immmmmmmmmmmm mmm mi mm mmmmmmmmmmmamm TRUBNSR'S COLLECTION OF SIMPLIFIED GRAMMARS THE HUNGARIAN LANGUAGE IGNATIUS SINGER BERKElfY LIBRARY I CONVERTED UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA |s[either ^ borrower nor a ^y^ lender b^ " 29*?77i/í'í ./?ci/^^^ Nolo ready, Crown Svo, limp cloth, pp. vi. and 88, lüitli Illustrations, "price 2s. HUNGARIAN POEMS AND FABLES, FOK ENGLISH KEADERS. Selected and Translated by E. D. Butlee, F.R.G.S., Assistant in the British Museum, Foreign Member of the Royal Hungarian Academy of Sciences, and Corresponding Member of the Kis- faludy Society. "The translations are marked by conscientious and faithful rendering of both the spirit and form of the original." — AthencBum. " Very conscientiously prepared." — Examiner. "We compliment both author and illustrator on their work." — Poetis' Magazine. " Enough in it to amuse any one who is at all interested in the land of Kossutb." — Pictorial World. " In the fables and allegories .... the native raciness and simplicity have been preserved." — Scotsman. '* His translations have all the simplicity and directness of the originals — two qualities for which Hungarian poetry is especially conspicuous The fables at the end of the volume are exceedingly good." — Morning Advertiser. " As regards care and fidelity in translating, these attempts are sufficient to gain for Mr. Butler a place in the first rank amongst those who have translated Hungarian poems into foreign languages. His conception is for the most part faultless. He renders back the sense faithfully, and moreover often line for line. .... We consider Mr. Butler far more competent to make known Hungarian poetry, than were his predecessors in English verse translation from the Magyar." — Buda-Pesti Szemle, Nov. -Dec. 1877. ( Translation). " We hope that he will perform many such services as successfully as this in the interest of the national reputation of our literature." — Kelet, Kolozsvár. {Translation). Also ready, Grown Svo, limp cloth, pp. v. and 70, price 2s. 6d. THE LEGEND OF THE WONDROUS HUNT, By John Arany. With Miscellaneous Pieces and Folk Songs (with the Original Text). Translated from the Magyar, by E. D. Butler. "Will be interesting and acceptable to students of Magyar poetry." — Scotsman, Aug. 30, 1881. "Der (Jebersetzer erweist sich als tiichtigen Kenner des Magyarischen und berufenen Interpreten der ungarischen Dichtung bei seinen Lands- leuten. .... Im Ganzén sind die Uebersetzungen vortrefllich, treu ohne sklavisch, fliessend ohne charakterlos zu sein."—l/ngarische Revue, Leipzig, Berlin und Wien, Marz, 1881. London : Trübner & Co., 57 and 69, Ludgate Hill. TRÜBNER'S COLLECTION OF SIMPLIFIED GRAMMARS OF THE PRINCIPAL ASIATIC AND EUROPEAN LANGUAGES, EDITED BY E. H. PALMER, M.A. II. THE HUNGARIAN LANGUAGE, BY IGNATIUS SINGER. 'Baílantgne lp«00 BALLANTYNE, HANSON AND CO., EDINBURGH CHANDOS STREET^ LONDON é^^/y/ SIMPLIFIED GEAMMAR OF THE HUÍÍGARIAN LANGUAGE. BY IGNATIUS SINGER. LONDON : TRÜBNER & CO., 57 & 59, LUDGATE HILL. 1882. [All rights removed.} f '^Lf-I^O^^ 5(^1 PREFACE. M/^ll^/ The intention of the Author in the following pages is to supply the student of Hungarian with a handbook that will enable him to overcome the initial difficulties which have hitherto attended the study of this language. To the English student Hungarian is accessible only through the medium of German ; but the chief difficulty which the student has to contend with lies in the pecu- liarities of the language itself. With the exception of a few words borrowed from the German or Slav languages, Hungarian is so different in its structure from the other European languages (excepting Finnish and Turkish) that a new grammatical system, as well as a new vocabulary, has to be learnt. It is therefore obvious, that Hungarian cannot be treated according to the rules usually adopted, and yet in most Hungarian Grammars the language is forced to accommodate itself to this framework of the Latin system; where this has been found impossible, as is generally the case, the student was left to shift for himself. 455 VI PREFACE. Owing to this imperfect method, a language so expres- sive and so simple in its grammatical construction as Hungarian has been decried as "extremely difficult," '^ barbarous/^ and the like. The language is here treated from a different stand- point. Instead of attempting to accommodate the language to a system altogether foreign to its spirit, the Author has analysed the language itself, and given the results of his analysis in a series of rules. For this reason the termi- nology usually adopted has been abandoned and replaced by more appropriate expressions, which in most cases have been obtained by translating directly from Hungarian the corresponding grammatical terms. Ignatius Singer. LoNDOíí, June, 1882. A HUNGAEIAÍí GRAMMAR. THE ALPHABET. The Hungarian Alphabet comprises the following forty- letters: — Capitals. Small. Capitals. Small. Capitals. Small. Á a I i P P 1 d I I n r B h J J s s C c K k Sz sz Cs cs L I T t D d Ly ly Ty ty Ds ds M m U u E e N n Ú Ú É e Ny ny Ü Ü É é "u Ű F f Ó Ó V V G 9 Ö Ö z z Gy (jy 6 Zs s H h 2 A HUNGARIAN GRAMMAR. C c was formerly written Cz or cz^ and is still used by some Hungarian writers, but is falling into disuse. E or é is always written and printed without accent, and often pronounced like e. Of these, fifteen are vowels: — a, e, e, z, o, ö, w, w, short; and a, é, {, 0, Ó', ZÍ, ?í, long. The rest are consonants. The long vowels are distinguished by accents (' or "), while the short ones take a diseresis or are left unaccented. They are pronounced : e.g.^ kar, an arm. ,, vár, a castle. „ nem, no. „ kenyér J bread. ,, pénz, money. „ Umbo, a bud. „ w, an arch. ,, ló, a horse. „ futni, to run. „ rút, ugly. /is the short sound of o in^ toll ; it is not to be pro- ( nounced as in God, but as is ) hor, wine, heard in the German word | ^Koralle; as — a as in God, á J) a >? far. e » e >> bed, é 7) u ?5 but. é ?> a ?) fate, % )J i JJ bill. i » ee n bee. 6 J) » toll, u >> u >7 bull, Ú )> 00 5? pool. THE ALPHABET. as u in fur, or the German^ Ö ■( [ Jó'r, skin, leather. Ö in Höhle ; as — ' j is the short sound of the Ö A foregoing, as is heard in the y föld, earth. ^ German word Gutter; as- fi'd, ear. tűz, fire. are the short and long^ ii sounds heard in the German and / words Hüfte and Hühner, Ú or the French u in recule ^and plus; as — The consonants are called single (Z>, d, g, &c.) or combined (cs, gy, ly, &c.). The combined letters have been adopted to supply the defi- ciency of the Latin alphabet in symbols for representing the forty sounds or articulations which the Hungarian language comprises. They must be looked upon as one single letter only, representing one single and distinct sound or articulation, and cannot be divided in spelling or pronunciation. Note. — If in a word the sound of a combined consonant is heard with greater stress, that is, where these letters are to be written double, they are thus abbreviated : for cscs, ccs ; for gygy, ggy ; &c. But if these consonants meet only by means of suffixes or putting together of words (compounds), they must be written out in full. Also when a word is broken off at the b2 4: A HUNGARIAN GRAMMAR. end of a line, the missing letter is to be replaced ; e.g., asszony (woman) is divided thus : asz-szony. The consonants are pronounced : — c (or cz) as ts in its, or the German z ; e.g., citrom, a lemon. cs ,, ch „ church, „ csendj silence. ds ,, j „ joke, „ Jindsa, a cup. g (hard) „ g „ God, „ galanib, a dove. j (soft) „ y „ you, „ >', good. s ,, sh „ shoe, ,, sas, an eagle. sz J) 5 „ sir, „ szabó, a tailor. /j/ is heard in miZ//on, „ ilyen, such. ny (as is heard in new or in the French word Champagne), „ nyúl, a hare. ty, as is heard in tune ; „ tyúk, a hen. gy is pronounced like d in cZwiy ; „ gyürü, a ring. /? is always aspirated, as in hatter; „ három, three. r (harder than in English, and always vibrated, whether preceded or fol- lowed by a vowel), as in barren; ,, róka, a fox. The rest are pronounced as in English. The Hungarian language has no diphthongs and no mute letters. Every character is to be pronounced distinctly and in full, always retaining the same sound, and each word in as many syllables as it contains vowels. For instance : Jiaim has three syllables and is pronounced ji-a-im. ACCIDENCE. Vowels are divided into : — (a) Flats : a, á, o, ó, u, ú ; (b) Sharps : e, é ö, ö, ü, ü ; and (c) Mediates : é, i, í. Flats and sharps never occur in the same word, and accord- ingly as the vowels are of the one or the other class, the words are said to be sharp or flat, and only take suffixes with vowels of their respective class. The mediates occur in both, and such words are then called mixed ; they take the suffixes either of the one or of the other class. Note. — This rule does not prevent, however, the formation of compound substantives of heterogeneous words, but applies only to etymological derivatives. So, for instance, selyemruha is a compound of selyem (silk) and ruha (a gown). The emphasis rests always on the first syllable. ACCIDENCE. The parts of speech are the same as in other languages — viz., Nouns, Verbs, and