 being accomplished by allowing them to remain 
 
 in the case hardening boxes until comparatively 
 
 cold, then removing and proceeding with a refining 
 
 treatment. 
 
 On page 92 will be found formulae which may be 
 used as a general guide for carbonizing operations. 
 The important fact to remember is that no set rule 
 can be given to cover all cases. Where a new job 
 is undertaken time and money will be saved if the 
 heat treater will take samples of the steel he intends 
 working with, and submit them to the process he 
 contemplates using for the work in hand. Should 
 the treatment contemplated not be correct, the 
 samples will show it and steps can be taken to avoid 
 the loss of material and time that would result had 
 tests not been made. It must be realized that 
 experience and patience are necessary when good 
 dependable results are to be obtained. Your first 
 batch may turn out well. If it does you are very 
 fortunate, but if it does not, don't be discouraged. 
 If you fail there is a reason. Study it out and correct 
 it next time. 
 
 [63] 
 
JOSEPH T. RYERSON & SON 
 
 PACKING 
 
 Inasmuch as the heat in case hardening must 
 penetrate first through the containing boxes and 
 then through the case hardening mixture before 
 reaching the surface of the steel, it is obvious that a 
 uniform temperature on all parts of the piece being 
 case hardened can not be obtained unless the piece 
 is surrounded on all sides by equal thickness of case 
 hardening mixture. As the rate and depth of 
 penetration depend upon the temperature, it is 
 obvious that to obtain uniform results we must 
 surround the pieces being case hardened as nearly 
 as possible with a uniform amount of case hardening 
 mixture. 
 
 Packing is an important operation in case harden- 
 ing and care should be used to see that the pieces 
 being treated are placed as nearly as possible in the 
 center of the case hardening box. 
 
 It is not wise to use very large case hardening 
 boxes or to endeavor to place too many parts in the 
 one box. When this is done the parts nearest the 
 wall of the box will naturally attain a very much 
 higher temperature than those near the center, and 
 a nonuniform result will be secured. 
 
 Superficial Case Hardening. Where an extremely 
 thin surface of hardened steel is required, and in 
 cases where such hardening must be obtained 
 quickly, the following method may be employed, 
 although the results are not uniform nor, as a rule, 
 particularly good: 
 
 Melt sufficient potassium cyanide in a pot so as 
 to form a bath in which the parts to be case hardened 
 may be immersed. 
 
 Raise the. temperature of the molten potassium 
 cyanide to about 1550 Fahr., and allow the parts 
 to remain in this bath for about fifteen minutes. 
 The length of time that the parts remain in the 
 
 [64] 
 
ALLOY STEEL IN STOCK 
 
 cyanide bath will depend on their size, but in any 
 event it will be necessary that they remain for a 
 sufficient length of time to insure uniform heat 
 penetration all the way through to the center. 
 
 Ten minutes immersion will give a penetration of 
 about 0.005 inch and twenty minutes a penetration 
 of about 0.01 inch when using a straight carbon 
 steel such as S. A. E. 1020. 
 
 The pieces should be removed from the cyanide 
 bath and plunged directly into cold water, after 
 which the surface will be found to be hard and the 
 interior core in a fairly good condition. 
 
 Great care must be used in employing a molten 
 cyanide bath, inasmuch as this material will give 
 off highly poisonous fumes which should be carried 
 off by suitable apparatus. 
 
 In case hardening it must be borne in mind that 
 there are two objectives: The first, which is well 
 known and commonly recognized, consists in 
 obtaining a hard exterior surface, intended, of 
 course, to resist wear and abrasion. The other, 
 which is frequently overlooked although of equal 
 importance, is the building up of a core of adequate 
 strength and toughness so that it may give the 
 proper support to the exterior or wearing surface. 
 
 In case hardening we believe it very necessary to 
 examine the finished pieces in a more comprehensive 
 manner than merely testing the exterior for hard- 
 ness. The core examination referred to can be 
 carried out by either cutting through one of the 
 pieces, polishing the section and subjecting it to 
 microscopic examination, or, in the event of the lack 
 of the necessary equipment for such examination, a 
 very good idea can be obtained by partially cutting 
 through the piece and then fracturing. This will 
 give an opportunity to examine the granular struc- 
 ture of the steel, and the thickness of the case. 
 
 [65] 
 
JOSEPH T. RYERSON & SON 
 
 CHAPTER XV 
 
 GENERAL REMARKS 
 
 HAVING read the previous chapters the reader 
 will now understand the reasons underlying 
 the following general remarks on the subject 
 of the use of alloy steels. 
 
 If you are sure of what particular steel to use for 
 a certain purpose, well and good; but if doubt exists 
 in your mind, put the matter up to some reliable 
 seller of this material. The sales department of the 
 mills and the large warehouses are handling thou- 
 sands of tons of alloy steel every day, and their wide 
 experience will undoubtedly have covered the point 
 on which you are not sure. 
 
 Do not buy too much on a price basis. Original 
 cost must naturally be taken into account; but in 
 view of the large amount of work that is done on 
 alloy steel in the way of machining and heat treating 
 and the vital importance of the parts manufactured 
 being up to standard, it is absolutely essential that 
 first class material be obtained. Remember that 
 analysis is not the only point to be considered in the 
 selection of alloy steels. Freedom from pipes, 
 seams and other defects, accuracy in the matter of 
 size, straightness of the bars, finish of the surface, 
 and many other points are of great importance. 
 Steel may conform to your specification in analysis 
 and yet be made in such a way that it will develop 
 cracks, checks, or other defects when it is subjected 
 to the violent action of a quenching process. 
 
 In heating alloy steels, do not place a cold bar 
 in an extremely hot furnace. This will apply more 
 in the case of larger bars, and the reason will be 
 
 [66] 
 
ALLOY STEEL IN STOCK 
 
 obvious if the notes on this subject as given in 
 another part of this book are read. Do not expect 
 to get the same physical properties from a 10 inch 
 round forging as you will from a 1 inch round bar 
 just because the analysis may be the same and 
 because you give it the same heat treatment. Where 
 high physical properties are required from large 
 forgings or large rolled bars, the desired result can 
 to a certain extent be obtained by using a quenching 
 temperature higher than that which would be used 
 with a smaller section. However, irrespective of the 
 size of the bar, the quenching temperature must not 
 be raised to a point which will be detrimental to the 
 steel. As a safe rule, do not exceed the quenching 
 temperatures given in this book by more than 150 
 Fahr. Where large sections are being heat treated, 
 higher physical properties will be obtained by 
 raising the temperature, as already mentioned, and 
 by using a quicker quenching medium; thus cold 
 water may be substituted for oil in certain cases. 
 
 Do not place a heavy flat bar directly on the brick 
 bottom of a furnace and then expect the lower part 
 of the bar to have the same temperature as the top. 
 Keep the pieces which you are heating slightly 
 raised from the bottom of the furnace so that the 
 hot gases can circulate around them, but in doing 
 so place your supports sufficiently close together so 
 that the hot bars will not sag down between the 
 supports and thus become bent and crooked. A bar 
 can be heated uniformly by placing it on the bottom 
 of the furnace provided that it is turned over at fre- 
 quent intervals. This method is satisfactory only 
 in cases where a few pieces are being heated at once 
 and where the operator can give the time necessary 
 to constantly watch the heating operation. So 
 arrange your shop that the distance between your 
 furnace and the quenching bath is as short as 
 possible. As soon as a steel has reached its proper 
 
 [67] 
 
JOSEPH T. RYERSON & SON 
 
 quenching temperature all the way through to the 
 center, it should be immediately quenched, and it 
 should be quenched on a rising or stationary heat 
 and not on a falling heat. If the distance between 
 the furnace and the quenching bath is great, or if 
 the method of handling the steel is clumsy and 
 inefficient, considerable time will elapse between 
 removing the bars from the furnace and the actual 
 quenching. When this condition exists it will be 
 necessary to overheat the bars in the first instance, 
 which will tend to give a poor result. 
 
 If time is lost between the removal of steel from 
 the furnace and the quench, and should the bars be 
 heated to the correct quenching temperature, then 
 by the tune they reach the bath they will have 
 dropped below this point, and, in consequence, the 
 heat treatment will not be effective. 
 
 When you have finished your work and submitted 
 it to physical tests, you may find that your physical 
 properties are either higher or lower than you 
 intended them to be. The remedy will, of course, 
 lie in a change of the heat treatment formula that 
 you originally used; and it is, therefore, obvious that 
 accurate records of all operations should be kept. 
 
 It is a good plan, where considerable work is 
 being done, to use a regular heat treatment form. 
 A place for the customer's name, order numbers, 
 description of the parts, sizes, weights, etc., should 
 appear at the top. Under this should appear your 
 shop instructions or heat treatment formula, and 
 opposite this space there should be blank spaces for 
 the shop men to fill in the actual temperatures and 
 tunes which were used in executing the order. 
 
 Such a record properly kept will give invaluable 
 information in reference to any particular order that 
 has been handled in the past, and can also be used 
 as a basis for determining rapidly and accurately the 
 most desirable heat treatment formula for other work. 
 
 [68] 
 
ALLOY 
 
 STEEL 
 
 I N 
 
 STOCK 
 
 Universal Mill. Rolls plates and bars on all four sides. 
 
 Insist on the heat treating shop being kept clean 
 and neat, and do not allow refuse bars and other 
 scrap to accumulate. Such material gets in the way 
 and cuts down the general shop efficiency, and there 
 is always a possibility of bars of different analysis 
 getting mixed up. 
 
 In selecting shop equipment for heat treating, do 
 not depend on your own judgment too much unless 
 you have had considerable past experience. Turn 
 your problems over to reliable furnace people, and 
 thus get the benefit of their experience for which 
 they have probably paid a good price. 
 
 As we have explained elsewhere, rapid heating 
 tends to expand the outside of a bar more quickly 
 than the inside, thus giving it a tendency to crack. 
 The reverse, of course, is true in quenching, inasmuch 
 
 [69] 
 
JOSEPH T. RYERSON & SON 
 
 as the outside of the bar will shrink more rapidly 
 than the inside, and this also has a tendency to 
 crack the steel. For these reasons, it is obvious that 
 square corners are to be avoided as much as possible, 
 and wherever a radius or fillet can be used it renders 
 the heat treatment much more safe. 
 
 Don't try to heat a piece of steel to 700 Fahr. in 
 a furnace that shows a temperature of 1100 or 1200 
 Fahr. In other words, have your furnace at the 
 maximum temperature which you desire the steel 
 to attain, and then let the steel come up to the full 
 furnace temperature. Where a furnace temperature 
 is used which is in excess of the temperature desired 
 in the steel, the outside part of the piece will reach 
 the desired temperature before the inside, and you 
 will not be able to allow the steel to remain in the 
 furnace for sufficient length of time for the heat to 
 penetrate all the way through. 
 
 Remember in drawing that the time element is of 
 importance, and it is better to use a slightly lower 
 temperature for a longer period of time, inasmuch 
 as the changes brought about in the structure of the 
 steel by a certain drawing temperature are more 
 uniform throughout the whole piece when this 
 temperature can be held for a considerable length of 
 tune. Bear in mind that a certain drawing tem- 
 perature held for an hour will produce the same 
 physical properties as a much higher temperature 
 held for ten minutes. The result of the long draw 
 will, however, be more uniform and better. 
 
 When case hardening, select a good grade of case 
 hardening mixture made by reliable people; by so 
 doing your work will be more rapidly handled, 
 carbon penetration will be more uniform, and the 
 operation will be more economical inasmuch as you 
 will be able to use the mixture over and over again 
 with less frequent renewal than is necessary with a 
 cheap compound. 
 
