SB 2.95 fees- UC-NRLF CHINA. IMPERIAL MARITIME CUSTOMS. II. -SPECIAL SERIES: No. 13. OPIUM: HISTORICAL NOTE, OR THE POPPY IN CHINA PUBLISHED BY ORDER OF f he #u0|)cctor titntul of (Customs. SHANGHAI: JLI8HID AT tni ICAL DEPAKTMKNT F TH K-J XSrECTORAIE GENERAL OF CUSTOMS. AND HOLD BY KELLY A .AXOHAI, HOXCKOXG. YOKOHAMA. AXD SIXGArf.RK LONDON: r. s. KIXO t sos, CANADA BUILDING. KING STREET, WEST :>.] 1880. / kt/ MAIN LIBRARY JOHN FRYER CHIMED LIBRARY TABLE OF CONTENTS. Page. Introduction ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ' The I'|'|'V anioiiL' the (Jrri ks and Ron, ... ... ... ... ... 3 The l'"|>|>y aiMoiiL,' tin- Arata ... ... ... ... ... 4 Tin 1 Arabs in China ... ... ... ... ... ... 5 Tin 1 Arab.- at Canton .- 5 First mrnti >f cultivation nf tho Poppy in China in the eighth century ... ... ... 5 ! int'iitinii nf cultivation nf i ho Poppy in China in the eight)) century ... ... 6 Karly p>ein "ii the Poppy ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 6 The two Aral) travellers ... ... ... ... ... ... 6 Tin 1 l'"|>i'.v i mi -r-i the Chinese Pharmacopcria ... ... 7 n of Sc TIN.,.I>'O 7 :IK 7 i in Si: CHK'> \ioem ... M.it, M.I M.,1,,,, i,f tin- eleventh century by Su SUNG 8 Cultivation of tin 1 1'oppy niolitiolied M.. li. M! IIM ..t" l'"ppy seeds ... ... ... 9 Tin 1 whit- !' l'3 First mi-tit ion of Opium extract was in fifteenth century ... ... 15 Arabian mot hod of obtaining Opium ... ... ... 15 \VAV: 1 1 si's directions for use of Opium ... >5 H-i'> directions for procuring Opium from the Poppy ... 15 KG Hal's knowledge, how aoquind ... ... ... ... S Fullest details, where found ... ... ... 16 My pn -curing the death or removal from the city of all the chief inhabitants, succeeded in persuading the remainder to submit to his father's rule. The Poppy is also alluded to in HOMER as a garden flower. He describes an arrow aimed at HECTOR as missing him, but striking in the chest another son of PRIAM. He proceeds, "Just as a Poppy in a garden hangs on one side, its head laden with fruit and with the dew of spring, so he bent on one side his head, made 5 I>y his helmet." t The first mention of Poppy juice is by HIPPOCRATES, who * Hnic nuntio, quid, credo, dubiiu fidi-i v'ulclmtur, nihil roce responsuiu est. Rex, volnt deliberabundus, in hortum a>dium transit, sequent* nuntio filii : ibi, inambulans tacitus, summa paptiverum capita dicitur 1-aeiiln MS-C. LIVT, i, 54. UK rryxixrt KJT' ivl , piry ppiOoplvi) vorljfri Tt ilapivrfTiv i-riptaa' ^pw ; mjXijici fiapvvQiv. Iliad, viii, 306-8. 4 OPIUM : calls it oxo? fj.r'iKwvo^. From OTTO'?, "juice," was formed omov in Greek, and Opium in Latin. MT'IKWV is the Greek name of the Poppy. HIPPOCRATES lived in the fifth century: before Christ. He was famous as the founder of Greek medical literature, and to him certainly the virtues of the Poppy were known. In VIRGIL we find the Poppy described as pervaded by lethean sleep (" Lethseo perfusa papavera somno." Georg., i, 78), and he sometimes- speaks of the "lethean Poppy" or the "sleep-giving Poppy" (" soporiferumque papaver." SEncid, iv, 486). He borrowed from Greek mythology, according to which the waters of the river Lethe, which flows through the regions of the dead, cause those who drink of them to forget everything, as is said also to have been the case with the lotus-eaters of HOMER. The Poppy is in VIRGIL connected not only with the mythology of the world of the dead, but with the worship of CERES. This goddess is represented as holding the Poppy in her hands. Conjecture has been busy in attempting to account for this, and it has been supposed that it was because the Poppy grows wild in corn-fields in European countries, or because the seeds of the white Poppy were eaten as food to give an appetite, CERES being thought of by the ancient mind as the bountiful giver of food. To the ancient imagination, however, it would be quite enough to think of the Poppy as the prettiest of the flowers which grow up wild in the midst of wheat, and on this account to dedicate it to the service of the goddess of the wheat-field. When, in the first Christian century, PLINY wrote his Natural History (20, 18 (76), 199) and DIOSCORIDES his Materia Medica, the word "Opium" was already introduced, and the sleepy effects of it were everywhere known. 2. riie Poppy among The Arabians of the Caliphate studied Greek medicine and practised it. I lie Arabs. Opium became well known among them by its Greek name, which took the form afyfin, through the Semitic habit of changing p to f. In Persia it appeared with the same form (afyun), interchanged with abytin and apy/in, which latter became, as will be seen, the parent of the Chinese name ya-pien (|^f H). Both the Arabs and the Persians had national names for the Poppy : the Arab called it khash-khash, and the Persian kdkndr. Hence we may gather that the Poppy was anciently HISTOIUCAL NOTK. 5 ;us a garden flower M t'u- eastward as Persia, while its medical applications were made l>y iln- (Jreeks.* In the times of the Caliphs the Arabs began to visit China.t especially after ThpArabgin the found ing of P.aghdad, A.D. 7G3, and became traders in drugs, precious stones, brocades. rose \\ater. and such things. Previous to the T'ANG dynasty the Poppy ippaivntlv unknown to the Chinese botanists and physicians, and when it was brought to them their attention was drawn to the fonn of the heads which enclosed the seeds, then used in making a soporiferous decoction according to the directions of the Arab doctors; consequently they invented names for it, based on the appear- ance of the I'oppy heads. The seeds looked like millet seeds, if not in colour, at least in shape, and therefore they called the heads mi-nang (% JK), " millet bags." The early arrival of Arabs by sea at Canton may be illustrated by the The Arabs at J J J Canton. following extract from the Pan-yii-hsien-chih ($= $ H jg) : " In the T'ANG dynasty, on occasion of the opening of trade with Foreign ships, the Mahommedan King MAHOMET sent his mother's brother from Western countries to China to trade. He built a toml) and monastery, called respectively Chien-kuang-t'a (& 3k $J) and Huai- x/n'iig-ssii (ft 3? ^). Soon after the monastery was completed he died, and was buried in the tomb [still existing outside the North Gate], in accordance with his intention." 3. In the reiom of T'ANG MING HUANG, in the first half of the eighth century, Fint mention of cultivation ..f the an author named CH'N TS'ANG-CH'I (ftf. ft S), in a work which he calls A Suppk- |, > ^ mn,t to tff I'>'n-ts l ao (* | & if), quotes from an earlier writer, SUNG YANG-TZO c ( 1% ?), a statement that " The Poppy has four petals. It is white and red. Above them is a pale red rim. The seeds are in a bag, which is like one of those aiT'i\\ --heads which have air-holes to make a sound as the arrow cuts through the air. Within there are seeds like those of millet." * Opium is lso mentioned in the Jerusalem Talmud (seventh century), Aboda Zarah, ii, 40 (ophy6n, ^VfllK ' w being dangerous medicine. : + China in the parly HAS dynasty opened Foreign trade by way of Cochin China. Tndcr ! \\"KI ilynnsty international trade was established at certain points on the border between North and South China. In the > dynasty, A.D. 971, a Superintendent was appointed at Canton, Hangrhow, and Ningpo, to overlook Foreign trade. Karlier than this we read of an officer called $hih-po-itH (iff |& p]), appointed to Canton to superintend Foreign tr.ide, as the title implies. This was in the T'ANO dynasty. OPIUM : Second mention. Early poem on the Poppy. The two Arab travellers. At this time, early in the eighth century, the Arabs had been trading with China for at least a century, for MAHOMET'S death occurred AD. G32, and that of his uncle not long afterwards. It was easy for the Poppy to be cultivated with the jasmine and the rose everywhere throughout the country. We know, indeed, from the Nan-fang-ts'ao-mu-chuang (j # 3 7fC #R), a work which dates from the beginning of the fourth century, that the jasmine and the henna, plants which must have come with the Arabian commerce, were already in China when that book was written. But the first distinct mention of the Poppy is in the work of CH'EN TS'ANG-CH'I. In the work on trees, called Chung -shu-shu (H $jj H), written by Kuo T'O-T'O (?I5 H It), it is said that " The Poppy, ying-su (lj H), if sown on the 9th of the 9th month or on the 15th of the 8th month, the flowers will be large and the heads full of seeds." This passage occurs in the T'u-shu-chi-ch'tng (M 9 ^ .$)""" The author's biography was written by Liu TSUNG-YUAN ($J JK 2C), and we therefore know that he was living in the latter part of the eighth century. He resided near the capital, in Shensi. From this it must be concluded that the Poppy was then cultivated in the neighbourhood of what is now Si-an-fu (provincial capital of Shensi). The poet YUNG T'AO ($| B38), a native of Ch'eng-tu-fu, in Szechwan, in the closing years of the T'ANG dynasty, wrote a poem, entitled A Poem on leaving a winding Valley and approaching my Western Home. It says, " Passing the dangerous staircase I issued from the winding defile of the Pao Valley. After travelling across all the intervening plains and rivers I am now near my home. The sadness of the traveller in his journey of 10,000 li is to-day dissipated. Before my horse I see the mi-nang flower." This short poem shows that at the time when it was written the Poppy was cultivated near Ch'eng-tu-fu. 4. From about 756 to 960, a space of two centuries, little is said in Chinese books of the Arabs ; yet at that time two Mahommedan travellers came to China and wrote accounts of what they saw and heard. Recently their works have been * Kindly lent from the Russian Legation Library, Peking. HISTORICAL NOTK. 7 into Kiiro]>c:tn languages. This shows that the Arabs did not cease during iliis interval to visit China. Information in regard to the medical qualities of the Poppy would be originally furnished to the Chinese by the Arabs; it is on this account that in the /'-'n-ts'ao of the K'AI PAO period (A.D. 968 to 976) the Poppy is introduced as a healing plant. 5. In the year 973 tin- F.mperor SUNCJ T'AI-TSU gave an order that Liu HAN The Po ppy enters the Chinese Phar- (ffl <&> and a Ta<>i-i. M \ ('inn t .Hj *), with others, nine in all. should prepare the " medical work known as fPfti-pao-ptn-ts'aO (M H x 3$L\ In this the Poppy is called .'