Particles. Of these the nouns (substantive, adjective, numeral pronoun) and verbs undergo certain modifications in order to express the various accidental circumstances of number, case, person, time, and place. These modifications are called inflections ; and the defining particles joined to the words are called suffixes. Particles are not inflected, but are used to define the noun or verb. 6 ■ A HUNGARIAN GRAMMAR. NOUNS SUBSTANTIVE. The Substantive may be defined to express number, person, case, place and direction. The Particles used to define the Nouns are : article, suffix, and postpositions. Articles. There are two articles: a definite and an indefinite. The definite article is a before words beginning with a consonant, and az before words beginning with a vowel. The definite article is put before nouns when a certain and defined thing is referred to — i.e., before definite nouns, which it precedes then invariably, even in cases w^here in English it would be omitted, as, for instance, where a pronoun stands before it — e.g., a fiú, the boy; or az én Jiam, my boy; az* a fiú, that boy, &c. The indefinite article is egy (one), which is at the same time numeral, in which sense it is used. It is not necessary in Hungarian to put the indefinite article before a noun, if spoken of in general terms only — e.g., emhert láttam, I saw a man. Egy is used only, as has been said, to express number : as, egy emhert láttam, I have seen a (one) man. Of Suffixes. The Suffixes by which nouns are modified are twenty-one. They are joined to the root, which sometimes undergoes ortho- graphical changes, to be described further on. * ^2 is here demonstrative pronoun. NOUNS SUBSTANTIVE. 7 These suffixes, divided into four categories, may be : — 1. Suffixes expressing number. it» •, ,, case. 3. „ ,, person. 4. ,, „ place and direction. The Number of Nouns. There are two numbers ; a smgular and a plural. The plural is formed by adding -k to nouns ending with a, vowel; or -ak^ -ok, -ek^ -ok to nouns ending with a consonant. In forming the plural the following rules are to be observed : — a and e at the end of a noun become lengthened in the plural; as /a (tree), plural /á^; eke (plough), plural ekék. Nouns ending with a consonant preceded by d or é shorten these vowels in the plural ; excepting those ending in -ság^ -ségj or -gds^ -gés ; and a few monosyllable nouns— é.^. sugár (beam), plural sugarak, kerek (wheel), „ kerekek. While the following remain unaltered : — ritkaság (rarity), plural ritkaságok, szépség (beauty), ,, szépségek, csavargás (roaming), ,, csavargások. If the final consonants of the last two syllables in polysyllabic iiouns would admit an easy pronunciation without the inter- 8 A HUNGARIAN GRAMMAR. vention of a vowel, the vowel of the last syllable is generally dropped in the plural. This contraction mostly takes place when the consonants m-r, k-r, and k-1, or reversed r-m^ r-k, and l-k meet — e.^., lélek (soul), plural lelkek, ökör (bull), ,, ökrök, járom (yoke), „ jár?nak, &c. The following monosyllabic nouns ending with a vowel take V or j in the plural, some of them shorten at the same time their vowel : — kö, stone, plural kövek. le\ juice, ,, levek, ló, a horse ,^ lovak, fü, grass, herb, ,^ füvek. cső J a tube, „ csövek. to, stem ,, tövek, mű, a work (of art), „ müvek. Note. — Nouns are used in the singular only, if preceded by a numeral or any other word expressing quantity ; as két ember, two men ; sok fa, many trees. Collective nouns are used in the plural when several lots or quantities of the same genus are referred to. But in all other cases they are used in the singular only. In Hungarian all- generic nouus are collective nouns ; as, for instance, the names NOUNS SUBSTANTIVE. 9 of fruits, corn^ minerals, metals, &c., and stand in the singular : alma, an apple or apples. körte, a pear or pears. Cases of the Noun. There are five cases: — The Nominative. The Attributive or Possessive. The Genitive. The Dative. The Accusative. The first three cases are also called ^' subjective cases," because they can stand as subjectives. The nominative is the word or name itself. Of suffixes it can take the plural or the personal. The suffixes for the attributive case are -nak for flat sounding, and -nek for sharp sounding words. It expresses the meaning of possession, or of something belonging to it. It stands in an adjectival relation to the thing, that is, it is the attributive of the thing possessed — e.g., Peter-nek atyja, the father of Peter, or Peter's father. Here Peter is the pos- sessor, and atyja the object possessed. At the same time Peter is the attribute to at?/ja. The Hungarian has no words corresponding to the English 10 A HUNGARIAN GRAMMAR. •word " to have," but expresses possession by the attributive or possessive case with the verb van ^'to be." The sentence, Peter has a house, is therefore to be rendered in Hungarian, jPeternek van háza (literally, there is a house of Peter's, or which belongs to Peter). The form of the possessive with the verb van is called its subjective form, and is always to be translated into English with the nominative and the verb "to have;" the other form, where it governs its object directly, that is, without va?i, is called its attributive form, and is to be rendered in English by the possessive. Examj^les. 1. Jdnosnah van kalapja, John has a hat. 2. Jánosnak a kalapja szép, the hat of John is handsome. 3. Pál háza ég, Paul's house is burning. In the third example Pál stands without suffix, and in the translation it has been rendered by the possessive (Paul's). Rule 1. — If the possessive stands only as attribute to its object, it is not necessarily inflected, as the object is already inflected with the personal suffix, which expresses amply the relation between possessor and thing possessed. Rule 2. — The possessive must be inflected with its dis- tinguishing terminations if standing as a subject (with the verb ^an). The suffixed form is also preferable for the attributive NOUNS SUBSTANTIVE. 1Í form, if the object does not immediately follow the attribute but is preceded by an adjective or other words. JSfote. — The student is requested to pay special attention to these rules, as they are necessary for the proper understanding of the Hungarian language, for often the cases (and with them the right meaning) might be misunderstood if the orthography alone were taken into consideration ; as for instance, in the sentence — Pál háza ég. Pál is not inflected, while ház is with the personal suffix -a ; and yet Pál is in the attributive, and ház -am the nominative. The termination of the genitive case is -é for all nouns, and means also possession. The difference between this and the former case is : — {a) That the genitive can stand by itself, that is, without its object, which is then understood; as, Whose hat is this? Answer : Péter-é, Peter's. (b) The genitive may stand as predicate o£ its own object; as Ez a kalap Péter-é, this hat is Peter's. Note. — In this sentence kalaj) is in Hungarian, as in English in the nominative, as the objective form o£ kalaj) is suppressed and the ending -é is substituted for it. The sentence in full would be, Ez a kalap Péternek kalapja, this hat is Peter's hat. (c) The genitive, being a contraction of both possessor and object possessed, may be used as subject or predicate, and can be 12 A HUNGARIAN GRAMMAR. inflected like the nominative, with the exception of the genitive case, which it cannot take twice ; as. Házamat eladtam és Péter-é-t megvettem, I sold my house and bought Peter's (that of Peter). Here Péter is in the genitive, and has taken also the accusative suffix -i, which ought to be joined to the object, were it written out ; thus, Házamat eladtam és Péternek ház-á-t meg vet- tem (I sold my house and bought Peter's house). The dative is in form the same as the attributive, but quite different in meaning. In English it is rendered by putting the prepositions "to" or " for" before the substantive. The Dative (from the Latin do, to give) signifies that something is (has or will be) given or imparted to it by a third person, while the attributive claims something as already belonging to it. This case has often been confounded by grammarians with the attributive, to which it has no other relation than similarity of orthography. The best distinguishing marks are : — (1) That the dative cannot be a subject ; (2) that the attri- butive governs a substantive, and the dative is governed, by a verb. Ezt Péter-neh adom, I give this to Peter (dative). Ez Péternek háza, This is Peter's house (attributive). The accusative (in Hungarian szenvedő, from szenvedni, to suffer) is the noun acted upon by the verb, i.e., " the suffering." Its ending is -i. NOUNS SUBSTANTIVE. 