 [70] 
 
ALLOY STEEL IN STOCK 
 
 When carbonizing any piece use a pot of suitable 
 size. At no point should there be less than 1J4 inches 
 of case hardening mixture between the inside of the 
 pot and any surface of the piece being carbonized, 
 and the more nearly 1J^ inches of case hardening 
 mixture can be maintained all the way round the 
 more uniform will be the result. 
 
 Always allow your carbonized parts to cool down 
 slowly after the carbonizing process. If possible, 
 allow the pots and their contents to cool down out- 
 side of the furnace and then follow the heat treating 
 instructions which are given elsewhere. 
 
 Where pieces are to be case hardened, do not be 
 satisfied with your work just because you have 
 obtained a hard surface. A piece of common cold 
 rolled shafting or screw stock or an ordinary mild 
 steel bar can, by case hardening, be made just as 
 hard on the surface as the highest grade of chrome 
 nickel or other alloy steel. This is no indication, 
 however, that a part has been produced which will 
 do the work of a properly case hardened alloy steel 
 part. In some certain instances surface hardness is 
 the only characteristic desired in case hardened work, 
 but as a general thing the case hardened part must 
 have strength as well as hardness, and this can only 
 be obtained to the maximum degree by the use of a 
 high grade alloy steel, properly treated. 
 
 This book has made no attempt to cover the 
 technical features of alloy steel problems, and it 
 has been necessary to write in a very general way, 
 only covering a few of the more important points. 
 The use of alloy steel will develop many difficult 
 problems, a solution of which can only be given by 
 experience. Should you, therefore, be uncertain in 
 regard to selection of an alloy steel, its heat treat- 
 ment, or its application, do not guess at the answer 
 to your question, but put it up to the people from 
 whom you are purchasing your steel. 
 
 [71] 
 
JOSEPH T. RYERSON A SON 
 
 Watch your furnace atmosphere. An excess of 
 air is bound to give you trouble. The surface of 
 your steel will decarbonize and will, therefore, not 
 harden as it should, and heavy scale will be formed, 
 sometimes ruining parts that are to be machined, 
 or at any rate giving the machine shop a great deal 
 of trouble with cutting tools that are called upon to 
 remove this hard scale. 
 
 In forging alloy steels remember that steels con- 
 taining chromium must not be forged at low heats, 
 inasmuch as this will develop defects in the material. 
 The low limit of heat for forging steel containing 
 chromium will, of course, depend upon the percent- 
 age of carbon and chromium present, but it is fairly 
 safe to assume that chrome nickel steels should not 
 be forged at a temperature of less than 1550 Fahr. 
 
 Chrome nickel steel of a high carbon content (from 
 .55 to .65 carbon), when properly heat treated makes 
 a very fine die block and one which, while sufficiently 
 soft to be machined, is hard enough and tough 
 enough to last for a long period of time. This is a 
 great advantage in making certain drop forge dies, 
 owing to the fact that the danger in quenching a 
 machined die is eliminated. The manufacture of 
 alloy steel die blocks is a specialty which can not be 
 covered in this book, although those interested can 
 obtain full information from the alloy steel producers. 
 
 When difficulty is experienced in getting furnace 
 temperature so adjusted that scaling will not occur, 
 the difficulty may be overcome by placing in the 
 furnace some charcoal or a piece of wood. The wood 
 or charcoal will combine readily with any free 
 oxygen that may be present and thus prevent 
 scaling or decarbonization of the steel. 
 
 [72] 
 
ALLOY STEEL IN STOCK 
 CHECKING PYROMETERS: 
 
 This operation is most important and can be taken 
 care of without the use of expensive equipment. 
 Take a clean crucible pot (fire clay or iron) and melt 
 in it some pure common table salt (sodium chloride) . 
 Increase the temperature to about 1625 Fahr. and 
 then put the thermo couple (without protecting 
 tube) in the bath. As soon as the indicator shows 
 that the theremo couple has reached the temperature 
 of the salt, remove the pot from the fire and allow it 
 to cool. During the cooling operation readings of 
 the indicator should be taken every ten seconds and 
 the result plotted as a time temperature curve. The 
 kick or flat spot in the curve will show the point at 
 which the salt solidifies or freezes. This point 
 should be 1474 Fahr., and if your pyrometer 
 indicates a different point you will know just what 
 correction to make in your reading. 
 
 Quenching Tank, with Circulating Pump. 
 
 [73] 
 
JOSEPH T. RYERSON & SON 
 
 S. A. E. SPECIFICATIONS 
 
 A system of numbers has been adopted for the 
 naming of practically all the standard grades of alloy 
 steels. These numbers give a very convenient way of 
 indicating a certain alloy steel and can be used in 
 sending telegrams, letters, or shop drawings and 
 many other places where a full description of the 
 steel would take up a lot of room. 
 
 The first figure indicates the class of steel. The 
 second figure indicates the approximate percentage 
 of the principal alloying element. The last two or 
 three figures represent the carbon desired in one 
 hundredths of one per cent or "points." 
 
 The key list of first figures is as follows: 
 
 1 Carbon Steels. 
 
 2 Nickel Steels. 
 
 3 Chrome Nickel Steels 
 
 5 Chromium Steels. 
 
 6 Chrome Vanadium Steels. 
 
 9 Silico-Manganese Steels. 
 
 From the above SAE 3120 is a chrome nickel steel 
 of about 1 per cent (1 to 1^) nickel, carbon 0.20 
 (15 to 25). 
 
 SAE 2335 is a nickel steel of about 3 per cent 
 (3.25-3.75) nickel, carbon 0.35 (30-40). 
 
 SAE 6150 is a chrome vanadium steel of about 
 1 per cent chrome (0.80 to 1.10), carbon 0.50 (45-55). 
 
 SAE 51120 is a chromium steel of about 1 per 
 cent chrome (90-1.10), carbon 1.20 per cent (1.10- 
 1.30). 
 
 [74] 
 
ALLOY 
 
 STEEL 
 
 I N 
 
 S T O C 
 
 NICKEL STEEL 35-45 CARBON 
 
 SAE SPECIFICATION 2340 
 Quench in oil at 1425 to 1475 Fahr. 
 
 Drawing 
 Tempera- 
 ture 
 
 Tensile 
 Strength 
 
 Elastic 
 Limit 
 
 Red. of 
 Area 
 
 Ext. in 
 2 Inch 
 
 Brinell 
 Hardness 
 
 Sclero- 
 scope 
 Hardness 
 
 400 
 
 240,000 
 
 215,000 
 
 32.5% 
 
 10.0% 
 
 450 
 
 70 
 
 500 
 
 230,000 
 
 204,000 
 
 34.5% 
 
 11.0% 
 
 427 
 
 65 
 
 600 
 
 215,000 
 
 190,000 
 
 37.5% 
 
 12.0% 
 
 400 
 
 61 
 
 700 
 
 196,000 
 
 171,000 
 
 42.0% 
 
 13.0% 
 
 370 
 
 56 
 
 800 
 
 175,000 
 
 150,000 
 
 47.0.% 
 
 14.0% 
 
 335 
 
 51 
 
 900 
 
 155,000 
 
 130,000 
 
 51.0% 
 
 16.0% 
 
 295 
 
 46 
 
 ,000 
 
 135,000 
 
 110,000 
 
 55.0% 
 
 18.0% 
 
 260 
 
 42 
 
 ,100 
 
 117,000 
 
 92,000 
 
 58.0% 
 
 20.0% 
 
 235 
 
 38 
 
 ,200 
 
 105,000 
 
 78,000 
 
 60.0% 
 
 21.5% 
 
 215 
 
 36 
 
 ,300 
 
 96,000 
 
 69,000 
 
 61.0% 
 
 22.0% 
 
 205 
 
 35 
 
 ,400 
 
 90,000 
 
 60,000 
 
 62.5% 
 
 22.5% 
 
 200 
 
 35 
 
 NICKEL STEEL 25-35 CARBON 
 
 SAE SPECIFICATION 2330 
 Quench in Oil at 1450 to 1500 Fahr. 
 
 Drawing 
 Tempera- 
 ture 
 
 Tensile 
 Strength 
 
 Elastic 
 Limit 
 
 Red. of 
 Area 
 
 Ext. in 
 2 Inch 
 
 Brinell 
 Hardness 
 
 Sclero- 
 scope 
 Hardness 
 
 400 
 
 220,000 
 
 190,000 
 
 35% 
 
 10% 
 
 436 
 
 61 
 
 500 
 
 210,000 
 
 182,000 
 
 
 11% 
 
 420 
 
 59 
 
 600 
 
 198,000 
 
 170,000 
 
 40% 
 
 12% 
 
 400 
 
 57 
 
 700 
 
 180,000 
 
 154,000 
 
 44% 
 
 13% 
 
 370 
 
 54 
 
 800 
 
 160,000 
 
 135,000 
 
 49% 
 
 14% 
 
 330 
 
 50 
 
 900 
 
 140,000 
 
 115,000 
 
 54% 
 
 16% 
 
 290 
 
 45 
 
 1,000 
 
 120,000 
 
 95,000 
 
 59% 
 
 18% 
 
 250 
 
 41 
 
 1,100 
 
 104,000 
 
 77,000 
 
 63% 
 
 20% 
 
 210 
 
 37 
 
 1,200 
 
 92,000 
 
 64,000 
 
 66% 
 
 22% 
 
 180 
 
 34 
 
 1,300 
 
 85,000 
 
 55,000 
 
 68% 
 
 24% 
 
 162 
 
 32 
 
 1,400 
 
 80,000 
 
 48,000 
 
 70% 
 
 25% 
 
 150 
 
 30 
 
 [75] 
 
JOSEPH 
 
 RYERSON & SON 
 
 NICKEL STEEL 15-25 CARBON 
 
 SAE SPECIFICATION 2320 
 Quench in oil at 1475 to 1525 Fahr. 
 
 Drawing 
 Tempera- 
 ture 
 
 Tensile 
 Strength 
 
 Elastic 
 Limit 
 
 Red. of 
 Area 
 
 Ext. in 
 2 Inch 
 
 Brinell 
 Hardness 
 
 Sclero- 
 scope 
 Hardness 
 
 400 
 
 170,000 
 
 140,000 
 
 45% 
 
 11.0% 
 
 375 
 
 55 
 
 500 
 
 168,000 
 
 136,000 
 
 46% 
 
 12.0% 
 
 368 
 
 54 
 
 600 
 
 162,000 
 
 130,000 
 
 48% 
 
 13.5% 
 
 355 
 
 52 
 
 700 
 
 155,000 
 
 123,000 
 
 51% 
 
 15.5% 
 
 340 
 
 50 
 
 800 
 
 145,000 
 
 112,000 
 
 55% 
 
 18.5% 
 
 310 
 
 46 
 
 900 
 
 130,000 
 
 99,000 
 
 60% 
 
 21.5% 
 
 280 
 
 42 
 
 1,000 
 
 112,000 
 
 84,000 
 
 65% 
 
 25.0% 
 
 240 
 
 38 
 
 1,100 
 1,200 
 1,300 
 
 96,000 
 82,000 
 75,000 
 
 68,000 
 54,000 
 45,000 
 
 69% 
 72% 
 
 74% 
 
 27.0% 
 29.0% 
 30.0% 
 
 200 
 165 
 140 
 
 34 
 31 
 
 29 
 
 1,400 
 
 70,000 
 
 38,000 
 
 75% 
 
 31.0% 
 
 125 
 
 27 
 
 210 Brinell considered good for machining properties. 
 
 CHROME NICKEL STEEL 35-45 CARBON 
 
 SAE SPECIFICATION 3140 
 Quench in oil at 1475 to 1500 Fahr. 
 