/''oiled into gruel and taking this." The name >/ing-su here used, and previously by the earliest T'AXG dynasty authors on this point, means "jar millet," from the resemblance of the Poppy head to the kind of jar which the Chinese call ying. Ani'Hi^ tl ie poets of this period were two brothers named Su ; one was the Poemof SuTusc- i-ated St TfMi-r'o (H $ &). In a poem of his occurs the following passage : " The Taoist advises you strongly to partake of the drink called chi-su-shui (19 H ?JC). The li>y may prepare for you the broth of the ying-su." The brother, named Su CH (fi (ft), wrote a poem which he called A Poem on Poem of Su tl,i' < 'njtiniti',,, of the Medical Plant " Ying-su," or Poppy : " I built a house on the west of the city. The ground in the centre was laid out in rectangular divisions. Where the windows and doors left a space, firs and bamWis helped to fill up the vacancy. The thorny bushes were pulled up, and a pmlen made to grow good vegetables and other plants. The gardener came to me to say, 'The ying-su (Poppy) is a good plant to have.' It is called ying localise, though small, it is shaped like a ying (jar); it is called su because the seeds are -tdtemont shows that at that time there prevailed an extensive use of mercury, taken under the idea that it would prolong life, and that the effects were found to be very injurious. 8 OPIUM : Notes on the poem. small and look like su (millet). It is sown with wheat and ripens with panicled millet chi ($), Panicum miliaceum; when growing it may be eaten like the vegetables of spring. Its seeds are like autumn millet. When ground they yield a sap like cows' milk ; when boiled they become a drink fit for BUDDHA. Old men whose powers have decayed, who have little appetite, who when they eat meat cannot digest it, and when they eat vegetables cannot distinguish their flavour, should take this drink. Use a willow mallet and a stone basin to beat it. Boil it in water that has been sweetened with honey. It does good to the mouth and to the throat. It restores tranquillity to the lungs and nourishes the stomach. For three years the door has been closed, and I have gone nowhere and come back from nowhere. I see here the Hermit of the Shade (a Taoist priest) and the long-robed Buddhist priest ; when they sit opposite I forget to' speak. Then I have but to drink a cup of this Poppy-seed decoction. I laugh, I am happy, I have come to Ying-ch'uan, and am wandering on the banks of its river. I seem to be climbing the slopes of the Lu Mountain in the far west." There is a small river in the province of Anhwei which is called Ying-shui. The city mentioned was on the banks of that river, which is famous in history. The mountain called Lu-shan is in Western China, on the north of the celebrated O-mei- shan. The poet went to live at Ying-ch'uan when he was old. As a boy he had lived with his brother near the Lu Mountain. Medico. of the eleventh by Su 6. The Emperor JEN TSUNG, of the SUNG dynasty, about the year 1057, ordered J J J compilation by Su SUNG (H !>$) and others of the work known as Tu-ching-pen- ts'ao (IH fS & 1$.). The magistrates of all cities were ordered to supply information on all medical plants in their vicinity, according to the method before employed in preparing the previous work, called Ying-kung T'ang Pen-ts'ao (3 & %$ ^J |), made in pursuance of an order given by the Emperor KAO TSUNG, in the T'ANG dynasty, to the Prince named YING KUO-KUNG (5 HI &). In this work it is said Cultivation of the by Su SUNG that " The Poppy is found everywhere. Many persons cultivate it Poppy mentioned. as an ornamental flower. There are two kinds, one with red flowers and another NOTK. with white. It has an odour not very agreeable. The fruit is like a lluwi-r vase, and contains very small Medft < iardriiers manure the land for the Poppy every other year. The seeTOi:i< A I. NOTE. 11 nt" ointment of lead on the tips of the Howers. It is as if they told me that the spring is ndvancing, but the snow is not yet melted. I see a thousand Poppy heads full of black s.-e.k. The east wind will l>lo\v .-nul they will he like millet of tin- best -id ipiality.' 1 The comparison with MIOW indicates the colour of the Pop] YAM. Smii-YiNi: (tJS3tP, ' l native of Fuhkien when the Si'NU dynasty ' clyaei : 3 in a medical work, while speaking of the use of the Poppy capsule in medicine, in cases of dysentery, "This is thought little of by most, but when d\^-nterv is of long continuance, without leatherings of matter locally and pain resulting, and it is right to use astringents, if this remedy were not at hand how could use be made of this mode of treatment? But there ought to be other drugs accompanying it, to modify the effect." Another SUNG dynasty writer on medicine, named WANG CH'IU (j If), in a work to wliich he gave the name Pai-i-hsiian-fang (H 3 #), writes that Poppy seeds and capsules may with advantage be used together for both kinds of dysentery. The seeds are prepared in a pan over the fire. The capsules are roasted on a gridiron. being pulverised they are made up into pills, with honey, of the size ofmi-tung seeds (Elcococca rernicosa). 30 pills are taken at a time, with rice gruel These pills have l>een tried and found most efficient. Another Srxu dynasty author, WANG SHIH (HI), in his work I-chien-fang (Ik tt #). says, " The effect of the Poppy capsule in curing dysentery is nothing less than magical But in its nature it is extremely astringent, and easily causes vomiting and difficulty in digesting food; consequently, patients are afraid of it and do not venture to take it. Yet if it be prepared over the fire with a little vinegar, and black plums be added on account of their acid qualities, its use will be found tory. " If the four drugs known as the four noble medicines, viz., tang-sJu'n (a coarse ginseng grown in China), pai-shu (Atractylodes alba, a medicinal plant like an artichoke), China-root, and liquorice, be mixed in due proportion and token with it, there will be still less tendency to check digestion and, prevent the food from proceeding on its way. The results will be most excellent." 12 OPIUM : 8. Use of capsules Li SniH-CHEN (^ fl$ |), in the Pen-ts'ao-Jcang-mu (& ^ $| g), or Chinese probaUy derived from the West., Matcria Medica, follows a chronological order in his arrangement of passages taken from the works of the medical authors who preceded him. It may be concluded, therefore, that the use of the Poppy capsule in medicine began with the SOUTHERN SUNG dynasty, that is, in the latter part of the twelfth or in the thirteenth century. YANG SHIH-YING published his work A.D. 1265, and WANG Sum is by Li SHIH- CHEN placed later. The latter does not say whence the use of the capsule was derived ; it may therefore be supposed that it was introduced from the West, where its hearing virtues were known from the most ancient times. 9. ue <.f capsules In the work called Hsuan-ming-fang (!g BfJ #), by Liu HO-CHIEX (ij ftf Faj)> in North China ill twelfth century. O f the CHIN (^) dynasty, it is said that for asthmatic cough, with perspiration, in summer and winter of several years' standing, the Poppy capsule may be used. 2^ ounces in weight should be taken. The stem and outer membrane should be removed. Let it simmer in vinegar. Take 1 ounce and mix with half an ounce of black plunis ; let it be slowly heated and then pulverised. Take for a dose two-tenths of an ounce. Let it be administered in hot water and drunk at bed-time. capsules in Li RAO (^ jic), a physician of the same period (born A.D. 1180, died 1252), ,\<>rtli China in thirteenth cen- savs the Poppy capsule is efficient as an astringent and in strengthening the system. It operates on the kidneys, and is useful in the cure of disease affecting the bones. 10. Use in South WEI I-LiN (fa 3$ $fc), of the YUAN dynasty, a native of Kiangsi and of the China in thir- teenth century. c ity of Chien-chang, published a book called Te-hsiao-fanrj (^ 3fc #), made up of prescriptions collected by himself and his ancestors for four generations before his time. He says that in cases of obstinate diarrhoea of a chronic nature the Poppy capsule may be used. The stringy parts should be removed, and it should be dipped NOTE. 13 in li'.iicy ;inil held over the tire. Thru pulverise it. As a (lose u. TzO-cnfix ('$, ? j$j), in the YI dynasty : "They carry in their hair Poppies which are in colour like the red clouds after rain and asters resembling the hoar frost" 11. The first name that we meet with in the MIMJ dynasty is that of a uofciu fourteenth cen- brother Of the Emperor Cn'fexc Tsu (YUNG Lo). He was called CHOU-TINO WANG tui >'- (JH) / D. He says in the P'u-chi-fang (# & 3f) section of Cli>"-fi>"n>yp>'/<-t.<;'ao Ok Jfc ~fc $). a medical work. "The Poppy capsule prepared in vinegar is to be * Stt for particulars BRETSCHXEIDER'S Botaniean .S'intriim, page 49. He lived in the second half of the fourteenth century. His biography is found in the Yuan-ihih (% ft). 14 OPIUM : used for dysentery and bloody evacuations. 1 ounce with half an ounce of orange peel (ch'en-p'i) should be reduced to powder. For a dose take three-tenths of an ounce with black prunes and hot water." In the MING dynasty, which lasted through the fifteenth, sixteenth, and part of the seventeenth centuries, the trade of China by sea with India, Arabia, and the islands of the Eastern Archipelago greatly increased ; at that time the Chinese ships, being provided with the mariner's compass,* ventured a little further from land than before, and the extension of the Mongol Empire to Persia had helped to spread intercourse by sea between China and that country. CHEXG Ho (SB %j), who was sent on a diplomatic mission to all important seaports from Canton to Aden, succeeded so well on his first voyage that he was repeatedly despatched afterwards, and brought back a fairly minute account of the places he visited. He was in diplomatic communication with the chief persons in authority in Aden and some other Arabian ports, in Hormuz on the Persian Gulf, in several cities of India, such as Goa, Cochin, Quilon, and Calicut, as well as other centres of trade nearer home. Can we wonder that all the principal exports in those countries became known to the merchants of Canton and Amoy ? They were then probably, next to the Arabs, the chief traders in the Indian seas. When the Portuguese appeared unexpectedly >/at Cochin in 1498, they commenced at once a career of conquest, and quickly made themselves masters of Aden, Hormuz, Goa, Cochin, Calicut, Malacca, and many other cities. With military prestige they joined great activity in commerce, and became the chief merchants in the East. At this time, as we learn from BARBOSA, Opium was among the articles brought to Malacca by Arabs and Gentile merchants, to exchange for the cargoes of Chinese junks. He also states that Opium was taken from Arabia to Calicut, and from Cambay to the same place, the Arabian being one-third higher in price than the Cambay. The Opium exported from this seaport may be assumed to have been manufactured in Malwa, which lies quite near it. The Arabs, then, had already begun to grow Opium in India in the sixteenth century. In addition to this, we are also told that from places on the Coromandel * The floating compass is mentioned by Hsu CHIXG (^ j|jji), ambassador to Corea, as having been in use on board of his ship in his voyage from Ningpo to Corea in the year A.D. 1122. NOTK. I.") coast Opium was cxpor >i..m and IVj'u. Here wo al-n tind clear indications of tl. \ral> trailers in extending the cultivation of the Poppy in India. this time imported Opium themselves, to l>e used medically. It is important this lor the pro]. islanding of the history of Opium in China. 