13 Declension of the Substantive. Prefatory Remarks. — To facilitate the acquisition of the most important, and at the same time the most difficult, part of the Hungarian grammar — viz., the rules of inflection, we divide the substantives into six classes (or declensions), the plural endings being taken as the basis. Each class is again divided into two subdivisions, the one being the short and the other the long vowel of each, thus — I. 11. III. IV. V. • VI. (a) (b) (a) (b) (a)&(b) (a) (b) (a) (b) (a) & (b) plur, endings -ak, -ák -ok, -ók uk -ek, -ék -ok, -ok -ük Flats. The suffixes for the cases are therefore : — I. II. HI. Sharps. IV. V. IV. > • l—J re Declension. Declension. ' Nominative, The Name itself, or with Pers. Suff. Attrib. or Possessive, -nah -nek ^ Genitive, -é -é Dative, -nak -nek Accusative,* -t -t * After a mute letter the accusative takes the suffix with such a vowel {a, 0, e, or ö) as it takes in the plural— as hot, plural hot- oh, accus. sing. hot-ot. But if the noun is already suffixed (with plural or personal suf- fixes) the accusative endings after consonants will be for all fiat nouns -ai, and for all sharp nouns -et. 14 A HUNGARIAN GRAMMAR. Nouns follow in the accusative singular the same rules as to orthographical changes as in the plural. A substantive is declined in the plural in the same way as in the singular, the affixes being joined to the plural endings — e.g., házak houses ; házaknak, házaké, &c. Personal Suffixes. We have seen that the object governed by the attributive case is always inflected, Péternek aty-ja. A substantive which is governed by another substantive, that is, a noun which is claimed as property or possession by a preceding (attributive) noun or pronoun, is called hirtok (property), which we will render in English with the " object possessed." The object possessed is inflected to express its relation to the foregoing substantive or pronoun, and as the possessor is the speaker himself, the person spoken to, or the person or thing spoken of, the object will express by means of suffixes whether it belongs to the first^ second, or third person, where- fore these suffixes are called personal suffixes. The first and second persons can of course only represent rational beings; the third person comprises persons or things alike. The possessor can be one or more things or persons, as : — A gyermek könyve, the book of the boy. Here the possessor gyermek is in the singular. NOUNS SUBSTANTIVE. 15 A gijermehehnek a hönyvüh, the book of the boys, asserts that one book is belonging to two or more boys, because the possessor gyermek is here in the plural. Or, the object possessed is one or more ; as, 1. A gyermek könyve, the book of the boy. 2. A gyermek könyvei, the books of the boy. The relations of the object to the possessor are four : — 1. Object and possessor in singular, könyv-em, my book. 2. Object in singular and possessor in plural, könyvünk, our book. 3. Object in plural and possessor in singular, könyveim, my books. 4. Object in plural and possessor in plural, könyveink, our books. In each of these cases there are three persons to be distin- guished. Examples. 1. könyv, a book. 2. ház, a house. 1. The Object [N the Singular. 1. könyv -em my book. ] . ház-am my house. 2. könyv-ed thy book. 2. ház-ad thy house. 8. könyv-e his book. 3. ház-a his house. 16 A HUNGARIAN GRAMMAR. 1. könyv-ünk our book. 2. könyv-etek your book. 3. könyv-ük their book. 1. hciz-unk 2. hciz-atok 3. ház-ok our house, your house, their house. 2. The Object in the Plural. 1. könyv-eim my books. 2. könyv-eid thy books. 3. könyv-ei his books. 1. könyv-eink our books. 2. könyv-eitek your books. 3. könyv-eik their books. 1 . liáz-aim 2. liáz-aid 3. ház-ai 1 . ház-aink 2. ház-aitok 3. liáz-aik my houses, thy houses, his houses, our houses. your houses their houses. iVoie. — If the possessor is the first or the second person, the pronoun must not be put before it, as the suffix expresses already to whom the thing in question belongs. If stress is to be given to the statement, the personal pronouns may be put before it; as az én fiam, my son (not yours). The following tables show the personal suffixes of the six declensions : — ARTICLES. 17 ^^ •— í ^ ^ s ^ ^ G To V/l 3 > 'cT ' ' 1 ' ^;3 1 =3 1 ^ ?3 o 5 c. 1 1 ^-^ =? ^ 1 1 > ^^^ rJ^ s K/ To r^ cá :0 :0 1 1 ' -.o 1 ' S] s ^0? -0? > t— I ^-^ .^ a ^ o -^ riá c3 -cS -S *c? c • '-r> ^^ ' ' ' T 1— 1 ^_^ ^ B T3 CÍ r^ Co c3 1 1 rt r zn ^ T— 1 (M* CO rH G^i CO ;-( ^ "^ ! to ;-! O PLH ''■n Öl 18 A HUNGARIAN GRAMMAR. T ' ' - liink -üitek -üik >■ -óim -óid -ói or -ei -óink -üitek -óik or -eik -eim -eid -ei -eink -eitek -eik 1— f ,■ — s M -éim -óid -éi -éink -éitck -éik 3 -^ -eim -eid ci -eink -eitek -eik t— t £ ^ i .S 75 :5 1 1 r^ 1— 1 "^ — ' 1 -óim -óid -ói -óink -óitok -óik -ok -aim -aid -ai -aink -aitok -aik h-i - ^ ; .| [|. ,3. 11:^ T 1 -^ r ' - i^ -r -aink -aitok -aik nélkül, without (not having). helyett, instead, in place of. miatt, végett, on account of {giring a reason). The dependent postpositions are : — kívül, outside, besides. helul, within. alul, below, lower down (in a vertical direction). fölül, above, higher, further up (in a vertical direction). till, beyond. közel, near, nigh. Before közel the substantive takes the suffix -hoz or -hez ,- before the rest -an, -en, or after a vowel -n. All dependent postpositions can tahe the suffixes for direc- tion, -ról, -vol, and the English rendering would be as given above with the preposition " from" before each. With the personal suffixes_, only kívül may be inflected, and is then to be rendered in English with " besides" and the respective pronoun; as: — i.e., the mouse fears the cat, shuns it, and therefore takes to flight as soon as she finds herself before the cat. 2(j A liUXGARIAN GP.AMMAi;. h'vülejji, lívükd, li'vüle, 'kívülünk besides me ; besides thee ; besides him ; besides us ; kívületek kívü lak besides you ; besides them. THE ADJECTIVE. The adjective never changes its form, if standing before the substantive. But if the substantive whose quality it de- termines is not written out in the sentence, but only under- stood, the adjective will come into its place and take all the suffixes of the substantive ; in fact, it becomes then a substantive itself. In the sentence — Egy felur rózsát találtam, I have found a white rose — the substantive is in the accusative, ró:sá-t. If we ask, now, AVhat kind of a rose did you find ? the answer will be, erjij feher-et^ a white one. Here the substantive "rose" has been omitted, as it is already understood of what we speak. In English the pronoun " one" is put in its place j but in Hungarian it is represented by the adjective, which takes its suffixes. In the present example, for instance, it took -ef, the termination of the accusative case. Adjectives are inflected the same as substantives. In forming* the plural, however, they make the following exceptions : if ending in /7, they take in the plural -ek ; and if ending in ?', they take -ek or -ak, acccording as the word takes flat or sharp suffixes (substantives take in both cases only -k). In all other cases they follow the same rules as the substantive. 2^ote. — To adjectives are also reckoned the participles of the THE ADJECTIVE. 27 verb, which, if used as adjectives, may be inflected in the same manner. Comparison of Adjectives. Adjectives have three degrees of comparison : — 1, the positive ; 2, the comparative ; and 3, the superlative degree. The comparative is formed by adding '■bb to adjectives ending with a vowel, or -abb -ebb to those ending with a consonant. After sibilants, which would admit the sound b to be heard without an intermediate vowel, often a -b is only added to form the comparative, but it is preferable to use a vowel, unless it is not desirable to lengthen the word with a syllable, as, for instance, in poetry. It is therefore equally grammatical to write magasb (higher), or magasabb. Note. — Final a and e become lengthened at the end of a Avord, if the comparative sutiix -bb is joined to it — e.g., drága, drágább; fekete, feketébb, &c. ; ó shortens its sound only in jó ; jobb, legjobb. The superlative is invariably formed by prefixing leg-'ov legesleg- to the comparative. The first is rendered in English with the superlative; the second by putting the adverb '^ very" before it. The following are somewhat irregular : — szép, beautiful • comparative : szebb könnyű, easy, light (in weight) ; „ : könnyebb i^J'^ youthful, young ; ,, : ifjfd)b hosszii, long ; „ '• ^iosszabb sok, much 5 5) • ^'^^^ But the superlative is formed regularly. 28 A HUNGARIAN GRAMMAR. Proportionals are formed by affixing -es or -os to the Multiplicatives ; kétszeres, hatszoros, &c. ^n ^ O >-i :o Í-I) N -o ^i cá Ö rJ^ N CO -1) o V} c NI to ft o o m a; -o nD 5 --0 r^ o rl4 N Ph to S o o ■ ":; c; (D C5 (U !>^ ir-l N í3 C '^ Ű :0 rH ,14 ^ ^ ^ '^ t3 --0 •Í4 M rt Ti •Xj Ü r; n3 -2 -2 o rt CD (Ti o f>i fl :o ri:: c T3 ■T3 nd s O) . . ^^ o o OJ r^ Tj c G O) . Ü Ü 'i^ cS >-, fc£) -u 4j o a 03 (^ ^n -, ;^ N N N ^^ o rlA -^ Ph -^ G r^ -^J -tj -(-3 -^ I— 1 * CO ^ »o O t^ CO S Ol i iS tS3 !-i ~=) N za O N za o i > O S ^1 s i to VO za W o ;_, Si G (D N N ^(u CD o O 3 0) 3 g N3 zn C3 > o o N to O ZJl O za o N za a S5 > '9 1 o o N -1 N za r2 o Id 1 M ■^ •^ C s :0 r^ ,£:: c 15 Ü ""+3 2 .2 lo -IS -"i^ "^i-i* -is -is -IS -IS ■i-IC lo Ho |o |o |o lo HO o "•á 1 ^ ■t:! 