THE REPUBLIC OF GUATEMALA GUSTAVO NIEDERLEIN CHIBF OF THE SCIENTIFIC DEPARTMENT THE PHILADELPHIA COMMERCIAL MUSEUM UCSB LIBRARY E REPUBLIC OF GUATEMALA GUSTAVO NIEDERLEIN CHIEF OF THE SCIENTIFIC DEPARTMENT OF THE PHILADELPHIA MUSEUMS PHILADELPHIA 1898 THE PHILADELPHIA COMMERCIAL MUSEUM THE PHILADELPHIA MUSEUMS, Established by Ordinance of City Councils, 1891, 233 South Fourth Street. BOARD OF TRUSTEES. Ex-Offlclo. HON. DANIEL H. HASTINGS, Governor of Pennsylvania. HON. CHARLES F. WARWICK, Mayor of the City of Philadelphia. JAMES L. MILES, President of Select Council. WENCEL HARTMAN, President of Common Council. SAMUEL B. HUEY. President of the Board of Public Education. DR. EDWARD BROOKS, Superintendent of Public Schools. NATHAN C. SCHAEFFER, state Superintendent of Public Schools. J. T. ROTHROCK, B.S., M.D., State Forestry Commissioner. Permanent Trustees. WILLIAM PEPPER, M.D., LL.D., THOMAS MEEHAN. CHARLES H. CRAMP, DANIEL BAUGH, THOMAS DOLAN, W. W. POULKROD, <5EORGE F. EDMUNDS, FRANK THOMSON, WILLIAM L. ELKINS, JOHN WANAMAKER, MRS. CORNELIUS STEVENSON, Sc.D., P. A. B. WIDBNBR, SIMON GRATZ, SYDNEY L. WRIGHT. OFFICERS OF THE BOARD OF TRUSTEES. WM. PEPPER, M.D., LL.D., President. CHARLES H. CRAMP, Vice-President. SYDNEY L. WRIGHT, Treasurer. WILLIAM M. WATTS, Secretary. OFFICERS OF THE MUSEUM. WM. P. WILSON, Sc.D., Director. WILLIAM HARPER, Chief of the Bureau of Information. C. A. GREEN, Assistant Chief of the Bureau of Information. WILFRED H. SCHOFF, Foreign Secretary of the Bureau of Information. QUSTAVB NIEDERLEIN, Chief of the Scientific Department. WM. B. MARSHALL, Curator of Natural Products. LOUIS J. MATOS, Chief of Laboratories. Introduction* HIS monograph treats of the topography, geology, mineral wealth and soils of Guatemala; it describes its climate; it details its flora and fauna with reference to their economic value; it displays the distribution of Guatemalan population according to race, wealth, communities and social conditions; it examines the agricultural development of the Republic including its live stock and forests; and, finally, it recounts the most important features of its commerce, in- dustry, finance, and of its economic and political conditions. It is made up of observations and studies pursued in 1897 and 1898, during seven and a half months of economic and scientific explorations in Central America, and of compilations gathered with care from authoritative manuscripts, books and official documents and publications. Respect has been shown to the work of men of originality in research and thought, and care has been taken to adhere closely to the original text wh^n either quoting or translating. The Republic of Guatemala. i. TOPOGRAPHY, GEOLOGY, MINERAL WEALTH AND SOILS. Guatemala lies between 13 42' and 17 19' northern lati- tude and between 88 10' and 92 30' longitude, west of Green- wich. Its area is calculated to be 50,600 square miles, or about 125,100 square kilometers. Its limits are bounded by Mexico, British Honduras, the Atlantic Ocean, State of Honduras, Salvador and the Pacific Ocean. The Atlantic coast is about 185 kilometers long and the Pacific coast 260 kilometers. Guatemala has three great orographical zones, namely: 1. A northern zone, which is relatively low, comprising the larger part of the Department of Peten. It consists of a series of elevations abundant in cones of denudation, attaining an altitude of 400 meters on the southeast of San Felipe, and of 500 on the south of Tenosigue. It is also interspersed with plains of small extent, so that it has a mountainous aspect, although there are no mountains of importance. 2. A central zone, composed of mountain ranges, running generally from west to east, and divided into chains of cre- taceous and tertiary' formations in the north, and chains of palaeozoic and archaic formations, which begin in the Depart- ment of Quiche, pass into Baja Verapaz and continue in the Sierras of Las Minas or del Mico. This zone has considerable elevation, rising in Los Altos Cuchumatanes (Department of Huehuetenango) to 3,800 meters; in the mountains of Xucaneb (Department of Verapaz) 2,550 m.; in the intermediary mountains of Pocolpa, or Chama, 1,900 m.; in the mountains to the east of the Hacienda de San Vicente to 3,000 m., and in the mountains of San Gil, eastward of Izabal, to 2,000 m. All the mountains of Verapaz slope down toward the east. Only a small calcareous chain near Livingston, on the Gulf of Amatique, rises in another direction to a height of 350 meters. 3. A southern zone, formed chiefly by eruptive mountain chains, which culminate in volcanoes like those of Tacana (4,150 meters), Tajamulco (3,540 m.), Lacandon. Cerro Quemado, Santa Maria, Zunil, San Pedro, Atitlan, Toliman, Cerro de Oro, Acatenango (3,906 m.), Fuego (4,260 m.), Agua (4,120 m.), Pacaya (basalt), Cerro Redondo (basalt), Tecuamburro, Jumaytepeque, Moyuta, Chingo, Amayo, Culma, Talmal, Suchitan (basalt), Itzetepeque (basalt), Papalcuapa (basalt), Monterico (basalt), Ipala (basalt), and Jumay. All volcanoes which are not formed of basalt are of andesite rock. This zone is generally called the Cordillera de los Andes, which runs through the country from northwest to southeast at a distance of from 50 to 80 km. from the Pacific Ocean, and has an average height of 1,950 meters. Another division of the mountain system of Guatemala is as follows: 1. The Cordillera de los Andes, parallel with the Pacific Ocean. 2. The Sierra Madre, beginning at the volcano of Tacana and following an irregular line through the Department of Huehuetenango, Totonicapan and Alta Verapaz, and project- ing through British Honduras to the Atlantic. 3. The Sierra de Chama, a range of the Sierra Madre, which passes from Verapaz in a tortuous line toward the east. 4. The Sierra de Santa Cruz, a range starting from the Sierra de Chama, following the direction of the Cahabon and Polochic Rivers, and continuing north of Lake Izabal until it disappears at the Gulf of Amatique. 5. The Sierra de las Minas (or Mico Mountain), beginning north of Coban, running thence between the Polochic and Motagua Rivers, and south of Lake Izabal, and ending between the Bay of San Tomas 'and the. Motagua near the Atlantic coast. 6. The Sierra de Copan, a spur of the Cordilleras, crosses the Department of Santa Rosa, passes west of the lagoon of Ayarsa, rises again toward the north, makes a curve between the city of Esquipulas and the mines of Alotepeque, and stretches to the chain of mountains which separates Guatemala from Honduras. 7. The mountains of Azulco, Conguaco and Moyuta, which form an isolated group of the Cordillera, culminating in the volcano of Tecuamburro. The principal river flowing to the Gulf of Mexico is the Usamacinta, and its affluents are the Rio de las Salinas, Rio de la Pasion and Rio Lacandon. After receiving the San Pedro this great river takes the name of Rio Tabasco in Mexico. To the Atlantic Ocean run the Rio Hondo and the Rio Belize. Into the Gulf of Honduras, which opens into the same ocean, empty the Rio Sarstoon and the Motagua, as well as the River Dulce, the outlet of Lake Izabal, which on its part receives the Rio Polochic. Tributaries of the Pacific Ocean are the Rio de Paz, Rio de los Esclavos, Rio de Michatoya, Rio Guacalate, Rio Coya- late, Rio Patulul, Rio Nagualate, Rio Samala, Rio Tilapa, Rio Naranjo and Rio Suchiate. All of these have their origin in the Cordillera de los Andes or in the adjacent highlands. Only one river of all the Pacific tributaries is navigable. It is the Rio Michatoya, on which boats can ascend to its con- fluence with the Maria Linda. On the other hand, the Atlantic tributaries are nearly all navigable to a certain extent, as the Rio Usumacinta, the Rio de las Salinas, also called Rio Negro above a place known as Nueve Cerros; the Rio de la Pasion from its confluence with the Rio Chajmaita; the Rio Sarstoon, which is the boundary line between Belize and Guatemala below the rapids of Gracias a Dios; the Rio Polochic below Panzos; the Rio Motagua below Gualan, and the Rio Dulce, as well as Lake Izabal, through their entire extent. The principal lakes are: Izabal 90km (58m.) long, 20 km. (12% m ) wide. Peteu 6 Flores . Tezacualpa .... Ay ana 4H ' 12 It (30m ) (7%m ) (7 '.$ m ) 10 11 1 12 (7m.)'' (Tl/, m ) Atitlan 29 (18m.) ' 11 \ /Z "* / 7m.) Ain.it i t Ian .... 12 (71/2 m ) ' 4 ('M m ) Ginia.., 25 (12V, m.) ' a \" '2 *"/ (5V m.) Of these there is steam navigation on Lakes Izabal, Atitlan and Amatitlan. The principal seaports are: ON THK ATLANTIC. Liringston, Puerto Barrios, Jzabal and Santo Tomas. ON THE PACIFIC. San .lost?, Champerico and Ocos. The river ports are : Iztapa, Tejocote, Gualan and Panzos. As already indicated, a great variety of characters is shown in the geological structure of Guatemala. In the first place," the Quaternary formation (alluvium an| 16 16 l7% i 18V 2 19% 19% 19 18% 18% 10% 113% r ivt% iv Jy 2 isy 2 iy, j ID^ ie; 17 .16% 16 15% 16% 15% 14% 12 Dr. Sapper estimates that for each 100 meters of elevation the temperature is diminished by one-half of a centigrade de- gree. Naturally, clouds, rainfalls and high winds modify the regularity of temperature. The atmospheric humidity is high all over the country, except in the dry regions situated between humid or moist mountains, as, for instance, in Salama and in the valley of the Motagua River. Its maximum is about sunrise, and the mini- mum between two and three o'clock in the afternoon, depend- ing upon the temperature. Electric phenomena, the direction of the winds and also the vegetation sensibly modify the sat- uration of the air. Thunderstorms are frequent from May to 16 September, but seldom occur during other parts of the year. They come on mostly in the afternoon between half-past two and half-past six o'clock. In regard to rainfall, it is a general rule that regions con- fronting moist winds from the ocean have an abundant pre- cipitation, and that regions defended by mountain ranges from the incursion of sea winds are dry. Guatemala, having a com- plicated topographical configuration, has for this reason great varieties of rainfall in different parts of the country. Nearly all the curves of rainfall present two maxima, both urring a little after the sun has passed the zenith of each locality that is, in June or July and in September. Some places in the north show a third maximum, and other places^ such as Senahu, only one, which comes in August. Dr. Sapper observed in Alta Verapaz and along the At- lantic coast a considerable rainfall distributed throughout the year, a little heavier in October and December, and less from January to April. In Los Altos, known as Costa Cuca, he found the rainfall very heavy, and occurring mostly from April to October. Further north, in Quezaltenango and in Salama, he ob- served less precipitation, and it occurred mostly from May to September. After that time there followed a long dry season. In the City of Guatemala and surrounding highlands he noted a dry season quite as long and as well pronounced, but the total amount of rainfall was considerably larger, the moist winds from the Pacific having freer access to these localities. More particulars are found in the following table of aver- age rainfall in millimeters for different regions: 2S -; 111 a 1 _= M 1 5 |= Si f O : i Puerto Harrios. . .. 