12. WAM. I hi 'i' K.. reign trade is mentioned in the History of the Minj Dre8cniti \IM; 11-iN (3| IS). He says in curing white and red dysentery use Opium; putchuek, hvamg-lien (J'>*ticia), and pai-shu (Atructylodes), each in equal quantity. I 'ulveri.se in a mortar and mix into pills with rice, making the pills of the size of a Mnall bean. The old and the young must take half as much as the middle-aged and the strong. Take the mixture with rice water after being without food for some hours. Avoid sour things. Take nothing raw or cold Take no oil, fat, tea, wine, or Hour. The disease will be certainly checked. If thirsty drink a little rice water. Another method is to take from the bud of the Poppy flower before it has Medical un of r..|.].y Li: the two green leaves which enclose it and drop off when the flower opena I^Jj^ Pulverise them and take one-tenth of an ounce with rice water. The effect will be marvellous. According as the diarrhoea is of the red or white kind, use the bracts of the red or white Poppy. This use of the bracts which envelop the Poppy flower is peculiar to this author. He was a native of Kiangsi and belonged to the Medical Board in Peking. 8 1 8 OPIUM : Golden elixir pill. He also made a pill celebrated for its healing power and called the golden elixir. It was thought to be able to cure 24 different diseases, which are detailed in the PSn-ts'ao of Li SHIH-CHEN, with a statement of the decoction to be taken with the pill in each case. In this pill, I-li-chin-tan ( $E ^ ff)* Opium was used to the extent of one-hundredth of an ounce and mixed with glutinous rice, to be divided into three pills, one being a dose. If ineffectual, another was taken. It was for- bidden to take many of these pills. Vinegar was not to be used, for fear of internal rupture of the visceral organs resulting in death. In KUNG SIN'S work, called Wan-ping -hui-ch'un (H $1 13 ), cited in the Ttmg-i-pao-chien, there is another golden elixir, for pain above or below the diaphragm. 2^ mace of Opium, with 1 mace of asa&etida, half a mace of putchuck and of aloes, and a quarter of a mace of cow bezoar. The three last were first pulverised together. Opium and asafoetida were placed in a cup and made liquid by dropping water upon them and stirring over a fire. The whole was mixed with honey and made into pills of the size of green beans, and gilt. When the body was hot the pills were taken with cold water; when the body was chilled they were taken with boiling water. The same physician also made purple gold pills with bezoar and other drugs, to help the good effects of Opium. The preceding passages are from Li SHIH-CHEX and the Tung-i-pao-chien. 15. adc ^ n ^ wor k Tung-hsi-yang-k'ao CM. W i ^), an account of countries belonging m the pr " to the Eastern and Western Seas, it is said " In the SUNG dynasty when merchant vessels went to sea the high officials of the ports from which they sailed went to the seashore to escort them. I have gone up the mountain at the entrance of the bight leading to Ch'iian-chou-fu (Amoy) and seen the inscriptions, with dates, on the rocks which record these things. At that time the regulations were very stringent, as if the matters in hand were of great importance. In the province of Fuhkien, in * This was also used in Peking, says Li SHiH-cnfiN, as an aphrodisiac and quite extensively, beyond the range of regular medicine. NOTK. 19 the Sr.vc; and Yi AN d\ Superintendents of Foreign Trade were appointed at each port, under the name X/,il<-ji-s*t'i ( ~t\i |fl fj). At the beginning of the present dynasty (MlM;) tlii :nained unaltered, Inn \va.s afterwards allowed to fall into neglect. In the period from 1465 to 1506 it happened that in the more powerful families connected with commerce there were adventurous persons who went on large ships heymid seas to trade. There were at that time bad men who secretly opened out new paths in which to gain profit, while the officers placed in charge ('ailed to secure, openly at least, in these profitable transactions any share for the (Jo\ eminent. At first they succeeded in gradually enriching themselves, but in course of time this sort of trade degenerated into a rivalry as to who should shoot his arrow farthest and into various irregular proceedings." The same work further that " Along the seashore there is much land which is so full of potash and soda that the tanner can realise no harvests from it It is only possible to look on the :.s the soil to be worked. Tliis led to various employments connected with the The rich collected a revenue from imported goods, and safely brought back with them the sheaves which they reaped in the harvest of the waters. The poor also laboured for a wage, and stretched out the hand to seize the pint measure of rice which they needed to support them in their toil. But the day of rigorous prohibition : ' arrived. These people could not, as before, gain a living through the arrival of merchant ships. They were strong and hearty. They would not fold their hands and sit down inactive in poverty and want. Troubles consequently occurred in succession, resulting in disturbances of the public peace. Men of this class hid themselves in places beyond the local jurisdiction, and having rudely impinged on the law's net they dared not return to be apprehended. In addition to this they conducted barbarians from a distance on various occasions into the places to which they belonged." The author proceeds to say that when the prohibition was withdrawn from Foreign commerce and revenue collected from goods and merchant vessels, the Govern- u * de - ment gained in revenue and the people in tranquillity. In particular the local military expenditure was supplied to a fixed extent each year from this sour<>. lie then remarks, " The duties levied were of three kinds, according to the rules then in force : 20 OPIUM : there was the water duty, the land duty, and the supplementary duty. The water duty was tonnage, and was levied on the representative of the ship. The land duty was duty on goods, fixed ad valorem, and levied, according to the quantity of goods, on the merchant doing business on shore. In respect to this, from fear of smuggling, it was the rule that the supercargo (ch'uan-shang) should not deliver goods until the presentation of a memorandum addressed to the merchant on shore who was the buyer of goods, stating the amount of duty for the goods mentioned, and directing him to go to the vessel and pay the duties there ; after this the goods might be removed. As to the supplementary duties, they were levied in case of an error in the declared measurement of the vessel in feet, to be added to (or subtracted from) the tonnage." Tariff of A.D. 1589. Further, in the year 1589 a tariff was issued, stating the duties to be levied on each kind of goods and approved by the military commandant. In this tariff myrrh, gum olibanum, and asafoetida, with other articles, are entered at a fixed rate of 3j, mace per cwt. for myrrh, and 2 mace per cwt. for the other two. Opium is Tariffof A.D.i6is. rated at 2 mace of silver for 10 catties, or 2 ounces per cwt. In the year 1G15 a new tariff was issued, in which Opium appears rated at I T \J mace for each 10 catties. 16. LI smu-cHKNV Li SHIH-CHEN, author of the Pen-ts'ao-kang-mu, finished that work A.D. 1578. Ifatena Medico. After saying that the Poppy is called yu-mi ($P %) because it is a grain (mi) which can be used in making presents, and hsiang-hi, (^ M) because it resembles millet (tat), he adds that it is sown in autumn, and in winter is above ground in the form of tender stalks which may be used as food and constitute an excellent vegetable, the leaves being like lettuce. In the 3rd or 4th month the flowering part of the plant is well advanced and protected by bracts, which fall off when the flower opens. There are four petals, which, taken together, are as large as a saucer. The capsule is in the centre of the flower, folded in stamens. The flower falls on the third day after opening, leaving the capsule at the top of the stem. It is 1 or 2 inches in length, and in size like the ma-tou-lmg (a drug, capsule of the bladder tree). It has a lid and a short stalk. In shape it is much like a wine jar. In HISTOIUCAr, NOTK. 21 it there ;MV many white grains, which c:m he used for making a sort of porridge for taking \vitli ordinary food. If (In- seeds are ground with water, and mixed with green bean- tii>t ground t.. make :i jelly, it will 1* found excellent. Oil also can he nnde fn>m the seeds. As to the capsules, they are much used in medicine, hut are not mentioned in the old Pliarmojcopceia. From this it may be concluded that in ancient times the cap>ules were not i: The author ivt'eis here to the N ifiTinciiN Srxt; dynasty, A.D. 9GO to \\-lc~. . the I'oppN lir vd in the I'liarniftcopceia. He i In Kiaiigsu the double Poppy 1 Ii-cJt'>in-hita (K & ?D, (lower of the bright spring. This is said by some to be a variety of the i/iinj-su-linn (5K -JC ?) ; but this is a mistake. Its flower changes perpetually. It may be white, the book of plants and flowers, which says, " The Poppy has a thousand petals and all the five colours. Its petals are shorter than those of the flower called yii-mei-jen, and more graceful. Through the whole garden the spring alighting upon them they seem to fly as they move to the breeze. The seeds are sown in spring." * He died 1590. See Biography 175 ia Ming History. HISTOKK AI. NOTK. 23 18. In the work called ir//-//-/<\/n-.M/ ( //i (fa g *J |jj), written at the end of the MIM. dynasty and the beginning of the present, it is said of the Poppy that it is sown in the middle month of autumn, at noon. After flowering, the seed vessel grows into the shape of a vase. The tiny seeds can be eaten as porridge. Oil is also obtained from them, and the capsules are useful in medicine; they are powerfully ;usti indent. When the capsules are still green, if a needle be used to puncture them in 10 or 15 places, the sap will come out. This should be received into an cup, which may be covered carefully with paper pasted round the edge. Let the cup be exposed to the sun for 1 4 days ; it is then Opium, ready fin tringent, and restrains reproduction most powerfully. 