1- |o -"lo |c lo |o á f-i o p-^ rr-! ■ts H H a K>^ >~^ ^ --3 r^ to c3 a> CÍ P s O fcű 02 c3 P. o S3 3 1 Ű o > c3 i > c3 •-3S Ö > 3 N CD N a N O r2 1 •""* ' ' '—' '"' " ■' '~~' ' ' '"' r^ za o ""+3 zn ^ • ■ § r» '-is P^ ^ zn o N ^ i/< '^3 r^ ^ S tí_ N o 1-^ C > to o 3 O 3 § >• --5 3 o cS '3 03 3 > Ü c3 N N p N O O s r2 o3 2 o in CO ;_( fcű CD i> "o ^ N3 O ^N juj ^ ii rí CÍ S CD !o 2 o >;> 15 za N za S >-. >-> 'CO ^ to O 1 >> Ü > >-> CJ > >• a N CD ts: s to zn za ^ bO fcD > "o ^ 3 N O N ^:^ -*-3 ^ ÍJ c3 o o Co s &> 13 en N! za 's zn * .— t 1 8 < THE PRONOUN. 35 The attributive pronouns are only then written out, when they stand as subjects with the verb van, and are then to be transhited into EngHsh with the nominative (I, thou, he, &c.) and the verb, "to have": nehen van, I have; neked van, thou hast, &c. Note. — To understand thoroughly the use of this pronoun, the student is requested to read over once more the passage in which the attributive case of the substantive has been explained (p. 9). There a distinction has been made between its being " attributive" or '^ subjective." According to this distinction we might express the rules given above thus : The attributive pronoun is always used in its inflected form {nekem, nehed, &c.) when standing as subjective; and not written out at all, or only in its uninflected form (Jn, te, ö, &c.) if standing as attribute. The genitive, or the second form of the possessive pronouns, is: enyém, mine; tied, thine; oW, his; mienJc, ours; tietek, yours ; övék, theirs. This pronoun is in every respect of the same nature as the genitive case of the substantive, being, like this, a contraction of both possessor and object possessed. On ex- amining them closer, we find that they are formed — with a very slight modification — of these two elements, viz., the personal pronoun as possessor ; and the suffixes of the objective case as thing possessed. For instance : D 2 36 A HUXGARIAN GRAMMAR. enyém = én hünyv-em. tied = te Tcönyv-ed. övé = ö könyv-e^ &c. Like the genitive case of the substantive, they stand always by themselves — ez enyém, this is mine ; enyém, it is mine, &c. — and are equal to substantives. They will take all suffixes of the latter, except those of the plural, which they form in the same way as the personal suffixes — viz. : Object possessed in the singular: enyém, tied, övé; mienk, tietek, övék. Object possessed in the plural: enyéim, tieid, övéi; mieink^ tieitek, övéik. As the personal pronoun is to supply the absent substantive, there must be forms to express all relations of the latter to other nouns or the verb. We have now learned the five cases of the pronoun, which answer exactly to the five cases of the substantives. It remains now to give the forms of the pronoun that would correspond to substantives inflected with the suffixes for place or direction or which are modified by postpositions. They are given in the following EuLE. — Pronouns which are to supply a substantive with a suffix for place and direction are formed by inflecting the respective suffix with the personal suffixes. For instance, in THE PRONOUN. 37 the sentence — A házra eset, It fell upon the house — hdz-ra is inflected with the upward directing suffix -ra. This, inflected with the personal suffixes, will give the corresponding pro- noun; as, rám, rád, rája, ránh, rátok, rájol\ upon me; upon thee; upon him; upon us; upon you; upon them. Ohs. 1. — The transmuting and demonstrative suffixes have no pronouns, as with them the substantive must necessarily be named. Ohs. 2. — The limiting -ig is defective, and has only two forms to supply the substantive ; as, eddig, to here, unto here, for things near ; and addig, to there, unto there, for things further ofE in space or time ; and are classed among the adverbs. S8 A HUNGARIAN GRAMMAR. I— 1 1— 1 J4 •2, f 1 g +3 'oJ l-H S 2 'Ö3 !-^ o 's h ^ vy > ^ r^ A .^ 1 •^ á M t o M 413 ^ o o ry 1 ;! 3 -M 1 1 ^2 1 1 — ^ 5 ^ 'a P^ ^ M •fl hH Ö -Í ^ ^o ^S ^ :S llS j5 1 ? 'fl ^ ,:=5 1 ^ s ^ > III. ;ular. o ^ ^ ^c3 ''fH 1 r2 2 o o r2 > II. Brson Sing 1 1 1 fl 1 1 ^ 1 ^ 3 1 3 > ^ ^ i i ^2 1 o i 1 ^ i 3 ,a ^ rO ^^ 1 ^ ■=2 43 'fl -? ? N O 1 ^ 3 -43 -3 > 4— w. a ca ^ o a o o .^5 ^ o •43 o :: 1 "S ^ o CD 2 fcil S .a' 1 ft .a P 1 S .> b 1 3 1 I '1 1 ^ ?3 1 1 f3 o .2 *> o 1 c3 Pi • CO o ^ (N 1-^ ^ THE PRONOUN. 39 The same as these suffixes are the independent postpositions inflected, if their respective substantive is not written out. They are inflected as follows : — Sing. 1. 2. 8. Plur. 1. 2. 3. I. II. III. IV. V. VI. alá alól által elé előtt fülütt -m -am -am -m -em -em -d -ad -ad -d -ed -ed -ja -a -a -jé -e -e -nk -link -unk -nk -unk -unk -tok -atok -atok -tek -etek -etek -jok -ok -uk -jok -ok -ük As example 1, are declined; alá. 2, „ alól, után, miatt, irántj alatt. ,, által. „ elé, fölé, mellé, közé. 5, ,, „ előtt, elől, nélkül. 6, „ „ fölött, között, mellett, még'ett, Jiel yett, végett. Courtesy, in addressing persons of distinction, or persons with whom we are not on familiar terms, has introduced, in place of the pronoun for the second person, some conventional words, which may also be regarded as personal pronouns. Their use is like that of " yoii" in English for " thou" : — Singular : ön or kegyed. Plural : önök or kegyetek. ^0 A HUNGARIAN GRAMMAR. And maga^ or plural magulc, wliich is used by the peasantry- only, and not admissible in better society. They are declined throughout like substantives, with the exception of the personal suffixes ; as, önneh, önt^ önre^ öntől, &c. They may also be determined by postpositions, like any substantive — ön után, ön előtt, &c. — and govern the verb or their object in the third person ; as, önnek halap-ja, your hat (here J:alap-ja is in the third person). II. Eeflexive Peonouns. Reflexive pronouns are so called because they turn back or '' reflect" their meaning to the subject of the sentence. They are: magam, magad, maga, magunh, magatok, magulc, myself; thyself; himself ; ourselves ; yourselves; themselves. Note. — \\nien the relation is not reflective, but reciprocal, they are called reciprocals ; as, egymást, each other, or one another. B oth reflectives and reciprocals are inflected like substantives, and in the attributive case govern their object in the third person singular, without regard to number of the pronoun itself; for instance, magam"^ Jcönyve, my o-^vn book (literally, the book of myself) ; or, magunh könyve, our own book * The attributive suffix -nak is here omitted, because the object ollows immediately. THE PRONOUN. 41 (literally, the book of ourselves). ^ö?2?/ve is in both instances in the third person singular. Note. — The reflective pronoun is often — ungrammatically- - used to express solitude j as, magam vagjjoJc^ instead of egyede. , vagyok — I am by myself. III. Demonstrative Pronouns. Of demonstrative pronouns there are three kinds : — {a) those which point to a substantive (thing or person) are called substantival \ (b) those which refer to the quality or seme peculiarity of the substantive, called adjectival ; and (c) those which point to the quantity of the substantive, called numerical. Examples of class a are : * ez, this : emez, this here ; ugyanez, this same ; for things near ; and «;<;,* that ; amaz, that there ; ugyanaz, that same ; for things at a distance. There are, further : ezen, ugyanezen ; and azon, ugyanazon ; which are in meaning the same as^ ez, iigyanez ; or az, ugyanaz, in so far as each points to a thing (near or distant) out of many. There is, however, a shade of distinction among these two * ÁZ, article, and az, pronoun, are distinguished: (a) that the pronoun stands always before the article ; (b) that the pronoun is capable of inflection, and the article is not. 42 A HUNGARIAN GRAMMAR. forms : ez and az — whether alone or prefixed with ugyan — point to a certain thing among other 1iomoge7ieous things ; while ezen, azon, refer to a thing among other heterogeneous things ; for instance, if we say ez a halap a legszebb, it means, this hat is the prettiest (among all other hats) ; but ezek a JcalapoJ: nem szépelc, de ezen sapha csinos, would be, these hats are not pretty, but this cap is nice. Ezen and azoii stand before the substantive, and cannot take the article ; but az and ez are immediately followed by it. (See the examples given above.) A further distinction is that eze7i and azon are incapable of inflection; while az and ez are inflected like substantives. Before suffixes beginning with a consonant, az and ez change their final z into the first letter of such sufifix : thus instead of az-naJc, we have annah ,, az-ba ,, abba „ az-ra „ arra, &c. Of the auxiliary suffix -val, -vel ; and the transmuting -vci, -ve, it has been said that ney change their v into a letter like the final consonant of the word to which it is joined. When these suffixes are to be combined with az, ez, either rule may be followed. It is equally grammatical to write azzal or avval, ezzel or evvel ; but ezvel or azval are not grammatical. The pronouns az and ez — alone or in combination with THE PKONOUN. 