332 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Ltiftt. 
 
REESE LIBRARY 
 
 JNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA. 
 
RHOPALOCERA NIHONICA 
 
 A DESCRIPTION OF THK 
 
 BUTTERFLIES OF JAPAN 
 
 BY 
 
 H. PRYER. 
 
 YOKOHAMA: 
 PRINTED AT THE OFFICE OF THE "JAPAN MAIL:" PUBLISHED BY THE AUTHOR. 
 

 BIOLOGY 
 
 LIBRARY 
 
 G 
 
COLLECTING. 
 
 Since publishing Part I. of this work, I have received suggestions that, as many of my readers have 
 had little practical experience in Entomology, a few directions would be servicable, especially to my 
 Japanese fellow workers. 
 
 The apparatus required is as follows : 
 
 1. Net. 
 
 2. Cyanide Bottle. 
 
 3. Collecting Box. 
 
 4. Larva Box. 
 
 5. Chip Boxes. 
 
 6. Satchel. 
 
 7. Lantern. 
 
 8. Tin to hold Sugar. 
 
 9. Glass Tubes. 
 
 10. Setting House. 
 
 11. Glass Cylinders for rearing Larvae. 
 
 12. Cabinets. 
 
 13. Pliers and Dissecting Scissors. 
 
 14. The following Chemicals : Potass. Cyanide, 
 
 Napthaline, Acetic Acid dilut., Plumbi 
 Precip., Calcis Carb. 
 
 15. Pins. 
 
 All apparatus used in the field should be as lightly made as possible. Specimens should be removed 
 from the Net by means of the Cyanide Bottle, and when stupilied by the fumes, should be pinned through the 
 side in the Collecting Box. The Net should be not less than 2 feet across the mouth, and not too deep. 'I he 
 Umbrella Net is the most handy for use. The Cyanide Bottle should be of strong glass. I find the most 
 servicable to be a smooth glass tumbler, with an India rubber stopper. The Cyanide is powdered and 
 wrapped up in blotting-paper, and over this a piece of stout cardboard is placed. The Collecting Box should 
 be 8 X 10 inches, lined with cork and double-bottomed, and have a strap by which to sling it over the shoulder. 
 The Larva Box should be made of zinc with perforated sides ; this also should have a strap by which it can 
 be slung over the opposite shoulder to that carrying the Collecting Box. The Chip Boxes should be made 
 to fit one within the other, in nests. The Glass Tubes should have cork stoppers and should be from I to I 
 inches deep. The Satchel should be made so that it easily opens and shuts, with a flap to prevent the con- 
 tents being jerked out when running. The Setting House is a very important item, and should contain 
 
RHOPALOCERA NIHONICA. 
 
 not less than 30 feet of setting boards ; it should be very strongly made to withstand rough usage when 
 travelling. The boards should be made of soft wood, with cork or pith in the groove, and when thev are 
 put away in the house, they should stand perpendicularly, to prevent the bodies of the specimens becoming 
 distorted, while drying. They should be perfectly flat and all of the same depth, not less than one inch- 
 The cages for rearing larvx should be open Glass Cylinders, the tops being covered with net; they 
 should stand on earthenware plates, each plate having a hole drilled in the middle, through which the stalk 
 of the plant, on which the larva feeds, is immersed in a vessel holding water underneath. The Cabinet 
 is, perhaps, the most important of all, as, unless it is a good one, the results of the collectors' time 
 and trouble will be spoilt. After very many experiments, I find the best wood for the drawers to be the 
 red wood of the cherry; any fancy wood not given to warping or giving off resin, may be used for the 
 case, but camphor wood, keyaki, cedar, pine, &c., are most unsuitable. The drawers should be 14 in. 
 long by 21 in. broad, and will then hold one dozen small size sheet-cork, as it is a great advantage 
 to have as many as possible of a genus under observation at the same time. All drawers should have air- 
 tight lids, and for butterflies it is useful to have both the tops and bottoms of glass. For the 
 latter, a narrow strip of cork is fastened between thin pieces of wood ; this is laid on the bottom and 
 secured in' position by means of a rack arrangement, which permits of the cork being shifted nearer or 
 further apart, as required by the size of the specimens. For moths it is only necessary to have the lid of 
 glass, the bottoms of the drawers being lined with cork and papered. The drawers should be of 
 sufficient depth so that the heads of the pins do not touch the glass lid, or say if in. inside measurem ent. 
 The sides should be double, and the lid have a deep flange fitting accurately into the cavity thus formed. 
 The drawers should be supported on side runners, and all should be made exactly of the same 
 gauge, so as to be interchangeable, if necessary. Only the very best workmanship should be em- 
 ployed, so that neither moisture nor insects can obtain access to the contents. The Pins for all 
 Macro-lepidoptera should be of a uniform length, but of different degrees of thickness. Those for Micro- 
 lepidoptera should be smaller. The Pliers should be turned up at the point and the inner sides provided 
 \vitha pin and socket. The Scissors should have fine points they are used for opening the abdomen of 
 all large moths, the contents of which should always be extracted. 
 
