l 

 
 A MEMOIR OF 
 ARCHBISHOP MARKHAM
 
 HENRY FROWDE, M.A. 
 
 PUBLISHER TO THE UNIVERSITY OF OXFORD 
 
 LONDON, EDINBURGH 
 NEW YORK AND TORONTO
 
 / s 
 
 fanmMt tp/fia.fvn .
 
 MEMOIR 
 
 OF 
 
 ARCHBISHOP MARKHAM 
 
 17191807 
 
 BY 
 
 HIS GREAT-GRANDSON 
 SIR CLEMENTS MARKHAM, K.C.B. 
 
 Incorrupta fides, nudaque veritas, 
 Quando ullum invenient parem ? 
 
 HOK. 
 
 OXFORD 
 AT THE CLARENDON PRESS 
 
 1906
 
 OXFORD 
 PRINTED AT THE CLARENDON PRESS 
 
 BY HORACE HART, M.A. 
 PRINTER TO THE UNIVERSITY
 
 ANALYTICAL TABLE OF CONTENTS 
 
 CHAPTER I 
 
 PAGE 
 
 Prefatory remarks 1 
 
 Memory of the Archbishop cherished by descendants . . 1 
 
 Lineage ........... 2 
 
 The Archbishop's father ....... 3 
 
 A lost inheritance ......... 4 
 
 Memories of his boyhood ....... 4 
 
 His father's struggles against poverty 5 
 
 Westminster School. Home boarder with his father . . 6 
 
 Head into College. School-fellows ..... 7 
 
 Student at Christ Church. His Latin verses ... 8 
 
 His version of Shakespeare's ' Seven Ages of Man ' . . 9 
 His generosity at Christ Church. Travels . . . .10 
 
 CHAPTER II 
 
 Head Master of Westminster School . . . . .11 
 
 Description of the Head Master's House . . . .12 
 
 Hospitality in Dean's Yard . . . . . . .12 
 
 Friendship for Edmund Burke ..... 12-15 
 
 Kindness to George Canning and other young men . 15-16 
 
 Clerical pupils . . .16 
 
 Lay pupils ........ .17 
 
 A schoolboy friendship ..... 18-19 
 
 Scenery for the Play ...... .20 
 
 Creation of the ' Green ' . . . ... .20 
 
 Houses in Little Dean's Yard . ... . .21 
 
 Method of instruction '. . . . . r--< 21-2 
 
 Last years and death of Dr. Markham's father ... .23 
 
 Marriage and children . .24 
 
 2066408 .
 
 vi CONTENTS 
 
 PAGE 
 
 Deans of Westminster in Dr. Markham's time . . .25 
 Celebration of the bicentenary .... .25 
 
 Approaching retirement . ..... 26 
 
 Letter to the Duke of Bedford . . 26-7 
 
 Canonry at Durham ........ 28 
 
 Arrangement about the Deanery of Christ Church . . 28 
 Vacillating conduct of Dr. Zachary Pearce . . . .29 
 
 Second letter to the Duke of Bedford 30 
 
 Deanery of Eochester ........ 30 
 
 Affectionate letter about Edmund Burke . . . 30-2 
 Dr. Markham made Dean of Christ Church . . . .33 
 
 Congratulation from Dr. Warburton, Bishop of Gloucester . 33 
 As Dean of Christ Church . ... 33-4 
 
 Bishop of Chester . ...... 34 
 
 Misunderstanding with Edmund Burke .... 35-8 
 
 Keconciliation with Edmund Burke . . . . .38 
 
 Contio ad Clerum 39 
 
 Friends at Chester .40 
 
 Preceptor to the Prince of Wales and Duke of York . 40-1 
 Misrepresentations of Horace Walpole . . . 40(w.)-43(w.) 
 Letters from the Princes ...... 41-2 
 
 Present from the King, on retiring . . . . .42 
 
 Archbishop of York ..... .43 
 
 Bishopthorpe ........ 44-5 
 
 CHAPTEE III 
 
 Sermon on the American rebellion . . . 46-9 
 
 Attack in the House of Lords ' . . . 49-50 
 
 The Chatham Pension Bill 51 
 
 Virulent abuse by Horace Walpole . . . 52-3 
 
 Narrative of the Gordon Eiots by the Archbishop . 54-61 
 
 A smart piece of fun at Westminster .... 62-3 
 
 Consecration of American Bishops . . .63 
 
 The grants of land in America ... . . 64 
 
 Attacks on Warren Hastings 64-5 
 
 Archbishop's protest during the trial of Warren Hastings . 66 
 
 Speech in the House of Lords ..... 66-7 
 
 Grateful letter from Warren Hastings .... 67-8
 
 CONTENTS vii 
 
 CHAPTER IV 
 
 PAGE 
 
 Death of the Archbishop's son David .... 69-70 
 Marriages of sons and daughters . .... 71 
 
 Hospitality at Bishopthorpe ....... 72 
 
 Society at Bishopthorpe 72-4 
 
 Letter and verses by the Earl of Carlisle . . . 74-5 
 Society in South Audley Street ...... 75 
 
 Affection of the Prince of Wales 76-7 
 
 Dr. Markham's character by Dr. Parr .... 77-9 
 
 Dr. Markham as a preacher ....... 79 
 
 Dr. Markham as a military critic ...... 80 
 
 His official work .81 
 
 Testimony of Mr. Ward, of Mr. Charles Phillimore . . 81 
 Impressions of Mrs. John Markham .... 81-2 
 
 Death of Archbishop Markham 82-3 
 
 Funeral in Westminster Cloisters . . . . . .84 
 
 Tribute in the Prologue of the Westminster Play . . 85-6 
 The Archbishop's Will. Verses to his memory . . 87-8 
 Tomb in York Minster. List of subscribers . . 89 (w.)-90 (.) 
 Inscription on the brass plate in Westminster Cloisters 90-1 
 
 Portraits 91-2 
 
 Engravings. Arms. Death of the Archbishop's widow . 92 
 
 Reply to detractors 93-4 
 
 The Archbishop's character 95-6
 
 X 
 V 
 
 CHAPTER I 
 
 LINEAGE. EAELY YEARS, EDUCATION AT WESTMINSTER 
 AND CHRIST CHURCH 
 
 THERE have been many men of eminence, in the 
 different walks of life, whose lives have been passed in 
 the faithful discharge of important duties, but whose 
 biographies need not be published in the interests of 
 literature or of posterity. Their memories may have 
 been fondly cherished by relations and friends, the 
 traditions of their excellence may be piously preserved 
 by descendants, the story of their lives even may have 
 been written for private circulation ; but those who 
 are interested, if they are wise, are well contented, as 
 a general rule, that the revered object of their affec- 
 tions should be allowed to rest in peace. There are 
 reasons, sometimes, for digressing from this rule ; and 
 in the present instance the reasons will be understood 
 by the reader who peruses this memoir. 
 
 No memory was more fondly cherished than that of 
 Archbishop Markham ; not only by descendants, but 
 also by a host of friends and of the inheritors of their 
 traditions. The last survivor among his children died 
 nearly forty years ago. The Marchioness of Hertford, 
 the last out of seventy grandchildren, died in 1904 
 The affectionate memories are fading : but they are 
 preserved by recollections of conversations with people 
 
 MARKHAK
 
 2 LINEAGE 
 
 of an older generation, by letters, journals, and memo 
 randa. The memory of this good man, who did his 
 life-work ably and well, is still cherished; and many 
 would have been glad that it should have been left 
 undisturbed. But this has not been so. Consequently 
 it has seemed to be a duty to bring together a bio- 
 graphical sketch of the Archbishop, in order that those 
 who feel any interest in the matter may have the 
 means of knowing the truth, and of judging for them- 
 selves, when they meet with detraction in other publica- 
 tions. His merits will be taken in the balance, and those 
 especially, who have succeeded to the great posts which 
 he occupied, will be able to hold his memory in rever- 
 ence. Yet if he had been allowed to rest in peace this 
 memoir would never have been written. 
 
 Archbishop Markham came of an ancient Nottingham- 
 shire stock, seated for many generations at Gotham and 
 Markham in that county. The last possessor in the 
 time of James I was * a fatal unthrift ', to use Thoroton's 
 phrase 1 . All his estates were sold at his death, and 
 Sir Kobert Markham's sons had to shift for themselves. 
 The two eldest had no issue. Robert, the second, was a 
 very gallant officer who served under Sir John Burrough 
 in the Palatinate, at the siege of Frankenthal, and at 
 the Isle of Bhe, when he was wounded. The third, who 
 was named Daniel 2 , had a son of the same name 3 who 
 
 1 Thoroton's Antiquities of Nottinghamshire (1st ed., 1677), 
 p. 176. 
 
 8 Ibid. ; MS. marked Vincents, Notts., No. 117, pp. 122, 123, in 
 Heralds' College. 
 
 s Memorandum by Major William Markham : that his father
 
 THE ARCHBISHOP'S FATHER 3 
 
 was a volunteer in the fleet of James, Duke of York. 
 After many vicissitudes in a long military life, he 
 settled at Kilkenny and married a daughter of a 
 Mr. Fennel of Cappagh. Their son, William Markham, 
 father of the Archbishop, was educated by Dr. W. 
 Andrewes 1 , an Old Westminster who had been brought to 
 Ireland by the Duke of Ormonde. William was entered 
 of Trinity College, Dublin, at the age of twenty, in 
 December, 1706 2 . In 1711 he obtained an ensign's 
 commission, and served under Stanhope in Spain. Re- 
 turning home, he married his distant cousin Elizabeth, 
 said to have been the daughter of George Markham, 
 of Worksop Lodge, on September 25, 1716. Soon after- 
 wards he obtained a barrack appointment at Kinsale. 
 Here his three eons were born : William (the future 
 Archbishop) in 1719, baptized on April 9 ; George in 
 1723 ; and Enoch in 1727 3 . The mother died on 
 July 17, 1732, when William was only thirteen. 
 
 was the son of Daniel, third son of Sir Robert Markham of 
 Gotham. Memorandum of information taken from Dr. William 
 Markham, by Sir Isaac Herd, on November 18, 1783, in the 
 Heralds' College : ' His Grace is the son of Major William 
 Markham and grandson of Daniel Markham, who was also an 
 officer in the army. The former was shipwrecked on an island 
 between Halifax and the Isle of Sables, when he lost all his 
 family papers. The Archbishop derives his descent from the 
 Markhams of Gotham. ' 
 
 1 King's Scholar at Westminster : elected to Christ Church, 
 1695 : LL.D. Master of the free school at Kilkenny. 
 
 2 Entry Dec. 22, 1706: 'William Markham born at Kilkenny, 
 1686, son of Daniel Markham an officer in the Army.' 
 
 3 Entered in the Kinsale parish register as children of 
 Lieutenant Markham. 
 
 B 2
 
 4 THE INHERITANCE AT CAPPAGH 
 
 The barrack-master then had a lieutenant's commis- 
 sion l . His maternal uncle, Mr. Fennel of Cappagh, had 
 no children. His nearest relations were the children of 
 his sisters, and of these he had always shown a prefer- 
 ence for Lieutenant Markham. He had more than 
 hinted that he intended to make this nephew the heir 
 to the Cappagh estate. One day Mr. Fennel sent for his 
 nephew, but it so happened that Lieutenant Markham 
 was attacked by an illness which lasted about three 
 weeks, almost the only one he ever had. As soon as he 
 was well enough to travel he set out on horseback with 
 his eldest son, the boy accompanying him at the express 
 desire of Mr. Fennel. When they came to the house 
 they were told that their uncle had been buried a few 
 days before. They found that a will had been produced 
 leaving the estate elsewhere. No one doubted that this 
 will was forged, and all his friends wished Lieutenant 
 Markham to prosecute a suit to set it aside. This he, 
 from the first, declined to do. The only remark he made to 
 his son at the time was : ' Well, my boy, you must work 
 the harder for it. Perhaps it is all the better for you.' 
 
 The future Archbishop had pleasant memories of the 
 Kinsale days. Once, in 1798, when his daughter-in- 
 law 2 read him a letter from his naval son, then in com- 
 mand of the Centaur on the Irish coast, who mentioned 
 how he feasted upon turbot caught by his own people, 
 the old man said : ' Maria, do you know, what you have 
 been telling me of Jack has brought to mind a train of 
 
 1 Dated February 16, 1716. 
 
 2 Maria, sister of Lord Dynevor, wife of the Archbishop's 
 second son John, then Captain K. N., afterwards Admiral.
 
 REMINISCENCES OF EARLY YEARS 5 
 
 thought. When I was a little boy I remember going 
 on a fishing party with my father to where Jack now is. 
 We spread our tablecloth on the rocks, boiled our fish, 
 and it was very pleasant.' 
 
 After the death of his wife, Lieutenant Markham, 
 who was himself an excellent classical scholar, devoted 
 himself to the education of his eldest son. Finding 
 more than ordinary talent in him, he determined to 
 resign his appointment at Kinsale and to take the 
 boy, as a home boarder, to Westminster School. He 
 had early imbibed a notion from his old master, 
 Dr. Andrewes, that that school afforded the most favour- 
 able opening for merit, without influence, to advance 
 itself. Leaving the two younger boys with a grand- 
 mother, he came up to London and took lodgings in 
 Vine Street, on the south side of St. John's Churchyard, 
 at the back of Westminster Abbey, with his son Billy. 
 
 Lieutenant Markham was resolved that his son, the 
 heir to an ancient and honourable lineage, should have 
 the best education that England could supply. His 
 means were very small. With his half-pay he had 
 barely 100 a year. But he strove by honest exertions 
 to make up the deficiencies, so as to further the great 
 object of his life, which was the education of his eldest 
 son. As the half-pay officer wrote a very good hand, 
 and was acquainted with two eminent solicitors of exten- 
 sive practice, he wrote and engrossed for them, being 
 more particularly employed on those papers where honour 
 and secrecy were essential. He was a tasteful artist, 
 and he painted fan-mounts, which he sold in disguise in 
 the streets. He thus struggled manfully against poverty.
 
 6 STRUGGLES AGAINST POVERTY 
 
 BiDy was entered as a Scholar at Westminster on 
 June 21, 1733, boarding with his father in Vine Street. 
 The head master was Dr. Nicoll, the under master 
 Dr. Johnson, afterwards Bishop of Worcester. In the old 
 pocket-books there are copies of letters from Dr. Nicoll 
 reporting Billy's satisfactory progress and exemplary 
 conduct, with his father's grateful but stately replies. 
 Here, too, are the recipes to cure his son's ailments, 
 and the bills for his clothes which were so hard to pay. 
 
 Lieutenant Markham had a neighbour in Vine Street 
 with whom he became intimate, in the person of the 
 Eev. Charles Churchill, Lecturer in St. John's Church 
 and Eector of Rainham in Essex. He was the father 
 of the more famous Charles Churchill the poet. 
 
 Meanwhile Billy soon gained the notice of his masters 
 by his quickness and intelligence. Both Dr. Nicoll 
 and Dr. Johnson were men of learning and discern- 
 ment, and the poet Cowper, who was at Westminster 
 from 1741 to 1749, bore high testimony to the 
 qualities of Dr. Nicoll as a teacher. Father and son 
 were busy all day, but the toil of the old officer was a 
 labour of love. He was cheered by the appearance of 
 his bright and clever boy at meal-times, and when they 
 passed the evenings together, and chairs were drawn to 
 the fire, the lad was entranced by many an old cam- 
 paigning story. Day by day the father's hopes were 
 strengthened, and his confidence in the brilliant young 
 scholar's future was increased. Cricket was in its 
 infancy, but young Markham was a good oarsman, and 
 a champion in the fighting-green \ 
 
 1 Notes in his father's pocket-book.
 
 SCHOOLFELLOWS 7 
 
 Having got head into college, William Markham was 
 not a fag, but what was called ' liberty boy '. Among 
 his seniors were Lawrence Brodrick, a nephew of 
 the first Lord Midleton ; George Jubb, an intimate 
 friend in after life ; Sir Sidney Evelyn, of Wotton ; 
 Samuel Dickens, afterwards Professor of Greek ; and 
 James Hay, the brother of Archbishop Drummond. 
 Among boys of his own standing were Smallwell, after- 
 wards a bishop and a benefactor of the school ; Devisme, 
 the diplomatist ; Augustus Keppel, the future admiral ; 
 Granville Leveson Gower, the future Marquis of Staf- 
 ford ; Francklin, the translator of Sophocles ; Edmund 
 Burton, the accomplished classical scholar ; Joseph 
 Wilcocks, the amiable and kind-hearted son of the Dean ; 
 Morice, the grandson of Dean Atterbury ; Thomas 
 Sheridan, father of the better-known Eichard Brinsley 
 Sheridan ; and ' Gilly ' Williams (the friend of George 
 Selwyn and Horace Walpole), so celebrated for his wit 
 and agreeable conversation. 
 
 In June, 1734, William Markham had come out first 
 in the challenges. The new dormitory was begun in 
 1722, and the King's Scholars had got into it in 1732. 
 William then had to leave his father's lodgings 
 and live in college, so that they could not see so 
 much of each other. His father was a stanch Whig 
 and admirer of the glorious Revolution, and in these 
 principles the son was brought up. Lieutenant Mark- 
 ham no longer felt anxiety for his boy. He threw , 
 aside the drudgery of copying for solicitors and resumed 
 his career in the army, becoming a captain on April 25, 
 1742, and a major on December 10, 1746. He saw
 
 8 STUDENT OF CHRIST CHURCH 
 
 active service in North America, and built the first 
 house when Halifax (Nova Scotia) was founded by 
 Colonel Cornwallis in 1749. 
 
 William Markham would have been captain of the 
 school had not a boy named Joshua Hill stayed over 
 from the previous election. In June, 1738, he was 
 elected to a studentship at Christ Church. He matricu- 
 lated there on June 6, 1738. At Oxford he continued 
 to pursue his studies with unabated ardour, and was 
 considered one of the best scholars of his day. He 
 obtained the first of three prizes, the second being 
 gained by his old schoolfellow, Joseph Wilcocks, only 
 son of the Dean of Westminster. Young Markham 
 excelled in Latin versification. Several of his composi- 
 tions were published in the Carmina Quadragesimalia *. 
 Some were afterwards collected and printed by the late 
 Archdeacon Wrangham. His elegant Latin version of 
 Shakespeare's ' Seven Ages of Man ' was much admired, 
 and his ' Judicium Paridis 2 ' was highly esteemed by 
 competent judges. Friends with classical tastes, such 
 as Mr. Ford, the Bampton Lecturer 3 , and Mr. Hewett, 
 of Shire Oaks, cherished many of his compositions among 
 
 1 The second volume, published in 1748, contains thirty-three 
 pieces by William Markham. The * Seven Ages of Man ' occurs 
 at ii, p. 69, as ' an motus circularis sit maxime naturalis ? ' 
 
 s Published in the Musae Anglicanae, ii, p. 277. 
 
 3 Markham 's Latin version of the ' Seven Ages of Man ' was 
 written on the fly-leaf of a Shakespeare which was for many years 
 the companion of the Kev. Thomas Ford of Christ Church, Eector 
 of Melton Mowbray, Bampton Lecturer, and a constant con- 
 tributor to the Gentleman's Magazine. He was uncle of M. Richard 
 Ford, author of the Handbook of Spain.
 
 'SEVEN AGES OF MAN' 9 
 
 their most valued treasures l . But the author himself 
 produced them with such facility that he never thought 
 them of any value. 
 
 W. Markham's Latin version of Shakespeare's 
 ' Seven Ages of Man '. 
 
 Infantem vagitu inopi lactantia aventem 
 
 Ubera nutricis blanda loquela fovet : 
 lamque scholam it, gemitus inter lacrymasque sequaces, 
 
 Et testudineas ducit eundo moras. 
 Mox cantus iterat miseros nocturnus amator, 
 
 Et queritur saevas pervigil ante fores : 
 Turn plenos numerans maturis viribus annos 
 
 Destituit patrium laudis amore focum. 
 Castra amens sequitur, vitreoque inservit honori, 
 
 Lethalis quamquam fulminet ante tubus. 
 Turn mira accendit gravitas, ventrisque rotundi 
 
 Tardum mollia agens otia pascit onus : 
 Laudare antiquos mores et facta iuventae 
 
 Mille per ambages dinumerare iuvat : 
 
 1 In a letter from Archdeacon Eobert Markham to his father 
 the Archbishop, dated October 3, 1795, he wrote : 
 
 ' I slept at Shire Oaks last night and before supper read over 
 several of your Christ Church productions, which Mr. Hewett has 
 preserved and sets a great value upon. I have copied one which 
 you may very probably have forgotten, and I therefore send 
 it thinking it may call back some pleasing recollections to your 
 mind.' 
 