2 m. 140 155 85 l'"O 160 320 5% 490 2SO IfiO 4:!0 24.1 '(|| ISO 210 125 70 2tiO :- 300 510 59*3 400 280 getal 720 17o 300 270 70 300 o't> li'H 51 KI 4.".U 620 330 420 090 o 90 1- 70 110 20 A Seuahu iHH) 180 100 80 10 r > 500 6''0 8'K) ;^i'i 16ol 11p; I.as Mercedes I.OM 215 445 5(l 470 MO i:i'. fifl i in 11(1 100 60 2JO 3'20 810 10 ' i'i '''iO 210 170 (Guatemala 1.4*") 10 8 5 ''O 75 I4o -'fid -'7.-, >>.-, 180 15 Qut-zaltenango 2,:.''.0 90 16 J 1(0 75 120 20 10 Hail seldom falls in the Republic of Guatemala; frosts have been observed only in regions above 1,800 meters eleva- tion, and snow has only been seen in regions above 3,100 me- ters. The climate, taken all in all, is healthy. Fevers are con- fined to the coast lands, which are very warm and moist. 1 8 III. CHA&ACTEB OF VEGETATION. The vegetation of Guatemala, as Mr. Hemsley says, >s probably as varied as that of Southern Mexico, but there are no large desert tracts, as in Northern Mexico. The main mountain chain is an extension of that of Chia- pas, Mexico, and attains its greatest elevation in Quezal- tenango, Chimaltenango and Guatemala, where it consists of upland plains stretching away to the north, surrounded by high hills and with the outline broken on the Pacific side by volcanoes. These highland plains are, for the most part, com- paratively free from the denser growth of trees, and are, where not under cultivation, covered with grass upon which sheep and cattle graze. The surrounding hills are clothed with pines and oaks to an elevation of 10,000 to 11,000 feet, but they are mostly of low growth. A dense forest covers the slopes of the Cordillera toward the Pacific from an elevation of from 5,000 to 6,000 feet, and this blends with the lowland forests, which are denser and less broken at the foot of the Cordillera, but toward the ocean shore they are interspersed with palms and other trees, or with open stretches of rank grass. A long, narrow mountain ridge leaves the Cordillera not far from Totonicapan, and at first forms the watershed between the Rio Xegro (Chisoy or Salinas) and Motagua. Then it divides, one branch separating the Motagua and 19 the Polochic valleys, the other the Polochic and the waters of the Rio Xegro or Salinas and the Rio de La Pasion. The upper part of the valley of Motagua consists of plains covered chiefly with oaks and pines, the former loaded with orchids and Bromeliacece (including Tillandsia iisneoidcs}. Lower down the valley contracts, and its sides are cov- ered with a shrubby forest mingled with pines, but the higher slopes are clothed with oaks, which are also loaded with 7V/- landsia and orchids, such as Oncidium, Epidendrum, Pleurothal- lis and others. The hills then recede, and the valley expands into open and comparatively barren plains covered with Mimosae and Cacti. This vegetation is again succeeded rather suddenly be- tween Zacapa and Gualan by rich virgin forests, and these con- tinue to the Atlantic. The valleys of the Polochic and Cahabon Rivers take their rise in Alta Verapaz, in a rainy district covered with dense vegetation, a large portion of which is under cultivation. The ancient forests have for the most part given place to a second growth of woods, which are "cut and burnt from time to time for plantations of Indian corn, sugar, coffee, etc. In these valleys are also patches of fine forests, occupying the spurs of the chains of mountains bounding and dividing the valleys on either side. In the neighborhood of Cahabon the vegetation is more scanty, and open grassy plains occur. A few leagues above the junction of the Polochic and Cahabon Rivers, between Teleman and Panzos, the virgin forest is entered, and this, as in the Motagua valley, continues to the sea, covering the whole country around Lake Izabal and along the banks of the Rio Dulce. The high ridge bounding the valley of the Cahabon on the north is clothed with virgin forests nearly to its summit, and these spread continuously northward without interruption to the borders of the Department of Peten. Pine clad ridges form the divides between the rivers. Perhaps the largest unbroken forest in the whole of Gua- temala extends from northern Alta Verapaz into Peten. 20 In order to give some idea of the phyto-geographical range of vegetation, let us observe the highest volcanoes, the Volcan de Fuego (4,260 m.) and the Volcan de Agua (4,120 m.) as types. Mr. Hemsley, whose very trustworthy descrip- tion is here reproduced, and which accords with the author's own observation, says of the Volcan de Agua that its peak is clothed with grass and a few pines, together with the Alpine shrubs, vaccineae, lupinus, etc. ; while the top of the Volcan de Fuego is nearly barren, a few ferns, lycopods, etc., only having fixed themselves in the crevices of rocks. Lower down on both volcanoes the pine trees become larger and more numerous, but entirely cease at an elevation of 10,200 feet, giving place to a dense mixed forest. Large evergreen oaks are prevalent at an elevation of from 7,000 to 8,000 feet. From this altitude down the virgin forest has been destroyed, to be succeeded by sugar fields and Indian corn patches, and still further down by coffee plantations in terspersed among woods of second growth. In order to characterize the vegetation of the Republic of Guatemala in a few words, we may distinguish with Dr. Sapper : 1 . Litoral forests in a narrow belt along the Pacific and Atlantic coast. '2. Moist or humid forests oj the ticrra calicnte (hot zone) mixed with savannas (prairie fields) which cover all the plains from the foot of the Cordillera de los Andes to the Pacific Ocean. 3. Moist or humid forests of the tierra caliente (hot zone) and tierra templada (temperate zone), found along the foothills of the volcanic chain of the Cordillera de los Andes, and in the northern and eastern part of the Republic of Guatemala, as described above. 4. Moist or humid forests of the ticrra fria (cold zone) , pre- dominating in the Altos Cuchumatanes. "). Pin a res and roblares (pine and oak forests'), of the tierra caliente, tiara templada and ticrra fria, found in the upland plains (mesetas centrales), covering considerable expanses and mixed with : 21 6. Savannas -with Chaparrales (small trees and bushes of Mimosecc, Euphorbiacca" , etc.), characteristic of the upland plains and dry regions. 7. Savannas with pines, along the Golfo Dulce (Atlantic coast lands). 8. Savannas of the tierra fria, on the highest table-lands of the mountains. The vegetation of Guatemala is very rich in economic plants. My list of woods exceeds the number of 400 different species ; 339 are contained in my list of medicinal plants. There are 7 different kinds of rubber trees, about a dozen fibre plants, over 50 gums and resins, a great number of tan- ning and dye woods, a very great number of fruit trees, many oil plants, i wax plant {Virola sebifcra Aubl-.\ numerous aromatic and perfume producing plants, spices, balsams, starch yielding roots, etc. Among the woods figure in first place the caoba {Sivietenia Mahagoni L.}, cedro ( Cedrela odorata L . ) , guayacan ( Guayacit in officinale L . ) , mora ( Chlorophora tinctoriaL. Gaud. ) , guachipilin (Pilhecolobiuni), ronron {Parinarium guiancnsis}, madre cacao {Gliricidea) , ebano {Brya ebanns L. [Z?C]), laurel (Nec- tandra), cortez (Tabebuia Donnel Smithia Rose}, chico zapote {Achras zapote L.), balsamo {Myroxylon), cipres (Cupressus), cedro bianco {Bursera), cenisero {Pithccolobium Saman Benth.}, culebro {Terminalia) , encino {Quercus), guajo {Leu- acna esculenta BenthJ}, guanacaste (Enterolobium cyclocarpum Gr.), iscanal {Mimosa, sp.\ mangle {Rhizophord Mangle L.}, nacascalote (Caesalpinia coriaria IVilld.}, palojiote (Bur sera Simaruba (/,.) Sarg.}, pino bianco {Abies religiosa Linden), also called pinabete, pino Colorado {Pinus), roble {Querc-iis}, tasisco {Pervnienium Turckheimii Klatt^), taray {Eysenhardtia amorphoidesH. B.K.), tepeguaje (Lysiloma acapulcensis Benih.} , zapotillo {Vitcllaria mammosa (L.) Radlk.}, etc. These medicinal plants take a first rank : Zarzaparilla {Smilax ojficinalis, L.}, guaco {Arisfolochia}, quina {Cinchona), michoacan {Exogonium Piirga {Wender) Benth), liquidambar {Liquidambar macrophylla Oerst), te de limon (Andropogoif), copalchi {Croton niveus Jacq.}, calagula {Polypodiuvi), contrayerba {Dorstenia Contrayerva L.), casca- 22 rilla ( Croton flarcns L . i, copal (Tctragastris bahamifera (Sit'.) O. AVrr.), doradilla (Adtantum), etc. The principal rubber tree is the Caslilloa elastica Cen . . locally called " hule." Other milk producing trees are a number of Ficus, as the amate, uiastate, higuera, etc., a number of Euphorbiacea-, Apocynacccc, Asdepiadacctc, Sapota- cetc and species of Brosimum (milk tree), Artocarpus (bread tree), Carica (melon tree\ Hura, etc. The most important fibre plants are : the Carludoriea palmata Ruiz ct /';. , of the leaves of which the so-called Panama hats are made, the palma real (Oreodo\a oleracea Mart.}, also used for hats, the fibres of coyol (Acrocomia i'ini- fcra Oerst.), maguey and henequeu (Agave), pita floja (Four- crova gigantea \ 'cut. ), piiiuela (Bromclia pinguin L.}, escobilla (Abutihn indicum Sw. ) , silk, cottons (Bombax Cciba and Ochroma (agopus), white and brown cottons (Gossypium barbadense,) bast (Castilloa elastica, Cci'd ; Guazuma ulmifolia Lani.\ etc. Among the balsams, gums and resins are prominent the balsams of Liquidambar macrophylla Ocrst., Myroxylon sp., the resins and turpentines of pines (Pinus), the gums of cachito acia Farncsiana Willd.), icanal (Mimosa), espino bianco (Prosopis), guanncaste (Entcrolobium cyclocarpum Gr.}, the resins of copinol or guapinol (Hymenaea courbaril L.}, cedro (Burscra), jiote (Bursera simaruba (L.) Sarg.), jocote (Spon- dias dulcis Forsk.\ jobo (Spondias lutea /,.), mangle (Rhizo- phora Mangle L.), guacacan (Guajacum officinale L.}, espino negro (Acacia sp.), etc. The best tannings are the barks of encina and roble (species of Ouercus), mangle (Rhizophora Mangle Z.), guana - caste (Enterolobium cyclocarpum Grisb.~), and the fruits of iiacascolote (Caesalpinia coriaria Willd.) Tinctorial plants are, in the first place, the indigo or anil (Indigofera anil L.), then the achiote (Bixa orcllcna L.), the camotillo (Curcuma longa Roxb.~), the wood of campeche (Hamatoxylon campcchiannm L.), of brazil (Caesalpinia sp.), of uiora (Chlorophora tinctoria) , sacatinta (Dicliptcra \\ihliana <. ), the fruits of iiacascolote (Caesalpinia coriaria IVilld.), etc. Among the oil fruits and oil seeds may be mentioned the 23 corozo (Attalca cohune Mart.}, the coyol (Acrocomia vinifera Mart.'), coco (Cocos nncifera), and the cultivated seeds of Ricinus communis L., Arachis hypogaea L. , Jatropha atrcas L., Sesamnni indiciun L., Linum usitatissimum L., Brassica olcracea L. , etc. Fruit trees and plants are the orange, lemon and other spe- cies of Citrus, the aguacate {Per sea gratissima L.'), the anona (Anona squamosa L. , Anona reticulataL.'