 Drawing 
 Tempera- 
 ture 
 
 Tensile 
 Strength 
 
 Elastic 
 Limit 
 
 Red. of 
 Area 
 
 Ext. in 
 2 Inch 
 
 Brinell 
 Hardness 
 
 Sclero- 
 scope 
 Hardness 
 
 400 
 
 220,000 
 
 190,000 
 
 27% 
 
 7.5% 
 
 425 
 
 65 
 
 500 
 
 210,000 
 
 185,000 
 
 28% 
 
 8.0% 
 
 410 
 
 64 
 
 600 
 
 205,000 
 
 175,000 
 
 30% 
 
 9.0% 
 
 390 
 
 62 
 
 700 
 
 195,000 
 
 160,000 
 
 34% 
 
 10.5% 
 
 370 
 
 59 
 
 800 
 
 175,000 
 
 140,000 
 
 39% 
 
 12.5% 
 
 345 
 
 56 
 
 900 
 
 150,000 
 
 126,000 
 
 46% 
 
 14.0% 
 
 315 
 
 52 
 
 1,000 
 
 130,000 
 
 105,000 
 
 52% 
 
 16.0% 
 
 285 
 
 47 
 
 1,100 
 
 115,000 
 
 94,0,00 
 
 56% 
 
 17.0% 
 
 255 
 
 42 
 
 1,200 
 
 100,000 
 
 84,000 
 
 60% 
 
 18.0% 
 
 225 
 
 38 
 
 1,300 
 
 93,000 
 
 80,000 
 
 61% 
 
 19.0% 
 
 215 
 
 36 
 
 1,400 
 
 90,000 
 
 75,000 
 
 62% 
 
 20% 
 
 210 
 
 35 
 
 [76] 
 
ALLOY 
 
 STEEL 
 
 I N 
 
 TOOK 
 
 CHROME NICKEL STEEL 30-40 CARBON 
 
 SAE SPECIFICATION 3135 
 Quench in oil at 1475 to 1500 Fahr. 
 
 Drawing 
 Tempera- 
 ture 
 
 Tensile 
 Strength 
 
 Elastic 
 Limit 
 
 Red. of 
 Area 
 
 Ext. in 
 2 Inch 
 
 Brinell 
 Hardness 
 
 Sclero- 
 scope 
 Hardness 
 
 400 
 
 210,000 
 
 170,000 
 
 33% 
 
 10.0% 
 
 425 
 
 58 
 
 500 
 
 205,000 
 
 165,000 
 
 36% 
 
 10.0% 
 
 400 
 
 56 
 
 600 
 
 200,000 
 
 160,000 
 
 40% 
 
 10.5% 
 
 375 
 
 54 
 
 700 
 
 190,000 
 
 145,000 
 
 45% 
 
 11.0% 
 
 360 
 
 52 
 
 800 
 
 170,000 
 
 130,000 
 
 49% 
 
 12.0% 
 
 340 
 
 49 
 
 900 
 
 150,000 
 
 115,000 
 
 54% 
 
 13.5% 
 
 310 
 
 45 
 
 1,000 
 
 130,000 
 
 100,000 
 
 58% 
 
 14.5% 
 
 280 
 
 41 
 
 1,100 
 
 115,000 
 
 90,000 
 
 61% 
 
 16.0% 
 
 250 
 
 38 
 
 1,200 
 
 100,000 
 
 80,000 
 
 64% 
 
 17.5% 
 
 225 
 
 35 
 
 1,300 
 
 90,000 
 
 75,000 
 
 66% 
 
 19.0% 
 
 215 
 
 33 
 
 1,400 
 
 85,000 
 
 72,000 
 
 67% 
 
 21.0% 
 
 210 
 
 30 
 
 CHROME NICKEL STEEL 25-35 CARBON 
 
 SAE SPECIFICATION 3130 
 Quench in oil at 1500 to 1525 Fahr. 
 
 Drawing 
 Tempera- 
 ture 
 
 Tensile 
 Strength 
 
 Elastic 
 Limit 
 
 Red. of 
 Area 
 
 Ext. in 
 2 Inch 
 
 Brinell 
 Hardness 
 
 Sclero- 
 scope 
 Hardness 
 
 400 
 
 190,000 
 
 155,000 
 
 37.5% 
 
 10% 
 
 365 
 
 50 
 
 500 
 
 188,000 
 
 150,000 
 
 41.0% 
 
 11% 
 
 360 
 
 49 
 
 600 
 
 180,000 
 
 140,000 
 
 46.0% 
 
 12% 
 
 350 
 
 48 
 
 700 
 
 167,000 
 
 128,000 
 
 52.0% 
 
 13% 
 
 325 
 
 46 
 
 800 
 
 150,000 
 
 115,000 
 
 59.0% 
 
 15% 
 
 315 
 
 43 
 
 900 
 
 134,000 
 
 102,000 
 
 63.0% 
 
 17% 
 
 282 
 
 40 
 
 1,000 
 
 120,000 
 
 90,000 
 
 65.0% 
 
 20% 
 
 260 
 
 38 
 
 1,100 
 
 104,000 
 
 81,000 
 
 66.0% 
 
 23% 
 
 223 
 
 35 
 
 1,200 
 
 92,000 
 
 76,000 
 
 68.0% 
 
 26% 
 
 215 
 
 32 
 
 1,300 
 
 86,000 
 
 72,000 
 
 69.0% 
 
 28% 
 
 210 
 
 31 
 
 1,400 
 
 80,000 
 
 70,000 
 
 70.0% 
 
 30% 
 
 200 
 
 30 
 
 [77] 
 
JOSEPH T. RYEE80N 
 
 SON 
 
 CHROME NICKEL STEEL 15-25 CARBON 
 
 SAE SPECIFICATION 3120 
 Quench in oil at 1575 to 1600 Fahr. 
 
 Drawing 
 Tempera- 
 ture 
 
 Tensile 
 Strength 
 
 Elastic 
 Limit 
 
 Red. of 
 Area 
 
 Ext. in 
 2 Inch 
 
 Brinell 
 Hardness 
 
 Sclero- 
 scope 
 Hardness 
 
 400 
 
 160,000 
 
 120,000 
 
 52.5% 
 
 15.0% 
 
 275 
 
 46 
 
 500 
 
 155,000 
 
 116,000 
 
 54.0% 
 
 15.5% 
 
 265 
 
 45 
 
 600 
 
 148,000 
 
 110,000 
 
 57.0% 
 
 16.0% 
 
 250 
 
 44 
 
 700 
 
 137,000 
 
 102,000 
 
 61.0% 
 
 16.5% 
 
 240 
 
 42 
 
 800 
 
 125,000 
 
 95,000 
 
 65.0% 
 
 18.0% 
 
 225 
 
 41 
 
 900 
 
 111,000 
 
 84,000 
 
 69.0% 
 
 21.0% 
 
 205 
 
 38 . 
 
 1,000 
 
 100,000 
 
 74,000 
 
 71.0% 
 
 24.5% 
 
 185 
 
 35 
 
 1,100 
 
 91,000 
 
 66,000 
 
 71.5% 
 
 28.5% 
 
 175 
 
 33 
 
 1,200 
 
 84,000 
 
 60,000 
 
 72.0% 
 
 31.5% 
 
 160 
 
 30 
 
 1,300 
 
 80,000 
 
 54,000 
 
 72.5% 
 
 33.5% 
 
 150 
 
 29 
 
 1,400 
 
 75,000 
 
 50,000 
 
 72.5% 
 
 35.0% 
 
 150 
 
 28 
 
 [78] 
 
ALLOY STEEL IN STOCK 
 
 DEFINITIONS 
 
 TENSILE STRENGTH Generally expressed in 
 pounds per square inch and as such represents the 
 greatest load a bar, whose sectional area is one 
 square inch (1" square, }/<' x 2", 1.13" round, etc.), 
 can sustain when applied gradually in direction of 
 its length. 
 
 ULTIMATE STRENGTH From practical standpoint 
 same as Tensile Strength. 
 
 ELASTIC LIMIT A term usually expressed in 
 pounds per square inch. If this stress is exceeded 
 the specimen will take a permanent set; for example, 
 a spring stressed beyond its elastic limit will not 
 return to its original shape when load is released. 
 
 YIELD POINT From practical standpoint may be 
 considered same as Elastic Limit. 
 
 SAFE LOAD The stress that may with safety be 
 applied to any part. This stress must never exceed 
 the elastic limit and is usually considerably less than 
 this figure. 
 
 ELONGATION OR EXTENSION The amount of 
 stretch in a test specimen produced by application 
 of stress sufficient to cause breakage usually ex- 
 pressed as a percentage of a 2" length, marked off 
 before stress is applied. 
 
 REDUCTION OF AREA OR CONTRACTION OF AREA 
 Amount of reduction in cross section of a broken 
 test specimen expressed as a percent of the original 
 area. 
 
 [79] 
 
JOSEPH T. RYERSON 
 
 SON 
 
 HEAT TEMPERATURES AND COLORS 
 FOR HARDENING 
 
 CENTIGRADE 
 DEGBEES 
 
 FAHRENHEIT 
 DEGREES 
 
 COLORS 
 
 400 
 
 752 
 
 Red Heat, visible in the dark 
 
 474 
 
 884 
 
 Red Heat, visible in the twilight 
 
 525 
 
 977 
 
 Red Heat, visible in the daylight 
 
 581 
 
 1077 
 
 Red Heat, visible in the sunlight 
 
 700 
 
 1292 
 
 Dark Red 
 
 800 
 
 1472 
 
 Dull Cherry Red 
 
 90D 
 
 1652 
 
 Cherry Red 
 
 1000 
 
 1832 
 
 Bright Cherry Red 
 
 1100 
 
 2012 
 
 Orange Red 
 
 1200 
 
 2192 
 
 Orange Yellow 
 
 1300 
 
 2372 
 
 Yellow White 
 
 1400 
 
 2552 
 
 White Welding Heat 
 
 HEATS AND TEMPER COLORS OF STEEL 
 PRODUCED BY HEAT 
 
 CENTIGRADE 
 DEGREES 
 
 FAHRENHEIT 
 DEGREES 
 
 COLORS 
 
 215.6 
 
 420 
 
 Very Faint Yellow 
 
 221.11 
 
 430 
 
 Very Pale Yellow 
 
 226.67 
 
 440 
 
 Light Yellow 
 
 232.23 
 
 450 
 
 Pale Straw Yellow 
 
 237.78 
 
 460 
 
 Straw Yellow 
 
 243.34 
 
 470 
 
 Deep Straw Yellow 
 
 248.9 
 
 480 
 
 Dark Yellow 
 
 254.45 
 
 490 
 
 Yellow Brown 
 
 260 
 
 500 
 
 Brown Yellow 
 
 265.56 
 
 510 
 
 Red Brown 
 
 271.11 
 
 520 
 
 Brown Purple 
 
 276.67 
 
 530 
 
 Light Purple 
 
 282.23 
 
 540 
 
 Full Purple 
 
 287.78 
 
 550 
 
 Dark Purple 
 
 293.34 
 
 560 
 
 Light Blue 
 
 298.9 
 
 570 
 
 Dark Blue 
 
 [80] 
 
ALLOY 
 
 STEEL 
 
 I N 
 
 STOCK 
 
 FLASH AND FIRE TESTS OF VARIOUS OILS 
 
 Name 
 
 Flash Degrees Fire Degrees 
 Fahrenheit Fahrenheit 
 
 Corn 
 
 Cottonseed 
 
 Prime Lard* 
 
 No. 2 Lard** 
 
 Boiled Linseed 
 
 Raw Linseed 
 
 Neatsf oot 
 
 Olive 
 
 ' t Mineral Oil (25 Beaume) 
 Light Mineral, 225% Neatsf oot. , 
 Light Mineral, 50% Lard 
 Light Mineral, 50% Lard , 
 Light Mineral, 75% Lard 
 
 Sperm No. 1 
 
 Sperm No. 2 
 
 480 
 582 
 /530\ 
 \600j 
 419 
 378 
 525 
 439 
 451 
 410 
 410 
 410 
 423 
 441 
 428 
 486 
 
 635 
 644 
 
 644 
 
 468 
 572 
 644 
 523 
 541 
 475 
 471 
 489 
 513 
 543 
 518 
 574 
 
 *Acidity not to exceed 2.0 per cent, determined as Oleic Acid. 
 **Acidity not to exceed 15.0 per cent, determined as Oleic Acid. 
 