 John Thornhaugh of Osberton assumed the name of Hewett, on 
 succeeding to the estate of Shire Oaks near Worksop. He 
 married a sister of Sir George Saville, and his daughter and co- 
 heiress married Mr. F. Foljambe of Aldwark, who thus became 
 owner of Osberton.
 
 10 GENEROSITY OF WILLIAM MARKHAM 
 
 Inde iter occiduae carpens declive senectae, 
 
 Ora movet tremulis emaciata sonis. 
 Delirus tandem et fatuus, gyrumque recursum 
 Claudit, ut incepto prodiit orbe, Puer. 
 W. MARKHAM (aet. 23), 
 
 Carmina Quadragesimalia, ii. 69. 
 
 William Markham graduated B.A. on May 13, 1742 ; 
 M.A. on March 28, 1745 ; and proceeded D.C.L. on 
 Nov. 24, 1752. Out of his small income, while at 
 Oxford, he placed a distant kinsman at Christ Church, 
 maintained him there, and made provision for him 
 afterwards. He repeated this in the case of a young 
 undergraduate who was suddenly reduced to poverty. 
 He had just then set up two horses, but he gave them 
 up as well as other indulgences, and spent the money 
 thus saved in supporting his friends. After taking his 
 degree he continued to reside at Oxford, undecided what 
 career he should follow. 
 
 The bent of his genius inclined him to his father's 
 profession. He visited Italy and France during this 
 time, going over those classic spots, on which he had often 
 dwelt in imagination, with intense interest and pleasure ; 
 and he extended one of his journeys as far as Venice. 
 
 During his residence at Oxford as a post-graduate, for 
 the greater part of the time (from taking his degree in 
 1745 to 1753) William Markham was a successful tutor\ 
 at Christ Church. Many of the Latin themes written 
 by himself and his pupils in those days have been pre- 
 served, as well as some English verses of his own one 
 on Queen Elizabeth, another on the home of his friend, 
 Mr. G. Rice, in Wales.
 
 CHAPTER II 
 
 HEAD MASTER OF WESTMINSTER. DEAN OF 
 
 ROCHESTER. AFFECTION FOR EDMUND BURKE. DEAN 
 OF CHRIST CHURCH. BISHOP OF CHESTER. MIS- 
 UNDERSTANDING WITH BURKE. PRECEPTOR TO THE 
 
 PRINCES. ARCHBISHOP OF YORK 
 
 IN the year 1753 1 William Markham's future was 
 decided. He was offered the distinguished post of 
 head master of Westminster School, in succession to 
 his own old master, Dr. Nicoll. After some hesitation 
 he was induced to accept this responsible position. He 
 was then ordained. His age was thirty-four. In 1755 
 he was appointed a chaplain to George II. 
 
 For the eleven following years, from 1753 to 1764, 
 Dr. Markham was head master, residing in the house 
 in Dean's Yard. 
 
 The western outer wall of the Abbey buildings at 
 Westminster is of great antiquity. In former times it 
 was lower, and broken by massive square towers, with 
 vaulted arches under them, leading to the cloisters, 
 the misericorde and the refectory, and to the old dor- 
 mitory of the monks, which since 1599 has been the 
 school. In days of old, the grated narrow windows in 
 
 1 In 1753 the British Museum was founded. The Prime 
 Minister, Henry Pelham, died in January, 1754, and was succeeded 
 by his brother, the Duke of Newcastle.
 
 12 HOSPITALITY IN DEAN'S YARD 
 
 the old wall gave light to guest-rooms, store-rooms, and 
 the buttery in rear of the great refectory. From Queen 
 Elizabeth's time these buildings have been converted 
 into canons' houses, and the part between two of the 
 ancient groined and vaulted gateways, and over one of 
 them, became the residence of the head master. The 
 hall, the study, and the dining-room containing a 
 series of portraits of the head masters of Westminster, 
 are on the ground floor. Above are the drawing-rooms 
 and a small sitting-room over the archway, with a 
 curious old turret stair. 
 
 Here Dr. Markham lived as a bachelor for six years, 
 occupied in the work of the school : and here he enter- 
 tained his friends. His greatest and most intimate 
 friend was the Earl of Mansfield, Lord Chief Justice l . 
 Others were William Burke and his cousin Edmund. 
 Sir Joshua Eeynolds also mentions dining in Dean's 
 Yard on several occasions. But it is in his cordial 
 encouragement of young men, still unknown and with 
 their names to make, that Dr. Markham's goodness 
 of heart is best shown. When Edmund Burke first 
 came to London, young, proud, and unknown, he was 
 introduced to Dr. Markham by the head master's old 
 friend, William Burke. Dr. Markham befriended the 
 young Irishman, and warmly encouraged him in his 
 early efforts. The acquaintance ripened into friendship 
 
 1 In his will the Earl of Mansfield left a Homer (folio, 4 vols.) 
 to Dr. Markham : * whose friendship I have enjoyed through life ; 
 for Homer was our favourite author.' It is now at Morland. 
 Lord Mansfield became Lord Chief Justice in 1756. He had been 
 Attorney-General since 1754.
 
 FRIENDSHIP FOR BURKE 13 
 
 and intimacy. It commenced in 1753. The Essay 
 on The Sublime and Beautiful (1756) was corrected 
 throughout by Dr. Markham before going to press, and 
 revised by him afterwards 1 . He also assisted and 
 advised Burke in his work connected with the Annual 
 Register. In 1758 Dr. Markham was godfather to 
 Edmund Burke's only son Eichard. In 1759 Dr. Mark- 
 ham used all the interest he possessed to obtain the 
 consulship at Madrid for his young friend, and in 
 a letter to the Duchess of Queensberry 2 , asking for her 
 interest with Mr. Pitt, he spoke in terms of the 
 strongest affection and esteem of Edmund Burke. 
 
 ' Westminster, September 25, 1759. 
 ' MADAM, 
 
 ' I must entreat your Grace's pardon for the 
 trouble I am giving you. It is in behalf of a very 
 deserving person with whom I have long had a close 
 friendship. My acquaintance with your Grace's senti- 
 ments and feelings persuades me that I shall not want 
 advocates when I have told you my story. 
 
 ' The consulship at Madrid has been vacant these 
 eight months. Lord Bristol is writing pressing letters 
 to have a consul appointed. I arn informed that the 
 office lies so much out of the road of common applica- 
 
 1 Letter from Captain Markham to his wife, dated February 21, 
 1800. Captain Markham had seen the original manuscript. 
 
 2 This was Lady Catherine Hyde, daughter of the Earl of 
 Rochester and Clarendon, married to the Duke of Queensberry and 
 Dover in 1720. The Duke died in 1778, aged 80. The Duchess had 
 died in 1777. The Duchess was the famous beauty celebrated by 
 Prior. She was the friend and patron of Gay.
 
 14 FRIENDSHIP FOR BURKE 
 
 tions that it has not yet been asked for, that it has 
 been offered to some who have declined it, and that 
 Mr. Pitt is actually at a loss for a proper person to 
 appoint to it. This has encouraged my friend to think 
 of it. It so happens that those who might serve him 
 are mostly out of town. He expects indeed recom- 
 mendations from some whom he has writ to. The 
 warm part that I take in all his interests obliges me 
 to avail myself of the honour I have of being known 
 to your Grace, and to beg as much assistance with 
 Mr. Pitt as you think you can give me with propriety. 
 ^v* It is time I should say who my friend is. His 
 name is Edmund Burke. As a literary man he may 
 possibly be not quite unknown to you. He is the 
 author of a piece which imposed on the world as 
 Lord Bolingbroke's, called The Advantages of Natural 
 Society ; and of a very ingenious book published last 
 year, called A Treatise on the Sublime and Beautiful. 
 
 ' 1 must further say of him that his chief application 
 has been to the knowledge of public business and our 
 commercial interests ; that he seems to have a most 
 extensive knowledge, with extraordinary talents for 
 business, and to want nothing but ground to stand 
 upon to do his country very important services. 
 Mr. Wood *, the Under Secretary, has some knowledge 
 
 1 Robert Wood was born in Ireland in 1717. He was an 
 excellent classical scholar, and travelled in the East, as far as 
 Balbec and Palmyra, in 1 7 5 1 . His Ruins of Palmyra was published 
 in 1753, and Ruins of Balbec in 1757 admirably illustrated works. 
 Wood became Under Secretary of State under Mr. Pitt in 1756 
 until 1 763. But Mr. Pitt's haughtiness prevented their association 
 from being of long continuance. He was in office again from 1 768
 
 KINDNESS TO YOUNG MEN 15 
 
 of him, and will, I am persuaded, do ample justice 
 to his abilities and character. As for myself, as far 
 as my testimony may serve him, I shall freely venture 
 it on all occasions ; as I value him not only for his 
 learning and talents, but as being, in all points of 
 character, a most amiable and most respectable man. 
 
 ' I hope your Grace will forgive my taking up so 
 much of your time. I am really so earnest in this 
 gentleman's behalf, that if I can be instrumental in 
 helping him, I shall think it one of the most fortunate 
 events of my life. I beg leave to trouble you with my 
 compliments to the Duke ; and am, with a fresh 
 remembrance of your many kindnesses, 
 
 ' Your Grace's most obliged 
 and most faithful servant, 
 
 W. MARKHAMV 
 
 \ The Duchess readily complied with Dr. Markham's 
 request, and wrote to Mr. Pitt on behalf of his friend. 
 But the haughty Minister rejected the application, and 
 thus kept Edmund Burke in England, to be a thorn in 
 his own side in the time to come 2 . 
 
 Another much younger man and an Etonian, 
 George Canning 3 , was indebted for many kindnesses 
 
 to 1770. He died in 1771. His chief patron, with whom he had 
 travelled, was the Duke of Bridgewater. 
 
 1 Chatham Correspondence, i, p. 430. 
 
 2 In one of his finest speeches Burke ridiculed Chatham as 
 a great invisible power who left no Minister in the House of 
 Commons. 
 
 3 Letter from Mr. Canning, when Prime Minister, to the 
 Eev. David F. Markham, dated July 31, 1827.
 
 16 PUPILS 
 
 to Dr. Markham. The poets Churchill, Thornton, and 
 Colman also enjoyed the hospitalities of Deans Yard. 
 Kobert Lloyd was often there, and the head master 
 strove to save the brilliant but wayward youth from 
 his downward course 1 . 
 
 More than seventy per cent, of the King's Scholars 
 became clergymen in Dr. Markham's time, including two 
 archbishops, three bishops, and several deans and arch- 
 deacons. Their old head master watched over the 
 interests of his former pupils, and gave them help 
 and preferment when it was needed. He got Cyril 
 Jackson made Sub-Preceptor to the princes, and gave 
 him a prebendal stall at Southwell. Page, Cleaver, 
 and Mostyn became prebendaries of Chester ; a boy who 
 was afterwards an usher at Westminster and a man 
 
 1 Kobert Lloyd, son of Dr. Pierson Lloyd, the under master of 
 Westminster, was born in 1733, and was at school with Warren 
 Hastings, Colman, and Churchill. He went to Cambridge in 
 1751, and there his career of extravagance began. He became 
 the bosom friend of Churchill and they led a wild and wayward 
 life together. Dr. Markham appointed Lloyd an usher at West- 
 minster, but, under Churchill's influence, he threw up the appoint- 
 ment, and tried to live on the proceeds of his writings. He 
 was gifted with poetic talent, readiness of wit, and great facility 
 of composition. He wrote several of the prologues for the 
 Westminster Play during Dr. Markham's time. Eventually he 
 became editor of a magazine, but the project failed, and poor 
 Lloyd was thrown into prison by his creditors. While there 
 the death of Churchill was suddenly announced to him. He 
 said : ' I shall follow poor Charles.' He was taken ill, was 
 nursed by Churchill's sister, Patty, and died in the Fleet on 
 December 15, 1764. His death was soon followed by that of 
 Churchill's sister, to whom he was engaged. Lloyd's poems were 
 published in 1774.
 
 PUPILS 17 
 
 of great ability, known as ' Dapper ' Hume, he made 
 Prebendary of Southwell ; Edward Salter, William 
 Conybeare, and William Jackson, three more of his 
 boys, he made prebendaries of York. He also made 
 William Jackson (afterwards Bishop of Oxford) his chap- 
 lain and gave him a Southwell prebend and the rectory of 
 Beeford. To some others he gave temporary assistance. 
 Among Dr. Markham's laymen were the Marquis 
 of Carmarthen (afterwards fifth Duke of Leeds and 
 Foreign Secretary in Pitt's administration), who was 
 again under him when Dean of Christ Church ; Chief 
 Baron Macdonald ; Sir John Kussell of Checkers ; Sir 
 John Aubrey, who became Father of the House of 
 Commons ; George Atwood, a Fellow of the Royal 
 Society and Copley Medallist ; Dr. Maty, the learned 
 Secretary of the Royal Society, who indexed the first 
 seventy volumes of the Philosophical Transactions ; 
 Dr. Butt, who dedicated his poems to his old master ; 
 and Jeremy Bentham J . Dr. Markham educated three 
 head masters, Dr. Vincent of Westminster, Dr. Drury 
 of Harrow, and Dr. Goodenough of Baling. His 
 
 1 Bentham was a child of six when he went to Westminster, 
 and could have known nothing about the head master except 
 what he saw at a distance. He wrote : ' Our great glory was 
 Dr. Markham. He was a tall, portly man and high he held his 
 head. We stood prodigiously in awe of him ; indeed he was an 
 object of adoration.' All this he might remember ; but when 
 Bentham goes on to tell about Dr. Markham having been 
 inattentive and having neglected his work, this cannot be from 
 personal recollection, as the little boy in the lowest form can have 
 known nothing about the head master's work. Mr. Sargeaunt 
 says that Bentham's reminiscences are, in some points, demon- 
 strably incorrect. See Bentham's Works, x, p. 30.
 
 18 SCHOOLBOY FRIENDSHIP 
 
 favourite pupils were Cyril Jackson, afterwards Dean 
 of Christ Church, and Archibald Macdonald, the future 
 Chief Baron. Their affection for their old master lasted 
 through life. There were two of Dr. Markham's pupils, 
 Edward Wortley Montagu and John English Dolben, 
 whose friendship forms an interesting and pathetic 
 story. The celebrated Lady Mary Wortley Montagu 
 sent her son Edward to Westminster in 1719, when 
 he was a mere child. He ran away, and, after a year's 
 search, was found selling fish at Black wall. He ran 
 away again, got on board a ship and landed at Oporto. 
 On this second occasion he was at length found at 
 Gibraltar and brought home. He continued to lead 
 a wild life, generally abroad, travelling in the East, 
 and learning several languages ; but his conduct was 
 so strange that his father left the family estates away 
 from him, though he left him well provided for. His 
 mother bequeathed him the sum of one guinea an 
 unfeeling act, however bad her son may have been. 
 The young Montagu, who was under Dr. Markham, was 
 a son of this extraordinary being. He cannot have 
 been legitimate, for his father was constantly marrying 
 and deserting one supposed wife after another, and the 
 boy was born when his father was at least forty-six, in 
 1750. He came to Westminster, a forlorn, unacknow- 
 ledged little waif, and was put to lodge in Great Smith 
 Street with a Mrs. Ann Burgess, who was like a mother 
 to him. He remained at school for ten years, and his 
 bosom friend was a boy of the same age named John 
 English Dolben. They went to Christ Church together, 
 and eventually Wortley Montagu was sent out to
 
 SCHOOLBOY FRIENDSHIP 19 
 
 India, where he heard of his father s death. He set out 
 for England in consequence, but was lost in a ship- 
 wreck at the Cape, leaving a will dated November 25, 
 1777. He left all the manuscripts bequeathed to him 
 by his father to his old friend and schoolfellow Dolben, 
 to be sold or published, and the profits to be given 
 to his old dame at Westminster, Mrs. Ann Burgess, ' as 
 a small acknowledgement for more than motherly kind- 
 ness during ten years in her house.' Sir John E. Dolben 
 proved the will in December, 1778, and erected a 
 monument in the west cloister of the Abbey to the 
 memory of his old schoolfellow. Sir John Dolben, an 
 antiquary and man of letters, who loved his old school 
 and its reminiscences, and was a constant guest at 
 the Play, died at the great age of eighty-eight in 1837. 
 Dolben's monument to the memory of his friend 
 is at the end of the west cloister, by the door into 
 the Abbey : 
 
 Edvardo Wortley Montagu 
 Qui ab Indis Orientalibus Britanniam rediturus 
 Naufragus periit MDCCLXXVII annum agens xxvn 
 
 In memoriam amicitiae 
 Apud scholam regiam vicinam inchoatae 
 
 Oxonii continenter productae 
 Magna parte orbis interiecta non diminutae 
 
 Morte vix abruptae 
 Caelis si videatur Deo renovandae 
 Monumentum hoc erigebat 
 
 J. E. D. 
 
 Librorum praedicti haeres 
 Et residui cohaeres legatus 
 
 C 2
 
 20 NEW SCENERY FOR THE PLAY 
 
 This steadfast friendship, begun at school, continued 
 at Oxford, unbroken by separation and scarcely by 
 death, is very touching. There were seven generations 
 of Dolbens at Westminster from 1603 to 1796, John 
 English Dolben being the sixth. 
 
 In 1758 Dr. Markham presented the scenery for 
 the Westminster Play, which was designed by Athenian 
 Stewart, the antiquary. It lasted for fifty years, a new 
 set being presented in 1808, closely adhering to the 
 old designs. The second set lasted until 1857. When 
 Dr. Markham's scenery was first used in 1758 the Play 
 was Phormio, and the prologue, written by Kobert 
 Lloyd, was spoken by Edward Salter, who called the 
 attention of the audience to the Parthenon, the 
 Theseum, and the Temple of the Winds. It is a 
 curious coincidence that when the new scenery was 
 first used in 1808, Mr. Salter's son spoke the prologue. 
 
 Dr. Markham's tenure of office at Westminster is 
 memorable for the considerable improvements that he 
 made. When the large space was formed by the 
 removal of the ancient dormitory, originally the granary 
 of the monks, Dr. Markham created and laid out the 
 * Green ' as a second playground nearer the school. It 
 has ever since been used for football. The more distant 
 playground was in Tothill Fields, which were not then 
 built over. 
 
 In 1755 a Bill was passed in the face of much op- 
 position (28 Geo. II, cap. 54), empowering Dr. Mark- 
 ham and Thomas Salter to build houses on the land 
 opening on Dean's Yard. The terrace at the south end 
 was then built, the capital being found by Dr. Cox and
 
 IMPROVEMENTS AT WESTMINSTER 21 
 
 Mr. Salter. The centre house on the terrace was 
 a boarding house for Westminster boys during many- 
 years, and later known as Packharness's. 
 
 Dr. Maikham also cleared part of the space in Little 
 Dean's Yard, and built three good houses. The house 
 next to the College dormitory was occupied from that 
 time until the abolition of the office by the under 
 master, and since by the master in charge of the King's 
 Scholars. The next house became a boarding house for 
 Westminster boys, with a resident master at first. In the 
 time of Dr. Markham's successor, Dr. Samuel Smith, 
 1763-88, this house was in charge of an usher named 
 Grant, one of Dr. Markham's pupils, and captain of the 
 school in 1761. He was a writer of rather broad 
 epigrams. Mr. Grant was usher from 1764 to 1772, 
 and was afterwards rector of Winnington in Essex. 
 The house has been called Grant's ever since to this 
 day. The third house was at first in charge of Mr. 
 Samuel Hayes, who was known among the boys as 
 ' Botch ' Hayes. Next it was known as Best's, then for 
 many years as Benthall's. Since 1848 it has been 
 called Rigaud's. It was pulled down and rebuilt in 
 1897 ; but the other two houses remain as Dr. Mark- 
 ham built them. 
 
 Dr. Pierson Lloyd was under master during the 
 whole of Dr. Markham's time, and was the first 
 occupant of the house next to the dormitory. Towards 
 the close of his colleague's life, Dr. Markham, who never 
 forgot an old friend, got him made a prebendary of York. 
 