19'. Carefully weighing what is said in the passages preceding, it appears plain that from the latter part of the fifteenth century the manufacture of Native Opium \t-.(^ existed in China, and it is not only in recent years that there has been both Native and Foreign Opium in this country. Let the reader examine the various nits nt' the manipulation by four different authors. WANG Hsi's book cannot now he procured, but judging by what is quoted from him in Li SHIII-CIIKN'S work, hr ii to describe the method of Poppy culture in Arabia, and spoke particularly of a kind which yielded the Opium sap in the 7th and 8th months or later. When, however, he speaks, as in the passage translated from the Tunrj-i-pao-chien, of obstinate diarrluca needing Opium to cure it, and advises the physician to make < )pium direct from the Poppy in a way which he describes, he must be speaking of a Chinese made article. Li T'ING'S account differs in too many points from that of WAM; Hsi to be regarded as a second-hand statement based exclusively upon it. . then Li T'iNc is a third and independent witness on this subject, the fourth the author of the work Wu-li-hsiao-shih. aoMrM 24 OPIUM : 20. '" Java '" Early in the seventeenth century a Dutch physician named JACOBUS BONTIUS went to reside at Batavia, and died there. What he wrote on medicine was after- wards included in the Avork of GULIELMUS Piso, De Indies utriusque Re naturali et medica Libri XIV (ELZEVIE, 1658).* The preface of BONTIUS is dated Batavia, 1629. He says that those nations which use Opium seem drowsy, and are dull in commerce and in arms ; but unless we had Opium to use in these hot countries, in cases of dysentery, cholera, burning fever, and various bilious affections, we should practise medicine in vain. This was the basis of the ancient medicines, theriac, mithridate, and philonium. ^ ie P oor I n ^ ans use . the l eaves an d branches of the Poppy to prepare an inferior sort of Opium, which they obtain by drying in the sun. This they call pust, and they themselves are nicknamed pusti. The rich, who indulge in the more expensive drug, are known as afytini. The Greeks knew the danger of Opium but not its merits, which are clearly divine, and Avhich they failed sufficiently to explore. BONTIUS prescribed curcuma, made from Opium and the Indian crocus, Ilsi- tsang-hung-hua (W ^ if! $:). This was his refuge in dysentery, cholera, phrenitis, and spasms. He took refuge in Opium as a sacred anchor, he tells us, in desperate cases. He used Poppy seeds and Poppy heads. He says that Opium helps nature to conquer the enemy by inducing sleep, and that he could prepare it so that it should not injure even an infant. 21. Towards the end of the MING dynasty the practice of taking Opium medically ing " or otherwise by swallowing it was destined to be soon changed for the habit of Opium-smoking. It is requisite, therefore, in proceeding with this record to enter on the subject of tobacco and tobacco-smoking, in order to introduce by easy transition this new step taken by the Chinese in the use of Opium. * Kindly lent by Dr. E. BRETSCHXEIDER. HISTOIUCAL NOTE. 25 22. In the latter years of the MINI, dynasty tobacco cultivation and tobacco- when introduced. were introduced into China from the Philippine Islands. Here the Spaniards had settled, and they were in constant commiinicat ion with America. The tobacco plant crossed the Pacific and flourished in the neighbourhood of Manila. The first pla.-e in China where it was planted was at Ainov ; it was brought there by Fuhkien sailors trading < Manila. In the work above cited under the name Wu-li-hsiao- xltili, written about A.D. 1650, we are told that tobacco was brought to China about A.I). Ii'rjo, which would be about the same time that King JAMES I's ','-,-1,1, ist ti) T'.bacco was being circulated in England as a new publication. Tobacco was called the "smoke plant" or tampaku, or tan-pu-kuei (Jf / 9). In the time of the last MING Emperor, who reigned from 1628 to 1644, Pn.hit.it i. .n .1 tobMco-nnt.king. tobacoo-amoking was 'prohibited, but the habit spread too rapidly to be checked by law. The origin of Opium-smoking is thus accounted for. Various ingredients were in various countries mixed with tobacco to try their effect; among them was Opium. another ingredient, which is still used by the Chinese in what is called " water tobacco." The Manchus now took the place of the MING dynasty. There is a historical Mncim |,mi,ii.i. tii.ll III toljMCO- lied the Tung-hua-hi QK $ ft), which gives the events of the first century oking. >t Munclm rule in the form of a chronicle. In the year 1641 there is in this book an account of an edict which has reference to tobacco. The Emperor asks the princes and high officers, "Why do you not lead the soldiers yourselves in the practice of archery ? The elder youths should practise the horn-bow and winged arrow ; the younger should be skilled in using the wooden bow and willow-twig arrow. Our dynasty in military exercises makes archery the chief thing. To smoke tobacco is a fault, but not so great a fault as to neglect bow exercise. As to the prohibition of tobacco-s king, it became impossible to maintain it, because you princes and others smoked privately, though not publicly; but as to the use of the bow, this must not he neglected." The edicts afterwards promulgated against Opium were just as 4 26 OPIUM : Spread of tobacco-smoking. Opium-smoking in Formosa. ineffectual as those against tobacco-smoking ; and among the causes of their failure must be included the love of Opium-smoking by many in high positions, favourites and others, whom it would be very difficult to punish. In a work called Sfiun-hsiang-chui-pi (3 HP ^ 3j), written 10 or 20 years later than this edict, tobacco-smoking is described as spreading to the city of Soochow and as being quickly adopted by all classes of the people. The author states that this circumstance was much to the detriment of morality ; it had previously been a difficult thing to uphold moderation in living, but after this it was far more so. Women as well as men, the inhabitants of villages as well as of large towns, fell into the snare, till the habit became almost universal. This immense popularity of tobacco-smoking was an indication of the readiness of the Chinese nation to adopt the use of narcotics. The same thing which took place in the nineteenth century with Opium-smoking occurred in the seventeenth century with tobacco-smoking. The Confucian mind was shocked, the sense of propriety was wounded ; but this did not prevent the rapid spread of both these modes of indulgence in all circles. Prohibitory edicts were issued in vain by Emperors animated by paternal affection for their people. Tobacco was a less evil than they supposed ; Opium-smoking was a far greater evil than they feared. In both cases the Emperor was powerless. The Emperor CH'ENG TSUNG, as we ought to call him, but who is better known as TAG KUANG, is much to be respected for his strong moral convictions on the subject of Opium. He made really great efforts to cope with this evil, but it was in vain. The fondness of the people for inhaling a narcotic was too strong for him to over- come. He failed utterly in the attempt to put down Opium-smoking even in the city of Peking. It was as hard to persuade his own people to abandon a bad habit as to conquer England in war. The habit of tobacco-smoking became national, and went on extending itself for a century, till soon after the close of the long reign of KANG Hsi the attention of the Government was drawn to Opium-smoking as a new vice in Formosa and at Amoy. It grew up in the same part of the country where tobacco-smoking had been introduced. 111-ToKH \[, NOTE. _'7 23. < >ne of the most valuable works to be consulted on the subject of early Opium- AmanitaUt smoking, its connexion with tobaooo-omoking, and the opium trade as it existed at tin end of the seventeenth c'ontury, is the Amccnitates exotica of K.EMPFER. Some :n this \\ork. recording his observations on tobacco, hemp, and Opium, will now !>< They were first pulilished in 1712, but the original notes from which they were compiled were taken 20 years earlier. " Nicotiana ante sesqni ciiriter secula toti antique orbi, adeoque et Persise. eo-pit a Lusitanis transvectorihus innotescere. Nomen ubique habet tabaci, et count piM dis-erso gentium idiomate tobak, tabacco, tombak et tembakit, ab insula hujus tioiiiinis Americana, iju:i- herk-f eopiam inventoribus dederat. Plantoe vix nomen innotiienit, (juin simul cultura celebrari ubique coeperit, et fumandi usus omne hiiinanuiii irrims stnpenda velocitate incantaverit. Plantam, Hyosciami speciem si negamus, ex classe tamen venenatanim nequaquam eximenda fuerit ; cum vertigines, anxietates et vomitus, quos fumigata in non adsuetis concitat, malignitatis testes sint luculenti. Experimentis Redianis constat, olei ejus guttulam recenti immissam vulneri, pullos volucrium enecare, hominibus vero inferre periculosa symptomata. Viili hajulos circa Casanam Tartaria3, qui perforatum cornu bubulum foUis plenum, su|>.'i -posit is carbonibus, paucis haustibus evacuabant ; ex quo instar epilepticonim prosternebantur, pituita spumoque diffluentes. Quam vero venenata sint folia, corn m tamen fumus consuetudine homini fit familiaris, ut, non modo non noceat nalignitate sua, sed benigniori sale serum ex capitis recessibus eliciat, ac cerebrum hilaritate impleat. Quod ut prsestet felicius, Persae fumum trahunt per machinam, acjua ultr.i dimidium plenam, quse foetidum et cerebro inimicum sulphur imbibens, fumum transmittit ab omni malignitatis acrimonia defsecatum, frigefactum et sinccrum. Machina ilia, quam t ]jj$ khaliaan vel khaUuun vocant, ampulla est lipedalLs altitudinis, vitrea, oblongo donata collo; cujus orificium claudit orbiculus 16, in sesquipalmarem diametrum expansus, duos in medio permittens tubulos invi.