 Only the best Cyanide should be used ; it is generally in thin cakes, and when 'its action 
 is sluggish, it can be freshened up by the addition of a few drops of vinegar. Napthaline placed in a 
 pocket between the double sides of the drawers, is the best protection against the attacks of insects.' 
 Plumbi Precip. and Calcis Carb. sprinkled over the bottom of the drawers, although somewhat unsightly, 
 will in damp climates keep away mould and acari. If, however, mould appears persistently, the 
 drawers should be placed round a bright fire, some six feet distant, with the lids removed, for 
 several hours, at intervals of a few days. As a substitute for this method, a small quantity of. 
 Calcis Chloride, placed in a small pan in each drawer, for a short time, should be sufficient to absorb 
 all moisture. Camphor is worse than useless, as it only damages specimens, instead of acting as a 
 
RHOPALOCERA XIIIOMCA. in 
 
 preservative. To kill specimens, a drop of table vinegar or Acetic acid dilut. (not too strong,) should be 
 taken up on an ordinary pen. The insect is laid on its side, the pen is thrust into the under side of the 
 thorax, and the acid allowed to flow into the wound. No freshly caught specimens, although apparently 
 dead, should be set out, until this is done. In setting insects, I find from experience that what 
 is known as the Continental system is the best ; in fact the English system is a decided mistake. 
 The advantages of the Continental system are, that the specimen is set high up the pin, perfectly flat, with 
 the wings well forward. In this position it is easy to figure accurately, there is plenty ot room unocf uealh 
 for labels recording references of date, place of capture, &c. ; specimens so set are not liable to the 
 attacks of mould and insects, and they can be moved with less risk of breakage. To keep the wings in 
 position while drying, I use narrow silk ribbons, varying in width from i to \ an inch, for the larger speci- 
 mens, and a long stout horse hair for the smaller; this is pegged down by short stout pins which carry 
 small fragments of cork. 
 
 To obtain specimens, the most satisfactory method is to rear them from the larval stage ; better 
 specimens are secured, and their life history and affinities can only thus be accurately studied. This 
 method, moreover, will always prove of great interest and give much instruction to the observer. 
 
 In searching for larvx, it should be remembered that every part of a plant supports them ; some 
 feed on the leaves, others on the stem, bark, flowers, seeds, roots, fungi, lichens (many lichen feeders 
 mimic their food, or pile it on their backs), dead tissue, such as cloth, dried specimens, dead leaves, &c. 
 A great many Tinex pass their whole larval stage between the inner and outer cuticles of leaves. Many 
 larvae can only be obtained at night, by means of the sweeping net, which is strongly made of canvas 
 and swept rapidly backwards and forwards, over low herbage. Beating the overhanging branches of 
 trees into an umbrella, or beating net, is another effective way of obtaining larvae. 
 
 Preserving Larvx. About twenty years ago, I first published instructions how to preserve larva?, by in- 
 flating them over a spirit lamp until dry. This process has since been considerably improved, and with 
 patience and practice, many beautiful specimens may be preserved. Roughly speaking, the process is as 
 follows: the larva, which should be kept without food for a day, is immersed in a strong solution of 
 alum water; the inside is pressed out on blotting paper and the empty skin inflated by means of a 
 glass pipette, over a spirit lamp enclosed in a tin box, until perfectly hard. The tin box which encloses 
 the spirit lamp, is open at the front ; the flame is kept from scorching the skin by an inner protector of per- 
 forated zinc. The pipette must be bent almost at right angles and must have a round bulb in the middle. 
 
 Pupa-digging and raking should be prosecuted during the autumn and winter, when specimens cannot 
 be obtained in the perfect state. Large isolated trees should be selected and the moss and earth from 
 immediately round the base of the trunk, should be shaken over a sheet of paper. 
 
 Many moths mimic the bark of trees, and the trunks should therefore be carefully searched, it being 
 often necessary to blow into the crevices before the insect can be dislodged and seen. An effective way 
 
iv RHOPALOCERA SIHONICA. 
 
 of dislodging moths from close low herbage, is by means of fumigators, similar to those employed in 
 conservatories. 
 
 Light is also a very productive method of obtaining moths. Gas-lamps on the outskirts of towns yirl<l 
 an abundant harvest, and a light ladder should be carried, in order to take off the specimens by means of the 
 Cyanide Bottle. I may mention that it is as well to inform the police what the collector is after, and to carry 
 a box of matches to relight any lamps, that may be accidentally extinguished. A powerful lamp, enclosed 
 in a glass house, elevated in a conspicuous position on a pole, under which is a white cotton cloth, 
 will, on favorable nights, attract a host of specimens, many of which will be found seated on 
 the cloth. There are many forms of moth traps constructed on the principle of eel traps, so 
 that a moth once entering cannot escape ; they are baited either with sugar or a light. Many 
 species can usually only be taken at sugar, or the blossoms of certain flowers. Sugar is 
 made by mixing black-sugar with Japanese sake, adding a little rum and beer. This is smeared 
 on the trunks of trees just before dusk ; the trees are visited, and the specimens taken off in the 
 Cyanide Bottle, by the aid of the light of a lantern ; on favourable nights immense numbers of insects of 
 all orders, visit the sugar, but at other times hardly an insect is to be seen. Pine and cedar trees are 
 generally unproductive. The evening primrose (CE not hero) is the best flower for hawk-moths, and is in 
 blossom for a long time. The most attractive flower in the spring is the Stachyurus pr&cox, the branches 
 of which should be gently shaken into a large flat umbrella. Ivy blossom should be similarly treated in 
 the autumn. Sallow catkins are the favourite flowers, in the spring, in Great Britain, but are rarely visited 
 by moths in Japan. 
 
 An accurate registerof all specimens obtained should be carefully kept. This is easily effected by means 
 of numbers. A key or reference number is given to each species, and a subsidiary number to each specimen 
 captured ; the first number gives the page of the register, and against the second is written, in the register, 
 a record of.the time and place of capture, together with any notes concerning the habits of the insect. I 
 have seen many collections, which have been made with great expenditure of time and trouble, but 
 without a register being kept by the collector, the specimens of which, might, so far as their practical value 
 was concerned, have been so many pieces of painted paper. Mere specimens have no intrinsic value ; it is 
 the facts concerning them which are of instruction and value. 
 
