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 THE SURVEY-IDEA IN 
 COUNTRY-LIFE WORK 
 

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Training Conference for L. H. Bailey 
 
 Rural Leaders 
 Cornell University 
 July 26, 27, 1911 
 
 The Survey-Idea in Country-Life Work 
 
 It is commonly understood that there is a positive 
 national problem lying in the present condition of 
 country life. Rural affairs are not sufficiently repre- 
 sented in the voice of the people. The domination of 
 national policies lies with the cities or with the types 
 of associate and corporate interests that center 
 chiefly in the cities, and which tend to exploit or at 
 least to overlook the open country. 
 
 Many processes are suggested for the general 
 regeneration of rural affairs. Each of these proc- 
 esses has its strong advocates. The tendency is to 
 project many separate processes or methods which, 
 although they may all be excellent in themselves, 
 tend to separate into divergent and unrelated lines 
 of effort. We are not to hold that any one way of at- 
 tacking the rural problem is fundamental and that 
 others are unimportant. Perhaps every method that 
 has been suggested is essential. But whatever the 
 means and movements, the scientific method must 
 prevail. The scientific method is first to determine 
 the exact facts, and then to found the line of action 
 
 544145 
 
on these facts. This is the way in which all prob- 
 lems must be attacked if real and permanent solu- 
 tions are to be found. The scientific method in en- 
 gineering and mechanics and biology and the rest has 
 been responsible for the high development of ciAdliza- 
 tion within the past century. Similar methods must 
 be applied in rural work. We must finally found all 
 our progress in rural life on a close study of the facts 
 and the real elements in the situation, in order that 
 we may know exactly what we are talking about. 
 
 A movement to collect such facts is now just be- 
 ginning to appear. It is generally spoken of as "ag- 
 ricultural surveys. ' ' While there have been geologi- 
 cal surveys, soil surveys, and studies of particular 
 phases of the rural situation for many years, never- 
 theless the consciousness that the entire situation 
 must be studied in all its relations has only recently 
 begun to take possession of the public mind. 
 
 The Cornell Contribution 
 
 In this address I am not to give an historical re- 
 view of these surveys or to estimate the many contri- 
 butions that have been made to the idea. I plan only 
 to answer the question, so often put to me, as to what 
 Cornell has done and also what is my own conception 
 of the agricultural survey problem. 
 
 At Cornell, the survey-idea began to take shape 
 
 2 
 
more than twenty years ago. It was really begun 
 with a piece of work in 1890 that culminated in the 
 publication of Bulletin 19, "Report upon the Condi- 
 tion of Fruit-growing in Western New York." On 
 the passage of the Experiment Station Extension 
 Bill, or '^ Nixon Bill," in 1894, a definite program of 
 exploration of the horticultural industries of the 
 State was begun, and several bulletins were the re- 
 sult, such as ''Impressions of the Peach Industry in 
 Western New York," ''The Cultivation of Or- 
 chards, " " The Geological History of the Chautauqua 
 Grape Belt," and others. 
 
 In the first report on this "extension work in 
 horticulture," for 1895, the writer made the follow- 
 ing statement: "Another tj^pe of research work 
 which w^e have undertaken under the auspices of this 
 bill [the "Nixon Bill," applying to the fifth judicial 
 department of the State] is the investigation of the 
 conditions of certain horticultural interests in West- 
 em New York. In the interest of these particular in- 
 quiries, we traveled no less than 25,000 miles in 
 Western New York and have visited and examined 
 many hundreds, if not thousands, of plantations. We 
 have attempted in these investigations to learn the 
 actual state of the industries and to suggest means 
 for their improvement. They are really the begin- 
 ning of a horticultural survey which can be much ex- 
 
 3 
 
tended with great profit." In the second report, for 
 the year 1896, it was said : ' ' The animus of the entire 
 enterprise has been an attempt to inquire into the 
 agricultural status, to discover the causes of the rural 
 depression, and to suggest means for improving the 
 farmer's position. This attempt has been specifically 
 directed to a single great branch of rural industry, 
 horticulture, in pursuance of the provisions of the 
 law; but what is true of the horticultural communi- 
 ties is essentially true of other agricultural regions, 
 and, moreover, these two types of agricultural indus- 
 try cannot be separated by any arbitrary lines. The 
 work, therefore, has practically resulted in a broad 
 study of rural economics. We conceive that it is im- 
 possible really to extend the Experiment Station and 
 University impulse to the people in such manner that 
 it shall come to them as a living and quickening force, 
 without first studying the fundamental difficulties of 
 the farmers' social and political environment." 
 
