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 ^^w^UNlvE»s//t ^i
 
 MEMOIR OF THE SERVICES 
 
 OP 
 
 THE BENGAL ARTILLERY,
 
 i
 
 MEMOIR OF THE SERVICES 
 
 OF 
 
 THE BENGAL ARTILLERY. 
 
 FROM THE 
 
 FORMATION OF THE CORPS TO THE PRESENT TIME, 
 
 WITH 
 
 SOME ACCOUNT OF ITS INTERNAL. ORGANIZATION. 
 
 BY THE LATE CAPTAIN E. BUCKLE, 
 
 ASSIST. .\DJ.-OEM., BEVOAf, ARTILLERY. 
 
 EDITED BY J. W. KAYE, 
 
 LATK LIKUT. BEN'GAL A RTI LLL ItY . 
 
 LONDON: 
 
 Wm. H. ALLEN & Co., 7, LEADENHALL STREET. 
 
 185.2.
 
 PRINTED BV 
 
 )X (nROTHKRS) AND WVMA.V, GRKATQUEKV 8TRKET, 
 
 mncoln's-inn fields.
 
 
 TO 
 
 LIEUT.-GEN. SIR GEORGE POLLOCK, G.C.B. 
 
 OF THK BENGAL ARTILLERY, 
 
 THIS MEMOIR 
 
 OF THE SERVICES OF A CORPS 
 
 OK WHICH HK IS SO DISTINGUISHED A MEMBER, 
 
 IS AFFKCTIONATKLY INSCfilUKP BY 
 
 HIS SINCERE FRIEND AND ADMIRER, 
 
 THE EDITOR. 
 
 10G6393
 
 ADVERTISEMENT BY THE EDITOR. 
 
 The circumstances under which the greater por- 
 tion of this Memoir was written, are set forth so 
 truthfully in the following passages, taken from an 
 Indian periodical, that I cannot do better than 
 transcribe them : — 
 
 "It was well known for some years before Captain 
 Buckle, driven homewards by the pressure of ill- 
 health, resigned the important regimental office 
 which he had held so creditably to himself and so 
 advantageously to his corps, that he had long been 
 collecting materials for a Memoir of the Bengal 
 Artillery, and had been engaged, in brief intervals 
 of leisure, in their arrangement and reproduction in 
 the form of an elaborate work of military history. 
 In the immediate circle of his own private friends 
 it was known, moreover, how deep was the interest 
 that he took in the progress of this work ; how 
 laboriously he pursued his investigations into the 
 past history of his regiment ; and what gratification
 
 VUl ADVERTISEMENT. 
 
 it afforded him, in the midst of much that was 
 necessarily dull and thankless, to exhume, out of 
 a mass of long-buried records, or a heap of printed 
 volumes with the damp of years upon them, some 
 neglected historical fact, some forgotten statistics, 
 or some illustrative anecdote which had never 
 reached the ears of the present generation. It 
 was emphatically a labour of love. It was the 
 recreation, after hours of office drudgery, of the 
 last few years of his sojourn in India, — of the 
 last few years of his life. His health had been for 
 some time perceptibly failing ; and for many months 
 before he finally determined to turn his back upon 
 Dum-Dum, he had suffered under one of the most 
 distressing and most fatal disorders of the country. 
 Like many others, who have been buoyed up by 
 such delusive hopes, he thought that he could 
 weather it out a little longer. Intervals of seem- 
 ing convalescence gave him new confidence and 
 courage ; and he was disinclined to anticipate the 
 date at which he had originally designed to visit 
 Great Britain. But the hot weather of 1846 tried 
 him severely ; his disorder was aggravated ; and at 
 last he reluctantly determined to strike his tent, 
 and to seek renewed health beneath the milder sun
 
 ADVERTISEMENT. ix 
 
 of his native country. He embarked on board the 
 steamer leaving Calcutta in September ; and it was 
 hoped that the sea-breeze would check the progress 
 of his malady ; but as the vessel steamed down the 
 bay, he grew worse and worse, and on the 19th of 
 that month, off the island of Ceylon, he rendered 
 back his soul to his Maker. 
 
 " It was, we believe, one of his last expressions 
 of earthly solicitude, that the manuscript of the 
 Memoir of the Bengal Artillery, on which he had 
 been so long and anxiously employed, should be 
 given over to his executor, an old brother officer 
 and most esteemed friend, to be dealt with as might 
 seem best to him. It was the known wish of the 
 deceased, that the work should be j)ublished : 
 indeed, the thought of laying before the world 
 a fitting memoir of the distinguished regiment to 
 which he was attached, had often, in hours of sick- 
 ness and weariness, been a solace and a stimulant to 
 him. It is an ambition worthy of any soldier, to be 
 the historian of his corps."* 
 
 The manuscript was placed in my hands by 
 Captain Buckle's executor, and I undertook to see 
 it safely through the press. The Memoir was 
 * Calcutta Rceieic.
 
 X ADVERTISEMENT. 
 
 brought down by the author to the close of the 
 Afghan war ; but during the interval which had 
 elapsed since he laid down the pen, the Sikhs had 
 crossed the Punjab, and the battles of Moodkhee, 
 Ferozshuhur, Aliwal, and Sobraon had been fought. 
 It seemed desirable that some record of these 
 enffaffements should be added to the Memoir, and 
 I attempted to supply what was wanting to com- 
 plete the work. But whilst the sheets containing 
 the annals of this campaign were passing through 
 the press, the second Sikh war broke out, and the 
 further necessity of bringing down the chronicle to 
 the close of that memorable campaign which resulted 
 in the annexation of the Punjab, was imposed upon 
 the editor. Others would have done this more 
 effectively and more expeditiously. My qualifica- 
 tions for the due performance of the work intrusted 
 to me were mainly the cheerfulness with which, 
 both from respect for the memory of the deceased 
 author and affection for the regiment of which I 
 was once a member, I undertook the labours it 
 entailed ; and such aptitude as may be supposed to 
 result from a life spent in literary pursuits. For 
 the three last chapters I alone am responsible. I 
 am indebted to others for the information they
 
 ADVPmTIhEMENT. XI 
 
 contain; but if any errors should appear in them, 
 they must be laid to the account of my misuse of 
 the materials placed at my disposal. 
 
 That, valuable and interesting as are many of 
 the details of this Memoir, it would have been 
 more interesting and more valuable if Captain 
 Buckle had lived to complete it, is no mere 
 conjecture of mine. The marginal pencil notes 
 which appear on the face of the manuscript, indi- 
 cate the writer's intention of furnishing fuller infor- 
 mation on many important points already touched 
 upon, and of supplying many additional details 
 which in the progress of the work had escaped 
 his notice, but which subsequent inquiries, or, in 
 some instances, the suggestions of friends, had 
 enabled him to introduce, and which would have 
 been introduced had he lived to superintend the 
 passage of his Memoir through the press. It is 
 certain, too, that the details in the concluding- 
 chapters would have been more accurate and more 
 complete. I have followed the original manuscript, 
 as far as it went, with scarcely the alteration of a 
 word ; and I have endeavoured, in the concluding 
 chapters, as nearly as possible to retain tlie manner 
 of the original work.
 
 Xll ADVERTISEMENT. 
 
 Some apology is due tor the delay which has 
 occurred in placing the Memoir before the public. 
 This has been occasioned partly by the necessity of 
 obtaining original information relative to the events 
 of the Sikh campaign, and partly by the pressure 
 of other literary engagements which have absorbed 
 the editor's time. In the record of the great 
 victory of Goojrat, the history of the achievements 
 of the Bengal Artillery has a fitting termination ; 
 and I can hardly regret the delay which has en- 
 abled me to chronicle, however inefficiently, the 
 services of so many of my distinguished cotempora- 
 ries in the course of the last few memorable years. 
 
 J. W. K.
 
 CONTENTS. 
 
 CHAPTER I. 
 
 Introduction — Artillery previous to 1756 — Destruction of 1st 
 Company in Black-hole — Recapture of Calcutta — Plassey — 
 Re-formation of 1st Company ; 2nd Company and 3rd Com- 
 pany raised — Campaigns of Colonel Calliaud, Major Adams, 
 &c. — Massacre at Patna — 4tli Company raised — Major 
 Munro's Campaigns — Artillery attached to brigades — Artil- 
 lery Companies formed into a Battalion — Board of Ordnance 
 — Practice-ground near Dum-Dum — Three Companies of 
 Artillery raised for Nawab of Oude — Transferred to the 
 Establishment — Artillery formed into a Brigade, p. 1 — /»3. 
 
 CHAPTER II. 
 
 Reduction of Golundaz Battalion — Formation of Regiment into 
 Two European Battalions with Ten Battalions of Lascars — 
 Goddard's Expedition — Popham's Capture of Gwalior — Insur- 
 rection at Benares — Attacks on Pateeta, Luteefpoor, and Siege 
 of Bidgcgurh — Colonel Pearse's Expedition to the Coast — 
 Reduction of Golundaz Companies — Transport Train, Foun- 
 dry, Powder-works — Reduction in Establishment — Pay — 
 Artillery formed into One European Battalion of Ten Com- 
 panies — Lascar Battalions abolished — Battalion Guns— Artil- 
 lery formed into Three European Battalions, Lascars into 
 Thirty Companies, p. .'>4 — 10(1.
 
 XIV CONTENTS. 
 
 CHAPTER III. 
 
 Artillery, one of the brigades of the army — An Infantry Officer, 
 Brigade-Major — Succeeded by an Artillery Officer — Dress — 
 School orders — School — Inoculation — Companies numbered 
 by seniority — Method of exploding mortar-shells on reaching 
 the ground — Fire in the arsenal — Death of Colonel Pearse — 
 Lieut.-Coloncl G. Deare, Commandant — War in the Carnatic 
 — Second Battalion of Artillery sent — Sattimungulum — Ban- 
 galore — Retreat from Seringapatam — Nundydroog — Saven- 
 droog — Attack on fortified camp at Seringapatam — Return to 
 Bengal,;?. 107 — 162. 
 
 CHAPTER IV. 
 
 Materiel organization, and its successive changes — Guns and 
 carriages first used — Royal pattern — Madras pattern — Am- 
 munition-carriages — Tumbrils — Horse Artillery ammunition- 
 carriage — Elevating-screws — Ordnance in use — Siege -car- 
 riages — Howitzer and Mortar combined carriage — Gribeau- 
 val's pattern — French caisson — Hard wick e's pattern — Horse 
 Artillery guns — Mountain -train carriages — Siege-carriages 
 and ordnance — Royal pattern (block trail) — Gun and Ammu- 
 nition carriages introduced, p. 16.3 — 198. 
 
 CHAPTER V. 
 
 Reorganization in 1706 of the army — Successive additions to 
 Artillery companies — Ceylon — Seringapatam — Introduction 
 of Horse Artillery — Egypt — Deficiency of Artillery — Organ- 
 ization of 1801-2 — Composition of the regiment — Foreign 
 service — Sieges of Sarsnee, Bidgygurh, and Cutchwarah, 
 p. 199 — 248. 
 
 CHAPTER VI. 
 
 Lord Lake's Campaigns — Captain Hutchinson's proceedings in the 
 neighbourhood of Rampoorah — Sieges of Komona, Gunnourie,
 
 CONTENTS. XV 
 
 and Adjeegurh — Augmentatioii by adding (jloluudaz — Increase 
 of Horse Artillery — Ordnance-drivers organized — Colonel 
 Horsford, Commandant — Expeditions to the Isle of France 
 and Java — Bundlecund Campaigns — Callingur — Gribcauval 
 l)attern carriages introduced — Additional Golundaz companies 
 — Head-quarters removed to Dum-Dnm, ^>. 249 — 311. 
 
 CHAPTER VII. 
 
 Campaigns against the Goorkhas — Rocket Troop raised — Bom- 
 bardment of Hattrass — Death of Sir John Horsford — Ord- 
 nance General Officers debarred the General Staff — Conceded 
 to them — Guns formed into Batteries — Organization of 1818 
 — Pindarrie and Mahratta Campaigns — Gun Carriage Agency 
 — Ordnance Commissariat Department — Commandants' posi- 
 tion improved — Model Department — Select Committee formed 
 — Reduction of Lascars — Increase to Golundaz — Battalion 
 system introduced into Bengal — Burmese War — Siege of 
 Bhurtpoor — Increase to the Regiment, p. 312 — 391. 
 
 CHAPTER YIII. 
 
 Reductions — Half-batta order — Further reductions — Brevet of 
 Colonel given to Lieutenant-Colonels Commandant — Altera- 
 tions in uniform — Shekawattee Campaign — Establishment of 
 Retiring Fund — The Afghan Campaign — Capture of Ghuznee 
 — Services of the Artillery — March to Bameean — Our disas- 
 ters at Canbul — Nichol's troop — The Army of Retribution 
 — Pollock's force — Honours to the Artillery, p. 392 — 451. 
 
 CHAPTER IX. 
 
 State of affairs at Gwalior — The Army of Exercise — The battle 
 of Maharajpore — Want of heavy ordnance — The Battle of 
 Punniah — The Gwalior contingent — Honours conferred on
 
 XVI CONTENTS, 
 
 the Artillery — The Ordnance Commissariat remodelled — The 
 Artillery in Sindli — Reorganization of the Regiment — In- 
 crease of horse- batteries, p. 452 — 4G6. 
 
 CHAPTER X. 
 
 The iSikh invasion — Battle of Moodkee — Services of the Artil- 
 lery — Battle of Ferozcshuhur — Scarcity of ammunition — 
 Measnres taken for its prevention — The Artillery reinforced — 
 Affair at Buddowal — Battle of Aliwal — Battle of Sobraon — 
 Honours conferred on the Artillery — The Occupation of 
 Lahore, />. 467— .^16. 
 
 CHAPTER XI. 
 
 Kote Kangra — Use of Elephant-draught — Interval of Peace — 
 Reassembling of the Array — Mooltan — Ramnuggur — Chil- 
 lian wallah — Fall of Mooltan — Goojrat — Close of the Sikh War 
 — Honours to the Artillery — Medals — Concluding Remarks, 
 p. 517—571.
 
 MEMOIRS 
 
 THE BENGAL ARTILLERY 
 
 CHAPTER I. 
 
 Introduction — Artillery previous to 1756 — Destruction of 1st 
 Company in Black Hole — Recapture of Calcutta— Plassey — 
 Re-formation of 1st Company; 2nd Comixany and 3rd Com- 
 pany raised — Campaigns of Colonel Calliaud, Major Adams, 
 &c. — Massacre at Patna — 4tli Company raised — Major 
 Munro's Campaigns — Artillery attached to Brigades — Artil- 
 lery Companies formed into a Battalion — Board of Ordnance 
 — Practice-ground near Dum-Dum — Three Companies of 
 Artillery raised for Nawab of Oude — Transferred to the 
 Establishment — Artillery formed into a Brigade. 
 
 Adepts in natural history, from a few fossil bones 
 and teeth, are able to delineate the animal to which 
 they belonged, and from comparing the analogy of 
 the parts, to clothe their skeleton with appropriate 
 covering, thus making, as it were, the animal king- 
 dom of by-gone ages pass in review before the 
 present generation. 
 
 B
 
 Z FIRST COMPANY RAISED. 
 
 A similar talent would be necessary, effectively 
 to rake up the early history of a regiment. Old 
 records preserved in public offices form the fossil 
 bones ; and the " fleshy tenement " with which these 
 are to be clothed must be culled from many a 
 quarter ere the " animal " can be completed ; and 
 when this is done, there still remains the difficult 
 task of giving him life and spirit, or, to drop the 
 metaphor, of rendering the record useful and 
 entertaining. 
 
 Much difficulty besets the undertaking; and, 
 though we are conscious of our want of ability to do 
 full justice to the present task, yet, as w^e believe that 
 a good deal of information not generally known, and 
 collected from sources inaccessible to the majority, 
 is contained in the following pages, and which will 
 be acceptable for its own sake, without reference 
 to the form in which it appears, we have been 
 induced to give publicity to our rough notes. 
 
 The first comjiany of Bengal Artillery was raised 
 in 1749 ; the orders were received, it is believed, 
 from Bombay, then the chief presidency. A com- 
 pany was ordered, at the same time, at each presi- 
 dency, in the Court of Directors' general letter of 
 17th June, 1748. A copy of the warrant for that
 
 MARINE ARTILLERYMEN. 3 
 
 at Madras will be found in the " Artillery Records " 
 for October, 1843, and for Bombay in one of a 
 series of papers entitled " Three Years' Gleanings," 
 which appeared in the E. I. United Service Journal 
 in 1838, and some extracts from which are made 
 hereafter in these pages : the entire warrants are 
 too voluminous for insertion. A similar one was 
 most probably sent to Bengal, but all records 
 perished when Calcutta was taken. 
 
 A'dmiral Boscawen was requested to supply such 
 aid in raising the companies as he could sjiare from 
 the fleet, for gunners ; and the master gunner was 
 appointed to the Bombay company. The companies 
 were to be completed as early as possible, and all 
 the gun-room's crew, who were qualified, were to 
 be included. 
 
 The " gun-room's crew " appears to have been the 
 denomination given to a certain number of men set 
 apart for the duties of the artillery; their officers 
 were called gunners, gunners' mates, &c., and com- 
 bined the magazine duties with the more properly- 
 called duties of artillerymen. 
 
 The new company was to consist of one captain, 
 one second captain, one captain-lieutenant, and 
 three lieutenant fireworkers ; four Serjeants, tour 
 
 B 2
 
 4 PAY OF THE ARTILLERY. 
 
 corporals, three drummers, and one hundred gun- 
 ners ; the established pay was as noted below : — 
 
 Captain and chief engineer .£200 per annum. 
 
 2nd captain and 2nd engineer 150 
 
 Captain-lieutenant, and director \ 
 
 of laboratory J 
 
 Isit lieutenant fireworker 75 
 
 2nd ditto ditto 60 
 
 3rd ditto ditto 50* 
 
 Serjeant 2^. per diem. 
 
 Corporal Is. 6d. „ 
 
 Gunner 1*. „ 
 
 The want of artillery during the wars on the 
 coast from 1746 to 1754, and the impossibility of 
 forming a sufficient number on the spot, induced 
 the Court of Directors to obtain and send out two 
 companies of Royal Artillery to Bombay; and, when 
 the war broke out in 1756, three companies more 
 were sent, with the reinforcements under Clive, to 
 Bombay, and were afterwards distributed among 
 the presidencies. 
 
 With Colonel Aldercron's regiment (39th Foot, — 
 " primus in Indis ") at Madras, there were also forty 
 artillerymen, on its arrival in 1754; these he con- 
 sidered part of his regiment, and they were most 
 
 * There were probably some perquisites or other sources of 
 emolument.
 
 CAPTAIN WITHERINGTON. O 
 
 probably borne on its rolls, and allotted to the 
 duties of the field-pieces attached. 
 
 At Madras, attention seems to have been earlier 
 paid to the military establishment than in Bengal. 
 A field train had been organized in 1755, to which 
 Lieutenant Jennings was appointed adjutant (this 
 oflficer was afterwards transferred to the Bengal 
 presidency), but in Bengal in 1756, on the war with 
 France breaking out, the whole force amounted to 
 only 300 European troops, including the company 
 of artillery raised in 1749. 
 
 In 1756 the company of artillery was commanded 
 by Captain Witherington, and stationed in Fort 
 William, with detachments at the smaller factories, 
 such as Dacca, Balasore, Cossimbazar, Patna, &c. 
 On the siege of Fort William by Sooraj-ul-Dowlah, 
 only forty-five artillerymen were in the garrison, 
 and these, with their commanding officer, perished 
 in the Black Hole. 
 
 The character of Capt. Witherington is sketched 
 in Mr. Holwell's interesting " Narrative " as " a 
 laborious active officer, but confused. There would 
 have been few objections to his character, diligence, 
 or conduct, had he been fortunate in having any 
 commander-in-chief to have a proper eye over him,
 
 6 DEVOTION OF AN ARTIFICER. 
 
 and take care that he did his duty." One point, 
 however, is clear — that whatever his talents or cha- 
 racter may have been, he perished at his post, whilst 
 others deserted theirs. 
 
 An instance of devotion highly honourable is also 
 recorded by Mr. Holwell of a man named Leech, an 
 artificer, most probably of the artillery, " and clerk 
 of the parish, who had made his escape when the 
 Moors entered the fort, and returned just as it was 
 dark to tell me he had provided a boat, and would 
 insure my escape if I would follow him through a 
 passage few were acquainted with, and by which he 
 had entered. I thanked him in the best terms I 
 could, but told him it was a step I could not prevail 
 on myself to take, as I thereby should very ill repay 
 the attachment the gentlemen and garrison had 
 shewn me ; that I was resolved to share their fate, 
 be it what it would, but pressed him to secure his 
 escape without loss of time, to which he gallantly 
 replied that ' then he was resolved to share mine, 
 and would not leave me."'* 
 
 * The following was copied from an inscription in charcoal, 
 on the wall of a small mosque on the declivity of a hill, about a 
 mile from Chunar, and the same distance from the Ganges, in 
 October, 1780:—
 
 ESCAPES FROM THE BLACK HOLE. 7 
 
 The remnants of the company were probably col- 
 lected together at Fultah, and joined the force with 
 
 " This is tbe place of confiuement of Ann Wood, wife to 
 Lieutenant John Wood, taken prisoner by Jaffer Beg, Com- 
 mandant to Sir Roger Dowler, taken out of the house at Cal- 
 cutta where so many unhappy gentlemen suffered ; the said Jaffir 
 Beg obtained promotion of Segour Dowler for his long service, 
 Fouzdar of Chunar Gur." 
 
 " I, Alexander Campbell, was taken, along with the unfortu- 
 nate lady, at eleven years old, by the same persons who after- 
 wards made me an eunuch ; my only employment was to attend 
 this lady, which I did in this place four years. 1762, May 3rd, 
 the said Jaffir Beg sent to acquaint the lady that if she did not 
 consent to live with him the 4th of the said month, she should 
 be strangled, and by my hands. The 3rd, at midnight, we 
 jumped out of this window and got to the river side, where I hired 
 boat for fifty gold rupees, to carry us safe to Chinsurah, where 
 we arrived on the 11th. The first news we heard was that 
 Lieutenant Wood died for grief; soon as she heard this, she fell 
 sick, and died the 27th of the month." 
 
 " Mr. Drake behaved with the greatest imprudence, he did 
 deserve to be shot ! shot ! shot ! 
 
 " Alexander Campbell, I am now in Dowlah's service." 
 
 " N.B. — Mrs. Wood's apartment, and which is all the house 
 consists of, is 9 feet 5 inches by 8 feet 9 inches, and 7 feet 
 9 inches high; the window, 18 inches." 
 
 " Mrs. Bowers was a young woman, and inhabitant of Calcutta 
 
 when it was taken by the Moors in the year , where 
 
 upwards of British subjects were confined in the dungeon ; 
 
 she concealed herself until night in one of the warehouses in the 
 factory, from whence she made her escape on board a small 
 vessel lying in the river opposite the old fort." — HicJcey's Gazette^ 
 1780. 
 
 Neither of these names is mentioned by Plolwell.
 
 8 MADRAS ARTILLERY COMPANY. 
 
 which Clive afterwards avenged our disgrace on its 
 reaching the Ilooghly. In the arrangements made 
 for retaking Calcutta, it was intended that the guns 
 sent from Madras on the Marlborough should have 
 been worked by the artillerymen of Aldercron's 
 regiment. This plan was, how^ever, frustrated by 
 the colonel refusing to allow them to go, unless he 
 accompanied with his regiment, or, in other words, 
 unless the command of the expedition was vested 
 in him. The want of artillerymen was therefore 
 supplied by a detail from the Madras company 
 under Lieutenant Jennings. The actual strength is 
 not known ; but as in February 1757, in the attack 
 on the Nawab's troops near Omichund's garden, we 
 find from Orme that Clive mustered about 100 
 artillerymen, and as not more than 20 or 30 of the 
 old company can be supposed to have escaped, it 
 must have been at least half a company. 
 
 The expedition reached Fultah on the 20th De- 
 cember, 1756, and met with but little opposition (a 
 night attack on the troops landed near Fort Marl- 
 borough being the chief) in the progress to Cal- 
 cutta, which was retaken, after a short cannonade 
 from the shipping, on the 2nd January, 1757. 
 
 To protect Calcutta from the incursions of the 
 

 
 DEFENCE OF CALCUTTA. 
 
 Nawab's army, Clive formed a fortified camp, ^vith 
 outposts around it, about a mile north of the town, 
 and half a mile from the river, on the spot now 
 called Chitpore. This situation was well chosen, as 
 it was impossible for the enemy, when coming from 
 the northward, to enter Calcutta without passing 
 between the camp and salt-water lake (then more 
 extensive than at present), within sight of the 
 camp. Towards the end of January the field ar- 
 tillery was completed by the arrival of the Marl- 
 borough,* which had the greatest part on board. 
 
 On the 3rd February the Nawab's army passed 
 along the Dum-Dum road, leaving it near the turn- 
 ing at the Puckah-bridges, and spreading irregularly 
 over the plain to the eastward of the Mahratta 
 ditch, the Nawab's own camp being pitched in 
 Omichund's garden, the ground now called " Nun- 
 den Bagh." 
 
 Surrounded by so mimerous an enemy, Clive 
 would soon have been straitened for provisions. To 
 prevent this inconvenience, and to alarm a timorous 
 
 * It is probable that Captain (afterwards Sir R.) Barker was 
 in this vessel ; he was tmnsferred from the Royal to the Bengal 
 Artillery, but appears to have been employed in lino commands, 
 and never to have joined the regiment.
 
 10* ADVANCE OF CLIVE. 
 
 enemy, he resolved to surprise their camp before 
 daylight, and for this purpose he marched out from 
 his camp — the artillery, 100 men, and six 6-pounder 
 guns in the rear ; the ammunition on lascars' heads, 
 guarded by sailors ; the sipahis and European bat- 
 talion, leading. At dawn, they came upon the 
 enemy's advanced posts, placed in the ditches of 
 the Dum-Dum road, whom they easily dispersed, 
 and continued their march parallel to the Mahratta 
 ditch until they came opposite Omichund's garden, 
 when the fog, usual at that season, came on and 
 obscured every thing before them ; they proceeded 
 onwards, however, the field-pieces in the rear firing 
 round shot obliquely outwards, until they reached a 
 causeway which ran from the ditch towards the 
 lake, and on which was a barrier ; mounting the 
 causeway, the troops wheeled and marched along 
 it, which brought them under the fire of their own 
 gims, and caused considerable confusion. In order 
 to avoid this, Clive ordered all the troops to cross 
 the causeway and lie down till the firing from 
 the rear could be stopped. Some guns from the 
 ramparts of the Mahratta ditch also opened on 
 them, and made great havoc, so that Clive was 
 forced to continue his march until he reached the
 
 ATTACK ON CHANDERNAGORE. 11 
 
 Bally-a-ghat road, when, turning to his right, he 
 marched up the Boitaconnah and Salt Bazaar to 
 the old fort, abandoning two of his guns, whose 
 carriages broke down, and in the evening regained 
 his camp by the road along the river. 
 
 This expedition, though ill-planned, produced the 
 desired effect on the Nawab, who eagerly desired to 
 enter into terms of accommodation with the British, 
 whose activity he feared. 
 
 In March, the reinforcements arrived from Bom- 
 bay, and an attack on the French settlement of 
 Chandernagore was resolved on ; it was attacked 
 both by land and from the river, the chief attack 
 being made by the ships of w^ar ; the artillery had 
 but a comparatively small part to play. 
 
 The political events which followed, and the 
 intrigues which led to our subsequent hostilities 
 with Sooraj-ul-Dowlah, it is not our province to 
 detail. We purpose only to relate events with 
 which the corps is connected, and accordingly we 
 next join Clive on the 21st June at Cutwah. With 
 his little army, we find 100 artillerymen, eight 
 6-pounder guns, and two howitzers, commanded by 
 Captain Jennings. In the council of war which 
 sat. Captain Jennings's vote was given for an
 
 12 BATTLE OF TLASSEY. 
 
 immediate attack (as recorded in the Life of Clive, 
 while in Sir Eyre Coote's evidence before the 
 Secret Committee, the names and votes of the 
 members are found very differently recorded. 
 Sir Eyre Coote's is more probably the correct 
 list, as he spoke from memoranda) ; the majority 
 were for delay, but Clive, after dissolving the 
 council, followed the dictates of his own bold 
 spirit, and directed the army to cross the river, 
 which was done, and by midnight of the 22nd, the 
 army had reached Plassey. 
 
 The next day the battle took place ; it was 
 chiefly a distant cannonade. The guns were placed 
 three on each flank of the Europeans, and the 
 remainder about 200 yards in advance of the left 
 division of sipahis, sheltered by some brick-kilns, 
 to check the fire of the enemy's guns, manned by 
 the French party, and posted at a tank in front. 
 The shot from the British guns which missed those 
 opposed to them, took effect on the bodies of 
 cavalry and infantry in the rear. The cannonade 
 was sustained till noon, when rain falling damaged 
 the enemy's ammunition, and forced them to slacken 
 their fire. The English fire continued, and Major 
 Kirkpatrick, advancing with a party, drove the
 
 DEFEAT OF THE ENEMY. 13 
 
 French from the tank, and the Enghsh guns were 
 pushed on. 
 
 Meer Jaffier, Mith his troops, at this time ad- 
 vanced, intending to join the British, but was 
 opposed and driven back by a party and the fire of 
 a field gun, under Mr. Johnston, a vokmteer. 
 
 The whole of the guns now cannonaded the 
 enemy's camj) from the high banks of the tank ; the 
 enemy came out, and Clive advanced, posting half 
 his troops and guns at a smaller tank in advance, 
 and the rest on a rising ground about 200 yards to 
 their left ; the French field-pieces renewed their 
 fire, and the enemy's cavalry prepared to charge, 
 but were always driven back by the quick firing of 
 the English field artillery ; the enemy beginning to 
 draw off, the whole British army advanced, and 
 driving them from a redoubt and mound, part of 
 the intrenchment of their camp, about five in the 
 afternoon completed the victory which laid the 
 foundation of our Eastern empire. 
 
 The volunteer, Mr. Johnston, above noticed, 
 was one of the fugitives collected at Fultah. His 
 name is mentioned among those saved at Dacca ; 
 he not improbably belonged to the artillery, and 
 was employed as a clerk in some confidential office.
 
 14 coote's detachment. 
 
 for, in a letter dated in 1765, from himself to Lord 
 Clive, he endeavours to exculpate himself from a 
 charge of disclosing: confidential transactions from 
 his office, preferred against him by Governor Drake. 
 In this letter, he mentions his having been " re- 
 manded to the artillery, his former" occupation, 
 and serving with the army till 1765, when he 
 returned to Calcutta; the date of his removal is, 
 however, uncertain.* 
 
 A detachment was sent forwards towards Patna, 
 under Major Coote, consisting of 230 Europeans, 
 800 sipahis, 50 lascars, and two 6-pounders, but 
 much delay occurred in starting, owing to the 
 debaucheries ensuing on the plunder gained at 
 Plassey. It was protracted by a mutinous spirit on 
 the way, so that the French party had, by the time 
 they arrived, rendered their position at Patna too 
 strong, and the detachment returned to Cossim- 
 bazaar in September. The remainder of the army 
 was removed to Chandernagore. 
 
 ToM'ards the close of the year 1757, a second 
 advance, with a stronger party, and Clive at its 
 head, was made, and an arrangement satisfactory to 
 
 * This man was afterwards a member of couucil, and a bitter 
 opponent of Clive.
 
 RE-ORGANIZATION OF THE ARMY. 15 
 
 the British having been concluded, he returned to 
 Moorshedabad in May, 1758. 
 
 His first care was to organize the army, and in 
 doing this, the coast army was taken as a model ; a 
 company of artillery was raised in Fort William, 
 29th June, from the men who had served at Plassey. 
 Lieutenant Jennings was promoted to its captaincy, 
 and this may be considered as the first company of 
 the present establishment, and bears at present, 
 after many changes of numbers in the successive 
 formations of the regiment, the denomination of 
 1st company, 4th battalion. 
 
 A second company was raised at Cossimbazaar on 
 the 19tli September, the party mentioned above as 
 being left there most probably having been incor- 
 porated in it : Captain Broadbridge or Broadburn, 
 from the Royal Artillery, was its captain. 
 
 The company of Royal Artillery* which came 
 from Bombay accompanied Colonel Forde's detach- 
 ment to Masulipatam in April, 1759, and aided in 
 that brilliant operation, but did not return with the 
 
 * Tins was rather a detachment of Royal, Bombay, and Ben- 
 gal Artillery ; Lieutenants WiuwooJ and Kincb, of the Bengal 
 Artillery, seem to have been with it, but nothing very distinct 
 can be ascertained.
 
 16 PATNA TAKEN. 
 
 detachment after the campaign. Since that period 
 no Royal Artillery have served in Bengal, except in 
 1798, when a company was in Fort William ; but 
 this probably was a temporary arrangement, the 
 company coming to Bengal en route to Ceylon. 
 
 In 1759, a combination having been entered into 
 against the British, the English troops, aided by 
 Meer Jaffier, marched towards Patna, against the 
 Shahzadah ; Patna was taken, a garrison left, and 
 Clive returned to Calcutta, Colonel Calliaud having 
 joined him first at Berhampoor, with 300 Europeans, 
 1,000 sipahis, 50 artillerymen, and 6 guns. The 
 artillerymen, there is reason to suppose, belonged 
 to the 2nd company. 
 
 The battalion of sipahis left at Patna with two 
 6-pounders and 70 Europeans, under Lieutenant 
 Cochrane, was defeated in an engagement into 
 which they were forced, in assisting our ally Ram- 
 narain against the Emperor's forces, in January, 
 1760. 
 
 The conduct of the European troops is spoken of 
 as highly creditable. The European officers of the 
 sipahis all fell, and the sipahis were cut to pieces 
 or dispersed. The English who remained fought 
 their way back to the city under Doctor Fullerton.
 
 GALLANTRY OF THE ARTILLERY. 17 
 
 " Other English officers may have been present," 
 says the author of the Siyar-ul-Mutakherin, " whose 
 names I know not, who ranged them in order, and 
 as one of their guns was to be left behind on the 
 field of battle, they found means to render it of no 
 avail, by thrusting a large needle of iron into its 
 eye ; the other being in good condition, they took 
 it with them, -together with its ammunition ; and 
 that handful of men had the courage to retire in 
 the face of a victorious army, without once shrinking 
 from their ranks ; during their journey, the car of 
 ammunition chanced to receive some injury, the 
 Doctor stopped unconcernedly, and after having 
 put it in order, he bravely pursued his route 
 again." 
 
 Lieutenant Buck, of the artillery, was killed in 
 this action. 
 
 Calliaud's advance having been delayed by his 
 allies, he did not engage the enemy till the 22nd 
 February, near Sooraj, and the same cause pre- 
 vented his following up the advantage. 
 
 The 50 artillerymen of the 2nd company were 
 engaged in this action, and the carriages of four 
 of their guns broke down during the engagement, 
 causing some delay in repairing them. 
 
 c
 
 18 FORMATION OF THE THIRD COMPANY. 
 
 After his defeat, the Emperor fled, and endea- 
 voured to double back and surprise Moorshedabad 
 ere Calliaud couhl overtake him. In this, however, 
 he failed ; the British pursued in boats, and coming 
 up with him, he struck across the Currukpoor hills. 
 The British disembarked and followed him. After a 
 difficult march, the Emperor emerged from the hills, . 
 about 30 miles from Moorshedabad. The English 
 and Jaffier had, however, joined, and on their 
 attacking him, he set fire to his camp and fled. 
 
 To secure Patna, a detachment of 200 Europeans, 
 a battalion of sipahis, and four field-pieces, marched 
 from Moorshedabad, under Captain Knox, in May, 
 1760, and, marching with the utmost rapidity, 
 reached it in thirteen days. Crossing the river, this 
 little band attacked and defeated the army of the 
 Naib of Purneah, who had come to the Emperor's 
 assistance, near Mozufferpore, on the 27th May. 
 
 A third company of artillery was formed on the 
 26th May, 1760,* in Fort William, promoting 
 Captain-Lieutenant Kinch ; but there is reason to 
 believe he remained with the second company, 
 until Captain Broadbridge's death, in 1761, gave 
 him the command. 
 
 * This date is doubtful.
 
 SEIZURE OF PATNA. 19 
 
 Colonel Calliaud having been succeeded by Major 
 Carnac, returned to Calcutta; the latter pursued 
 the Emperor's forces to Gyah Maunpoor, where he 
 overtook and completely routed him in January, 
 1761. Mr. Law, the head of the French party, was 
 captured in this engagement. 
 
 The 2nd company of artillery, under Captain 
 Broadbridge and Captain-Lieutenant Kinch, shared 
 in these transactions, and remained as part of the 
 garrison of Patna. 
 
 It forms no part of our plan to enter into the 
 history of such occurrences as those which led to 
 the dismissal of the members of council from the 
 Company's service, and placed Mr. Ellis in charge 
 of the factory at Patna ; or to examine whether our 
 subsequent misfortunes are attributable to his 
 mismanagement. For information on such points we 
 must refer the reader to the histories of the times. 
 
 Many points of difference arose with the Nawab, 
 Meer Cossim, which led to various misunderstandings; 
 they w^ere brought to a crisis by the British, on 
 Mr. Ellis's order, surprising and seizing Patna, on 
 the 26th .June, 1763. Mr. Amyatt was attacked 
 and killed near Moorshedabad, by order of Cossim 
 Ali, whom he had left only two days before, having 
 
 c 2
 
 20 MARCH IN THE RAINS. 
 
 been deputed to him at Mongliyr by the Council, 
 and this brought on open war. 
 
 The energy shewn at first was, however, suffered 
 to die away, and the troops in Patna dispersing for 
 phinder, the late governor of the city rallied his 
 men, and, being joined by a reinforcement from 
 Monghyr, attacked and drove out the British, who, 
 spiking their guns, retired to Bankipore, and after- 
 wards fied in boats to their factory at Manjee, near 
 Chuprah ; where the whole, and among them the 
 company of artillery, were taken prisoners. 
 
 The prisoners taken were sent to Monghyr, and 
 there confined with others captured at Cossimbazar, 
 which factory was plundered about the same time. 
 
 On the news of these disasters, the English army, 
 under Major Adams, moved from their cantonments 
 at Ghyrettee early in July. The first company of 
 artillery was with this force, under the command of 
 Captain Jennings. 
 
 In the present day it would scarcely be deemed 
 possible to march a force at the season in which 
 this army moved through Bengal — in the middle of 
 the rains, when the whole land is a swamp, and 
 every stream full to overflowing ; yet, in spite of 
 the difficulties presented, this gallant band, about
 
 ENGAGEMENT WITH MEER COSSIM. 21 
 
 800 Europeans (including the artillery) and 2,000 
 sipahis, forced its way, and came in contact with 
 Meer Cossim's troops at Gheriali, near Sooty, on 
 the 2nd August. 
 
 A severe action was fought, lasting nearly four 
 hours, and at one time two of the British guns 
 were taken possession of by the enemy ; victory at 
 length decided in favour of the British. 
 
 The artillery lost one officer, killed during the 
 action. Lieutenant Kaylor. 
 
 Undauntei^ by his defeat, Meer Cossim again dis- 
 puted the advance of the British at the pass of 
 Oudenullah, a little to the south of Rajmahl, where 
 the road is confined between the river and spurs of 
 hills. This pass had been intrenched with walls 
 and towers at short distances, and several strong- 
 posts raised on eminences along its front. The 
 army was detained before these intrenchments for 
 nearly a month. At length, by an attack on the 
 hill forming the right of the lines, and a feint on 
 the river end, they were carried with severe loss on 
 5th September, Captain-Lieutenant Green, of the 
 artillery, acting as field engineer. Meer Cossim 
 left his troops the next night, and retired to 
 Monghyr in haste, thence carrying his i)risoners 
 with him to Patna.
 
 ^l 
 
 22 MASSACRE OF ENGLISH PRISONERS. 
 
 In October Moiighyr was in- 
 
 I vested, breached, and capitulated. 
 
 I. 
 
 Meer Cossim, driven into a par- 
 oxysm of rage by this event, di- 
 rected the massacre of all his Eng- 
 lish prisoners. In this horrid act 
 he found a ready tool in Sumroo, 
 the German,* whose widow, the 
 Begum Sumroo, has rendered his 
 name notorious in history. All 
 
 * His real name was Walter Reinbart, 
 but he was called Sombre from the dark- 
 ness of bis countenance, and tbis was easily 
 changed into Sumroo. Franklyn says : — 
 " Major Polier, at Delhi, to Colonel Ironside, 
 at Belgaum, in May, 1776, writes — ' His 
 
 name is Balthazar ; the rest I have 
 
 forgot. Sombre is ' son nomme de guerre.' 
 He is a deserter of ours ; be enlisted at 
 Calcutta before the taking of the place, I 
 think, in one of the Swiss companies, com- 
 manded by a young officer, I suppose 
 Vussarot or Ziegler, and deserted shortly 
 after. This anecdote is not generally 
 known, and might serve, should he ever 
 fall into our hands, for a valid plea to 
 hang him, which could not well be done 
 otherwise without straining a point, as 
 he certainly only executed the commands 
 of his infamous master, and his life 
 might have been endangered by non-com- 
 pliance.' "
 
 ARTILLERY OFFICERS MURDERED. 23 
 
 were massacred save Mr. FuUerton, the surgeon, 
 who, in the exercise of his profession, appears to 
 have gained a place in the esteem and affections of 
 Meer Cossim. 
 
 Whether Captain Kinch and his subalterns per- 
 ished in the attack on Patna or in this massacre we 
 are unable to say, but in one or other he fell. The 
 bodies of all were thrown into a large well, over 
 which a tomb has been since built, but no record 
 of the names of those who perished exists on it.* 
 
 After avenging the fate of their comrades by the 
 reduction of Patna, the army followed Meer Cossim, 
 who threw himself on the protection of the Nawab 
 of Oude, as far as the banks of the Carumnassa. 
 Here Major Adams left them, and the command 
 devolved on Major Jennings, of the artillery. The 
 force was cantoned on the frontier of the Nawab's 
 territories, in the expectation that he would give 
 up Meer Cossim, and also to watch the Emperor's 
 troops, which, under the j^retence of preparing an 
 expedition against the Boondelas, remained in the 
 vicinity of Allahabad. 
 
 * Six subalterns of artillery, including a commissary and 
 adjutant, appear to have perished: Lieutenants Ilocklcr, 
 J. Brown, Deckers, Perry, Adamson, and J. Read.
 
 24 FOURTH COMPANY RAISED. 
 
 In the month of December, 1 763, a fourth com- 
 pany of artillery was raised in the field, probably at 
 Patna. 
 
 In February, 1764, an alarming state of dissatis- 
 faction shewed itself in the English army, still in its 
 cantonments at Sant. The troops were dissatisfied 
 with the rewards bestowed upon them for having 
 regained the provinces from Meer Cossim. The 
 English battalion seized the park and marched 
 towards the Carumnassa. The sipahis were also in 
 motion ; but by the exertions of Major Jennings and 
 the other officers, the English and sipahis were 
 nearly all induced to return. The French and 
 foreigners, to the number of 150, went off, under 
 Serjeant Delamar, to Allahabad. Few of the artil- 
 lery joined in this affair. 
 
 The seeds of this mutinous disposition still re- 
 mained when Major Camac arrived in JNIarch and 
 assumed the command. Provisions were scarce ; 
 and though the Government instructions were to 
 carry the war into the Nawab's territories (whose 
 hostility was now open), he agreed with his officers, 
 that, in the then temper of the troops, it would 
 not be safe to proceed. 
 
 On the enemy's forces crossing the river, the
 
 DESERTION OF A SIPAHI REGIMENT. 25 
 
 English fell back and encamped under Patna, 
 where, on the 3rd May, 1764, they were attacked. 
 Sumroo, with a large body of the Nawab's cavalry 
 and infantry, assailed the front. The engagement 
 lasted till sunset, when the enemy withdrew with a 
 heavy loss ; and although he hung about the neigh- 
 bourhood till the end of the month, did not venture 
 on another action. 
 
 A detachment, under Colonel Munro (whose 
 army had joined Major Carnac's at Patna), marched 
 after one of the sipahi battalions, which had de- 
 serted, with four guns. Colonel Munro sent on 
 100 Europeans, one sipahi battalion, and two guns. 
 This force overtook them at Chuprali, and coming 
 on them while asleep, took them all prisoners. 
 Colonel Munro, on receiving them, considered 
 that strong measures were necessary to check the 
 spirit of insubordination which had arisen, and ac- 
 cordingly selected fifty of the worst for execution. 
 Twenty-four were blown from the guns at Patna 
 and other stations. On this occasion it was that 
 the grenadiers claimed precedence in death — an 
 anecdote familiar to all acquainted with the early 
 history of our Indian army. 
 
 The whole army now advanced towards the
 
 26 ENGAGEMENT AT BUXAR. 
 
 Soane. The advance was covered by Colonel 
 Champion with a detachment and four guns, who 
 was attacked by large bodies of the enemy's horse 
 near Mooneah, at the junction of the Soane and 
 Ganges, whom they beat off, and Colonel Munro 
 coming uj) crossed the river immediately. The 
 march to Arrah was a good deal harassed, and the 
 guns fi-equently called into play to keep off the 
 enemy's horse. 
 
 At Buxar, on the 22nd October, they came up 
 with the enemy, and on the following morning, 
 about 8 o'clock, the enemy marched out to attack 
 them. The British were drawn up in line with 
 their guns, twenty field-pieces and seventy-one 
 artillerjTnen of the 1st company, on the flanks of 
 battalions. The enemy were repulsed, and about 
 12 o'clock they retired slowly, blowing up their 
 tumbrils of ammunition. One hundred and thirty- 
 three pieces of artillery, mostly with English car- 
 riages, and among them twenty-seven which had 
 been lost the previous year at Patna, were the 
 trophies on this occasion. 
 
 In the acknowledgment of this victory, written 
 by Mr. Vansittart and his council, 16th November, 
 1764, to Munro, he was requested " to return
 
 ACTION NEAR KORAH. 27 
 
 thanks to the field-officers and commandant of 
 artillery (Major Jennings) for their care and dili- 
 gence in preserving the disposition for attack, and 
 taking every advantage over the enemy." 
 
 Captain Winwood and Lieutenant Duff of the 
 artillery are mentioned " as meriting particular 
 notice, and having gained great honour." 
 
 A detachment of two battalions failed in Novem- 
 ber, in an attempt to take the fortress of Chunar ; 
 in January, 1765, however, Sir Robert Fletcher 
 succeeded in gaining possession of it, and in 
 February he breached Allahabad, when the garrison 
 evacuated it. On the 3rd May a battle was fought 
 near Korah,* against the vizier, aided by the 
 Mahrattas ; these latter were quickly dispersed by 
 the fire of the artillery, and they separated from the 
 vizier and retired towards the Jumna with pre- 
 cipitation. These events placed the southern part 
 of the Dooab under British rule. 
 
 The army was this year (1765) divided into three 
 brigades, and the companies of artillery attached 
 
 * This was not the battle of Korah^ for which the 1 st and 1 0th 
 regiments of N. I, wear an honorary distinction ; that took place 
 in 1778, between the English and sonic of the Nawab's troops, 
 on their being disbanded.
 
 28 
 
 RE-FORMATION OF THE ARTILLERY. 
 
 one to each, while the remaining company was 
 stationed in Fort William.* 
 
 1 st Brigade 1 st Company IMoiigliy r. 
 
 2nd ditto 2nd ditto Allahabad. 
 
 3rd ditto 4tli ditto Bankiporc. 
 
 Ditto 3rd ditto Fort William. 
 
 In addition to the guns with the park, each 
 battalion of infantry was equipped with two six- 
 pounders or three-pounders, worked by the men of 
 the regiment, assisted by native officers and lascars 
 from the artillery. 
 
 
 o 
 
 1 
 U 
 
 p. 
 
 5 
 
 3 
 
 a 
 
 3 
 o 
 
 '2 
 
 5 
 
 1 
 
 
 1 
 
 o 
 pq 
 
 
 1 
 
 u, 
 
 
 
 
 3 
 & 
 Q 
 
 
 
 3 
 
 ■a 
 H 
 
 
 
 
 
 ■■a 
 
 <u 
 
 CO 
 
 i 
 
 
 3 
 
 s 
 
 5 
 
 * Per Comp. 
 
 - 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 3 
 
 6 
 
 6 
 
 3 
 
 8 
 
 24 
 
 53' 1 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 1 
 
 It 
 
 Total 
 
 1 
 
 4 
 
 4 
 
 4 
 
 4 
 
 12 
 
 24 
 
 24 
 
 12 
 
 32 
 
 96 
 
 212' 4 
 
 4 
 
 8 
 
 4 
 
 4 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 t Non-effective — 1 pay serjeant, 1 drill serjeaut, 1 major 
 Serjeant, 1 park serjeant, 1 drill corporal, 3 camp colour-men, a 
 bullock serjeant, and overseer of bildars in time of service. 
 
 The ordnance with each company appears to have consisted of 
 six light 6-pounders and two howitzers; to assist in working 
 these and the field-pieces with sipahi battalions, a large body 
 of lascars were attached to each company. 
 
 Heavy guns and mortars were supplied from magazines at the 
 head-quarters of brigades to the extent available and required 
 for any particular service.
 
 GENERAL MUTINY. 29 
 
 A major was this year allowed to the artillery, to 
 command the corps, and a practice-ground formed 
 at Sulkeah. 
 
 In 1766 the alarming mutiny on the part of the 
 officers of the army, caused by the reduction of 
 allowances, broke out, and was only suppressed by 
 the firmness and decision of Lord Clive and 
 Colonel Smith. The part taken in this by artillery 
 officers cannot now be fully traced ; but Captain 
 DuiF, Captain-Lieutenant Clifton, and Lieutenant 
 Black, appear to have taken prominent parts. 
 Many, we learn from the army-list, were dismissed 
 about that time, most probably on account of the 
 mutiny ; others resigned. Nearly all, in every branch 
 of the army, were, however, restored to the service, 
 and i^laced in the position they would liave held, 
 had they remained in it. 
 
 Insubordinate as the conduct of a large portion of 
 the officers of the army was on this occasion, and 
 deservedly as it has been stigmatized, yet it must 
 be borne in mind that they failed of success by 
 conscientiously not admitting the soldiery to a 
 knowledge of or participation in the measures they 
 had taken to secure the batta, though solicited by 
 the latter to accept of thoir support, as soon as it
 
 30 APPOINTMENT OF COLONEL PEARSE. 
 
 was known that Government had resolved to persist 
 in enforcing their resolution to deprive them of 
 their allowance. 
 
 In 17G8 a lieutenant-colonel and a major were 
 added to the regiment, and, in consequence of the 
 Court of Directors being desirous of obtaining, not 
 only cadets but officers from Woolwich, Major 
 Pearse was nominated to command the coi-ps, with 
 the rank of lieutenant-colonel. He was, however, 
 superseded by Captain Martin, to whom the com- 
 mand was given by the Indian Government, and 
 again by Major Kindersley, whose commission as 
 major was antedated by the local government, on 
 the vacancy being caused by Captain Fleming's 
 removal to the engineers, from which he came. On 
 the death, however, of Major Kindersley, which 
 occurred in 1769, he succeeded to the command of 
 the regiment. 
 
 The ai^plication for a supply of officers and cadets 
 from the Royal Artillery originated in a difficulty 
 of finding candidates, the artillery service being 
 neither so lucrative, nor holding out the same pro- 
 spects, as the infantry. In the Secret Committee's 
 letter of SOtli September, 1765, to the Court of 
 Directors, it is stated that '' it would be of the
 
 WANT OF OFFICERS. 31 
 
 utmost benefit to our plan that you should send 
 out, every year, six or seven gentlemen from the 
 academy at Woolwich for artillery officers ; this 
 being a service which suffers extremely for want of 
 persons properly instructed in the business, since 
 no officer who knows the benefit of the infantry 
 service here will choose to quit it for any advan- 
 tages the artillery offers."* 
 
 On the death of Major Kindersley, 28th October, 
 1769, Lieutenant-Colonel Pearse succeeded to the 
 command of the regiment, and, as its organization 
 is much indebted to that officer, it is fortunate that 
 we are able to quote from letters to his early friends 
 his record of the state in which he found it : — 
 
 " When I first came into command of the corps 
 I was astonished at the ignorance of all who com- 
 posed it. It was a common practice to make any 
 midshipman who was discontented with the India 
 ships an officer of artillery, from a strange idea that 
 a knowledge of navigation would perfect an officer 
 of that corps in the knowledge of artillery. They 
 
 * In consequence of this want, the recent mutiny and perhaps 
 the inefficiency of sonic of the officers of the corps. Kussell, 
 Baillie, and Thelwall came into the corps from ^fadras; Rosat 
 and Burnett from II. M.S. Fofh/, from Bencoolen.
 
 32 FIFTH COMPANY RAISED. 
 
 were almost all of this class, and their ideas conso- 
 nant to the elegant military education which they 
 had received. But, thank God ! I have got rid of 
 them all but seven." 
 
 The strange idea above referred to appears to 
 have affected the Home Government at a still 
 earlier period, as, on the first formation of artillery 
 companies, "such assistance as the fleet could spare" 
 was given. To this idea are we indebted for many 
 terms which have hung about the corps till the 
 present day : our tindals, lascars, serangs, cossibs, 
 all came from the naval nomenclature, and their 
 etymology would most probably be found in tlie 
 Portuguese dialect, which has retained its influence 
 on shipboard ; from the same fountain of " English 
 (not) undefiled " must have been drawn the " banks- 
 hall," a name by which our gunsheds are known 
 throughout the regiment, but a term of considerable 
 mystification to the uninitiated. 
 
 In March, 1770, a fifth company of artillery was 
 raised in Fort William, and in May the companies 
 were formed into a battalion, to which an adjutant 
 was allowed. In September the lascars were di- 
 vided into 28 companies, of which seven (consisting 
 of 2 serangs, 2 tindals, and 100 lascars each) were
 
 CONSTITUTION OF THE REGIMENT. 
 
 33 
 
 attached to each of the three companies, with the 
 bjigades, and to one of those in Fort William. 
 
 The embodying the companies of artillery into 
 one battalion must have increased the efficiency 
 of the army, by introducing uniformity of system 
 into their management, and a more effectual su- 
 pervision than could have existed in their scattered 
 state. 
 
 The regiment at this time, supposing no change 
 had occurred in the strength of companies, would 
 have consisted of — 
 
 By calculation 
 
 * By returns'! 
 of 1772 / 
 
 ■t I o t; i? o 
 
 S i'J? 
 
 3!s 
 
 
 16 
 
 5 
 
 lit 
 
 20,20 40 
 
 120 
 
 2018 340 
 
 300 
 
 5G 
 
 200 
 
 2800 
 
 2350 
 
 Of the officers of the corps a description was 
 given in Colonel Pearse's letter, above quoted. It 
 was written in 1775, and refers to the period now 
 described. An extract from one written in 1772 
 
 * With a staff of 1 surveyor of stores, 1 regimental adjutant, 
 5 adjutants and (juarter-masters, and 12 conductors, 
 t Cadets.
 
 34 CHARACTER OF ARTILLERY OFFICERS. 
 
 contains a very ^rajiliic pictnre of a fast man of 
 those days, specimens of whom long continned : — 
 
 " To he a frentleman you must learn to drink hv 
 all means — a man is honoured in proportion to the 
 numl)er of bottles he can drink : keep a dozen dogs, 
 hut in particular if you have not the least use for 
 them and hate hunting and shooting. Four horses 
 may barely suffice ; but if you have eight, and seven 
 of them are too vicious for the syce to feed, it will 
 be much better. 
 
 " By no means let the horses be paid for ; and 
 have a palanquin covered with silver trappings — 
 get 10,000 rupees in debt, but 20,000 would make 
 you an honester man, especially if you are convinced 
 that you will never have the power to pay. En- 
 deavour to forget whatever you have learnt — ridi- 
 cule learning of all sorts — despise all military know- 
 ledge — call duty a bore — encourage your men to 
 laugh at orders — obey such as you like — make a 
 joke of your commanding officer for giving those 
 orders you do not like, and, if you obey them, let it 
 be seen that it is merely to serve youi-self. 
 
 " These few rules will make you an officer and a 
 gentleman, and they are the first lessons which 
 voung men take when they arrive in this country."
 
 NATIVE DETAILS. 35 
 
 With officers of this stamp, and the ehnss of men 
 from whom the Company's European troops were 
 then recruited, we cannot suppose that much dis- 
 cipline existed. Drunkenness — the bane of tlie 
 European soldier in India — was rife, and its natural 
 consequences, disease and death, followed. To this 
 cause, too, must be added the want of good bar- 
 racks and internal economy, \^■hich of late years 
 have gone far to remove the idea of the climates of 
 India being deadly to the European constitution. 
 
 The lascars were employed in dragging and 
 assisting the Europeans to work the guns ; a detail 
 also was detached with each infimtry regiment, to 
 assist in working the guns attached to it, for two 
 6-pounders foraied part of the equipment of each 
 battalion, and thirty sipahis were set a])art for their 
 service. These duties, with those of the park, would 
 account for the number of lascars being so large 
 in comparison with the establishment of the present 
 day. They were in many respects native artillery- 
 men, and in the subsequent successive changes from 
 lascars to golundaz and back agtiin, tlie change 
 was often rather in name, and incica^i' and deerease 
 of pay, than of the men tliemselves. 
 
 They were a most efficient ami useful ])o<lv — a 
 I) 2
 
 'J6 MATERIEL OF THE ARTILLERY. 
 
 class on whom, ])orha])s, more of the hard work of 
 the service and fewer of its substantial rewards have 
 fjillen than any other of the native army. At all 
 times accompanying the European artillery, they 
 have borne a part in every expedition which has 
 left the shores of India. On land and on board ship, 
 hard service has been their lot, and all who have 
 been brought into contact with them join in testify- 
 ing to the willingness, courage, and patience they 
 have exhibited. 
 
 A large body of artificers was also at this time 
 attached to the corps ; these, with the quarter- 
 master's establishment, completed the regiment as 
 to its personnel. 
 
 The materiel appears to have been as bad as 
 possible. At this time Colonel Pearse complains 
 that " the fuzees burnt from nineteen to forty-eight 
 seconds, though of the same nature ; the portfires 
 were continually going out ; the tubes would not 
 burn ; the powder was infamous ; the cartridges 
 were made conical, and, Mhen necessary to prime 
 with loose powder, a great quantity was required 
 to fill the vacant cavity round the cartridge ; the 
 carriages flew to pieces with common firing in a 
 week." The contractor who furnished the carriages,
 
 LABOURS OF COLONEL PEARSE. 37 
 
 and the laboratory in ^vllich the fuzees were made, 
 appear to have been beyond his control : " I have no 
 more to do with it than his Holiness at Rome," are 
 his words. The iron guns were all very indifferent : 
 *' two 12-pounders burst on the ramparts in 1770 
 in firing the morning and evening gun, and one 
 12-pounder on a rejoicing day, in firing salutes." 
 
 It was under such circumstances that Colonel 
 Pearse took command, and set himself to work to 
 improve the state of the regiment. To weed the 
 ineflScient from the officers ; to teach the remainder 
 and the new-comei-s their duty ; to introduce an 
 efficient internal economy and discipline into the 
 ranks, and to obtain a proper control over the 
 materiel of the regiment, were his first cluties. That 
 his endeavours were in some degree successful may 
 be gathered from his correspondence, for in 1772 he 
 writes, — " Now I have got all the laboratory imple- 
 ments with mc at practice, and am going to teach 
 my officers what they never saw." Steadily he i)ur- 
 sued his object through difficulties and disaj^jjoint- 
 ments, and was rewarded, ore his death, l)v seeing 
 the corps raised to a high state of discipline and 
 efficiency. At a review of it by General Clavering in 
 November, 1774, he expressed himself as delighted
 
 38 ENGAGEMENT WITH THE ItOHILLAS. 
 
 M'itli the corps, and astonished at its performance, 
 being superior to any thing he could have expected 
 in India, and so much to his satisfaction, that 
 Colonel Peai-se, in a letter to an old friend, writes, 
 " the performances at the review would not have 
 been a disgrace to dear old Woolwich." 
 
 The years 1771-2 afforded leisure to attend to 
 the discipline of the corps, for it seems not to have 
 been called on for any field service. In 1773 the 
 expedition under Captain Jones proceeded against 
 the hill fort of Delamcotta, situated on the pass by 
 which the Durla river, which runs into the Teestah, 
 emerges from the mountains, and not far from 
 the present sanatarium, Darjeeling. Lieutenant 
 R. Bruce, of the artillery, was present at the attack, 
 but with M'hat portion of the corps is unknown. 
 
 This year the army was again called into the 
 field to check the Mahrattas, but after a cannonade 
 across the Jumna at Ramghat, near Delhi, they 
 retired, and our army went into cantonments at 
 Sultanjooor, Oude. 
 
 In 1774 a portion of the army under Colonel 
 Champion was sent to assist the vizier in his 
 attack on the Rohillas. An action was fought on 
 the 23rd April, in which the 2nd company of
 
 COMPENSATION TO THE ARMY. 80 
 
 artillery was present. In his report Colonel Cliam- 
 ])ion says, " The Rohillas made repeated attempts 
 to charge ; but our guns being so much better served 
 than theirs, kept so constant and galling a fire, that 
 they could not advance, and where they were closest 
 was the greatest slaughter." Captain W. A. Baillie 
 was wounded in this action. Lieutenant G. Deare, 
 Lieutenant B. Doxat, and Lieutenant W. W. Hussey 
 were also present. 
 
 The action was followed by much severe marching 
 and exposure in the hot and rainy season, in the 
 jungles of the Pillibeet district. While encamped 
 near Pillibeet, a report reached Colonel Champion 
 of four crores of rupees being concealed in the fort ; 
 and in a letter to Government he suggests " the 
 propriety of examining into the truth of the report, 
 in duty both to the Comimny and to the army:" 
 a naive suggestion, which, considering the British 
 were there as allies of the vizier, the Government 
 negatived. However, as a compensation to the 
 army, the vizier granted a donation of 10 J lacs, 
 which was divided amonff the 2nd brigade in 
 August, 1770, agreeably to a scale laid down by 
 a committee of officers. This scale gave a sipahi 
 two-thirds of a European soldier's share, — a jiropor-
 
 40 DISTRIBUTION OF TRIZE-MONEY. 
 
 tiou wliicli has been adhered to ever since in dis- 
 tributing prize-money. The scale there fixed is 
 here given : — 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 B 
 O 
 
 
 
 
 
 >^ 
 
 ti 
 
 
 1 
 
 8 
 
 s 
 
 6 
 
 a 
 
 i 
 
 cJ 
 
 9 
 
 •a 
 
 
 a 
 
 
 
 
 a 
 
 ^ 
 
 •a 
 
 13 
 
 1? 
 
 •c? 
 
 8 • 
 
 a 
 
 z 
 
 6 
 
 !/i 
 
 O 
 
 o 
 
 w 
 
 ^ 
 
 19,000 
 
 16,000J 13,700 
 
 6,850 
 
 3,425 
 
 1,000 
 
 300 
 
 90 
 
 60 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 1 
 
 •c 
 
 o 
 
 •a 
 § 
 
 If 
 
 •0-3 
 
 .•a a 
 
 1 
 •a 
 
 8 
 
 o 
 
 8 
 
 o 
 
 0. 
 
 o 
 
 CO 
 
 •-» 
 
 — 
 
 ;5 
 
 a. 
 
 n 
 
 45 
 
 30 
 
 300 
 
 131 
 
 65 
 
 40 
 
 30 
 
 20 
 
 10 
 
 In 1775 an alteration took place in the arrange- 
 ments for the viateriel of the anny ; a Board of 
 Ordnance was formed, and magazines established, 
 at the principal fixed stations of the army. 
 
 The Board consisted of the " Governor-General 
 as president, the Commander of the Forces, the 
 members of the Supreme Council, the Commissary- 
 General of Comj)trol ; the Commandant of Artil- 
 lery; the Chief Engineer ; the Commissary of 
 Stores, and the Military Store-keeper, as mem- 
 bers ; witli a secretary, and such assistants as 
 niiirht be foiind necessarv."
 
 BOARD 01' ORDNANCK. 41 
 
 To this Board returns of all ordnance and 
 military stores were to be made by commanding 
 officers of garrisons and cantonments, artillery 
 officers, and all others in charge ; all contracts for 
 the supply of stores, proofs of ordnance and powder, 
 l)lans for new construction of ordnance, reports of 
 powder-works, laboratory and arsenal, were to be 
 submitted : in short, the general control of the 
 stores for the army was vested in this Board. 
 
 Magazines \vere established at the fixed stations 
 of Berhampore, Dinapore, and Chunar ; a commis- 
 sary, a deputy-commissary, and two conductors 
 were appointed to them, and placed under the 
 control of the Board ; they were to be paid by the 
 Board-office, and receive instructions for carrying 
 on their duties and office from the Board, indepen- 
 dent of any other control but that consistent with 
 the general regulations of the army, which required 
 that they should be subordinate to the commanding 
 officer in the field or fixed stations, and the com- 
 manding officer of the artillery under whose imme- 
 diate control they were placed. 
 
 To the conmiissaries were intrusted the ordnance 
 stores, camp ecpiipage, &c., for the use of corps ; and 
 an officer of the department was to accompany the
 
 42 MAGAZINE ESTABLISHMENTS. 
 
 army, when moving on service, to superintend their 
 issues. A return was to be made monthly of all 
 receipts and issues; and no issue was to be made with- 
 out the orders of the Board, or commanding officer. 
 
 Carriages for the ordnance were to be constructed 
 in Fort William by the military storekeeper. No 
 repairs of magnitude involving large contingent 
 bills Avere to be made in the field, but the articles 
 required supplied on indent. 
 
 Tlic establishments for the magazines were 
 furnished by a reduction of the artificers and 
 lascars attached to the artillery ; the lascars were 
 reduced to a small number, and the surplus apjdied 
 to the magazines. 
 
 2 Scran irs, "l , 
 
 4 lindals, y 
 _ establishment ; 
 
 100 Lascars, J 
 
 7 Scrangs, "1 
 
 were the number retained with the regiment. 
 
 The appointment of this Board appears to have 
 interfered with the control which the commandant 
 of artillery had previously exercised over his depart- 
 ment, and Colonel Pearse attributed its formation 
 to a personal motive, on the part of General 
 Clavering, to lower him. In writing to an old 
 friend, after other complaints he goes on to say :
 
 GENERAL CLAVERING AND COLONEL DOW. 43 
 
 " General Clavering instituted a Board of Ordnance, 
 and made me a member of it ; took all my 
 authority away, and made me a cipher. I was 
 hurt, and complained, as he had put into the Board 
 a Lieutenant-Colonel Dow, the translator of a 
 miserable history of Hindustan, and the author of 
 two wretched plays. This man is commissary- 
 general, and, as such, controller of military accounts. 
 He uniformly attacked me and my department, and 
 I defended myself and officers. This created dis- 
 putes, and, as I was M'ounded, I was warm ; and 
 thus, because my opinions were always contrary to 
 
 Dow's (and D is the general's tongue, brains, 
 
 head, and heart), it was as bad as attacking the 
 general himself/' 
 
 Of the working of the cumbrous machinery of the 
 Board of Ordnance, in its original formation and 
 in the successive changes which have been made 
 from time to time, in the vain attempts to obtain 
 energy and celerity from a body of men without 
 individual power or responsibility, it will often, in 
 the course of these pages, be necessary to speak, for 
 to the want of arrangement on their jiart must 
 be attributed, in many instances, the ineUicient 
 state of the siege-trains with tho armies.
 
 44 ARTILLERY UNIFORM. 
 
 At this time the head-quarters of the regiment 
 were quartered in Fort William, moving out during 
 the cold months to a practice-ground at Sulkeah, 
 nearly opposite the western mouth of the Circular 
 Canal : the powder-works were between the canal 
 and Cossipoor. The dress of the regiment consisted 
 of a blue coat, faced with scarlet, and cut away in 
 the fashion of the time ; white cloth waistcoat and 
 breeches, M'itli buckles at the knees ; and gaiters, 
 or half-spatterdashes, as they were called ; red 
 leathern belt, with swivels ; black silk stock ; buff 
 gloves, and regimental hat, supposed to be a plain 
 cocked, in the fashion of George the Second's time. 
 The hair was worn greased, powdered, and tied in a 
 queue, false hair being substituted when the natural 
 was not long enough. 
 
 The hours for parades, and, in fact, for every 
 thing, were early : parades were before gunfire in 
 the cold season ; dinners were in the middle of the 
 day, not only in private houses, but on public 
 occasions ; and invitations were given on a scale of 
 hospitality only practicable in a small society. The 
 orderly book was the common channel of invitation 
 used by the Governor-General and officer com- 
 manding the garrison. Many such entries as the
 
 HOSPITALITY OF CALCUTTA. 45 
 
 following will be found in it : — " The Honourable 
 the Governor-General requests to be favoured with 
 the company of officers and gentlemen belonging to 
 the army now in the garrison of Fort William and 
 the Chitpoor cantonment and the presidency on 
 Monday next to dinner, at the Court House, and in 
 the evening to a ball and supper. The Governor- 
 General requests that gentlemen will not bring any 
 servants to dinner, nor their hookahs to the ball at 
 night." 
 
 Or, " Lieutenant-Colonel Wilding presents his 
 compliments to all the officers in Fort William, 
 staff of the garrison, and surgeons, and requests 
 their company to breakfast, and dinner at half-past 
 two o'clock." 
 
 A srood account of the manners and habits of 
 
 o 
 
 the people at this period would be interesting, and 
 probably materials for the purpose could be found, 
 were a qualified person to undertake the task :* 
 they are only noticed above incidentally, as likely 
 to affect the discipline of the regiment. The early 
 dinner was too much followed by a long sederunt 
 over the bottle, and the absence of ladies' society 
 
 * Since writing the above, the want is heiuf,' supplied by some 
 spirited articles in the Calcutta Quartorly [Heviow].
 
 46 RANK OF CADETS. 
 
 gave a tone of grossness to the habits, which are 
 happily much improved in modern days. 
 
 This year a number of memorials were presented 
 to the Board by artillery officers, as to the relative 
 rank of cadets ; and it was decided that those 
 appointed expressly to the artillery should have the 
 full benefit of the Court of Directors' order, that all 
 cadets appointed in India were to rank below those 
 of the same year appointed in England, but that 
 the time of service was to date from arrival in 
 Bengal ; and all those M'ho were in the infantry, 
 and entered as cadets in the artillery, were to rank 
 above all who were cadets in the artillery at the 
 same time. This, and the circumstance of several 
 who resigned in the mutiny of 176G being allowed 
 to return to their original standing, will partly 
 account for the supercessions which will appear on 
 consulting the gradation list. 
 
 At the conclusion of the year 1775 three com- 
 panies of artillery, to be commanded by European 
 officers, were ordered to be raised for the Nawab of 
 Oude and attached to the brigade of disciplined 
 troops raised for his service ; officers were nomi- 
 nated to them, and struck off the strength of the 
 regiment ; but whether the companies were ever 
 
 J
 
 PRACTICE-GROUND AT DUM-DUM. 47 
 
 raised seems doubtful. In the following year they 
 were directed to be formed into a battalion, under 
 command of Major Patrick Duff, and then to be 
 transferred to the regular army, and fresh ones 
 raised of native artillery in August, 1777. If the 
 companies first ordered had been European, it is 
 difficult to say what became of them, because the 
 sixth, seventh, and eighth companies were raised by 
 minutes of council, July 13th and 24th, 1778 ; the 
 two former, however, may have been raised from 
 the men of the Oude companies. 
 
 The artillery, in 1775, appear first to have used 
 Dum-Dum as a practice-ground, and to have been 
 encamped there, when, their tents being wanted for 
 the use of a brigade marching to Patna, they were 
 ordered into Fort William, and their practice cut 
 short with one fortnight instead of two months. In 
 the following year, however, in December, they 
 marched out with their tents and stores, and began 
 the practice (as the orders record) by firing " a royal 
 salute, and after that one of 19 guns, for the 
 Company." 
 
 It is not easy to ascertain what Dum-Dum was 
 previous to its occupation by the artillery. The first 
 mention made of it is by Orme, in the account of
 
 48 DUM-DUM HOUSE. 
 
 the action near Oniiclmnd's garden, in 1757. He 
 speaks of Clive crossing " the Dum-Dum road :" 
 this road, however, was only a cutcha-bund* leading 
 to Dum-Dum, the name of the place now occupied 
 by Dum-Dum House, the origin of which building 
 is enveloped in mystery. It is said to have been 
 built by a Mr. or Colonel Home,! but who he was, 
 or the date, cannot be ascertained. Supernatural 
 aid has been called into play, and the mound on 
 which it stands is reported to have been raised by 
 some spirit of the ring or camp, in the course of a 
 single night, and to this day visions of ghosts haunt 
 the grounds. 
 
 At the practice season the officers inhabited the 
 house, and the men's tents were pitched in the 
 compound, and the natives in the " Montague lines," 
 the ground now occupied by the Nya Bazaar, called 
 after Lieutenant Montague, the adjutant who 
 marked them out. The name is known to the 
 present day. 
 
 It was not until 1783 that the cantonment was 
 marked out by Colonel Duff, who is said to have 
 
 * The Cutcha road was formed (of its present breadth) in 
 1782-3. — Colonel Green's Letter, 21st October, 1801. 
 + TN^'ap there not a member of council of that name ?
 
 REGIMENTAL SCHOOL. 49 
 
 made, or rather widened, the road from Sham- 
 bazar to Barasut,* and to have planted the avenue 
 of mulseery trees now running along the southern 
 end of the small exercising-ground. 
 
 Many villages were scattered over the gi-ound 
 occupied by the cantonment ; their sites were 
 purchased up, from time to time, by Government ; 
 the last, that of Deiglah, in 1820. 
 
 From 1775 to 1778 the corps does not appear to 
 have been called into the field, and Colonel Pearse 
 occupied himself in improving its internal economy. 
 A regimental school for the instruction of the native 
 officers and gunners was established in 1775 — an 
 institution which, with all the faults which still 
 exist in it, has been of much use, both in teaching 
 the elements of knowledge and affording a rational 
 emplo}Tnent to some of the many hours which hang 
 heavily on the soldier. 
 
 That the corps had attained a respectable i)ro- 
 ficiency in its peculiar duties we may believe from 
 an extract of one of his letters, dated March, 1777 : 
 " I have had my corps reviewed twice ; first by the 
 governor, who was excessively pleased, and thanked 
 
 * In all pnib:il)ility this formed the rcguhir road to Bcrliam- 
 pore. 
 
 E
 
 50 ARTILLERY REVIEW. 
 
 118 in orders ; and next by tlic general, who also 
 thanked us. It was our good performance forced 
 the general's thanks ; he would have been better 
 pleased to have found fault — first, because we 
 pleased the governor; and next, because I com- 
 manded and had disciplined them myself."..." Not 
 one circumstance had I to lessen the pleasure I 
 received from the good performance of my corps, as 
 a battalion of infantry, as a battalion of artillery with 
 sixteen cannons, and as a body of artillery on service 
 in their batteries ; for we went through all these 
 exercises equally well. The Saturday following, 
 General Clavering reviewed us, and what gave me 
 most satisfaction was, to hear that he had said in 
 private he had reviewed most of the King's regi- 
 ments, and never saw any perform better." 
 
 In May, 1778, General Leslie's force marched 
 from Culpee, on its expedition to assist the Bombay 
 Government ; it consisted of six infantry and one 
 cavalry corps, some European artillery, and the 
 1st company of golundaz, raised for the Nawab's 
 service. A short account of this detachment will 
 be given when we come to speak of its return, in 
 1784. 
 
 The formation of the three native or golundaz
 
 REORGANIZATION OF THE REGIMENT. 51 
 
 companies for the Oude service was most probably 
 recommended by Colonel Pearse, and the experi- 
 ment answered so well that in August, 1778, a 
 new organization of the artillery was ordered, in 
 which the golundaz were to form a considerable 
 part. 
 
 Hitherto, as want dictated, company after com- 
 pany of artillery had been added to the establish- 
 ment; but the artillery was now formed into an 
 independent brigade of one European regiment and 
 three native battalions. The European consisted of 
 seven field and one mounted, or garrison, company, 
 and the native battalions of eight companies each : 
 the former was to be completed by drafts of fifty 
 men from each of the three European infantry 
 regiments (and possibly the Oude companies), and 
 the' latter by all fit for the service who might volun- 
 teer from the two native companies, with the tem- 
 porary (Oude) brigade and their lascars, from the 
 lascars of European companies and with the guns 
 of infantry regiments, and from the eight companies 
 of lascars at the Presidency. 
 
 The lascars were all reduced. 
 
 The European regiment, exclusive of garrison 
 company, consisted of seven companies : — 
 
 E 2
 
 52 
 
 FORMATION OF THE CORPS. 
 
 21 
 
 21 
 
 1 1 
 
 42 
 
 4221 
 
 pq U 
 
 56168 
 
 361 
 
 The three golundaz battalions consisted of eight 
 companies each, in all — 
 
 24 
 
 48 
 
 192 
 
 192 
 
 2424 
 
 
 
 2400'3 
 
 S'S'l 
 
 11 
 
 P 2 
 
 SI 
 
 19 
 
 m 
 
 u 
 
 V 
 
 o 
 
 I 
 
 24' 3 
 
 24 
 
 The European commissioned officers of the ar- 
 tillery brigade were — 
 
 
 
 
 
 i 
 
 
 2 
 
 ji 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 so 
 
 
 g 
 
 "3 
 
 
 
 s 
 
 
 
 
 ■ft 
 
 p. 
 
 
 B 
 
 g 
 
 
 
 
 
 6 
 
 a 
 
 "3 
 
 
 
 » 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 
 •c 
 
 n 
 
 "0 
 
 
 
 Si 
 
 s 
 
 Jr. 
 
 c 
 
 bo 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 ^ 
 
 1 
 
 3 
 
 
 •5" 
 
 1 
 
 1- 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 3 
 
 1 
 
 
 ■J? 
 
 u 
 
 •a 
 
 ■-3 
 
 1 
 
 <: 
 
 Of 
 
 £ 
 
 U2 
 
 •1 
 
 <2 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 3 
 
 10 
 
 7 
 
 45 
 
 21 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 2 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 6 
 
 1 
 
 The staff and artificers of the field-train will be 
 referred to shortly, when another formation of the 
 corps renders it necessary to advert to the subject. 
 
 In the above formation we find the great error 
 which has pervaded the service ever since — the sup-
 
 DEFICIENCY OF OFFICERS. 53 
 
 position that companies of Native do not require as 
 many officers as companies of European artillery ; 
 and while the establishment of officers of the latter 
 was fixed at a proportion which shews that the 
 wants of the branch were then better understood 
 than they have been in later times, the former was 
 left ridiculously unprovided with officers. 
 
 The officers of a company of artillery should be 
 proportioned to the number of guns it is intended 
 to man. No officer can do justice to more than two 
 pieces ; and as the companies were then adapted 
 to eight field-pieces, four officers, with a fifth to 
 command the whole, is the number which ought to 
 have been present in the field. On this subject, 
 however, it will be necessary to dwell more, as the 
 successive changes pass under review.
 
 54 ARRIVAL OF SIR EYRE COOTE. 
 
 CHAPTER II. 
 
 Reduction of Golundaz Battalion — Formation of Regiment into 
 Two European Battalions with Ten Battalions of Lascars — 
 Goddard's Expedition — Popbam's Capture of Gwalior — Insur- 
 rection at Benares — Attacks on Pateeta, Luteefpoor, and Siege 
 of Bidgegurh — Colonel Pearse's Expedition to the Coast — Re- 
 duction of Golundaz Companies — Transport Train, Foundry, 
 Powder- works — Reduction in Establishment — Pay — Artillery 
 formed into One European Battalion of Ten Companies — 
 Lascar Battalions abolished — Battalion Guns — Artillery 
 formed into Three European Battalions, Lascars into Thirty 
 Companies. 
 
 The formation detailed in the preceding chapter 
 was not destined to remain, for in March, 1770, 
 Lientenant-General Sir Eyre Coote arrived from 
 England with the commission of commander-in- 
 chief, and soon after his arrival it was rumoured 
 that he had brought authority to disband the 
 golundaz. 
 
 From representations grounded in error and 
 party views, alarm had been taken by the Court 
 of Directors and the Government at the supposed 
 danger of teaching the natives the use of artillery, 
 and in August the golundaz were ordered to be
 
 REDUCTION OF THE GOLUNDAZ. 55 
 
 disbanded, the men having the option allowed 
 them of entering infantry regiments or joining the 
 lascars. 
 
 To this corps, having been raised at his sugges- 
 tion and disciplined by himself, Colonel Pearse was 
 much attached, and, both on public grounds and 
 private feelings, was averse to its being broken up. 
 He unfortunately had many enemies in high rank 
 in Calcutta; — the consequence of the feelings of 
 rancour which had so long disturbed the settlement, 
 and which were still kept up by Mr. Francis's and 
 General Clavering's faction and Warren Hastings's 
 adherents. Among these was Colonel Watson, 
 commanding the engineers, who vowed the over- 
 throw of the golundaz, and, having considerable 
 influence, urged Sir Eyre Coote to proceed in this 
 ill-judged measure. 
 
 Those readers, who may recollect the golundaz 
 at Cawnpore under Major Hay, may well conceive 
 how deeply it must have wounded Colonel Pearse 
 to see a similar corps sacrificed to jealousy and 
 party views ; and there is every reason to suppose 
 that Colonel Pearse's golundaz were equal to Major 
 Hay's, which is saying every thing, for there never 
 was a corps better disciplined than the latter.
 
 5G ARGUMENTS OF COLONEL PEARSE. 
 
 Colonel Pearse determined that the golundaz 
 should not be reduced, if any exertions on his part 
 could save them ; and accordingly, as soon as the 
 rumours reached him, addressed a letter to the 
 commander-in-chief, in which he urged the neces- 
 sity of employing native artillery, from the impos- 
 sibility of keeping up sufficient European artillery 
 for the service of our extended empire, liable to 
 be attacked at both extremities, and at such a 
 distance as to preclude the possibility of assistance. 
 He combated the argument of danger from native 
 artillerymen deserting and teaching their art to 
 the golundaz of native powers, by proving that, at 
 that time and previously, the native states had 
 artillerymen not inferior to ours in the mere gun 
 exercise and preparation of common stores, and 
 that, were this not the case, the desertion of a few 
 European artillerymen would render all precautions 
 useless; that in reality for many years past there 
 were thirty men nominally infantry, but in reality 
 artillerymen attached to each battalion, for the 
 service of the two field guns, which arrangement 
 entailed the possibility of all the evils now feared, 
 though without the advantages which a regular 
 corps of native artillery would give. He deprecated
 
 ARGUMENTS OF COLONEL PEARSE. 57 
 
 the system of battalion guns as useless, the guns 
 being M'ithout officers to manage them so as to pro- 
 duce the best effect, by attending to the advantages 
 of ground and selection of ammunition best adapted 
 to the occasion ; the two European artillerymen 
 detached with each battalion for this purpose being 
 ignorant of the higher — the more scientific parts 
 of the profession, which knowledge is confined in 
 general to the officers ; that it ruined the discipline 
 of these men, who, though they went out good 
 men, returned, in general, drunken vagabonds ; that 
 the lascars sent, though of the artillery. Mere only 
 employed in dragging the guns, and were unarmed 
 and undisciplined, but that they served for menial 
 offices, which made them desirable to captains 
 commanding the infimtry battalions. He recom- 
 mended that the guns should be collected in small 
 brigades, or batteries, and brought to the points 
 wanted, instead of being frittered away along the 
 line ; that the discipline of the men working them, 
 from being under their own officers, would be 
 better preserved, and that cannon would be better 
 looked after, and their fire produce more effect 
 in action, by being under the exclusive command 
 of an officer bred up to the profession. He con-
 
 58 ARGUMENTS OF COLONEL PEARSE. 
 
 eluded by urging that, even should the artillery 
 desert and take service with native powers, there 
 was in reality little to fear, for though the country 
 powers have infantry formed like ours, they are 
 inferior in every respect : their irregularity of pay 
 is the grand foundation of it ; their want of suffi- 
 cient instruction and of the essential knowledge 
 of our discipline, will long keep them so ; and such 
 as their sipahis are to ours their artillery will 
 be to our artillery, though the men should desert 
 in equal proportion, which he did not think would 
 occur, particularly if the golundaz had a small 
 increase of pay over the infantry, which was the 
 case in all other services. 
 
 On the receipt of the order. Colonel Pearse again 
 attempted to prevent this ill-judged measure, by a 
 respectful representation to Government, in which 
 he pointed out that the European artillery num- 
 bered but 370 in all, of whom only 150 were at the 
 presidency ; that two ships of the season had come 
 in without a single recruit ; that it would therefore 
 be impossible to comj^lete the corps till the next 
 year, and that, even, was doubtful, from the scarcity 
 of recruits, his Majesty's regiments being filled by 
 pressing ; that if an attack was made, the European
 
 REPLY OF SIR EYRE COOTE. 69 
 
 artillery were insufficient even for the defence of 
 Fort William, much more were they unable to 
 furnish the detachments which would be necessary ; 
 that the golundaz were good artillerymen ; the 
 name and service the highest in repute among the 
 natives ; and that they would not, even if the pay 
 were equal, enter the ranks of the lascars ; so that 
 i*aw and ignorant men must be enlisted for that 
 class, who would require instruction, and, till they 
 were taught, the presidency would be almost des- 
 titute of artillery. He submitted that, under these 
 circumstances, the execution of the order should 
 be delayed until the commander-in-chief could be 
 consulted, lest any ill consequences should follow 
 the immediate execution of it. 
 
 Colonel Pearse's endeavours were, however, looked 
 upon by Sir Eyre Coote as arising from a spirit of 
 insubordination, which never had a place in his 
 breast ; and they drew forth a severe and cutting 
 letter from the commander-in-chief, taxing him 
 with unmilitary and unprecedented conduct, tending 
 to sap subordination and obedience to its foundation, 
 and telling him that he was called upon for obedience 
 and not for an opinion, and that he was in nowise 
 answerable for the results.
 
 GO PROTEST OF COLONEL PEARSE. 
 
 It must, however, be stated, in justice to Colonel 
 Pearse, that, during the command of General Stib- 
 bert, several important military transactions oc- 
 curred, and General Stibbert being absent in the 
 field. Colonel Pearse obtained permission from him, 
 as commander-in-chief, to address the Government 
 direct on urgent occasions ; and it was in the spirit of 
 this permission, considering the disbanding the go- 
 lundaz as a measure fraught with danger, that Colonel 
 Pearse addressed the representation to Government. 
 
 To the commander-in-chief's letter Colonel Pearse 
 replied, regretting he had fallen under his displea- 
 sure, and detailing circumstances, such as the rumour 
 of a body of Mahrattas being in the neighbourhood 
 of Burdwan ; the arrival of the ships without any 
 recruits, of which he believed the commander-in-chief 
 to have been in ignorance when the order was dic- 
 tated, and which seemed to call for the exercise of 
 some discretion on his part, in carrying into execu- 
 tion an order which would cramp the means of de- 
 fence; that he had, in the exercise of what he deemed 
 a sound discretion, stated the facts to Government, 
 who could at once determine whether orders might 
 with safety be instantly carried into execution, or 
 whether thev should be delaved until the com-
 
 THE GOLUNDAZ DISCHARGED. 61 
 
 mander-in-cliief could be consulted ; he deprecated 
 any unguarded expressions, if such there were, in 
 his former letter, being construed into a want of 
 respect ; and concluded by begging that the step he 
 had taken might be considered as founded in error 
 of judgment, and not in want of obedience ; and 
 entreated the commander-in-chief to overlook his 
 error, and entertain a more favourable opinion of 
 him than that expressed in the letter with which he 
 had been honoured. 
 
 The appeal to Government was ineffectual, and the 
 minutes of Council of 23rd November, 1779, "ordered 
 that the native officers of the golundaz corps, at 
 the presidency, be paid up to the end of this month 
 and immediately discharged from the service ; that 
 the commandant of artillery be directed to repeat the 
 offers already made to the men, and those who still de- 
 cline to accept of them be immediately discharged." 
 
 Those who feared the native powers training up 
 good artillerymen by means of deserters from the 
 British service, do not appear to have considered 
 that without the material which is provided and 
 kept up at a heavy expense, the best artillerymen 
 would be useless ; and that, although artillerymen 
 arc taught the preparation of stores, still very few
 
 62 PRECAUTIONS OF GOVERNMENT. 
 
 have that intimate knowledge which only results 
 from constantly handling and making them up ; 
 and which is, in reality, found in a much greater 
 degree in the magazine workmen — a class who come 
 and go at their pleasure, and appear to be little 
 thought of, although the practical information they 
 could carry to an enemy would be worth more than 
 hundreds of mere well-drilled artillerymen. 
 
 The Court of Directors, however, must be 
 excepted, for in their warrant (17th June, 1748) 
 they direct that " no Indian, black, or person of a 
 mixed breed, nor any Roman Catholic, of what 
 nation soever, shall, on any pretence, be admitted 
 to set foot in the laboratory, or any of the military 
 magazines, either out of curiosity, or to be employed 
 in them, or to come near them, so as to see what is 
 doing or contained therein." And to such an extent 
 did this fear then carry them, that another paragra])h 
 runs : "And if any person belonging to the company 
 of artillery marry a Roman Catholic, or his wife 
 become a Roman Catholic after marriage, such per- 
 son shall immediately be dismissed from the company 
 of artillery, and be obliged to serve the remainder 
 of his time in one of the other companies, or be 
 removed to another of the Company's settlements.
 
 RATIONALE OF THE QUESTION. 63 
 
 to serve it out there, if the Council think fit," &c. 
 And again, in their military letter to Bombay (6th 
 April, 1770), they say : "As it is very essential that 
 the natives should be kept as ignorant as possible, 
 both of the theory and practice of the artillery 
 branch of the art of war, we esteem it a very perni- 
 cious practice to employ the people of the country 
 in working the guns ; and, if such practice is in 
 use with you, we direct that in future you attach 
 European artillerymen to the service of the guns 
 which may belong to sipalii corps, and that no 
 native be trusted with any part of this important 
 service, unless absolute necessity should require it." 
 With these views it is not to be wondered at 
 that the Home Government should have directed 
 the golundaz to be reduced ; but Indian expe- 
 rience might even then have taught that no more 
 dangerous ally can be found for a native army than 
 a large and imperfectly-equipped artillery. A native 
 power will hardly bear the heavy continued expense 
 required to keep it efficient ; or, if the state should 
 supply the means, the want of integrity in its 
 agents will divert them from their proper course ; 
 and consequently, in the hour of emergency, the 
 army is forced to fight a jiitched battle to protect
 
 64 REORGANIZATION OF THE CORPS. 
 
 the unwieldy train of cannon, which becomes an 
 incumbrance instead of a support : so it had been 
 at Plassey and Buxar, and so it has been in every 
 general action since. Assye, Argaum, Laswaree, 
 Mahidpoor, Mould have been avoided, had there 
 been no artillery in the native armies; unencum- 
 bered, they could have evaded the British ; but the 
 necessity of protecting their trains, and, perhaps, 
 the confidence which their presence inspired, in- 
 duced them to try the result of a battle. 
 
 Instead of discouraging native powers from organ- 
 izing large parks of artillery, our policy should have 
 been the reverse, resting confident that native par- 
 simony and dishonesty would insure inefficiency in 
 that branch. 
 
 In the new organization of the artillery now 
 ordered, it was formed into two European battalions 
 of five companies each, and to each company was 
 attached a battalion of six companies of lascars, 
 under the command of the same officer ; they were 
 to perform the whole duty dependent on the corps 
 of artillery, and to be instructed in the usual 
 services of artillery, with the exception " of point- 
 ing and loading guns and mortars." They were 
 dressed in uniform, and armed with a light ])ike, so 
 constructed as to form a cheveux-de-frise.
 
 ORGANIZATIOX OF MDCCLXXIX. 
 
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 GQ DISCIIAHGE OF THE (iOLUNDAZ. 
 
 Tliu iv<iiiiK'iit wtis to ))C coiiiiiKiii(l('(l l»y a colonel, 
 and LiontiMiant-Colonel l^oarsc was to liohl tlio 
 rank of lieutonant-coloncl commandant, " nntil the 
 lieutenant-colonel in tlie army next above him was 
 disposed of by promotion or otherwise ; and then, in 
 conformity with the custom in Bengal, and the con- 
 currence of the Court of Directors, to be promoted 
 to the rank of colonel :" the promotion of the addi- 
 tional lieutenant-colonel and major, to complete the 
 new establishment, to take place on the arrival of 
 the recruits of the season. 
 
 The brigade-majorship was abolished, and his 
 duties performed by a regimental adjutant. 
 
 These changes were not completed until April, 
 1780, as far as relates to the European ])ortion. 
 The golundaz A\ere discharged in December, 
 1779, very few taking service in the ranks of the 
 lascars. 
 
 The golundaz considered themselves belonging 
 to the most honourable branch of the army, and 
 were unwilling to enter an inferior service ; the 
 difference of pay was another, and a stronger reason, 
 and we accordingly find, that from 2,438 golundaz 
 of all ranks ^ho were on the rolls of the regiment 
 in November, 1779, in December 1,783 took their
 
 LESLIES DETACILMKXT. 67 
 
 flischargc. The returns for the next months arc 
 incomplete, and it therefore cannot now be ascer- 
 tained what became of the remaining- G50 men ; 
 but it is ])robable some were those who ^^•ere en- 
 tertained from the lascars in 1778, and liad less 
 objection to return. 
 
 It has been said before, that a company of golun- 
 daz from the Oude Brigade accompanied General 
 Leslie's detachment. The force marched from 
 Culpee in May, 1778, on what appeared to many 
 tlie wild expedition of crossing India and effecting- 
 a diversion in favour of the Bombay Government, 
 heavily pressed by the Mahrattas. 
 
 After crossing the Jumna, the force was soon 
 brought into contact with the enemy ; the Boon- 
 deelas met them at M'how, near Chatterpoor, but 
 they were beaten, with the loss of their guns ; all 
 of which that were serviceable were taken on by 
 General Leslie, who found his own train of four 
 12-pounders, twelve G-pounders, and two howitzers 
 insufficient. 
 
 Leslie remained in Bundelcund until Octo])er, 
 when his death devolved the command on Goh^uel 
 Goddard, who pushed on to lloshungabad, whicli 
 place he reached on 3()th November, aiul remained 
 
 F 2
 
 68 FIDELITY OF THE ARTILLERY. 
 
 at until tlu' iiii(l<ll(' of Januarv. awaitiiic: a re])ly 
 from liombay. 
 
 That the sipaliis looked on this service with some 
 dread and dislike we may conclude from the deser- 
 tions which took place, and which called forth 
 strong reprehension from Colonel Goddard in the 
 orders of 1st November; after pointing out the 
 ingratitude for all the former indulgences they 
 had received, and the unmilitary nature of their 
 conduct, in quitting their colours in their present 
 situation, with the daily expectation of being en- 
 gaged with an enemy, he concluded with the 
 following high compliment to the golundaz : — 
 
 " The commanding officer, with much pleasure, 
 excepts the corps of artillery in the foregoing ob- 
 servations. Their steadiness, fidelity, and military 
 conduct claim his particular thanks ; and he desires 
 the commanding officer will assure himself that he 
 will make ])ro])er mention of their merits to the 
 Honourable the Governor-General in Council." 
 
 Leavinfj Hoshunjjabad on IGth Januarv, this 
 gallant band contiiuie'l their route through an 
 unknown countrv until, on the 0th February, 1780, 
 Colonel Goddard received a letter from the Bombav 
 fielil dcjmtics, directfng his return to Bengal, in
 
 COLONEL GODDARD's FORCE. 69 
 
 consequence of a treaty tliey had negotiated \\h\i 
 the Mahrattas. This mandate he declined obeying, 
 urging that his orders were from the Supremo 
 Government, and he continued his march to Surat, 
 which he reached on the 25th February. 
 
 The following are the Artillery officers who 
 served with the force : — 
 
 Major ... W. A. Baillie, on the returns till April, 1781— retired 
 
 in 1802. 
 Captain... — Sears, joined detachment in jMarcli, 1781 — re- 
 turned in 1784. 
 Lieutenant R. Bruce, promoted to Captain in 1781 and joined 
 
 Major Popham'.s detachment. 
 A. Forbes, died in 1779. 
 L. Kempt, returned in 1784, 
 — Hamilton, ditto. 
 
 J. Harris, died October 15, 1780. 
 W. Rattray, returned in 1784. 
 H. Cotes, died in 1782 in China, whither he must 
 have gone sick. 
 „ A. Rattray, joined detachment October, 1779 — dieil 
 
 at sea 1782. 
 Lieut. Fireworker McLean, joined detachment March, 1781 — 
 
 returned in 1784. 
 ,^ „ Boyce, joined detachment December, 1782 — 
 
 returned sick in March, 1783. 
 
 In January, 1780, this force took the field again, 
 and, crossing the Taptee, attacked the fortress of 
 Dubhoy, in Guzerat, on the 19th, and took posses- 
 sion of the province; on the 10th Fcbniarv tlie
 
 70 (joddakd's successes. 
 
 army ^vas before Aliinedalmd, and stormed it on the 
 15tli, and it was intended to have attacked the 
 combined camj)s of Ilolkar and Scindia at night ; 
 but intimation that the Mahrattas were willing to 
 treat prevented its being carried into execution ; 
 evasion followed, and all attempts to bring them 
 to action were fruitless, till on the ord April, 
 marching at 2 a. m., Colonel Goddard, with four 
 Eurojiean companies, four grenadier sipahi bat- 
 talions, and twelve field-pieces, entered the camp at 
 dawn, and quickly threw the Mahrattas into con- 
 fusion ; they attempted to take up a position near, 
 but on being again attacked, fled and dispersed. 
 In this attack Lieutenant-Colonel Baillie, of the 
 artillery, led the first line. 
 
 The detachment returned to Surat, and in 
 October, 1780, moved against Bassein, a fort on 
 the mainland opposite the northern extremity of 
 Bombay Island. The detachment was increased by 
 a body of Europeans from Madras. A battery was 
 opened on the 16th November of six guns and six 
 mortars, at 900 yards, and a second of nine heavy 
 guns at 500 yards on 9th December, together M'ith 
 twenty mortars to bombard the works ; on the 
 10th, the breach being practicable, the enemy
 
 RETURN OF THE DETACHMENT. 71 
 
 offered to surrender, but some demur taking place, 
 the fire was renewed, and on the 11th they yiohled 
 at discretion. 
 
 From Bassein, in the middle of January, 1781, 
 the detachment marched for the Bore ghat, and 
 reached it on the 8th February. Ilolkar and the 
 Poonah armies were encamped on the top, but 
 Goddard struck awe into them by storming the 
 pass the night of his arrival, and by 5 a. m. the next 
 day gained complete possession. It was not deemed 
 advisable to carry the war further into the Mah- 
 rattas' territories, so the detachment remained 
 holding the ghats until the middle of April, when 
 they descended without disturbance, but Avere a 
 little harassed by the enemy in the three days' 
 march to the coast, during which Lieutenant W. 
 Rattray, of the artillery, was wounded. 
 
 The detachment continued in the Bombay Presi- 
 dency until the cold weather, 1783, M'hen it set out 
 on its return to Bengal, under Colonel Charles 
 Morgan (Brigadier-General Goddard having sailed 
 sick for England), and reached Caunpoor in April, 
 1784. 
 
 The European artillerymen who returned Avith 
 it were poste<l to the com})an}' at Caunpoor, and (lie
 
 72 rOPHAM's DETACHMENT. 
 
 goluiulaz ^vere also cantoned at that station. All 
 the lascai-s entertained previous to 1783 were re- 
 tained in the service, the worst from the battalions 
 beino- discliaroed to make room for them. The re- 
 mainder were discharged. 
 
 The orders which were issued by Government, on 
 this occasion, will ])e noticed when the return of 
 Colonel Pearse's detachment is mentioned, and in 
 the mean time it is necessary to look back a little, 
 to relate the part the regiment took in other opera- 
 tions then going on. 
 
 With the detachment under Captain Popham, 
 collected in 1779, for the purpose of reinforcing 
 Colonel Goddard, was a portion of the 2nd company 
 1st battalion, being under the command of Captain 
 Mayaffre, Lieutenants Legertwood and Vernon. The 
 original destination of this force being changed, it was 
 employed in aiding the Ranee of Gohud against the 
 Mahrattas. In February, 1780, it crossed the Scind, 
 and in April besieged Lahar. From want of a suffi- 
 cient battering train, the breach made was imperfect, 
 and on this, as on many future occasions, the want 
 u\ vKitcrid was supplied by the spirit of the troops. 
 Lahar Avas successfully stormed on the 21st April. 
 To this succeeded, on the 3rd August, the dazzling
 
 CAPTURE OF GWALIOR. 73 
 
 enterprise of the escalade of Gwalior. In this 
 attack the advance of two comjmnies of sipahis was 
 followed by twenty Europeans, artillerymen of Cap- 
 tain Mayaffre's detachment. 
 