 NOMENCLATURE. 
 
 I have a few remarks to make concerning Nomenclature. In theory a combination of the generic 
 and specific name should denote a particular species, but unfortunately in practice exactly the opposite, in 
 very many instances, is the case. This is owing to the misdirected zeal of " species makers " who multiply 
 genera and species out of all reason. The evil is an ever increasing one, and it is no unusual thing for 
 twenty or more names to be applied to a single species, necessitating the use of formidable lists of 
 
RHOPALOCERA NIIIONICA. 
 
 synonyms. Mr. Strickland many years ago attempted to remedy the evil in the Stricklandian Code, 
 approved of by the British Association, but one of the results of his well-meant endeavour, has been the 
 revival of obsolete names, together with those of the long forgotten 'godfather.' The only true test for a 
 name is its general use, and no regard should be given to any sentimental consideration of the so-called ' law 
 of priority ' if it interferes with the name known to the 'greatest number.' A greater evil arises from the 
 action of certain learned individuals who, engaged in the Sisyphean labors of 'hair splitting,' obtain single 
 specimens from little known localities, to which they hasten to tag new names, without sufficient investi- 
 gation or material. This leads me to speculate why people of this class are so exceedingly anxious to 
 ' name new species.' It seems to me they attach some particular honor or self glorification to the 
 performance, as if they thought they were thereby erecting a monument to perpetuate their own puerile 
 work a strangely false idea! a name being once established, no further interest is felt in the 'godfather.' 
 I will venture the statement that, 100 years hence, no one will trouble their heads whether ' But.' or 'Tub.' 
 is the abbreviation of the describer's name of any insect from Japan or elsewhere. No doubt the mere 
 museographist is a necessity, as, without his aid, the naturalist's time would be too greatly taken up in the 
 purely mechanical work of classification and description, but that a describer should attempt to arrogate 
 to himself any particular scientific honour is absurd. It is as if the mechanic who makes the brass 
 tube for a telescope, should, in consequence, consider himself equal to the Herschel who uses it. 
 
NOTES BY PUBLISHERS. 
 
 A. An eleventh Plate had evidently been contemplated by the Author, with the view of making the 
 work still more complete, and of embracing two species given in Mr. J. H. Leech's paper "On the Butter- 
 flies of Japan and Corea (Proc. Z.S. I May 3rd, 1887.) But as the delineation of the species had not 
 been completed by the Author, his Executors do not feel justified in producing the intended Plate. 
 The sketch plan of the intended plate as left by the author is as follows : 
 
 9 Papilio Memnon, Linn. male. PI. 2, fig. I is the female. 
 
 QA Papilio Mikado, Leech (P.Z.S., 1887, PI. 35, fig. i). 
 
 Regarding this new species Mr. Leech writes I.e. p. 406 : " I took a specimen about 2Oth May near 
 Kagoshima, in the province of Satsuma. The nearest allied species is P. Empylus." 
 
 10 Litehdorfia puziloi, Ersch. 
 
 Already figured (PI. 1, fig. 10), but apparently not to the author's satisfaction. 
 
 30 Nephanda fusca, Brem or Grey. Male. 
 The female is figured (PI. 4, fig. 2). 
 
 53 Lycxna argits, Linn. Violet-colored male. 
 
 Three figures have already been given of this species (PI. 5, figs. 1A, IB, 1C). 
 
 59 Lycxna iburiensis, But. 
 
 Already figured (PI. 5, fig. 5). 
 
 72 Neptis lucilla, Scliiff. Southern form. 
 
 Northern form figured already (PI. 6, fig. 5). 
 
 95 Argynnis sagana, Doubl. Female. 
 The male is figured PI. 8, fig. 3. 
 
 iiSA Plesioneura curvifascia, Feld. 
 
 Mr. Leech writes as follows, P. Z.S. I.e. p. 427 : " This species which is new to Japan, occurs plenti- 
 fully in a small ravine close to the sea, near the port for Kumamoto in Kiushu. I found the specimens just 
 out in May." 
 
 Regarding Pterygospedea sinica, Feld., of which Mr. Leech, I.e. p. 428, says there are specimens 
 from Nikko in the British Museum: there is a note in the author's handwriting stating that if the specimens 
 in question are from Mr. Maries, they are probably Chinese, and not Japanese. 
 
VIII 
 
 RHOPALOCERA N I MONICA. 
 
 B. Below is given an extract from a letter by Mr. Oliver Janson in reply to the Author's enquiries, 
 which was received by the Executors after his death : 
 
 I received your skippers * * *. The following is a list of them with the corrected names: 
 No. i (PI. 10, fig. I3\.) = herciilea, But. (male.) 
 
 No. i 
 
 (PI. 
 
 10, fig. 
 
 '3B.) 
 
 = herciilea, 
 
 But. (female.) 
 
 No. 2 
 
 (PI. 
 
 10, fig. 
 
 I4A.) 
 
 = ochrana, 
 
 Brem. (male.) 
 
 No. 2 
 
 (PI. 
 
 10, fig. 
 
 I 4 B.) 
 
 = rikuchina 
 
 , But. (female.) 
 
 No. 3 
 
 
 
 (PI. 
 
 10, fig. 
 
 l6A.) 
 
 flo f in da, 
 
 But. (male.) 
 
 No. 3 
 
 (PI. 
 
 10, fig. 
 
 l6B.) 
 
 = florinda, 
 
 But. (female.) 
 
 No. 4 
 
 (PI. 
 
 10, fig. 
 
 1 8) 
 
 = sylvatica, 
 
 Brem. (male.) 
 
 No. 4 
 
 (PI. 
 
 10, fig. 
 
 .8) 
 
 = sylvatica, 
 
 Brem. (female.) 
 