 MELTING POINTS OF CHEMICAL ELEMENTS 
 
 Supplied by the United States Bureau of Standards in Wash- 
 ington from latest determinations. These values are the most 
 accurate procurable at the present time. The values originally 
 determined in Centigrade have been converted directly into 
 Fahrenheit, and these Fahrenheit readings should not be taken 
 as correct to a degree at the higher temperatures. 
 
 Element 
 
 Cent. 
 
 Fahr. 
 
 Element 
 
 Cent. 
 
 Fahr. 
 
 Aluminum 
 
 659 
 
 1218 
 
 Mercury 
 
 39 
 
 38 
 
 Antimony . . . 
 
 630 
 
 1166 
 
 M olybdenum 
 
 2500? 
 
 4532? 
 
 
 850 
 
 1562 
 
 Nickel 
 
 1452 
 
 2646 
 
 Bismuth 
 
 271 
 
 520 
 
 Nitrogen 
 
 210 
 
 346 
 
 Boron 
 
 2200? 
 
 3992? 
 
 
 218 
 
 360 
 
 Calcium 
 
 810 
 
 1490 
 
 Palladium 
 
 1549 
 
 2820 
 
 Carbon 
 
 3600? 
 
 6510? 
 
 
 +44 
 
 +111 
 
 Chlorine 
 
 102 
 
 151 
 
 Platinum . 
 
 1755 
 
 3191 
 
 Chromium 
 
 1520 
 
 2768 
 
 
 62 
 
 144 
 
 Cobalt 
 
 1480 
 
 2696 
 
 Silicon 
 
 1420 
 
 2588 
 
 Copper 
 
 1083 
 
 1981 
 
 Silver 
 
 960 
 
 1761 
 
 Gold 
 
 1063 
 
 1945 
 
 
 97 
 
 207 
 
 Hydrogen .... 
 
 259 
 
 434 
 
 Sulphur SI 
 
 113 
 
 236 
 
 Iodine 
 
 113 
 
 236 
 
 Tantalum 
 
 2850? 
 
 5160? 
 
 Iridium 
 
 2350? 
 
 4262? 
 
 Tin 
 
 232 
 
 450 
 
 Iron 
 
 1530 
 
 2786 
 
 
 1800? 
 
 3272? 
 
 Lead 
 
 327 
 
 621 
 
 Tungsten 
 
 3000? 
 
 5430? 
 
 Magnesium 
 
 651 
 
 1204 
 
 Vanadium . . 
 
 1720? 
 
 3128? 
 
 Manganese 
 
 1260 
 
 2300 
 
 Zinc 
 
 419 
 
 787 
 
 [.81] 
 
JOSEPH T. RYERSON 
 
 SON 
 
 TEMPERATURES 
 
 CONVERSION TABLES 
 
 Degrees 
 Centigrade and Fahrenheit 
 
 Degrees 
 Fahrenheit and Centigrade 
 
 C 
 
 F 
 
 C 
 
 F 
 
 C 
 
 F 
 
 F 
 
 C 
 
 F 
 
 C 
 
 F 
 
 C 
 
 
 
 32 
 
 520 
 
 968 
 
 860 
 
 1580 
 
 32 
 
 
 
 1040 
 
 560 
 
 1720 
 
 938 
 
 100 
 
 212 
 
 530 
 
 986 
 
 870 
 
 1598 
 
 212 
 
 100 
 
 1060 
 
 571 
 
 1740 
 
 949 
 
 200 
 
 392 
 
 540 
 
 1004 
 
 880 
 
 1616 
 
 400 
 
 204 
 
 1080 
 
 582 
 
 1760 
 
 960 
 
 210 
 
 410 
 
 550 
 
 1022 
 
 890 
 
 1634 
 
 420 
 
 216 
 
 1100 
 
 593 
 
 1780 
 
 971 
 
 220 
 
 428 
 
 560 
 
 1040 
 
 900 
 
 1652 
 
 440 
 
 227 
 
 1120 
 
 604 
 
 1800 
 
 982 
 
 230 
 
 446 
 
 570 
 
 1058 
 
 910 
 
 1670 
 
 460 
 
 238 
 
 1140 
 
 615 
 
 1820 
 
 993 
 
 240 
 
 464 
 
 580 
 
 1076 
 
 920 
 
 1688 
 
 480 
 
 249 
 
 1160 
 
 626 
 
 1840 
 
 1004 
 
 250 
 
 482 
 
 590 
 
 1094 
 
 930 
 
 1706 
 
 500 
 
 260 
 
 1180 
 
 637 
 
 1860 
 
 1015 
 
 260 
 
 500 
 
 600 
 
 1112 
 
 940 
 
 1724 
 
 520 
 
 271 
 
 1200 
 
 648 
 
 1880 
 
 1026 
 
 270 
 
 518 
 
 610 
 
 1130 
 
 950 
 
 1742 
 
 540 
 
 282 
 
 1220 
 
 659 
 
 1900 
 
 1038 
 
 280 
 
 536 
 
 620 
 
 1148 
 
 960 
 
 1760 
 
 560 
 
 293 
 
 1240 
 
 670 
 
 1920 
 
 1049 
 
 290 
 
 554 
 
 630 
 
 1166 
 
 970 
 
 1778 
 
 580 
 
 305 
 
 1260 
 
 681 
 
 1940 
 
 1060 
 
 300 
 
 572 
 
 640 
 
 1184 
 
 980 
 
 1796 
 
 600 
 
 316 
 
 1280 
 
 693 
 
 1960 
 
 1071 
 
 310 
 
 590 
 
 650 
 
 1202 
 
 990 
 
 1814 
 
 620 
 
 327 
 
 1300 
 
 705 
 
 1980 
 
 1082 
 
 320 
 
 608 
 
 660 
 
 1220 
 
 1000 
 
 1832 
 
 640 
 
 338 
 
 1320 
 
 716 
 
 2000 
 
 1093 
 
 330 
 
 626 
 
 670 
 
 1238 
 
 1010 
 
 1850 
 
 660 
 
 349 
 
 1340 
 
 727 
 
 2020 
 
 1105 
 
 340 
 
 644 
 
 680 
 
 1256 
 
 1020 
 
 1868 
 
 680 
 
 360 
 
 1360 
 
 738 
 
 2040 
 
 1116 
 
 350 
 
 662 
 
 690 
 
 1274 
 
 1030 
 
 1886 
 
 700 
 
 371 
 
 1380 
 
 749 
 
 2060 
 
 1127 
 
 360 
 
 680 
 
 700 
 
 1292 
 
 1040 
 
 1904 
 
 720 
 
 382 
 
 1400 
 
 760 
 
 2080 
 
 1138 
 
 370 
 
 698 
 
 710 
 
 1310 
 
 1050 
 
 1922 
 
 740 
 
 393 
 
 1420 
 
 771 
 
 2100 
 
 1149 
 
 380 
 
 716 
 
 720 
 
 1328 
 
 1060 
 
 1940 
 
 760 
 
 405 
 
 1440 
 
 782 
 
 2120 
 
 1160 
 
 390 
 
 734 
 
 730 
 
 1346 
 
 1070 
 
 1958 
 
 780 
 
 416 
 
 1460 
 
 793 
 
 2140 
 
 1171 
 
 400 
 
 752 
 
 740 
 
 1364 
 
 1080 
 
 1976 
 
 800 
 
 427 
 
 1480 
 
 804 
 
 2160 
 
 1182 
 
 410 
 
 770 
 
 750 
 
 1382 
 
 1090 
 
 1994 
 
 820 
 
 438 
 
 1500 
 
 816 
 
 2180 
 
 1193 
 
 420 
 
 788 
 
 760 
 
 1400 
 
 1100 
 
 2012 
 
 840 
 
 449 
 
 1520 
 
 827 
 
 2200 
 
 1204 
 
 430 
 
 806 
 
 770 
 
 1418 
 
 1110 
 
 2030 
 
 860 
 
 460 
 
 1540 
 
 838 
 
 2220 
 
 1216 
 
 440 
 
 824 
 
 780 
 
 1436 
 
 1120 
 
 2048 
 
 880 
 
 471 
 
 1560 
 
 849 
 
 2240 
 
 1227 
 
 450 
 
 842 
 
 790 
 
 1454 
 
 1130 
 
 2066 
 
 900 
 
 482 
 
 1580 
 
 860 
 
 2260 
 
 1238 
 
 460 
 
 860 
 
 800 
 
 1472 
 
 1140 
 
 2084 
 
 920 
 
 493 
 
 1600 
 
 871 
 
 2280 
 
 1249 
 
 470 
 
 878 
 
 810 
 
 1490 
 
 1150 
 
 2102 
 
 940 
 
 504 
 
 1620 
 
 882 
 
 2300 
 
 1260 
 
 480 
 
 896 
 
 820 
 
 1508 
 
 1160 
 
 2120 
 
 960 
 
 516 
 
 1640 
 
 893 
 
 2320 
 
 1271 
 
 490 
 
 914 
 
 830 
 
 1526 
 
 1170 
 
 2138 
 
 980 
 
 527 
 
 1660 
 
 904 
 
 2340 
 
 1283 
 
 500 
 
 932 
 
 840 
 
 1544 
 
 1180 
 
 2156 
 
 1000 
 
 538 
 
 1680 
 
 915 
 
 2360 
 
 1294 
 
 510 
 
 950 
 
 850 
 
 1562 
 
 1190 
 
 2174 
 
 1020 
 
 549 
 
 1700 
 
 927 
 
 2380 
 
 1305 
 
 RULES FOR CONVERSION 
 
 To change Centigrade to Fahrenheit, multiply by 9 and divide 
 by 5, add 32. Result is equivalent Fahrenheit temperature. 
 
 To change Fahrenheit to Centigrade, subtract 32, multiply 
 remainder by 5 and divide by 9. Result is equivalent Centigrade 
 temperature. 
 