 Captain Popham's detachment was replaced to- 
 wards the end of the year by one under Colonel 
 Carnac, with which was the 1st company 2nd batta- 
 lion of artillery, with the officers noted in the margin.* 
 The detachment pushed on to Seronje, where, sur- 
 rounded by a powerful enemy, and their supj)lies 
 cut off, they were reduced to great distress, and 
 would have perished, had not the bold resolution of 
 attacking Scindia's camp by night, on 24th March, 
 1781, been taken and successfully carried out, re- 
 warding the victors with guns, elephants, and grain, 
 the " s])olia opima " of an Indian camp. 
 
 The difficulties being removed, the detachment 
 fell back towards Gwalior, and met Colonel Muir's 
 brigade coming to their assistance at Antree, on 4th 
 April. The detachments then moved into canton- 
 ments. 
 
 When Captain Popham's detachment was broken 
 up, Captain Mayaffre with his company (2nd company 
 
 * Captain Macklcwainc, Captain-Lieutenant Scott, Liouton- 
 ants Lcgcrtwotul, Hart, Cilasa, and Ikiillie.
 
 74 THE BENARES AFFAIR. 
 
 1st battalion) was stationed at Mirzapoor, and on the 
 massacre of the force j)laced by Warren Hastings 
 over the Rajah of Benares, on the IGth August, 
 1781, an order was sent to him, as senior officer at 
 Mirzapoor, to march, with the company of artillery, 
 remaining four companies of Popham's battalion, and 
 the French Rangers (sending his guns and stores by 
 water to Chunar), nj)on Ramnagur, 2iid Chunar, and 
 wait further orders; and also by Major Popham, 
 with a caution to avoid hostilities, and attend to the 
 safety of the whole party until Major Popham should 
 arrive. 
 
 On receiving the order from Warren Hastings, on 
 17tli August, Captain Mayaffre immediately set out, 
 replying, that he would march, "observing his direc- 
 tions in every respect, and otherwise acting to the 
 best of his judgment for the good of the service." 
 
 Colonel Blair, commanding at Chunar, was also 
 directed to send four G-pounders, two tumbrils of 
 ammunition, an 8 and 10-inch mortar with 100 shells 
 and 200 fuzes each, with powder, &c. to Chota 
 Mirzapoor on the 20th, where Captain Mayaffre was 
 expected to be. These Avere intended to have been 
 used from an o])en space on the shore opposite, 
 selected by Major Tfipham to l)oiHl)ard Ramnagur,
 
 DISASTER AT RAMNAGIIUR. 75 
 
 and there is little doubt that a place so particularly 
 ill-adapted for defence against such a mode of at- 
 tack would have proved an easy conquest. 
 
 On reaching Raninagur, however, without waiting 
 for the arrival of Major Popham or further orders, 
 without plan, without inquiry, and contrary to the 
 advice of the officers with him, Captain MayaflTre, 
 on the morning of the 20th August, marched pre- 
 cipitately into the narrow streets, where, in an 
 instant, the leading party was annihilated. Captain 
 Mayaffi'e, and Captain-Lieut. Doxat, Mith thirty- 
 three of the Rangers, fell at once, and the detach- 
 ment was forced to retreat with a loss of 107 killed 
 and 72 wounded, two field-pieces and a howitzer 
 remaining in the enemy's possession. 
 
 It is most probable that Captain Mayaffre was 
 urged to his precipitate and rash attack by the recol- 
 lection of the successful enterprise against G^alior, 
 in which he had shared the preceding year; tlie 
 hope of acquiring reputation led him t(^ disregard 
 the maxims of prudence, forgetting that, although 
 he staked his own life upon tlie issue, he also 
 hazarded his Government's safety unnecessarily. 
 
 This fiailurc raised the whole country in arms, and 
 rendered Mr. Hastings's flight to C'hunar imperative
 
 76 ACTION AT I'ATEETA. 
 
 — a flight which gave rise to the incinoniblc Init 
 
 oft misquoted distich — 
 
 Ghora per howdah, hat'hee i)er zcen, 
 Juldeo bagh gee a, Warren Ilasteen. 
 
 Lieuts. F. W. Grand* and Sand, doing duty 
 with Major Pophani's detachment, accompanied 
 W. Hastings to Chunar. 
 
 Active measures were taken to collect troops, 
 and on the 3rd September a party was sent out to 
 surprise the enemy's camp, which was formed at 
 Pateeta (about seven miles from Chunar), but being 
 retarded by the bad bullocks and drivers with the 
 two 6-pounders which accompanied it, at daylight it 
 found the enemy, to the number of 4,000 infantry 
 and 400 cavalry and six guns, drawn up ; the fire of 
 our artillery and infantry was, however, so quick and 
 effective, that the enemy fled, leaving four guns, 
 among which was the one left by Captain Mayaffre 
 at Ramnagur, in our possession. 
 
 * Lieutenant F. W. Gi-und was a younger brother of the Mr. 
 Grand whose name is connected with Sir Philip Francis, from 
 the hitter having seduced his wife, who afterwards was married 
 to Talleyrand. Lieut. G. commanded two G-pounders attached 
 to tlie two companies of Popham's regiment acting as a body- 
 guard to IIa.stings. 
 
 Lieutenant Sand probably commanded two guns with the 
 remaining companies of the wing of the regiment.
 
 MAJOR crabb's brigade. 77 
 
 With the enemy's guns, was all the usual appa- 
 latus of artillery, such as portfires, tubes, chain-shot, 
 quilted grape, equal or nearly equal to the production 
 of an European laboratory ; the artillery, however, 
 was not equal to the stores : one gun, a modern 
 cast, was pretty good ; the others old and indif- 
 ferent ; the carriages of all much worn and bad. 
 
 The conduct and activity of Lieut. Baillie, of the 
 artillery, was particularly acknowledged by the 
 commanding officer. 
 
 On the 1 0th September, a brigade from Caunpoor, 
 under Major Crabb, arrived, with which were thirty 
 European artillerymen (1st company 2nd battalion), 
 four G-pounders and 1 howitzer, under Captain 
 Hill. 
 
 The enemy had collected in force at the strong 
 holds of Pateeta and Luteefpoor, the former seven 
 miles, the latter fourteen miles from Chunar, and 
 from information received, it was deemed advisable 
 to drive them from those positions, rather than at- 
 tack Ramnao-ur; two detachments were therefore irot 
 ready, one under Major Crabl), and the other under 
 Major Popham ; the former, accompanied ])v four 
 6-pounders and one howitzer, inuU^r Lieut. IJaillie, 
 with the ammunition, carried on bullocks, marched.
 
 78 MA.IOR (RAUn's JOURNAL. 
 
 on the night of 15th September, by a route tlirougli 
 the hills, to take Luteefpoor in reverse, under the 
 guidance of a native, named Bandoo Khan, who had 
 proposed the plan of attack ; and as the chief diffi- 
 culties of this march wore caused by the guns, it will 
 not be out of place to give an abstract of jMajor 
 Crabb's interesting journal of the expedition : — 
 
 " 15th. — The stores and ammunition being ready 
 by ten p.m., the detachment marched at that hour, 
 but ^^•a.s very shortly brought up at a nullah, the 
 water in whicli was deep, and the lini])er ammuni- 
 tion-boxes forced to be taken off and carried over 
 on the lascars' heads : a delay of two liours. The 
 road led along a plain tlirough low jungle, a ghat 
 with sliarp turnings caused a long delay, and it was 
 sunrise ere the guns reached the top. A low thick 
 jungle continued for about a coss, and was succeeded 
 by an extensive i)lain, slightly cultivated and with 
 two small villages. About a coss in advance, two 
 hours' delay was caused by a narrow deep nullah, 
 and three-fourths of a coss further, a second, with 
 rocky beds and banks, occupied an hour and a half 
 ill crossing. The road led along the bank under a 
 high hill, for about a mile, full of rocks. Recrossed 
 the river with more diflicultv than before ; the banks
 
 MAJOR crabb's journal. 79 
 
 very liigli, and forced to cut a road for the guns, and 
 it was two P.M. ere all were over; the jungle tliick, 
 ground broken, hills on both sides. Came upon a 
 small nullah, its bed full of rocks and the opposite 
 sides a steep pass ; the cattle were knocked u]>, and 
 the sipahis were put on to the drag-ropes to aid 
 them ; over by four p.m., and then no water to 
 be found nearer than a lake three miles in front, 
 which they reached by sunset and halted, after 
 twenty hours' marching and about six coss from 
 Chunar. 
 
 "17th. — Under arms at four A.!\r. ; marched 
 throusrh a thick iunofle, crossed a small river bv a 
 steep and narrow road, up a long steep pass with a 
 deep gully on the right, the ascent very difficult from 
 larfi-e smooth stones, on which tlie cattle could not 
 retain their footing ; the sipahis again at the drag- 
 ropes, and by ten a.m. the top was gained. A large 
 level but rocky plain, studded with large trees, now 
 opened ; about a mile further a river, bed full of 
 large rocks, and the guns were moved witli mucli 
 labour. — One p.m. ; alU>r moving over rocky ground, 
 the country 0])ened, and about a coss from tlie river, 
 an extensive plain lu'ar the village of Korada ; seve- 
 ral villages scattered over the jdain, \vln)se inhabitants
 
 80 MAJOR CUARU's .lot KNAL. 
 
 fled. Tlu> country was cultivated, cliietly rice kliets. 
 At sunset encanipcMl : ('()ni])ute(l (listanoo, six eoss, 
 
 " 18th. — Started three a.m., over a phiin full of 
 deep holes, <lifhcult and dan onerous for the cattle; 
 before daylinfht, entered a thick jungle with many 
 deep dry nullahs — forced to cut roads for guns ; no 
 trace of a road. About two p.m., entered a large 
 plain with several small villages, whose inhabitants 
 fled. At three p.m., encani])ed by a large lake, and 
 set smiths and carpenters to mend yokes and pintles 
 of two guns, broken : distance, five coss. 
 
 " 19th. — Marched at four a.m., at first over a 
 jilain, then througli swamps and rice-fields; the high 
 banks retarded the detachment nuieli. Passed a 
 large deserted village, Muddoopoor; had the intel- 
 ligence that the Rajah's troops were in front, with 
 guns, at the village of Loorah ; encamped : day's 
 march, three coss. 
 
 " 20th. — Moved at daylight, for one coss through 
 jungle, in parts thick ; by sunrise, the advance guard 
 was clear of jungle, and saw the enemy drawn up, 
 about 2,000 in number, in a good situation, guns 
 on their right, immediately opposite the road out of 
 the jungle, on a rising ground, and with a small 
 bank thrown up in front. Tojie and village of
 
 JOURNAL CONTINUED. 81 
 
 Loora on their left, and :i dcej) morass in front. 
 The enemy's guns opened on the troops emerging- 
 into the jilain, and fired briskly until all had cleared 
 the jungle and fomied, the advanced guard returning 
 it from one gun. When formed, the detachment 
 advanced as quickly as the ground would admit, 
 firing the 6-pounder until near enough for small arms. 
 A party was detached to the (enemy's) right, under 
 Lieut. Polhill, to carry the guns, and the enemy 
 fled, leaving their guns, 150 dead, and 20 wounded, 
 and made for Luteefpoor, distant about four coss, 
 through the jungle. The amnumition was destroyed 
 and the guns spiked and buried, there being no 
 means to carry them off. The road to Luteefpoor 
 ran through the jungle, rugged and steep, and no 
 water ; pursued them to the pass of Succroot, about 
 a coss from Loora, and halted to bury the dead ami 
 collect the wounded, amounting to thirty-four ; two 
 and a half coss. 
 
 " 21st. — Marched at four a.m., road good but 
 jungly for two coss ; a dry nuiiali, descent rugged 
 and ascent still more so; road nariow and winding, 
 full of large stones and rocks; the guns were lifted 
 over these, and gained the summit witii much labour. 
 The fort visible about three miles oil"; the road now 
 
 o
 
 82 CAPTURE OF LUTEEFPOOR. 
 
 along the side of hill was worse than ever ; from the 
 bottom of hill to fort very narrow though level, 
 through thick jungle ; at noon, entered to^vn of 
 Luteefpoor, which had been evacuated and plun- 
 dered by the Rajah's people while the detachment 
 was getting down the hill ; six pieces of cannon 
 and a quantity of ammunition were found; three 
 pieces were taken on the hills, intended to defend 
 the entrance from Pateeta. 
 
 " The fort of Luteefpoor stands in a bottom, sur- 
 rounded on three sides by high steep hills, with thick 
 jungle close up to the ditch, which is deep on the 
 Pateeta side, where, too, the wall is of stone with 
 loopholes; on the other sides it is part stone and 
 part mud ; the guns, on wooden swivels in the cen- 
 tre of bastions ; the citadel has a high stone wall, 
 with deep ditch and loopholes, in many places 
 much cracked." 
 
 In concluding his report. Major Crabb says, 
 " Lieut. Fireworker Baillie, of artillery, in particular 
 I beg leave to recommend to your notice, for the 
 very great attention he shewed in his particular 
 department." 
 
 The other detachment under Major Popham 
 marched against Pateeta on the 16th, but, on 
 
 Ji
 
 LIEUTENANT BAILLIE. 83 
 
 arriving, he found it so strong, that he sent back 
 for the two battering-guns and one mortar, originally- 
 intended for Ramnagur; these reached him, and 
 Captain Hill either accompanied these or was with 
 the original detachment. After five days' firing he 
 made no impression ; he ordered a storm, which took 
 place successfully on the 20th, about the same time 
 that Major Crabb defeated the enemy at Loora 
 Succroot. 
 
 After these defeats the Rajah fled to Bidjegurh, 
 through the hills, and was followed by Major 
 Popham.* 
 
 On the 4th November, a battery of two 18- 
 pounders opened against the fort, but probably from 
 the rapidity of the firing, one of the guns burst, 
 and it became necessary to send back to Chunar 
 for others ; in the mean time a mine was opened, 
 which it was hoped would be ready to be sprung 
 on the 6th. 
 
 * The Governor-General noticed Lieutenant Baillie's conduct 
 in General Orders of 8th September and 19th October, 1781 ; 
 on the latter occasion the order says : " The strong recommenda- 
 tion which Major Crabb has given Lieutenant Fw. Baillie for 
 his distinguished attention and activity in the management of 
 the artillery under his charge, affords the Governor-General a 
 second occasion of acknowledging the services of that officer on 
 the same campaign, and publishing his thanks for it." 
 
 G 2
 
 84 BIDJEGURU PRIZE-MONEY. 
 
 On the 1 Itli the place \vas taken, and tlie spoil 
 divided anion^ tlie caj)tors on the spot, «j^iving a 
 large anionnt of prize-money to officers of all 
 ranks, — a proceeding highly disapproved of by the 
 Governor-General, though not unwarranted by his 
 instructions. All attempts, and there were several 
 subsequently made to recover the amount for the 
 use of Government, were ineffectual. The total 
 value of the prize was estimated at twenty-five lacs.* 
 
 The officers in the marginf took a part in these 
 exciting proceedings, and those marked^ shared 
 in the prize-money of Bidjegurh. Lieut. Balfour 
 claimed a share for bringing up the heavy ordnance, 
 but they probably arrived too late, and his claim 
 was not allowed. 
 
 The misfortunes which had occurred in the 
 Madras Presidency in the war with Ilyder Ali, 
 and particularly by the defeat of Colonel Baillie's 
 detachment and retreat of Colonel Munroe, rendered 
 assistance from the Supreme Government neces- 
 
 ♦ Major Popliam received 2,94,000; Major, 44,956; Captain, 
 22,478 ; Subaltern,! 1,239 ; Serjeant, 200 ; Soobadar, 300 ; Jema- 
 dar, 140; Ilavildar, 100; Naick, 80; Sipahi, 50. 
 
 t Cuj)taiu.s !Mayafl're and J. IIill,§ Lieutenants Gillespic§ and 
 B. Bruce,§ Lieutenant Fireworkers E. F. Baillie, H. Balfour, 
 W. Shipton,§ .J. E. Grand, R. Sands.§
 
 COLONEL TEARSE's DETACHMENT. 85 
 
 sary : a detacliment, consisting of two European com- 
 panies of artillery (5th company 1st battalion, aiul 
 4tli company 2nd battalion), witli their battalions of 
 lascars, and 350 European infantry, was prepared, 
 and sailed in October, 1780, under the command of 
 Sir Eyre Coote. The detachment reached Madras 
 early in November, and shared in the relief of Wan- 
 dewash and Cuddalore in January and February, 
 1781, in the unsuccessful attack on the fortified 
 pagoda at Chillambram, and the victory near Porto 
 Novo. 
 
 Another detachment, under the command of 
 Colonel Pearse, of the artillery, consisting of one 
 European (5th company 2nd battalion), and one 
 Native (2nd golundaz) comj)any of artillery, witli 
 their lascars, and three additional companies raised 
 for the service, one company of gentlemen volun- 
 teers, about forty or fifty, and six battalions of na- 
 tive infantry, and IG field-pieces, followed by land. 
 
 The golundaz company raised for this service 
 was most probably formed from tlie remnants of the 
 old golundaz battalions, reduced in tlie preceding 
 year; so soon had the inexpediency of tiiat measure 
 forced itself into notice. 
 
 Much delay occurred in preparing camp equipage.
 
 86 APPEARANCE OF THE CHOLERA. 
 
 and it was not until the middle of January, 1781, 
 that Colonel Pearse joined the detachment at Mid- 
 napoor. 
 
 Before starting, he complained of the inadequacy 
 of his artillery (twelve 6-pounders, two 12-pounders, 
 and two howitzers), and indented for six more G- 
 pounders ; but whether these were furnished is not 
 known. 
 
 Soon after the detachment started, we find Colonel 
 Pearse complaining of the absurdity of the Board 
 of Ordnance expecting regular and minute returns 
 of all articles expended in a train while on service 
 with the same punctuality as within a settled can- 
 tonment ; and pointing out that all stores issued to 
 a train on service should be struck off the Board's 
 books, and an account rendered when the service 
 was over. 
 
 The detachment reached Ganjam in March, 
 where it suffered severely from cholera, then a new 
 disease, and wliich gave an impression that the 
 water had been poisoned. 
 
 In April thoy had reached Vizianagram, Ellore 
 on 20th May, Pulicat on 1st August, and joined 
 Sir E. Coote's army at St. Thomas's Mount on the 
 3rd Aunfii'^t, 1781.
 
 BENGAL BRIGADE BROKEN UP. 87 
 
 Immediately after their arrival, the Bengal 
 division was broken up and divided among the other 
 brigades ; an ill-judged and rash measure, causing 
 much desertion, which resulted from ill-feeling 
 on the part of Sir Eyre Coote towards Colonel 
 Pearse, partly, perhaps, on account of the corre- 
 spondence regarding the golundaz, but chiefly, no 
 doubt, from Colonel Pearse's being a friend of 
 Warren Hastings, against whom he expressed him- 
 self very strongly in a letter to the Supreme Govern- 
 ment in March, 1781, objecting to Colonel Pearse's 
 detachment accounts being kept separate, as likely to 
 cause expense and unnecessary staff appointments ; 
 to his being entrusted with permanent authority 
 in any shape, as unjust to himself, and assuming 
 a privilege (on the Governor-General's part) in mili- 
 tary details, which cannot be vindicated ; and com- 
 plaining that the instructions given Colonel Pearse 
 were a direct indignity offered to his authority. 
 He concludes by observing, " that he sees the news- 
 papers are replete with promotions and arrangements 
 in the military department in Bengal, without any 
 reference to him as commander-in-chief: he \)vo- 
 tests against the whole as irregular, uimiilitary, aiitl 
 entailing enormous unnecessary expense, an<l lia>
 
 88 OFFICERS ENGAGED. 
 
 the satisfaction of committing to record in this place, 
 that he ascribes these encroachments on the autho- 
 rity of the commander-in-chief to the Governor- 
 General, who now unites in his person the whole 
 powers of Government/' 
 
 The officers and companies of the regiment em- 
 ployed in this service were as follows, as well as 
 can be gleaned from the records. Unfortunately, 
 from July, 1780, to April, 1781, the returns are 
 left blank, and these companies are not included in 
 the returns until their rejoining in 1785. 
 
 No. 2. 
 4th Company 2nd Battalion. 
 
 Captain ... ... Elliott, rejoined May, 1784. 
 
 Lieutenant ... ... Woodburn, rejoined May, 1784, 
 
 „ ... ... Wilkinson, rejoined May, 1784, 
 
 „ ... ... Holland, rejoined May, 1784. 
 
 „ ... ... Groat, rejoined April, 1784. 
 
 Lieutenant Fireworker Turton, rejoined May, 1784. 
 „ „ Dunn, rejoined May, 1784, 
 
 „ „ McDonald, rejoined May, 1784, 
 
 „ „ Neish, rejoined May, 1784. 
 
 No, 5. 
 5th Company 1st Battalion. 
 Captain ... ... Hussey, rejoined April, 1784. 
 
 Lieutenant ... ...Carnegie, rejoined April, 1784. 
 
 „ ... ... Maud, died August, 1783.
 
 OFFICERS ENGAGED. 89 
 
 Lieutenant Fireworker Douglas, rejoined June, 1784. 
 
 „ „ Exshaw, rejoined June, 1784. 
 
 „ „ J. Green, rejoined June, 1784. 
 
 Lieutenant ... ... Robinson, rejoined June, 1784. 
 
 The above sailed with Sir Eyre Coote's detach- 
 ment. 
 
 No. 10. 
 5tli Company 2nd Battalion and 2nd Golundaz. 
 
 Captain ... ... C. R. Dcare, rejoined June, 1784. 
 
 Captain-Lieutenant ... E. Montague, rejoined iVpril, 1784. 
 
 Lieutenant ... ... Horsburgh, rejoined June, 1784. 
 
 ... Blundel, rejoined June, 1784. 
 
 ... W. Bruce, rejoined June, 1784. 
 
 ... Tomkyns, rejoined June, 1784. 
 
 ... J. AValker, rejoined June, 1784. 
 Lieutenant Fireworker McDermott, rejoined June, 1784. 
 
 „ „ Ilardwicke, rejoined November, 1783. 
 
 „ „ Nelly, rejoined June, 1784. 
 
 „ „ Barton, rejoined December, 1783. 
 
 „ „ Macbeagb, died August, 1781. 
 
 Commandant's Company of Volunteers. 
 Captain-Lieutenant ... W. Harris, rejoined June, 1784. 
 
 Stafl' to Colonel Pearse. 
 
 Captain-Lieutenant... C. Green, Aidc-de-Camp, rejoined June, 
 
 1784. 
 Lieutenant ... ... Herbert, Quarter-Master, died Decem- 
 
 ber, J 781. 
 „ ... ... Brown, Adjutant, rejoined May, 1784. 
 
 Joined Detachment at ]\Iadras. 
 
 Lieutenant ... ... Constable, Dccenibor, 17S3, went on sick 
 
 leave and joined detachment.
 
 90 SIEGE OF TRIPASSORE. 
 
 Lieutenant ... ... Addison, March, 1783. 
 
 „ ... ... Fleniyng, March, 1783, returned Jiiuo, 
 
 1784, with .'>th company Ist battalion. 
 „ ... ... Nash, November, 1781, returned June, 
 
 1784, with 5th company 1st battalion. 
 Lieutenant Fireworker Ilollingsbury, 1782. 
 Lieutenant ... ... Synie, died June, 1784. 
 
 On the IGtli August, 1781, the army marched 
 from the Mount, and reached Tripassore on the 18th, 
 and took possession of it after only three days' siege. 
 27th. — Engaged Ilyder Ali's army on the spot 
 where Bail lie had been defeated, and were forced to 
 retire to the Mount from want of provisions. On 
 the 19th September the army again took the field, 
 and on the 23rd the Fort of Pollom surrendered to 
 it. Hyder's army was in sight ; the two next days 
 were spent in collecting grain, and on the 27th, Sir 
 E. Coote went out to reconnoitre, and found the 
 enemy's whole force in camp near Cuppoor, about 
 five miles off. He then advanced to attack them, 
 Colonel Pearse commanding the left wing, which, 
 from having to pass through much broken ground, 
 bore the heaviest part of the action. Hyder endea- 
 voured to turn it, but his attempts were frustrated 
 by Colonel Pearse's movements, and his cavalry 
 driven back by discharges of grape. The two
 
 ACTION WITH HYDER. 91 
 
 Aviiigs were much separated, and Colonel Pearse 
 ^^•as at one time nearly cajitured, from his horse 
 taking fright and gunning away with some of Ilyder's 
 horsemen, who charged through an interval in the 
 line ; in endeavouring to get back, he was followed 
 by a horseman, whom his aide-de-camp shot. The 
 action lasted from three till dark, and it was eleven 
 P.M. before the army had encamped at Cuppoor, on 
 Hyder's ground. 
 
 In October, the army marched into the Pollams, 
 and a detachment of six battalions M'ith two 
 6-pounders from the artillery, the whole under 
 the command of Captain Owen, were sent to 
 secure provisions and intercept a convoy of Ilyder's. 
 Captain Owen conceived the quixotic design of 
 storming the fort of Chittoor, but, unluckily, Hyder 
 marched suddenly and attacked him, on the 23rd 
 October, in his camp, and drove him back with 
 heavy loss. One of the guns fell into the enemy's 
 hands, but was retaken by a gallant effort made by 
 Captain Moore, with forty Bengal grenadiers, whom 
 an artilleryman informed of the loss. 
 
 After this, the whole army moved against Chittoor, 
 on the 7th November. On the 8th, a battery of 
 two guns au<l two howit/crs fired from :» liill agaiii>t
 
 92 SURRENDER OF CHriTOOR. 
 
 the fort, but witliout effect. On the lOtli, a battery 
 of two 18-])ouiulcrs was formed on the banks of an 
 artificial lake, within three hundred yards of a ruinous 
 round tower, in whicli a l>reach was made before 
 night, and the enemy offered to capitulate. Their 
 terms were refiised, and firing renewed, and the next 
 day, the troops being ready to storm, the fort sur- 
 rendered. 
 
 Ilyder had, in the mean time, taken Poloor, in 
 which were four 18-pounders, and surprised Polipett, 
 where the baggage was left under charge of a batta- 
 lion with three 6-pounders, and carried off all, and 
 moved against Tripassore. 
 
 The army marched to relieve Tripassore, and ar- 
 rived just in time, as a breach was just made. After 
 destroying the works, they moved into Poonamalee 
 on the 30th November. 
 
 Early in January, 1 782, the army marched to the 
 relief of Velloro, and on the 9th, encamped near 
 Hyder's troops. Oh the 10th, Hyder attacked the 
 rear, while the main body was moving through the 
 dry bed of a lake. Beyond this was a wet one, and 
 the main body crossed this also, but the carts and 
 followers were in the swani]) when Hyder reached 
 the bank of the drv lake Colonel Pearse, who was
 
 RELIEF OF VELLORE. 93 
 
 <'oninianding the rear, formed up three battalions,and 
 his guns, consisting of one 12-pounder, one howitzer, 
 and six 6-pounders, which checked the enemy, who 
 opened a cannonade from upwards of twenty heavy 
 guns, but, with little effect. The position was hehl 
 for upwards of an hour, until the baggage had all 
 crossed, when Colonel Pearse crossed also, and joined 
 Sir Eyre Coote, and after a little desultory firing 
 Hyder withdrew. 
 
 Having thrown his convoy into Vcllore, Sir Kwc 
 Coote returned on the loth, and on reachiiin: liis 
 old ground, at the swamp, was again attacked. The 
 passage was covered by a heavy cannonade from the 
 12 and 18-pounders, and when across, Hyder loll 
 back, but made another attempt at sunset, which was 
 beaten off. The succeeding days were spent in ma- 
 noeuvres on both sides, without coming to an action. 
 
 The detachment was engaged in no further service 
 of any consequence until the unsuccessful and mis- 
 managed attack on Cuddalore, in June, 17(S3, in 
 which Colonel Pearse was wounded, whence they 
 returned to Madras, and reinaincd incamped till 
 April of the next year, — the death of liytler Ali, 
 a!nl conclusion of a jx'aci^ with Tijijjoo, rendering 
 tlicir linllier services nnuccessarv.
 
 04 
 
 DETACHMENT RETURNS. 
 
 On the 'J2n(l April the detachment made their 
 first march homewards, and the Euro])ean artillery 
 accompanied them as far as Musulij)atam, where, 
 about the middle of May, they embarked with guns 
 and stores, and reached Calcutta in June, 1784. 
 The strength of each company on its return is 
 annexed.* There must, however, have been some 
 recruits sent during the service ; but as from the 
 day of their quitting Bengal, the com])anies were 
 struck off the strength of the regiment, it is im- 
 possible to trace their actual loss. Captain Hussey 
 and Lieutenant Brown appear to have suffered 
 from wounds, for in Mem. C. 19th July, 17H4, on 
 Lieutenant Brown's promotion to Captain-Lieut., 
 " The Board observes that this promotion occasions 
 the number of artiller}' officers to exceed the 
 establishment, which they have been induced to 
 admit, in consequence of the peculiar situations of 
 Cajitain Hussey and Lieutenant Brown, by the 
 
 No. 
 
 Company. 
 
 Battalion. 
 
 Serjeants. 
 
 Corporala. 
 
 Drummera. 
 
 Guniicru, 
 
 fiC. 
 
 2 
 
 4 
 
 2 
 
 6 
 
 6 
 
 2 
 
 61 
 
 5 
 
 r* 
 
 1 
 
 6 
 
 7 
 
 2 
 
 55 
 
 10 
 
 5 
 
 2 
 
 7 
 
 6 
 
 3 
 
 r,(i
 
 CONGRATULATORY ORDERS. 96 
 
 wounds they received while on service in the 
 Carnatic." 
 
 The following order was issued by Government 
 the 5th July, 1 784 : — " The Board having received 
 ample testimony from the late Sir Ento Coote, 
 from Colonel Pearse, and from the President an<l 
 Council of Fort St. George, of the uniform good 
 conduct of Lieutenant-Colonel Elliot, and the 
 officers and men of the artillery, who have served 
 under his command in the Carnatic, have much 
 pleasure in expressing to this part of the Bengal 
 detachment, the high sense they entertain of their 
 gallant behaviour, and the important service which 
 they have rendered to the Company, during the 
 course of the war. 
 
 " The Board trust that this special mark of 
 their approbation will be remembered as an animat- 
 ing example to the Ik'ugal troops, whenever the 
 public service may call for similar exertions. ' 
 
 The golundaz company, when the Europeans 
 embarked, continued its march with the detach- 
 ment, and the whole reached Ghyretti in January, 
 1785, where Warren Hastings honoured them 
 with a visit, and testified the approbation of 
 Govenimont, in o^eneral orders, which after ex-
 
 06 HONORARY DISTINCTIONS. 
 
 j)ressing tlianks tt) tlit* commander and troops, for 
 " their gallant behaviour, anil useful services in the 
 defence of the Company's territories," direct that, 
 " as a lasting mark of their approbation, a pair of 
 honorary standards be bestowed on each sij)ahi 
 regiment ; on each soobadar a gold, and on each 
 of the jemadars, a silver medal, with such device, 
 motto, and description as shall be judged appli- 
 cable to the occasion ; and medals of the same sort 
 to the officers of the golundaz company; also 
 similar badges of inferior value, to such of the men, 
 warrant officers and privates, as have served with 
 the detachment from the commencement of the 
 expedition until its return to the provinces. 
 
 " The Governor-General and council further 
 direct, that in acknowledgment of the services of 
 the two great detachments, which have served in 
 the Carnatic, and the West of India, an additional 
 pay of two rupees per month be granted to each 
 non-commissioned officer and private of the Eu- 
 ropean corps, and one rupee per month to each 
 non-warrant officer and sipahi of the native corps, 
 composing those detachments, who were originally 
 attached to the same, on the march to their respec- 
 tive destination!?, and returned with them."
 
 COMPLIMENTARY ORDERS. 
 
 97 
 
 The (lOvernor-General likewise issued an order 
 on the occasion of his visiting the detachment, and 
 one of the last acts of his government was a pro- 
 posal in Council that " a sword should be given to 
 Col. Pearse and the two officers next in command ; 
 that all officers holding commands in the detach- 
 ment of infantry battalions should be confirmed in 
 them, notwithstanding the general rules of appoint- 
 ment, and that the names of all the officers be 
 entered on record, for such future marks of the 
 favour of Government as the rules of the service 
 may admit ;" and to those projiositions the Council 
 readily agreed. 
 
 It was also ordered, that the lascars of the artillery 
 who were with these detachments sliould receive 
 medals, in like manner as the sipahi regiments. 
 
 We are not sure whether medals for these services 
 can now be found ; we have been able to obtain a 
 medal, the reverse of which is illegible, which we 
 are induced to believe was 
 given to one of these de- 
 tachments, probably CoIoik^ 
 Goddard's, and the fort in tlw 
 distance, representing Aimic- 
 daba<l : a <lra\\iiifj ot' it is ;ui-
 
 98 BULLOCK TRAINS. 
 
 nexed. We have also been informed by an old 
 native officer, that the medal was of the same pat- 
 tern for both detachments. 
 
 The 1st golundaz company, wliich marched \rith 
 Colonel Leslie's detachment, was raised in 1777; 
 the 2nd, which marched with Colonel Pearse, in 
 1780 ; and the 3rd, 4th, and 5th were raised in 
 1782, at the Presidency, Chunar, and Dinapore. But 
 the same feeling, before spoken of, prevented their 
 retention, and accordingly, in August, 1784, the 3rd 
 and 4th golundaz companies were reduced, with 
 the option to the men of the former of entering the 
 lascars, and the latter, the 0th or 14th regiments, 
 which were at the same station. In March, 1785, 
 the 5th company followed, the native officers being 
 allowed the option of half-pay at Chunar, or three 
 months' gratuity and discharge, and the men, after 
 completing the 2nd company, of enlisting in the 
 infantry. 
 
 In 1779, the necessity of a train of draught- 
 bullocks for the artillery was pressed on the Govern- 
 ment by Sir Eyre Coote, and 4,000 were directed to 
 be kept at certain stations for this purpose : they 
 were to be from four to six years old, of fifty inches 
 high, and to be condemned at twelve years old, and
 
 GUN-FOUNDRY AND POWDER-WORKS. 99 
 
 able to draw ordnance, as in annexed statement.* 
 The commanding officers of artillery and of trains 
 were to be inspectors of all bullocks received into the 
 service, and responsible that none but proper cattle 
 were admitted, and they were to be marked in the 
 presence of an artillery officer. They were reduced 
 to 600 at Caunpoor, 400 at Futteygurh, and 250 
 at Chunar, by Mem. of Council, 14tli February, 
 1785, and the contract given to Sir Charles Blunt. 
 
 A gun-foundry existed at this time, for, in 1781, 
 we find that " two 12-pounders and ten 6-pounders 
 Avere ordered to be cast (if none available) for the 
 use of the ship ' Betsey,' Captain Giddes, going with 
 opium to China." It was probably under the com- 
 missary of stores. 
 
 Powder-works also existed on the banks of the 
 river, near Cossipoor. The gun-carriag-es were all 
 constructed by the commissary of stores at Fort 
 William. 
 
 On the reduction of the artillery brigade. Captain 
 C. R. Deare, the major of brigade, was appointed 
 
 * 2 4-pouncler 12 pair 
 
 18 ,» ^ „ 
 
 12 „ 6 „ 
 
 6 „ 3 „ 
 
 3 „ 2 „ 
 
 8-inch Howitzer 7 pair 
 
 H » M 5 „ 
 
 ^^'igon 7 „ 
 
 Tumbril 5 ,, 
 
 ir 2
 
 100 REGIMENTAL STAFF. 
 
 ivgimeiital adjutant, but tlie brigade niajorship was 
 restored in April, 1781, to be again, however, re- 
 duced to a regimental adjutant in 1785. Captain 
 G. Deare resigned it in October, 1784, and Captain 
 C. R. Deare was appointed. 
 
 In July, 1784, the adjutancy to the train in the 
 field was abolished, but each company in the field 
 appears to have had an adjutant and quarter-master 
 attached to it. 
 
 In March, 1785, at the recommendation of Colo- 
 nel Ironside, commanding at Caunpoor, tatties were 
 first allowed to the European troops at Caunpoor. 
 
 Colonel Pearse at this time resumed command 
 of the corps. Colonel Duff having temporarily held 
 it while he was employed with the army on the 
 coast ; and earned the acknowledgments of the 
 Council and General Orders, for the state of disci- 
 pline it was in. 
 
 In this year many reductions were made in the 
 army, by abolishing staff-appointments, fixing the 
 rate of pay and allowances to all classes, and laying 
 the foundation of a code of regulations to guide all. 
 
 The commissaries of ordnance were reduced from 
 five to two, and the deputies from eight to four ; 
 the brigade-majorship of artillery was altered to 
 
 I
 
 PAY AND ALLOWANCES. 
 
 1(11 
 
 an adjutancy; the general command of artillery 
 in the field was given to Lieutenant-Colonel Duft"; 
 his sttition was not fixed, but he was to move as his 
 judgment prompted, Mas to inspect the field maga- 
 zines and report on their state, but in these tours 
 he was to exercise no command (though entitled by 
 seniority) in the stations which he visited. 
 
 The following was the rate of pay allowed to all 
 classes of the regiment : — 
 
 Colonel Conimdt. 
 Lieut.-Colonel ... 
 
 Major 
 
 Captain 
 
 Captain-Lieut. ... 
 
 750 
 
 300 
 
 22.5 
 
 90 
 
 90 
 
 150 
 
 150 
 
 150 
 
 36 
 
 36 
 
 ■SI 
 
 1,200 
 
 645 
 105 
 
 310 
 248 
 186 
 140 
 90 
 
 120 
 
 120 
 
 120 
 
 90 
 
 90 
 
 3,175 
 923 
 681 
 356 
 306 
 
 
 Lieutenant. 
 
 Lieutenant 
 Fireworker. 
 
 Half Batta 
 
 60 
 
 24 
 
 101 
 
 60 
 
 4.") 
 
 24 
 91 
 
 Gratuity 
 
 Pay 
 
 House-rent 
 
 
 
 245 
 
 220 
 
 * "NVIr'u ([uartcr.-:' were not furni.shc<l.
 
 1()*2 REORGANIZATION Ol IIIK RK(;IMENT. 
 
 iSoran^' 21 
 
 l8t Tindiil II j 3 
 
 2iul Tiiidal II r, 3 
 
 Lascar 5 12 
 
 Scrang Commandant 51 
 
 Sorjeaiit 20 
 
 Coqwral 17 
 
 Bombanlior If) 
 
 Druinmor 15 
 
 Gunner 15 
 
 Matross 10 
 
 Jomadar 20/8, Drummer 11, Ilavildar 14, Naick 11/4, Go- 
 lundaz 7 rupees. 
 
 Tlie scale of pay differs but little from the pre- 
 sent day ; but the subject will more properly be 
 touched on when the effect of placing the army in 
 certain stations on half batta in 1828 comes to be 
 noticed. 
 
 In conjunction with the reductions above noticed, 
 on the 30th January, 1786, it was resolved in 
 Council to incorporate the two battalions of artillery 
 into one, of ten companies ; but that the establish- 
 ment of commissioned and non-commissioned officers 
 attached to them should remain as at present until 
 vacancies and casualties reduced them to the neces- 
 sary establishment ; but afterwards (March), all in 
 excess to the latter were permitted to reside 
 wherever they pleased with in the Company's terri- 
 tories, drawing the ])ay and half batta of their 
 ranks, and, such as were entitUMl to them, the 
 gratuity and additional allowance.
 
 LASCAR ESTABLISHMENT. 
 
 103 
 
 Necessary . 
 Temporary . 
 
 1 10 
 
 1 2 10 
 
 I I 
 
 1020 
 
 30 
 
 60 
 
 1030,30 00 
 
 60 
 
 60 
 
 30 
 
 80 240 
 
 30 80 240 
 
 I I 
 
 530 1 
 
 530ll 
 
 i'J-p 
 
 < X D- - U. ~ S, => 
 
 26 
 
 111 making these arrangements, the original 
 numbering was restored to companies. Lascars 
 were to be attached to each company ; in the field, 
 1 serang, G tindals, G cossibs, and 15G lascars ; and 
 in the provinces, 1 serang and half the number of 
 tindals and lascars. The Ijattalions of lascars were 
 broken up. Two six-pounders were attached to 
 each infantry regiment, witli 5 European artillery- 
 men, and 24 lascars to point and work them. The 
 remainder of the lascars were paid up and dis- 
 charged, and grants of waste land in the Rhotas 
 district given to all who would settle on them. 
 
 A slight alteration was made in two months, viz. 
 substituting golundaz, 1 haviklar or iiaik, and G 
 golundaz in lieu of the Kuro})ean artillerymen, who 
 were in the first instance furnished bv reducing- the 
 Ist and 2nd golundaz companies, the comjtanics 
 wliieh marched with (loddard mikI Peai-se, and the 
 sole remnants of the golundaz battalions: the men
 
 104 NKW ORDERS FROM HOME. 
 
 were tlivided among the regiments, and in Ajiril 
 directed to be enrolled as jirivates ; the com- 
 missioned officers were retaine*! in the service, and 
 stationed, 1 soobodar at Caunpoor, and I Jemadar 
 at Futteygnrh, Chunar, Dinapoor, Berhampoor, and 
 Barrackpoor, to l)e employed at the discretion of 
 the commanding officer. 
 
 As, however, in the case of the organization in 
 1779, the Home authorities appear to have entered 
 upon the same subject at the same time as the 
 Indian, and in consequence, the above arrangement 
 was hardly completed when the order of the Court 
 of Directors (sess. 85) was received, and published 
 in Minutes of Council, 2nd June, 1786, re-forming 
 the whole military establishment, and directing the 
 artillery to be formed into three battalions of 
 five companies each ; each company to consist of 
 
 1 captain, 2 lieutenants, 2 lieutenant fireworkers ; 
 4 Serjeants, 4 corporals, 8 gunners, 56 matrosses, 
 '2 driunmers, 2 puckalies. The lascars to consist of 
 30 companies, each having 1 serang, 2 first tindals, 
 
 2 second tindals, 50 lascars, 1 puckalie. 
 
 Each infantry regiment, when in the field, to be 
 equipped w ith 1 European non-commissioned oflficer, 
 and 8 })rivates, for pointing the guns, and 2 tindals
 
 THE ARTILLERY COMMAND. 1()5 
 
 and 28 lascars, to work tlieni, wliilo with each 
 brigade there were to be, in acUlition to the l)at- 
 tahon guns, 4 guns attached to the grenadiers, 
 making a total of 16 guns, exclusive of the field 
 train, and one company of European artillery and 
 four of lascars. 
 
 An additional company of artillery was raised for 
 service at Fort Marlborough, but not brought on 
 the establishment. 
 
 Colonel Pearse, although a colonel and the officer 
 next in seniority in the Company's service to the 
 commander-in-chief, was declared available to com- 
 mand a battalion, thus lowering him from the com- 
 mand of a brigade, which the artillery had hitherto 
 been, to that of a battalion, a command below what 
 his rank entitled him to. This indignity was not, 
 however, long continued, for in August he was 
 appointed to the general command of the artillery 
 stationed at the Presidency, and allowed an aide- 
 de-camp. 
 
 The lascars lately broken up and dispersed among 
 the regiments were withdrawn, to re-form the com- 
 panies, the first G of which were stationed at Caun- 
 poor, the next 4 at Futteygurli, next 4 at Dinapoor, 
 next 4 at IkM-hampoor, (i witii tirs^t battalion, and
 
 100 
 
 DISTRini'TION OF TIIK REGIMENT. 
 
 G with third hattalioii, at the Presidency ; the 
 tiiidals hitely di8char<ifed were re-entertained ; all 
 lascars in excess of the establishment were dis- 
 charged, and none in future were to be entertained, 
 excej>t such as were seamen or boatmeii by profession ; 
 and in March, 1787, 5 feet G inches was the standard 
 fixed for them. 
 
 The artillery companies were stationed, 10 at the 
 Presidency, 1 at Berhampoor, 1 at Dinapoor, 2 at 
 Caunpoor, and 1 at Futteygurh, and the companies 
 were enrolled in the l)attalions according to the 
 seniority of their cajttains at first; this, however, 
 was shortly altered, by making the first and second 
 battalions change numbers. 
 
 The regiment now stood, according to this ar- 
 rangement — 
 
 si 
 
 5 £ 
 
 C 13 ^ 
 
 u 3|;3 
 
 15 
 
 15 
 
 30 
 
 30 
 
 30 
 
 30 
 
 U 
 
 313 
 3 
 
 c 2^ 
 
 •C £;§:•? 
 a a C 
 
 3 5 
 
 non- 
 effect. 
 
 3 3 
 
 120 840 30 
 
 825 
 
 32 
 
 30 
 
 27 
 
 60 
 
 60 
 
 60 
 
 54 
 
 1680 
 
 1679 
 
 The lower line is actual strength, taken from the 
 returns of the regiment for August, 178G.
 
 NEW CONSTITUTION OF THK REOIMKNT. 107 
 
 CHAPTER III. 
 
 Artillery, one of the brigades of the anny — An Infantry Ofticer, 
 Brigade-Major — Succeeded by an Artillery Officer — Dress — 
 School orders — School — Inocnlation — Companies nunihered 
 by seniority — Method of exploding mortar-shells on reaching 
 the ground — Fire in the arsenal — Death of Colonel Pearse — 
 Lieut.-Colonel G. Deare, Commandant — "War in the Caniatic 
 — Second Battalion of Artillery sent — Sattimungulum — litin- 
 galore — Retreat from Seringapatam — Nuudydroog — Saven- 
 droog — Attack on fortified camp at Seringapatam — Rctuni to 
 Bengal. 
 
 Although so recent, the formation with which the 
 last chapter closed was soon modified. In April, 1 787, 
 the artillery was constitnted one of the brigades of 
 the army, — a change made j)robably with the view 
 of placing Colonel Pearse on an equality w itii other 
 officers of his rank, though junior to him in stand- 
 ing. But a curious circumstance is connected with 
 this formation, in the nomination of an infantry 
 officer, " Lieutenant Peter Cullen, brigade-major to 
 Colonel MacLeod, to act as Ijiigaiif-inajor to the 
 artillery, with tlic rank of captain, conformably to 
 the onlei> of the Tourt ol" l)irectoi*s, until a \acanc\
 
 108 
 
 ARMY CHANGES. 
 
 happens in that staH-liiio in the infantry to whicli 
 he is to sncceed." Tlie rejison of this appointment 
 is, however, elearly shewn in a snl)sequent order: 
 "The Honourable Caj.iain T. Maithmd, II. M.'s 
 72nd regiment, is api)ointed major of brigade, to do 
 duty under Colonel MacLeod vice Lieutenant Cul- 
 len." In March, 1788, liowever, Captain Grace, of 
 the artillery, succeeded to this ai)pointment. 
 
 Several changes took place at this period in the 
 army, at whicli we need only glance. The colonels 
 were detached from their brigades, and placed in a 
 situation similar to that of general officers of divi- 
 sions and brigades in the present day; tent allowance 
 was given to officers in all situations ; fuzils and 
 spontoons were superseded witli infantry officers by 
 swords ; the dress of the army was altered, as was 
 that of the artillery, and it is amusing to find that 
 what is ordered in 1844 should be little more than 
 reverting to the orders of 1780 ; for what is the order 
 directing wliite covers to bo worn on caps, but the 
 ])rincij)le of*' White hats may be worn on the line 
 of mareli, or black hats with white linen foIde<l 
 round them?" thougli, in truth, there may be little 
 doubt wliether the round hat so ])repared was not 
 a far profcniblc lnad-dros to the present shako. 
 
 I
 
 REGIMENTAL SCHOOLS. 109 
 
 The forinatiuii of a ivgiinciital scliool wa^ an 
 object of much interest with Colonel Pearst? ; as 
 early as 1770 some orders were issued on tlie 
 subject; but we learn from subsequent orders, in 
 1778, that these had *' for various causes been 
 neglected and forgotten, Ijut that the commanding 
 officer now resolves to carry them into execution ;" 
 and accordingly, rules are laid down for conducting 
 the school duties, — the amount each man is to pay 
 for being taught, what stoppages are to be carrietl 
 to the school fund, and, finally, that any deficiency 
 is to be borne, half by the connnanding oflicer, and 
 half by the captains. Again, in the year 1787, 
 " Colonel Pearse, having the welfare of his soldiers 
 at heart, and being desirous to do for their benefit 
 any thing that lies in his power, has thought proper 
 to establish a school for their instruction ; that, by 
 teaching them to rea<l, 1k' may i'na])le them to 
 learn their duty as Christians from books of their 
 religion, an<l as soldiers, from the orders and regu- 
 lations laid down for their guidance. It i«^ his 
 intention to visit it from time to time, and by his 
 authority, to make it st'riously a matter of atten- 
 tion." Then follow sonu' rules for the scliool, and 
 as an encouraii^ement to tlu^ iion-commi>«>ioned
 
 110 MILITARY EOrCATION. 
 
 officers to qnalifv tliomselvos, lie «lirccts that every 
 " Serjeant em])loyiii«T a man to write and read lor 
 liiiii sliall i>av liini fl rnpees a month, or to write lor 
 liim, 4 ru|)ees a month, and he shall not read on 
 parade, or be excused his duties." The number 
 allowed to attend the school from each company 
 was limited, and the order has remained so nomi- 
 nally till late years, although, in reality, none 
 wishing for instniction have been refused ; but of 
 late years the recruits for the regiment have been 
 from a better class, and a very large j^roportion are 
 able to read and write when they join the regiment. 
 This may be partly caused by the more general 
 diffusion of education in all classes, or from the 
 crowded state of all lines in England, impelling 
 a class to enlist who formerly found occupation in 
 other professions. 
 
 As another instance of the interest which Colonel 
 Pearse took in the welfare of his corps may be 
 quoted the following order ; it shews, too, how just 
 were his views on questions of duty and discipline : 
 " The rules of duty, as laid down, may seem 
 extremely rigorous to those who do not properly 
 consider the consequence ; Colonel Pearse hopes 
 that there are not anv ; but lest there should be,
 
 Dl'TY AND DISCIPLINE. 1 1 1 
 
 lie desires tliiit they will ciirefully reiin'iiiber that 
 military discipline ran only be really made easy hy 
 being enforced with precision in every part, liow- 
 ever minnte it may appear ; that strictness with 
 mildness will make the soldiers love their ofiicei*s 
 as their parents, and create in their minds a desire 
 to be highest in esteem, and an emulation to 
 deserve the preference, and the fear of losing- it ; 
 then it Mill habituate the officers to regard tln^ 
 soldiers as the object of their attention, and had 
 them to watch over their morals with that pleasing 
 anxiety which naturally arises from the desire to 
 produce suj)erior excollence in those who are im- 
 mediately under them ; and lastly, that in the cor])S 
 in which these principles are most conspicuous, 
 courts-martial and punishments are very rare ; the 
 lash is only heard when it falls on the reallv worth- 
 less and abandoned, whom the rest shun and dt^tcst 
 f(>r having brought disgrace u])on them, and who 
 are, of course, discharged soon after." 
 
 Vaccination had not at this time l)(>cn iiitroduci'd. 
 but, to lessen the danger from small-pox, inoculation 
 on a large scale appeai-s to have been first trie<l on 
 Europeans in India this year. In I'ebruary, 17s7. 
 1 officer, 2(> art ill. tv. 20 infantrv. and 'y'.] children
 
 \\'2 COMPANIES NUMBERED. 
 
 of artilleryiiR'n and lascars, wvw admitted into the 
 artillery hospital at Duni-Diim, and inoculated ; the 
 l)arty were left under the charge of Caj)tain Rjittray 
 when the regiment marched into Fort William, an<l 
 a report of the result was i)ublished in orders in 
 April, from which it ai)i)eared that 90 took the 
 infection and recovered ; of the remainder who did 
 not take it, some had been previously inoculated in 
 England, but without such effect as to induce the 
 suj)position that they had had the small-pox ; from 
 the result above detailed, there is, however, little 
 doubt but that they must have taken it. 
 
 In September, a general order having been issued 
 directing the companies of artillery to be numbered 
 in the different battalions. Colonel Pearse searched 
 into the records of the corps as far back as 1770, at 
 which time only 5 companies existed, and ascer- 
 tained the exact seniority of each company ; he laid 
 a plan before Lord Cornwallis, which was approved 
 of and published. Hitherto, the companies had 
 stood on the returns agreeably to the seniority of 
 their cai)tains, or the order for field duty; this led 
 to constiint changes, for on the j)romotion, for 
 instance, of a captain to a majority, his company 
 would be given to the captain just promoted, and
 
 EXPERIMENTS AT i)i;>r-r)iM. 113 
 
 tlie company would bo hiovcmI from tlio first to the 
 last in the battalion. In the accompanying^ tabular 
 arrangement these successive changes could not all 
 be shewn, though it is believed that it will be found 
 essentially correct ; however, from this period there 
 can be no doubt of the identity of the different por- 
 tions of the regiment, and for the valuable materials 
 from which it has been arranged, the author is in- 
 debted to Lieutenant-Colonel Tennant, for many 
 years assistant adjutant-general of artillery, and at 
 a time when documents, which have since crnmble(l 
 away, were accessible. 
 
 In March, 1789, Lord Cornwallis attended at 
 Dum-Dum, to witness the results of some experi- 
 ments carried on by Lieutenant Hill, with a view to 
 insure the ignition of the powder in a shell on the 
 moment of its touchinnf the irround ; the success 
 seems to have been complete, for "Lord Cornwallis 
 has been pleased to desire Colonel Pearse to com- 
 municate to Lieutenant Hill, that his lordship has 
 received the utmost satisfaction from the exjieri- 
 ments this day carried on Ix'fore him, and from the 
 successful endeavours of Lieutenant Hill to tire the 
 |iowder within shells the instant they touch the 
 ground. Colonel Pearse a(hK his own hearty con- 
 
 I
 
 14 
 
 IMPROVED FUSEES. 
 
 gratulatioiis on tliis success, and feels tlie ntniost 
 jileasure that ^liat has so long been souglit for hy 
 artillerists, has at length been discovered l>y an 
 officer of the Bengal Artillery under his command." 
 Lieutenant Hill's })lan, from an incidental notice 
 in the third number of the East-India Militarif 
 Repositori/, seems to have been the same as that of 
 an Englishman named W. Wilton, which was tried 
 at Woolwich in 1784. The wood of a common 
 fusee is partly cut away to about half 
 its thickness on both sides, and the 
 space filled up by two small wedges of 
 brass ; a washer of leather being placed 
 under them, a hole is drilled through 
 them and the fusee, a brass or copper 
 wire is inserted, and riveted firmly on 
 both sides. The wire, when heated, 
 becomes as brittle as glass, and the shock of tlie 
 shell touching the ground breaks it off; the little 
 wedges fall into the shell, and the fire finds two 
 lateral vents into the powder. " A fusee similar to 
 Mr. Wilton's {East-India Military Rcpositm-y), with 
 the leaden fins (four small ones to give additional 
 security to the brass wedges), was produced by the 
 conductor of the Expense Magazine, amongst several
 
 FIRE IN THE ARSENAL. 115 
 
 other kinds said to liave been invented by the late 
 Colonel Hill, of the Bengal Artillery. These 
 specimens are now in the model -room at Dum- 
 Dum, but we have never seen any invention for 
 the purpose more simple or more i)erfect than 
 Mr. Wilton's fusee." Of eio-ht shells fired with 
 the fusees at Woolwich, in 1784, six ignited at 
 the moment of the shell touching the ground. 
 
 At the beginning of this month a fire broke out 
 in the Arsenal, at night, consuming the workshops, 
 and all they contained, " except a number of car- 
 riages of different kinds, which, by the unparalleled 
 efforts of the officers and soldiers, were preserved 
 from the flames." Colonel Pearse was present, and 
 his presence stimulated their exertions to the 
 utmost, but there is reason to believe that his own 
 end was hastened by the exposure to this night, 
 under the influence of mercury, as we find was the 
 case from his own correspondence. I'.arly in Apiil 
 he gave over the connnand of the garrison to tiie 
 next senior officer, and proceeded down tlu' y'wvv 
 for a change of air, in the hope of restoring himself 
 to health, but Avithout the (l('««irt'(j cUcct, and on 
 the 15th June he cndiMJ lii^ lite : a L;:irriM>n onler 
 by the Governor-General thus annonnces it; — 
 
 I 2
 
 IK) DEATH (JF COLONEL PEARSE. 
 
 " It is \\\{\\ tlu' utmost conceru tliat Ivirl Corn- 
 wallis has occasion to prepare the moiirnful duties 
 of a last tribute of military honour to the remains 
 of Colonel Peai"se, in whose demise the army lias 
 lost a zealous and most respectable officer. 
 
 " On the corpse being brought into garrison the 
 colours are to be lowered half-staff, and to remain 
 so until the corpse is interred. 
 
 " The brigade of artillery is to furnish the funeral 
 party, which is to consist of such part of the late 
 Colonel Pearse's own battalion as is in the garrison, 
 completed to the strength of a battalion, and com- 
 manded l)y Lieutenant-Colonel Deare ; the re- 
 mainder of the brigade, with the 4th battalion 
 European infantry, are to attend the interment with 
 their side-arms, in such disposition as the senior 
 officer j)resent may direct. ' 
 
 He was buried in the great ])urial-ground of 
 Calcutta, and a handsome pillar of the Corinthian 
 order raised to his memory at Dum-Dum. 
 
 The inscription given below is cut on a tablet 
 let into tlie base of the pillar : —
 
 COLON KL PEARSE S MONUMENT. 
 
 To Tin: .Mi;Mi)lt\ (ir 
 
 THOMAS I) i: A .\ i: I' i: a k s i:. 
 
 COLONKI, ( OALMANDAM dl' All III. 1. 1 HV, 
 
 THIS (uLI M.\ IS 
 
 KKKCTKP IIV llli; Ol TK i:us (iT Till; IIKH.AKK 
 
 IN Tr.sriMoNv i)|.- TMi:iu HCsI'KrT, 
 
 M 1>( ( \ < .
 
 118 
 
 ( IIAKACIKK OF COLONKL I'EAKSi:. 
 
 In Colonel Pearse the re»,nnient lost a eonimantl- 
 ant (levi)te(l to its welfare; of a high onler of talent, 
 fitted, ill IK) common degree, for command, fond of 
 his j)rofession. and anxious for distinction in it, liis 
 whole energies were directed to the performance of 
 his duties; his intercourse with his officers and men 
 was marke<l by an earnest desire for their happiness 
 and comfort, and an endeavour to raise the tone of 
 mannei-s and habits to be found existing in both 
 ranks. Although a jxTsunal fiicnd of Warren 
 Hastings, his inHuence never seems to have been 
 used for any private end ; the good of the service 
 was emj)hatically his guide ; from his duty he never 
 swerved, and in it lie was influenced always by higli- 
 souletl and chivalrous feelings. That lie wonid have 
 won for ]iinis(>ll" higli honours, had an opportu- 
 nity Ix'cn alVordi'd, wlio can donl)t who lias care- 
 fully considered his conduct wiien in coininand of 
 the detachment to tlu' coast ; and that he had not 
 oj)portunity nnist be in j»art attributed to the pre- 
 judice or jealousy of Coote. 
 
 For twenty years he commande*! the regiment, 
 and under his eye it grew from infancy to maturity, 
 ami |ia>-sed tliroiigh many trials, yet always winning 
 for itself thanks and praises; to his exertions in
 
 PAUCITY or 01-FICERS. Ill) 
 
 instructing all parties in the details of their dutie^, 
 it owed its excellence, and lung as the regiment 
 may last, ami high as its fame may rise, the name 
 of Pearse ought always to be gratefully associated 
 with it. 
 
 The command of the artillerv briijade now de- 
 volved upon Lieutenant-Colonel G. Deare (who 
 joined the corps as a 2nd lieutenant when Pearse 
 commanded it) ; he was at this time at Cawnpoor, 
 commanding a battalion, and the «lnties of the 
 brigade were carried on till he ei)uld join bv " the 
 brigade-major, Cai)tain (Jrace, referring for advice 
 to Lieutenant-Colonel C. R. Deare, conuni^xarv of 
 stores, and brother to the commandant. ' 
 
 There being a paucity of artillery oflicers, such 
 officers as chose to volunteer from the line and 
 were approved of by the commandant of artillery 
 were appointed. The following, this year, joined 
 the corps from the infantry : — Lieutenants Druni- 
 jnond, Jones, II. (ireen, Clements Brown, Winbolt, 
 Matthews, and ll(»])per; others joined in a >iinilar 
 manner previously, but their names iiave not been 
 ascertained, thongh from a correspondence three 
 years afterwanN. we find Lientenant> Macalister 
 ami 1\. Ibowne were amon;j" them.
 
 rji) 
 
 HKNKHAL OF TIIK WAR. 
 
 From tlic return of tlu' two i^reat dotacliments 
 t'roiii \\\'st('rii India and the coast in 1785, the corps 
 does not aj)pear to have been called on to take the 
 tiehl ; l)nt this calm was soon to be at an end, and 
 the Carnatic once again became the field of battle. 
 Tij)})()o inherited "svith his dominions all his father's 
 hatred and jealonsy of the British, and from the 
 time of his succession it was evident that be would 
 take till' earliest favourable opportunity to renew 
 the war ; with such feelings on his }>art, and 
 jealousy and fear on the part of the British, peace 
 could not long remain. 
 
 The war having recommenced with Tippoo in 
 the Carnatic, assistance was called for from the 
 Bengal Governinent, and in January, I7.*)<>, the 
 whole of the second battalion of artillerv was 
 directed to be in readiness to emljark for Madras 
 on tile shortest notice; and to economize the store 
 of gunpowder, its issue was prohibited, save for 
 service and artillery-practice ; country powder was 
 ordered to Ik* j)urchased by agents, and suj)plied for 
 all other j)urj)Oses. 
 
 The men of the 2nd battalion, unequal to the 
 fatigues of field service, weie removed to the 1st 
 and 3rd battalions, an<l their places supplied by
 
 COLONEL DEARES DETACHMENT. 
 
 121 
 
 volunteers irom them ; twelve companies of la.sccir« 
 Mere attached, and the whole marched from Diim- 
 Duni on the 5th February, and embarked on the 
 IGth on the " Houghton '' and " Chesterfield " 
 Indiamen, and sloop " Lucnow," except a detacli- 
 ment of one-half of tlie 2nd company, wliic-h 
 marched with the infantry of the detachment 
 under Lieutenant-Colonel Cockerell, and which 
 was afterwards joined at Masulipatam by a com- 
 })lete company in addition, from the 1st l)attalion. 
 
 Lieutenant-Colonel Deare was at this time com- 
 missary of stores in Fort William, but giving over 
 charge of the arsenal to Lieutenant llum])hrie>, 
 secretary to the Military Board, he took connnand 
 of his battalion. 
 
 Lieutenant-Colonel C, R. Deare, commandant ; 
 Lieutenant Johnson, adjutant ; Lieutenant Balfour. 
 quarterma.ster ; and Conductor Johnson. 
 
 Lascar 
 Companies. 
 
 Com 
 paiiy. 
 
 Batta- 
 lion. 
 
 CaptaiiiH. 
 
 Lieutenants. 
 
 Lieutenant- 
 Fireworkers. 
 
 Non-ciim. 
 OrticTs 
 and .Men. 
 
 1, 7 
 
 1 
 2 
 3 
 
 4 
 
 5 
 
 2 
 
 2 
 2 
 
 2 
 
 2 
 
 Ell wood 
 
 J Ilorsburgb 
 \ Macpherson 
 ^jisii 
 
 Butler ... 
 V. lirown, 
 
 Featle 
 
 AVinbolt ■ 
 11.(1 reeue 
 Do well.. • 
 Matthews 
 Dunn ..." 
 Jones ... 
 
 74 
 
 1 ;{7 
 
 3, 4, 13 
 
 2, r, 
 «i, 1."., 16 
 
 Ilorsforil 
 Smith... 
 Sampson 
 
 f'r<)nikyn.>< ... 
 
 \ Nelly 
 
 rWittit 
 
 \ Clarke 
 
 J llardwicke 
 \Cranch 
 
 74 
 
 74 
 71
 
 122 DKTACllMF.NT EMBARKS. 
 
 The 2ml battalion was piohably selected for tliis 
 servici' IVom its l)riiif»; complete at the presitleiicy ; 
 but the oHicers of the other battalions seem to have 
 thouo^ht thev had ])vvn wronged by a dej)arture 
 from tlie regular roster, and accordingly Major 
 Greene, 5 captains, and 20 subalterns ajjpealed to 
 Lord Cornwallis, that their juniors, or others out 
 of turn, should not be sent. Ijord Cornwallis, in 
 general orders, comnvented on their proceedings, 
 exculpating the subalterns on the plea of inex- 
 perience, but blaming the seniors for attempting to 
 dictate to Government on sucli a \mi\t. 
 
 Lieutenant-Colonel Deare, his staff, the 1st, 5th, 
 and a quarter of the 2nd company, under Lieutenant 
 Nash; the 2nd, Gth, 7th, 1:3th, and IGth companies 
 of hiscars, with one-half the magazine and quarter- 
 master's establishment, embarked on Ijoard the 
 " Houghton," while Major Woodburn, with the 3rd, 
 4tli, and a <|uarter of the 2nd company, under 
 Lieutenant-Fireworker Feade ; the 1st, 3rd, 4th, 
 5th, and l.')th companies of lascars, with the re- 
 main«ler of the magazine and (|uartermaster's 
 establishment, embarked on the "Chesterfield;" 
 a party, however, oi' !.'>(> hiscars from 2nd and 5th 
 companies, with Lieutenants ilorsburgh and Wittit, 
 proceeded in the " LucnoM',"
 
 RKACIIES MADRAS. 123 
 
 The former ships had a lair passage fur that 
 season, and reacdied Madras before the end of 
 March ; the companies landed, and the iicad 
 (piarters, with 1st, 3rd, and 5th comj)anies, imme- 
 diately marched for Conjeveram, ■where, on the 
 30th March, they joined Colonel Musprave's de- 
 tachment, en route to Trichinopoly, the rendezvous 
 of the <irand army, and arrivecl there on the l20th 
 Ai)ril ; the 4th comi)any remained at Conjeveram. 
 
 The " Lucnow " was delayed in the river till 
 Gth March, and did not leave the pilot till the lOth; 
 their passage was so slow, that on the 3rd April it 
 became necessary to reduce the allowance of water 
 to each man ; however, on the 19th Ajjril she reached 
 Madras; the detachment of the 2nd company was 
 landed and marched to the Mount, where it joined 
 the i)art under Lieutenants jNash and Fea«le ; 
 Lieutenant Jlorsford marched for 'i'ri('liino|)oly, to 
 join his company, and Lieutenant W'ittit, witli the 
 lascars, set out for \\'aliajal)ad, where he arrixed itn 
 the 2nd May, and gave them over to Captain Smith, 
 commanding the Bengal artillery, with the Wn-rv at 
 that station, under Cohuud Kellv. 
 
 The King's shijts heing all withdrawn, an arma- 
 ment, consisting of four Conipanvx A\\\\s and two
 
 Ili4 I'UPXKDKNCi: OF 11 li: AIMII.LKRY. 
 
 c'oastinsr vessels, ^^:l^ fitted out iimlrr command of" 
 Commodore Mitcliell, \n1io mus knighted for his coii- 
 <lu('t in tlii^ (•x|)edition, succeeded in capturiujLC two 
 [•livateers, equal in size to small frig-ates, and in 
 enirairinir aiul heatinir ofl' two larfje frigates and 
 am)tlier stout ship. 
 
 At this time a circumstance occurred which 
 caused the relative precedence of the different arms 
 of the service in the Kind's and rom])any's service 
 to be set at rest by general orders. 
 
 Lieutenant Wittit, being for picket duty with a 
 party of artillerymen, was proceeding to take the 
 right of the party from H. M/s 74th regiment, when 
 the adjutant on duty directed him to parade on 
 the left ; to this he objected, but on being told it 
 was Colonel Kelly's positive order, he reluctantly 
 obeved, and reported the circumstance to his 
 commanding officer, Captain Smith, and Ca})tain 
 Speediman, commanding tlie artillery at the station. 
 In forwarding the statement, Cai)tain Smith men- 
 tioned a case having occurred in Bengal, between 
 Captain Montague and Colonel MacLeod, pf ILM.'s 
 73rd regiment, and requeste<l that it might be 
 referred to Earl Corn wall is, the commander-in-chief, 
 which was done, and his lordship decided that
 
 ASSEMBLING OF TIIK ARMY. 12.") 
 
 " H.M.'s cavalry takes post of tlie Comiiany's 
 cavalry, H.M.'s artillery of the Company's artillery, 
 and H.M.'s infimtry of the Company's infantry ; 
 but the artillery takes post of the infantry, without 
 considerinfj the service to which thov belonor." 
 
 The relative precedence of the troops of tlie 
 three presidencies was also decided at the same 
 time : the Bengal troops are always to be on tlie 
 right ; the Madras and Bombay to take the right 
 of each other in their own presidency, but to draw 
 lots for the po>t wlirn they meet on neutral 
 ground. 
 
 The main body of the army was now assembled, 
 to the number of 15,000 fighting men, at Tric-hi- 
 nopoly ; to each European battalion were attached 
 two 12-pounders, and to each native battalion 
 two 6-pounder guns, Mhile a ])ark of four iron and 
 four brass 18-pounders, and four howitzers, for 
 field service, accompanied, together N\itli a large 
 train of battering guns. 
 
 General Meadows arriv(Ml and revi(>\vrd tlie army 
 on the 24th May, and on the 2()th it commenced 
 its march, th(> plan of the campaign being to (Mitor 
 Mysore by tlie ( Jii/clhutty j*avv. s, .(Miring a rom- 
 mnnication 1)\ o('cnp\in^-. a>> a lino of' p(tv(s and
 
 12G PROGRESS OF TIIK ARMY. 
 
 tlep6ts, Tanjore, Trichinopoly, Carroro, Erroad, and 
 Sattiinunfjuluiii. 
 
 On the l.")tli Jums the anny reached Carrore, 
 which tliov found evacuated, and, to lighten their 
 march, deposited tlie iion and two of tlie l)rass 
 18-pounders, two of the liowitzers, and about 
 1,'2()() sick in tlie fort. 
 
 Daropooram was takiMi ; Coinibatore evacuated 
 by the end of July ; l^^rroad was taken early in 
 August, but want of carriage was even thus early 
 felt ; officers were all directed to double uj) in their 
 tents, and the battering guns, stores, and conva- 
 lescents were left in Coimbatore. In the attack on 
 Erroad the liengal Artillery was employed under 
 Colonel Deare. Dindigul and Palacatcherry were 
 taken, and Sattiniungulura surrendered to a detach- 
 ment under Colonel Lloyd, with which was Captain 
 Sampson's company of artillery ; in the two former, 
 the artillery of the coast were cmploved, and at 
 Dindigul Colonel Moorhousc, an officer much 
 respected, met his death. 
 
 It has been said that a detachment of the 2nd 
 company 2nd battalion marched with Colonel 
 Cockerell's division from liengal ; they joined the 
 division at Balasore on the 24th March, and a
 
 DISTRIBUTION' OF TIIK ARTILLKKY. 
 
 127 
 
 complete coini)any, in additioii, from the 1st hat- 
 talioii, was sent by sea, and overtook tliem on the 
 20th June at Masuli})atam ; the officers were as 
 follows : — 
 
 Lascar 
 Companies. 
 
 Com- 
 pany. 
 
 Batta- 
 lion. 
 
 Captains. 
 
 Lieutenants. 
 
 Licntenant- 
 Fireworkers. 
 
 No. of 
 Privates. 
 
 11, 12 
 23, 29, 30 
 
 2 
 5 
 
 2 
 
 1 
 
 Montagu 
 Barton ... 
 
 Doiigla-g ... 
 rilinde ... 
 iToppin... 
 
 Briscoe ... 
 Tulloh ...\ 
 Hill J 
 
 37 
 74 
 
 With the former were four 6-pounders and eight 
 tumbrils with s])aro carriages, and Mith the latter 
 were ten O-pounders and two 12-i)()uiiders. 
 
 The division reached Conjeveram on ihi- 1st 
 August. The 2nd company 2nd I)attaHon, now 
 completed l)y the other half joining, was attached, 
 to the 1st brigade; the ilth company 1st battalion 
 to the 2nd brigade, and a Madras company to the 
 3rd or reserve. Major Woodburn commanding tho 
 artillery.* This division marched under C'«)lonel 
 Kellv, by \\'an(liwa'>li to Arnee, which place they 
 had rcache(l i)v the end of .\ugust, and were thus 
 ready to penetrate the valley of Haramaiil. 
 
 Thus far the campaign had been successful : a 
 line of conmuinication had been established, and 
 
 * Four 1 S-poundors, oijjlit 12-pouii(lcrs, twenty ({-pounders, 
 two a-jmunders, iind two ."i.l,-inrli Imwitzors.
 
 128 APVANCK or Tirroo. 
 
 t\w main l)()(Iy and ceiitro division Averc ready 
 to tall on Tij)i)oo's dominions from two points 
 — tlio Baraniahl Valley and the Guzolhutty Pass. 
 
 The advanced division, under Colonel Lloyd, 
 Avitli mIiIcIi were the 1st, 3rd, and 5tli companies 
 of the 2nd battalion artillery was at Sattimun- 
 gulum, the main body, under General Meadows, 
 at Coimbatore, CO miles in rear, and the rear 
 division under Colonel Stewart at Palacatcherry, 
 30 miles in rear of the main body, while Colonel 
 Kelly's with the centre army was at Baramahl. 
 
 Such were the positions of the British army, 
 when, on the 11th September, Tippoo with 
 his whole force descended by the Guzelhutty 
 Pass. His movements had been unknown ; want 
 of intelligence, partly caused by the numbers of 
 cavalry who enveloped Tippoo's movements, and 
 jiartly from want of arrangements, was a prevailing 
 misfortune in these campaigns, and the first intel- 
 ligence of this movement was received by Colonel 
 Lloyd on tlie 12th from some battalions sent out 
 to collect grain. 
 
 ^)n the 13th, a cavalry j)arty sent out to 
 reconnoitre, fell in witli the advance of Tij)poo's 
 army, and falling back on their supports, kept
 
 ACTION COMMENfJCD. 129 
 
 tlic enemy at bay till he drew oil', and then 
 returned to camp. Tijipno soon followed, but 
 Colonel Floyd took uj) a position which confined 
 his attack to a cannonade, commencinf^ with three 
 pieces, which he advanced under cover of the 
 hedges, and which, from bein^ at a distance, and 
 the supi)ly of ammunition with the J^ritish being 
 short, were not at first molested, he gradually 
 increased them until, by '2 o'clock, there was a 
 semicircle of 15 pieces playing with much execu- 
 tion on the British line; but it mav be as well 
 to extract, from a letter of Lieutenant Ilardwicke, 
 who was in the action with Captain Sampson's 
 company, to Lieutenant \\'ittit: — "The enemy 
 advanced so fast, that the camp was struck a second 
 time, and all baggage thrown into a place of secu- 
 rity. The line formed ami advanced, and about 
 10 o'clock the enemy's guns opened upon us, and 
 by 11 o'clock we had taken our |>ositii)ii and 
 returiKMl the fire. The enemv extended his line 
 so as to form a crescent, and o|tene(l guns to bear 
 upon us in every situation, and so W( II were they 
 served that every shot ditl execution. ♦ ♦ ♦ 
 On the right of our line an 1"^, two TJ, .-iiid two 
 C-pounders kej)t up a smart lire, against which the
 
 130 DIATII (tl' COLONEL DEARE. 
 
 enemv retunud a most nrallinnr one About 12 o'clock 
 ourconiinandaiit, liiiuteimut-Colouol Charles Dearc,* 
 received a shot in his l)r('ast, and cxjiiicd inmic- 
 diati'lv. Half an li(»ur at'tciwards. Captain Sampson, 
 our sec(»nd in command, Mliilo sjx'akin*,^ to me, 
 received a very dangerous \\onnd in the head, from 
 a stone which a shot, that at this moment killed 
 luv liorM', ha<l lai^cd ; wlioli* files of the irrenadiei-s 
 were swept away ; half onr ^iin-bnllocks fell ; and 
 the desertion of all the drivers increased the con- 
 fusion. The cannonade continued till the close 
 
 * In the Calcutta burying-ground is a tomb to the memory 
 of Lieut. -Colonel and Mrs. Deare. 8be died a few days before 
 him. The inscription on tiie tomb is as follows : — 
 
 HKRE REST TIIK REMAINS OF 
 
 M H .s. C A T II i: K' 1 \ E D K A R E, 
 
 WHO niKD AT CAL( ITTA (iTH SeI'T. 17^1, 
 AGED .\XXIV YEAR.S: 
 
 IN -MEMOUV OF in:U A.M» HKU UlSBAND, 
 
 LI i:rT.-( •()!.( )N EL niAHLES RUSSELL DEARE, 
 
 \MIO FKLL HV A^tAN.NoN-SIIOT O.N TIIK 1 3TII OF THE SAME M«)NTir, 
 
 Wlin.i: < oM.MANDI.NU THE HOVAL AUTILLEKY, 
 
 IN AN ACTION FOUGHT 
 
 HETWKEN A DETACH. MtINT OF TIIE URITISII FORCES 
 
 AND THOSE OF TIPPOO Sri.TAN, 
 
 NEAR SATTI.MUNOULl'.M, 
 
 ACiED .\I. YEAH.'*. 
 
 THIS .MONT.MENT WAS ERECTEH I»Y MIS DROTHER, 
 COLONEL f;EORf?E DEAHE.
 
 COUNCIL OF WAR. ]'.'>] 
 
 ot" diiy, aiul bcfuru it was (jiiito dark we cuuM 
 perceive thev were drawiiii,'- oil' their guns. The 
 two 12-i)ouii(ler.s were rendered useless very early 
 in the day hv the axletrees c:ivin«jf wav ; the 
 18-pounder limber received a shot and blew up; 
 both my G-pounders were so damaged by shot 
 that one only could travel ; except the left of tlie 
 line, every i)art of the ordnance suffered much, and 
 it appeared impossible to bear such a cannonade 
 till relief could come from the grand army ; to 
 stand another day seemed likely to lessien our 
 means of getting off, and while we had guns to 
 defend ourselves in a retreat, that measure was 
 thought most advisable." 
 
 The dav had been disastrous, manv killed and 
 wounded, and three guns disabled, but Colonel 
 Floyd rejtorted that the " rest of the guns lired 
 with excellent aim, but si)aringly, for the stock of 
 ammunition was not great. II. M.'s regiments and 
 the artillery did themselves Justice with tluir 
 accustomed valour. " 
 
 A council of war lullowcd at night, and, as 
 might be expected (for when did a council <>f war 
 ever recommend an «'uergetic plan '.). a retreat to 
 Coimbatore, sacriticiug baggage and follouir'^, wa^ 
 
 K !2
 
 ^'^'2 RKTRKAT COMMENCED. 
 
 resolvt'(l oil. It certainly (Iocs {ii)pcar strange, witli 
 a fort at liaud and tlic main army witliin CH) miles, 
 the resolution of iioliling- tlie fort till liel}) arrived 
 was not determine<l on. 
 
 The intention of abandoning the followers got 
 abroad, and they all fled, so that no artificers could 
 be found to repair the damaged carriages ; however, 
 the experience of the oflicers, with the aid of the 
 Europeans, supplied the deficiency, and by 1 a.m. 
 of the 14th they were in a serviceable state ; by 
 4 A.M. the army was in retreat, but from the loss 
 of bullocks one 18, two 12, and three G-pounders 
 were left behind. 
 
 Crossing the " Bavani " in basket-boats, the re- 
 treat commenced unmolested, but " about 10 o'clock 
 (and here we again quote Lieutenant Ilardwicke's 
 letter) we could discern the enemy's line of march, 
 and at 1 o'clock they opened their guns upon us, 
 moving parallel with our line and taking advantage 
 of every situation which gave them a view of the 
 line. About 3 o'clock their infantry and horse 
 crowded on the rear, an advantage the nature of 
 the country or badness of the road gave them ; they 
 enfiladed us from behind hedges, buildings, &c., 
 and at i3 o'clock they a]ipeared in all quarters and 
 
 i
 
 RETREAT CONTINUED. i 133 
 
 advanced with a ' ding ' in crowds. The battalions 
 reserved their fire, and gave it almost on the point 
 of the bayonet M'ith surprising effect ; some faced 
 to the rear and resisted the attacks tliere. * * * 
 A G-pounder and two tumbrils were, however, here 
 lost, but it Mas astonishing the havoc the remain- 
 ing 6-pounder in that quarter made at this time ; 
 so severe did they feel our lire, that theii'S 
 slackened, and a charge made by the whole of 
 our cavalry gave a turn to the ftite of the day. 
 Night closed on the bloody scene, and we con- 
 tinued our march till 9 o'clock. By the lights in 
 the enemy's camp we could tell they were not far 
 off, and it was thought prudent, weakened as we 
 were by two such days' fatigue, to continue our 
 march ; we accordingly set off again at 3 o'clock, 
 and directed our route towards the hills, expecting 
 to meet a reinforcement from the general ; we crept 
 along all the day, suffering almost as much from 
 fatigue, heat, and Mant of sustenance, as we had 
 before from the enemy. * * * ^\\. \q^i j,, 
 all six guns and the greatest part of our baggage. 
 Lieutenant Ilorsboroudi was slifjhtlv wounded in 
 the head, and Lieutenant Winbolt in the arm." 
 The artillery lost in these actions — I lieutenant-
 
 134 Till-: CAMPAIGN CONCLUDED. 
 
 colonel, 1 coij)c)i:il, (i lascars killed, 2 captains, 
 2 lieutenants, 10 Europeans, and 15 lascai*s 
 Avuunded. 
 
 The whole army Mas now collected at Coim- 
 batore, and on it niovino: forwards, Tippoo made an 
 unsuccessful attempt on the place. 
 
 On Colonel Kelly's death, on the 24th Septem- 
 ber, the centre army fell under Colonel Maxwell's 
 command, and entered the Baramahl valley ; but 
 the operations of this division only once brought 
 them into contact Mith the enemy, on the 12th of 
 November, on which occasion the good position 
 taken up, and the correct fire of a gun, prevented 
 an attack by the overwhelming numbers opposed. 
 
 A junction took place Avith the main army on the 
 lOth November, and both armies followed Tippoo, 
 to relieve Trichinopoly, and after some desultory 
 ojierations, the campaign concluded. 
 
 In November and December Lieutenants Jones 
 and Nash, of the artillery, died, and Lieutenants 
 T. Green, Exsliaw, McLeod, Drummond, and 
 Buchan came round from Bengal to join the 
 battalion. 
 
 By Lieutenant-Colonel Deare's death, Cai)tain '4 
 Montague was promoted to a majority, but directed 
 
 Jl
 
 ARRIVAL OF CORT^WALLIS. 135 
 
 to reiiuiiu with the 2ii(l battalion ; ijieiitt'iiant 
 Glass to a company, and joined ; Coloncd Dutf was 
 ordered round to command the Bengal artillery, 
 and arrived about the middle of December. These 
 promotions were made subject to the Court ot" 
 Director' approval, because Colonel Duft' had 
 memorialized to be allowed to command the artil- 
 lery brigade as senior officer. The regimental 
 formation having taken place, his claim was not 
 allowed by the Indian Government, but referred 
 home, where it was linally iit^gativcd, and these 
 l)romotions confirmed, in the Court's letter, 4th 
 August, 1791. 
 
 On the 12th December Lord Cornwallis arrive<l, 
 and assumed command of the army ; fresh energy 
 was instilled into every department, and by the 
 5th February the march commenced. 
 
 The park consisted of eleven 18-pounders, six 
 12-pounders, and eight mortars, with an anii)le 
 supply of ammunition and stores. Lieutenant- 
 Colonel Giels (Madras artillei-v) coininandcd artil- 
 lery of right wing; Major Moorhouse, hit wing ; 
 Major Woodburn, heavy park; Major Montague, of 
 the advance. 
 
 The jilan of the campaign was to jtonotratc
 
 13G 
 
 THE CA>fPAIGN UKSl'MED. 
 
 Mysore by tlio liiu' of \\'llorc, Aniborc, and Banga- 
 lori' ; and to lucct tlio JJritish, Tii)i)00 moved oil' 
 tVoin Pondicherry (wliere he had been intriguing 
 Avitli the French), and was ready to oi)j)ose them by 
 the usual routes ; but Lord Cornwallis, marching in 
 thr direction of Ambore, turned suddenly to the 
 north, and gained tho foot of the Mooglee pass on 
 tlie 17th Fel)ruary, and by the 21st the whole army 
 had ascended, ami were encaTnjieil in Mysore before 
 Tijipoo could oi)})ose tlu-ni ; the ghat presented but 
 few difiiculties ; the heavy guns, with the aid of 
 men and elephants, gave little trouble. 
 
 On the 24th marched for Bangalore, in three 
 columns : the artillery on the right, infantry in the 
 centre, and cavalry on the left ; to keep the enemy's 
 cavalry at a distance, the European regiments were 
 equij)ped with the iron 12-pounders from the 
 j>arl<, and on several occasions their services were 
 I'uund very useful on the march to Bangalore, 
 before which the aimy took u]> their position on 
 the 5th March. On the next day the cavalry went 
 out on a rccoHhdiafUicr, in which they were worsted 
 by Tippoo's troops, and but for the opportune 
 arrival of Major Gowdie and Major Montague, with 
 assistance, and contrarv to orders, our loss would
 
 BANGALORE ATTACKED. 137 
 
 liavo been seveiv. On the 7tli the pcttab was 
 attacked and carried, and Tippoo's endeavour to 
 retake it repulsed ; tlie ibrt was now attacked ; on 
 the l'2t\i, a lO-^un, a 2-gun, a mortar battery, 
 and a 0-g-un battery in the ditch of the })ettali 
 "were commenced, and opened on the ITjtli ; on 
 the IGth a l)reach aj)peared, but two guns, an 
 18-pounder and a 24-pounder, were disabUnl. 
 On the night of the 17th a 4-gun battery "vvas 
 erected against the gateway. '* 80 just \\as the 
 aim of our artillery," Major Dirom says, " that on 
 the l.^th, notwithstanding the strength of tlie wall, 
 the breach was considered practicable by si'veral 
 qualified to judge from the experience of several 
 years' service ; another parallel, however, was laid 
 out and completed within 'JOO yards, and its l)at- 
 teries armed. 
 
 "On the 10th, the 4-gun battery opened; 
 this and the others kept up a constant cannonade 
 on the breach and neighbouring towers, replied 
 to sharply by nuisketry from covert way and out- 
 works ; to keej) which down, additional batteries 
 were erected in the advanceij |)araliei, and were 
 ready by daylight. 
 
 " On the 2(Uli the fire widened the breach, and
 
 138 BANGALORE TAKEN. 
 
 roiulcred it easiiu- of access, although its defences 
 were still numerous, aiul at dusk a workiiin^ })arty 
 opened a saj) from tlie advanced battery to the 
 crest of the glacis ; the enemy employed in at- 
 teiiijttiii^'' to stockade tlie breach." 
 
 On the 21st the enemy meditated an attack on 
 the British camp, but, being met, retreated ; they 
 however advanced again in the evening. 
 
 At 11 o'clock at night the storming party i)re- 
 j)arcd to move forward, and for about an hour 
 previous a heavy cannonade was kept u\) on the 
 breach, and as this intimidated the defenders from 
 remaining there, it was kej)t up with blank cart- 
 ridges while the storming party advanced ; the 
 I)arty gained the top of the breach without very 
 much opposition, and wheeled off to the right and 
 left, overcoming a considerable resistance at ditferent 
 points. 
 
 The whole of the Bengal artillery (six companies) 
 it is believed were emj^loyed in this service. The 
 casualties, from 7th to 21st March, amounted to 
 only 8 Europeans and 2 gun lascars killed ; and 
 the following extract from the general orders of 
 the 22iid Marcli records the satisfaction they gave. 
 " The jii<li('i(»U"- arraiigciiients made by Colonel
 
 ADVANCE ON SERINGAPATAM. 130 
 
 JJiiir, ill tilt' artillory department, his exertions 
 and those of the other officers and soldiei*s of that 
 corps in general, in the service of the batteries, are 
 entitled to his lordship's perfect approbation ; to 
 which he desires to add, that he thinks himself 
 much obliged to Lieutenant-Colonel Giels (Madras 
 establishment) for the able manner in which ho 
 conducted the fire during the day of the 21st." 
 
 The army remained in Bangalore till the 4tli 
 May, during wliich time every exertion was used to 
 collect carriage, — every expedient that could be 
 suggested was tried : private cattle were obtained 
 by leaving behind cam]) equipage and every neces- 
 sary ; a reward was given to cami)-followers of 
 1^ rupees for every 24-pounder, aiul 1 nii)ee 
 for every 18-pounder shot they would carry 
 to Seringapatam ; every nerve was strained, 
 that an attack might be uiade at once u]ion the 
 ca])ital ; the train was put in order, but beyond 
 bullocks for 52 lield-pioces and a few howitzers, 
 sufficient for only I.') Ijattering-guns could be col- 
 lected. Thus e(juii)})ed, on the Itli tin- army 
 marched, and after much ditliculty, iVoiu tlie state of 
 the carriaLi'c cattle, rcacliiMl Aiakcrrv. on tlio rivor 
 Cavery. a tow niilo hrluw Scriunapataiii. on the
 
 140 STATK OF TFIK ARMY. 
 
 13th May; tlic river was found unfordable, nnd no 
 place nearer than Caniam])addy, eight niih^s above 
 the Ibrt, could l)e found. Tippoo, witli his army, 
 was encamped about six miles ott", witli his right to 
 the river, and left to a rugged mountain. While 
 attempting to render the ford passable, on the 14th, 
 the army halted, and Lord Cornwallis conceived the 
 idea of attacking Tippoo by a night march, and 
 cutting him off from a retreat on Seringapatam. 
 The attcmj^t was made, but a heavy storm over- 
 taking the army soon after it started, the way was 
 lost, and the troops got entangled, so that they 
 were forced to halt till daylight ; the effect of a 
 surprise was lost ; the enemy, however, were de- 
 feated with loss. The artillery had Lieutenant Mac- 
 pherson, one European, and four lascars wounded ; 
 but the chief part were probably left behind, under 
 Colonel Duff, with the camp, heavy guns, and 
 stores. Lieutenant Macphcrson died of his wounds 
 on the 21st May. 
 
 On the 2nth tlic army had reached the ford at 
 Caniambaddy, but in such a state, from deficiency of 
 food, carriage, and material, and the* state of the 
 weather, that Lord Cornwallis found it would be 
 impossible to move the batlerin;^-traiu from wlieic
 
 RETR E AT COM M KN C K D . 141 
 
 it was, ami that lie must ^-ivc up the liopc of takiu^*- 
 Seringapatani lor tlic present. On the '2'2nd, 
 three 24-pounders and eight 18-pounclers were 
 burst, all the stores were buried or destroyed, and 
 the whole of the public grain distributed among the 
 troops, and the whole army were in motion on their 
 melancholy retreat on the 2Gth May ; they moved 
 slowly back to Bangalore, which they reached on 
 the 11th July, putting all their spare tumbrils and 
 stores into Bangalore (Lieutenant Douglas was 
 appointed commissary of ordnance). The army 
 moved lightly on the 1.3th, to cover the passage of 
 a convoy from below the ghats. Ossoor surrendered 
 and Captain Glass's (2nd company 2nd battalion) 
 company of artillery was thrown into it*, with a 
 battalion of Bengal volunteers as a garrison. This 
 company, with heavy guns, was employed in Sej)- 
 tember in escorting a convoy to Bangalore. 
 
 In September, a detachment un<h'r Major (lowdie 
 was sent against Nundydroog. a hill (ort. wliirli, if 
 left in the enemy's possession, woiiM have given 
 trouble to the army on tlu'ir advance to Seringapa- 
 tani, for which every thing was now nearlv readv. 
 With Major Gowdie's detachment was a <letach- 
 meiit of artilh'ry umler Majoi- Montague, four iron
 
 142 
 
 CAPTURK or RAYMANGIIUR. 
 
 12-poim(lois and two Miiall mortars. This detail 
 was j)rol)ably from tlie Mh company 1st battalion, 
 as Lieutenant T. Hill's name is mentioned during 
 the subsequent operations, and to that company ho 
 belonged. 
 
 On the road to Nundydroog the hill fortress of 
 Ila}Tiianghur was taken, " The indefatigable ex- 
 ertion of Major Montague in getting four 0-pounders 
 and two mortars on a rock which completely flanked 
 the proposed point of attack, his firing with great 
 effect, and throwing shells with much judgment," 
 are acknowledged by Major Gowdie, as contributing 
 to the early cai)ture of the place. 
 
 From Ilaymanghur the division proceeded against 
 Nundydroog, a hill fortress of great strength, situ- 
 ated on ground most difficult of a]>proach, where, 
 on the 'iOth, they were joined by two 24-pounder 
 guns and four mortars, with a quantity of stores. 
 
 With astonishing labour and exertion. Major 
 Montague, on tlu^ night of the 2nd October, got 
 two 24-i)Ounders into the battery by means of 
 ropes fastened round posts driven into the ground, 
 and trees, and all the resources which an artillery 
 officer nmst bring into j)lay in such circumstances; 
 and on the 4th, this and a mortar battery from the
 
 NUNDYDROOG TAKEN. 143 
 
 pcttuli 01)lmum1, ])ut llio liiM<;lit was too f^rcat, for tlie 
 mortars, and the y;m\s weru uiialjle to make any 
 impression on the solid blocks of stone of avIiIcIi tlie 
 walls were formed ; regnlar a])roaclies were re- 
 solved on, and an S-gnn battery (IS-ponndei-s) 
 got ready up the hill, into which, on tlie 11th 
 October, the guns were drawn by two elephants 
 each, aided by four drag-ropes and crowds of men. 
 On the 12th this battery ojiened with excellent 
 effect, and soon silenced all the guns in its direc- 
 tion, except one on the south-east angle, which did 
 much mischief; a traverse was raised against this, 
 and an advanced battery for two G-pounders ; into 
 this, with infinite labour, a 12-pounder was also 
 conveyed, and the angle gave way to a few well- 
 directed shots by Major Montague, and the trouble- 
 some gun came tumbling down the rock. The 
 ammunition running short, the fire was slack until 
 the IGth, when a fresh snj)j)ly arrived from Hanga- 
 lore. 
 
 The breach being now practicable, on the isth 
 the army moved up, and on that evening the assault 
 took place. An artillcrv olliccr, with a ]>arty of 
 nu'u and a small mortar, to be used as a petard for 
 blowing open tlio gateof tlio iiuuM- wall, accompanied
 
 1 14 SAVENDROOC! STORMED. 
 
 the storiniiiL;; |»:iity. The rcsistanco, tlinu^'li <riviit 
 at liist, was not contiiuu'd, ami the place was won 
 without a licavv loss. 
 
 LicutiMiaiit T. Hill, ortln^ ai'tillcrv, was wounded, 
 duriu''' the sieije, in the thi<di hv the burstin<r 
 of a shell, and Lieutenant Cranch slightly in the 
 shoulder. 
 
 Lieutenant-Colonel Stewart's division now i)ro- 
 ceeded against Savendroo'j!', a hill fortress on a 
 rocky mountain, half a mile high, and eight or ten 
 miles in circumference; on the 10th December, 
 the division was within three miles of it, the Com- 
 mander-in-Chief covering the siege with the main 
 army; the hill was surrounded by a deep belt of 
 jungle, composed of bamboos and trees, interspersed 
 with huge masses of rock ; a narrow ])ath was the 
 only road, and this was rendered diflicult from 
 barriers. A road for the guns was with great labour 
 t'oriiiL'tl throunji tliis forest, and they were trans- 
 portecl with much dilliculty through ; the enemy 
 otlered little or no iuterru])tion, confident in the 
 strength of their jtost and the fearful ally, lualaria, 
 which haunted the jungle, and, which Tippoo 
 affirmed, would destroy one-half of the army, while 
 he would slaughter tlie other. On the 17th De-
 
 THE SIEOK CONTINIT.D. 145 
 
 cember, two batteries opened, one of three \H~ 
 pounders, at 800 yards, at an elevation of 23°, and 
 the other of three 12-pounders and two 18-pound- 
 ers, at 700 yards; the artillery was under Major 
 Montague, but we are unable to ascertain what 
 company. 
 
 The wall being formed of solid slabs of stone 
 fastened together by iron rivets, and the guns firing 
 at an elevation, the effect of the 12-pounders did 
 not at first answer the expectations formed. Two 
 2-gun batteries were pushed on to within 2r>0 yards, 
 and the 12-pounders were rej)hi('ed liy lR-])onnders 
 drawn from the main army, an«l tluMr continued 
 fire soon opened a breach in the uj^per Mall. On 
 the 20th, the breach was reconnoitred, and Major 
 Montague not considering it sufficiently oj)en, kept 
 n|» an incessant and well-directed fire niuin it all 
 day, and before dark the breach wai!i widened, and 
 the outer wall shattered to its foundation. 
 
 On the 21st the stonii took ])lact' ; the signal 
 was to be given when the foLTs, wliicli daily rise 
 from the low groun<l and ascend the liill. shoidd wrap 
 the fortress in their sombre mantle, hiding from 
 the besieged the besiegers' intent it»ns. At about 
 n o'clock A.M. tlie >ignal-gnns were fired, and 
 
 1.
 
 14(» SAVKXDROOf; (ArTUKr.I). 
 
 the cruMiiv niovt'd tlowu to (Icfciid tlic l)rc;icli, luit 
 the l)attori«^>< opiMU'cl a dcadlv fire (d" ^^rapc. mikK r 
 covor of \\lii(di till' storniiiii,'' party advanced, and 
 rapidiv drove the (iicniy l)a('k, cnterinc^ the i-ita- 
 del Mitli them, and ^aininfj possession of the j)laco. 
 Mnjor Monta<jne's snecesst'nl oxcM'tions in l)rin^^- 
 inijf his ^nns into l)atterv, and liis professional 
 "^kill in direetinij their tiro, a^'-ain earned the 
 |irai<es of the Coniinander-in-Chief in < lovernnient 
 Orders. 
 
 Other fortresses f(dl — Kanighurry, Sheriaghnrry, 
 and Outredrooof, with little resistance : Lieutenant 
 Shipton, Lieutenant-Fireworkers Charles Brown 
 and Biith'r, were jiresent at their taking; hut now- 
 all attention was turned to the main ohject of the 
 campaign, the sie;je of Seringapatam. 
 
 Durintr the o]»erations al)ove detailed, convovs of 
 stores and ordnance had been arrivin<,', and every 
 rare taken to |int the ludterir/ of the army on the 
 best possible footiiiLT : everv thin;,'' was collected in 
 Banpdore, and the train under Colonel OuflTarrived 
 tliere on the l*2tli Jannary, 1702. in lii^di order; 
 "the draui^dit cattle were in such hin;h onlcr " (to 
 fpiote from a letter of that period), "that they lite- 
 rallv came in witli the lieavy o-tms on a ^'•allop.'*
 
 TIIK SIECE-TRAIV. 
 
 TIio train consisted of — 
 
 I 17 
 
 4 24-i>ounder8, 
 
 24 IS 
 
 4 12 
 60 6 
 
 3 8 -inch howitzers, 
 
 4 ^ „ 
 
 6 .»! ami 4^ mortars, 
 1 S-iucli iimrtar, 
 60 6-j>oun(ler tuinbril.-i, 
 
 206 store tuniltrils, 
 9 sj.>aro earriai,'e3, 
 
 22.'> cart". 
 
 The Bencral Artillerv diirino: the last few montlis 
 had been weakened ])y the loss of ofHcers : Captain 
 Smith and Lieutenant llorsborough died in October, 
 1791, at Bangalore, and Captain Sam])Son early in 
 Januarv, 1792; but Captains Howell and Burnett 
 supplied their vacancies. 
 