 We have some account of Dr. Markham's method of 
 teaching at Westminster from one who, though he was
 
 22 SEED FELL ON FERTILE GROUND 
 
 himself at the school some fifteen years later \ was 
 intimately acquainted with many of those who benefited 
 by it. He wrote : ' Those who in early life had the 
 happiness of being Dr. Markham's pupils, universally 
 agree that as an instructor he had no equal. It is 
 difficult to sav whether he most excelled in the manner 
 
 */ 
 
 of conveying knowledge, or in exciting youth to laud- 
 able pursuits. His knowledge of Grecian and Roman 
 literature was universal ; his taste pure. His geography 
 was of such extensive range that it descended to all 
 the minuteness of topographical accuracy ; so that he 
 never failed to secure the attention of his scholars by 
 enlivening his lectures with the most pleasing de- 
 scriptions and . the most interesting anecdotes. He 
 was at the same time so perfectly master of different 
 incentives for different dispositions, that the studious 
 were ever ambitious of his praise, and the idle feared 
 his rebuke.' 
 
 Dr. Markham's knowledge of geography was pro- 
 found, and his interest in the geographical side of 
 classical studies was genuine. Hence his habitual 
 illustration of history by descriptions of localities was 
 most useful to his pupils. Nor did the seed thus sown 
 fall upon barren ground. One student profited by this 
 method of instruction in full measure, and to the 
 teaching of Markham the world probably owes that 
 tendency in the scholarly mind of Vincent, which pro- 
 
 1 Henry F. Mills, election of 1782; an intimate friend of the 
 Rev. W. Conybeare and Rev. F. H. Hume, who were educated 
 under Dr. Markham, as well as of Dean Cyril Jackson and his 
 brother Dr. Wm. Jackson.
 
 DEATH OF OLD MAJOR MARKHAM 23 
 
 duced the Voyage of Nearchus and the Periplus of the 
 Erythraean Sea. 
 
 In his prime Dr. Markham was one who did whatever 
 came to his hand with all his might. His work was 
 not confined to teaching. He had much business to 
 attend to besides. He quite transformed Westminster 
 by his building and improvements, altered the whole 
 aspect of the immemorial Play by the introduction of 
 more appropriate scenery, attended to the interests of 
 games by the creation of ' Green ', and was indefatigable 
 in furthering the well-being of the school by all the 
 means in his power. 
 
 Dr. Markham's father, after long service in North 
 America, was on his way home when the ship in which 
 he took a passage was captured by a French privateer. 
 He was kept a prisoner at large in the town of Niort. 
 At length, through the exertions of his son, an exchange 
 was obtained for him, and he came home in 1757. 
 The old Major then retired. In his own phrase, 'he 
 was enabled to dedicate the remainder of his life to 
 the pleasing enjoyment of solitude and the Muses/ 
 Dr. Markham had the pleasure of welcoming his father 
 back, and of making his remaining years comfortable 
 and happy. The love and devotion lavished on the 
 little son in the Vine Street days were well repaid to 
 the old Major by the sight of his son in positions of 
 trust and honour, which he had won by his conduct 
 and abilities. Major Markhajn died in his eighty-sixth 
 year on May 27, 1771. His son buried him on June 1, 
 in the north cloister of Westminster Abbey. Four 
 months previously his son had become Bishop of Chester.
 
 24 MARRIAGE 
 
 On June 16, 1759, Dr. Markham was married at 
 St. Mildred's Church in Bread Street, to Sarah, daughter 
 of John Goddard, a wealthy English merchant settled 
 at Botterdarn. The young lady, born on February 14, 
 1738, was aged twenty -one, her husband being forty. 
 The fruit of this union was thirteen children, six sons 
 and seven daughters, born between 1760 and 1783. 
 Mrs. Markham received the sum of 10,000 from her 
 father, the rest of his great fortune going to her 
 brother, John Goddard, who lived at Woodford Hall in 
 Essex, and died very rich in 1788. He was a stiff, 
 formal, cold-hearted man. By his wife, Henrietta Maria 
 Hope, he had three daughters, co-heiresses '. 
 
 Dr. Markham's three eldest sons were born in Dean's 
 Yard William, baptized in Westminster Abbey in May, 
 1760 ; John and George, in St. Margaret's Church in 
 1761 and 1763. His two eldest daughters were born 
 at Chiswick, where Dr. Markham rented the prebendal 
 house in the manor grounds from the Dean and Chapter. 
 Here the family usually spent the holidays ; for it was 
 a pleasant country residence in those days 2 . 
 
 1 (1) Anne, married to her father's chief clerk, named John 
 Williams, illegitimate son of H. Hope of Amsterdam, who took 
 the surname and arms of Hope in 1811. Their daughter married 
 Renaud de Ginkel, eighth Earl of Athlone. (2) Sarah, married to 
 John Langston, Esq., of Sarsden. (3) Henrietta, married to 
 Admiral Sir Charles M. Pole, Bart. 
 
 2 The connexion of Westminster School with Chiswick began 
 in the time of Queen Elizabeth. Dean Goodman held the prebend 
 of Chiswick belonging to St. Paul's, the endowment of which 
 consisted of a manor in the parish. He arranged that the Dean 
 and Chapter of Westminster should become tenants of this manor, 
 consisting of 140 acres of land, for ninety-nine years, and they
 
 THE DEANS THE BICENTENARY 25 
 
 The deans of Westminster during Dr. Markham's 
 time were Dr. Joseph Wilcocks, who was appointed in 
 1731, and died aged eighty-three in 1756, and Dr. 
 Zachary Pearce. In the time of Dr. Wilcocks the west 
 towers of the Abbey were built. His son was a 
 schoolfellow of Dr. Markham's, and was also at Christ 
 Church with him ; afterwards dividing his time between 
 literary pursuits and the relief of distress. Dr. Pearce 
 was a scholar of sufficient depth to be able to hold his 
 own in controversies with Bentley. Both deans were 
 also bishops of Eochester. Dr. Pearce officiated at the 
 coronation of George III. 
 
 In 1760 the bicentenary of Queen Elizabeth's founda- 
 tion of St. Peter's College was celebrated by a dinner and 
 prayers. The King's Scholars delivered orations and 
 verses from the gallery in College Hall ; the dinner 
 lasted from 2.15 to 4.30 in the afternoon, and was 
 followed by evening service in the Abbey 1 . In 1756 
 Dr. Markham was elected one of the trustees of 
 Dr. Busby's charities, and from that time the meetings 
 and dinners of the trustees took place at his house, 
 until his retirement from the head-mastership in 1764. 
 
 continued to hold it on leases of lives renewable by fines. The 
 Manor House was enlarged, and additional houses were built for 
 a prebendary and attendants. Old Fuller described it as a 
 retiring place for the masters and scholars of Westminster in 
 the heat of summer, or at any time of infection. Dr. Busby 
 resided at Chiswick with several scholars in 1657. The house 
 was thoroughly repaired in 1711 for Dr. Friend. But Dr. Nicoll 
 was the last head master who lived in the Manor House. Dr. 
 Markham rented the adjoining prebendal house from the Dean 
 and Chapter. 
 
 1 Sargeaunt, p. 195.
 
 26 APPROACHING RETIREMENT 
 
 After eleven years the strain began to tell. In those 
 days it was generally admitted that services such as 
 those of Dr. Markham deserved recognition in the form 
 of Church preferment. A head master with long ad- 
 ministrative experience has valuable qualifications, as 
 has since been shown in the cases of Longley, Tait, 
 Benson, Temple, and others. He may legitimately look 
 forward to promotion, and Dr. Markham had received 
 a promise of assistance from the Duke of Bedford, who 
 was himself an Old Westminster of an earlier generation, 
 and whose sons and grandsons were all sent to West- 
 minster. This caused a community of feeling which 
 gave the Duke pleasure in furthering the interests of 
 the head master of his old school. 
 
 Dr. Markham's health had suffered, and in 1763 he 
 felt that he must seek comparative rest. The deanery 
 of Bristol became vacant, and he applied to Mr. Gren- 
 ville for it. He also wrote the following letter to the 
 Duke of Bedford T , dated 'Westminster, September 14, 
 1763 ' : 
 
 ' Your Grace was so kind as to tell me, some years 
 ago, that whenever I applied for a Crown preferment, 
 you would be ready to give your assistance. I have 
 been eight years a King's Chaplain, and almost eleven 
 
 1 John, fourth Duke of Bedford, was born in 1710, nine years 
 before Dr. Markham. In 1762 he was Ambassador in France, 
 to sign the Peace of Fontainebleau. He married Lady Gertrude 
 Leveson Gower in 1737, and died in January, 1771. His son, the 
 Marquis of Tavistock, was killed by a fall from his horse in 1767. 
 The sons and grandsons were all sent to Westminster School ; 
 fourteen Eussells were there. See Bedford Correspondence, iii, 
 p. 273.
 
 APPLICATION FOR DEANERY AT BRISTOL 27 
 
 Master of Westminster School without having received 
 any mark of the royal favour. 
 
 ' The frequent headaches which I have been long 
 subject to, make my attendance at the school very 
 painful to me, and I am disabled from giving that 
 attention to my health which I ought, in duty to my 
 family. 
 
 ' The deanery of Bristol is now vacant. The value 
 of it, I am told, is under five hundred pounds a year. 
 
 ' As I must quit a much larger income for it, I should 
 not think it a great object, if the consideration of my 
 health did not make it so. 
 
 ' I have laid my pretensions before Mr. Grenville, 
 and, though I have had a very civil answer, I am afraid 
 they will not have much efficacy if not aided by 
 some support. 
 
 ' I know no patronage that can be more honourable 
 to me than your Grace's ; I am sure there is no one to 
 whom I would wish more to be under an obligation. 
 If I am thought worthy of this testimony of your good 
 opinion I shall be very happy.' 
 
 The Duke at once spoke to the King, who gave his 
 Grace leave to assure Dr. Markham that, * although 
 the deanery of Bristol had already been promised to 
 Dr. Barton, His Majesty will not be unmindful of the 
 Duke's recommendation whenever a proper opportunity 
 shall offer V 
 
 1 The Duke's letter is dated at St. James's, Sept. 16, 1763. In 
 April, 1763, Lord Bute had resigned and George Grenville became 
 Prime Minister. The Duke was not in office.
 
 28 CANONRY AT DURHAM 
 
 Meanwhile Dr. Markham had been given a prebend 
 at Durham worth 700 a year. He was installed there 
 on July 20, 1759. 
 
 During the winter of 1763-4 strong wishes were 
 expressed by old friends, especially those connected 
 with Christ Church, that Dr. Markham should succeed 
 to the deanery of his own college, on his retirement 
 from Westminster. The actual Dean himself, Dr. 
 Gregory 1 , wished that Markham should be his suc- 
 cessor. At this time Dr. Zachary Pearce 2 , then Dean 
 of Westminster and Bishop of Eochester, a man of 
 considerable private means, announced his intention 
 of retiring, from old age, at Michaelmas, 1764. Dr. 
 Gregory, who was in declining health, agreed to vacate 
 Christ Church for Westminster, so that Dr. Markham 
 might become Dean of Christ Church. This arrange- 
 
 1 David Gregory was the son of Dr. Gregory, Savilian Professor 
 of Astronomy at Oxford. Born in 1 700, he was at Westminster 
 School 1705-14, and was elected to Christ Church. He was the 
 first Professor of Modern History and Languages, 1724 ; Canon of 
 Christ Church ; Prolocutor of the Lower House of Convocation, 
 1761, and Master of Sherburn Hospital. He married Lady 
 Mary Grey, daughter of the Earl of Kent. Dr. David Gregory 
 became Dean of Christ Church in 1756, and died Sept. 16, 1767. 
 
 2 Zachary Pearce was son and heir of a distiller in Holborn, 
 who made a fortune and bought an estate at Baling. Born in 
 1690, he was at Westminster School 1705-10, and went thence 
 to Trinity College, Cambridge. His patron was Lord Macclesfield, 
 who got him the vicarage of St. Martin in the Fields, 1 723, and the 
 bishopric of Bangor. In 1755 he succeeded to the estate at Baling 
 and wished to retire. He refused the bishopric of London, but 
 in 1756 he became Bishop of Eochester and Dean of Westminster. 
 He at last resigned the deanery of Westminster in 1 768, and died 
 at Baling in 1774, aged 84.
 
 STRANGE CONDUCT OF DR. PEARCE 29 
 
 ment received the King's approval ; and it only 
 needed the fulfilment of old Dr. Pearce's promise 
 to be completed. 
 
 Meanwhile Dr. Markham declined an offer of the 
 deanery of Peterborough in consequence of the above 
 agreement, and in accordance with the advice of 
 Dr. Pearce himself. But a week afterwards Dr. Pearce 
 wrote to advise the acceptance of Peterborough, ' as we 
 none of us know our own hearts, and it is possible 
 I may change my mind.' He seems to have been 
 a very vacillating old gentleman, to use the mildest 
 term. The letter came too late, as the deanery of 
 Peterborough had already been given to some one else. 
 Immediately afterwards Dr. Pearce wrote again to 
 the effect that, notwithstanding what he said in his 
 former letter, he still held to his resolution of resigning 
 before Christmas, 1764. 
 
 On this understanding Dr. Markham gave up the 
 charge of Westminster School on March 8, 1764, and 
 went to Durham to take Tip his residence as Canon 
 in the following June. His family then consisted 
 of four little children William, born in 1760, John in 
 1761, George in 1763, and Harriette in 1764 \ 
 
 Hearing nothing from Dr. Pearce for several months, 
 Dr. Markham wrote to him to say that it would be 
 very convenient if he would inform him of the exact 
 date of his resignation. The reply was that the Dean 
 was still uncertain not only as regards the time, but 
 
 1 He retained the lease of the house at Chiswick for another 
 year and a half. His second daughter Elizabeth was born there 
 on August 6, 1765.
 
 30 DEANERY OF ROCHESTER 
 
 as to the event itself: that it certainly could not be 
 before the end of the summer, because a house which 
 he was repairing at Ealing would not be finished before 
 that time. 
 
 On December 4, 1764, Dr. Markham wrote to the 
 Duke of Bedford, describing the way in which he had 
 been treated by Dr. Pearce, and ending with the re- 
 mark : ' in this handsome manner has he concluded 
 the drama of his resignation which, from the first 
 opening, has lasted three years.' Dean Pearce did not 
 resign until 1768, when he was seventy-eight. The 
 Duke replied immediately, saying that 'it was very- 
 unfortunate that the unsteadiness (not to give it 
 a worse appellation) of the Dean should have de- 
 prived Dr. Markham of the preferment which the 
 Crown designed for him, and which would have been 
 so agreeable to him ; and that Dr. Markham will always 
 find the Duke desirous of serving him, whenever a 
 proper opportunity shall offer '. 
 
 On February 12, 1765, Dr. Markham was appointed 
 Dean of Rochester, and went to reside there soon 
 afterwards. A letter dated there, on December 29, 
 1765, to his friend William Burke 1 , shows the affec- 
 tionate interest still felt by Dr. Markham in the career 
 of Edmund Burke : 
 
 4 1 thank you most heartily for your affectionate 
 letter and am ashamed of my inattention, in suffering 
 those who take so warm a part in our happiness to 
 be so long in suspense about it. Our house has been 
 
 1 Burke Correspondence, i, p. 92.
 
 AFFECTION FOR EDMUND BURKE 31 
 
 full of people till yesterday, when Mr. Cooper l and his 
 family left us. During that time I wrote many letters, 
 and thought that one of them had been to you. We 
 are perfectly well. The measles have run through 
 all the children ; the youngest, who gave us most 
 apprehension, had them more slightly than any of 
 the rest 2 . 
 
 ' I was informed of Ned's 3 cold, by a letter from 
 Skynner 4 . I am very glad to hear it is so much better. 
 I should be grieved to hear he was ill at any time, 
 particularly at so critical time as this. I think much 
 will depend on his outset. I wish him to appear at 
 once in some important question. If he has but that 
 confidence in his strength which I have always had, he 
 cannot fail of appearing with lustre. I am very glad 
 to hear from you that he feels his own consequence 
 as well as the crisis of his situation. He is now on the 
 ground on which I have been so many years wishing to 
 see him. One splendid day will crush the malevolence 
 of enemies, as well as the envy of some who often 
 praise him. When his reputation is once established, 
 the common voice will either silence malignity or 
 
 1 Mr. Cooper was then a rising barrister married in 1762 
 to Elizabeth Kennedy, both natives of Newcastle-on-Tyne. In 
 1765 Lord Rockingham made him Secretary of the Treasury, 
 a post which he held until 1782. From 1775 he called himself 
 Sir Grey Cooper, claiming an old baronetcy. He died in 1801. 
 
 2 Elizabeth, born Aug. 6, 1765, afterwards Mrs. Barnett. 
 8 Edmund Burke. 
 
 4 Chief Baron Skynner, born 1724, at Westminster 1738-42, 
 Christ Church 1742-50, K.C. 1771, Chief Baron 1777-87, P.C. 
 1787. Died 1802. Portrait by Gainsborough in Christ Church 
 Hall.
 
 32 AFFECTION FOR EDMUND BURKE 
 
 destroy its effects. As to my good wishes towards him 
 and you, God knows you have always had them, though 
 it has not been in my power to give you much proof of 
 them. 
 
 ' What is done about the Irish pension ? I hear it is 
 taken from Hamilton, and that Ned is to have it in 
 a more agreeable shape. I think the session has 
 opened with as many circumstances of disgrace to your 
 opponents as you could possibly wish ; and that your 
 prospects brighten every day. 
 
 * We propose being in town in about a fortnight, 
 though we do not yet know where. We shall probably 
 have a furnished house in Pall Mall l . 
 
 ' Adieu, my dear Burke, and make our best com- 
 pliments to the house in Queen Anne Street 2 . 
 * I am most affectionately yours, 
 
 MARKHAM.' 
 
 Dr. Markham was Dean of Rochester for nearly three 
 years, and the Chapter presented him with the vicarage 
 of Boxley in Kent. In the short time that he was 
 
 1 The fourth son, David, was born in Pall Mall on September 1, 
 1766, and baptized in Westminster Abbey. In this year there 
 was a new Ministry, the Duke of Grafton being first Lord of the 
 Treasury, and Pitt, created Earl of Chatham, Secretary of State, 
 and really Prime Minister ; but in 1768 Lord Chatham retired. 
 
 2 The house of Edmund Burke's father-in-law, Dr. Nugent. 
 The Kockingham Ministry had come into office on July 13, 1765 ; 
 and William Burke was Under Secretary of State, while Edmund 
 was Private Secretary to the Prime Minister. Edmund came into 
 Parliament as member for Wendover in 1766. The Ministry 
 went out on August 1, 1766. Kockingham was incapable as 
 a leader, and this Ministry, though well-intentioned, was in- 
 efficient.
 
 DEAN OF CHKIST CHURCH 33 
 
 at .Rochester lie improved the Deanery, and built 
 additions to Boxley Vicarage which made it more 
 habitable. 
 
 His old friend Dr. Gregory died in 1767, and Dr. 
 Markham was at once appointed Dean of Christ Church 
 on October 23, 1767, a most popular choice. He 
 entered upon his duties with the hearty goodwill 
 of all connected with the college and amidst the con- 
 gratulations of his numerous friends. The Bishop 
 of Gloucester, Dr. Warburton, wrote him the following 
 letter : 
 
 ' Prior Park, 
 
 October 14, 176T. 
 
 * DEAR SIR, 
 
 'You will do me the justice to believe that 
 I felt the sincerest pleasure on hearing of your pro- 
 motion to the deanery of Christ Church. I am glad 
 to find that, amidst the chaos of politics, Ministers can 
 sometimes see their way before them, and that the 
 madness of the times has its lucid intervals : whenever, 
 as the poet says, 
 
 A sable cloud 
 Turns forth her silver lining on the night. 
 
 * We are in hopes the darkness will not be eternal. 
 May you live long and happy and continue to be the 
 boast of your friends, has long been the wish of your 
 very affectionate and faithful humble servant, 
 
 ' W. GLOUCESTER.' 
 