}, the chirimoya (Anona cherimolia Mill.}, the chico zapote (Achras sapota L.), guana- vana or guanava (Anona muricata L.}, mamey (Mammea ameri- fanaL.), Mango (Mangifera indica Z,.), maraiion {Anacardiwn occidental L.}, jocote (Spondias), Maiizana de Rosa (Jambosa Caryophyllus (Spr. Ndz.}, cainito (Chrysophyllnm cainito Z,.), guayaba (Psidium guayva Raddi), icaco (Chrysobalamis icaco Z,.), sonsapote {Mangifera indica /,.), palo de pan {Artocarpus incisa Z,.), higo (Ficus carica Z,.,) papaj r a (Carica papaya Z,.), nance (Afalpighia parvifolia A. Juss.}, coco (Cocos nucifera Z,.), cacao (Theobroma Cacao Z,.)> granadilla (Passiflora sp.~), etc., not counting a variety of bananas (Afusa} and other cultivated plants, like pine apples, coffee, etc. The best aromatic plant is the vanilla (Vanilla plani folia, Andr.), but there are a very great number of aromatic barks (like canelo, palo de anis, balsamo), aromatic woods, aromatic flowers, aromatic seeds, etc., as well as all kinds of spices. The principal roots or tubers are the yucca (Manihot aipi, Pohl.}, the name (Dioscorea alata L.), camote 6 batata dulce (Ipomosa batatas Lam., or sweet potato), el quiquisque (Colo- casia antiquonim Schott.) and the potato (Solanum tnbcros- um L.) . Nearly every plant can be cultivated in the territory of Guatemala, but as all the plants depend upon a certain average temperature, the following list is given of the altitudes and centigrade temperatures suited to the more important com- mercial plants: Vune. Altitude in Meters. Average Temperature. Coffee 3,H) to ].->() 1S(M) Tierra caliente, Tieiru tempi. ul.i, 23--' 17--j:; C " 4(M) 11 " I'-itMl 11 I niliyo or :i fill .... ' 7r)0 11 1 2KX) II II 1 i:!'Kl -'4.MI It 1 ISXi f< 500 I 14.'.0 ' 3;XX) U 1 ' 3IMMI 1. 1. 1 11 (I 1 ' 3100 II 11 1 \Vlieit . . . ISiK) * "IV) < " 3400 Tierr.i fria, " ' ' 10C. Pinab ^400 ' 3500 I.-n!;itil ilirotyledoilOUS 3600 , ( Coniferous forests ami .1 4000 ii The following pages give a complete list of the native names of the woods and medicinal plants. Native Names cf the Woods of Guatemala. Abeto. Allison. Beyoton. Acaal. Auono. Bilin. Acacia. Ansul. Bits. Aceituno. Araluni. Bojon. Ag'uacate. Aripiu. Bolador. Aguacate cimarron. Aripin Colorado. Brazil. Aguacate de uiico. Aripin negro. Bramon. Alamo. Arrayan. Bronzon 5 joblllo. *itr>d.'j. Asta. Bucute. Algodoncillo. Ausup. Buente. Aliso. Aya. Buluche. Aliso bianco. Bun-ion. Aliso Colorado. Bache. Almendro. Bacutzun. Cabahue or calahue. Ama. Balsamo. Cabo de hacha. Araate. Baquelman. Cabos. Ataate bianco. Bejuco de cruz. Cacao. 25 Native Names of Woods of Guatemala Continued* Caoho. chlllmate. I-Npino jiote. Cachilote. Chile. Estoraque. Cacho de venado. Chilindron. Encalypto. Cacoe. Chilique bianco. Calmlto. ChilonrhO. Flor Maiica. Caimito ciniarron. Chimon. Floi- inata. raj. Chlnacti: Frijol. Cajetlllo. Chintoc. Fruta de cabro. Caleto. Chlntoox bianco. Fustic. ('ajon. Cbipilin. Cagaghan'ce. Cbiqui-y. Gamnsa. Calagoa. Cbochoc. Gorda. calote. Chocon. Gramlan. i 'anaje. Cbololt$. Granartillo. Camasul. Chonilll. Gnachlptlln. Camello. Chontai. Gaacbipilln do IHOH- Carney. Chonte. tafia. Campanillo. Chorreado. Gaacbipilln de zopc. Canac. Chucon or Cbocon. Guacinio. Cafiafistola. Chucun. Gnaco. Canal. Chulte. Guacoco. Canast^. Clpres. Gua.io or Guaj. Canelillo. Candelillo. Cupulpon. Ciracil. Guajilote. Guania. Canelo. Ciricote. Guanacaste. Canjan or canxan Clya. Guapinol. or canshan. Clusero. Guarnmo. Canoi. Cocomatillo. Guayabillo. Cant6. Cocoyol. Guayabillo del Canton ron. Coj. monte. Cantote. Cola de Hnerta. Guayacan. Caoba. Cola de Nabo. Guayacanclllo. Capaton. Cola de pavo. Guayavo. Capeta. Colay. Guelleno. Capote. Copalchi. Guicicil. Capoton. Comaste. Guchila. Capulin. Conac. Guilihuiste. Care:. Copac. (Juilon. Carezo. Copal de zope. Guite. Carreto. Copo copinol. Carreto chino. Cordoncillo. Hamacuvo. Cascamite. Corona. Higo. Castano. Corozo. Hilamo. Catecay. Cortez. Jlocochinol. Cedazo. Corteza bianco. Hormlgo. Cedrillo. Corteza de tierra Horniiguillo. Cedro bianco. fria. Huanacaste. Cedro de la costa. Cortez negro. Huacmi. Cedro de moiitana. Croton. Huano. Cedron. Cruzeto. Huco. Cenicero. Cualius. Huesito. Cerezo. Cuapinol. Iluilacuc. Chacaj. Cucrncb. Huilihuiste. Chacole. Cuducb. Ilnisisil. Chacanche. Culan. Huite. Chactecoc. Culebro. Hal ton. Chalurn. Cumuscuh. Hule. Chaltecoco. Curafia. Champac. lean. Chanupo. Dnramo. Ilaino. Chaparro. Durazno. Ilamo bianco. Chaperno. Duraznillo. Ilamo Colorado. Chaperno bianco. Durucbal. Ilamo macho. Chote. Ilamo terno. Chatermo. Ebano. Iquiehe 1 . Chattermuch. Ebano del monte. Irayol. Checken. Ectis. Iscamal. Chicbipote. Encino. Ixguache. Cbicbique. Encino bianco. Ixlan. Chickarro. Encino Colorado. Chico. Encino negro. Jabillo. Chico de montafia. Escobo. Jabin. Chico zapote. Escobillo. Jaboncillo. 26 Native Names of Woods of Guatemala Continued. Jalteyupe. Mitilisqur. I'icli. Jeuno. Morillo. J'erata. licaro. Mora. 1'ixov. Jii. ;iroy. Pichol. Jiote. Mora rlavo. ,illo. Jobo. Mora espino. Plumojillo. Ji.l.illo or bronzou. Mora rashu. Pleinillo. Jocote. Moral. Posht^. Jocote dulco. Mo: PllXI'lll'. Jocote do fraile. M<>ni<-aray. 1'uutero. JocotP de uiico. M'. sole. >tin. Muxt,-. Quiebrahacha. Jojonte. Mulato. Quita camisas. Jolol. Muyloco. Quina roja. Jul MI. Quina. Jubllll. \'ib'i Quijinicuil. Juju. Nance. Quinocche. Jnpnynlo. N'n va nf*h. Jusisco. Naranjo. Raixchec. Kante. Lagarto. LaurjeL xacascalote. Naranjlllo. uite. Nispero. Niqnidala. \r ii*- / Rayan. Ki-taino do castilla. Retaino silvostre. Roble amargo. Roble. Roble negro. Laurel mensado. ---. Roble alazan. Lauelillo. Roble de montafla. Leche amarillo. Ocante 1 . Roble de tierra cal- Lci-liO do inaria. Ocansin. iente. Leche bianco. Leche de vaca. Ocancoj. Oconsagui. Roble bianco. Ronron. Lechny. Limache. Olivo. Oljuche. Rosa. Roman. I.imon. O ma late. Robleto. Limonsillo. Ontzu. Limpiadientes. Sacricoy. Liquidambar. Paiohuite. Sagse or sacsifi. Llaje. Palo Jiote. Saccac. Llema de huevo. Palo de taray. Baro. Luin. Palo de matabuey. Sai-moshi. Lunelillo. Palo de zorro. Sapuyul. Palo de inatazano. Saugquiche. Madre caoba. Palo gare. Sare negro. Madre cacao. I'alo cortez. Sare espiuo. Madre cabe. Palo brazil. Sabacche. Madre flecha. Palo de uva. Salvia santa. Maninao. Palo zapotillo. Salvia silv- Matilisguate. Palo de poro. Sangre de drago. Maca de gallo. Palo mata. Santa inaria. Macaguite. Palo de jahoncillo. Salanio. Madroncillo. Palo guayabillita. Salan. Madron. Palo bianco. Sacuche. Madrono. Palo inulato. Sal de venado. Mamey. Palo lagarto. Sacalasque. Mangle. Palo de la vida. Saca sangre. Mario. Pacziuion. Sajat. Marillo. Patas. Sauco. Malacute. Patan. Sauce. Matasano. Paste de inico. Sacuayfln. Manchador. Pasak. Samo. Machinche. Panhul. Sapote. Maray. Pante. Sapote cimarron. Majo de costa. Paraiso. Sebo verde. Majagua. Patastillo. Shuhyuc. Mano do leon. Pas de alvez. Shaguay. Macuellx. Peine. Siquilla. Manchich. Pellejo. Sinicche. Manax. Picarromorro. Simunte. Malerillo. Pino. Soichaj. Manzano. Pinabete. ' Sosni. Membrillo. Pimiento sflvestre. Sumaque. Mescal. Pi mi en to. Suplcay. Melocoton. Pij. Sumante. 27 Native Names of Woods of Guatemala Continued. Suquinay. Toxok. Yaxiabin. Suj. Toncontin. Yaje. Tontal. Yaxnic. Tapalguacamayo. Tripa de coyote. Yaxman. Tacamatillo. Tripa de Icon. Yesmo. Tabla. Trompillo. Yupoc. Taje. Tuavacan. Yulbac. Tamarindo. Tzalan. Y'upe. Tapalcuite. Yxirualame. Taruarindlllo. T'oa. Yush. Tatascamite. Tjacamic. Tasisco or taxixcon. Ujuste Colorado. Zacaton. Tashlste. Ujuste bianco. Zapoton. Taray negro. I'fia de gato. Zapotillo. Tapiloco. Upay. Zapotillo de mico. Tan. Uvito. Zapote. Tatan. Urutay. Zapote de mico. Tarnay. Zapote de a ontaiia. Tapaljocote. Vacutzun. Zapiloco. Tenipiste. Vainilla. Zapoyulo. Tepecedro. Vara. Zigiya. Tepesuchel. Varilla. Zope. Testal. Volador. Zozin. Tepeguaje. Zopilote. Teste. Xilil. Zom or zon. Tlnte. Zulunte. Tijte. Yaj. Zucte. Tontolo. Yaiillo. Zulul. Torany. Yax-ek. Medicinal Plants of Guatemala. Achiote. Cache. Contrayerba. Aguacate de mico. Cana de cristo. Con. Altamisa. Camote. Conte." Alcotan. Capulin (raiz). Corteza de balsamo. Algodon ixcaco. Capulin (corteza). Corteza de copalchi. Algodon bianco. Calaguala (polypod). Corteza de copal. Algodon de corcho. Camotillo. Corteza de caulote. Algodon de ceiba. Calague. Corteza de casca- Alucema. ( 'arnero. rilla. Almolonga. Caparroza. Corteza de guana- Aflil. Cacao. caste. Arnica. Canjui. Corteza de grana- Arrayan. Caulote. dillo. Cascarilla. Corteza de quina. Barba de viejo. Canutillo. Corteza de quie- Balsamo. <:amelia. brahacha. Barbasco. Capetanejo. Corteza de sasafraz. Bejuco de cruz. Cera vegetal. Corteza de sare Bejuco de dul. Ceiba. negro. Bejuco de guaco. Chile. Corteza de yaje. Bejuco de ipeca- Cinco negritos. Corteza de duruche. cuanha. Cebollin. Corteza de chichi- Bejuco de barba de Cinchona. pate. viejo. Chuchipate. Corteza de guaya- Bejuco de meona. Chuehupo. can. Bejuco de subiu. Chiquiguites. Corteza de nispero. Birrin. Chichlque. Corteza de morro. Birriuaque. Chilchujia. Corteza de oroto- Bomino cimarron. Chicoria. guaj. Borraja. Chivato. Corteza de palo Bretonica. Coralillo. jtote. 28 Medicinal Plants of Guatemala Continued. Corteza de cin- Hojas de solojaj. 1'anquil. chona. Hojas de laurel. Paraiso. Corteza de liquid- Hojas de tostonera. Palo de jiote. am bar. Hojas de conejo. Palo de cruz. Corteza de matilis- Hojas de upay. Palo de la vida. g u ate. Hojas de ruda. Poro (yerba). Corteza de pimiento. Hojas de yerba cul- Fez del mico. Corozo. ebra. Pimienta. Coroncho. Hojas de santisima Pifion. Corcho. trinidad. Copalchl. Hojas de chilchujia. Quina. Copal. Hojas de sante. Quiebrahacha. Culantro. Hojas de zorro. Culantrillo. Hojas de limon. Ruda. Culebra. Hoja aromatica. Kabia. Cuatro hinojos. Hoja canjui. Kuibarbo. Cresta de gallo. Higuera (hojas). Uaiz de poleo. Cuculmeca. Hicaque. Raiz de sutio. Huenon. Raiz de con. Doradilla. Raiz de gengibrillo. Doradilla (adian- Incienso de monte. Raiz de jicamo. thum). Ipecacuanha (bt'juco). Raiz de gengibre. Drotoguaj. Ixcaco. Raiz de hicaque. Drago. Raiz de orozuz. Dul. Jamaica. Raiz de borraja. Durnche. Jalapa. Raiz de mechoacan. Jicamo. Raiz de escorzonera. Escoba. Jenjibrillo. Raiz de panquil. Escobilla. Raiz de zarzapa- Escobilla blanca. Lava plato. rilla. Escorzonera. Limon. Raiz de canutillo. Loro. Raiz de huenon. Flor doradilla. Laurel. Raiz de granadillo. Flor de hoja de Llanten. Raiz de capulin. conejo. Liquidambar. Raiz de almolonga. Flor de mulatilla. Raiz de camotillo. Flor de muexto. Mapahuita. Raiz de cinco ne- Flor de manzanilla. Mulatilla. gritos. Flor de orejuela. Manias. Raiz de varafunda. Flor de sintus. Michoacan. Raiz de valeriana. Flor de coroncho. Machul. Kaiz de ipecacuanha. Flor de corozo. Madre de maiz. Raiz de guapillo. Flor de sauguinaria. Manzanillo. Raiz de cebollin. Flor de zach. Meona. Raiz de calaguala. Fruta pataste* Meona alves. Raiz de ruibarbo. Malva francosa. Raiz de calague. Gengibrillo. Malva de castilla. Raiz de rubin. Gengibre. Malvavisco. Raiz de jalapa. Granadillo. Murrulblanco. Raiz de cuculmeca. Granadillo silvestre. Malva silvestre. Raiz de orejuelo. Guaco. Mejorana. Raiz de guaco. Guanacaste. Malagueta. Raiz de yerba de Guarumo. Matiliquate. conejo. Guayabo. Morro. Raiz de cont. Guayacan. Monacillo. Raiz de nahuapate. Mejor nada. Raiz de yulpate. Hoja de guayabo. Margarit. Raiz de lavaplato. Ho.ias de higueru. Raiz de alcotan. Hojas de verbena. Negritos. Raiz de escobillo. Hojas mejor nada. Nlapero. Raiz de contray- Ho.ias de poleo. Xardo. erba. Hojas de santa do- Xaranjo amargo. Raiz de tamagay. niingo. Nabo. Raiz de canjin. Hojas de barbaseo. Nahuapate. Raiz de pimienta. Hojas de salvia Nogal. Romero. real. Hojas de perro. Orozuz. Sauce. Hojas del aire. Orejuela. Salvia santa. Hojas de hemela. Ortiga. Salvia real. Hojas de malva. Ojo de venado. Salvia de monte. Hojas de sintul. Santo dpmingo. Hojas lava platos. Poleo. Sanalotodo. Hojas sana lo todo. Pericon. Sutio. 