 On the 1st February, the army marclied from 
 Banp^alore; the troo])s on the rinht, tlie battering- 
 train in the centre, and the bair-o-ao-i" »)n the left ; 
 
 of? c 
 
 the cattle and the carriages were so good that 
 the tniin moved without <li<liculty, and on the r)th 
 Febniary, the army came in ^iglit of Seringapatam. 
 Tippoo lia<l dniwn his army into a fortilied cam|) 
 on the north side of tlie Cavery : Lord Corn\\alli>, 
 on the (ith, reached Seringapatauj. and rescdved to 
 attack the enemy that night. The army marched 
 at 7 o'<do(dc in tln^ cxciiing. in thrri- dJNisions, for 
 this jmrposi', leaving their artiMery in camp, pro- 
 tected bv the cavalrv, (piarter. aii'l rear-guanls, 
 
 \. 2
 
 148 ARTILLERY DETAILS. 
 
 under the coniiiiaiKl of ColoiU'l Uiill'. No guns 
 acconipaiiictl the army ; l)ut witli I^onl Corn^valli8'^s 
 ilivision were Major Montague (Caj)tain lioss, 
 Royal Artillery), and subalteniR, and oO European 
 artillerymen ; with General Meadows, Captain 
 Howell, 2 subalterns, and 50 European artillerymen ; 
 150 lascars went with each division to carry the 
 scaling-ladders; and with Lieutenant-Colonel Max- 
 well were 2 subalterns, 30 European artiller}inen, 
 and 50 lascars. In sj)ite of the opposition and the 
 difficulties the nature of the ground presented, the 
 intentions of the Commander-in-Chief were carried 
 out, and the morning of the 7th found the British 
 army in possession of the camp; but several 
 attcmjit-^ were made by Tippoo to dislodge them 
 from some <»f tlie redoubts they liad taken, par- 
 ticularly the one called, hitherto, the Sultan's 
 redoubt, but from this day Sibbald's, in comj)liment 
 to the gallant man who, with a very small force, 
 held it this day against Tippoo's repeated attacks. 
 Tn this defence, the life of a valuable officer of the 
 Bengal Artillery, Tiieutenant Buchan, was lost, 
 one to whose resources in the hour of emergency 
 its successful defence was indebted. 
 
 The detaehment with Major Montague was
 
 SKKINCiArATAM INVESTKD. 149 
 
 actively employed in securing the ficld-urtiliery in 
 the enemy's camp ; instead of spiking the guns, 
 Major Montague directed that they should be 
 thrown off their carriages and the wheels rolled 
 diflerent ways, by which means the guns taken were 
 secured without being damaged, and the parts after- 
 wards easily collected : upwards of sixty guns were 
 thus taken.* The chief loss fell on the lascars, of 
 whom eight were killed and twenty-two wounded 
 or missing. 
 
 The fortress was now invested l)y the combined 
 armies, and preparations made for the siege ; in this 
 Lieutenant Hind, of the Bengal Artillery, with 300 
 lascars assisted, collecting and pieparing materials 
 for gabions and fascines; but a treaty foniied witli 
 Tippoo rendered these useless, and in May tlu' 
 army broke up. 
 
 The artillery marched to the coast, where Colonel 
 Durt" left them, and sailed {'or England in the 
 " Dutton," Indiaman, with (JiMU'ia! Meadows: the 
 rest embarked in the " Ardesir," " Marv/ " Hero," 
 and "Juliana Maria," and rraclicd nc-ngiil eaiiy in 
 July. 
 
 * Anion;; tlii'iu two l.r.i^> ti-iMniiiil. r.-> wliidi lia<l Ixcii l(i.st at 
 Siittiiunn^'-aluni.
 
 i:)0 
 
 PUl/E-MUNKV. 
 
 TliL' following tabular statement, conijjiliHl Iroui 
 the Prize-money Distribution Statements, will shew 
 more elearlv tlu* oilicers w ho were i>re^ent in these 
 camiJaigns, as each oflicer had not been uieutioneil 
 at the time ot his joining. 
 
 Raiik. 
 
 C'oldnel .. 
 Lii>iit.-Col. 
 
 ]\Iajur 
 
 C'!i])tain .. 
 
 Captain .. 
 
 »» 
 
 »» 
 
 ^^ 
 
 if 
 
 n 
 
 "> 
 
 Lieutenant 
 
 Name. 
 
 P. Duff Stafl 
 
 C. K. Deare .!<.. 
 AV. AVoodbuni ilo. 
 E. IMontague do. 
 P. Cranell do. 
 
 T. Ilardwicke do. 
 
 T. Ellwood 
 
 G. Howell 
 
 A.Glaaa 
 
 J. Ilorsford 
 
 J. Smith 
 
 G. 1''. Sanip.son ... 
 
 J. Burnett 
 
 C. Wittlt 
 
 J. Ilorsborougli ... 
 I). !McPIicrson ... 
 
 II. I)ougla.s 
 
 J. R. Exshaw . . . 
 
 T. G reeiie 
 
 J. Tonjkyn.M 
 
 J. Nelly". 
 
 K. Clarke 
 
 T. Ilardwicke ... 
 II. Balfour 
 
 Proportion of SharcH 
 for Companies 
 
 90 
 
 4 
 
 full 
 
 full 
 
 full 
 
 full 
 
 full 
 
 91 
 
 full 
 full 
 
 full 
 
 I 
 
 full 
 
 full 
 
 full 
 
 fuU 
 
 1 
 
 4 
 
 full 
 
 911 
 
 full 
 full 
 
 full 
 
 full 
 
 full 
 
 Remarks. 
 
 / killed at Sat- 
 ( tiniuii<,^.iluni. 
 
 died at Madras.
 
 rUIZK-ilONKY 
 
 Lioutcuant 
 
 lit.-Firewk. 
 
 Name. 
 
 W. Sliijiton 
 
 T. Hill 
 
 J. J*. Dnniiinond 
 
 T. Duwell 
 
 K. Tulloli 
 
 A. Dunn 
 
 A. McLeod 
 
 A. Buclian 
 
 A. Mathews 
 
 W. WiiiKoli 
 
 II. CJrceu 
 
 W. Fc:ule 
 
 E.Butler 
 
 Charles Hmwn ... 
 J. J. Briscoe 
 
 ('a«let |J. r. Kchl,- 
 
 P. Fortuhaui 
 J. Gore 
 
 Proixirtlmi of Shares 
 for Cum panics. 
 
 90 
 
 full 
 
 full 
 
 91 I 911 
 
 — I full 
 
 full 
 full 
 
 RcmarkA. 
 
 I Inf.lnvi.li.le.l 
 \ Lt.C'o. 1820. 
 
 ( rc.sijjnetlAug. 
 ( 1800. 
 
 I i Inf., (lie<l at 
 " ' ( sea !»7-S. 
 
 During these campai'ins tlio following oflicors 
 lost their lives, cither in action or IVoni (liM-asc : — 
 Lieutenaiit-Coioiul (". i{. Deaiv, killed; Captains 
 Smith and Sampson ; JJeutenants Macphei-son and 
 Buehan, killed. Lieutenants iiorsborough, Na-li. 
 and .Idiies, and several ntlici-.. were forced to ^eek 
 health in a si>a.vovage.
 
 152 
 
 MokrALirV lAIiLKS. 
 
 The services »>t" the nativi' troops, iiiclii<liiig the 
 artillery lascai's. on tliis itccasiou, were rewarded by 
 u inechil, and six months' batta was u^ivon to all the 
 ofticor^ and troops. 
 
 It will not be uninteresting at this period to 
 examine the casualties of the regiment, with a view 
 to ascertaining the relative health enjoyed in tiioso 
 days and at present : fortunately, the long rolls of 
 the regiment are tolerably perfect at this period, 
 and the following is an abstract, giving an average 
 
 
 1788 
 
 17891790 
 
 1791 
 
 1792 
 
 1793 
 
 1794 
 
 1795 
 
 fStrenj^th on 1st Nov, 
 
 969 
 
 980 
 
 1176 
 
 1155 
 
 1162 
 
 1083 
 
 844 
 
 75.-, 
 
 Died 
 
 51 
 
 3 
 
 25 
 
 26 
 
 80 
 
 6 
 
 30 
 
 15 
 
 133 
 
 7 
 
 9 
 
 21 
 
 146 
 
 11 
 
 7 
 
 25 
 
 102 
 14 
 10 
 35 
 
 83 
 10 
 11 
 31 
 
 65 
 
 10 
 
 5 
 
 15 
 
 fi."» 
 
 Deserted 
 
 Dist'liarged 
 
 Invalided 
 
 8 
 
 7 
 
 37 
 
 
 
 Total 
 
 105 
 
 131 ': 170 
 
 189 
 
 161 
 
 135 
 
 95 
 
 117
 
 EXPEDITION TO rONDICIIKUIiY. 153 
 
 of 138 casualties per aiiniiiii to a strengtli of 
 1,016, or about 13 per cent, per annuui, — almost 
 the same j)roportion of casualties as have taken 
 place from the same causes dnriui,^ the last three 
 years : their amount is 368, ami tlie stren^ifth of the 
 regiment in Europeans maybe taken as 3,(K)(K Tiie 
 average, however, of a longer period will he more 
 favourable to modern times, as the losses durinflr 
 the Afghanistan war, the destruction of the 1st 
 troop, and the mortality from <lisease at Sukkhur, 
 all tend to swell these years beyond their prede- 
 cessors ; but this subject will he adverted to here- 
 after, when abstracts of longer periods have been 
 made. 
 
 In August, 1793, five companies of artillery, the 
 '2nd and 4th of 1st battalion, the 1st of 'Jn.! bat- 
 talion, and the 4th and r)th of 3rd battalion, under 
 command of Major Hruce, saileil for the coast, 
 foniiiiig part of an e\j)edition against Pondicherry. 
 The troops do not a|»pear to have been eni])loyetl, 
 and tlic artillery returned in October. 
 
 The allowances of otlicers of similar rank and in 
 similar commands, at thi^ time ami fifty years later, 
 form a ('ontra>t mueli in fa\our of the liberality of 
 the old scale.
 
 15^ 
 
 ARTILLERY EMPLOYED AS MARINES. 
 
 I'lio iillowauces to Major Bruce 
 in 1793 were fixed at 
 
 Pay as Major Rs. 180 
 
 Batta as Colonel 1,200 
 
 ^ Table allowance 600 
 
 Fioia allowance... 120 
 
 Total 
 
 2,100 
 
 The allowances to a Major simi- 
 larly placed in 1 843 would bo 
 Pay as Major Rs. 182 10 
 Batta as Major ... 456 9 
 Teutagc as Major 120 
 Horse allowance 30 
 Command allow. 300 
 
 Total ... 1,0<S!) 3 
 But it must be allowed that the juniors of the army 
 are in mucli better circumstances than they were 
 then. 
 
 The whole of the officers employed were to 
 receive full batta at Madras, and the difference of 
 full and double full batta to be audited to them in 
 Bengal. 
 
 A detachment of 105 Europeans and 230 lascars, 
 under Captain Frazer, * embarked in October on 
 board Commodore Mitchell's fleet as marines, and 
 served for nearly a year. Their good conduct, and 
 the unanimity which prevailed between them and 
 the crews of the different ships, were eulogized by 
 the Commander-in-Chief in General Orders on their 
 return. 
 
 The regiment was inspected by the Commander- 
 in-Chief, Sir Robert Abercrombie, in February, and 
 
 * Lieutenants Dou;,'la.s, Hinde, DowcU, TuUoli, and Huni- 
 phrays.
 
 ARTILLERY INSTRUCTION. 155 
 
 by the Governor-General, Sir John Shore, in March, 
 1794, and elicited, on both occasions, praises for its 
 ajjpearance, discipline, and performance of exercises 
 and evolutions. 
 
 From the General Orders of 9th June of this year, 
 we learn that, " at the recommendation of the 
 commandant of artillery and chief engineer, the 
 Rev. W. Paul Limerick, chaplain, was appointed 
 teacher of mathematics to the corps of artillery and 
 engineers, with the alloAvance of 500 rupees per 
 mensem, formerly received by W. Burroughs in a 
 similar situation. 
 
 A detail under Captain Carnegie accompanied 
 the force commanded by Lieutenant-Colonel 
 Erskine, which proceeded to Chittagong in Feb- 
 ruary and returned in June ; and a detachment of 
 36 matrosses proceeded in June, under Ca])tain 
 Howell to Bencoolen, and were lost on the passage. 
 Another detachment of the 2nd, 3rd, and 4th com- 
 panies, 2nd battalion, proceeded to the coast, under 
 Lieutenant-Colonel Hussey, returning, however, in 
 October. 
 
 The only portion of the regiment which was 
 engaged in active service this year, 1794, was the 
 3rd battalion, tliree conij»ai»ies of which were
 
 15G 
 
 THE ROIITLCUND CAMPAIGN. 
 
 employed with the army iiiidcr Sir R. Abercrombie, 
 in Rohilcund, in the short campai<^n against Gho- 
 hini Mohummud, who had murdered his Ijrother, 
 and usurped the government of the district of 
 llampoor. 
 
 The following are the companies and officers 
 employed : — 
 
 Major C. Green, Commanding. 
 
 Lascar 
 Companies. 
 
 o a 
 
 O p. 
 
 d 
 
 1, 9, 20 
 
 1 
 
 3 
 
 8,17,28 
 
 2 
 
 3 
 
 18,10,25 
 
 3 
 
 3 
 
 Captains. 
 
 Lieutenants. 
 
 Lieutenant- 
 Fireworkers. 
 
 Hardwicke Watkins & Macleod C. Brown 
 
 Mordaunt Baker, A. Dunn ... Hoffer, Tilfer 
 
 Macintyre W. Sliipton 
 
 Lt.-Firew.Clcm. Brown was Adj.' F. ]\[aynard 
 
 I (doubtful). 
 
 On the 2Gth October, the line (consisting of one 
 European regiment, ten native, two weak regiments 
 of native cavalry, and the artillery above mentioned 
 and 28 pieces of ordnance) was under arms before 
 daylight. The Commander-in-Chief and staff rode 
 forwards to reconnoitre the enemy, whom they 
 found some miles in advance, near Bittowrah. Tlie 
 line came up, the artillery in the intervals, and the 
 Rohillas pressing forwards, the reserve was brought 
 up into line; they moved so fast, that the artillery 
 attarlied to tlie reserve were unable to keep up,
 
 LOSS IN ACTION. 157 
 
 and fell into the rear. The enemy at this time 
 were in the jungle on the front and flanks, and 
 some lamentable error conmiitted by Captain Ram- 
 say, commanding the cavalry on the right, wheeled 
 it to the left, and brought it upon the infantry, 
 throwing both into confusion, which Mas instantly 
 taken advantage of by the enemy, who charged in 
 a most daring and gallant manner (though suffering 
 severely from the fire of grape, M'hich was well 
 directed, and caused great havoc), cutting np the 
 regiments on the right fearfully. Lieutenant Tilfer 
 and the artiller}Tnen and lascars at the guns were 
 cut down to a man. The confusion was great for 
 a time ; and the enemy in part reached the centre 
 and rear. However, by strenuous exertions, the 
 tide of victory was stayed, and turned in favour of 
 the British, but not without a heavy loss, as is 
 attested by a monument at the village of Futtey- 
 gunge, erected by the order of the Governor-General 
 in Council to the memory of Colonel Jhirrington 
 and fourteen British officers who fell in the action, 
 among whom were Captain Monlaunt, LientiMiant 
 Baker, and Lieutenant-Fireworker 'i'ilfer, of the 
 artillery. 
 
 One Serjeant, 2 nnmuMs, and 2<^ niatrosses, and
 
 158 PRTZE-MONEY DIVIDKI). 
 
 27 lascars also foil : and from tlic casualtios l)oiiit»- 
 all ill tlio same coin})any (2n(l company 3nl bat- 
 talion), it was probal)ly on the ri^ht where the 
 confusion occurred. 
 
 The officers of the army considered that Rampoor 
 ouQ^lit to have l)een plundered, and probably made 
 their opinion known, for in this case, as in the 
 similar one of 1774, as a sort of compensation for 
 plunder, the Nawab presented to the Governor- 
 General for distribution among the troops engaged 
 1 1 lacs of rupees, and one lac for the families of 
 the officers who fell. The division was made on a 
 scale drawn uj) by the Junior auditor-general, giving 
 each person engaged a sum equal to 328 days' 
 batta of his i-ank ; the amount of the shares is 
 annexe<l. 
 
 Colonels... Rs. 1(1,100 o 
 
 Licut.-Coloncls 13,120 
 
 Majors 9,840 
 
 Captains 3,936 
 
 Lieutenants ... 2,fi24 
 
 Lt.-Flreworkers 1,968 
 
 rou(liict<»r.s...R.s. 1,312 
 
 Serjeants 218 10 8 
 
 Gunners 109 I 
 
 Serangs .54 10 8 } 
 
 Tindals 43 11 
 
 Lascars 21 13 10 
 
 The lac of rupees devoted to the families of 
 deceased officers was divided — 40,000 to Colonel 
 Burrington's ; 20,000 to Captain Bolton's widow ; 
 and 10,000 to Captain Mawbey's children ; the
 
 EXPKDITroN To (T.Yl.OX. 150 
 
 remainder was reserved for such purpose as tlie 
 Governor-General inight determine hereafter. 
 
 In September, 1795, a complete company of 
 European artillery (5tli company 1st battalion), 
 witli two companies ('29tli and SOtli) of lascars, 
 attached under command of Captain Barton, em- 
 barked for Madras, and a second (5th company 
 2nd battalion), under Captain Clark, soon followed. 
 The following officers joined the force under Gene- 
 ral Stewart in the expedition against the Dutch 
 possessions in Ceylon : — 
 
 Fifth company 1st battalion. Captain Barton, 
 Lieutenants Humphries and W^inbolt, liieutenant- 
 Fireworkers Clarke and Graham. Fifth company 
 2nd battalion, Captain Chirk. 
 
 The first service thev were eni>afrc'd in w:i> the 
 siege of Trinconialee, in January, 1790. in which 
 the artillery suffered both from climate and fatii^ue, 
 and from a darin"-, and for a time successful attack 
 the enemv made on the batteries, spikiuir the tiuns, 
 and kiilino- some of the artilh'rymen. The fort 
 capitulated after a sienc of three* wei'ks. 
 
 Jaflha next surrendcnMl, an<l the (rnoj»s then 
 proceeded to Ni'iiinnlio, where thcx lainhM] in W- 
 bruarv, 1790. and in<'<'(iii<i- no resistance, (lenerai
 
 IGO CAPITl'LATION OF COLOMBO. 
 
 Stewart marched on towards Colombo, a portion of 
 the artillery accompanying his force. During this 
 march, though the road ran through a jungle, and was 
 intersected by many rivers, the army was unmolested 
 bv tlie Dutch. Not even at the Matwal river, a 
 strong natural position which they had taken up, 
 did they offer any resistance, but retired in the night, 
 allcirinfr afterwards as a reason their fear of a land- 
 ing being effected from the shipping in their rear. 
 The English passed the river without oj)position ; 
 ])ut the following morning were attacked unexpect- 
 edly before daylight by a party of Malays, under 
 Colonel Raymond, a Frenchman in the Dutch 
 service thoroughly ashamed of his associates: the 
 attack was beaten off, and Colombo in a day or 
 two cai)itulated. 
 
 The Indian Government granted medals to the 
 native troops emi)loyed in this service, probably 
 more as a reward for embarking on service beyond 
 seas, than for the arduousness of its nature. A 
 sketch of the medal is given on the opposite page.
 
 CEYLON MEDALS. 
 
 IGl 
 
 The year 179G is a meniorablc one in the annals 
 of the Indian army, its constitution having been 
 entirely remodelled, and many advantages granted 
 it at that time, placing it on a footing of rosjiect- 
 ability which it had not held before ; l)ut the snl> 
 ject will be reverted to in a future chapter. 
 
 The artillery was converted into a regiment of 
 three battalions, of five companies each, with tliirty 
 companies of lascars attached. 
 
 The command of the res:iment was vested in the 
 senior colonel, and a brigade-major was allow cmI as 
 his staff officer. 
 
 The chief alteration from the organization of 1780 
 consists in the addition of three colonels and fifteen 
 captain-lieutenants, and the induction of fifteen 
 
 M
 
 1 ()2 
 
 NKW ORGANIZATION. 
 
 lieiitenant-fireworkors. The allowance of oHiccrs 
 ])or company was five, and the rank of captain- 
 lientenant was a compensation for the necessarily 
 slower promotion in a lar^e than a small seniority 
 regiment, thus keeping the artillery on a level with 
 the infantry of the army. 
 
 iR 
 
 2 8 
 
 56 
 
 1 2 
 
 .06 
 
 per ComiKiny. 
 
 11 
 
 3 3 
 
 23 
 
 10 
 
 20 
 
 20 
 
 10 40 
 
 280 
 
 1020 
 
 20 
 
 )60 
 
 per Battalion. 
 
 15 
 
 15 
 
 30 
 
 15 
 
 60 
 
 60 
 
 30,120 
 
 840 
 
 30 60 
 
 15 
 
 15 
 
 2.9 
 
 14 
 
 50 
 
 59 
 
 30120 
 
 512 
 
 30 
 
 60 
 
 1G80 Total. 
 
 60 
 
 60 
 
 1733 
 
 Returns Dec, 
 17U6. 

 
 ORDNANCK MATI^RIEL. 163 
 
 CHAPTER IV. 
 
 Mat6riel organization, and it.s eucccs-sivc changes — Guns and 
 carriages first used — Royal pattern — Madras pattern — Am- 
 munition-carriages — Tumbrils — Ilorso Artillery ammunition- 
 carriage — Elevating-screws — Ordnance in use — Siogc-car- 
 riages — Howitzer and Mortar combined carriage — Gribeau- 
 val's pattern — French caisson — Ilardwicke's pattern — Ilorso 
 Artillery guns — Mountain-train carriages — Siege-carriagea 
 and ordnance — Royal j)attern (bluck tnil) — Gun and Auunu- 
 nitioQ carriages iutroduced. 
 
 Having traced the persotuirl of the regiment up 
 to this point, let us take a retrospective survey 
 and endeavour to track out the materiel ; this 
 cannot be satisfactorily done in the early stage ; 
 the absence of records and draMJuirs renders it 
 almost impossible ; little more than a general idea 
 can be given, and in this even there must be some 
 guesswork ; occasionally restoring (as the geologi*:ts 
 say) a carriage from a few ]K)ints found scattered 
 in the reports of committees, or incidentally alluded 
 to in other documents. 
 
 During Clive's early wars, ((-jtouiidcr guns seem 
 to have been generally in use, mixed occasionally 
 
 M 2
 
 1(14 DEFECTIVK CARRIAGES. 
 
 with howitzers and ^-pounders, and when battalion 
 guns a few years hitcr became the system, two 
 3-j>oiinders were witli most native battalions. In 
 his organization of tlie army in 1705, this became 
 the establismeut, and uitli the European companies 
 t)f artillery there were six G-pounders and two 
 (probably 5 J^ inch) howitzers : 12-pounders a.s field- 
 guns were introduced later. 
 
 The carriages at tliis tinu* were jirobably of a 
 double-cheek pattern, and from the histories of 
 the actions, we find they were weak and often 
 breaking down. When Colonel Fearse came into 
 the command of the regiment, it will be recollected 
 that he found great fault with them : " They flew 
 to pieces with common firing in a week ;" and 
 his sweej)ing condemnation was j)robably quite 
 just. 
 
 About 177n, it is believed that Colonel Pearse 
 succeeded in introducing the carriage then in use in 
 England, adapting its limber to bullock-draught 
 (Plate No. 1). It is clumsy and ugly certainly, and 
 witii its wooden axle * not very strong; doubtless it 
 wa.s an improvement on the old one. This appears 
 to liave been the pattern till tlie beginning of this 
 * A bar of iron wa-s however let into the axle.
 
 IRON AXLKS. 1G5 
 
 ceiiturv; minor iinprovonKMits and alterations wen' 
 made from time to time as experience pointe<l out 
 their necessity, l)ut no radical eliangc. An iron 
 was probably substituto(l for the wooden axle- 
 tree» during or at tlie close of tlic war witli Hydor. 
 Iron axles first ai)i)ear on the ledgers of the arsenal 
 t)f Fort William in 1 7>^2-3 ; the ledger of the pre- 
 ceding year is missing, and in the antecedent years 
 tlu'v are not mentioned. At tiiis time too the 
 number is so small {'2) as to lea<l to the supposition 
 that the introduction was an experiment just being 
 trie<l. The entry in the ledgcT is not sufficiently 
 detailetl to detennine whether the axletrecs in 
 question are for siege or ficM carriages ; but as we 
 find Colonel Deare alhiding to four siege-carriages 
 with iron axles sent roiiiid to Hangjilore as having 
 stood well, it is probable that about this time they 
 became genenilly in uso. 
 
 During the wars with llydcr, the bengal artillery 
 was brought into contact with iliat of the Madras 
 Presidency, and comparisons were of course made 
 as to the relative efficiency of the materiel of tlie 
 two corjis, which doul)tless led to the adoption of 
 some improvements by both. 
 
 The campaigns witji Tipjion in 17y''-l-2 again
 
 16G SPECIAL COMMiri'KE. 
 
 took a huge portion of Bengal artillery into the 
 field MJili the Madras regiment, aii<l the general 
 superiority of the Madras carriages for light field- 
 pieces was admitted by our most experienced 
 officers. A committee, composed of Majors Wood- 
 bume and Montague,* Captains Horsford, llowell, 
 and Glass, all officers who had served duiing these 
 campaigns, was aj)pointed in 1793, and continued 
 sitting imtil 1790, to report on, and suggest im- 
 provements to, the ordnance carriages and equip- 
 ments. 
 
 This committee declared that the Bengal G- 
 pounder carriages were much too heavy and 
 unwieldy for field service, but that the weight 
 and construction of the limber was by far the 
 most olyectionable part. The extension of the 
 pintle behind the axletree lengthened the draught 
 nearly tliree feet between the wheels; the height 
 of the wheels threw the weight nearly all on the 
 rear axletree, increasing the draught, and frequently 
 rendering it impossible to turn the carriage without 
 unliiiibering the gun. The pintle being fixed, tore 
 the trail-transom to ])ieces in travelling over rough 
 
 * Miijor Woodhurnc ami Captain IIowcU j^o'w^ Ji^^Jiy? were 
 8uccee*le<l Hy Captains Barton ami Rattniy.
 
 MADRAS CARUIACJK RKCOMMENDED. I<i7 
 
 ground ; aii<l the position of the elevating screw- 
 boxes in the centre transom weakened it : these 
 objections rendered it often impossible to keej) nj) 
 with infantry in cases of emergency when guns 
 would have been of the greatest use ; this happened 
 frequently in the late war, when guns, mounted on 
 the Madras pattern carriage did not meet the same 
 difficulties. 
 
 The committee therefore without hesitation pro- 
 posed the introduction of the Madras carriage, with 
 exception to the wheels and elevating-screw, the 
 Bengal wheels and the royal H-jiounder screw being 
 considered better. 
 
 The Militarv Board, on the sug^fcstion of the 
 commandant of artillery (Colonel Deare), recom- 
 mended that the Madras Government should be re- 
 quested to send round nmsters of their G-jioundei-s, 
 and 5J-inch howitzer-carriages, and LonI Cornwallis 
 approved of the ])lan. Colonel Drare was also 
 requested to corresj)oiKl with Colonel Giels (who 
 had commanded the Madras Artillery in the cam- 
 j)aign) on the subject of any defects which he 
 might consider to exist in tin* carriaL,'-("< in (luestioii. 
 This correspondence has not falU'ii in our ^^ay. and 
 it seems doubtful whether the Madras carriat»e was
 
 1G8 MADRAS PATTERN DESCRIBED. 
 
 at this time introduccMl. rp to 18(n no pattern 
 seems to liave been ])ermanently fixe<l on, or else 
 the Madras pattern lia<l intermediately fiillen into 
 disrepute, for, as v,'\\\ l»e hereafter noticed, some 
 modification of the Bengal pattern was at this time 
 ])referred. 
 
 The Madras j)atti'rn alluded to is believed to 
 have been a block-trail — the trail divided in 
 two pieces, with the cheeks on eacli cut out from 
 the solid timber; the trail was very long and the 
 limber had a projection with a limbering-hook at 
 the end (Plate No. 2). The chief fixults in this con- 
 struction were the waste of timber in cutting out 
 the trail and clu'oks ; the unnecessary length of the 
 trail, which, although it rendered the recoil easier, 
 yet made the draught heavit'r ; and this was again 
 increased by the projection in rear of the limber. 
 Another, ami a serious evil, arose from the lever 
 w ith \\hich the weight of the carriage acted on the 
 cattle in draught, the axle of the limber being the 
 fulcrum. This pattern, however, considerably mo- 
 dified, became the galloper or horse-artillery carriage 
 in l^engal. 
 
 It is, however, worthy of notice, how nearly the 
 ]trincij'h' <>f this carrlMge coiresponds with that of
 
 NEW MUSTKIi I'AITKkN. 100 
 
 the royal ijattcrn introducod twenty years later, 
 and now the standard of all India; had the fantail 
 been cut off, and the lim})crin'j;-hook attaclied to 
 the axle-bed, there would have been little difference ; 
 and it is strange that this was not done, for the 
 objection had ])e(Mi seen and notice*] in the siege- 
 carriages, and a remedy adopted, not indeed by 
 giving the hook to the axle-bed, but by lowering 
 the limber-wheels and fixing a moveable pintle on 
 the bolster. 
 
 The materiel e«|uij»inent was again submit ti'd to 
 the consideration of a committee early in 1801 ; 
 Lieutenant-Colonel Maclntyre was the president, 
 and Major Gordon, Captains Grace, Witt it, and 
 Johnson, members. By this time a nuister-carriage 
 for the horse artillery had been made uj) on the 
 general ])rinciple of the Madras pattern, by Major 
 Glass, and in Colonel Greene's letter of instructions 
 to the committee, he says it is "well adapted for 
 the purpose, and can be used with e<|ual etlicacy 
 with a line of infantry;" its j)articular construction 
 was reconmiended to the committ(>e's consideration, 
 "but at the sanu' time, as many tidd-carriages arc 
 waiUi'd immi'diatclv, aiul cannot Itc (Jrhiycd >(» long 
 as rt'(|uii»'(l to conipirtr caniaL't's on llial |iaitfrn,'
 
 170 FURTHER EXPERIMENTS. 
 
 he advised " the adoption of the 6-pounder as altered 
 by Colonel Duff, in preference to the present field- 
 carriage, for the service in the line of infantry, it 
 being much lighter, and having been found on trial 
 sufficiently strong." 
 
 The committee gave the preference to the pat- 
 tern then in use, that is, apparently, the old one 
 with a few alterations, such as making the axletree 
 equally thick all through, the cheek-bolts through 
 the axle-bed, the elevating screw-box being removed 
 from the centre transom and placed a little in front, 
 and its shoulders working in gudgeons fitted to the 
 cheeks ; and their recommendation was adopted by 
 the board, who ordered the 6-pounder carriages 
 then wanted to be made of this construction. 
 
 An experiment was also made at this time with 
 iron * cheeks for a horse artillery gun-carriage ; the 
 wooden ones were, however, preferred, but unfor- 
 
 * A letter from Colonel Green to the Secretary of the 
 Military Board, July, 1801, says, "As the two 6-pounders, with 
 brass cheeks, the Board were pleased to direct the agent to make 
 up for the service of the horse artillery experiment, carrying on 
 under my control, to replace those sent to Egypt, will take some 
 time, &c." These carriages were proved by Major "Wittit, when 
 ready, and some alterations suggested. It is probable some mis- 
 take between brass and iron has crept into the report from which 
 the extract was taken, or else both brass and iron were tried.
 
 CHAIN TRACES. 171 
 
 tuiiatcly no record appears of the reasons on which 
 the iron cheeks were disapproved ; it woukl be 
 interesting, now that the question of iron carriages 
 has been agitated ; it is one of the many instances 
 which a research into the history of artillery shews 
 perhaps more than any other science, " the thing 
 that hath been, it is that which shall be ; and that 
 which is done is that which shall be done ; and there 
 is no new thing under the sun." 
 
 Another instance may be given. In 1840, Major 
 Timbrell made a pair of flat twisted chain traces for 
 pole-horses, and being found very convenient, the ex- 
 periment was tried on a larger scale. Captain Brind's 
 troop was equipped with them, as also was another 
 on the march to join the Army of Reserve in 1842, 
 but they failed from the difficulty of insuring per- 
 fectly good workmanship. In December, 1800, 
 " the commissary of stores is ordered to have a set 
 of flat chains made up in the arsenal as soon as 
 possible, for the traces of the (experimental horse 
 artillery) harness." 
 
 At this time then there were two patterns of 
 light field-carriages in use, — one a beam-trail with 
 the galloper-guns ; the other a double cheek with 
 the foot artillery and battalion guns. In the
 
 172 AMMrNITIOX-CARRIAGES. 
 
 accoiiipanying sketches, Plate No. 3 represents 
 the ofalloj)er-oarriage, Mhile the foot artillery re- 
 tained a tlonble-cheek pattern, modified from 
 No. 1. 
 
 We must now follow the ammunition-carriages 
 up to the same point, and in so doing less difficulty 
 exists, as the changes which have taken place are 
 more marked. 
 
 The earliest record we have shews us Clive 
 carrying his ammunition on lascars' heads, their 
 fidelity and steadiness insured by a detachment of 
 Europeans with their muskets in the rear, to shoot 
 deserters. This plan, of course, could only be 
 adopted when the distance intended to be gone 
 over was very small. 
 
 Tumbrils are early mentioned, both in our annies 
 and those of native powers, and there is reason to 
 believe that they ditl'ercd but slightly from those 
 which are now found in magazines, and generally 
 used in the transjjort of treasure ; they were larger 
 and more unwieldy, and required many bullocks to 
 draw them. 
 
 The committee in 1793 condemned them as too 
 high, too heavy, liable to overturn, and the animu- 
 iiiti(»ii ill tlitiii, from the absence of partitions, was
 
 AMMUNITION-CARRIAGES. 173 
 
 shaken and broken * on roii«:li ^^roiuul ; tliey were 
 also unnecessarily large for the (juautity of ammu- 
 nition intended to be carrieil in them. 
 
 They recommended the introduction of one wliich 
 was built under their orders, and wliich corresponds 
 very nearly in measurement with that still existing 
 (Plate No. 5), subdivided for the reception of the 
 amnmnition, and capable of containing 90 rounds of 
 12-pounder, or 150 of G-pounder ammunition ; the 
 box was easily removable, and fitted with a seat in 
 front for the driver and his l)undle ; to counter- 
 balance his weight, the centre of gravity of the box 
 was a little thrown back; and probably this verv 
 precaution has caused the chief fault whiclj can be 
 found with this carriage, a tendency to fall back in 
 going up hills; it travels lightly and easily to tlie 
 cattle, and is well a(h\pted for bullock-draught. 
 
 During the last war with Tippoo, the heaw 
 tumbril, drawn by many bullocks, — five to »'i<;lit 
 pair, was foun<l very inconvenient witli the gallojter- 
 guns, either keeiiing the guns in the rear, or leaviny- 
 tliem without annminition if they kejit u|i with 
 
 • At this time scrf^o Iki.I imt l>oon introdiicoil it is flui)iH)so<l, 
 ftn<l cartridges were iikkIi' of j.aiicr — that now culled cjiiinoii- 
 cartri(l).'o, or pnckinj;.
 
 174 AMMUNITION-CARRIAGES. 
 
 tlieir corps. As a iviiUMly, Colonel iihujuierc', of 
 H.M.'.s 25th (Iran^oons, proposed a earriacfo " con- 
 Bisting of a sort of double limber, with four ulieels 
 of equal height, drawn by four horses, and driven 
 by two men riding the near horses." Its advantages 
 were, " the means of carrying six additional men, 
 the power of substituting the limber for tliat of the 
 gun, if tlie latter was wounded, or to avoid the 
 necessity of shifting the ammunition when the 
 supply in the gun limber was expended." 
 
 This ammunition-carriage was adopted for the 
 Bengal horse artillery and galloper-guns, and is 
 represented in the sketch (Plate No. 6). We 
 must here again remark how nearly the present 
 principle was ai>proached, the gun an<l ammunition 
 limbers similar, and the ammunition divided into 
 several boxes ; but still the fault already noticed in 
 the gun-carriage, the unnecessarily long projection 
 to which the limbering-hook was attached, was con- 
 tinued. This fault probably caused this pattern, both 
 gun and ammunition-carriage, to be discarded, and 
 it was not until twenty years had passed that the 
 simple alterations necessary were introduced. 
 
 The light field-carriages then at this period (end 
 of 1801), were the beam-trail gun and ammunition-
 
 KLKVATING-SCRKWS. 1 7.') 
 
 carriage with limber fur the gallopers, and tiie 
 (loiib]e-cheek carriage and ammunition-tumbril tor 
 the foot artillery. 
 
 As the elevating-screw is an important item in a 
 carriage, a few lines to trace its progress will not be 
 amiss. The earliest screw was fixed horizontally, 
 and ran through a quoin, which, by its action, was 
 forced in or out, depressing or elevating the gun ; 
 it was a cumbrous machine, and could scarcely have 
 worked smoothly. This must have fallen into <lis- 
 use between 1780 and 1700. At this latter date, a 
 capstan-headed screw fixed in the centre transom 
 had superseded it. A good deal of attention was 
 given to the elevating-screw about this period, and 
 many plans appear to have been proposed, among 
 other officers, by Lieutenants To])])in and Taylor, as 
 we learn from a minute by Colonel Deare ; but 
 what they were, it is not easy to say. 
 
 The action of the screw was found to injure the 
 centre transoms, and it was therefore plac(Ml a little 
 in advance, the trumiions of the |>Iati' in which tlu^ 
 screw worke<l resting on gudgeons fixrd in oiwh 
 cheek ; this gave tlu; >ercw a power of self-adjust- 
 ment to tlie movement of tlit> unni. and n)«>-.t pro- 
 bably eoiitcinptiiary with this was the iMtrodu<'tion
 
 17() NATURK 01" OUI>NANCE. 
 
 of screws fixed to the neck of the cascable of the 
 gun. 
 
 Anotlier pattern, and which probably followed, 
 was one placing the screw under an elevating-board 
 on which the gun rested.* 
 
 In the sketch (Plate No. G) the general cha- 
 racter of the screws is shewn. 
 
 A cursory notice must now be taken of the 
 ordnance in use with the regiment. In the early 
 times, 6-pounders were chiefly used ; they were 
 afterwards mixed with 3-pounders with the native 
 corps, and 6-pounders with the artillery companies ; 
 the former most probably of 3f , and the latter of 
 4J cwt. A heavier 6-pounder (6J cwt.) superseded 
 this light gun, and was in general use to the end of 
 the century. This gun Major Woodburne's com- 
 mittee proposed replacing again by a lighter one. 
 
 During the wars with Hyder and Tippoo, brass 
 18-pounders constantly accompanied the armies, 
 and were used in all the actions ; and in the 
 campaigns of 1791-2, iron 12-pounders were 
 attached to the European regiments, and found 
 very useful in keeping the hordes of cavalry at a 
 respectful distance ; brass 12-pounder8 had pre- 
 * Another waa a crutch in which to receive the needle.
 
 WEIGHT OF GINS. 1 77 
 
 viously ]>ecii attaclicMl to the artillery and t<> 
 Euroj)ean regiments. 
 
 The relative merits of liglit and lieavy guns has 
 been a nwata (jno'stin from the earliest date, nor is 
 it entirely set at rest up to the present <lay, though 
 general opinion has decided in favour of a via mrdia, 
 rejecting both extremes. Still some members of 
 the profession maintain that, by a judicious dis- 
 position of metal, a light gun may be made ax 
 effective as a heavy, while others, on the contrary, 
 run into the other extreme, and would introduce 
 guns heavier even than those at j)resent in use. 
 Late experiments at Woolwich on a 0-i)ounder of 
 10 cwt., nearly similar to tlie Hengal pattern, 
 strengthen the opinion that the two extremes 
 should be avoided. 
 
 A curious exj)eriment was tried at Duni-Duin in 
 1787, with a view to deciding the |»oiMt at is^uc ; 
 and it furnishes some data which, coiiibincd with 
 l)ractical experienci\ wonl<l ti'iid lo prove that a 
 medium gun will give a range so >«liglitly below 
 that of a heavier one, that thu increase would be 
 dearly purchase<l by the incri'ased dillicully of 
 draught. A (J-pounder wa^ «as(, weighing 10 cwt. 
 and '2\ lbs., and Jircd a certain nuinbor of rouinN,
 
 178 KXrERIMENTS AT DrM-DUM. 
 
 atUT which :i |)()rtit>ii (M|iml to a calibre in k'ligtli 
 was cut ofl", and the firin<i^ continiUMl ; this i)rocess 
 was carried (in, diniinishinfif tlu' ;j:iin, calihre l>y 
 caliitrc, mitil it Mt'ii»-lied oidy 3 cwt. 13 qrs. and 
 '2 Ills., thr fk'vatioii and charp^c of jK)wder being 
 in all cases the same. 'I'hi' result was, that of 
 t]u> first sixteen lennfths, the seventh carried tlu- 
 furthest, — 2,305 yards, the <(un weighing 8 cwt. 
 
 2 <|rs. 20 lbs. ; at the fourteenth length the gun 
 threw 2,008 yards, the gun weighing (I cwt. I qr. 
 
 3 lbs.; an<l at the seventeenth length, 2,100 yards, 
 the gun weighing 4 cwt. 3 qrs. 23 lbs. 
 
 It would have been more satisfactory had the Hrst 
 graze, as well as the extreme range, as has been 
 the case, been given ; however, it apj)ears that 
 200 yards are gained l)y nearly doubling the weight 
 of the gun, and the conclusion would be in favour 
 of the very light gun, were it not that experience 
 shews that a light gun shakes its carriage very 
 much, and therefore tliat what is gained in metal 
 is lost in strengthening the carriage to hear the 
 shock ; it is also found that a gun giving a long 
 point-blank range docs not give a proportional 
 extreme range ; and the nsnlt has been to make 
 O-pounders of the present day G cwt. in weight.
 
 SIKOE-CARRIAGES. 17l> 
 
 The best tost itcrliiiiis i'- :i raii^^' ot'stio vnrtK. with 
 the least elevation tor a lichl-^uii. 
 
 One other j)()iMt now only remains to be noticed 
 to ])rinq; ni> tlie matcrirl to the end of the last 
 century, — tlie pattern of sie«jfe-rarriacfes. From 
 the faults found with it by the coniniittet> in 17IKJ, 
 we can make a tolerable guess at it ; the lowness 
 and narrowness of the wheels, the jtrojection of 
 the pintle behind, to make room for a larjLiC store- 
 box, and tlie height of the limber-wheels are com- 
 plained of; and it tlu>reforc must have been some- 
 thing similar to that represented in sketch No. 8 ; 
 in all ]>robability, up to this time little alteration 
 ha<l taken place in the i)attern in nsi». 
 
 While preparing the siege-train for 8eringai>atam. 
 at Bangalore, in 1792, Colonel Duff made con'^ider- 
 abh» alterations in the siege-carriages ; he cut ttll' 
 the projection from the limbers, antl jilaced a pintle 
 on a bolster on the axle-bed. carried the draught- 
 chain back to tlie 'xun-<'arrin<^-e, and cut traxellini,-- 
 trumiion-bfds in the (dieeU><, to di\i(K'tlie weigiit 
 better on the axles, and make the carriage travel 
 easier; in fact, rendered the carriages very iu\uly 
 what are now known as the " old pattern. All 
 tlie alteration*- \\t're continued by the committe«'. 
 
 N 'J
 
 180 CONVERTIBLE HOWITZERS. 
 
 and tlk'v directed that tlie carriage slioiikl be five, 
 and the liinher-wheels three feet liiirh, to enable 
 them to turn under the cheeks when limbered up. 
 Minor ini[)rovements were added : tlie draught-chain 
 was made in pieces, so as to allow of a portion of 
 the cattle being taken oil' in sharp turnings, or on 
 ground where all could not act ; and a carriage Mas 
 then built, which, with slight changes (reducing the 
 gun-wheels two inches) in 1801 by Colonel Mac- 
 Intyre's connnittee, became the standard, an«l re- 
 mained so till 1823. 
 
 A fancy existed to obtain the nse of a mortar 
 from an howitzer, by fitting its carriage with a 
 sliding transom, on withdrawing which, the 
 howitzer conld be elevated to 45^, its cascable 
 restin;^ on an additional transom fixed underneath. 
 Major Green constructed a carriage of this kind in 
 170G, which was experimented on at Dum-Dum, 
 and spoken favourably of, but eventually not found 
 to answer, and therefore discarded. 
 
 Whether the result of imitation, or of half- 
 informed mechanical taste, we find Lena Sing 
 Majeetiah, commandant of the Punjab artillery, 
 indulging in a similar fantasy: a carriage adapted 
 for the double i)ur|)ose. It is scarcely possible that
 
 FURTHKR CHANGES. IS] 
 
 sucli a 01)0 could he iiscrul ; the bliock noting 
 vertically on the axle, would he too severe for anv 
 moderate dimensions to hear ; this was found in 
 Major Green's carriage, and tlii' proposed remedy 
 was shortening the axle, which would, while 
 strengthening, have rendered it very likely to 
 overturn. 
 
 To preserve tlie connection of the i?ul)ject, it nias 
 be as well here to notice the successive changes of 
 ordnance and carriages up to about the present 
 time, instead of referring to each as the record 
 of tlie regiment reaches the date of its occurrence. 
 The o])joct is rather to give a general idea of tlie 
 carriages and guns in use at ditlerent eras, and to 
 mark tlie strong, rather than to note the more mi- 
 inite and triflincf, chaufjes which are alwavs taking 
 place. To do the latter would re(|uiri' more space 
 than can be afforded, and after all the reader might 
 rise from the perusal, his mind crowtlcd with a 
 heaj) of minutia", leaving no other iinprc^-'ioii tli:in 
 that at <lillerent times :i ciiiriani' had been short- 
 ened in one direction and lengthen»'«l in another, 
 the wheids height(Mie<l or loweretl — now all of the 
 •>anie height, and then those of the liudier ri'diici'd 
 — a hook added fiiini the front or taken from the
 
 182 GALLOPER-GUNS. 
 
 rear. Tliis is not (»iir object, we wish to shew the 
 principal feature's of the suhject, so as to ])oiiit out 
 the staples throu^'li which our present excellent 
 mnttricl has been attained. 
 
 The galloper-piiin and anniiunition-carriages, as 
 well as those in use with the foot artillery at the 
 bep^inning of the centur)% were destined to be 
 superseded by the Gribeauval pattern, about 181(>, 
 one carriage answering for horse and foot, with 
 the exception of some difference in tiie limber. 
 The carriage was a double-cheek one, liniber(,'<l up 
 on a moveable pintle on the bottom of a limber, 
 with two low wheels ; the foot artillery limber had 
 an arched axle with the j)intlc on the top. 
 [Plates Nos. 10 and 11.] 
 
 These carriages had a tendency to overturn, on 
 any but the smoothest ground ; the low wheels 
 made the draught heavy, and were also difficult to 
 keep in order; yet this pattern held its position 
 as the standard until 1823, when a thorough re- 
 form in the ordnance department took place. 
 
 J^arly in the century, the French "caisson " was 
 introduced as the ammunition-carriage, and con- 
 tinued with slight changes until superseded by the 
 royal pattern. It was a long waggon with low
 
 AMMUNITION-CARRIAGES. 183 
 
 wheels in front, on the axle of wliicli a pintle \sus 
 fixed, workin*,' in a socket in a cuiniiartnient of tiic 
 body of the carriaire. and enaldinijr tlie front wlieels 
 to tnrn. Tlii> foriiiatinn eansed many accidents; 
 tlie ])()wder ^^ettinij shaken ont (d" the cartridges, 
 came in contact with the jyintle, and an explosion 
 ensued ; the construction was therefore altered by 
 fixing the pintle to the carriage and the socket on 
 the axle-bed. [Plate No. 12.] 
 
 The faults of this carriage wi-re the liabilitv to 
 overturn; the danger from «'Xplosion, the whole 
 ammunition beinir in one lar^^e box ; and the in- 
 convenience, when endiarking on board >liip »)r 
 crossing rivers, of having to nn|»ack it all. 
 
 An attempt to reme(ly this was made in iMU 
 by the partial introduction of *' 1 lanlw ickes pat- 
 tern" ammunition-carria;::e, consisting of two tumbrils 
 connected by a bent iron |)erch. Tt proved, li(»\s- 
 ever, a perfect failure, and never came into general 
 use, so that lln* caisson contiiiucMJ a>- the standard 
 luitil supersede<l by the ro\al pattern ; the last. pix>- 
 bably, which existed in use wa*- in Captain \\\>od'8 
 trooj), 1st companv '.]n\ battalion, at .Meerut,as late 
 iw 1828. 
 
 In I'^'iM. on it^ formation, tiie cxjm i imenlal
 
 184 MOUNTAIN-TRAIN CARRIAGES. 
 
 horse artillery was aniicd with two 3-poun(lers 
 ami tour G-poiiii(hM> ; tlu' o-]Ktuii<h'rs in 180G gave 
 ]>laco to two 5,\-iiicli liitwitzers, and two of" tlic 
 (J-poundors were at a later period (when the 
 number of troops had been increased) withdrawn, 
 and their place supidied hy 12-pounder.s of a 
 pattern proposed by General Ilorsford of 8J cwt. 
 The lines of this gnn were drawn at Woolwich, 
 but, at the same time, it was said that a gun of 
 such light metal must prove insufficient. 
 
 The armament of trooj)s and field-batteries con- 
 tinued of these three calibres until the new 
 arrangements, introducing the 9 and G-pounder guns 
 and 24 and 12-j>ounder howitzers, in 1828 and 
 the following years. 
 
 The breaking out of hostilities with Nepal in 
 1814 called for a new species of carriages adapted 
 to carry 3-]>ounders and 45-inch howitzers in a 
 liillv countrv. Lightness, strength, and a facility 
 of being takon to pieces and i)ut together were 
 tlie j)oiuts sought to be combined in the " mountain- 
 tiaiii" carriages planned by Sir J. Ilorsford. They 
 were not. however, much used during the Mar, 
 for in general it was found that (dephants could 
 convev G-pounders in tin- hills easier than nn-n
 
 MOUNTAIN-TRAIN CAKIilACIES. 185 
 
 could the smaller pieces ; and the fcjrmer, beinn; so 
 much more effective, were, nearly in all cases, used. 
 The mountain-train carrian^es were found too sliirht, 
 and (jniti' unequal to hear the ron^h u^:n,n' artillery 
 meets w ith even from the hands of its friends ; they 
 re(|uired a decree of petting which appears not 
 always to have been shewn them. During a retreat 
 in the Nepal country, several which had, for con- 
 venience and from the loss of their bearers, been 
 limbered up to other carriages drawn by cattle, 
 Wi'ut to pieces in crossing the teraiee at the foot of 
 the hills. The fault was laid on the oflicers in 
 charge, and not on the weakness of the carriages, 
 by Sir John Ilorsford ; but there will always l)e 
 great <liftieulty in jireventing these carriages expe- 
 rii'ucing the same treatment, if j)ut together before 
 entering the hills. 
 
 No. 14 is a skt'tch of" the mountain-train pattern, 
 which has remaine<l unaltere(l uj) to the present 
 day, excepting some changes introduced by Major 
 Backhouse in the mountain-train of the lato Sli;ih 
 Sujah, but which liav«' not been made geiu-rally 
 known. Some changes are now probable, as a 
 mountain-train l'J-|>oun(Ki" liowit/ir has been 
 ^substituted for the uM |:-inili howitzer. Tlii^ new
 
 1 86 SIEGE-CARRIAGES. 
 
 piece weighs 3 cwt., and its lines are drawn on the 
 principles of the 12-poinKler howitzer; the charge 
 is 12 oz. of powder (an increase of 4 oz.), which, 
 with the increased length, makes it a much more 
 effective piece. 
 
 The siege-carriages underwent little change 
 during this time. From their solid nature they have 
 been always less liable to injury than field-carriages ; 
 and, consequently, attention has been less forced 
 to them by the repairs of daily accidents ; less 
 temptation has therefore offered to introduce 
 improvements and alterations, and the pattern 
 established in 1801 remained in use till 1823 ; 
 indeed, at the present time there are many 
 carriages of that kind in magazines. 
 
 In 1823 a new pattern siege-carriage (No. 15) 
 was introduced ; not, however, differing essentially 
 from the old one ; uniformity in axles, beds, 
 limbers, &c., and improvements in minutia}, were 
 the chief alterations. 
 
 A new kind of carriage was also introduced at 
 this time for the iron howitzers, which superseded 
 the brass 8-inch as a siege-piece ; the trail was 
 much shorter than that of siege-carriages, and 
 furnished with small truck-wheels, to ease the 
 recoil, [riate No. 16.]
 
 IMPROVEMENTS IX 1823. 187 
 
 Iron mortars and mortar-beds also superseded 
 the brass mortars of 8-incli and upwards, and their 
 wooden beds. No alteration has been made in 
 any of these articles. 
 
 In 1823, a general reform in the ordnance 
 equipment in Bengal took place, and, with the 
 changes above noted, the block trail pattern was 
 introduced for the light field -carriages. The 
 ammunition-carriage was made with a limber 
 exactly similar to that of the gun, and the 
 ammunition was divided into six boxes, two on 
 the limber, and four on the body of the carriage, 
 easily removable ; the wheels, axles, and beds 
 were made similar, and i)ains were taken to render 
 all parts as uniform as possible, so that one set 
 might answer for the repairs of all. 
 
 On their first introduction into Bengal, in the 
 attempts to lighten the carriages as much as possible, 
 some were made too weak, especially those for the 
 24-pounder howitzers, and slight alterations were 
 made from time to time to obviate this defect. 
 
 At this time, the elevating-screws of the guns 
 were fixed to the cascable neck, wliile those of 
 the howitzers wvrv capstan-headed. In 1834, 
 Captain Tinil)rell suggested the adoption of the fixed
 
 188 FIXED SCREWS. 
 
 screw witli all, and several howitzer-carriages were 
 altered accordingly ; in doing this, however, it be- 
 came necessary to pierce the beams to receive the 
 screw further to the rear than before, filling up the 
 former hole with a jilug : this double piercing 
 weakened the beam so much, that with the increased 
 action from the fixed screw, many broke down, and 
 the change was discontinued at that time ; the 
 subject, however, was agitated for many years, and 
 many trials made, and the result has been the reten- 
 tion of the original method. 
 
 The advantages of the fixed screw consist in its 
 uniting the gim and carriage, and thereby pre- 
 venting its jumping, in travelling or firing ; greater 
 facility of mending it, and an increased power in 
 limbering up ; it is also more economical, as a less 
 depth of beam is required, the fixed screw ad- 
 justing itself by means of trunnions, while the cap- 
 stan-headed requires a horizontal hump on the 
 beam to receive it. On the other hand, the cajjstan- 
 headed screw is supposed to strain the carriage less ; 
 to us, however, the advantages seem to be on 
 the side of the fixed screw, and from the result 
 of the experiments tried, there ai)pears no doubt 
 but that when applied to a new, not an altered,
 
 THE SPECIAL BOARD. 189 
 
 beam, the howitzer-carriages arc strong enough to 
 bear it. 
 
 In these ordnance arrangements, the European 
 horse and all the foot artillery batteries were armed 
 with 9-pounder guns and 24-pounder howitzers, 
 while the native horse had 6-pounders; and this 
 continued until 1834, when, under instructions 
 from the Court of Directors, the whole of the horse 
 artillery were armed with C-pounder guns and 12- 
 pounder howitzers. 
 
 In 1836, at the recommendation of Sir Henry 
 Fane, then Commander-in-Chief, a special board of 
 artillery officers from the three presidencies was 
 convened at Calcutta, for the purpose of assimilating 
 the ordnance equipment and arrangements through- 
 out India. They sat for about two years, and 
 during that time musters of the carriages they re- 
 commended for general adoption were built. This 
 carriage, the " Indian pattern," was much like those 
 in use with the Madras Artillery, and may be 
 shortly described as having contracted cheek, nar- 
 row axles, and metal naves : the carriage was htaviiT 
 than the Bengal pattern. 
 
 The j)roceedings of the boiinl were transmitte<l 
 to England and rotunu'd in IsH, with the orders
 
 190 REJECTION OF THE " INDIAN TATTERN." 
 
 of the Court of Directors (among other points), that if 
 the pattern carriage had given satisfaction, it should 
 be adopted tliroughout all India. In the interim, 
 however, the Afghan war had taken place, and the 
 carriages of the Bengal and Bombay presidencies 
 been severely tried. The former stood the test of 
 the service in that most difficult country, while the 
 latter, constructed on a plan nearly similar to the 
 Madras one, proved utterly worthless. These cir- 
 cumstances, and the failure of some G-pounder 
 carriages of the " Indian pattern," with the Bombay 
 horse artillery, during the short affair at Hykulzie, 
 rendered the strength of the pattern doubtful, and 
 after calling for reports from all who had been en- 
 gaged in these campaigns, the Supreme Government 
 in 1842 finally decided on adopting the Bengal 
 block trail as the jiattorn for Indian light field- 
 carriages. 
 
 This appears an appropriate place in which to 
 detail the different means of draught adopted from 
 time to time, and tlic arrangement will have the ad- 
 vantage of presenting the subject in one view, and 
 saving the reader the trouble of searching for it 
 through different periods. 
 
 To the end of the last century, bullocks were the
 
 ARTILLERY DRAUGHT. 101 
 
 only draught cattle in use for artillery purposes ; they 
 were attached to the carriage by yokes, most pro- 
 bably similar to those which may now he seen in 
 every native hackery, and traces made of raw hide : 
 these latter, during Lord Cornwallis's campaigns, 
 were superseded by drauglit-chains, the whole chain 
 in one long piece, very cumbrous and inconvenient. 
 This pattern was early modified, we believe, by 
 making the lengths for siege ordnance for three or 
 four pairs of bullocks ; but it was not until about 
 1825 that a separate chain was allotted to each pair, 
 facilitating the lengthening, or reducing the line of 
 draught greatly. The yoke was attached by a swivel 
 playing loosely on the pole, with a neck which 
 passed through the upper part of the yoke, and was 
 fastened with a nut. The yoke, at this period we 
 think, consisted of two bars, and has remained iijt 
 to the present day with little alteration. An attempt 
 was made to supersede it by a single bar yoke with 
 short stanchions, and chains to confine tiie bullocks 
 in their places, by General Ilanhvicke, about 17*^1. 
 This was supposed to be an im|trovement on tlie 
 native yoke, and more economical than tlie pattern 
 in use; but an important point having been over- 
 looked, viz. the native voke-bar bein«j fixed im-
 
 102 INTRODUCTION OF HORSES. 
 
 movcably to llic \hA(\ wliile the ii. r. yoke was 
 moveable on its swivel, the result was not satis- 
 factory, as the l)ullock8 were continually in danger 
 of sufibcation, from the bar twisting and tightening 
 the chain round their necks. The double band 
 yoke was therefore retained, and it was fitted on 
 the pole with a clip-band, which, by embracing the 
 upper bar, saved the necessity of piercing it for the 
 reception of the swivel, and added much to its 
 strength 
 
 About 1801, horses were first used for the draught 
 of gims in India. Experimental horse artillery was 
 formed, and two galloper-guns were attached to 
 each cavalry regiment. The original plan has been 
 followed with little variation up to the present 
 time; each horse of the team was ridden, and the 
 guns were worked by the men mIio rode the horses. 
 The chief advantages of this system are economy, 
 greater exertion to be got out of the horses in a 
 difficulty, and a smaller number of men and horses 
 exposed to an enemy's fire; its disadvantages are, 
 the horses being overweighted, and a liability, from 
 the paucity of numbers, of a gun being crippled in 
 action by a few casualties. It may, however, after 
 many years' experience, be pronounced a system
 
 HI LLOCK-DRAICJIIT. 193 
 
 combining witli economy a very considerable degree 
 of efficiency. 
 
 The bullocks, much improved by the arrangements 
 of 1809, which transferred them to tln^ care of the 
 artillery, continued the sole draught animal of the 
 foot artillery until 1818, when an experimental Im- 
 pounder battery was horsed with a limited number 
 of an inferior description of cattle : yet, under these 
 disadvantages, so superior did this battery prove, 
 that others were soon afterwards similarly equijiped, 
 and their numbers gradually increased until 1827, 
 when it was decided that all the light field-batteries 
 should be horsetl ; so convinced had the local 
 Government and the Court of Directors become of 
 the utility of the measure. But scarcely were the 
 orders issued, when one of those extraordinary 
 changes, so often to be met with in Indian airangc- 
 nients, consequent on tlie chauL;!' in the head of 
 the Government, took place, and in 1S2S the 
 horses were ordered to be sold, and tlicir yVdcv to bo 
 supjdied with bullocks. Against this arrangement, 
 destmctive of the efiiciency of the regiment, the 
 representations of the commandant of artillery weri> 
 of no avail; and tiie remonstrances of a general 
 officer, nnwiliiiiL;- to l»e left with :in inelhcient field-
 
 194 
 
 CAMKL-DRAUGHT. 
 
 artillery, wrn' int't Itv the re|)lv tliat the change 
 had heeii resojvcil on '• not only tVoni motives of 
 economy, but from a conviction that the number 
 and efficiency of tlie horse artillery rendered the 
 maintenance of horse field -batteries unnecessary ;" 
 as if tlie duties and use of tlie two branches of the 
 arm were not c|uite <listinct and incompatible with 
 one another ! 
 
 The liorse-batteries being thus extinguished, for 
 many vears there was not a foot field-battery that 
 could be considered efficient for service ; fortunately 
 it was a period of profound peace, or the twelve 
 troops of horse artillery would have proved but a 
 •' broken reed " to rest upon as the whole effective 
 field-artillery of an army mustering, perhaps, 
 ^0,000 men, and scattered over a country twelve 
 hundre*! u\']\i-^ in length, with hostile powers bor- 
 derinjr on it in all directions. 
 
 In 1835, attempts were made to turn the en- 
 during ])owers of the camel to gun-draught. Arguing 
 on the fact that tlie animal had in formrr times 
 been employed in draught, and that in the j»resent day 
 he is used in the ])lough in the Hnrrianah and other 
 san<ly districts, Major Pew made many experiments, 
 and at length succeeded so far, that fiovernment
 
 CAMEL-nATTKUIKS ON SKRVICK. 105 
 
 autliorized ii battery to hv fittc'(l for tlii-' draii;^^lit at 
 Dehli, ami it was placed under the command of 
 Captain W. Anderson. Its first jierformaiiees, 
 when with the camp of the Coinmander-in-Chief, 
 appeared to promise well — so well, indeed, that on 
 the formation of tlic Army of the Indus, it was 
 attached to it under the command of Captain A, 
 Abbott. In the licM, iiowevcr, it did not keep up 
 its character; while the cfround was smooth and 
 sandy, the camels worked well, but in moist or 
 slippery soil they were continually Iial)le to accidents, 
 and in (ground intersected by trencdies they were 
 peculiarly awkward ; at all tinu'S they were found 
 deficient in nuiscular exertion, wein^ht constituting 
 their sole j)ower of traction ; and when the ^^()rk 
 became hard, and food scarce, they knocked up 
 completely and suddenly, without any warning; and 
 on the army moving from ( andahar towards 
 Ghuznee, the cann'ls wrre rej»laci'd by ihe horse 
 and yaboo of the coimtry. A second battery, which 
 proceeded to Scinde in 184l}, fared no bctttr. A 
 third, stationed at Nusseerabad, seems to answer for 
 cantonment duties, but we believe has not luu-ii 
 tried in auN other wav. '{'lie result of the e\j)eri- 
 menfs appear-- to bi-, that tiiough the caniel will 
 
 (. 'J
 
 196 IIOKSE-nATTEUIES. 
 
 nii^'Wcr as ^iin-diaii^lit in jmit iciilar localities, lio ^vill 
 not <l<t tor a batterv which is liable to move in all 
 tlircetions. 
 
 The war ill Afghanistan lorced on the Govern- 
 uunt the necessity of inijtroving their fiehl-artillery, 
 and as a commencement, a battery on the frontier 
 was >u|)]»li(>d with cast horses from the horse artillery 
 and cavalrv ; bnt on the ai>j)arent termination of 
 the war in 1^^4(), with a view to econoniv. these 
 liorses were withdrawn and rej)laced, ^\ith mnch 
 delay, with bullocks, leaving the frontier, on which 
 m\v dubious friends the Sikhs could in a week have 
 nnistered 100,000 men and 200 pieces of artillery, 
 with no other artillery than one or two G-pounder 
 trooj)s of horse artillery, and this battery ill equipped 
 with bullocks and drivers from the Commissiariat ; 
 and such was its state when the Af«i:han reverses 
 broke upon India lik<^ a clajt of thunder. 
 
 In 1841, the (trders of the Court of Directors 
 were received, to supersede l)ullocks entirely by 
 horses, camels, and elej)hants, which were sup]>osed 
 likely to form cheap and efficient lield-batteries. 
 Horses were ^iven to a few, and one was furnished 
 with elephants \Vc believe no one expected that 
 thi^ latter wctnld an^-Mcr. The awkward lin<' of
 
 KJ-KI'IlANl-ll Al 1 KUIKS. \'.i , 
 
 traction, tlic ^reat jiowlt (»!' tlif animal, ami the 
 fear of his becoming- iinniantiLicalilc iiiidir iirc, were 
 the obvions objections ; to wliich ini;ibl be a<bl(Ml 
 the disadvantage of tlie whole jiower of draui^ht beinu 
 concentrated in one animal, in case of this one bcinu 
 wounded, and which his great bulk rendered ex- 
 tremely prolijible. After two years' ex|)erience, the 
 elei)hant was rejectecl from lield-artillery ; but it 
 was proposed to use his strength niori* advan- 
 tageously in the movement of siege-gnns. ^here 
 several of tlie objections would not aj»])ly. par- 
 ticularly that of bt'ing exposed to an iMiemy's fire. 
 |)uringthe recent campaign on the Suthj, elephants 
 were used in sieife-iiiins, and al>o in a battcrv of 
 iron 12-]tounders ; but although thi> batteiy was 
 provided with sjiare limbers, with bulloeks for 
 carrying it into action, yet. by some niisnianagc- 
 nient, the elej»hant>^ were umm! at Sobraon, and, a^ 
 had been anticipated, took fiiglit at tlie first shot 
 which passed oscr them, and ran oil' to the rear 
 with the limbers, proving clearh the soundness of 
 the opinion originallx |irouounced against their u*-e 
 for field-artilh'ry. 
 
 W •• believe, too, that they are to be gi\en up lor 
 siege-artiller\ , ImiI not. we think, on >ucli -ouimI
 
 198 ELEPHANT-DRAUGHT ABANDONED. 
 
 grounds ; their adoption was an experiment ; the 
 harness intended for field-guns was transferred to 
 siege, without alteration, and, as might have been 
 expected, proved too weak : whether a stronger 
 pattern, which was recommended, was used in the 
 hurried march, by which the heavy guns were 
 brought up from Dehli to the Sutlej, and how that 
 answered ; whether the animals proved themselves 
 unequal to the work, or whether, as a means of 
 instituting a fair comparison, a gun drawn by bul- 
 locks accompanied the elephants, and moved with 
 greater ease or difficulty, we know not ; but we 
 think it is a pity that the animal has not been fairly 
 tried, or if so, that the experiments have not been 
 recorded and pu))lished for general information.
 
 DISCONTENT IN THE ARMV. 199 
 
 CHAPTER V. 
 
 Reorganization in 11 'Jd of the anny — .Successive additions to 
 artillery companies — Ceylon — Seringapatani — Introduction of 
 horse artillery — Egypt — Deficiency of artillery — Organization 
 of lMOl-2 — Conijiosition of the regiment — Foreign service — 
 Sieges of Sarsnee, Bidgygurh, and C'utchwarah. 
 
 The siipercossion wliioli the officers oftlii' Indian 
 army suffered by tliose of II.M.'s service ; the slow- 
 ness of promotion ; the absence of any furlough re- 
 gulations enabling them from time to time to visit 
 their native country without giving uj) their pro- 
 fession ; the want of a provision on which to retire, 
 together with other disabilities, had engendered 
 much discontent* in the army, and rendered it 
 
 * .Sj great had been the alarm at one time, excited by the 
 desperate projects (of some officers), that i>ir John Murray, th« 
 commandant of Fort "William, without communicating his j)re- 
 cftutionary proceedings to the Governor-General, place<l the 
 fortres.s in a stat«.' of defence, relying on the un>hakcn ^toadines3 
 of the artillery ; {Li/i' of Lord Ti'i<fnmoiil/i, vul. i. p. 351) , . 
 and hut for the finnne.^.s of the artillery at Calcutta, and the 
 manly resistance of several oUircrs at Cawnporc, the army would 
 have dictated to the Government tlu'ir own terms. — Idovi, 
 I.. M to Lord ('.. p. nri.
 
 •JOO CONSTITUTION OF THE ARMY. 
 
 :il)S()luti'ly iiocessary that tlir drfccts in its con- 
 stitution should he rcmcHliod, lest tho whcdo machine 
 should he riMideird unfit lor the duties recjuired 
 from it; and uith this view. Lord Cornwallis ])re- 
 pared a jdan on his voyaiifc to T^ngland, and sul)- 
 mitted it to the Home Government; previously, 
 however, many re|)re8entations had ))een made hy 
 the armies of tin- three i)residencies, and they 
 selected IVom tluir own officers in En*i:land agents 
 to superintend their interests, and ur;ri' o" H. M.'h 
 ministers an<l the Court of Directors their claims 
 to be placed on a liberal footing. 
 
 Captain Ihirnctt on this occasion represented the 
 Ben^ml Artillery, and in the Committee combated 
 the views of Lord Cornwallis and ^U: Dundas, of 
 uniting the artillery <d' the three presidencies into 
 one corps, and then incorporating it with the Royal 
 
 Artillery. 
 
 In the remarks on Lord Cornwallis's jiropositions 
 by Sir Henry Crosby (president of the Home Com- 
 mittee), we find that the Bengal Artillery t)flicers 
 declared that "an unicni of the army of the three 
 presidencies promises no advantage to the service 
 in general, nor any fair one to the respective officers 
 of each |>re>>idency in particular; it would but ren-
 
 CONTHMPLATED CHANCJKS. !'( 1 1 
 
 (Icr tlu' ofliccMs loss acquaintcMl ^vitll the l;iii;:iia<i:o, 
 manners, religion, and customs of the native*- of 
 their respective coijin (lascars), who, in IU'Ii^mI and 
 on the coasts of Coromandcl and Malabar, arc 
 .Scarce h'ss diflrrcnt fmni each otiirr tlian all arc 
 from I'^uropeans, and in tlic adjustment of in<lividual 
 rank wouhl create, |)i'rhaj)s, insurmountai)le <lif- 
 heulties. 
 
 "Every ollieer now in the Companv's service 
 commenced his career at a particular j)residi'ncv, 
 anil took, as wa^^ reasonahh" and inevitaMe, his 
 chance of (jui(dv or >Io\\ promotion, acci^rdinu;- to 
 the ca.sualties of his own c>'tal)li>lnm'nl. Thc-e 
 casualties of natural death, of actual service, and of 
 increased or dimiinslied establishments, have made 
 su(di an alteration in the ^^a'ncral proportion of j»r(»- 
 motion, that he who went with General Goddard 
 an <dd lieutenant to liondiav, would, in the event 
 of an union of tin* three presidencies, find hinisell 
 >upei>e(led by one whom he left a cailct on that 
 establisiiment : the IJcn-^al oljiceis therefore could 
 never a^rce, nor wcudd the liberalifv of the olijc-crs 
 of the other jtresidencics wi>h that all shouhl be 
 nieltid into one nia>s nmluallv interchaiiireabK'. 
 without first eipuili/iuLT the rank of tln' (tlliccis of
 
 2()2 AMALGAMATION RESISTED. 
 
 each establishnu'iit by a reference to tlieir original 
 aj)i)ointments as cadets ; and tlio diHiculties of such 
 a reference, with its consequent effects, need not be 
 pointed out. 
 
 " They have likewise declared that an incorpora- 
 tion with the King's artillery will be a sacrifice of 
 their dearest interests." But that in *' the event of 
 a general transfer of the Bengal army to the King's 
 service, the three battalions of artillery on that 
 establishment should be completed, agreeably to 
 seniority, to a full complement of officers of all ranks 
 above that of lieutenant-fireworker, and established 
 to the same number of battalions of artillery, sup- 
 posing each battalion in tlie two services to contain 
 tlie same number of companies, if not in proportion 
 to tlie number of companies in the; King's service 
 in the time of war; and, being thus completed, that 
 they may be then transferred, and always remain 
 independent ; that the officers in the battalions do 
 afterwards rise by regular gradation, as vacancies 
 occur in either battalion, agreeably to the present 
 practice, without being, in either case, subject to 
 removal to other corps, or to exchange with, or 
 supercession from, officers in any other corps what- 
 soever ; and tliat these three battalions, so trans-
 
 AMALGAMATION RESISTED. 203 
 
 ferred, be not relieved from Europe or any otlier 
 quarter, at this present, or iiny future time, or in 
 any manner whatsoever, but be stationed in Bengal 
 as heretofore." 
 
 It was also ur2^ed tliat an incorjioration (»f the 
 artillery would tend to au^^mi'iit the mutual dix-on- 
 tents, which had so lung subsisted between the 
 King's and Company's troops in India, in this branch, 
 in i)roportiun as the evil was removed from the 
 other branches of the service ; for as the incorpo- 
 ration would certainly be directly contrary to the 
 wishes of all the Company's artillery officers, so it 
 was believed that those of 11.. M.'s service would not 
 be less averse to it, seeing that they were to admit 
 strangers to a participation of their rights in return 
 for a very distant and pri'carious advantage. ICach 
 would therefore consider the other as an intruder, 
 jealousies and animosities would be the inevitable 
 consequence of such a conti'st of opposite interests 
 and inclinations, while the |)ublic service could not 
 fail of being dee])ly injured by the constant o|>eratiou 
 of such destructive passions. 
 
 The contemj)lated transftM* of the artillerv (and 
 European infantry) to the Kiiii:'s army was looked 
 upon as highly |ir(>ju<licial. imt i>nlv to the interest-^ of
 
 204 IMPROVKh RK(JULATIONS. 
 
 tliat luancli, luit to the Company's army at largo, as 
 tendinu- ti» lower the respectability of tlie portion 
 left, and on this account was strongly oi)p()se(i hy 
 the whole of thi' agents from the armies of the three 
 presidencies, and eventnally their exertions were 
 successful; the whole army was left with the Direc- 
 tors (perhaps more from the Ministry not being- 
 strong enough to carry the point, or snfticiently at 
 leisure to organize the details immediately neces- 
 sary), its organization was however considerably 
 altered, and the service of the East-India Company 
 materially improved ; furlough and retiring rules 
 were introduced, a larger j)roportion of field-officers 
 given, and a general code of regulations made. 
 
 It is only necessary here to notice these as they 
 allccted the artillery. The organization detailed at 
 the c(jnclusion of tlie last chapter took place, and 
 many officers* obtained brevet rank to equalize 
 their ranks with tiie lest of the army, and a very 
 fair proi)()rtion of oflicers was given to each 
 company; viz. a caj)tain, cai»tain-lieutenant, two 
 
 * Major- Gen. Dufl', Lt.-Col. Moutairuo, Major Ilollaiitl, 
 
 Col. -Gen. I)earc, Major .Scott, ,, Barton, 
 
 Lieut. -Col. BriKT, Kattniy, „ Canio;,n<', 
 
 C. (irec'ii, „ Mit<kiiityro, (Jordoii, 
 
 Wnnilliiii 11. ., JJiiniett, I lorst'iijil.
 
 ARTILT.KKV INCREASED. 205 
 
 lieutenants, ami a ii('utenant-fire\\<>ikt'r. 8ev«'Mty- 
 four non-comniissioiicd oflicers ami nuniiors .arc not 
 sufficient when they are liable to he luucli detached, 
 and when vacancies cannot be iillcd by ready-trained 
 men. 
 
 The artillery being found numerically insuilieient 
 for the duties required from it, in October, 17DH, it 
 was increased by an addition of two non-com. officers, 
 two gunners, and* four niatrosses per conii)any, and 
 a detail of golundaz of one jemadar, three havildars, 
 three naiks, and forty i)rivates to each of the eleven 
 companies in Beni»"al (the other four e()m|»anies 
 were at Ceylon ami Madras, and they were added to 
 these early next year); thus adding upwards id" nine 
 hundred men. These were raised by selecting" the 
 l)est-(puilified men from age, size, and good conducl, 
 from the lascars, and enlisting in general Malioiu- 
 medans, -' un<h'r an exjiress stipnlati(Ui, on oalli, jire- 
 vions to their being em'olled," of " their engaging 
 to embark on board of ship whenever the service 
 shall re(|uirc their |>rocee(ling by sea;' their age 
 was limited from twentv t(» twenty-eight year«^, and 
 their height from live feet seven inches to live leet 
 ten inches. The r(^(|uired number wa^ soon rai^t'd, 
 
 * 'I'.Mi li:icl 1.P.I1 :i.|.|..l Ml I».Mviiil..-r. I Tit?.
 
 206 NATIVF-: OrNNKIlS. 
 
 and were so well drilU'd and disci|)lined by the fol- 
 lowing Februarv, that tlio Commander-in-Chief on 
 inspoctiii;;- tliem " expressed liis pleasure and sur- 
 prise at the ere(litable state into M'hicli they liad 
 been so rajtidly brought." 
 
 This* admixture of natives with Europeans was 
 injudicious, for altliou^ili at first sight it might Ite 
 supposed that the eftect would have been the same 
 on the native artilleryman as on the lasear. and 
 that he would have acquired, from constant contact 
 with Euroj)eans, a portion of their hardness of cha- 
 racter, and lost his own prejudices, yet it nuist be 
 remembered tliat the hisear was looked upon as an 
 inferior grade, and never took an ec|ual part in the 
 duties of the gun as was intendcij with the native 
 artillerymen, and therefore the European never felt 
 his own cre(lit or safety entrusted to the former, 
 while witii tlie latter ]»oth were intimately con- 
 nected ; distrust and jealousy were the result, and 
 the admixture was f(^iind to work so ill, that it 
 was soon discarded ; it being found that, valual)le as 
 native artillerymen an* alone, they became worse 
 than useless when mixed with Europeans. 
 
 As the opinion of so j)ractical an<l experienced a 
 man as the late Sir John Ilorsford on this point will
 
 INTKRMIXT[Ri; WITH EUROPEANS. *J()7 
 
 bear considerable weiglit, we (|Uote it. " Tlic I'.u- 
 ropeaii saw a native ma<le a constitnent part of that 
 detail of the posts of the <j:nn, of which lie was one ; 
 he viewed this native witli jeaiou>y, and <litlident 
 of his ability (perlia])s without reason) to serve the 
 vent, or manage the j>ortHre, he positively refused 
 to stand between the wheels, as either sjioiifje-man 
 or loader, urging, in s])ite of reasoning on the mat- 
 ter, that ' it was hard to be blown away by a black 
 fellow.' The native, on the other hand, perceiving 
 the iMiropean hostile to liiin, and su<j)iciou»; of 
 mischief, refused in liis turn to takc^ the sponge- 
 staft' or be server; declaring that he might be 
 * blown away by the design or carelessnc'-s of the 
 European. Discord, recrimination, and hatred 
 were the consequences. 
 
 "But this was not all, the ' comjtonent part' 
 looked around and saw itself a iniseral)le handful of 
 men i8olate«l, and put down in a cominniv (•(ini|)ose«l 
 of men of difterent lanouaife and countrv. and dissj- 
 Tuilar habits and icligion, unsujijiorted bv number 
 and marked a» an inferi<ir bo(I\, b\ li;i\ing no rank 
 amongst them higher than tiiat of a jemadar. 'PIh'v 
 saw theniselve-^ con^idenMl :e» »o maiiv ^hreds and 
 [»:it('hrv on the eoiif 111' ;t Iji i(»|u:iu eom|ian\. and
 
 •208 
 
 CONSTITUTION OF 17!).'). 
 
 |>oiiitL'(l at \)\ (hi- sipaliis a> a Iau<i:hiiig^-stock : 
 lastly, that in tlu» eyes of tlicir own oHieors they 
 well' viewed as nn|)rotitahle interlopers, who hiouL,^ht 
 no promotion in Rlnni lor thi' trouble of disciplining 
 them." 
 
 The re<^iment at this time (1709) therefore was 
 constituted us heluw : — 
 
 1112 15 5 2 
 
 ■3 » 
 10 70 
 
 40 
 
 12 
 
 2 70 per Company. 
 
 1 5 5 
 
 10 5 
 
 3 31515 30 15 
 
 2510 
 75 30 
 
 50 350 
 
 5jl5l5|200 
 
 1020 
 
 20, 700 per Battalion. 
 
 150 1050(15 J5;45 600 
 
 30 60:60 2100 Total. 
 
 3 315,152913 73 
 
 I 
 
 7330 
 
 146 751 10 28 27 358 
 
 I I I I I 
 
 30 60,60 2055 
 
 /R«turnjiFcl). 
 I. 1799. 
 
 1,380 Kuroj)eans, 705 golundaz, and L'/J^O lascars, 
 or a total of 4,335.* The infantry of the army at 
 this period amount«'d to 4<»,000,f so that the artil- 
 
 * The Ia««ir8 can scarcely *»«' culUd artillerymen ; it is true 
 that thev fill certain nntnher$ at the gun, hut the greater [Mirtion 
 were employed on the <lrag-roj»CJ«. 
 
 t .'} Kiiii,''H I{e;:iment.H .'{.OOO 
 
 2 ComiKiiiies Kuropean Ucgiiueut ... 2, .^00 
 17 Native Regiments 35,360 
 
 l(l,SGO
 
 GENERAL IH'Fr ASSfMES COMMAND. :*(^9 
 
 Irrv ^v^H in tlif proportion of one to every nine 
 infantry soldiers, a proportion less tli:in that nsually 
 eonsitlercd suHicient in European armies, luit «-oii- 
 8i(leral)ly greater tlian iia>' Ketii j>reserve«l in tiie 
 successive cliancfes wliieli have taken jilace in this 
 re^Mnient, and uhicli we sliall remark on as these 
 changes eome to 1m' detaikMl. 
 
 In .lannary, 17.'>7. .Major-( leiieral I)utr heini,'- 
 expected from ICngIan<l, whose arrival wDuld puper- 
 sedo Colonel Dt'are in eoimiiand of tlu' artilhMv. it 
 was declanMl this latter oflicer^ toiir for command 
 in the Held as colontd of the artilhMV, ami in March 
 (•JO) Oenenil I )uir a>Nimird tiie command of the 
 regiment. 
 
 (ieiieral Hnlf joined the rei^immt in Septemi>er, 
 I 7(1*2, and wa^' jiresent at the hattle of Ihixar, where 
 his con<Inct elicited tin* landat(»ry mention of hi*« 
 name in the Government reply to Major Muiiio. 
 lie does not aj)j)ear to ha\e heen a'^'^.iin emjdoyi'd 
 on active >ervice for some vears ; as a major he was 
 selected to connnand the ltattali»»n of artillery raise*! 
 for the Nnwah *>{' (hide in 177(>, and on itx n-diic- 
 tion he commanded the artillery at Futtoygtirh. 
 In 1 7'*^<> lie attained hi^ lientenanl-eolonelcy. and 
 I'onunandid the rei,'iment dtiring (^olomd i*ear««e's 
 
 r
 
 210 GENERAL DUFF. 
 
 absence on service in the Carnatic. In 1788, lie 
 went to England, and returning in 1791-2, was ap- 
 pointed to command the Bengal Artillery of the 
 army under Lord Cornwallis, in which capacity he 
 was present during the last campaign, and prepared 
 the battering-train against Seringapatam. At the 
 conclusion of the war, he again returned to England, 
 in consequence of the Court of Directors (to whom 
 a reference had been made) refusing to allow him 
 to command a battalion and the brigade of artillery. 
 The refusal may have originated in his rank of 
 colonel, as the promotion, in the place of Lieu- 
 tenant-Colonel C. R. Deare (killed at Sattimungu- 
 lum), was delayed until the reply came from home ; 
 or from his junior officer Colonel G. Deare having 
 been intermediately appointed. Whatever the cause 
 was, it had ceased to operate in 1797, as he was 
 then appointed to the command. He did not, 
 however, hold it long, for the following month he 
 was appointed to command at the Presidency, and 
 Colonel Hussey succeeded to the regiment. 
 
 Major-General Duff was a man of a powerful 
 frame of body ; anecdotes of his strength are told to 
 the })resent day ; on one occasion, a leopard sprung 
 suddenly upon him, but seizing the animal by the
 
 COLONEL HUSSEY. 21 1 
 
 throat, they rolled over and over, the general never 
 relinquishing- his grasp until the animal was fairly 
 powerless, when he was easily put an end to. On 
 another occasion, finding a sentry asleep over the 
 park, he took a G-pounder* off its carriage and 
 carried it under his arm {doorhicn he mooajik^ as an 
 old native officer, at that time his orderly, described 
 it) " like a telescope." 
 
 Major-General Duff returned to Europe in De- 
 cember, 1797 — Major-General G. Deare succeeding 
 him in the command at the Presidency, and as the 
 vice-president of the Military Board, in the absence 
 of the Commander-in-Chief; Colonel Hussey, the 
 commandant of artillery, acting in the latter capa- 
 city till his arrival. 
 
 Colonel Hussey had but a short tenure of the 
 command, for his promotion to major-general being 
 known in India in September, 1798, it was declared 
 in orders, " that Colonel Hussey having attained the 
 rank of major-general, came under the influence 
 of the Minutes of Council, 5 June, 1797," and 
 "Lieutenant-Colonel C. Green, the senior oflicer of 
 artillery, under the rank of a general oflicer," was 
 
 * The b'-pounder of that <l:iy \v:is prubably four hinidretl 
 weight ami a half. 
 
 p 2
 
 212 SIR JAMES CRAIG's FORCE. 
 
 ordered to " conduct the regimental duties and 
 driails, until further orders." 
 
 The unsettled state of the great Mahratta powers, 
 and the threatening aspect of Zeman Shah, with 
 whom tlie deposed Nawab of Oude, Vizier Ali, 
 hud been corresponding, rendered the assembly of 
 an army of observation necessary to the defence 
 of British India ; a considerable force was as- 
 sembled under Sir James Craig at Anopsheher, 
 with which were five companies of artillery under 
 Lieutenant-Colonel Woodburn ; but this force 
 a])pears to have been very ill equipped with am- 
 munition, a circumstance noticed by Sir J. Craig to 
 Lord Mornington : — " Our j)roportion of musket 
 ammunition is 120 rounds per man, and that for 
 the small-arms of the cavalry is 40; with this, J 
 certainly would not venture to stir a stej) from the 
 Ganges, and how we are to gut uj) more, in the 
 time in which I think it is probable that it may be 
 requisite for us to do so, I know not : I have written 
 in strong terms to the Commander-in-Chief on the 
 subject. For our artillery, we have 300 rouiids ; 
 but that is, if possible, still less equal to what mo 
 ought to have, at least, in a depot to which we could 
 have a nnich more ready access than we have to 

 
 DEFICIENT EUUIPMENT. '2\'o 
 
 Cliunar or Alliilia))ad. The latter sliould he our 
 grand de})6t, in wliicli should be lodged a (jiiantity 
 of stores of (wcry species, equal to every possible 
 emergency ; while a liel<l-de])6t, led continually 
 from it, should move successively from jiost to post 
 as we advance, and be always at hand to renew our 
 deficiencies." 
 
 The unprovided state in which the army in 
 advance had been left, is an instance how ill the 
 machinery of the Military Board had worked. A 
 divided responsibility })roduccd its never-failing 
 result. No one member feeling it his ])arti(ular 
 duty to provide for the contingencies which might 
 occur, the whole was left to chance, and the nearest 
 magazine, on which the brigades at Cawnpoor and 
 P'utteygurh were dej)endent, was Chunar. Had 
 there been one head to th(> Ordnance (K'partment. 
 this would not have liaj>peiied. In this instance, 
 from Zenian Sliali retiring, no lini'iu occun-c*!, but 
 far from taking warning and bfiiig better provided 
 for the future, we shall liiid tiiat when, iu Is(»,'), 
 Ii<»r<l T^ake sat down Ix'lore Hliurtpoor, there wa-- 
 the same want of ecpiipment. and that time ii 
 resnlte(l in our lanK-ntable failure. 
 
 While one porijou of the reginn-nt was in (lie
 
 214 
 
 TROCEEDINGS AGAINST TIPPOO. 
 
 field on the northern frontier, another was called 
 on to form part of the army against Tippoo Sultan, 
 ■whose proceedings had latterly been of so hostile 
 a nature, that self-defence forced the British Go- 
 vernment to curb his ambitious and dangerous 
 designs. 
 
 The army was collected from all the presidencies. 
 Bengal furnished three battalions of native volun- 
 teers and four companies of European artillery, 
 with their lascars (eight companies) attached.* One 
 of these companies (5th company 2nd battalion) 
 was taken from Ceylon ; another (3rd company 1st 
 battalion) had been despatched with Lieutenant- 
 Colonel Errskine's force to Ganjam the preceding 
 year, and thence to Hyderabad ; and tlie two 
 
 * Lieut. -Colonel Montague, Commandant; Lieutenant Drum- 
 mond, Adjutant; Lieutenant R.Browne, Quarter- Ma,ster. 
 
 o3 o, 
 
 a o 
 
 6,20 
 
 11,27 
 18,25 
 10,17 
 
 Captains. 
 
 , I J Grace"! 
 
 iDunnJ 
 
 I 
 
 2 Clarke... 
 
 3 Tomkyns Toppi 
 3 Glass 
 
 Captain 
 Lieutenants 
 
 Lieutenants. 
 
 Lieutenant- 
 Fireworkers. 
 
 Caldwell / Pennington 1 fBayle ...1 
 j \ Green J \ Richards J 
 
 ^^"'^'' {Dougii'::}^^'"^^^'" 
 
 Hay 
 A. Dunn 
 
 n 
 Balfour 
 
 f Aliniuty "1 
 \ Brooke J 
 
 g€3 
 
 56 
 
 63 
 69 
 72 
 
 I
 
 THE MVSURE AUMY. 'J 1 .J 
 
 R'lnaiiiing ones, the 1st and 2ii(l of tlic IJrd 
 battalion, sailed under conmmnd uf Lieutenant- 
 Colonel Montague towards the end of the year, 
 and reached Madras in January, 1799. 
 
 The army under Lieutenant-General Harris was 
 put iu motion on the 3rd February, and entered 
 Mysore on the 5th March. The artillery of the 
 right wing, with which was the battering-train, 
 consisting of four 24-pounders, thirty 18-j)ounders, 
 eight 12-pounders, two brass 8-inch and eight 
 5^ mortars, was under Lieutenant-Colonel Mon- 
 tague's comman«l. 
 
 On the Gth March the right brigade, under 
 Colonel Montresor, ^\as attacked at Seedaseer, but 
 Tippoo's troops were driven off. On tlie 27th tlie 
 grand army was attacked at Malavelly, but tlie 
 loss was trifling, an*! on the 5th Aj)ril the army 
 encamped before Seringai)atani, on which niglit 
 and the following day the outj)osts of the army 
 were engaged, in which action Lieutenant Hrooke, 
 of the artillery, was wounded. 
 
 Tippoo ma<le no lurtlicr attempt^, lint retired 
 within the fort, against wliicli approaches and 
 batteries were commenced and carried on, the 
 S.W. angle l)eiii<: the jioiut selected for attack.
 
 210 SIEtJi: OF SKUINtiArATAM. 
 
 Batteries weiv thrown iij) on Ixitli sides the river; 
 anil oil the 4th Mav, the breach being practicable, 
 the place was stormed. 
 
 13ut little personal record is to be found of the 
 jtart the artillery took in this exploit ; that their 
 fire was well directed and kejjt u}>, the general 
 orders of the day testify. " The merit of the 
 artillery corjjs is so strongly expressed by the 
 effects of their fire, that the Commander-in-Chief 
 can only desire Colonel Smith* to assure the 
 officers and men of the excellent corj)s under his 
 command, that he feels most fully their claim to 
 approbation *' are the words ; but in the routine of 
 a siege on a large scale, their unremitting duty in 
 the batteries leaves less to record than on many 
 other occasions far less harassing and dangerous. 
 Although their casualties were few, one took place 
 which was deeply regretted : " Lieutenant-Colonel 
 Montague's arm was shattered near the shoulder 
 on the 2nd May while in the battery, and required 
 immediate amputation ; for some days he a])])eared 
 to be soiufr (,n in a fair wav; a contusion, how- 
 ever, i)\\ his chest, occasioned by the same shot, 
 produced mortification, which causcil his death on 
 " I{<iy;il Artillery.
 
 DKATll i»F ClJLONKL M< )NTAf ; IK. *_' 1 / 
 
 the lOtli May. Ill liiin the ivginieiit lost an oflioi-r 
 of wiiuiM they may he deservedly j)roiid. His 
 talents, improved by a regular military education, 
 and his long experience in active service, rendered 
 him invaluable. In the early ])art of his canjer, 
 his skill in hia profession, his zeal and indefatigable 
 activity, having been disjdaycd on various oceasion.s, 
 he was afterwards selected for evi-ry imj)ortant 
 service, ^\'it]l General G<Kldard. \vitli Sir Eyre 
 Coote, and at the siege of Cuddalore, he was ]iar- 
 ticularlv distinguished, and in the camnai'nis of 
 Lord Cornwallis he not only conHrnie<l but in- 
 creased his established reputatit>n. lie was called 
 forth on the projected expedition against the Isle 
 of France and Manilla, and finally was chosen t(» 
 command the Bengal Artillery destined for tlie 
 glorious enterj)ribe against Seringapatam."* 
 
 Lieutenant-Colonel Edward Montague '' was the 
 fourth son of Admiral J. Montague, and brntlier of 
 the late Caj)tain James Montague, wh«> commamled 
 the ship Motitaf/Kc on the glorious 1st .Tun»', in 
 which action he was killrd l>v a cannon-.'^hot while 
 closely engaged with two of the enemy's slii|t«-. the 
 lutpituiUd' of 7-1, and A' Ii'/itt/f/iaiiii of 1 in guns 
 * Ik'utMtn'ti berin^ii|inta)ii.
 
 218 COLONEL MONTAGUE. 
 
 " Being originally designed for tlie army, lie was 
 placed ill the academy at Wi)ol\vich, from whence 
 he was sent out as a cadet to Beng;il in the year 
 1770. On his arrival in Calcutta, there being a 
 superabundance of officers, he was placed in a 
 sej)arate corps formed for the cadets of that year, 
 and called the Select Picquet. In this situation 
 he attended chiefly to his improvement in military 
 knowledge and discipline, and from the graceful- 
 ness of his person, as well as an uncommon activity, 
 he was soon distinguished l)y a superior skill and 
 address in the j)erformance of all military duties. 
 
 " After serving twelve months in this cori)s, he 
 attached himself to the artillery. While he was 
 a lieutenant-fireworker, by the strict attention he 
 paid U) lii> duty, the interest he took in his pro- 
 fession, and till' ardour with which he pursued 
 every Ijiancli of it, he greatly improved himself 
 in the knowledge of tactics, and his practice was 
 proportionably advanced by being on several occa- 
 sions employed on actual service. 
 
 " About tin* year 17'^1 he was promoted to the 
 command of a comjiany. He was sent to join 
 General God<lard, who was cmjdoyed to demolish 
 vari«tus forts in tlie Kohilia country, several of
 
 COLONEL MONTAGUE. 2\0 
 
 which wore defended with the most olisiiiuitc 
 bravery. In attacking one of them he was 
 wounded l)y an arrow while attempting to force 
 the gates, which, entering just bi'low the eye, 
 penetrated ohli(juely through j)art of the jaw, and 
 almost reached the o])|)o.site cheek. Without a 
 moment's hesitation, he broke tlie arrow oil' clo'^e 
 to the iron barb, and continued at the head of his 
 corps till the object of the attack was acconiplishetl. 
 The i)arb remained in his face several days, and 
 was at length extracted with great skill l>y Dr. 
 Brinch Ilarwood,* now professor of anatomv in 
 the University of Cambridge. In these active 
 scenes Captain Montague comj>letely estaldished 
 his military character, gainetl the contidrncc and 
 recorded approbation of his commanding (»tlieei\ 
 and greatly advanced the good opinion and i«'g:ii(l 
 which General CiMldard had aln-adv rntrrtained tor 
 him.f 
 
 * His brother \vu.x oik* of tlit- rumuil of rovciuit' at Diniige- 
 poor in 17GG. 
 
 t There is hoiiio uiuu'countablo error iu the ahovo. (io<l(hird 
 loft C'uljKje in May, 177S, with Lonlie'fl force. Mo waa cniployisi 
 in 17sl at tlio Hhorrtrhat aciiiiist tho .^Iah^itla.•^, who may have 
 boon inistiiken for Uohiihu'^. The detaohuient with JSir Kyn» 
 Coote Bailed from Calcutta iu ()ctobcr, 1780. Montague ap]K\'irii 
 on tiic return."' of one of thr.so ronipauii-.s but from the circuni-
 
 220 COLONKL MONTAGUE. 
 
 " In tlic your 1782, Captjiin Montague was called 
 forth to join Sir Eyre Cootc on the coast of Coro- 
 iiiandel. Captain Montague was in every engage- 
 ment, and in services where so ninch real military 
 merit was displayed, it is no common praise to say he 
 was always peculiarly distinguished. He obtained 
 the rank of major, and at Cuddalore, in 17H4, he 
 was aj)})ointed to coinmand the artillery of one of 
 the wings of the army, and there manifested his 
 superior Judgment by taking post on an eminence 
 which produced the greatest advantages, and it was 
 honourably acknowledged by a French officer of 
 rank mIio was stationed to oj)pose him. On his re- 
 turn to Bengal, he was emjdoyed in Oude until 
 tlie memorable expedition of the Marquis Corn- 
 wallis to Seringai)atam. On this important service 
 Major Montague was selected to attack the stu- 
 pendous fortresses of Nunder-droog and Ramah- 
 droog. 
 
 " The chief engineer liaving reported Nunder- 
 
 Bt.Tiitial at'comit of lii.s wdiiiid, wo must yupixisf he wont round 
 and joined Goddiird, and roturned in the end of ITM. The 
 rojriincntal returns are blank from .July 17S0 to April 17.SI, 
 and tho coniiianics absent on sorvioo are not inchidtil till their 
 return, ^\'f• li;i<l thoii;/lit that Lieutenant Montatrnc was <|uar- 
 ter-nia.stor to tin- artilliry in 17 Si. — I]. \i.
 
 COLONEL MONTACJUE. 221 
 
 tlrooo: to be a fortress of uncommon str(.'n<rtli. liis lord- 
 ship ordered Major Montague to proceed with hi^ 
 l)est train of artillery from l^angalore t<> jtiin tiic army 
 encamped about lialf-way to the i)lace of attack. 
 The expedition with whicli he j)erformed that duty 
 excited the astoni>hmeiit, as it called forth the ap- 
 plause, of Lord Cornwallis ; and thouuli he was the 
 youngest artillery otticer with the army, he was en- 
 trusted with the conduct of the artillery employed 
 in the reduction of that important fortress. His 
 skill, courage, and talents were crowned with com- 
 plete success, and the thanks of the Commander- 
 in-Chief expressed in the strongest terms the sense 
 he entertained of his eminent services. The man- 
 ner, also, in which he was entrusted with the com- 
 mand of the artillery employed against Severn-droog, 
 manifested the great confid(Mice which the Manpiis 
 Cornwallis j)ossesscd in his military enthusiasm and 
 professional a])ilities.* 
 
 * Tho following conversation took plarv liotwecn the deputy 
 adjutant-frenerul an»l Major MimtaLrue a.s the latter ]>a.sse<l lieail- 
 quartens on his niarcli : " Lord ('. \\:is it in e(int<Mn|>lation to ^ive 
 Colonel Smith the eoiuniaiHl of tlic artillfry to h(< en)|iloye«.l 
 against Severn -droo;:, and hi< wishes to know if that einnmi- 
 stjince will be any impediment to yonr exertions." The major 
 replied, " that he «lid not expect to take the conunaml ; that hi.s 
 only wi.-li was to I c employed, and that his lonlship miirht rclv
 
 2*22 COLONEL MONTAGUE. 
 
 "In tlie yi'ar 1 7M 4. Major Montague was ad- 
 vanced to the rank of lieutenant-colonel, and was 
 third on the list of tlie artillery ofticers wlnii In- was 
 chosen to direct the artillery attached to the Bengal 
 armv, and wliicli was destined to join General 
 Harris, commander-in-chief, in the late glorious 
 enterj)rise against Seringa patam, where this gallant 
 and most distinguished oHicer found his most 
 honourable grave. 
 