 Dr. Markham presided over his old college for ten 
 years. There were many testimonies to the ability, 
 
 MARKHAM D
 
 34 BISHOP OF CHESTER 
 
 wisdom, and above all to the kindness of his rule : none 
 stronger and more hearty than that of his venerated 
 successor, Dr. Cyril Jackson. The education of the 
 students occupied his closest attention, and with the 
 happiest results. There is an interesting autograph 
 correspondence in existence, on this subject, between 
 Dr. Markham and Dr. C. Beritham l , and other letters 
 in which the Dean shows his diligence in improving 
 the library. 
 
 Dr. Markham's portrait by Sir Joshua Keynolds 
 is in Christ Church Hall, the engraving from the 
 picture at Windsor by Hoppner is in the Common 
 Koom, and his bust is in the library. 
 
 While Dean of Christ Church, Dr. Markham's two 
 youngest sons were born, Robert and Osborne, and four 
 daughters. Osborne was named after the fifth Duke 
 of Leeds, then Marquis of Carmarthen, who was his 
 godfather, and had just become Master of Arts at 
 Oxford, after having been Dr. Markham's pupil at 
 Westminster and Christ Church. The Duke, as Lord 
 Carmarthen, was Foreign Secretary during eight years 
 of Pitt's administration, and died in 1799. 
 
 In 1769 Dr. Markham took a house in Bloomsbury 
 Square. The See of Chester was conferred upon him 
 on January 26, 1771. It was unsought, for he did not 
 wish to leave Christ Church. In becoming a bishop 
 it was, therefore, arranged that he should retain the 
 deanery. He was consecrated in the Chapel Eoyal, 
 
 1 Eeferred to in Notes and Queries, 4th Series, ii, p. 468. Dr. 
 Bentham was a Canon of Christ Church and Professor of Divinity, 
 1763. He died in 1776.
 
 MISUNDERSTANDING WITH BURKE 35 
 
 Whitehall, by Dr. Drummond, Archbishop of York, 
 Dr. Egerton, Bishop of Durham, Dr. Law, Bishop of 
 Carlisle, and Dr. Johnson, Bishop of Worcester, his old 
 master at Westminster. 
 
 At about this time there was a disagreement between 
 Dr. Markham and Edmund Burke. 
 
 It appears from the draft l for a very long letter from 
 Edmund Burke to some one whom he addresses as 
 ' My Lord ', with whom he had been intimate for seven- 
 teen years, and who was godfather to his son, that 
 Burke's old friend had sent him a letter containing 
 accusations couched in strong language. The accusing 
 letter does not exist, and we can only gather its tenor 
 from Burke's draft reply, which covers sixty-two pages. 
 The above description of the writer almost certainly 
 refers to Dr. Markham, who, in 1771, the date of the 
 draft, was Bishop of Chester, who had been Burke's 
 friend for seventeen years, and who was godfather 
 to Burke's son. 
 
 Burke had then only been four years in Parliament. 
 He was a rising, but not yet a great man. He was 
 nine years younger than Dr. Markham, who certainly, 
 under the circumstances of their long intimacy, had 
 a right to remonstrate with his friend. It was a time 
 when virulent personal attacks 2 , very often anonymous, 
 were being made on public men in all directions. 
 
 1 Burke Correspondence, i, p. 296. 
 
 2 Burke had himself published his Thoughts on the Cause of 
 the Present Discontents in the previous year, in which he brought 
 serious accusations against the politicians who were known as the 
 
 ' King's friends '. But no names were given, and the authorship 
 was acknowledged. 
 
 D 2
 
 36 MISUNDEKSTANDING WITH BURKE 
 
 Some of the worst slanders were levelled at Lord Mans- 
 field, who was among Dr. Markham's greatest friends. 
 The Junius Letters were appearing, the first in June, 
 1769, the last in January, 1772. We gather from 
 Burke's draft that Dr. Markham had been informed 
 that Burke himself was the author, as well as of other 
 attacks published anonymously. There were several 
 expressions referred to in the draft as occurring in 
 the letter of Dr. Markham, which, if in the form given 
 by Burke, must have been written in the heat of the 
 moment, and the writer would have regretted having 
 used them. The letter does not now exist, and these 
 expressions, such as calling Burke's house a ' hole of 
 adders', are so very unlike anything that Dr. Markham 
 ever wrote, that it seems more probable that Burke 
 composed his draft with his mind full of a grievance, 
 but without confining himself to the exact words of 
 the letter under reply. If, as seems probable, the draft 
 was never used, Burke would allow free play to his 
 imagination. 
 
 An impartial historian said of what Burke wrote 
 that ' he ever mistakes the colouring of his own 
 brilliant imagination for the hues of the objects around 
 him x . Where persons are concerned he allowed his 
 fancy full play 2 '. 
 
 In his draft he defended himself by denying most 
 of the accusations. He especially declared that those 
 who fixed on him as the author of the Junius Letters 
 were libellers. But he could not deny all. A careful 
 perusal of his draft leaves the impression that his 
 1 Stanhope, v, ch. xliv. 2 Ibid., ch. xlv.
 
 BURKE'S AFFECTION FOR DR. MARKHAM 37 
 
 correspondent had some ground for his anger, though he 
 may have given expression to it with undue vehemence. 
 It is quite in accordance with what is known of Burke's 
 habit of mind that he should prepare a long reply 
 to a letter, without exact quotations from it, but draw- 
 ing upon his imagination in order to produce a more 
 telling composition ; and then that he should leave the 
 draft among his papers unused. 
 
 It is pleasant to turn from the defence of his conduct 
 in Burke's draft to the affectionate way in which he 
 refers to the old friendship. 
 
 ' I assure you,' he writes, ' that I wish to stand well 
 in your opinion, and do not even now easily reconcile 
 myself to the loss of it. In the innumerable conversa- 
 tions we have had together for many years, which I now 
 remember with a melancholy pleasure, do you remember 
 a single angry word that ever passed between us, till 
 the moment of your letter ? But I would not, for any 
 consideration, that my son should happen to meet such 
 horrid offences charged against me by my seventeen- 
 years' friend, by the very person who answered for him 
 at the font, without letting him know that I was able 
 to say something in my defence. 
 
 ' In your Lordship's letter I know nothing of my old 
 friend but the handwriting, which I know but too 
 well/ 
 
 Speaking of his cousin William he wrote : 
 
 ' To him I owed my connexion with Lord Rocking- 
 ham, my seat in Parliament, and all the happiness and 
 all the advantages I received from a long acquaintance
 
 38 RECONCILIATION WITH EDMUND BURKE 
 
 with your Lordship. He loved your Lordship and 
 would have died for you. He had the most ardent 
 affection for you, and the most unbounded confidence 
 in you. 
 
 ' Your sentiments of me, I trust, are expressed in 
 anger and in the vehemence of a mistaken zeal, from 
 which no talent nor situation will always exempt even 
 men of piety and virtue 1 .' 
 
 This no doubt was the case. The draft probably 
 never became a letter and was never sent. Most likely 
 there were explanations, mutual expressions of regret 
 in interviews either with William or Edmund or both. 
 It was only a passing storm. The old friendly inter- 
 course was soon renewed, for we find Edmund Burke 
 sending his son to Christ Church at an earlier age than 
 usual, in his eagerness to have him under the care 
 of his godfather the Dean. Three years afterwards 
 there is a letter from Edmund Burke to the Bishop 
 of Chester, asking a favour for a friend, which shows 
 that they were quite on their old affectionate terms 
 again. It is dated June 20, 1774, and thus con- 
 cludes : ' Mrs. Burke, William, and this family present 
 their most respectful and affectionate compliments to 
 Mrs. Markham and our love to the children. I am, 
 with the most real esteem and regard, ever, &c. 2 ' 
 
 The intimacy between Dr. Markham and Edmund 
 Burke continued for several years after the date of 
 the above letter. It cooled owing to divergence of 
 
 1 This sentence contains a sufficient answer to the detractors of 
 Dr. Markham, as regards Burke. 
 
 2 Burke Correspondence.
 
 END OF INTIMACY WITH BURKE 39 
 
 opinion respecting the rebellion of the American 
 colonies 1 . It is true that Mrs. Markham never liked 
 Burke, and suspected him. But he used to visit 
 at Dr. Markham's house, certainly as late as 1782, 
 and hear the letters read from the eldest son in India, 
 who was private secretary to Warren Hastings. Mrs. 
 Markham always declared that he asked leave to take 
 one home to read, and that he never returned it, using 
 the information it contained at the trial. 
 
 The friendship endured for at least thirty years, 
 and for the first half of that time it was of a most 
 intimate and affectionate character. Burke altered. 
 He ceased to be the simple-minded and interesting 
 young man that Dr. Markham knew, and had such 
 a very high opinion of, during the first years of their 
 intimacy. He grew to a knowledge of his commanding 
 talent, and became more and more dictatorial, over- 
 bearing and intolerant of the opinions of others. 
 William Burke went to India in 1782, returned in 
 1793, and only lived for five years afterwards. Edmund 
 Burke died, a disappointed and broken-hearted man, 
 in July, 1797, having lost his beloved son Richard three 
 years previously. His violence in conducting the trial 
 of Warren Hastings had quite estranged him from 
 Dr. Markham, who survived him for ten years. 
 
 There is one publication by Dr. Markham while he 
 was Dean of Christ Church, a Concio ad Clerum 2 . 
 
 1 Burke had been paid 1,000 a year by the New York Colony 
 to act as their agent, since 1772. 
 
 2 Concio ad Clerum in Synodo Provinciali Cantuarensis Provinciae 
 ad D. Pauli Die xxv lanuarii A.D. mdcdxix habita a Gulielmo
 
 40 FRIENDS AT CHESTER 
 
 After his consecration the year was divided between 
 Chester and Oxford. He was, of course, at Christ 
 Church during the terms. Dr. Markham's old friend 
 Sir John Skynner 1 , afterwards Chief Baron, was then 
 a Welsh judge and lived a good deal at Chester, so 
 that the two families became veiy intimate. Lady 
 Skynner and her sisters, the Miss Burns, were Mrs. 
 Markham's chief friends, and her children were verv 
 
 / 
 
 fond of them. Another great friend at Chester was 
 Mr. Francis Burton, one of the justices 2 . 
 
 On April 12, 1771, the Bishop of Chester was selected 
 for the very responsible post of Preceptor to the young 
 princes, the Prince of Wales and the Duke of York. 
 They were under his care from the ages of nine and 
 eight to fourteen and thirteen. This choice was made 
 on the recommendation of the Earl of Mansfield. 
 Dr. Markham had not sought for the appointment, 
 but had mentioned Dr. Hurd for it, when consulted 
 bv Lord Holderness. The Earl of Holderness was 
 
 p 
 
 Governor of the princes 3 ; and Dr. Markham obtained 
 
 Markham, D.C.L., Ecclesiae Christi Oxon. Decanoiussu Reverendissimi 
 accedit oratiuncula (4to, 25 pp.). 
 
 1 See note, p. 31. Chief Baron Skynner's only daughter was 
 the wife of the Right Honble. Richard Ryder, brother of Lord 
 Harrowby. 
 
 2 One of H. M. justices of Chester. He was one of the Arch- 
 bishop's executors. 
 
 3 In the arrangement for the education of the princes, the 
 precedent of Queen Anne's son, the Duke of Gloucester, appears 
 to have been followed. In his case Marlborough was Governor 
 and Bishop Burnet was Preceptor. 
 
 Horace Walpole's account of the arrangements for the young 
 princes is coloured by his dislikes. The dislikes soon became 
 hatreds with him, and for those he hated no epithets were too
 
 PRECEPTOR TO THE PRINCES 41 
 
 the appointment of Sub-Preceptor for his favourite 
 pupil Cyril Jackson. 
 
 In those days the Bishop lived, for a short time 
 every year, at a house near Kew called Sion End, 
 while the princes were at Kew, 1771-6. The two 
 princes wrote affectionate letters, at first between ruled 
 lines, to their preceptor. Twelve of these letters, from 
 each of them, have been preserved and seven of the 
 Bishop's replies. In 1774, when he was twelve, the 
 Prince of Wales wrote : ' The time since you went 
 seems to have passed very slow, for I always must 
 think so when you are not with us. Your good in- 
 struction, your kindness, your good nature will never 
 be effaced from my heart/ This may be looked upon 
 as the expression of the evanescent feelings of a child, 
 but it was not so. 
 
 The faults of the Prince of Wales were many and 
 great, but his affection for the friend of his youth 
 continued through life. It is also attractive to find 
 the interest taken by the princes in their preceptor's 
 children. On July 8, 1771, the Prince of Wales 
 
 abusive, no gossip too absurd. He hated Lord Mansfield, and the 
 friends of Lord Mansfield were included in this enmity. He also 
 hated Christ Church, apparently because Lord Mansfield was 
 there. Lord Mansfield was consulted by the King in the arrange- 
 ments for the princes, hence everybody who was chosen came in 
 for abuse. Lord Holderness is a nonentity. Dr. Markham is 
 a hard arrogant man, a creature of Lord Mansfield. Christ Church 
 is ' the true prerogative seminary ', and so on. Walpole did not 
 know Dr. Markham or anything about him, but he tacked on any 
 epithet that came into his head, by way of indulging his spleen 
 against any friend of Lord Mansfield. See Memoirs of George III, 
 p. 310.
 
 42 PKECEPTOR TO THE PRINCES 
 
 writes: 'I am very happy to hear that Master Mark- 
 ham has got into the fourth form.' On July 20, 1773, 
 the Duke of York writes that, * in going to Lord 
 Holderness's, we saw Robert and Osborne playing before 
 your door at Sion End.' When Jack, the second son, 
 went to sea, he was invited to stay with the princes at 
 Buckingham House, on his way from Chester to Ports- 
 mouth. On December 16, 1775, the Prince of Wales 
 wrote : ' Dear Admiral Jack went last Thursday. 
 We may say to him what Virgil makes Apollo say 
 to Ascanius 
 
 Macte nova virtute puer : sic itur ad astra.' 
 
 Nor was Jack forgotten. On an invitation from the 
 Prince of Wales to the Archbishop to dine at Carl ton 
 House on March 25, 1790, there is a postscript ' and 
 bring Jack.' 
 
 King George III presented a beautifully bound copy 
 of the Odes of Pindar to Dr. Markham, on his retire- 
 ment from the post of Preceptor on May 28, 1776 1 . 
 
 1 The letters of the two princes to Dr. Markham were bound up 
 in a volume which was for many years at Becca. It is now at 
 Morland. 
 
 Dr. Markham's resignation, and the other changes, were from 
 simple causes. There was no mystery and no plot. But Horace 
 Walpole, in commenting on the changes, breaks out into a quantity 
 of malignant gossip about mysteries and plots. He speaks 
 of the ' extreme curiosity of mankind at the changes '. Lord 
 Hertford, it seems, thought they must have had weighty causes. 
 Walpole then gives a false version of an interview between the 
 King and the Bishop of Chester, at the expense of the latter. 
 Apart from its absurdity, this version must have been invented, 
 because it is out of the question that either the King or the
 
 ARCHBISHOP OF YORK 43 
 
 On December 10, 1776, the death took place of 
 Dr. Drummond, Archbishop of York, an Old West- 
 minster, and a very old friend of Dr. Markham. Dr. 
 Drummond's brother, James Hay, was his contemporary 
 at school. The Prime Minister * cordially agreed with 
 the wishes of the King in the selection of a successor ; 
 but the promotion was quite unsought on Dr. Mark- 
 ham's part. The new Archbishop was translated on 
 
 Bishop would have retailed it. We are then told that the Bishop 
 was suspected of being at the bottom of the plot. What plot ? 
 No nonsense is too absurd for this retailer of gossip. Next we 
 are informed that Markham was a very ambitious man, that he 
 asked to be made Bishop of Winchester, and was told not to 
 expect it. This is a pure invention. There was no prospect of 
 a vacancy at Winchester at that time ; but Dr. Markham 
 was promoted to York within six months. Last Journals, ii, 
 p. 49. 
 
 The reason for the change given by the King was that, when 
 Lord Holderness retired, His Majesty resolved to change the 
 Preceptor also, evidently because the princes were fond of the 
 Bishop of Chester and had asked that he might remain. In his 
 letter to Lord North, dated May 27, 1776, George III wrote : 'I 
 yesterday took the painful task of sending for the Bishop of 
 Chester, and, with kindness and frankness, told him that, as 
 Lord Holderness meant to retire, I should at the same time 
 appoint a new Preceptor. The princes would secretly feel a kind 
 of victory if the Bishop remained.' 
 
 Dr. Markham's successor as Preceptor to the princes was an old 
 friend of his own, who had been recommended by him as well as 
 by Lord Mansfield. Dr. Hurd, the biographer of Dr. Warburton, 
 was a learned and good man, but too much of a courtier. Had 
 the wise and firm supervision of Dr. Markham been continued for 
 a few years longer, the career of the Prince of Wales might have 
 been different. 
 
 1 Lord North, whose Ministry lasted from 1770 to 1782. Lord 
 Rockingham succeeded, but died the same year, and was followed 
 by Lord Shelburne.
 
 44 BISHOPTHORPE 
 
 December 21, 1776, and enthroned in January, 1777. 
 He was nominated Lord High Almoner and sworn of the 
 Privy Council. Good wishes and congratulations came 
 from all directions. His sailor son wrote from Antigua 
 in March : ' You may be sure the news gave me great 
 joy, though I am sorry for Dr. Drummond's death as 
 I know he was a friend of yours.' 
 
 In those days the northern archbishop was a prince 
 holding vast estates and bearing the weight of heavy 
 responsibilities l . Dr. Fountayne was Dean of York 
 during the greater part of Archbishop Markham's time, 
 dying in 1802, aged eighty-eight. He was a very 
 old and tried friend. The home was at Bishopthorpe 
 for the next thirty years. 
 
 Bishopthorpe is about three miles south of York, on 
 the right bank of the river Ouse. The ancient pile has 
 seen many vicissitudes. Originally founded by Arch- 
 bishop Grey in the thirteenth century, it has been 
 retouched by various hands. Yet the river face 
 retains its venerable aspect. Though repaired and 
 altered from time to time, there are still the ancient 
 walls and quaint gables enclosing the chapel and dining- 
 room, said to be the very same hall in which a hireling 
 lawyer, at the bidding of the usurper Bolingbroke, 
 adjudged the saintly Archbishop Scrope to death. It 
 is hung with portraits of archbishops, that of Dr. Mark- 
 ham having been painted by his friend Sir Joshua 
 Reynolds in 1777. The gardens and old avenues on 
 the river side were laid out and planted by Archbishop 
 
 1 The last of the prince archbishops was Dr. Edward Harcourt, 
 the successor to Dr. Markham.
 
 BISHOPTHORPE 45 
 
 Sharp in 1691-1713. But the front of the palace is 
 modern, built in the so-called Gothic style by Dr. Drum- 
 mond in 1765. A gate-house with crocketed pinnacles 
 leads into a court-yard, and a flight of steps is the ap- 
 proach to the front door, under a rather handsome stone 
 canopy. On the left are the ivy-covered stables; on 
 the right, in those days, there was a large pond with 
 tall trees overshadowing it l . Dr. Markham spent 
 a large sum of money on the kitchen garden, building 
 a flood wall 181 feet long, which is still standing. The 
 house in Bloomsbury Square was the Archbishop's town 
 residence. 
 
 1 An interesting history of the fabric of Bishopthorpe Palace 
 was written by Archbishop Longley. It is still in manuscript. 
 See also the History of Bishopthorpe, by the Eev. J. Keble (1905).
 
 CHAPTER III 
 
 OPINION ON THE AMERICAN REBELLION. ATTACK ON 
 THE ARCHBISHOP IN THE HOUSE OF LORDS. THE GORDON 
 RIOTS. TRIAL OF WARREN HASTINGS 
 
 THE position of the Archbishop of York forced him 
 to express his views on political questions and on certain 
 burning controversies. This he did without fear either 
 of politicians or of the mob. It is not a question 
 whether he was right or wrong, but whether he was 
 right in expressing his opinions. About that there 
 can surely be no doubt. He believed that the American 
 rebellion was lawless, and he said so in a sermon before 
 the Society for the Propagation of the Gospel. He 
 believed that the trial of Warren Hastings was con- 
 ducted with inhumanity and injustice, and he said so 
 from his place in Parliament ; undaunted by any obloquy 
 that might be cast on him, then or afterwards. 
 