4B ugyan — must always agree in number, case, or any other suffix (personal suffixes excepted) with its substantive ; in other words, it has to be inflected with the same suffix as the sub- stantive which it determines : annah az emhernek, to that man {j-nah and -nek are both suffixes of the dative case) ; azok az emberek (both in plural) ; arra a házra, upon that house (both with the suffix for direction upwards), &c. Demonstrative pronouns for adjectives are : Hi/, ilycn, such as this ; emily, einilyen, such as this other ; for things near. The correspondings for things at a distance are: oly, olyan^ amoly, amolyan. Ilyetén is the adverbial form of the first classy olyatén of the second. The adjectival pronouns are declined if neither the substan- tive nor the adjective, at whose quality they point, are written in full. Examples. 1. Ilyen szép könyvet láttam, I have seen a book as pretty as this. Here are both adjective and substantive written in full, the latter only being inflected with the accusative. 2. Ilyen szépet láttam, I have seen one as pretty as this. Here the adjective is inflected, the substantive being omitted. 3. Ilyent láttam, I have seen such a one. Here both adjec- tive and substantive being absent, the pronoun has taken the suffix. The adverbial forms of these pronouns — ilyetén, olyatén — are 44 A HUNGARIAN GRAMMAR. inflexible^ and determine only the verb. Ilyetén fogom varni^ I will sow it in this w^ay or such a manner (as that to which it refers). ly. Relative Pronouns. Pronouns which refer or " relate" to things gone before are called relative pronouns. They are : 1. /v7, who ; ?we/y, which; mi, ^\\\üit\ for substantives. Note. — Ki relates to persons ; mely to names of things ; mi to matters. 2. minö^ milyen, such as ; for adjectives. 3. ahány, aJcárhány, mennyi, amennyi, as many as, ail of them which ; for numerals. They are all inflected like substantives. V. Interrogative Pronouns. Interrogative pronouns ask a question. They are of four kinds : 1. For persons: Jci? Jcicsoda? who? — melyiJc ? which? — the answer to which will be names of persons or their substitutes. 2. For things: mi? 7nicsoda? what? — melyik? which? — to these any substantive will answer except names of persons. 3. Milyen? minő? micsodás? mily féle ? = \\\mt kind? what sort? — inquire after quality; and the answer will be an adjective. 4. To : hány ? mennyi ? - how many ? — the cardinal numbers, and to hányadik ? = in which place ? — ordinals, will answer* THE VERB. 45 The question for multiplicatives is : hányszor ? = how often ? or, how many times ? THE VERB. Words which express some action, motion, or suffering of the substantive, are called verbs. The Hungarian language has two kinds of verbs : active and medial. Active verbs express always some action of the substantive. If this action passes on to a noun following, the verb is called transitive ; as, hajtok (lovakat), I drive (horses). If the action does not pass over to another noun, but remains in the acting subject itself, the verb is called intransitive, as járok, I walk. Verbs which are at the same time active and passive — that is, if the subject acting is at the same time the substantive acted upon — are called medial. According as action, or the state of being acted upon, are predominant, they are said to be of an active or passive character ; for instance : eszik — he is eating — is active ; and vérzik — he is bleeding — is passive. If neither is the case — that is, if action and suffering are both implied — they are called neuter verbs j as, alszik, he is sleeping. Note. — Medial verbs with an active signification might be 46 A HUNGARIAN GKAMMAR. called " deponent verbs," being like the Latin deponent verbs, passive in form, and active in meaning. All medial verbs end in the third person singular of the present tense (indicative mood), in -ik ; the active verbs — intransitive and transitive — have no distinguishing sign, but stand in the third person in their primitive form (root of the verb). On account of this characteristic of the two forms, Hungarian grammarians call them frequently z'/jes andiktelen ige — i.e.^ verbs with -ih and verbs without -ik. The division of the Hungarian verbs is therefore — I. Active Verbs (without -ik). {a) transitive j (h) intransitive. II. Medial Verbs (with -ik). (a) active or deponent ; (b) passive ; (c) neuter. These two classes follow each a different conjugation. Of Moods. There are five moods : — 1. The indicative mood makes a positive assertion without any clauses or conditions ; as, írok, I write. THE VERB. 47 2. The imperative commands or entreats ; as, irj ! write ! or, please write ! 3. The third mood is called the subjunctive, because it is subjoined to another clause; as, atyám hivdnja hogy irjalc — my father wishes that I shall write. In form the subjunctive is the same as the imperative, and is only distinguished from it by always having a conjunction — /io<7?/ = that ; or ha^^ii — before it ; wherefore it is sometimes called also the conjunctive mood. 4. The conditional puts a condition to the clause ; as, írnéhj ha volna tollam, I would write^ had I a pen. The conditional can express a wish, request, doubt, or con- dition, according to the modulation of the voice or the context. 5. The infinitive has no tenses and takes only the personal suffixes, which express number at the same time. Without suffixes it is known by its termination -ni ; as irni, to write. Infinitives, being the crude expression of the action itself, are equal in meaning to substantives in the nominative case, and may be used as such. For instance : (1) lopni hűn, to steal is a sin ; or lojyds hiln, stealing is a sin ; (2) élni johl mint meghalni^ to live is better than to die ; or élet johh mint halál, life is better than death. Of the Tenses of the Verb. There are five tenses or "times" expressing the time at which the action takes place : — 48 A HUNGARIAN GRAMMAR. 1. Present; as, {rok,l write. 2. Imperfect; as, íréh^ T wrote. 3. Perfect or past; as, irtam^ I have written. 4. Pluperfect ; as, írtam vcda, I had written. 5. Future ; as, írni fogok, I will or shall write. The Hungarian has no future past, but expresses it by the perfect tense, preceded by adverbs denoting a future time ; as, akJcorch^a, until then, by that time ; egi/ hét mulva, in a week's time, &c. Note. — The earlier Hungarian writers made a future past in imitatiDn of the Latin by putting légyen after the past tense ; but this is quite against the spirit of the Hungarian language, and is now hardly — if ever — used. The future is seldom used, and is generally expressed by the present tense, especially when an adverb expressing future time stands before it ; as, holnap barátomhoz megyei:, to-morrow I (will) go to my friend's ; instead of holnap barátomhoz fogok menni. The first form is more commendable, and the latter (compound) form only used, if the verb is not preceded or followed by words already expressing the time. Of Numbers, Person, and Form. Verbs have two numbers — singular and plural; and three persons in each number. THE VERB. 49 Singular. Plural. verek J I beat verünk^ we beat versz, thou beatest vertek, you beat ver, he beats vernek, they beat A verb can express an action in different ways ; these are called its forms ; as — Primitive Form : ir, he writes. Factitive Form : írat, he causes, orders, or commands to write (he has something written by a third person). Frequentatives : irogat ; indicates a repetition of the action ex- pressed in the primitive. They are also called repetitive diminutives, because they express the action in a lesser degree, as, for instance : he is writing little by little (by fits and starts). Diminutives : irkál, he is scribbling ; signifies a playful action of the verb. Permissives : írhat, he may or can write. All these forms are conjugated like the primitive form. I. Active Verbs. Transitive and causal verbs have — according as the sub- stantive which suffers the action is definite or indefinite — two significant terminations : the indefinite, as, verek, I beat (some- body) ; and the definite, as verem (a lovat), I beat (the horse). E 50 A HUNGARIAN GRAMMAR. The transitive verb is always in the definite form, if the substantive acted upon has the definite article, or the demon- strative pronouns azon, ezen, or is the name of a person. In the definite there are also to be distinguished the person acting and the person acted upon. If the first person acts upon the second person, the distinguishing termination of the verb will be, in all moods and tenses, -lah (for flat words), or -leh (for sharps) ; as, verleh, I beat; thee; vdrlahy I expect thee. But when acting upon a substantive in the third person, the general rule is to be followed; for instance : — Indefinite. Definite. ver-eh, I beat ver-szj thou beatest ver, he beats ver-ünk, we beat ver-tek, you beat ver-nelc, they beat tn o ver-Wk, I beat thee ver-em, I beat mr-ed, thou beatest ver-i, he beats, ver-jiik, we beat ver-itelc, you beat ver-ik, they beat > o n3 c3 o ^ •5 r^ -<-=> I a> -»j '3 Co CO .s TS U o 03 t4-l Participles. The participle is derived from the verb, and is of an adjectival character. There are three participles: — THE VERB. 51 1 . The present participle, ending in -6, -ő; as, eg?/ arató ember j a reaping man (a man tliat reaps). 