 No. 5 
 
 (PI. 
 
 10, fig. 
 
 5) 
 
 = leonina, But. (male.) 
 
 ERRATA. 
 
 PAGE. LINE. 
 
 18 
 1 1 
 
 IO 
 2 
 
 17 
 17 
 
 6 
 8 
 
 12 
 
 '7 
 12 
 
 7 
 
 For primarilly read primarily. 
 
 From boitoin. For Men. read Men. 
 
 From bottom. For dehaani read dehaanii. 
 
 For (I'l. 3, fig. 2), read (PI. 3, fig. i). 
 
 For alicinous read alciuous. 
 
 For (PI. 3, fig. 8), read (PI. 3, fig. 3). 
 
 From bottom. For/;/,? rapid, ready?;;*, rapid. 
 
 For Z. and Z. read S. and Z. 
 
 For Lucdorfia read Luehdorfia. 
 
 For Parnassus read I'arnassius. 
 
 For Men. read Men. 
 
 From bottom. For Sink read Link. 
 
 PAGE. 
 
 LIN 
 
 7 
 
 3 
 
 7 
 
 '5 
 
 8 
 
 16 
 
 8 
 
 14 
 
 8 
 
 1 1 
 
 9 
 
 7 
 
 9 
 
 16 
 
 IO 
 
 7 
 
 1 1 
 
 6 
 
 21 
 
 5 
 
 24 
 
 15 
 
 3 
 
 '3 
 
 For A/i?. read Men. 
 
 From bottom. For Spring read Spri'i^. 
 
 From bottom. For J/*. read" /V/. 
 
 From bottom. For maresi read mariesi. 
 
 From bottom. For /!/>N. read /)/#'. 
 
 For immutitality read immutability. 
 
 For real)' read really. 
 
 For yl/<?. read M.en. 
 
 For fig. i. 2. read fig. I A, IB. 
 
 Fof 0;/ read '. 
 
 After the word year add /.c. 1886. 
 
 Add (I'l. 10, fig. 24). 
 
INDEX. 
 
 No. 
 
 Amblvpodia japonica, Murray 27 
 
 loomisi, H. Fryer 29 
 
 tui-bata, But 28 
 
 Anthocharis scolymus, But 15 
 
 Apatura ilia, Schifl 62 
 
 Aporia cratagi, Linn 12 
 
 Aigvnnis adippe, Linn 92 
 
 ,, aglaia, Linn 91 
 
 anadyomene, Feld 9-1 
 
 daphne, SchifT 90 
 
 Liodice, Pall 97 
 
 tifi-ippe, Feld 93 
 
 niphe, Linn 89 
 
 ,, paphia. Linn 96 
 
 ruslana, Motsch 98 
 
 ,, sagana, Doubl 95 
 
 AtcUa phalanta,T)r\\\}' 88 
 
 Cccnonympha ccdipus, Fab 117 
 
 Colias hyale, Linn 20 
 
 ,, paheno, Linn 19 
 
 Curetis acitta, Moore 26 
 
 Cyclopides ornatus, Brem 133 
 
 Cy rest is thyodamas, Boisd 67 
 
 Dai m io lethvs, Murray 120 
 
 Dan a is tvtia, Gray 99 
 
 Dickorragia nesimachus, Boisd 61 
 
 Dipsas jonasi, Janson 33 
 
 ,, lutca 32 
 
 sicpestriata, Hew 31 
 
 Erelid sedakovii, Ev 106 
 
 No. 
 
 Enripus char on da, Hew 63 
 
 ,, japonica, Feld 64 
 
 Hesperia comma, Linn 128 
 
 Hesperia flava, Murray 131 
 
 ,, leonina, But 129 
 
 ,, rikuchina, But. 130 
 
 ,, sylvatius, Esp 127 
 
 . -f/- ? 132 
 
 Ismene benjamini, Gudr n8 
 
 Lasiommala epimenides, Men ni 
 
 Lethe diana, But 113 
 
 ,, sicelis, Hew 112 
 
 Libythea lepita, Moore 60 
 
 Leucophasia sinapis, Linn .-. 16 
 
 Limenitis populi, Linn ; 6c 
 
 ,, sibvlla, Linn 66 
 
 L\ccsna agon, SchifT r^ 
 
 Lycama argia, Mdn 52 
 
 argiades, Pall 51 
 
 arg/olits, Linn cr 
 
 ,, argus. Linn 53 
 
 ,, bcctica, Linn 50 
 
 euphemus, Hb 58 
 
 iburiensis, But 59 
 
 lycormas, But 56 
 
 ., (?) ogasawaraensis, H. Fryer 25 
 
 Pryeri, Murray 57 
 
 Luehdorfia puziloi, Ersch 10 
 
 Melanilis ismtni, Moore 100 
 
 /f(/(Z, Linn . 101 
 
RHOPALOCERA NIHONICA. 
 
 No. 
 IO2 
 
 86 
 
 Melanitis n. sp. ? 
 