 " If it is true, as has been asserted, that the com- 
 mander of the artillery. Colonel Smith, a brave and 
 deservins: officer, had, from a long succession of 
 
 on liis utmost exertions for the puhlic service untler Smith." 
 The ilcputy adjutant-general did not think that answer sufli- 
 cicntly exjdicit ; and said, " Lord C. wished to know whether 
 Major M. could act with more effect when imlependent of 
 Colonel Smith, than when under iiis command i" 'i'he major 
 answered, '• that ho couhl certainly carry a })lan of his own into 
 execution in the same time that it would nM^uiro to suggest and 
 explain it to another." The deputy adjutant-general therefore 
 concluded that Major M.'s real opinion was that he should jtrefer 
 to conduct the businesa by himself, and infonned him that his 
 lordship waa disposed to give Colonel Smith an oi»|M)rtunity of 
 knocking down the walla of the place where he had been so long 
 confined in a former war ; but aa it might Ije attended with 
 some risk to the service, he waa at length «letermined to 
 appoint Major M. to command and conduct the artillery against 
 that important place, as the capture of it waa absolutely neces- 
 fary to the further progress of the campaign.
 
 COLONEL MONT AO IE. 223 
 
 illness, become too iiifiini to he rontinually in tlic 
 trendies, tlio executive duty must have iiece*i<ariiy 
 devolved upon Lieut. -Colonel Montague, v>\u) \va.s 
 next in command. Hut l)e that as it may, it is 
 certain that tlirce days {ircvious to tlir ca]tture of 
 Seringapatam, a cannon-ball shattcrtMl his ami, 
 while he was in the tivnchrs, in sucji a mannrr a^ 
 to require immediate amj)utation, and it was taken 
 off within an inch of the shoulder. In tliis state, 
 however, such was his zealous, active, and uncon- 
 querable spirit, he insisted on being carritMl into 
 the trenches, where he continue«l to the la'^t to 
 encourage by his presence the trooj)s, who adond 
 him. During three or four days, it was hoped an<l 
 believed that he was in a fair way of recovery ; but 
 having by the same shot received a contusion in his 
 chest, it turned to a mortification, and carrictl him 
 off on the eighth dav at'trr he had received his 
 wound. 
 
 " Thus fell Lieut. -Colonel Edward .Montague, in 
 the forty-fifth vear of his age. lanieiitrd a^ lie was 
 beloved by the wjiide aniiv ; leaxiiii: a widoM* antl 
 
 • Ho nmrrio<l a Mig.H Flootwood at Ma.'iulip.itam in 17!>2, 
 when on hin rotnru to IWnpal fn>m tli« fjr«*t rani|)aig^n aj^iiinst 
 Ti|>|>oo.
 
 2'24 COLON F.I, MONTAGUE. 
 
 thrcje orplmns, tlio yoimm'ht i>\' wIkmu uas Ixnii a 
 fortnight iK'ftiro liis glorious Imi lainnitaMi' Mcatli. 
 He served tlir HoiHUirahlo Eiist-Iinlia Company 
 with zi-al, fidt'lity, ami siiju'iior military talnits, 
 (liiriii;:: an lionourablo course of twenty-nine ycar^ ; 
 liail Ix'cii ill iin»i»' en<]:ap^ements than usually liaj>|t(ii«s 
 t'Vi'U to an active sohlii>r, and had ht-cii noticed 
 witli the most thittering distinction by every coiii- 
 mandin;,^ ofliccr under wliom h>' had served. <)ii 
 this last occasion his being only mentioned in the 
 general list of killed and N\oun<le<l, without a single 
 \\t»id of regret or eulogium, causes the mingle<l 
 emotions of gritf and astonishment* in the iiiiiid-. of 
 his afflicted family aii«l friends. 
 
 '• 111 private life he was not less distinguisluMl 
 than ill liix public services. He was benevolent and 
 generous, |)Ossessing at the same time the most 
 fnuik and candid disposition, lie was an alft'ct ion- 
 ate husband, a temler father, and a dutiful son. 
 He loved his country ^\ith a j)atriotic ardour, and 
 he died in the contest to extend its dominion and 
 its glory. 
 
 • The noto in n former ]>nffc may ser^c to cxplnin tliix 
 liejrK'ct, 08 the ronimainlinp ofllror of nrtillcry woh tlir- mmo 
 ColoDcl Si.iitli I., uli.iiii Iir Ii:iil Iki'Ii j»rt'forroil nt S<'Vfrii-ilnMi^'.
 
 MYSf)FlK MKI»AI..S. 
 
 22.') 
 
 • I If will livr loll",' in tlu- rcnicinbraiicc <»f all 
 who knew him ; and it rrmaiiis for tin- natitui \shoni 
 lio served so well, and tor wIkiiu lie dird t(K) soon, 
 to transmit his name to the tiiiirs that arr to cnnu-.'* 
 {Asiatic Annual Rcfjister, IHOO.) 
 
 After tlie fall of Serinirapatam, one of the HeiiLral 
 eompanies (r)th eoni|»aiiy 2iid Itattalion) rctunu-d to 
 Ceylon, and one (iJnl cninjtaiiy Nt battali<)n)* to 
 Cawnpoor uith the lOth re<,Mnieiit native infantry, 
 and the rcmaiiiin;; two <'onij)ani«'«^ (1st and L'nd e«>ni- 
 jiany 3rd battalion) continurd witli th«' bri;^des in 
 Mysore, and wtTO present at the (Mcupation <»f lU'd- 
 nort' and lliirrvhur and j)ursuit «>f Doondia Klian, 
 under Major-deiural Wrlh'sh'v : thcv rt'turiu'd to 
 I'MMi^al in September. I'^dl. Mrdals of the annexed 
 
 -MA 
 
 • Miiiuio l>y (Governor- Ooncml, Jnnuary It), 1800. — "The 
 ii'lurt i(f tho artillirv mi'l laaotrx ntlarho<i lo \\\v rv^'xnwxW.
 
 226 THANKS TO THE ARTILLERY. 
 
 pattern were granted to all the native troops en- 
 gaged in the expedition. 
 
 The following regimental order was issued by 
 Colonel Green, R. 0., September 19, 1801 :— " Co- 
 lonel Green feels a particular pleasure in congratu- 
 lating Captain Tomkyns, the officers and soldiers of 
 his detachment, upon their safe return from a long 
 and arduous service, to join the regiment he has the 
 honour to command, and he deems it his duty, in 
 justice to the meritorious zeal and professional 
 exertions shewn by the Bengal artillery during the 
 late various campaigns in Mysore and in the pursuit 
 of Doondia Khan, to thank him and them thus pub- 
 licly and in the name of the corps to whose general 
 reputation the good conduct of the detachment has 
 so highly contributed : at the same time that Colo- 
 nel Green has to lament their diminution in point 
 of numbers since they quitted Bengal, it must 
 reflect additional credit on them that, however thus 
 weakened by casualties incidental to long warfare, 
 they have ever manifested a cheerful, patient, and 
 steady adherence to the active performance of those 
 services they have been called upon for, under many 
 
 during the time of its absence from these provinces is equally 
 entitled to commendation."
 
 CAMTAION IN CEVLON. 227 
 
 trying and fatiguing exigencies ; tliey arc in conse- 
 quence most justly entitled to the character of good 
 and veteran soldiers, and as such, will ever merit 
 his warmest support and good offices." 
 
 The 5tli company 2nd battalion returned to 
 Ceylon, and when the Kandian insurrection broke 
 out, in 1802, marched M'ith General ISI'Douall's 
 army from Columl)o, and assisted in the capture of 
 Kandy ; it remained as part of the garrison "vvhen 
 the general returned in April to Columbo. 
 
 The following month the general came back, and 
 trusting in the professions of the king, and thinking 
 all was settled, again retired, taking with him the 
 whole force except 200 men, H.M.'s 19th regiment, 
 500 Malays, and a detachment of artillery. Major 
 Davies commanding the whole, and Lieutenant 
 Humphreys the artillery. 
 
 Their position was attacked 23-4th of June, 
 1803, and the following day Major Davies capitu- 
 lated, under the conditions that he was to march ofl', 
 with arms and ammunition. The garrison retired 
 to the river at Allemgonatli, and halted, intending 
 to pass the next day, but the Kandians set upon 
 them, and, worn out witli fatigue and hunger, they 
 laid down their arms, mid dclivcnMl themselves uj)
 
 228 TERMINATION OF THE WAR. 
 
 as prisoners. The Europeans were immediately 
 murdered, except nine of the officers ; about 500 
 Malays and lascars were made prisoners ; six 
 6-pounders, three howitzers, and a 5^-inch how- 
 itzer were lost.* 
 
 Lieutenant Humphreys was kept a prisoner for a 
 time, but in September, on some solemn festival, 
 was brought out and executed by order of the king. 
 The native prisoners were mutilated by cutting off 
 their noses and ears. 
 
 Reinforcements arrived, and the war was suc- 
 cessfully prosecuted ; most of the ordnance and 
 many of the lascars were recaptured, and in Oc- 
 tober, 1804, the company, and the 5th company 
 1st battalion, returned to Bengal. On its departure 
 the following order was issued : — 
 
 " The governor cannot allow Captain Edward 
 Clarke, of the Bengal artillery, to leave this island, 
 with the detachment under his command, without 
 expressing his thanks to that officer for the useful 
 and active services which he has rendered to the 
 
 * Captain Humphreys at the time of the massacre was seized 
 by a junior assistant surgeon who rolled with him down the 
 steep where the dead were flung ; they remained concealed three 
 or four days, but being discovered were taken before the king 
 and separately confined.
 
 CAJirAIGN IN KGYTT. 229 
 
 government of Ceylon during a j)erio(l of more than 
 eight years. 
 
 " He requests Captain Clarke to communicate to 
 the non-commissioned officers and privates of the 
 artillery, and to the detachment of lascars, his 
 approbation of their conduct, and his wishes for 
 their future prosperity." 
 
 In following out the services of these companies, 
 we have anticipated a little, and it is now therefore 
 requisite to go back a few years. Napoleon's ex- 
 pedition to Kgypt, coupled, as it had been, with 
 intrigues with Tippoo Sultan, alarmed Government 
 as to his views on India, and rendered it necessary 
 to take some steps in self-defence, to check his 
 career of conquest. 
 
 Lord Nelson had destroyed the French fleet in 
 the Bay of Aboukir ; an army from England, under 
 Sir Ralph Abercrombie, had effected a landing in 
 Egyj)t, and to co-operate with tho latter. Lord 
 Wellesley prepared detachments from the three 
 presidencies, which, landing at Cossier or Suez, 
 were to hem in the French army, deprived of all 
 communication with France between the two 
 armies. Towards this detachment, Bengal con- 
 tributed a detachnuiit of liorsc and foot artillery,
 
 230 INTRODUCTION OF HORSE ARTILLERY. 
 
 H.M.'s 10th regiment of foot, and 1,200 sipalii 
 volunteers. 
 
 Horse artillery, which had for some time been 
 used in European warfare^ was now about being 
 introduced into India. It appears to have been 
 first used by the Russians in the campaigns of 
 1757-8-9 against the Prussians, whose light cavalry 
 often found themselves, at the time they felt sure 
 of success, opposed by batteries of cannon, although 
 no infantry were present. Frederick the Great 
 introduced it into his army in 1759, and took great 
 pains to exercise and instruct them himself in his 
 camp near Landstruth, and soon found the arm of 
 essential use. 
 
 The Austrians followed the example about 1780, 
 and since that period it has been introduced into 
 all European armies, though with considerable 
 variation in the weight and calibre of the guns, and 
 in the manner of mounting the gunners. 
 
 Some experimental horse artillery was raised, and 
 part of it accompanied the expedition to Egypt; 
 it was however eml)arked almost as soon as raised, 
 so that no time was allowed for its acquiring any 
 experience. From the returns, a portion of the
 
 DETAILS OF ARTILLKRY. 
 
 231 
 
 Governor-General's body-guard was attached to it, 
 
 and altogether but 3G horses. 
 
 European. 
 
 s 
 
 1 6 
 
 14 
 
 Body-Guard. 
 
 J Si . 
 
 1 2 
 
 22 
 
 11 
 
 27 
 
 Golundaz. 
 
 i\ 
 
 a a c 
 
 = Z !S 
 
 2 2 20 
 
 Lascani. 
 
 
 1 2 
 
 40 9 
 
 With a quarter-master's and train-artificer's estab- 
 lishment : Brevet-Captain Clement Brown com- 
 manded it. 
 
 The foot artillery, under Captain-Lieutenant 
 Flemyng, consisted of — 
 
 European. 
 
 24 
 
 GoluBdaz. 
 
 40 
 
 Laacars. 
 
 93 
 
 Lieutenants Drummond and Starke were with 
 this detachment. 
 
 A liounty of one month's j):iy :md full batta was 
 given to each native oHicer and soldier who om- 
 bnrked, and .-ill jiossihle :ittentioii wa^ jiaid tt» tlie 
 laying in the stock of provisions and water under 
 their own insj)ection.
 
 232 MARCH ACROSS THE DESERT. 
 
 The foot artillery embarked on 27tli November, 
 reached Trincomalee on the 13tli November, and 
 Bombay on the 27th March, 1801 ; the horse 
 artillery embarked in February. 
 
 The first division of transports reached Cossier on 
 the I7tli May ; the disembarkation immediately 
 took place, and on the 21st June the army com- 
 menced its march across the desert in successive 
 small detachments, following each other at intervals, 
 on account of the scarcity of water; mussuls were 
 sent forward with each detachment, and returned 
 for the use of the succeeding one ; much suffering 
 was experienced in this march ; the extreme heat 
 and want of water killed many men and horses ; 
 but it was observed in this, as in subsequent cases, 
 that Europeans bore the exposure and drought 
 better than natives. 
 
 The guns of the foot artillery Mere drawn by 
 bullocks brought from Bombay ; and the horse 
 artillery joined the army which was collected at 
 Ghennah about the middle of July, and the whole 
 embarked in jermes, or country boats, on the 31st, 
 and sailed down the Nile. The stream was rapid, 
 and they floated successively past towns and ruins, 
 pyramids and other monuments of mystic Egypt ;
 
 MAIUII ACROSS TUK DKSKRT. 233 
 
 and on the 7th Au<,nist readied Gizah, and on the 
 8tli and following days disembarked an<l encani])ed 
 on the Isle of Koda, where they reniaiiUMl till the 
 28th, awaiting orders from General Iliitchiiison ; 
 on their reception they once more embarked, and 
 arrived at Rosetta * on the 31st August, — too late 
 to participate in any of the service. 
 
 The detachment remained in Egypt till Mav, 
 1802, when it marched from Gizeh (near Cairo) 
 to Suez, detachments following each other succes- 
 sively, and completed it in five marches, losing only 
 three Europeans by the way. On the 5th diuu' the 
 head-quarters embarked on H.M.S. Victor, and 
 reached Calcutta towards the end of July. 
 
 The foot artillery, under command of Lieutenant 
 Starke (Lieutenant Drummondf having returned to 
 Calcutta on sick leave in Sej)tember, 1801, and 
 Captain-Lieutenant Flemyng most probably having 
 sailed direct for England from the same cause, for 
 
 * On tlio iimrcli from Uosottu t<i Alcxaiidrui the axli'ln-f of 
 (iiie of the limbers broke, ami for want <>f a f()rp»-cart the 
 ilctaelmicnt was tli'tjiiiied ei^'litoni lumrs on the tle.Hort without 
 water or provisions ; luwl a for;;o-rart l>wn tlioro, two hours wouhl 
 have Huffic(Hl. — ('ai)tain Mrown to('oloniI(iivtMi,2n.l April, ISO.}. 
 
 t Returntil t., Imlia nn fick ccrtiru'atc .Si'ptvnilHT, I SO I. — 
 I>«'tt«'r from .Military n-anl I.. Military S-rrctury, 2»)th Sop- 
 tenilxT, I so I.
 
 234 
 
 EGYPT MEDALS. 
 
 he does not appear to have returned to India, nor 
 to have been in Egyi^t in October, 1801, and he 
 subsequently retired in Enghind in December, 1802), 
 returned in the Commerce, and the men composing 
 the detachment rejoined their companies in Fort 
 William on the 1st August, 1802. The horse artil- 
 lery disembarked on the 4th August, and rejoined 
 the remainder of the experimental horse artillery. 
 
 The services of these detachments were acknow- 
 ledged by the Governor-General on their landing, 
 in Orders, from which the follo^^^ng is an extract : — 
 " Under a grateful impression of the important aid 
 derived to the common cause of our country by the 
 able and successful conduct of the expedition from 
 India to Egypt, his Excellency is pleased to order, 
 that honorary medals be conferred on all the native
 
 INJsL'FFlCENCV ol' AUTILLKRY. 235 
 
 officers, non-conmii.ssioned officers, troopers, sipaliis, 
 golundaz, and gun-lascars who have been employed 
 on the service in Egypt." 
 
 The insufficiency of the artiller}^ in India had 
 early attracted Lord Moniington's attention ; in 
 June, 1709, we find him writing to Mr. Dundas — 
 "Our artillery throughout India is very deficient. 
 * * * I cannot too strongly press the necessity of 
 attention to the artillery in India : if you do not 
 send out ample supplies of proper men and officers 
 for this useful corps, it will i<oni\ lall to ruin; it is 
 already on the decay, — a larger annual suj>ply of 
 cadets, and a reduction of the export of writers 
 would tend to recruit it." 
 
 The Court of Directors had jtreviously (July 5th, 
 1707) "advised the Grovernment of their intention 
 to send out jiroperly-cjualified cadets for the artil- 
 lery, and ])rohil)it(Ml tlic transfer of any iiitaiitry 
 officers" to that hrancli, and " witii a vi«'w to pro- 
 mote emulation in the cadets i\>v tiie artillery or 
 engineer corps who are educateil at \\ i»(»l\\ieh. 
 the Court " resolved (r)th Manli, jsoo) t) make it 
 a standing reguhition, that those who Kn their pro- 
 gress in the dilVereiit studio are lir>t rej'ortetl 
 (pialifie<i to proceed to Imlia. ^hall haNe piece<iciice
 
 23G INSUFFICIENCY OF ARTILLERY. 
 
 in rank in the general list of cadets appointed for 
 the respective presidencies ;" and this order was 
 highly approved by the Governor-General in his 
 minute on establishing the College of Fort Wil- 
 liam. 
 
 In July, 1800, Lord Wellesley writes again to 
 Mr. Dundas, — " Every augmentation of native 
 troops in India should be accompanied by a due 
 augmentation of the European force, artillery as 
 well as infantry. 
 
 " The Company's European artillery are every- 
 where extremely weak. The fixed establishment 
 of this corps is defective at all the presidencies, 
 and the numbers wanting to complete even that 
 defective establishment are now so considerable that 
 I intend without delay to reduce one of the Com- 
 pany's European regiments in Bengal for the pur- 
 I)Ose of augmenting the artillery of this presidency. 
 * * * But the best remedy I may be able to 
 apply will be insufficient, on account of the great 
 deficiency of officers of artillery : some companies 
 have now no more than one commanding officer 
 doing duty with them. This deficiency proceeds, 
 in a great measure, from the original deficiency of 
 the establishment in point of commanding officers,
 
 AUGMENTATION SANCTIONED. 237 
 
 and partly from the neglect of a regular supply of 
 cadets." 
 
 It is probable that men were allowed to volunteer 
 from the European regiments for the artillery at 
 once, for the returns of the regiment shew tliat 
 277 men joined " from other corps " in the months 
 of July, August, and September, 1801, but the 
 2nd European regiment was not reduced until the 
 February following. At the same time, two com- 
 panies were added to each battalion of artillery, 
 and the strength raised to 1 captain, 1 cajitaiii- 
 lieutenant, 2 lieutenants, 2 lieutenant-fireworkers, 
 5 sergeants, 5 corporals, 2 <lrumniers, 10 gunners, 
 and 80 matrosses; the companies, however, re- 
 mained incomplete, for upwards of 800 men were 
 deficient. 
 
 This increase was reluctantly sanctioned by the 
 Home authority, for we find Mr. Dundas writing to 
 the Court of Directors, 30th June, 1801, on the sub- 
 ject of the liquidation of their debts : — " Mr. Wright 
 observes, that if the addition to tho artillery 
 could be postponed, it would save £54,(KI0 ; but I 
 consider the addition to your artillery establisinnent 
 to be of such {]m']) im|>ortan('c to the siciirilv of 
 your exteiidt'd Indian cinimt', tliaf 1 do not think
 
 238 INCREASE OF ARTILLERY. 
 
 * 
 
 the saving suggested should be adopted." The au- 
 thority was therefore given, and Lord Wellesley, in 
 writing to General Lake, says, " in issuing the order 
 for the reduction of the 2nd European regiment, I 
 request your Excellency to annex to it the order 
 for the augmentation of the artillery, as directed by 
 the Honourable Court. The improvement of our 
 artillery is a point of such importance, that I am 
 resolved not to postpone it under any circum- 
 stances whatever." 
 
 The augmentation was accordingly carried into 
 effect ; the companies were levelled, so as to divide 
 the old gunners and matrosses equally among the 
 companies, and they were filled up as well as they 
 could be from the volunteers who joined ; and the 
 regiment consisted, at the beginning of 1802, of 
 three battalions, of seven companies each, with 
 thirty companies of lascars : neither lascars nor go- 
 lundaz details being added with the six additional 
 companies; and the golundaz details, all except 
 nine, were reduced in the following November.
 
 ORGANIZATION OF 1802. 
 
 239 
 
 
 
 i 
 
 o 
 
 J 
 
 O 
 
 i On the returas 
 ( 1st April, 1802. 
 
 i 
 
 CO 
 
 saBDswi 
 
 o 
 
 o 
 o 
 
 o 
 o 
 
 1— 1 
 
 CO 
 
 I-H 
 I-H 
 
 •srspinj, pus 
 
 M 
 
 o 
 
 o 
 
 o 
 
 CO 
 
 •STBpinx IS I 
 
 (M 
 
 o 
 
 o 
 
 CO 
 
 o 
 
 CO 
 
 •sSirejos 
 
 I— ( 
 
 o 
 
 o 
 
 CO 
 
 o 
 
 CO 
 
 o 
 
 •SajBAUJ 
 
 O 
 
 o 
 o 
 
 o 
 o 
 
 50 
 
 
 ■sure^j 
 
 n 
 
 12 
 
 
 
 •SJBl)nABH 
 
 CO 
 
 I-H 
 
 
 
 ■SJUpBlUOf 
 
 - 
 
 >o 
 
 «o 
 
 «o 
 
 M 
 
 O 
 
 a: 
 
 H 
 
 •sjauiiunjd 
 
 (N 
 
 't* 
 
 -1< 
 
 CO 
 
 •S38S0XIBW 
 
 O 
 
 o 
 
 o 
 
 C30 
 
 "H 
 
 Ci 
 00 
 
 •sjauuno 
 
 O 
 I— 1 
 
 o 
 
 o 
 
 I-H 
 
 00 
 
 •S|Bjodjo3 
 
 »c 
 
 >-'5 
 
 TO 
 
 O 
 
 I-H 
 
 CO 
 
 o 
 
 I-H 
 
 •siireaSjos 
 
 'O 
 
 S S 
 
 "^ s 
 
 CO 
 
 C5 
 
 •sjonjoAaiTj-'^nari 
 
 <M 
 
 I-H 
 
 
 1 
 
 •ejireuajnan 
 
 (N 
 
 ?— 1 
 
 ©1 
 
 00 
 
 ©< 
 
 •sunausinari -"mj<l«o 
 
 - 
 
 t- 
 
 I-H 
 
 ^H 
 
 •siiprjrtso 
 
 fH 
 
 C^ 
 
 (N 
 
 1— 1 
 
 •BJofBW 
 
 1 
 
 - 
 
 CO 
 
 eo 
 
 •jiropireimuo,') 
 siauojooiuwiajnori 
 
 1 
 
 f-« 
 
 CO 
 
 CO 
 
 '■lonotoo 
 
 1 
 
 - 
 
 CO 
 
 CO
 
 240 MORAL^: of thk rkgiment. 
 
 The men composing the corps of horse artillery 
 were borne on the rolls of the companies. 
 
 The remonstrances of Lord Momington having 
 thus obtained a numerical increase to the corps, and 
 the Court's step of obtaining educated cadets from 
 Woolwich having prepared men to fill the vacancies 
 in the commissioned grades (the first of whom had 
 arrived the preceding year), a new era may be 
 considered as opening in the history of the regiment, 
 and it may not be uninteresting to consider the 
 state of the corps at this time. 
 
 Of the officers in its early years we have seen 
 sketches in some of Pearse's letters already quoted, 
 and from the specimens who lived on into this 
 century, and of whom many anecdotes are current 
 among the present seniors of the regiment, they 
 appear to have been deficient not only in the 
 scientific knowledge necessary for their profession, 
 but many were without even the ordinary education 
 of gentlemen of that period ; boatswains and gun- 
 ners in their original calling, they never rose to the 
 manners and acquirements which are expected in 
 commissioned officers; they therefore shewed to 
 great disadvantage when contrasted with the lately- 
 arrived cadets, who to the usual liberal education of
 
 EDUCATION J)r OFFICKIiS. 241 
 
 ^^entlcnicii luul siipcraddcil a course of stmlv at 
 VVoohvicli fitting tiiein lor tlio attaiuiiuiit <»f' tlie 
 ln'«i:licr derives of their |irofcssional kiio\vlo(l«ifo. 
 At the time, too, when they were studyinfr, Indian 
 aHliirs had awakened great attention ; the war-^ with 
 llyder and Tipjioo iiad just been brought to a eon- 
 elusion, and all England rang with applause at the 
 gallant an<l successful storming of Seringapatain 
 and the expedition to Egyi)t ; their minds were 
 filled with these subjects, and themselves, on their 
 arrival, either ]>artaking in or watcdiing the meti'oi- 
 like career of Lake, how cnuhl they fail receiving a 
 high tone, and infusing it into those who iinme- 
 diatelv followed, and tlniN laying the foundation of 
 a permanent improvement in tlie commissioned 
 grades. 
 
 J^ut while we must consider many of the old 
 hands deficient in some qualities rcMpiisite to the 
 formation of good officers, let us not forget the 
 habits of the times in whi(di they lived, imr that 
 these men pro\e<l tlu'mselves good and bravo 
 soldiers in tlie manv hanl services iu whicdi tlu-y 
 were employed ; " per mare, jter terras " might 
 have been their motto. In tin- ware of Bengal and 
 the Carnatic they filled their part with credit, and 
 
 K
 
 242 THE OLD AND NEW REGIMES. 
 
 many are the names from among them \vhich have 
 been handed down to our respect and esteem both 
 as good soldiers and men of high talent and con- 
 duct. Pearse, Montague, Hutchinson, Duff, of the 
 old hands, and others, such as Horsford, Clement 
 BroAvn, Pennington, who living long into this cen- 
 tury may fairly claim no small share in giving a tone 
 to the present corps, are all names which we should 
 not willingly allow to be forgotten ; and although 
 we may laugh at the anecdotes of the Hindes, 
 Paschauds, and Greenes, and be tempted to rate 
 the moderns highly when we look to the bright 
 halo with which the Mahrattas, Nepal, Ava, and 
 Affghanistan campaigns have encircled the heads 
 of those whom we delight to honour, let us not 
 forget those wdio shared in the wars ^vith Hyder 
 and Tippoo, and in the earlier campaigns in which 
 the foundation of our Indian empire w^as laid. 
 " Vixerunt fortes ante Agamemnona, multi." 
 
 The ranks were filled with men of an indifferent 
 class ; the great demand caused by European wars 
 rendered it difficult to recruit for the Company's 
 service, and, as a natural consequence, the worst 
 men were enlisted. The Regimental Orders, as 
 might be expected, record many courts-martial and
 
 COMrOSTTION OF TllK KKGIMKNT. 242 
 
 the infliction of jmnishmonts to preserve order ; still. 
 however, when any })()rtion \\'as sent on service, 
 they never forgot what was expected from tlieni, 
 and always snpported the national character hy 
 their condnct in the field.* 
 
 A very mistaken notion as to the composition of 
 the regiment has long prevailed, and is still repeated 
 by those ignorant of the facts of the case ; it is 
 often affirmed that a large majority of the regiment 
 is Irish, but from a reference to the long rolls at 
 the period of which we arc Mriting, wo find the 
 respective numbers as stated below,f and at a jxTJod 
 six years anterior to it (1705), the proportion of 
 Irish was still less, the English being 437 and the 
 Irish 284. At the present time (1845) the English 
 and Irish are nearly equal. We purpose noticing 
 the constitution of the regiment in this point from 
 time to time at different epochs, and also adding 
 the casualties wherever we are able to ascertain 
 them, and this we trust will form a valuable addi- 
 
 * Tho uniform at this time ci'nsistc<l of tlio Ix^ar-ikin oap, 
 long coat, with i<carlot fal•inJ,^s and oiiiltrnidcrod Imttoii-holcs, 
 and grey trowsers with a red cord down the seam. 
 
 t English '>\Ci, Irish 484, Scoteli 74, Welsh 19, Foreigners 
 211, no ilcscription 32. 
 
 U 2
 
 *J44 
 
 orr.RATioxs in wksiern ixdia. 
 
 tion to our knowledge of the statistics of Indian 
 mortality. 
 
 Having detailed the formation of 1802, we must 
 revert to the preceding year to bring up the record 
 of the services of portions of the regiment. 
 
 In November, 1801, two complete companies 
 were ordered for foreign service, to embark on the 
 Dover Castle and Asia Indiamen. 
 
 Lascar 
 Com- 
 panies. 
 
 Com- 
 pany. 
 
 Batta- 
 lion. 
 
 Captains. 
 
 Captain 
 Lieutenants. 
 
 Lieu- 
 tenants. 
 
 Lieutenant- 
 Fireworkers. 
 
 4,1 
 5, 3 
 
 9 
 5 
 
 18 
 
 12 
 
 A. Fraser 
 C. Wittit 
 
 A. Hinde... 
 P. Pascliaud 
 
 Fuller... 
 A. Dunn 
 
 C. II. Palmer 
 S. S. Ilay 
 
 The former company proceeded to Macao, and 
 returned the following November, but does not 
 appear to have been engaged in any active service 
 during the expedition. The latter had a much 
 longer absence; for, reaching Goa in January, 1802, 
 it was sent on to Bombay, and thence to Guzcrat 
 in May, Surat in June, and back to Bombay in 
 October ; in December it was stationed at Tannah, 
 having been detained by the Bombay Government.* 
 In August, 1803, it participated in the successful 
 attack on Baroach, and then continued with the 
 
 * Lettor of John Duncan. 10th Novonil)or, 1802, to Supreme 
 Government.
 
 MOVKMKN'T A(;AI\ST I'.l'LWUNT SINC;!!. I'l') 
 
 l^ombay army, iiikUt Major-General Jones-, and 
 joined the army before Bhnrtporo in ISO'), towards 
 tlie conclusion of the siege; returm-d to Boiiil>:iv in 
 ISOC), and reached Fort Williani in tlit'>S'/V H'/'/i/'/n/t 
 Pidteiiei/ \\\ July, 18(K>, after an absence of ncarlv 
 five years, reduced to 33 men. 
 
 Captain C. Wittit, Captain-Lieutenant Paschaud, 
 and Lieutenant- Fireworker S. Hav retiiiiird t<» the 
 presidency in March, 1803. Lieutenant Dnmniiuiid 
 Joiiu'il tlio company in 1 )('('('nil)('r, L'^Ol', and left in 
 September followinij^. Cajitain Wat kins and LiiMi- 
 tenant T. I). Smith Jnine(l it at a later |>eiiod. 
 Lieutenant Dunn appears to have remained with it 
 tin'onghout. 
 
 Other portions of the re^nment were called into 
 the fiehl, at the end of Lsoi>, a<jainst a powerful 
 zemindar, Bulwunt Sini;', who ^\a>^ in jiosse's^jon ot" 
 thri'e forts, Sarsnee, Hidp^e^ifurh, and Ciitchow rah, in 
 the niM^hbourhood (d' llattrass; these forts were 
 situated in the districts ceded in Isol l>y the N'izier 
 of ( )nde and Xawah (d" I'uniickaliad, to maintain 
 the stipnlated {British foice. Mn^terin^ I'd. (Kid 
 lollowcr^, he truvicd he could >ucce>sridlv resist the 
 demand for lli-^ jnnima. he therefore t«Mi(Iere<l a 
 lower ^nni ; \\\\^, (d"conr>-e. wa> refused. ;ind as he
 
 24G 
 
 SARSNEE ATTACKED. 
 
 appeared determined not to yield the point, a force 
 was collected against liim, which gradually increased 
 to 4 battalions of infantry, 4 troops of cavalry, and 
 detachments from 3 companies of artillery, with 
 four 18-pounders, two 4f-inch howitzers, and ten 
 C-pounders. 
 
 Major Gordon, Commandant. 
 
 Com- 
 pany. 
 
 Batta- 
 lion. 
 
 Lascar 
 Companies. 
 
 Captains. 
 
 Captain- 
 Lieutenants. 
 
 Lieutenants. 
 
 1 
 
 3 
 4 
 
 2 
 2 
 
 2 
 
 4, 23, 28 
 7, 21, 22 
 
 14, IG 
 
 E. Constable 
 
 W. Sliipton 
 
 f J. Robinson 
 \T. Green ... 
 
 K. Best 
 
 A.Mathews 
 T. D. Boyle 
 
 The trenches were opened against Sarsnee on the 
 27th December, and a battery erected on the 4th 
 January, 1803, l)ut at such a distance that the 
 rownee was not breached ; a storm was nevertheless 
 made on the 15th, which proved unsuccessful. 
 
 Lieutenant Boyle was dangerously wounded by a 
 cannon-ball on tlie 8th, and died on the 24th of 
 January. 
 
 Reinforcements under the Commander-in-Chief 
 arrived, and the siege was renewed ; the ajjproaches 
 being advanced 200 yards, tlic town was taken on 
 the 8th February, and on the 11th the garrison 
 abandoned Sarsnee and lied to Bidgegurh ; thither
 
 DEATH OF COLONEL C.oRDON. LM7 
 
 tlie jirniy moved on the 13t]i; bjitterics were ready 
 on the 21st February, and by the 27th a iiracticalilc 
 breach was effected ; duriiiLr tlie iiiglit, however, 
 the enemy were discovered evacuating the tort, and 
 next morning- it was taken possession of liy the 
 IJritish. 
 
 Wliilst proceeding round the fort in tlie morning, 
 most probably with a view to ascertain the ordnance 
 and stores, Major (Lieutenant-Colonel) Gordon was 
 killed, along with several sipahis and lascars, by the 
 accidental explosion of a i)owder-magazine. In 
 rei)orting his death, tlie Coinnianih-r-in-Chief says 
 that he felt " particularly indebted for his exertions, 
 directed by uncommon zeal and ability." 
 
 The Governor-General, in the order published to 
 (he army, "(leei)ly regrets the severe loss which the 
 public service had su'-taine*! by the death of Lieu- 
 tenant-Colonel Gordon;" he also notified his " high 
 approbation of (he gallantry and steadiness (ii>- 
 played bv the troojis, and of the readint-ss with 
 which they submitted to extreme labour under 
 circumstances of peculiar har<Khip iVuni the unu««ual 
 veveri(v of tlu' wi'a(her."' 
 
 The force next ino\rd to Cutcliowrah, whirli, 
 afler ^oin<' altini|ii>- at (reacher\ and delay, was
 
 248 SUFFERINGS OF THE JKOOPS. 
 
 given up. Major T. Green had command of the 
 artillery, and the troops then broke u}) and returned 
 to their cantonments, small garrisons being left in 
 Sarsnee and Bidgegurh. 
 
 In the contemporary accounts of these sieges we 
 meet with no intimation of excessive rain having 
 fallen, which, no doubt, adds exceedingly to the 
 fatigues and hardships incidental to trooi)S in 
 trenches, and we are therefore rather at a loss to 
 understand what the excessive hardships caused by 
 the season, adverted to in the general orders, were ; 
 the heat in the month of March, in the provinces, 
 is not overpowering, and we cannot help smiling 
 when we recollect that within a few months these 
 very troops were to form part of that army which 
 Lake, contemning the seasons, led, in the hottest 
 parts of successive years, through the Dooab and 
 Kajasthan.
 
 WAR WITH THE MAIIRATTAS. '2VJ 
 
 CHAPTER VI. 
 
 Lord Lake's campaigns — Captain Hutchinson's proccc<lin;,'s in tlic 
 neighbourhood of Kanipoorah — Sieges of Koniona, (Junnourie, 
 and Adjeegurh — Augmentation by adding golundaz — Increa.se 
 of horse artillery — Ordnance-drivers organized — Colonel 
 Horsford, Commandant — Expeditions to the Isle of France 
 and Java — Bundlecund campaigns — Callingur — Gril)eauval 
 pattern carriages introduced — Additional golundaz companies 
 — Ilead-fjuarters removed to Duni l)um. 
 
 The coiuluct of the Malirattas having reiulcrcd 
 hostilities unavoidable, the Governor-Gcni'ial <Utrr- 
 niined to carry them on upon such a scale as would 
 comj)letely destroy their power, and, at the same 
 time, eradicate the French party from the Dooab, 
 where Mr. Perron, nominally a commander of 
 Scindia's discii)lined brigades, had in reality es- 
 tablished a small ind(|tendent principality of his 
 own. 
 
 To carrv out his intentions, the Cjovernor-Gencral 
 a.ssembled forces in tiie Dukliuii. (luzerat. Cut tack, 
 Mirzajtoor, Allahal>ad, and in tlu- l)o(»al); with all of 
 wliicli. cxccpl the tir--t, were portions of the liengal 
 Arlillerv.
 
 250 
 
 LAKE TAKES THE FIELD. 
 
 The main army (in Bengal) was under the personal 
 command of the Commander-in-Chief, General Lake ; 
 the corps composing it were put in motion early in 
 August, 1803, and collected, on the 13th, at Arowl, 
 on the Kali Muddee. They reached Coel on the 
 28th of the same month. 
 
 The following artillery were attached to it : — 
 
 Lieutenant-Colonel Horsford, Commandant. Lieutenant Brown, 
 Brigade Major. Lieutenant Butler, Brigade Quarter-]\Iaster. 
 
 Com 
 pany. 
 
 Batta- 
 lion. 
 
 Lascars. 
 
 Captains. 
 
 Captain- 
 Lieutenants. 
 
 Lieutenants. 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 19, 24, 26 
 
 T. Greene 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 
 2, 15 
 
 Raban 
 
 Winbolt 
 
 
 3 
 
 
 6, 8 
 
 Nelly 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 4, 23, 28 
 
 Constable 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 
 3, 13 
 
 Ilutcliinson 
 
 
 
 8 
 
 2 
 
 7, 21, 22 
 
 W. Shipton 
 
 Best 
 
 Morris 
 
 4 
 
 
 14, 16 
 
 J. Robinson 
 
 
 
 A. Mathews 
 
 On the 29th August, General Lake attacked Per- 
 ron's army, drawn up behind a jheel, with their right 
 resting on Aligurh. The attack was made by the ca- 
 valry and gallopers, and the enemy drew off towards 
 Ao-ra. Mr. Perron was left in charge of the fort, 
 with instructions to defend it to the last extremity. 
 
 General Lake determining to storm the fort on 
 the 4th September, during the night preceding two 
 batteries of four l^-poundeib each, under Captains
 
 * ALIGURH STORMKD. 251 
 
 Greone and lloljiiison, were erected by Colonel 
 Ilorsford at a village in the vicinity and at Perron's 
 country house, to cover the advance to the party. 
 
 Before daylight the storming party, under Colonel 
 Monson, moved out to within 400 yards of the fort, 
 and there awaited the morning gun, the signal for 
 the advance ; on its being fired, they moved on, 
 covered by a heavy fire from the supporting bat- 
 teries. The fort had been alarmed, and the gates 
 were closed. The ladders proved too short. A G- 
 pounder was sent for to burst the gate o})cn, but 
 proving insufficient, a 12-pounder was substituted, 
 which succeeded after four or five rounds. During 
 this delay, the party was exposed to a heavy fire, by 
 which many were wounded ; among others. Captain 
 Shipton, who commanded the guns ; notwith- 
 standing this, he continued to advance with the 
 party. The second and third gates were stormed, 
 but at the fourth, his gun was again required, this 
 gate resisted its fire, but the wicket being forced, the 
 l)arty entered, and obtained possession of the for- 
 tress, capturing 281 pieces of ordnance of all kinds. 
 
 The artillery lost but 2 Euro}>eans and 4 lascars 
 killed, 7 Euro})eans and I la>cni- wonndiMl, in addi- 
 tion to Captain .Shiptoii. Tlic "-crviccs ol" the artil-
 
 252 SERVICES OF THE ARTILLERY. 
 
 lery were acknowledged by the Commander-in- 
 Chief in his report to the Governor-General : — " To 
 Captain Shipton, of the artillery, who had charge 
 of the guns which forced the gate, and who, though 
 wounded, still remained at his post, I feel myself 
 much indebted. To Colonel Horsford, who com- 
 manded the artillery, as well as Captains Greene 
 and Robinson, who commanded the covering bat- 
 teries, I feel myself under infinite obligations, and 
 indeed the whole corps merit my warmest praise 
 for the gallantry displayed on this occasion as well 
 as in every other in which they have been engaged." 
 The Governor- General in General Orders, 15th 
 September, 1803, " desires that his particular appro- 
 bation may be signified to Captain Shipton, of the 
 artillery, and also to Lieutenant-Colonel Horsford, 
 Captains Robinson and Greene ;" and also says, " it 
 is with the greatest satisfaction that the Governor- 
 General expresses his approbation of the bravery, 
 discipline, and steadiness of the corps of artillery 
 who were employed on this occasion." 
 
 A small detachment of half a corps, with one gun, 
 under Lieutenant Winbolt, at this time in the can- 
 tonment of Shekoabad or Etawah, were attacked by 
 a large bodv of horse, under a Mr. Fleury. The 
 
 J
 
 HATTLK OF DELHI. 253 
 
 first attack, on the 2iul Septemljcr, was beaten o\\\ 
 but being renewed on the 4th September, after 
 several hours' resistance, the party capituUited, and 
 were allowed to march off to Cawnpoor with tlicir 
 guns and arms. Lieutenant Winbolt was wounded 
 in this affair. 
 
 The army reached tlie Jumna, near Delhi, on tlie 
 11th, and found the Mahrattas posted behind iii- 
 trenchments, with their park of artillery in front, 
 the whole covered by long grass. The Commander- 
 in-Chief moved on to reconnoitre with the cavalry, 
 and directed the artillery and infantry to follow ; 
 the front alone was accessible, and the cavalry were 
 exposed to a heavy cannonade. They moved to the 
 rear to avoid this, and to cover the advance of the 
 line, but the enemy mistaking it fur a retreat, 
 moved out from their intrenchments. The cavalry 
 opened to allow the infantry to pass through, who 
 attacked in line, the cavalry forming as a sup])ort 
 in their rear. The advance was made under a tre- 
 mendous fire of round and grape, without n'tiuiiiui^ 
 a shot until close, when, firing a v(»ll('v. tlicv cliuri^cd, 
 broke into open coliunn, and allowed t lie cavuirv 
 and galloj)tM> lo pass throiiiili and coinpli'lc the 
 victorv.
 
 254 LIEUTENANT MATTHEWS. 
 
 Colonel Ilorsford was employed covering the left 
 with four guns and a battalion from a threatened 
 attack by a body of Seik cavalry. 
 
 The loss of the artillery consisted of 8 Europeans 
 and 1 lascar killed, 1 subaltern, 13 Europeans, and 
 16 lascars wounded. Lieutenant Mathews* lost his 
 leg by a cannon-shot ; 67 brass and iron guns, 37 
 tumbrils of ammunition (besides 24 blown up), 
 and 2 tumbrils of treasure, Mere captured on this 
 occasion. The iron guns were of European manu- 
 facture, the brass nearly all cast in India on French 
 models ; the carriages were all fitted with elevating 
 screws, strong and neat, and of the French pattern ; 
 
 * Lieutenant Mathews was appointed fort adjutant at Agra 
 the following year, and afterwards deputy connnissary of ord- 
 nance at Futteygurh, and on his promotion to a captaincy was 
 retained. " At the particular recommendation of the Com- 
 mander-in-Chief, in consideration of the peculiar services of 
 Lieutenant JNfathews, who lost his leg and thigli in the battle of 
 Delhi, the Governor-General is pleased to determine that Cap- 
 tain Mathews shall be exempted from the operation of the 
 General Orders of 14th November, declaring the situation of 
 deputy commissary of ordnance to be incompatible with the rank 
 of regimental captain." 
 
 " This exemption is admitted as a mark of attention and 
 indulgence to a deserving officer, who has suffered severely in 
 the execution of his duty on active service against the enemy." 
 —General Orders of May 15, 180G. 
 
 I
 
 DISTUinUTION OF I'UIZK-MoNKY. 2oiJ 
 
 the tumbrils stout, but clumsy ; somr wltli uiodrrn 
 (Iraufiflit-cliains, others with a trace of raw hide. 
 
 General Lake wrote to the Governor-General : — 
 " To Colonel Horsford and every officer of the corps 
 of artillery I feel myself infinitely indebted for their 
 meritorious exertions on this occasion ;" and in the 
 general orders of the Governor-General of 1st 
 February we find, — " To Colonel Horsford and the 
 artillery the Governor-General in Council repeats 
 the public testimony of approbation which that 
 meritorious corps has uniformly deserved in every 
 exigency of the service." 
 
 The officers present were the same as at Aligurh, 
 with the exception of Captain-Lieutenant Best, who 
 was left in charge of the ordnance in that fortress. 
 
 The Governor-General in Council deemed " it to 
 be the duty of the Government to anticipate the 
 sanction of His Majesty and the Iloiioural)!*- tlie 
 Court of Directore for the distribution t>f the trea- 
 sure captured, as a testimony of the applause and 
 gratitu(h' \\ith which the Hriti>'h Government 
 viewed the exemj)lary valour, (li8ci])line, zeal, and 
 firmness displayed by tiie army ;"" and dirccttMl 
 that " tlie general priiicij»I("- td" this order sliouM 
 constitute tlio jM-oiMMMliiin-^ ol' the ( Jovcrnor-Genei'al
 
 256 SIKGE OF AGRA. 
 
 in Council with respect to all prize-money captured 
 (luring the progress of the war." 
 
 The heavy artillery and stores intended for the 
 siege of Agra were embarked on the Jumna in 
 boats, the army marching down along the western 
 banks. On the 7tli October they reached Agra, 
 and cut off all communication with the country, and 
 on the lOtli the enemy's battalions outside the fort 
 were driven from the ravines and glacis, with a loss 
 of 600 men and 26 guns. In this affair Lieutenants 
 Beagham and J. Hay (who together with Lieutenant 
 W. Parker joined the army a little previously) are 
 mentioned as having distinguished themselves. 
 
 " The intrepidity and courage evinced by Lieute- 
 nant Beagham, of the artillery, employed in the 
 assault, calls for his Excellency's warmest approba- 
 tion and thanks." 
 
 " Lieutenant Hay, of the artillery, who went 
 with a detachment of that corps to bring off the 
 enemy's guns, merits my approbation for his suc- 
 cessful exertions in this service." 
 
 The siege commenced, and by the 17th a breach- 
 ing battery of eight 18-pounders and four howitzers, 
 with an enfilading battery of four 12-pounders on 
 its left and another of two 12-pounders on its right.
 
 CAPTURED ORDNANCE. ^2.){ 
 
 were ready and commenced firing, and on the 2ntli 
 the fort capitulated. 
 
 Seventy-six brass and 86 iron guns, 20 tumbrils, 
 with two lacs of rupees and ammunition. Sec. Mere 
 captured ; among them was the celebrated great 
 gun of Agra, which lay on the banks of tlie Jumna 
 until some twenty years afterwards it was broken uj) 
 and sold, an attempt to carry it down tlie Jumna 
 having failed, as also a fine brass 72-pounder, now 
 in the barrack square at Dum-Dum. 
 
 General Lake wrote : — " I attrilnite the early 
 surrender of Agra to the great impression our 
 breaching battery made on the walls, which opened 
 yesterday within 350 yards, and which Mould have 
 caused a practicable breach in a few liours more 
 battering. 
 
 " To Colonel Horsford, of the artillery, * * as 
 well as to every oflRcer of the * * corps, 1 \'vc\ 
 myself under great obligations for their unremitted 
 exertions on this occasion, and to wlnCh I jtiinci- 
 pally attribute my early success against tliis place." 
 
 Twenty-four lacs of rupees of ])rize-monoy were 
 on this occasion divided amonu" the troops, in 
 accordance with tlie princii)le of the (mmkmmI Order 
 1st November, 1803. ahove quoted. 
 
 s .
 
 258 THE ARMY ADVANCES. 
 
 On tlie 27th October the army marched from 
 Agra, and on the 31st (having previously left their 
 baggage and heavy guns under a guard at Futty- 
 poor Sicoree) had nearly come up with the Mah- 
 rattas. In the evening, General Lake moved on 
 again with the cavalry, directing the infantry to 
 follow at three o'clock next morning, and after a 
 march of twenty-five miles overtook the Mahrattas 
 at sunrise, near Laswaree, amounting to about 9,000 
 infantry and 5,000 cavalry, with 72 guns. As they 
 api^eared to be in some confusion, he was tempted 
 to make an attack at once, without waiting for the 
 artillery and infantry. 
 
 The enemy retarded this movement by cutting a 
 bund and flooding the road, and availed themselves 
 of the time gained to form their line, the right 
 resting on Laswaree and the left on Mohalpoor, the 
 front covered by the guns, and, as at Delhi, the 
 country around covered with long grass. The 
 cavalry charged boldly through the guns several 
 times, the gunners falling down as they passed and 
 reopening on their return, while the infantry plied 
 them with musketry from behind an intrenchment 
 formed of the baggage-hackeries : the guns could 
 not be secured from want of infantrv.
 
 BATTLE OF LASWAREE. 259 
 
 The loss having been great, and tlic men and 
 horses much fatigued, the cavalry were \vithdra\vu 
 to wait the arrival of the infantry, the enemy having 
 been effectually stopped and crippled. By noon 
 the infantry reached the banks of the nullah, but 
 some slight rest was necessary after a march of 
 twenty-five miles ; and as the enemy offered to 
 surrender their guns on certain terms, a favourable 
 answer was returned, though preparations were 
 made for renewing the attack when the stipulated 
 time should expire. 
 
 The enemy threw back their right, so as almost 
 to encircle Mohalpoor, their whole front bristling 
 with guns. The British infantry prepared to attack 
 in two columns, the right, under Major-General 
 Ware, against Mohalpoor, the left, under Major- 
 General St. John, against the enemy's right, covered 
 by the cavalry. All the guns which had come up 
 were formed with the gallopers into four distinct 
 batteries to support these attacks. The whole 
 advanced under a heavy fire from the enemy's 
 artillery, which were well and quickly served, and 
 by four r. m. had entirely routed the enemy, cap- 
 turing elephants, camels, 1,G0() bullocks, 72 guns, 
 5,000 stand of arms, 44 colours, 64 tumbrils of 
 
 s 2
 
 260 RETURN TO AGRA. 
 
 ammunition and 3 of treasure, and 57 carts with 
 stores. 
 
 In this brilliant action the artillery suffered but 
 little, — 4 Europeans and 3 lascars killed, and 6 
 Europeans and 5 lascars wounded : the brunt fell 
 upon the other branches. 
 
 From Laswaree the army returned towards Agra, 
 sending in the wounded and captured stores, and 
 remained in the neighbourhood till the end of the 
 month, when Colonel White, with a proportion of 
 artillery, was detached to aid the Bundelcund force 
 in the siege of Gwalior. The main army soon after 
 moved to a position near the Biana Pass, where the 
 horse artillery troop (formed from the experimental 
 horse artillery), under Captain Clement Brown, 
 with Lieutenants Starke and Young, joined ; but 
 we must make a slight retrospect to bring up the 
 proceedings of the other forces to this point. 
 
 The detachment of artillery, with Lieutenant- 
 Colonel Fawcett's force, destined for Bundelcund, 
 consisted of — 
 
 IMajor C. AVittit, Commandant. 
 
 Company. 
 
 Battalion. 
 
 Captains. 
 
 Captain - 
 Lieiitenants. 
 
 Lieutenants. 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 3 
 
 Tonikvnp ... 
 
 Fcade 
 
 Dowell 
 
 Richards. 
 
 ( M. Brown. 
 ( W. Hopper.
 
 (;WALIOR TAKEV. *J(11 
 
 The force readied tlic banks of the Caine, near 
 Tiroha, on the 23rcl September, and on the lOth 
 October crossed, and, after a long march over a 
 rough country, came in siglit of Shumshecr Baha- 
 dur's troops. A distant cannonade was all that 
 occurred, the enemy made off as fast as he could, 
 and the force proceeded against Culpee, \vhich sur- 
 rendered on the 4th December, as soon as a battery 
 opened against it. 
 
 Its next move was to Gwalior, where the whole 
 or a portion joined Colonel White, with whose de- 
 tachment were Captain (!reen, Lieutenants Hay, 
 Morris, Swiney, and Pollock. Batteries were opened, 
 and on the 5th February, 1804, Gwalior had once 
 again fallen into our possession. 
 
 The following General Order was issued on its 
 capture : " The Commander-in-Chief is particularly 
 happy to notice the valuable services of the artillery 
 employed at Gwalior ; and tlie great effect ]>ro- 
 duced by the iirv of the batteries under circum- 
 stances peculiarly unfavourable reflects the highest 
 credit on the abilities of Captain Green, and <>n the 
 officers and men under his command." 
 
 The detachments under .Maj»»r-( ieiieral Denre, of 
 the artillery, and Lieutenant-Colonel Broughton, at
 
 262 THE BALASORE FORCE. 
 
 Mirzapoor and Siimbulpoor, were equally successful, 
 though not so brilliantly employed ; their exertions 
 frustrated the Mahrattas' hopes of plundering Mir- 
 zapoor and Benares. 
 
 The Balasore force met with complete success ; 
 they had chiefly, however, to contend against the 
 difficulty of moving guns through a swampy, heavy 
 country; the different towns surrendered with but 
 little opposition. The fort of Barabutty alone re- 
 quired batteries to be erected against it ; they were 
 ready on the 13th October, and the defences being 
 taken off, and the enemy's guns silenced, the 
 storming party advanced, accompanied by some 
 artillerymen, under Lieutenant G. Faithfull, with a 
 6-pounder, for the purpose of blowing open the 
 gate. In passing the bridge, the party was exposed 
 for 40 minutes to a heavy fire of musketry ere* the 
 gate could be forced, it was so blocked up with 
 masses of stone : these removed, the attack was 
 soon successful. Lieutenant Faithfull was wounded, 
 though not dangerously, and his conduct, as well as 
 that of Captain-Lieutenant Hetzler, was praised 
 in General Orders by the Governor-General : — 
 " He trusts that Lieutenant Faithfull, of the 
 artillery, will be speedily restored to the public
 
 THE GUZERAT FORCE. _(i.) 
 
 service, in which his courage and resolution has 
 ah'eady been distinguished. 
 
 " The Governor-General expresses his sense ot* 
 the conduct of Captain Iletzler, of the Bengal 
 artillery." 
 
 To bring uj) the events of the campaign in all 
 quarteis, we must here turn briefly to the force in 
 Guzerat, with which was the 5th company on! 
 battalion. This force marched on the 21st August ; 
 at Bargood they met with but a feeble resistance 
 on the 24th, an<l on the 2Gth a battery of two 
 18-pounders was completed against the fort of 
 Baroach, and opened, liy the 2i)th a l)ivacli was 
 made, but the storm was delayed till 3 r.M., in 
 hopes of profiting by the assistance of the Fun/ 
 gun-vessel (on l)()anl \Nhich was a detail of Bengal 
 artillery), and an armed boat, which were hourly 
 expected, but which were prevented by the shallow- 
 ness of the water ; the stonning party therefore 
 a«lvanced at the given signal (two C-j^ounders fired 
 in quick succession), and overcoming a vigorous 
 resistance, gained possession of tlie fort. 
 
 With this comjiany ('aptaiii-Licutenant Dunn 
 and iiieutenant hnnnnnind appear to have ])ecn. 
 
 The main arm v. witli the r(»niniaiid(r-in-Chicf,
 
 264 COLONEL don's force. 
 
 remained encamped near Biana until the 9th 
 February, when they moved in the direction of 
 Jeypoor, to which town a detachment under Colonel 
 ISIonson was sent from Dowsah on the 18th April ; 
 on the 10th May, a second detachment, under 
 Colonel Don, was sent against Tonk Rampoorah 
 from Nurwalee ; and on the 18th May, the main 
 army broke up, and retraced its ste2)S towards 
 Agra, suffering much from the extreme heat of the 
 weather ere it reached its destination in June. 
 
 Lieutenant-Colonel Don's force arrived before 
 Rampoor on the 14th May, and to avoid exciting 
 the enemy's suspicions and inducing him to block 
 up the gateways really intended to be attacked, 
 took up its position on the opposite side of the fort. 
 At two A.M. on the next morning, the storming 
 l)arty advanced, headed by a 12-pounder, to blow 
 the gates open, and followed by another, to keep in 
 check a body of the enemy's cavalry ; while Captain 
 Raban, with one 12-pounder and four G-pounders, 
 took up a position from which he was enabled to 
 fire upon any point of the works which the enemy 
 might man to meet the attack ; a picquet of the 
 enemy was driven in, the first gate was blown in 
 by the gun, the second was found open, and the
 
 THE BUNDICLCUXn FORCE. 2G5 
 
 third ami fourth were also blown in ; tlie >>torminir 
 j)arty entered, and the town was taken possession 
 of. 
 
 Thanks were given to Captain Raban and every 
 officer and soldier of the detachment ; the 2nd com- 
 pany 1st battalion, or a i)ortion of it, was employed 
 on this duty. 
 
 Hitherto the operations of the army had been 
 perfectly successful, but we have now to recount 
 two failures, in both of Mhich, but i)artic'ularly in 
 that in Bundelcund, the artillery sullered heavily. 
 
 The Bundelcund force, under Lieutenant-Colonel 
 Fawcett, had been j)rotecting that ])rovince from 
 Ilolkar's incursions, and was encamped in May, 
 1804, near Kooch. A detachment of seven com- 
 panies of native infantry, under Captain N. Smith, 
 and fifty European artillery, from the 1st and 2nd 
 companies 3rd battalion, under Captain-Lieutenant 
 Feade and Lieutenant Morris, were sent against a 
 small lort, iianicfl HaiHah, in tlie iieiglil)()urhood. 
 The guns having ojiened on the 21st May, tliekilli- 
 dar ottered to surrender on tlie foliowiii;! niorniu"- 
 if the firing was directed to ceasi* ; his oiler was 
 aeeepteil, but availiii;,'- hiiiiself of tlie respit(\ he im- 
 mediately (k'sj)ali-hrd intelligence to AmeiT Khan.
 
 266 DISASTER AT BAILLAH. 
 
 who was in the vicinity, and requested him to fall 
 on the detachment, which he did the next morning 
 with 8,000 cavalry, and cut up two companies of 
 the infantry, and the whole of the artillery,* with 
 their officers, and took possession of the guns,t 
 except one, which, with the remaining five com- 
 panies, made good their retreat to Lieutenant- 
 Colonel Fawcett's head-quarters. This officer, 
 alarmed at the reports he received, and unequal to 
 the emergency in which he was placed, immediately 
 retreated to Betwah ; which movement caused 
 much annoyance to the Commander-in-Chief, as it 
 opened Bundelcund to Holkar, and left him un- 
 distracted to turn his whole force against Colonel 
 Monsons detachment in Rajasthan. Lord Lake 
 would have ordered the command of this force to 
 have been previously made over to " Lieutenant- 
 Colonel Wittit, of the artillery, a most excellent 
 
 * In moving for the production of papers in the House of 
 Commons on this occurrence, Sir Philip Francis said it had cost 
 " two complete companies of sipahis, some cannon, and fifty 
 European artillerjmien, every man of whom Avere cut to pieces : 
 the loss of the sipahis is to be lamented, that of the artillerymen 
 is invaluable." A most infelicitous expression for the author of 
 Junius. 
 
 t Two 12-pounders, one 6-pounder, two howitzers, and 
 tumbrils.
 
 DEATH OF COLOXKL WITTIT. '2G7 
 
 officer ; but for his ill health ;" this was verv in- 
 different ; so much so, indeed, that he died on the 
 27th May. In him the regiment lost a most valu- 
 able officer ; as a subaltern he had served with his 
 company in Lord Cornwallis's campaigns on the 
 coast, and was considered by Sir John Ilorsford one 
 of the most superior officers in the regiment. 
 
 Colonel Martindell, after some changes, was 
 appointed to the command of the force, and in 
 June succeeded in capturing Mahobar, and de- 
 feating the Ram Rajah and Nagahs, and with this 
 the campaign closed. 
 
 We must now follow Colonel Monson's force, 
 with which was the 2nd company 2nd battalion of 
 artillery, commanded ])y Cajitain Hutchinson and 
 Lieutenant Winbolt, in its unfortunate retreat. 
 Advancing, after the caj)ture of Ilinglaizgurh to 
 the Mokundra Pass, with the object of co-operating 
 with Colonel Murray's force from Guzerat, on the 
 7th July Colonel Monson received intelligence of 
 llolkar's having crossed the Chumbnl, and moved 
 to meet him ; but almost immediately learning that 
 Colonel Murray had fallen back on the Myhie, he 
 retired to the ])ass on tlie Stli, beating oil' the 
 attacks of the enemy. Fearful, liowever, of the
 
 2G8 monson's retreat. 
 
 enemy gettin^^ behind him, he commenced his 
 retreat on Kotah. On the 12th lie was again 
 attacked, and again beat Holkar oft'; he pushed on 
 for the Janee Nuddee, but the rain falling heavily, 
 he did not reach the ghat till the morning of the 
 13th, and then finding the rivulet not fordable, he 
 was obliged to halt till the 15th; the state of the 
 roads was such that the guns sunk deep in the 
 mud, several were abandoned, and most of the 
 ammunition destroyed. On the 17th the Chumbul 
 was reached ; the Europeans were passed over on 
 elephants, and sent on to Rampoorah, while the 
 main body crossed over in detachments wherever 
 fords could be found. On the 24th there was 
 another severe contest with the enemy, and it was 
 not until the 27th that the last battalion, with 
 Colonel Monson, reached Rampoorah ; but here 
 this unhappy detachment found no rest, — want of 
 provisions forced them to push on, and after leaving 
 a garrison under Captain Hutchinson, of the 
 artillery, they again moved (they were however 
 reinforced by two battalions, four guns, and some 
 irregular cavalry, under Major Frith) to the Bunass. 
 On the 22nd August they reached its banks, and 
 found it so swollen that the largest elephants could
 
 DEATH OF LIEUTKNANT WINROLT. 2G9 
 
 scarcely pass; throe boats only coiil*! Ik- fouiul, ainl 
 ill tlicni tlic treasure was sent across. On tlie 2l]r<l 
 tlie enemy appeared in force, and on the 24th, tlie 
 river having run off a little, the baggage was got 
 over, Monson covering the retreat by an attack on 
 the enemy, which was at fii-st successful, hut the 
 enemy rallying, forced him back, with the loss of 
 his last gun ; the baggage was abandoned, and, 
 harassed by the enemy's cavalry, the broken ainiy 
 reached Koosialgurh during the night ; from hence 
 they moved in a square to the liiana ra>^s, wjicre 
 they hojK'd for some resjiite ; but Hciikar, bnnging 
 his guns to bear, forced them to continue their 
 flight, and parties of broken and disordered fugitivi's 
 were all of Monson's armv that arrived at Ajrra. 
 
 In crossing the Ihuiass on tlie 2Uh Lieutenant 
 Winbolt, of the artillery, was di()\vne(l. He wa'; an 
 officer of high }>romise, and one who stood higli in 
 the opinion of Sir J. llorsford, in whose comjianv 
 he had MTved on tlie coast in tin" caniitaigiis of 
 1790-1-2. 
 
 To check Ilolkar. tlie aiin\ was callrd mit a^ain ; 
 the liorse artillery an<l otiier troops from Cawnpoctr 
 marchetl on Agia on tlio Ind St'|.tcinl'er, ami 
 towards tin* end offlio niontli the camp was fnrined
 
 270 PURSUIT OF IIOLKAR. 
 
 between Agra and Secundra. Holkar was too 
 wary to bo led into a general action, and moving 
 northwards with his main body, he was followed by 
 Lord Lake, who reached Delhi and relieved the 
 siege on the 15th October. Holkar moved towards 
 Parriput, and crossed the Jumna into the Upper 
 Dooab ; Lake (with the horse artillery, cavalry, and 
 reserve brigade, under Colonel Don) crossed near 
 Delhi on tlie 31st, and leaving all private whecl- 
 can'iages and all baggage that could possibly be 
 spared, pushed on, determined to give Holkar no 
 rest. This rapid movement relieved Colonel Burn, 
 who, with some nujeebs, was shut up in the ruined 
 fort of Shamlee by Holkar. Following closely, Lord 
 Lake came in sight of him near Meerut, but he fled 
 with all speed, by the route of Hassur to Futtey- 
 gurh. On the 16th, Lake was within sixty miles 
 of Futteygurh, and starting again at night, he 
 made great exertions to come up with him. Just 
 as he mounted his horse, news came of the decisive 
 victory gained by Major-General Fraser over the 
 Mahrattas at Deig, an inspiriting omen to his own 
 troops. At dawn on the 17th, they reached the 
 skirts of the enemy's camp ; the horses were at 
 their picquets, the men sleeping beside them, when
 
 THE ENK.MY ATTACKED. 271 
 
 their sleep was either broken or rendered final by 
 discharges of grajje poured in upon them from the 
 horse-artillery guns ; the dragoons charged, and tlic 
 enemy took to flight, — Holkar among the first. Tlic 
 blowing up of a tumbril had first alarmed him, l)nt 
 ho was persua<lL'd it was the morning gun ])eing 
 fired at Futteygurh ; but the firing continuing, the 
 cry of " Lord Lake's army '' arose, and a general 
 flight followed ; some took refnge in trees, and 
 might have escaped, but from their indiscretion in 
 firing on our troops, who, thus tauglit in what 
 direction to look, soon brought tliem down with 
 their pistols. The })ursuit continued for upwards 
 of 10 miles, which, added to the ]»revious march of 
 58, made a total of G8 miles in 24 houi-s, and Mhon 
 it is recollected that this had been preceded by 
 350 miles in a fortnight, it may be considered one 
 of the most surprising feats on record, and speaking 
 more powerfully to the state of efliciency of the 
 regiments so employed, than words can d<». 
 
 The services of tlie horse artillery were acknow- 
 ledged by Lord Lake ; in writing to the Governor- 
 General, he says : "■ I have great satisfaction in 
 reporting to your lonNliip the very meritorious 
 conduct of Captain Hrown and the cor|)s of hor^e
 
 272 ACTION NEAR DEIG. 
 
 artillery under his command, who, by the rapidity of 
 their movements, were able to do great execution. 
 Captain Brown's great attention in the management 
 of his corps, and his zeal and activity when called 
 into action, have on every occasion merited my best 
 acknowledgments." And in the General Order, 
 November 18th, he returned his thanks " to 
 Captain Brown, and officers and men of the horse 
 artillery, for their highly meritorious and intrepid 
 behaviour in the engagement of yesterday." 
 
 The officers with the horse artillery were Captain 
 C. Brown, Lieutenants H. Starke and J. Young, 
 The wounded w^ere 1 European, 1 Indian, and 4 
 horses ; the killed 1 lascar and 7 horses. 
 
 The main body of the army, which had been left 
 at Delhi on the 1st November, moved in the direc- 
 tion of Govindhur, and on the 13th attacked the 
 Mahratta army under the walls of Deig, gained a 
 complete victory, and captured 87 guns, all mounted 
 on field-carriages, and fitted with elevating screws 
 and every apparatus ; among them were six of the 
 18-pounders presented to the Mahrattas in 1791, 
 and (which must have been a pleasing circum- 
 stance to Colonel Monson, who fell into the com- 
 mand on the death of Major-Gcneral Fraser)
 
 CArTiRF. or DF.ic. 273 
 
 foiirtocn of tin* uiiii"-, w'wir umihiils, ami four casts 
 of tlios<.' wliicli had Ix'cii lo^t in \\'\^ <lisastrou8 
 campaign. 
 
 Til tliis action tlie artillery lost 4 I'^uropeans and 
 i) natives killed ; l^nropcans and 10 natives 
 wonndod : Captain liutlor liad a liorse killcMl under 
 him. 
 
 Lord Lake followed Ilolkar from Fiitteligurli on 
 the 20th ; crossed the Jumna near Muttra, on the 
 28th ; sent on the captured c^uns to A<rra, and 
 ordered out a battering-train, ^\hi(•h joining him on 
 the 10th, he moved towards Deig, and on the 
 13th took u]) a ]iosition. Trenches were opened 
 during the night, and a breach being ready ]>y tlu» 
 23rd, tlie place was carried by storm. Captain 
 Raban accomj)anied the storming ])arty with a 
 detail of artillery to sj)ike the guns, an«l distin- 
 guished himself by the way in which he perfninied 
 this duty. 
 
 Lieutenant Groves, of the artillery, wa>« killt^l on 
 the 20th December, and Lieutenant T. I). Smith 
 "wounded ; 100 guns were taken, together with 
 many tumbrils. 
 
 The details of this siege, as well as thove of 
 lihurtj)Oor, (lunnuurie. Keinona. and Adjegurh, are 
 
 T
 
 274 ORDNANCE DEFICIENCIES. 
 
 SO fully recorded in that valuable publication the 
 East-India Military Repository, that it would only 
 unnecessarily swell this work, were more than the 
 briefest allusion made, compatible with our object. 
 
 For this siege six or eight 18-pounders, four 
 8-inch and four 5J-inch mortars were all the siege 
 ordnance available. 
 
 The insufficient provision of ordnance and stores 
 for siege purposes will henceforth often strike the 
 reader ; and the question why — possessed, as Bengal 
 is, of an inland navigation from one extremity of 
 the presidency to the other, offering every facility 
 for a speedy and cheap conveyance of stores — ample 
 materials had not been pushed forward to meet our 
 wants, must continually recur. The suddenness of 
 the campaign cannot be admitted as a valid reason ; 
 the war had been deliberately entered on eighteen 
 months before, and it was known that the enemy 
 possessed many strongholds which required battering- 
 trains for their reduction. The first campaign had 
 given us Agra, a place admirably situated for a 
 dep6t, with reference to the scene of war, to which 
 an adequate equipment should have been forwarded ; 
 but it was not done, and the want was severely felt 
 in the course of this campaign. If ample supplies
 
 TIIR MII.ITAUY HOARD. 27.'» 
 
 nrc not availal)K' noaiiist a fortificMl jtlaco, and it is 
 absolutely necessary to reduce it, men's lives must 
 be substituted Tor shot and i^liells ; in some eases, 
 no doubt, tiine is most precious, and it may ])e a 
 matter of calculation whether time or men can best 
 be spared ; but \vhen near our own frontier, there 
 can be no excuse for the improvidence wliicli lias 
 failed to })rovide the requisite stores, and by that 
 means to take from the commander tlie (dioicc* 
 between expenditure of his troops or of the nui- 
 nitions of war. 
 
 In most we must attribute the blame to the 
 cumbrous and inefiicient machinery of the Military 
 Jioard, in whoso province lies the supervision of 
 the maf^azines ; but the Board, composed of many 
 members, becomes a screen for individual resj)onsi- 
 bility, and this must always bo the case until each 
 member is vested witli the sole control of the details 
 of his own department, subject only to a discussion 
 in the Board of the gem nil (pu-stion, that eacli may 
 have the benefit of his colleagues' opinions, and he 
 made aware of what is going on in other d'^part- 
 mcnts, that all mav work in concert. 
 
 The opinion above givon of the incllicient state 
 of our siege-trains is fully borne out by that 
 
 T 2
 
 27G IIIK MARQUIS OF IIASTINfJS's OPINION. 
 
 recorded l)y tlie Marquis of Hastings in his 
 " Suniniary," when, speaking of Hattrass, lie says, 
 " One of my earliest military cares on arriving in 
 India had been to satisfy myself why we had made 
 so comparatively unfavourable a display in sieges." 
 The details at once unfolded the cause: it is well 
 known that nothing can be more insignificant than 
 shells thrown with long intervals ; and we never 
 brought forward more than four or five mortars 
 where we undertook the capture of a fortified 
 place. Hence the bombardment was futile, so that 
 at last the issue was to be staked on mounting a 
 breach and fighting hand to hand with a soldiery 
 skilful as well as gallant, in defending the prepared 
 intrenchments. This was not the oversight of the 
 Bengal Artillery officers, for no men can be better 
 instructed in the theory, or more careful in the 
 l)ractice of their profession than they are ; it was 
 imputable to a false economy on the part of govern- 
 ment. The outlay for providing for the transport 
 of mortars, shells, and platforms in due quantity 
 would certainly have been considerable, and it was 
 on that account forborne ; the miserable carriages 
 of tlie country, hired for the ])uri)ose, where a 
 military exertion was contemplated, were utterly
 
 FIRST SIECii: OF lUllMni'OdU. 1'/ / 
 
 unequal to tlic service, ;ui<l constantly faili'tl un- 
 der the unusual weight in tlie (K-ep roads through 
 wiiich they ha<l to pass. Therefore we never sat 
 down before a ])lacc of real stren;4:tii furni^lii-il \\'\l\\ 
 the means which a proper calculation would have 
 allotted for its reduction. 
 
 These remarks have Iteen particularly hrouirlit 
 out by studying the details of the attack on Hhurl- 
 poor, which next em]»loyed Lord Lake's army, but 
 which we shall not enter into, referring the reader 
 to the same authority as mentione<l when speakinu*^ 
 of the siege of Deig, and contenting ourselves with 
 a very concise account of the operations. 
 
 The army marched from Deig to Uluirt|)<H)r ; 
 trenches were opened on tlie 4th of .laiuiarv, ISll.') ; 
 batteries were erected, a bn-acii ellected, and an 
 unsuccessful storm attemjitcMl, on the J)th ; otlior 
 batteries were raised and a frosh breach made, bur 
 the enemy weri' so active in stockadiug it every 
 niglit, that a secoud attack could not l»e made until 
 the '2\s{ : this, also, wa-^ un^ucct^^sfui. huriug the 
 stonn, the Hriti>-h cavahv were I'nrced to turn out 
 to keep olV llolkar. ( )u tlie 'JIbd, a couvuv. sh'u- 
 derly escorted, wa»; plundered ; a srcnud aud a 
 larirer one wa- "-ucce-s^rullv biou^ht iu ou the L'stli,
 
 278 TilE SIEGE CONTINUED. 
 
 containing, among other stores, 8,000 IS-pounder 
 shot. On the Gth February the army clianged 
 ground ; Mcer Khan crossed the Jumna on the 7th, 
 and was pursued by Major-General Smith, with all 
 the cavalry and horse artillery, who came up with 
 and defeated him at Afzulgurh, near Moradabad, on 
 tlic 2nd of March ; the scattered remains of this 
 army rccrossed the Ganges, and Major-General 
 Smith returned to camp on the 23rd, after a march 
 of 700 miles. 
 
 The siege had been still carried on ; the Bombay 
 array joined on the 10th February, but the troops, 
 although nearly exhausted, petitioned to be allowed 
 to finish the operation ; the artillery were particu- 
 larly eager, for, though few in number, and fatigued 
 beyond conception by working the guns without a 
 relief since the commencement of the siege, the 
 thoughts of being deprived of their post distressed 
 them exceedingly, and they entreated permission to 
 be allowed to discharge the duties of their station 
 alone. 
 
 Regular aj^proaches were made, and the batteries 
 jmshed on to within 400 yards of the walls, but the 
 means of arming thum were very insufficient ; six 
 18-pounders, four heavy mortars, four light mortars,
 
 lAiLiui; <•!• Tin: f)ii;i{.\ii()NS. *J7i) 
 
 ami two llJ-|)uun(lcrs to take oil' the (lcri.'iK't'>«, 
 appear to have been tlie extent of ordnance pre- 
 parations brunght against a place six or eiglit miles 
 in circumference! On the morning of the 21st, a 
 sally made by the enemy was driven baek, and in 
 the afternoon a storm was atti'mj)t«'(l, eovrrecl by 
 the artillery guns drawn out ou the plain, but 
 without success. A fourth attack was made the 
 following day, but it eipially failed. The siege Mas 
 still continued, but the enemy ollering to give up 
 the fortress on certain term>>, it was accepted, and 
 the army finally broke u\) fmni it-- melancholy cam|» 
 at lihurtjKMtr on the Ulst April, and alter remaining 
 a short time on the baidx^ of the CImmbul, 
 watching Scindiah, retired to Agra the following 
 month. 
 
 During the siege, the artillery lost Lieutenant 
 IVrcival, killecl on Dtli dannary; Lieutenant (iowing, 
 killed on *J*Jnd I'ebiuary ; Captain Nelly, wonndiMl 
 on '2\st February; Captain Pennington, wonnded 
 on 2*2nd February; and Lieutenant Swiney, wdiimled 
 on lilst February. 
 
 {■'rom this melanidioly detail it i^ cheering to 
 jnrn to the successfid jiroceedings of Caj)tain Ilnt- 
 chin>>ttn, of tin- aililleiv. who, it will be recollected.
 
 280 CAPTAIN Hutchinson's detachment. 
 
 was left during Monson's retreat in command of 
 Uampooruh, and whose judicious application of a 
 small force led to the most brilliant results. 
 
 On the 17th January, 1805, he marched with his 
 company, 2nd company 2nd battalion (or a portion 
 of it), 320 sipahis, a few irregulars, and two 
 C-pounders, against Gemeena ; reaching it as the 
 moon rose on the 18th, he instantly commenced the 
 attack. The road to the gate was blocked up by 
 loaded hackeries, their wheels removed, and thus 
 the approach of the guns was prevented ; the 
 hackeries were set fire to, stej)S were cut in the 
 side of the ramparts, and the sipahis mounted ; 
 their only officer. Lieutenant Purvis, being wounded. 
 Captain Hutchinson supplied his place, and aided 
 by Corporals Cross and Ilislop, mounted the ram- 
 jiarts ; a hole was made through the parapet, and 
 the a.ssailants increasing in number, the enemy 
 Mere driven back on the gate ; but the wicket 
 being forced open by the butt ends of the muskets, 
 the place was captured M'ith but little loss. 
 
 Lord Lake, reporting the above to Lord Welles- 
 Icy, says, " The enterprise and gallantry this me- 
 ritorious officer has on every occasion manifested 
 during his command at Kanipoorah has never been
 
 SI^:(i^: of kakawi l. 281 
 
 more consj)icuous than on tlic pivscnt (icca^ioii, 
 wliLTc he appears to have acconiplislied a most 
 anlaous and (Uin^erous un(lertakin<]^, uilli a ^]»irit 
 and perseverance which reflects on him the highest 
 credit." 
 
 On the 2'2nd February, he went against Bonmion- 
 gaon, a mud fort, witli high ramj)arts and a ditch ; 
 the gates built uj* and remarkably well defended by 
 a garrison of 300 men. His party consisted of his 
 own conijtany and 1(10 ><ipaliis, with two (I-jiouikK r>; 
 and tuo howitzers; these light guus ma<le no ini- 
 l)ression, but on the 'J-ith two l*2-pounders arrived, 
 and by the evening a j»racticable breach was 
 elfectcd, but the assault being delayed till morning, 
 the garrison made ofl' in the night. 
 
 On tlic 25th February he move«l to Karawid. a 
 large walled town, with a number of ba>tittns, tour 
 small guns, and l,l(M) men a^ a garrivon ; he place<l 
 Ids two l:2-poun(krs and one (!-puunder in battery 
 within oOU yards of the walU ; his battery was 
 formed with emjjty tumbrils and ammunition-bo.xes 
 filled with earth, lini^hetl up wiiJi bags of grain ; 
 his two howitzers and remaining G-jK>under were 
 placed in a similar nianutr in another <lirection. Hv 
 the afternoon (»f tin- "Jdlh a breach \\a-< made, uhieli 
 he innne«liatelv stormetl.
 
 282 siKCu: of dakraka. 
 
 C'a]>taiu Ilutrliinson wiis not lunniiulliil of tlie 
 deserts of liis subordinates ; he savs : " 1 ^lioiild be 
 proud if his Excellency General Lake would notice 
 Corporals Cross* and Ilisloj) ; they are soldiers who 
 have distinguished themselves more than once, and 
 there are not two better or braver men in the 2m(! 
 company 2nd battalion of artillery." 
 
 His next exploit was against Darrara, a fort with 
 a broad and deep ditch and high ramparts, the gate 
 defended by a ditch and covered with an outwork. 
 Captain Hutchinson placed his garrison in two ])at- 
 teries, one at 35 yards from the counterscarj), one 
 still nearer, and by noon on the 21st March, a 
 breach was eil'ected ; the storming J)arty, headed by 
 six artillerymen, whom it would be injustice not to 
 name, — Corporals Cross and Hislop, Gunners Camp- 
 bell and Johnstone, Matrosses Muller and Hudson, — 
 inovi'd to the attack, and after overcoming a severe 
 ojtposition, succeeded in gaining possession of the 
 fort ; of the enemy between GO and 70 were killed, 
 and the remainder taken ])ri<oners. Of the artillery- 
 men, Johnstone was killed, and Hudson shot through 
 
 * Cross w;w aj>i»(>intc<l to the OnliKincc C<jniiiii.ssari:it Dc- 
 |>artmciit, and at the jircHint inoiiiuiit is living at l*fnang,T 
 having, after a long, hdnjrious, an«l honourahle career, been 
 aHuwetl to retire on a pcnt^ioii with the rank of caiitaiii.
 
 LAKi: CU088E8 THE 8UTLEJ. *2H'3 
 
 the body ami arm, after wliicli ho charged anil killed 
 three of the enemy. 
 
 IJiit we must once more return to Lord Lake's 
 army, wliom we left at Ai^ra. The rainy sea>ou 
 limited their repose. Ilolkar's restless spirit ur^'e<l 
 him to collect his scattered Adlowers, at the head 
 of whom, equijiped witli (!0 p^uns, he approached 
 Muttra in October ; Lord Lake followed, and 
 Ilolkar moved to tlie north. It soon became a 
 perfect chase. Ilcdkar lle<l into the I'unjiib; Laki- 
 crossed the Sntlej on the 7tli December, ami was 
 on the i>oint of ennrji^rjucr hini on the bank*' of the 
 Beas on the I'^th, but was prevented by positive 
 instructions from the Governor-General, nnIio i>ro- 
 bably wished to avoid embroiling himself with the 
 Seikhs, A treaty was therefore reluctantly entereil 
 into, and tlu- army returned v-lowly to Deidi. 
 
 Captain IVimin^^^ton was coinnii'<>-;iry of ordnance 
 NNJlli this force; Captain ('. nrnuu. Lieutenant- 
 l''ireworker> Frilli and IJoileau, wcrv with the 
 horse artillery, and Captain T. (ireeur, Lieutenants 
 llav and Kndbci, wiib the Kt c«»mpan\ Nt liat- 
 talioii. 
 
 In clo'^in;: tin' account «d' iIum- ^loriou.s cam- 
 pui^n>, it ^^dl lint Im- out of placi- hiTi* to leciud
 
 284 
 
 ARTILLERY OFFICERS ENGAGED. 
 
 tlio names of tlic ofticei's sliaring in tliciii, and wo 
 fortunately liave a momoraiuUim, in Sir Jolni llors- 
 fonl's writing, of those entitled to share in the 
 j)rize-money, which gives the necessary infoi-mation. 
 
 Lieut. -Col. Ilorsfurd, 
 
 Capt. Butler, 
 „ T. Greene, 
 „ Rabaii, 
 „ Nelly, 
 „ Constable, 
 „ Hutchinson, 
 „ W. Shipton, 
 
 Lieut. -Col. IIor.-?fortl, 
 Capt. C. Brown, 
 
 „ Raban, 
 
 „ Nelly, 
 
 „ Hutchinson, 
 
 „ Best, 
 
 „ Butler, 
 
 „ Paschaud, 
 
 „ Mathews, 
 Lieut. M. Browne, 
 
 ., n. Starke, 
 
 „ Swiney, 
 
 l.s7 Campaign. 
 
 Ca]»t. Best, 
 
 „ J. Robinson, 
 
 „ ]\Iathew8, 
 Lieut. M. Browne, 
 
 „ Morri.s, 
 
 „ S. Hay, 1 A^ra an.! 
 
 „ Bea;;hani, lLa.'?waree 
 
 „ W. Parker. J only. 
 
 'liiil Campaign. 
 
 Lieut. Young, 
 „ Grove, 
 „ Gowintr, 
 „ Pollock, 
 „ Parker, 
 ,> Hay, 
 „ Percival, 
 „ T. D. Smith, 
 
 Capt. Hinde, 
 
 „ Dunn, 
 
 „ Pcnnini^ton, 
 Lieut.W.H. Frith, 
 
 BhurtiK)or 
 
 from 
 .L'lnnary 
 to April, 
 
 The paucity of Britisji troops in the ceded pro- 
 vinces induced several of tlie zemindars to resist 
 the revenue autliorities, and, among others, Doondia 
 Khan, who possessed two strong mud forts in the
 
 MOVEMENT AOAINSI' KtlMONA. 
 
 2h5 
 
 vicinity of Ali^aiili. Tlie fhiliin' uf the attacks nn 
 IJIiiirtiMJor addcMl to their coiituniacv, l)ut the want 
 of |)ower to jiuiiish, iviKlncd it necessiiry to pass it 
 oviT for the time, and l>e content uitli some show 
 of submission, uhich Doondia Khan made to Major- 
 General Sniilli on hi> leturii from Afzulgnrh to 
 I)hiiit|)Oor. 
 
 Causes of comi)hiint continued to arise, and 
 towards the end of ISOG, tlio coHector reported lie 
 had strengtliened Komona Mith a new outwork and 
 attacked a nei^libouring zemindar. 
 
 All ellorts at accommo<h\tion jtrovin^ useless, a 
 force was collected in August, lb(>7, un«ler M.ijor- 
 General Dickens, and })rocecded against Komona 
 on the 12th of October. With this force were — 
 
 ComiMUijr. 
 
 BatUUon. 
 
 CapUln- Lieutenant. LicutcnAnU. 
 
 3 
 2 
 
 U 
 
 , . , I M'Qu:ike, Harris rryce, For- 
 ^'"^«^^ |i rc..tcr, ami Parlby."^ 
 
 Lieutenant-Colonel Ilor>ford va^ also jtri*si'nt, 
 conmian<ling a brigade, but also speciallj directing 
 the artillery. 
 
 An assault w:ls macK- on the I'^fh N«)Vember. but 
 proved unsuccessful. o\\ing to the determined oj)]>o- 
 
 sititili the ellrllix Ul.ide. Mild the \\;n in wliifli in-
 
 28G AUnMEN'TATTON OT TTIK RKOTMENT. 
 
 (Icfeiulod llio Idcacli, with iniiics, powder-bags, 
 Imrning cliojipalis, &o. Tlie assailants were beat 
 l)ac-k with lieavy loss, but the enemy deserted the 
 l)iace during the night. 
 
 Lieutenants Harris and M'Quake, acting as 
 engineers, were wounded ; 5 Europeans and 9 
 natives killed ; 10 Europeans and li) lascars, of the 
 artillery, were wounded. 
 
 From Komona the force j)roceeded to Gunnouree 
 on the 22nd November, and carried on the attack 
 of that fort until the 11th December, when the 
 enemy evacuated it. 
 
 For the detail of these operations we would refer 
 the reader to the fourth volume of the East-India 
 Military Repository. 
 
 The strength of the artillery, as fixed in 1802, 
 having proved itself quite insufficient for the duties 
 of the Presidency, in August, 1805, five companies 
 of golundaz Mere raised ; they were formed from 
 the " component parts " which remained on the 
 alteration in 1802. These companies were added 
 without any officers, but in the following year (19th 
 June, 180G) a lieutenant-colonel and major were 
 added to each battalion.
 
 CONSTITIITrox f)F TIIF. ARTIT.T.EUV 
 
 2S7 
 
 Tlie ivgiincnt, therefore, :it this jniiM(l consisted 
 of— 
 
 11 
 
 Hone. 
 
 21 
 
 21 42 
 
 42 
 
 10 
 
 40 
 
 Foot. 
 
 Uolundax. 
 
 Lascmra. 
 
 lO.'i 10Z> 210 42 1G80 10 40 40 500 40 HI 81 2720 
 
 Tlie stall" are omitted in this al)stract, as tlicy 
 would oidy tend to swell the headings, and iheir 
 nnmher is trilling. 
 
 Ill .Iiil\ three additional companies of golnnda/ 
 were a<lded of similar stn-ngth. 
 
 Ill iUindelcnnd (li^^turhances still contiiuied. and 
 during several veaiN ;i force continued t(» limi cm- 
 jdoyment in that district. In I'ehrnarv, 1^«m;, 
 (lohnd was takcMi, an«l in.lannaiv, 1^<>7, C'lmmar, 
 near Kooch. The General Orders on the caj)tnre 
 of the latter, notice '* the |»rofesHionaI aliility and 
 zealous rniulatiiMi <liN|.|:i\.(l Iin (';i|.(:iiii ilojtpi r, of
 
 288 REDUCTION OF AlUEEGURH. 
 
 till' artillery * * employed on tliat service in 
 j>repariiig the way * * for which all are enti- 
 tl('(l to his lor<lshij)'s particular praise and thanks." 
 
 Captain Tiirton and Lieutenant G. Faithfull also 
 ai>])ear to have been in this campaign. 
 
 The following year, towards the conclusion, the 
 force again took the field to reduce Adjeegurh, 
 which Luchmun Dowlah refused to yield, agreeably 
 to stipulation. 
 
 A portion marched against Heerapoor, with which 
 were Major Brooke, Lieutenants Granishaw and C. 
 II. Campbell, of the artillery; after ascending the 
 pass on the 19th December, with much difliculty, 
 the fort was reconnoitred, and batteries formed of 
 fascines and sand-bags on the 20th, and by 3 p.m. 
 a breach was made ; a fire was kept up at intervals 
 during the night, the enemy made a feeble attack on 
 an outpost, and evacuated the fort during the night. 
 
 The report of the Governor-General's agent to 
 the secretary to Government said, " The exertions of 
 the pioneers and their oflficcrs, and those of Captain 
 Brooke, Lieutenants Granishaw and Campbell, the 
 Europeans and lascars of the artillery, in preparing 
 the batteries and serving and laying the guns, could 
 not be sur]iassed."
 
 AnJEPXilRII ASSAULTKP. 289 
 
 Caj)tain lirooke's services were also ackiiow- 
 ledgiMl in orders by Major-Oeiicral Martiiidell. 
 
 On the 22ii<l January the force was hroufrht into 
 contact M'ith tlie enemy, wlio, surrouiKhd in tlie 
 strong ])Osition of Knpfowley, made a desperate 
 resistance, and, altliongh driven to a corner, ren- 
 dered it necessary to witlidraw the troops from tlie 
 attack. 
 
 Major Brooke, Captain-Lientenant Ferris, Lieu- 
 tenants D. Macleod, (Iranisliaw, C'am|'liell, and 
 Marshall, were present in this action. 
 
 ()n the 27th .lanuarv tlie army took up their 
 j)osition hefore Adjeegurh ; a l)atter\ was rrecte«l on 
 the plain, but the (listance was fitund ti> liave l>een 
 miscalculated, probably from the overhani^ini];' ap- 
 pearance which forts built on hills assume, and it 
 was found necessary to occujty the <jtur up uliich 
 the road ran to tin* ^"^te. Much labonr was 
 required to convev the heavy ltuus to their po- 
 sitions, and it was not until th»^ morniiiLT (d' the 
 11th Febriiary that they opent>d their lire; it con- 
 tinued duriuLf the I'JtIi and the iiu>rninp: of the 
 null, when the whole of a \\all eanie down ; the 
 killidar then came ont, ami the fort was piven np. 
 
 " To the artillery the heavy duties of the biege 
 
 r
 
 290 REDUCTION OF BIIOWANEE. 
 
 more ]>articiilarly fell ; their exertions were great, 
 ami vied ^vith the natural objects they had to 
 encounter. Their fire was inimitably well directed, 
 and the commanding officer must ever feel himself 
 indebted to the officers and men who conducted it. 
 
 " The judgment, zeal, and energy of Captain 
 Brooke, commanding the artillery, his personal and 
 unremitting exertions, were so conspicuous during 
 the siege, that to do ample justice to the merits of 
 that valuable officer, the commanding officer cannot 
 convey in terms too strong his high sense of appro- 
 bation and approval." 
 
 A small force was also employed this year in re- 
 ducing Bhowanee, a fort in the Hurrianah country. 
 The inhabitants had been in the habit of plundering 
 all travellers, and at length ventured on the baggage 
 of a British detachment. The chief met a repre- 
 sentation by a peremptory denial of reparation in 
 terms of insolence. The force in Rewaree, under 
 Lieutenant-Colonel Ball, moved out towards the 
 end of August, and arriving on the 27th, allowed 
 the enemy twenty-four hours to consider. The terms 
 were absolutely rejected, and on the 28tli batteries 
 were quickly erected ; their fire opened the following 
 morning, and by noon a breach was made, and
 
 ADDITIONS TO TUF. RF.fJIMENT. 2J)1 
 
 the place carried by assault after a vigorous resist- 
 ance. 
 
 " To Captain Mason, in tin- licncral coniinand of 
 the artillery, tlic very able arrangement of tliat 
 officer's department thronirhont, bnt particularly in 
 conducting the duties of the breaching-batteries, 
 with the very heavy and m ell-directed fire that was 
 so rapidly kept up, in covering the advance and 
 approach of the storming ])arty to the jioints of 
 attack, entitles Caj)tain Mason to every com- 
 mendation, and reflects great credit on the officers 
 and men under his command.' 
 
 This detachment order ^vas rejinblislutl in the 
 Government General Onler, detailing the service. 
 
 We have been unable to ascertain uhat portion 
 of the regiment, and what officers, were on this 
 occasion employed. 
 
 We must now advert to tw*^ important additions 
 which were made to the reuimeut in tlie course 
 of this year. In Aiiuu^t the Governor-General, 
 adverting to the original establishment of tlie ex- 
 perimental horse artillery, the suceess of \\lii«-h on 
 various occasions in the field ha-^ tullv confirmed 
 the Judgment which was formed of tlie superior 
 efficiency of a cor|)s of that dt script i«»n for service 
 
 I 1'
 
 292 
 
 ORDNANCE-DRIVERS. 
 
 in India, (k'terniiniMl to make a considerable aug- 
 mentation to the cor])s, and })lace it on a permanent 
 establishment. It was accordingly directed to be 
 increased to three troops; the officers and mvn to 
 be drawn from the foot artillery. 
 
 ? £ 
 
 |t? 
 
 g O I. 
 
 •a i I 5 ^ ^ ^t ^ 
 
 =. =. r ^ = •£? * •! 
 
 1 
 
 3 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 3 
 
 3 
 
 9 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 _ 
 1 
 
 18 
 
 6 10 
 1830 
 
 1. 
 
 u. a 
 
 5 = E « '3 g S So 
 
 2 if £ -AZ M pi J 
 l_l i_l I 
 
 224 
 
 80 
 
 2 1 
 
 2406 3 
 
 6i72 
 
 s 
 
 145 
 438 
 
 14.') 
 438 
 
 145jpcrTroo|) 
 43«,Total. 
 
 The senior captain exercised the command over 
 the M'hole, in addition to the command of his own 
 troop, subject to the orders of the commandant of 
 artillery. 
 
 In December orders were issued for the formation 
 of a corps of ordnance-drivers. Hitherto the drivers 
 for the ordnance-carriages had been hired as 
 required, and discharged when the service was 
 over; this system had worked so ill, and its faults 
 had been so strongly brought to light in the late 
 campaigns, that it was now resolved to introduce a 
 better plan. An organized corps was raised, suf- 
 ficiejit to jirovidc a driver to every two bullocks, 
 and divided into companies, which were attached to
 
 COLONEL IKJKSFORn, COMMANDANT. 293 
 
 companies of artilln y, in the same manner as tlie 
 lascars, witli whom tlicy were a"«simihite<l a*^ imu-h 
 as possible. 'J'hry wi'ic ch)thf«l in iiiiiform, an«l 
 were not to he <liscliarge<l except hy tlie autliority 
 of the commandant of artillery or oilicers cuin- 
 nuuuling thi' )iriiicij)al stations of the army. 
 
 liaised from tin' middle castes, — the Gwalas and 
 Aheeas chielly, — and attaidicd to the service hy the 
 reirnlar ])ay, the j)en>i(»n when wtirn out, and the 
 treatment they received, this proved a valnahle 
 addition to tlie re^^iment. 
 
 Tn November two comi)anies of indcpiMident 
 ffolundaz were raised, to take the duties (d" Prince 
 of Wales' Island. 
 
 We have omitttMl to stiitc that in May, l>n>. 
 Colonel Carnenfie resigned the command of the 
 regiment and sailed fur l'.ni,dand, lie was suc- 
 ceodcd hy Colonel Jiorsftud, who had, with so much 
 credit to himself, been commanding the artillery in 
 the field. C()h)n(l lloisford originally entered the 
 corps as a private^ he was born of a good family, 
 and W(dl educated, but his friiMuls wishing him to 
 enter the church, he evaded it by enlisting in the 
 Honourable Company's service, ami coming to 
 Uengal a^ :i private in the artilh'ry, un»ler the
 
 294 COLONEL llOJiSroIll). 
 
 assumed name of Uovcr, n\u\ in 1778 lie was a 
 Serjeant in C:i])t:iin Tlu'lwairs, or the 1st, com- 
 panv. 
 
 Inquiries having been made for him, it is said 
 he was suspected by Colonel Pearse, who had 
 employed him in copying some ])apers, from his 
 pointing out an error in a (Jicck quotation; his 
 ajipearance answering to the description may also 
 have furnished a clue. Colonel Pearse tried liim 
 by calling out his name suddenly as he was leaving 
 the room ; the test was successful ; his confusion 
 betrayed his identity, and he was promoted to a 
 cadetship in the regiment, and continued to rise 
 by seniority. He was employed in the campaigns 
 against Tijypoo in 17.*)!-- and 1790, establishing 
 for himself a high name, both as a practical and 
 scientific artillery-ofticer ; liis advent to the com- 
 mand of the regiment was hailed with universal 
 pleasure and satisfaction, for nmch benefit was 
 expected to the corps by the manner in which he 
 would exercise his authority, increased as it was by 
 the great personal influence which his character 
 had established. 
 
 hi 1^10 tlic regiment was again called on to 
 take part in an expedition, beyond seas. In the
 
 EXPEDITION TO MArRITIL'8. 
 
 295 
 
 jiroccdinp^ year a force, cliirtlv of Madras troojw, 
 was sent against tlio Isle of I'raiiet', aii<l occujiicd 
 Ro(lrii]riioz : it was reiiiforci'(l l)v Heii^'^al troops, 
 ami «iireete«l airaiii^t tlie reinaiuiiiir islaiuls in l^^lo 
 
 The Gtli company 1st battalion of artilit'ry sailed 
 on the expedition, but had little opjtortunity of 
 iraininnr distinction. Hourhon was o('(ii|iird in .Inly, 
 and the force sailinir for the Nh- of I'lance, lande(l 
 at an un»*xpectod j)oint, and moved forward witii 
 rapidity and decision. I'ort Malartic was carried 
 by assiiult, and fhf town surrendered in L>e- 
 ccniber. 
 
 The oHicers in the niarL,''in * acconi|>ani. <1 the 
 
 ^^IXO.' 
 
 
 * (*npt.-I<ioiitcnniit A.(inilt»iii ; Lu'iitt'n.ui: T. I'trrini; I,i<Mi(. 
 
 rir.u..rl..r I'vv .,1 I K'.wH:, II (' Il.l.r T D F-.r.Iv..-
 
 296 
 
 KXI'KDITION TO JAVA. 
 
 urtillrn- ; and tln' iiativi' troops were decorated 
 Avitli II iiJiMlal, not ^o miicli for the service, proba- 
 bly, as I'or the purpose of stimuhiting the native 
 army to embark Mitli alacrity for service beyond 
 seas. 
 
 In this year the regiment furnished a portion for 
 a far more serious conflict, in which native troops 
 were once again brought into i)ersonal contest with 
 Europeans, an event which liad not occurred since 
 the desti-uction of the French power in the Carnatic ; 
 we refer to the expedition to Java. 
 