29 Medicinal Plants of Guatemala Continued. Sintul. Tabaco. Yerba vainilla. Sintus. Tostado. Yerba del toro. Semilla de cera veg- Tostonera. Yerba poleo. etal. Tazol. Yerba marirarit. Semilla de orejueln. Tarol. Yerba del toro. Semilla de achiote. Tisach. Yerba buena. Semilla de capar- Tuculcbunies. Yerba de culebra. roza. Tejutla. Yerba de la nieona. Semilla de algodon. Tamagaz. Yerba rabia. Semilla de paraiso. Turij. Yerba de conejo. Solo un pie. Yerba del medico. Sangre de drago. Tva. Yerba del poro. Solajaj. Upay. Yerba de carnero. Sasafraz. Yerba barbona. Sare negro. Verbena. Yerba del ciervo. Sacatinta. Valeriana. Yuquilla. Santisima trinidad. Vainilla. Yulpate. Suchumacan. Varafunda. Yaje. Sabin. Venado. Yuca. Setesac. Sanguinaria. Yerba de oroznz. Zarza de monte. Yerba de sanalo- Zarzaparrilla. Ti> del monte. todo. Zacaton. T<5 de limon. Yerba del cancer. Zach. Tomate del monte. Yerba de santo do- Toro. mingo. IV. FAUNA. The fauna of Guatemala is naturally varied. As Mr. Juan Rodriguez, a very competent and respectable zoologist of Gua- temala, says, the geographical position, the diversity of climate, produced partly by its topography, the great number of rivers and creeks found everywhere and the richness and exuberance of the vegetation support the life of an immense number of animals. It also happens that a number of migratory birds which periodically pass from the northern to the southern hemisphere go through the territory of Guatemala. A num- ber of birds also terminate their excursions in Guatemala, stay- ing several months, some for procreation and others, like doves, ducks and birds of prey, only for food. The territory of Guatemala has two species of monkeys (the Mono and the Mico). The first is Mycctcs rillosns, the second the Ateles rcllcrosus. Of Cheiroptera there are thirty-seven species, in- cluding vampires. To condense the account, this list is given of the principal animals, with their vernacular names: Name. Scientific Name. Mi:.-irana -'Cit. " niarina >itv Tigre Us ma n. Ciiurel. Tigrillo .. Leon Leoncillo , Tejun pardaHf, tigrina. concolor. i: et/ra. < 'ny >tr ._ t'tinix Intrant. Gato de moute ]'itl])e* rirginianit*. Nam Scientific Name Mapa--lie Tifirijon lotur. (iuia dc lecn /Int-xnrix siunirlirii.-ii. PJZl'tl- X'tfitKl IKIxifll. Micoleon fn-rnli-iilex i-nntiir >l-inlux C'oinadrcja Muxtrlit brasiliensis. Perico lijero Hitlirtix bnrbnni. Zorillo M< iili Hi" >n>-/i/iiticn. " " puturiux. " Cunt i nit us niniiurito. Perro de ajrua l.ittrn .felinn. \'ara marina \tnnntns anslfnlis. Danta Tnpirux bnirili. " " doiri. Coche de monte Dirtily lex tnjncu. Jabali Dicotylet Inbintus. Vcnado Cur incus rirginianut. (iuizizil " /i/.rinux. Ardilla ^ciiirnptenix rulurella. griisftiflarus. vuriegutiis. ' ............................. " deppei. Raton ............................... Mit.s tmisrttliis. Raton de monte ..................... Hespfrumys tet/tiiiia. ..................... " conesi. " ' .................... " nmHcaudatvt. .................... (>clitt"ili h ixpiilux. .................... yeotoiitaferruginta. Taltuza ............................. Gemni/s mf.i-irattitr,-. " ............................ " /lixpirliis. Raton de monte ..................... Ileterrnnys dfstnarfxtirinus. " " ' ..................... " longicaudatus. Puerco espin ........................ Synetlieres mexicanus. Cotuza ............................. DttsyiiftH-ta juinctata. Tepescuintle ........................ Ciclvfjeityspaca. Conejo .............................. Lepus paluxtrix. Arinado ............................ Tatiixiti noretncinctn. Oso colmenero ...................... Myrmecophaga jitbata. ' ...................... tetradai.-tylr. " de platanar ..................... i. iiftutiirux didaetylvt. Tacuasin ............................ Didflphys rirfiiplntin, sjiecieg. " A'"/''"'""'; species. Cardenal Tnnngrn, species. Alcalde mayor Rhamphocellitx. Chiltote Oi-tn-iix species Oropendola lit inn/if lumitizumx. Clianis ............................. CynttiK-itta. I'rraca .............................. Oaloetttafomoto, Sanate .............................. V"'"'' dli'*' innrrurut. l;.->>]:indar .......................... /' " <"('(. Oliliris or Gorrioncs ....... ......... Trwhilidtr, 28 genera and 38 species. raqiintfros ........................ /'i'-ititf. 13 SJH- (inlonilrinas ......................... J'n,iiii//illi'i*i<-ida, J " .......................... f'n/i/i Alratr-u-es or Pelicanos .............. { **"?*' J S eh ATB horcado ........................ Tregetta aqitiln. Pato aguja .......................... My<:teria Americana. " ........................ . Ansereg. Palouias marinas .................... C'llymbidu. REPTILES. TOETUGAS. CAelonix, 9 species. Chelonia A/jazizii. LAGARTOg. Crocodilui moreltti. Crocodilus paciflcus. SAURIO8. tianfc, 6 species. Jyuanianff, 30 species. Iguana. Garrobo. I^icertianos, "I Ctitete (fiitfiliti.'Hs rittatun). C.il.-idiauos, i xf Corytophanvu. AuWsl^nianos. Anvlis. tM-iucoideanus, J OFIDIOS 6 CULEBRAS. Tiplopidos. ' .. . 1 Boa imperntur. Pitouidos 6 Boideos. "^ ] " Jlexic. l Bun Marcos 27 7 Chiquimula 1:74 Chimaltenaiigo 27.2 Bochitepeqnez 22.5 Santa Roca 16.5 Retalhuleu It; 5 Baja Verapaz 153 ilutiapa 16.0 .lalapa 15 9 Huehuetenango 14.4 Quiche 13.6 Zacapa 127 Ksciiintla 9.1 A Ita Verapaz 90 Izabal 1.0 PetOn 0.2 The population, separating the mixed and white people (Ladinos) from pure Indians, in the different Departments is as follows: Xaine. I I Ladinos. Indians. Name. Ladinos Indians. Guatemala 88,562 7,976 58,125 120,249 Santa Rosa 48,071 15617 7,703 21 519 38,375 86,865 29,800 it; - ; 7i 37,852 85,740 19,575 24 181 4,378 105,262 17,831 21,842 Huehuetenango 17,325 83,585 Zacapa 22,679 16,391 14431 77 002 35 626 17 042 SoloUt 5,983 60,535 '25,0(H) 11 163 18,761 46,664 25,450 10,700 10,600 64,655 Izabal 4,918 3525 14,550 43039 Peti-n 4 877 3 443 I The total population in regard to age is composed as fol- lows : 1 year 66.837 30 to 40 ye 40 " 60 60 " 80 80 " 90 90 "100 Over 100 ars 167,317 164,644 60.41)3 14,899 4,094 893 1 to 6 vears 6 " 14 " 14 " 18 " 18 " 21 " 21 " 30 " 203,910 232,948 123,852 101,153 223,725 Of this population, 888,615 persons are single (450,196 men, 438,419 women); 396,696 married (196,730 men, 199,- 966 women); 79,367 widowed (30,546 men, 48,821 women). There are a few Chinamen and a number of Negroes, mu- lattoes and Zambos on the sea coasts, in La Libertad (Peten), Panzos (Alta Verapaz), Salama and San Jeronimo (Baja Vera- paz) and along the Rio de los Esclavos (Santa Rosa). Of the total population there are further, by nationality, 1,303 Americans (mostly Jews from the West); 532 Spaniards; 453 Italians; 399 Germans; 349 English; 272 French. By occupation, 327,594 persons are laborers; 46,054 bakers of tortillas (maize-bread); 21,930 weavers; 13,034 mer- chants; 9,653 seamstresses; 7,759 servants and female cooks. Again, 1,240,092 persons are illiterates; 827,058 are urban population; 1,356,105 are Catholics. The following lists give the names of the principal cities and municipalities and their population, as well as the altitude of each: Name. Population. Altitude above the sea in meters. I>.-|>artment. liiiatemiila u ixH>-7-_>,ooo 1.4M> (iiiatrmalu. Totonirapaii 33,000 2,429 Totonieapan. 24000 .) .,,;., ('..ban 23,OCO 1,234 13 000 35G 13000 1,410 Ksi-uintla 33,000 384 Ksruintla. 11 1 K ,U 862 10 IV HI 1,3*31 '1 l II 1 1 102 Other populous municipalities are: Name. Population. Altitude above j Department, the sea in meters. 12,000 13,000 14,000 10,000 10,000 15,000 10,000 9,000 10,000 22,000 13,000 14,000 12,000 28,000 10,000 13.000 19,000 10,000 10,000 11,000 3T..OOO 11,000 14,000 11,000 15,000 22,000 11,000 10,000 15,000 10,000 156 1,693 868 2,170 298 1,811 224 2,200 1,500-2,000 2,000--- > ,500 2,000 25 1-500 250-500 2,000-2,500 1,000-1,500 500-1,000 LOOO-2,000 1.590-2,000 400 1,000-1.500 1,000-1,500 1,000-1,590 2,000-2,500 500-800 2,590-3,000 2,500-3000 2,000 1,000-1,600 2,000-2.: Wi 2,000 Zacapa. Qlli.-lir. .Tutiapa. Huehuetenango. Retalhuleu. Solnla. Suehitepcijuez. San Marcos. Sololfi. Quiche. San Marcos. Alta Verapaz. Oliiquiumla. Totonieapan. Jalapa. Baja Verapaz. Guatemala Cliiuialtenango. Esculntla. Amatitlan. Alta Verapaz. Alta Verapaz. San Marcos. Retalhnleu Quezaltenango. Totonieapan. Totonieapan. Santa Rosa. San Marcos. San Marcos. Qui.-liC- .liltl;i|>a fJololA Mazatenango Atitlan Comitancillo San 1'i'ilro Pinula Sau IVJro Sacatepequez Tarani'i Tejutla The population of Guatemala lives in 325 houses of two stories, 53,574 of one story, and on 171,604 ranchos. Public education: Elementary tuition is given in schools of the first and secondary grades. There are now about 1,309 schools. The average daily attendance in .the 37 national schools was 32,958 boys and 19,330 girls, 3,232 adults and i, 860 of both sexes in the private schools, making a total of 57,386. In addition there were also thirteen kindergartens. In 1890 there were 1,252 schools throughout the Re- public, divided as follows: 462 country schools, 760 city schools and 30 private schools; or, classified in another way, 691 for small boys, 369 for small girls, 48 mixed, 89 for work- men, 15 additional for small boys and 10 for small girls. These employ 1,531 teachers, 987 males and 544 fenfales. There are several public institutes in which higher grades of instruction are given gratuitously. There are two estab- lishments of this kind for girls in Guatemala and Quezalten- ango and three for young men, besides one in Chiquimula. In the Capital, as well as in Quezaltenango, the Government has esablished special schools of law, medicine and pharmacy. It has also founded a school for engineers, a polytechnic college for those intending to follow a military career, a commercial school, an agricultural school, an Academy of Fine Arts, a normal school for young women, another for young men incorporated with the Central Institute, and lastly a Conservatory of Music. In order to facilitate the education of the working classes night schools have been organized in several cities, and also public libraries opened, which are endowed by private dona- tions and by State appropriations. In the schools of arts and trades a general education is given in connection with their technical or special instruction. In the city of Guatemala there is a fine national library, in which, besides over 30,000 books, there are several valu- able collections of documents and inedited works. There is also a great number of newspapers in the Capital and other principal cities. Indians: As the Indian population is the most numerous, in the following pages some very interesting particulars are given. These aboriginal people are descendants of many tribes, which, at the time of the conquest, were found in the fol- lowing divisions: 1. States of the Pipiles, the Panatacatl, Cu/catlan (Salvador), and the so-called Caci.qazgos of the Pipiles, occu- pying the Departments of Escuintla and Jutiapa, and the parts bordering Salvador. '1. Slates of the Kingdom Quiche, divided into the king- doms of Quiche, of the Maims and of the Cakyac, and into the cacigazgos of the Cuchumatanes, of Uspantlan and of Tujal, occupying the present Departments of San Marcos, Retalhuleu, Ouczaltenango, Suchitepequez, Totonicapan, Quiche, Solola, Huehuetenango and Baja Verapaz. 