 Rlelitaa athalia, Rott 
 
 phcebe, Schiff 8 5 
 
 n.tp.f 87 
 
 Miletus hamada, Druce 2 4 
 
 Mycalesis go lama, Moore IO 3 
 
 ,, perdiccas, Hew 104 
 
 Neope calipteris. But Il6 
 
 gaschkevitschii, Me"n i'5 
 
 Kept is aceris, Lep 68 
 
 alwina, Brem., Grey 7 1 
 
 txcellens, But 69 
 
 lucilla, Schiff: 72 
 
 prveri, But 7 
 
 Niphandafusca, Brem., Grey 3 
 
 Nisoniades montanus, Brem T 37 
 
 Pamphila guttaia, Brem 124 
 
 ,, jansonis. But 126 
 
 ,, lamprospilus,e\<.\ 122 
 
 maihias.Fab 121 
 
 ,, pellucida, Murray 125 
 
 ,, varia, Murray 123 
 
 Papilio a hinou s, Klug 6 
 
 ,, demetrius, Cr 4 
 
 ,, helenus, Linn : 7 
 
 ,, maacki, Men 3 
 
 ,, machaon, Linn i 
 
 macilenlus, Janson 5 
 
 ,, memtion, Linn 8 
 
 ,, sarpedon, Linn 9 
 
 xuthus, Linn _ 2 
 
 Pararge achine, Scop 108 
 
 ,, deidamia, Ev 109 
 
 ,, maackii, Brem 1 10 
 
 Ftii'iiassius glac tali's, But n 
 
 Pieris tiapi, Linn 14 
 
 rapae, Linn 13 
 
 Polvommatus phltzas, Linn 49 
 
 Pronophila schrenkii, Men 114 
 
 No. 
 
 Pyrgus inachus,M.n ..................................... 134 
 
 Pylhauria chrysccglia, But ............................... 1 19 
 
 Rhodocera acuminata, Feld ............................... 18 
 
 maxima, But .................................. 17 
 
 Salyrus dry as, Scop ........................................ 107 
 
 Syrichthus maculalus, Brem ............................ 135 
 
 ,, sinicus .......................................... '3" 
 
 Terias bethesba, Janson .................................... 23 
 
 Terias biformis, H. Fryer (page 21) ............... 22, 23 
 
 Terias Ice/a, Boisd ........................................ 22 
 
 Terias multiformis, H. Fryer ........................... 21 
 
 Thecla arata, Brem ........................................ 38 
 
 attilia, Brem ........................................ 39 
 
 ,, butlen',}<<i\\i ........................................ 46 
 
 ,, enthea, Janson .................................... 4O 
 
 ,, frivaldszkyi, Led .................................. 48 
 
 ibara, But ........................................... 45 
 
 ,, japonica, Murray ................................. 35 
 
 mera, Janson ....................................... 43 
 
 orienlalis, Murray ................................. 36 
 
 ,, orsedice, But ........................................ 44 
 
 ,, pruni, Linn ........................................ 4 2 
 
 signala,~B^ ................................. ....... 47 
 
 ,, saphirina, Stdgr .................................. 37 
 
 ,, smaragdina, Brem .............................. 34 
 
 w. album, Knoch .................................. 4i 
 
 Vanessa antiopa, Linn ..................................... 81 
 
 burej'ana, Brem .................................. 74 
 
 c. album, Linn .................................. 75 
 
 82 
 77 
 
 ,, cardui, Linn ................. -. 
 
 c. aureum, Linn 
 
 ,, charonia, Drury .................... ............. 84 
 
 io, Linn ........................................... 8o 
 
 ,, levana, Linn ..................................... 73 
 
 ,, urtica, Linn ..................................... 79 
 
 v. album Hiibn .................................. 7^ 
 
 ,, xanthomelas, Schiff ............................ 7^ 
 
 Ypthima baldus, Fab ..................................... IO 5 
 
INDEX TO PLATES. 
 
 PLATE i. 
 
 I A. 
 
 Papilio machaon, Linn. (Papilionidce) 
 
 
 
 15 
 
 
 machaon or early spring form ... 
 
 3 
 
 I 
 
 16 
 
 IB. 
 
 ,, Linn. (Papilionidae) 
 
 
 
 
 
 hippocrates or summer form ... 
 
 3 
 
 I 
 
 
 2A. 
 
 xuthus, Linn. (Papilionidae) 
 
 
 
 i 
 
 
 xuihulus or early spring form... 
 
 3 
 
 2 
 
 2 
 
 2B. 
 
 ,, ,, Linn. (Papilionidae) 
 
 
 
 3 
 
 
 xuthus or summer form 
 
 3 
 
 2 
 
 
 3 
 
 maacki Men. (Papilionidas) .... 
 
 3 
 T. 
 
 .2 
 
 4A. 
 
 J 
 
 
 J 
 
 J 
 
 4B. 
 
 9 
 
 sarpedon, \j\nn. do. 
 
 5 
 
 9 "' 
 
 5 
 
 10 
 
 Luehdorfia puziloi, Ersch. do. 
 
 5 
 
 10 
 
 6 
 
 
 
 
 
 7 
 
 
 PLATE 2. 
 
 
 
 SA. 
 
 i 
 
 Papilio memnon, Linn. (Papilionidae) 
 
 4 
 
 8 
 
 
 2 
 
 helenus, Linn. (Papilionidae) 
 
 4 
 
 7 
 
 SB. 
 
 
 Colias pal&no Linn. (Pieridae) 
 
 7 
 
 19 
 
 
 
 
 
 s 
 
 
 4 A 
 
 ,, hyale, Linn., spring form (Pieridae). 
 
 8 
 
 20 
 
 
 4B 
 
 ,, summer form (Pieridse) 
 
 8 
 
 20 
 
 IA. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Rhodocera mavima, But. (Pieridae) 
 
 7 
 
 17 
 
 I B. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 6 
 
 acuminata, Feld. (Pieridae) 
 
 7 
 
 18 
 
 2 
 
 7 
 
 Leucophasia sinapis, Linn. (Pieridae) 
 
 7 
 
 16 
 
 3 
 
 8 
 
 ,, j j 
 
 7 
 
 ,6 
 
 4 
 
 9 A 
 
 Terias multiformis, H. Pryer. (Pieridae) ... 
 
 8 
 
 21 
 
 5 
 
 9 B 
 
 do. 
 