 The efforts in these early days, however, were 
 necessarily confined mostly to work with crops and 
 with schools; but the ultimate purpose — to deter- 
 mine the real basis of rural life — was clearly in mind 
 in the direction of the work. 
 
 The work in communities gradually took on 
 larger meanings. It was desired to ''round up" an 
 entire subject in a region, and to get its full signifi- 
 
cance. The horticultural survey work finally culmi- 
 nated in the excellent apple-orchard surveys of 
 Wayne and Orleans Counties, by G. F. Warren, under 
 the direction of Professor Craig (Bulletins 226 and 
 229, 1905). I think it not too much to say that these 
 surveys marked a departure in this kind of work, 
 substituting the statistical method for previous 
 means. Orchard after orchard was studied in person 
 by Warren, and the financial and farm-management 
 phases of the situation were reported with care ; and 
 in the Wayne survey the horticultural condition was 
 articulated as far as possible with the geological 
 horizon. 
 
 Other surveys of this general character have 
 been made, and one of them has been published, 1910, 
 as an ''Apple Orchard Survey of Niagara County," 
 under the direction of Professor Craig; and a corres- 
 pondence survey, under direction of Professor War- 
 ren, was published in 1909 as ''The Income of 178 
 New York Farms." 
 
 The results of the statistical work in Wayne and 
 Orleans Counties were so striking that it was now 
 proposed to apply the method to farming in general 
 rather than to a single crop or product. In 1906, un- 
 der Professor Hunt's immediate direction, a survey 
 was planned of Tompkins County, the seat of the New 
 York State College of Agriculture. It was found at 
 
the close of the first season's work that it is impossi- 
 ble, in practice, to cover all or even a large part of the 
 rural situation in any region by going over it once; 
 and the Tompkins County work was narrowed to a 
 farm-management survey, — that is, ^'to find the 
 profits for the year on each farm, and to find what 
 conditions and types of farming result in the largest 
 profit or labor income; in other words, to find why 
 certain farms pay better than others." The results 
 of this survey, published in 1911 as Bulletin 295, un- 
 der the leadership of Professor Warren, make a dis- 
 tinct contribution to the country-life movement ; and 
 so far as we know^, they represent the most complete 
 census-taking of its kind that has yet been under- 
 taken. The bulletin is a document of nearly 200 
 pages, replete with carefully secured and well di- 
 gested statistics and observations on the profits and 
 losses of Tompkins County farms, with many inter- 
 esting and applicable deductions. It will become a 
 source-book not only for its region, but for general 
 study of the problems involved in the business man- 
 agement of farms. 
 
 Personal Statements of the Survey-Idea 
 
 As I am asked, on this occasion, for a personal 
 opinion of the work and reasons involved in agricul- 
 tural surveys, I may be allowed to quote statements 
 
 6 
 
that I already have made on the subject. In ''The 
 State and the Farmer," 1908, I made an appeal for 
 the collecting of complete local fact^ as follows : 
 
 A thorough-going study of the exact agricultural 
 status of every State should now be made, and it 
 should be made by the State itself, working through 
 an agricultural college. Such an inquiry made care- 
 fully and without haste by men who are thoroughly 
 well prepared, and continuing over a series of years, 
 would give us the data for all future work with local 
 problems. We must have the geographical facts. 
 We are now lacking them. We talk largely at ran- 
 dom. We must discover the factors that determine 
 the production of crops and animals in the localities, 
 and the conditions that underlie and control the farm 
 life. Consideration of these conditions involves 
 study of local climate; knowledge of the kinds, classi- 
 fication and distribution of the soils and the relation 
 of place and altitude to production of crops and live- 
 stock; determination of the best drainage practices 
 on various soil types; consideration of the cultural 
 experience and manurial needs as adapted to the 
 types; inquiry into the practice with all leading crops 
 and products of the localities; study of the possibili- 
 ties for farm water-power; collation of community 
 experience. Such a study of a State should be broad 
 and general enough to consider the status of all the 
 agricultural industries in the State, and it should also 
 take full cognizance of educational and social condi- 
 tions. 
 