3. States of the Cakchiquelcs, divided into the king- doms of Iximche and Yampuk and into the cacigazgos of the Akahates 6 Pocomames, comprising the present Departments of Chimaltenango, Sacatepequez, Amatitlan, Guatemala and parts of Santa Rosa, Jalapa and Jutiapa. 4. States of the Mayas, divided into Acalan, Mazatlan, (Ouiacho), Taiza and Mopan, and into the cacigazgos of the Lacandones, corresponding with Peten and some parts of Quiche and Alta Verapaz. .">. States of the Chortles, composed of the kingdoms of Copan and of Esquipulas, situated in the present Depart- ments of Zacapa, Chiquimula and in parts of Izabal. 6. Independent cacigazgos of the Cholcs, found in Izabal -and parts of Alta Verapaz. 7. Independent cacigazgos of Tezulutan, in Baja Verapaz. B Independent Kingdom of the T~utnhiles, south of the ake of Atitlan in the present Department of Solola. 9. Independent cacigazgos of the Xincas in the present Department of Santa Rosa and in part of Jutiapa: How slight the influence of the Spaniard and the Repub- lican governments of Guatemala has been in civilizing those Indians is shown by the fact that seventeen different languages are still spoken among them. These languages are: 1. Ouekchi , spoken mostly in Verapaz, namely in Coban, LanqUin,. Panzos, Cahabon, Chimaja, Rio Negro, Coyante, Golfo Dulce, etc. 39 2. Quiche, spoken in Chicacao, Mazatenango, Retalhu- leu, San Felipe, Quezaltenango, Totonicapan, Santa Cruz de Quiche, Zacapulas, Rabinal and Saltan. 3. Mam, spoken mostly in the Departments of San Marcos and Huehuetenango, in such places as Mercedes, San Pedro, San Marcos, Tejutlaj, Tuxtla chico, Teatitan, Chiantla and Todos Santos. 4. Cakckiquelt mostly spoken in the Departments of Solola, Chimaltenango and Sacatepequez, in Patulul, An- tigua, Mexico Viejo, San Jose, Eucuentros and Solola. 5. Maya, spoken in the Department of Peten (in Flores, Santa Barbara, Dolores, San Toribio, San Juan, Chuntuque and islands). 6. Pocomam, spoken in the Departments of Amatitlan, Sacatepequez and Guatemala (Amatitlan, Mixco, Chinantla, San Antonio, Canoas, Mixco Yiejo and separately in Pinula and Jilotepeque. 7. Charti, spoken in Chiquimula, Ipala, Jocotan and Taquaimi in the Department of Chiquimula. 8. Poconchi, spoken in the upper valley of the Polochic River, in Pancus, Tucuru, Tachic, San Cristobal and Chixay. 9. Zutuhil, spoken from the southern shore of the lake of Atitlan to near Chicacao and Mazatenango in the Depart- ment of Solola. 10. Chujy spoken in the upper part of Huehuetenango, especially in Ameleo, San Mateo, Gracias and near Xeuton. 11. Xinea, spoken in the vicinity of Chiquimutilla, Alzatate, Jalapa, Yupiltepeque and Jumaitepeque in the De- partments of Santa Rosa and Jutiapa. 12. Ixil, spoken in the Department of Quiche, around Cozal, Nebaj, Chajut and Horn. 13. Jacalteca, spoken in Santa Eulalia, Solonia, San Juan, Jacaltenango and Camoha in the Department of Hue- huetenango. 14. Aguacateca, spoken in Aguatan, Department of Hue- huetenango. 40 I"). Cspanlea, spoken around Uspantan, Department of Quiche. 10. Caraibe, spoken around Livingston on the Gulf of Honduras, Department of Izabal. 17. Pipil, spoken in separate places in the Departments of Jutiapa, Zacapa and Baja Yerapaz. The Spanish language is only generally spoken along the Pacific coast, in the city of Guatemala and in the direction of Salvador and Honduras, as well as in the valley of the Mo- tagua River. The clothing of the Indians varies as much as their languages. The principal raw materials for it are cotton, wool, silk, palm leaf and maguey fibre. They are now mostly cotton, wool and silk yarns imported and woven by Indian women in their primitive looms. The greatest variety is seen in skirts, and this as well in raw material, and in dimensions, especially lengths, as in color and adornments. Particularly fine looking skirts for women, called Hnipilcs, are found in Totonicapan, Baja Yerapaz, Alta Yerapaz, Quiche and Chi- maltenango. Also in women's scarfs, called rebozos, a great variety of colors distinguishes one tribe from another. The wardrobe of an Indian is not much varied; a hat, a pair of sandals, trousers, a belt of wool, silk or cotton, called fa/a or banda, a shirt, and sometimes a jacket, compose his com- plete outfit. Often a change in the habits of the Indian illustrates the eagerness of statesmen to obtain a quick result in civilizing him. rather than any transformation of character. So far, the Indian sticks to his customary clothing and his own language, as no Government has ventured to incur the ill- will of the farmers and proprietors, who fear in a change of Indian habits a change in labor conditions, which might mean a serious embarrassment of their interest. The Indian lives generally in a hut of any form, made with wooden posts, bamboo or cornstalks, straw, or other material easily handled. Adobes or stones are seldom used, and when used it is mostly for a church or government build- ing, as in olden times, when temples and public buildings alone were built of durable material. 41 Speaking of older structures, Guatemala possesses several centres of important and interesting architectural remains of ancient Indian civilization. They are Tical (Peten) near the frontier of Yucatan, Quiche or Utitlan or Cumarcaah, near Santa Cruz de Quiche, Iximche, near Tecpan (Guatemala), in the Department of Chimaltenango, Santa Lucia and Cut- zumalguapa in the Department of Escuintla, where the cele- brated D. A. Bastian collected beautiful antiquities, Senaca Mecallo, near Comapa in the Department of Jutiapa, and Quirigua, southward of the port of Izabal, on the left hand shore of the Motagua River. Next to architectural works, some idols and all kinds of earthenware pottery have received the attention of the scien- tific w'orld, especially specimens from Quiche, Alta and Baja Yerapaz, Chimaltenango, Huehuetenango, Jalapa and Jutiapa. Antique pottery has also been found in the lake of Atitlan near the shore, and some large stone idols have been dis- covered on the slopes of the Volcan de Agua. Pottery still forms an important industry of the aborig- ines. The most celebrated earthenware comes from Totoni- capan, San Marcos, Quezaltenango and Chimaltenango. The principal industry of Guatemalan Indians is textile, to which should be added the manufacture of hats, baskets, ropes, nets, hammocks, sacks and all kinds of clothing. All these industries are, of course, domestic, and mostly in the hands of women, who also are the sellers or merchants. Men cultivate the soil, planting maize, tobacco, beans, bananas, etc., and they work as ordered by the authorities. The Indians bear also the burden of maintaining the roads as a personal tax. Since the conquest an annual tax of tAvo pesos has been imposed on every man from eighteen years of age up, or four clays' work in opening or repairing roads. Notwithstanding this tax, which has been collected for centuries, very few roads are in existence, and most of those which do exist are in a poor condition. The Indians also in many other ways are suffering the adverse consequences of the Spanish colonial dominion. The practice of exploiting the mass of the people continues to this 42 day. Very little has been done to raise the intellectual level of the Indians and to emancipate them from superstition and misery. Out of a population of 1,364,678 there are 1,240,092 without any education. There is also an agricultural law which compels the In- dian to work in a way that amounts to practical slavery not unlike that of olden times. The laborer must obey the orders of the authorities; he cannot leave his place under any circum- stances until his work is done or his debts paid. Each one of them carries with him a book in which his debts are stated, and from it may be learned his obligation for future work. It is a common occurrence that these obligations are sold, which means the forced transfer of the working man from one place to another without any consideration for him. A sure consequence of such a system is the exclusion of free labor as understood in the United States. Under it wages are very low. and ho foreigner will compete for them. Hence, immigration and colonization, with their resulting advantages, cannot be expected in Guatemala for many years to come. VI. AGRICULTURE AND LIVE STOCK. The larger part of the population in Guatemala is occu- pied with agriculture. The different agricultural products raised depend on the elevation of the lands above sea level and on climatical conditions. Their distribution is clearly indi- cated in the table at the end of the chapter on Vegetation. Economically, the most important plant cultivated in Guate- mala is the coffee tree, and especially the coffca arabica. The crop of coffee in 1894 (the latest statistical data) was 66,256,600 pounds, of which the Department of Guatemala, produced on 417,135 trees 144,200 poi Sacatepequez, 1,906,195 1,391,403 i 'himaltenango, 5,9i>4.< t'rj 1.600 Amatitlan, 3,406,807 ' 2. 112,100 Escuintla, 4,116,242 ' 4,464,500 Santa Rosa, 5,480,326 ' 3.116,500 Sololu, 4,946,459 ' 4,930,800 Quezaltenango, 14,012,007 ' 14,849,800 Suchitepequez, 4,949,128 ' 7,7(32,600 Retelhnlen, :;.7.-.4..VJ4 ' 3,301,600 San Marcos, 10,954,767 ' 12,184,600 Huehuetenango, 72,888 ' 111,100 Quiche, 422,567 ' 4,200 Baja Verapaz, 280,124 239,400 Alta Verapaz, 1. 7.-.7.130 ' 4.314,300 Peten, 19,322 ' 17,700 Izabal, 149,000 ' 1,000 /acapa, 658,430 ' 122,700 riiiquimula, 558,260 ' 248,000 Jalapa, " 2">,722 ' 18,200 Jutiapa, 172,8-34 " 97,100 ' Total, 67,054,928 trees OJ pounds. The principal coffee regions are : In Quezaltenango: Colomba, Chuva and Palmar. 