 8 
 
 T' 
 
 6A. 
 
 10 
 
 biformis, H. Pryer. T. laeta, Boisd. 
 
 ,0 
 
 C 
 
 6B. 
 
 II 
 
 ,, T. bethesba, Janson 
 
 ioj 
 
 2 3 
 
 7A. 
 
 I 7 
 
 Miletus hama.da Druce (Lycaenidae) 
 
 IO 
 
 24 
 
 7 B - 
 
 I - 
 
 13 
 
 Lycana (?) ogasaiuarensis, H. Pryer. 
 
 
 
 7c. 
 
 
 (Lvcaenidse) . 
 
 10 
 
 25 
 
 71). 
 
 FIG. PAGE. No. 
 
 14 Amblvpodia jiiponica, Murray (Lycaenidae). n 27 
 
 loomisi, H. Pryer. do. n 29 
 
 turbata, But. do. n 28 
 
 4 
 
 5 
 6 
 
 15 
 15 
 
 PLATE 3 . 
 
 Papilio demetrius, Cr. (Papilionidae) 
 
 ,, macilentus, Janson. (Papilionidae) 
 
 ,, alcinous, King do. 
 Anthocharis scolymus, But. (Pieridae) 
 
 i 
 
 Parnassius glacialis, But. (Papilionidae) .. 
 
 Pieris rapm. Linn. (Pieridse) 6 13 
 
 Aporia craicegi, Linn. (Pieridae) 5 12 
 
 SA. Pieris napi, Linn. />. megameru, But. 
 
 (Pieridae) 6 14 
 
 SB. Pieris napi. Linn. p. melete, Me"n 6 14 
 
 PLATE 4. 
 Curetis acuta, Moore. 
 
 Niphandafiisca, Brem & Grey, do 
 Dipsas scepestriata, Hew. 
 
 lutea, Hew. 
 
 jonasi, Janson. 
 Thecla smaragdina, Brem. 
 
 ) ) i > > 
 
 ,, japonica, Murray. 
 
 caanidae)... 
 
 ii 
 
 26 
 
 do. 
 
 1 1 
 
 26 
 
 do. 
 
 13 
 
 3 
 
 do. 
 
 13 
 
 3i 
 
 do. 
 
 13 
 
 3 2 
 
 do. 
 
 13 
 
 33 
 
 do. 
 
 '3 
 
 34 
 
 do. 
 
 13 
 
 34 
 
 do. 
 
 14 
 
 35 
 
 do. 
 
 
 3S 
 
 do. 
 
 
 J J 
 
 3S 
 
 do. 
 
 
 J J 
 
 3S 
 
XII 
 
 RHOPALOCERA NIIIONICA. 
 
 Fir.. 
 8A. 
 
 SB. 
 9A. 
 98. 
 
 10 
 
 1 1 
 
 12 
 14 
 '5 
 
 16 
 
 7 
 18 
 
 13 
 
 19 
 
 20 
 
 21 
 
 22 
 
 2 3 A. 
 
 238. 
 
 24 A. 
 
 24B. 
 
 240. 
 
 25A. 
 2 5 B. 
 
 IA. 
 IB. 
 1C. 
 
 2 
 
 3 A - 
 SB. 
 
 4A. 
 4B. 
 
 5 
 6 
 
 7 
 8 
 
 9 
 10 
 
 Thecla orientalis, Murray. (Lycaenidae) 
 
 ,, ,, ,- do. 
 
 ,, saphirina, Sulgr. do. 
 
 ,, ,, do. 
 
 ,, arata, Brem. do. 
 
 ,, allilia, ,, 
 
 enihea, Janson. 
 
 w-album, Knocli. 
 
 ,, pruni, Linn. 
 
 mera, Janson. 
 
 ,, orsedice, But. 
 
 ibara, 
 
 ,, butleri, Pent. 
 
 ,, signata, But. 
 
 frivaldszkyi, Led. 
 Polyommalus phlixas, Linn. 
 Lyccena bcetica, Linn. 
 
 ,, argiadfs, Pall. 
 
 PAOE. 
 . 14 
 
 14 
 
 argia, Men. 
 
 do. 
 do. 
 do. 
 do. 
 do. 
 do. 
 do. 
 do. 
 do. 
 do. 
 do. 
 do. 
 do. 
 do. 
 do. 
 do. 
 do. 
 do. 
 do. 
 
 15 
 
 '5 
 15 
 15 
 15 
 15 
 15 
 16 
 
 16 
 16 
 16 
 16 
 i7 
 17 
 17 
 17 
 
 argiolus, Linn. 
 > 
 
 PLATE 5. 
 LyccEtia argus, Linn. (Lycanidae) 
 
 ,, ,, ,, do. .......... 
 
 ,, ,, do. 
 
 ,, agon, Schiff. do. 
 
 Lyccena lycormas, But. do. 
 
 ,i ,, ,, do. 
 
 eitphemus, Hb. do. 
 
 ,, ,, ,, do. 
 
 ,, iburiensis, But. do. 
 
 Etiripus charonda, Hew. (Nymplialidae) 
 
 Limeiiitis populi, Linn. do. 
 
 Euripus japonica, Feld. do. 
 
 Apalura ilia, Schiff. do. 
 
 Dichorragia nesimachus, Boisd. do. 
 
 18 
 
 18 
 
 18 
 18 
 
 '9 
 
 22 
 23 
 23 
 22 
 
 No. 
 36 
 
 3 
 
 37 
 37 
 38 
 
 39 
 40 
 
 42 
 43 
 44 
 45 
 46 
 
 47 
 48 
 
 49 
 5 
 5' 
 
 52 
 
 52 
 55 
 
 55 
 
 53 
 53 
 53 
 54 
 56 
 56 
 58 
 58 
 59' 
 63 
 65 
 64 
 62 
 61 
 
 FIB. 
 I 1 
 
 12 
 
 '3 
 
 H 
 
 15 
 
 16 
 
 Vanessa burefana, Brem. (Nymplialidae). 
 levana, Linn. do. 
 