 This constitutes the greatest need of practical 
 farming at the present day. The agricultural insti- 
 tutions are working out the principles, but they may 
 not be able to apply these principles to individual 
 farms because they do not know the exact local con- 
 ditions. The farmer himself may not know the prin- 
 ciples, nor even the local facts. The result is a lack of 
 articulation between the teaching and the practice. 
 
Farming is founded on the facts of the locality: no 
 business can hope for the best success until it has ex- 
 act knowledge of its underlying conditions. 
 
 These kinds of inquiries are now well under way 
 in the form of "surveys" of many kinds, proceeding 
 from the colleges of agriculture and the United 
 States Department of Agriculture. The studies of 
 larger range, that purpose to compare general agri- 
 cultural conditions in the Avhole national domain and 
 to standardize our knowledge of them, may well be 
 undertaken directly by the national government; 
 but the commonwealth itself should give itself the 
 advantage of making inquiries into its OAvn agricul- 
 tural conditions. The survey Avork of the institu- 
 tions will be greatly perfected in the next few years, 
 and we may expect to see great public funds devoted 
 to it. The surA^ey parties aa^II comprise strong, all- 
 round men. No small part of the A^alue of such sur- 
 veys AAdll be the discoA^ery of great numbers of earn- 
 est, competent men and women on the farms who 
 may be made local leaders, and the recognition that 
 it AA^ill giA^e to good agricultural practice CA^eryAA^here. 
 EA^ery thorough surA'ey should be the forerunner of 
 ncAA^ ideals for the conmiunities, and of ncAV points of 
 crystallization of local effort. It should make ncAv 
 paths. 
 
 I later made another brief statement as folloAvs 
 
 in "The Country-Life Movement," 1911: 
 
 The taking stock of the exact condition and ma- 
 terials of country life is immensely important, for we 
 cannot apply remedies before Ave make a diagnosis, 
 and an accurate diagnosis must rest on a multitude 
 of facts that Ave do not noAV possess. This is the sci- 
 entific rather than the doctrinaire, politics, and orac- 
 ular method of approaching the subject. It is of the 
 first importance that we do not set out on this new 
 work with only general opinions and superficial and 
 fragmentary knowledge. Every rural community 
 
needs to have a program of its own carefully worked 
 out, and this program should rest on a physical valu- 
 ation. It may be some time yet before the importance 
 and magnitude of this undertaking will impress the 
 minds of the people, but it is essential to the best per- 
 manent progress. 
 
 Statemeni of the Commission on Country Life 
 
 The Commission on Country Life, 1909, after 
 having considered great numbers of suggestions from 
 persons in all parts of the country, mentioned as 
 the first item in its category of the most prominent 
 deficiencies in country life in the United States, ''a 
 lack of knowledge on the part of farmers of the exact 
 agricultural conditions and possibilities of their re- 
 gions." It also stated that this lack of knowledge 
 constitutes one of the great "underlying problems of 
 country life." Its main statement in regard to the 
 need of agricultural or country life surveys is as fol- 
 lows: 
 
 The time has now come when we should know in 
 detail what our agricultural resources are. We have 
 long been engaged in making geological surveys, 
 largely with a view to locating our mineral wealth. 
 The country has been explored and mapped. The 
 main native resources have been located in a general 
 way. We must now know what are the capabilities 
 of every agricultural locality, for agriculture is the 
 basis of our prosperity and farming is always a local 
 business. We cannot make the best and most perma- 
 nent progress in the developing a good country life 
 until we have completed a very careful inventory of 
 the entire country. 
 
TMs inventory or census should take into ac- 
 count the detailed topography and soil conditions of 
 the localities, the local climate, the whole character of 
 streams and forests, the agricultural products, the 
 cropping systems now in practice, the conditions of 
 highwa^^s, markets, facilities in the way of transpor- 
 tation and communication, the institutions and or- 
 ganizations, the adaptability of the neighborhood to 
 the establishment of handicrafts and local industries, 
 the general economic and social status of the people 
 and the character of the people themselves, natural 
 attractions and disadvantages, historical data, and a 
 collation of community experience. This would re- 
 sult in the collection of local fact, on which we could 
 proceed to build a scientifically and economically 
 sound country life. 
 