 Dr. Markham was brought up by his father in the 
 principles of the Revolution. He was a lover of true 
 liberty under the sanctions of law, but he looked upon 
 the American rebellion as lawless and therefore wicked. 
 The Archbishop was a leading member of the Society 
 for the Propagation of the Gospel, which had done so 
 much for the colonies during many years. The return 
 of the rebels had been the lawless persecution of 
 ministers and other members of the Society, solely on 
 the ground of their loyalty.
 
 SEKMON ON AMEKICAN REBELLION 47 
 
 The Archbishop preached at St. Mary-le-Bow, on the 
 occasion of the anniversary meeting of the Society for 
 the Propagation of the Gospel, on February 21, 1777. 
 The rebellion was then at its height, Washington having 
 surprised the drunken Germans at Trenton on Christmas 
 Day, 1776, and the skirmish at Princeton having taken 
 place in the following January. As this sermon was 
 the object of attacks on the Archbishop in the House 
 of Lords, it will be as well to give a brief analysis of 
 its contents. The text of the sermon was from Daniel 
 vii. 14, * His dominion is an everlasting dominion which 
 shall not pass away.' 
 
 The Archbishop's discourse was directed to impress 
 upon his hearers that, as the four great empires 
 foretold in prophecy were temporal, the fifth was to 
 be different in its nature from the others. This the 
 Jews did not understand, looking for temporal power, 
 whereas Christ's kingdom was to be spiritual. This 
 misunderstanding has continued in various forms. The 
 Papacy, the Crusades, the doctrine of the lawfulness of 
 persecution, the conduct of sects when their claim for 
 liberty means dominion over others, have all originated 
 from a misapprehension of the nature of Christ's king- 
 dom. The Archbishop claimed that the Church of 
 England has less of the persecuting spirit than any other, 
 and shows charity towards those who dissent from it. 
 
 He went on to maintain that, although the dominion 
 of Christ refers to the inward man, yet the propagation 
 of our religion, by peaceful means, is a duty. In the 
 performance of that duty foresight and discretion are 
 needed, as well as the assistance of the State, on the
 
 48 SERMON ON AMERICAN REBELLION 
 
 ground that religion ensures peace and harmony in the 
 community. 
 
 On these principles the Society was founded, its 
 main object being to bring help to North America. 
 When its work was commenced, half the people in 
 the American colonies belonged to the Church of 
 England, yet there were only five churches. In 1777 
 there were several hundred churches, and provision 
 for ministers. 
 
 Previous reports proved a pleasing part of our 
 business, but now a sad reverse has come upon us. 
 The laity are suffering confiscations and imprisonment 
 from the rebels, for no other offence than being loyal 
 subjects, while the ministers of our Church are pursued 
 with licentious cruelty. 
 
 The causes of the calamity are to be sought in the 
 mistakes and inattentions of the Government. This 
 is not the place for their discussion ; but it will be 
 relevant to make some observations on the loose opinions 
 which prevail respecting civil and religious liberty. 
 
 The authority of the State is properly exercised 
 when the opinions of the sects on civil matters are 
 contrary to the well-being of the community. Thus 
 the laws against Papists were purely political ; and 
 if other sects arise with dangerous opinions they must 
 be laid under similar restraint. 
 
 Liberty is the most valuable of all human possessions. 
 It consists in freedom from all restraints, except such 
 as the law imposes for the good of the community. 
 Liberty cannot subsist under force, it can only subsist 
 under law. The foundation of freedom is the supre-
 
 SERMON ON THE AMERICAN REBELLION 49 
 
 macy of the law. Every man's humour or interest 
 cannot be the measure of his obedience ; for by such 
 a system all evil passions are let loose, and the last 
 stage of political depravity is reached. 
 
 Our own revolution is no precedent for such a defiance 
 of law in the name of liberty, for it was undertaken to 
 maintain the supremacy of law. But at every step in 
 the American contest law has been assailed and violated. 
 
 Our prospects are dark, and we can only rely upon 
 the wisdom of our governors, and hope that necessity 
 may provide remedies which foresight did not. He 
 thus concluded his sermon : 
 
 ' Our chief reliance must be on the mercies of God, 
 which have so often interposed with mighty deliver- 
 ances in behalf of this Church and nation : that He 
 may now also, by the excellency of His power, make the 
 sweet water flow from bitter fountains, and even in 
 our present distress lay the foundations of our future 
 tranquillity.' 
 
 This eloquent prayer was, in God's good time, most 
 fully and abundantly answered, though not in the 
 way which the suppliant would then have expected. 
 Permission was given, at the request of the Society, 
 to print the sermon, as was usual on such occasions. 
 It was never published. 
 
 Yet the sermon formed the pretext for an attack 
 on the Archbishop by one or two of Lord Chatham's 
 immediate following in a debate on December 5, 1777. 
 We find a passage in the Duke of Grafton's auto- 
 biography l which describes their conduct : 
 1 Memoirs of the third Duke of Grafton, p. 296. 
 
 MAUKIIAM
 
 50 
 
 ' Boom was found for a strong censure on the Arch- 
 bishop of York as well as on his principles, who had 
 dared to stigmatize the fair character of the Marquis of 
 Kockingham (for his meaning in the late Charge l could 
 not be mistaken) and his adherents as traitors to their 
 country, and I availed myself of the opening to the 
 extent of my wishes. But Lord Shelburne in his speech 
 spared his Grace still less, and Lord Chatham, learning 
 at the moment only the circumstances from me, ex- 
 ceeded us both in the strength of his attack on the 
 Archbishop, who, by any person acquainted with the 
 publication 2 , must be deemed to have deserved it 
 from us.' 
 
 The Duke of Grafton did mistake the meaning of the 
 Archbishop, who made no allusion to Lord Kockingham. 
 The sermon had been misrepresented to the Duke and 
 Lord Shelburne, who cannot have read it. The Arch- 
 bishop was goaded by these unjust and petulant attacks 
 into a brief reply. He said that he ought, in his 
 position, to bear wrongs, but that there were injuries 
 which would try any patience ; and that he was ready 
 to defend the positions in his sermon 3 . Then Lord 
 Chatham came in, who knew nothing of the matter, 
 but received a peculiar version of the sermon from the 
 Duke of Grafton. Thus misled, Lord Chatham, as was 
 too often the case in his later years, broke out into 
 a violent tirade, shouting, ' These are the doctrines 
 
 1 If there was a Charge referring to the subject, it must have 
 contained the same views as were expressed in the sermon, in the 
 same year. 
 
 2 It was not published. 
 
 a Walpole, Last Journals, i, p. 119.
 
 THE CHATHAM PENSION BILL 51 
 
 of Atterbury and Sacheverell.' His speech only showed 
 the frailty of his temper, attributable partly to broken 
 health. 
 
 Four months afterwards the Earl of Chatham came 
 to the House of Lords for the last time, on April 7, 
 1778. He expressed his indignation at the proposal to 
 yield up the sovereignty of America, but his speech 
 was confused and incoherent. As is well known, when 
 striving to reply to the Duke of Kichmond, the great 
 statesman fell back in convulsions, and was carried out 
 of the House. He died a month afterwards. 
 
 A Bill was introduced after the Earl's funeral, and 
 passed the Commons, granting to Lord Chatham's 
 family a pension of 4,000 a year for three lives, besides 
 3,000 a year previously obtained by him, and in 
 addition the sum of 20,000. In the Lords a minority 
 spoke against so large a grant at a time of great 
 financial difficulty, but not against the grant itself. 
 England was then menaced by enemies anxious to take 
 advantage of the rebellion in America. It was a time 
 of trouble and anxiety, and a legislator might well 
 think that at such a time money should be husbanded 
 for the public service, and not lavishly voted away 
 on private grants and pensions. The Archbishop took 
 that view. Eleven peers voted in the same sense ; and 
 a protest was signed by the Lord Chancellor, the Arch- 
 bishop of York, the Duke of Chandos, and Lord Paget. 
 
 Lord Stanhope has suggested l that the signing of the 
 protest by Archbishop Markham was not in good taste, 
 because Lord Chatham had inveighed against his Grace's 
 
 1 Lord Stanhope's History of England, vi, ch. Ivii (footnote). 
 
 E 2
 
 52 HORACE WALPOLE'S ABUSE 
 
 sermon not long before, so that it might be imputed to 
 personal resentment. This was different from Horace 
 Walpole's statement that it was ' a mean revenge by 
 one who had not had the spirit to take notice of Lord 
 Chatham's censure while he was alive l '. The Arch- 
 bishop had taken such notice of the attack as was 
 necessary. His Grace concurred in the views expressed 
 in Lord Chatham's last speech, and the scene which 
 followed would have obliterated any feeling of resent- 
 ment, if such existed, which was certainly not the case. 
 The Archbishop was entirely devoid of personal vanity, 
 and such an unfounded attack from a suffering and 
 irritable man was freely forgiven as soon as uttered. 
 Chatham had, a short time before, made a similar 
 indefensible attack on the irreproachable, warm-hearted, 
 and open-handed Bishop Barrington for want of charity. 
 Such exhibitions of temper were ascribed to broken 
 health, and never gave rise to any lasting feeling of 
 resentment. The Archbishop simply acted from a 
 sense of duty which may have been mistaken, but those 
 who differed from the majority were right to give 
 expression to their opinions. 
 
 In June, 1778, the letters of Horace Walpole to his cor- 
 respondent Mr. Mason 2 contain the most virulent abuse 
 of the Archbishop, with reference to the sermon, which 
 Walpole cannot have read any more than the Duke 
 of Grafton, and to the attack in the House of Lords. 
 
 1 Horace Walpole's Last Journals, ii, p. 277. 
 
 2 Horace Walpole's Letters, vii, pp. 80, 94, 509. Mr. Mason, 
 the friend of the poet Gray, was many years Canon and Precentor 
 of York, and a friend of Archbishop Markham. Walpole's friend- 
 ship ended in a quarrel, as it usually did.
 
 HORACE WALPOLE'S ABUSE 53 
 
 ' You know all the history of your warlike metropolitan, 
 Archbishop Turpin. I hope he made his entrance into 
 his capital by beat of drum. I now believe in metem- 
 psychosis, for Dr. Markham must have been in Peru 
 when the inhabitants were boiled to make them dis- 
 cover their gold. We are told we are to be invaded, 
 when your Primate may have an opportunity of exer- 
 cising his martial prowess.' In another letter he 
 attacks the Archbishop for something he was alleged to 
 have said in a sermon he never preached at the Chapel 
 Royal ; but his correspondent detected Walpole in a 
 fib, for the Archbishop could not have been preaching 
 at the Chapel Koyal at the time stated l . 
 
 It is difficult to account for the extreme bitterness 
 of Horace Walpole in making these foolish attacks, 
 except that he hated bishops, hated Christ Church, and 
 hated any friend of Lord Mansfield ; and Dr. Markham 
 thus came in for a treble share of his venom. The 
 attacks on the sermon, which was so grossly mis- 
 represented, would not have been worth noticing, if 
 they had not been repeated with embellishments by 
 later writers. The remarks in the House of Lords and 
 the sneers of Horace Walpole were based on the false 
 assumption that the sermon was violently bellicose 
 and aggressively High Church. It was nothing of 
 the kind, and those who attacked the writer cannot 
 have read the sermon. They spoke and wrote from 
 hearsay. 
 
 The Gordon Kiots took place in 1780, and the 
 
 1 April 14, 1781. Walpole's Letters, viii, p. 26. The Arch- 
 bishop was in Yorkshire.
 
 54 THE GORDON RIOTS 
 
 Archbishop wrote a very interesting account of them 
 to his naval son : 
 
 ' Our situation at home has been calamitous. I hope 
 our danger is over. The same wicked faction which 
 has been so long active in contriving the ruin of this 
 country, has brought its design to a dreadful explosion. 
 The pretence has been repealing part of a law made in 
 the end of King William's reign against papists. It 
 was thought a cruel Act at the time, carried by a faction 
 with a small majority and much against King William's 
 opinion. This Bill was brought into the House of 
 Commons by Sir George Savile, and into the House 
 of Lords by Lord Rockingham. It was supported 
 by the corps of opposition in both Houses. Govern- 
 ment gave way to it, but was merely passive. There is 
 an adventurer here, who, to compliment his brother, 
 was brought into the House of Commons by Lord North, 
 but soon took the line of the most violent opposition. 
 He is without fortune, was always thought a madman, 
 but with great craft and powers of mischief Lord 
 George Gordon, once a lieutenant in the navy. 
 
 * He, last year, inflamed the low fanatics in Scotland 
 to commit outrages on the houses of papists. He was 
 not punished as he deserved, and he played the same 
 game here. He has been about it many months, but 
 fatally was too much despised. By a wonderful activity 
 among Dissenters and Methodists, and by the infusion 
 of his emissaries among the clubs and alehouses, all 
 over London and its neighbourhood, he had persuaded 
 his followers that the King was a papist, that the 
 bishops were papists, and that both Houses of Parliament
 
 
 THE GOEDON KIOTS 55 
 
 were resolved to bring in popery. He had a petition 
 signed by several thousands of the rabble, and by too 
 many of the teachers among the Independents and 
 Anabaptists. When it was to be presented, he 
 assembled them in St. George's Fields, and marched 
 through the City with blue cockades and flags, to the 
 number of 20,000. 
 
 ' I went early to the House that day to attend 
 a Committee. I fell in with the procession at Charing 
 Cross, was immediately insulted, and with difficulty 
 got to the House by brisk driving, suffering only from 
 handfuls of dirt. Many others fared much worse. Lord 
 Mansfield would probably have been lost if I, with 
 a few who followed me, had not sprung through the 
 mob to his rescue 1 . 
 
 * Both Houses were besieged by them, and though 
 some of the military were at last sent for, the members 
 were forced to sneak home by private ways and in 
 
 1 The Archbishop was noted for his skill and pluck in the noble 
 art of self-defence when at Westminster ; and even at fifty-eight 
 he was a match for any two of the mob. Horace Walpole wrote : 
 * The Archbishop of York, who was above stairs in a committee, 
 hearing of Lord Mansfield's danger, flew down, rushed through 
 the crowd, and carried off his friend in triumph. The Duke of 
 Richmond told me this with great approval.' Walpole, Letters, 
 vii, p. 384 ; Last Journals, ii, p. 403. 
 
 This is what really happened. Lord Stanhope gives a very 
 erroneous impression when he merely says, without quoting any 
 authority, 'The Archbishop of York's lawn sleeves were "torn 
 off and thrown in his face".' History, vol. vii, ch. Ixi. Jesse, 
 in copying this misleading sentence, tries to improve upon it. 
 He says, 'The Archbishop of York, in the midst of a storm 
 of hisses and groans, had his lawn sleeves torn off and thrown in 
 his face.' Jesse's George III, ii, p. 268.
 
 56 THE GORDON RIOTS 
 
 disguises. They that night burnt the Sardinian Am- 
 bassador's chapel and several others in different quarters. 
 This produced a proclamation, but the next day the 
 rioters assembled and proceeded to greater excesses. 
 They pulled down the house of every magistrate who 
 had acted against them. On Tuesday the sixth I had 
 intelligence that Lord Mansfield and I were to be the 
 next victims. I acquainted him with it, but he could 
 not be made to believe that men could be so wicked. 
 He said, " What had you and I to do with the Popery 
 Bill V I told him that it lay deeper, and that he and 
 I were marked men, that nothing was so easy as to 
 make the mob the instrument of private malice l . 
 I applied, however, for a guard, and at about nine, forty 
 men were sent, twenty for Lord Mansfield and twenty 
 for me, with a young ensign. If he could have been 
 persuaded to take them into his house we should both 
 have been safe ; but those whom I found with him had 
 given an opinion that the intelligence might probably 
 be false, and that his having soldiers might provoke 
 
 1 Lord Mansfield and the Archbishop lived in Bloomsbury 
 Square. In the evening of the second day's riot, some of the 
 Middlesex magistrates waited on the Lord Chief Justice, and 
 found him in conference with the Archbishop of York. They 
 announced that the avowed intention of the mob was to attack 
 his house and burn it down, humbly tendering their assistance 
 and advice. Lord Mansfield asked the Archbishop what he 
 intended to do. His Grace replied, 'To defend myself and my 
 family in my own mansion while I have an arm to be raised 
 in their defence.' The reply was, ' 'Tis nobly said, but while an 
 Archbishop, like a true church militant, is strong enough to 
 protect himself, a feebler and an older man must look up to 
 the civil power for protection.' Halliday's Life of the Earl 
 of Mansfield.
 
 THE GORDON EIOTS 57 
 
 an attack which was not intended. Thev were 
 
 i? 
 
 accordingly marched off as far as Bloomsbury Church 
 to be there in readiness, and some justices promised 
 that they would be with us in a moment if necessary, 
 but when they were wanted they were not to be found. 
 They were most of them frightened out of their wits, 
 as some of their houses had already been burnt for 
 having acted. I must tell you too that a fatal error 
 had prevailed among the military, that they could not 
 in any way act without the orders of a civil magistrate, 
 which is the case when a great mob has assembled but 
 has not yet proceeded to acts of violence ; but when 
 they have begun to commit felonies, any subject, and the 
 military among the rest, is justified, in common law, in 
 using all methods to prevent illegal acts. 
 
 ' As to myself, the first step I took in the evening was 
 to send away the young children. All went except 
 your mother and Harriette l , who could not be prevailed 
 upon to leave me. I determined to defend my house, 
 and had laid my plans. I had provided some additional 
 arms, the servants seemed hearty, your uncle 2 and his 
 man were with me, two servants of the Chief Baron, 
 and some of the neighbours. In this situation we 
 continued until half-past twelve, when the mob came 
 with great shouts and flags. They stopped at my house 
 to say that I was next, and that when they had done 
 their business at the corner, they should come to me. 
 O my dear Jack, I had that moment many wishes that 
 you were by iny side. Lord and Lady Mansfield, and 
 
 1 His eldest daughter. 2 His brother George.
 
 58 THE GORDON RIOTS 
 
 the two Miss Hurrays, had just time to get out of the 
 house, and in a few minutes we heard the crash of 
 demolition. The furniture was soon out of the windows, 
 and an immense fire blazed at the corner of the square, 
 into which we saw pictures, books, harpsichords, and 
 birthday suits of the ladies thrown indiscriminately. 
 At this time our forty men had come to my door. 
 I tried to persuade their officer to act on the authority 
 of an honest constable whom I had in the house. I 
 offered to indemnify him to any amount, but to no 
 purpose. Between four and five another party arrived, 
 and with them a magistrate who ordered them to fire. 
 Six or seven men were killed, and the mob in a great 
 measure dispersed. The officer then, for what reason 
 I do not know, thinking his business was over, marched 
 away all the soldiers. The mob returned in a quarter 
 of an hour, and, with fireballs and tow, set Lord 
 Mansfield's house in a blaze, almost in an instant. By 
 this time the mob was immense, the square full, partly 
 with thieves of the town, and partly with spectators. 
 Consider our situation at that moment, the soldiers 
 gone, and the rioters enraged by what they had done. 
 Consider the situation of your mother and sister, who 
 heard them for many hours under the windows swearing 
 that though Lord Mansfield had escaped I should not. 
 We saw a number of well-dressed men directing the 
 mob, and heard the reports that were brought in to us 
 by those who had mixed with the mob, that they said 
 to them, " You stay too long here, you forget the Arch- 
 bishop. Come, my lads, that one house more and then 
 to bed."
 
 THE GORDON RIOTS 59 
 
 ' Hearing all this they thought of nothing but my 
 safety. Your uncle joined with them, and they begged 
 and prayed that I would go by the back door into 
 Colonel Goldsworthy's and let the servants remove my 
 papers and most valuable furniture. 
 
 ' I complied, but the difficulty was how to make our 
 escape. The stable-yard was full of rioters, who had 
 been drawn there by the body of a woman who had 
 been killed by the firing, and carried to the alehouse 
 which opens into the yard. There was no way left but 
 to pass through the square. I accordingly covered my 
 purple coat with your uncle's great-coat, and took his hat, 
 and watching a favourable opportunity when the most 
 active of the rioters ran up to the first blaze of Lord 
 Mansfield's house, walked out of Colonel Goldsworthy's 
 door with your mother on one arm and Harriette 
 on the other, to Mr. Wilmot's at the corner, where the 
 door was opened to receive us. The Chief Baron's 
 coach soon came into Mr. Wilmot's stable-yard. We 
 then got in and passed with quick driving to the 
 Adelphi. In doing this we had various perils ; par- 
 ticularly from a rascally hackney coachman, who called 
 to the mob from his box : " The Archbishop of York is 
 in that coach with the blind up. He has another hat 
 on, but I saw his face." They afterwards threatened 
 Mr. Wilmot to have his house down, for having har- 
 boured me. 
 