 Libythea lepita, Moore (Lemonidse) 
 
 Cyreslis thyodamas, Boisd. (Nymplialidae) 
 Limenitis sibylla, Linn. do. 
 Lycana pryeri, Murray. (Lycasnidse) 
 
 P.UiE. No. 
 
 . 25 74 
 
 24 73 
 
 .21 6O 
 
 23 67 
 
 23 66 
 
 - 18 75 
 
 i 
 
 2 
 
 3 
 
 4 
 5 
 
 6A. 
 
 6n. 
 
 7A. 
 7B. 
 
 8 
 
 9 
 
 10 
 1 1 
 
 i 
 
 2 
 
 3 
 4 
 
 5 
 6 
 
 7 
 SA 
 
 SB. 
 
 9 
 
 10 
 ii 
 
 12 
 
 I 
 
 IA 
 2 
 
 PLATE 6. 
 
 Neptis aceris, Lep. (Nymphalida;) .. 
 
 excellens, But. do. 
 
 ,, pryeri, But. do. 
 
 Neptis alwina, Brem., Grey. do. 
 
 Kept is hicilla, Schiff. do. 
 
 Vanessa c-album, Linn. do. 
 
 ,, ,, do. 
 
 Vanessa c-aureiim, Linn. do. 
 
 urticix Linn. do. 
 
 ,, v-albnm, Hubn. do. 
 
 ,, xanlhomelas, Schiff. do. 
 
 ,, 10, Linn. do. 
 
 PLATE 7. 
 Vanessa antiopa, Linn. (Nymphalidae) .. 
 
 ,, cardui, Linn. 
 callirhoe, Fab. 
 ,, charonia, Drury. 
 Alelilcca phcr.be, Schjff. 
 athalia, Rott. 
 
 ? 
 Argynnis niphe, Linn. 
 
 do. 
 do. 
 do. 
 do. 
 do. 
 do. 
 do. 
 do. 
 do. 
 do. 
 do. 
 do. 
 
 ,, daphne, Schiff 
 Atella phalania, Drury. 
 Argynnis aglaia, Linn. 
 
 adippe, Linn. 
 
 PLATE 8. 
 
 Argynnis nerippe, Feld. (Nymphalidae).. 
 . ., ,, (do.) 
 
 ,, anadyomene, Feld. (do.) 
 
 24 68 
 
 24 69 
 
 24 70 
 
 24 71 
 
 24 72 
 
 2 5 75 
 ... 75 
 
 25 77 
 ... 77 
 
 26 79 
 
 25 76 
 
 26 78 
 26 80 
 
 26 Si 
 
 26 82 
 
 26 83 
 
 27 S 4 
 27 85 
 27 86 
 
 27 87 
 
 28 89 
 ... 89 
 ... 90 
 
 27 88 
 
 28 91 
 ... 92 
 
 28 93 
 
 - 93 
 
 ... 94 
 
RHOPALOCERA N I II ON 1C A. 
 
 XIII 
 
 FlU. I'.KiE. NO. 
 
 3 Argyiinis sagana, Doubl. (Nymplialidae) 95 
 
 4 papliia, Linn. (do.) ... 29 96 
 
 5 laodice, Pall. (do.) 97 
 
 6 ,, ruslana, Motsch. (do.) 98 
 
 7 Meltinitis ismfiie, Moore. (Satyridae) ... 30 100 
 
 ,, lu/a, Linn. (do.) ... 30 101 
 
 y /)jfiaii lyti'i, Gray. (Danaidae) ... 29 99 
 
 PLATE 9. 
 
 1 Mycalcsis golama, Moore (Satyridce) 30 103 
 
 2 ,, perdiccas. Hew. do. 104 
 
 3 ypthima bahlus, Fab. do. 105 
 
 4\. Erebia sedakovii, Ev. do. 31 106 
 
 413. do. 106 
 
 5 Salyrus drvas, Scop. do. 107 
 
 6 Pararge achine, Scop. do. 108 
 
 7 ,, deidamia,TLv. do. 109 
 
 nuiackii, Brem. do. lio 
 
 9 LasiommataipimenideSjWlifi. do. 111 
 
 10 Lethe sicelis, Hew. do. 32 112 
 
 11 Neope gaschkei'itschii, Men. do. 115 
 
 12 Lethe diana, But. do. 113 
 
 PLATE 10. 
 
 1 Pronophila schrenkii, Min. (Satyridae) 32 114 
 
 2 Neope calipteris, But. do 116 
 
 3 CIK /I/my mpha icdipus, Feb. do 117 
 
 FIG. PAGE. No. 
 
 4 Ismtnt btnjaminl, Gudr. (Hesperitlse) ...... 33 ri8 
 
 5A. Pythauna chrysa'glia, But. do. ......... 119 
 
 SB. ...... - ... 119 
 
 6 Daimio tcthys, Murray do. ......... 120 
 
 7 1'amphila mathias, Fab. do. ......... 121 
 
 8 lamprospilus, Feld. do. ......... 122 
 
 9 ,, varia, Murray do. ......... 123 
 
 10 gttttata, Brem. do. ...... 34 124 
 
 11 ,, pellucida, Murray do. ......... 125 
 
 12 ,, Jansonis, But. do. ......... 126 
 
 i3/\. Hesperia sylvantis, Esp. do. ......... 127 
 
 I4A. 
 I4B. 
 
 comma, Linn. do. 
 