 Beginnings have been made in several states in 
 the collection of these geographical facts, mostly in 
 connection with the land-grant colleges. The United 
 States Department of Agriculture is beginning by 
 means of soil surveys, study of farm management and 
 other investigations; and its demonstration work in 
 the Southern states is in part of this character. These 
 agencies are beginning the study of conditions in the 
 localities themselves. It is a kind of extension work. 
 All these agencies are doing good work; but we have 
 not yet as a people come to an appreciation of the 
 fact that we must take accoimt of stock in detail as 
 well as in the large. We are working mostly around 
 the edges of the problem, and feeling of it. The larger 
 part of the responsibility of this work must lie with 
 the different states, for they should develop their in- 
 ternal resources. The whole work should be coordi- 
 nated, however, by federal agencies acting with the 
 states, and some of the larger relations will need to 
 be studied directly by the federal government itself. 
 We must come to a thoroughly nationalized move- 
 ment to understand what property we have and what 
 
 10 
 
uses may best be made of it. This in time will call for 
 large appropriations by state and nation. 
 
 To secure these results, the Commission's first 
 recommendation is that ' ' there should now be organ- 
 ized, under government leadership, a comprehensive 
 plan for an exhaustive study or survey of all the con- 
 ditions that surround the business of farming and the 
 people who live in the country, in order to take stock 
 of our resources and to supply the farmer with local 
 knowledge. Federal and state governments, agri- 
 cultural colleges and other educational agencies, or- 
 ganizations of various tvDes, and individual students 
 of the problem should be brought into cooperation 
 for this great work of investigating with minute care 
 all agricultural and coimtry life conditions." 
 
 The Scope and Character of Survey-work 
 Surveys may be of many kinds and for many 
 purposes. Some of them may be for temporary uses 
 only, in the nature of explorations or to set forth a 
 particular line of ideas. The real rural survey should 
 be an agency of record; and it is this type of effort 
 that I am now discussing. 
 
 We must distinguish sharply between such a 
 survey, made slowly and studiously, and an inspec- 
 tion, a canvass, or a campaign. These lighter efforts 
 may be very necessary, but they usually do not con- 
 
 11 
 
stitute investigation, and they belong to a different 
 order of inquiry. 
 
 If a survey of any region or phase is to be a 
 record of fact, then it must be strictly scientific in 
 spirit^ as I already have indicated. It must discover 
 and set down every fact of significance, wholly apart 
 from any prejudice or bias in the mind of the ob- 
 server: the fact is its own justification. The work 
 cannot be as precise as that in the mathematical and 
 physical sciences; but in its purpose it must be as 
 scientific as any work in any subject. 
 
 If the work is scientific, then it will not be under- 
 taken for the purpose of exploiting a movement, 
 recruiting an organization, spreading a propaganda, 
 advertising a region, or promoting the personal am- 
 bition of any man. There is indication that sur- 
 vey-work will soon become popular; there is danger 
 that it will be taken up by institutions that desire to 
 keep themselves before the public and by localities 
 and states that desire to display their advantages. It 
 will be easy to marshal statements and arrange 
 figures, and particularly to omit facts, in such a way 
 as to make a most attractive showing. Even some 
 honest investigators will be likely to arrange the ma- 
 terial in such a way as to prove a point rather than to 
 state the facts, unless they are very much on their 
 
 12 
 
guard. If country-life surveys have possibilities of 
 great good, they also have equal possibilities of great 
 damage. 
 
 The goal of survey-work in agriculture is to 
 make a record of the entire situation and to tell the 
 whole truth. Fragmentary surveys and piece-work, 
 however good they may be in themselves, do not rep- 
 resent the best effort in surveys. Practically all our 
 surveys have thus far been fragmentary or unrelated, 
 but this is the work of a beginning epoch. We shall 
 almost necessarily be obliged to do still further frac- 
 tional and detached work ; but it is time that we begin 
 to train the imagination on completer and sounder 
 programs. The whole basis and condition of the 
 rural community must be known and recorded. The 
 community must know where it stands. It must 
 understand its assets and its liabilities. 
 