44 In San Marcos: Tumbador, San Pablo, San Cristobal and Progreso. In Suchitepequez: San Francisco, Zapotitlan and San Antonio. In Chimaltenango: Pochuta, San Pedro, Yepocapa and Acatenango. In Santa Rosa: San Jose de Barberena. In Retalhuleu : San Felipe. In Solola: Chicacao, Santa Barbara and Patulul. In Escuintla: Escuintla and Santa Lucia Cotzumalguape. In Amatitlan: Amatitlan and San Miguel Petapa. In Alta Yerapaz: San Pedro, Carcha and Coban. In Zacapa: Gualan. In Baja Yerapaz: Purulha. Coffee grows best in the region of the volcanoes and in \lta Verapaz, with over 2,000 millimeters of rainfall per year, 18 to 26 C, average temperature, and between 200 and 1,600 meters in height above the sea level. The report of this product, which is nearly the only one going extensively abroad, has been, since 1873, as follows: 1 PoUDtJj?, IT Value in a Pounds. Price per 100 Value in 1 MM. & Ibs. in pesos. pesos. 187.". 15,056.000 1884 37,130,600 4.415.6T.7 1874 16,15s, 1885 52,081,800 5,203,181 1875 16,357. 1888 52,975,100 ii 5,827,264 1876 20,740,000 1SS7 47,869,100 17 8,137,478 1877 . L888 86,639,800 78 6,595,1 8 1 1878 20,935,N>0 l-'S'.l 56^288,900 23 12,704,948 1S79 25,201,600 1890 60,850,900 25 12,714,981 1880 28,976 'Jim l^'.'l 52,449,500 25 13,112,379 1881 2i:.nr.7.-JiHp 4,0^348 IX'J 4'.' li'.l.'ttO 28 13,766,983 11,227,100 8,71 [883 59,840.:','Ki 31 18,550,515 40,406,000 12 4,84- The best prices are obtained for coffees produced in high regions. The next most important agricultural product is the banana. In 1894 there were 9.045 hectares planted with bananas, which produced 2,106,908 bunches. 45 Table of banana production for ten years, ending 1893: Year. Production in bunches. Value in pesos. Year. Production in bunchrs. Value in }<- ig. 1883 29,099 11.S79 1889 11 0.222 44,088 1884 81,645 1880 288,077 118,280 1885 60,416 30.208 1891 '.181,998 892,799 1886 55,322 27,661 ! 1892 I':'!), 854 '.741 1887 130,427 65,213 : 893 _'i;i,85i 178,118 1888 113,408 66,704 The principal banana production is in Santa Rosa (816,- 958 bunches), Alta Verapaz (248,466 bunches), Izabal (199,- 096 bunches), Solola (167,725 bunches), Suchitepequez (162,- 186 bunches), Retalhuleu (92,330 bunches), Escuintla (81,630 bunches), San Marcos (76,690 bunches), Ouezaltenango (74,- 572 bunches), Amatitlan (72,962 bunches). The production of the sugar-mills in 1894 was 6,555,250 pounds of sugar, 10,881,000 cakes of panela, 923,900 pounds of molasses called "miel," and 3,537,100 pounds of the so- called "mascabado." The principal sugar regions are: Ainatitliui 8,903 Hectares of cane. Eacuintla 6.356 Ba.ju Verapaz l,97;t Quiche 1,364 Quezaltenaugo 1 ,222 San Marcos I,fi54 Huebuetenango. . . 98S Suchitepoquez 729 Hectares of cane. S..1..1.-1 G83 Alti Verapaz C78 Chimaltenango 69 Suut i Rosa 42X '' Retalhuleu 424 " Nearly all of the sugar is consumed in Guatemala, export of this product since 1879 nas been as follows : The Year. Pounds. Year. Pounds. Year. Pounds. 1879 134 000 1 8*4 379">GJO 1889 1,002 400 1880 410 800 1 v-C, . . (i 342 900 189J 1,052400 1881 15,600 1886 7 614.300 Ih91 1882 1 ",74 7iK) 1887 1892 1883 . ' 4,462,70.) l.sSS . 4411,800 1893 1,057,200 As to Indian corn there were produced of it in 1894, 161,- 412,475 pounds. The following varieties are cultivated : Maiz bianco, Maiz rojo, Maiz salpor, Maiz negro, Maiz Colorado, 46 Mai/ amarillo, Maiz pinto and a fe\v others. Indian corn is principally raised in Totonicapan (34,124 hectares), Chimalte- nango (11,843), Guatemala (9,986), Alta Verapaz (6,435), Solola (6,097), Quezaltenango (5,949), Santa Rosa (5,290), Sacatepequez (4,054), Jalapa (3,931), Zacapa (3,885), San Marcos (3,603), Huehuetenango (3,543), and Amatitlan (3-035). A very important product for the alimentation of the people is the bean. There are also of this plant a number of varieties, such as Frijol bianco, Frijol negro, Frijol cafe, Frijol amarillo, Frijol Colorado, Frijol pinto, Frijol piloy, Frijcl aplomado, Frijol pilique, Frijol istapacal, Frijol espumita, etc. In 1894 there were produced about 6,536,200 pounds of beans. The principal bean producing Departments are Guate- mala (1,006 hectares), Chimaltenango (984), Solola (931), Amatitlan (573), Chiquimula (375), Alta Verapaz (366), Za- capa (359), Sacatepequez (354), Santa Rosa (265), Jalapa (260), Izabal (257). Tobacco is mostly produced in Chiquimula (9,983,700 plants), Zacapa (2,214,000), Jalapa (1,585,000), Santa Rosa (792,000), Jutiapa (570,000), Quiche (538,000), Peten (244,- ooo). The total crop in 1894 was 1,474,068 pounds, and all this tobacco was consumed in the country itself. In 1896 only 408 pesos worth of tobacco was exported. The production of cacao is still very limited. There were in 1894 1,672,940 cacao trees, which gave 417,173 pounds of beans. The principal cacao producing Departments are: Escuintla (607,876 trees), Suchitepequez (587,668), Solola (204,301), Retalhuleu (122,898). The export of cacao in 1896 amounted to a valuation of only 8,66 1 pesos. Wheat is mostly cultivated in Quezaltenango (3,808 hectares), Suchitepequez (2,151), Chimaltenango (2,132), Totonicapan (1,420), San Marcos (943), Jalapa (250), and Huehuetenango (137). The total area is 10,965 hectares. Of barley only 397 hectares were cultivated, of which 119 were in Chimaltenango, 86 in Sacatepequez, 78 in Guatemala, 36 in Quezaltenango, 33 in Solola, and 31 in Amatitlan. Oafs were mostly planted in Quezaltenango (192 hec- 47 tares), San Marcos (115), and Totonicapan (in). The total area was 432 hectares. Potatoes were cultivated in Totonicapan (530 hectares). San Marcos (235), Ouezaltenango (166), Solola (54), Huehue- tenango (48), Sacatepequez (40), etc. The total area devoted to this crop was 1,136 hectares. The production of other products, like rice, yucca (Mani- hot}, name, sweet potatoes, indigo and garden plants, including vegetables, is very limited. Also, fruit trees are not very abundant, with exception of oranges, mango, jocote, aguacate, guayabo, and some others. Passing to the live-stock, there are about 163,381 horses and mules, 497,130 cattle and 490,176 sheep and goats distrib- uted all over the country, and they are mostly found in regions of savannas or in potreros, of which there are about 316,071 hectares, namely 50,331 in the Department of Guatemala; 39,- 850 in Santa Rosa; 38,407 in Huehuetenango; 29,898 in Es- cuintla; 24,248 in Alta Verapaz; 22,564 in Zacapa; 13,259 in Baja Verapaz; 12,515 in Amatitlan; 12,402 in Chiquimula; 13,- 183 in Solola; 11,126 in Jutiapa; 10,263 in Suchitepequez; 7,810 in Sacatepequez; 6,704 in San Marcos; 6,645 m J a l a P a 5 5^43 in Quezaltenango; 5,404 in Quiche; 4,192 in Retalhuleu, etc. In 1896 cowhides valued at 3,360 pesos were exported to the United States. The salaries and wages paid in agriculture are as follows: Foremen 25 to ICO paper pesos per month. Laborers 20 to 75 centaros paper money per day. Peons 50 ceutavos to 1 pesos paper money j.er day. Coachmen 20 to 60 peso paper money per month. Cooks 3C to 100 pesos paper money per month. VII. MEANS OF COMMUNICATION. A very important factor in the economic development of a country is its means of communication. Guatemala is also here deficient. The principal roads are called "caminos carretcros," more or less fitted for transportation by ox or mule carts. Such roads exist between Guatemala and Ouezaltenango, between Quezal- tenango and San Marcos, between Quezaltenango and Retal- huleu, between El Rodeo and Ocos, between El Rodeo and Ca- ballo bianco, between Retalhuleu and Mazatenango, between Escuintla and Santa Lucia, between Guatemala and San An- tonio, between Guatemala and Antigua, between Antigua and Escuintla, between Guatemala and Cuajiniquilapa, between Cuajiniquilapa and Mataquescuintla, between Coban and Pan- zos, between Chiquimula and Zacapa, between Zacapa and Gualan, between Guatemala and Jalapa, ajid between Guate- mala and San Jose. The only stage service in the country is between Guate- mala and Quezaltenango and between Guatemala and An- tigua. During the rainy season the roads are in a wretched con- dition, and during the dry season little is done to them, not- withstanding that most of the exported and imported goods have to be moved on these roads. 49 The following table gives the distances between the prin- cipal points in Guatemala : Guatemala to Guatemala to Antigua Chimaltenango 32 Amatitlan 23 42 Cuajiiiiquilapa H - Flores 107 Solol 3D Izabal 7" 42 .45 25 ' 29 ' 65 ' There are a number of railroads built for the exportation of coffee and the importation of foreign goods, with a gauge of only three feet (915 mm.). Of these the most important is the Central or Southern Railroad, 74.5 miles long, between the port of San Jose (Pacific Ocean) and the capital of Guatemala. It belongs to an American company. From this line a branch runs from Obero 6 Naranja, thirteen miles from San Jose, to the port of Iztapa, near the mouth of the river of the same name. Another branch passes from Santa Maria (near Es- cuintla), twenty-eight miles from San Jose, to Santa Lucia and Patulul, traversing an important coffee and sugar country. The next most important railroad is called "Ferrocarril Occidental," and connects the. port of Champerico (Pacific Ocean) with San Felipe. It is forty-one miles long, and was built by capitalists domiciled in the country. Perhaps not less important is the so-called "Ferrocarril del Norte," from Puerto Barrios (Atlantic Ocean) to the Rancho de San Augustin. It is 140 miles long, and was built by the national government with the intention of bringing it seventy-five miles farther, to the capital of Guatemala. It passes along the valley of the Motagua River, and opens a very rich zone for coffee and sugar production. Still another railroad has been built along the Polochic River, between Panzos and Tucuru, in order to bring coffee and other products from the Departments of Yerapaz down to the port of Livingston. Finally, in course of construction is a railroad from the port of Ocos (Pacific Ocean) inland in the direction of San Marcos, also built with the purpose of fa- cilitating the transportation of coffee and of promoting in- .creased production. Since these railroads were opened, transportation by ox or mule carts, or by packing on the backs of mules or Indians, has diminished considerably, although the cart roads are still full of Indians and beasts of burden, carrying wood, iron, min- erals, coffee, sugar, corn, beans, fruits, vegetables, earthen- ware, charcoal, hay. etc.. to market. In another place the ports of San Jose, Champerico and Ocos, and the river port of Iztapa, all on the Pacific coast, have been mentioned, as well as the ports of Livingston, Puerto Barrios and Santo Tomas, on the gulf of Honduras; the port of Izabal. on Lake Izabal; and the river ports of Gualan on the Motagua, and Panzos on the Polochic Rivers, tributaries to the Atlantic Ocean. These are important factors of Guate- malan trade. In 1893 the maritime movement of Guatemala, as to pack- ages and weight, -was as follows: Port of San Joso, 398,817 pieces, or 78,828,000 pound* ' Chiunperico 218,838 " 24,374,500 " " Ocos, ' 31,467 " 4,114,300 " " Livingston, 103,080 " 9,101,000 " Total 7.Y2,2n_> 116,418,000 In 1896 there were 748,266 pieces, or 65,687,660 pounds. There entered and cleared in 1893 the following shipping: 