-em adsolidatos, aeneos ; unum, cujus inferior pars in ampullam demissa, aqu.-e immergitur ; superior recipit nicotiance cum impositis carbonibus retinaculum, in- 28 OPIUM : fundibulo seu buccinse oriticio simile : alterum breviorem, cujus demissa extremitas [Pipe for smoking tobacco through water.] aquam non attingit : superior incurvata arundinem excipit longam, qua fumus attrahitur. Tubulorum propago, proxime sub orbiculo, tela xylina arete circumvoluta est, in earn crassitiem, quse vitri orificium cum modica colli parte expleat atque claudat arctissime : ita evenit, ut ad suctum non possit nisi ex infundibulo fumus succedere ; qui jucundo strepitu aquam penetrans, primo inane vitri spatium occupat, hide per arundinem ad os sugentis atque ipsos pulmones pertingit ; attractio enim, non bucca aut labiis, ut vulgo solet, sed toto pectore peragitur, quo ipso fumus per pulmones se diffundit. Si acrior herba sit, concisam prius aquce immergunt exprimuntque, ut a crudiori acrimonia liberetur : quod idem a Sinensibus et Japonibus factitatum vidi. Modum fumandi per machinam a Persis edocti sunt Arabes Hindostani, seu Indi magni Mogolis, et, qui cum religione mores Arabum adoptarunt, nigritas quidam insulares ; sed his, quod vitra deficiant, pro ampulla servit excavatus cortex cucurbitarum. Turci, Sinenses, Japones, Europseorum more fumum trahunt per fistulam, receptaculo tabaci accensi insertam. Nigritee gentiles fumum sine instrument hauriunt, rotatis foliis in turbinem, cujus basin accendunt, apice labris retento et sucto." HISTOKU'AL NOTE. J.I The Persian pipe for smoking tobacco through water here described by the H.x>kh or wter pi | O. traveller is the parent of that now in use among the Chinese, and of the Indian hookah. The Persians taught its use to the Arabs of Hindustan, the Hindus, and the black inhabitants of Asiatic islands. It spread with the religion of the Arabs wherever they went. According to K.K.MPFKK'S account, tobacco-smoking had during a century and summary of a half been gradually spreading through all countries. It was introduced into Persia c " m " - by the Portuguese while prosecuting their trading operations in the ports of the Persian Gulf. The poisonous qualities of tobacco he proves by what he had himself seen of its effects. Fowls die if tobacco oil is injected into a recent wound. He saw i- Kaaan porters smoking in a peculiar way. They filled a cow's horn with tobacco leave-, pla.vd it uver burning coals, and smoked through a hole in the horn; after a i'.'w whitls they fell down in a state of something like foaming epilepsy. Yet, he adds, when smokers are accustomed to the use of tobacco it soothes the brain and I >r< -mutes cheerfulness. The invention of the water pipe was intended to assist in removing the object of the witer pipe. poisonous and unpleasant qualities of tobacco. The smoke on passing through the r is free from sulphurous fumes, moderated in strength, cooled, and purified. Glass vessels were first used, with brass fittings. The Natives of the Eastern An hipelago, not having glass, used the calabash instead. The author adds that while the Turks, Chinese, and Japanese all smoke with cigwx a pipe, like the Europeans, the black Natives of the islands have a way of their own ; they roll the tobacco leaves into a twist, which they light at one end and smoke from at the other. "Alterum atque intern! usus kheif ex papavere sumitur : quo Indi Persajque H " w i' ium hortos et agros conserunt, ut lactescentem succuni ex laesis capitibus proliciant. Hunc SIKVUIM Europa Opium; Asia cum ^Egypto qfiuun et ofiuun vocat. Persia idem pra j'aratum, ex reverentia, appellat theriaki, i.e., Theriacaiu ; nam hsec illis est poetarum ilia galene, hilare et eudios, id est, medicina animo serenitatem, hilaritatem 30 OPIUM : et tranquillitatem conferens : quo olim tergemino elogio theriacale antidotum Andro- machi appellatum legimus. In Perside collectio ejus celebratur per ineuntem sestatem, propinqua maturitati capita decussatim sauciando per superficiem. Culter negotio servit quintuplici acie instructus, qui una sections quinque infligit vulnera longa parallela. Ex vulnusculis promanans succus postridie scalpro abstergitur, et in vasculum, abdomini preeligatum, colligitur. Turn altera capitum facies eodem modo vidneratur, ad liquorem pariter proliciendum. At, hsec collectio, ob capitum impar incrementum et magnitudinem, aliquoties in eodem arvo instituenda est. Solent in plantis nimium ramosis superflua capita prius amputari: sic reliqua magis grandescunt, et succo implentur majoris efficaciaa. Primse collectionis lacryma, gobaar dicta, prse- stantior est, et graviori pollet cerebrum demulcendi virtute, colorem exhibens albidum, vel ex luteo pallentem ; sed qui color ex longiori insolatione et ariditate infuscari solet. Altera collectio succum promit, priori, ut virtute, ita pretio inferiorem, coloris plerumque obscuri, vel ex rufo nigricantis. Sunt, qui et tertiam instituunt, qua obtinetur lacryma nigerrima et exiguaa virtutis. Preparation of " Praeparatio Opii potissimum in eo consistit, ut, aquse pauxillo Luniectatum, Opium. spatha crassa lignea continue et fortiter ducatur et reducatur in patina lignea et plana, donee elaboratissiinse picis consistentiam, tenacitatem et nitorem induat. Ita diu multumque subactum, ad ultimum manu non nihil pertractatur nuda, et demum, in cylindros breves rotatum, venale exponitur ; forcipe dividendum, cum particulas emptores petunt. Hac serie pertractatum Opium appellatur theriaak malideh, i.e., theriaca molendo preeparata, vel etiam theriaak qfiuun, id est, theriaca opiata, ad differentiam theriacae Andromachi, quam illi vocant theriaak farunk. Prseparandi hie labor perpetuus est propolarum, quos vocant kheifruus, quasi Germanice diceres trunken Kriimere, quo illi, in foris et quadriviis sedentes, brachia sua strenue exercent. Massa hsec ssepe numero, non aqua, sed melle subigitur, ea copia admisso, quce non siccitatem modo, sed et amaritiem temperet : et hsec specialiter appellatur bahrs. Insignior praaparatio est, qua inter agitandum adduntur nux myristica, cardamomum, cinamomum et macis, in pulverem subtilissimum redacta ; qualiter prseparatum Opium cordi et cerebro insigniter prodesse creditur. Vocatur in specie polonid, vel, ut alii pronunciant, folonid, puta Philonium Persicum, seu mesue. HISTORICAL NOTE. 31 Alii omissis aroiiiatil>u<. t;intiuu croco ft ;nnluii massum iufaiviunt. Multi pra-para- tionrm in usiini ]iro]iriuni ijsi prrtiriunt d<>mi sua-, ne a propolis admisceitdoium pain-hate vel nmltitudiiH- dfripiaiitur. IVa-trr 1m,- tripliris preparation is Opium, (|Ui>d sola piliilaruin I'nnna dc^lutit ur, prostat, vel etiain a domesticis conficitur, li<|in>r i is imiiiiiiis coconilr dictus. (iravnrum quod puto MijKtovtiov ac Hoinerianuin . quil a liibaribus propinari atl'atiin per horarum iutervalla solet. Pai'ant liiijus liquorcm alii ex t'nliis, acjiia simpliri per luv\cin umnim coquenclis ; alii ex capitilnis cMiitusis iutusiiiMc inacrrandis, vel iisdem sujn-ii filtrum repositis, aquam M-ptics octiesve superfundendo : admixtis pro cujusque placito, quse sapori concilient. Tertiura addo opiati genus, electuarium ketificans et Isetificando iiicln-iaiis ; hujiis electuarii, cujus basin idem Opium etiam constituit, a seplasiariis t-t nifdicis, prout <|iiisi|uc in^cnin jx)llet, varie elaborating ac diversis ingredientibus ad roborandos et exhilarandos spiritus dirigitur; unde varife ejus extant descriptiones ; (juanun jn'iiuaria et fanntsissima est, quse debetur inventori HASJKM Begi, quando- quidem comedentis aniinuiu miris perfundere gaudiis, et magicis cerebrum demulcere idi-is t-t voluptatibus dicitur. "Opium quod Europajis, si grani unius vel paucorum dosin excesseris, Irthit'tTiiiii uefas audit, a praenominatis populis longa adsuetudine ita familiare ivdditum est, ut drachmam multi sine noxa deglutiant. Multa hoc abusu, vel lon^iori ejus usu, accumtur mala; emaciatur enim corpus, laxantur vires, contristatur animus, stupescit ingenium : unde videas instai- stipitum somnolentos et quasi flii lilies sedere in conviviis opii liguritores. Stepe oblati mihi sunt, quos a canino appetitu Opii percurarem, sostro centum aureorum promisso, si hoc citra damnum et vita? dispendium pra-stitero. Exempla Opii voracium non est, quod adducam, cum eorum pleni sint mediconim libri. Capita papaveris teneriora aceto condita nonnulli in mensa secunda appetunt ; alii alia ex iisdem sorbilla conficiunt, pro suo quique placito." K.EMPFER proceeded from Persia in June 1688 to Batavia, which city then, **>"' vwt * to Java in 1688. as now, the chief seat of the Dutch power in the East he reached in September 1689, after visiting the settlements of that nation in Arabia Felix, India, Ceylon, 32 OPIUM : and the island of Sumatra. He staid in Java eight months, and then went to Japan. Of the use of Opium in Java he gives the following account : Mention of use of " De Opio, ejusque Persis et Indis communi usu, diximus. Addo abusum Opium. execrabilem, qui viget inter Indos nigritas, ad efferandum animos ad homicidiorum patrandorum audaciam ; dum vel vitse suss, vel injuriarum pertsesi, se devovent morti, per ultionem et mortes aliorum oppetendee. Eo fine Opii deglutiunt bolum : ex quo intentionis idea exasperatur, turbatur ratio, et infraenus redditur animus, adeo, ut stricto pugione, instar tigridum rabidarum, excurrant in publicum, obvios quosvis, sive amicos, sive inimicos, trucidaturi, donee ipsi, ab alio perforati, prosternantur. Actus hie vocatur harmik, apud incolas Javse et ulterioris Orientis crebro spectabilis. Vocabuli sonum ibi horret, quicunque audit ; nam qui vident homicidam, illi vocem hamuk summopere exclamant : monituri inermes, ut fugiant, et vitse sua3 prospiciant : dum ad extinguendam beluam accurrere debet, quisquis armatus et cordatus est. Opii etiam externus usus est apud nigritas : nam eodem aqua diluto nicotianam inficiunt, ut accensa caput vehementius turbet. Vidi in Java tabernas levidenses ex arundine, in quibus id genus tabaci hauriendum exponebatur pra3tereuntibus. Nulla per Indiam merx majori lucro divenditur a Batavis, quam afiuun, quo carere adsueti non possunt, nee potiri, nisi navibus Batavorum ex Bengala et Choromandela advecto. First Opium- The taberncB levidenses ex arundine here spoken of were the first Opium- .siae 'king shops. smoking shops of which we have any record. According to the statement here given, Opium diluted with water was smoked with tobacco. This sort of tobacco was exposed to passers-by to be smoked when, two centuries ago, the learned German traveller was taking walks in Batavia to observe the customs of the Native popula- tion. He uses the word haurio ; that this here means smoking, and not drinking, is plain from another passage (in Amcenitates exotica, page 642), where he says the black inhabitants smoke without a pipe (sine instrument*) hauriunt), by rolling tobacco leaves into a whirl, which they light at the lower end and smoke from at the upper by holding it with their lips and drawing. Of Opium from the Coromandel coast, which then formed a part of the lading of the Batavian ships to take back to Java, we now hear nothing ; but the Bengal portion of this lucrative trade finds its lineal successor in the Patna Opium of the present day. NUTK. 33 24. In the year 17'Ju, .shortly l>cf.iv the liisr edict against Opium->mokmg, a Mlic*luor Uiiiuiii in 1723. medical work was published with t!. Chi-ytn-UangJang (&!