 The artillery detachment was as follows : — 
 
 Major Caldwell, Commandant. Lieut. J. Scott, Adjutant. 
 
 Com- 
 pauy. 
 
 Batta- 
 lion. 
 
 Lascar 
 Com- 
 panies. 
 
 Captains. 
 
 Captain 
 Lieutenants. 
 
 Ueu- 
 tcnonb). 
 
 Licutenant- 
 tlreworkers. 
 
 7 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 1 :>, 1 G 
 19,24 
 
 W. Richard.s 
 
 ) J. Duinla.s 
 (H. Faithful 
 
 J. I). Smith 
 
 J. Farrington 
 Cameron 
 
 Harris 
 
 Archer 
 
 Farnabio 
 W.BeU 
 
 3rd Independent Golundaz. 
 
 The detachment embarked on the lltli March, 
 and reached Malacca in April, where the Madras 
 division joined ; the expedition remained inactive 
 till the 11th June, almost the only event being the 
 burning of one of the Bengal store-ships laden with 
 powder; and this occurred fortunately without doing
 
 FORT CORNELIS liESIEtJKD. 297 
 
 any (lama^j^e to the fleet. Lieutenant ArcluT died 
 on the voyage. 
 
 On the4tliAun:ustthe fleet anchored nearCiiillinj;- 
 ching ; the trooj)S were landed, and took possession of 
 IJatavia without opposition on the sth ; an attenijit 
 by tlio enemy to drive them out tlie follo\sin<r niu:ht 
 failed ; and on the KUh the British adNanccd and 
 drove the enemy from tiieir intrcndicd camp at 
 Weltervreeden. Cajitain Noble, with tiie Madnis 
 horse artillery, pcrformtMl iho chief artillery dulieb 
 on this occasion. 
 
 The enemy havin;,^ concentrated their force in 
 the stron*;; lines around I'ort Cornells, a hatterini;- 
 train was Iainh'd,and trendies were oixMied at about 
 S(H) yards from the position. These the enemv 
 Hooded by cuttin/j^ dams on the I9th; on the l!(Uh 
 batteries for twelve and eij^dit l>>-pounders and nine 
 howitzers and mortars were commenci-d ; <»n the 
 21st the enemy ojiened a heavy lire on the un- 
 finished batteries ; but nevertheless the ^anis were 
 mounte<l by the 2*Jnd, when the enemy maile a 
 vigorous sully, and tivercoming the unarmed workin;,' 
 |)arties, who were not even j)rotected by a ;,'uanl, 
 succeeded for a nionn-nt in capturing the batteries; 
 but they were .piickly dri\»n back. On tlu' 2ord
 
 298 FORT CORNELIS TAKEN. 
 
 and 24th a heavy fire was kept up by the enemy 
 from twenty-four 32-pounders on the batteries and 
 trenches ; but although, on the 24th the fire of 
 the nearest redoubt was repeatedly silenced, and 
 towards evening several of the enemy's guns were 
 dismounted by the fire from the batteries, yet it 
 became evident that without regular approaches 
 the place could not be carried (unless by a coup de 
 main), and this would require time, labour, and 
 exposure in a baneful climate, which was to be 
 avoided by all means. 
 
 Lieutenant Farnabie was killed by a stray shot 
 while standing in the trench, and Captain Richards 
 was wounded by some cartridges taking fire in the 
 battery during these two days. 
 
 It was determined to storm the lines on the 
 26th. To occupy the enemy, a party, covered with 
 nine guns, took post behind a rising ground on the 
 right, and opened their fire, while the main column, 
 under Major-General Gillesi^ie, attacked the left, 
 and after sustaining a severe loss, finally succeeded 
 in carrying the lines, — capturing G,000 prisoners 
 and 280 pieces of fine brass ordnance. 
 
 In the orders issued to the army after this ex- 
 ploit, no mention is made of the artillery ; and this 

 
 INJUSTICK TO THE ARTILLKRY. 29.0 
 
 omission has been attributed to a dislike said to 
 have been taken to tlie Bengal artillery. That 
 some such feeling was supposed to exist, we may 
 conclude from the following passage, which appears 
 in a letter from an engineer officer on the island to 
 Colonel Horsford, written in October : — " You will 
 see that the artillery were left out in the thanks to 
 the army on the 2Gth August ; but allow me to say, 
 and that decidedly, that had it not been from the 
 fire of our 18-pounders on the 23rd, 24th, and 25th, 
 I believe not a man would have returned from the 
 storm of the 2Gth without some remembrance, as 
 the day before the storm 130 men and 4 officers 
 were killed and wounded by our batteries ; the 
 consequence was, that their artillerymen positively 
 refused to work at the batteries, and hardly a gun 
 was fired by the enemy during the storm, although 
 they had plenty of time ; in short, I declare to you 
 that I scarcely ever saw a more destructive firi' ke])t 
 up than by our batteries; indeed the killed and 
 wounded in a hospital four miles to the south of 
 Cornells showed it, as well as the number of guns 
 that were dismounted. I was constantly in the 
 batteries. * * The e fleet of our artillery, 
 when they did lire, was so conspicuous, that at a
 
 300 FLIGHT OF GENERAL JANSENS. 
 
 practice I never saw better firing, especially of three 
 guns on the right of the twelve-gun battery, com- 
 manded by Lieutenant Cameron. I declare to 
 you I never witnessed anything like it, for every 
 shot he fired went into the enemy's embrasures ; 
 the consequence was, that in an hour and a half the 
 redoubt which M-as opposed to it was silenced." 
 
 In Sir Samuel Achmuty's report to Lord Minto, 
 the following mention is made of the ordnance 
 branches : — " I have the satisfaction to assure you 
 that both the artillery and engineers were actuated 
 by the same zeal in performing their respective 
 duties which has been so conspicuous in all ranks 
 and departments, though, from deficiency of the 
 means at their disposal, their operations were 
 unavoidably embarrassed with uncommon diffi- 
 culties." 
 
 From Cornelis, General Jansens fled to Binten- 
 zorg, and thence to Samarang, near which town he 
 took up a position, Jattoo, on high and rugged hills, 
 defended by thirty pieces of artillery, and the road 
 cut off by cheveux de frise ; he was attacked on the 
 16th of September by a detachment of 1,200 men, 
 under Colonel Gibbs, with whom were 110 artillery- 
 men and six guns ; with the artillery were Major
 
 SURRENDER OF FOliT LUDOVICK. 301 
 
 Caklwcll, Lieutenants Scott, Farrington, Cameron, 
 and Ralfe. Two of the gnns were sent to tlic riirlit 
 with a force to seize on a liill whicli overlooked tlic 
 enemy's left, while the remainder were placed in a 
 position in front to throw their shot across the 
 valley into the enemy's position. As soon as the 
 two detached guns opened their fire, the advance 
 rushed on ; the enemy were surprised and fled, 
 doing little execution with their artillery, whicli 
 was all taken. 
 
 This was the last effort of General Jansens ; he 
 fled to Salatiga and capitulated ; Fort Ludovick was 
 surrendered, and the war, as far as the Dutch were 
 concerned, may be said to have ended ; but to avoid 
 returning to Java again, we ^^ ill here notice such 
 other affairs as occurred during the time the British 
 held possession of the island. But before con- 
 tinuing the narrative, we will here insert a sketch 
 of the medal granted to the native troops employed 
 in the expedition ; and we may also state that medals 
 were for this scrvici' granted to oflicers in II.M.'s 
 service, but to none uikI't (he rank of conniiandini; 
 officer of a corps, or holding an important staff 
 oftice.
 
 302 
 
 EXPEDITION TO SAMARANG. 
 
 The next service on mIhcIi this force was em- 
 ployed was the expedition under Gillespie to the 
 Palmsbury river, in April, 1822, in which were 
 Captain S. Shaw, Lieutenants Hill and Delafosse. 
 
 In June, they again started for Samarang. Ma- 
 jor Butler, who had previously come round, com- 
 manded the artillery ; Lieutenants Farrington, 
 Cameron, and Hill accompanied. They reached 
 Djocjocarta on the 17th of June, and prepared 
 for the attack of the " kraken," or fortified residence 
 of the Sultan of Mataram, three miles in circum- 
 ference, armed with many guns, and defended by a 
 broad wet ditch with drawbridges, by 17,000 regu- 
 lar troops, and an armed population of 100,000. 
 The enemy wore kept on the alert by a heavy fire
 
 SRRviCES OF Tin: ARTir.i.KRY. :]03 
 
 till tliicc ill the moniing of the '2()tli. tlicv were 
 then allowed ii respite, aiul two liour-« Ix'tore dav- 
 light the troops moved to the a>>ault and carried 
 the works. Major Butler, one drunnner, and eleven 
 rank and file of the artillery, were wounded. 
 
 In the Orders, we find, " The Commander of the 
 Forces performs a })leasing task in recognizing^ the 
 valuable services of Major liutler, commanding the 
 artillery, who has uniformly displayed his wonted 
 zeal and indefatigable exertion ; the Commander of 
 the Forces is therefore happy in the ojiportunity of 
 bearing public testimony to the j)rofessional 
 superiority and valuable acquirements cd" this excel- 
 lent officer;" and Lieutenant Cameron's conduct is 
 also spoken of 
 
 Other expeditions* took place <luring the time 
 we held possession of the island, in which, Cajitain- 
 Lieutenant Shaw, Lieutenant Farrington, Lieu- 
 tenants Cameron, Harris, and Delafosse, took part ; 
 in those against the town of Boni, in 1814, and 
 against Macassar, in Isl(!, Lii-utenant Farrington 
 
 * In tlii.H yoar tlio Java lii^lit Cavalry, with U. A. ntt.iclKHl, 
 wa.s fonncd ; ('aiit.-Iiirutcnant lUiilraii, Liculfiiant (lowaii, an«l 
 Lieutenant Parlliy aect)n»i>auic<l it ; but wo believe this cor|>s 
 was never enga^'od.
 
 304 CALLINGrR. 
 
 is mentioned in Orders, and attention drawn to his 
 exertions. 
 
 Bundlecnnd still continued the scat of war ; 
 Gopal Sing, availing himself of the natural fastnesses 
 of the country, evaded our troops continually. He 
 was overtaken near Percreea in February (and 
 Lieutenant Timbrell is mentioned on this occasion), 
 but escaping, he fled to the hills, from whence he 
 came out the following month, and before assistance 
 could be sent, burned the cantonment of Tiroha, 
 maintaining a harassing and desultory warfare, 
 which, without producing any marked events, kept 
 the troops constantly on the move during that and 
 the following year ; and it was only brought to a 
 close by the siege of Callingur, in February, 1812; 
 after which, Gopal Sing returned to his allegiance. 
 
 Callingur is a fort situated on one of those de- 
 tached rocky eminences abounding in Bundlecund, 
 and which require little aid from art, as they are 
 almost natural fortifications. The rock at the sum- 
 mit forms a natural scarp, of from ten to twenty 
 feet high, and the whole side of the hill is very 
 difficult of access. The only entrance is in the centre 
 of the northern wall, and the approach to it is by a 
 steep pathway winding nj) the face of the hill ; this 
 
 !
 
 (•ALLINTiCR TAKHN'. 00.") 
 
 gained, a succession of ^^aic^ lt;ir tlic entrance to 
 the fort. 
 
 The force under Colonel Martiiiddl assemhled 
 on the 19th January; on the 21st occn])ie(l a small 
 hill, within ><(H) yards, which )»roinis('(I to he the 
 most favourahle point for attack. The •J2nd, 23ni, 
 and 24th were employed in clearing the junolc and 
 making a road for the guns, and, on the 2;)th, iwn 
 18-pounders were, with great lahour, got up. In 
 the night, two more guns and two mortars f(dlo\vc(|, 
 and were i)lace<l in l>attery : two other hatteries 
 were erected at the foot of the liill. against tin- 
 main gateway, and the Mhoh^ hoing ready hy the 
 28th, opened with great effect. The enemy's guns 
 were immediately dismounted, aii«i the haxtion 
 opposed to the guns on the hill demolished. 
 
 The town was taken this <lay ; and tht^ hatteries 
 continuing to ])lay till the 'Jml of i'(d»inary, the 
 breach was supposed practicalde, and a |tartv ad- 
 vanced to stf)rm it. hut linding a |»er|M'ndicular 
 ascent <)f twenty fe«'t, their la<lders cni>hed and 
 l)rok(>n by the showers of large stones the enemy 
 rolled down, the jtarty were forced to retire with 
 heayy hjss : the killalnlar, howeyer, was gla<l to 
 come to terms, and caj»itulated on the 8th February. 
 
 X
 
 30G DETACHMENT WARFARE. 
 
 Major Fuller commaiuk'd the artillery in this 
 siege, and their exertions were acknowledged in 
 General Orders : — " The Governor-General deems 
 it his duty to express liis concurrence in the 
 honourable testimony borne to the distinguished 
 services of the artillery and engineer departments 
 by Colonel Martindell." 
 
 The neighbouring districts of Boglecund and 
 Rewah were, during the next year, the scenes of 
 petty warfare, similar to what had taken place in 
 Bundlecund ; marked by no features of great impor- 
 tance, yet involving much exertion on the part of 
 tlie troops, particularly the artillery employed, from 
 the mountainous and rugged features of the country 
 and the number of nullahs and rivers intersecting 
 it. We have but few records of this campaign, and 
 are therefore unable to give the details, interesting 
 as they would be to those who are acquainted with 
 the country, and can, from the present state of the 
 Heerapoor, Bisramgunge, and Bundry ghats, easily 
 imagine the difficulties they presented at the time 
 of which we are now writing. 
 
 About this period an alteration took place in the 
 tnateriel of the regiment, by the introduction of the 
 Gril)eanval jiattern of gun-carriage and the long
 
 CHANGKS IN TFIK MATKRIKL. :]()7 
 
 caisson for ainiiuiiiition, a (lescri])tioii ol'whirli will 
 be found in the fourth cliaptor. Tlio inatcrid and 
 the means of draught occupied much attention at 
 this period, and tlicro is every reason to Ixdieve 
 that tlie recently organize*! driver corj)s and the 
 gun bullocks about this period, under the jiarticular 
 care and attention of Lieutenant-Colonel Grace, 
 commanding the artillery in the field, were in a 
 most efficient state. The bullocks were carefully 
 selected and trained, fairly worked and well looked 
 after, and the consequence was, that we find the gun 
 bullocks condemned as past their work, selling, trom 
 the high condition they \v«mo in, for tlic ))ur]U)<(' of 
 slaughter, at a hio-her rate than the nood vounof 
 cattle bought to replace them were costing. 
 
 As the next war in wliich tlic aiinv was enraffed 
 proved how insufficient the strength of the regiment 
 w.as, and caused a consideral)!*- a<l<lition to the 
 native jmrtion of it, wo projtosc here to notice tin* 
 additions to tlie end of 1815, although tlie war 
 commenced the ])rece(ling year: 1»y so doing, w(» 
 shall avoid breaking the thread of the narrative of 
 the Goorkha \\\\v. 
 
 The last a<l<litions we have notice(l were two 
 companies of independent golunda/. adde(l in iSdO ; 
 
 X -J
 
 308 AUGMENTATION OF THE REGIMENT. 
 
 a third company was raised in February, 1812, and 
 a fourth in August, 1814; in 1815 four additional 
 companies of golundaz were raised to meet the 
 wants of the service; so that the regiment now 
 consisted of 1 horse brigade of three troops, 3 Eu- 
 ropean battalions of 7 companies each, and 1 Native 
 battalion of 16 companies, together with lascars 
 (42 companies) and ordnance-drivers (26 companies); 
 but these additions to the numerical strength of 
 the regiment had been made without any corre- 
 sponding increase to the ranks of the commissioned 
 officers. This was peculiarly galling ; for while 
 struggling with the difficulties of their position, the 
 officers had the mortification of seeing the numbers 
 of the infantry increased by whole regiments at a 
 time, bringing fair promotion with the augmenta- 
 tions, while, in their own branch, from 1802 to 
 1815, the troops and companies had increased from 
 21 to 40, yet, with the exception of the field officers 
 added in 1806, not an officer had been given : the 
 infantry had during that time risen from 25 to 31 
 regiments. 
 
 An important change in the location of the 
 regiment took place in 1813. The head-quarters 
 had: hitherto been in Fort William, and moved
 
 REMOVAL OF IlKAD-QLARTKRS. 30.0 
 
 out to Diiin-Duiii (lining tlio cold nioiitlis lor prac- 
 tice ami exercise ; this year, barracks liaviiif^ been 
 completed, Dum-Dum was permanently occupied 
 as the head-cpjarters of the artillery, — a change, 
 no doubt, adding mucli to the comfort of all ranks, 
 for there can be no comparison as to the comfort 
 and health of men cooped up within the narrow 
 limits of a fortress, and those occupying an airy 
 roomy cantonment, — even if a cantonment sur- 
 rounded with swamps, as Dnm-Dum is ; and in spite 
 of which it is now one of the most salubrious of 
 stations for European troops. As it had been used 
 as a practice-ground for upwards of thirty years, 
 many bungalows of different degrees of stability had 
 sprung up, — chiefly, we believe, of mat and thatch ; 
 and as the officers donbtless were not idle while the 
 barracks were building, we may believe that they 
 found plenty of accommodation ready for them; and 
 houses, of a more durable nature, soon began to 
 spring up, some on new sites, others replacing the 
 temporary habitations. A mess-house, we believe, 
 had been previously built bv Government ; occu])y- 
 ing the site of the centre room of the presi'ut 
 building, which, by gradual additions and alteration-., 
 has reache(l its pre^-ent IuumUouu' jtio|iortioi)s. Tliesc
 
 •J 10 THE DUM-DUM CANTONMENT. 
 
 were chieHy made in 1824-5, in 1830, and in 
 1841-2, when the verandah was raised and the 
 portico added. The last improvement was made in 
 1845, when the roof, put on twenty years before, 
 requiring to be renewed, the centre rooms were 
 raised several feet. The other houses in the can- 
 tonment have hardly undergone less change : brick 
 walls first replaced the mats, and then puckah roofs 
 superseded the thatch ; the usual additions of rooms 
 and verandahs taking place. The very last of the 
 old bungalows was recently transformed into a 
 puckah house, and, save the old avenue, which all 
 declare to have been exactly in its present state 
 when they landed half a century ago, there is little 
 in the present cantonment which can be recognized 
 by those who first occupied it permanently. The 
 barracks had an upper story placed on them about 
 1830 ; the church was built in 1819 ; and a year 
 or two ago a racket-court, for the men of the 
 regiment, was built : the oflScers erected one for 
 themselves in 1834. 
 
 For many years Dum-Dum was a very favourite 
 station ; its mess, its amateur theatre, its band, and, 
 at one time, its pack of fox-hounds, rendered it a 
 place of resort to many from Calcutta and the
 
 ITS TRESENT STATE. 311 
 
 iieighboiuiiig stations ; but the gradual cliange in 
 the location of the artillery has necessarily reduced 
 tlie numbers there, and tlio heavy tax ujjon the 
 means of living, caused by the station being placed 
 on half-batta in 1829, causes all uho can to avoi<l 
 it ; and consequently hardly any are to l)o found 
 there save the staff of the reo-iment of the station 
 and the battalions quartered there, with the young 
 men just arrived from England and awaiting their 
 dispatch to the provinces.
 
 112 THE GOORKHA CAMPAIGN. 
 
 CHAPTER VII. 
 
 Campaigns against the Goorkhas — Rocket Troop raised — Bom- 
 bardment of Ilattrass — Death of Sir John Horsford — Ord- 
 nance General OflScers debarred the General StjifF — Conceded 
 to them — Guns formed into Batteries — Organization of 1818 
 — Pindarrie and INIahratta Campaigns — Gun Carriage Agency 
 — Ordnance Commissariat Department — Commandants' po- 
 sition improved — Model department — Select Committee 
 formed — Reduction of Lascars — Increase to Golundaz — Bat- 
 talion system introduced into Bengal — Burmese war — Siege 
 of Bhurtpoor — Increase to the Regiment. 
 
 The overbearing conduct of the Nepaulese having 
 forced the British into war, Lord Hastings prejiared 
 to carry it on with vigour, and bring it to as speedy 
 a termination as possible ; and with this view no 
 preparations were spared which the most consum- 
 mate foresight and consideration could suggest. A 
 nearly simultaneous attack on four different points, 
 necessitating the Goorkhas to spread their forces 
 and resources along their whole extensive frontier, 
 was the plan originally adopted, and carried out with 
 some alterations, suggested by an increased know- 
 ledge, or forced upon us by those obstacles and
 
 PLAN OF ATTACK. Olo 
 
 failures uhicli iiniNt ever attend upon cxtciidccl 
 coniJ)inations. 
 
 Major-General Sir D. Ochtcrlony. witli al)ont 
 0,000 native infantry and a small train of artillery, 
 was to attack the western or extreme right of the 
 Goorkha territories, — the districts in the neigh- 
 bourhood of the present hill station, Simlah. 
 
 Major-General Sir U. R. Gillespie, with about 
 1,000 Europeans and 2,500 native troops, witii 
 artillery, Mas to penetrate the valley of Deyrah, 
 and, after dislodging the Goorkhas from their \h)>'i- 
 tions in it, to attack Gnrhwal ; this dont', another 
 force was to attack Kumaon from lioliilcund. 
 
 Major-General J. S. Wood, further to the east- 
 ward, was to penetrate l)y Bootwul to Taljta : al)out 
 1,000 Europeans and 3,000 native troojis. with a 
 small artillery, composed this force. 
 
 Major-General Marley was to opi>rate on t lie- 
 east, or left, against their capital at Katniandro, by 
 the passes between the Gundnck and IJagnuittee 
 rivers: a moderate train of artillery, 1,0(10 ICnro- 
 peans, and 7,00() native troops, forme<l this division. 
 With all these forces weri' portions of the regi- 
 ment, whieh \\e shall enuiiierale as we notice tiie 
 actions (.»! eadi division.
 
 314 Gillespie's division. 
 
 The first which ciime in contact witli tlie enemy 
 was Gillespie's. This force marched from Meerut, 
 and entered tlie Dhoon by the Kheeree pass, and 
 seized Deyrali on the 22nd October, 1814 : the 
 horse artillery under Major Pennington accompa- 
 nied this division.* 
 
 Colonel Mawbey having been sent forward to 
 seize Nalapanee (Kalunga), found it so much 
 stronger than was expected, that he fell back, and 
 the whole force advanced ; one end of the ridge 
 was seized on the 30th, and under cover of this 
 })arty a hasty battery was raised during the night to 
 receive ten field guns, about 600 yards from the 
 fort; at daylight they opened their fire, and four 
 columns were to have advanced to the assault, but 
 by some misunderstanding only two advanced ; the 
 enemy, throwing open a wicket, pushed out a gun, 
 took them in flank, and forced them to retire. A 
 fresh attack by three companies of II.M.'s 53rd was 
 
 * 1st Troop, — Major Pennington ; Lieutenants Gowan, Ken- 
 nedy, Campbell, JNIoreland. 
 
 2nd Troop, — Capt. Starke ; Capt.-Lieutenants Whi8h,Boileau ; 
 Lieutenants Playfair, Curtis, Lurasden, Sconce. 
 
 .3rd Troop, — Captain Brooke; Capt. -Lieutenant Rodber; Lieu- 
 tenants Parlby, llydc, Luxford. 
 
 Captain-Lieutenant McQuake was (quarter- master to tlio 
 reserve.
 
 DKATll OF (JKNKRAI, (JlLLKsl'IK. 31') 
 
 <.M|ii:ilIy fruitless, and, reiidfjid impatient by the 
 ii'imlse, Gillespie rushed on at tlie head <d* a small 
 party of dismounted dragoons from liis own regi- 
 ment, the 8th Royal Irish : in this attack lie fell. 
 The force now retired to Deyrah, and awaited till 
 the 24th November tlie arrival of sieo;e guns* from 
 Delhi. On the 25th oi)erations were recommenced; 
 a battery for the 18-pounders wris raised at aljout 
 l](»0 yards, and bv the ^Tth tlu' wall was brouirht 
 down. The enemy made a spirited sallv on tlu- 
 battery, but were driven back by discharges of case 
 shot. The assault was attempted, and failed, and a 
 gun was run nji by Lieutenant Luxford, who \.)luu- 
 teered, and was shot in the attempt tt> clear the 
 breach. Tlie troops would not advance. 
 
 Open force having thus lailed, a successful 
 attempt to cut oil' thi' snj>ply ot" water wa>- made, 
 while shells were continually ])oured into the fort. 
 Cooped up in so siuall a >pace, without shelter, their 
 execution was great, and on the IKMli the brave 
 garrison evacuated the jdace, leaving to their \ictoi> 
 a scene which lutiie could look on wifhuin •shud- 
 dering. 
 
 " Four IS-poiiiultTK, 2,4U(» ."liot ; t\v»i N-iucli in<»rUir.-, 400 
 eholb.
 
 310 LIEUTENANT LUXFORD KILLED. 
 
 With the siege ^uiis, parts of the 5th and 0th 
 companies Ord battaHon arrived, \vith the oHicers 
 noted in the niar<j;in.* The horse artillery also 
 remained, " as the professional advice and opinion 
 of so able an officer as Major Pennington on the 
 subject of artillery as affected by local circum- 
 stances, could not foil of being of the greatest use to 
 Captain-Lieutenant Battine." 
 
 The artillery losses were not severe : Lieutenant 
 Luxford was the only officer killed ; and in reporting 
 it Colonel Mawbey said, "Lieutenant Luxford, of 
 the horse artillery, is so severely wounded that I 
 have no hopes of his recovery. This excellent 
 officer had gone to the foot of the breach in 
 command of an howitzer and 12-pounder gun, 
 which I sent in hopes, with the assistance of 
 shrapnell shells, of lessening the astonishing exer- 
 tions made by the Goorkhas." 
 
 A detachment being left near the Jumna, the 
 main body marched for Nahun by the plains on tlie 
 5th December, and on the 20th Major-General 
 Martindell assumed the command. His first efforts 
 were not successful. A combined attack on the 
 
 * Capt.-Licutcnant Battine; I^iciitcnants Tcunant, Lyoii.s, 
 C Sinitli, C. (!. l)ix<in; C'hcsnt'V, a<ljiitant.
 
 OCIITKRLONY S UI\ ISION. ?, 1 7 
 
 enemy's positions on tlio lioit^lits 1)\ (•(»Iuiiiii>' mnlcr 
 Majors Ludlow :m<l liiclianls, was hi-atcn hack, tin- 
 former with mucli loss, ami the division to(jk uj* its 
 position before Naliun, 
 
 Major-General Ochterlony's division was aorom- 
 panied hy the 4th company 3rd battalion artillery, 
 and early in November attacked Nalairurli. Tlic 
 plac(» was breached, and the garrison capitulated on 
 tilt' ')th November, on which occasion the Majttr- 
 General considered it his " particular duty to express 
 his ol)liorations to Maj<»r McLcoil and otlicers and 
 men wlio maimed the batteries,"* 
 
 The next oly'ect was the attack of I{amgurh, and 
 some mana?uvrinnf was necessary. The news of the 
 failures at Kalun;jfa arri\innf, <i;ave frc-'ii conlidmci' 
 to the Cioorkhas, and made thr llritish cautious. 
 Sir David waitctl for reinforcements till near tlic 
 end of tilt' year. Li[;ht guns arriving, the force 
 moved, and niaiiMiivird t(^ place it^eIf in roar of tin' 
 Goorkha j)osition, wlnt, to niret it, chaiigrd their 
 front, and occnpie<l the heights of Malonn, exposing 
 llamjrurh, which wa^^ the immediate object of the 
 
 * Major McLiMxI, ruiiiiii:ui<l:iiit ; Lioiiteiiniit ('ruik»<liiink.s 
 niljutaiit ; Captain.s Wrl>lH\ (J. HnMike, M;^^!!, Konlyoo, 
 Cnrtwriuht, ('. (inilinni. Tiiulirrll, ami llall ami Iv V. (lownn, 
 who JoIiumI nt Naiiiin.
 
 818 wood's division. 
 
 movement. With incredible labour and perse- 
 verance, two 18-poimders were carried up the hills 
 and placed in battery about 700 yards from the 
 fort by the 12th November. Their fire was ably 
 directed by Captain Webbe, and the walls having 
 crumbled a^vay under it, the garrison were glad to 
 capitulate on the 17th, and were suffered to join 
 their comrades in Maloun. 
 
 Before following this division to its victorious 
 conclusion, we shall find it more convenient to 
 glance at the proceedings of the other forces, which 
 were acting against the Goorkha line of frontier. 
 
 Major-General J. S. Wood's division left Goruk- 
 poor late in December : the 5th company 2nd 
 battalion artillery was attached to it.* In January 
 it entered the Teraie, and, coming suddenly on a 
 stockade at Jeilgurh, carried it at once, in which 
 operation Captain McDowall was wounded. Fear- 
 ing that he could not retain the stockade if 
 attacked, Major-General Wood retired to Nichloul, 
 and, though reinforced by more troops, remained 
 inactive till the end of the season, when he made an 
 attempt with his guns on Bootwul, and retired to 
 Gorukpoor. 
 
 * Captain McDowall ; Lieutenants Do Brett, Crawford, 
 Twcnilow.
 
 (JENERAL MAULKY. ol!j 
 
 To the eastward, Major Bradsliaw, witli tlic 
 advance of Major-General Marley's army, on the 
 25th November attacked and carried tlic post of 
 Burhnrwa, on the Baghmuttee, on whicli tlio 
 Goorkhas evacnated tlie Teraie, and .Major Brad- 
 shaw occupied posts at Boraf>;urhee, Sumunpoor, 
 and Bursa. 
 
 Major-General Marley, with tlie main army. 
 arrived on the 12th December : the Gth company 2nd 
 battalion, and detachment, were with this force, and 
 the artillery officers noticed in the mar^fin,* and a 
 small train of heavy ffuns, some field and mountain 
 train <i:uns, and wall ])ieces. Tli(> force moved in 
 four columns ; the main one towards the liicheea-koh 
 and 1 1 etounda passes ; the second towards Ilurhce- 
 hurpoor ; the third by the Sookturdurree pass and 
 Joorgooree; while the fourth was kcjtt in Jusspoot. 
 The end of the month of December fomul the 
 main body at Pnchroutee Tnj)})ah, with the posts of 
 Pursa an<l Suiiiun|)0(»r twenty miles on the left and 
 right flanks of the army, the jxjsts in llie same state 
 they had been three weeks ])revion^ly, and no steps 
 
 * Major Mayoii, comniaiulant ; IJoutoiiant Waloott, a«lju- 
 lunt ; C:ij)t. Liinlsuv ; liioulciiaiits HuIhtIs, Kempt, HIako. 
 Matlipson, Comisoll, VaiirciitMi, l-'uhoii, I'croira, Scott, Croxton.
 
 ^20 DISASTERS. 
 
 taken to strengthen tlieni. They were garrisoned by 
 about 500 men each, ami Pursa had, in achlition, 
 a single G-pounder, comnianded by Lieutenant 
 Matliisoii. On the night of the 17th January, 1815, 
 both posts were attacked by the Goorkhas ; the 
 party at Sunuinpoor was taken by surprise and cut 
 to i)ieces ; that at Pursa was a little better prepared, 
 and, aided by Mathison's gun, defended themselves 
 for some time; l»ut the enemy, availing themselves 
 of the shelter the trees aftbrded, picked off nearly 
 every artilleryman. Mathison then proposed to 
 charge the enemy, but the sepoys refused, and a 
 retreat was attempted, Lieutenant Mathison serving 
 the gun by himself, when all his men were killed or 
 wounded, by which the enemy were kept back ; the 
 gun being lost, the retreat became a flight, and had 
 the enemy followed, all must have perished. 
 
 Lieutenant Mathison, in his report, says, " I 
 cannot refrain i'roni particularly mentioning tlio 
 persevering bravery displayed by Matross William 
 Levey, who, though wounded by a musket-ball 
 through one leg and one arm, yet gallantly continued 
 to keep his station until the priming-pouch was 
 l)lo\vn away from his side, and his wounds becoming 
 too painful to endure, obliged him to sit <lown.
 
 LIKITKNWT MATHISON. ill' I 
 
 * 
 
 Sillarec,' giin-lascar <»f the I'Jiid companv. i> al^n 
 tleservin**' of particular innitinii ; wlio, altliouL'-li 
 nvouU'KmI in both liaml ;iml toot, contiuu»'(l al(»iio to 
 assist iiic to the hist, and \\a>< tin- pcrxdi wlio seized 
 an<l farrictl away witli him the silver spear planted 
 l>y the enemy close to the '^m\ at the connnence- 
 jnent of the action, and now in tin- possession of 
 -Major-Gencral Marley." 
 
 Tn tlie orders of the <hiy, the Major-General 
 
 •expressed his best thanks to Lieutenant Mathison 
 
 for liis fii-alhint conduct in defentlinir his ^un till 
 
 every man, European and native', fell anmnd it, 
 
 ami all the ammunition was expende*!." 
 
 The artillery in tins nnha|)pv alliiir lost 4 Eu- 
 ropeans and G natives killed, and European-- and 
 I 1 natives wounde<l : and it i^ prohahle that manv 
 of the wounded died afterwanU. Want of foresight 
 in not strengthening,' the p(»ition. and want of jtroper 
 information of the enemv's niovenn-nts, >eem to lia\e 
 been the chief causes of this catastrophe: we may 
 aihl another, — the detaching' a sin^jle gun. Two guns 
 mutually support each other, and in ca>e of a misfire 
 (M-curring, the second gun is ready to |>our in its fire, 
 shotdfl it be attempted to carry tlu* Hrst by a rutjh ; 
 and we have heard it slid that Lieutenant Mathison 
 
 Y
 
 322 OrERATIONS CONTINUED. 
 
 declared on this occasion, tliat liad lie had another 
 gun he could liave beaten off the enemy. A general 
 order has since prohibited the practice by declaring 
 that never less than two are to be detached. 
 
 After this, Major-General Marley gave up all 
 idea of penetrating the hills ; he strengthened the 
 post of Baragurhee, and never again entered the 
 forest. On the lOtli February he left his division, 
 and Major-General G. Wood arrived on the •20th, 
 but the season passed away in inactivity. 
 
 In February detachments of irregulars under 
 Lieutenant-Colonel Gardiner and Major Hearsey 
 advanced on Alniorah from Kasheepore and Pil- 
 lieebheet, and were followed by a small division of 
 regulars under Colonel Nicolls, with which was a 
 detachment of European artillerymen under Lieu- 
 tenants C. H. Bell and Iv. B. Wilson, with ten 
 pieces of artillery. On the 5th April the force 
 entered the hills, and heard of the defeat of the 
 irregulars before Almorah ; on the 23rd, a detach- 
 ment from it overtook Hastee-Dull with his troops, 
 near Gunnanath ; an action followed, in which the 
 Goorkhas were beaten and their leader slain. On 
 the 25tli the whole force attacked the breastworks 
 on the Seetolee heights, and, following up their
 
 <iPF.I{ATI()N.S CONTINI l.h. ']2'^ 
 
 success, drove tlic fiiciny into l'<»it Alinorali. ;iii(l 
 forniiMl ;i lodn-iiieiit on tlie ridi^e. •• With coiisidjM-- 
 al)le exertion on the imrts of tlic oflieers of artillerv. 
 Lieutenants licll and ^\'ii^on, the sni.'ill mortar^ 
 were laid in the l)attery, and opened at six in tho 
 evening, and tlie hir^^er ones (8-inch) at midnight." 
 Several sliells were thrown into the fort, which 
 compelle<l the gtirrison to remain concealed ; many 
 Goorkhas and Cassiahs having quitted the fort, it 
 was supposed that the garrison had fled, hut during 
 the night a sharp attack on tlie outposts proved that 
 they had determined to makc^ a last etVort ; this 
 failing, on the '27th tliey rvacnatiMl \]\o fort. 
 
 In Colonel Nicolls's re])ort he says, "I feel much 
 indebted to liieutenants Hell and WiNon for their 
 activity in laying and bringing theso mortars into 
 use so soon," and in the (Jeneral Orders the CoviT- 
 nor-General records that these officers *• are men- 
 tioned in terms of strong eonimendation. ' 
 
 This well-executed expedition materially allected 
 the a.spect of tiie war; in tlie language of the 
 Goorkha chief, it "l>roke t he cami-I -« hack, ' it sepa- 
 rated the extrcmitic^s of the frontier, and pr<-vented 
 reinforcements heini,'- ^ent from Katmamloo to 
 Malonn. and it -^tood ont in liriUiant contract with
 
 324 NAHUN AND MALOUN. 
 
 the otlicr cv(Mits of the campaign ; but we must 
 now return to the divisions employed against ISahun 
 and Maloun, 
 
 Major-General Martindell's force, wliich we left 
 in front of Nahun, remained inactive till February ; 
 its subsequent operations were marked by vacillation ; 
 with great labour, 18-pounders were carried up the 
 hills, and, after the time and labour thus expended, 
 no further result was obtained tlian levelling a 
 stockade, which was found to be of no use to the 
 general plan of the campaign. Operations were 
 commenced against Jythuck, and a position taken 
 u}) on the ridge on the 1st April, although opposed 
 by the enemy ; this advantage was followed up, and 
 Punchul Point seized ; other positions were taken 
 up, which straitened the enemy's post, and would 
 have eventually forced him to evacuate the fort, 
 had not tlie operations at Maloun caused the Goor- 
 khas to leave the province. To these operations 
 we must now turn. 
 
 We left Major-General Oehterlony in i)Ossession 
 of Ramgurh, M'ith his forces interposed between 
 the enemy on the Maloun ridge and Belaspore. 
 Great exertions were made by the artillery in moving 
 the ordnance uij the heights ; but on thelOth March
 
 OPERATIONS ACAINST MALOUN. 325 
 
 :i battery was raised against Taragurh ; on the lltli 
 a brcacli was ]>ractica})k', ami the enniiv lied; 
 Chumba was attacked and hreaclied by the l(ith, 
 and the garrison capitulated ; other forts were 
 reduced, and the detachments joine(l the main l)t»dv 
 which was in front of the Goorkha lines. These ex- 
 tended from the forts of Maloiin to Sooniiirurh, 
 all the peaks crowned with >tockailrs, except those 
 of Ryla and Deothul, the former, convenient for 
 future operations against Soorujgurh, the latter, in 
 the heart of the CJoorkha line, within 1,()()U yanls 
 of Maloun. TIm' tnain attack was against Deothul, 
 while a si-cond was made on Kyla, while other 
 colunnis moved, as if against Maloun, to <listract 
 the enemy. 
 
 I'ive columns were prepari'd. and on the night of 
 the 1 Itli Ajiril, Kyla was occupiecl, ;ind on a signal 
 made, two other detaclunents moved to that point; 
 this done, two other c<dumns nmved en at night 
 and occupied ])ositions till davlight, when they 
 attacked Deothul from o|t|io>-ite si<les : with these 
 columns were two field-guns, to assist In holding tlie 
 height when gaine(l, ;i^ coiisideridile ellbrts were 
 expected tVom tin* eriemv. The petition was carried 
 after a '•evere content, ami much de-^ultiMN lightiuLT
 
 326 CAPITULATION OF MALOUN. 
 
 continued till evening ; but on the morning' of the 
 16th the Goorkhas, 2,000 in number, made a furious 
 attack on the hill ; the artillerymen were nearly all 
 killed at their guns, and at one time, Lieutenant 
 Cartwright, with one artilleryman only, was left; but, 
 aided by Lieutenant Hutchinson of the Engineers, 
 and Lieutenant Armstrong of the Native Infantry, 
 they kept up a fire which tended materially to check 
 the Goorkha onset ; and reinforcements and ammuni- 
 tion arriving opportunely from Ryla, their efforts 
 slackened, and they were driven back by a charge 
 headed by Major Lawrie. 
 
 A road was made for heavy artillery to Deothul, 
 and with incredible labour the 18-pounders were 
 placed in battery against Maloun early in May ; but 
 news of the fall of Almorah having arrived, the 
 Goorkhas urged their chief, Ummer Sing, to yield, 
 and on his refusing, they left him, and he was forced 
 to capitulate on the 5th May. 
 
 The exertions of the artillery in this campaign 
 were acknowledged in the following General Orders. 
 " The unwearied alacrity, the labour, the conspicuous 
 gallantry, and the skill, displayed by the whole of 
 the artillery, engineers, and pioneer departments 
 throughout the course of the service, have been
 
 HOSTILITIES RESUMED. 327 
 
 pointed out to the special notice of the Governor- 
 General, and His Excellency accordingly expresses 
 his earnest sense of the meritorious conduct ex- 
 hibited by Major McLeod, commanding the artil- 
 lery, and by Captain Webbe, of the same corps." 
 
 Early in the following year it became evident that 
 the court of Nepal intended evading the treaty 
 they had agreed to, and the force was assembled 
 again in the neighbourhood of Dinapore, and placed 
 under Sir D. Ochterlony's command, with the object 
 of occupying the capital. 
 
 In addition to the former artillery, the 7th com- 
 pany 2nd battalion, and 3rd company 3rd battalion, 
 with the following officers,* joined the force. On the 
 lOtli February the main body entered the Sal forest, 
 and took up a position at Bicheea-koh ; four days 
 were spent in reconnoitring and inquiry, M-hen it was 
 discovered that the regular road, which was fortified, 
 might be turned 1)y some very difficult passes in 
 the Chooriaghati range ; on the 14tli, at night, a bat- 
 talion (3rd) marched, and entering a ravine, called 
 Baleekola, followed its course five or six miles, then 
 striking up a water-course, came to a steej) acclivity 
 
 * Captains Pollock ami Bigirs ; Lieutenants ^I:ir.sliall, Den- 
 niss, CJccldcs, Buck, and O. Baker.
 
 328 ACTION AT MUKWANPORE. 
 
 of 300 feet in height ; the advance clambered up, 
 and were followed by the brigade, and the heights 
 were gained. The other brigade (4th) marched by 
 the direct road on the 15th, and the Goorkhas, 
 hearing that the ghat was turned, retreated on 
 Muckwanpore with but little resistance. Lieute- 
 nant Walcote of the artillery was wounded severely 
 in reconnoitring the stockaded position. On the 
 27th the two brigades united at Mukwanpore ; a 
 reconnoitring party came in contact with the 
 enemy, and Lieutenant Pickersgill with difficulty 
 regained the camp ; but reinforcements proceeding 
 from each side brought on a general action, which 
 was eagerly contested ; the artillery came into full 
 play, and the effect of the guns upon the enemy's 
 masses moving on the opposite ridge considerably 
 aided in the victory gained. 
 
 The only other action was that in which Colonel 
 Kelly's brigade was engaged in the attack on Hurry- 
 hurpore Hill. The infantry were engaged from 
 six to eleven, when "two G-pounders and two 
 5J-inch howitzers being brought up on elephants, 
 in a few minutes decided the affair, and left us in 
 possession of an almost natural redoubt." " Amongst 
 the ANounded you will see Captain Lindsay; al-
 
 CONCLUSION OF THE WAJi. 320 
 
 thouffh his wounds are not severe, I fear I >liall lose 
 his active service for a time, wliich 1 himent exceed- 
 ingly, having found Captain Lindsay a most zealous, 
 able officer, both as an artillerist and engineer," 
 are the words of Colonel Kelly in reporting the 
 affair. 
 
 With this campaign the war ended ; the pride of 
 the Nepalese was effectually humbled for the time, 
 on finding a British force in full niarcli on their 
 capital, and they were compelled to execute the 
 treaty ; but since that i)eriod they ni'ver ceased to 
 look forward to the arrival of the time when an 
 opportunity of revenge might offer. 
 
 The services of the native troops were rewarded 
 by a medal to all native officers who had served 
 within the liills, and to sueli of the native infantrv 
 officers and privates as had distinguished themselves 
 by their gallantry or energy. This medal we have 
 never seen, though by tlie records we observe 
 several were given to the native branches of the 
 regiment. The sketch here i;iveii i^ ('(i|iietl from 
 one which ai>])ear(Ml in the East-India I'liited Ser- 
 vice Journal, ill is: J 7.
 
 330 
 
 NEPAL MEDALS. 
 
 In the early part of the present century the 
 attention of the Ordnance department in England 
 was turned towards a weapon which had long been 
 in use with the native armies in India — the rocket ; 
 and, under Sir William Congreve's superintendence, 
 rockets of a large size and great power of flight 
 had been manufactured and used with much success 
 in the bombardment of Boulogne and Copenhagen. 
 Experience suggested improvement in details, and 
 the results seemed so satisfactory, that a troop 
 equipped with cars for firing volleys and tripods for 
 single rockets was added to the corps of Royal Ar- 
 tillery, and employed with considerable effect at the 
 battles of Leipsic and Waterloo. Acting upon this 
 example, and considering that it would be advan- 
 tageous to beat our Indian enemies at their own
 
 Till-: ROCKET TROOP. 331 
 
 weapons, the (lovorniiR'nt decided tlu> \ear on 
 adding a rocket troop to the Bengal Artillery. It 
 Avas ordered in Sej)tenil»er, and consisted of J-Airo- 
 pean artillerynien mounted on camels, an<l volley- 
 curs drawn by liorses. Its strength is detailed in 
 the margin.* 
 
 Captain Wliish, Lieutenants G. N. Canii)l)ell 
 and G. Brooke, and Lieutenant-Fireworker Cart- 
 wright were posted to this troop, and it was soon in 
 a state of efficiency. It was attached to the horse- 
 brigade, which was at this time conmianded by 
 Major Pennington, who was retained in the com- 
 mand, although "his promotion to the rank of 
 major rendered him in excess to the establishment 
 of oflici'rs attached to it, at the recommendation (»f 
 His Excellency the Commander-in-Chief, in con- 
 sideration of his general merits as an officer and his 
 l>articu]ar qualifications for the command of the 
 corps of horse-artillery, which had attained such 
 an eminent degree of discipline under his super- 
 intendence." 
 
 The dress of the regiment in January underwent 
 
 * 1 caittaiu, 2 lii-uti-iiaiit.'^, 1 liout(.>iiaiit-rir('\vt)rkfr, lUiiuii- 
 conjniissioiU'«l oHiccrs, ,s(> tnKtjtcrH, '» sinlars, fiO surwans, 
 70 caniclti, 2(i horses, 4 nirs, 2(i lioiichtv'* h jru, ami !m;o 
 ruokcts.
 
 332 CHANGES OF UNIFORM. 
 
 some change; the tlress-jacket had embroidered 
 buttonholes on its scarlet facings; the breastplate 
 was gilt, with the Company's arms embossed in 
 silver ; the pantaloon continued to be worn as dress 
 with the Hessian boots ; but trousers or overalls 
 were worn on all duties ; the chako was introduced, 
 displacing the bearskin cap. There are pictures 
 in existence which give a good idea of the dress 
 at particular periods, and in them all the changes 
 may be traced. 
 
 A large portion of the regiment was this year 
 called into the field against Diaram, the zemindar 
 of Hattrass, whose fort and territory had been ceded 
 by Scindia to the British in 1803, at which time no 
 terms were made exempting Diaram from the 
 general laws in force in the Company's territories ; 
 but, in the expectation that, finding no necessity for 
 armed followers, his force would gradually have dis- 
 solved and his fort gone to ruin, the Government 
 took no steps to break it up at once. Mistaking 
 this forbearance, in spite of several warnings, he 
 persisted in a course of aggrandizement and oppo- 
 sition to the civil officors, which drew down on him 
 the powerful hand of Government, who determined 
 that no ill-timed economv should interfere witli the
 
 SIEGE OF IIATTRASS. 
 
 333 
 
 r:i|>i(l and cuniplrte reduction of liis jioMfi-. Lord 
 Hastings directed tlu' preparations to be madi' on 
 su(di a scale to convince all tliat our failures here- 
 tofore were caused not from a want of skill or 
 resources, but from our failinu' to bring tliem forwanl, 
 and being more lavish of the blood of our troops 
 tlian the inatcrid (.)f our magazines. 
 
 For this siege two troops of horse artillery and 
 the rocket-troop, seven companies of European, and 
 four of native artillery, and eighteen comj)anies of 
 lascars, moved from ditl'erent ])oints and collected 
 before Ilattrass, together with a batti'ring train of 
 six 24-]toundi'rs, fourteen iS-pounders, four 8-inch 
 howitzers, six 1 0-inch mortars, fourteen 8-inch 
 mortars, and twenty-two r>J-inch mortars; total. i2«> 
 guns, 8 howitzers, and 42 mortars. The general 
 command of the artillery was hehl by 
 
 Major-Gencral Sir J. llorsfonl ; Captain C II. Canij)l>olI, 
 M. B. ; I^Iajor I'l'iininirton, coimiiamliiii,' horso artillery ; Liou- 
 tenaut Luins<lcn, ailjutant and <juartcr-iua*iter ; Major- 'M:i-(iii, 
 McLeod, and Butk'r, fort adjutants. 
 
 Troop. 
 
 CapUina. 
 
 Captain- 
 Lieutenant. 
 
 Lieutenants. 
 
 Lieutenant. FUvworken. 
 
 1 
 3 
 
 n..(kot 
 
 Boilcau 
 J.HnM>ko 
 
 Wl.isl, 
 
 Ro«ll»or' 
 
 G. Go wan 
 
 Ilydo 
 Mac-V lister 
 Sfiinco 
 
 <:. nn.oko 
 
 Morland, IVnnini^ton 
 Cartwriglit
 
 834 
 
 OPERATIONS COMMENCED. 
 
 Com- 
 pany. 
 
 Batta- 
 lion. 
 
 Captain- 
 Lieutenants. 
 
 Lieutenants. 
 
 Lieutenant Fireworkers. 
 
 2 
 
 2 
 
 Fraser 
 
 Croxtou 
 
 / G. R. Scott 
 \ R. B. Wilson 
 
 3 
 
 2 
 
 Curphy ... 
 
 Pereira 
 
 Hele, Vanrcnen 
 
 4 
 
 2 
 
 Pryce 
 
 Came 
 
 Sanders, Cromnielin 
 
 6 
 
 2 
 
 Lindsay ... 
 
 Roberts 
 
 Coulthard 
 
 4 
 
 3 
 
 
 L. Lawrence 
 
 Smith, AVliinfield 
 
 6 
 
 3 
 
 Battine . . . 
 
 Fordyce 
 
 R. Dickson, Dclafosse 
 
 7 
 
 3 
 
 ToUemache 
 
 Timbrell 
 
 Wood, E. P. Gowan 
 
 1st, 2nd, 3rd, and 4th companies of golundaz battalion ; 1st, 
 5th, 6th, 8th, 12th, 18th, 20th, 27th, 30th, 31st, 32nd, 37th, 
 38th, 40th, 41st, 43rd, 44th, and 45ih companies of gun 
 lascars. 
 
 The force assembled on the 11th February, and 
 from that time till the 21st was employed in collect- 
 ing and preparing materiel for the siege and waiting 
 for the train; on its amval, three batteries were 
 erected against the kuttra, wliich opened on the 
 22nd, and continued firing during the 23rd : a breach 
 was effected, and during tlie night the enemy left 
 the kuttra. 
 
 On the 25th, batteries were commenced against 
 the fort, three armed with guns, and two with 
 mortars from the kuttra, and on the right, two 
 guns, and three mortar batteries, one of the latter 
 of sixteen 5^-inch mortars ; the trenches were 
 jmshed u]) to within 50 yards of the ditch, a rocket-
 
 OPERATIONS CONTINUED. 335 
 
 battery was crecte(l between the kuttra and fort; 
 mucli delay occurred from want of fuses or from 
 those sent tiirnino- out bad, so that fresh had to he 
 driven an<l materials sent for from Agra ; the time 
 was employed in completing- the batteries and 
 approaches; a slight fire Mas kept up till the 2nd 
 March, when preparations being all made, the bom- 
 bardment commenced, at a signal from the rocket- 
 battery, by a general salvo. " The effect and sight 
 (an eyewitness writes) was l)eautiful, and was only 
 excelled by a spectacle which took place about ."> 
 in the afternoon. While in the battery watchin<i 
 the fliHit of a shell, it scarcelv touched the ^ifround 
 before an explosion took place, the most awful and 
 grand I ever beheld — a powder-magazine had be^Mi 
 exploded. It is hardly possible to give an accurate 
 description of it ; it was more like an immense 
 column of red smoke, forming itself like an enor- 
 mous chattah in rolls, continually changing form as 
 it ascended to an incredible height: several fraij- 
 ments fell in the trenches and hurl some jn-ojile." 
 Anotlu-r writes, " The etlect of nur shells and the 
 ruins they have occasioned, are indescribable ; tlit> 
 liouse and zenana <>f Hiaram is a comjdete riddle — 
 shot an<l shell hoh'S in eveiv <lirecti(»n ; the nwtrtalitv
 
 33G CONGRATULATORY ORDERS. 
 
 is great, men and horses lying in the gateway and 
 works." 
 
 For the details of this operation, the first in India 
 in which artillery was used on a large scale, we 
 would refer our readers to a journal of the siege, 
 which appeared in the East-India United Service 
 Journal, in 1837, and content ourselves with adding 
 the orders issued on the occasion. 
 
 Major-General Marshall's order says, " The science 
 and skill displayed by the engineers and artillery 
 department were eminently conspicuous, and the 
 bombardment and explosion of the enemy's principal 
 magazine, which, without derogating from the 
 merits of others, must be allowed to have given us 
 almost immediate possession of the place, will long- 
 be regarded as the most memorable among the 
 brilliant events of the last fortnight, and as demon- 
 strative of the extent and soundness of that judg- 
 ment and penetration which, in the avowed antici- 
 pation of the very consequences, enabled the army, 
 by the provision of adequate means, to insure them. 
 The practice of the artillery has answered the ex- 
 pectations of that high authority to which the 
 Major-General has ventured to allude in the for- 
 sroinff observations. Another motive for them is to
 
 CONGRATULATORY OKDEKS. 337 
 
 bring fonvard and illustrate the foet more closely, 
 that ^^lu'^' the means jirc t'<iual to tlie science 
 an<l practical knowledge known to ])ervade every 
 branch of this army, tlie results niu^t invariably be 
 rapid and successful, even against such strong an<l 
 formidable forts as Hattrass jtroved to be." * * 
 
 We cannot refrain from quoting- the order issued 
 to the artillery by Major-General Sir John Horsford; 
 the more so, as it proved the last he was permitted 
 to pen to the corps, his valuable life having termi- 
 nated suddenly, soon after returning to Cawnpoor 
 from this service : — 
 
 "Major-General Sir John Horsford, commanding 
 the artillery brigaded ))efore Hattrass, J)(.'^^()rm>^ with 
 pleasure the last exercise of his coniniaml in con- 
 veying to the horse and foot arlillt-ry and rockct- 
 trooj) his congratulations on the brilliant services 
 which their united exertions have ellected for the 
 state, Government having through their means 
 principally been placed in possession of Hattrass, 
 the raj)id reduction of which has caused thi' sur- 
 render of the imi>ortaiit fortress of Mdr^auni and 
 eleven other forts. 
 
 "The acknowledijnu'nts of Major-General Mar- 
 
 v.
 
 338 CONGRATULATORY ORDERS. 
 
 sliall, commanding- the army, and the favourabh' 
 sentiments entertained by the army at large, mnst 
 be mncli more satisfactory to the artillery than 
 any tribute of praise which Sir John Ilorsford 
 could bestow in confirmation of their meritorious 
 services. 
 
 " But the Major-General considers public acknow- 
 ledgments due to Major Mason, commanding tlic 
 foot artillery, who, with Majors MacLeod and 
 Butler, superintended in turn the several batteries. 
 He begs to offer his best thanks to Major Mason 
 and the experienced field-officers above mentioned, 
 for their several important services. 
 
 " The Major-General duly appreciates the labour 
 and exertions of every officer and man employed in 
 the batteries before the kuttra and fort, and more 
 particularly the heavy duty all had to perform on 
 the 2nd instant during the general bombardment. 
 To the officers commanding batteries, and to their 
 juniors doing duty under them, the Major-General's 
 notice is particularly due. The state of the fort after 
 its capture evinced to all that the means employed 
 for its reduction had been directed by hands well 
 acquainted with their use. Wliere every officer was 
 equally zealous, the Major-General hopes he will be
 
 CONGRATULATOUY ORDERS. 33i) 
 
 excused for not iiamin<x all wlio (leserve his praise 
 and thanks. 
 
 "The mature judf^ment of Major Pennington 
 was displayed on every oceasion whicli offered itself. 
 
 "The spirit and conduct of the oflicers and men 
 of the horse artillery throughout the service deserve 
 the Major-General's warmest a])probation. 
 
 " The zeal evinced by Captain Whish, the officers 
 and men of the rocket-troop, require the Major- 
 General's notice in public orders. 
 
 "The Major-General's personal feelings are much 
 gratified by the important consequences wliich have 
 resulted from the unanimity which ])revailed amongst 
 every branch of the artillery to forward the objects 
 of the service. The pre])arations wliicli \\vyv made 
 caused mucli to bi' expected from their exertions, 
 and the Major-General is satisfied that tlie expect- 
 ations of the most sanguine liavi' bi'cn r('ali/e<l. 
 It is a source of great pleasure for the Majitr-( Imt ral 
 to reflect that the last period of his servici' with a 
 corps ill which he has long served, should be dis- 
 tinguished bv events wlii<'li cmII forlii the admiration 
 of all who witnessed theiii, ami by services whicii 
 conspicuously increase the credit and tin" established 
 hiijh character of the reuinieiit of Heujial ArtilliMv, " 
 
 / 2
 
 340 DEATH OF SIR J. HORSFORD. 
 
 Fioni Ilattrass Sir John Hoisford returned to 
 Cawnpoor, and on the 20tli April closed his honour- 
 able career. His death was sudden, and it is 
 believed was occasioned by a disease of the heart. 
 To his public character the Governor-General bore 
 testimony in the following order : — " The Governor-" 
 General cannot direct the succession in the regiment 
 of artillery without expressing his deep concern at 
 the loss the Honourable Company's service has suf- 
 fered by the death of Major-General Sir John 
 Horsford, K.C.B. The ardent spirit, the science, 
 and the generous zeal of that admirable officer, 
 were in no less degree an advantage to the public 
 interest than an honour to himself. It is con- 
 solatory to think that when sinking under tlie 
 malady which so early deprived his country of an 
 energy incessantly devoted to her glory, he had the 
 consciousness of having just displayed with signal 
 triumph the skill and superiority of the corps 
 which he had so materially contributed to fashion 
 and perfect." 
 
 The part Sir John Horsford had borne in some of 
 the severest service the regiment had been engaged 
 in, his thorough knowledge of the profession, his 
 liigh talents and commanding character, gave him
 
 HIS CllARACTKR. 341 
 
 great influence in the regiment, and secured lor liis 
 oj)inions great weight with the authorities; aiKl, 
 liad he been spared to exercise the command tor 
 a few years more, the regiment would undouhtcMlIy 
 have been placed on a far more eflicient footing 
 than it liitherto liad been. From the time of 
 Pearse's death to ll(u*sford's succession to the com- 
 mand, no man of talent or influence had been at its 
 head ; and the consequence was, that wliile the other 
 branches of the army were increased on a scale 
 more adequate to their wants, the artillery was 
 added to by driblets, kept in the lowest state, and 
 its organization made a subject of continual exj)eri- 
 nient. 
 
 Just before his death, Sir John Ilorsford sub- 
 mitted to the Marquis of Hastings a memoir, 
 pointing out the faults which had thus been com- 
 mitt(Ml, and detailing the i)rincij)les upon which the 
 corps of artillery ought to be formed ; going on 
 from these principles thnmgli all tho details, he 
 presented a complete scheme of a reginu-nt of 
 artillery adapte<l to the wants i)f iiengal. His 
 character insured attention to tiie subject, and the 
 result was, that in the t'oMowiiig yeai- the <M»rps wa^ 
 I'eorganized. not iiuleed upon tli<' ^caie Sir John
 
 342 GENERAL HARDWICKE, COMMANDANT. 
 
 Horsford proposed, but upon the most efficient it 
 had yet been. 
 
 Major-General Hard\vicke was aj^pointed com- 
 mandant in succession to Major-General Sir John 
 Horsford. 
 
 We must pause at . this point for a time to con- 
 sider a circumstance Mhich was of great importance 
 to the regiment, — the question of general officers 
 of the ordnance branch being eligible to the general 
 staff of the army. In the arrangements for remodel- 
 ling the army in 1796, no doubt existed on the 
 point. In the Minutes of Council, 5th June, 1797, 
 it was directed that the artillery regimental com- 
 mand was to be held by the senior officer present, 
 " not being a general officer," and several artillery 
 general officers had been employed on the general 
 staff; such was the state of the case up to 1814, 
 when the Court of Directors thought proper to 
 annul the existing orders, for reasons which may be 
 briefly thus stated : — 
 
 1st. That the services of the artillery and engi- 
 neer generals are required by the state in their own 
 departments. 
 
 2nd. That the practice, though not the theory 
 (so to sj)eak), of His Majesty's service excludes
 
 CLAIMS TO GENERAL fSTAKI' K.Ml'LcjV. 'AA'.] 
 
 oiMlnaiice generals troiii any employment «»ii the 
 8tatr.* 
 
 To the first, it might l)e replied, that even sujt- 
 posing one artillery and one engineer general are 
 wanted at the heads of the c-or])s. it is no reason 
 why the others sjioidd not l)e employed on tli<' 
 geneml staff during the period they are not reijuireil 
 with their own. That till now a general officer 
 was never allowed to serve in this position; and if 
 while debarred from the general staff and holdin"» 
 the regimental command on the regimental allow- 
 ances, Ills position would be a very unfavourable one, 
 as contrasted with that of a general officer of cavalrv 
 or infjuitry. 
 
 To the second we would say, that if true, some 
 compensation would be found to the Royal ( )rdii:uice 
 general officers in the numerous regimeutal su|ieii- 
 orities they enjoy in l'^ur<»pe over regiments of the 
 line ; such as risin^jf reii:imentallv to colonelcies, the 
 greater proportion of fiidd officers, higluT pa\, the 
 use of a horse, superior regimental rank, ordnance 
 staff offices, and nianv other points w iiicli it would 
 
 * The stibjpct is fiillv •,'0110 into in " C'ttiisi«li»nitioii.s on Ix'- 
 lialf of till" Oftlcers of tlit< Iinliuii Artillery ami Kii^'iiiwr Corps," 
 liy I,i<'uton:iiii-C'oloiu'l Jaiiu's ^'oml^^ of t\w jirtilli-ry. Pul»- 
 li.-lir<l ill ink;.
 
 344 ARTILLERY MEMORIAL. 
 
 require more space tluiii we can atlbnl to go fully 
 into ; but, in reality. Royal Ordnance officers were 
 not excluded, and at the time of publication of the 
 order there were twelve or fifteen of them employed 
 on the home and foreign staff of the army. 
 
 Feeling that their prospects were much blighted 
 by being thus debarred from those honourable and 
 lucrative commands to which every officer hopes 
 (though few live) to succeed, the officers of the 
 ordnance corps in Bengal (and also in Madras and 
 Bombay) memorialized the Court of Directors, 
 praying for a revision of the orders in question, and 
 their reply was published in August, 1817. The 
 Court did not enter into the question ; they refused 
 the ])oint at issue, but directed that general officers 
 of artillery and engineers in command of their regi- 
 ments should be placed on a similar footing as to 
 allowances with other general officers serving on 
 the army staff. But although at this time the 
 representations of the ordnance officers had no 
 effect, there is little doubt that they were subse- 
 quently reconsidered and their justice admitted, 
 for in the general remodelling of the military system 
 in l!^24, " an additional general officer on the 
 Honourable Company's establishment was authorized
 
 NATivK moksj: aktillkry. 345 
 
 for the staft* of eiicli pR'sidency, and the generals 
 of artillery and engineers were rendered eligible to 
 the staff, the connnand of th()S(^ corps devolving on 
 the senior colonels or licld-oflicers.'" 
 
 The comparative cfliciciicy of guns collected into 
 batteries kej)t in order .'iml directed by officers of the 
 artillery, and of the same scattered as battalions ;in<l 
 galloper-guns, had been proved so strongly in favour 
 of the former, that the Government now resolved 
 on following up the |»r;u'tice of T^uropenn jiowcrs. 
 The gallopers from six native reginuMits wi-re di- 
 rected to be embodied iuto two troops of native 
 horse artillery at Meerut and Cawn])oor, and placed 
 imder the eonnuaiid of Captains G. Gowau and Twiggs 
 in Julv, and those of the two remaining reiriments 
 were some months later withdrawn aiul forme(| into 
 a third trooj) at Nagjioor uuder Lieutenant (leorgc 
 lilake, and subsequently Ca])tain Kodber. The horses 
 and troopers accompanied the i^tm^ ; and as the best 
 horses had generallv been given to the galloper- 
 gnns, these tro<»|»s were exceedinglv well provideil 
 with draught-cattle. Vm- oflicers the toot-artillerv 
 was again indeiiteil on. but thi^ time not withotit 
 an augmentation, tor. "adverting to the nunduM- <d 
 ollicei*s withdrawn iVoni the fodt t<» the hor>«e artil-
 
 346 THE REGIMENT STRENGTHENED. 
 
 lery, and to tlie total inadequacy of the number of 
 officers Miiicli would remain Mith the battalions of 
 foot artillery, and for the numerous and important 
 duties required of them, the Governor-General 
 was pleased to determine that the officers actually 
 attached to the horse artillery should be struck off 
 the strength of the foot artillery, and the vacancies 
 supplied by promotion;" and accordingly one major 
 and six captains were now (25th October) added to 
 the corps. 
 
 Before adverting to the campaigns which the 
 Marquis of Hastings's grand combinations against 
 the Pindarees caused, we will notice the additions 
 made to the regiment previous to its reorgan- 
 ization in October, 1818, and detail its strength 
 when that change had taken place, and then suc- 
 cinctly refer to those well-planned operations which 
 with very little bloodshed rooted out the Pindarees, 
 and humbled the Mahratta poAver. 
 
 In continuation of the system of collecting guns 
 in batteries, an experimental horse field-battery was 
 formed in November, and placed under Captain 
 Battine with the 6th company 3rd battalion. Tlie 
 battery consisted of eight guns and eight waggons 
 (two 12-pounders, two 5,^-inch howitzers, and four
 
 CONSTITUTION OF THE KEGIMKNT. 347 
 
 G-poiindcrs), and ninety-six horses were allowe<l to 
 drag it; these horses wcvc led hy " Syce dri vers," 
 a class of syces j)lrir('(l on tlif snmc footing as lascars 
 M'ith respect to jviy, clothing, and jx-nsion. 
 
 The rocket-troop was modified us to the numhers 
 of its men an<l cattle, hut camels were still con- 
 tinued with it, nor was it till 1S*J2 that they were 
 sui)erseded by horses, and two additional companies 
 of independent golundaz were raised for the T^-lands 
 and 13engal. Colonel Sherwood wais appointed 
 acting conmiandant during Major-General Ilard- 
 wicke's absence on sick leave. 
 
 The regiment now was composed of the horse 
 artillery, consisting of seven troops, including the 
 rocket-troop ; three European battalions of seven 
 coinj)anies each, twelve regular and >i\- irregular 
 com])anies of golundaz, forty-five lascar and twenty- 
 six driver-comj)anies. The new organization fli- 
 rected it to consist of seven trooji^ of liorse artillery, 
 three European l)atta!ions, of eight companies each, 
 one native battalion of fifteen companies, with a 
 company of lascars atta('lic(l tu cacli cuniiianv . 
 Ilnroiican or native (V>U). and M'vontcen hnliock and 
 two horse firld-hatteries, <'acli of I'iglit pieces, with 
 a "Irivcr companN tn racli.
 
 348 
 
 ORGANIZATION OF THE REGIMENT. 
 
 The officers were allotted to the different portions 
 of the regiment in the following proportion : — 
 
 Horse Artillery. 
 
 :< European 
 Battalions. 
 
 Native 
 Battalion. 
 
 Total. 
 
 1 Colonel 
 
 3 
 
 6 
 
 6 
 
 24 
 
 48 
 48 
 
 1 
 
 13 
 4 
 4 
 
 4 
 
 2 Lieutenant-Colonels ... 
 2 Major.s 
 
 8 
 
 9 
 
 7 Captains 
 
 44 
 
 28 1st Lieutenants 
 
 80 
 
 — 2nd Lieutenants 
 
 52 
 
 
 
 The rank of 2nd captain was abolished, and that 
 of 2nd lieutenant substituted for lieutenant-fire- 
 worker; serangs of gun-lascars were made jemadars; 
 serang-major, soobahdar; 1st and 2nd tindals, havil- 
 dars and naiks ; gunners were styled bombardiers, 
 and matrosses, gunners. 
 
 European Troop or Company. 
 
 Native Troop or Company. 
 
 10 
 
 ■c 
 
 
 \ex 
 
 05 iO ^^ 
 
 2 i80 1 2 
 
 24 
 
 S 
 
 214) 
 
 £? • 
 
 6-6- 
 
 90 
 
 24 
 
 85 
 
 6 5 10 2 8012 2 70 
 
 1 2 882 - - 100 
 
 12 2 70 
 
 The whole regiment consisted of
 
 ORfJANIZATION OF THE REGIMKNT. 
 
 349 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 >• 
 
 H 
 g 
 
 m 
 m 
 
 5 
 a 
 
 -uaA)ja 
 
 l-H 
 
 CO 
 
 l-H 
 
 o 
 -»• 
 
 CO 
 
 •sj«pjlS 
 
 CO 
 
 i-< 
 
 •< 
 u 
 
 CB 
 
 •BJJBAJJd 
 
 o 
 
 CO 
 1 ~ 
 
 CO 
 (M 
 
 CO 
 
 ■uaog^o paiiois8|urai03-uoK 
 
 CD 
 
 ci 
 
 •ux>wO OAp«M 
 
 CO 
 
 Ci 
 
 
 •BjaiSnH 
 
 o 
 
 CO 
 
 0^ 
 
 CO 
 
 ■BajBAJJd 
 
 © 
 o 
 
 CO 
 CO 
 
 l-H 
 
 -uaomo poaois8iaiuiCK>-uoK 
 
 
 
 ■JU*»S pauojss^uiinoa-uou 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 ■iuaowo OApa.v 
 
 ■T 
 ■^ 
 
 C5 
 CO 
 
 M 
 
 O 
 « 
 b 
 M 
 
 uaiStid 
 
 
 CO 
 
 ■■iaonno pwi «JD|px«qaiog 
 
 o 
 
 CO 
 
 cs 
 
 CO 
 
 ■UMUo pauoiwioimoa-uoM 
 
 CO 
 
 Ci 
 
 'iWS poiiotssuiiiiioo-tioj; 
 
 1 
 
 ^ 
 
 u 
 
 < 
 
 H 
 
 o 
 
 X 
 
 li 
 > 
 
 < 
 
 •BXBOSO'I 
 
 X, 
 
 1 
 
 ■uaovuo |Miio!88|unuto-iiox 
 
 (N 
 
 1 
 
 •Kj.->jo<lunux 
 
 00 
 
 IM 
 
 'tjodooix 
 
 o 
 
 CO 
 
 'kiMtBO paiiopis|unuoo-uojj 
 
 CO 
 CO 
 
 CO 
 
 sr 
 
 M 
 •• 
 O 
 M 
 3 
 M 
 
 ■Hjoomo aAfjBjj 
 
 CO 
 
 CO 
 
 -HjaiJdunu,!, 
 'W9pp-t{ano>| '8JJUJV.4 
 
 o 
 
 (N 
 
 CO 
 
 321 13 
 
 ■uannno ptra uofpiVqiuoH 
 
 'UOJfUO po(IO(VSfUllUOO-IIUJl{ 
 
 MS 
 
 CD 
 
 ^J^*^^S p>>(U)!ininuiui>j-ii(i>4 
 
 
 »- 
 
 
 
 •iOirau.>jii.>ri 1111,-. 
 
 00 
 
 t^ 
 
 ■Rlimajnjri }<i 
 
 -tut«)d«.') 
 
 
 ^ 
 ■♦ 
 
 •wof*K 
 
 A 
 
 A 
 
 'fisooto.-) -iii«t»in«n 
 
 » 
 
 00 
 
 ■vpooinj 
 
 ^ 
 
 ^
 
 350 THE PINDAREES. 
 
 Formino- a total of 8,094, including lascars, and ex- 
 cluding drivers. 
 
 The infantry of the army at this period amounted 
 to about 64,000 men, or nearly in the proportion of 
 eight infantry to one artilleryman, bringing the 
 relative numbers of the two branches pretty much 
 to what they were in 1796, at which time the in- 
 fantry were 7J to one artilleryman. 
 
 In a preceding page we have alluded to the 
 operations of the Governor-General for the purpose 
 of rooting out the Pindaree hordes by whom Central 
 India was overrun, and the Company's provinces 
 yearly threatened, and in some instances plundered. 
 Their numbers may have reached some 20,000 
 horse, undisciplined, and prepared to run rather 
 than figlit, and were scattered about in small durras 
 or bands, so that no large bodies of troops would 
 have been necessary to overcome them had it not 
 been for the tacit protection afforded these free- 
 booters by the Mahratta powers, and whose attitude 
 was such, that preparations were forced to be made 
 on a scale sufficient to meet their armies, and this 
 called a far larger portion of the armies of India 
 into the field than would otherwise have been 
 required.
 
 OPERATIONS AGAINST THEM. 351 
 
 The Bengal divisions took tlie lit'ltl about No- 
 vember, 1817. The masterly j)osition takon iiji l»y 
 Lord Hastinp^, Mitli the centre division f»f" tlic ^n-aiid 
 armv tliroateninn' Sciiidcab's cajtital, lii^ j)ark and 
 nia<;azines, in rase lie vcntnred to move tVoni 
 Gwalior to join the Maiiratta confederacy, com- 
 pletely paralyzed him ; bnt the Peshwah and 
 Nagpoor rajah being unawed by any snfficient body 
 of troo])s at hand, attacked the residents at their 
 courts, and it was only by the heroic exertions of 
 the small escorts, and whicli liave inmiortalized tin* 
 names of l\>onah and Seetabnldee, that the posts 
 were made good till reinforcements could arrive. 
 
 Many portions of the regiment were em])loyed 
 with the five divisions of 15engal troops, and in 
 o]>erations extending over so great a sjjace, nuist 
 necessarily have undergone much severe niarcliing: 
 bnt as the actual service was ])ai'tial. and ^^t• do not 
 pretend to enter into a detailed account of" tlie whole 
 campaigns, we shall onlv reler to the occasions on 
 which they came in contact with the enemy. 
 
 We have already mentioned tiiat the galloper- 
 guns of the cavalry regiments were incorpomted 
 into troops of horse .•irtilleiy ; tlu« gallo]>ers of two 
 regiments emj>loved on tlie Nerbudda were furnicd
 
 352 MAHIDPOOR. 
 
 into a troop under Lieuteiuint G. Blake, and, with 
 a squadron of native cavalry, detached by Colonel 
 Adams to Nagpoor on the first news of the ex- 
 pected attack on the residency, to share in the noble 
 defence of Seetabuldee ; they arrived too late, but 
 they joined Brigadier Doveton's force on the 16tli 
 December, and were employed in the action fought 
 against the Arabs, who formed the chief strength 
 of the Nagpoor army. 
 
 In the battle of Mahidpoor, fought by Sir T. 
 Hyslop's army on the 21st December against Hol- 
 kar and the Peshwah's forces, one Bengal Artillery 
 officer was present — Lieutenant Sotheby, command- 
 ing the golundaz company of the Russell brigade. 
 
 Major-General Brown was detached with a co- 
 lumn from the grand army against Jawud, and on 
 the 20th January, 1818, attacked the troops of 
 Holkar, drawn up under the walls, and drove 
 them into the fort by a charge of cavalry, supported 
 bv a fire of shrapnell from tMO guns of the 2nd 
 troop horse artillery under Lieutenant Mathison,* 
 
 * During the most severe part of this affair, a circumstance 
 occurred truly creditable to the character of this officer, and 
 fully substantiated by the testimony of an eye-witness. An Eu- 
 ropean horse artilleryman fell deadly wounded, and on his com- 
 rades attempting to carry him to tlio rear, lie entreated them to
 
 LIEUTENANT MATIIISON. 353 
 
 silencing the enemy's guns, Tliis success was fol- 
 lowed up by an immediate attack ; the guns of 
 Captain Biggs's native troop were drawn up on the 
 riifht and left to destroy the defences of thi- entrance, 
 while a 12-])0under, under Mathison, was dragged 
 up by the European artilleiv and pioneers to l»low 
 open the gate, and wliich was not eii'ected until 
 the third round, during which time the }>arty weri' 
 exposed to a heavy and galling fire. 
 
 In the field orders issued on this occasion, " the 
 major-general desired to express his particular satis- 
 faction at the manner in whicli the artillery under 
 Captain Biggs and Lieutenant Mathison was served, 
 and at the soldier-like manner in wliich Lieutenant 
 Mathison took up his l:2-pounder to force open the 
 gate." 
 
 Lieutenant-Colonel Pennington, in writing to 
 Lieutenant Mathison on this occasion, said, " Accept 
 my best thanks fur the great credit you brought 
 the horse artillery by tlie ability and gallantry you 
 disjdayed in the attack on Jeswunt Kao lUiao and 
 
 desist, ndiling, " I know I imiht die, and I oidy wi»li t<> ^llake 
 Licuteuant Mathison hy tlio liand lu-forc 1 dii>." His wish 
 M'as ininiodiatcly gratified, and he expired uttering " CJod 
 bless you." 
 
 •J A
 
 854 SEONEE. 
 
 his town, and my cordial congratulations on your 
 personal safety." 
 
 The next action we have occasion to notice was 
 that of Lieutenant-Colonel Adams at Sconce on the 
 lC-17th April, in Avhieh Captain Rodber's troop 
 (who had been appointed to the troop lately en- 
 gaged at Nagpoor under Lieutenant Blake) did 
 good service. 
 
 The Peshwah's army flying from Brigadier Dove- 
 ton's division, was intercepted by Lieutenant-Colonel 
 Adams, who immediately attacked with the cavalry 
 and horse artillery, driving the enemy from position 
 to position.* " Great praise," says Colonel Blacker, 
 " has been given to the horse artillery on this oc- 
 casion, and, from a comparison of several accounts 
 of this affair, whatever loss was sustained by the 
 enemy is chiefly attributable to their fire. The 
 ground was unfavourable for cavalry, yet the guns, 
 by admirable exertion, were advanced and the 
 
 * The artillery were in front, and the first gun that opened 
 was a Madras horse-artillery gun under Lieutenant Pluntcr, 
 which killed the enemy's bcenec-wala, or quarter-master-gene- 
 ral, upon which they took to flight. One of Captain Hunter's 
 two guns sticking on the stump of a tree, Lieutenant Crawford 
 moved on with the otlior, accompanying Captain Rodber's 
 guns. 
 
 I
 
 MARCH OF JtODIlKU's TkOOT. '.17)') 
 
 cavalry may be said to luive only covered tliciii."* 
 It must be borne in mind, too, that tliese exertions 
 wen' ]ireceded by a maicli i>\' niiparalleled lenf^th. 
 Captain Rodber was sent from Nagpoor to join 
 Coloni'l Adams's force, and in a letter written many 
 years afterwards, he says, " I could not have gone 
 less than ninety miles. At 1 a.m., on tlic Kith 
 April, I commenced my mairh (after going the 
 previous day eighteen miles over an execmble road, 
 large loose stones and hills) to join Colonel Adams 
 at llingun ghat; on the road I received a letter, 
 informinjr me that Colonel Adams had marche<l 
 and encamj)ed at Alundaboo; this infonnation 
 obliged me to retrace my road for some distance; 
 I reached the colonel's camp between '2 and '.] v.m. 
 (I am (juite j)ositive to tlic time exactly) ; 1 coiiM 
 not have gone less than lifty-six niili's, as I jiu-«1i(m1 
 on. At 8 P.M., same dav, I iiiouiitL'd airain, and 
 moved with tin- dclachnicut in innMiit of the \\-^\i- 
 wah, an<l was not di-iiiisscd till between 1*J an<l 1 
 next dav. About six of the hist niik^s were over a 
 
 * Lieutenant Cmwf<»r(l .sayn, " Aft<r si five-niilo pillop wo 
 pulled up, having no troops nnir Imt iiIkhu SO of the 5tli c.ivaln', 
 and so dead l>cftt were we all with the loii;; ntareh and piUop, 
 that the Pct<hwah and thow with him, Wini; fre.^h, j:ot ofl'eaeily. 
 
 2 A 2
 
 356 . CAPTAIN RODBER. 
 
 succession of wooded heights covered with large 
 loose stones, and hollows deep and wide enough 
 to hide both gun and horses in. From what we 
 see of roads in any part of India I have visited, 
 no notion can be formed of the ways here ; in a 
 march sometimes you have to cross seven or eight 
 nullahs with swampy bottoms and difficult ap- 
 proaches." 
 
 In the same letter Captain Rodber, speaking of 
 this service, says, " I dined with Jenkins (at Nag- 
 poor) the night before I marched, and late some of 
 his hurkarus came in and reported that the Pesh- 
 wah's army had got round Colonel Adams, and was 
 in full march on Nagpoor, said to have eighty guns, 
 and 10,000 Arabs, and a number of horse. It was not 
 for me to say a word about my little party marching 
 into the very jaws of this host, but I thought it 
 very inconsiderate allowing me to move. I remem- 
 ber one morning, when quite dark, a trooper from 
 the advance guard coming into the line, and de- 
 claring he heard the noise of horses' feet, and when 
 I had satisfied myself of the fact, I put all in the 
 most defensible position, firmly believing it was 
 the van of the Peshwah's army ; it proved, however, 
 a large body of the Nizam's horse, sent to me by
 
 DIIAMONEY TAKEN. 357 
 
 the colonel ; I do not know that I ever felt greater 
 relief." 
 
 Major-General Marshall's division occupied 
 Sagur in March, 1818, and a portion of the force 
 moved out against Dhamoney, a small fortress about 
 thirty miles distant, at the head of a ravine or valley 
 leading to the Dussan river, the neighbouring 
 country being very rugged and broken. The de- 
 tachment took possession of the town on the 20tli 
 March, and by the 24th had raised batteries against 
 the fort, in which two 24-pounders, four 18-pound- 
 ers, one 12-pounder, and two 5j^-inch howitzers, 
 w^ere placed ; a mortar-battery also was completed 
 to the rear. These opened on the 24th March, and 
 after six hours' firing the killidar surrendered. 
 The 4th company 2nd battalion artillery was em- 
 ployed in this service, — Captain Hetzler, Captain 
 Lindsay, Captain-Lieutenant Coulthard, Lieutenants 
 Carne, W. Bell, Lieutenant-Fireworkers Saunders, 
 Crommelin, and Patch. 
 
 This force then marched, rid Dumoli, to Jub- 
 bulpoor, and proceeded against " Mundlah,"' on 
 the Nerbudda, and by the 25th, batteries had 
 been formed for tliirty-two j)ieces of artillery; 
 they were imnu'diatelv armed, and l)v the next
 
 358 SIEGE OF CHANDAH. 
 
 (lay a breach was open, which was successfully 
 stormed. 
 
 The artillery operations were directed by Captain 
 Hetzler. The following officers were present: — 
 Captain Lindsay, Lieutenants Dickson, Carne, Saun- 
 ders, Patch, D'Oyley, Kirby, and Crommelin. 
 
 Lieutenant-Colonel Adams's division was em- 
 ployed against the fortress of Chandah in May, 
 1818. Both Bengal and Madras artillery were 
 with him ; of the former, the three native troops of 
 horse artillery, under Captain Rodber, Lieutenant 
 Twemlow, the 5th company 2nd battalion, Captain 
 MacDowell, Lieutenant Craw^ford, acting field-engi- 
 neer. Lieutenant Walcott, commissary of ordnance. 
 
 On the 9tli May the force arrived, and on recon- 
 noitring, it was found to be nearly six miles in 
 circumference, and mounting eighty guns ; the ord- 
 nance available for the attack consisted of three 
 18-pounders, four brass 12-pounders, six howitzers, 
 and twelve 6-pounders. On the night of the 13th, 
 a battery was raised on an eminence to the south of 
 the fort, from which four pieces of ordnance, to 
 divert the enemy's attention, played on the town 
 with shells and hot shot, w^hile materials were being 
 collected, and a thorough reconnoissance made. The 
 
 Jf
 
 CHANDAH TAKEN. 359 
 
 south-east angle was finally deterniincMl on lor the 
 hreach. On the 17t]i, the four 12-|)ounders were 
 placed in battery to destroy the flanking defences, as 
 well as the howitzers and tliree G-pounders. During 
 the night of the 18tli, tlic three 18-pounders were 
 placed in a breaching battery within 250 yards of the 
 place, and opened their fire on the 19th. By 4 p.m., 
 the breach was practicable ; the assault was, however, 
 delayed till the following morning, but a fire was 
 kept up at intervals during the night to prevent the 
 enemy retrenching the Ijreach, which they at- 
 temj)ted. In the morning the assault took ])lace ; 
 the storming party was accompanied by a detail 
 of artillerymen with sj)ikes and sponges for s])iking 
 or turning the enemy's guns. The storming party 
 were completely successful, and obtained possession 
 of the town and fort after overcoming a very serious 
 resistance. 
 
 In noticing this action, the (Jeneral Order savs: 
 "The rapid demolition of the om-niy's (U'tciuH's, 
 and the sjieed with wjiicli a breach was etl'ected, 
 would sufliciently testify the service of * * * 
 Lieutenant Crawford, Bengal Artillery, acting a.s 
 engineer, in indicating the positions for tin' bat- 
 teries, e\eii had not Lieuleuant-Colonel Adani!>
 
 360 DISASTER IN BATTERY. 
 
 professed liis obligations to those officers so 
 warmly." 
 
 " Captain Rodber, Captain MacDowcll, * * and 
 Lieutenant Walcott, seem to have highly deserved 
 the praise their commander bestows upon them. 
 Indeed, the efforts of all the officers and men of the 
 artillery appear to have been highly laudable." 
 
 The Sagur troops under Brigadier-General 
 Watson, in October, 1818, again took the field 
 against Urjun Sing, Rajah of Gunakota, who refused 
 to give up his fort, agreeably to treaty. It was 
 situated about thirty miles from Sagur, on the banks 
 of the Sonar, at a point where a small nullah ran 
 into it, so that the river and nullah formed ditches 
 on two sides, while the third, in which was the gate- 
 way, had a Avell-formed artificial ditch ; but it was 
 not a place of any strength. On the 23rd October, 
 a battery of fourteen mortars and four howitzers 
 was formed on the opposite bank of the Sonar, near 
 the city of Hardynugger, and opened its fire on the 
 fort. An accident occurred next day in the battery, 
 which caused several casualties. The shells for ex- 
 penditure had been placed in the rear of the mortars 
 covered by paulins, and by some mischance* a 
 * The explosion of a shell we believe.
 
 SATUNWAREE. 3G1 
 
 spark got among and ignited them, upwards of one 
 hundred blowing up. On the 2Gth, a breaching bat- 
 tery was ready, and opened from two 24-pounders, 
 four 18-poundcrs, and two 12-poundcrs, to which 
 two more 24-pounders were added on the 29tb. 
 The battery was 900 yards from tlie wall, but a 
 breach was soon accomplished, and the enemy 
 capitulated without standing an assault. 
 
 The 4tli and Gth companies 2nd battalion artil- 
 lery were present, Mitli Captain Hetzler, Captain- 
 Lieutenant Coulthard, Lieutenants Pew, Saunders, 
 D'Oyley, Patch, Kirby, and Crommelin. 
 
 In June a detachment from the 4th company 
 2nd battalion, with Lieutenants Came and Saunders, 
 were sent with a column against the fort of Satun- 
 waree; a breach was effected by the 18-pounders 
 on the 8th June, and assaulted, but unsuccessfully ; 
 the place, however, was evacuated during the night. 
 
 The unsuccessful assault led to a report tliat the 
 breach had not been sufficiently cleared, and charges 
 were preferred against Lieutenant Came for bad 
 practice of the artillery, for serving out an (\\cess of 
 liquor to tlie nuMi on duty, leading to their intoxi- 
 cation, and for being intoxicated himself. Of the first 
 and third he was acquitted by a general court-martial.
 
 362 SIEGE OF ASSURGHUR. 
 
 and partially of the second ; the fact probably was, 
 that the men, being much exposed and overworked 
 under the burning sun of June, a small quantity of 
 liquor, which in other circumstances would have 
 been taken with perfect impunity, flew to their 
 heads. 
 
 The Nagpoor subsidiary force, under Major- 
 General Doveton, marched against Assurghur to 
 receive charge of it from Scindia's killidar, but the 
 killidar, according to the native custom, pretended 
 to have received no orders, and it therefore became 
 necessary to proceed against it ; all the available 
 trains were sent for, including those from Sagur 
 and Hoshunabad, and when collected, amounted 
 to the number detailed in the margin;* but the 
 siege commenced with those with the force. Many 
 difficulties were experienced in carrying on the 
 approaches up the steep sides of the hills ; an ac- 
 cident, though fortunately attended with but little 
 loss, occurred, by the magazine in rear of the 
 
 * 2 ... 24-pounder guns 4 ... 10-inch mortars 
 
 22 . 
 
 . 18 
 
 do. 
 
 do. 
 
 8 .. 
 
 . 8 do. 
 
 do. 
 
 4 . 
 
 . 12 
 
 do. 
 
 do. 
 
 9 .. 
 
 . 5^ do. 
 
 do. 
 
 3 . 
 
 . 12 
 
 do. 
 
 do. brass 
 
 6 .. 
 
 . 8 do. 
 
 howitzer 
 
 16 . 
 
 . G 
 
 •lo. 
 
 do. 
 
 7 .. 
 
 5^ do. 
 
 do. 
 
 14 . 
 
 . — 
 
 do. 
 
 do. gallopers 
 
 4 .. 
 
 4fdo. 
 
 do.
 
 INTERNAL CHANGES. 363 
 
 breaching batteiy, containing 130 barrels of powder, 
 exploding on the 21st March. Towards the end of 
 the month, half of the 5th comj)any 2nd battalion 
 under Lieutenant Debrett arrived with the Hoshu- 
 nabad train, and on the 31st, the Sagur force, with 
 the 4th and Gth companies 2nd battalion and '22 
 heavy guns ; from this time the siege was i)resNcd 
 ■with vigour, and on the 9th April the garrison sur- 
 rendered, having made a very stout resistance. 
 Lieutenant-Colonel Crossdill, of the Madras Artil- 
 lery, commanded the artillery. Captains Coulthard 
 and Pew, Lieutenants Debrett and Counsell, appear 
 to have been present at this siege ; the latter oflieer 
 was slightly wounded. 
 
 Having thus brought our history to the close of 
 the Pindaree war and its consequent servici", we 
 may notice such internal changes as were going on 
 in the regiment and ordnance dej)artnient generally, 
 following their chronological occurrence until lieid 
 service shall again call for our attention. 
 
 Originally the gun-carriages were constructed ])y 
 a contractor in Fort William, under the inspection 
 of the commissary of stores; in 18(M), the system 
 Mas altered, and an agency for this purpose was 
 formed with a superintendent on a stall' salary of
 
 364 THE ORDNANCE COMMISSARIAT. 
 
 Rs. 1,200 per mensem and his military pay and 
 allowances. The agency was established at Cossi- 
 poor, and connected with it was another for the 
 supply of seasoned timber. In 1814, a second 
 agency was found necessary to meet the wants of 
 the department, now scattered over a very extended 
 space, and established at Allahabad, under Major 
 Clement Brown. In 1817, it was transferred to 
 Futteygurh ; this agency was dependent on a lialf- 
 wi'ought materiel yard at Cawnpoor. The Honour- 
 able Company's timber-yards at Cossipoor and 
 Cawnpoor were annexed to the gun-carriage 
 agencies in 1823 and 1825 respectively, and in the 
 year 1829, the Cossipoor agency was incorporated 
 with that at Futteygurh. 
 
 In May, 1818, the ordnance commissariat officers 
 were organized into a department upon the prin- 
 ciples which had governed the previous formation 
 of an army commissariat department ; it was made 
 one generally of seniority, and a provision was made 
 for a certain number of warrant officers in the grade 
 of deputy commissary, as well for two other ranks 
 above that of conductor. 
 
 To carry out the reorganization of the regiment, 
 adverted to in a former page, in November, the 8th
 
 FURTHER CHANGES. 365 
 
 company to each European battalion was added ; a 
 draught of 100 men from the European regiment was 
 taken for this purpose. Two companies of golundaz 
 (11th and 12th*) and five companies (41st to 45th*) 
 of gun lascars were reduced. The driver companies 
 were reduced to nineteen, two for the horse, and 
 seventeen for the bullock batteries ; nine were re- 
 duced (2nd, 3rd, 4th, 5th, 6th, 7th, 9th, 10th, and 
 12th), and transferred to the commissariat; each 
 company was fixed at four sirdars and eighty-six 
 drivers, and the batteries consisted of eight pieces. 
 The lascar companies were strengthened by the 
 addition of one havildar and fourteen privates to 
 each company, with European battalions, and by 
 one havildar with the companies attached to the 
 4th battalion. 
 
 The field-train establishments, wliicli in Lsojj 
 were placed entirely under the control and care of 
 commanding officers of artillery at Agra and Cawii- 
 poor, were now transferred to the magazines, and 
 kept in order by the commissaries under the general 
 control of the commanding ofticer of artillery. 
 
 * The 6th independent company of golundaz, and 40th roni- 
 panyof gun lascars were re<luccd on their return from Ceylon in 
 March, IS HI.
 
 366 FURTHER CHANGES 
 
 The horse field-batteries were increased to three, 
 and considered part of the permanent establisliment, 
 making the number, fourteen bullock and three 
 horse batteries. Another bullock-battery was shortly- 
 added, on Mhow becoming a Bengal station. 
 
 The Governor-General, adverting to the im- 
 portant, responsible, and laborious duty which the 
 recent signal alterations in the constitution of the 
 artillery have imposed on the commandant, and 
 considering the staff salary at present allowed to 
 him, when not a general officer, to bear no propor- 
 tion to the extent and variety of his command, was 
 pleased to sanction a personal allowance, in addition, 
 of Rs. 500 per mensem ; and also, on the same 
 principle, the commanding officer of artillery in the 
 field was allowed to draw 600, and all field com- 
 manding divisions, 300. The major of brigade was 
 raised to an assistant adjutant-general of the regi- 
 ment, and a brigade-major permanently sanctioned 
 in the field. 
 
 A model department was formed at Dum-Dum 
 under Captain Parlby, and the establishment for 
 bouching guns and preparing tangent-scales was 
 attached to it. In this department a very valuable 
 collection of models was made up, and which, on 
 
 i
 
 SELECT COMMITTEE ESTABLISHED. 3G7 
 
 the breaking up of the establishment in 1829, wore 
 transferred to the expense magazine, and thence to 
 the regimental mess in 1839, the regiment having 
 added a room for their reception. 
 
 A permanent select committee was formed, 
 consisting of certain regimental and staff officers of 
 artillery, at Dum-Dum and in the neighbourhood, 
 to whom every question involving change in the 
 materiel equipment of the department was to be 
 submitted in the first instance, and their opinion 
 was to be forwarded to assist Government in cominir 
 to a decision, and they were soon fully occuj)ied 
 with the important questions of windage, brass 
 ordnance, and patterns of light field-carriages. 
 
 In August the lascars of the regiment were very 
 much reduced ; the use of drag-ropes as a means of 
 moving guns, except for trifling distances, or out of 
 a difficulty, was given up, and with that, the neces- 
 sity of such strong bodies of lascars with artillery 
 companies ceased. They were reduced to a detail 
 of one havildar, two naiks, and twenty-four privates, 
 to each troop and European company, and taken 
 away entirely from the native battalions; the men 
 thus struck off from the reofiment were formed into 
 sixteen companies of store lascars. each consisting
 
 368 GOLUNDAZ INCREASED. 
 
 of one subalular, one jemadar, four liavildars, four 
 naiks, and eighty privates, and were post'ed to the dif- 
 ferent magazines. But this arrangement was not 
 found to answer, and the lasear companies were, on 
 the Mar breaking out in 1824, increased to forty 
 privates, partly, perhaps, from the insufficiency of 
 Europeans to keep the companies up to their pro- 
 per strength. 
 
 An interpreter was allowed to the regiment at 
 head quarters, and attached to the golundaz com- 
 panies at Dum-Dum. 
 
 Lieutenant-Colonel A. MacLeod was appointed 
 commandant on Major-General Hardwicke's sailing 
 for Europe in December, and with Colonel MacLeod 
 the command of the artillery in the field ceased ; 
 the brigade-majorsliip was also abolished, and 
 Captain Tennant, who held it, was appointed assist- 
 ant secretary to the Military Board. 
 
 In February five companies were added to the 
 golundaz battalion, raising its number to twenty 
 companies, to meet the exigency of the war with 
 Ava. In June, to meet the deficiency of Euro- 
 peans, three additional com])anies of lascars of 
 eighty-four men each were raised ; four privates 
 were added to each golundaz company, and the
 
 REORCJANIZATION OF TIIK INPIAN ARMY. 309 
 
 lascar comj)anics iiicrcusccl, as above iiientioiiLMl, to 
 forty meu each, those who had been tninsferred to 
 the store lascars being taken back a;rain. 
 
 In May, a fundamental change took j)hice in the 
 Indian army ; the battalions were formed into regi- 
 ments, and the ofiicers of all branches of the service 
 were placed on the same footing as to the chances 
 of promotion, by the regiments being of e(|ual 
 strength in this particular. This new organization 
 caused a considerable degree of promotion through- 
 out the army, and in this the artillery shared. The 
 officers of the regiment continued, as })reviously, to 
 rise in one general gradation-list, and the regiment 
 was to be com]»oscd of 
 
 3 briga<les of horse artillery, each cou.sisting of < . •», .' 
 
 .') battalions of European ) 
 
 foot artillery / " " 4compan.es. 
 
 1 battalion of Native ) ,^ 
 
 , » ..,, > „ ,. -'0 companies, 
 
 foot nrtulery ( ' 
 
 The rocket-troop was to form <»ne of the troops 
 of a brigade. 
 
 Lascar details were attached to tlie tronjK, and a 
 company to each Kurop(>aii company, and a driver 
 company to each litld-battery. 
 
 These changes, however, W(M'e not even nominally 
 carried into efl'ect until the middb' of t lie next year, 
 
 *J n
 
 370 THE BURMESE WAR. 
 
 owing to tlie scattered state of the regiment, the 
 occupation the Burmese war gave, and the difficulty 
 in obtaining a sufficient supply of European recruits 
 to meet the demand. In reality, some of the troops 
 of horse artillery were not formed until the end of 
 1826; we therefore shall not in this place give a 
 tabular statement of the strength of the regiment, 
 but reserve it until we arrive at the year 1826, 
 when a reorganization of the native battalion made 
 another change, and the state of the regiment, be- 
 fore and after its alteration, will then be seen at one 
 glance. 
 
 The aggression of the Burmese on our frontiers, 
 and the contempt with which they treated all re- 
 monstrances, forced the Indian Government reluc- 
 tantly to declare war in 1824. Unfortunately, little 
 was known of the country, and a most injudicious 
 plan of operations was drawn out, which, by seizing 
 Rangoon and the numerous native craft the mari- 
 time capital was expected to furnish, embarking the 
 troops in them, and sailing up the Irawaddy in the 
 rainy season, and threatening Amerapoora, was to 
 terminate the war in one campaign. With this 
 intention the expedition sailed in April, and was 
 joined by the Madras portion early in May at Port 
 Cornwallis in the Andaman Islands.
 
 OCCUPATION OF RANGOON. 
 
 371 
 
 Two companies of the Bengal Artillery with 
 their lascars accompanied the expedition. 
 
 Major Pollock, Commandant; Lieutenant Laurenson, Adjutant; 
 Lieutenant B. Brown, Deputy Quarter-master General. 
 
 Com- 
 pany. 
 
 Batta- 
 lion. 
 
 
 
 Com- 
 pany. 
 
 Batta- 
 lion. 
 
 Captains. 
 
 Lieutenants. 
 
 7 
 8 
 
 3 
 
 3 
 
 ' 
 
 afterwards 
 
 3 
 4 
 
 
 Tinibrell 
 Biddulph- 
 
 r G. R. Scott, 
 < Rawlinson, 
 [ G.R. McGregor. 
 
 f Coun.sell, 
 
 E. Blake, 
 
 O'llaiilon, 
 [McDonald. 
 