2. The past participle, ending in -i, -oíí, -ett, or -öíí, with a passive character ; as, az aratott gahona^ the reaped corn. 3. The participle for the future tense, which ends in -andó^ -endö, and is in most cases also of a passive character ; as az ara- tandó bihaj the wheat to be reaped. Of these, the first two have adverbial forms ; for the present, ending in -va, -ve^ as sétálva, walking ; and for the past tense, ending in -van, -vén, as sétálván, having been walking. The following examples will explain the use of the five participles : — 1. Egy szenvedő ember, a suffering man. 2. Egy szenvedett ember, a suffered man. 3. Egy szenvedendő ember, a man to be suffered. 4. Az ember szenvedve volt, the man was suffered. 5. Az ember szenvedvén, the man having been suffering. The participles ending in -van, -vén, express always a reason or condition by which another clause is determined ; for instance. Pénzét elhöltvén, ismét haza tért, having spent his money, he went home again. Adverbial participles may have either an active or passive signification, but, like other adverbs, they are not inflected ; E 2 52 A HUNGARIAN GRAMMAR.' while the adjectival participles are inflected as adjectiveSj and, like these, may stand for the substantive ; for instance — 1. Egy szenvedő emher, a suffering man; 2. Egy szenvedő^ a sufferer. Note. — The present participle may be used either as adjec- tive or substantive. In the first case it is translated into Eng- lish with the present participle (as shown above in sentence 1) : in the second by the substantive derived from the respective verb by inflecting it with -er ; for instance, szenvedő^ sufferer ; irój writer ; látogató, visitor, &c. Before other verbs can be conjugated, it is necessary to learn the irregular verb lenni, to be. Indicative Mood. Present Tense, Imperfect Tense. vagyok, I am. valék, I was. vagy, thou art. valid, thou wast. van or vagyon, he is. vala. he was. vagyunk, Ave are. V alánk, we were. vagytok, you are. vakítok, you were. vannak or vágynak, they are. valónak , they were. Perfect or Past Tense. voltain, I have been. voltunk, we have been. voltál, thou hast been. voltatok, you have been. volt, he has been. voltak, they have been. THE VERB. 53 Pluperfect Tense. voltam vala, I had been. voltál vala, thou hadst been, lészsz, volt vala, he had been. voltunk vala, we had been. leszünk, voltatok vala, you had been. lesztek, voltak vala, they had been. lesznek. Future Tense. leszek, I will be. thou wilt be. lesz or leszen, he will be. we will be. you will be. they will be. Imperative Mood. Present Tense. légij, be thou. legyünk, be we, or let us be. legyetek, be you. legyen, be he, or let him be. legyenek, be they, or let them be' Subjunctive Mood. Present Tense. Bogy- legyek, that I shall be. Past Tense. légy, that thou shalt be. voltál "íi legyen. that he shall be. volt V legyünk^ that we shall be. voltunk 5) legyetek, that you shall be. voltatok J) legyenek, that they shall be. voltak Hogy— voltam légyen, that I have been, that thou hast been, that he has been, that we have been, that you have been, that they have been. 54 A HUNGARIAN GRAMMAR. Future (conditional) Tense. Ha — Ha — leendekj if I shall be. leendünh, if we shall be. leendeszj if thou wilt be. leendeteh, if you will be. leend, if he will be. leendenelc, if they will be. Conditional Mood. Present Tense. volnék^ I would or should be. vobial, thou wouldst be. volna, he would be. volnánk J we would be. volnátok, you would be. volnának, they would be. Past Tense. voltam volna, I would or should have been. voltál volna, thou wouldst have been. volt volna, he would have been. voltunk volna, we would have been. voltatok volna, you would have been. voltak volna, they would have been. Infinitive Mood. lenni, to be. THE VERB. 55 With the Personal Suffixes."^ lennem^ I — to be. lennünk, we — to be. lenned, thou — to be. lennetek, you — to be. leymie, he — to be. lenniök, they — to be. Participles. Present. Past. Future. való, levő, lévő, being. volt, been. leendő, about to be. Adverbial Participles. leve, being. levén, having been. Potential Form. lehet, may or can be. In conjugating a verb, the same euphonic rules are to be observed as has been the case with the nouns. Verbs follow three classes of inflections. To the first class belong all flat- sounding verbs ; to the second belong verbs whose vowel, or (if polysyllable) whose last vowel, is e ; and to the third class belong verbs with ö or ü in the last syllable. Verbs with neuter vowels (e or i) belong to Class 1 or 2. For further particulars, see the following examples : — Conjugation of the Transitive Verbs. First Conjugation : varni, to sow. * For the better understanding of the infinitive with the personal sufSx the student may add the verb ^-eZZene, " ought," to it; as, lennem Tcellene, I ought to be, &c. 56 A HUNGARIAN GRAMMAR. Indicative Mood. Present Tense. Indefinite Form. var-oh, I sow. var-szj thou sowest. var, he sows. var-unk, we sow. var-toky you sow. var-nak, they sow. Definite Form. var-oMy I sow (it). var-od, thou sowest (it). var-ja, he sows (it). var-juky we sow (it). var-jdtoJc, you sow (it). var-jdkj they sow (it). Imperfect Tense. Indefinite Form. var-ék, I sowed. var-dl, thou sowedst. var-a, he sowed. var-dnk, we sowed. var-dtoh, you sowed. var-dnah, they sowed. Indefinite Form. varrtam, I have sown. var-tdl, thou hast sown, uar-i, he has sown. var-tunk, we have sown, Definite Form. var-dm, I sowed (it). var-dd, thou sowedst (it). var-d, he sowed (it). var-ók, we sowed (it). var-dtok, you sowed (^it). var-dkf they sowed (it). Past Tense. Definite Form. var-fam, I have sown (it). var-tad, thou hast sown (it). var-ta, he has sown (it). var-tuky we have sown (it). THE VERB. 57 Indefinite Form. var-tatokj you have sown. var-taky they have sown. Definite Form. var-tdtoh, you have sown (it). var-tdk, they have sown (it). Pluperfect Tense. This is the same as the past tense, after which volt or vala is put ; as — vártam vala (or volt), I had sown. vartál vala (or volt), thou hadst sown, &c. Future Tense. Indefinite Form. varni fogoJc, I shall sow. „ fogsz, thou wilt sow. ,, fog, he will sow. „ fogunk, we will sow. „ fogtok, you will sow. „ fognak, they will sow. Definite Form. varni fogom, I shall sow (it). „ fogod, thou wilt sow (it). „ fogja, he will sow (it). ,, fogjuk, we will sow (it). „ fogjdtok, you will sow (it). „ fogják: , they will sow (it). Imperative Mood. Present Tense. Indefinite Form. varj, do thou sow. várjon, let him sow. varjúnk, let us sow. varjatok, sow you. varjának, let them sow. Definite Form. várjad, sow thou (it). varja, let him sow (it). varjuk, let us sow (it). varjátok, you sow (it). ják, let them sow (it). 58 A HUNGARIAN GRAMMAR. Subjunctive Mood. Indefinite Foi Hogy— ^ varjak, Present Tense, ^m. Definite Form. Hogy— várjam varj, várjad várjon that I might or should sow. varja varjúnk that thou mightest or shouldst sow. varjuk varjato k varjátok varjának / V varjak Past Tense. hogy vártam légyen, that I should or might have been sowing. This tense is formed by putting légyen after the past tense of the indicative, and the conjunction hogy set before it; for the sake of brevity, therefore, only the first person will be put down in the following examples, as the student can complete the rest after the rules given here : — hogy variam légyen hogy vártam légyen hogy vartál légyen hogy vártad légyen hogy vart légyen, &c. hogy várta légyen, &c. Future Tense. ha varandok, if I should sow „ varandasz, if thou shouldst sow „ varand, if he should sow ,, varandja ,, varandunk, if we should sow „ varandjuk ha varandom „ varandod THE VEKB. 5^ ha varandotohf if you should sow ha varandjátoh „ varandanaJcj if they should sow „ varandják Conditional Mood. Present Tense. varnéhy / várnám varnál varnád várna might, should, várná varnánlc or would sow. varnak várnátok várnának / várnátok \ várnák vártam volna x vartál „ vart „ &c. Past Tense. should or would have sown. l vártam volna vártad „ várta „ The past tense of the indicative mood with volna. Infinitive, varni, to sow. With the Personal Suffixes: — Singular : várnom, vamod, várnia. Plural : vamunk, vamotok, varniok. Participles. Present : va7^ó. Past : varott. Future : várandó. sowing. sown. to be sown. Adverbial Participles : varva ; várván. Second Conjugation : verni, to beat. Note. — In the following examples the English rendering has not been given, as the student can supply it for himself. 60 A HUNGARIAN GRAMMAR. Indicative Mood. Prese Qt Tense. Imperfect Tense. definite. Definite. Indefinite. Definite. verek verem verek verem versz vered verél vered ver veri vére véré verünk verjük verénk verők vertek veritek veretek veretek vernek verik vérének verek Past Tense. Future Tense. vertem vertem veimi fogok verni fogom vertél verted „ fogsz „ fogod vert verte „ fog ,1 fogja vertünk vertük ,, fogunk „ fogjuk vertetek vertétek „ fogtok „ fogjátok vertek vertek „ fognak „ fogjdk Pluperfect : as past tense wiili volt or vala. Imperative Mood. Present Tense. Indefinite. verj verjen verjünk verjetek verjenek Definite. verjed verje verjük verjétek ve THE VERB. 61 Subjunctive Mood. Present Tense. Future 3 Tense. liog^ / verjek Jiogy verjem ha verendek lia verendem verj „ verjed „ verendesz „ ver ended verjen „ verje „ ver end „ verendi verjünk „ verjük j, verendünk „ verendjük verjetek „ verjétek „ verendetek „ verenditek verjenek „ verjék „ verendenek „ verendik Past Tense : hogy vertem légyen, &c. Conditional Mood. Present Tense. Past Tense. vernék verném vertem volna vertem volna vernél vernéd vertél ,5 verted „ verne verné vert ,, verte „ vernénk vernők vertünk „ vertük „ vernétek vernétek vertetek „ vertétek ,, vernének vernék vertek „ -yeríe'y^ „ Infinitive. verm. With tlie Personal Pronoun : — Singular : vernéin, verned, vernie. Plural : vernünk, vernetek, verniök. 