 * When I got to the Adelphi I soon received many 
 invitations to go to houses both in town and country, 
 among the rest from Sir Charles Gould l , saying he had 
 
 1 Sir Charles Gould was Judge Advocate and Judge Marshal of
 
 60 THE GORDON RIOTS 
 
 a good apartment at the Horse Guards at our service, 
 and that we could nowhere be safer. Here then your 
 mother and I are lodged, and shall continue to be until 
 ve go to Yorkshire. 
 
 ' On the next day, Wednesday the seventh, the rioters 
 grew more daring and outrageous. Their first attack 
 was upon Newgate, the King's Bench, the Fleet Prison, 
 Clerkenwell, and Bridewell, in which they succeeded. 
 They were all burnt, and, strengthened by the number 
 of desperate ruffians whom they let loose, they made 
 a regular attack upon the Bank, and meant to destroy 
 the East India House, Excise Office, all other public 
 offices, Inns of Court, and all other places where records 
 or public accounts were kept. All this night twenty- 
 five fires were blazing in different parts of the town, 
 and if there had been a breath of wind the whole had 
 probably gone. But the King had by this time given 
 many seasonable orders to the military officers to act 
 as occasion required, without waiting for a magistrate. 
 The effect was answerable ; the rioters were attacked in 
 many places, many hundreds were killed, the hospitals 
 were filled with the wounded, and some hundreds lost 
 their lives in being buried in the ruins, and likewise by 
 intoxication, especially at two great distilleries which 
 they burnt. We have been quiet since. Both Houses 
 of Parliament have been unanimous in strong and 
 dutiful addresses. Lord George Gordon is in the 
 
 the forces. He was knighted in 1779, and created a Baronet in 
 1 792. He married the heiress of Sir William Morgan of Tredegar, 
 and took the name of Morgan, dying in 1806. The first Lord 
 Tredegar was his grandson.
 
 THE GORDON EIOTS 61 
 
 Tower. Moore and other traffickers in sedition are in 
 prison. Wilkes has been acting an honest part with 
 great zeal, and has really been useful. 
 N * No mob acted without a number of well-dressed 
 men to direct them. Two were this day dug out of 
 the ruins of a house where they ran from the military, 
 although the house was burning. One had ruffles, with 
 a large diamond at his shirt breast ; the other very well 
 dressed, with a plan of London in his pocket. It was 
 publicly talked of at the Hague, Amsterdam, and Paris 
 that London would be in ashes on June 8. It ought\ 
 to be known in honour of the Due de Chartres l that, 
 when a bet was offered in his company, he said, " No 
 one could bet upon such a subject, who did not know 
 something about the business, and if he did know he 
 was a villain, and ought not to be suffered in the 
 company of gentlemen." 
 
 After the Gordon Kiots the Archbishop left Blooms- 
 bury Square in 1783, and henceforward, until his death, 
 his Grace's town residence was No. 76 South Audley 
 Street. He was very happy in his family. His eldest 
 son went out to India as private secretary to Warren 
 Hastings in 1777. His second son was a promising 
 naval officer, his third was in Holy orders, his fourth 
 was in the army in India, the two youngest were then 
 at Christ Church. All had been boys at Westminster. 
 His eldest daughter was married in 1784 to Mr. Ewan 
 Law, an Indian judge, elder brother of the first Lord 
 
 1 This was Philippe Egalite'. He was Due de Chartres until 
 the death of his father in 1785.
 
 62 'A VERY SMART PIECE OF FUN' 
 
 Ellenborough. The rest were at home, six girls l . The 
 youngest was an infant when they went to South Audley 
 Street. 
 
 The Archbishop often visited his old haunts at West- 
 minster, and seldom missed the Play. He was one of 
 the trustees of Dr. Busby's charities for many years. 
 He was frequently consulted by his successors, especially 
 by his old pupil Dr. Vincent, the eminent comparative 
 geographer, who was head master of Westminster from 
 1788 to 1802. 
 
 Soon after Vincent assumed office, and when men 
 were much wanted for the navy, a party of the big 
 boys dressed themselves up as a pressgang and stationed 
 themselves at the corner of Abingdon Street. They 
 were led by a stout lad in a pea jacket and a hairy cap, 
 who had acquired the art of making a ' catcall ' by 
 whistling through his fingers. They promptly pounced 
 on the first passer-by, and after examining him and 
 passing him as a fit young man to serve His Majesty, 
 dexterously loosed their hold of him, and then enjoyed 
 the fun of seeing him race away as for life or death, 
 hastened by the shrill whistle of the pretended lieu- 
 tenant. This amusement progressed prosperously 
 with about five victims in succession. But just as 
 the last had taken to his heels, Wingfield, the under 
 master, walked right into the middle of the press- 
 gang. 
 
 The next morning they were all * shown up '. Dr. 
 Vincent said the case was so very serious that he would 
 
 1 Elizabeth (Mrs. Bainett), Alicia (Mrs. Mills), Georgina, 
 Frederica (Countess of Mansfield), Anne, Cecilia (Mrs. Goodenough).
 
 CONSECEATION OF AMERICAN BISHOPS 63 
 
 not trust himself to deal with it until he had had time 
 to consider what course he should take, intimating 
 a doubt whether he should expel them all or some only. 
 
 While Dr. Vincent was deliberating the question 
 in his own mind, Archbishop Markham happened to 
 call, and asked his successor how he was getting on. 
 ' Oh,' said Vincent, ' I am in great trouble ; such a sad 
 and serious occurrence has taken place.' Then he told 
 the story. ' That was a very smart piece of fun,' 
 exclaimed the Archbishop, and he burst into an uncon- 
 trollable fit of laughter, saying, ' now do show me the 
 hairy cap.' His Grace's tone at once showed Dr. Vin- 
 cent how wrong an estimate he had made of the gravity 
 of the situation. At evening school he called up the 
 delinquents, and merely told them each to learn some 
 lines of Virgil by heart. 
 
 In 1787 the second batch of bishops in the United 
 States 1 were consecrated by Archbishops Moore and 
 Markham. They were Dr. Samuel Provost of New 
 York, and Dr. William White of Pennsylvania. Dr. 
 Markham had welcomed the American Episcopalians very 
 cordially. Ten years had elapsed since he preached the 
 sermon against the rebellion. The course of events had 
 made a corresponding change in his opinions. He had 
 come to see that disaffected and disloyal colonies would 
 only be a source of weakness, while there was hope in 
 the young republic. He trusted that the consecrations 
 would be the commencement of a long period of 
 prosperity for the Church in America. The name 
 of Dr. Markham is still remembered by Episcopalians 
 1 The first were consecrated by Scottish bishops.
 
 64 THE GRANT OF LAND IN AMEEICA 
 
 in the United States, as that of one of the consecrators 
 of their first bishops. 
 
 The Archbishop formerly had some personal interest 
 in the colonies. His father, for his services, had 
 received a grant of 5,000 acres in Tryon county, New 
 York Colony. The Archbishop, for the benefit of his 
 soldier brother, Colonel Enoch Markham, obtained a 
 further grant of 15,000 acres on April 5, 1774, in the 
 names of his brothers. In June, 1792, the Archbishop 
 and his brothers signed a deed transferring this property 
 to Captain John Markham, R.N., the Archbishop's 
 second son, who made some inquiries about it, during a 
 tour he undertook in Canada and the United States in 
 that year. He found that, after the independence, the 
 ^ lands of loyal people were so loaded with taxes as 
 to render them of no value, and were then sold, bit 
 by bit, for arrears of quit-rents. Several thousand 
 acres had been sold, on this pretence, at 2s. Qd. per 
 hundred acres. He ordered the rest to be sold, but 
 never got a farthing from it. While he was making 
 these inquiries news came of his brother David's return 
 from India, having been badly wounded. He hurried 
 home, and quite forgot all about the wretched land and 
 the fraudulent quit-rents. The matter became a joke 
 in the family ; the Archbishop saying that, like the 
 Cappagh estate, the loss would be a blessing in dis- 
 guise. 
 
 The year 1787 was memorable for the opening of the 
 trial of Warren Hastings in Westminster Hall. For 
 some years previously attacks had been made on the 
 Governor-General, and the Archbishop's eldest son had
 
 ATTACKS ON THE GOVERNOR-GENERAL 65 
 
 written home very able letters to refute them. In 
 a letter from Mr. Barwell l to Warren Hastings, dated 
 February 1, 1782, he writes : 'My old acquaintance, 
 the Archbishop of York, called upon me two days ago, 
 with a letter from his eldest son William 2 . Regarded 
 as a composition, it was eloquent ; as the effusion of 
 a heart overflowing with honest indignation, matchless. 
 The old man was in rapture, and dwelt upon it with that 
 sedate dignity which marks his character and commands 
 respect V 
 
 The Archbishop detested unjust persecution, and was 
 exceedingly well informed respecting the administration 
 of Warren Hastings in India. Consequently the in- 
 timacy with Burke, which had existed ever since the 
 great orator came to London as a very young man, now 
 ended. Burke looked upon those who differed from 
 him on public grounds as personal enemies ; and he 
 was too violent and extravagant in his abuse of the 
 great statesman to make it possible for the friends 
 of the Governor-General to hold further intercourse 
 with his persecutor. Yet there was a kindly interchange 
 of letters on young Richard Burke's death in 1794, 
 a youth so devotedly loved by his father, and to whom 
 his godfather the Archbishop had also been attached 
 from his childhood. 
 
 On one occasion, during the almost interminable trial, 
 the Archbishop lost his patience. It was on May 25, 
 
 1 The Member of Council at Calcutta, who at last turned the 
 scale against the Francis clique. 
 
 2 William left India and returned to England in November, 
 1783. 
 
 8 Memoirs of Sir Elijah Impey by his son, p. 251.
 
 66 TRIAL OF WARREN HASTINGS 
 
 1793, when Burke was cross-examining Mr. Auriol with 
 great severity and at considerable length. The Arch- 
 bishop of York rose and said, with much feeling, that 
 'it was impossible for him silently to listen to the 
 illiberal conduct of the examiner; that he was examining 
 the witness as if he was examining not a gentleman, 
 but a pickpocket ; that the illiberality and inhumanity 
 of the managers, in the course of this long trial, could 
 not be exceeded by Marat or Eobespierre, had the 
 conduct of the trial been committed to them V 
 
 Nothing aroused the Archbishop's indignation so 
 surely as bullying and unfair treatment of an honest 
 witness. When the long trial at length came to an 
 end, some debates took place in the House of Lords, 
 previous to the acquittal. On March 23, 1795, there 
 were some questions of account which were fully 
 explained by Lord Thurlow. Yet the Chancellor, 
 Loughborough, began to make disgraceful insinuations 
 respecting some petty items. Then the Archbishop 
 rose, and with the honest indignation he always felt 
 when anything of a mean or oppressive character was 
 in agitation, he said with justifiable warmth, ' In my 
 time I have been a considerable reader of ancient 
 history, and the present conversation reminds me of 
 the case of Cato the Censor, one of the most honest and 
 best men that the Koman republic produced. That 
 great man, after having filled the first offices of the 
 state with the highest reputation, was impeached. He 
 
 1 Mill's British India, v, bk. vi, ch. ii, p. 198. Mr. Auriol was 
 related to the Archbishop's old friend and predecessor Dr. Drum- 
 mond.
 
 GKATITUDE OF WARREN HASTINGS 67 
 
 was attacked by a factious demagogue of the day 
 relative to the item of an account. When last im- 
 peached he was eighty years of age, and he reminded 
 his persecutors that a generation of men which had 
 not witnessed his services were prosecuting him for 
 trifles. What is the case of Mr. Hastings 1 No con- 
 sideration for his high character, no consideration for 
 his special services, for the esteem, love, and veneration 
 in which he was held by the millions he governed for 
 so many years. No, my Lords ! he is treated, not as if 
 he were a gentleman whose case is before you, but as if 
 you were trying a horse-stealer.' 
 
 Warren Hastings thought the debates in the House 
 of Lords on the evidence delivered in his trial, including 
 the Archbishop's speech, as well as the proceedings of 
 the East India Company in consequence of his acquittal, 
 to be of such importance that he printed and distributed 
 several hundred copies in a handsome quarto volume. 
 In sending a copy to the Archbishop's eldest son, who 
 had been his private secretary in India, he wrote : 
 
 ' I desire you to receive and to perpetuate the posses- 
 sion of it in your family, if not as a pledge, yet with 
 the assurance of my most affectionate attachment, and 
 in grateful recollection and acknowledgement that I 
 owe to you a very large portion of the best sentiment 
 which blended itself with my acquittal, not only in the 
 minds of my judges, but in the hearts of all who heard 
 your evidence in my defence. Do not misconceive me. 
 I do not, nor ought I to thank you for that evidence, 
 but I may surely avow a sense of gratitude for the 
 manner in which the most emphatic part of it was 
 
 F 2
 
 68 GRATITUDE OF WARREN HASTINGS 
 
 delivered ; and which manifested that your heart 
 feelingly accorded with the declaration made under 
 the sanction and obligation of an oath.' 
 
 The Archbishop did not often take part in debates in 
 the House of Lords. When he did it was on some point 
 that particularly interested him, and then he spoke 
 with a concise nervousness of style, of which the short 
 speeches at the trial of Warren Hastings are examples. 
 
 He did not escape the cowardly slanders of the 
 Probationary Odes any more than other distinguished 
 men of that time 1 . 
 
 1 Eolliad (1795), pp. 372-80 ; Wraxall's Memoirs, ii, p. 32.
 
 CHAPTER IV 
 
 DEATH OF DAVID. MARRIAGES OF CHILDREN. 
 
 SOCIETY AT BISHOPTHORPE. LINES BY LORD CARLISLE. 
 
 SOCIETY AT SOUTH AUDLEY STREET. AFFECTION OF THE 
 
 PRINCE OF WALES. DR. PARR ON THE ARCHBISHOP. 
 
 ESTIMATES OF THE ARCHBISHOP'S CHARACTER BY 
 OTHERS. DEATH OF THE ARCHBISHOP. FUNERAL. LINES 
 
 ON HIS DEATH. TOMB. PORTRAITS. WIDOW. REPLY 
 
 TO DETRACTORS. THE ARCHBISHOP'S CHARACTER. 
 
 THE Archbishop was peculiarly happy in his domestic 
 relations. All his thirteen children turned out well, 
 and he only lost two during his long life. One 
 daughter, Georgina, died at the age of twenty, in May, 
 1793; and his gallant son David fell in action two 
 years afterwards. 
 
 David Markham was born in 1766, and distinguished 
 himself at Westminster and Christ Church; but he 
 left Oxford to enter the army in 1785. He went out 
 to India and led the forlorn hope at the siege of 
 Bangalore, when he was severely wounded, and in- 
 valided home in 1792, as a brevet-major. While he 
 was at home his portrait was painted by Sir Thomas 
 Lawrence. In the end of 1793 he went out to the 
 West Indies as Lieut-Colonel of the 20th Kegiment ; 
 and in September, 1794, he was sent from Port Eoyal 
 to join the unfortunate expedition to San Domingo.
 
 70 DEATH OF DAVID 
 
 On March 26, 1795, Colonel Markham led his regiment 
 to the assault of a redoubt near Port-au-Prince, and 
 fell dead, nearly cut in two by a cannon-ball, in the 
 moment of victory. * But victory,' says Bryan Edwards 1 , 
 * was dearly obtained by the loss of so enterprising and 
 accomplished a leader. It affords some consolation to 
 reflect that those brave young men, cut off in the 
 bloom of life, fell on the field of glory, nobly exerting 
 themselves in the service of their country, and dying 
 amidst the blessings and applause of their compatriots.' 
 
 David Markham was only twenty-eight when a 
 soldier's death closed his brief but glorious career 2 . 
 Captain John Markham arrived at Cape Nicholas Mole, 
 in command of the Hannibal, in June, and heard of his 
 brother's death. He wrote home to the Archbishop, 
 who had already received such consolation as the high 
 praise of men in authority could give, from a letter 
 from General West Hyde, Colonel of the 20th. He 
 wrote : 
 
 * It is a consolation to recollect and record his virtues, 
 and whether we consider his public or private character 
 he was equally the admiration of all who knew him. 
 He had acquired the utmost reputation as an officer. 
 With the utmost truth I may affirm that I never 
 knew a man more universally beloved, nor an officer 
 more generally regretted. I have often reflected on 
 the great similarity between the characters of Wolfe 
 
 1 History of the West Indies, vol. iii, chap, xi, p. 180 (3rd ed., 
 1801). 
 
 2 He continued to be a good Latin scholar and versifier, like his 
 father, to the last.
 
 MARRIAGES OF CHILDREN 71 
 
 and your son, both Lieut.-Colonels of the 20th. Alas ! 
 the similarity is now fatally completed. Both died, as 
 they both had lived, with honour to themselves, with 
 honour to their profession, and the loss of both deplored 
 by their country.' 
 
 One place was to remain unfilled by the hearth at 
 Bishopthorpe. The bright young life was extinguished. 
 The well-loved face was never to be seen again. This 
 deep abiding sorrow had fallen upon the venerable 
 Archbishop and his family. Miniatures were painted 
 from the portrait by Sir Thomas Lawrence, for each of 
 David's brothers. 
 
 Some marriages of children of the Archbishop followed 
 on this great sorrow. His eldest son William was 
 seated at Becca Hall near Aberford. On August 20, 
 1795, he had married Elizabeth, daughter of Oldfield 
 Bowles of North Aston in Oxfordshire, who was a 
 neighbour in South Audley Street when in London. 
 Mr. Bowles was an accomplished amateur artist, and 
 an intimate friend of Sir George Beaumont. In the 
 following year two other sons were married. Captain 
 John Markham, R.N., was married by Dr. Moore, 
 Archbishop of Canterbury, in Lambeth Chapel, to the 
 Honourable Maria Bice, daughter of the Archbishop's 
 old friend, George Rice, of Newton, and of Cecil, 
 Baroness Dynevor in her own right. Robert Markham, 
 afterwards Hector of Boltou Percy, and Archdeacon, 
 married Frances, daughter of Sir Gervase Clifton, of 
 Clifton. In 1797 the Archbishop's fifth daughter, 
 Frederica, became engaged to the third Earl of Mansfield. 
 Letters of congratulation came from the Prince of
 
 72 HOSPITALITY AT BISHOPTHORPE 
 
 Wales on May 3, from King George III and the 
 Duke of York on May 8, and they were happily 
 married on September 16, 1797 \ 
 
 The Archbishop devoted his time to the work of his 
 extensive diocese, and Bishopthorpe was a centre of 
 hospitality. He was deeply interested in the history 
 and antiquities of his four beautiful minsters at York, 
 Southwell, Kipon, and Beverley, and liberally con- 
 tributed to their maintenance and repair. He took a 
 special interest in Southwell ; and in 1787, Mr. W. D. 
 Bastall dedicated his work on that beautiful old 
 church to the Archbishop 2 . He contributed largely 
 towards the restoration of Queen's College, Oxford, of 
 which he was Visitor. His name is also enrolled as one 
 of the benefactors of the Bodleian Library. 
 
 The clergy of the diocese, Yorkshire neighbours, 
 literary men and artists, numerous old friends, and the 
 friends of the Archbishop's sons were constantly 
 enjoying the hospitality of Bishopthorpe. In 1789 
 Lord Wycombe, the eldest son of the Earl of Shelburne, 
 was there, planning a projected Bussian tour with 
 Captain Markham. The letters mention many other 
 visits : among them Mrs. John Markham writes of one 
 ' from Lady Grantham and her two sons ; the eldest, one 
 of the finest boys I ever met. He is about sixteen, 
 
 1 Osborne, the Archbishop's youngest son, was a barrister. He 
 married first, in 1806, Lady Mary Thynne, daughter of the Mar- 
 quis of Bath. She died in 1814, leaving two children. He married 
 secondly, in 1822, Martha Kicketts, niece and heiress of Earl 
 St. Vincent, who took the name of Jervis. 
 