378 vessels carrying the American flag; 55 carrying the Ger- man; 47 carrying the English; 20 carrying the Norwegian. The steamship lines which regularly visit the Pacific ports, of which each one has an iron pier, are the Pacific Mail, an American line plying between Panama and San Francisco, and the Kosmos and Kirsten lines, both German. These three lines receive a subvention from the Government.. The steamers of the Pacific Mail have the following itin- erary : The steamer which sails from Panama on the gth of each month arrives at San Jose on the I5th, at Champerico on the i6th, at Ocos on the I7th. 51 The steamer which sails from Panama on the igth arrives at San Jose on the 28th, and at Champerico on the 29th. The steamer which sails from Panama on the 28th or 29th arrives at San Jose on the 4th or 5th, and at Champerico on the 5th or 6th. The coast steamer which sails from Panama on the loth of each month arrives at San Jose on the 2oth, at Champerico on the 2 1 st. The coast steamer which sails from Panama on the 3Oth arrives at San Jose on the I2th, at Champerico on the I3th, and at Ocos on the I4th. The same steamers sail from San Francisco (California) on the 8th, i8th and 29th. The first arrives at Ocos on the igth, at Champerico on the 2ist, and at San Jose on the 24th. The second arrives at Champerico on the 2d, and at San Jose on the 5th. The third arrives at Champerico on the loth, and at San Jose on the I5th. The Kosmos and Kirsten lines take about fifty days in coming from Hamburg via the Strait of Magellan, but they have no fixed itinerary. In the same condition are the steam- ers which visit Puerto Barrios, Santo Tomas and Livingston. These ports on the Atlantic coast are visited by a number of steamers which go to New Orleans, New York and Europe from Belize, Livingston and Puerto Barrios and the north coast of Honduras. A number of sailing vessels, from eight to twelve, are running on the same routes, but without fixed itineraries. As to other means of communication, Guatemala is also connected by cables and telegraphs with the civilized world. In 1893 there were 3,886 km. (2,430 miles) of telegraph lines, with 139 offices, whjch together dispatched 702,433 telegrams. The postal service maintained 176 offices, which distributed 4,379,654 letters and sent out 5,150,926. VIII. FINANCE, COMMERCE AND INDUSTRY. The commercial world of Guatemala is seriously de- pressed by existing economic and financial as well as political disturbances. Besides the considerable fall in the value of silver, the "curso forzoso" of the paper money, the deficiency in the last coffee crop, and the low price paid for it, there were also the last revolution with its ruinous consequences, the recent Central American Exposition with special allow- ances for free importation, and an unreasonable financial policy of the late President which heavily embarrassed the country and impaired the welfare of the nation, to make the situation appalling. Large coffee and sugar planters have exhausted their credit abroad and many merchants have been obliged to sus- pend payment. There is besides superabundance in many imported products, with the exception of articles of daily and general use, such as flour and nutrient farm produce, tobacco, etc. Drafts for foreign exchange have a very high premium, and many merchants ceased long ago to send drafts to Europe or to the United States, waiting for better times. Taking up the finances and revenues of Guatemala, the treasury derives its income from the following sources: taxes on liquors and duties on imports and exports, stamped paper and revenue stamps, taxes on real estate and on roads, charges for exemption from military service, taxes on live stock, flour, 53 salt, inheritances, sales and donations of immovable property, fines and confiscations, sale of vacant lands, revenues from pawn shops and from post and telegraph service. The headquarters of the custom-house service received in 1896 4,498,838.C4 pesos import duties from Guatemala City. 1,783,885 25 19,537 20 566,628 18 112,662.76 45,070 43 Retalhuleu. Cliamperico. LiTingston. Ocos. Overland Places. Total 7,026,621 81 peios. There are also some export duties, as on coffee, so that the total amount of customs receipts in 1896 was 8,984,417.51 pesos. In 1896, beiides the custom dues of 8,984,417.51 pe?oo There were dues on liquor and victuallers' licenses to the amount of 3,788,245.37 " Various taxes, to the amount of 2,069,017 75 " Telegraph service, to the amount of '211,875.49 " Postal Mi-rice, to the amount of 97,18532 " Total 15,150.741 .44 pesos. The expenditure was calculated at 17,437,452.93 pesos. The external debt in the same year was: 4 per cent, external consolidated 1,549,940 Muller& Thomson's loan 459,875 Total 2,OC9,815 The internal debt was as follows: Treasury notes in circulation 35,736.00 pesos. Bonds and fractions of loan 1,466,339.88 Exhibition bonds 904,000.00 Guatemala Bank 300,000.00 Corporations and Companies 364,553.45 Deposits 112,964.14 Floating debt 541,452.5 > Bills payable 1, 121,964.09 Salaries and expenses 2,472,945 55 Total 7,319,955.66 pesos. There were also national assets to the amount of 7,866,- 737.07 pesos. The value of the entire property of Guatemala was esti- mated not to be over 11,853,085 pesos. 54 Against this crushing line of figures the following list is given of the importations and exportations in pesos since 1851, which has a more favorable aspect: Year. Importation. Exportation. | 1851 1,4' 3,884 1,404,000 1852 1,581,207 . MII 1853 ..43 .'.'.'M.i '47 1854 873,831 2,o3,:;oo 1866 826,480 ;81 1856 1,206,210 1,701 1857 1,165,816 1,906 1858 1,136, 24M 18. r -9 1,228,770 I,7H I860 1,520,050 2,021 1861 1,495,191 1,106,583 1862 1,093,040 1,968,161 1863 74--.,042 1,498,311 1864 1,414,904 1,. "62,916 1865 1,649,712 1866 1,690,116 1,680,341 1867 1,674,687 1,919,650 1868 1,664,843 2,188,197 1S69 1,753,102 2,291,052 1870 l,:'-74,897 2,014,782 1871 1>403,503 2,667,716 1872 '.214 Importation. Exportation. 1,19', 830 2,304,265 IVTI 3,054,004 2,HO",621 187o - ..738 3.V17.M44 isTii 2.7i' 3,767,471 1S77 3,133,871 3,77:5,188 1878 ! 3,238,437 3,918,912 1879 11,920,464 4,o05,6: 1880 3,035,536 4 4_ 181 3,664,674 4.084,348 1882 ; 2.6V..'.m2 3,719,209 1883 2,03' 5,718,341 1884 3,829,650 4,9:57,941 1885 3,103,277 6 069,645 1886 3,537,399 6,719,502 1887 4,241,407 9,039.391 1888 6,460,568 <<,977 1880 7,586,661 13,247,6^9 1890 7,639,833 14,401,534 1>>91 ' 7,816,730 14,17 1892 6,010,233 14,869,324 1893 6,383,834 20,327,077 The value of the imports is that estimated by the manu- facturers, and the value of the exports is calculated at the ports, and includes transportation to them. Continuing the information concerning the foreign com- merce of Guatemala, these tables are given: Exportations to the United States of America in 1896 were as follows : Coffee, Bananas, Minerals, Corozo, CowliMes. India ruMier, Lumber. Coined silver, 11.962,467 pounds. valued at G: 1 , :''>! i 40 250 pesos. J ' 4 25,025 8) 200 " Deer skins, valued at Living plants, " Zarzaparilla, " Black beans, " Tobacco, Sundri-'.-. Hardware, 1,219 peooB. 30 110 4 408 910 At the same time there were exported to Germany, coffee amounting to 46,268,078 pounds; cowhides valued at 28,682 pesos; Indian rubber valued at 8,822 pesos; deer skins valued at 6,896 pesos; sundries valued at 1,310 pesos. To England: Coffee amounting to 10,332,847 pounds; Indian rubber valued at 15,488 pesos; sundries valued at 435 pesos. 55 To France: Coffee, amounting to 1,585,563 pounds; coined silver valued at 22,000 pesos. Other products for export are cinchona bark, of which, in 1893, there was sold a valuation of 3,740 pesos, and the rubber, called "hule" or "cauchu," of which, in 1893, a valu- ation of 38,898 pesos was sent abroad. The production of rubber since 1860 has been as follows : Year. No. pounds. Year. No. pounds. Year. 1860 221,600 IS7.J 390,200 1 886 1861 292,600 1874 42,800 1887 1862 139,900 1879 1,800 1888 1863 278,600 1880 25,900 1889 1864 303,900 1881 188,100 ]890 1870 278,500 1882 345,900 1891 1871 214,000 1883 345,400 1SD3 1872 327,100 1885 220,700 No. pounds. 282,400 ;>2;j,400 221.100 169.700 143,000 142,200 317,300 Besides rubber, only the following forest products, mahog- any, cedarwood, mora, campeche, brazilwood and some zarza- parilla and corozo (oilseeds) are exported. The United States of America exported to Guatemala in the same year: Articles. Pesos Articles. Pesos. Oils Spirits 31,976.40 69 135 60 Carved wooil. 24,12060 ':,1'2 18040 Barbed wire Cotton yarns . . . 28,9tiO.OO 364,219 35 Machinery 61,120.60 Sundry articles .... 7*5, 1U6 45 349,610.65 Bicycles 32,146 90 29,460.40 Shoe material Cinnamon and spices 8,916.75 19,126 30 Lard Manufactures of leather and 21,210.60 Carts 14,138 60 fur " 30,110.45 Carriages 24,872.40 61,034.10 Barley 19,196 65 25,106.70 Beer 37 27'' SO 56,114.10 Preserves 82,430.60 15 46 40 Petroleum Silk 47,102.40 68 106 40 31*881 10 i Hats 14,260 20 92 184 50 18,140.KO 58 110 60 19,020.40 45,960 00 Wheat 41,960.20 Flour. Iron ware 476,908.40 139,140.80 "1 S60 40 Tea Wines and liquors 19,105.20 46,120.80 Wool lg'916'20 3,172,896 05 56 The imports from France amounted in the same year to 1,196,849.40 pesos, as follows: Spirits, bran.ly, <-tc i yarns, etc.) ]_.-, Sundry articles 7 i'n-si'rves. iMil chin.-iwat" ]4, ( "opper wares 'J3,63~>.40 Drugs and mediciin- 3. . Jewelry 31. Wool (yarns, i-lotli, clothing, etc.; '2 Hi. Linen 14.210..10 Machinery i?. .Manufactures of leatlier 1. Stationery f>>;,lol.i;'i Pianos, organs, etc 2 1 ,116 40 Silks (yarns, cloth, ribbons, etc.) 851,746. 'Jo Hats _> i,310 60 Wine and liquors ] 12, 15)0,20 The imports from 142',738!55 ' 67,017.35 ' 60 078 90 ' Belgium 46,0- 36,575 35 ' 85,072. 40 21,249 60 18,023.60 . ]::,'.'-.:;. 9."> . y. _".'-, 1 , China Switzerland Central America .. . The Netherlands The imports from the United Kingdom were valued at 2,164,490.60 pesos, as follows: Cotton yarns and cloth 1,286.840.50 pesos. Sundry artielrs 41,410.50 Drugs anil inedirini-s 17.lS2.4o Iron wares 5)8,134. TO Wool. -n yarns ami clothing 181,11270 Linen (stocking, yarns, cloth, etc. 1 18,416.30 Tobacco and ciirars 12,126 CO Hoofing sh,-. ts 86,14').50 Machin.-ry 26,14080 Kailways, trl. ^r:i]>hs, d.rtric lights, machinery ... 172,38060 Leathers mid furs 16,8(!6.40 Sa<^ks or bags 18,145 30 Silks, yarns, clnthin .-. etc ::4. 