62 A HUNGARIAN GRAMMAR. Parti cÍ2:>Ies. Present : verő. Past : vert. Future : verendő. Adverbial Participles : verve ; vervén. The Third Conjugation differs írom the Second only in the present tense of the indicative mood, and in the infinitive mood, which are as follows : tő7mi, to break : — Indicative Mood, törők töröm törsz tőröd tőr töri törünh törjük tőrtök töritök törnek törik Infinitive. törnöm törnöd törnie törnünk tömőtök törniők In the third person singular of the imjoerative and subjunc- tive (present tense), the forms also differ in the indefinite ; as, törjön (not tőrjén). All other forms are the same as in the second conjugation. Verbs ending with s, sz, or z, double their final letter in place of taking a J in the imperative and subjunctive mood; and in the present tense of the indicative mood of the definite form; for instance — hoz-zak, not lioz-jak; Jioz-za „ hoz-ja, &c. THE VERB. 63 Verbs ending with t preceded by i or a liquid consonant take in the imperative and subjunctive mood an s instead of ^*; as gytijteni, to collect : — Imperative and Subjunctive. gyűjtsek, not gyüjtjelc, gyűjts, „ gyiijtj; güjtsön, „ gyűjtőn, &c. But in the present tense of the indicative mood these retain thej. Monosyllabic verbs ending in t preceded by a vowel other than {, and all causal verbs, change their final t into s in the imperative and subjunctive present tense. If a verb ends with t which is preceded by sz, the final t is dropped in the imperative and subjunctive, and sz is then doubled. If a verb ends with a double consonant, or with a single hard consonant, that would not admit an easy pronunciation of the ending -m, the infinitive ending will then be -am or eni ; instead of -ni ; as, hallani, to hear. In such cases all inflections begin- ning with a consonant are joined to the verb with a vowel ; for instance, liall-ott, not liall-t, &c. These rules will be better explained by the following ex- amples : — 64 A HUNGARIAN GRAMMAR. Synopsis of the Conjdcation Note. — The first three shoiv the regular forms, and 1.— rar-ííí, to sow. 2.—ver-ni, to beat. S.—tör-ni, to break. 4. — hoz-ni. Indefinite. Definite. Indefinite. Definite. Indefinite. Definite. Indefinite, (takes "z" in- var -ok var -om ver -ek ver -em tör -ök tör -öm hoz -ok . sz - -od — -sz — -ed — sz --öd — -asz g _ --ja — — -i — — -i — — -unk --juk — -ünk --jük ünk --jük unk — -tok - -játok --tek - -itek --tök — -itök --tok i — -nak - -ják — -nek — -ik --nek — -ik — -nak — -tk — -ám --ék --ém ^ --ál — -ád — -él --éd t> 1 — -a - -ánk — -á --ók — -e --énk é --ök Ás No. 2. ÁS c — -átok — -átok - -étek - -étek — -ának - -ák - -ének — -ék — -tarn — -tara — -tem tem - - -tál - -tad - -tél --ted — Qh — -t — -tünk — -ta tuk — -t — -tünk - -te - -tük As No. 2, --ott The rest — -tatok tatok — etetek — -tétek — -tak — -ták --tek - -ték o --jak — -jam --jek — -jem — — --zak .— -■j --jad --j --jed — — z CO o — -jon --ja — -jen --je törjön — zon ^ Ph - -junk --juk — -jünk --jük — — — -zunk a a — -játok - -janak - -játok --ják - -Jetek — -jenek — -jétek - -jék The rest like No. 2. zatok — -zanak - -nék — -nám — -nék ném -5 — -nál --nád - -nél --néd .2 o c — -na — -nánk — -nátok ná — -nók — -nátok ne — -nénk — -nétek né - -n6'k — -nétek As No. 2. As nának --nák nének nék lufinit. var-nom, •nunk, -no -nod, -nia ; tok, -niok. ver-nem, - nünk, -ne ned, -uie ; tek, -niök. tör-nöm, -nöd, nie ; -nünk, -nőtök, -niök. As THE VERB. 65 OF THE Verb Active. the rest the euphonic changes of letters. C to bring, I to fetch. d.—tanit-ani, to teach. Q.—halaszt-ani, to delay. 7.—lát-ni, to see. Indefinite. | Definite. i Dcfmitc. stead of "j") (takes "s"histead of "j" n the hnper. and " a " before suffix with a consonant.) Indefinite, i Definite. Indefinite. Definite. hoz -om tanit -ok tanit -om halaszt -ok — -od — -asz - -od — -asz — -za - -ja — -juk --zuk — -unk — -unk As No. 1. AsNo.l. zátok — -atok — -játok - -ótok — -zák — -anak - -ják — -anak No. 1. As No. 1. As No. 1. As No. 1. — -ottam — -ottam — -tarn — — -ottál — -ottad - -tál - — -ott — -ottunk — -otta — -ottuk As No. 5. - -ott — -tünk AsNo.l. as No. 1. — -ottatok — -ottak — -tatok — -ottak — -ottuk - -tak zam - -sak — -sam (drops the " t") (changes "t" into "s")] — -zad — -s — -sad halasz -szak halasz -szám lás -sak las -sam za --zuk — -zátok — -son — -sunk — -satok — -sa — -suk — -sutok — -sz — -szón — -szunk — -szátok — -szád — -sza — -szúk — -szátok — s — son sunk - -satok sad sa suk - -sátok --zák — -sanak — -sák — -szanak — -szák — -sanak --sák — -anék — -anám — -anal anád No. 1. — -ana — -anánk — -anátok — -anának — -aná — -anók — -anátok — -anák As No. 5. As No. 1. As No. 1, with the vowel No. 1. "a," as, tanit-a-nom, &c. As No. 5. As No. I. €6 A IIUNGAIIIAN GRAMMAR. All other moods and tenses are conjugated regularly. The intransitive active verbs are conjugated like the in- definite form of the transitives. II. Medial Verbs (with -tie). Medial verbs, as has been said already, are of three kinds : deponent, passive, and neuter. The two last mentioned have only an indefinite form ; the deponents, however, if they are of such a meaning that they may be used in a transitive sense, can be declined also in the definite form of the active verb. Such verbs are, for instance : lal'yii^ to dwell (neuter sense); and lalni, to inhabit (transitive sense, because there must be an object which is inhabited). In the indefinite form these are always conjugated like neuter (medial) verbs, and in the definite like the active verb ; as — Indefinite. lakom, I dwell lalol, thou dwellest laJjil:, he dwells lakurú-, we dwell laktol-j you dwell lalnal', they dwell Definite. lakom, I inhabit \ m O I o i are made of the substantives tnidt^ the past, and ÖVV, the future, with the retaining suffixes -Ian, -hen. 80 A HUNGARIAN GRAMMAR. Affirmatives are : igen^ yes. Negatives : we, not; nem, no, not ; sem, neither, not even. Note. — Ne is used only before the imperative and subjunctive moods of the verbs ; in all other cases nem is used ; as, liogy ne irjaL; That I shall not write ; nem irok, I don't write. Comparison of Adverbs. The comparative of derivative adverbs is made in the same manner as that of the adjectives from which they are derived, their significant termination being put after the suffix of com- parison : as — Adjective : szép szebb legszebb Adverb : szépen szebben legszebben Of primitive adverbs only a few admit of the comparative ; some will take the comparative or the superlative only, and are therefore defective ; as — 1. Távol, distant; távolabb legtávolabb 2. Erre, this way ; errébb (has no superl.) Ö. Elől, in front; legelöl, iovemost (has no compar.) An exception is inknhh, which has no positive, but is used only in the comparative and superlative : inkább, sooner, rather ; lerjfinJcábbj soonest, especially (both used to express preference). CONJUNCTIONS. "81 CONJUNCTIONS. ' A conjunction is a part of speech that joins together words or sentences ; as, anyám és atyúiriy my father and my mother. They are : — 1. Copulative: és (abbrev. '5), and; is, also; meg, and; pedig, but, yet ; mégis, still, and yet ; ismét, again ; hogy, that ; sem, neither. 2. Disjunctive : vagy, or. Here are to be mentioned which are repeated or united in the same clause ; as, vagy — vagy, either — or ; álcár — akcir, whether — or ; sem — sem, neither — nor. 3. Opposing : de, hanem, but ; ámde, though ; egyébiránt, besides ; különben, else. 4. Explanative : azaz, that is ; vagyis, or. 5. Causal : mivel, mert, because ; minthogy, since, as, because. 6. Conclusive : hcit, tehát, azért^ therefore. 7. Concessive : bcir, cünbár, habár, noha, jóllehet, although (granted that it is so). 8. Exceptive : csak, csakis, csupán, mindazáltal, nevertheless, in spite of that, 9. Conditional : ha, hogyha, hacsak^ if. 10. Emphatic : sőt, inkább, sőt7nég. These have no corre- sponding form in English, but are construed thus : sot szeretni fogom., on the contrary, I will like it. 11. Locative: oíí-/io?, there- where ; «/iömia?i, whence. 12. Final : hcit, tehát, therefore ; egyébiránt, otherwise, although ; elvégre, utoljára, concluding, at last, finally. 