 2 History of the Antiquities of Southwell, by W. D. Kastall (folio), 
 1787.
 
 SOCIETY AT BISHOPTHOKPE 73 
 
 very good-looking, sensible, and pleasant 1 '. Sir William 
 and Lady Milner of Nun Apple ton, and other neighbours, 
 often came to dinner ; and the old Dean of York 2 , 
 Canon Kelly and his daughters 3 , and others connected 
 with the Minster were constant visitors. One very old 
 friend was Dr. Jubb, an old schoolfellow at West- 
 minster. He became Professor of Hebrew at Oxford, 
 dedicating his inaugural lecture to the Archbishop, and 
 a Canon of Christ Church. In 1781 he was appointed 
 Chancellor of York, and died in 1787. 
 
 The character of the head of a family is shown by 
 the society which he creates around him, happy and 
 cheerful or the reverse. Bishop thorpe, on the authority 
 of many contemporary letters, was the happiest home and 
 the most pleasant and hospitable house in Yorkshire. 
 The foUowing is an extract from one such letter: 
 'Yesterday Lord and Lady Mansfield arrived looking 
 so well and happy. It is quite pleasant to see them. 
 In the evening she sits down to the harpsichord. There 
 never was a pleasanter house than this. Now Fred 4 is 
 here they dance reels, and I join them when they want 
 to make up a set/ 
 
 1 The eldest was afterwards Earl De Grey. The younger became 
 Chancellor of the Exchequer with the nickname of 'Prosperity 
 Kobinson ', then Prime Minister as Lord Goderich, Earl of Kipon, 
 and the first President of the Koyal Geographical Society. 
 
 2 Old Dean Fountayne died in 1802, and was succeeded by 
 Dr. George Markham, Kector of Stokesley, the Archbishop's 
 third son. 
 
 3 The Archbishop's daughter Anne left legacies to the Miss 
 Kellys. 
 
 4 The Countess of Mansfield.
 
 74 LETTER FROM THE EARL OF CARLISLE 
 
 At Bishopthorpe, in those days, there was religious feel- 
 ing and observance without ostentation, while innocent 
 enjoyment of agreeable society was encouraged, and the 
 Archbishop's simple-minded desire to infuse happiness 
 around him put every one at their ease. His Grace 
 thus acquired considerable influence, always used for 
 good objects, and he was most popular. 
 
 On the occasion of his having put up an iron railing 
 to preserve the tomb of Archbishop Grey from injury l , 
 the Earl of Carlisle wrote the following letter and 
 sonnet. They are inserted to show the respect and 
 affection in which the Archbishop was held by his 
 neighbours in Yorkshire. 
 
 ' Castle Howard, 
 
 August 8, 1804. 
 ' MY LORD, 
 
 * The sight of the elegant iron railing which 
 your Grace's liberality has supplied to the tomb of 
 Archbishop Grey produced the enclosed lines. If they 
 have any merit it is that of sincerity, and I conceive 
 they cannot approach you under any suspicion of 
 flattery. In every other respect I am sensible that 
 they stand in need of all the indulgence your Grace, in 
 your utmost candour, can afford them. 
 
 ' I have the honour to be, with the greatest esteem, 
 
 My Lord, 
 ' Your Grace's most obedient faithful servant, 
 
 ' CARLISLE. 
 
 1 At the same time the floriated finials above the canopy were 
 added by Bernasconi, an eminent Italian sculptor. They are 
 made of plaster, and are intended to represent thrushes on wool-
 
 SOCIETY AT SOUTH AUDLEY STREET 75 
 
 ' ON THE PKESENT ARCHBISHOP ENCLOSING THE TOMB OF 
 ARCHBISHOP GREY WITH A BEAUTIFUL GOTHIC 
 RAILING OF CAST IRON. 
 
 From rude approach and from the touch profane 
 
 Thus generous Markham guards this crumbling fane, 
 
 Revives just praise to Grey, makes widely known 
 
 A course of liberal actions like his own ; 
 
 And should a baser age unmoved survey 
 
 Our much-loved Prelate's mouldering tomb decay, 
 
 View Time's coarse hand each graceful line eiface, 
 
 Nor the broad tablet to his worth replace, 
 
 Yet on the spot where once was placed his urn 
 
 Shall true religion ever weep and mourn, 
 
 A reverential awe around shall spread, 
 
 And Learning point where rests his holy head 1 .' 
 
 In South Audley Street there was a succession 
 of visitors and entertainments during the London 
 residence. Here came old friends such as Chief Baron 
 Macdonald, Lord Mansfield, Lord St. Vincent, Sir 
 George Beaumont, Sir Joshua Reynolds, Dr. Parr, and 
 many others renowned in literature and art ; also the 
 friends of the Archbishop's eldest son from India, such 
 as Mr. Barwell ; and the gallant Riou and other naval 
 friends of his second son 2 . But the most constant 
 
 packs. The thrush was known in the north as ' the Grey bird ', 
 the supposed badge of the family of Grey. The woolpack is 
 allusive of Archbishop Grey having filled the office of Lord 
 Chancellor. 
 
 1 Fasti Eboracensis, W. Dixon and J. Eaine (1863), p. 294. 
 
 * See Correspondence of Admiral Markham (Navy Eecords Society, 
 1904), p. 417.
 
 76 AFFECTION OF THE PRINCE OF WALES 
 
 visitor was Dr. Cyril Jackson, the Archbishop's suc- 
 cessor as Dean of Christ Church *. 
 
 The Prince of Wales dined at South Audley Street 
 occasionally, but Mrs. John Markham, the wife of the 
 naval son, was puzzled by His Royal Highness. She 
 wrote, 'He is so agreeable, so charming, so affectionate 
 to the Archbishop and his family, and yet I am told 
 how deplorable his general conduct is known to be.' 
 In March, 1799, Hoppner painted the fine portrait of 
 the Archbishop for the Prince of Wales, which is now 
 at Windsor Castle. 
 
 The lasting affection of the Prince of Wales for his 
 old preceptor is certainly one redeeming feature in his 
 character. The following letter was written when the 
 Prince was thirty-eight, a quarter of a century after 
 the time when the Archbishop bore rule over him : 
 
 ' Carlton House, 
 
 December 11, 1800. 
 
 ' MY DEAK AND MUCH-LOVED FRIEND, 
 
 ' It was my intention to have left London next 
 Monday on a visit to my friend Lord Moira in Leicester- 
 
 1 Dr. Cyril Jackson resembled Dr. Markham in the great care 
 he took to make himself personally acquainted with the young 
 men at his college, and their characters ; and when the occasion 
 called for it, he would behave with noble generosity to them. A 
 promising Westminster Student was in narrow circumstances 
 and lived accordingly. The Dean sent for him and told him that 
 he had observed he did not live in the same style as other young 
 men, and wished to know the reason. On its being explained, 
 the Dean said, ' Do not let that stand in the way. Pray live like 
 the others, and I will put so much to your credit so long as you 
 require it.' The Dean in fact gave him an allowance till he was 
 well started.
 
 AFFECTION OF THE PRINCE OF WALES 77 
 
 shire, but on receiving the Dean's letter reminding me 
 that I had promised to go to the Westminster Play 
 this year (which I am desirous of doing), I postponed 
 my leaving London in the hopes of the possibility of 
 your being so good as to give the Dean and me a 
 dinner that day early, as I am afraid the weather is 
 much too unfavourable to afford me any reasonable 
 hope of the possibility of your accompanying your old 
 and most gratefully attached pupil to that seminary 
 over which you presided, iny most admirable friend, 
 in a manner that can never be forgotten by those who 
 had the good fortune of being placed under your care 
 and tutelage. With the best affection I am, my dear 
 Archbishop, your most sincere friend, GEORGE P.' 
 
 In September, 1806, the Prince of Wales and Duke 
 of Clarence were staying with their friend Mr. Michael 
 Angelo Taylor at Ledstone, for Doncaster races. On 
 the twenty-ninth the Prince wrote to say that he would 
 come to Bishopthorpe on the following Wednesday. 
 When the carriage arrived, the venerable Archbishop, 
 then eighty-seven, came out to receive their Koyal 
 Highnesses. The two princes ran up the steps, and 
 went down on their knees to receive the old man's 
 blessing, before entering the house l . 
 
 How much Archbishop Markham was esteemed by 
 the good and learned of his day may be seen in the 
 following letter from the pen of Dr. Parr : 
 
 ' I scarcely recollect any one greatly distinguished in 
 whose composition some shades of vanity were not 
 
 1 Information from Lady Scott, who was present.
 
 78 DR. PARE ON THE ARCHBISHOP 
 
 traceable. Newton and Boyle were perhaps most free. 
 I was well acquainted with one great man who was 
 wholly exempt from it, even to a fault Markham, late 
 Archbishop of York. His powers of mind, reach of 
 thought, memory, learning, scholarship, and taste were 
 of the very first order ; but he was indolent, and his 
 composition wanted that powerful aiguillon. Both in 
 public and in private he would suffer any one to take 
 the lead in a discussion ; never on any occasion what- 
 ever did I see him faire eclater son esprit. He was 
 a great reader to the last, but without any particular 
 object of pursuit, though with an attention that nothing 
 could disturb. I have seen him continue his studies 
 while his youngest child was climbing about him, 
 without the smallest interruption, except to give her 
 a kiss, for he was most affectionate to his children. 
 
 ' In his youth he was highly distinguished for the 
 elegance of his compositions, and if the active period 
 of youth had not been engaged in the labours of 
 instruction, he could not have failed to raise himself 
 a name by his pen. 
 
 * I have often heard him discuss subjects with a 
 strength of thought and expression which would well 
 have borne the press. Once specially when a subject 
 occurred the geographical changes which have taken 
 place in the Mediterranean since the times of Homer 
 and the early Greek authors he grew so warm upon 
 his subject, and was so able, so instructive, and so 
 elegant both in thought and language, that his son 
 George l , who with me were the only persons present, 
 
 1 George Markham, born 1763 ; at Westminster and Christ
 
 DR. MARKHAM AS A PREACHER 79 
 
 could Dot help saying, " I wish, Sir, you would let me 
 write this down." " Well, George," he replied, " you may 
 perhaps catch me in the humour some day." But that 
 day never arrived/ 
 
 Another friend who was fully capable, from his 
 disposition, taste, and learning, of appreciating his 
 Grace's fine qualities, wrote as follows : 
 
 ' The virtues of this venerable prelate were of the most 
 amiable and benevolent kind. With great learning he 
 was modest. Though raised to the highest station 
 he was meek and humble. His religion was a religion 
 of the mind, without austerity and free from ostentation. 
 A high sense of honour and strict integrity were con- 
 spicuous in all his dealings, and his promises were 
 unbroken. His subdued temper rendered him indulgent 
 to the faults of others, and made him at once a com- 
 panion condescending and instructive. 
 
 'He was not a florid preacher. He particularly 
 disdained those arts by which popularity is often 
 acquired in the pulpit; but in the exercise of his 
 clerical functions his voice was clear, distinct, and 
 melodious, his language remarkable for its simplicity 
 and elegance, his sentences concise and perspicuous, 
 and his manner, in public as in private, was animated, 
 dignified, and persuasive. 
 
 Church ; M.A., 1787 ; Rector of Stokesley ; F.S.A. ; D.D. ; Dean 
 of York, 1802-23. He was a great benefactor to York Minster, 
 and he converted the abandoned chapel of the old palace of the 
 archbishops into the Chapter Library. He was an excellent 
 preacher. In 1787 he married Elizabeth, daughter of Sir Richard 
 Sutton, Bart. The Dean died at Scone Palace in 1822, leaving 
 ten children.
 
 80 THE AKCHBISHOFS MILITARY QUALITIES 
 
 ' With every requisite for the high station he so ably 
 filled, Dr. Markham often seemed to show a partiality 
 for the profession of a soldier. He probably might 
 have taken early impressions of this nature from his 
 father, who was highly distinguished in that profession, 
 and to whose care and assiduity he was indebted for 
 his first classical instruction. He no doubt possessed, 
 in an eminent degree, those qualities which would have 
 led to distinction in military life. His judgement was 
 cool, his courage undaunted, his decision quick, his 
 mind energetic, active, and enterprising ; his constitution 
 incapable of fatigue ; his fortitude and patience not to 
 be subdued ; and his address and manners calculated 
 to inspire confidence and win the hearts of men. To 
 these we may add that his general science enabled him 
 to form correct ideas of ancient tactics and to combine 
 the advantages of Roman discipline with the improve- 
 ments of modern art. Thus, in commenting upon the 
 campaigns of Caesar or of Alexander, of Marlborough 
 or of Buonaparte, he would point out with peculiar 
 force, and singular critical ability, the errors or the 
 wisdom of their movements. 
 
 ' The same comprehensive mind made him no mean 
 judge of agricultural pursuits ; and he would not un- 
 frequently lament that the writers on those interesting 
 topics were, in general, so ignorant of Greek and Koman 
 classics ; while a good-natured smile might be seen to 
 play round his countenance, at hearing them usher in, 
 with all the parade of discovery, a practice which 
 Theophrastus or Columella had enforced ages ago, or 
 which even the illustrious Mantuan bard had more
 
 DUTIES OF HIS OFFICE 81 
 
 widely diffused in the captivating language of didactic 
 poetry. 
 
 'In all relations of life this truly great man was 
 peculiarly happy. As a husband he was beloved, as 
 a father revered, as a master served with affection ; as 
 a patron and benefactor his bounties were felt and 
 gratefully acknowledged. His domestic establishment 
 was princely but unostentatious, and his hospitality 
 unbounded. 
 
 * By his generous and assisting hand the churches 
 of York, Southwell, and Eipon were repaired, orna- 
 mented, and beautified. In the exercise of his ecclesi- 
 astical power his ear was open to fair and candid 
 representation. Thus, through an extensive diocese 
 his clergy looked up to him with respect and deference, 
 and all listened to him with love and admiration V 
 
 Mr. Ward, in Trernaine, wrote : ' Dr. Markham, 
 the late Archbishop of York, so venerable, so learned, 
 so liberal, so kind. It is difficult to name the memory 
 that is so much and so fondly cherished by the friends, 
 young and old, who survive him V 
 
 ' The great features in the character of this dis- 
 tinguished prelate,' says Charles Phillimore, 'seem to 
 have been strict honesty, and a high sense of honour, 
 joined with modesty and simplicity.' 
 
 The letters of his daughter-in-law Maria 3 , who came 
 
 1 Globe, Nov. 8, 1807, copied in the Annual Register, xlix, 
 p. 789. In 1787 the Archbishop published some discourses on the 
 Sacrament of the Lord's Supper. 
 
 2 Tremaine, or the Man of Refinement, 3 vols. (1825), i. 109 (n.). 
 8 The Hon. Mrs. John Markham, sister of Lord Dynevor. 
 
 MARKHAM G
 
 82 IMPRESSIONS OF HIS DAUGHTER-IN-LAW 
 
 into the family in 1796, show the love and veneration 
 felt by those who were near and dear to the Archbishop. 
 After a conversation with her father-in-law in 1798, 
 she wrote : ' This conversation struck me with wonder 
 that he should have so clear a mind at his time of life, 
 so cheerful, so soft and mild, yet so firm and manly. 
 I look at him and say to myself, "May I and my 
 husband, when we grow old, surrounded by our children, 
 make their delight and happiness as he does ours." In 
 another letter she wrote : * There never was such a 
 man as the Archbishop, so cheerful and so mild, so slow- 
 to censure others. If any one is blamed he always 
 tries to find an excuse for him. With all his learning 
 and knowledge I always find so much diffidence in his 
 own opinions. What a happy creature I am to have 
 such an adopted father ! Just before supper to-day he 
 took me to the parlour window, to show me how un- 
 commonly bright the stars were. He pointed out 
 several I did not know before. I look at him really 
 more and more with astonishment and admiration.' 
 She pronounced the portrait by Hoppner at Windsor 
 Castle to be charming and very like. 
 
 The Archbishop lived to a good old age. In the 
 spring of the year 1807 he reached his eighty-eighth 
 birthday, but still continued to perform the duties of 
 his diocese. In the autumn he came up to London 
 with his family. He died at his house in South Audley 
 Street, on November 3, 1807. His wife, his sons 
 John, Robert, and Osborne, and his daughters Anne l 
 
 1 Anne was born in 1778, and died unmarried in October, 1808, 
 just a year after her father.
 
 DEATH OF THE ARCHBISHOP 83 
 
 and Cecilia 1 were at the bedside, and could hardly 
 tell the moment when he breathed his last. His 
 second son, Admiral John Markham, arrived from 
 the country just in time to clasp his revered father's 
 hand. Lady Mary Markham 2 , the wife of Osborne, 
 Elizabeth, daughter of his third son, George, Dean of 
 York, and Josephine Chapuis 3 , were in the dressing- 
 room when Cecilia came to tell them. Mrs. John 
 Markham, sister of Lord Dynevor, arrived soon after- 
 wards. ' How happy a conclusion of a most virtuous 
 life ! ' she wrote. On the sixth the eldest son, William, 
 and his wife arrived from Becca 4 , and on the seventh 
 the Dean of York reached London from Stokesley. 
 On the thirteenth Lord and Lady Mansfield 5 arrived 
 from Scotland. 
 
 The Dean of York read prayers to the family on the 
 eighth. 'A most affecting sight,' wrote Mrs. John 
 Markham ; ' the widow, her ten children, and six of her 
 
 1 Cecilia, Mrs. Goodenough, was born in 1783. She died, 
 aged eighty-one, in 1865, the last survivor of the Archbishop's 
 children. 
 
 2 Daughter of the Marquis of Bath. 
 
 3 The Archbishop's daughters found a little French girl, who 
 had been landed and brought to London, quite destitute, during 
 the Keign of Terror. The name was on her clothes, but her 
 relations could never be traced. They persuaded their father to 
 allow them to adopt her. Her greatest friend was Elizabeth, the 
 Archbishop's granddaughter. 
 
 4 The Archbishop's eldest son, after his return from India, 
 bought the estate of Becca, near Aberford, in Yorkshire. 
 
 5 Frederica, the Archbishop's fourth daughter, married the 
 third Earl of Mansfield in 1797. She died in April, 1860. The 
 Countess of Mansfield was the last survivor of the Archbishop's 
 children but one, and the transmitter of many family traditions. 
 
 G 2
 
 84 FUNERAL OF THE ARCHBISHOP 
 
 grandchildren all assembled in the drawing-room to 
 hear the morning service read. The best of husbands 
 and fathers in his coffin, in the bedroom opposite.' 
 
 ' On November 11,' she continues, ' at eight o'clock in 
 the morning the sons assembled in South Audley Street 
 to pay the last duty to their father, and attended his 
 remains to the north cloister of Westminster Abbey, 
 where he was to be buried near his father and his two 
 brothers. They went in six mourning coaches, and six 
 carriages of various friends. They stopped in Dean's 
 Yard, at the cloister entrance, and walked round to 
 the grave on the north side of the cloisters of the 
 old Abbey Church. 
 
 ' The mourners included five sons, the eldest, William 
 Markham of Becca, the Admiral, the Dean of York, 
 the Archdeacon, and Mr. Osborne Markham ; two 
 sons-in-law, Mr. Ewan Law and Mr. Barnett, the 
 Rev. E. P. Goodenough, soon to be a son-in-law 1 ; the 
 executors, Dr. Cyril Jackson, Dean of Christ Church, 
 Mr. Burton, and Mr. Batt ; Dr. Carey, head master of 
 Westminster, and eleven grandchildren.' Of these 
 William Law was a Student at Christ Church, Edward 
 Law was a monitor of Westminster School : the others 
 were William Markham's son William 2 , the Dean's 
 son George, the Admiral's sons John and Rice, the 
 Archdeacon's son Robert, Ewan Law, John Barnett, 
 and William Mills. The service was performed by 
 Dr. Vincent, the Dean of Westminster. The Arch- 
 
 1 Married to Cecilia Markham on December 6, 1808. 
 
 2 The late Colonel William Markham of Becca, then aged eleven, 
 born 1796, died 1852.
 
 MENTIONED IN THE PROLOGUE 85 
 
 bishop had expressed a wish to be buried in the cloister, 
 by the side of his father. 
 
 The Play at Westminster in 1807 was Eunuchus, 
 and the death of Archbishop Markham was lamented 
 in the prologue, which was spoken by Thomas Clayton 
 Glyn, nephew of Sir Eichard Carr Glyn, Bart. 
 