 On the 10th May the fleet reached Rangoon, and, 
 overcoming a very faint resistance by a few broad- 
 sides from the Liffci/, the troops landed and took 
 possession. They found it deserted by its inhabi- 
 tants, and incapable of affording either subsistence 
 or the means of advancing. No choice was left ; 
 nothing could be done till the cold weather, except 
 shelter themselves against the approaching rainy 
 season, to which the Bengal monsoon is but as sum- 
 mer showers in comparison. During this season, the 
 troops suffered much from exposure, from ))ad and 
 insufficient supplies, harassment by the enemy, and 
 continual petty attacks on stockades, so that when 
 
 * •Idi'iinl in DccoinluM-, IS21. 
 
 •J u 2
 
 372 OPERATIONS AT RANGOON. 
 
 the season for operations arrived, it found an army 
 of invalids, instead of one fit to take the fiehl. 
 
 The Burmese recalled their army under Bundoola 
 from Arracan, and it arrived in the vicinity of Ran- 
 goon in November. Rangoon was invested, but, 
 awaiting reinforcements and supplies, Sir Archibald 
 Campbell offered little opposition, contenting himself 
 with strengthening his own position and jDlacingallhis 
 artillery in battery, to bear on the enemy's trenches. 
 Things remained thus till the 5th December, when 
 the guns all opening, the columns moved out under 
 cover of their fire, attacked and overcame the 
 enemy's left ; Bundoola, however, rallied again, and 
 pushed on his attack on the Sheve-da-gon pagoda. 
 On the morning of the 7th the attack was renewed ; 
 every gun that would bear on the enemy was opened, 
 and continued firing till noon, when the infantry 
 moving out, completely routed the enemy. He 
 rallied in a strong position at Kokaing, from which, 
 on the 13th, he was with difficulty dislodged, and in 
 which action the regiment lost a fine young officer. 
 Lieutenant O'Hanlon, who, volunteering with the 
 body-guard, was shot in a gallant charge, made to 
 cover a column hard pressed by the enemy. 
 
 This action cleared the vicinity of Rangoon of
 
 ARTILLERY REINFORCEMENTS. 
 
 
 the enemy, and reinforcements, stores, and mij. plies 
 arriving, health was restored to the army, an<l pre- 
 parations for an advance were strenuously made. 
 Among the reinforcements, were a troop of horse 
 artillery and half the rocket-troop, " corps which 
 excited great hopes, and never disappointed them." 
 
 Troop. 
 
 Brigade. 
 
 Captains. 
 
 Lieutenants. 
 
 Sub. 
 Lieutenant. 
 
 1 
 2 
 
 1 
 2 
 
 Lurasilen . . . 
 Orabani 
 
 f Thompson, 
 - Tinuninir-s, 
 [C. Grant. 
 
 / Paton, ) 
 \ G. Campbell / 
 
 Allen. 
 
 But, leaving the force at this point, let us trace 
 tlie steps of the other divisions, and then return to 
 the Rangoon column, on which the chief exertions 
 of the war fell. 
 
 The small advanced party at Ramoo, unsu])ported 
 by the force at Chittygong, fell an easy jn-ey to 
 Bundoola's force, which gradually closed on and cut 
 it up; a detail of artillery, with two (i-pounders 
 under Lieutenant J. W. Scott, formed part. Lieu- 
 tenant Scott, severely wounded, was placed on an 
 elephant and carried into Cliittygoug, whither tiie 
 few who escaped fled. 
 
 After this revei'se, the force at C'liiitvyonii- was
 
 374 
 
 THE ARRACAN FORCE. 
 
 strengthened and fonned into a division, under 
 Major-General Morrison, for the purpose of driving 
 the Burmese out of Arracan, crossing the Yeniidong 
 mountains and joining the Rangoon force about 
 Prome. With it were two companies of artillery. 
 
 Lieutenant-Colonel Lindsay, Commandant; 
 Lieutenant Kirby, Adjutant. 
 
 Company. 
 
 Battalion. 
 
 Captains. 
 
 Lieutenants. 
 
 3 
 4 
 
 2 
 
 2 
 
 Rawlings 
 
 Plall 
 
 j Lawrence, Penning, Lewin, 
 ( Greene, Dyke. 
 
 j Cardew, Fordyce, Gaitskell, 
 \ Hothara. 
 
 Lieutenant J. W. Scott was attached to the pioneers. 
 This column marched in the cold weather slowly, 
 for it experienced much difficulty both from the 
 wild and swampy country it traversed, and from the 
 breadth of the rivers it had to cross, which, from its 
 route being as near the coast as possible, were com- 
 plete estuaries. Transporting the guns and stores 
 over these deep and rapid streams required no small 
 exertions fi*om the artillery, as also in traversing 
 the swampy delta of the Koladine river, leading to 
 the capital. No opposition was offered until the 
 army reached the Padhna pass, on the 25th March, 
 1 825 ; there the advanced guard was fired upon, 
 and it became necessary to drive the enemy from
 
 KFFECTS OF TIIK TLIMATK. 375 
 
 the liL'i;,''lits. On the llStli, tlic army <l('lH)uclie(] 
 into an open j)lain, un^lcr a linr of hills, covering 
 the town of Arracan. Tlu> foot of these liill< was a 
 swampy thicket, the uj)p('r part ch-an-d IVom jinigle 
 and strengthened l>y a breastwork. Without much 
 reconnoissance, the guns were pushed on into battery 
 under the hills, an<l a general assanlt to(jk place. 
 It was unsuccessful ; such as etiected their wav 
 through the tangled thicket at the toot were driven 
 back by the nuisketry and volleys df stcuies of the 
 defenders. The guns were abandoneil for the time, 
 and withdrawn under cover of the niti^ht. Duriny: 
 the night of the 31st, some troops with two O-poun- 
 ders on elephants a.scende<l the ridge to the right of 
 the enemy's position, moved along the crest at dav- 
 light, and bringing the guns into play, the enemy 
 fled, leaving the city at our mercy. And here tlu- 
 operations of this army may he said to terminate ; 
 disea.se, engendered by the pestilential locality, soon 
 raged most fearfully, and converted the town into 
 a large cemetery. Small dttachments were sent 
 against Ramree ; Lieutenant llotham. with two 
 guns, engaged in the attack, which wa> at first nn- 
 Huccessful ; it was. however. (inalK oecnpieci. a^ was 
 Aeng, a station on tlie jiass leadin;: throngh tiie hills.
 
 37G ARRACAN EVACUATED. 
 
 In the following cold season reinforcements were 
 sent, among' tliem the 4th company 4th battalion, 
 Lieutenants Rutherfurd and Buckle, and it was 
 intended that the force should attempt the passage 
 of the hills, and for that purpose it was partially 
 collected at Amherst Island ; but the difficulties and 
 want of transport were too great, and the idea was 
 abandoned. Arracan was evacuated, 'and the troops 
 located at Ackyab, an island at the mouth of the 
 Koladine and Myoo rivers, Cheduba, Ramree, and 
 Sandoway, and finally withdrawn in 1826. 
 
 That the passage of the hills was possible, there 
 is no doubt ; two regiments from Prome succeeded 
 in the attempt by the Aeng pass, while Lieutenant 
 B. Brow^ne ; Lieutenant Brady, of artillery ; and 
 Captain Trant, deputy quarter-master general, 
 reached Arracan by another, early in 1826. 
 
 In 1823, a squadron of gun-boats was sent to 
 cruise on the Burrampooter, probably with the inten- 
 tion of protecting that frontier from threatened in- 
 cursions of the Burmese. Captain Timbrell, Lieute- 
 nants Bediiigfield and Burton, were with this flotilla. 
 
 On the Sylliet frontier detachments of the 6th 
 battalion were with the army, Captain J. Scott, 
 Captain C. Smith, Lieutenants Brind and Lane,
 
 ADVANCE OF THE RANGOON FORCE. 377 
 
 Lieutenant Turton, adjutant; but this force never 
 came in contact \vitli the enemy. The country 
 proved impassable. 
 
 Lieutenant Huthwaite was with a detail of native 
 artillery employed against Munncypoor, and en<^a«,^ed 
 in the successful attack on the enemy's blockaded 
 position at Daoudputlee. 
 
 Let us now return to the Rangoon army. Such 
 preparations as circumstances admitted of being 
 made, the army advanced on the 11th P^cbruary, 
 1825, in two columns, one by land and one bv 
 water : the main portion of the artillery was with 
 the former ; with the latter, Lieutenant Paton and 
 some of the rocket-troop were placed in the Diana 
 steamer. The inadequacy of the supplies of the 
 land column may be easily imagined when it is 
 stated that it was with the utmost difficulty Captain 
 Lumsden obtained four bullocks for his forge-cart ! — 
 its value, however, was repeatedly acknowledged, 
 and its aid gladly souglit, almost daily, to repair 
 public carriages of every (h'partment. 
 
 To the water column was intrusted the opera- 
 tions of dislodging Bundoola from his strong |)osition 
 at Donabeu, while the hind (.'olunin ])ushed on a<! 
 rapidly as possibh' for tlio (•aj)ital. Tlio eiiciiiy
 
 378 DEATH OF BUNDOOLA. 
 
 were driven from their stockade below Donabeu, 
 but on a])proacliing tliat position, it was found far 
 more formidable than represented. The attack 
 on it proved unsuccessful, and Sir Archibald was 
 forced to retrograde to assist in its capture. On 
 the 1st April, the attack was renewed by land and 
 by water ; from the latter, a brisk cannonade and 
 effectual flights of rockets were poured in, and the 
 batteries on the land side were equally effectual ; 
 the rockets, however, then failed ; the heat and 
 shaking they had been exposed to in the march 
 rendered them nearly or worse than useless. One, 
 however, is claimed as having decided the day, by 
 killing Bundoola. His energy alone kept the 
 enemy together, and after his death they fled from 
 the stockades during the night. The march was 
 resumed, and Prome occupied by the army for the 
 rainy season. Here Lieutenant Thompson died on 
 the 11th May. 
 
 During the rains, Lieutenant Timmings came 
 round to Dum-Dum for his own health, and returned 
 in October, carrying back with him reinforcements 
 in men aitd horses for the artillery; Lieutenants 
 G. Graham, Daniell, Begbie, and Brady also accom- 
 panied liini.
 
 ACTION AT I'UOMK. 379 
 
 The enemy rallied, aiitl towards the middle of 
 October had nearly surrounded Prome with stock- 
 ades. On the 2nd December, Sir Archibald Cani})- 
 bell attacked and defeated them, following- up his 
 success the next day. The horse artilltMV were 
 pushed on in advance throu<^h imilali^ and over 
 rocks, to obtain a i)osition l)earin^'' well on the 
 enemy at Nassadee, and (lurin<r the cannonade an 
 howitzer missing fire twice, Captain Lumsden «li- 
 rected the shell to l)e withdrawn; this was done, but 
 the fuze having ignited, the shell burst, just as it 
 reached the muzzle, killing a lascar, wounding a 
 gunner and Captain Lumsden; but he immediately 
 rallied, and continued, in spite of his wound, direct- 
 ing the operations of his battery. Six guns, manned 
 by the 3rd company 5th battalion, with Lieutenant- 
 Colonel Pollock, Cai)tain IMddulj)li. and Lieutenant 
 Laurenson, were also eno^ag't'd in this snccessttil 
 attack. 
 
 The enemy retired on Melloon, a stockadtMl 
 position on the opposite bank of the riventhcrc al»(»ut 
 500 yards wide. Negotiations comnuMUH'd on their 
 part, and an armistice was concluded, to l:i>l till 
 the 18th .lanuaiy, iS'Jd. 'I'lic ratified treaty not 
 having been leceived. at inidni^lit |)re|iaiat ioiis fur
 
 380 ROCKET PRACTICE. 
 
 the attack commenced ; batteries for the guns were 
 got ready ; boats in waiting for the troops, and at 
 11 A.M., when the fog cleared up, the whole of the 
 guns, mortars, rockets, heavy and light, opened with a 
 salvo. The range was hit at once, and shot, shells, 
 and rockets flew into all parts of the stockades, the 
 interior of which, from their being planted on the 
 side of a rising ground, w^as distinctly visible. The 
 " hurtlinof of this iron shower " continued for about 
 an hour and a half, when the storming columns 
 crossed in the boats of the flotilla, and were soon 
 masters of the place. 
 
 The rocket practice was particularly efficient, 
 scarce a rocket failed ; a strong contrast to the 
 rockets carried by land, which had proved worthless 
 on several occasions : those used at Melloon were 
 brought up with the flotilla, and perhaps never has 
 tliere been an occasion since the invention of the 
 weapon w^here they were more successful, or their 
 effects could be so distinctly seen, as when blazing 
 and roaring, their long trails of smoke marking their 
 course, they plunged into the stockades of Melloon 
 and raked them from side to side in their eccentric 
 courses after grazing. 
 
 The army pressed on, allowing no respite.
 
 FINAL ENGAGEMENT. 381 
 
 " Officers' chargers vrerc put in requisition to drag 
 tlie guns of the invaluable horse brigade ;" horses 
 of the rocket-troop were similarly employed, and 
 their place supplied by Burmali ponies. The horse 
 artillery, body-guard, and II.M.'s 13th light infantry 
 now formed the advance guard, and on the 9th 
 February came up witli the enemy at Pagahen-Meen ; 
 the guns immediately opened, and the enemy were 
 soon broken, but, in pursuing them too rashly, the 
 13tli regiment got entangled in the difficult ground, 
 and the main body coming \\\), in endeavouring to 
 debouch from a defile, got wedged together, artil- 
 lery, rockets, gims, and carriages. Of this confusion 
 and delay the enemy took advantage and rallied, 
 and had thcv not been held in check bv the mllant 
 conduct of the horse artillery, body-guard, and the 
 13th, much mischief might have been done. The 
 confusion was soon remedied, and n complete victory 
 rewarded the troops. 
 
 This was the last action. Tlie enoniv. thorouirhlv 
 humbled, now opened negotiations in earnest, which 
 were soon concluded. A deputation proceeded in 
 the "Golden Fort," at Amerapoora, and ri'turncd 
 with the ratified treaty of peace. Among those 
 selected for this distinguished duty was Ca]>tain
 
 382 
 
 BURMAH MEDALS. 
 
 Lumsden, than whom and his gallant troop, none had 
 borne a more honourable and useful part during these 
 laborious campaigns. 
 
 A silver medal, of the annexed pattern, was 
 awarded to all the native troops engaged in the war, 
 either in Rangoon, Ari-acan, or Sylliet. 
 
 Among the General Orders we find, " The Gover- 
 nor-General entertains the highest sense of the 
 efficient services and honourable e^certions of 
 Captains * * Timbrell of the artillery;" and 
 " the services of the Bengal * * foot artillery, 
 under Lieutenant-Colonel Pollock, and of the 
 Bengal rocket-troop and horse artillery, under 
 Captains Graham and Lumsden, demand also the 
 special acknowledgments of Government." 
 
 Early in 1825, British interference* in the state 
 
 * Maharajah Bulwunt Sing succeeded his father in 1824, and 
 was dethroned by his cousin, Durjun Sal in March, 1825.
 
 BHURTPOOR. 383 
 
 of Bhurtpoor became necessary, and Major-Cieiieral 
 Sir D. Ochterlony, the a«,^eiit to the Governor- 
 (leneral at Delhi, exercisinof the aiitlioritv vested 
 ill him, ordered the assembly of a force for the 
 purpose. It was disapproved by the Governor- 
 General, and many portions of the regiment had in 
 consequence the desaijremens of a useless march in 
 the months of April, May, and June. 
 
 In the cold weather, however, affairs in Blmrtpoor 
 continuing the same, and those in Ava more satis- 
 factory, the project was resumed, and a force ordered 
 to collect at Agra and Muttra, in November, under 
 the command of Lord Combermere, who had ju'^t 
 been appointed to tlu- ciiief command in India. 
 
 For this army the whole of the available artillery 
 was drawn together and the provinces were denuded. 
 The field batteries were thrown into the mag-azines, 
 and tlu'ir bullocks appropriated to the siege-trains, 
 and yet when collected, the wliolc wfre barely suf- 
 ficient to work the guns in battery, without one 
 single relief. In like manner the magazines from 
 Cawn})ore to Kurnal j)oure(l forth all their munitions 
 of war, but this affonled only 114 siege-pieces, with 
 about 1,(M)() rounds of shot j»er gun. and .">()() shells 
 ])er mortar and howit/er, \Nitli a j>n)j»ortion of shraj*-
 
 384 
 
 ARTILLERY FORCE. 
 
 nell and case.* A reserve was formed at Allahabad 
 to be pushed on as o})portunity offered. 
 
 The personnel consisted of five and a-half troops 
 of European, and two of native horse artillery, nine 
 companies of European, and five of native foot 
 artillery,! forming a total of about 1,200 Europeans, 
 and 700 native artillerymen, with 500 lascars, but 
 of these only 1,100 were foot artillery, barely 
 sufficient to man the guns, even when augmented 
 by a body of horse artillery recruits, who, just 
 drafted into that branch on the augmentation, 
 were not qualified for the duties of mounted artil- 
 lerymen. 
 
 * IG . 
 
 
 24-pounders, 
 
 2 
 
 13-inch mortars, 
 
 20 . 
 
 
 18 
 
 12 
 
 10 
 
 ■>•> '> 
 
 4 . 
 
 
 12 
 
 46 
 
 8 
 
 ■)•> ■>■> 
 
 12 . 
 
 
 8-inch howitzers. 
 
 
 
 
 t 2nd company, 1st brigade 
 
 1st company 
 
 
 1st 
 
 2nd 
 
 3rd 
 
 
 , 2nd „ 
 
 2nd , 
 
 5rd 
 
 4th , 
 
 
 • 3rd battalion 
 
 4th 
 1st 
 
 
 - 
 
 2nd 
 3rd 
 
 ,' 1 
 . J 
 
 > 4th „ 
 
 2nd 
 
 
 , 3rd „ 
 
 3rd 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 4th 
 
 
 J 
 
 4 th , 
 
 
 
 2nd 
 
 
 1 
 
 5th , 
 
 
 . 6th „ 
 
 3rd 
 
 
 ' 1st battalion 
 
 13th , 
 
 
 
 4tli 
 
 
 J 
 
 17th 
 
 , 

 
 orrirr.RS kmployed. 
 
 385 
 
 The following oHiccrs were present : — 
 
 Brigadier M'Leod, C. B., ConunaiKlin<,' ; CapUiin Teiinant, 
 
 Assistant Adjutant-General ; Lieutenant Dashwooii, 
 
 Aidc-de-Canip. 
 Brigadier C Brown, Commanding Ilorso Artillery; Lieutenant 
 
 Winfield, Major of lirigade. 
 Brigadier R. Hetzler, Commanding Foot Artillery and Park ; 
 
 Lieutenant Johnson, Major of Brigade. 
 
 Jlornc Art'illeri/. 
 
 Lieutenant-Colonel 8tark, Comniandiiig 2nd Briga<lo. 
 Afajor Wbi.sh, Commanding l.st Brigade. 
 Captain J. Scott, Commanding .'ird Brigade 
 
 Capt. Hyde, 
 
 „ N. Cam]>l)ell, 
 
 „ Farrington, 
 
 „ Blake, 
 
 „ K. Roberts, 
 
 „ W. Bell, 
 
 „ Wood, 
 Lieut. Moreland, 
 
 „ Nicholl, 
 
 „ Pennington, Adjutant 
 
 .'ird Brigade 
 
 „ Bingley, 
 
 „ Maekay, A<lj. 1st Brig. 
 
 „ Cullen,' 
 
 Ijieut. Maidinan, 
 „ Mae Lea II. 
 ,, Kwart, 
 „ iSI'^Iorine, 
 „ (Jarbctt, Adj. 2iid Brig. 
 „ Wakefield, 
 „ Alexander, 
 „ W. Anderson, 
 ,, Wigirins, 
 Backhouse, 
 2nil liient. Pillans, 
 „ I J rote, 
 
 lioileau. 
 
 Foot A rt'illrrif. 
 
 Lieutenant-Coloufi Parker, Commautling fJth Battalion. 
 „ ., l^iggs. Commanding .Inl Battalion. 
 
 Major Battine, 
 
 Capt. Pereira, Conimissarv, 
 
 „ Curjihey, 
 
 ,. IVw, 
 
 ( 'apt. Woodroofe, 
 
 lirooke, Coniini.'«sarv, 
 
 Oliphant, 
 Liont. H. C. Dixon, 
 
 2 c
 
 386 OPERATIONS COMMENCED. 
 
 Lieut. Huthwaite, 
 
 „ Sanders, Adj. 3rd Bat. 
 
 „ IIu<,'hes, 
 
 „ Rotton, 
 
 „ A. Abbott, 
 
 „ Torckler, 
 
 „ Cautley, 
 
 „ Garrett, 
 
 „ Horsford, Adj. 4th Bat. 
 
 ., "Wade, 
 
 Lieut. Clerk, Adj. Gtb Bat. 
 „ Mowatt, 
 „ McGregor, 
 „ Edwards, Adj. 1st Bat. 
 „ Ellis, 
 2nd Lieut. J. Abbott, 
 „ Bazely, 
 „ Duncan, 
 Todd, 
 Sacre. 
 
 The trains and stores were collected at Agra and 
 Muttra, and started, in two divisions, on the 9th 
 December. On the 17th they were united before 
 Blmrtpoor, and the grand i)ark formed. The 
 cavalry and horse artillery had preceded the army 
 and secured the bund of the lake, just as the enemy 
 were about to cut it, to flood the ditch of the 
 fortress. 
 
 The laboratory tents were pitched on the 16th, 
 and the preparation of the ])latforms and stores 
 commenced upon. On the 23rd, the first battery 
 was armed, and it opened its fire on the 24th ; 
 daily the approaches, parallels, and batteries were 
 extended, under a fire from the enemy always hot, 
 and generally well directed. In addition to breach- 
 ing-batteries, a mine was driven under the N.E. 
 bastion, and sprung, but without effect, on the 7th 
 January, the charge being too small. The gun 
 
 I
 
 IJHURTl'OOR TAKKN'. 387 
 
 breach was by this tinu' practicable, ami Lieutonaiit- 
 Colonel Stark and his adjutant ascen<led it ; the 
 firing was directed to be continued, to improve it, 
 but the shot buried themselves, pounding the earth 
 into fine dust. On the 9th a depot of aniinunition, 
 formed to supply the batteries, was l)lf»wn up bv a 
 shot from the enemy passing through a tunihiil ; 
 the whole was consumed witli a fearful cxpldsidii : 
 but although the enemy kej>t u|> a heavv tin^ all 
 night, from every gun which would bear nj)oii the 
 spot, clearly indicated by tlie burning stores, the 
 casualties were few. A mine was sj)rung in tlx- 
 counterscarp opposite the gun br(>aeli, making the 
 descent into the ditch easy. On the I'JtIi, a miue 
 was commenced under the long-necked bastion ; it 
 was ready and loaded by the 18th January, and tlie 
 tiring it was to be the signal for the assault. A 
 heavy fire was kejtt u]» tVoiu all the batteries on the 
 morning of the 18th ; tli(> mine was sprung, and 
 scarcely had the heavy mass of dust and >moke 
 cleared away, when the columns moved out to tlio 
 assault and were shortly in jiossession nf the jdace. 
 
 The artillery casualties in this siegi' were remark- 
 ably few ; the labours undergone bv both officers 
 and nuMi in the batteries for t\\entv-si.\ davs were 
 
 2 (• 2
 
 388 CONGRATULATORY ORDERS. 
 
 extreme, but borne with the utmost cheerfulness 
 and good temper. The ammunition expended was, 
 
 24-poiinder round shot 18,331 
 
 „ „ shrapnell 345 
 
 cas6 639 
 
 18-poi 
 Shells, 
 
 5? 
 
 mder case 391 
 
 13-inch 236 
 
 10 „ 4,506 
 
 18-pounder round shot 22,533 
 „ „ shrapnell 524 
 
 Grand Total ... 
 
 8 „ 13,720 
 
 „ „ shrapnell 119 
 .. 61.446 
 
 The average rate of firing was forty-eight rounds 
 per gun, and twelve per mortar per diem ; the 
 greatest, 142 and 20. Nine 24-pounders, sixteen 
 18-pounders, one 10-inch and seven 8-inch mortars, 
 were rendered unserviceable, and the carriages of 
 six 8-inch (brass) howitzers broke down during the 
 siege.* 
 
 General Orders of the Commander-in-Chief: — 
 " To Brigadier MacLeod, C.B., in the general com- 
 mand of the artillery, and Brigadiers Hetzler and 
 Brown, commanding the siege and field artillery re- 
 spectively, the Commander-in-Chief feels greatly in- 
 debted for their highly creditable exertions, as, also, 
 to the whole of the oflficers and men of the artillery, 
 for the excellent display of scientific correctness in 
 
 * The daily expenditure of amnmnitiou and artillery details 
 of this siege will be found in the East-India United Servnce 
 Journal for 1837. 
 
 i
 
 CONGRATULATORY ORDERS. 389 
 
 the batteries, as well as for their commendable en- 
 durance of fatigue which the nature of the service 
 necessarily exposed them to." 
 
 The Commandant issued the following regimen- 
 tal order : — " The Commandant begs to offer to 
 officers and men of that part of the regiment en- 
 gaged in the field under his more immediate com- 
 mand his best thanks for their conduct and exertions 
 during the siege, which have, in General Orders 
 to-day published, obtained the approbation of the 
 Right Honourable the Commander-in-Chief: and 
 to Brigadiers Hetzler, C.B., and C. Brown, he has 
 more especially to tender his acknowledgments for 
 the assistance he has derived from them in their 
 respective commands." 
 
 " To Captain Tennant, the assistant adjutant- 
 general of the arm, he feels much indebted for his 
 able assistance on this and many other occasions, 
 for which he is entitled to his warmest acknowledg- 
 ments and thanks. To Lieutenant Dashwood, his 
 aide-de-camp, he also tenders his best thanks for 
 his conspicuously useful exertions." 
 
 In a former page we stated our intention of 
 reserving a tabular statement of the organization of 
 1824, until wt' reacluMi the \ear lS*i7, wIkmi a fn."«li
 
 390 REORGANIZATION OF GOLUNDAZ BATTALION. 
 
 arrangement of the native artillery took place ; we 
 have now reached that period, for the year 1826 
 has little to be recorded, except that in November 
 four companies of golundaz and three of lascars 
 (those raised in 1824) were reduced. 
 
 In September, 1827, an additional battalion of 
 officers was added to the regiment, and the native 
 artillery divided into two battalions, of eight com- 
 panies each, denominated the 6th and 7th batta- 
 lions.
 
 CONSTRUCTION OF THE REGIMENT. 
 
 391 
 
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 O 
 
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 c 
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 > CO 
 
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 Oil Returns, | 
 IfitDec. 1827/
 
 392 IIORSE-BATTKRIES. 
 
 CHAPTER VIII. 
 
 Reductions — Half-batta order — Further reductions — Brevet of 
 Colonel given to Lieutenant-Colonels Commandant — Altera- 
 tions in uniform — Shekawuttee campaign — Establishment of 
 Retiring Fund. 
 
 At the conclusion of the Burmese war, the horses 
 from the Sylhet local corps were transferred to 
 Dum-Dum, for the purpose of being attached to a 
 battery, and in the early part of 1827, the under- 
 sized stud horses, which had hitherto been sold to 
 the public, were directed to be admitted into the 
 service for the light field-batteries, as Government 
 had decided on horsing them all, the uselessness of 
 bullocks for the purpose having been thoroughly 
 proved. The number of batteries was, in July, 
 
 1 827, fixed at twelve. The arrangement was im- 
 mediately commenced on, and, by the end of the 
 year, six batteries were in an effective state, and 
 the remainder would soon have been ready. It 
 will, however, scarcely be credited that in April, 
 
 1828, these orders were countermanded, and
 
 BULLOCKS RESTORED. 393 
 
 bullocks directed to be retained and the horses of 
 the batteries so equipped sold ofi". 
 
 Tt is difficult to penetrate the veil of mystery 
 which shrouds the acts of the Council Chamber, so as 
 to ascertain the real author of such vacillating policy; 
 the reasons which induced the equipment of 1827, 
 and which were tlie accumulated experience of 
 years, were equally cogent in 1828, and that they were 
 sound, every one who has had experience of Indian 
 warfare will vouch. That there is no reason to su})- 
 pose the change was made consequent on orders from 
 home, we may conclude, for in 1834, we find the 
 Court of Directors "satisfied of the superiority of 
 horses over bullocks for light field-artillery,"directing 
 " their gradual substitution," an order to w hich no 
 attention was paid by the then Governor-General. 
 Under these circumstances, rumour, with her hun- 
 dred tongues, is perhaps not wrung in attributing it 
 to a " malignant influence," which for a quai'ter of a 
 century opposed every suggestion for tlit.' improve- 
 ment of the prospects or efficiency of the ordnance 
 branch. A late military member of the Council of 
 India, long secretary to Government in the military 
 department, who, repeating the one argument, equally 
 applicable against every advance, " \\\' won India
 
 394 FIELD-BATTERIES REDUCED. 
 
 with bullocks, and why should we not keep it with 
 bullocks?" supported the late Lord W. Bentinck 
 in puttin«^ aside the Court's orders of 1834, and 
 Lord Auckland in paying a slow and partial obedi- 
 ence to them M'hen repeated in 1841. 
 
 Cotemporary with this retrograde movement, 
 was the reduction of the field-batteries from eight 
 to six pieces each, a good arrangement, had it been 
 accompanied by a proportionate increase in their 
 numbers ; but this was not done, and it therefore 
 reduced, by one fourth, the field-artillery, already 
 far too low, in reference to the other branches of 
 the army. The gun contract was at this time trans- 
 ferred from the senior artillery officer at the station 
 to the officer commanding the battery, a very 
 judicious change, as it placed the power in the 
 hands of the person most properly responsible for 
 the efficiency of the battery, and left to the superior 
 officer his proper duty of supervision unfettered by 
 personal considerations. 
 
 The rocket-troop was converted into a gun-troop ; 
 but, that the use of the weapon might not be for- 
 gotten, a proportion of rockets was directed to be 
 attached to each field-battery. For this purpose, 
 the Commandant submitted a proposition to add a
 
 DISUSE OF ROCKETS. 395 
 
 car, capable of carrying 120 G-poiinder rockets, to 
 each field-battery, and capable of manoeuvring in 
 lino with it; but after the pattern car had been pre- 
 pared, the subject was, somehow or other, allowed 
 to fall into oblivion, probably, we believe, from the 
 supplies of rockets having been countermanded ; 
 and thus for many years neither officers nor men 
 had any oi)portunities of accustoming themselves to 
 their use. From 1828 till 1840, when at tlic head- 
 quarters of the regiment their use was resumed 
 previous to despatching a supply to China, and at 
 Kurnal and Ferozepore, where, in 1842, some which 
 were sent for service in tlie passes of Affghanistan 
 were used, not a rocket was fired. 
 
 Another reduction followed, causing irreat excite- 
 ment in the army at large, but which pressed more 
 heavily on the artillery than any otlier branch. We 
 refer to the orders of December, 1828, placing 
 certain stations on lialf-batta ; of these, Allahabad, 
 Benares, Dinapore, and Dum-Dum. were artillery 
 stations, and the latter, tliat of the liea(l-(|uarters of 
 the regiment, the artillery being a lliir(»j)('an regi- 
 ment, and therefore considered not lialiK^ to be 
 called on for sudden nio\cincnts: the oflicers weri^ 
 placed on linlt-tcntago likewise.
 
 396 THE HALF-BATTA ORDER. 
 
 That the reduction in allowances was such as to 
 bear heavily on individuals, especially in the lower 
 grades, the marginal statement* ^vill show, and this, 
 moreover, was subject to another tax of 4-| per 
 cent., the exchange between sonat and sicca rupees, 
 the former being the coin in which the military 
 accounts are kept, while the latter was that current 
 in Calcutta, and in which the troops were actually 
 paid. The head-quarters of the regiment being at 
 Dum-Dum, the mess, band, library, and other regi- 
 mental institutions, were there, and oflBcers were 
 naturally fond of being stationed there, for various 
 reasons ; such as its gaiety and amusements, and the 
 opportunities it offered for studying their profession 
 or improving their prospects in the service. 
 
 From these circumstances, the regimental head- 
 quarters generally had in a time of peace a large 
 number of officers of the higher ranks present, and 
 this contributed to render it a desirable station. 
 But all this was reversed by the half-batta order ; 
 
 R. A. p. R. A. P. 
 
 * Lieut.-Colonel 1,032 4 ... 752 14 per mensem. 
 
 Major 789 3 
 
 Captain 433 10 
 
 1st Lieutenant 265 12 
 
 2nd Lieutenant ... 213 5 
 
 580 14 6 
 
 354 13 
 
 209 14 
 
 167 10 6
 
 REQUIREMENTS OF HEAD-QUARTERS. 397 
 
 instead of thronging to the head-quarters, the 
 station was avoided by all ranks, and the discipline 
 of the regiment suffered much in after years from 
 the difficulty of keeping sufficient officers of stand- 
 ing for the common routine duties of the place and 
 instruction of the young officers joining the regi- 
 ment. The want of a sufficient body of officers at 
 Dura-Dum of known talents and experience is also 
 felt when vacancies suddenly occur in any of the 
 important artillery situations dependent on it for 
 the temporary arrangement in cases of exigency. 
 We refer to the arsenal, foundry, powder-works, 
 expense-magazine, acting assistant quarter-master, 
 and ordnance secretary in the Military Board : in 
 several of these situations much difficulty has at 
 times been experienced, and has only been met by 
 doubling-up the duties of two appointments on 
 several occasions in one person. 
 
 The regiment (and the army) memorialized 
 strongly on the occasion, but without effect, though 
 some years afterwards the hardship was partially 
 ameliorated by the grant of full tentage to tlu' 
 artillery, it having been clearly shown tliat tlie 
 officers of no l)ran('li ot" tlio army arc Mibjoct to such 
 sudden an<l r('p('at(Ml niovcinciits. and tiicsc as in-
 
 898 REDUCTION OF COMPANIES. 
 
 dividuals, and not with the aids and conveniences 
 which the officers of a wing or detachment of infan- 
 try find by combining their means. In the margin* 
 is noted the receipts of officers at half-batta stations, 
 as sanctioned in 1835, and since continued. Re- 
 cently, a further modification of the order, limiting 
 its effects to stations within two hundred miles of 
 each presidency, has taken place, and as the saving 
 caused by it is now reduced to so very a trifle, and 
 its weight laid so unequally on the different branches 
 of the army, a strong feeling of hoi)e exists that the 
 order will finally be totally repealed. 
 
 Further reductions followed ; two troops and 
 companies were struck off from each regiment of 
 cavalry and infantry, and with them two lieutenants 
 and one ensign. Although the reduction of the 
 companies neither was nor could be made applicable 
 to the artillery, yet the three subalterns per battalion, 
 or thirty in all, were reduced, the twenty first lieu- 
 tenants remaining supernumerary till absorbed, and 
 
 R. A. P. 
 
 * Lieutenant-Colonel per mensem 827 14 
 
 Major 580 14 6 
 
 Captain 392 5 
 
 1st Lieutenant 234 14 
 
 2nd Lieutenant 192 10 6
 
 LIEUTENANT-COLONELS COMMANDANT. 399 
 
 thus stopping the promotion of the second lieutenants 
 about four years. The results of this were not felt 
 for some time, because the actual number of officers 
 present with the regiment continued nuicli tlie 
 same, and the number of cadets sent out to replace 
 casualties was not altered, the supernumerary list 
 continued long, and it was even attempted to retain 
 the cadets unpromoted until vacancies occurred ; 
 but we believe that the Government law officers 
 decided that it Mould not be lejral, and tliev were 
 accordingly all promoted to commissions. 
 
 With the reduction above noticed, was coupled 
 what was thought a boon, at the time, but whicli in 
 fact has proved the cause of much supersession by 
 the royal service, — the promotion of all lieutenant- 
 colonels commandant to the rank of colonel. Every 
 lieutenant-colonel in II.M.'s service in India who 
 hapj)ened to be senior in that rank to any one of 
 the lieutenant-colonels commandant now promoted, 
 was also breveted witli the rank of colonel, and as 
 in each presidency there are no less than four dis- 
 tinct gradation-lists leading to this rank, viz., artil- 
 lery, engineers, cavalry, and iiilaiilry. cacii of which 
 has had its fortunate period, the ('(Hitusioii and 
 supersession which follow('(l may easily be ima^iiuMl.
 
 400 company's officers superseded. 
 
 It was brought to a crisis by Lieutenant-Colonel 
 MacLeod, a lieutenant-colonel of 1827 (a cadet of 
 1794), obtaining his regimental colonelcy in four 
 years, and, of course, all lieutenant-colonels of 
 H. M/s service senior to him were also promoted, 
 and the anomalies became so stupendous, that an 
 alteration was made in the plan, and the Bengal 
 native infantry, as the largest body, was made the 
 guide ; but this destroys the only chance the other 
 branches had of ever retrieving in the higher grade 
 the slow promotion they may have had in the 
 lower, and gives the royal service, with its pro- 
 motion by purchase and regimentally to the rank of 
 lieutenant-colonel, a fearful advantage* over the 
 Company's service, which has been increased by the 
 power exercised by the Commander-in-Chief in 
 India to grant brevets of major-general to such 
 
 * The eifect is clearly shown in the brigading the late army 
 of the Sutlej, where the army, consisting of fifteen cavalry and 
 thirty-seven infantry regiments, formed into six divisions and 
 sixteen brigades, was thus commanded : — 
 
 Cavalry regiments 3 Queen's, 1 2 Company's 
 
 Infantry „ 8 „ 29 „ 
 
 Division Commanders 4 ., 2 „ 
 
 Brigade „ 7 „ 9 ^ 
 
 Of the cavalry, although four-fifths were Company's regiments, 
 the division and three of the brigade commands fell to H.M.'s 
 service.
 
 CHANGE OF UNIFORM. 401 
 
 colonels in India as lI.M.'s brovot to Company's 
 officers may supersede. The rank thus given is of 
 a double nature, and may be made use of or laid 
 aside at pleasure, allowing them to be lieutenant- 
 colonels or major-generals, as most convenient, and 
 thus enabling them to reap the benefits of high 
 rank without its drawback — removal from lucrative 
 commands in India. 
 
 In 1828, the uniform of the officers of the horse 
 artillery was changed ; the jack-boots and leather 
 breeches were superseded by the over-alls, and the 
 equipments and horse furniture of a similar pattern 
 to those worn by light cavalry were adopted ; but 
 the uniform of the non-commissioned officers and 
 gunners remained unchanged. For actual liard 
 work on horseback, such as is ridins: in the iruns, 
 few will deny that the boots and breeches are the 
 most serviceable dress, but they are inconvenient 
 when dismounted, and ill-adapted for exposure to 
 wet, and at no time can they be indued in a hurry. 
 The foot artillery about the same time discarded 
 their short jacket faced with scarlet and embroi- 
 dered with gold, for the present plain but liand- 
 some uniform: the second epaulette to the subaltern 
 ranks was ordered in 1833. The undress remained 
 
 2 D
 
 402 THE RIIEKAAVATTT FORCE. 
 
 a blue jacket with scarlet cuffs and collar, unrelieved 
 by a button or atom of lace until 1841, when a row 
 of studs down the front, and gilt shoulder-scales, 
 were added ; the latter adding as much to its appear- 
 ance as they detracted from its comfort. 
 
 Several years now passed away void of internal 
 change or external employment. Such universal 
 quiet reigned, that it appeared as if swords and 
 spears might be most usefully turned into plough- 
 shares and reaping-hooks, and the army looked 
 round in vain for employment. Central India 
 was at rest, Nepal not likely to disturb the quiet, and 
 the Punjab, under the strong rule of Runjeet Sing, 
 seemed removed from the chance of inimical contact 
 with the Indian Government. 
 
 Suddenly rumours sprung up of disturbances in 
 Rajasthan, which, by degrees, assumed a more de- 
 termined aspect, and Maun Sing, of Joudpoor, was 
 mentioned as the delinquent, and an army was 
 about to assemble against him, but, humbling him- 
 self, he averted his ruin, and a portion of the force 
 was sent against the robber tribes of Shekawut. 
 
 With the force were three troops of horse artil- 
 lery, eight companies of foot, and a siege train of 
 twenty-six pieces.
 
 noNi's FUxM). 403 
 
 Bripfadicr Piirkor commanded the artillery ; Cap- 
 tain Sanders, commissary of ordnance ; but the force 
 met Avitli no opposition, and after destroying 
 many of the robbers' stronf^holds, returned to 
 cantonments. 
 
 The reductions which took place in 182S by this 
 time began to tell, as the supernumeraries Avere 
 absorbed ; and to provide even a small number of 
 officers for the foot artillery, the subalterns of the 
 horse artillery were reduced to two ])cr trooji ; a 
 very inadequate number when the Indian contin- 
 gencies are borne in mind. 
 
 For many years the officers of the Bengal army 
 bad been accustomed to procure the retirement of 
 their seniors by the donation of a sum of money, 
 varying in amount according to the value of tlic 
 step and the abilities of the donors. The custom, it 
 is true, was contrary to the orders of the Court of 
 Directors, but they were aware of and permit tcil 
 it. In the artillery the same custom ])revailed ; tiiul 
 this year it was systematized by tlie establishment 
 of a fund by monthly contributions frcnii all cajitains 
 and subalterns to provide for {wo retirements annu- 
 ally. Its advantages liave liccii mo^t :i]»parent in 
 its working, and the j)rincii>h' of a mutual insurance 
 
 2 I) 2
 
 404 BHEEL DISTURBANCES. 
 
 tontine, on which it was formed, has rendered it 
 more effective even than was expected. The other 
 branches of the army were not successful in esta- 
 blishing funds of the sort ; but the question being 
 much agitated, led to a memorial, from Lieutenant- 
 Colonel Powel, of the Bombay army, to the Court 
 of Directors, praying that the system might be put 
 a stop to, on the plea of its interfering with the 
 seniority system of the Company's araiy. It was met 
 b}" several counter-memorials, and, on replying to 
 the whole together, the Court gave the proceed- 
 ings their sanction, by declaring that, although they 
 would not cancel the orders forbidding purchase, 
 they would hold them in abeyance, unless there 
 appeared such a probability of the pension-list being 
 overloaded, that their interference would be neces- 
 sary, and that of this, due warning should be 
 given. 
 
 These years passed off without any portion of 
 the army being called on to take the field, if we 
 except a slight emeute among the Blieels in the 
 neighbourhood of Mhow, in 1837, to check which, 
 a small body of troops \\ith two horse artillery 
 guns, from the 2nd trooj) 3rd brigade, under 
 Lieutenant Kinleside, Mere detached ; but towards
 
 ASSEMBLAGK OF THE AKMV UF THE INDLS. 405 
 
 the vnd of the iR'Xt, :i storm aj)|)('!ir<'(l to ho 
 giithoring in the iioith-wust. 'J'he Persians he- 
 sieged Heerat, and \vere only toiled in their attempt 
 by the steady persevering gallantry and resources 
 of Lieutenant Eldred Pottinger, of thi' Hombay 
 Artillery, m\\o, throwing himself into the fortress, 
 inspired its defenders with a jiortion of his omh 
 dauntless spirit. Persia was supposed to be egged 
 on by Russian intrigue, and India to he its ultimate 
 object. Self-defence called upon the Indian Go- 
 vernment to check these designs, and haviiii,'- vainly 
 endeavoured hv iie<>:otiation to ri'uder AHiLihanistan 
 under Dost Mahomed a barrier, the Government 
 resolved to espouse the cause of its exiled sove- 
 reign. Shah Soojah-ool-Moolk, with the hopes that, 
 when rej)laced on the throne of his forefathers, he 
 would prove a stanch friend. To carry this j)hin 
 out, an army was assembled after the rains, at 
 Ferozepore ; but information arriving of the Persians, 
 baffled by Pottinger's cool resolution, lia\ing de- 
 cami)ed from before Ileerat, thi' jthiu of the oani- 
 l)aign was altered. In fact, our end was gained; 
 and had it not been for the very nnueeosary 
 connection with Shah Soojah as a reason for our 
 interference, and which would have stood l)etter
 
 406 DISTURBANCES IN BUNDLECUND. 
 
 on the simple plea of self-preservation, not a soldier 
 need have moved from Ferozepore. But before 
 entering on the eventful campaigns which followed 
 this step, let us glance at events in other parts of 
 India which necessitated the assembly of a force 
 in Bundlecund, though the campaign was a blood- 
 less one. 
 
 The Jhansee raj having lapsed through the 
 failure of direct heirs, the widow of a former Raja 
 endeavoured to place, as the adopted son of the 
 previous ruler, a boy on the throne. A disturbance 
 arose, which ended in the murder of the minister 
 supported by the British authority. This act of the 
 Bhaiee was called in question by the Governor- 
 General's agent ; his authority was treated with 
 disrespect, and he found it necessary to call in 
 the aid of a regiment and a couple of guns. At 
 these, the insurgents, who had seized the fort, 
 laughed, and on his attemjDting a parley with them, 
 attacked and wounded his elephant and chuprassees, 
 and forced him precipitately to retreat. Reinforce- 
 ments and a battering train were sent for from 
 Sagur; but the country had been so denuded of 
 troops to form the army of the Indus, that, had 
 it not been for the Mhow troops just being re- 
 
 I
 
 illE JHANSEE FORCE. 
 
 407 
 
 lieved from Bombay, a very insufficient force could 
 have been collected. A train of four 18-pounders 
 and four 8-incli mortars, with as much ammunition 
 as carriage could be obtained for, was got ready, 
 and, in the absence of available artillery officers, 
 the commissary of ordnance at Sagur, Lieutenant 
 Buckle, who had offered his services, started in 
 charge of it early in December, and after a march 
 of twelve days, rendered difficult and fatiguing 
 by the badness of the roads, the steep banks and 
 rocky beds of the rivers and nullahs which 
 abounded, and the broken rocky ghats leading from 
 table-land into Bundlecund, reached Jhansee on 
 the 18th December. 
 
 The troops collected by degrees, and the artillery, 
 when reinforced from Cawnpoor, amounted to that 
 detailed in the margin.* The engineer park Mas 
 
 * 1st company, 3nl battalion, 
 and field-battery. 
 
 Detail of golundaz, and 2 
 6-pounder8. 
 
 Gwalior contingent bat- 
 tery. 
 
 6 18-pounders, 
 
 2 8-iuch howitzers. 
 
 4 ,, niortary. 
 
 Major Bell. 
 Captain Lane. 
 
 Lieut. Buckle, commissary of 
 ordnance. 
 „ Kidiardson. 
 „ Kinlesido. 
 „ Abercrombic. 
 „ Salmon, adjutant. 
 
 J. TL Smyth, (i\v;ilinr 
 contingent.
 
 408 ARMY OF THE INDUS. 
 
 placed in the charge of the commissary of ordnance, 
 the field engineer, Major Smith, having joined dak, 
 and the preparation of materiel instantly com- 
 menced. 
 
 Continual communications passed between the 
 Bhaiee and the agent, which were warlike to the 
 last, and, as she had collected bands of Nagas, 
 resistance was expected ; but on the preparations 
 being completed, the force moving down to invest 
 the fort, carrying their train and the stock of 
 gabions and fascines which had been prepared, she 
 fled during the night, and the fort was taken pos- 
 session of without firing a shot. 
 
 The labour of conveying the heavy ordnance 
 over a broken country was the chief diflSculty, but 
 this was not much felt, owing to the season of the 
 year. 
 
 The army of the Indus assembled at Ferozepore, 
 and a meeting took place between the Governor- 
 General and Runjeet Sing. The news of the 
 Persians breaking up from before Heerat deter- 
 mined Government on sending only one division 
 of the army, accompanied by the troops which were 
 being raised for Shah Soojah, under British oflScers, 
 into Aftghanistan. The artillery for the Shah's
 
 ARMY OF THE INDUS. 
 
 409 
 
 service consisted originally of two troops of horse 
 artillery, to which were afterwards added a moun- 
 tain train and some body-guard guns. Captain 
 W. Anderson was intrusted with the formation of 
 the horse artillery, and though but little time was 
 allowed him, and many difficulties arose from the 
 demand for men and horses for the other branches, 
 his exertions succeeded in overcoming them, and 
 he marched in good time from Delili, with his 
 two troops fully equipped, but, of course, un- 
 trained. His endeavours were well seconded by 
 his two subalterns. Lieutenants Cooper and Turner. 
 The Shah's guns were in Lieutenant Warburton's 
 charge, and the mountain train was organized by 
 Captain Backhouse, but not until 1840. 
 
 The regular artillery, Avith this division from 
 Bengal, consisted of 
 
 Major Pew, commanding ; Captain Day, commissary of ord- 
 nance ; Lieutenant Backhouse, M.B. 
 
 Company. 
 
 Brigade. 
 
 Battalion. 
 
 Captains. 
 
 I-ioutcnaiits. 
 
 2 
 
 2 
 
 _ 
 
 G rant . . . 
 
 Duncan, J. Anderson. 
 
 4 
 
 3 
 
 - 
 
 Timmings 
 
 ( ]\Iackenzie, ll;i\vkiii.s, 
 } E. Kayo 
 
 2 
 
 - 
 
 6* 
 
 A. Abbott i S;'T' ^^- ^^'-'^^^-'v^''^'-' 
 
 { >\ arburtoii. 
 
 4 
 
 - 
 
 2 
 
 Garbett ... J.Abbott, "NValrek, Green. 
 
 (No. (J battiTv.)
 
 410 ARMY ADVANCES. 
 
 Captain Todd, of the artillery, who had been 
 employed in Persia, was attached to the political 
 department. 
 
 The army commenced its march on the 10th 
 December, and met with no difficulties until the 
 16th March, 1839, when they entered the Bolan 
 pass, a pass as terrible to the Indian, as that of 
 Avernus to the classical, imagination. Here the 
 toils of the campaign began, and, as usual in such 
 cases, a double share fell to the artillery. The 
 horses, overweighted and ill-fed, with difficulty 
 dragged the carriages through its stony lengths; 
 the camels and bullocks, over-driven to keep pace 
 with the column, and escape the new danger arising 
 from the matchlocks of the Murrees and Brahoos 
 perched on the rocks, stumbled and fell, many 
 never to rise again : store-carts and baggage were 
 lost by these accidents. 
 
 The difficulties of procuring provisions were in- 
 creased after clearing the pass by the arrival of 
 the Bombay column, though the country became 
 easier until reaching the Kojuck pass ; narrow, 
 steep, and in places blocked up by large rocks, 
 it was with the greatest difficulty, and by incredible 
 perseverance, that the heavy and light artillery 
 
 I
 
 AKRIVAL AT CANDAHAR. 411 
 
 were got tlirougli this obstacle. Great loss of 
 baireaffe occurred here from the deaths of camels. 
 At this point, the camel battery, which had hitherto 
 got on very well, showed symptoms of knocking 
 up ; the animal's conformation, from want of 
 power of muscular exertion, being (|uite unfitted 
 for draught in situations of difficulty. All at length 
 reached Candahar towards the end of April, but the 
 horses of the horse artillery and cavalry so worn, 
 that a long rest was necessary to fit them for work ; 
 the troops, too, required rest and food, and tlie halt 
 continued till the end of June, though not entirely 
 without employment, for the camel battery took 
 part in the expedition against Girisk, and two guns 
 of the 4th troop 3rd brigade, under Lieutenant 
 E. Kayo, were detached with the Shah's troops 
 against refractory chiefs in Tezeen. 
 
 From Candahar a mission was sent to Heerat ; 
 Captain Todd was placed at the head of it, and 
 Lieutenants J. Abbott and U. Shakespoar were 
 his assistants. Of the results of this mission, or 
 of his assistants, to Khiva ; of the difficulties and 
 dangers endured an<l overcome by Abbott as the 
 pioneer, and the success wliich crowned Shakespear, 
 in following his path, nothing need he said in tlii--
 
 412 GHUZNEE TAKEN. 
 
 place. Their own accounts have ah'eady been 
 published. 
 
 On the army moving forward, the 2nd troop 2nd 
 brigade, 2nd company 6th battalion, with No. G 
 light field battery, alone accompanied it. The Shah's 
 artillery, the 4th troop 8rd brigade, the 4th com- 
 pany 2nd battalion, and the heavy guns, remained at 
 Candahar. On the 21st July the fortress of Ghuznee 
 was reached, reconnoitred the next day, and the 
 artillery placed in position, by 3 a. m. of the 23rd, 
 to cover the assault which was ordered at dawn. 
 On the gate being blown in by two bags of powder, 
 every gun opened to cover the advance of the 
 storming party, which was perfectly successful, and, 
 by 5 o'clock, the place was in our possession. 
 
 The exertions of the troops were rewarded by 
 a medal from Shah Soojah, and which is remarkable 
 for one thing — being the first given in India to 
 all engaged. Hitherto, these decorations had been 
 granted to the native troops alone ; but on this 
 occasion the medal was given to all, without any 
 distinction whatever. It was suspended from a 
 crimson and green ribbon.
 
 THE GIIUZNEE MEDAL. 
 
 413 
 
 The army continued its march to Cabul without 
 opposition. Deserted by his followers, Dost Maho- 
 med fled, leaving his guns at Maidan a s])oil to 
 the invaders ; and himself narrowly escaping from a 
 band of officers, among whom was Lieutenant Back- 
 house, of the artillery, who, undrr Major Outram, 
 followed him closely, but were misled by the arch 
 traitor Haji Khan Kokur. 
 
 But while the main army was thus employed, a 
 small column, chiefly of irregulai"s, with Coloiu'l 
 Wade, escorted the Shah-Zada by the Khyber j)ass 
 to his father's capital. With this cohnnn were 
 two howitzers, manned bv a detachment of the 
 4th company 2nd brigade, and coiiiinaiulcd bv 
 Lieutenant Barr: Lieutenant .MauU', ofthe artillery, 
 was attached to the prince's suitr. This column 
 met with no o}^po>^iti()n, cxct^iit on first entering
 
 414 ARRIVAL AT CABUL. 
 
 the Kliyber pass, whore they were engaged with 
 the Afreedis at Koulsir, and again at Alee Musjid. 
 The names of Lieutenants Barr and Maule are 
 both mentioned in Lieutenant-Colonel Wade's 
 despatches on the occasion. 
 
 The main army reached Cabulon the 6th August, 
 and Colonel Wade's column on the 3rd September. 
 The Bombay column returned in October, and, 
 picking up four of the Shah's horse artillery guns, 
 under Lieutenant Cooper, proceeded against Khelat. 
 Reaching it on the 13th November, the troops 
 advanced to the assault under cover of the fire 
 from the guns, which drove the enemy from the 
 neighbouring heights ; the guns were now directed 
 against the gates, and, these being forced, the place 
 was soon won. In his despatch. General Wiltshire 
 says, " To Lieutenants Forster and Cooper I feel 
 greatly indebted for the scientific and steady 
 manner in which the service of dislodging the 
 enemy from the heights and afterwards effecting 
 an entrance into the fort was performed." 
 
 The main army left Cabul for Hindustan in 
 October, 1839 ; the 2nd company 6th battalion 
 with No. 6 battery alone remained. The camel 
 draught had proved so useless for such a country.
 
 PUSHOOT. 415 
 
 tliat horses -were now dircctetl to be su))Stitiited, and 
 so promptly was this order carried ont by Captain 
 Abbott, that within fifteen days after receiving it, 
 half the battery was equipped, and marched against 
 the Ghilzies, under Lieutenant Dawes, moving 
 upwards of 400 miles ere it returned. The other 
 lialf of the battery was employed in the following 
 January in the Koh-i-daman under Captain Abbott. 
 Pushoot held out, and the 9-pounders being placed 
 in battery at daylight, a breach was formed on 
 both sides of the outer gate, but an inner one 
 existing, against which the guns could not be 
 brought to bear, bags of powder \\ ere tried without 
 avail, and the troops were forced to withdraw ; 
 but the enemy fled during the night. " To Captain 
 Abbott," Colonel Orchard wrote, " the highest 
 praise is due, for the manner in which he has 
 conducted the arduous duties devolving on him, 
 as well as the great service rendered by him 
 yesterday." 
 
 We have now to notice perha])s tlie most extra- 
 ordinary march ever performed by artillery, — that 
 of a native troop of horse artillery across the Hindoo 
 Kosh to Bamian ; extraordinary both from obstacles 
 overcome, and the cinMinT^taiico of tht* men of this
 
 410 THE BAMIAN DETACHMENT. 
 
 troop being natives of Ilindostan. The 4tli troop 
 Srd brigade was ordered for this trip in September, 
 1839, and, Captain Timniings having just died, it 
 was under the command of a subaltern. Lieutenant 
 M. Mackenzie, with whom was Lieutenant E. Kaye. 
 The valley of Bamian lies about N. W. from 
 Cabul, distant only 112 miles; but it is separated 
 from the valley in which the capital is situate by 
 a broad belt of stupendous mountains, the highest 
 range of which exceeds in altitude 12,000 feet. 
 The troop entered upon its mountain road near 
 the village of Urghundee, and while toiling up the 
 first laborious ascent (steep in itself, but rendered 
 still more difficult by huge stones and fragments 
 of rock), it was met by Major Thomson, of the 
 engineers, and some other officers,* who were just 
 returning from an excursion to Bamian. Major 
 Thomson immediately declared the road to Bamian 
 to be impracticable for guns, — that the passes in 
 advance were still more difficult in their nature 
 than that of Urghundee, and said that he would, 
 immediately on arrival at Cabul, report to the envoy 
 that it would be useless to attempt to reach Bamian. 
 
 * Major (now Lieutenant-Colonel) Salter of the cavalry, and 
 Lieutenant Sturt of the engineers (since killed in action).
 
 THE MAItril TO BA.MIAN. 117 
 
 The troo]), however, continued its marcli, and, the 
 passage of the Urghundee ghat accomplished, de- 
 scended into the beautiful valley of the Cabul 
 river, along the banks of wliicli the route con- 
 tinued for three marches, passing Julraiz and Sir-i- 
 Chushmch. The road was at times difhcult, being 
 frequently in the rocky bed of the stream, and 
 always ascending, gradually becoming steeper anil 
 more toilsome. 
 
 The summit of the Oonai }>ass is said to be 
 11,400 feet in elevation; at this great elevation, 
 even in September, the cold was intense. The 
 passage of the range was a work of great toil, as 
 the ascents and descents were numerous. The 
 summit of the range is in general a table-land, 
 gradually sloj)ing towards the north-west; not one 
 continuous table-land, but intersected by numerous 
 deep glens, running parallel to each other, with 
 steep precipitous sides, difficult to ascen<l or 
 descend. On the 21st, a small nnul fort, named 
 Youatt, was reached, and on the 'JlJrd the troop, 
 after crossing several spurs from the range ju.st 
 surmounted, descended to the banks of the llel- 
 niund, beyond which towered the >nou-caj»ped 
 peaks of Ivoh-i- Haifa. 
 
 li J.
 
 418 PASSAGE OF THE HINDOO-KOOSH. 
 
 Ill consequence of the report received fVoin 
 Major Thomson of the impracticable nature of the 
 road to liamian, the envoy had sent instructions 
 for three guns and all the ammunition-waggons to 
 return to Cabul, the other three guns to halt until 
 elephants sent from Cabul should arrive ; it was 
 then intended that the three guns should be dis- 
 mounted and carried over the remaining passes 
 on elephants. These instructions were received at 
 Youatt, but the neighbourhood being entirely 
 destitute of forage, it was considered advisable to 
 move the troop on to Gurden Dewaal, on the river 
 lielmund. Having arrived there, the troop halted, 
 and Lieutenant Mackenzie went forward and ex- 
 amined the pass over the Hindoo-Koosh range. 
 This officerhaving considered the passage practicable, 
 forwarded a report to that effect to head-quarters, 
 and re(|uested ])ermission to proceed with the whole 
 of the troop. Permission was at length received, 
 and on the 30tli the march was resumed. The 
 foot of the Irak ]iass was attained in three difficult 
 marches, the ascent being constant and fatiguing. 
 The passage was commenced immediately, nearly 
 all the guns and carriages being pulled up by hand 
 (the horses beinfj taken out): nt this work, the
 
 PASSACJK OK TIIK HINDOO-KOOSIf. 419 
 
 nrtillcrv and infantry soldiers and some 200 
 llazarelis were unnduycd dnrin;,'- tlic wlirde day, 
 and it was not until dark tiiat the I'ntire battery 
 had reacdiod the loot ot" the western faee of the 
 mountain, whicdi was found to be considerably 
 steeper than that uj> which the ascent led. On 
 tlie followinjr (hiv tlie march was resnme(l throu<di 
 a deep and drearv defile, ahoundinLT in recks, and 
 the ])rcci|)ices encU)sin^' it so steej* and lefty, that 
 the sun's rays scarcely ever penetrated t«» its lowest 
 depths. Througli this tortuous <,den the troop 
 wound its way, until, after many an interruption 
 from rocky ledges of dangerous descent, the small 
 valley of Meeance Irak was reache<l on the 4th 
 of October, and vcfretation an<l human habitations 
 were once more seen. 
 
 The whole of the r)th was occupied in passing 
 the Kuski gliAt, over a range of no great eh'vation 
 (a spur only of the I lindoo-Koesh) |)ut cd' great 
 difficulty. The ascent was occa-^ionallv so stecj> 
 (at an anglo of 4')^) that the men working at tlie 
 drag-ropes cotdd not keeji their footing; horses, 
 of course, were (»ut of the (piestiou. The ascent 
 was, however, accomplished in the afternoon, an<l 
 the descent by the {'i\'^i' of a preei|>ice. where a 
 2 K -J
 
 420 PASSAGE OF THE IIINDOO-KOOSII. 
 
 false step would luive iiisiircd instant destruction, 
 commenced. This, too, was effected, but ni<>lit 
 found the troo[) in a defile so narrow, an<l enclosed 
 by such steep walls, that it seemed to be but a 
 fissure in the mountain, caused by some convulsion 
 of nature. Nothing further could be done till day- 
 light; early on the morning of the 6th of October, 
 the troop crossed the last intervening ridge and 
 entered the valley of Bamian at Zohauk. Next 
 day the troop reached Bamian, and encamped close 
 to some nmd forts, which were destined now, for 
 the first time, to become the dwelling-places of 
 British officers and soldiers. 
 
 This march to Bamian has been dwelt uj)on 
 somewhat longer than is altogether suitable to the 
 pages of a work of this nature ; but, within a smaller 
 space it would have been scarcely practicable to 
 give an i<lea of the service j)erformed. It was 
 certainly one of the most arduous undertakings 
 ever accomplished by horse-artillery.* 
 
 Nor less singular the position of the troop after 
 its arrival ; in the midst of a belt of mountains 
 more than 200 miles in width, separated from 
 
 * The highest point .surmouutcd, the Irak pass, was 12,400 
 feet altovc the sea.
 
 WINTER QIARTFRS AT H\MI\V. 421 
 
 Calnil h\ tlic liicfliost raiifrc inipassaljlc liy trr>oj)s 
 (liiriiipf some months in tlio year, ami in a valley 
 scarcely ever cxceedinf^ ;)(>(► vanK in breadth 
 (generally nnieh less), and only a few jniles long. 
 As might havi' heen expected, the horses had 
 sntlered, thongh not in a very great degree, from the 
 severity of the march, the cold, and the great scarcity 
 of forage. The two latter evils continued to press 
 njton the troop for many months, until the return- 
 ing summer brought the green crops and more genial 
 weather. The carriages of the troo|» had, however 
 stood the hard work ov(>r rocky rojids admirably, 
 and a most favourable rei)ort was madr on them by 
 Lieutenant Mackenzie. 
 
 On the 15th of October, the troop went into win- 
 ter (quarters in a large mud fort. 
 
 With the excej>tion of a movement to Syghan, 
 at the beginning of November, in which sixty horse- 
 artillery troo])ers, acting as cavalry, took j»art, and 
 an attack on .MahonuMl All I't-g's fort in 1 )('cemlK^r, 
 when two small mortars and a )I-ptnnidir niountain- 
 gun, mounted on ponies, were sent with the troopers, 
 the long dreary wint«'r sea-son j)assed over 
 fpiietly — the soldiers of the aililii ry and infantrv 
 being empl<i\rd lor .some tinir in throwing up
 
 422 AFFAIR WITH THE IIAZAREIIS. 
 
 iiitrenchments, connecting the various forts in 
 possession of the British. This was done at the 
 suggestion of Dr. Lord, the political agent, there 
 having been some probability of a coalition among 
 the Usbeg powers to support the ex- Ameer. Had 
 such an event occurred during the winter, the 
 Bamian detachment would have been thrown en- 
 tirely on its own resources, as no help could come 
 from Cabul, while, on the other hand, the roads 
 from Toorkhistan were oi)en. The cold was intense 
 during the winter, the thermometer at sunrise 
 being often as low as 12° below zero. All the 
 rivers were frozen over. 
 
 On the 1st of March, 1840, Captain H. Garbett 
 (who had been posted to the troop on the decease 
 of Captain Timmings) joined, and took command 
 of all the troops at Bamian; he had been obliged 
 to walk 100 miles through the snow, as the moun- 
 tains were now only passable by men. 
 
 On the 14th of March, two guns of the troop were 
 j)resent in a small affair with the Hazarehs at 
 Fouladee, about six miles from l^amian. A nnid 
 fort had to be cai)tured, and the surrounding hills 
 to be cleared of a considerable body of Hazarehs ; 
 the gateway was knocked down by a few round
 
 AlFATR NEAR KAMl'RD. A'2',l 
 
 shot, and the fort ^vas tlicii carried In- the infantry, 
 while a few rounds of slira|)nels cleared th(? neii^li- 
 houring hills of the Ilazarehs. The wIkiIc ailliir did 
 not last much above half an liour. Tlif artillcrv Idst 
 one European laboratory-man, one syce, and one 
 horse killed, and one troo|ii'r wounded. l)r. Lord 
 a<lnutted the chiefs of tlie refractory tribe lu terms, 
 and affairs resumed their wonted iJeacefni aspect. 
 
 In July, however, there seenieil to bo every 
 prospect of hostilities being renewed ; Dost Maho- 
 med, who ]ia<l for months been a juisoner at 
 Hokhara, had eflected his escai)e to Kooloom, and 
 the Usbegs began to arm in his cause. The I'riti-h 
 infantry had been ])us]ied forward to Hajgah, 
 twenty-five miles northward of Sy<,dian, and liad 
 come into contact with the unfriendly tribes. At 
 the beginning of August, a small alVair occurred 
 near Kamurd, in which two companies of infantry 
 suffered a very severe loss. On the -Uii of August, 
 two guns of horse-artillery were sent to SvLrhan,* 
 more as a demonstration than with any other object, 
 as the roads to Kaunird and l^njgah, across tho 
 Dundan-Shikun and Nal-i-Ferish passes, were 
 
 • A p)u«l jiruclicuhle rotul ocrixM tliu niuuiitaiuii had, crc this, 
 
 Ihjoii iii;i<lc.
 
 424 ADVANCE OF DOST MAHOMED. 
 
 totally impracticable. The Dost was now advancing 
 from Kooloom, accompanied by the Wallee of 
 that place, at the head of about 10,000 men, and 
 every prospect of his force increasing daily. 
 
 On the 13th of September, Brigadier Dennie 
 arrived from Cabul with reinforcements, which 
 had been despatched on hearing of the Ameer's 
 advance. The force at Bamian, besides the troop, 
 consisted now of the 85th native infantry, the Goor- 
 kah regiment, a resallah of irregular cavalry, and 
 400 janbaz, or Afghan horse. The Afghan infantry 
 had been disarmed and sent to Cabul. 
 
 On the 17th, in the evening, the Dost's piquets 
 entered the Bamian valley at Soorukdhurrah, about 
 four miles distant, and on the following morning 
 the brigadier having received information which 
 led him to believe that merely the advanced guard 
 of the enemy had arrived, took out a small detach- 
 ment of only eight companies, and engaged the 
 whole Usbeg force, who were completely routed and 
 driven from the field in great confusion. Two guns 
 of the troop, under Lieutenant Mackenzie, were 
 present in this aiFair. The Usbegs fell back almost 
 immediately when the guns opened on them, 
 abandoning in succession three positions in which
 
 DEFEAT OF THE DOST. 425 
 
 they attempted to make a stand, but from which 
 they were instantly dislodged by the guns ad- 
 vancing. Thus in the valley itself, where the main 
 body of the enemy was, the contest was decided 
 by the horse-artillery, but on the heights the 
 infantry were engaged with some other parties of 
 the enemy, mostly foot-men. The cavalry pursued 
 the Usbegs for some miles up the defile of Sooruk- 
 dhurrah. The enemy has been variously computed 
 at from 5,000 to 10,000 men in the field. 
 
 Four guns of the troop accompanied Brigadier 
 Dennie in his subsequent pursuit of the enemy, 
 but the movements of the Usbegs had been too 
 rapid to allow it to be effectual ; but the results 
 were most happy, as it induced the Ameer to leave 
 the Usbeg camp, and forced the Wallee to abandon 
 his cause. The rest is well known : the Dost 
 threw himself into the Kohistan of Cabul, and the 
 theatre of war being thus changed, the British 
 troops were recalled from Bamian, and on the 8th 
 October (exactly a year and a day after its arrival), 
 the troop marched in progress to Cabul with 
 Colonel Dennie. At the commencement of the 
 following year the troop returned to India with 
 the escort in charge of the captive Ameer.
 
 42G THE KOHISTAN EXPEDITION. 
 
 In the expedition to the Kohistan, under Briga- 
 dier Sale, Cai)tain A. Abbott and his battery, and 
 Lieutenant Warburton with two of the Shah's body- 
 guard guns, were employed. The fort of Tootun- 
 durra was carried with little loss, a fact attributed 
 " in a great measure to the dread inspired by the 
 excellent practice of the artillery under the able 
 direction of Captain Abbott, assisted by Lieutenants 
 Maule and Warburton." 
 
 In breaching Julga in October, these same guns 
 were again employed, and Captain A. Abbott and 
 Lieutenant Warburton are reported as having 
 distinguished themselves in the service of the ar- 
 tillery. 
 
 In November the detachment was engaged with 
 the Dost's followers at Purwundurrah, and two 
 guns of No. 6 battery, under Lieutenant Dawes, 
 covered the successful attack on the heights after 
 the shameful flight of the cavalry. 
 
 At this period, a brigade marched from the 
 provinces under Colonel Shelton, to relieve part 
 of the Cabul force ; with it was Captain Nicholl's 
 (1st company 1st brigade) troop of horse artillery — 
 Lieutenants Waller and Stewart, subalterns — and 
 the newly-formed mountain-train under Captain
 
 COLONEL SIIELTON's BRIGADE. 427 
 
 Backhouse and Lieutenant Green. The brigade 
 advanced as fiir as Jellalabad, Avhen rumours 
 arising of the disaffection of the Sikhs in the 
 rear, it returned by forced marches to Jumrood, 
 but, finding its i)resence not required, again 
 marched without rest to Jellalabad. By the dif- 
 ficulty and rai)idity of this march the horses of 
 the troop were much knocked up, and their distress 
 was much increased by the officer commanding 
 the brigade having insisted, in spite of Captain 
 Nicholl's remonstrances, on the troop marching in 
 rear of the infantry, checking the natural pace of 
 the horse, and subjecting the troop to continual 
 halts. Two of its guns, under Captain Nicholl, 
 were em})loyed in February in reducing forts in 
 the Nazian valley, as also was the mountain-train. 
 
 While the artillery with the Cabul force was 
 thus employed, that at Candahar was not inactive. 
 In April, 1840, Captain W. Anderson, with one 
 of liis troops of horse-artillery and a body of the 
 Shah's troops, marching in the direction of Ghuznee, 
 fell in with a large body of insurgent Ghilzics, 
 and defeated tlieni near Tazee, on the Tornuck 
 rivir. The enemy made a firm stand, twice charge<l 
 our line, and w^iv (liivcn ])ac'k l>v tlie steadiness
 
 428 sHAii soojah's horse-artillery. 
 
 of the troops and the well-sustained fire of the guns 
 under Lieutenant Cooper. 
 
 Colonel Wymer's detachment was attacked at 
 Ealmee on the 19th May, on its route to Khelat-i- 
 Ghilzie, by a large body of Ghilzies. Two of the 
 Shah's horse-artillery guns under Lieutenant 
 Hawkins were present, " and opened upon the 
 enemy's dense masses of attack at about 900 yards, 
 with beautiful precision and effect, causing them 
 to break into three columns, which still continued 
 the attack," but were driven back by the steady 
 fire of the line, though they continued their efforts 
 from five till nearly ten at night. " Too much 
 cannot be said of the scientific and destructive 
 manner in which the artillery practice was con- 
 ducted by Lieutenant Hawkins, which created 
 awful havock in the ranks of the enemy, to the 
 admiration of the troops present." 
 
 In July, Lieutenant Cooper, with two guns, 
 accompanied Captain Woodburn against Uctar 
 Khan, in the neighbourhood of Girisk. The 
 enemy attacked the left " with great boldness, but 
 were repulsed by the well-directed fire of the guns, 
 and three companies on the left ; failing in this, 
 they attacked the right, but were again met by
 
 SHAH soojah's iiorse-artillery. 429 
 
 a most destructive fire from the guns and five com- 
 panies which were on the right." The rear was 
 then attacked, but a gun being reversed, and tlie 
 rear rank of the infantry facing about, the enemy 
 were driven off, after standing three rounds of case 
 shot. 
 
 " Lieutenant Cooper deserves my best acknow- 
 ledgments for the rapidity and admirable manner 
 in which he brought his guns to play upon the 
 enemy; and I had frequent opportunities of noticing 
 the precision of his practice. His guns are never 
 in difficulty," are Captain Woodburn's words in 
 his official report, in which also he speaks in an- 
 other place of the " admirable conduct of the 
 artillery." 
 
 In August, this same officer, with four guns, when 
 attached to Captain Griffin's force, was again in 
 action with the enemy near Khawind, and ai^aiii 
 rendered effectual assistance, and earned the praises 
 of his superiors for himself and his details. 
 
 On the arrival of Shah Soojah at Cabul, a grand 
 durbar was held, and a new order of chivalry was 
 instituted, — that of the " Dur-i-Dooranee," or Pearl 
 of the Dooranee Empire, consisting of three ranks, 
 similar to those of the Hatii. The annexed is a
 
 430 
 
 THE DOORANEE ORDER. 
 
 representation of the star of the order. It was 
 conferred on several artillery officers at various 
 times previous to Shah Soojah's death. 
 
 Hitherto we have had the gratifying task of 
 recounting the exploits of a victorious army ; a 
 darker page must now follow ; but though success 
 no longer brightens the narrative, we have still 
 the consolation of knowing that those parts of 
 the regiment employed, heroically performed their 
 duty in scenes of no common trial, and that their 
 exertions, in a cause which from the first was 
 evidently hopeless, only ceased when the cold hand 
 of death laid them low in the dark defiles of the 
 Koord Kabool and Jugdulluck. 
 
 In October, the Eastern Ghilzies occupied the
 
 THE CABUL OUTBREAK. 431 
 
 passes between Bhootkliak and Jellalalxad. briga- 
 dier Sale, with a brigade, was sent to clear tliem ; 
 No. 6 battery and the mountain-train accompanied. 
 Lieutenant Dawes with the two 9-poundcrs was 
 with the advance-guard, on whom, in forcing the 
 Kabool pass, the chief brunt fell. In the Tezeen 
 valley, all the guns were brought into action, in 
 a succession of skirmishes which lasted till dusk, 
 with much effect. The march was now a daily 
 struggle ; two guns, sometimes commanded by 
 Lieutenant Dawes, sometimes ])y Captain Back- 
 house (part of whose train, under Lieutenant Green, 
 had returned with the 37th regiment of native in- 
 fantry to Cabul), on the rear-guard, were engaged 
 daily ; at Jugdulluck a severe struggle ensued, 
 and its favourable conclusion was insured by the 
 guns seizing an unoccupied position, which took 
 the enemy's line in reverse; the rear-guard was, 
 however, suddenly attacked and the baggage seized ; 
 *' soon, however, by the praiseworthy exertions, 
 and cool and soldier-like orders and examj)le of 
 Captain Backhouse, * * confidence was restored 
 and the rear-guard extricated from tlie defile." 
 
 " I have been much pleased," continues the report, 
 " with the address and able arrangements of Ca])tain
 
 432 THE CABUL OUTBREAK. 
 
 Abbott, who has twice commanded the advance- 
 guard." 
 
 The insurrection burst out on all sides ; myriads 
 of Ghilzies, &c., re-occupied the passes in the rear, 
 and cut off all communication with Cabul, forcing 
 Sir Robert Sale to seek the safety of his brigade 
 by occupying Jellalabad. The Kohistanees rose in 
 Charekar, and murdered Lieutenant Maule, of the 
 artillery. Candahar was surrounded. Ghuznee fell. 
 The Khyberees sealed the mouth of their pass. 
 Colonel Wild's * attempt to force it failed, and the 
 last act of the tragedy was completed in the an- 
 nihilation of the Cabul garrison on its fatal and 
 ill-judged retreat. The details of these sad events 
 have been so graphically described, that we need 
 here do no more than record the losses of the 
 regiment, and extract from the accounts of eye- 
 witnesses their testimony to the admirable conduct 
 of that noble troop, the 1st troop 1st brigade horse- 
 artillery, both during the siege and the retreat. 
 
 After detailing the disastrous action of the 
 
 * The 4tli company 6th battalion, with Lieutenants A. 
 Christie and Robertson, formed part of this force. Captain 
 Lawrence, as political agent, accom])anicd it, and procured four 
 guns from the Seiks, which, however, were of little use, as their 
 carriaires broke down.
 
 THE RETREAT FROM CABUL. 433 
 
 23rd November, Captain Melville says, " Here, 
 amidst so much that was condemnable, let me again 
 bear just and heartfelt testimony to the ])ehaviour 
 of that brave, though small, body of men, whose 
 conduct on this, and every other occasion during 
 the war, was that of a ])and of heroes, and who, 
 preferring death to dishonour, met their fate, nobly 
 fighting to the last for the gun they had so a])ly 
 served. I allude; to the horse-artillery ; when 
 Sergeant Mulhall and six gunners, whose names I 
 feel dcej) sorrow I cannot here record, sword in 
 hand awaited the advance of the foe, and it was 
 not until they saw themselves alone in the midst 
 of thousands of the onomy, that they dashed at 
 full gallop, cutting their way through them, down 
 the hill ; and though surrounded by cavalry and 
 infantry, yet they managed to bring tlu^ir gun 
 safely to the plain, where, however, only three of 
 them being alive, and they desperately wounded, 
 they were obliged to h-ave it, and contrived to 
 reach cantonments." Again, during the retreat, 
 he says, " On reaching the extremity of the (Khoord 
 Cabool) pass, the horse-artillery, that iioldc brantli 
 of the service, whose courage, oven in extremity, 
 never failed, and wlio su|>iK)rted all their misfortunes 
 
 2 V
 
 434 CAPTAIN nicholl's troop. 
 
 cheerfully, halted, and, turning a gun on the pass, 
 awaited the debouchment of our troops and the 
 arrival of the enemy's. This soon happened, and 
 we received them with some well-directed rounds 
 of grape." * * After their guns and horses 
 were lost, " the artillerymen, those few that re- 
 mained, formed in the ranks of the 44th, and 
 gallantly supported on foot that deathless re- 
 putation they had gained when urging their steeds 
 into the heart of the battle." 
 
 Lieutenant Eyre, speaking of the siege, says, 
 " The gunners, from first to last, never once par- 
 took of a full meal or obtained their natural rest ; 
 of the hardships and privations undergone, it would 
 be difficult to convey an adequate idea." * * 
 " On the retreat from Cabul, owing to the starved 
 condition of the horses, which disabled them from 
 pulling the guns through the deep snow and rugged 
 mountain-passes, the guns were, one by one, spiked 
 and abandoned. In the Khoord Cabool pass, a 
 whole gun's crew perished rather than desert 
 their charge ; on nearing Jugdulluck, some horse- 
 artillerymen, headed by Captain Nicholl, acting as 
 dragoons, charged and routed a party of the enemy's 
 cavalry." 
 
 i
 
 CAPTAIN NICHOLL's TROOP. 435 
 
 " Throughout tlie last struggle, up to Gunda- 
 muck, all eye-witnesses concur in testifying to their 
 stubborn valour." 
 
 Of his troop, Captain Nicholl, Lieutenant Green 
 (who joined it on the loss of the mountain-train 
 early in the retreat), and Lieutenant Stewart, were 
 killed ; Lieutenants Eyre and Waller, both of 
 whom were wounded during the siege, were given 
 over, with their families, by the orders of Major- 
 General Elphinstone, to Akbar Khan ; 8 non- 
 commissioned officers and gunners were killed in 
 Cabul, 30 in the Khoord Cabool pass, 26 between 
 that and Jugdulluck, 32 in reaching Gundamuck, 
 3 were taken prisoners at the close, 3 left wounded 
 at Cabul, and 3 doing duty with No. 6 battery and 
 the mountain-train at Jellalabad. Sergeant Mul- 
 hall was killed at Gundamuck on the 13th January, 
 1842. 
 
 The regiment raised a monumental column to 
 the memory of this gallant troop, on the base of 
 which, on one marble slab, the circumstances under 
 which they fell are narrated, and on another, the 
 names of every non-commissioned officer and gunner 
 are inscribed. 
 
 Previous to the insurrection breaking out, the 
 2 F 2
 
 430 THE HYKULZYE AFFAIR. 
 
 3rd company* 2nd battalion moved from Ferozepore 
 to relieve the 4th company at Candahar ; it dropped 
 down the Indus to Sukknr, and marched to 
 Quettah, where it arrived on the 27th November, 
 1841, and remained, on account of the communi- 
 cations with Candahar being closed. Here it was 
 employed in throM-ing up defences and field-works, 
 for the protection of the cantonment, whenever 
 the frost and snow intermitted. The only building 
 available for their barracks becoming unsafe, during 
 the winter they were forced to occupy their tents, 
 and the severity of the weather in which they 
 were exposed to this insufficient shelter, may be 
 judged of by the fact of 180 camels of the comj)any 
 having perished from it. In the second advance 
 of Major-General England, and the successful 
 attack on the heights of Hykulzye, this company 
 shared ; a party under Lieutenant Cornish assisting 
 in working the guns of Captain Leslie's troop of 
 Bombay Horse Artillery, and with that force it 
 joined the head-quarters of the Candahar army on 
 10th May. 
 
 Before this junction occurred, the Candahar 
 force had been on more than one occasion moved 
 
 * Captain Sotbeby, Lieutenants Cornisb and Brougbani.
 
 Anderson's horse-artillery. 437 
 
 out to clear the neighbourhood of the insurgents. 
 In January, they came up with them on the 
 Urghandab, and after driving them from their 
 position, the liorse-artillery and cavalry pursued 
 them some distance. In the report of this action, 
 Captain W. Anderson's name Mas brought to the 
 favourable notice of Government. 
 
 In March, the army again took the field, and 
 on the 9th the horse-artillery under Captain Ander- 
 son got within range, and opened on the enemy 
 with good effect ; they broke and fled too rapidly 
 for the infantry to come up with them. While 
 the main body was absent, an attack was made 
 on tho city, but without success : part of the 4th 
 company 2nd battalion was present with the 
 garrison. 
 
 On the 25th March, the insurgents were attacked 
 near Baba Wala by Colonel Wymer. The well- 
 directed fire of two guns under Lieutenant Turner 
 soon drove in on the pass a large body of the enemy, 
 and they were finally put to flight by the arrival 
 of the main body under Major-General Nott. In 
 his report. Colonel Wymer writes, " I trust that 
 I may be permitted to bring to the Major-General's 
 notice the admirable practice of the artillery under
 
 438 DEFENCE OF KHELAT-I-GHILZIE. 
 
 Lieutenant Turner's guidance, every shot from which 
 told with beautiful effect on the dense masses of 
 the enemy." 
 
 A small garrison, with which was one-half the 
 3rd company 2nd battalion artillery, under Lieu- 
 tenant Walker, had been left in Khelat-i-Ghilzie in 
 November, 1841 ; the insurrection isolated them 
 from the Candahar force, and for several months 
 they underwent very great hardships ; an insufficient 
 supply of firewood exposed them to cold, barracks 
 without doors, and piercing cold winds, bread and 
 water for rations for days together, and an enemy 
 at the gates ; under these privations the artillery- 
 men never grumbled nor lost their good temper, 
 but continued to work as if they had been highly 
 fed. The enemy gradually closed in round the 
 fort, and on the night of the 21st May commenced 
 a simultaneous attack on two points ; at one point, 
 there were two 6-pounders, under Lieutenant 
 Walker, at the other only one. The enemy came 
 on in a determined manner, crossing the ditch by 
 means of scaling-ladders, and some even reached 
 the parapets ; so closely were the artillery assailed, 
 that at one time they were forced to turn to their 
 small-arms to assist in driving them off; towards
 
 DEFENCE OF JELLALABAO. 
 
 439 
 
 iiiorniiig the attack ceased, and tlie little iifarrison 
 was left ill cjuiet possession of their fort, and in 
 the course of a few days Colonel ^\'vnle^ arrived 
 from Caiidahar with a force to relieve them. 
 
 This service was rewarded by a medal to all 
 engaged, the handsomest of any l»y which the cam- 
 paigns in Affghanistan are marked. 
 
 Brigadier Sale's force, on reaching Jellalabad, 
 immediately occupied themselves in rendering its 
 defences tenable, collecting provisions, preparing 
 ammunition, and mounting their guns on the most 
 advantageous positions. In availinn- himself of 
 the resources of the country, and kee|)in_ir np our 
 communications, Caj)tain MacGregor's services were 
 most conspicuous and successful, and perlia])s to 
 his exertions it may mainly bi- attrii)ute(l that the 
 "illustrious garrison were enabled in hold out,
 
 440 THE "ILLUSTRIOUS GARRISON.'* 
 
 and earn for themselves the undyhig honour they 
 have gained. The exertions also of Captain Abbott, 
 Captain Backhouse, and Lieutenant Dawes, are 
 honourably recorded in the records of that siege, 
 records which have been so fully published that 
 little is left to us beyond extracting a few passages ; 
 and we shall first refer to the report of the con- 
 struction of the w^orks. " With the exception of 
 a few of the larger bastions, all the batteries were 
 prepared by the artillerymen themselves, both 
 Captain Abbott's company and Captain Backhouse's 
 mountain-train, under the superintendence of their 
 own officers ; besides this, a party of Captain 
 Abbott's artillerymen was always ready to assist 
 in the works generally, and they were most ably 
 superintended by Lieutenant Dawes, to whom I 
 am indebted for aid as constant as it was valuable, 
 and willingly given. Captain Backhouse, with his 
 own men and detachment of the Gth infantry Shah 
 Sooj all's force, not only prepared the parapets and 
 embrasures for his own guns, and repaired the 
 damages done to them by the earthquake, but he 
 undertook and completed several of the most 
 useful and laborious operations executed." * * 
 " Captain MacGregor, political agent, gave me,"
 
 THE " ILLUSTRIOUS GARRISON." 441 
 
 writes Brigadier Sale, " the aid of his local experi- 
 ence, and through his influence and measures our 
 dak communication with India was restored, and 
 a great quantity of grain collected. ♦ * * 
 Captain Abbott made the artillery dispositions in 
 the ablest manner, and used every exertion to 
 add to and economize our resources, in the way of 
 gun and musket ammunition." 
 
 " The artillery practice of No. 6 light field bat- 
 tery has ever been excellent, and has been equalled 
 by that of the mountain-train. Captains Abl)ott 
 and Backhouse and Lieutenant Dawes have proved 
 themselves excellent ordnance officers." 
 
 The siege, or rather blockade, continued from 
 November to April. The greatest want at times 
 prevailed of everything but grain ; but tlie men 
 preserved their cheerfulness under all privations, 
 the native artillerymen of the 2nd company Gth 
 battalion vying with the Europeans of IT. M.'s 
 light infantry in setting an example of good disei- 
 ])lino and patient and cheerful endurance of hard- 
 ship and danger. In April, Akbar Khan collected 
 a large body of troops in the neighbourhood, both 
 to overwhelm the garrison and meet the army 
 advancing to its succour through tlie Khyber. This
 
 442 DEFEAT OF AKBAR KHAN. 
 
 body the garrison attacked on the morning- of the 
 6tli April, and completely overthrew, caj)tiiring 
 standards and baggage, and four of the guns lost 
 by the Cabul force. In the action, No. 6 battery, 
 with which, in addition to Captain Abbott and 
 Lieutenant Dawes, were Cai)tains Backhouse and 
 MacGregor, as volunteers, was most effective; 
 moving rapidly to the front, it covered the advance 
 of the infantry, and held in check a large body of 
 cavalry which threatened the flank. This success 
 was most complete, and the garrison achieved its 
 safety by its own prowess." Its gallantry was 
 rewarded by a medal to all engaged ; the corps 
 were permitted to wear a "mural crown," with 
 the word " Jellalabad " on their appointments, and 
 a donation of six months' batta was granted as a 
 compensation for the various losses suffered, and 
 at the close of the campaign the rank of major, 
 with the companionship of the Bath, was bestowed 
 on Captains Abbott, Backhouse, and MacGregor.
 
 JELLALABAD MEDALS. 
 
 443 
 
 On the news of the insurrection reaching India, 
 steps were taken for despatching a force to aid the 
 troops in Affghanistan. Major-General Pollock, 
 C.B., of the artillery, was selected for its command, 
 and joined it at Peshawur in February. The artil- 
 lery with it was very insufficient. A troo}) of liorse- 
 artillcry and half a light field battery, a second 
 troop (Captain Delafosse's), and the remainder of 
 the field battery, did not join until after the entrance 
 to the Khvber was won. 
 
 -OOP.-;. 
 
 Com- 
 pany. 
 
 Batta- 
 lion. 
 
 Captains. 
 
 IJeutcnant.H. 
 
 3 
 3 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 2 
 4 
 
 2 
 
 6 
 
 Dclafosse 
 Alexander 
 
 ( Kiflianlsdii, Money, AIkt- 
 1 cTumliio. 
 
 A. Fitz^'craltl, l.jirkin8. 
 
 L. Smith, Dciu<;la.>*. 
 
 A. Cliris'tif, Rt)hort.>^i>ii. 
 
 Captain Laiie, commissary of ordnance. Lieu- 
 tenant Pollock, aide-de-camp. Lieutenant Sir l\.
 
 444 GENERAL POLLOCK's FORCE. 
 
 Shakespear, military secretary, Captain II. M. Law- 
 rence, political agent. 
 
 On the 5th April, the attack was made on the 
 Pass ; the guns were directed on the barriers raised 
 to defend the entrance ; two columns attacked the 
 heights on either side, and the main body carried 
 the Pass when the way had been opened by the 
 fire of the guns. The arrangements of General 
 Pollock were admirable. The attack was completely 
 successful ; and the enemy evacuated Ali-Musjid at 
 our approach. Captains Alexander and Lawrence, 
 Lieutenants Shakespear and Pollock, are mentioned 
 in the despatches. 
 
 Jellalabad was reached, but the enemy had dis- 
 appeared, and here the force halted, pending the 
 receipt of orders for an advance on Cabul, and till 
 arrangements for carriage could be made to enable 
 them to carry out the order. This halt was not 
 altogether inactive; in July, No. 6 battery, with 
 Captains Abbott and Dawes, was engaged with Bri- 
 gadier Monteith's force in the Shinwaree valley 
 with much credit. Captain MacGregor accompanied 
 the brigade, and " when opportunity offered itself, 
 served with the guns." 
 
 While the force remained halted, a supply of
 
 THE ARMY ADVANCES. 445 
 
 rockets reached tlie artillery, which had been for- 
 warded by di\k baughy from Allahabad, under tlie 
 impression that the weapon was particularly cal- 
 culated to be serviceable in the passes at points 
 where artillery could not be used at all, or Mithout 
 the greatest difficulty. The expectation was not 
 realized, — the rockets being too delicate to bear the 
 shaking they underwent ; this, together witli the 
 expansion of the iron case and the contraction of 
 the composition from the heat to which they were 
 exposed, rendered them nearly useless on reaching 
 their destination. 
 
 Towards the end of August the arrangements 
 were completed, and the force moved on ; the artil- 
 lery strengthened by No. G battery and the moun- 
 tain-train, which had formed part of the " illustrious 
 garrison." On the 24th, the enemy were driven 
 by General Pollock from Mammoo Khel, in wliit-h 
 action the services of Captains Abbott and Mar- 
 Gregor, and Lieutenant Pollock are mentioned. 
 On the 8th September, some fighting occurred near 
 Jugdulluck, and on tlie KKli, the enemy a.ssaulted 
 the rear-guard on all sides, but " were checked by 
 the very effective fire of the guns, ably directed 
 by Captain Lawrence (political agent), who voliin-
 
 446 CABUL RECAPTURED. 
 
 teered his services, and by Lieutenant Abercrom- 
 bie." The brigades were collected in the Tezeen 
 valley, for which purpose Major-General Pollock 
 halted on the 12th, and on the 13th were attacked 
 by the whole of Akbar Khan's troops, who were 
 defeated with much loss. Two of the guns, a 24 
 and 12-pounder howitzer, lost on the retreat, were 
 here recaptured. The rear-guard was hard pressed 
 in defending the entrance to the pass as the troops 
 moved on, and the effective services of Captains 
 Alexander and Lawrence, and Lieutenant Douglas, 
 in the use of the guns at this period, are acknow- 
 ledged. In the despatches of Major-General Pollock, 
 the names of Major Delafosse, Captains Abbott, 
 Backhouse, Alexander, MacGregor, Lieutenants 
 Fitzgerald, Shakespear, and Pollock, are men- 
 tioned with applause. 
 
 On the 15th, the force reached Cabul, and on 
 the 16th possession was taken of the Bala Hissar, 
 under a salute from Major Delafosse's troop. 
 
 Major-General Nott, after being joined by Major- 
 General England's force, as related in a previous 
 page, continued to hold Candahar, pending final 
 instructions. Towards the end of May the enemy, 
 collecting in numbers, endeavoured to carry the
 
 THE CANDAIIAR DIVISION. 447 
 
 town, wlion Major-Gencral Nott iiiovi'd out a^uin^t 
 tliciii. J5oth Captain Anderson's troops were en- 
 gaged in this affair with credit. Early in August, 
 Candahar was evacuated : one cohiinn with the 
 baggage retired by the Kojnck pass; witli this was 
 Lieutenant Cooper's troo}) of liorse-artillery and 
 the 3rd company 2nd battalion artillery under 
 Lieutenant Walker. In its route to Sukkur this 
 force met with little or no opjjosition. 
 
 The main force marched on the 8th August. 
 The artillery consisted of Major Sotheby, com- 
 mandant ; Lieutenant l^roughani, adjutant, S. S. 
 Horse Artillery, Captain W. Anderson, Lieutenants 
 Turner and Hawkins; 3rd company, 2nd battalion, 
 Lieutenant Cornish, four 18-pounder guns attaclied. 
 
 On the 31st August, within forty miles of Ghuz- 
 nee, the governor, with about 12,000 men, moved 
 out to meet the British, but he was defeated wiih 
 the loss of guns, tents, &c. Major Sotheby was 
 mentioned in the desj)atc]i, \\hicli conciudiMl l>y 
 saying, " I cannot close this despatcli without ex- 
 pressing my admiration of tlie dashing and gallant 
 conduct, rapid movements, and cornet jjractice, of 
 Captain Anderson's trooj) of horse-artillery; notiiing 
 could exceed it. an<l I Ik'lt to brinir tliis olHcer and
 
 448 THE rmsoNERs recovered. 
 
 Lieutenant Turner, attached to the same troop, 
 to the particular notice of his Lordship, as officers 
 who have on many occasions rendered me most 
 essential service." 
 
 Ghuznee yielded without opposition ; its walls 
 and bastions were destroyed — the gates of Somnath 
 and the Zubber Jung rewarded the conquerors and 
 graced their triumphant march to Cabul, which 
 they reached on the 17th, after defeating the enemy 
 at Beni Badam and Mydam on the 14th and 15th, 
 in which actions " the artillery " are reported as 
 having " distinguished themselves," and the names 
 of Captain Anderson and Lieutenant Turner are 
 particularly mentioned. 
 
 A body of Kuzzilbash horse, despatched under 
 Sir R. Shakespear towards Bamcan, to aid the 
 prisoners, met them on their return, they having 
 effected their escape ; of the artillery. Lieutenants 
 Eyre, Waller, and Warburton ; Sergeants MacNee 
 and Cleland; gunners A'Hearnc, Kean, and Walton, 
 were the sole survivors. 
 
 A force was sent against Istaliff on the 30th 
 September, in which the mountain-train under 
 Captain Backhouse, and two 18-pounders under 
 Lieutenant Cornish, were employed. Lieutenants
 
 RKTURN TO TIIK PROVINCES. 449 
 
 Richardson and Pollock accompanied the force, and 
 the former was slightly wounded. 
 
 The combined armies now turned homewards, 
 meeting with many difficulties from the exhausted 
 state of the cattle and the obstacles in the passes ; 
 so much so, that the four 18-pounders which had 
 originally marched with the Army of the Indus were 
 burst in the passes and their carriages burnt. Daily 
 skirmishes took place, and in passing a ravine near 
 Alee Musjid just at dusk, a rush was made by the 
 Afredis on a small detachment of artillery with 
 a gun of the mountain-train under Lieutenant A. 
 Christie. He was killed, and the gun carried ofl* 
 but afterwards recovered. 
 
 Of the trophies, the Zubber Jung was burst at 
 Cabul ; the Kazee travelled with difficulty as far 
 as Lundi-khana, in tlie Khyber, where, upsetting 
 into a ravine, it was burst and abandoned ; the Som- 
 nath gates alone reached Hindustan, travelling on a 
 spare 18-pounder carriage ; but they were fated, even 
 after 800 years of absence, not to pass their kindred 
 threshold ; they got no furtluM- than A^ra in tlic 
 attempt, and were there deposited in the armoury 
 of the magazine. 
 
 The trooj)s were received on their return by the 
 
 2 Q
 
 450 
 
 CABUL MEDALS. 
 
 Army of Reserve at Ferozepore, assembled in case 
 its aid should have been wanted, and medals be- 
 stowed for the different services, bearing the inscrip- 
 tions of Candahar — Candahar, Ghiiznee, Cabul, 
 1842— Ghuznee, Cabul, 1842— and Cabul, 1842; 
 the obverse of all was similar, and this, and all the 
 medals since that for Ghuznee, were worn on a parti- 
 coloured ribbon of light tints, called " the ribbon of 
 India," ill fitted for a military decoration. 
 
 For these distinguished services General Pollock 
 was rewarded with the first class of the order of 
 the Bath, and received the thanks of both Houses 
 of Parliament. He was subsequently appointed a 
 member of the Supreme Council of India, and on 
 being compelled to quit the country on account
 
 SIR CEORGE rOLLOCK. 451 
 
 of ill-health in 184G-7, a pension of £1,000 per 
 annum was bestowed uj»on him by the East-India 
 Company, with the unanimous approbation of the 
 Court of Proprietors. The freedom of tlie city was 
 also voted him by the corporation of London. 
 
 Of the artillery officers Mho served under (Jene- 
 rals Pollock and Nott, the folioMing received hono- 
 rary distinctions: — Captains Anderson, Alexander, 
 Lane, and Lawrence, were gazetted brevet-majors ; 
 and Majors Delafosse, Sotheby, and Anderson, com- 
 I)anious of the Bath. 
 
 liefore closing: this account of the war in Afdian- 
 istan, it should ])e mentioned, that in the i)olitical 
 department several artillery officers were greatly 
 distinguished. The names of Ca[)tains Todd an<l 
 MacGregor are associated with important historical 
 events at Herat and Jellala))ad ; whilst Captain 
 Abbott and Lieutenant llichmond Sliakespfiir (who 
 was subsequently knighted for these services) will 
 be remembered for their enterj)rising and j>erilous 
 journeys to Khiva and the Caspian for the j>nrpose 
 of liberating the Russian slaves confined in the 
 former place. 
 
 " (!
 
 452 AFFAIRS AT GWALIOR. 
 
 CHAPTER IX. 
 
 State of affairs at Gwalior — The Army of Exercise — The battle 
 of Maharajpore — Want of heavy ordnance — The battle of 
 Punniah — The Gwalior contingent — Honours conferred on 
 the artillery — The ordnance commissariat remodelled — The 
 artillery in Sindli — Reorganization of the regiment — Increase 
 of horse-batteries. 
 