82 A HUNGARIAN GRAMMAR. ' INTERJECTIONS. Interjections are words which signify a sudden emotion oi the mind, — For grief : ! oh ! jaj ! alas. ?) joy : j'uh ! juhuhu ! &c. GENDER. The Hungarian has no grammatical gender. N ain i LJ applying >^ tojnale4^j;»OB#'Rre'ma8oulii^, and those of íeeitdow fcHiiuiiie. "i To names or titles of male persons the ending ~né is affixed to denote the wife of that person : as, Deákné^ the wife of Deák ; szinészné, the wife of an actor. But if she herself were an actress it would be színész ( = actor or actress). In such cases often the word 7iő ( = woman) is joined to it, to denote that the person spoken of is a woman; e.g., színésznő, an actress. The gender of animals is expressed by putting Jii?n ( = male), or nőstény = (female), before the respective name ; as — kirn farkas, a he- wolf. nőstény farkas, a she- wolf. But these apply of course, only to animals. ETYMOLOGY. Etymology treats of the forming of words. "Words are formed in two ways : (a) by means of affixes called formatives ; (h) by putting together of words. The first class are called derivatives ; the latter compounds. ETYMOLOGY. 83 Formatives (Hungarian : képző) are particles or affixes which are joined to the word in order to give it another signification. A distinction is to be made between the affixes used for declension and conjugation, and the formatives (affixes for forming new words). Those modify only the meaning ex- pressed in the crude (uninflected) form ; while the latter create new ideas ; as, ház^ house ; házaló^ pedlar ; házasság^ matri- mony, marriage, &c. Furthermore, a word being inflected cannot take a formative, and so form new ideas ; while a word with a formative affix constitutes a new word, capable of being inflected according to the part of speech to which it then belongs. Derivatives may also take formatives and form again new words, in which case the derivative is called the primitive of the new word. In the following example each preceding word is the primitive or stem-word of the following derivative : — hare (substantive), battle. harci (adjective), pertaining to battle. harcias (adjective), valorous, warlike. harciaskod-(ni) (verb), to battle, to be engaged in war. harciaskodds (abstract substantive), struggle, the state of being in war, challenging. harciaskoddsi (adjective), pertaining to struggle, war or fighting. 84 A HUNGARIAN GRAMMAR. By this it will be seen how rich the Hungarian language is in its capacity for forming words and expressing the finer shades of meaning. In the following the principal formatives only are given. To give all of them would exceed the limits of this book, and would be, moreover, quite superfluous, as most of the derivatives are to be found in the dictionaries. I. Substantives are formed : {a) by adding sag, séf to adjectives; as, szépség, beauty • jóság, goodness. (b) by adding -as, -és to verbs : alvás, sleeping j állás (from áll(m) to stand), position, standing ; (c) by adding -as, -es, -as, or -ár, -ér to substantives, new substantives are formed ; as — asztal, table; asztalos, joiner. kés, knife ; késes, cutler. kád, coop, tub ; Mdár, cooper. (d) All present participles of the verb may be used as sub- stantives : — olvasó, reader ; arató, reaper. (e) Diminutives of substantives are formed in different ways. The principal forms are : — -ka, -ke ; lány-ka, a little girl. -ocska, ecske; aUak-ocska, a small window. ETYMOLOGY. 85 II. Adjectives are formed by adding : — (a) -as, -OS, -es, -ős, to substantives ; as — hel?/, place ; helves, proper (i.e. in the right place). ág?/, bed ; f'ff^cis, furnished with beds. a7'any, gold ; aranyos, golden, or covered with gold. (h) -talan or -telen are the negatives of the foregoing ; as — helytelen, improper. ágytalan, without beds. aránytalan, without gold, (c) -i, mostly used after names of places. It denotes " per- taining to," or may be rendered in English by " of"; as — Budapesti, of Budapest, or pertaining to Budapest, házi, domestic. ((/) Diminutives are derived by adding -s, to adjectives end- ing with a vowel ; or -es, -ás, -os to those ending in a con- sonant ; as — sárga, yellow ; sárgás, yellowish. öreg, old; öreges, elderly. III. Verbs are formed by adding : — («) -al, -ol, -el, or -oz, -ez, to substantives, which become then active verbs ; as — házal{ni), "^ to peddle. vasal(ni), to iron. ablakoz{ni), to furnish with windows. * The ending -ni belongs to the class of suffixes, and not to the for- matives. 86 A HUNGARIAN GRAMMAR. (b) it, -ÚI, -Ül, to adjectives ; the former for transitive, and the latter for intransitive verbs ; as — kékit, he makes blue ; kékül, it is getting blue (by itself). (c) -oz, -ÖZ, -ez, -áz, to postpositions ; as — aláz{ni), to humble. túlozni, to exaggerate : &c. (d) -etlen, atlan, will negative a verb ; as, váratlan, unsown ; and the word becomes then an adjective. These are the principal formatives, and all which is necessary to know, all other derivatives being found in the dictionaries. Derivatives may also be formed by the putting together of words. But a distinction must then be made between com- pounds and derivatives. To the former belong all compounds retaining the primitive meaning of the respective words ; as, for instance, vasajtó, an iron door (made of ras = iron, and ajtó — door) . To the derivatives belong compounds forming new ideas; e.g.,— Szépanya, great-grandmother. If written separately — széj') anya — it would mean ^' a pretty mother." Nagybátya, uncle ; but nagy bátya means " a tall (elder) brother." SYNTAX. 87 SYNTAX. Syntax teaches us how to put words together so as to form sentences. The meanings of the different forms of the noun and verb having been fully explained in the Accidence, there remains but little to say about this part of the subject. The following rules will, however J be found useful : — The elements of the sentence are the agent, the predicate, and the object. Nouns and verbs, having in each case a significant termina- tion, are independent of their place in the sentence, and therefore the construction of Hungarian is very free. As a principal and leading rule it may be given, that the words follow the same order as the ideas occur. In the sentence — János szereti Marit, John loves Mary — the words might be placed in any order without altering the mean- ing of the sentence. The emphasis rests chiefly on the first word ; and accordingly as we want to impress upon the hearer the person who loves, or the person (object) that is loved, or the fact that the person we speak of is in love, the respective word would be put in the first place. Thus the example given above would admit of six different arrangements : 12 3, 13 2, 213, 312, 321, 231, all of which would be equally grammatical and of the same meaning, although the emphasis would differ in each case. 88 A HUNGARIAN GRAMMAR. If the predicate is an adjective or a substantive, it is put after the subject without any copula ; as — A leány szep, the girl is pretty. Az épület szálloda, the building is an hotel. But if these statements are not true at the time of speaking, but have been at some past, or presumably will be at some future period, the time is expressed by putting the appropriate tense of the verb van, " to be" after the predicate; e.g. — A leány szép volt, the girl was pretty. As épület szálloda fog lenni, the building will be an hotel. The verb van, when used as a copula between subject and predicate, stands always immediately after the latter. Thus, for instance, if the order of subject and predicate were reversed the above sentence would be : szép volt a leány. There may be also parenthetical clauses in English for which no other rules need be given than those to be found in English grammars. THE END. PRIXTED EY BALLAXTYNE. HAXSOX AND CO. LONDOX AND EDINBURGH CATALOGUE OP IMPORTANT WORKS, PUBLISHED BY TIRTJBISrEIEi Sz: CO- 57 AND 59 LUDGATE HILL. ABEL.— Linguistic Essays. By Carl Abel. Contents: Language as the Expres- sion of National Modes of Thought — The Conception of Love in some Ancient and Modern Languages— The English Verbs of Command— The Discrimination of Synonyms — Philological Methods — The Connection between Dictionary and Gram- mar — The Possibility of a Common Literary Language for the Slav Nations — Coptic Intensification — The Origin of Language — The Order and Position of Words in the Latin Sentence. Post 8vo, pp. xii. and 282, cloth. 1882. 9s. ABRAHAMS. — A Manual of Scripture History for Use in Jewish Schools and Families. By L. B. Abrahams, B.A., Princiiial Assistant Master, Jews' Free School. "With Map and Appendices, Crown 8vo, pp. viii. and 152, cloth. 1882. Is. 6d. AGASSIZ.— An Essay on Classification. By Louis Agassiz. 8vo, pp. vii. and 381. cloth. 1859. 12s. AHLWARDT.— The Divans of the Six Ancient Arabic Poets, EnnIbiga, 'Antara, Tharafa, Zuhair, 'Alquama, and Imruulquais ; chiefly according to the MSS. of Paris, Gotha, and Leyden, and the Collection of their Fragments, with a List of the various Readings of the Text. Edited by W. Ahlwardt, Professor of Oriental Languages at the University of Greifswald. Demy 8vo, pp. xxx. and 340, sewed. 1870. 12s. AHN. —Practical Grammar op the German Language. By Dr. F. Ahn. A New Edition. By Dr. Dawson Turner, and Prof, F, L. Weinmann. Crown 8vo, pp. cxii. and 430, cloth, 1878, 3s. 6d. AHN.— New, Practical, and Easy Method of Learning the German Language. By Dr. F. Ahn. First and Second Course. Bound in 1 vol. 12mo, pp. 86 and 120, cloth. 1866. 3s. AHN. —Key to Ditto. 12mo, pp. 40, sewed. 8d. AHN. — Manual of German and English Conversations, or Vade Mecum for Eno-- lish Travellers. 12mo, pp. x. and 137, cloth. 1875. Is. 6d. 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