 Prologue of the Eunuchus, 1807. 
 Fausta revertatur veteres quae hac nocte patronos 
 
 Convocat ad notas scena hodierna fores ; 
 Stetque precor communi omnes qui foedere nectit 
 
 Morisque atque Laris relligiosus amor. 
 Fas alii culpent quod legibus usa receptis 
 
 Praescriptas servet nostra Thalia vices, 
 Dum labor hie noster nondum fastidia vobis 
 
 Afferat aut vestra sit cariturus ope. 
 Hinc pietas vetus ilia loci memor, hinc magis ilia 
 
 Firmantur can vincla sodalitii ; 
 Atque ea praeteritae toties quae scena juventae 1 
 
 Admonet hoc ipso plus repetita placet. 
 Ecquis non recolit sibi quantam hie ipse suisque 
 
 Laudem olim tulerit laetitiamque labor? 
 Cui non deliciae veteres innubila vita 
 
 Caraque convictus dulcis imago redit? 
 Cara, opto, redeat semper, laetoque suorum 
 
 Haec semper plausu festa theatra sonent. 
 Acrior hinc dum nota oculis circumspicit ora 
 
 Fidenti prodit vultu animoque puer 
 
 1 So Lord Byron : 
 
 'Dear the schoolboy spot 
 We ne'er forget, though there we are forgot/ 
 
 Don Juan, Canto i. 126.
 
 86 TRIBUTE IN THE PROLOGUE 
 
 Quid loquor ? baud istis animis, quibus ante solebat, 
 
 Hos lusus pubes officiosa parat ; 
 Aspicite bane scenam ! cui non sanctissima mentem 
 
 Extinct! nuper tangit imago senis ! 
 111ms boc ipso in coetu venerabilis olim, 
 
 Qui nostrum facili laude juvabat opus ; 
 Respicere baud alio nostrum quern quisque solebat 
 
 Quam quo dilectum films ore patrem ! 
 Ergo etiam te nostra, tuas has inter Atbenas, 
 
 Sancte senex, nostrae luxque paterque domus, 
 Abreptum sequitur pietas, et postera pubes 
 
 Virtutes nostro discet ab ore tuas : 
 Busbeiique tuum cum magno nomine junctum 1 
 
 Murraeique tui nomine, nomen erit : 
 Hie semper venerandus eris, nostrique minores 
 
 Majores nostri quern coluere, colent 2 . 
 
 1 Archbishop Markham was the fourth head master from 
 Busby. Lord Mansfield was captain of his election in 1718, the 
 Archbishop in 1734, Lord Mansfield's nephew David Murray, 
 seventh Lord Stormont, in 1740, and the Archbishop's eldest 
 son William in 1773. 
 
 2 The caste for the Eunuchus in 1807 was as follows : 
 Phaedria. John Bull, afterwards Canon of Christ Church. 
 Parmeno. Edward Law, the Archbishop's grandson. 
 
 Thais. Granville Vernon, son of the Archbishop's successor. 
 
 Grnatho. R. V. Richards, afterwards a King's Counsel. 
 
 Chaerea. E. M. Salter, afterwards a clergyman. 
 
 Thraso. Augustus Pechell. 
 
 Pythias. John H. Randolph, Rector of Sanderstead. 
 
 Chremes. John Griffith, Eighth Wrangler, went to China with 
 
 Lord Amherst. 
 
 Dorias. Alexander Mure. 
 
 Dorus. Richard Lifford, died of his wounds in Portugal, 1809. 
 
 Sanga. A. B. Townsend, clergyman. 
 
 Sophrona. Clinton J. Fynes, M.P. for Aldborough, 1826-31. 
 
 Laches. R. S. B. Sandilands, 1827-45, Curzon Street Chapel.
 
 THE ARCHBISHOP'S WILL 87 
 
 The Archbishop's will was dated December 16, 1806, 
 and proved November 12, 1807. He left the house in 
 South Audley Street to his wife for her life, then to 
 his son William ; 500 and his carriages to his wife ; 
 the Irish Tontine to his daughters ; two shares of 
 100 each in the Barnsley Canal, one to his daughter 
 Cecilia, the other to Josephine Chapuis ; East India 
 and Bank Stock to his wife for her life, then to his son 
 William ; the pictures at Bishopthorpe to his successors 
 as heirlooms. The rest of his property to be divided 
 equally among his sons. Executors : Dr. Cyril Jackson, 
 Dean of Christ Church, Francis Burton, Thomas Batt. 
 
 The Kev. H. F. Mills, the Archbishop's Chaplain, 
 wrote the following lines at the time of his death : 
 
 Adieu, blest shade ! unequalled worth, farewell ! 
 
 Free from the trammels of earth's cumbrous clay, 
 Thy spirit fled, in purer worlds shall dwell 
 
 And view the glories of eternal day. 
 
 Yet must thy friends, while human feelings last 
 And soft affections move their bosoms here, 
 
 Lament that happy hours and days are past, 
 Sigh for thy loss, nor blush to drop a tear. 
 
 Full oft shall fancy, wandering o'er the scene 
 In pensive thought, thy graceful form design, 
 
 Dwell on thy precepts and thy placid mien, 
 And strengthen virtue in recalling thine. 
 
 Happy, in nature's noblest cast, thy mind 
 
 Trained in strict truth, the paths of honour sought,
 
 88 LINES ON THE ARCHBISHOP'S DEATH 
 
 And perfect honour in itself combined 
 
 By practice urging what its reason taught. 
 
 Formed for the world, long shall thy friendship live ; 
 
 Meek, gentle, modest, kind without control, 
 Slow to resent, and ready to forgive, 
 
 The storms of passion ne'er disturbed thy soul. 
 
 Rewarding Heaven crowned thy long life with joy ; 
 
 Her gifts in every dear connexion came, 
 And human happiness, with least alloy, 
 
 Upheld thee, Markham, on the wings of fame. 
 
 Mr. Mills also wrote the following lines in memory 
 of his venerable patron and friend : 
 
 If e'er to number 'mongst my friends I seek 
 One who is learned, modest, kind, and meek; 
 Whose temper 's gentle, and who soon forgives ; 
 Who to his word is true, and ne'er deceives ; 
 To charity alive and anger dead; 
 Who by religious law is ever led ; 
 So much in one I should despair to find, 
 Had I not found in Markham all combined. 
 
 An altar-tomb has been erected to the memory of the 
 Archbishop in York Minster by his descendants : a cross 
 on a polished flat slab with an inscription on it, and 
 arms of the children and their marriages round the 
 sides 1 . A brass tablet to his memory is also affixed 
 
 1 The erection of the tomb to Archbishop Markham in York 
 Minster is due to the piety of his grandson, the Kev. David F.
 
 TOMB OF THE ARCHBISHOP 89 
 
 to the wall of the north cloister of Westminster 
 Abbey. 
 
 Markham, Canon of Windsor, who collected the funds, selected 
 the design, superintended the work, and was treasurer and 
 secretary 1842-4. All the subscribers were relations. 
 
 Forty-Jive subscribers, of whom fifteen were Old Westminsters. 
 
 s. d. 
 
 1. Mrs. G. Baillie (afterwards Countess of Haddington) 500 
 
 2. Mrs. Barlow 110 
 
 3. Miss Barnett 500 
 
 4. Col. J. Barnett (o.w.) 500 
 
 5. Capt. Barnett . . . . . . .110 
 
 6. Wm. Barnett 500 
 
 7. Mrs. Chadwick 500 
 
 8. Lady Clerk 500 
 
 9. Mrs. Crofts 110 
 
 10. George Donkin 500 
 
 11. Lord Dyne vor (o.w.) 20 
 
 12. Mrs. Eccles 200 
 
 13. Mrs. Goodenough 10 
 
 14. Capt. A. Goodenough (o.w.) . . . .100 
 
 15. Kev. K. Goodenough (o.w.) . . . . .100 
 
 16. Lt. H. Goodenough, E.A 100 
 
 17. Eev. E. Law, D.D. (o.w.) 200 
 
 18. Miss Law 220 
 
 19. Mrs. H. S. Law 50 
 
 20. Wm. Law (o.w.) 15 
 
 21. Countess of Mansfield 100 
 
 22. Earl of Mansfield (o.w.) 50 
 
 23. Kev. D. F. Markham (o.w.) 500 
 
 24. Edward Markham (o.w.) 500 
 
 25. Col. Fred Markham (o.w.) 500 
 
 26. Miss Harriet Markham 500 
 
 27. John Markham (o.w.) 500 
 
 28. Capt. Osborne Markham (o.w.) . . . .500 
 
 29. Eev. Eice Markham (o.w.) . . , . . .500 
 
 30. Mrs. Eobt. Markham 500 
 
 31. Miss Sarah Markham 500 
 
 32. Col. W. Markham (o.w.) 20 
 
 33. Mrs. Montgomery 10 
 
 34. Mrs. Mure . . 500 
 
 35. Lady Caroline Murray . ' .. . . . . 500 
 
 36. Hon. C. Murray . 220
 
 90 INSCRIPTION ON THE TOMB 
 
 The inscription on the tomb in York Minster is as 
 follows : 
 
 ' Gulielmus Markham antiqua stirpe de Markham et 
 Cothara in agro Nottingamae ortus, quondam Aed. 
 Christi Decanus, deinde Episcopatu Cestriensi conse- 
 cratus, demum ad Archiepiscopatum Ebor. translatus. 
 Obiit A. D. MDCCCVII aet. suae LXXXVIII et in prec tis 
 Eccl. St. Petri Westmonasteriens. Sepult.' 
 
 The brass in the north cloister of Westminster 
 Abbey bears the following inscription : 
 
 'M. S. 
 
 ' Wilhelmi Markham D.C.L. quern A.JEC. MDCCXXXVIII 
 ex inclytae hujus Scholae alumnis regis Aedes Christi 
 apud Oxonienses suis ordinibus inscripsit. Mox eundem 
 MDCCLIII Westmonasteriensibus suis Archididasculum 
 
 8 .d. 
 
 37. Lady Eliz. Murray 500 
 
 38. Lady G. Murray 
 
 39. Mrs. Nesfield 
 
 40. Lady Emily Seymour (Marchioness of Hertford) 
 
 41. Mrs. Sharp . . . . 
 
 42. James B. Stanhope (o.w.) .... 
 
 43. Mrs. Stanhope ...... 
 
 44. Mrs. C. Stansfield 
 
 45. Mrs. Wickham 
 
 500 
 500 
 500 
 100 
 200 
 200 
 500 
 500 
 
 Total 414 7s. The Huddlestone stone, from Sherburn, cost 
 19 8s. Sd. ; the carving and black marble slab, 200 ; engraved 
 brass arms and Latin inscription by Willement, 33 13s. ; Salvin 
 for designs, 10 14s.; tessellated tiles, 10 14s. ; wood and freight, 
 6 14s. 7d. With the balance of 38 the memorial brass was put 
 up in the north cloister of Westminster Abbey. The tomb was 
 designed by Salvin, and the brass work by Willement. Total 
 cost of the tomb, 376 7s. ; of the brass at Westminster, 38 ; grand 
 total, 414 7s.
 
 PORTEAITS OF THE ARCHBISHOP 91 
 
 redonavit, eundem quoque interposita xiv annorum 
 mora Decanum sibi habuit et laeta lubensque ad se 
 recepit. Anno MDCCLXXI Episcopatu Cestriensi auctus 
 est et visus est prae caeteris dignior in cujus disciplinam 
 jubente rege optimo et bonis omnibus plaudentibus 
 Georgius et Fredericus Principes juventutis instituendi 
 et erudiendi traderentur. Demum anno MDCCLXXVII 
 ad Archiepiscopatum Eboracensem erectus est. Obiit 
 Novembris in anno MDCCCVTI annum agens Lxxxvm mum 
 et in hoc Sepulchro juxta Patris cineres suos deponi 
 voluit. Eodena Sepulchro conditur Sarah uxor pientis- 
 sima, Marito per annos xi Superstes.' 
 
 There is a marble bust of Archbishop Markham at 
 Christ Church, Oxford, bequeathed to the College by 
 his widow : a replica in possession of the family ; and 
 another at Kenwood. 
 
 He was painted twice by Sir Joshua Reynolds, one 
 portrait of the date 1768 in the Hall at Christ Church, 
 the other (1777) at Bishopthorpe. Archbishop Harcourt 
 used to tell rather a good story about the portrait of 
 his predecessor by Reynolds. When he was a young 
 man he was dining at Bishopthorpe with Archbishop 
 Markham, and, observing that the portrait was much 
 faded, he said to his next-door neighbour, ' Who can be 
 the unhappy man who painted such a picture ? ' The 
 reply was, 'I am that unhappy man.' The criticism 
 seems not to have been altogether unmerited, for Sir 
 Joshua took the picture home to retouch and improve. 
 But it is a fine portrait 1 . A portrait in his robes by 
 
 1 See Keble's Bishopthorpe, p. 84.
 
 92 THE ARCHBISHOP'S WIDOW 
 
 West is in possession of the family. Romney painted 
 him for his daughter Mrs. Law. The best portrait, 
 by Hoppner, is at Windsor Castle, painted in 1799. 
 A copy was painted by his granddaughter Lady 
 Elizabeth Murray, and was at Becca ; another is in 
 the dining-room of the house of the head master of 
 Westminster School. His portrait is in Copley's picture 
 of the death of Chatham painted in 1778, and now in 
 the National Gallery. There is a miniature by Grimaldi 
 at Morland, painted in 1796. 
 
 There are engravings from all the portraits. That 
 from the Hoppner picture was executed by order, for 
 George IV, and is very rare. There is one in the 
 Common-room at Christ Church, and the King presented 
 one to each of the Archbishop's sons. He then ordered 
 the plate to be destroyed. 
 
 The arms of Archbishop Markham are painted on 
 the canopy 'Up School' at Westminster, and in the 
 window of the Chapter Library at York. 
 
 Mrs. Markham, the Archbishop's widow, went to live 
 in a house at Mortimer Street, where she died on 
 January 26, 1814, aged seventy-five. She was buried 
 by the side of her husband in Westminster cloisters, 
 on February 3 \ 
 
 1 By her will, dated October 29, 1808, she made her son 
 Osborne Markham and Dr. Samuel Smith her executors, leaving 
 them each 100. Her jewels, trinkets, and laces were left to 
 her daughters Mrs. Barnett and Mrs. Groodenough. She left a 
 marble bust of the Archbishop to the Dean of Christ Church for 
 the time being. The trustees under her marriage settlement 
 were to pay, out of 7,523 Consols, to Mrs. Law 2,000, to
 
 DETRACTORS REFUTED 93 
 
 The narrative of the Archbishop's life speaks for 
 itself. His character has been described by those who 
 knew him intimately men like Dr. Parr, Mr. Ward, 
 and others and the estimate they have given cannot 
 either be improved upon or gainsaid by any more 
 modern writer ; for no modern writer can possibly 
 speak with the same authority. 
 
 Detractors have found fault with Dr. Markham's 
 letters in the Bedford correspondence, in which he 
 reminded the Duke of his promise to help him in 
 obtaining preferment after his resignation of the head- 
 mastership of a great public school. Any reader can 
 judge for himself. But to give prominence to these 
 letters is to give a false view of the Archbishop's 
 character. It is true that he took legitimate steps to 
 obtain the headship of his old college, a very proper 
 object of ambition. But the actual Dean, whose health 
 was failing, and many friends connected with Christ 
 Church, were equally desirous that he should be 
 selected. This is the single instance of his having 
 sought preferment. He made no application for the 
 head-mastership, he did not offer himself as Preceptor 
 to the princes, his selection as Bishop of Chester was 
 a surprise and unsought, nor did he seek for the 
 archbishopric. In all these cases the appointments 
 
 Mrs. Barnett 2,000, to Mrs. Mills 100: and out of 5,015, to 
 the Countess of Mansfield 1,000, to Mrs. Law 1000, to Mrs. 
 Goodenough 1,000, to Mrs. Barnett 1,015, and to her grand- 
 daughter Elizabeth Frances Markham 1,000. 
 
 Dr. Samuel Smith was head master of Westminster 1764-88, 
 then prebendary, but he died in 1808.
 
 94 DETRACTORS REFUTED 
 
 were made through no efforts of his own, but by 
 reason of his merits and fitness. 
 
 Fault has also been found with the letter to Burke, 
 denouncing the anonymous attacks of which that 
 politician was believed to have been the author ; and 
 it has been suggested that Dr. Markham was a man 
 who habitually wrote in one style to great men like 
 the Duke of Bedford, and in a very different style to 
 less influential men. The sole ground for the accusa- 
 tion is that the two letters are not written in the 
 same style. Dr. Markham wrote in a tone of deference 
 when asking a favour from a man nine years his senior 
 and of much higher rank. Eight years afterwards he 
 wrote, under feelings of strong indignation, to a man 
 ten years younger than himself, with whom he had 
 long been on terms of intimacy, but whom he believed 
 to have been guilty of reprehensible conduct. Of 
 course no human being would write exactly in the 
 same style on such different occasions. 
 
 With regard to the letter to Burke it must be 
 remembered that it does not exist. We only have the 
 references to and quotations (without inverted commas) 
 from it, in Burke's draft. Still it may be admitted 
 that, on one occasion, momentarily carried away by just 
 feelings of indignation, Dr. Markham may have used 
 language the strength of which was unjustifiable. The 
 feeling itself does him credit, and Burke admitted it 
 was * the vehemence of mistaken zeal from which no 
 talents will always exempt even men of piety and 
 virtue '. 
 
 Of all things Dr. Markham detested anonymous
 
 THE AKCHBISHOFS CHAKACTER 95 
 
 slander and bullying. Occasionally, but very rarely, 
 his indignation got the better of him, as on the 
 occasions of his letter to Burke and of his speech 
 during the trial of Warren Hastings. But we know 
 from authority which cannot be gainsaid that to dwell 
 upon such exceptional occasions, as if they represented 
 his general conduct, would be most grossly to mis- 
 represent him. He was habitually indulgent to the 
 faults of others, slow to censure, and if any one was 
 blamed, his impulse was to find an excuse for him. 
 
 It is scarcely necessary to defend the Archbishop 
 from attacks that have been made on his political 
 opinions. He was attacked in the House of Lords and 
 by Horace Walpole for preaching a bellicose sermon 
 containing the doctrines of Sacheverell, which he never 
 preached. His real sermon was moderate and not 
 illiberal. He was attacked in the Probationary Odes 
 for revelling in the plunder of Benares, an accusation 
 which is not worth further notice. These attacks, 
 having been read but not verified, have been the 
 grounds for sneers and insinuations in more modern 
 publications. 
 
 The character of a public man who lived for eighty- 
 eight years cannot be taken away by misrepresenting 
 an isolated sermon, or by misusing a single letter. 
 For it is established by the whole course of his life, 
 by his recorded acts, by the real circumstances con- 
 nected with the sermon and the letters, and by the 
 testimony of those among his contemporaries who 
 knew him intimately. The course of his life has 
 now been portrayed, the principal events of his long
 
 96 THE ARCHBISHOP'S CHARACTER 
 
 career have been recorded, and the testimony of his 
 contemporaries has been given. We find from this 
 evidence a man whose great learning, ability, and special 
 fitness alone secured him that estimation which raised 
 him to a high position. We find a man who was 
 totally devoid of personal vanity, and therefore of the 
 faults which usually accompany that almost universal 
 failing. On one or two occasions in middle life, his 
 indignation was aroused by injustice to his friends, but 
 his whole conduct, through a long career, showed con- 
 sideration for the feelings of others, kindness of heart, 
 and, above all, warm sympathy for the aspirations and 
 interests of the young. He had a strong sense of 
 duty, and in his prime, whatever he undertook to do, 
 he did with all his might. In his declining years, 
 when Dr. Parr knew him intimately, there were signs 
 of relaxation of that energy which distinguished him 
 in the prime of life, and too much disposition to show 
 undue deference for the opinions of others. For, with 
 all his learning and extensive knowledge, he was 
 modest to a fault. His faults and his virtues alike 
 endeared him to a large circle of relations and friends ; 
 and few have been so loved and respected in life, or 
 have been so long and truly mourned for when their 
 place knew them no more. Archbishop Markham's 
 character was a very noble one, and though his memory 
 might well have been allowed to rest as the precious 
 inheritance of a few, it is still not undesirable that the 
 story of a good and useful life should be more widely 
 known. 
 
 /V* x ^XL >jAf- 

 
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