&.'%*: U NII.N ll>i YAO (4 $3^', a liannerman in Peking of high rank and great inllucnce in his day. He places among his prescript ii-ns a pill called \\'c. .nphor, and other drugs, 13 in all. He states it rould cure the diseases of all seasons, including fevers beginning with chill j-hmi). epidemic lever, heat apoplexy (chni/-/ih ( H? 5&), or topographical account of AM.-IIKT :,,, um. of early Opium- Taiwan,* it is said, " It is not known from what place the practice of Opium-smoking introduced. The Opium is boiled in a copper pan. The pipe used for smokiir. in appearance like a short club. Depraved young men without any fixed occupation used to meet together by night to smoke; it grew to be a custom with them. i various delicacies prepared with honey and sugar, with fresh fruits, to the number of 10 or more dishes, were provided for visitors while smoking. In order to tempt new smokers to come, no charge was made for the first time. After some time they could not stay away, and would come even if they forfeited all their property. Smokers were alile to remain awake the whole night and rejoiced, as an aid to sensual indulgence. Afterwards they found themselves beyond the iliility of cure. If for one day they omitted smoking, their faces suddenly became shri\ellod, their lips opened, their teeth were seen, they lost all vivacity, and seemed ready to die. Another smoke, however, restored them. After three - all such persons die. It is said that the barbarian inhabitants of Formosa thus use craft and cunning in order to cheat the Chinese residents out of their money at the expense of their lives. The foolish are not sensible of their danger, and fall victims. This habit has entered China about 10 or more years. There are many smokers in Amoy, but Formosa is the place where this vice has been most injurious. It is truly sad to reflect on this." 27. In the year A.D. 1729 an edict was issued on Opium-smoking, prohibiting i -Hot f>f 1729* the sale of Opium and the opening of Opium-smoking houses. The Government * Kindly lent by Dr. DUDGEON, who was the first to discover the Native account of the origin and first progress of Opium-smoking in Formosa. 36 OPIUM : found itself face to face with a dangerous social evil of an alarming kind. The physical effects of Opium-smoking as displayed in the shrivelling up of the features and an early death, as thus described by eye-witnesses, produced a deep impression in Peking. The sellers of Opium were to be punished, not the buyers. The masters of Opium shops are dealt with most severely, as being the seducers into evil paths of the young members of respectable families. Sellers of Opium were to bear the wooden collar for a month, and be banished to the frontier. The keepers of shops were to be punished in the same way as propagators of depraved doctrines ; that is, they were to be strangled after a few months' imprisonment. Their assistants were to be beaten with 100 blows, and banished 1,000 miles. Everyone was to be punished except the smoker ; for example, boatmen, local bailiffs, neighbours lending help, soldiers, police runners, in any way connected with the matter, all had punishments assigned them. The same was true of magistrates and Custom House Superintendents in the sea-port towns where these things had happened ; all were to bear some penalty. Only the Opium-smoker was exempted. It was felt, perhaps, that his punishment was self-inflicted ; he would die without the help of the law. This edict was followed by another the next year for the checking of evil practices among the colonists of Formosa. All guilty of robbery, false evidence, enticing the aborigines to commit murder, the sale of gambling instruments or of Opium for smoking, are to be punished with death or banishment. Spread of Opium- Opium-selling for smoking purposes has from this time forward been regarded smoking in the eighteenth cen- as a crime by the ruling authorities. From their point of view it is considered as criminal in proportion to the mischief it causes, which is without doubt great beyond computation. The very earliest instance of legislation on this matter is here before the reader. It was based on local events occurring on the sea-coast, a long way from Peking. The gradual spread from the province of Fuhkien to all the provinces was still in the future and was not before the minds of the legislators. The sale of Opium was connected in their minds with gambling, robbery, and false accusation ; its special guilt consisted in its being a temptation to evil on the part of the salesmen, as the drug was destructive of the physical health, comfort, and life of their victims. The effects proved the criminality. Further, it was closely conjoined with HISTORICAL NOTK. 37 various crimes already condemned in (lie statute hook. It sprang up in a lawless locality at a great distance from Peking; tin-re was therefore no inclination to leniency from tin- fear of offending persons or classes whom tin- (Jovcrnment would not like to offend. The la\v was in consequence promptly made, decided in tone, and severe in detail. Was this law acted upon? No allusion was made to it by the ! ^!efoiv. -joo chests a year continued to be imported, and in 17G7 that quantity had gradually increased to 1,000 chesta The duty was TI& 3 a cli I: would appear, then, that the old tariff of the MIXG dynasty was still followed in the main. The sale of Opium was prohibited by statute, but we do not find proof that it was refused as a drug at the Custom Houses of Amoy and Canton. The import steadily increased during the time it was in the hands of the Portuguese, till Kurdish inn-chants took it up in 1773, after the conquest of Bengal by CI.IVK. The East India Company took the Opium trade into its own hands in 1781. At that time the minor portion only of the imported Opium was devoted to Opium-smoking at least we may assume this. The Superintendents of Customs in those days would continue to take the duty on Opium as a drug. What was contraband they would say was ya-pien-yen (Ift )r JB), which means Opium for ung; the drug ya-pien would still pass the Customs as medicine. This seems to have been the reason that the import still continued to increase at about the same ratio as before the edict of A.D. 1729, not till after 40 years reaching a quantity amounting to 1,000 chests. Medicine claimed Opium as a most powerful id since the commencement of the trade at Canton and Amoy, whether the merchants were PortHguese, Chinese, Arabs, or Dutch, it was as medicine that it ^^~ ^> had been sold. When DEFOE says of his hero in Robinson Cntsoe that he went from the Straits to China in a ship with Opium, it was as a drug that he pictured it to * TV i/i (f$ fi | jJO, chapter 52, tells us that in 1662 the duty on Opium as a medical dm<; was 7h 3 a picul, and that, beside this, TZt 2 and 4 or $ candareena were collected at a later period on each parcel, without saying what a parcel was. It is added that on account of the growth of Opium-smoking in the latter part of the eighteenth century, the Viceroy of Canton petitioned the Emperor to prohibit the importation, which was done in 1796. 38 OPIUM : himself. Up to that time it was in fact a part of the trade in medicine ; not long after it became a trade in a drug used medically and for smoking combined. 28. Native Opium in The Native growth in Yunnan of the Opium Poppy can be traced to about Yunnan. the same time, or a little later. In the history of that province, published in 1736, it is stated that Opium was then a common product of the department of Yung- ch'ang-fu, in the western part of that province, where it borders on Burma. It may have been introduced by the Mahommedans, who were fond of it themselves, as a powerful medicine, or it may have been brought there from Burma and Thibet. It is spoken of in the accounts we have of the trade of the sixteenth century as having been introduced along with woven fabrics by traders coming from the coast of India. Negapatam and Meliapur are mentioned as exporting both Opium and woven fabrics to Pegu and Siam. The seeds of the Poppy may therefore have been taken by the Burmese route to Yunnan. This Native Opium would be intended, not for Opium- smoking, but to be used medically, as by a physician's prescription, or by the contraction of a habit of daily consumption in a way like that of DE QUINCEY and COLERIDGE. The Mahommedans have long been a power in the province of Ytinnan, and their agency is to be suspected in this early cultivation of the Poppy in that part of China. It was they that first learned from the Greeks the wonderful soothing powers of this drug. They cultivated the Poppy in Arabia, then in Persia, then in India. It was from them, in the MING dynasty, that the Chinese learned the way to cultivate the Poppy and derive the Opium juice from the capsules. It was they that carried on the trade in Opium, before the arrival of the Portuguese, between the various sea-ports of the old Asiatic world. who cultivated It was probably by Mahommedan pilots that the ambassador of the MING the Poppy in Yunnan? ^ Emperor was conducted to the sea-ports of Arabia, Persia, and India in the voyage we find on record. It was through information given by Mahommedans residing as merchants at Canton that the Portuguese were known by the Chinese historians HlsTolMCAL NOTK. 3'. / "tyjis or Franks. I' because the Mahommcdans \\ished to keep the profits of the trade in Opium and other articles exclusively to themselves that they prejudiced the Chinese (Jovernors of Canton and Fuhkien against