 In the following year (1843) the attention of the 
 Supreme Government was directed towards a new 
 quarter. The death of the Maharajah Junkojee 
 Rao Scindiah was followed by alarming disturb- 
 ances at Gwalior. The army became dominant in 
 the State. The Regent, who had been nominated 
 to preside over the Durbar, during the minority of 
 the adopted son of the deceased ruler, was incom- 
 petent to control the rebellious soldiery ; the widow 
 of the late king took part against the minister, and 
 the hostilities, which commenced with a bed-cham- 
 ber intrigue, ended in a civil war. Such, indeed, 
 became the anarchy and confusion at Gwalior, that 
 the British Resident quitted Scindiah's court, and 
 the Governor-General, though not contemplating
 
 rilK MAIIRATTA SOLDIKRY. 453 
 
 immediate interference, began to watcli with some 
 anxiety the progress of events at tlie Maliratta 
 capital. As the year advanced, the llanee's party, 
 at the head of wliich was the Datlur Khasgecwallali, 
 a man whose tomjicr and designs were notoriously 
 hostile to the British, became stronger and stronger. 
 Such of the officers, in the service of the Maharajah, 
 as were known to be friendly to the paramount 
 state, were ill-treated and dismissed. Covert 
 hostility began to rise into open defiance ; and 
 it now became apparent, that frcjm tlie otlier side 
 of the Sutlej, the Sikhs were watching, witli 
 undisguised satisfaction, the excitement at (Jwalior, 
 and waitinof to take advantafje of anv disaster that 
 might befall us, to declare themselves ou the side of 
 the Mahrattas. 
 
 As the cold weather approached, the aspect of 
 afiairs became more and nioii' tlircatening. To 
 bring about a satisfactory settlement l>y mere 
 diplomacy, appearccl (litlicult, if not inipossibU' ; 
 and Lord I'illonborough determinofi on assembling 
 an army on the banks of the .Iimiiia. I'lie force 
 assembled at Agra, in (lie month of November, 
 under the personal {M)niniaiul otSir Hugh (jough, the 
 Commander-in-Chief, and was called the " Armv (»f
 
 454 THE ARMY OF EXERCISE. 
 
 Exercise." At the same time a left wing was 
 formed, under the command of General Gray, to 
 operate upon Gw^alior from the Bundlekhund 
 country, whilst the main army advanced from Agra. 
 On the IGth of December, Sir Hugh Gough com- 
 menced his march. Affairs were growing worse, 
 and armed intervention was inevitable. When at 
 length, the Khasgeewallah was given up, with the 
 hope of arresting the progress of the British, the 
 Army of Exercise was in full march upon Gwalior, 
 and was not to be stayed. 
 
 The artillery division of the Army of Exercise 
 was commanded by Brigadier G. E. Gowan, 
 Captain J. H. Macdonald being his assistant 
 adjutant-general. Colonel J. Tennant was ap- 
 pointed, w'ith the rank of brigadier, to the com- 
 mand of the foot-artillery ; Lieutenant and Brevet- 
 Captain A. Huish, acting as major of brigade ; and 
 Captain E. F. Day, as commissary of ordnance. 
 The components of the horse-artillery force were 
 the 2nd troop 2nd brigade, commanded by Captain 
 C. Grant, with Lieutenants Clifford and P. Christie, 
 as subalterns ; the 3rd troop 2nd brigade, com- 
 manded by Brevet-Major Alexander, with Brevet- 
 Captain A. Fitzgerald (adjutant of the brigade,
 
 THE LEFT WINC. 455 
 
 Avlio had volunteered to do subaltern's duty with 
 the troop), and Lieutenant Wintle ; and the 2nd 
 trooj) 3rd brigade, with which were Brevet-Major 
 Lane (connnanding), Brevet-Captain C. Mills, and 
 Lieutenant Moir. The foot-artillery consisted of the 
 1st company 1st battalion (with No. 10 light field- 
 battery) under Brevet-Major Saunders ; Lieu- 
 tenants Bruce, Milligan, and Sladen, subalterns ; 
 and the 1st company 4th battalion, commanded by 
 Captain B. Brown, with Lieutenants Holland an<i 
 Remington. In addition to these were the heavy 
 batteries, consisting of six 18-poundcrs and four 
 8-inch howitzers, manned by the reserve companies 
 of the 4th battalion (European) and the Gth golun- 
 dauze ; the former under Lieutenant-Colonel Far- 
 rington, with Lieutenant Whiteford, adjutant ; and 
 the latter under Lieutenant-Colonel Denniss, with 
 Lieutenant Warner, adjutant. 
 
 The artillery with the left wing was commanded 
 by Lieutenant-Colonel Biddulph (Cai)tain Austin, 
 major of brigade), and was composed of tlie 1st 
 troop 3rd brigade, commanded by Ca|)tain F. Briiid, 
 Lieutenants Coxe and Bourchier, subalterns ; the 
 3rd troop 3rd brigade, under Captain (Jeorge 
 Campbell, witii whom was Lieutenant ilumfrays;
 
 456 ADVANCE ON MAHARAJPORE. 
 
 and the 6tli company Gth battalion, with No. 16 
 li^ht field-battery, under Lieutenant W. Olpherts. 
 
 On the arrival of the advanced columns at Dhol- 
 pore, they were met by the Khas<^ee wallah, whose 
 surrender, now become a matter of fact, was re- 
 garded as a prelude to a general compliance with 
 the terms dictated by the Governor-General. The 
 bulk of the siege-train was thefefore halted, and 
 eventually ordered back to Agra. 
 
 On the 27th of December information was ob- 
 tained that the enemy had advanced to Choundah, 
 a village within eight miles of the position occupied 
 by the " Army of Exercise " at Hurgonah, and ar- 
 rangements were made next day to attack them on 
 the 29th. On the morning of that day, the army 
 advanced upon the village of Maharajpore. It was 
 believed that the enemy were some miles distant ; 
 but, as the British troops ascended the rising 
 ground, the Mahratta batteries opened suddenly 
 upon our advancing columns ; and as our own 
 heavy artillery was in the rear, it was no easy 
 matter to silence the destructive fire kept up by 
 the enemy, with a spirit and a precision which 
 could scarcely be excelled by the best gunners in 
 the service of any European state.
 
 BATILK Ol' MAilAliAJl'ORE. 457 
 
 Our light field-batteries were overmatched by 
 the heavy metal of the Mahratta ordnance ; but 
 their steadiness under fire was never exceeded, and 
 the determined resolution ^vith which tliey carried 
 on the unequal contest, elicited the highest praise. 
 Captain Grant's troop of horse-artillery came into 
 action about half-past eight o'clock, when it 
 engaged one of the enemy's batteries, drawn up on 
 the left of the village of Maharajpore. Here it 
 was joined by Major Alexander's troop, when 
 " both advanced to within 500 yards of the enemy, 
 and soon drove him from his guns, which were 
 taken possession of by the 3rd brigade of infantry. 
 On following up the enemy, the two troops Mere 
 suddenly exposed to a cross fire, from two of the 
 enemy's batteries, which had hitherto l)een con- 
 cealed ; one in front, and the other on our left 
 flank. Caj)tain Grant was ordered to oppose the 
 fonner, and Major Alexander the latter, wliich was 
 soon after stormed and taken by tlic '.)vd l)rigado of 
 infantry; upon which Major Alexander followed up 
 the retreating enemy with great ellcct. and Major 
 Lane, with the 2nd troop 8rd brigade, joined them 
 ill tlie i»ursuit. In thr mean time. Captain (Jrant 
 had advanced to within GOO yanls (»r the Clioundah
 
 458 ARTILLERY SERVICE. 
 
 position, and was opposed singly to the fire of a 
 heavy battery of 12 guns, for upwards of half an 
 hour, and I regret to say, sustained a considerable 
 loss in men and horses. So well chosen," adds 
 Brigadier Gowan, from whose report to the Com- 
 mander-in-Chief these details are taken, " was the 
 enemy's position, that even on horseback, I could 
 only discern the muzzles of their guns, which in 
 weight of metal, as well as in number, were very 
 superior to the troop's. More than once, however, 
 the enemy were driven by our fire from their guns, 
 but being unsupported at the time, except by a 
 weak troop of cavalry, no advantage of this could 
 be taken, and he returned to his guns." 
 
 In another letter, addressed to the assistant 
 adjutant-general of artillery. Brigadier Gowan, 
 with reference to the other details of field artillery, 
 says, " Major Lane's troop (2nd troop 3rd brigade) 
 advanced with the 4th brigade of cavalry, under 
 Brigadier Scott, forming the left column, and 
 Nos. 17 and 10 light field-batteries, with the 4th 
 and 5th brigades of infantry, respectively forming the 
 centre column of attack. These came into action 
 on the opposite side of the village of Maharajpore 
 from that on which we were first engaged
 
 THE MAIIUATTA BATTERIES. 459 
 
 The conduct of officers and men was highly satis- 
 factory, and everything I could desire." 
 
 Nothing could have exceeded the resolute cou- 
 raffe with wliich the Mahratta batteries were de- 
 fended, alike by infantry and artiller3mien, or the 
 precision with Mhich the guns were served by the 
 latter. " I never witnessed," wrote the Commander- 
 in-Chief, " guns better served, nor a body of infan- 
 try apparently more devoted to tlie protection of 
 their regimental guns, held by the Mahratta corps 
 as objects of worship." " The fire of the enemy," 
 wrote Brigadier Gowan, " was remarkably accurate, 
 and Mas maintained with a smartness which sur- 
 prised me. At one time they got the range of 
 Captain Grant's troop so exactly, that nearly every 
 shot fell between the guns and waggons of the 
 battery." 
 
 It was only by the steady gallantry of the British 
 infantry, who charged the oiioniy's batteries in the 
 face of destructive showers of gi-ape iind rouml shot, 
 that their position at last was canird. Her 
 Majesty's 30th and KUh regiments headed the 
 columns. Nothing could have been more gallant 
 than the attack, more obstinate than the resistance. 
 The enemy's golundaz stood to be bayoneted in
 
 460 MISUSE OF THE HEAVY ORDNANCE. 
 
 their batteries, and only yielded iij) their guns with 
 their lives. 
 
 It is probable that, if in this engagement better 
 use had been made of the artillery, the loss that fell 
 upon the British army would have been much less 
 severe. Brigadier Tennant, who commanded the 
 foot-artillery, had brought up four 8-inch howitzers 
 in line witli H. M.'s 39th, but he was not permitted 
 to advance. Had he been allowed, as was his 
 expressed desire, to move up within 800 yards' 
 distance, where he could see the enemy's position 
 more distinctly, and therefore operate with greater 
 precision, he might, it was the opinion of those 
 present, have knocked the Mahratta batteries to 
 pieces, and enabled the infantry columns to advance 
 in comparative safety to the attack. 
 
 On the same morning of the 29th of December, 
 General Gray, who, with the left wing of the army, 
 had been advancing upon Gwalior from the Sindh 
 river, came up with the enemy at Punniah, a 
 village a few miles to the south of the capital. 
 Here the Mahratta batteries were strongly posted, 
 as at Maharajpore, on commanding ground, and in 
 gorges flanking one another. The 3rd Buffs, who 
 led the column sent forward to attack the enemy's
 
 THK BATTLE OF PUNNIAH. 461 
 
 position, were supported by Cajitain Brind's troop 
 of horse-artillery, Ist troop 3nl brigade, which 
 " opened upon the guns to the left of Mangore, 
 whilst Major Geddes, with Captain Camjjbell's 
 troop, 3rd battalion 3rd brigade, and two guns of 
 Captain Brind's, opened upon the battery of seven 
 guns in rear of Mangore ; and their practice was 
 beautiful, silencing all but one of the enemy's guns, 
 which was served with the greatest accuracy to the 
 last moment. Lieutenant Olpherts, with four guns 
 of No. 16 light field-battery, took up a position 
 south of Mangore, and opened on the enemy as 
 they retreated up the hills, with good efiect. 
 Lieutenant Tombs, Mith two ouns of liirht field- 
 battery attached to the rear-guard, fired with great 
 precision several shots upon the enemy's left.'* 
 The Mahrattas made a gallant defence, but were 
 driven from their guns with considerable loss; and 
 night closed upon their total dispersion. 
 
 In these enffairements on the 29th of December, 
 the artillery lost at Maharajpore, 1 'iiid lii'utonant, 
 1 Serjeant, 1 gunner, killed ; and 1 Serjeant, and 
 
 * rroin the rtpurt of Hrcvot-L'ajiUun Kciii, :ij>bist:int tjiuir- 
 temiaatcr-general. Tlie lattor portion of the extract is adopted 
 word for word liy (ipiioril (Jray in Ids despatch.
 
 462 HONORARY DISTINCTIONS TO THE ARTILLERY. 
 
 21 gunners, wounded ; besides syces, ordnance- 
 drivers, and a considerable number of horses. At 
 Punniah, the loss was much smaller, only one man 
 and one horse having been killed. The officer who 
 fell at Maharajpore, was Lieutenant Leathes. He 
 was posted with the rear-guard, and had ridden 
 forward, it would seem, to watch the progress of 
 the action, when coming too close to the Mahratta 
 batteries, a round shot carried off his head. 
 
 For services rendered during this campaign, 
 Colonel Gowan received the companionship of the 
 Bath ; Majors Geddes, Sanders, Alexander, and 
 Lane, were promoted to the rank of lieutenant- 
 colonel by brevet, and Captains Brown, Grant, 
 Brind, Campbell, and Macdonald, were gazetted as 
 brevet-majors. In the political transactions with 
 which these military operations were connected. 
 Lieutenant Sir Richmond Sbakespear, of the ar- 
 tillery, took a conspicuous part. He acted as an aide- 
 de-camp to the Commander-in-Chief, during the 
 battle of Maharajpore, and was thanked in his Excel- 
 lency's despatch. Captain Macdonald also received 
 the thanks of the Commander-in-Chief. On the 
 subsequent settlement of the affairs of Gwalior, 
 four batteries were raised for service with the new
 
 THE ARTILLERY IN SCINDE. 403 
 
 Gwalior contingent ; and placed under the command 
 of Lieutenants Eyre, Warburton, T. IT. Sniytli, and 
 Hawkins ; 13 revet-Captain Frank Turner being ap- 
 pointed brigade major. 
 
 In honour of these victories, a bronze star, with 
 " Maharajpore " or "Punniah" in the centre, was 
 struck, and distributed to the troops engaged. 
 
 Early in the year 1844, the 4th troop 1st brigade 
 of horse-artillery, and the 4th company 6th batta- 
 lion of foot, which formed part of the relief ordered 
 to Scinde, had their fidelity severely tried by the 
 conduct of two native infantry regiments who re- 
 fused to cross the Sutlej, on the plea tliat their just 
 allowances had been witlidrawn. Tlie artillery, 
 consisting of a native trooj) and a native comj)any, 
 who must have come under the operation of the 
 same order, do not appear to have taken a leading 
 part in the mutinous movement. 
 
 In the autumn of this year (1844), a re-organiza- 
 tion of the ordnance commisariat department was 
 ordered by the Supreme Government. Instead of 
 a principal commissary of ordnance, resident, as here- 
 tofore, in Fort William, an inspector of magazines, 
 with his head-cpiarters at Allahabad, was a|i|t(>iiited ; 
 and the arsenal of Fort William was piaceil iiiidtT
 
 464 HORSE FIELD-BATTERIES. 
 
 the charge of the deputy principal commissary of 
 ordnance. 
 
 In the beginning of the year 1845, Sir Henry 
 Hardinge, then Governor-General, directed his at- 
 tention to the state of the artillery, and, in con- 
 junction with Sir George Pollock, the military 
 member of council, introduced several important 
 improvements. " The number of regular horse 
 field-batteries had been gradually increased to five.* 
 These were at first equipped with 89 horses, which 
 allowed six horses each for six guns and six wag- 
 gons, one spare per team, and five for the staff; the 
 gun-teams were subsequently allowed eight horses 
 to each. In 1845, the number of batteries was 
 increased to nine, and the complement of horses to 
 each fixed at 120, which gave eight horses to each 
 gun and waggon, and allowed a team for the forge- 
 cart, with six saddle-horses, including one spare 
 and one spare draught-horse per team. On the 
 frontier or on service, ten additional horses were 
 sanctioned.! 
 
 * This, and the following paragraphs distinguished by in- 
 verted commas, are taken verbatim from a very valuable article 
 on the " Bengal Artillery " in the Calcutta Review, No. xviii. 
 
 t The following extract from a minute by Sir Henry Har- 
 dinge, dated January 20, 1845, relates to this important subject.
 
 RE-ORGANIZATION OF ARTILLERY. 4G5 
 
 " In July, 1845, a new organization of tlic whole of 
 the Indian artillery took place, by wliich the corps in 
 Bengal received a nominal increase, but a i»ractical 
 decrease, exce[)t in the establishment of officers. 
 The five European battalions of five companies 
 each, were formed into six battalions of four 
 companies each, and the two golundaz battalions of 
 ten companies, into three battalions of six com- 
 panies each, causing a total reduction of one Euro- 
 pean, and two native companies. 
 
 " One important advantage was, however, ob- 
 tained by the increase of European officers, the 
 want of which had been seriously felt on varions 
 previous occasions. The relief thus granted could 
 
 ** In reference to the 4-horso ficld-battcries, it appears to me 
 essential that O-pounders should be drawn by cifjht horses instead 
 of six ; that a battery of six pieces should thert-fore have, when 
 ordered on field service, a complement of 120 horses, instead of 
 98 ; ami considering the immediate result of a few weeks' cam- 
 paigning, the number ought to bo l.'JU horses. When not under 
 orders for field service, the number may remain at 98. On this 
 matter, and every other relating to the artillery, the CSovernor- 
 General requests the Honourable Sir Cieorge Pollock to make 
 tho arrangements which his experienced judgment may decitle, 
 80 as to secure the utino>t i-Uicieiuy ; fi)r in all these matters, 
 efficiency will be found to l»e true economy." fThe number of 
 horses would seem to have been raised in the first instance from 
 89 to 98.] 
 
 2 II
 
 466 RE-ORGANIZATTON OF ARTILLERY. 
 
 not of course be felt immediately, Imt its beneficial 
 effect is now becoming* manifest. 
 
 " This gave an establishment of three brigades 
 and nine battalions, each having a complement of 
 officers similar to the infantry, with the exception 
 that an additional captain Mas allowed to the latter, 
 which has not been accorded to the artillery, 
 although greatly wanted." 
 
 The important subject of elephant-draught at this 
 time engaged the attention of the Governor-General. 
 These animals had been long in use with the light 
 post-guns in Arracan and other ])laces, and an 
 experimental elephant-battery had been recently 
 established at Dum-dum. But Sir Henry Hardinge 
 now turned his thoughts towards the application of 
 this description of draught to heavy ordnance, con- 
 vinced that, for the transport of siege-guns, arti- 
 ficers' carts, &c., elephants would be found more 
 serviceable and more economical than bullocks. 
 During the Sikh campaign, the services of the 
 former were tested, especially on the march to and 
 from Kote-Kangra ; and the result more than 
 justified the expectations of the Governor-General.
 
 THE NORTH-WEST FRONTIER STRENGTHENED. 4G7 
 
 niAPTKPv X. 
 
 The Sikh invaaion — Battle of Moodkcc — Services of th<^ artil- 
 lery — Battle of Ferozeshuhur — Scarcity of amniuuition — 
 Measures taken for its prevention — The artillery reinforce*! — 
 Affair at Buddowul — Battle of Aliwal — Battle of Sohraon — 
 Honours conferred on the artillery — The occupation of 
 I^ahore. 
 
 As the year 1845 drew towards its rlose, tlie 
 state of aflfairs in tlio Punjab «]enianded the most 
 anxious attention of the (jOvernor-General. Eager 
 to maintain peace, but at tlic same time determined 
 to be prepared for war. Sir Ilonry Ilardinge had 
 noiselessly increased the strength of the rnuitior 
 army, and had himself proceeded, in SeptemlxT, tn 
 the North-west, apparently on an ordinary tour of 
 inspection. In duly, 1844, there had been between 
 Meerut and Ferozepore 24,()()() men, and GO field- 
 pieces. This force he had, with a^ little ostentation as 
 possible, increased to 4^),i)iH) men, and i)S field-guns. 
 The most important position uas I luhailah. As it 
 was from this point that any attack from i)eyoud the 
 
 1> II L>
 
 468 STRENGTHENING OF THE FRONTIER. 
 
 Sutlcj must have been met, the Governor-General, 
 by December, 1845, Iiad placed there, in the front 
 line, 32,470 men, and 6Q field-guns, where before, 
 in July, 1844, there had only been 13,530 men, 
 and 48 field-guns. But all these preparations were 
 made in the manner least calculated to alarm or to 
 irritate the Sikhs, and it was hoped that, in spite of 
 the boastings of the turbulent soldiery, they would 
 be restrained by their own intestine feuds from 
 advancing to the attack of their neighbours. The 
 middle of December, however, saw them preparing 
 to cross the river ; and the great event, which had 
 for many years been talked of in every cantonment 
 in India, was now on the eve of accomplishment ; 
 the war in the Punjab was about to commence. 
 
 We come now to speak more in detail of the 
 disposition of the artillery at this time. At the 
 commencement of the war, there were stationed at 
 Ferozepore, the 5th troop 1st brigade, under Cap- 
 tain E. F. Day ; the 3rd troop 3rd brigade, under 
 Brevet-Major George Campbell ; the 4th company 
 6th battalion, with No. 19 light field-battery, under 
 Captain J. Fordyce ; and the 2nd company 7th 
 battalion, with No. 6 light field-battery, under 1st 
 Lieutenant A. G. Austen (Captain Boileau, lately
 
 THE AiniLLERY FORCE. 469 
 
 posted, not liaviuf^" joiiKMl), in all 12 liorsc-artillery 
 guns and liowitzeis ((I and 12-|)0unders), ami 1*2 
 foot-artillery guns and howitzers (0 and iM- 
 pounders). Besides these troops and companies, 
 there was a reserve company (the 2nd company 
 2nd battalion) for the service of heavy gun>< and 
 rockets. The whole were under the command of 
 Lieutenant-Colonel Huthwaite, of the 3rd brigade. 
 
 At Loodianah were posted the 1st troop ls;t 
 brigade, under Caj)tain F. Dashwood ; and thf 
 4th troop 3rd brigade, under Captain II. Garbett 
 (total 12 guns); the mIioIc commandi'd by Jiieu- 
 tenant-Colonel Geddes. 
 
 But the largest force of artillery was jiosted at 
 Umballah, under Lieutenant-Colonel George Brooke, 
 of the 1st brigade horse-artillery. At that station 
 were the 2nd troop 1st brigade, under Captain 
 D'Arcy Todd ; the 3rd troop 1st brigade, under 
 Captain G. H. Swinley ; the 1st troop 3rd brigade, 
 under Major F. Brind ; the 3rd coni])any 4th 
 battalion, under Captain .lasixT Trower ; ainl the 
 2nd company 6th battalion, under Captain K. llors- 
 ford ; Nos. 7 and J) light licld-batteries being 
 attached to these two companies. 'riicic were 
 also at Umballah, the 2nd and 4lli (•oMi[)anies
 
 470 THE ARTILLERY FORCE. 
 
 (reserve) 4th battalion, under Lieutenant-Colonel 
 G. Denniss.* 
 
 Thus the Sirhind division of artillery, commanded 
 by Lieutenant-Colonel Brooke, numbered forty-two 
 horse-artillery and twenty-four foot-artillery guns 
 and howitzers. The four 9-pounder batteries were 
 horsed ; but No. 19, at Ferozepore, having only 
 lately been changed from a bullock-battery, and 
 being incomplete in harness, was obliged to take 
 the field with bullock-draught. The Governor- 
 General was at this time at Umballah ; and he had 
 with him on escort duty, two horse-artillery guns, 
 under 1st Lieutenant George Moir, of the 2nd 
 troop 3rd brigade horse-artillery, commanded by 
 Lieutenant-Colonel Lane, then at Muttra. 
 
 The Sikhs crossed the Sutlej on the 11th and 
 12th. On the latter day Sir Hugh Gough marched 
 from Umballah to Rajpoora, with the head-quarters 
 of the Sirhind division, a distance of 18 miles ; and 
 on the 13th, Sir John Littler moved his troops into 
 camp, to protect the cantonments of Ferozepore; 
 
 * On the deaths of Captains Dashwood and Todd, Captain 
 Mills (of the political department) commanded the let troop 
 1st brigade at Ferozeshuhur, and Lieutenant Mackinnon com- 
 manded the 2nd troop in the same action ; Captain Waller 
 commanded the latter at Sobraon. 
 
 i
 
 THE ARTILLERY BRIGADED. 171 
 
 one iv^niiii'iit being ilL'tuclicd with tlirec i^aiiis, from 
 No. G battery, uiider Lieutenant Tnllocli, to defend 
 the city. On the same day, he brigaded his force ; 
 Lieutenant-Colonel Ilutliwaite, of the 3rd brii/ade, 
 being temporarily a|)|)ointe(l a brigadier (jf artil- 
 lery ; Lieutenant Abercroinbie, adjutant of the 
 3rd brigade, being his brigade-major. 
 
 On the 13th, tlie GovtM-nor-Oeneral and the 
 Commander-in-('liief being tlien only a few miles 
 distant from eacli otlier, and in constant communi- 
 cation, the Army of the Sutlej was formed into 
 brigades and divisions. Lieutenant-Colonel Brooke 
 was appointed brigadier to command the artillery ; 
 consisting of all the troops and companies before 
 mentioned, as stationed at Ferozepore, Loodianah, 
 and Umballah, as well as the two guns under 
 Lieutenant Moir, from the escort of the Governor- 
 General. Brevet-Cai)tain Murray Mackenzie, ad- 
 jutant of the 1st brigade, was appointed major o{ 
 brigade to the artillerv, an<l Hrevet-Captain \\'ar- 
 ner, adjutant of the -1th battalion, commissary of 
 ordnance. 
 
 On the 13th, the troops at lioodianah received 
 orders from Sir II. llardinge tt) march to Husseean, 
 a distance of twenty-eight miles; and at the same
 
 472 THE MOVEMENT ON BUSSEEAN. 
 
 time, the two horse-artillery guns from Muttra, and 
 the 5th cavahy, which formed part of the Governor- 
 General's escort, were sent thither to join them. 
 The ol)ject of this movement was to cover Busseean, 
 full as it was of supplies for the British army, which, 
 but for the interposition of the Loodianah force, 
 would in all probability have been destroyed by the 
 enemy. By this movement also, the force under 
 the Commander-in-Chief, marching up from Um- 
 ballah, was augmented by 4,000 men and 12 guns. 
 
 On the 15th the troops halted, and on the follow- 
 ing day moved on to Wudnee, of which place a 
 Sikh garrison was in possession. On their refusal 
 to furnish supplies to the force, the two troops of 
 artillery were brought into position before the town 
 — a movement which had the desired effect. Here 
 the Umballah force, with the main body of the 
 artillery, under Brigadier Brooke, joined the troo[)s 
 from Loodianah. 
 
 On the 17th the army made a short march of ten 
 miles to Chirruck, where the troops suffered much 
 from scarcity of water. 
 
 On the 18th the Avhole force moved to Moodkee. 
 During the march a message w^as received from 
 Major Broadfoot, who was reconnoitring in front.
 
 APPEARANCE <»!•' Tin: KNEMY. 473 
 
 to the etrect that the Sikhs were in possession of 
 the fort and vilhige of Moodkee, and tliat a portion 
 of their cavalry were in advance of that place. 
 The horse-artillery and cavalry were immediately 
 ordered to form line to the front ; the enemy's 
 pickets, however, had abandoned their advanced 
 position, and Moodkee opened its gates at the sight 
 of a few guns. 
 
 It was half-past two o'clock before the army was 
 encamped. The horses had been j)icketed, and 
 men and officers were about to seek some refresh- 
 ment after the fatigues of the march, when Major 
 Broadfoot brou^fht intelli^rence that the enemv 
 was within three miles of our lines. The Gover- 
 nor-General himself rode down the front of the 
 artillery camj), and the guns were quickly iu 
 motion. 
 
 The camp of the liritish army was, at this tiiii(\ 
 formed on a tract of cultivated ground imme«liately 
 to the west of Moodkee. In front, for about a 
 mile, extended ploughed fields, beyond wliii-h ihcro 
 stretched a dense jungle of low brusliwood and 
 stunted trees. Through this tlir Sikh foJuinu>< wcrr 
 now advancing. The horse-artillery, with cavalry 
 on the Hanks, moved rapidly across the plouglird
 
 474 BATTLE OF MOODKEE. 
 
 fields. The dust caused by the march of the Sikh 
 columns rose densely against the blue sky above the 
 brush-jungle ; but when the enemy perceived that 
 the British line was in motion, they halted in the 
 jungle to make their arrangements for the battle. 
 The horse-artillery proceeded in line across the 
 fields, but halted before entering the jungle. The 
 light field-batteries, which had been directed to 
 follow, with the infantry columns, came up soon 
 after the action commenced ; and in a short time 
 30 horse-artillery and 12 field-battery guns were in 
 full play. 
 
 Our fire soon told upon the enemy, who were 
 hidden in a thick jungle, and their position only 
 indicated by the smoke from their guns. Soon, 
 apparently, some of the Sikh pieces were either 
 silenced or withdrawn, for their fire gradually slack- 
 ened. Brigadier Brooke, in his official despatch, 
 reports, that " the line of artillery kept up a 
 heavy fire on the enemy, nearly silencing their 
 guns;" and the Commander-in-Chief corroborates 
 this statement, saying, that the enemy " opened a 
 very severe cannonade upon our advancing troops, 
 which was vigorously replied to by the battery of 
 horse-artillery under Brigadier Brooke, which was
 
 BATTLE OF MOODKEE. 475 
 
 soon joined by the two light field-batteries. The 
 rapid and well-directed fire of our artillery appeared 
 soon to paralyze that of the enemy." 
 
 Rather more than half an hour after the com- 
 mencement of the action, the Commander-in-Chief 
 directed Colonel Geddes to take two troops of horse- 
 artillery, and to proceed with the 4th light cavalry 
 and 9th irregulars to the left, to oppose a demon- 
 stration of the Sikhs from their right flank. The 
 1st and 4tli troops of the 3rd brigade (under Major 
 Brind and Captain Garbett), being on the left of the 
 line, were those which accompanied Colonel Geddes. 
 The two troops with the cavalry moved rapidly into 
 the jungle towards the left front, and came into 
 action against some Sikh cavalry and infantry, who 
 had apparently been creeping round with the inten- 
 tion of turning our left flank. Colonel Geddes, who 
 was the senior oflScer on the left, perceiving this 
 body of the enemy retiring before the fire of our 
 guns, directed the 9th irregular cavalry to charge. 
 This was accordingly done. As the cavalry moved 
 forward, the guns ceased firing, and again advanced 
 through the jungle, which at every step grew 
 denser and denser, and iiiucli im|>c(l('(l the move- 
 meuts of (lie liorsc-artillery.
 
 476 BATTLE OF MOODKEE. 
 
 At the same time that this occiirred on the left, 
 a similar movement was made from our right to 
 turn the enemy's left flank, and to check their 
 cavalry, who were endeavouring to circle round our 
 right. The 1st* and 3rd troops 1st brigade, under 
 Captains Dash wood and Swinley, and Captain 
 Trower's battery, were pushed forward to support 
 the 3rd dragoons and a brigade of native cavalry, 
 who were now ordered to charge the enemy's left 
 flank. The 2nd troop 1st brigade, under Captain 
 Todd, and Captain Horsford's battery, still remained 
 in the centre, covering the advance of the infantry 
 brigades. After the brilliant and successful charges 
 of our cavalry on both flanks, the troops and batte- 
 ries detached to the right and left were ordered to 
 close in to the centre, in order to support the attack 
 of the infantry. It was nearly dusk. The early 
 evening of a winter day had set in whilst the action 
 still raged furiously. The jungle at every pace grew 
 denser, and it was with difficulty that the guns could 
 force their way through the brushwood. Captain 
 Swinley's troop, in covering the advance of an 
 European regiment, suffered much from a close 
 
 * Two guns of tlie 2ikI troop 3rd brigade accompanied this 
 troop throughout the action.
 
 BATTLE OF MOODKEK. 477 
 
 (Jischarge of griipe and inu^skutry, and one <,^un, 
 having lost all its horses, was temporarily disabled. 
 The 1st troop 1st brigade sustained great loss from 
 the close fire of the enemy's artillery and infantry. 
 Captain Daslnvood, who commanded the trooj>, was, 
 at this period of the action, with his staff-serjeant 
 and several of his men, struck down by grape. 
 Lieutenant Pollock, of the 3rd trooj) 1st brigade, 
 also received a mortal wound ; and Captain Trower 
 was shot at the head of his battery l)y a Sikli 
 soldier concealed in a Imsh. At tliis time dark- 
 ness was rapidly covering the field, and the artil- 
 lery, being within a few paces of the enemy's line, 
 were surt'ering much from their galling fire. lUit 
 at length the Sikh line gave way before the advance 
 of the British infantry, who, sui)ported bv a jtart of 
 the artillery, pursued for a considerable distance the 
 retreating enemy; but, as the Commandcr-in-Chiof 
 observed in his despatch, " night saved them frdiii 
 worse disaster." 
 
 The action commenced at lialf-past three in the 
 afternoon, and, as the day was one of the shortest 
 of the year, the rapifl (dosing in of night i>revented 
 the British force from taking full advantage of its 
 success. The Sikhs save(l a |)ortion of their oril-
 
 478 ARTILLERY CASUALTIES. 
 
 nance, some of their guns being apparently with- 
 drawn early in the action. It is supposed that they 
 had in all from thirty to forty guns engaged, of 
 which seventeen fell into our hands. 
 
 The artillery suffered more in this action from 
 grape and musketry than from the round shot of 
 the enemy, which did comparatively little mischief. 
 Only one or two waggons were blown up, and in 
 fact scarcely any loss was sustained until the troops 
 and field-batteries were pushed up through the 
 jungle close to the enemy's fire. It was then that 
 Captains Dash wood and T rower, and Lieutenant 
 R. H. Pollock (son of Major- General Sir George 
 Pollock, G.C.B.), received their death-wounds. The 
 first was struck down by grape, receiving two 
 wounds, one on the arm and the other on the foot, 
 the latter of which proved mortal. Lieutenant 
 Pollock had his knee smashed by a musket-ball, and 
 being for a long time exposed to the cold night air, 
 lying in a waggon, though the limb was amputated 
 immediately upon his arrival in camp, sunk on the 
 19th. Captain Trower, as we have said, was shot 
 by a Sikh concealed in the jungle ; the ball passed 
 through his body, and he died during the night. 
 There were several Sikhs — A kalis and others — lying
 
 ARTILLERY CASUALTIES. 479 
 
 concealed behind the bushes, ^vho waited until our 
 troops came close upon them, to pick out our offi- 
 cers. The total loss of artillery was {killed) 2 Eu- 
 ropean officers, 4 Serjeants, 13 rank and file, 5 syces 
 and grass-cutters, 3 drivers, and 45 horses; — and 
 (wounded) 4 European officers, 1 native officer, 
 2 Serjeants, 22 rank and file, 11 lascars, 2 drivers, 
 7 syces, and 25 horses. The officers killed and 
 wounded were, Captain Jasper Trower, killed ; 
 Lieutenant R. Pollock, killed ; Captain F. Dash- 
 wood, severely wounded ; 1st Lieutenant C. V. Cox, 
 slightly wounded; 1st Lieutenant C. A. AVheel- 
 wright, wounded ; 1st Lieutenant C. Bowie, slightly 
 wounded. Captain Dashwood died soon afterwards. 
 The morning of the 19th* was devoted to the 
 mournful duty of bringing in the wounded and 
 burying the dead. The artillery sent out limbers 
 and cattle to bring in the captured ordnance. 
 Whilst thus employed, our working parties were 
 
 ■* During the night of the 18th and the morning of tlic llttli 
 the animunition-hoxes of the horse-artillery and lii,dit field-hat- 
 teries were replenished, as fiir as practicable, from the spare 
 waggons attached to each troop and battery. The two guns of 
 the 2nd troop 3rd brigade, which had originally marched from 
 Muttra merely on escort duty, being nnprovidiMl with sjKire 
 ammunition, borrowed a few rounds from other guns, but not 
 sufficient to complete.
 
 480 MARCH TO FEROZESHUHUR. 
 
 disturbed and obliged to retire towards camp, by 
 some bodies of the enemy's horse, who had returned 
 to the fiekl probably with the same intention. As 
 large bodies of the enemy's horse were still hovering 
 about, the Commander-in-Chief drew up his troops 
 again, prepared, if necessary, to renew the action; 
 but nothing, at this time, worthy of note in our 
 memoir, occurred. 
 
 On the night of the 20th, two 18-pounder guns 
 and two 8-inch howitzers arrived in camp from 
 Umballah, under Brigadier Denniss and Captain 
 Warner, commissary of ordnance. Short as the 
 time was, ammunition was prepared for the howit- 
 zers, which were thus enabled to accompany the 
 force on the following morning. The 18-pounders 
 were, however, left behind in camp at Moodkee. 
 
 An hour before daybreak on the 21st, the army 
 broke ground. The main body of the artillery 
 moved in rear of the centre column under General 
 Gilbert. Two troops of horse-artillery were, how- 
 ever, detached, one with the column under Briga- 
 dier Wallace, and the other was attached to Major- 
 General Sir H. Smith's division. The distance from 
 Moodkee to Ferozeshuhur, where, according to 
 intelligence received in camp, the main body of the
 
 ARRIVAL OF GENERAL LITTLER. 481 
 
 enemy were posted,* is not above twelve miles ; but 
 the army moved slowly, led by the infantry columns, 
 and a very considerable detour was made to the left, 
 in order that a junction with the Ferozepore division, 
 under Sir John Littler, might be made, at a suffi- 
 cient distance from the intrenched position of the 
 enemy. Although the communication with Fe- 
 rozepore had been lately interrupted, as the Sikhs 
 had interposed between that station and the head- 
 quarters force, instructions had been sent to the 
 major-general to move out of his camp at Feroze- 
 pore on the morning of the 21st, so as to form 
 the desired junction. The Governor-General's des- 
 patches had been duly received ; and Sir John 
 Littler, with 5,900 men and 21 guns, marched early 
 on the 21st to Misree-wallah, a village a short dis- 
 tance from the Sikh position. This movement was 
 skilfully accomplished by the general, who left the 
 whole of his camp standing, and threw out the usual 
 mounted picquets in front, thus deceiving that portion 
 of the Sikh force under Tej Singh which had been 
 employed in watching him. The sirdar, ignorant 
 
 * Ferozesbuhur is a small village between IMootlkec and Fe- 
 rozepore, and about five miles soutli of tlic lii^^b-road from tlio 
 latter place to Loodianali. 
 
 2 1
 
 482 COMMENCEMENT OF THE ATTACK. 
 
 of Littler's march, remained in front of the empty 
 camp during the whole of the day, and did not learn 
 the general's movement until the next morning. 
 The junction of the two forces was effected about 
 half-past one p.m. ; and " dispositions were made 
 for an united attack upon the enemy's intrenched 
 camp." About 4 o'clock the British troops moved 
 forward under their veteran commanders ; Sir 
 Hugh Gough leading the right wing, and Sir Henry 
 Hardinge, who, after the battle of Moodkee, had 
 chivalrously volunteered his services as second in 
 command, placing himself at the head of the left. 
 
 The nature of the ground was somewhat similar 
 to that at Moodkee, covered with thick jungle, 
 and, as on that day, the sun was rapidly sinking 
 when the action commenced. It was the shortest 
 day of the year, and but a few hours of daylight 
 remained. The line of attack was formed. Sir John 
 Littler on the left, Brigadier Wallace in the centre, 
 and General Gilbert on the right. Sir Harry Smith's 
 division, the reserve, was in the second line. The 
 cavalry was in reserve and on both flanks. 
 
 The artillery was thus posted — Lieutenant-Colo- 
 nel Huthwaite, of the 3rd brigade, was 'with Sir 
 John Littler. He had under his command the 5th
 
 DISPOSITION OF TIIK ARTILLERY. 483 
 
 troop 1st brigade, under Captain E. F. Day — 3rd 
 troop 3rd brigade, under Major G. Campbell — 4th 
 company Gtli battalion (bullock battery attached) 
 and three guns of No. G horse field-battery — the 
 other three guns having been left with a detach- 
 ment to protect the city of Ferozepore. Captain 
 D'Arcy Todd's troop — the 2nd of the 1st bri- 
 gade, was on the left of Brigadier Wallace's 
 division ; and Captain G. II. Swinley's, the 3rd 
 troop of the 1st brigade, was on the extreme right 
 of the line, beyond her Majesty's 29th foot. The 
 4th troop 3rd brigade, under Captain Garbett, and 
 the 1st troop 1st brigade, now under Captain C. E. 
 Mills, with Lieutenant Moir's two guns, were on 
 the left of Gilbert's division. Major Brind's troop 
 was with Sir Harry Smith's in the second line ; 
 but just as the action commenced was moved up to 
 the first line, and took post to the right of Captain 
 Garbett's troop. These three troops, the 1st and 
 4th of the 3rd brigade, and the 1st of the 1st, wlto 
 under the command of Lieutenant-Colonel Geddes. 
 To the left of these were two horse field-batteries 
 under Captain Ilorsford and Lieutenant Atlay, and 
 tlie heavy howitzers and rockets iiiidrr lirigadicr 
 Denniss and Cai)tain Warner. 
 
 2 1 2
 
 484 MOVEMENTS OF THE ARTILLERY. 
 
 The action commenced on the left, Colonel Huth- 
 waite pushing forward with his two troops of horse- 
 artillery and his light field-batteries, to the attack 
 of the enemy's position. The heavy guns and 
 rockets and 9-pounder batteries next came into 
 action, and almost immediately afterwards the 
 horse-artillery in the centre and on the right. The 
 action now became general with the artillery on 
 both sides. The roar of the ordnance was tremen- 
 dous. The British had 65 pieces in action — but, 
 with the exception of two heavy howitzers, all light 
 guns. The enemy had upwards of 100 guns in 
 battery, and most of them of large calibre ; whilst 
 even those of smaller dimensions, being of much 
 heavier metal than our own field-pieces, were fired 
 with increased charges and carried greater distances. 
 
 The ground in front of our line was, in the first 
 positions taken up, covered with jungle as at Mood- 
 kee, but afterwards, as we neared the enemy, 
 became clear and open. After a few rounds, the 
 horse-artillery in the centre of the line were ad- 
 vanced to a closer distance, and the troops moved 
 through the jungle at a rapid pace, the shot from 
 the enemy's guns tearing up the ground on all sides, 
 but as yet causing little loss.
 
 MOVEMENTS OF THE ARTILLERY. 485 
 
 As before mentioned, the detachment of artillery 
 under Colonel Iluthwaite on the left, commenced 
 the action. Pushing the guns forward from one 
 position to another, until within grape distance, he 
 had for a time completely silenced the batteries 
 opposed to him. Meanwhile the infantry on his 
 left moved forward to the attack, but the move- 
 ment was not successfuh Subsequently, however, 
 the 9th foot and 26th light infantry (with a portion 
 of the 14th N.I.), under Brigadier Wallace, carried 
 the enemy's battery. 
 
 Meanwhile the other troops and batteries, from 
 their different positions in line, had advanced 
 through the jungle. The 2nd troop 1st brigade, 
 under Captain Todd, being on the left of Brigadier 
 Wallace, approached the artillery attached to Lit- 
 tler's division. Major Brind's troop, the 1st of the 
 8rd, after advancing to a great distance, was des- 
 patched to the right to join Captain Swinley's, which 
 bad accompanied the 29th foot. Two troops under 
 Colonel Geddes, after several positions, emerged 
 from the jungle and came into a clear open space in 
 front of the southern fiice of the enemy's intrench- 
 ments, and within reach of their grape-shot; and 
 now the artillery fire ceased, the infantry were
 
 486 STORMING OF THE SIKH BATTERIES. 
 
 moved forward and (forming line) advanced to the 
 storm. The batteries in front were carried at the 
 point of the bayonet, notwithstanding the most 
 determined resistance, and the great loss sustained, 
 just as the line reached the battery, by the explosion 
 of a large under-ground magazine, which had all 
 the effect of a mine. 
 
 The sun had now set, and darkness was rapidly 
 falling on the field. The obscurity was much in- 
 creased by the dust and the smoke from the batte- 
 ries and the exploding magazines. From the fre- 
 quency of these explosions, and the quantity of earth 
 thrown up by them, it was at first sujjposed that 
 the enemy's position had been mined ; but they 
 were nothing more than under-ground magazines, 
 which, ?ome by accident, some by design, were 
 now exploded, adding to the confusion and din of 
 the fight. 
 
 Several regiments having penetrated the batteries, 
 reached the Sikh tents, many of which were now 
 on fire. Here the troops became partially broken 
 and entangled; nothing could be distinguished 
 clearly amidst the smoke and obscurity. It was 
 difficult to ascertain in which direction lay friend or 
 foe. Shots were falling thick on all sides, and even 
 
 j
 
 THE BIVOUAC. 487 
 
 now the troops of horse-artillery, halting iinem- 
 ])loyed before the Sikh position, suflfered material 
 loss. Two waggons of Captain Mills' troop ex- 
 ploded simultaneously — giving at first a momentary 
 impression that the mines extended even so far from 
 the enemy's batteries. The 3rd dragoons, who had 
 charged from the right of the line on the batteries 
 immediately opposed to them, carrying everything 
 before them in their course, now at length emerged 
 from the enemy's position in scattered parties. It 
 was now dark. All our infantry were engaged. 
 The reserve, under Sir Harry Smith, had been 
 called up and had penetrated beyond the batteries, 
 most of which had been captured ; and one brigade 
 had even reached the village of Ferozeshuhur. Yet 
 all opposition had not ceased, and the enemy still 
 held a great portion of their intrenchments. 
 Amidst, however, the darkness and intricacies of 
 the camp, it was impossible then to push our success 
 further. It was advisable, therefore, to withdraw 
 our shattered regiments, which within the Sikh 
 position were exposed to hidden dangers, without 
 any compensating advantage. 
 
 Accordingly, a bivouac was formed within two or 
 three hundred yards of the batteries. Here were
 
 488 THE BIVOUAC. 
 
 collected, under Gilbert and Wallace, the 9th, 29th, 
 31st, and 80th regiments of foot, and the 1st Euro- 
 pean light infantry. The 1st troop of 1st brigade, 
 and 4th troop 3rd brigade, under Colonel Geddes, 
 joined this division of infantry, near which the Go- 
 vernor-General and Commander-in-Chief remained 
 throughout the night. The 2nd troop 1st brigade, 
 now under Lieutenant Mackinnon (Major Todd 
 having fallen in the action), and some field-battery 
 guns, under Captain Horsford, soon afterwards 
 came up to the ground. The 5th troop 1st brigade, 
 3rd troop 3rd brigade, and 9-pounder batteries at- 
 tached to the 4th company 6th battalion, and 2nd 
 company 7th battalion, bivouacked a short distance 
 to the left. The 3rd troop 1st brigade, 1st troop 
 3rd brigade, with some field-battery guns, bivou- 
 acked during the night near Misree-wallah, which 
 was occupied by British troops of all arms. 
 
 The night passed wearily away in cold and watch- 
 ing ; the enemy, occasionally firing, allowed our ha- 
 rassed troops little rest. One gun was particularly 
 troublesome during the greater part of the night, 
 until the Governor-General ordered its capture by 
 the 80th foot and 1st Europeans. Other guns were 
 playing during the night with little or no effect.
 
 THE ACTION RESUMED. 489 
 
 The uproar in the Sikh j)ositioii was treiueiidous ; 
 the shoutiii<^' was incessant, and the beating of 
 drums, tlie sounding of bugles, and the firing of 
 matchlocks and musketry continued, with short 
 intervals, until daybreak. Frequently their drums 
 beat to arms, and it Mas supposed that the enemy 
 were preparing to attack us. Accordingly, a few 
 guns were got into position and held ready with 
 grape ; but nothing came of these indications. 
 
 About midnight the troops, having originally 
 bivouacked as they came upon the ground, were 
 formed up in order; the guns in front, and the 
 infantry in two lines in their rear. At length day 
 broke, and the Sikh position was now comparatively 
 quiet. The uproar had gradually diminished, and 
 it was generally supposed that the enemy had begun 
 to abandon their intrenchments. At first a thick 
 mist shrouded all surrounding objects ; but the 
 beams of the rising sun soon dispelled it, and the 
 three troops of horse-artillery, under Caj)tain Mills, 
 Lieutenant Mackinnon, and Coptain Garbett, j)ushed 
 forward and again oj)ened on the Sikh position. 
 
 But there was no longer the doti'rniined resist- 
 ance which had marked the contest of the previous 
 day. It is true that some batteries of heavy metal
 
 490 FEROZESIIUHUR CARRIED. 
 
 replied to our fire for a time, and did some little 
 mischief, a few of our waggons being blown up ; but 
 the enemy's fire soon grew feeble. The infantry, 
 who were close in rear of the guns, formed into line, 
 and with a hearty cheer sprang forward. Soon the 
 intrenchments, here most insignificant, were gained 
 and passed ; and the British line swept through the 
 camp, meeting with but little opposition. The 
 horse-artillery, after ceasing their fire, limbered up 
 and accompanied the infantry line under command 
 of Lieutenant-Colonel Geddes. There was no check 
 to the progress of our troops. No steady resistance 
 was offered by the enemy. The village of Feroze- 
 shuhur was carried as the line advanced. There 
 was a smart skirmishing fire in front, but it was 
 evident that many of the Sikh battalions had already 
 fled, and that our advance expedited the retreat of 
 the others. The line having passed the village of 
 Ferozeshuhur, leaving it to the left, and having 
 reached the extremity of the enemy's position, 
 halted. Upwards of seventy of the Sikh guns, and 
 the whole of their materiel and camp equipage, fell 
 into our hands. And thus apparently the battle 
 terminated. 
 
 But such in reality was not the case. We now
 
 MOVEMENTS OF TEJ SINGH. 401 
 
 come to a period of the engagement sufficiently dif- 
 ficult to describe. Orders had been given to uliow 
 a certain number of men to fall out for tlie purpose 
 of procuring water, and arrangements were also 
 being made for securing the captured ordnance. 
 It was generally believed that the contest had 
 ceased, when suddenly to tiie left of the Britisji 
 line, and extending over a considerable arc of the 
 horizon, a dense cloud of dust was seen rising from 
 the jungle. The sirdar, Tej Singh, who IkuI l)een 
 uselessly watching Sir John Littler's empty camp, 
 had now marched from his position before Feroze- 
 pore to join the main army under Lai Singh, whom he 
 sui)posed to be still in possession of the intrenched 
 position. But to his surprise he found himself in 
 the presence of the victorious British army. 
 
 Our ammunition was getting scarce.* The liorse- 
 
 "■ Sir Hugh Gougli has stated in his (lc.sj)atch, that the aiii- 
 munitiuii of the artillery had been completely cxhausteil in 
 this protnictetl cngjifrenient. And an able writer in tlic Culcutta 
 Review (No. XI.) has made a similar assertimi, wliicli, hnwevcr, 
 is not <|nito correct as to the time iutlicated, as all the troops of 
 horse-artillery present were ciig:iged with Tej Singh. The author 
 of the article on the '" Sikh invasion of British India " atlds, 
 " AVe believe the complement of a horse-artillery gun on service 
 is 300 rounds." This i.s not (juito accurate. Each ti-pounder 
 gun cjirrics with it 128 rouuds of all sorts; and aich 12-pouuder
 
 492 THE ENGAGEMENT WITH TEJ SINGH. 
 
 artillery was at this time in three separate bodies. 
 Two troops (and a part of a field-battery, under 
 Lieutenant Austen) werfe with Colonel Huthwaite 
 on the left of the field. The troops commanded by 
 Major Brind and Captain Swinley were, early in the 
 morning, with Sir Harry Smith's division ; and Co- 
 lonel Geddes commanded three troops with head- 
 quarters. Colonel Huthwaite moving through the 
 jungle on the left of the village, came unexpectedly 
 on the Sirdar Tej Singh. He immediately opened 
 upon the Sikh force, and drew down a heavy fire. 
 This was the commencement of the affair. Major 
 Brind, in command of his own troop and that of 
 Captain Swinley, soon after became engaged with 
 the enemy on the left front of the village. His fire 
 was answered by about thirty pieces of all kinds 
 from the Sikh batteries. The three troops under 
 Colonel Geddes were also directed to move forward 
 to the attack. The artillery under Colonel Huth- 
 waite, being entirely unsupported, and his ammu- 
 
 howitzer has 80 rounds. The troops of horse-artillery from 
 Umballah and Loodianah had each two spare 6-pounder wag- 
 gons, and one howitzer waggon, making up the complement to 
 166|- rounds per gun, and 140 per howitzer. The Ferozepore 
 troops brought out with them no extra waggons, and the two 
 guns of the 2nd troop 3rd brigade had no spare ammunition at all.
 
 THE ENGAGEMENT WITH TEJ SINCJH. 493 
 
 nition failing, was compelled to fall back, as the 
 enemy was within a few hundred yards, and appeared 
 to be moving round his flanks. At the same time 
 the two troops of horse-artillery under Major Brind, 
 being exposed to an enfilading fire from some heavy 
 guns of the enemy, were obliged to retire upon the 
 village where the supports were posted. About 
 this period, Colonel Geddes, after sustaining a very 
 heavy fire, finding his ammunition expended and 
 that he was entirely unsupported, was compelled to 
 fall back upon the hollow square which, in the 
 mean time, had been formed by the infantry on the 
 right front of the village. The greater number of 
 the guns were now placed on the prolongation of 
 one of the sides of the square. Some were in the 
 village, and three guns of the 4th troop 3rd brigade 
 were posted in one of the angles of the square 
 immediately fronting the direction of Tej Singh's 
 advance. There was now a pause — the army quietly 
 waiting the expected attack of tlie Sikh sirdar. Most 
 of our guns were now without, or nearly without, 
 ammunition, only a few rounds of grajie remaining. 
 Near the viUage to the left of the large square were 
 several Sikh ammunition-carts, and the Commander- 
 in-Chief directed the artillery to seize as much of the
 
 494 THE ENGAGEMENT WITH TEJ SINGH. 
 
 enemy's ammunition as time would admit of, to 
 replenish the exhausted boxes. But unfortunately 
 most of the guns, being on the right of the square, 
 were too far removed to avail themselves of this op- 
 portunity. The three guns, however, which were in 
 the angle, procured each some fifteen or sixteen 
 rounds, which proved of material assistance. Mean- 
 time the Sikh line under Tej Singh continued to 
 advance. At length, when he had arrived some six 
 hundred yards from the British position. Major 
 Brind's troop in the village, and the three guns of 
 the 4th troop 3rd brigade in the angle of the square, 
 opened upon the enemy, and drew down a furious 
 cannonade from some forty field-guns. Those of 
 our guns which were on the right of the square, 
 besides being short of ammunition as before men- 
 tioned, were placed with their left flank towards 
 the enemy, and therefore could not, even had they 
 ammunition, take part in the conflict. From their 
 position they suffered much from the enfilading fire 
 of the enemy, as did also the regiments on that side 
 of the square. For some twenty minutes, the few 
 guns which we had opposed to the enemy kept up 
 this unequal contest. Whilst the Sikh artillery 
 were playing upon our position, the sirdar appeared 
 
 J
 
 WITHDRAWAL OF TEJ SINGH. 495 
 
 to be gradually crossing our front. It was about 
 this time that the Commander-in-Chief chanofed the 
 front of the line, bringing a portion of it within 
 shelter of the village. The fire of the artillery on 
 our side now entirely ceased. Major Brind, who 
 had been in the village with two troops, was directed 
 to join the entire mass of the artillery which was on 
 the extreme right, in column Mith the cavalry — as 
 did also the three guns of the 4th troop of the 3rd 
 brigade, which had expended all their ammunition, 
 including that Avhich they had ca[)tured from the 
 Sikhs. But by this time the Sikh fire was gradually 
 lessening, and the sirdar appeared to be M'ithdraw- 
 ing from the field. 
 
 It was after the change of front had been effected, 
 and whilst the artillery and cavalry, in a mass of 
 contiguous columns (the cavalry on the right, left in 
 front), were moving round the right of the village, 
 that orders were given to the latter to form line to 
 the right preparatory to charging. The cavalry ac- 
 cordingly, whilst the artillery halted, moved forward 
 in line, and made a demonstration against the 
 enemy — which was the last offensive movement 
 made on either side. 
 
 During this movement of the cavalry, the artillery
 
 496 ARTILLERY CASUALTIES. 
 
 halted, to be able, if necessary, to support the 
 former. But on the cavalry re-forming and again 
 forming column, the march was resumed, and orders* 
 were received by the senior officer, Brigadier Har- 
 riott, to escort the whole of the field-artillery into 
 Ferozepore for the purpose of refilling their ammu- 
 nition-boxes. But the action was now entirely over, 
 and the Sikh sirdar was making the best of his way 
 towards the river. 
 
 In this action the artillery lost 31 killed, including 
 officers ; and 77 wounded (exclusive of lascars, &c.). 
 Major D'Arcy Todd had his head carried away by a 
 cannon-shot on the 2Tst ; Captain J. F. Egerton, at 
 the time attached to the quarter-master general's 
 department, was cut down on the 22nd, near the 
 village of Ferozepore, whilst carrying a message. 
 He lingered more than a month under very severe 
 sabre-cuts, and died on the 23rd of January, 1846. 
 1st Lieutenant P. C. Lambert, a very promising 
 young officer of horse-artillery, was killed by a can- 
 non-shot on the 22nd. The wounded officers were 
 Captain W. K. Warner, commissary of ordnance 
 (slightly). Captain M. Mackenzie, brigade major 
 
 * The order was given to the brigadier, without authority 
 from the Commander-in-Chief. 
 
 I
 
 SCARCITY OF AMMUNITION. 4J)7 
 
 (slinrlitly), 1st Lieutenant U. M. Paton (slightly), and 
 1st Lieutenant E. Atlay (slightly). 
 
 The artillery had several pieces disabled at diOr- 
 rent periods of the action, and some six or seven 
 limbers or waggons were blown up. 
 
 The exhaustion of the ammunition with the 
 field-artillery at Ferozeshuhur was a matter of too 
 pregnant and suggestive a nature to be lost, in 
 the way of warning, upon the sagacious ])ractical 
 mind of the Governor-General, who, soon after the 
 conclusion of the war, addressed himself to tlii' 
 remedy of the evil which had threatened such 
 serious consequences during the camjmign. It 
 was obvious that the guns had gone into the fiehl 
 with a scanty supply of ammunition, and that the 
 Indian system, which allowed a smaller iiunilu'i' 
 of rounds than is sanctioned by the regulations of 
 the royal army, Avas unequal to the exigencies of 
 such trying service.* To remedy this for tlio 
 
 * "The royal wag^'ons carry lU! ruinid.-s a !,'mi. tlic Iiidinii 
 waggons, I l>elieve, only contain 96 rounds. In tlio ri>V!»l ft'r- 
 vicc, tlio ((J-poundor) ;,'Uii an<l wairir'Hi carrv IHl rounds a ;:mi. 
 The extra uagiroiis in the royal service have 2!» miinds u gun, 
 :ind in the Indian service only 1 H rounds a gun. The waggon 
 ill the Iinliau service is, I have no ilouht, hcst ada|)t»'<l to the 
 country and the draught animals, hut if a hattery of tive guns 
 iiad Ivu waggons (and the howitzer one waggon), the number of 
 
 •J K
 
 498 THE AMMUNITION QUKSTION. 
 
 future, it was recommended by Lord Ilardinge, that 
 there shouhl be allotted to each gun of every troop 
 and battery, whether a 6-pounder or a 9-pounder, 
 two ammunition-waggons, giving to each 6-pounder 
 224 rounds, and to each 9-pounder 168 rounds. 
 One waggon, it was proposed should always be 
 close at hand with each gun in action, and the 
 other in reserve, the whole supply of ammunition 
 being under the charge of the officer commanding 
 the troop or battery. The Military Board, whilst 
 concurring in the expediency of the proposed 
 increase of ammunition, suggested that the six 
 waggons with the troop or battery, should be 
 under the charge of the officer commanding ; and 
 the six spare waggons in magazine, a proposal 
 which was readily concurred in by the Governor- 
 General. 
 
 On the 24th of December the army moved 
 to Sultan- Khan -Wallah, and thence, in a few 
 days, to Hurruff, with an advanced division at Mul- 
 loowal. On the 1st of January the army was again 
 brigaded. Colonel Gowan, C.B., was appointed to 
 
 rounds a gun would be about 220. The 9-pounder field batte- 
 ries, I understand, take into action 139 rounds a gun. The royal 
 9-pounder takes 166." — Minute of Lord Hardinge, Feh. 2, 
 1847.
 
 BRKJADING OF THK ARTILLERY. 499 
 
 the command of the artillery division ; Captain 
 Edward Christie was nominated dei)uty assistant 
 adjutant -general ; Ca])tain Warner, commissary 
 of ordnance ; Lieutenant II. II. Maxwell, deputy 
 assistant (juartermaster - general (originally ap- 
 pointed at Wudnee). Lieutenant -Colonels Hid- 
 dulpli, Brooke, and Dennis, were ajipointed bri- 
 gadiers; with Caj)tains Austin, Mackenzie, and 
 Lieutenant Kaye, as brigade majors. (Jreat exer- 
 tions were now made, in anticipation of the renewal 
 of the struggle, to strengthen our ordnance force, 
 especially by the addition of a siege-train. To the 
 artillery formerly specified were accordingly added 
 three troops of horse-artillery from Meerut, and 
 one from Muttra — the 1st troop L^nil 1>rigade, 
 inider Captain Turton — the 2nd troop l2nd brigade, 
 under Major Grant — the 3rd troop 2nd ])rigade, 
 under Lieutenant-Colonel Alexander ; and the 
 2nd troop IJrd brigade (two guns of which had 
 been previously with the arn)y), under Lii'utciiant- 
 Colonel Lane; — also, the 1st company 4th batta- 
 lion, under Captaiu Waller, with twelve i»-|»ouu<ler 
 iron guns, reamed out to I 'J-poimders, and drawn 
 bv elephants, with soini' reserve companies of the 
 I>rd and (ith l>attaiion, under i^ieuti'nant-C<d()n»'l 
 
 •2 K 2
 
 600 THE liUDDOWAL AFFAIR. 
 
 Wood. Tlie horse-artillery from Meeriit, and Caj)- 
 tain Waller's guns, joined the army early in Janu- 
 ary, and the remainder at a later period. 
 
 On the 12th of January the head-quarters of the 
 army changed ground to Bootawallah, with its 
 extreme flanks resting on Mukkoo and Attaree. 
 On the 13th and 14th there was an interchange of 
 a few distant rounds between the British and Sikh 
 artillery, which led to no results. On the 18th, a 
 force under Sir Harry Smith was detached towards 
 Dhurrum Khote. The artillery which accompanied 
 this division, consisted of the 1st and 3rd troops of 
 the 2nd brigade, and No. 6 horse field-battery, 
 under Colonel Lawrenson. The 1st troop 1st bri- 
 gade, under 1st Lieutenant J. Mill, followed with 
 Brigadier Wheeler, who was sent to the reinforce- 
 ment of Sir Harry Smith, but did not take part in 
 the affair of Buddowal. It was on the 21st that 
 this incident occurred, in which the artillery assisted 
 in covering the retirement of Sir Harry Smith to 
 Loodianah. A few store-carts, which were in the 
 rear with the baggage, fell into the hands of the 
 enemy. 
 
 A week after this, the battle of Aliwal was 
 fought. Reinforced by a body of troops under 
 
 i
 
 THE BATTLE oF ALIWAL. 501 
 
 Hrigjulier Wheeler, wliicli joined tlie fli vision on 
 the 26th of January, Sir Harry Siiiitli made his 
 ari-angements to attack the enemy's position at 
 daybreak on the 28th. " My order of advance," 
 writes the general, in his well-known despatch, 
 " was the cavalry in front, in contignous columns 
 of squadrons of regiments ; two troo])s of horse- 
 artillery, in the intervals of brigades : the infantrv 
 in contiguous columns of brigades, at intervals of 
 deploying distance ; artillery in the intervals, 
 f(dlowed by two 8-inch howitzers, on travelling 
 carriages, brought into the field by the indefatiga- 
 ble exertions of Lieutenant-Colonel Lane, hoi-se- 
 artillery." About 10 o'clock the enemy's batteries 
 opened on our advancing columns, and the action 
 soon became general. All arms distinguished 
 themselves greatly on this memorable occasion : — 
 " Lieutenant-Colonel Ixme's and Captain Turton's 
 trooj)S of horse-artillery, under Major I^awrenson. 
 dashed almost among the flying infantry, conuiiittin^- 
 great havoc, until about 800 or 1,I)IM) nun rallied 
 under the high bank of a nullaii, and opened a 
 heavy but ineflectual fire from helow the bank." 
 " T immediately," adds Sir Harry Smith. '• directed 
 (li«' !>0(li native inl;intr\ to change llieni. \vhi<-li
 
 502 THE BATTLE OF ALIWAL. 
 
 they were able to do upon their left flank, while in 
 a line in rear of the villao-e. This native corj)s 
 nobly obeyed my orders, and rushed among the 
 Avitabile troops, driving them from under the 
 bank, and exposing them once more to the deadly 
 fire of twelve guns within three hundred yards. 
 The destruction was very great, as may be supposed, 
 by guns served as these were. Her Majesty's 53rd 
 moved forward in support of the 30th native 
 infantry, by the right of the village. The battle 
 was won ; our troops advancing with the most 
 perfect order to the common focus, the passage of 
 the river. The enemy, completely hemmed in, 
 were flying from our fire, and precipitating them- 
 selves in disordered masses into the ford and boats, 
 in the utmost confusion and consternation. Our 
 8-inch howitzers soon began to play upon their 
 boats, when the ' debris ' of the Sikh army ai)peared 
 upon the opposite and high bank of the river, flying 
 in every direction, although a sort of line was 
 attempted, to countenance their retreat, until all 
 our guns commenced a furious cannonade, when 
 they quickly receded. Nine guns were on the 
 verge of the river by the ford. It appears as if 
 they had been unlimbered to cover the ford.
 
 CONDUCT OF THE ARTILLERY. 503 
 
 These, being- loaded, were fired once upon our 
 advance. Two others were sticking in the river ; 
 one of them we got out ; two were seen to sink in 
 tlie quicksands; two More dragged to the o])posite 
 bank, and abandoned. Tliese and the one in the 
 middle of the river were gallantly spiked hy 
 Lieutenant Holmes, of the 11th irregular cavalry, 
 and Gunner Scott, of the 1st trooj) 2nd brigade 
 horse-artillery, who rode into the stream, and 
 crossed for the purjiose, covered by our guns and 
 light infantry." 
 
 The highest praise has been bestowed by Sir 
 Harry Smith on the artillery, for its condiu-l 
 throughout these oi)erations, — " The guns literally 
 being," he says, " constantly ahead of everything." 
 " I would beg," he continues, in his desj)atch to 
 the Commander-in-Chief, " to call his Excellency's 
 marked attention to Major Lawrenson, command- 
 ing the artillery ; in Lieutenant-Colonel Alexander, 
 Cai)tain Turton, and Lieutenant-Colonel Lane, the 
 service has officers of the very first order ; and J 
 am equally satisfied with Captain liuileau, in 
 command of the 0-]»onndcr battery, and with 
 Lieutenant Mill, in charge of four light guns. The 
 iwo S-iiK'li ho\\it/A'r> did right g<K)d service
 
 504 PREPARATIONS FOR SOBRAON. 
 
 organized, equipped, and brought into the field 
 by the exertions and determination to overcome all 
 difficulties of Lieutenant-Colonel Lane, equally 
 well served and brought forward always with the 
 infantry by Lieutenant Austen." Lieutenant Tombs, 
 who was present as acting aide-de-camp to the ge- 
 neral, also received the thanks of Sir Harry Smith. 
 
 In this engagement the artillery lost 3 men and 
 80 horses, killed ; 15 men and 9 horses, wounded ; 
 5 men and 12 horses, missing. 
 
 We come now to the crowning action of Sobraon. 
 It was on the night of the 7th of February that the 
 long-expected siege-train arrived from Delhi, with 
 four companies of foot-artillery, under the command 
 of Lieutenant-Colonel Wood. The Commander-in- 
 Chief, overjoyed by this accession to his strength, 
 determined upon the immediate attack of the 
 enemy's intrenched position. But short time was 
 allowed to the artillery to prepare ammunition for 
 the heavy ordnance. On the 8th, the artillery, 
 which had been detached with Sir Harry Smith, 
 rejoined head-quarters : on the 9th, the plan of 
 operations was sketched out for the following day. 
 A little before midnight the heavy ordnance moved 
 out of camp to the advanced position of Roda wallah.
 
 I • 
 
 TIIK BATTLE OV SOBRAON. 505 
 
 there to be joined by Brigadier xVshburnliam's 
 brigade of infautr}', to wliich was added the G2nd 
 foot, which, owing to some mistake, did not reach 
 that post till near gun-fire. The following account 
 of the Sikh intrenchments and of the plan of attack 
 is taken from the Calcutta Review : — 
 
 " The Sikhs had taken up one of the ftilsest 
 positions possible ; viz. with their rear resting on 
 the Sutlej ; yet, by dint of much labour, some 
 foreign science, and the ingenuity natural to a 
 military people, they contrived to convert it into 
 one of the strongest fortifications against which 
 troops were ever led ; — being nothing less than a 
 series of vast semicircular intrenchments, the outer 
 one of which was two miles and a half from end to 
 end, and three quarters of a mile in depth ; the 
 whole surrounded by a deep ditch and ' bristling' 
 with sixty-seven pieces of artillery. A bridge of 
 boats united this formidable cam]> to another on 
 the opposite bank of the Sutlej ; where also wrrc 
 ])lanted some heavy guns, whose range swept easily 
 across the river. 
 
 " Sir Hugh Gough's plan of attack was as follows : 
 — The heavy guns were to commence operations 
 by a cannonade upon I he intreiichnK'nt, into which.
 
 506 THE BATTLE OF SOBRAON. 
 
 crowded as it was with upwards of 30,000 men, 
 their fire was expected to carry confusion and dis- 
 may. Sir Robert Dick's division, on the extreme 
 left of the British line, was then to advance and 
 storm the right, or western corner of the Sikh 
 position ; General Gilbert's division on the centre, 
 and Sir H. Smith's division on the right, were 
 simultaneously to make false attacks, with the view 
 of diverting the enemy's attention from the real 
 attack of Sir Robert Dick. Brigadier Cureton, 
 with a brigade of cavalry and a troop of horse- 
 artillery, was directed to threaten the ford of Huriki 
 Puttun, about a mile distant from the eastern 
 corner of the intrenchment, on the opposite bank 
 of which the enemy's cavalry were posted. 
 
 " Agreeably to this plan, at about 7 o'clock a.m., 
 the artillery opened ; the fog rolled off as it were a 
 curtain, and the surprised Khalsa at once heard and 
 saw that the avenger had come upon them. In an 
 instant the Sikh drums beat to arms ; and many 
 rounds had not been fired from the British guns 
 before an answering thunder from the intrenchment 
 told that the works were manned and the struggle 
 had begun." 
 
 Owing to the delay above mentioned, it was not
 
 MOVEMENTS OF THE ARTILLERY. 507 
 
 until a little after sunrise that the heavy guns were 
 placed in position. Opposite the enemy's centre 
 was a mortar-battery, under command of Lieute- 
 nant-Colonel Wood. On the prolongation of the 
 right flank of the enemy's intrenchment, at a dis- 
 tance of 1,300 yards, were placed three batteries 
 of heavy ordnance — six 18-pounders under command 
 of Lieutenant-Colonel Lawrenson — six 10-inch how- 
 itzers under Brigadier Dennis — and eight 8-incli 
 howitzers under Lieutenant-Colonel Huthwaite. 
 Further to the left of these batteries, and slightly 
 in advance, were the rockets, under Lieutenant- 
 Colonel Geddes ; Brigadiers Biddulph and Brooke 
 superintended these batteries ; the first on the 
 right, the second on the left. The attack was 
 commenced by Major Grant's howitzer-trooj). The 
 surprise was most complete. The Sikh position, 
 which up to this time had been wrapped in i)rof()un(l 
 silence, now became a scene of upronr and commo- 
 tion. Their drums beat to arms ; and tliey began 
 to busy themselves in prej)arations for the eny-age- 
 ment. The 12-pounder reamers, manned by the 
 men of the 5th troop 1st brigade, under the com- 
 mand of Cajttain Day, were the next to oyvu. 
 These, after a short interval, were followed b\ the
 
 508 MOVEMENTS OF THE ARTILLERY. 
 
 heavy batteries. Then, to use the words of the 
 Commander-in-Chiefs despatch, " The whole of our 
 artillery fire was developed. It was most spirited 
 and well directed. I cannot speak in terms too 
 high of the judicious disposition of the guns, their 
 admirable practice, or the activity with which the 
 cannonade was sustained ; but notwithstanding the 
 formidable calibre of our iron guns, mortars, and 
 howitzers, and the admirable way in which they 
 were served, and aided by a rocket battery, it 
 would have been visionary to expect that they 
 could, within any limited time, silence the fire of 
 seventy pieces behind well-constructed batteries of 
 earth, plank, and fascines, or dislodge troops covered 
 either by redoubts or epaulements, or within a treble 
 line of trenches." 
 
 As already mentioned, but a short time had been 
 allowed for the preparation of ammunition for the 
 heavy guns ; to this and to the great distance at 
 which they were posted from the enemy's works, is 
 to be attributed their inability to silence the 
 Sikh fire. But the practice both of guns and 
 rockets was considered highly effective. It had 
 been proposed by the commanding officers of 
 artillery, to i)lace the guns in battery nearer the
 
 POSITION OF THE GUNS. .lOO 
 
 enemy's intrenehments ; and lia<l this l»ton done, 
 some satisfactory results might have been obtained.* 
 Hut the Commander-in-Chief uas unwilling to 
 hazard the delay which the formation of the 
 necessary parapets would have occasioned. Hence, 
 at the time when Sir Robert Dick, who was on 
 the extreme left, was ordered to advance to the 
 attack, the ammunition of the heavy guns had been 
 well nigh expended. 
 
 " The attack," says the writer in the Calcutta 
 RevieWy " was led by Brigadier Stacy with her 
 Majesty's 10th and 53rd regiments, and the 48rd 
 
 * In a memorandum on this subject loft hy Captain Buckle, 
 the author says : — " At Sobraon, the heavy guns, which had been 
 waited for nearly a month, were placed on the plain about 1,300 
 yards from the intrenehments, instead of in batteries prepared 
 for them at half that distance, and the facilities for which were 
 great in the abundance of men and material, and in the softness 
 of the soil. They might easily have been erected during the 
 night of the 9-1 0th of February, had previous arrangement.s 
 been made ; and had this been done, the enemy's intrenehments, 
 instead of being nearly uninjured, would have been swept away 
 by the storm of shot jHiured upon them. As it was, the etfect 
 of the Kre was greater on the defcuilers of the work^ tli:ui upon 
 the works themselves ; and quite as much a« was expecte«l by 
 those competent to form an opinion, considering the greatness of 
 the distance, and the shortness of time during which they tired. 
 And ft)r the selection of the ili.-^tancc we are credibly informed 
 that the artillery are not responsible."
 
 510 THE BATTLE OF SOBRAON. 
 
 and 59th native infantry, supported on the flanks 
 by Ca])tains Horsford's and Fordyce's batteries, and 
 Lieutenant-Colonel Lane's troop of horse-artillery. 
 Beyond all comparison this was the finest attack 
 of the campaign. The artillery galloped up and 
 delivered their fire within 800 yards of the enemy's 
 batteries, and the infantry charged home with the 
 bayonet, and carried the outworks without firing a 
 single round : — " a forbearance," says the Governor- 
 General, " much to be commended, and most 
 worthy of constant imitation." As it was the finest 
 attack, so also did it meet with the most determined 
 hand-to-hand resistance which the Khalsa soldiers 
 had yet opposed to the British. Like lightning, 
 the real plan of the attack seemed to flash on the 
 minds of all the desperate men in that intrench- 
 ment ; and, disregarding the distant feints of 
 Gilbert's and Smith's divisions on their left and 
 centre, they rushed to the right to repel the real 
 danger that was upon them. In vain, Stacy's 
 brigade tries to withstand the mass which every 
 moment is growing denser ; in vain, Wilkinson's 
 brigade comes up to the support ; in vain, Ash- 
 burnham's reserve swells the furious tide of the 
 assault. It was like the meeting of two mighty
 
 THE BATTLE OF SOBRAON. 511 
 
 rivers, one swifter and one deeper tlian tlie other ; 
 — and as the swifter for a moment penetrates its 
 duller neighbour's stream, then, yielding to the 
 overpowering waters, is rolled back and swept 
 away ; so would the conquered trenches of the 
 Sikhs have been wrested again from the brave 
 division of the British, had not Sir Hugh, witli the 
 intuitive quickness of a general's eye, marked the 
 crisis and the struggle, foreseen its issue, and ordered 
 up Gilbert's and Smith's divisions to the rescue. 
 They advanced ; the enemy beheld it, and, re- 
 turning tumultuously to the posts they had aban- 
 doned, poured upon these new enemies, from every 
 foot of the intrenchment, a destructive fire of grape, 
 round shot, and musketry. In spite, however, of a 
 loss, unprecedented in so short a time, — Sir II. 
 Smith's division losing 489, and General Gilbert's 
 685 men, in about half an hour, these two indomi- 
 table divisions persevered in storming what proved 
 to be the strongest part of the enemy's position; 
 and the intrenchment being thus carried by the 
 British at three different points, the gunners, who 
 drew their swords when they could no longer fire, 
 were bayoneted beside the guns they had so mur- 
 derously served, — while ihv cavalry and iutantrv.
 
 512 THE BATTLE OF SOBRAON. 
 
 driven from three sides into a confused and dis- 
 ordered mass, but fighting to the last, were inch by 
 inch forced to retreat where alone retreat was 
 possible. Preferring death to surrender, they reck- 
 lessly plunged into the river. The bridge, of which 
 they were so proud, and to which they had so con- 
 fidently trusted, broke down under the first party of 
 flying horsemen, and became impassable ; while the 
 Sutlej, having risen seven inches in the night, had 
 flooded the ford. " In their efforts to reach the 
 right bank," says the graphic narrative of the Com- 
 mander-in-Chief, " through the deepened water, they 
 suffered from our horse-artillery a terrible carnage.* 
 
 * " For the severe punishment inflicted on the Sikhs during 
 their retreat across the river, we are indebted to the singular 
 forethought and cool calculating judgment of the Governor- 
 General. Owing to the paucity of artillerymen, men had been 
 taken from the horse-artillery to serve the heavy guns in the 
 field ; and the troops — three if not four — to which they belonged, 
 were left lehind in camp. The services of these troops would 
 have been lost to the army on the 10th February, had not Sir 
 Henry Hardinge, while the battle was yet raging, ascertained 
 that the ammunition of the heavy guns was nearly expended, 
 and deduced, from this misfortune, the more ihiin fortunate con- 
 clusion, that the horse-artillerymen would soon be again avail- 
 able for their proper duties. He accordingly sent back orders to 
 the troops left in camp to move down without delay to Bhoda- 
 icallah J and they tcere brought down bi/ their drivers alone, to 
 that post, where they found their own artillerymen waiting for
 
 SLAUGHTER OF THE ENEMY. oliJ 
 
 Hundreds fell under this cannonade ; liuudreds 
 upon hundreds were drowned in attempting the 
 perilous passage. Their awful slaughter, confusion, 
 and dismay, were such as would have excited com- 
 passion in the hearts of their generous concjuerors, 
 if the Khalsa troops had not, in the earlier part of 
 tlie action, sullied their gallantry by slaughtering 
 and barbarously mangling every wounded soldier 
 whom, in the vicissitudes of attack, the fortune of 
 war left at their mercy." " Sixty-seven i)ieces of 
 cannon, u])wards of 200 camel swivels, numerous 
 standards, and vast munitions of war," were left in 
 possession of the victors. 
 
 The loss of artillery in this action was not very 
 severe; Lieutenant FaithfuU, of the 1st trooj» 
 2nd brigade, was killed by a cannon-shot. Major 
 
 them, and were galloped into action. The anecdote is not gcno- 
 raily known, but is wortliy <»f icouril as highly characteristic of 
 a mind peculiarly happy in the u.rr;iu'j^t'nicut ni (/e fa ih. trliDnc judi- 
 cious coinbination alone jn'oduces i/iiiitarj/ succctis." — /»'<•/. /riv. 
 [[Colonel Alexander's, Major Caiiiplit'U's, and Cajitaiii 'I'mttin's 
 troops were on the right ; Colonel Lane, with Sir K. Dick's 
 division. i\Iajor Grant, as before mentioned, ha«l commenced 
 the action with his 24-pounder howitzers. The officers and men 
 of the 2nd tnmp Ist brigade, onl tnnip 1st briga<lo, .'ith troop 
 1st brigade, and Jst troop ord brigade, were emplove<l with the 
 heavy batteries, rockets, and reamers. The 1st troop 1st bri<ra<le 
 had remained witii Wlieeler near Loodliianah.] — Edit<ir. 
 
 2 L
 
 614 commander-in-chief's despatch. 
 
 Grant was wounded in the arm. The total of 
 killed and wounded in the different troops and 
 batteries, was {killed), 1 European officer, 3 rank- 
 and-file, 3 syces, and 17 horses ; {ivounded), 
 1 European officer, 1 sergeant, 33 rank-and-file, 
 5 lascars, 5 syces, and 23 horses. 
 
 The following' officers were especially named 
 by the Commander-in-Chief: — Brigadiers Gowan, 
 Biddulph, Brooke, Denniss ; Captain Christie, 
 deputy assistant adjutant -general ; Captains 
 Pillans and Warner, commissaries of ordnance ; 
 Lieutenant Maxwell, deputy assistant quarter- 
 master-general ; Captains Austin, Mackenzie, and 
 Lieutenant Kaye, brigade majors ; Lieutenant- 
 Colonels Wood, Huthwaite, Geddes, Alexander, 
 and Lane ; Majors Lawrenson, Grant, Brind, and 
 Campbell ; Captains Day, Turton, Swinley, For- 
 dyce, Horsford, Waller, and Lieutenant Holland. 
 
 It should be mentioned in this place, that, on the 
 death of Major Broadfoot, the political agent on 
 the north-western frontier, Major H. M. Lawrence, 
 of the artillery, then political agent at Catmandoo, 
 was summoned from Nepaul to take charge of 
 our relations with the Punjab, and to execute the 
 congenial policy of the Governor-General. The
 
 HONOURS TO THE ARTILLERY. 515 
 
 summons was responded to with remarkable de- 
 spatch, and, within a fortnight from its receipt, lie 
 had joined the camp of the Governor-General. He 
 was present at the battle of Sobraon. 
 
 We subjoin here a complete list of the honours 
 conferred on the artillery : — 
 
 To be A.D.C. to the Queen : — Lieut. -Col. Gowan, C.B. 
 
 To be Lieut.-Cols. : — IMajors F. Briiul, CJ. Campbell, II. M. 
 Lawrence, C. Grant, and G. S. Lawrenson. 
 
 To be INIajors : — Captains II. Garbett, R. Ilorsfonl, E. F. 
 Day, G. 11. Swinley, J. Fordyce, W. S. Pillans, F. Builcau, 
 R. Waller, and E. Christie. 
 
 To bo Companions of the Bath : — Lieut.-Cols. Biddulph, 
 Brooke, Denniss, Ilutliwaite, Geddes, Alexander, I^ane, Law- 
 rence, and Lawrenson. 
 
 Immediately after this action, the British army 
 crossed the Sutlej, and marched upon Lahore. 
 Indeed, the firing had scarcely ceased, when the 
 Governor-General despatched a staff officer to 
 Khoondah ghaut, directing Sir John Littler to 
 commence the passage of the; y'wvv at that point. 
 Captain Garbett's troop of horse-artillery and two 
 native infantry regiments weri> ferried across the 
 Sutlej, and thus, both banks bcinn' in ))ossession of 
 the British army, an excellent bridge of boats was 
 thrown across, and the passage of the river was ef- 
 fected without opj)osition. Thus closed the first Sikh 
 
 "2 F, 2
 
 516 
 
 CLOSE OF THE FIRST SIKH WAR. 
 
 war — one of the most memorable and glorious in 
 the annals of our eastern empire. Upon the history . 
 of the subsequent treaties, this memoir need not 
 enter. In April, 1846, the greater part of the 
 army returned to India, leaving a strong body of 
 troops to occupy Lahore.
 
 KOTE KANCJkA. 517 
 
 CHAPTER XI. 
 
 Kote Kangra — Use of Elepliaut-draught — Interval of Peace — 
 Reassembliug of the Army — Mooltan — Raniuuggur — Cliil- 
 lianwallah — Fall of Mooltan — Guojnit — Clo.so of tlie SikliWar 
 — Honours to the Artillory — Medals — Concluding RtMnark>. 
 
 In accordance witli tlie treaties entered into 
 with the Sikh government, the Jullundur Doab, and 
 the liill country immediately bordering upon it, 
 became a portioii of the British territory. Within 
 the latter stood the celebrated fortress of Kote 
 Kangra, the killedar of which refused to deliver 
 up possession of the })lace to the British authori- 
 ties, declaring that, unless the Maharajah Iviiiijeet 
 Singh himself appeared before tlii' gate>, he wimld 
 not surrender the keys. '* The lort of Kangra is 
 one of those which is strong from its position : 
 it is built near the conflux of tlu- lUib Gunja 
 with the Beeas ; and i>> bouiidc*!, tor tin' most 
 part, by precipices nearly |)erpendicular ; and w here 
 tiie declivities are 1('» forniidal)l<\ tin- aid of
 
 518 MOVEMENT UPON KOTE KANGRA. 
 
 masonry has been had recourse to, so as to render 
 the place, in the opinion of Vigne, impregnable 
 under European engineers. * * * * t|,(j 
 occupants of the fort M'ere believed to amount to 
 about 500, principally Akalis, and their guns were 
 said to be ten in number."* 
 
 It now, of course, became necessary to reduce 
 this fortress to subjection. Accordingly, a force, 
 under Colonel Wheeler, was sent against it. It 
 consisted of the 2nd, 11th, 41st, and 44th native 
 infantry, with a wing of the 63rd, and a siege-train 
 composed of three 18-pounder guns, two 8-inch 
 howitzers, and six mortars, under Lieutenant- 
 Colonel Wood, with Captain Swinley's troop (3rd 
 troop 1st brigade), and Captain Fitzgerald's (2nd 
 comjjany 7th battalion), and Captain Christie's 
 (4th company 6th battalion) batteries. The march 
 was one of the most arduous character. It seemed 
 impossible that heavy guns could be transported 
 up the precipitous defiles which led to the fort. 
 " With our heavy guns," writes an officer of the 
 force, " we had to cross the river Gooj no less 
 than fifty-six times between the Beeas and Kote 
 Kangra ; and the last day we crossed it, rain 
 * MacGregor's " History of the Sikhs."
 
 SAGACITY OF THE ELEPHANT. 519 
 
 having fallen on the hills, it swelled to a roaring 
 torrent. Frequently the guns got completely fixed 
 between enormous boulders of rock, so as to defy 
 all the ingenuity both of artillery officers and 
 engineers ; when the united strength of men, 
 horses, and bullocks, aided ))y two elephants 
 drairiiinn: had failed, one fine old mukhna (a male 
 elephant, with tusks like a female) was always 
 called for. Coming forward with an air of j)itying 
 superiority — his look seeming to express clearly, 
 * What ! can't you do it witliout me ? ' he would 
 look carefully at the gun in every direction, and 
 when he had found the ])oint whore his })Owcr 
 could be best aj)plied, he })ut his head to it, and 
 gave it a push, as if to weigli the op})ositiou ; then 
 followed another mightier push ; and if that did 
 not suflice, a third, given with tremendous force, 
 almost invariably raised the gun out of its fixed 
 position, and sent it on. lie would then retire 
 with tlic air of Coriolauus, wlien he said to Aufidius, 
 ' Alone I did it ! ' — a more valuable ally than 
 Coriolauus, because he said nothing, and was always 
 willing." Such, indeed, wi>re the difficulties of the 
 march, that the enemy, believing that our heavy 
 ordnance could never bo brought under the walls of
 
 520 SURRENDER OF KOTR KANGRA. 
 
 the fort, determined to hold out. The same opinion 
 of the impracticability of the road was entertained 
 by many of our own officers. " Tiie l)rigadier," 
 says the writer above quoted — Colonel Jack, 
 of the 80th native infantry — " was recommended 
 to leave his 18-pounders on the other side of the 
 river Beeas ; he, however, determined to take 
 them on as far as possible, and, by extraordinary 
 management and exertion, he succeeded in taking 
 them all the way. They turned out, as the 
 Europeans quaintly remarked, to be the really 
 influential politicals.'''' 
 
 On the 25tli of May this tremendous march — 
 one of which it has been rightly said, that it " re- 
 flects everlasting credit on the artillery" — had been 
 successfully accomplished. Preparations were com- 
 menced for the erection of batteries and the plant- 
 ing of the guns in position ; but siege o])erations 
 were rendered unnecessary by the unconditional 
 surrender of the fortress. A portion of the artillery 
 force, including the heavy guns, remained at Kote 
 Kangra throughout the greater part of the year, 
 being finally withdrawn in December. The return 
 march of the heavy ordnance was little less difficult 
 than the ascent ; but on this, as on the former
 
 REPORT ON ELEPHANT-DRAUGHT. 521 
 
 occasion, the elepliant drau^lit was found to he 
 juhnirably adaj)ted to the required service. " From 
 tlie experience of this march," says Lieutenant 
 ClifTord in an elaborate report, " I am satisfied, tliat 
 from tlieir intellif]^ence, docility, and stren^fth, ele- 
 phants arc admirably ad;ipted for the drau^dit of 
 heavy ordnance through a mountainous country ; 
 and I doubt whether the heavy guns could possibly 
 have been taken uj) to Kangra and buck without 
 the assistance of these auiniais ; for though bullocks 
 answered suflicieutly well for the draught of carts 
 and lighter carriages, the number requisite to move 
 a siege-gun could not have been used at many of 
 the windings and declivities met with during this 
 march, to say nothing of the difliculty of guiding 
 bullocks over narrow, dangerous roads, in which 
 the elephants aj)]H'arcd to show a sense of the 
 necessity of caution. Throughout the march, ten 
 elephants were ininu'diately attached to the four 
 guns; vi/. two in draught with each |)iece, acconi- 
 j)anied by two spare." 
 
 The year 1847 whs one of almost uninterrupted 
 tranquillity. During the fir>t (piarti'i- of the Odlow- 
 ing year little occurred to break the (piiet that 
 reigned in the runjab; but in tlio mouth of April,
 
 522 AFFAIRS AT MOOLTAN. 
 
 affairs began to wear a more threatening aspect. 
 The refusal of Moolraj, the Dewan of Mooltan, to 
 give nj) that fortress to the British officers commis- 
 sioned to transfer it to the hands of another chief, 
 and the murder of those officers (Mr. Agnew and 
 Lieutenant Anderson) by the people of the garrison, 
 led, in the course of that year, to the celebrated 
 siege of that stronghold. Before, however, we 
 dwell upon this important event, it should be men- 
 tioned that, in the month of May, some disturbances 
 having been created in the Manjha country by a 
 Sikh Ghooroo (Bhaee Maharaj), two guns of the 
 4tli troop 1st brigade (which had marched from 
 Loodianah to Lahore early in the month), under 
 Lieutenant A. Bunny, accompanied the detachment 
 sent in pursuit of the rebels; and subsequently, 
 the entire troop, under Captain Murray Mackenzie, 
 proceeded on a similar service. 
 
 The operations of Lieutenant (now Major) Ed- 
 wardes having brought him before the walls of 
 Mooltan, it became matter of discussion between 
 the Commander-in-Chief and the Resident at La- 
 hore (Sir F. Currie),* whether a regular force should 
 
 ^•' Colonel Lawrence had by this time proceeded to Europe 
 for the recovery of his health.
 
 THE MOOLTAN FORCE. 523 
 
 be sent against the fortress at that time, or delayed 
 to a later period. Eventually, the Resident took 
 upon himself the responsibility of ordering the 
 advance of the force ; and Major-General W. S. 
 Whish, commandant of the Lahore division, an 
 old and experienced artillery officer, proceeded in 
 command of it. 
 
 The artillery with this force was commanded by 
 Major Garbett. Lieutenant J. Mill was appointed 
 major of brigade. The 4th troop of the 1st brigade, 
 under Captain Murray Mackenzie, marched down 
 with the Lahore column, along the left bank of the 
 llavee. The 4th troop 3rd brigade, under Captain 
 John Anderson,marched with the Ferozepore column 
 along the right bank of the Sutlej. The 2nd com- 
 pany 2nd battalion, the 3rd and 4th companies of 
 the 3rd battalion, and the Cth company 7th batta- 
 lion, under the command of Major E. F. Day, wont 
 by water down the Sutlej with the heavy ordnance. 
 Lieutenant Peter Christie was appointed commis- 
 sary. These details set out towards the close of 
 July. The land column reached Mooltan before 
 the end of August. On the 4th of September the 
 siege-train arrived. On the r)tli. General Whish, 
 in the name of the Maharajah iind the QueiMi of
 
 524 MOOLTAN ATTACK Kl\ 
 
 Enoland, called upon the garrison to surrender. 
 No answer being returned to the summons, the 
 engineer officers were called upon to submit their 
 plans for the attack of the place. It was finally 
 determined to commence regular siege operations ; 
 and on the morning of the 7th, the first parallel 
 was commenced. It had previously been in con- 
 templation to attempt the seizure of the place by a 
 coup-de-main ; and on the 6th, our mortar batteries 
 had commenced playing on the town. On the 7th, 
 8th, and 9th, there was some slight skirmishing. 
 At daybreak on the 10th, some of our guns were 
 got into position, and a tolerably heavy fire was 
 maintained throughout that day. On the following 
 day orders were issued for an attack upon a position 
 which the enemy maintained in advance of the city. 
 Tlie column named for this service was accompanied 
 by 4th troop 1st brigade of horse-artillery, under 
 Captain Mackenzie. The attack took place on the 
 morning of the 12th, and was highly successful, 
 though attended with considerable loss. Among 
 the officers wounded, was Lieutenant Bunny, of the 
 liorse-artillery : General Whish had a horse shot 
 under him. This successful attack placed all the 
 defensible points on this side the city in our hands,
 
 SPREAD OF UKVOLT. 525 
 
 und by enabling- the heavy guns to be aclvance<l to 
 within GOO yards of the city walls, would have con- 
 siderably shortened the operations of the siege, but 
 the defection of Shore Singh, which took place on 
 the 14th, entirely altered the aspect of affairs. This 
 circumstance, combined with other causes, the most 
 prominent of which was the numerical inefficiency 
 of the force employed to carry on the various duties 
 of the siege, embracing the formation of trenches 
 and batteries, the protection of the camj) and lines 
 of ammunition, as Mell as the thorough investment 
 of the place, induced the general most unwillingly 
 to suspend operations until the arrival of reinforce- 
 ments should enable him to proceed with the siege. 
 In the meanwhile the standard of revolt had been 
 raised in the countries beyond the Indus, and on 
 the banks of the Clienab. The Sikh troops at 
 Bunnoo had mutinied and niiirdered their officers ; 
 and Chuttur Singh, a chief of considerable note, 
 headed the insurrection in tlie Ilazareh. Towanls 
 this point the eyes of SluMe Singh were directed. 
 He was the son of Chuttur Singh, and after his 
 defection, did not long remain with Moolraj, but 
 marched northward t<» juiii tiio r('b(>ls, taking with 
 liini 5.()(MI nion, \'2 <xu\\s and howitzers, niid SO
 
 526 ASSEMBLING OF THE GRAND ARMY. 
 
 zumbooruks. It ^vas now no longer an isolated 
 case of rebellion in remote provinces. The whole 
 Sikh nation appeared to be rising up in arms 
 against us. The very troops which had been 
 despatched by the Durbar to assist General Whish 
 in his operations, had joined the insurgent force, 
 and it was doubtful M'hether we had a single friend, 
 Sikh or Mahomedan, in the country. It became 
 necessary, therefore, to take the field on a more 
 extended scale, and the Commander-in-Chief deter- 
 mined to place himself at the head of the army. 
 
 It was thus that in vain General Whish applied 
 to Simla for reinforcements. All the available 
 troops were required for the campaign, which 
 appeared inevitable, on the Chenab. Accordingly 
 orders were sent to the Bombay Government to 
 afford the necessary assistance. Here for a time 
 we must quit that division of our army, and follow 
 the movements of the Commander-in-Chief. 
 
 In October, 1848, orders were issued for the 
 assembly of the army of the Punjab, under the 
 personal command of Lord Gough ; Brigadier 
 Tennant was nominated to the command of the 
 artillery, with the rank of brigadier-general ; 
 Brevet-Captain Abercrombie, adjutant of the 3rd
 
 THE ARTILLERY DIVISION. 527 
 
 brigade horse-artillery, ^vas appointed deputy 
 assistant adjutant-general ; Lieutenant H. Tombs, 
 deputy assistant quartermaster-general ; Captain 
 HoiTire, commissary of ordnance, and Lieutenant 
 p. Christie (with General Whish at Mooltan), 
 deputy commissary of ordnance ; Lieutenant H. A. 
 Olpherts \yas subsequently nominated aide-de- 
 camp to the brigadier-general. Lieutenant-Colonel 
 Brooke, C.B., 2nd brigade horse-artillery, and Lieu- 
 tenant C. V. Cox, his adjutant, ^yere respectiyely 
 appointed brigadier and brigade-major of horse- 
 artillery; and Lieutenant-Colonel IIuth%yaite, C.B., 
 1st brigade horse-artillery, and Lieutenant E. Kaye, 
 his adjutant, were nominated to the same situations 
 in the foot-artillery. 
 
 The artillery diyision was constituted as follows: 
 Head-quarters and 4t]i troop (at Mooltan) 1st 
 brigade horse-artillery; hcad-ciuartcrs and 1st, 2nd, 
 3rd, and 4th tr<)0])s 2nd brigade horse-artillery ; 
 head-quarters, 1st, 2n(l, and 4th troops (at Mooltan) 
 3rd brigade horse-artillery ; 1st company 1st bat- 
 talion (No. 10 horse field-battery); 3rd company 1st 
 battalion (No. 17 horse field-battery) ; 2nd comj)any 
 2nd battalion (at Mooltan); "rd and 4th companies 
 3rd battalion (at Mooltan)". ln'iul-quarters, 1st, 2n(].
 
 528 ARMY TAKES THE FIELD. 
 
 and 4th companies 4th battalion ; 2nd company 7th 
 battalion (No. G horse field-battery) ; 3rd company 
 7th battalion (No. 5 horse field-battery) ; and 6tli 
 company 7th battalion (at Mooltan). 
 
 The several components of the army crossed the 
 river Sutlej near Ferozepore, at different times — the 
 majority during the month of October, or early in 
 November ; but some of the corps and the artillery- 
 train, M'ith No. 6 field-battery, and some reserve 
 companies, did not move across the bridge till the 
 middle of November. Brigadier Huthwaite was 
 intrusted with the equipment and preparation of 
 the train and park, and all arrangements regarding 
 a plentiful supply of ammunition. 
 
 Some regiments of cavalry and troops of horse- 
 artillery had been early pushed forward, under com- 
 mand of General Cureton ; and Brigadier-General 
 Campbell followed him across the Ravee with his 
 division of infantry and some field-batteries. The 
 Commander-in-Chief followed with General Gil- 
 bert's division. 
 
 At the time that our troops crossed the frontier, 
 the Rajah Shere Singh was in force on both banks 
 of the Chenab, with his advanced parties pushed 
 forward to Eminabad and Gooj ran wallah, and occa-
 
 RAMNUCOUR. 520 
 
 sioiially even to the ])anks of tlie liavcc. These, 
 however, fell back before the advancing columns 
 under Brigadier-Generals Curcton and Campbell, 
 and the Rajah abandoned the town of Ramnuggur, 
 and placed the principal part of his force on the 
 right bank of the river, but still holding the left 
 with large masses of cavalry, and some smaller 
 bodies of infantry. The town of Ramnuggur, on 
 the left bank of the Chenab, is situated about two 
 miles from the river, from which it is divided by a 
 low tract of waste cander land, subject to occasional 
 inundation, and intersected by a few easy nullahs. 
 Nearly midway between the town and the river was 
 a small but dense grove of trees, around which 
 hovered the advanced bodies of the Sikh army. 
 