 Survey-work is legitimate wholly aside from its 
 application. I have no patience with the doctrine of 
 ''pure science," — that science is science only as it is 
 uncontaminated by application in the arts of life ; and 
 I also have no patience with the spirit that considers 
 a piece of work to be legitimate only as it has direct 
 bearing on the arts and affairs of men. We must dis- 
 cover all things that are discoverable and attack 
 those that are not discoverable and make record of it 
 
 13 
 
all: the application will take care of itself. The ap- 
 plication of science lies not alone in its employment 
 in particularities here and there, but quite as much 
 in the type of mind and the philosophy of life that 
 result from it. If we knew our exact rural status — 
 in materials, accomplishments and deficiencies, — we 
 should by that very fact have a different outlook on 
 the rural problem and a surer process of attacking it. 
 We should do little guessing. We should correct 
 many vagaries and many a foolish notion to which 
 we now are all, no doubt, very much given. We 
 should not be obliged to follow blind or self-wise 
 leaders. A substantial body of accumulated fact 
 would set bounds to the agitator. 
 
 The result of survey-work in agriculture should 
 be to tie the community together. Such work would 
 provide a basis for real judgment on the part of every 
 intelligent resident of the neighborhood. One inter- 
 est would be tied up with another. Apple-growing 
 would not be distinct from wheat-growing, or church 
 work from school work, or soil-types from the cream- 
 ery business, or politics from home life. The vicinage 
 would be presented to the citizen as a whole. Noth- 
 ing, in my opinion, would do so much to develop 
 pride of neighborhood, local patriotism, and com- 
 munity common sense as a full and complete knowl- 
 
 14 
 
edge of what the community is in its resources, its 
 history, its folk, its industries, its institutions, and 
 its tendencies. 
 
 I am often told that we can gather all the infor- 
 mation that is useful by surveying representative 
 commimities here and there rather than by surveying 
 all communities, — that if we take stock of all com- 
 munities we shall be endlessly duplicating. But I 
 think that I have now said enough to put it into the 
 mind of my hearer that the co7nmunity needs a sur- 
 vey for itself. We are to build the life of every com- 
 munity on the fact of that community. It may not be 
 necessary to make the same studies or even equally 
 extensive studies in all communities; but no com- 
 munity should be overlooked, in the end, if we desire 
 a correlated evolution of rural society. 
 
 When the survey-idea is once understood and 
 begun, every locality will desire to be represented. 
 Certain regions will develop full surveys, and the re- 
 ports will be standard; the surveys of intermediate 
 localities may not need to be so elaborate or minute. 
 
 When we finally understand our problem, we 
 shall make our best survej^s in consecutive order. 
 We may classify all phases of survey- work freely un- 
 der three groups, — physical, economic, social; and 
 
 15 
 
the order of the surveys should preferably follow this 
 sequence. We should first know what the region is, 
 — geography, physiography, climate, resources, soils ; 
 then what it does, — the farming, the industries, the 
 markets, the business, the profits-and-loss ; then how 
 it lives, — its people, its homes, its health, its institu- 
 tions, its modes of expression, its outlook. 
 
 I very much doubt the lasting value of surveys 
 of church or school or particular crops or special 
 products that are not founded on a good knowledge 
 of the physical and economic conditions of the region. 
 
 How are we to go about it ? 
 
 I presume that we have no models for these 
 countrj^-lif e surveys. My own philosophy of the situ- 
 ation has not been derived from the current social 
 surveys of cities, and I do not know whether their 
 methods will apply to the rural work. 
 
 These new surveys must be serious studies on the 
 spot rather than note-takings or correspondence. 
 The different parts of the survey in any region must 
 be made by different persons or parties, in a cumula- 
 tive way. Of course, as I have said, I should not 
 estop any competent person or agency from making 
 a partial and wholly independent study, but its de- 
 ficiencies should be recognized. 
 
 16 
 
As to detailed methods of making surveys, little 
 need be said in an address of this kind. The success 
 of the work will turn on the personality and training 
 of the man who undertakes it. It must be done in 
 person: that is, the information must be secured by 
 personal visits and investigation. The questions 
 should be few and significant. The particular survey 
 should cover a definite subject, and every effort 
 should be made to keep it from scattering. The ten- 
 dency is to cover too much ground. It requires time, 
 patience and the studious temper to make a good 
 survey. At least one experienced person should be 
 actually in the field: it should not be left to novices 
 and mere explorers. The person should be a real 
 student of the subject that he proposes to survey. 
 