the Portuguese, and induced them to refuse tin- lilierty to trade. We need not be surprised, there- it' later on the cultivators of the Poppy in Yiinnan, in the commencement of entury. were M;ilionmted;ins : they may have been simply the continuators of the MINI, dynasty cultivation, or they may have commenced afresh with seeds brought from Burin i. 29. In the year 1742 an Imperial work oil medicine was published under the u.e of capsules in 1742. name /'-/'' chien (fi K & IE). In this book, as a remedy for weak and injured lungs the capsules of the Poppy are directed to be used, with ginseng and apricot kernels together with seven other medicines, prepared in the form of a decoction, to be drunk warm. Mention is also made of a Poppy ointment for scalds and lnu us. 15 Poppy flowers are to be used, and if not to be had, capsules are to be taken instead of them. A ditty of four lines in rhyme says that this ointment for burns and scalds is made with sesamum oil and Poppy flowers or capsules mixed with water and boiled down; white wax and true calomel are added. When smeared on the part a Heeled the pain at once subsides. There is also a remedy for ulcers and tumours in which the capsules are used. It is a powder formed of olibanum and huang-ch'i (Sophora tomentosa or, say some, Ptarmica Sibirica* a labiate plant used as a tonic). A ditty of four lines, used as a recipe, says that olibanum and huang-ch'i may be used for persons of a weak constitution who are afflicted with painful tumours and ulcers ; such tumours if they have not grown to their full size will be at once dispersed, and if they are already mature they will break. The roots of tang-kuei (Aralia cdulis), shao-yao (Pceonia albijtora), ginseng, Sophora tomentosa, cli'imn-hsiungj and Ti-huang (comfrey, i.e., Symphytum. WILLIAMS), together with olihanuiii, myrrh, Poppy capsules, and liquorice, are used to make this powder, which is also useful for bruises, sprains, wounds, and fractures. * WILLIAM'S Dictionary, JJ> P*B* 34& t Hfiuny (tj ) from Szechwan. Belongs to LcvitticwH. 40 OPIUM : Present use of capsules. In addition to these recipes, there are several others in the same work which also contain the Poppy capsules. They are omitted for brevity. At present in Peking the capsules sold in drug shops are derived from the Papaver somniferum, cultivated at the town of An-su (near Pao-ting-fu), from Shansi, from Canton by sea, and from other places. They are bought and sold at the annual drug fair at Ch'i-chou, a city lying to the south-west of Pao-ting-fu. tfoppo Book of '753- Five kinds of duties hi 1753. The three tariff books. 30. An account of the Hoppo Book of 1753 has been lately prepared by Dr. HIHTH and is printed in the Journal of the China Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society for the year 1882. The Hoppo Boole is an explanation of the Custom House books in use at Canton in 1753 ; it was translated in that year, and contains varied informa- tion on the manner of settling the duties on all goods imported and exported at Canton. The author was an English merchant, whose name is not known. The division of the tariff is much the same as that of the present Chinese one, but imports and exports are not distinguished. Five kinds of taxes were then levied on Foreign trade : I. An import duty, according to a fixed tariff, payable on all merchandise imported. II. An export duty, payable on all exports, inclusive of re-exported goods proceeding to Ningpo and other ports on the Chinese coast ; it consisted of a tariff charge of 6 per cent, ad valorem. III. Extra charges on exports and imports, such as for remitting the duty to Peking, for weighers, linguists, etc., and for servants of the Board of Revenue. IV. Tonnage. V. Present. The three books relating to the tariff at Canton which had then been authorised by the Board of Revenue at Peking are partly translated in this work, HISTORICAL NOTE. 41 \vhirh uls.) contains the manner of settling duties then in use at the port of ( 'antou : 1*t. ChSngJuicMO-t4-U, or the book of true and fixed duties. 2nd. I'i-li, or the book of comparisons. 3rd. Ku-cliia, or the book of valuation. The first of these book^ WM made A.D. 1687, and is kept as it was, unaltered. Tin l).M>k of comparisons was first sent, with about 150 articles collected together in it. t> tin- Ii! ailled to the other duty on such exports and re-exports. Here \ve are astonished to find that in 1755 a picul of silk could be valued at Prices ruling in "755- '11& loo. .UK! one of tea at Tk. 8 ; that white sugar was worth 7Z& 1.50, brown su_ 1, sugar candy, 7fe 2.50, rhubarb, Tts. 1.50, per picul ; and that musk was valued at Tfe 1.50 per catty ; while Opium was not worth more than half an ounce of silver per catty. The value of a chest of Opium woidd therefore amount at that time to not quite $100. The existence of Opium as an article of trade at Canton in the middle of last century is certainly beyond doubt ; it is also mentioned in the RANG 1 1 -i taritl' of 1687, and there pays a duty of 3 candareens per catty, constituting exactly 6 per cent, of the fixed value appearing in the valuation book. 31. In passing on to the year 1782 an extract may be here inserted from a letter, Opiu in 1782. dated 7th July 1782, of an official nature addressed from China by Mr. THOMAS FIT/HUGH to Mr. GREGORY in London. It was presented to Parliament, and is 6 42 OPIUM : taken from the Commons' Report, 1783, vol. vi.* "The importation of Opium to China is forbidden on very severe penalties : the Opium on seizure is burnt, the vessel in which it is brought to the port confiscated, and the Chinese in whose possession it is found for sale is punishable with death. It might be concluded that with a law so rigid no Foreigners would venture to import, nor any Chinese dare to purchase this article ; yet Opium for a long course of time has been annually carried to China, and often in large quantities, both by our country's vessels and those of the Portuguese. It is sometimes landed at Macao and sometimes at Whampoa, though equally liable to the above penalties in either port, as the Portuguese are, so to say, entirely under the Chinese rule. That this contraband trade has hitherto been carried on without incurring the penalties of the law is owing to the excess of corruption in the executive part of the Chinese Government. . . . . In the year 1780 a new Viceroy was appointed to the government of Canton ; this man had the reputation of an upright, bold, and rigid Minister. I was informed that he had information of these illicit practices, and was resolved to take cognizance of them." 32. Opium-smoking England sent an Embassy in 1793, and China was minutely described by BARROW and STAUNTON. The habit of Opium-smoking had then been slowly growing for 60 years. Singularly, they only say when speaking of it that many of the higher mandarins took Opium ; they do not describe the mode of smoking. STAUNTON says, " They smoke tobacco mixed with other odorous substances, and sometimes a little Opium." Yet it cannot well be doubted that they referred to the habit of Opium-smoking. In the geographical work called Hai-kuo-t'u-chih we are told that Opium-smoking commenced only in the last years of the Emperor CHIEN LUNG, that is, about 1790. The explanation of this statement is found in the fact that it was only then that the habit reached Peking and became so general that public attention was called to it in Government documents. At about the same time the local * Quoted in Poppy Plague, page 40, by J. F. B. TINLING. NOTK. 43 authorities at Canton began to complain of rapid increase in the trade in Opium. In 1SOO there was an edict issued prohibiting Opium from being brought to China i 1800. in any ship. It was from this time that tin- miv distinctly smuggling period coiiimein ([. 1 1 \\.is a contraband trade, but connived at by Viceroys and Governors; they t'clt M ditlii ulty, and concluded not to touch the evil with any firm intention to heal. II'\v t" tivat it they knew not. The evil grew beyond their power of control. They regarded it as the "vile dirt of Foreign countries;" they feared it would spread amonjr all the people of the inner land, wasting their time and destroying their property; they advocated tin prohibition of the trade, and the rnment consented to their advice, and frequently issued prohibitory edicts, but too often sunn- of the officials themselves smoked, or their nearest friends smoked, and so the. hand of interference was paralysed; and the demand for Opium con- tinuing, the import was never seriously checked till the time of LIN Tsfi-Hsu and the war of 1841. 33. In the geographical work Hai-kuo-t'u-chih the following remarks also occur, submenu in HaU-vo-t'u-ckih. In the year 1796 a prohibitory edict was received, but the official authorities at Canton still allowed Opium-receiving ships to anchor at Whampoa at a distance of only 4 English miles from the city. From this time smuggling proceeded year Local rrnge- ment in 1822. by year unchecked till 1822, when a local arrangement was decided on, according to the terms of which a charge was made of a regular amount on each chest ; of this the officers, from the Viceroy downwards, whether civil or military, at the port connected with shipping all received a share. Most of this went to the office of the Superintendent. Some received it on board the ships, and others in the city of Canton. These sums were paid regularly month by month to the Chinese officers. In some cases Opium itself was given, instead of silver, in large and small portions. On each occasion of this kind one or more chests would be given, and sometimes as many as 150 chests. This irregular and illicit mode of proceeding lasted till the year 1840. 44 OPIUM : Native testimony on the deleterious effect of Opium. Statistics of the present Native production. 34. The following passage occurs in a botanical work, Chih-ivu-ming-shih-t'u-k'ao (fifi % % Jt Hi ^), published about 40 years ago : " The Poppy is not mentioned before the T'ANG dynasty, A.D. 618 to 907. In the Pen-ts'ao of the period 968 to 976 the Poppy is placed in the lower division of cereal plants. In the SUNG dynasty a decoction of Poppy seeds was thought highly of, but at that time the medical efficacy of the capsules and seeds was understood to extend only, as being astringent, to the cure of diarrhoea and dysentery. In the MING dynasty, 1368 to 1644, the pill called I-li-chin-tan, or golden elixir, came into use, and was found to be very deleterious if much was taken. Of late years Opium has spread throughout the Empire a universal poison. Its effects are as bad as those of the poisonous plant known by the name Tiian-ch'ang-ts'ao, as producing internal rupture in the intestines. Yet as the guilt is not in the flower, it finds its place in botanical works on flowers." 