 On the 20th November, Brigadier-Generals Cure- 
 ton and Campbell were within an easy niarcli of 
 Ramnuggur, and during the night they were joined 
 by the Commander-in-Chief. The following day 
 the first collision took j)Iace between the army 
 of the Punjaub and the Sikh trooj^s under Shere 
 Singh. It was an unfortunate affair, whicli kd to 
 the loss of some valuable lives without any corre- 
 sponding advantages to ourselves. Lord Gough was 
 
 2 M
 
 530 UAMNUGGUR. 
 
 on the ground or in its neighbourhood, but Briga- 
 dier-General Campbell was that day in command. 
 However, as the work was entirely confined to the 
 cavalry and horse-artillery, Brigadier Cureton was 
 the actual leader. It was his lordship's wish to 
 drive Shere Singh completely across the river. The 
 Sikh cavalry were, as before mentioned, hovering 
 between the grove and the left bank. Our cavalry 
 and two troops of horse-artillery (Lane's and War- 
 ner's) were pushed forward rapidly to dislodge them. 
 The 14th dragoons, charging inconsiderately too far 
 in advance, came unexpectedly upon a nullah filled 
 with Sikh infantry, and were received with a heavy 
 musketry fire, which caused them considerable loss. 
 Colonel Havelock and many others fell in the skir- 
 mish, and also the brave old General Cureton. Nor 
 was this all ; one of our troops of horse-artillery 
 (2nd troop 3rd brigade) advancing too close to the 
 river's edge, got under a heavy fire from the enemy's 
 batteries, and was compelled to retreat with the 
 loss of a gun, which stuck against the bank of a 
 nullah and could not be extricated. Such was the 
 un propitious commencement of the campaign. The 
 Sikhs were certainly compelled to confine them- 
 selves to the right bank, but no doubt the same
 
 CAPTURE OF JIIUBBER. 531 
 
 object might have been gained without so great an 
 expenditure of life. 
 
 Meantime the heavy train, with No. G horse field- 
 battery, and Penny's brigade of infantry, were 
 moving up as rapidly as possible. After crossing 
 the Ravee, the detachment diverged from the main 
 road for the purpose of attacking a fort of some 
 strength, called Jhubber, into which a rebel sirdar. 
 Attar Singh, had thrown a small garrison, when he 
 proceeded to join the camp of the sirdar. Two 
 guns of No. G field-battery, with small detachments 
 of infantry and irregular cavalry, proceeded in 
 advance against the fort, while the main body fol- 
 lowed. The garrison, however, refused to surrender 
 to the nine-pounders, and the walls were too strong 
 for field-pieces. It needed, however, but a sight 
 of the elephant-guns to induce the garrison to throw 
 open their gates, and yield themselves prisoners. 
 Some small pieces of ordnance were captured in 
 the fort, which, together with the neighbouring 
 village, were destroyed by orders from head- 
 quarters. 
 
 On the 30th November, the heavy ordnance, 
 anxiously awaited by Lord (lOugh, joined head- 
 quarters at Ramnuggur, and tiiat very night several 
 
 2 M 2
 
 532 FURTHER MOVEMENTS. 
 
 pieces were jjlaced in battery near the grove, and 
 also farther to the right and higher up the stream, 
 while Sir J. Thackwell, with nearly all the cavalry, 
 Campbell's division of infantry, and three troops of 
 horse-artillery, and two field-batteries, marched up 
 the stream to find a ford whereby to effect a pas- 
 sage, and so turn the enemy's position.* This 
 Lord Gough expected could be effected about nine 
 miles above Ramnuggur; but Sir J. Thackwell 
 found himself under the necessity of moving nearly 
 as far as Wuzeerabad before he could effect the 
 passage. This of course occasioned considerable 
 delay. 
 
 On the 1st and 2nd there was some exchange of 
 shots between our batteries and those of the enemy 
 on the opposite bank ; but the distance was too great 
 to allow of any effect being produced. On the 
 night of the second, our batteries were advanced to 
 within 400 yards of the river's edge ; but in the 
 morning it was apparent that the enemy had drawn 
 back a great part of his camp, though he had left some 
 batteries near the river, between which and ours 
 some desultory firing took place. In the afternoon 
 heavy firing was heard some few miles up the river. 
 
 * Thackwell marched witliout baggage or camp equipage.
 
 I'URTJIKR MOVEMENTS. 533 
 
 This was Tliackwoll, who hud been attacked while 
 resting after several long marches. 
 
 Tliere was nothing more than a cannonade from 
 either side. Shere Singh tried to dislotlge T hack well, 
 but could effect nothing by his fire, while, on the 
 other hand, he himself was soon driven from the 
 field by three troo])s of horse-artillery, 1st and 3rd 
 troop 2nd brigade, and 1st troop 3rd brigade, under 
 Huish, Christie, and Warner, and two field-batteries 
 (No. 5 under Captain Kinlesidc, and four guns of 
 No. 10 under Captain Austin). Thackwell made no 
 pursuit ; being ignorant of the strength of the 
 enemy both in men and guns, and his own troops 
 being somewhat weary, he was unwilling to become 
 more closely engaged. The enemy suffered consi- 
 derably, but our loss was trifling, and principally in 
 the artillery ; Captain E. G. Austin, of No. 10 
 heavy field-battery, was severely, and Lieutenant 
 J. E. Watson, of 1st troop 2nd brigade horse-artil- 
 lery, slightly wounded. 
 
 As day broke on the morning of the -Uh. it was 
 discovered by the indefatigable General (iilhert, as 
 he rode from our batteries to the river's vi]<^v, that 
 the enemy had entirely deserted his position. A 
 ford was immediately sought Ibr, and soon di^C(j-
 
 534 thackwell's force. 
 
 vered ; Thackwell, reinforced from bead-quarters,* 
 pursued the retreating Sikhs until they entered a 
 thick belt of jungle, into which be did not consider 
 it prudent to follow them. He accordingly en- 
 camped at Hailah, his camp equipage and baggage 
 having been sent to join him from Ramnuggur. 
 About the 8th or 9th he was again reinforced. 
 The remainder of the horse-artillery, under Briga- 
 dier Brooke, C.B., crossed the river, also No. 17 
 heavy field-battery under Captain Dawes, and the 
 1st company 4th brigade with four 18-pounders and 
 two 8-inch howitzers, under Captain Sir R. C. 
 Shakespear. Thackwell had with him now nearly 
 all the force ; two brigades of infantry, Hearsay's 
 brigade of irregular cavalry, Miles's battery (No. 6), 
 and the park, being all now left at head-quarters. 
 His camp was formed at Hailah, in an extensive 
 and for the most part uncultivated plain. In his 
 front was the broad belt of jungle before mentioned, 
 which extends from the sandy ridge on the banks 
 of the Jhelum, some twelve or fifteen miles into 
 the Dooab. At the further edge of this belt lay 
 
 * A brigade had been sent across previously by pontoons a 
 few miles up the river, but too late to take part in the action of 
 Sadoolapore.
 
 THE CHENAB CROSSED. 535 
 
 Sliere Singh, liis left resting on Russool, ;it tlie 
 western extremity of the sand-ridge, liis ritilit flank 
 being at Futteh-shah-ke-chuck, and his Ijack to- 
 wards the river. After the 5th December, each 
 force remained inactive for a considerable period, 
 save that the Sikhs occasionally sent small parties 
 of horse through the jungle, who annoyed Thackwell 
 by carrying off baggage, camels, &c. 
 
 On the 18th, a pontoon bridge having been con- 
 structed across the river, head-quarters. Mountain's 
 brigade of infantry. Hearsay's of irregular cavalrv 
 (with the exception of the 11 th under Holmes, left 
 at Ramnuggur), and Brigadier Iluthwaite and his 
 stair, crossed the Clienab, and were then joined by 
 No. 10 light field-battery under Lieutenant Robert- 
 son. On the 1st January, the head-quarters force 
 moved to Janu-ke (about 1^ miles in rear of Hailali). 
 when the artillery train and park joined from Ram- 
 nuggur, at which place a bridge-head liad been con- 
 structed, armed with two 24-j)ounders and the guns 
 of No. G heavy field-battery. 
 
 On the 9th, head-(|uarters force and that under 
 Madwell changed ground, and effected a junction at 
 Lussooria and Loali Tibl)ee, on the main road from 
 Lahore to Attock, and about 12 miles in ;i(h;iiice
 
 536 CHILLIANWALLAH. 
 
 of the Cheiiab. Here it was supposed that the force 
 would remain for a considerable time, and no doubt 
 such was the original intention ; but Attock, 
 long defended by the gallant Herbert, fell, and 
 Chutter Singh was known to be in full march to join 
 his son, the Rajah, on the Jhelum ; and Mackeson, 
 the Governor-General's agent, impressed upon the 
 Commander-in-Chief the advisability of overthrow- 
 ing the latter before reinforced by his father. His 
 lordship, willing always to follow warlike counsels, 
 readily consented : he reviewed his army, ordered 
 up two corps of native infantry from Ramnuggur, 
 on the 12th moved through the jungle, to Dhingee, 
 and on the 13th fought the battle of Chillianwallah. 
 The strongest part of the enemy's position was 
 supposed to be his left, at Russool, on the extremity 
 of the sand ridge, where it abuts on the river 
 Jhelum. The immediate neighbourhood of Dhin- 
 gee was pretty free from jungle, but along the base 
 of the sand ridge, and in front of the whole of the 
 Sikh position, it was exceedingly dense, — rendering 
 all military operations (especially movements of 
 cavalry or artillery) most difficult and hazardous ; 
 and concealing effectually the enemy's line. It was 
 Lord Gough's original intention to attack Russool
 
 CHILLIANWALLAII. 537 
 
 with his right (Gilbert's division), while General 
 Canij)bell should operate upon Lallianwalhih and 
 Futteh-shah-ke-chuck ; but there was so much 
 counter advice offered to him on the nif^ht of the 
 12th, that he w^as induced to forego his intention 
 of attacking the enemy on the following morning. 
 The force, however, marched from camp on the 
 13th, and the line of contiguous columns at first bore 
 steadily down towards the enemy, the right directed 
 on Russool. After a time, the right was brought 
 more forward, so that the direction of our marcli 
 became parallel to the enemy's line, and Lord 
 Gough gave orders to his quartermaster's department 
 to find a suitable spot for encampment, without going 
 too near the enemy, and, at the same time, without 
 the necessity of retracing our steps towards Dhin- 
 o-ee. This was somewhat difficult, as the army had 
 just passed some villages, — Burra and Chota Oomrao, 
 between which and Chillianwallah there was no 
 water. At Chillianwallah, on a mound, or small 
 hillock, was the enemy's most advanced jiost ; of 
 this, however, we were not aware, till a small party 
 of our cavalry came upon it unexj)ectcdly, and was 
 fired upon; and tlius Lord Gough \\-di> Jonri/ to 
 fight the action on that day.
 
 538 CHILLIANWALLAH. 
 
 Our cavalry (with exception of 8rd and 9tli 
 irregulars, under Hearsay, our rear-guard) was 
 divided between the two extreme flanks. Gilbert's 
 division formed the right wing, Campbell's the left, 
 and Penny's brigade was in reserve. 
 
 The 1st troop 2nd brigade, 8rd troop 2nd 
 brigade, and 2nd troop 3rd brigade, under Lieu- 
 tenant-Colonel C. Grant, were with the cavalry on 
 the right ; Captain Dawes's, H.F.B. (No. 17), was 
 with Gilbert ; No. 5, H.F.B., and three guns of 
 No. 10 (the other three guns being on rear-guard), 
 were, under Major Mowatt, with Campbell. The 
 2nd troop 2nd brigade, 4th troop 2nd brigade, and 
 1st troop 3rd brigade, were under Lieutenant- 
 Colonel Brind. The heavy guns (consisting of six 
 18-pounders and four 8-inch howitzers), under 
 Major Horsford (the respective batteries commanded 
 by Majors Ludlow and Sir R. C. Shakespear), were 
 in the centre of the line. These were all drawn by 
 elephants, which were, however, exchanged for 
 bullocks before the action commenced. Brigadiers 
 Brooke and Huthwaite were, with their res])ective 
 brigades, on the march, but during the action with 
 the Commander-in-Chief's staff. The army moved 
 in line of contiguous columns of brigades, at first
 
 CHILLIANWALLAH. 539 
 
 directed towards the enemy's position, l)ut subse- 
 quently changing front to the left, parallel to the 
 Sikh line, our right towards it. As soon as the 
 Sikh post on the mound at Cliillianwallah had been 
 discovered, line was formed from the columns. 
 The outpost was of course soon driven in ; after 
 which, Lord Gough again changed front, — to his 
 right this time, so as to bring our front again 
 opposite the Sikh line. The army halted, arms 
 were piled, and the quartermasters proceeded to 
 mark out ground for encampment. But the Sikhs, 
 determined to bring matters to an issue under 
 cover of the jungle, brought up some light pieces, 
 and fired upon us. As it was evidently impossible 
 to encamp M'ithin reach of their guns, which the 
 denseness of the jungle enabled them to move up 
 unobserved by us, and as we could not encamj^ 
 elsewhere from want of water, without retracing 
 our steps, which would have borne too much the 
 appearance of retreating. Lord Gough was compelled 
 to fight, and that, too, under jieculiar disadvantages, 
 as he knew little or nothing of the ground in his 
 front, nor did the thick jungle admit of his recon- 
 noitring. He was forced, too, to abandon his 
 original plan of attacking Uussooj, as we had now
 
 540 CHILLIANWALLAll. 
 
 got opposite their centre ; the enemy, too, had 
 frustratod all, by moving- out of their position into 
 the jungle in front of it. 
 
 The enemy's position was a very extensive one, 
 and Lord Gough was forced to lengthen his own 
 line. The consequence was, that our left and right 
 wings were at a considerable distance apart. The 
 cavalry on the right was divided into two parties ; 
 the one under Brigadier Pope comprised the 14th 
 dragoons, a wing of the 9th lancers, the 1st light 
 cavalry, and a wing of the 6th ; with these were 
 Huish's troop (1st troop 2nd brigade) and half of 
 Christie's (3rd troop 2nd brigade), under Colonel 
 Grant. Further to the right, and somewhat to the 
 rear, so as to cover the right flank of our army, 
 were a wing of 9th lancers and a wing of 6th light 
 cavalry, with Lane's troop (2nd troop ord brigade), 
 and half of 3rd troop 2nd brigade, under a subaltern. 
 To the left of Brigadier Pope was Gilbert's division, 
 with Dawes's battery ; and left of these again the 
 heavy guns. Campbell's division and the remain- 
 ing cavalry, with which were three troops of horse- 
 artillery, under Lieutenant-Colonel Brind, were far 
 removed to the left, and could not be seen from the 
 centre of the line. The action commenced with
 
 CHTLIJANWALLATI. 541 
 
 the heavy guns. It would have been well had they 
 had the battle to themselves a little long-er. Tliey 
 produced soon a very considerable effect on the 
 enemy's fire. In the words of the Commander-in- 
 Chief, " After about an hour's fire, that of the 
 enemy appeared to be, if not silenced, sufficiently 
 disabled to justify an advance. I then ordered my 
 left division to advance." Campbell soon became 
 closely engaged. Lord Gougli then deemed it 
 necessary to push forward his right wing, and the 
 heavy guns were ordered to cease firing. The Com- 
 mander-in-Chief soon received intelligence of a great 
 misfortune having happened to Pennycuick's brigade 
 (one of Campbell's division) — the 24th regiment of 
 foot especially suffered severe loss* The other 
 brigade, consisting of Gist foot and two native corps, 
 had, however, made a more successful advance. 
 The reserve under Penny was now ordered forward 
 
 * AVith regard to Pennycuick's brigade, the Commander-in- 
 Chief says in his ofHcial despatch : " In justice to this hrigatle, I 
 must he allowed to state that they behaved heroically, and but 
 for their too hasty and, consequently, disorderly advance, would 
 have emulated the conduct of the left brigade, which, left un- 
 supported for a time, had to charge to their front and right 
 wherever an enemy appeared. The brigade of horse-artillery 
 on their left, under Lieutenant-Colonel Jirind, judiciously ami 
 gallantly aiding, maintained :ui elleetive lire."
 
 542 CHILLIANWALLAH. 
 
 to support Gilbert's division ; but this consisted of 
 but two native regiments (one having been left on 
 rear-guard). Sir W. Gilbert's division, well sup- 
 ported by Dawes's brigade, met with but little loss, 
 with the exception of the 30th and 56th native 
 infantry, which corps suffered severely. But 
 further on the right. Pope's brigade of cavalry, and 
 the horse-artillery under Colonel Grant, were driven 
 back with much loss. The cavalry, it seems, had 
 formed line on the right of the guns, and were then 
 ordered to advance through the jungle. From 
 some unexplained causes, they had only just come 
 within sight of the enemy, when the brigade — not- 
 withstanding the efforts of the officers to stop the 
 movement — retreated, not, however, without loss, 
 for the Sikh cavalry hung closely on their heels. 
 Unfortunately, the men did not retreat directly to 
 the position from whence they had advanced, but, 
 obliquing, came in front of the guns (some of which 
 were unlimbered) and galloped through them, the 
 Sikhs mixed up with them, or close behind ; so that 
 our men could not fire without slaying our own 
 cavalry. The consequence was, many of the 
 gunners were cut down at their guns, and six of the 
 pieces fell into the enemy's hands (two were after-
 
 CHILLIANWALLAH. 543 
 
 wards recovered by Lieutenant C. Cookworthy, of 
 3rd troop 2nd brigade, who, after the action, took 
 limbers and horses, and sought for his division). 
 Major Christie received several severe sword and 
 spear wounds, of which he died on the 15th. The 
 other three guns and the cavalry retreated through 
 the jungle, until they reached an open space, near 
 which stood the Chief and his staff. Here the 
 guns drew up, and the cavalry rallied, with the 
 exception of a small party, which continued its flight 
 as far as the field hospital, established on tlie mound 
 near Chillianwallah. 
 
 The Sikh cavalry, who had followed in pursuit, 
 halted at the edge of the jungle, and a few rounds 
 from our remaining j)icccs soon forced them to 
 retire. Colonel Lane, who commanded on the ex- 
 treme right, had also been attacked by cavalry, but 
 he had repulsed them with a grape fire from his 
 guns. Meantime our cavalry and artillery on the 
 left had made a successful advance, and Campbell, 
 at the head of the 61st foot and some native in- 
 fantry, had swept all before liini, t:iking several 
 batteries. Gilbert too, in his advance, had over- 
 thrown everything, capturing a great quantity of 
 ordnance. The enemv was evervwiiere driven
 
 544 CHILLIANWALLAII. 
 
 from Ill's ground and forced back upon his positions, 
 and onr troops, somewhat shattered, remained in 
 possession of the field. But night had now come 
 on, and, seeing the great loss that we had met with, 
 the difficulty of the ground, and that our men were 
 weary and exhausted, the Commander-in-Chief, 
 after consultation with Campbell, considered it 
 expedient to bivouac on the edge of the jungle, 
 at the foot of the mound at Chillianwallah. Unfor- 
 tunately, this caused the loss of nearly all the guns 
 which we had taken from the enemy — most of them 
 were recovered by them in the night — four of our own 
 too, were carried off', and we secured only thirteen 
 of the enemy's. Whether the Sikhs claimed the 
 victory, or whether it was in exultation at the 
 trophies gained — some colours besides the guns — 
 or whether it was merely to inform their friends 
 that they still held Russool, they fired a salute that 
 night from the summit of the ridge. 
 
 Our loss in this action was severe. Of the artillery, 
 Major Christie, as before mentioned, died of his 
 wounds, as also did Lieutenant Manson. of the 4th 
 troop 2nd brigade ; Captain Dawes and 1st Lieu- 
 tenant Dundas were wounded. The total loss of 
 killed was 2 Serjeants, 14 rank-and-file, 1 lascar and 
 
 {
 
 AFTER CHILLI AN WALLAH. 545 
 
 1 syce ; wounded, 1 Serjeant, 1 trumpeter, 28 rank 
 • and file, 8 lascars, and 1 syce ; missing, 2 rank and 
 file, and G syces. 
 
 The morning of the 14th set in wet and gloom v, 
 and the Chief then issued orders to pitch camp 
 upon ground marked out immediately in rear of 
 the mound, fronting the enemy's position. What- 
 ever intentions Lord Gough may have half-formed 
 of resuming the attack on the 14th, the heavy fall 
 
 ! of rain which commenced that evening and conti- 
 nued during several following days, induced him to 
 abandon them. He immediately set about strength- 
 ening his position, and the sad task of collecting 
 and burying his dead. And so the British and 
 Sikh armies sat down in sight of each other, with 
 scarcely four miles of ground between their re- 
 spective camps. 
 
 Such was the battle of Chillian wallah ; a victory, 
 certainly, insomuch as we remained in possession 
 of the field of battle ; but a failure, inasmuch as 
 Lord Gough did not accomplisli his object — to 
 drive Shere Singh across the Jhelum, and to com- 
 
 1 pletely overthrow him before Chuttur Singh could 
 form a junction with his son. 
 
 i A month of inactivity succeeded. Onr position 
 
 2 N
 
 546 DISPOSITION OF THE FORCE. 
 
 was a bad one ; it covered no road, did not protect 
 the country in our rear, nor guard our communica- 
 tions ; neither did it in any way confine the enemy. 
 Our communication with Dhingee was exceedingly 
 precarious; supplies and forage, as well as water, 
 were scarce. We should have felt the want of the 
 latter severely, had it not been for several heavy 
 falls of rain, which filled some dry hollows. As 
 considerable reinforcements were in progress to 
 join Shore Singh, it seemed not at all improbable 
 that he might venture to attack us in our camp. 
 The Commander-in-Chief therefore strengthened 
 our position as much as possible. A good deal of 
 jungle which might conceal the enemy's designs 
 was cut down ; several trenches were dug* in front 
 of the line, to afford temporary protection to pie- 
 quets ; the heavy ordnance was placed in battery at 
 the mound to sweep all the ground in front, — and 
 subsequently, a square redoubt was erected to 
 strengthen our right flank, which approached the 
 sand-ridge, and was more liable to attack than any 
 other part. This redoubt was at first armed with 
 some spare field-pieces, drawn by bullocks, but 
 afterwards by the 3rd company 2nd brigade hoi'se-
 
 POSITIONS OF THK AliTILLERV. 647 
 
 artillery,* to which Captain Kinleside, of No. 5 
 heavy field-battery, had been appointed — Major 
 Ludlow succeeding him in command of the battery. 
 The right fiank of our cani}) was thrown l)ack 
 nearly at right angles. In it were two troops of 
 horse-artillery under Colonel Grant. Fordyce's 
 troop (2nd company 2nd brigade) of 9-pounders 
 was at the angle, and afterwards placed in a small 
 battery a short distance to the front. Dawes was 
 in the front face with Gilbert, sending out two guns 
 on picquet ; the heavy ordnance at the mound ; 
 No. 5, with Campbell's division near the village; 
 No. 10, in rear with Penny. Beyond the village were 
 three troops of horse-artillery under Colonel Brooke 
 (when the Ord troop 2nd brigade was removed to 
 the redoubts, the number witli him was reduced to 
 two). Our left, beyond the village, was slightly 
 retired in an oblique direction. The park was in 
 rear of the mound. As the enemy became stronger 
 and more threatening, several changes took place. 
 The whole of the loft was thrown back so as to 
 
 * Thia troop had been on tlio detacliinent syf^tein experimen- 
 tally, bat, after Chillianwalluli, n lien now f^nns wore given, it 
 reverted to the old sysleni. 
 
 2 N 2
 
 548 MOVEMENTS OF THE ENEMY. 
 
 unite the village of Mojawalla in rear of camp— Mitli 
 the front face, and our riuht flank was also con- 
 nected with the village by a rear face — thus our 
 camp formed an irregular quadrilateral figure, or 
 rhomboid, and four pieces of heavy ordnance were 
 placed near Mojawalla. But it was some time 
 before our camp had assumed this form. 
 
 The enemy almost daily received accessions of 
 strength. Chuttur Singh joined the Sikh force, and 
 salutes were common in their camp. Reports were 
 frequent of their intention to attack, but little credit 
 was given to them. The Chief, however, considered 
 it prudent to be prepared ; half the men, and latterly 
 all, were ordered to sleep in their clothes, and a 
 signal (three guns from the mound) was agreed 
 upon, at which all the troops should turn out. The 
 enemy occasionally made some demonstration. 
 Sometimes his whole line turned out, but more fre- 
 quently he brought small parties into the jungle, 
 below llussool, and then attacked our right wing, 
 which was frequently on the alert. But the Sikhs 
 gave us the greatest annoyance by capturing our 
 baggage-cattle. This they did frequently, and we 
 were obliged to send out very strong parties of 
 cavalry to protect them. Our horse-artillery, too.
 
 SIEGE OF MOOLTAN. 540 
 
 had very fatiguing work, guns being frequently 
 out with detachments sent to protect convoys of 
 grain, &c. These had to make long, harassing 
 marches, and latterly it became necessary to send 
 out parties of cavalry and horse-artillery to recon- 
 noitre the country in our right rear. 
 
 Thus wearily passed the time, news from Mooltan 
 being most anxiously looked for. At length we had 
 the pleasure to fire a royal salute for its capture and 
 to discuss the circumstances of the successful siege. 
 What those circumstances were, should be here 
 briefly recorded : — On the 26th of December the 
 Bombay troops joined General Whish under the 
 walls of Mooltan. The force now amounted to 
 17,000 men, with sixty-four pieces of artillery. The 
 time for renewed action had arrived, and Whish 
 was ready to commence operations. Indeed, on the 
 morning of the 26th, before the Bombay division 
 had come up, he had issued an order, expressing his 
 hope that within twenty-four hours after their 
 arrival, "all the enemy's posts tliat are a requisite 
 preliminary to the commencement of a regular 
 attack on the citadel," would be carried ; and in the 
 course of the following day tlicy were in our posses- 
 sion. In these operations, four guns of the 4th troop
 
 550 CAPTURE OF THE OUTWORKS. 
 
 3rd brigade of horse-artillery, under Captain An- 
 derson, and four guns of the 4th troop 1st brigade, 
 under Captain Mackenzie, were engaged ; the 
 former with the centre column, and the latter with 
 the right column. On the following day Whish, 
 reporting these operations to the adjutant-general, 
 wrote, " I hope to-morrow morning to have an 
 8-inch mortar-battery of six pieces playing on the 
 citadel, at five or six hundred yards' distance." 
 
 On the 30th the general reported that our bat- 
 teries were in full play, and that already a shell 
 from a mortar, laid by Lieutenant Newall, had 
 exploded the principal magazine in the citadel. 
 Whish had been with the rocket troop at Hatrass, 
 when the great magazine had been blown up there, 
 and now he wrote that the sight of the Mooltan 
 explosion was " awfully grand, and precisely similar 
 to that at the siege of Hatrass, on the 1st of 
 March, 1817." "I hope," he added, "that the 
 consequence may be the same ; in which case the 
 enemy would abandon the fort to-night ; otherwise 
 I contemplate assaulting the city to-morrow." The 
 batteries at this time in operation, as reported in 
 the general's letter, were six 8-incli mortars, three 
 10-inch ditto, four 5|-incli ditto (opened on the
 
 THE CITY TAKEN. 551 
 
 28tli), six 18-pouiKlers (opened on the Kooneeh- 
 Boorj), two 8-inch mortars, two 10-inch ditto, and 
 two 24-pounders (with the mortars in the first line, 
 opened on the 29th). Five more 8-inch mortars 
 were then laid down. 
 
 Seldom or never in any part of the world has a 
 city been exposed to sucli a terrific shelling as the 
 doomed city of Mooltan. The well-served ordnance 
 did tremendous execution upon both houses and 
 inhabitants ; and soon the ruined streets were 
 choked with the mutilated bodies of the dead. 
 The effect was highly creditable to the skill of both 
 artillery and engineers. On the first day of the 
 new year (1849) the breaches in the city walls 
 appeared to be practicable, and the assault was 
 fixed for the following day. It was on tlie 2nd of 
 January that the city of Mooltan was carried by the 
 British troops. The gallantry of the infantry column, 
 on this occasion, will never be overlooked by the 
 general historian ; but it docs not come witliin the 
 scope of this memoir to record it. Mooltan was 
 carried at the ])oint of tlie bayonet, but the citadel 
 still remained in the liands of Moolraj. 
 
 The batteries now, therefore, opened again, with 
 tremendous effect, on the fortress. Tlie ])OSsession
 
 552 ATTACK OF THE CITADEL. 
 
 of the city had enabled Whish to advance his 
 guns, and he had erected new batterries of heavy 
 ordnance to bear upon the citadel. On the 7th a 
 battery of seven 18-pounders was completed and 
 armed, and a mortar battery for three 10-inch 
 howitzers. On the Stli a battery for six 24-pounders 
 and six 18-pounders was commenced. "The object 
 of this battery," wrote the general, " is to keep 
 down tlie fire of the citadel opposite to it, and 
 eventually to breach at the north-east angle." On 
 the following day a sliell from the enemy's position 
 ignited the seven 18-pounder battery, which was 
 constructed of fascines and sandbags, and burnt it 
 down, in spite of every effort to extinguish the 
 flames. The engineers in the mean time were 
 sapping up to the foot of the glacis ; and the enemy, 
 alarmed by our near approach, were thinking of 
 niaking terms for themselves. The interior of the 
 citadel had become a ruin ; and further resistance 
 was, indeed, hopeless. The garrison declared that 
 they could no longer hold out against the terrible 
 shelling, which was destroying them. Moolraj was 
 at the last gasp. All his efforts to rally his followers 
 were in vain. They told him that he must either 
 sally out at the head of his men and cut his way
 
 SURRENDER OF MOOLTAN. 553 
 
 til rough the besiegers, or abandon his post and trust 
 liimself to the clemency of the victors. So the 
 Dewan began to sue for terms. The answer of tlie 
 British general was, that nothing would satisfy him 
 but an unconditional surrender. So on the morninir 
 of the 22nd of January the garrison laid down their 
 arms, and Moolraj came into the British camp. 
 
 The operations had lasted nearly four weeks, 
 throughout which time the artillery Mere continually 
 engaged — keeping up an incessant fire of shot and 
 shell, from guns, howitzers, and mortars — first upon 
 the city, and then upon the citadel of Mooltan. 
 The practice is admitted to have been excellent. 
 It was, said General Whish, with the enthusiasm 
 of an old artillery officer, "the theme of admiration 
 with all.'* The officers of the Bengal division 
 
 * The following remarks by Major iSidJoiis on the artillery 
 practice at Mooltan, taken from his admirable report of the 
 siege, will be read with interest : — "• The artilh>ry practice \v:i^ 
 most excellent, and the exertions of ollicers and men indfiati-^'abU*. 
 It h impoBsible to over-rate the service renilerod by the S-incii 
 and 10 -inch howitzers. The walls are mostly of mud, or l>ritk 
 and mud ; and it so ha[)pcneJ that the part eelectetl for the 
 breach was very defective — a mere facing over the old wall. 
 In this the 24-pounder shot brought down large m:isse8 ; but 
 where the wall was sound the sliot liuriod themsolves, whereas 
 the shells penetrated and then acted as small mines. Against a
 
 554 OFFICERS EMrLOYED. 
 
 especially named in his official despatch were 
 Majors Garbett and Day ; Captains Daniel, Ander- 
 son, Master, and Mackenzie ; Lieutenant Mill (bri- 
 gade-major), and Lieutenant Peter Christie (com- 
 missary of ordnance). 
 
 The following officers were present at the siege 
 of Mooltan : — 
 
 Majors — H. Garbett, E. F. Day ; Captains — J. H. 
 Daniell, J. Anderson, E. V. Master, M. Mackenzie; 
 Lieutenants — W. Hay, G. Moir, F. W. Swinhoe, 
 F. Alexander, H. Francis, R. Mecham, D. J. New- 
 all, A. Bunny, W. Miller, J. F. Raper, J. Thomp- 
 son, H. T. Bishop ; 27id Lieutenants — F. R. Debude, 
 J. Hunter, C. T. Graham, F. C. Simons, M. C. San- 
 key, J. G. Worthington, W. F. Quayles, E. W. Day; 
 — Lieutenant John Mill, brigade-major ; Lieutenant 
 P. Christie, commissary of ordnance ; Lieutenant W. 
 K. Footes, brigade quarter-master. 
 
 In the course of the operations, the casualties 
 in the Bengal artillery amounted to 1 European 
 officer (Lieutenant James Thompson), 2 havildars, 
 
 mud fort, an howitzer must therefore be considered far preferable 
 to a gun, though of course the latter would be more effective 
 against a well-built stone wall. The inconvenience to howitzers 
 is the difliculty of preserving the cheeks of the embrasures. The 
 iron howitzer might, perhaps, with advantage be lengthened."
 
 ARTILLEUY MEMORANDUM. 555 
 
 ruul 10 rank and file, killed ; \s\\.\\ 4 European 
 officers (Lieutenants Bunny, Hunter, Sankey, and 
 Graham), 3 havildars, and 62 rank and file, ivounded. 
 These include all the casualties since the raising 
 of the siege. Lieutenant Bunny was wounded in 
 September, and Lieutenant Sankey in November, 
 1848; the other two officers in the course of the 
 January siege. 
 
 Before quitting the subject of these nienionibie 
 operations, we must insert the following memo- 
 randum of the artillery practice at Mooltan, by 
 Lieutenant Newall, which affijrds much interesting 
 information relative to the details of the siege: — 
 
 " During the siege of Moolt:in, tlic Bengal artillerymen were 
 ijo few, tliat it wits found ini[io;>sil»le to affoifl a relief in the 
 batteries without withdrawing gunners from the troops of horse- 
 artillery. A relief, however, was thus eflected daily hotweeii 
 3 and 4 1'..m., whieh was found the most convenient hour, a^ it 
 alfordctl time to the relieving ofiicer to ascertain his range, i^vc. 
 l.cforo nightfall, and to prepare and fix his ammunition for 
 expenditure during the night. It was convenient, also, for thi- 
 men in other res])ects. 
 
 " In the howitzer hatteries, it was the practi.-c to ror(>ivo thr 
 charge ready weighed out fmiu the niaga/ine ; hut in th.- luoitar 
 batteries the charges were invariably wcighc*! out in battery. 
 The bursting charges of all shells were received in buttery ready 
 weighed out in small bags, and the shells were always fillcil by 
 means of a funn.l, and fuzes prepare.l and set by means of a 
 fnze-beneh in the battery. Live sliells wen- never sent down to 
 battery from the magazine. a> no advantage in point of time wa.-
 
 556 ARTILLERY MEMORANDUM. 
 
 to be gained thereby, the preparing of shells being found in the 
 hands of expert men to fully keep pace with the working of the 
 ordnance. The practice was thus rendered very much more 
 satisfactory, as the length of the fuze could be altered according 
 to circumstances ; such as the variation of strength of powder, 
 which was found to be most dependent on the state of the 
 weather, and even of the ordnance, which as the day advanced 
 would gradually warm, contracting the dampness of the powder, 
 and rendering necessary an alteration in the length of fuze. 
 The effects of the howitzers employed in breaching was a subject 
 of satisfaction and astonishment to all ; indeed it is doubtful 
 whether the natural mounds of the fort would have been practi- 
 cally breached without their aid. Even against the brickwork 
 their effects were conspicuous. These shells, made to burst at 
 the moment of contact with the walls, afterwards during their 
 passage through the revetement, and ultimately with a longer 
 fuze in the earth beyond it, would probably (against such 
 masonry) have alone effected practicable breaches without the 
 assistance of heavy guns. 
 
 "At a distance of 150 yards, both the 8-inch and 10-inch 
 howitzers were employed in breaching a scarp wall, part of 
 which was invisible from the battery, and only reached by a 
 plunging fire, obtained by very small charges, and succeeded 
 admirably. At a distance of thirty-five yards, 8-iuch howitzers 
 were similarly employed with a charge of 8 oz., a very low 
 velocity being requisite to prevent the shell from burying itself 
 too far in the soft earth. Of the efl'ccts of the vertical fire, 
 nothing could have afforded a clearer proof than the ruinous 
 appearance presented by the interior of the fort on its sur- 
 render ; and the explosion of the great magazine, which took 
 place within one hour of its site being indicated to the batteries, 
 was a subject of congratulation to the Bengal artillery employed, 
 bearing testimony as it did to the accuracy of their practice. 
 
 " On the 9th January, 600 shells were fired from an 8-inch 
 mortar battery of six pieces in twenty-four hours, and the 
 mortars did not suffer. No new feature, however, presented 
 
 J
 
 DEPARTURE OF GENERAL WIIISH. •);>/ 
 
 itself from the cniployiiicnt of these j)ieces, nor ficnii that of tlie 
 lieavy guns, which, however, victl with the luorUir.") :iii<l 
 howitzers in utility. Doubtless it is by a judicious conibina- 
 tion of the three that such powerful effects are pro<luce<I, — but 
 it may be worth inquiring,' whothor, in the siege-trains employed 
 against fortresses in tlic East, built as they generally are of old 
 and often crazy materials, a greater proportion of howitzers 
 might not be used with advantage, in cases wlurc no particular 
 object exists to curtail the transport of the shells, which is 
 doubtless great. In addition to what has been above stated of 
 the effects of these most useful pieces in mining the defences and 
 in counter-battery, which was conspicuous throughout the siege, 
 it may be remarked that one shell was often found sufficient to 
 silence the fire from an embrasure of the enemy for a whole 
 day. Racklashing platforms were used by the Bengal artillery 
 throughout the siege for the guns and howitzers, and were found 
 to answer most satisfactorily, and tiie small Bengal mortar 
 platforms, consisting of three sleeiKjrs, upon whicli seven strong 
 planks, each four feet long, were pegged transversely, were made 
 up in the i)ark, and thus taken down to the batteries, where they 
 were expeditiously laid, and stood the firing both of the S-inch 
 and 10-inch mortars without renewal during the siege; the 
 only difterencc being, that from the lO-iucli mortars other 
 sleepers were laid transv(>rsely boiieath, to prevent the plat- 
 forms sinking." 
 
 Having now reduced Mooltaii, and captured tlie 
 Dewan, General \\'his]i dcterniiiicd to move forward, 
 with all possible despatch, to reinforce the Coin- 
 niander-in-Chief. Leaviuo-, therefore, a British gar- 
 rison in Mooltan, he connnenced his march. Mitli 
 the liead-<juarters, on the 2i)th January ; an ad- 
 vanced l)riga(h', with a troop of horse -artillery.
 
 558 JUNCTION OF THE FORCES. 
 
 having- broken gronnd two days before. The main 
 body of the Bengal division was accompanied by a 
 siege-train of twelve pieces. The march which he 
 then accomplished, though it has been unaccount- 
 ably slurred over in the published papers, is one of 
 the most memorable upon record. It was not only 
 distinguished by the energy and rapidity which 
 marked the general's movements, but by its effect 
 upon the issue of the entire campaign. Had not 
 Whish, with his leading column, reached Ramnug- 
 gur, as he did, on the 13th of February, Shere 
 Singh would have ravaged the llechna Doab, and 
 the campaign would have been a long and desultory 
 one.* 
 
 Whilst the troops under the Commander-in-Chief 
 were patiently awaiting the coming of General 
 Whish, which w^ould enable them to resume the 
 
 * As another opportunity is not Ukely to occur, it may be 
 mentioned here that General Whish was instrumental in intro- 
 ducing some important improvements in the internal organization 
 of the artillery. He was the first, when in temporary com- 
 mand of the horse-artillery (April, 1821), to establish regimental 
 libraries for the use of the men. In 1836, he so far reformed 
 the horse-artillery system, as to render it unnecessary that the 
 guns should be accompanied into action by their waggons, — a 
 change, however, which was reversed in 1845. He was also, 
 in 1841, instrumental in the abolition of winkers, as a portion of 
 the harness of the horses.
 
 MOVEMENTS OF THE ENEMY. 550 
 
 oHeiisive, the enemy seemed at one time inclined to 
 become the assailant, but by some nnaccountable 
 freak of madness chose to abandon his stron"- 
 
 O 
 
 position, and take to the oj)en country. His pro- 
 bable object was more readily to procure food. In 
 the second week of February, about half the Sikh 
 army changed ground to its left, and took possession 
 of the Khuri defile, running through the sand-ridge. 
 His advanced parties held Noor Jumal and Dingec, 
 and occasionally even the villages of Burra and Chota 
 Omrao, between our camp and Dingee. Thev were 
 now on both sides of us ; but as our cam[) was now 
 formed, we were well prepared for an attack. On 
 the 11th, the signal-guns were fired, and our whole 
 army turned out. The enemy was threatening us 
 on both sides; but to our rear, his line had 
 advanced from Khuri, even bevond the villaae?^ of 
 Omrao, and could be plainly seen at the edge of 
 the jungle from Mojawalla. Cavalry and horse- 
 artillery were sent out to meet him on this side. 
 The former threw out a chain of videttes, which the 
 Sikhs did not attempt to break. It was not Shere 
 Singh's object to attack us in cami), but to draw us 
 out into the jungle. After a demonstration of about 
 four hours, tlu^ Sikhs withdrew into their eam])s.
 
 5(j0 TACTICS OF TEIE SIKHS. 
 
 Early on the morning of the 12th, it was dis- 
 covered, to our surjirise, tliat tlie enemy had aban- 
 doned his position at Russool. His rear-guard was 
 then quickly leaving the sand-ridge. On the 
 13th, he withdrew also from Khuri. At first we 
 were rather perplexed to ascertain in what direction 
 he had proceeded, but it was soon ascertained that 
 his march was towards Goojerat. Thus he had 
 completely turned our right flank, and our remain- 
 ing at Chillianwallah was consequently no longer 
 prudent ; but, on the contrary, there was the utmost 
 need that we should make a corresponding move- 
 ment, as it seemed to be the design of the enemy 
 to cross the Chenab, and march straight upon 
 Lahore. Luckily this was frustrated. On the 
 15th, the army marched to Lussooria, which we 
 had so fruitlessly quitted only a month before. 
 From this it had been intended to cross the river 
 at Ramnuggur, and endeavour to outstrip the 
 enemy in the race to Lahore. But, fortunately, 
 General Whish had now reached Ranmuggur, and, 
 seeing the danger, should the enemy be able to 
 cross the Chenab, he pushed forward the 53rd foot 
 (which had come out from Lahore), with two guns 
 of No. 6 field-battery, and some other troops, to
 
 ARRIVAL OF GENERAL WHISH. 561 
 
 guard the fords near Wuzeerabad, and Markliam's 
 brigade, with two guns of 4tli troop 3rd brigade 
 horse-artillery, — those lower down. Thus Shore 
 Singh was foiled, and his army remained encamped 
 near the town of Goqjrat, tlie centre of a richly- 
 cultivated province. 
 
 From Lussooria our army moved towards the 
 enemy, slowly, to enable the Mooltan troops to join. 
 On the 16th, they marched to Sadoolapore ; on the 
 17th, to Kunjur ; and after a halt, they reached 
 Shahdiwaol on the 20th. By this time all Whish's 
 force had joined, except Markham's brigade, and two 
 guns — 4th troop 8rd brigade — watching the fords. 
 The brigade, however, crossed before the action. 
 
 The accession of strength in artillery which 
 Whish brought us, was as follows: — 4th troop 1st 
 brigade horse-artillery, under Captain M. Mackenzie; 
 4th troop 3rd brigade horse-artillery (2 guns absent), 
 under Captain J. Anderson; a troop of liorsc-artillery 
 of the Bombay army (the horse field-battery of 
 Bombay was on rear-guard duty), and four 18- 
 pounders, and four 10-inoh liowitzors, nndtM- Major 
 Day. 
 
 Our march from Lussooria had been throufrh most 
 beautiful cultivation. Wo had marched in a line 
 
 2 o
 
 662 DISPOSITION OF THE ARTILLERY. 
 
 of contiguous columns, encamping in the same 
 order. 
 
 On the 21st, our artillery was thus disposed : — 
 On the extreme right, under Lieutenant-Colonel 
 Grant, Warner's troop, 1st troop 3rd brigade 
 (attached to Lockwood's cavalry brigade), with 
 Whish's division; Mackenzie's and Anderson's troops, 
 under Major H. Garbett, with Gilbert's division ; 
 Fordyce's troop, and Dawes's battery. 
 
 In the centre. Major Horsford ; four 1 8-pounders 
 and two 8-inch howitzers, under Major Sir R. Shake- 
 spear ; two 1 8-pounders, and two 8-inch howitzers, 
 under Captain J. D. Shakespear. 
 
 Major Day ; two 1 8-pounders and two 8-inch 
 howitzers, under Captain Master; two 18-pounders, 
 and two 8-inch howitzers under Captain Austin. 
 
 On their left, under Lieutenant-Colonel Brind, 
 Kinleside's and Lane's troops, with Campbell's 
 division — No. 5 (Major Ludlow's), and 10 (under 
 Lieutenant Robertson), horse field-battery, com- 
 manded by Major Mowatt, with the cavalry on the 
 extreme left, — Huish's and Duncan's troops. 
 
 This time we had everything in our favour — a 
 beautiful, level, open country, with no obstructions ; 
 a richly-cultivated plain, dotted with a few villages 
 
 i\
 
 PREPARING FOR ACTION. 563 
 
 and trees. It was a bright sunny day : before nine 
 the action was commenced. The enemy's camp 
 was close to Goojrat, but he moved out about a 
 mile to oppose us, occupying the villages of Burra 
 and Chota Kalrha, in front of his centre and left. 
 But we were not aware at first that he had any 
 troops in them. As soon as he perceived our line, 
 he fired three signal-guns. Our line then halted, 
 while the Commander-in-Chief reconnoitred and 
 made his dispositions. But little delay was, however, 
 necessary — all was so clear — and we had marched 
 from camp in battle order. The action soon com- 
 menced. 
 
 " At half-past seven o'clock," says the Com- 
 mander-in-Chief, in his official despatch, " the army 
 advanced with the precision of a parade movement. 
 The enemy opened their fire at a very long distance, 
 which exposed to my artillery both the position and 
 range of their guns. I halted the infantry just out 
 of fire, and advanced the whole of my artillery, 
 covered by skirmishers. The cannonade now opened 
 upon the enemy was the most magnificent I ever 
 witnessed.* The Sikh guns were served with 
 
 * " The batteries engaged in action hy those attached to the 
 1st and 2nd divisions, a<lvancing to •vrithin about six hundrc<I 
 
 2 o 2
 
 5G4 THE ARTILLERY AT GOOJRAT. 
 
 their accustomed rapidity ; and tlie enemy well and 
 resolutely maintained its position. But the terrific 
 force of our fire obliged them, after an obstinate 
 resistance, to fall back." 
 
 In his despatch to the Commander - in - Chief, 
 General Gilbert says, — " Having received orders 
 to push forward my light troops, to force the enemy 
 to show their position, I immediately advanced a 
 troop of horse-artillery (Fordyce's), and Dawes's 
 field-battery, which constantly drew a very heavy 
 and well-directed fire from two large batteries which 
 the enemy had established on either side of the 
 village of Kalrha, by which they were nearly 
 screened from the fire of our guns, which, with the 
 light companies, were still further pushed forward. 
 The heavy guns on our centre at this time opened 
 a very destructive fire." 
 
 Of the artillery with his division, General Whish 
 observes, — " Both troops (Anderson's and Mac- 
 kenzie's) began a spirited cannonade, and continued 
 it for about three hours, at the rate of forty rounds 
 
 yards; and the heavy guns within eight hundred or one thousand 
 yards of the enemy's artillery, on which they opened their fire 
 about nine o'clock a.m." — Brigadier-General Tennant's Despatch 
 to the Commander-in-Chief.
 
 THK ARTILLERY AT GOOJRAT. 5G5 
 
 per gun per hour, until the enemy's guns in our 
 front were silenced." 
 
 Nos. 5 and 10, light field-batteries, were attached 
 to the infantry division, under General Campbell. 
 Of these, the General writes : — "I cannot find 
 language to express my sense of the calm, steady, 
 and admirable manner in which these two batteries 
 were commanded and worked by Major Mowatt, 
 the commanding officer, and by Major Ludlow, and 
 Lieutenant Robertson. The infantry of the 3rd 
 division had not occasion to fire a shot. The enemy 
 were driven from their different positions, and from 
 the field, by the fire of these two field-batteries, 
 aided by that of the Bombay troop." 
 
 In the meanwhile, Huish's and Duncan's troops 
 on the left, and Warner's on the right, acted in 
 conjunction with the cavalry on our flanks. Of 
 the former, General Thackwell thus writes : — " To 
 oppose the enemy's guns, I ordered Captain Duncan 
 to move his troop of horse-artillery to the front, 
 which he did in good style, and opened his fire 
 within 500 or GOO yards. This movement was fol- 
 lowed by the advance of Captain Huish's troop, and 
 both did considerable execution upon the enemy. 
 These troops [the Scinde Horse and a
 
 56Q THE ARTILLERY AT GOOJRAT. 
 
 squadron of the 9th Lancers] made a most brilliant 
 charge upon the enemy. At the same time I ad- 
 vanced the guns and cavalry towards the enemy's 
 line. The fire of the guns soon put the Gowcherras 
 to retreat, and the glorious charge of the troops on 
 the right, caused their whole force to seek safety in 
 flight." Brigadier Lockwood says : — " At the com- 
 mencement of the action, I directed Captain 
 Warner to open his fire upon a large body of the 
 enemy near a village in our front. But as they 
 returned a heavy fire within accurate range, I 
 changed position, left back, and the horse-artillery 
 ceased firing. The enemy's horsemen now appeared 
 in great force on our right, threatening to turn our 
 flank. So I changed front to the right. Captain 
 Warner's guns opened with great effect upon the 
 horsemen, and turned them ; but they only retired 
 a short distance, and then a regiment of their 
 regular cavalry moved round by a circuitous route 
 and got completely into our rear. I immediately 
 detached towards them three guns, with a squadron 
 of the IGtli dragoons, who, in conjunction with 
 Major Christie's corps of irregular cavalry, drove 
 them off. About this time a large gole of horse 
 came on towards me, but as they turned at once
 
 THE ARTILLERY AT GOOJRAT. 567 
 
 f'loiii the fire of the guns, 1 refrained from ad- 
 vancing after them." 
 
 The two troops of horse-artillery under Lieut.- 
 Colonel Brind were in reserve at the commence- 
 ment of the action, but soon afterwards were brought 
 to the front, for the purpose of enfilading one of the 
 enemy's batteries. 
 
 After detailing the attacks on the villages of 
 Burra and Cliota Kalrha, which were taken in the 
 most spirited manner by Brigadiers Penney and 
 Hervey, Lord Gough continues, in his published 
 despatch : "The heavy artillery continued to advance 
 with extraordinary celerity, taking up successive 
 forward positions, driving the enemy from those 
 they had retired to, whilst the rapid advance and 
 beautiful fire of the horse-artillery and light field- 
 batteries, which I strengthened, by bringing to the 
 front the two reserved troops of horse-artillery 
 under Lieutenant-Colonel Brind (Brigadier Brooke 
 having the general superintendence of the whole of 
 the horse-artillery), broke the ranks of the enemy at 
 all points." 
 
 The battle was now over, and the pursuit com- 
 menced, the whole of the horse-artillery accompany- 
 ing. The action was almost entirely an artillery
 
 5G8 THE ARTILLERY AT GOOJRAT. 
 
 figlit. For about two hours and a half that arm 
 alone was engaged. It was before the terrible fire 
 of eighty-eight guns that the Sikh army abandoned 
 the field. 
 
 In his official despatch, the Commander-in-Chief 
 thus writes : — " To Brigadier-General Tennant, 
 commanding that splendid arm, the artillery, to 
 whose irresistible power I am mainly indebted for 
 the glorious victory of Goojrat, I am indeed most 
 grateful. Conspicuous as the artillery has ever 
 proved itself, never was its superiority over the 
 enemy, its irresistible and annihilating power, more 
 truthfully shown than in this battle. The heavy 
 batteries manoeuvred with the celerity of light guns ; 
 and the rapid advance, the scientific and judicious 
 selection of points of attack, the effective and well- 
 directed fire of the troops of horse-artillery and 
 light field-batteries merit my warmest praise." 
 
 At the two villages alone were the infantry 
 seriously engaged. Penney's (late Godby's) and 
 Hervey's brigades were sent to take them, and 
 w^ere somewhat surprised to find them occupied by 
 some considerable parties. Our left wing scarcely 
 fired a shot. The cavalry was hardly engaged at
 
 THE ARTILLERY AT GOOJRAT. 5G9 
 
 all. The Sciiule horse made one charge. All the 
 horse-artillery suffered severely, especially the 4th 
 troop 1st brigade, the 2iid troop 2nd brigade, and 
 the 4th troop 3rd brigade. Captain Anderson, of 
 the last-mentioned troop, was killed, as was also 
 Lieutenant Day, of No. 10 horse field-battery. 
 
 The artillery loss was greater than that of any 
 other branch in proportion to its numbers. 
 
 The artillery division lost in killed^ 2 officers, 
 1 sergeant, 20 rank and file, 2 lascars, 1 syce- 
 driver, and 3 syces ; wounded^ 1 European officer 
 (Sir Richard Shakespear), 1 native officer, 4 ser- 
 geants, two trumpeters, 50 rank and file, 10 lascars, 
 8 syce-drivers, and 7 syces : total, killed and 
 wounded. 111. 
 
 The enemy did not attempt to rally at the town 
 of Goojrat, as it was supposed they would, but fled 
 precipitately at once, leaving camp, baggage, and 
 a vast quantity of material and artillery in the 
 hands of the victors. It was almost to be regretted 
 that they did not wait on their ground a little 
 longer ; tlieir loss, except in the two villages, was 
 from the artillery alone, and they suftercd but 
 little that afternoon in the pursuit.
 
 570 PURSUIT OF THE ENEMY. 
 
 The broken Sikh army fled across the Jhelum, 
 with a few hundred Afghan cavalry, who had left 
 their mountains, hoping for some opportunity to 
 avenge themselves on their old enemies. Sir W. 
 Gilbert, with two divisions of infantry, and cavalry, 
 and artillery, was ordered in pursuit. 
 
 The artillery branch consisted of the 2nd troop 
 2nd brigade and the 4th troop 2nd brigade horse- 
 artillery, Blood's troop horse-artillery, Dawes's 
 horse-battery, the Bombay horse-brigade, and four 
 reserve companies, with a well-equipped train, 
 adapted to elephant-draught, the whole under 
 Brigadier Huthwaite, C.B., with Brigade-Major 
 Kaye as his staff-officer. The brilliant success which 
 attended Gilbert's rapid pursuit is well known. No 
 further opportunity was given to our troops to gain 
 distinction in the field. The march was an arduous 
 one, the country most difficult, especially for heavy 
 ordnance ; but perseverance overcame all. The 
 Sikhs soon saw the futility of further opposition ; 
 the sirdars surrendered, — their army was disarmed, 
 and disbanded at Hoormuch and Rawul-pindee, — 
 and Gilbert drove the Afghans across the Attock, 
 and into the rugged mountains of the Khyber ; 
 and thus ended the second Sikh war.
 
 HONOURS TO Tin: ARTILLERY. 571 
 
 The under-named artillery officers Mere men- 
 tioned in general orders : — 
 
 Major-General Whisb, C.B. ; Brigailier-General Tennant ; 
 Lieutenant Olpherts, A. D.C.; Captain Abercronibie,D.A.A.G.A.; 
 Brigadiers Brooke, C.B., and Iluthwaite, C.B. ; Brigade- 
 !Majors Kayo and Cox ; Captain Hogge, coniuiis.sary, and 
 Lieutenant Chri.stie, deputy-commissary of ordnance ; Lieu- 
 tenant-Colonel Grant; Majors Garbett, Horsford, Day; Lieu- 
 tenant-Colonel Brind ; Major Mowatt ; Lieutenant -Colonel 
 Lane, C.B. ; JNLijors Ludlow, Fordyce ; Captains J. D. Shake- 
 spear, F. K. Duncan, L. P. Master, R. R. Kinleside, A. Iluish, 
 Major Sir R. Sbakespear ; Captains E. G. Austen, M. Mac- 
 kenzie, "VV. K. AVarner, M. Dawes ; Lieutenants A. Robertson, 
 IL Tombs (deputy assistant quartermaster-geucral), E. B. 
 Johnson (deputy judge-advocate-general). 
 
 The following honorary distinctions were con- 
 ferred : — 
 
 To be a Knight-Commander of the Bath. — 3Iajor-General 
 AVhish. 
 
 To be Commanders of the Bath. — Colonel Tennant, Lieu- 
 tenant-Colonels Grant, Brind. 
 
 To bo Lieutenant-Colonels. — Majors Garbett, Horsford, 
 Day, i^Iowatt, Ludlow, Fordyce, Sir R. Sliakc.'S2)ear. 
 
 To be Majors. — Captains J. D. Sbakespear, Duncan, Master, 
 Kinleside, Iluish, Austen, ]\Iackcnzie, Warner, Dawes, Ilogge, 
 Abercrombie. 
 
 Also to be IVfajors on promotion to Captains regimentally. — 
 Lieutenant E. Kayo, C. V. Cox, A. Robertson, P. Christie, 
 H. A. Olpherts, IL Tombs, E. B. Johnson. 
 
 Brigadier - General Tennant was subseciucntly 
 created a K.C.B.
 
 672 
 
 VOTE OF THANKS. 
 
 In commemoration of the victories of the Punjab, 
 a medal was struck, of which the following is a 
 transcript : — 
 
 A vote of thanks was passed by both Houses of 
 Parliament and by the Court of Proprietors to the 
 armies engaged in these operations, and the eminent 
 services of General Whish and Brigadier Tennant, 
 of the artillery, were especially named. To the 
 splendid working of the artillery the highest mili- 
 tary authorities in the country mainly attributed 
 the brilliant termination of the war : and we know 
 not how this record of the services of the corps 
 can be more fitly brought to a close than with the 
 following well-merited tribute paid to the artillery 
 by Lord Hardinge in the House of Lords, on the 
 24th of April, 1849 :■—
 
 LORD HARDINGE's SPEECH. 573 
 
 " It was, it appeared, to the skilful employment 
 • of the artillery that they were indebted for this 
 victory; and great as the result had been with so 
 small a loss of men, he (Viscount Hardinge) felt 
 that that arm of the service was most admirably 
 conducted on that occasion. This argued most 
 admirable conduct on the part of the artillery; 
 and it would appear, by most of the accounts 
 received, that so effectually had this arm of the 
 service been employed, that the Sikh artillery, 
 though managed as usual with great bravery, was, 
 notwithstanding all their efforts, perfectly silenced ; 
 so that it was not necessary for the British 
 infantry to fire in line, with the exception of 
 two regiments of Europeans and four regiments 
 of Native Infantry. With the exception of those 
 regiments, not a regiment of their infantry fired 
 a musket-shot, so considerable was the service 
 rendered by the Indian artillery. That force was 
 certainly a most splendid one, and second he would 
 say to none ; and it had been mainly instrumental 
 in obtaining for Lord Gouffli one of his best and 
 most splendid triumphs. The statement made by 
 his Lordship, in his despatch, was, that the heavy 
 artillery — oightoon -pounders — were actually ma-
 
 674 LORD hardinge's speech. 
 
 noeuvred and handled with the facility of field-guns. 
 He (Viscount Hardinge) had seen the same thing 
 done with those eigh teen-pounders during the cam- 
 paign of the Sutlej. Two elephants were harnessed 
 to each eighteen-pounder, and they carried the guns 
 with the greatest facility over every sort of ground 
 without any assistance and without causing any 
 delay or impediment to the infantry. That practice 
 was first resorted to in the campaign of 1846, when 
 the heavy guns were brought up from Delhi, a 
 distance of 300 miles, and Avere carried on every 
 occasion without any trouble, and he believed that 
 had never before been seen in India. The able 
 officer who commanded the artillery in the late 
 battle had been mentioned, — he referred to Briga- 
 dier-General Tennant, who had been so much 
 praised by Lord Gough ; and he (Viscount Har- 
 dinge) wished to say that he had the honour of 
 knowing him, and he was ably seconded by another 
 excellent officer. Seeing the great importance of 
 artillery in modern warfare, and seeing, also, that 
 its value had been so signally manifested in India, 
 he would remind their Lordships at the same time 
 that a committee was sitting elsewhere to investi- 
 gate the state of the Ordnance Department ; and he
 
 LORD HARDINGE's SPEECH. 57o 
 
 trusted that their Lordships would not aUow that 
 valuable arm of the service, which took so much 
 time to create, and which when created was so 
 valuable, to be reduced below a scale of proper 
 strength and efficiency. In Bengal alone, the re- 
 gular army had 200 pieces of artillery ready to be 
 moved, comj)rising 120 nine-pounders, and the re- 
 mainder three and six-pounders, and tliat was ex- 
 clusive of all the artillery that belonged to local 
 and irregular corps. Besides that, there was during 
 the campaign more than 100 pieces of heavy artil- 
 lery, of eighteen and twenty-four pounders, actually 
 on the Sutlej, with 1,000 rounds of ammunition per 
 gun. They were all complete and ready for action, 
 and all that was required was the actual necessity 
 for their movement. That Mas a state of readiness 
 that was very much to be admired, and lie hoped 
 they would never consent to cripple that noble arm 
 of their service." 
 
 Note to page 435. — It is eUitcil at page 43.'>, t Ii.it a inonu- 
 nipntal column was raisnl (at Duiii-Dum) to tlic nuMiiory of 
 Captain Nioholl ami tlio ofliccrs an<l men of tlic 1st troop 
 Ist brigade, who perished .«o gloriously on the retreat from
 
 576 CONCLUSION. 
 
 Caubul. As this sheet is going through the press, I leani that 
 the cohimn has been blown down during a typhaun^ and that it 
 is the intention of the regiment not to restore it, but to place, in 
 its stead, a monumental slab in the Dum-Dum church. I trust 
 that I shall be pardoned for saying that I believe such a resolu- 
 tion, if carried into effect, will be greatly regretted by many of 
 the relatives of the brave men to whom the column was dedi- 
 cated, and by some, at least, of the original promoters of the 
 testimonial. — Editor. 
 
 ERRATA. 
 
 In the preface, page x, line 4, for " Sikhs crossed the Punjab," read 
 " Sikhs crossed the Sutlej." 
 
 Page 130, line 8 from bottom (Colonel Deare's Epitaph), for " Royal 
 Artillery," read " Bengal Artillery." 
 
 Page 371, line 8, for " G. R. MacGregor," read " R. G. MacGregor." 
 
 Page 409, last line of text, for " Walrek," read " Walker."
 
 D/ / 
 
 
 ILLUSTRATIONS TO CHAPTER IV. 
 
 FIELD-CARRIAGES. 
 
 No. l.—Page 1G4. 
 
 No. 2.— Page 168. 
 
 No. 3.— Paae 172.
 
 578 
 
 ILLUSTRATIONS TO CHAPTER IV. 
 
 AMMUNITION -WAGGONS. 
 No. 5. — Page 173. 
 
 No. e.—Fage 174. 
 
 ELEVATING-SCREWS.— Pa<7e 170. 
 
 ;iSi/5Ki;iX; 
 
 Pi^. 4 
 
 Fig. 3 
 
 Fi£^.6 
 
 X-ig.S 
 
 dj^aj^ 
 
 
 Fie. 7 
 
 Fvp-.S Fie-. 9
 
 ILLUSTRATIONS TO CHAPTKU IV. 
 
 579 
 
 .siEGp:-('AinnAGES. 
 
 No. H.— Pni/e IT'.K 
 
 COLONEL DUFF'S PATTERN.-Pnz/e 179. 
 
 Nds. Ill rmd l\.~I'm/e 182. 
 
 '2 r 1'
 
 580 ILLUSTRATIONS TO CHAPTER IV. 
 
 No. \2.—Page 183. 
 
 HARDWICKE'S PATTERN.— Pa^c 1&3.
 
 ILLUSTRATIONS TO CHAPTER IV. 
 
 581 
 
 IIOIISFOIID'S MOUNTAIN-TRAIN CAERIAGEa— Paj;* IM. 
 
 MOUNTAIN-TRAIN CARRIAGES. 
 No. hi— Page 186.
 
 582 ILLUSTRATIONS TO CHAPTER IV 
 
 No. Ih.—Page 18<3. 
 
 No. 10,.— Page 186. 
 
 AMMUNITION-CARRIAGE (1823).— P«<7e 187.
 
 INDEX. 
 
 Abbott, A. Ciipt. lOo ; Lieut. Si <] ; 
 
 Capt. 415, 42(3, 432, 440, 442, 4 W, 
 
 445, 446, 451 
 
 J. Lieut. 380, 409, 411 
 
 Abercroinbie, Sir Ralph, 229 
 
 Sir Robert C. C. 154, 150 
 
 Lieut. 407, 443, 440, 471 ; 
 
 Capt. 520, 571 
 Achiuuty, Sir Samuel, 300 
 Adams, Major, 20, 23 ; Col. 352, 3.54, 
 
 365, 350, 358, 359 
 Adainson, Lieut. 23 
 Addison, Lieut. 90 
 Agnew, Mr. 622 
 A'Hearne, Gunner, 448 
 Ahrauty, Lieut. 214 
 Aldercron, Col. 4, 8 
 Alexander, Lieut. 385 ; Capt. 443, 
 
 444, 440, 4.51 ; Major, 457, 462 ; 
 
 Lieut.-Col. 499, 603, 513, 514, 515 
 Allen, Sub-Lieut. 373 
 Amyatt, Mr. 19 
 Anderson, W. Cai)t. 195; Lieut. 
 
 386 ; Capt. 427, 4.S7, 447, 448, 
 
 461 
 
 J. Lieut. 409 ; Capt. 523, 
 
 650, 554, 501, 502, 504, 509 
 
 Arclier, Lieut. 297 
 Armstronir, Lieut. N.L 320 
 Ashburnham, IJrig. 504, 510 
 Atlay, E. Lieut. 497, 4JJ3 
 Auckland, Lord, 394 
 Austen, Lieut. 4tm, 492, 504 
 
 E. G. 571 
 
 Austin, Cnpt. i",, j'.t'.t. .M I, :..';.•;. 5r,2 
 
 r.ACKiiorsK, Major, 185; Lieut. 385 ; 
 
 Capt. 409, 413, 427,4:51, 440, 441, 
 
 442, 440, 448 
 Baillie, Capt. 31, 39 ; Major, 69 ; 
 
 Licut.-Col. 70, 73 ; Col. 84, 90 
 
 Lieut. 77, 82, 83, 84 
 
 Baker, Lieut. 15() 
 
 O. Lieut. 327 
 
 Balfour, H. Lieut. 84, 150 ; Capt.- 
 
 Lieut. 214 
 Ball, Lieut.-Col. 2!K) 
 Barr, Lieut. 413,414 
 Barton, Lieut. 89 ; Capt. 127, 159, 
 
 100 ; Major, 204 
 Battine, Cai>t.-Lieut 310, 334,340; 
 
 Major, 385 
 Bayle, Lieut. 214 
 liazeley, 2nd Lieut. 380 
 Beagham, Lieut. 25(5, 284 
 Beatson, 217 
 Bedingtield, Lieut. 370 
 Begbie, Lieut. .378 
 Bell, C. H. Lieut. 322,323 
 W. Lieut. 21m;, ;»7 ; Capt. 
 
 385 ; Maj. 407 
 Best, R. Capt.-Lieut. 240, 250, 255, 
 
 284 
 Biddulpb,Ciipt. 371,379.455; Lieut.- 
 Col. 499 ; Brig. 507, 514, 615 
 Bigijs, Capt. 327, :M5. ;C3 ; Li. ut.- 
 
 Col. 3JW 
 Bingley, Lieut. 3Jt5 
 Bishop, Lieut. 554 
 Black, Lifut. 30 
 Blacker, Col. .'154
 
 584 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 Blacquiere, Col. 174 
 
 Blair, Col. 74 
 
 Blake, E. Lieut. 371 
 
 G.Lieut. 319,345,352,354; 
 
 Capt. 385 
 Blood, Capt. 570 
 Blundel, Lieut. 89 
 Blunt, Sir Charles, 99 
 Boileau, Lieut. 283 ; Capt.-Lieut. 
 
 303, 314 ; Capt. 333 
 
 F. 2nd Lieut. 385 ; Capt. 
 
 468, 503, 515 
 
 Bolton, Capt. 158 
 
 Bourchier, Lieut. 455 
 
 Boyce, Lieut. G9 
 
 Boyle, J. D. Lieut. 264 
 
 Bowie, Lieut. 479 
 
 Bradshaw, Major, 319 
 
 Brady, Lieut. 370, 378 
 
 Brind, F. Capt. 171 ; Lieut. 376 ; 
 Capt. 455, 401, 402 ; Major, 409, 
 483, 485, 492, 493, 494, 495, 514, 
 515; Lieut.-Col. 538, 540, 541, 
 562, 567, 571 
 
 Briscoe, Lieut. 127, 151 
 
 Broadbridffe, or-k ^ ^ ,- -,„ ,„ 
 ^ ,v !■ Capt. 15, 18, 19 
 
 Broadburn, J 
 
 Broadfoot, Major, 472,473, 514 
 
 Brooke, Lieut. 214, 215 ; Capt. 288, 
 
 289, 290, 314, 317 ; Lieut.-Col. 
 
 409, 470, 471, 472, 474, 499, 507, 
 
 514, 515, 527, 534, 538, 547, 567, 
 
 571 
 
 G. Lieut. 331 
 
 Brougham, Lieut. 436, 447 
 Broughton, Lieut.-Col. 201 
 Brown, B. Lieut. 371, 376; Capt. 
 
 455, 402 
 Chas. Lieut. 146, 151, 156 
 
 Clement, Lieut. 119, 121 ; 
 
 Brev.-Capt. 231, 242, 250 ; Capt. 
 260, 271, 272, 283, 284; Major, 
 364 Brig. 385 
 
 Brown, J. Lieut. 23 
 
 M. Lieut. 200, 284 
 
 Lieut. 89, 94 
 
 Browne, R. Lieut. 119, 214 
 Bruce, R. Lieut. 69 ; Major, 153 ; 
 
 Lieut.-Col. 204 
 
 W. Lieut. 89 
 
 Buchan, Lieut. 134, 148, 151 
 
 Buck, Lieut. 17, 327 
 
 Buckle, Lieut. 37(>, 407 ; Capt. 509 
 
 Bunny, Lieut. 522, 524, 654, 655 
 
 Burn, Col. 270 
 
 Burnett, Lieut. 31 ; Capt. 147, 150, 
 
 200 ; Major, 204 
 Burrington, Col. 158 
 Burroughs, W. 155 
 Burton, Lieut. 376 
 Butler, Lieut. 121, 146, 250 ; Capt. 
 
 273 ; Major, 302, 303, 333 
 
 CALDWELLjCapt.-Lieut. 214 ; Major, 
 
 290, 301 
 Cameron, Capt.-Lieut. 296, 300,301, 
 
 302, 303 
 Campbell, A. 7 
 
 C. H. Lieut. 288; Capt.- 
 Lieut. 289, 314, 333 
 
 G. N. Lieut. 331, 373, 385 
 
 G. 455, 461, 462; Brev.- 
 
 Major, 468, 483, 513, 514, 615 
 
 Gunner, 282 
 
 Sir Archibald, 372, 379 
 
 Cardew, Lieut. 374 
 Carnac, Major, 19, 25 ; Col. 73 
 Came, Lieut. 334, 357, 358, 361 
 Carnegie, Lieut. 88 ; Capt. 166 ; 
 
 Major, 204 ; Col. 293 
 Cart Wright, Capt. 317, 326, 331, 333 
 Cautley, Lieut. 386 
 Chesney, Lieut, and Adj. 316 
 Champion, Col. 26, 38, 39 
 Christie, A. Lieut. 432, 44.3, 449
 
 INDEX. 
 
 585 
 
 Christie, P. Lieut. 454, 523, 527, 
 
 554 
 K. Capt. 491», 514, 515, 518, 
 
 5;w, 540, 54:1, 5(M;, 
 
 Clark, Lieut. 121 ; Capt. 159 
 Clarice, E. Lieut. 150, 159; Capt. 
 
 214, 22H, 229 
 Clelaml, Si-rp;. 44« 
 Clerk, Lieut. 31W 
 Cliftoril, Lieut. 454, 521 
 Clifton, Capt.- Lieut. 29 
 Cochrane, Lieut. 1(5 
 Cockerell, Licut.-Col. 121, 126 
 Collier, Caj)t.-Lieut. 214 
 Coiiil>eniu'ro, Lord, '.W^ 
 Constable, Lieut. H9 ; Capt. 24(5, 
 
 2.50, 2>J4 
 Cookworthy, Lieut. 54.3 
 Cooper, Lieut. 409, 414, 428, 429, 
 
 447 
 Cornish, Lieut. 4.3<), 449 
 Cotes, IL Lieut. (59 
 Coulthard, Lieut. iMU ; Capt.-Lieut. 
 
 :V)7, 3r,l, .'{<•.,•$ 
 Counsel!, Lii-ut. .319, .3(5.3, .371 
 Cox, C. V. Lieut. 455, 479, 527, 
 
 571 
 Cral)l>, Major, 77, 78, 83 
 Crauch, Lieut. 121, 144 
 Cranell, Capt. 150 
 Crawford, Lieut. 318, .354, 35.5, .3.58, 
 
 359 
 Crommelin, Lieut. 334, 357, 3.58, 
 
 Ml 
 Cross, Corp. 280, 282 
 Crossdill, Lieut.-Col. 303 
 Croxton, Lieut. 319, '.V\4 
 Cruikshanks, Lirut. and Adj. .317 
 Cureton, IJrig. .50»;, 529, 5.'K) 
 Curphy, Capt. .3{55 
 Curtis, Lieut. 314 
 Cullen, Lieut. I07, 385 
 
 Daniell, Lieut. .378 ; Capt. .5.54 
 UashwooJ, F. Lieut. A.-D.-C. t]il\ 
 
 .389 ; Cai)t. 4(59, 475, 47<5, 478, 479 
 Davies, Major, 227 
 Dawes, Lieut. 40<),41.5,42<5,431, 440; 
 
 Capt. 444, 5.34, 5;W, 540, 542, .544, 
 
 .547, 5(52, 5(54, 570, 571 
 Day, !•:. F. Cai)t. 409, 454, 4(18, 48.3, 
 
 .5(»7, 514, 515; .Major, 523, 554, 
 
 .5(jl, .5(52, 571 
 
 E. W. Lieut. .554, 509 
 
 Deare, C. Capt. 89, 99, KK), 1.30 ; 
 
 Lieut.-Col. 1.50, 151, 1^5, 1(37, 
 
 210 
 G. Lieut. 39 ; Capt. 99 ; 
 
 Lieut.-Col. 119, 121, 122, 12(5; 
 
 Col. 1.30, l.'U, 204, 209, 210; 
 
 Major-Gen. 211, 201 
 De Hrttt, Lieut. 318, •M3 
 Debude, Lieut. 554 
 Deckers, Lieut. 23 
 Delafosso, Lieut. 302, .303, .3.34 ; 
 
 Capt. 443 ; Major, 44(5, 451 
 Delamar, Serg. 24 
 Denniss, Lieut. .327 ; Lii-ut.-CoI. 
 
 455, 470, 480, 48,3, 41 19, 5n7, .',1.5 
 Dickson, Lieut. 3.34, .358 
 Diroin, Major, 137 
 Dixon, C. B. Lieut. 31(5 
 
 R. C. Lieut. 385 
 
 Don, Col. 2(54, 270 
 
 Dougla-s Lieut. 89, 127, 141, l.V), 
 
 154,214, 44.3, 44(5 
 Dow, Licut.-Col. 4.3 
 Dowcll, Lieut. 121, 151, l.M ; Capt.- 
 Lieut. 2(50 
 D'Oyley, Lieut. a58, .301 
 iK.xat, Lieut. .39; Capt.-Lieut. 75 
 Druinniond, LieuU 119, KM, 151, 
 
 214, 231, 2;i.3, 24.5, 2(5.3 
 Duft", Lieut. 27 ; Capt. 29 ; .Major, 
 
 47 ; Col. 48, 100, 101, 1.T.1, 
 
 139, 140, 140, 148, 149, I.V\ 17(»,
 
 580 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 179; Major-Gen. 204, 209, 210, 
 
 242 
 Duncan, Lieut. 38G, 409 ; Capt. 
 
 562, 5G.5, 571 
 Dundas, J. Capt. 296 
 Dunn, Lieut. 88, 151 ; Capt. 214, 284 
 A. Lieut. 156, 214, 244, 245, 
 
 263 
 Dyke, Lieut, 374 
 
 Edwards, Lieut. 386 
 Egerton, Capt. 496 
 Elliot, Capt. 88 ; Lieut.-Col. 95 
 Ellis, Lieut. 386 
 Ell wood, Capt. 150 
 Erskine, Lieut.-Col. 155, 214 
 Ewart, Lieut. 295, 385 
 Exshaw, Lieut. 89, 134, 150 
 Eyre, Lieut. 434, 435, 448, 463 
 
 Faithful, G. Lieut. 262, 288 
 
 H. Capt. 296 
 
 Faitlifull, Lieut. 513 
 
 Faraabie, Lieut. 296, 298 
 
 Fan-ington, Capt.-Lieut. 296, 301, 
 302, 303, 385 ; Lieut.-Col. 455 
 
 Fawcett, Lieut.-Col. 260, 265 
 
 Feade, Lieut. 121, 122, 123, 151 ; 
 Capt.-Lieut. 260, 265 
 
 Fanning, Lieut. 374 
 
 Fen-is, Capt.-Lieut. 289 
 
 Fitzgerald, A. Lieut. 443, 446 ; Brev.- 
 Capt. 454, 518 
 
 Fleming, Capt. 30 
 
 Flemyng, Lieut. 90, 231 ; Capt.- 
 Lieut. 233 
 
 Floyd, Col. 129, 131 
 
 Footes, Lieut. 554 
 
 Forbes, A. Lieut. 69 
 
 Forde, Col. 15 
 
 Fordyce, T. D. Lieut. 295; Capt. 
 317 
 
 Fordyce, Lieut. 334, 374 
 
 J. Capt. 468, 510, 514, 515, 
 
 547, 562, 564 ; Major, 571 
 
 Forrester, Lieut. 285 
 Fortnham, P. Inf. Cadet, 151 
 Francis, Lieut. 554 
 Fraser, A. Capt. 244, 334 
 Frazer, Capt. 154 
 Frith, Lieut. W. H. 283 
 
 Major, 268 
 
 Fuller, Lieut. 244 ; Major, 306 
 Fulton, Lieut. 319 
 
 Gaitskill, Lieut. 374 
 
 Garbett, Lieut. 385 ; Capt. 409,422, 
 
 469, 483, 489, 515, 523, 554, 562, 
 
 571 
 Gardiner, Lieut.-Col. 322 
 Garrett, Lieut. 386 
 Geddes, Lieut. 327 ; Major, 461,462 ; 
 
 Lieu t.-Col. 469 ; Col. 474,475,483, 
 
 485, 488, 490, 492, 493, 507, 614, 
 
 515 
 Gibbs, Col. 300 
 Giddes, Capt. 99 
 Gillespie, Lieut. 84 
 Glass, A. Lieut. 73, 135 ; Capt. 141, 
 
 1.50, 166, 214; Major, 169 
 Goddard, Col. 67, 68, 70, 71, 72, 97, 
 
 103, 201, 217 ; Gen. 218, 219 
 Gordon, Major, 169, 204, 246, 247 
 Gore, J. Inf. Cadet, 151 
 Go wan, Lieut. 303, 314, 317, 334 
 
 G. Lieut. 333 ; Capt. 345 ; 
 
 Col. 454, 458, 459, 462, 498; 
 Brig. 514, 515 
 
 GoAving, Lieut. 279, 284 
 Gowdie, Major, 136, 141, 142 
 Graham, Lieut. 159, 214 ; Capt.- 
 Lieut. 295 
 
 C. 317, 373, 382 
 
 George, Lieut. 378 
 
 C. T. Lieut. 554, 555
 
 INDEX. 
 
 587 
 
 Grace, Ciipt. 108, 111), 1G1>, 214 ; 
 
 Lieut.-Col. 307 
 (jriiad, F. W. Lieut. 70 
 
 J. E. Lieut. 84 
 
 Granisliaw, Lieut. 288, 28!) 
 Grant, C. Lieut. 373 ; Capt. 40!», 
 4.54, 457, 4.5'J, 402 ; Major, 4i»l), 
 507, 613, 514, 515; Lieut.-CoL 
 538, 540, 542, 547, 502, 571 
 Green, Capt. -Lieut. 21 
 
 J. Lieut.-Fireworker, 8'J 
 
 C. Capt.-Lieut. 81) ; Major, 
 
 150, 180, 181 ; Lieut.-CoL 204, 
 211, 220, 233 
 
 n. Lieut. Ill), 121, 151 
 
 T. Lieut. 134, 150, 214; 
 
 Capt. 240, 248, 250, 251, 252 
 Charles, Lieut. 401), 427, 431, 
 
 4^35 
 Groat, Lieut. 88 
 Grote, Lieut. 385 
 Grove, Lieut. 284 
 Groves, Lieut. 273 
 
 Hall, Capt. 317, 374 
 
 Ilardwicke, Lieut. 89, 121, 120, 132; 
 
 Capt. 150, 150 ; Gen. lUl, .S42, 
 
 347, 3(58 
 Hamilton, Lieut. 09 
 llardinfre. Lord, 404, 405, 400, 407, 
 
 482, 498, 512 
 Harris, Lieut. 09 ; Capt.-Lieut. 89, 
 
 285, 28(;, 290, 303 
 Hart, Lieut. 73 
 Havelock, Col. 630 
 Hawkins, Lieut. 409, 428, 447, 403 
 Hay, Major, 65 
 Lieut. 214, 244, 245, 250, 201, 
 
 283, 284 
 
 W. Lieut. 554 
 
 Hearsey, Major, 322, .'•)34, 5a'i, 538 
 Hele, Lieut. 334 
 
 Herbert, Lieut. Qr.-Mast. 89, 5.3(> 
 Hetzler, Lieut. 214; Capt.-Lieut. 
 
 202, 203 ; Capt. a57, 358, .3(51 ; 
 
 R. Brig. 38.5, S8ii, .*««) 
 Hill, Capt. 77, t«, »4; Col. 115; 
 
 Lieut. 113, 114, 127, 142, 144, 
 
 151, 302 
 Hind, Lieut. 149 
 
 Hinde, Lieut. 127, 154, 242 ; Capt.- 
 Lieut. 244 ; Capt. 284 
 Hislop, Corp. 280, 282 
 Hockler, Lieut. 23 
 Hogge, Capt. 527, 571 
 Holland, Lieut. 88, 455, 514; Major, 
 
 204 
 Hollingsbury, Lieut. 90 
 Holmes, Lieut. 503, 535 
 Home, Col. 48 
 Hopper, Lieut. 119, 150, 200 ; Capt. 
 
 287 
 Horsborough, Lieut. 89, 13.3, 147, 
 
 150, 151 
 Horsburgh, Lieut. 121, 122 
 Horsford, Capt. 121, 123, 150, 100 ; 
 
 Major, 204 ; Lieut.-Col. Conimt. 
 
 250 ; Col. 251, 252, 2.54, 25.5, 257, 
 
 207, 209, 284, 2(5.5, 293; Sir J. 
 
 Major-Gen. 333, a37, 338, 340, 
 
 341 
 R. II. Lieut. ;580; Capt. 409, 
 
 470, 483, 488, 510,514, 515 ; Ma- 
 jor, 538, 5(52, 571 
 Hotham, Lieut. 374, 375 
 Howell, Capt. 147, 148, 150, 155, 
 
 100 
 Hudson, Matross, 282 
 Hughes, Lieut. 38(5 
 Huish, A. Capt. 454, 533, 540, 602, 
 
 5(>.5, 571 
 Hum frays, Lieut. 455 
 Huniphrays, Lieut. 154, 227, 228 
 Humphries, Lieut. 121. 159 
 Hunter, Lieut. 354
 
 o88 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 Hunter, J. Lieut. 554, 555 
 
 Hussey, W. W. Lieut. 39 ; Capt. 
 88, 94 ; Lieut.-Col. 155 ; Col. 210, 
 211 
 
 Hutchinson, Capt. 250, 267, 2G8, 
 279, 280, 282, 284 
 
 Huthwaite, Lieut. 377, 38G ; Lieut.- 
 Col. 469, 471, 482, 484, 485, 492, 
 507, 514, 515, 527, 528, 535, 538, 
 570, 571 
 
 Hyde, Capt. 385 
 
 Ironside, Col. 22, 100 
 
 Jack, Col. 520 
 
 Jennings, Lieut. 8, 11, 15 ; Capt. 20, 
 
 23, 24, 27 
 Johnson, Conductor, 121 
 Lieut. 121 ; Capt. 169; Lieut. 
 
 Brig.-Major, 385 
 E. B. Lieut. 571 
 
 Johnstone, Gunner, 282 
 Jones, Capt. 38 
 
 Lieut. 119, 121, 134, 151 ; 
 
 Major-Gen. 245 
 
 Kaye, E. Lieut. 409, 411, 416, 499, 
 
 514, 527, 570, 571 
 Kaylor, Lieut. 21 
 Kean, Gunner, 448 
 Keeble, Cadet, 151 
 Kelly, Col. 123, 124, 127, 128, 134, 
 
 328, 329 
 Kempt, L. Lieut. 69, 319 
 Kennedy, Lieut. 314 
 Kincli, Lieut. 15, 18, 19 ; Capt. 23 
 Kindersley, Major, 30, 31 
 Kinleside, Lieut. 404; Capt. 533, 
 
 547, 562, 571 
 Kirby, Lieut. 358, 361, .374 
 
 Kirkpatrick, Major, 12 
 Knox, Capt. 18 
 
 Lane, Lieut. 376 ; Capt. 407, 443, 
 451 ; Brev.-Major, 455, 457, 458, 
 462; Lieut.-Col. 470, 499, 501, 
 503, 504, 510, 513, 514, 530, 543, 
 562, 571 
 
 Larkins, Lieut. 443 
 
 Laurence, L. Lieut. 334, 374 
 
 Laurenson, Lieut. 371, 379 ; Major, 
 501, 503; Lieut.-Col. 507, 514, 
 615 
 
 Lawrence, H. M. Capt. 432, 444, 
 445, 451 ; Major, 514, 515 
 
 Lawrie, Major, 326 
 
 Leathes, Lieut. 462 
 
 Legertwood, Lieut. 72, 73 
 
 Leslie, Gen. 50, 67 
 
 Col. 98, 219 
 
 Capt. 436 
 
 Levey, W. Matross, 320 
 
 Lewin, Lieut. 374 
 
 Lindsay, Capt.-Lieut. 285 ; Capt. 
 319,328,329,334,357,358 ; Lieut.- 
 Col. Commdt. 374 
 
 Lloyd, Col. 126, 128 
 
 Ludlow, Major, 317, 538, 647, 562, 
 565, 571 
 
 Lumsden, Lieut. 314, 333 ; Capt. 
 373, 379, 382 
 
 Luxford, Lieut. 314, 315, 316 
 
 Lyons, Lieut. 316 
 
 Macalister, Lieut. 119 
 
 Macbeagh, Lieut. 89 
 
 Mackay, Lieut. 385 
 
 Mackenzie, M. Lieut. 409, 416, 418, 
 
 421, 424; Brev.-Capt. 471, 496; 
 
 Capt. 514, 522, 523, 524, 550, 554, 
 
 561, 562, 564, 571
 
 indp:x. 
 
 580 
 
 Mackinnon, Lieut. 488, 489 
 Mackintyre, Capt. 156 ; Lieut. -Col. 
 
 109, 180; Major, 204 
 MacLean, Lieut. 385 
 Macklewaine, Capt. 73 
 ftLacLeod, Col. 107, 108, 124 
 MacNee, Serg. 448 
 Macpherson, Lieut. 121, 140, 151 
 Maidman, Lieut. 385 
 Maitland, Hon. Capt. 108 
 Manson, Lieut. 544 
 Marshall, Lieut. 289 ; Major-Gen. 
 
 330, 357 
 Martin, Capt. 80, 502 
 Mason, Capt. 291, 317; Major, 319, 
 
 333, 338 
 Master, Capt. 554 
 Matheson, Lieut. 319, 320, 321, .352, 
 
 353 
 Matthews, Lieut. 119, 121 ; A. 151, 
 
 250, 246, 254 ; Capt. 284 
 Maud, Lieut. 88 
 Maule, Lieut. 420, 432 
 Mawbey, Capt. 158 ; Col. 314, 316 
 , Maxwell, Col. 134, 148 
 
 H. H. Lieut. 499, 514 
 
 Mayaffre, Capt. 72, 73, 74, 75, 
 
 76 
 Maynard, F. Lieut. 150 
 McDermott, Lieut. 89 
 M 'Donald, Lieut. 88 
 
 Lieut. 371 ; Major, 402 
 
 McDouall, Gen. 227 
 McDowall, Capt. 318, ,358, 300 
 McGregor, G. Capt. 439, 442, 444, 
 
 445, 446, 451 
 
 R. G. Lieut. 371, 38() 
 
 McLean, Lieut. 69 
 
 McLeod, A. Lieut. 151, 156 ; Major, 
 
 317, 327, 333, 338 ; Lieut.-Col. 
 
 308 ; Brig. c.B. 388 
 
 D. Lieut. 289 
 
 M'Morine, Lieut. 385 
 
 McPherson, D. Lieut. 150 
 
 McQuake, Lieut. 285, 280 ; Capt.- 
 Lieut. 314 
 
 Mecham, R. Lieut. 554 
 
 Miles, Capt. 5.34 
 
 Mill, Lieut. .500, 523, 554 
 
 Miller, \V. Lieut. .554 
 
 Milligan, Lieut. 455 
 
 Mills, Brev.-Capt. 455 ; Capt. 483, 
 487, 489 
 
 Moir, Lieut. 455, 470, 471, 483, 554 
 
 Montague, E. Lieut. 48 ; Capt.-Lieut. 
 89 ; Capt. 124, 127, 134, 13.5, 1.3(5; 
 Major, 141, 142, 14.3, 14.5, 140, 148, 
 149,150, 106; Lieut.-Col. 204,214, 
 215, 216, 217 
 
 J. Capt. 217, 219, 220 ; Ma- 
 jor, 221, 222; Lieut.-Col. 223, 
 242 
 
 Montresor, Col. 215 
 
 Moore, Capt. 91 
 
 I\Iordaunt, Capt. 150, 157 
 
 Moorhouse, Col. 120 ; Major, 1.35 
 
 Moreland, Lieut. 314, 3.33, 385 
 
 Morgan, Charles, Col. 71 
 
 Morris, Lieut. 250, 261, 265, 284 
 
 Mowatt, Major, 558, 562, 565, 571 
 
 Muir, Col. 73 
 
 MuJhall, Serg. 433, 4,35 
 
 Mullor, Matross, 282 
 
 Murray, Col. 207 
 
 Musgrave, Col. 123 
 
 Nasii, Lieut. 90, 121, 122, 12,3, 1.34, 
 
 151 
 Neish, Lieut. 88 
 Nelly, Lieut. 89, 121, 1.50; Capt. 
 
 250, 279, 284 
 Newall, Lieut. .5.50, 554, 5.55 
 NichoU, Lieut. 385 ; Capt. 420, 427, 
 
 434, 435
 
 590 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 Nicolls, Col. 322, 323 
 Noble, Capt. 297 
 
 O'Hanlon, Lieut. 371, 372 
 Oliphant, Capt. 385 
 Olpherts, H. Lieut. 527, 571 
 
 W. Lieut. 456, 461 
 
 Owen, Capt, 91 
 
 Palmer, C. H. Lieut. 244 
 
 Parker, W. Lieut. 25G, 284 ; Lieut.- 
 Col. 385 ; Brig. 403 
 
 Parlby, Lieut. 285, 303, 314 ; Capt. 
 366 
 
 Paschaud, Capt.-Lieut. 242, 245, 
 284 
 
 Patch, Lieut. 357, 358, 361 
 
 Paton, Lieut. 373, 377, 497 
 
 Pearse, Major, 30 ; Lieut.-Col. 31, 
 33, 36, 37, 38, 42, 49, 51, 55, 56, 
 58, 59, 60, 66, 72, 85, 86, 87, 90, 
 91, 92, 93, 95, 97, 100, 10.3, 107, 
 109, 110, 112, 115, 116, 117, 118, 
 119, 164, 209, 242, 294, 341 
 
 Pennington, Lieut. 214, 242 ; Capt. 
 279, 283, 284 ; Major, 314, 316, 
 331, 33.3, 339 ; Lieut.-Col. 353 
 
 Lieut. Fireworker, .333 ; 
 
 Lieut. 385 
 
 Percival, Lieut. 279, 284 
 
 Pereira, Lieut. 295, 319, .334 ; Capt. 
 385 
 
 Perry, Lieut. 23 
 
 Pew, Major, 194, 361, 363, 385, 409 
 
 Pickersgill, Lieut. 328 
 
 Pillans, Lieut. 385 ; Capt. 514, 515 
 
 Playfair, Lieut. 314 
 
 Polhill, Lieut. 81 
 
 Polier, Major, 22 
 
 Pollock, George, Lieut. 261, 284 ; 
 Capt. .327; Major,.371 ; Lieut.-Col. 
 
 379, 382 ; Major-Gen. 443, 446, 
 
 4.50, 464, 465, 478 
 Pollock, R. H. Lieut. 44.3, 444, 445, • 
 
 446, 449, 476, 478, 479 • 
 
 Popham, Major, 69, 72, 74, 75, 76, 
 
 77, 82, 83, 84 
 Pryce, Lieut. 285 ; Capt.-Lieut. 334 
 Purvis, Lieut. 280 
 
 QuAYLEs, Lieut. .554 
 
 Raban, Capt. 250, 264, 265, 273, 
 
 284 
 Ralfe, Lieut. -301 
 Raper, J. F. Lieut. 554 
 Rattray, Lieut. 69, 71 ; Capt. 112, 
 
 166; Major, 204 
 Rawlins, Lieut. 295 ; Capt. 374 
 Rawlinson, Lieut. 371 
 Raymond, Col. 160 
 Read, Lieut. 23 
 Reid, Biev.-Capt. 461 
 Remmington, Lieut. 455 
 Richards, Lieut. 214, 260; Capt. 
 
 296, 298; Major, 317 
 Richardson, Litut. 407, 44.3, 449 
 Roberts, R. Lieut. 319, 3.34 ; Capt. 
 
 385 
 Robertson, Lieut. 432, 443, 535, 
 
 562, 565, 671 
 Robinson, Lieut. 89 ; Capt. 246, 250, 
 
 251,252,284 
 Rodber, Lieut. 283 ; Capt. 314, 338, 
 
 345, .354, 355, 356, 358 
 Rosat, Lieut. 31 
 Ross, R. Capt. 148 
 Rotton, Lieut. .386 
 Russell, Lieut. 31 
 Rutherford, Lieut. .376
 
 INDEX. 
 
 591 
 
 Sage, Lieut. 380 
 
 Salmon, Lieut. 407 
 
 Sampson, Capt. 121, 12<>, 147, l''>0, 
 
 151 
 Sand, Lieut. 76, 04 
 Sanders, Lieut. n34, 880, 403, 462 
 Sankey, M. C. Lieut. .5.54, .5.5.5 
 Saunders, Lieut. 857, 358, 3(51 ; 
 
 Brev. -Major, 455 
 Sconce, Lieut. 314, .333 
 Scott, Capt.-Lieut. 73 ; Major, 204 
 
 J. Lieut. 2(J0, 319, 373, 374, 
 
 376, 385 
 
 G. R. Lieut. 334, 371 
 
 Sears, Capt. 69 
 
 Shakespear, R. Lieut. 409,411,444, 
 
 440, 448, 451, 462 ; Capt. 534, 538, 
 
 562, 509 ; IVLijor, 571 
 
 J. D. Capt. 662, 571 
 
 Shaw, S. Capt. 302, 303 
 
 Sherwood, Capt. 347 
 
 Shipton, Lieut. 84, 140, 151, 150; 
 
 Capt. 240, 250, 251, 252, 284 
 Simons, F. C. Lieut. 554 
 Sladden, Lieut. 455 
 Smitli, Capt. 121, 123, 124,'147, 150, 
 
 151 
 
 C. Lieut. .316, 334 ; Capt. 
 
 376 
 
 L. Lieut. 443 
 
 N. Capt. 265 
 
 J, D. Lieut. 245, 273, 284, 
 
 296 
 Smyth, Lieut. 407, 403 
 Sotheby, Lieut. 352; Capt. 4.S(;, 447, 
 
 451 
 Speediman, Capt. 124 
 Starke, Lieut. 231, 20o, 272, 
 
 284 ; Capt. 314 ; Lieut. -Col. .385, 
 
 387 
 Stewart, Lieut. 420, 435 
 Swiney, Lieut. 2(51, 279, 284 
 Swinhoe, W. Lieut. 554 
 
 Swinley, Capt. 409, 475, 483, 48.5, 
 
 492, 514, 51.5, 518 
 Syme, Lieut. *M 
 
 Tennant, Lieut.-Col. 113; Lieut. 
 
 310 ; Capt. 308, 3a5, 389 ; Col. 
 
 4.54 ; Brig. 460 ; Brig.-Gen. 520, 
 
 564, 508, 571 
 Thehvall, Capt. 294 
 Thompson, Lieut. 373, 378 ; Major, 
 
 410, .554 
 Tilfer, Lieut. 150, 157 
 Timhrell, Major, 171, 187 ; Lieut. 
 
 304 ; Capt. 317, 3.34, .371, 37i;, 382 
 Timmings, Lieut. 373, 378 ; Cai)t. 
 
 409, 410, 422 
 Todd,Lieut.380;Capt.410,411,451, 
 
 4(59, 48.3, 485, 488, 496 
 Tolemache, Capt.-Lieut. 334 
 Tomhs, Lieut. 401, 504, 527, 571 
 Tomkyns, Lieut. 89, 121, 150 ; Capt. 
 
 214, 220, 200 
 Toppin, Lieut. 127, 175 ; Capt.-Lieut. 
 
 214 
 Torokler, Lieut. 380 
 Trant, Capt. 37<) 
 Troxw-r, Capt. 4(>9, 470, 477, 478, 
 
 479 
 Tulloh, Lieut. 127, 151, 154, 471 
 Turner, Lieut. 409, 4,37, 438, 447, 
 
 448 ; lirev.-Capt. 463 
 Turton, Lieut. 88 ; Capt. 288 
 J. Lieut. 377 ; Capt. 5()I , .-.(•:!. 
 
 513, 514 
 Twenilow, Lieut. 318, :V>8 
 
 Vankknkn, Lieut. 319, 3:J4 
 Vt-nuui, Lieut. 72 
 
 Wadk, Lieut. 38(5; Col. 41.;, HI 
 Wakefield, Lieut. .3a5
 
 592 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 Walcote, Lieut. 328 
 Walcott, Lieut. 819, 358 
 Walker, J. Lieut. 89 
 
 R. Lieut. 409, 438, 447 
 
 Waller, Lieut. 42G, 485, 448 ; Capt. 
 
 499, 500, 614, 515 
 Walton, Gunner, 448 
 Warburton, Lieut. 409, 426, 448, 
 
 463 
 Warner, Lieut. 455 ; Brev.-Capt. 
 
 471, 480, 483, 496, 499, 514, 580, 
 
 633, 562, 565, 566, 571 
 Watkins, Lieut. 156 ; Capt. 245 
 Watson, J. E. Lieut. 533 
 Webbe, Capt. 817, 818, 327 
 Wheelwright, Lieut. 479 
 Whinfield, Lieut. 834, 885 
 Whish, Capt.-Lieut. 814, 831, 383, 
 
 839; Major, 885; Major-Gen. 523, 
 
 524, 526, 527, 550, 552, 558, 557, 
 
 558, 560, 561, 562, 564, 571 
 White, Col. 260, 261 
 Whiteford, Lieut. 455 
 Wiggins, Lieut. 385 
 
 Wilding, Lieut.-Col. 45 
 Wilkinson, Lieut. 88, 510 
 Wilson, R. B. Lieut. 822, 323, 884 
 Wilton, W. Lieut. 114, 115 
 Winbolt, Lieut.119, 151,159; Capt.-* 
 
 Lieut. 250, 252, 258, 267, 269 
 Wintle, Lieut. 455 
 Winwood, Lieut. 15 ; Capt. 27 
 Witherington, Capt. 5 
 Wittit, Lieut. 121, 122, 128, 124 ; 
 
 Capt. 150 ; Major, 170, 244 
 
 C. Capt. 245, 260, 266 
 
 Wood, Lieut. J. 7 ; Capt. 183 
 H. Lieut. 334 ; Capt. 885 ; 
 
 Lieut.-Col. 500, 504, 507, 514, 518 
 Woodburn, Lieut. 88; Major, 127, 
 
 150, 166, 176; Lieut.-CoL 204, 
 
 212 
 Woodroofe, Capt. 385 
 Worthington, J. G. Lieut. 554 
 
 Young, J. Lieut. 260, 272, 284; 
 Lieut.-Col. 843 
 
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