105.70 The imports from Germany to Guatemala amounted to 2,012,269.40 pesos, as follows: Spirits 16,954.20 1-es Barbed wire 18,976.40 ' Cotton yarns, etc 416,845.10 " Sundry articles 73,401.65 " Beer 51,284.80 " Prenerres 48,208.10 " Glassware, chinaware 58,136.80 " Coals 27,146.10 " Drujts and medicines 34,106.50 Stearine 23,902.10 " Matches 45,180.60 " Ironware 116,908.40 ' Iron in bars 22,214.10 Jewelry 23,190.40 Wool (yarns, cloth, clothing) 186,810.46 Linen 18,460.80 Roofing sheets 51,230.20 Timber and roofing materials 31,180.40 Materials for railways, telegraphs 163,960.40 Furniture 24,295.20 Manufactures of leathers and furs 34,215.6(1 Other articles 152,101.70 Stationery 59,107.30 Pianos 15,120.50 Sacks 25,194.50 Silk (yarns, etc.) 32,104 40 Hats 23,910.60 Roofs 18,945.20 Wines and liquors 23,160.80 The history of commerce in Guatemala is very simple. During the first years of the present century, toward the end of the Spanish domination, after many restrictions to trade had been removed and Central America had obtained leave to traffic direct with Mexico and other Spanish-American colo- nies, there were only thirty or thirty-five mercantile houses throughout Central America. Merchandise to the value of $1,000,000 was yearly imported from Spain through the Bay of Honduras. The returns were chiefly indigo, coin and bul- lion. There was some trade also with Peru and Cuba, and at the same time smuggling was carried on quite freely and largely through Belize and Curasao on the Atlantic coast, and by. foreign whalers on the Pacific coast. After the separation from Spain there was, as Herbert Howe Bancroft says, little commerce for many years, until the construction of the railway across the Isthmus and the estab- lishment of a line of steamers making periodical visits to the several Central American ports on the Pacific coast afforded facilities for the development of both agriculture and foreign trade. Up to that time the several republics had established regular fairs, and subsequently they added to their number. These were attended by persons wishing to purchase national 58 or foreign products and manufactures. In Guatemala annual fairs were held in Ksquipulas. .where large quantities of mer- chandise were sold: in Rabinal. in Yerapaz, of dry goods; in Mazatenango, of dry goods, cacao, cattle, etc.; in San Pedro Ayampue. in Solola, of dry goods, fruit and stock; in Quezalte- nango and Chimaltenango, of woolen manufactures; also in the capital of Guatemala, in Salcaja. Santa Cruz del Quiche, Jalapa, Santa Rosa and San Pedro Pinula. In regard to the development of the commerce of Guatemala since 1851. we refer to the above copied lists of importations and exporta- tions from 1851 to 1893. In order to understand the slow development of Guatemala, it should be mentioned that until the railroads were built the country was, to all intents and purposes, insular, and reached only by sea. The business cen- ters, being all in the interior, were accessible only by difficult roads and horse paths. Her people lived mainly by them- selves, and cared little for the outside world, and the outside world cared little for them. This situation was much changed with the production of coffee as an article of export, and it can be said that all mod- ern improvements and the present civilization are mostly due to coffee. With the accumulation of more wealth the standard of life was raised, and commerce rapidly increased. In 1-77 the first liauk, the liam-o Internacional, was established with a. capital of 1,400.000 peso* And after that the Banco Colombiano with a capital of 1,684,000 The BUMO cte Occidents with a capital of 1,800,000 The Banco de Guatemala with a capital of 1,500,000 The lUnco Agricola Ilipotecarin with a capital of 4,000,000 And the Banco Americano w.th a capital of 600,000 Credit is still dear in Guatemala. 10 to 12 per cent, inter- est being demanded; and it is generally alleged that the banks are not liberal in extending credits. Business is usually done on long credits. The merchants in the larger cities, with a capital of from 20,000 to 100,000 pesos, get usually a six, nine and twelve months' credit from European exporters, while the merchants of the interior, with a capital of from 4,000 to 12,- ooo pesos, and who generally handle the cheaper articles of all kinds, in accordance with the wealth of their customers, chiefly 59 Indian agriculturists and laborers, get from the wholesale dealers in the larger cities a six to nine months' credit, paying an interest of from 7 to 10 per cent. As may be inferred, most of the merchants deal in general merchandise, and the articles chiefly purchased are canned goods, cheaper grades of clothing and dress goods, dry goods, hardware, crockery, glassware, farming implements, household and decorative fur- niture, kitchen utensils- and household articles, boots and shoes, hats, carpets, stationery, flour, butter, lard, etc., machin- ery for coffee cleaning, sugar making, mining, sawmills; also pumps, etc. The larger houses are generally good and reliable. Many business houses are also proprietors of coffee plantations, and it happens that most of the imported merchandise is paid for with it. The commerce in coffee is mostly in the hands of Germans or German-Americans, who have also invested a great deal of their capital in coffee and sugar plantations. Besides German and American houses there are a number of Spanish, Italian, French and native houses all through the country. Industries. The industries of Guatemala are still in their infancy. The principal ones are sugar factories, distilleries and establishments for cleaning and preparing coffee; then follow the industries mentioned in connection with the Indians, such as the weaving of maata (cotten cloth), of jerga (a coarse woolen stuff), cashmere, silk and cotton scarfs, huipiles, hats, ropes and cordage, pottery, baskets, artificial flowers, wax fruits, cigars, shoes, furniture, musical instruments, etc. There is probably a profitable field for the establishment of all kinds of factories, which undoubtedly would be encour- aged by the government. In order to get a concession or privilege for any enterprise, applications must be made to the government, and a contract to that effect signed by the appli- cant and the Minister of Fomento. In certain cases the ap- proval of the President of the Republic is sufficient for their validity, while some contracts, like railroad concessions, must be submitted for the sanction of the legislative assembly. 60 HISTORICAL SKETCH AND POLITICAL ORGANIZATION. Spain governed Central America by the Audiencia Real for about three centuries. There were several attempts at re- sistance and formal protests against her tyranny as early as 1811, but it was not until 1821 that the representative of Spain, Gavino Gainza, surrendered his authority, when, on the I5th of September, independence was proclaimed. Soon after Mexico made an attempt to annex Central America to the ephemeral empire of Iturbide, but that domination was never acccepted. After that and up to the present a series of attempts have been made to confederate the Central American countries. In 1824 a federal constitution establishing the Republic of Central America was proclaimed. The union lasted until 1839, when it was dissolved, notwithstanding the strenuous efforts of numerous patriots headed by General Morazan. Guatemala became, on the i/th of April, 1839, an inde- pendent republic, principally through the efforts of Rafael Carrera, who was proclaimed dictator on the I9th of March, 1840, elected President on the nth of December, 1844, and President for life on the 2ist of October, 1854. He governed the country in a successful manner until his death, which occurred on the I4th" of April, 1865. After him General Vicente Cerna was elected President, and followed the policy of Carrera. He was overthrown in 1871 by the Liberal party, led by General Miguel Garcia Granados. 61 In 1873 he was succeeded by General J. Rufino Barrios, whose administration was very successful. He was killed in 1885 at the battle of Chalchuapa while attempting to establish by force a Central American union. From 1886 to 1892 General M. L. Barillas was President, followed by General J. M. Reyna Barrios who, after bringing his country into a heavy financial and economic as w-ell as political crisis, fell at the hands of a murderer, on February 8th, 1898. The actual pro- visional President is the Licenciate, M. E. Cabrera. Political organization. Guatemala is governed by a constitution sanctioned by the Constituent Assembly of 1879 and amended in 1885. Personal liberty is guaranteed by this code to the fullest extent, and no restrictions of any kind are placed upon the exercise of freedom of conscience and opinion. Public authorities are chosen by universal suffrage. Instruc- tion at the public schools is free, and attendance upon them is compulsory. Military service is likewise obligatory, but ex- emption from it may be obtained only by paying a certain amount of money. Foreigners are not obliged to pay any special imposts, or forced loans, nor are they liable to military service or accept- ance of public employment. Civil marriage is established in the country, and public registries of property, births and deaths and of the social state of persons are kept by public function- aries. The legislative, executive and judicial jurisdictions con- stitute the government of the country. The legislative power is vested in a House or Assembly, renewed every two years by halves. This Assembly appoints its own President, Vice- President and Secretaries. It meets on the ist of March and its sessions last two months, but they may be extended for another thirty days. Congress may also be summoned to extra sessions, whenever urgent public business requires it. Executive power is vested in a President who is elected directly by the people. His term of office runs for six years, and he is not eligible to succeed himself. He is assisted by the secretaries of six departments, who in some cases have a consolidated responsibility. These Secretaries are in charge of the Departments of Foreign Affairs, Interior Affairs and 62 Justice, Public Works, War, the Treasury, and Public Instruc- tion. The Judiciary is composed of a Chief-Justice and a Su- preme Court, three Appellate Courts in the Capital, one in Quezaltenango and another in Jalapa, each one having its own Attorney-General. There are five courts of the first instance in Guatemala, three in Quezaltenango, two in San Marcos and one in each of the remaining nineteen Depart- ments. In each municipality there is a Justice of the Peace. The Council of State is an auxiliary body, for the advice of which the Government may call. It is formed of nine mem- bers, of five elected by the Assembly, and of four appointed by the Executive. The Assembly appoints a permanent commission, which attends to all matters prescribed by the law, when the Assem- bly is not in session. Each municipal territory established by law is adminis- tered by a council or corporation. The government of each Department is exercised by a political chief, who is at the same time the commander of the local forces. After the Liberal successes of 1871 the old codes were 'displaced by others more in accordance with the requirements of modern times. The code of civil and criminal procedure, and also the fiscal, military and commercial codes have been sanctioned and promulgated. A police force was established years ago in Guatemala, Quezaltenango, Chiquimula, La Antigua, Jalapa, Amatitlan, Totonicapan and Retalhuleu. It is also intended to establish a force of rural guards for the highways. The army is composed of about 500 commanding' offi- cers, 3,263 officers and 53.903 men. UCSB LIBRARY