 [82] 
 
AL 
 
 o 
 
 fc 
 
 LOY STEEL IN STOCK 
 
 O^OOCM ooeooj-^ ouseot^ ooosc 
 icio-*-* (MT-CCOOO r-io<MOJ coeor 
 
 3 
 
 2?2ico Joc$< 
 
 t>- ic co o r>- ^# I-H < 
 
 co^us uscitx 
 
 **< Tjl 1C O ?J 
 
 <M (MCOCO 
 
 )Ort< OO<M COO 
 <M CO Q 10 0? rt< 
 
 I-H cq <M e<coeo * 
 
 ^f ^ * OO CO CO *-H c 
 
 )U5 OU3 
 
 iO O < 
 
 s o 
 
 'i-H CO U5t~< 
 
 i-H T^ T-* r-< i 4 C<l C^ C<I CO CO ^* *C CO CO t^- O5 O 
 
 00 O5O 
 
 C^l CO 1C 
 
 88S 
 
 > **< O<M T*ICO 
 
 >i-H CO 1C ^t<CO 
 
 O tt<^^ OO 
 
 iif5 COlr-OOO -< 
 
 t CO -^t* i t OO 1C C3 Oi i-H CO CO OO O CO 1 
 COt^OOO ^-ICOICCO ^-(ICOSCO OOtNK 
 
 TH 1-* T-t T-( T-t <M (M IM CO CO * I 
 
 jss s^: 
 
 ) CO CO ^ 1C CO CO 1>- C5 f^ CO 
 
 t^CCCOUS IC-^CCCM -H < 
 
 cncot^i-H icost^us co< 
 
 I(MCO -*-*iO!C 
 
 C<ICOC33-H C<l^t*lCCO rHT^l--O COlCCOO 
 
 
 (MCOr-110 OT*ICOCO 005 
 t^O-^t^ r-CT*(T-COO IC^H 
 
 (M <M(M IM 
 
 ggg 
 
 [83] 
 
JOSEPH T. RYERSON 
 
 SON 
 
 WEIGHT OF ROUND AND SQUARE STEEL 
 PER LINEAL INCH 
 
 Size 
 
 Round 
 
 Square 
 
 Size 
 
 Round 
 
 Square 
 
 Size 
 
 Round 
 
 Square 
 
 
 
 .00 
 
 .0000 
 
 
 
 2.01 
 
 2.55 
 
 
 
 8.03 
 
 10.2 
 
 1-16 
 
 .00 
 
 .0011 
 
 1-16 
 
 2.09 
 
 2.658 
 
 1-16 
 
 8.20 
 
 10.416 
 
 1-8 
 
 .00 
 
 .0044 
 
 1-8 
 
 2.18 
 
 2.767 
 
 1-8 
 
 8.37 
 
 10.633 
 
 3-16 
 
 .00 
 
 .0995 
 
 3-16 
 
 2.27 
 
 2.88 
 
 3-16 
 
 8.54 
 
 10,850 
 
 1-4 
 
 .01 
 
 .0177 
 
 1-4 
 
 2.36 
 
 2.993 
 
 1-4 
 
 8.71 
 
 11.067 
 
 5-16 
 
 .02 
 
 .0278 
 
 5-16 
 
 2.45 
 
 3.110 
 
 5-16 
 
 8.89 
 
 11.292 
 
 3-8 
 
 .03 
 
 .0398 
 
 3-8 
 
 2.54 
 
 3.227 
 
 3-8 
 
 9.07 
 
 11.517 
 
 07-16 
 
 .04 
 
 .0542 
 
 7-16 
 
 2.64 
 
 3.348 
 
 R 7-16 
 
 9.25 
 
 11.742 
 
 1-2 
 
 .06 
 
 .0708 
 
 i_ 2 
 
 2.73 
 
 3.471 
 
 i_ 2 
 
 9.43 
 
 11.967 
 
 9-16 
 
 .07 
 
 .0897 
 
 9-16 
 
 2.83 
 
 3.595 
 
 9-16 
 
 9.61 
 
 12.208 
 
 5-8 
 
 .09 
 
 .1107 
 
 5-8 
 
 2.93 
 
 3.723 
 
 5-8 
 
 9.79 
 
 12.433 
 
 11-16 
 
 .11 
 
 .1341 
 
 11-16 
 
 3.03 
 
 3.853 
 
 11-16 
 
 9.98 
 
 12.675 
 
 3-4 
 
 .13 
 
 .1580 
 
 3-4 
 
 3.14 
 
 3.985 
 
 3-4 
 
 10.16 
 
 12.908 
 
 13-16 
 
 .15 
 
 .1870 
 
 13-16 
 
 3.24 
 
 4.118 
 
 13-16 
 
 10.35 
 
 13.15 
 
 7-8 
 
 .17 
 
 .2166 
 
 7-8 
 
 3.35 
 
 4.254 
 
 7-8 
 
 10.54 
 
 13.4 
 
 15-16 
 
 .20 
 
 .2490 
 
 15-16 
 
 3.46 
 
 4.392 
 
 15-16 
 
 10.74 
 
 13.633 
 
 
 
 .22 
 
 .2833 
 
 
 
 3.57 
 
 4.533 
 
 
 
 10.93 
 
 13.883 
 
 1-16 
 
 .25 
 
 .3209 
 
 1-16 
 
 3.68 
 
 4.776 
 
 1-16 
 
 11.13 
 
 14.133 
 
 1-8 
 
 .28 
 
 .3585 
 
 1-8 
 
 3.80 
 
 4.821 
 
 1-8 
 
 11.33 
 
 14.383 
 
 3-16 
 
 .31 
 
 .3995 
 
 3-16 
 
 3.91 
 
 4.968 
 
 3-16 
 
 11.52 
 
 14.633 
 
 1-4 
 
 .35 
 
 .4426 
 
 1-4 
 
 4.03 
 
 5.117 
 
 1-4 
 
 11.73 
 
 14.892 
 
 5-16 
 
 .38 
 
 .4880 
 
 5-16 
 
 4.14 
 
 5.27 
 
 5-16 
 
 11.93 
 
 15.15 
 
 3-8 
 
 .42 
 
 .5356 
 
 3-8 
 
 4.27 
 
 5.423 
 
 3-8 
 
 12.13 
 
 15.409 
 
 1 7-16 
 
 .46 
 
 .5855 
 
 A 7-16 
 
 4.39 
 
 5.579 
 
 7 7-16 
 
 12.34 
 
 15.675 
 
 1 1-2 
 
 .50 
 
 .6375 
 
 * 1-2 
 
 4.52 
 
 5.737 
 
 ' 1-2 
 
 12.55 
 
 15.947 
 
 9-16 
 
 .54 
 
 .6917 
 
 9-16 
 
 4.64 
 
 5.898 
 
 9-16 
 
 12.76 
 
 16.208 
 
 5-8 
 
 .59 
 
 .7481 
 
 5-8 
 
 4.77 
 
 6.061 
 
 5-8 
 
 12.97 
 
 16.475 
 
 11-16 
 
 .64 
 
 .8068 
 
 11-16 
 
 4.90 
 
 6.225 
 
 11-16 
 
 13.18 
 
 16.743 
 
 3-4 
 
 .68 
 
 .8675 
 
 3-4 
 
 5.03 
 
 6.392 
 
 3-4 
 
 13.40 
 
 17.017 
 
 13-16 
 
 .73 
 
 .9308 
 
 13-16 
 
 5.17 
 
 6.562 
 
 13-16 
 
 13.61 
 
 17.300 
 
 7-8 
 
 .78 
 
 .9958 
 
 7-8 
 
 5.30 
 
 6.734 
 
 7-8 
 
 13.84 
 
 17.567 
 
 15-16 
 
 .84 
 
 1.063 
 
 15-16 
 
 5.44 
 
 6.908 
 
 15-16 
 
 14.05 
 
 17.85 
 
 
 
 .89 
 
 .133 
 
 
 
 5.58 
 
 7.083 
 
 
 
 14.28 
 
 18.133 
 
 1-16 
 
 .95 
 
 .2051 
 
 1-16 
 
 5.72 
 
 7.262 
 
 1-16 
 
 14.50 
 
 18.420 
 
 1-8 
 
 .01 
 
 .279 
 
 1-8 
 
 5.86 
 
 7.442 
 
 1-8 
 
 14.73 
 
 18.708 
 
 3-16 
 
 .07 
 
 .355 
 
 3-16 
 
 6.00 
 
 7.624 
 
 3-16 
 
 14.95 
 
 19. 
 
 1-4 
 
 .13 
 
 .435 
 
 1-4 
 
 6.15 
 
 7.81 
 
 1-4 
 
 15.18 
 
 19.283 
 
 5-16 
 
 .19 
 
 .515 
 
 5-16 
 
 6.30 
 
 7.997 
 
 5-16 
 
 15.41 
 
 19.575 
 
 3-8 
 
 .26 
 
 .598 
 
 3-8 
 
 6.45 
 
 8.186 
 
 3-8 
 
 15.65 
 
 19.875 
 
 7-16 
 L !_ 2 
 
 .33 
 .39 
 
 .683 
 .770 
 
 C 7-16 
 1-2 
 
 6.60 
 6.75 
 
 8.375 
 8.567 
 
 87-16 
 1-2 
 
 15.88 
 16.12 
 
 20.167 
 20.467 
 
 9-16 
 
 .46 
 
 .860 
 
 9-16 
 
 6.90 
 
 8.767 
 
 9-16 
 
 16.36 
 
 20.775 
 
 5-8 
 
 .54 
 
 .952 
 
 5-8 
 
 7.06 
 
 8.967 
 
 5.8 
 
 16.60 
 
 21.075 
 
 11-16 
 
 .61 
 
 2.046 
 
 11-16 
 
 7.22 
 
 9.167 
 
 11-16 
 
 16.83 
 
 21.383 
 
 3-4 
 
 .69 
 
 2.083 
 
 3-4 
 
 7.38 
 
 9.367 
 
 3-4 
 
 17.08 
 
 21.692 
 
 13-16 
 
 .76 
 
 2.241 
 
 13-16 
 
 7.54 
 
 9.575 
 
 13-16 
 
 17.32 
 
 22.008 
 
 7-8 
 
 .84 
 
 2.341 
 
 7-8 
 
 7.70 
 
 9.783 
 
 7-8 
 
 17.57 
 
 22.325 
 
 15-16 
 
 .92 
 
 2.445 
 
 15-16 
 
 7.86 
 
 9.992 
 
 15-16 
 
 17.82 
 
 22.633 
 
 - fe 
 
 [84] 
 
ALLOY 
 
 T E E L 
 
 I N 
 
 STOCK 
 
 WEIGHT OF ROUND AND SQUARE STEEL 
 PER LINEAL INCH 
 
 Size 
 
 Round 
 
 Square 
 
 Size 
 
 Round 
 
 Square 
 
 Size 
 
 Round 
 
 Square 
 
 
 
 18.07 
 
 22.950 
 
 
 
 32.13 
 
 40.800 
 
 
 
 50.19 
 
 63.768 
 
 1-16 
 
 18.32 
 
 23.270 
 
 1-16 
 
 32.46 
 
 41.232 
 
 1-16 
 
 50.61 
 
 64.291 
 
 1-8 
 
 18.58 
 
 23.600 
 
 1-8 
 
 32.80 
 
 41.664 
 
 1-8 
 
 51.03 
 
 64.832 
 
 3-16 
 
 18.83 
 
 23.917 
 
 3-16 
 
 33.13 
 
 42.096 
 
 3-16 
 
 51.45 
 
 65.366 
 
 1-4 
 
 19.09 
 
 24.242 
 
 1-4 
 
 33.48 
 
 42.528 
 
 1-4 
 
 51.87 
 
 65.900 
 
 5-16 
 
 19.34 
 
 24.575 
 
 5-16 
 
 33.81 
 
 42.963 
 
 5-16 
 
 52.30 
 
 66.436 
 
 3-8 
 
 19.61 
 
 24.908 
 
 3-8 
 
 34.17 
 
 43.400 
 
 3-8 
 
 52.73 
 
 66.972 
 
 97-16 
 1-2 
 
 19.87 
 20.13 
 
 25.233 
 25.567 
 
 107-16 
 1*1-2 
 
 34.51 
 34.86 
 
 43.833 
 44.268 
 
 1C 7-16 
 10 1-2 
 
 53.16 
 53.59 
 
 67.520 
 68.068 
 
 9-16 
 
 20.40 
 
 25.908 
 
 9-16 
 
 35.21 
 
 44.718 
 
 9-16 
 
 54.02 
 
 68.634 
 
 5-8 
 
 20.67 
 
 26.25 
 
 5-8 
 
 35.56 
 
 45.168 
 
 5-8 
 
 54.46 
 
 69.200 
 
 11-16 
 
 20.93 
 
 26.591 
 
 11-16 
 
 35.91 
 
 45.618 
 
 11-16 
 
 54.89 
 
 69.734 
 
 3-4 
 
 21.21 
 
 26.933 
 
 3-4 
 
 36.27 
 
 46.068 
 
 3-4 
 
 55.33 
 
 70.268 
 
 13-16 
 
 21.48 
 
 27.283 
 
 13-16 
 
 36.62 
 
 46.518 
 
 13-16 
 
 55.77 
 
 70.834 
 
 7-8 
 
 21.76 
 
 27.633 
 
 7-8 
 
 36.98 
 
 46.968 
 
 7-8 
 
 56.21 
 
 71.400 
 
 15-16 
 
 22.03 
 
 27.983 
 
 15-16 
 
 37.33 
 
 47.418 
 
 15-16 
 
 56.66 
 
 71.966 
 
 
 