35. Mr. DONALD SPENCE, British Consul at Ch'ung-ch'ing-fu, in Szechwan, in the year 1881, made inquiries into the amount of Opium produced at that time in the four south-western provinces. He states that in Szechwan the consumption of Native Opium within the province amounts to 54,000 piculs, while 123,000 piculs are sent to other provinces ; of these, 70,000 piculs are exported in an easterly direction, 40,000 piculs paying duty, and 30,000 piculs being smuggled. Yunnan produces annually 35,000 piculs, and Kweichow 10,000 piculs, while Hupeh supplies to the market not more than 2,000 piculs. In all, the production of Native Opium amounts to 224,000 piculs. Mr. SPENCE'S Report on the Native production of Opium was forwarded to the Foreign Office of the British Government, and was subsequently presented to Parliament and printed. If a comparison be made of the amount of Opium produced in the four above-mentioned provinces, viz., 224,000 piculs, with the quantity of Foreign Opium imported in 1882, viz., 66,900 piculs, lit will be seen that the Opium of Native production is more than three times as much in quantity as that introduced from India and elsewhere. \/ HISTORICAL NOTE. 45 36. In Mr. TIM. IN.. 's Poppy Phicjuc there aiv 75 pages of closely printed in- formation un the histoiy of Hritisli Opium, chiefly collected from the Parliamentary Papers of 1733, 1787, 1831, and 1840, and from the East India Company's Reports of lsi-2 ami 1813. The present Historical Note is made up of information from iht- < 'liiiifsc ,MEX. ':'* reference to Opium, 37. "i -Mill Opium to modify tli.' elfeet: pukhuck, tiria, B(iyniia Uutntarfta, 16. ;K.IN. I>r i df Native account r>f Opium- ViiiL' in Kiiriimsji, 35. I>'' ',and supplementary, 19.20. "n Opium, 37, 41. :|>aiiy, 37, 45. Eltctwiriinit, 31. <> vemwow, 1 1. -, 29. ., 13. KiTziifcii, Mr. THOMAS, 41. ''i ()>nlim\>'i), 30. Foreign trade |>rhi1>iU'il, 17. , it ted, 19. Formosa, origin of Opium-smoking in, described by " -33- : . of Opium-smoking in, 35, 36. , 29. (JAMA, VASCO DB, 1 5. <;inscmz, 11. Goa, 14. Oobaar, 30. Jolden elixir pill, 18, 22, 44. y r, 17. His work, H'an-jriny-hni-rh'Hn, IS. T'O-T'O, author of Chuny-thti-thu, 6. Kwiiohuw province, production of Native opium in 1881, 44- Lemtticum, 39. n-hua, a name of the Poppy, 21. Li KA, i-\ Li Siim-cHix's Matcria Malica, 12, 18, 20, 23. 48 OPIUM : HISTORICAL NOTE. Li T'ING, author of I-hsiao-ju-mKii, 16, 23. Described about 1550 the preparation of Opium, 1 6, 23. Li T'ING, writer on divination and the I-ching, 16. Lix HUNG, a writer on Poppy capsules, 10. LIN Tsfi-Hsu, 43. LINDLEY, the botanist, 9. Liquorice, 1 1, 39. Liu HAN, 7. Liu HO-CHIEN, author of Hsiian-miny-fany, 12. LlU TSUNG-YUAN, 6. LIVT, story of Poppy, 3. Local arrangement of charges in 1822, 43. Lung-leu, fossil bones, used with the capsule, 13. MA CHIH, 7. Ma-tmi-liny, 20. Mahommedans traded to China in MAHOMET'S time, 5. In Chinese Turkestan, 1 5. In Yunnan, 38, 39. Malwa, manufacture of Opium in, 14. Manchu prohibition of tobacco-smoking, 25. Manila, the tobacco plant in, 25. Mariner's compass used in twelfth century, 14. Materia Medico, of eleventh century, 8. Medical use of capsules probably derived from the West, but this is not proved, 12. Of Opium in sixteenth century, 1 6. Of Opium in 1723, 33. Of Poppy seeds, 9. Of Poppy seeds to counteract the effects of the exorbitant use of mercury, 10. Medical writers in China first mention the Poppy in eighth century, 5. Medicines mixed with Poppy capsules are tang-shin, pai-shu, asafcetida, putchuck, China-root, liquorice, cow bezoar, n, 1 8. Mekou, Greek name of Poppy, 4. Meliapur, 38. Mercury, use of, 7, 10. Mesue, 30. " Millet bags," 5. Mi-nany, name for Poppy heads, 5. Ming dynasty mode of preparing Opium, 1 6. Prohibition of tobacco-smoking, 25. Mithridate, 24. Musk, value of, in 1755, 41. Nati-fang-ts'ao-mu-chuang, 6. Negapatiini, 38. Jfqjentha, 31. NIEN HSI-YAO, a medical writer in eighteenth century, mixed 13 drags with Opium, 33. Ningpo, Superintendent appointed at, to overlook Foreign trade, 5. Opium, a Greek word; its Latin fonu and Arab and Persian names, 4. Manufactured in Persia from the white Poppy, 9. In Java in 1629, 24. In India in sixteenth century, 14. How made in Persia, 29. Taverns at Batavia, 32. Sale of, punished by death in 1729 and 1782, 36, 42. Deleterious effects as stated in Chih-wu-ming-shih- t'u-k'ao, 44. Importation prohibited in 1796, 37. Value of, in 1755, 4 1 - Statistics of Native production in 1881, 44. Opium-smoking arose from tobacco-smoking, 24. In Formosa and Amoy, 25, 26. First Opium-smoking shops, 32. In 1793, as described by Sir G. STAUNTON, 42. Opium-smuggling in 1782, 41. Orange peel taken with the capsule, 14. Pachyrizus angulatits, 34. Pwonia, albiflora (shao-yao), 39. Prcony, 21, 22. Pai-i-hsuan-fany, a work by WANG CH'IU, 1 1. Pai-shu (Atmctylodcs alba), 1 1, 17. Pan-yil-hsicn-chih, 5. Panicum miliaceum, S. Pao-yany-liny-huei-shcn-fany, 33- Papaver somnifervm, white and red varieties, 9. To be used for white and red dysentery respec- tively, 17. Peking, failure of efforts to check Opium-smoking in, 26. Pcn-ts'ao-kmifi-mv,, 12,10. Pcn-ts'ao-ycn-i, 10. Persia produced the white Poppy in the sixteenth century, 9. How Opium is made there, 29. Persian Gulf visited by the Chinese, 14. Persian national name for Opium, 4, 31. Pharmacopeia mentions the Poppy, 7, 8, 21. Philippine Islands the source of Chinese tobacco-smok- ing, 25. Philonium Persicum, 24, 30. Pill called Wan-ying-tan made of Opium and 13 drugs, 33- Pipe for smoking tobacco through water, and object of invention, 28, 29. IM'KX. I G ; iil.|Mi,-.| in seventeenth oca- tun, : 4 . > 10 made of Opium nd 16 (It l'"|'py :l- .1 tlnWiT. 3, 22. Italy anil tirr.vc, 3. : iii China in eighth century, 5. , 6. . 6. Other pm>iu!< on, 10, ::. 1'oppy-milk tMi, IO. iory h Opium compiled : 45- 1'i'ppy HI 'I!'/, tin- I'har- IVrtugucM become chief merchants in the East, 14. Intr. ro.Miiokh ", 29. I'l' : 30. Des.-ril.cil liy I.I TIM., 1550. I Dex-rilx-d liy I i57t>, 21. i 1 in tin- work ll'u-li-hriao-thih, 23. Triple ]HV|mmtinn, 31. . 41. :l'itimi of i .le untouninod Native produc- tion, 17. Tin 1 .Faivini-) 1 r.iiiU raiii-d tho im>hil>itinns, 17. .if jirohil.itiuii seen in local lawlessness, 19. taken with the capsule, 14. - -',39- Puernritipy, 8, 9. ft jmem, 7. '.-TXf, 5. , 39. S/.echw:m imivince, consumption of Native Opium in 1881, 44- Tai-fini-sltih-rli'n-ln, a work on Formosa, 33. T(ii-h, a work on Formosa, 33. Taiwan, 34. Tai-tcan-fhih, 35. n,i of .leriisilcm mentions Opium a.i a dangerou.s medicine, 5. i (liuiijMiku), a name for tobacco, 25. 3Pai-f'i'.H, 34, Tamj-kiu'i ( Arnlw rdiilii), 39. Tang-thi'n, O-'insen^), 1 1. TAO KUANO, efforts to put down Opium-smoking, 26. Tariff in Ming dynasty, 20. TARQDIX, 3. iao-fang, a work by WEI I-LIS, 12. Theriaak, 30. ThtriaL't (Thtriacam), 24, 29. Thibet, Opium cultivation in, 38. Ti-h naiuj (gym/ili i/l inn ), 39. Tiny-li, :\ cruciferous plant,*IO. TISLINO, Mr. J. F. B., author of Poppy Plague, 42, 45. Tobacco and UiUicco-smokini;, 24. When introduced, 25. Spread of, 26. chow, 26. Smoked through a hom, 27. Smoked through a water pipe, 27, 28. Tobak (tabaeeo, tombak, temhaLii), 27. Tonnage dues in Ming dynasty, 20. Trade, good effects of penui.ssion to, 19. Foreign, prohibited, 17. Foreign, permitted, 19. Freedom in, led to local tranquillity and aided tin- funds required for the mainteniince of a military force, 19. At ' < ngchow, and Ningpo, under a Super- intendent, 5. In the Ming dynasty, detailed in Tiiiiij- k'ao, 1 8. Tf'ao-hna-ji'ii, a work on plants and flower 7 50 OPIUM : HISTORICAL NOTE. T'u-ching-ptn-ts'ao, second Pharmacopceia of Sung dy- nasty, mentions the cultivation of the Poppy, 8. T'u-shu-chi-ch'cng, 6, 10, 22. Tuan-ch l ang-ts'ao, a poisonous plant, 44. Tung-hsi-yang-k'ao, a Ming dynasty work on ocean trade, 18. Tung-hua-lu, a historical work, 25. Tung-i-pao-chien, a Corean work on medicine, 1 6, 18, 23- Describes the preparation of Opium from the Poppy capsule, 23. Turfan, 15. VIRGIL, use of the Poppy, 4- Wan-ping-hui-ch'un, a work by RUNG YUN-LIN, 18. Wau-ying-tan, made of Opium and 13 drugs, 33. WANG CH'IU, author of Pai-i-hsiian-faHg, II. WANG Hsi mentions Opium in I-lin-chi-yao, 1 5. Describes the preparation of Opium from the cap- sule, 15. How he came to know the medical practice of the Mahommedans, 1 5. WANG SHIH, author of I-chien-fang, 11, 12. WANG SHIH-MOU, author of a work on flowers, 22. WEI I-LIN, author of T-hsiao-fang, 12. Women smoked tobacco in seventeenth century, 26. Wu-cliu-yii (Boymia Rittacarpa), 16. Wu-li-hsiao-shih, 23, 25. Wu-tung (Eleococca verrucosa), 1 1. Wu YU-P'EI'S poem on the Poppy, 22. Ya-pien, a name for Opium, 4, 37. Yang-ch'i-shih, 33. YANG SHIH-YING wrote on use of capsules in dysentery, u. Ying-lcuny T'any Ptn-ts'ao, 8. Ying-su, Poppy seeds, explanation of name, 6, 7. Ying-su-hua, 21. Ying-tz&-sn, Poppy, 7. Yu-mi, a name of the Poppy, 20. Yung-ch'ang-fu, Opium grown in, in 1 736, 38. YUXG T'AO'S poem on the Poppy, 6. Yunnan province, growth of Opium in, 38, 44. + [ xxvii ] t& - - m z ^ % n n 1 /s Jit lu m m m ;H faT- I r~ illl. i 1 1\ .1 i.t 6: m w >B ^ ii tfc 2 i! 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VS ii A in ? m A * z m s flo ;E ffl M fls II* 'r'J in l*f A foii & A W W * HI IB ft & Z *\ it ^ ^iv Jh ^ m w n tf & ft a tu A 4-1^ w tt S ^ ^ ff ATC T" ^iki J K- * trf T^ ^ ^ ^^^t / ^ 1*1 *7i Mfe ^ ^ ffl Jft It Ki H *J VI m m A SI J ift ifr ^ $ B$ A A _&|y BE *fe * J* A > Bf M 5fc S Hi A tfc A I M- -^H* ITT 7^ =jti -w- ss. m - T A A mi 3E H 3E it ffi ^ t J * vft HI ^ft ffi tl * * a w <*V * * I Ic ' & *? ^ * A B$ ft 77 ft ^ If II.-SPECIAL SERIES. If 1. NATIVE OPIUM Published 1864. 2. MEDICAL REPORTS : 3 3rd Issue (First Issue, 1871) 1887. 3. SILK M 4. OPIUM 5. NOTICES TO MARINERS : Seventh Issue (First Issue, 1X83) 1889. 6. CHINESE Music 1884. n 7. INSTRUCTIONS roit MAKINU METEOROLO- GICAL OBSERVATIONS, AND TH K LAW OF STORMS TN THK, RASTERV SEAS ... 1887. 8. MEDICINES, KTC., EXPORTKI* FROM HAN- KOW AND THE OTHER YANGTZE PORTS, WITH TARIFF OF APPROXIMATE VALUES . 1888. 9. NATIVE OPICM, 1887 ,, 1888. n 10. OPIUM: CRUDE AND PREPARED 1888. 11. TEA, 1888 1889. 12. 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