 To ensure the best results, the region should have 
 good topographical and geological maps. The next 
 step is a soil survey. The soil surveys now issue from 
 the federal government (United States Department 
 of Agriculture; and in New York they are prop- 
 erly cooperative with the State College of Agricul- 
 ture. The general soil survey is rightly a national 
 undertaking, for there should be a uniform charting 
 of the national domain as to soil types as well as to 
 geological types; and classifications do not follow 
 state lines. The states, however, may well follow 
 with more detailed soil surveys, based on the gen- 
 
 17 
 
eral charts, and relate the work directly to local 
 practice. Undoubtedly we need to develop more uni- 
 form and comparable methods for this work ; and this 
 could be brought about by conferences or committees 
 of those persons specially interested in the soil sur- 
 vey program. 
 
 A study of the local climate ought to be a part of 
 these preliminary surveys. We are neglecting the 
 climate factor. Climate is distinctl}^ local. With soil, 
 it determines the farming condition. The best agri- 
 culture is a careful adjustment to the climate of the 
 district; but the collecting of meteorological data is 
 so much a governmental function that we forget the 
 detail climates of small localities. 
 
 It is not so clear what the next step should be in 
 the stock-taking of a region. Sooner or later, all the 
 natural resources of the area should be carefully 
 known. Perhaps these resources of minerals and 
 metals and timber and streams and the like, will be 
 clearly determined in the geological and soil and farm 
 surveys themselves; but they should all be found and 
 recorded. There should also be a natural-history sur- 
 vey of the entire wild life of the region, culminating 
 in the publication of good local floras and faunas ; but 
 perhaps this may wait for later development. It is 
 probable that a thorough farm-management survey 
 would best follow immediately on the soil survey, 
 
 18 
 
taking inventory of the farm values, the methods of 
 farming, the crop schemes, the incomes, the invest- 
 ments, the labor cost, the profit-and-loss. We should 
 know how the conditions and materials of the farms 
 are utilized. 
 
 A farm-management survey considers farms as 
 business units. This would probably best be fol- 
 lowed by a careful study of the general business situ- 
 ation in the region, as respects markets, railroads, 
 taxation, credit, land-tenure, labor-market, and the 
 like. This is the field of rural economics, considering 
 the farmer not in reference to the production of 
 crops on his own farm, but in his business relations to 
 his community and surroundings. 
 
 These foundation registers having been made, 
 the various crops or products of the region may be 
 chosen for detailed study, as the fruit crops, truck 
 crops, flower crops, home gardens, wood-lots, pas- 
 tures, grain crops, new crops, milk and butter 
 production, poultry, sheep, cattle, swine, horses, and 
 the like. All such supplementary studies should take 
 full account of every preceding study and endeavor 
 to determine how far the particular industry is col- 
 ored or shaped by the underlying physical and eco- 
 nomic conditions. Every survey should articulate as 
 far as possible with every collateral survey. 
 
 On this basis many special and interesting 
 
 19 
 
studies may be projected from year to year, — studies 
 of the industries, the homes and domestic welfare, 
 the sanitation, education, business cooperation, the 
 possibilities of engineering development, the re- 
 ligious reactions, re-creation, child-study, special 
 vital statistics, ethnological and historical studies, 
 public relations, and the general social welfare. 
 
 These surveys will be made by many agencies. 
 The strictly agricultural parts will naturally be ac- 
 complished by colleges and schools and departments 
 of agriculture and by experiment stations. Societies, 
 churches, individuals, and all agencies representing 
 welfare will contribute and cooperate. 
 
 Ever}^ State must soon face the problem of pro- 
 jecting a regular program of stock-taking of its agri- 
 cultural resources. If the work is effective, it must 
 be wholly free of political methods. 
 
 Forecast 
 
 I have now sketched a rough outline of my hope 
 in the country-life survey. Looked at from the start, 
 it may seem to be an ambitious program; but it will 
 come only year by year and piece by piece, and no- 
 body will be startled in the process. It will be for- 
 tunate if we have a clear conception at the outset of 
 the results that are to be desired, and if our work pro- 
 ceeds in an orderly way. We must conceive a prog- 
 
 20 
 
ressing enterprise. Wliat we are aimmg at is the rec- 
 ord of community experience, as a guide to further 
 action. The parts of the work eventually will aggre- 
 gate themselves into a Book of the Community, 
 which will represent all that the conununity has done 
 and what it hopes to do. 
 
 21 
 
JOURNAL PBINT, ITHACA, N. Y. 
 

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