 22.31 
 
 28.333 
 
 
 
 37.70 
 
 47.868 
 
 
 
 57.10 
 
 72.533 
 
 1-16 
 
 -22.59 
 
 28.683 
 
 1-16 
 
 38.06 
 
 48.35 
 
 1-16 
 
 57.55 
 
 73.102 
 
 1-8 
 
 22.87 
 
 29.042 
 
 1-8 
 
 38.42 
 
 48.832 
 
 1-8 
 
 57.99 
 
 73.671 
 
 3-16 
 
 23.15 
 
 29.408 
 
 3-16 
 
 38.79 
 
 49.282 
 
 3-16 
 
 58.45 
 
 74.251 
 
 14 
 
 23.44 
 
 29.767 
 
 1-4 
 
 39.16 
 
 49.732 
 
 1-4 
 
 58.90 
 
 74.832 
 
 5-16 
 
 23.72 
 
 30.133 
 
 5-16 
 
 39.53 
 
 50.218 
 
 5-16 
 
 59.35 
 
 75.416 
 
 3-8 
 
 24.01 
 
 30.5 
 
 3-8 
 
 39.90 
 
 50.704 
 
 3-8 
 
 59.81 
 
 76.000 
 
 in 7-16 
 
 24.30 
 
 30.867 
 
 107-16 
 
 40.28 
 
 51.168 
 
 |g7-16 
 
 60.27 
 
 76.566 
 
 "1-2 
 
 24.60 
 
 31.242 
 
 3 1-2 
 
 40.65 
 
 51.632 
 
 
 60.73 
 
 77.132 
 
 9-16 
 
 24.89 
 
 31.617 
 
 9-16 
 
 41.03 
 
 52.116 
 
 9-16 
 
 61.19 
 
 77.726 
 
 5-8 
 
 25.19 
 
 31.983 
 
 5-8 
 
 41.41 
 
 52.600 
 
 5-8 
 
 61.65 
 
 78.316 
 
 11-16 
 
 25.48 
 
 32.358 
 
 11-16 
 
 41.79 
 
 53.100 
 
 11-16 
 
 62.11 
 
 78.908 
 
 3-4 
 
 25.78 
 
 32.741 
 
 3-4 
 
 42.17 
 
 53.600 
 
 3-4 
 
 62.58 
 
 79.500 
 
 13-16 
 
 26.08 
 
 33.125 
 
 13-16 
 
 42.56 
 
 54.066 
 
 13-16 
 
 63.05 
 
 80.084 
 
 7-8 
 
 26.39 
 
 33.508 
 
 7-8 
 
 42.94 
 
 54.532 
 
 7-8 
 
 63.52 
 
 80.668 
 
 15-16 
 
 26.68 
 
 33.900 
 
 15-16 
 
 43.33 
 
 55.032 
 
 15-16 
 
 63.99 
 
 81.275 
 
 
 
 27.00 
 
 34.283 
 
 
 
 43.72 
 
 55.532 
 
 
 
 64.46 
 
 81.883 
 
 1-16 
 
 27.30 
 
 34.675 
 
 1-16 
 
 44.11 
 
 56.032 
 
 1-16 
 
 64.94 
 
 82.481 
 
 1-8 
 
 27.61 
 
 35.075 
 
 1-8 
 
 44.50 
 
 56.532 
 
 1-8 
 
 65.41 
 
 83.080 
 
 3-16 
 
 27.92 
 
 35.458 
 
 3-16 
 
 44.90 
 
 57.032 
 
 3-16 
 
 65.89 
 
 83.690 
 
 1-4 
 
 28.24 
 
 35.858 
 
 1-4 
 
 45.29 
 
 57.532 
 
 1-4 
 
 66.37 
 
 84.300 
 
 5-16 
 
 28.54 
 
 36.258 
 
 5-16 
 
 45.69 
 
 58.032 
 
 5-16 
 
 66.85 
 
 84.919 
 
 3-8 
 
 28.87 
 
 36.658 
 
 3-8 
 
 46.09 
 
 58.532 
 
 3-8 
 
 67.34 
 
 85.532 
 
 11 
 
 29.19 
 29.50 
 
 37.067 
 37.467 
 
 U7-16 
 1-2 
 
 46.49 
 46.90 
 
 59.058 
 59.568 
 
 n7-16 
 1-2 
 
 67.82 
 68.31 
 
 86.150 
 86.768 
 
 9-16 
 
 29.83 
 
 37.875 
 
 9-16 
 
 47.30 
 
 60.084 
 
 9-16 
 
 68.80 
 
 87.400 
 
 5-8 
 
 30.15 
 
 38.291 
 
 5-8 
 
 47.71 
 
 60.600 
 
 5-8 
 
 69.29 
 
 88.032 
 
 11-16 
 
 30.47 
 
 38.700 
 
 11-16 
 
 48.12 
 
 61.118 
 
 11-16 
 
 69.78 
 
 88.666 
 
 3-4 
 
 30.80 
 
 39.117 
 
 3-4 
 
 48.53 
 
 61.636 
 
 3-4 
 
 70.28 
 
 89.300 
 
 13-16 
 
 31.12 
 
 39.533 
 
 13-16 
 
 48.94 
 
 62.168 
 
 13-16 
 
 70.77 
 
 89.924 
 
 7-8 
 
 31.46 
 
 39.875 
 
 7-8 
 
 49.35 
 
 62.700 
 
 7-8 
 
 71.27 
 
 90.548 
 
 15-16 
 
 31.79 
 
 40.375 
 
 15-16 
 
 49.77 
 
 63.234 
 
 15-16 
 
 71.77 
 
 91.174 
 
 [85] 
 
JOSEPH T. RYERSON 
 
 SON 
 
 WEIGHT OF ROUND AND SQUARE STEEL 
 PER LINEAL INCH 
 
 Size 
 
 Round 
 
 Square 
 
 Size 
 
 Round 
 
 Square 
 
 Size 
 
 Round 
 
 Square 
 
 
 
 72.27 
 
 91.800 
 
 
 
 98.37 
 
 124.968 
 
 
 
 128.48 
 
 163.2 
 
 1-16 
 
 72.77 
 
 92.439 
 
 1-16 
 
 98.94 
 
 125.718 
 
 1-16 
 
 129.17 
 
 164.064 
 
 1-8 
 
 73.28 
 
 93.079 
 
 1-8 
 
 99.54 
 
 126.468 
 
 1-8 
 
 129.82 
 
 164.928 
 
 3-16 
 
 73.78 
 
 93.739 
 
 3-16 
 
 100.13 
 
 127.200 
 
 3-16 
 
 130.49 
 
 165.792 
 
 1-4 
 
 74.29 
 
 94.400 
 
 1-4 
 
 100.72 
 
 127.932 
 
 1-4 
 
 131.17 
 
 166.656 
 
 5-16 
 
 74.80 
 
 95.034 
 
 5-16 
 
 101.32 
 
 128.682 
 
 5-16 
 
 131.85 
 
 167.520 
 
 3-8 
 
 75.31 
 
 95.668 
 
 3-8 
 
 101.91 
 
 129.432 
 
 3-8 
 
 132.53 
 
 168.384 
 
 1 ft 7 " 16 
 10 1-2 
 
 75.82 
 76.34 
 
 96.318 
 96.968 
 
 M7-16 
 1-2 
 
 102.51 
 103.11 
 
 130.198 
 130.964 
 
 OA7-16 
 ^1-2 
 
 133.20 
 133.89 
 
 169.248 
 170.112 
 
 9-16 
 
 76.86 
 
 97.634 
 
 9-16 
 
 103.71 
 
 131.732 
 
 9-16 
 
 134.57 
 
 170.982 
 
 5-8 
 
 77.38 
 
 98.300 
 
 5-4 
 
 104.31 
 
 132.500 
 
 5-8 
 
 135.26 
 
 171.852 
 
 11-16 
 
 77.90 
 
 98.966 
 
 11-16 
 
 104.91 
 
 133.266 
 
 11-16 
 
 135.94 
 
 172.726 
 
 3-4 
 
 78.42 
 
 99.632 
 
 3-4 
 
 105.52 
 
 134.032 
 
 3-4 
 
 136.63 
 
 173.600 
 
 13-16 
 
 78.94 
 
 100.282 
 
 13-16 
 
 106.13 
 
 134.816 
 
 13-16 
 
 137. 3p 
 
 174.466 
 
 7-8 
 
 79.47 
 
 100.932 
 
 7-8 
 
 106.73 
 
 135.600 
 
 7-8 
 
 138.02 
 
 175.332 
 
 15-16 
 
 79.99 
 
 101.600 
 
 15-16 
 
 107.35 
 
 136.366 
 
 15-16 
 
 138.71 
 
 176.202 
 
 
 
 80.52 
 
 102.268 
 
 
 
 107.96 
 
 137.132 
 
 25 
 
 139.41 
 
 177.072 
 
 1-16 
 
 81.05 
 
 102.950 
 
 1-16 
 
 108.57 
 
 137.916 
 
 
 . 
 
 
 1-8 
 
 81.59 
 
 103.632 
 
 1-8 
 
 109.19 
 
 138.700 
 
 
 3-16 
 
 82.12 
 
 104.316 
 
 3-16 
 
 109.81 
 
 139.5 
 
 
 1-4 
 
 82.66 
 
 105.000 
 
 1-4 
 
 110.43 
 
 140.300 
 
 
 5-16 
 
 83.19 
 
 105.682 
 
 5-16 
 
 111.05 
 
 141.066 
 
 
 3-8 
 
 83.73 
 
 106.364 
 
 3-8 
 
 111.67 
 
 141.832 
 
 
 1 07-16 
 13 1-2 
 
 84.27 
 84.82 
 
 107.048 
 107.732 
 
 007-16 
 "1-2 
 
 112.29 
 112.92 
 
 142.632 
 143.432 
 
 
 9-16 
 
 85.36 
 
 108.432 
 
 9-16 
 
 113.55 
 
 144.232 
 
 
 5-8 
 
 85.91 
 
 109.132 
 
 5-8 
 
 114.18 
 
 145.032 
 
 
 11-16 
 
 86.45 
 
 109.832 
 
 11-16 
 
 114.81 
 
 145.832 
 
 
 3-4 
 
 87.00 
 
 110.532 
 
 3-4 
 
 115.44 
 
 146.632 
 
 
 13-16 
 
 87.56 
 
 111.232 
 
 13-16 
 
 116.08 
 
 147.450 
 
 
 7-8 
 
 88.11 
 
 111.932 
 
 7-8 
 
 116.72 
 
 148.268 
 
 
 15-16 
 
 88.66 
 
 112.632 
 
 15-16 
 
 117.35 
 
 149.068 
 
 
 
 
 89.22 
 
 113.333 
 
 
 
 118.00 
 
 149.868 
 
 
 1-16 
 
 89.78 
 
 114.032 
 
 1-16 
 
 118.64 
 
 150.684 
 
 
 1-8 
 
 90.34 
 
 114.732 
 
 1-8 
 
 119.28 
 
 151.500 
 
 
 3-16 
 
 90.90 
 
 115.450 
 
 3-16 
 
 119.93 
 
 152.332 
 
 
 1-4 
 
 91.47 
 
 116.168 
 
 1-4 
 
 120.57 
 
 153.164 
 
 
 5-16 
 
 92.03 
 
 116.900 
 
 5-16 
 
 121.22 
 
 153.98 
 
 
 3-8 
 
 92.60 
 
 117.632 
 
 3-8 
 
 121.87 
 
 154.800 
 
 
 M7-16 
 1-2 
 
 93.17 
 93.74 
 
 118.350 
 119.068 
 
 007-16 
 "1-2 
 
 122.52 
 123.18 
 
 155.63 
 156.46 
 
 
 9-16 
 
 94.3 
 
 119.800 
 
 9-16 
 
 123.84 
 
 157.30 
 
 
 5-8 
 
 94.88 
 
 120.53 
 
 5-8 
 
 124.50 
 
 158.13 
 
 
 11-1 
 
 95.46 
 
 121.26 
 
 11-16 
 
 125.1 
 
 158.81 
 
 
 3-4 
 
 96.04 
 
 122.00 
 
 3-4 
 
 125.8 
 
 159.50 
 
 
 13-1 
 
 96.62 
 
 122.73 
 
 13-1 
 
 126.4 
 
 160.50 
 
 
 7-8 
 
 97. 2C 
 
 123.46 
 
 7-8 
 
 127.1 
 
 161.50 
 
 
 15-1 
 
 97.78 
 
 124.21 
 
 15-1 
 
 127.8 
 
 162.35 
 
 
 [86] 
 
ALLOY 
 
 T E E L 
 
 I N 
 
 TOOK 
 
 BAB STEEL 
 WEIGHT PER LINEAL FOOT IN POUNDS 
 
 Size 
 
 Round 
 
 Square 
 
 Hexagon 
 
 Octagon 
 
 K? 
 
 .04 
 
 .05 
 
 .05 
 
 .04 
 
 A' 
 
 .09 
 
 .12 
 
 .10 
 
 .10 
 
 Yt 
 
 .17 
 
 .21 
 
 .19 
 
 .18 
 
 A 
 
 .26 
 
 .33 
 
 .29 
 
 .28 
 
 H 
 
 .38 
 
 .48 
 
 .42 
 
 .40 
 
 ft 
 
 .51 
 
 .65 
 
 .57 
 
 .54 
 
 H 
 
 .67 
 
 .85 
 
 .75 
 
 .70 
 
 
 .85 
 
 1.08 
 
 .94 
 
 .89 
 
 5,g 
 
 1.04 
 
 1.33 
 
 1.17 
 
 1.10 
 
 H 
 
 1.27 
 
 1.61 
 
 1.41 
 
 1.33 
 
 s/ 
 
 1.50 
 
 1.92 
 
 1.68 
 
 1.58 
 
 14 
 
 1.76 
 
 2.24 
 
 1.97 
 
 1.83 
 
 H 
 
 2.04 
 
 2.60 
 
 2.29 
 
 2.16 
 
 IS 
 
 2.35 
 
 3.06 
 
 2.62 
 
 2.48 
 
 
 
 2.67 
 
 3.40 
 
 2.99 
 
 2.82 
 
 IxC 
 
 3.38 
 
 4.30 
 
 3.78 
 
 3.56 
 
 54 
 
 4.17 
 
 5.31 
 
 4.66 
 
 4.40 
 
 3% 
 
 5.05 
 
 6.43 
 
 5.65 
 
 5.32 
 
 J-i 
 
 6.01 
 
 7.65 
 
 6.72 
 
 6.34 
 
 B^ 
 
 7.05 
 
 8.98 
 
 7.89 
 
 7.32 
 
 / 
 
 8.18 
 
 10.40 
 
 9.14 
 
 8.64 
 
 7^ 
 
 9.38 
 
 11.90 
 
 10.50 
 
 9.92 
 
 2" 
 
 10.71 
 
 13.60 
 
 11.95 
 
 11.28 
 
 2i% 
 
 12.05 
 
 15.40 
 
 13.49 
 
 12.71 
 
 2K 
 
 13.60 
 
 17.20 
 
 15.12 
 
 14.24 
 
 2^8 
 
 15.10 
 
 19.20 
 
 16.85 
 
 15.88 
 
 2V 
 
 16.68 
 
 21.20 
 
 18.66 
 
 17.65 
 
 25/ 
 
 18.39 
 
 23.50 
 
 20.58 
 
 19.45 
 
 23/ 
 
 20.18 
 
 25.70 
 
 22.59 
 
 21.28 
 
 t 
 
 22.06 
 
 28.20 
 
 24.69 
 
 23.28 
 
 
 24.10 
 
 30.60 
 
 26.88 
 
 25.36 
 
 i 
 
 26.12 
 
 33.13 
 
 29.16 
 
 27.50 
 
 3J4 
 
 28.30 
 
 35.90 
 
 31.55 
 
 29.28 
 
 gax 
 
 30.45 
 
 38.64 
 
 34.00 
 
 32.10 
 
 22 
 
 32.70 
 
 41.60 
 
 36.59 
 
 34.56 
 
 JJKZ 
 
 35.20 
 
 44.57 
 
 39.24 
 
 37.05 
 
 33/ 
 
 37.54 
 
 47.80 
 
 42.00 
 
 39.68 
 
 4' 
 
 42.72 
 
 54.40 
 
 47.78 
 
 45.12 
 
 4/4 
 
 48.30 
 
 61.40 
 
 53.95 
 
 50.84 
 
 4^ 
 
 54.60 
 
 68.90 
 
 60.48 
 
 56.96 
 
 
 60.30 
 
 76.70 
 
 67.39 
 
 63.52 
 
 5' 
 
 66.80 
 
 85.00 
 
 74.66 
 
 70.60 
 
 
 73.60 
 
 93.70 
 
 82.32 
 
 77.80 
 
 5V6 
 
 80.80 
 
 102.80 
 
 90.36 
 
 85.15 
 
 5% 
 
 88.30 
 
 112.40 
 
 98.76 
 
 93.12 
 
 6 i ' 
 
 96.10 
 
 122.40 
 
 107.52 
 
 101.45 
 
 
 113.20 
 
 143.60 
 
 126.20 
 
 117.12 
 
 7* 
 
 130.80 
 
 166.40 
 
 146.36 
 
 138.24 
 
 8' 
 
 170.88 
 
 217.60 
 
 191.12 
 
 180.48 
 
 9' 
 
 218.40 
 
 275.60 
 
 241.92 
 
 227.84 
 
 10' 
 
 267.20 
 
 340.00 
 
 298.64 
 
 282.40 
 
 11* 
 
 323.00 
 
 411.20 
 
 361.44 
 
 340.60 
 
 12' 
 
 384.00 
 
 489.60 
 
 470.08 
 
 405.80 
 
 For High Speed add 12 per cent to above weights. 
 
 [87] 
 
JOSEPH T. RYERSON & SON 
 
 O O 
 
 cooiO/coo5cocoo5coca 
 10 > to ic oo rH eo c o 
 
 O5 00 00 
 t^i-iiO 
 
 CO 
 (M 
 
 O O O OO 
 
 
 [88] 
 
ALLOY STEEL IN STOCK 
 
 90 3 00 O 3 go O IQ .0 <M co o oo co o 
 
 COOCOCOOCOi>'OcOt>-O^fr l l>OTfrtOt>-' I 
 
 cOOOO<M*OOOOTt<iOOOOC^iOOOOiOOQ 
 <N CO lO CO t>. 00 O"i i <NCOOcoi>OOO<NiOO 
 
 oooooooooooooooooo 
 
 Ot^^r-*OOtO(NcoOOO 
 
 i co oi> o-^ o 
 
 <N C^J C^ CO CO * 
 
 ] 8$&88% 
 
 cc ?? rHO 5 c o??QQ?ooooooooO'-^o 
 
 O CO l>- Oi O (N 
 
 "^ (NO5 
 1C 
 
 K 
 
 ii !00-<*r-<l>.CO&'cO<MO5iOC^-^l>CO 
 (MCOCO-^iO4OCOl>t>.OOOOO5Oi i(MO 
 
 SOCO 
 CO I 
 
 [89] 
 
JOSEPH T . 
 
 R Y 
 
 R S O N 
 
 SON 
 
 TYPICAL TENSILE STRENGTHS OF HEAT TREATED 
 STEEL OF DIFFERENT CARBON CONTENT 
 
 Carbon 
 per Cent. 
 
 Approximate Tensile Strength in Lbs. 
 per Square Inch. 
 
 .05to .10 
 
 47,040 to 60,480 
 
 .lOto .15 
 
 53,760 to 64,960 
 
 .15 to .20 
 
 60,480 to 71,680 
 
 .20 to .25 
 
 64,690 to 76,160 
 
 .25 to .30 
 
 67,200 to 78,400 
 
 .30 to .35 
 
 69,440 to 82,800 
 
 .35 to .40 
 
 78,400 to 91,840 
 
 .40 to .45 
 
 87,360 to 100,800 
 
 .45 to .50 
 
 96,320 to 107,520 
 
 .50to .55 
 
 105,280 to 118,920 
 
 .55 to .60 
 
 112,000 to 123,200 
 
 .60 to .65 
 
 116,480 to 127,680 
 
 .65 to .70 
 
 123,200 to 134,400 
 
 .70 to .75 
 
 129,920 to 138,880 
 
 .75 to .80 
 
 134,400 to 143,360 
 
 .80 to .85 
 
 136,640 to 145,600 
 
 .85 to .90 
 
 141,120 to 150,800 
 
 WORKING TEMPERATURES FOR CARBON STEELS 
 
 NAME 
 
 Carbon 
 Content 
 
 Appro*. 
 Critical 
 Temp. 
 
 Forging 
 Temp. 
 
 Quenching 
 Temp. 
 
 Machinery 
 
 25 
 
 1475 
 
 1650 
 
 1525-1575 
 
 Machinery 
 Machinery. 
 
 0.35 
 45 
 
 1395 
 1385 
 
 1650 
 1650 
 
 1450-1500 
 1435-1485 
 
 Crucible Machy . 
 Crucible Machy . 
 Tool Steel 
 Tool Steel 
 
 50 
 55 
 60 
 70 
 
 1380 
 1375 
 1365 
 1355 
 
 1625 
 1625 
 1600 
 1600 
 
 1430-1480 
 1425-1475 
 1400-1460 
 1400-1460 
 
 Tool Steel . 
 
 80 
 
 1350 
 
 1600 
 
 1375-1450 
 
 Tool Steel 
 Tool Steel 
 
 0.90 
 1 00 
 
 1350 
 1350 
 
 1575 
 1575 
 
 1375-1450 
 1375-1450 
 
 Tool Steel 
 
 1.10 
 
 1350 
 
 1500 
 
 1375-1430 
 
 Tool Steel 
 
 1.20 
 
 1350 
 
 1500 
 
 1375-1420 
 
 Tool Steel. 
 
 1 30 
 
 1350 
 
 1500 
 
 1375-1420 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 [90] 
 
ALLOY 
 
 T E E L 
 
 I N 
 
 STOCK 
 
 MILLIMETER EQUIVALENTS IN INCHES 
 
 Millimeters 
 
 Inches 
 
 Millimeters 
 
 Inches 
 
 Millimeters 
 
 Inches 
 
 
 10 
 
 _ 
 
 .0039 
 
 29 
 
 m 
 
 1 
 
 .1417 
 
 66 
 
 = 
 
 2 
 
 5984 
 
 
 20 
 
 = 
 
 .0079 
 
 30 
 
 = 
 
 1 
 
 .1811 
 
 67 
 
 = 
 
 2 
 
 6378 
 
 
 30 
 
 = 
 
 .0118 
 
 31 
 
 = 
 
 1 
 
 .2205 
 
 68 
 
 = 
 
 2 
 
 6772 
 
 
 40 
 
 = 
 
 .0157 
 
 32 
 
 = 
 
 1 
 
 .2599 
 
 69 
 
 = 
 
 2 
 
 7165 
 
 
 50 
 
 = 
 
 .0197 
 
 33 
 
 = 
 
 1 
 
 .2992 
 
 70 
 
 = 
 
 2 
 
 7559 
 
 
 00 
 
 = 
 
 .0236 
 
 34 
 
 = 
 
 1 
 
 .3386 
 
 71 
 
 = 
 
 2 
 
 7953 
 
 
 70 
 
 M 
 
 .0276 
 
 35 
 
 = 
 
 1 
 
 .3780 
 
 72 
 
 = 
 
 2 
 
 8346 
 
 
 80 
 
 M 
 
 .0315 
 
 36 
 
 = 
 
 
 .4173 
 
 73 
 
 = 
 
 2 
 
 8740 
 
 
 90 
 
 M 
 
 .0354 
 
 37 
 
 = 
 
 
 .4567 
 
 74 
 
 m 
 
 2 
 
 9134 
 
 1 
 
 
 = 
 
 .0394 
 
 38 
 
 = 
 
 
 .4961 
 
 75 
 
 = 
 
 2 
 
 9528 
 
 2 
 
 
 = 
 
 .0787 
 
 39 
 
 = 
 
 
 .5354 
 
 76 
 
 =s 
 
 2 
 
 9921 
 
 3 
 
 
 = 
 
 .1181 
 
 40 
 
 = 
 
 
 .5748 
 
 77 
 
 = 
 
 3 
 
 0315 
 
 4 
 
 
 = 
 
 .1575 
 
 41 
 
 = 
 
 
 .6142 
 
 78 
 
 = 
 
 3 
 
 0/709 
 
 5 
 
 
 = 
 
 .1969 
 
 42 
 
 = 
 
 
 .6536 
 
 79 
 
 = 
 
 3 
 
 1102 
 
 6 
 
 
 = 
 
 .2362 
 
 43 
 
 = 
 
 
 .6929 
 
 80 
 
 = 
 
 3 
 
 1496 
 
 7 
 
 
 = 
 
 .2756 
 
 44 
 
 = 
 
 
 .7323 
 
 81 
 
 = 
 
 3 
 
 1890 
 
 8 
 
 
 
 
 .3150 
 
 45 
 
 = 
 
 
 .7717 
 
 82 
 
 = 3.2283 
 
 9 
 
 
 a- 
 
 .3543 
 
 46 
 
 
 
 
 .8110 
 
 83 
 
 = 
 
 3 
 
 2677 
 
 10 
 
 
 tp 
 
 .3937 
 
 47 
 
 = 
 
 
 .8504 
 
 84 
 
 = 
 
 3 
 
 3071 
 
 11 
 
 
 = 
 
 .4331 
 
 48 
 
 = 
 
 1 
 
 .8988 
 
 85 
 
 = 
 
 3 
 
 3465 
 
 12 
 
 
 . 
 
 .4724 
 
 49 
 
 = 
 
 1 
 
 .9291 
 
 86 
 
 = 
 
 3 
 
 3858 
 
 13 
 
 
 = 
 
 .5118 
 
 50 
 
 = 
 
 1 
 
 .9685 
 
 87 
 
 = 
 
 3 
 
 4252 
 
 14 
 
 
 = 
 
 .5512 
 
 51 
 
 = 
 
 2 
 
 .0079 
 
 88 
 
 = 
 
 3 
 
 4646 
 
 15 
 
 
 . 
 
 .5906 
 
 52 
 
 = 
 
 2 
 
 .0472 
 
 89 
 
 = 
 
 3 
 
 5039 
 
 16 
 
 
 
 
 .6299 
 
 53 
 
 m 
 
 2 
 
 .0866 
 
 90 
 
 = 
 
 3 
 
 5433 
 
 17 
 
 
 M 
 
 .6693 
 
 54 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 .1260 
 
 91 
 
 = 
 
 3 
 
 5827 
 
 18 
 
 
 
 
 .7087 
 
 55 
 
 = 
 
 2 
 
 .1654 
 
 92 
 
 = 
 
 3 
 
 6221 
 
 19 
 
 
 = 
 
 .7480 
 
 56 
 
 =. 
 
 2 
 
 .2047 
 
 93 
 
 = 
 
 3 
 
 6614 
 
 20 
 
 
 = 
 
 .7874 
 
 57 
 
 = 
 
 2 
 
 .2441 
 
 94 
 
 = 
 
 3 
 
 7008 
 
 21 
 
 
 = 
 
 .8268 
 
 58 
 
 = 
 
 2 
 
 .2835 
 
 95 
 
 = 
 
 3 
 
 7402 
 
 22 
 
 
 = 
 
 .8661 
 
 59 
 
 = 
 
 2 
 
 .3228 
 
 96 
 
 = 
 
 3 
 
 7795 
 
 23 
 
 
 = 
 
 .9055 
 
 60 
 
 = 
 
 2 
 
 .3622 
 
 97 
 
 M 
 
 3 
 
 8189 
 
 24 
 
 
 Mfc 
 
 .9449 
 
 61 
 
 = 
 
 2 
 
 .4016 
 
 98 
 
 = 3.8583 
 
 25 
 
 
 = 
 
 .9843 
 
 62 
 
 = 
 
 2 
 
 .4409 
 
 99 
 
 = 3.8976 
 
 26 
 
 
 m 
 
 1.0236 
 
 63 
 
 M 
 
 2 
 
 .4803 
 
 100 
 
 = 
 
 3 
 
 9370 
 
 27 
 
 
 
 
 1 0630 
 
 64 
 
 _ 
 
 2 
 
 .5197 
 
 
 
 
 
 28 
 
 
 = 
 
 1 . 1024 
 
 65 
 
 = 
 
 2 
 
 .5591 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 [91] 
 
JOSEPH T. RYER80N & SON 
 
 TYPICAL FORMULA FOR CARBONIZING 
 
 CHBOME NICKEL STEEL SAE 3120: 
 
 Carbonise at 1625 to 1700 degrees. 
 
 Cool in box and remove. 
 
 Re-heat to 1550 to 1600 degrees. 
 
 Quench in oil. 
 
 Re-heat to 1300 to 1400 degrees. 
 
 Quench in oil or water. 
 
 Draw to from 300 to 450 degrees. 
 
 3^% NICKEL STEEL SAB 2320: 
 
 Carbonize at 1625 to 1675. 
 
 Cool in boxes and remove. 
 
 Re-heat to 1550 to 1575. 
 
 Quench in oil. 
 
 Re-heat to 1300 to 1400 degrees. 
 
 Quench in oil or water. 
 
 Draw to from 300 to 450 degrees. 
 
 CARBON STEEL SAE 1020: 
 
 Carbonize at 1650 to 1700. 
 Cool in boxes and remove. 
 Re-heat to 1550 to 1600. 
 Quench in oil. 
 Re-heat to 1400 to 1450. 
 Quench in oil or water. 
 Draw to about 400 degrees. 
 
 The above formulae are approximate and will be subject to 
 change according to the size of pieces being carbonized and also 
 the depth of penetration required. The final drawing tem- 
 perature will have to be modified, depending on the degree of 
 hardness required in the finished article. 
 
 As in all other heat treating operations, definite formulae for 
 carbonizing can best be obtained by actual experiment and a 
 little time and money spent in this way will be well invested 
 inasmuch as it will save the possible damaging of valuable work. 
 
 [92] 
 
ALLOY 
 
 STEEL 
 
 I N 
 
 STOCK 
 
 
 a 
 
 II 
 
 ggg 
 
 sss 
 
 888888 
 
 333 333 
 
 333 
 
 1 
 
 II 
 
 Hg 
 
 
 
 eoecco eocoeo 
 
 eoeoeo eoeoeo 
 
 333 333 
 
 cccoeo eococo 
 
 333 333 
 
 333 333 
 
 O 1C >O OlOO 
 
 -H r-icq eceoTti 
 
 
 33 
 
 (M 
 
 
 1-1- 
 
 33 
 
 l 
 
 33 
 
 
 1 
 
 J3 
 
 33 
 
 [93] 
 
JOSEPH T 
 
 RYER8ON 
 
 SON 
 
 l! 
 
 SJ2J2 
 
 g 
 
 333 3 
 
 
 la 
 
 s 
 
 5S S 
 
 333 3 
 
 823 1 
 
 3* 
 
 '*V 
 
 l 
 
 ll 
 Is 
 
 oS 
 Id 
 
 <T g 
 
 I 
 
 
 Minimum 
 Maximu 
 
 
 
 w'* 3 
 
 -1* 
 
 222 222 22 
 o 
 
 000 000 00 
 
 333 33 
 
 sss 
 
 ss 
 
 S2S 
 
 00 00 00 00 00 00 5 
 
 o 
 
 333 333 S3 
 
 g SSS g 
 
 . = - 
 
 - 
 
 333 333 33 
 
 [94] 
 
ALLOY 
 
 STEEL IN STOCK 
 
 5O OOO OOO 
 
 S<0 (DfOTl ^H^HI 
 
 
 
 333 333 333 333 
 
 0OU5 0i0 000 000 
 
 **** *T<a> ososos ooco 
 
 888 
 
 sss 
 
 an 
 m 
 
 Min 
 M 
 
 .H^^H ^H^HW <M<MO coeoeo eocoeo 
 
 333 333 333 333 
 S SSS SEE 888 
 
 1J 
 
 1J 
 
 ill sis sss sss sss 
 
 w 
 
 * 
 
 sss sss sss sss sss 
 
 o 
 
 555 
 
 
 
 a I 
 
 i 1 
 
 SSS EE^ 
 
 333 333 333 333 333 
 
 000 000 000 U3iO 000 
 
 oco ioco coeoeo '*'*'* cococo 
 
 sss 
 
 333 333 333 333 333 
 J2i8 cocoJS 8e?5 2co5 S8co 
 
 
 O O USi O 
 
 *c O T-I 03 >O 
 
 eocoeo coeoeo coeoeo 
 
 has 
 
 [95] 
 
THIS BOOK IS DUE ON THE LAST DATE 
 STAMPED BELOW 
 
 AN INITIAL FINE OF 25 CENTS 
 
 WILL BE ASSESSED FOR FAILURE TO RETURN 
 THIS BOOK ON THE DATE DUE. THE PENALTY 
 WILL INCREASE TO 5O CENTS ON THE FOURTH 
 DAY AND TO $1.OO ON THE SEVENTH DAY 
 OVERDUE. 
 
 APR 12 1933 
 
 OCT 21 1933 
 
 V** 
 
 '57T8 
 
 RECTO 
 
 APR 
 
 1319SI 
 
 REC'D Z.D 
 
 MAR 10 1959 
 
YB 1 62 
 
 49448? 
 
 
 UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA LIBRARY