 ......... 128 
 
 ......... 128 
 
 ......... 129 
 
 ......... 130 
 
 ......... 130 
 
 ...... 35 131 
 
 ......... 132 
 
 15 leonina, But. do. 
 
 i6A. ,, rikuchina, But. do. 
 160. 
 
 17 flava, Murray do. 
 
 18 ,, sp. ? do. 
 
 19 Cyclopidts ornatus, Brem. do. ......... 133 
 
 20 Pyrgus inachus, M^n. do. ......... 134 
 
 21 Syrichthus macula/us, Brem. & Grey (Hes- 
 
 peridae) .......................................... 135 
 
 22 Syrichthus sinicus (Hesperidas) ............... 136 
 
 23 Nisoniades monlanus, Brem. (Hesperidae) ..... 137 
 
 24 Melanitis n. sp. f (Satyridas) .................. 30 102 
 
RHOPALOCERA NIHONICA. 
 
 Order LEPIDOPTERA. 
 Sub-order RHOPALOCERA. 
 
 The order Lepidoptera is divided into two sub-orders, Rhopalocera and Heterocera. The former 
 includes all the butterflies and the latter all the moths. Butterflies can be roughly distinguished from 
 moths by the following points : They are almost without exception day flyers, and always have more or 
 less clubbed antennae. Moths fly day and night, and generally have simple or pectinated antennas. This 
 is not, however, an invariable rule, as we have many families of moths with antennas thickened towards 
 the point. 
 
 This book treats of the butterflies only, and is the result of sixteen years' constant attention to the 
 group in every part of these islands. 
 
 The butterflies of Japan are a particularly interesting study, not alone to the Entomologist, but also 
 to the general student. We have in this country direct evidence of the transmutation of species, many 
 Japanese butterflies appearing under perfectly distinct alternate forms at different times of the year; these 
 forms of the same insect are often more distinct than undoubted species of the same family. 1 have 
 proved, by breeding, that this multiplicity of form is caused by temperature affecting the insect during 
 its larval stage, and I have produced them artificially. I have styled them temperature forms. The reason 
 of these strange temperature forms appearing naturally, in Japan, is primarily owing to the exceptional 
 amount of change in climate which takes place during the year, and also to the geographical position and con- 
 formation of this country. It is, and has been for long ages, a veritable battlefield in the struggle for exist- 
 ence for the species inhabiting it. At a not very remote period, geologically considered, these islands 
 appeared above the waves as a chain of high mountain peaks, relics of an ancient continent, similar in 
 appearance to what we see the Kurile Islands now are on the map ; the spaces between these old peaks 
 have been filled in principally by recent volcanic agency. 
 
 \ 
 
RHO PALO CERA MHOMCA . 
 
 The fauna is decidedly Palasarctic, but we have a good many wanderers from the Oriental region. 
 We have in Japan an admixture of tropical, temperate, and arctic species meeting together in the same 
 area, many of which still continue to find their way here by different routes, this being doubtless the 
 cause of another peculiarity in the Japanese fauna, to which I have called attention under the heading of 
 " dual " or twin species. That communication is continuous, is evident from the fact that we find some 
 species presenting no points of difference, while in others it is most marked ; the former are able to 
 breed true to their ancestral type, owing to frequent immigration, and those which differentiate most 
 strongly have been isolated longest. Butterflies exhibit forms in process of transmutation in greater 
 numbers than perhaps any other class of organizations, for, from their structure and wandering habits, 
 they are able to spread over large areas, and, during the space of a single year, many species pass through 
 several generations. They are thus constantly subjected, in the never-ceasing battle of life, to ever-varying 
 conditions of existence. 
 
 I have met with some amount of opposition to my views on this subject from the hands of closet 
 naturalists, who are accustomed to " museum series " only, the dispute between the field observer and 
 the book-making describer being, even yet, very keen. 
 
 So many new systems of classification having been proposed of late years, I think I need not apolo- 
 gize for using in this book an old one, which, notwithstanding many defects, is at any rate the most con- 
 venient for my purpose. 
 
 My specimens have all been named by Messrs. Butler and O. Janson, and 1 am therefore not 
 accountable for any errors in nomenclature, but at the same time I must call attention to the fact that 
 many specimens named as distinct by Mr. Butler have afterwards proved to be forms of long known 
 species, and, where I have been able to detect these errors, I have included them in the list of synonyms. 
 
 The following Families are represented in Japan : 
 
 Papilionidae it species. 
 
 Pieridae 12 ,, 
 
 Lycaenidse 36 ,, 
 
 Lemoniidae i ,, 
 
 Nymphalidae 38 ,, 
 
 Danaidae i )( 
 
 Saty ridse 1 8 ,, 
 
 Hesperidae 20 ,, 
 
RIIOI'A LOCERA XI HONK '. \ . 
 
 Family PAPILIONIDvE. 
 Genus I'Al'IUO. 
 
 1. Papilio machaon, L. (Pi. i. fig. I-A, i-u.) 
 
 iisiiificti, But. 
 Hippocrates, Fcld. 
 
 Localities Main Island, Ye/o. 
 
 Food plants Cultivated nmbellifeiae, carrot, fennel, &c. 
 
 '1'ime of appearance From Maich until tlie end of summer. 
 
 The first imago appear in March from larva which have fed up late in the preceding autumn. These 
 March specimens are invariably small and light colored (fig. I-B), and are the machaon form. As the summer 
 advances the successive broods increase in size and depth of coloration until August, when the hippocrates 
 (fig. I-A) form appears. It is a very abundant insect, and often strips fields of carrots of their leaves. 
 
 2. Papilio zuthus, L. (PI. i, fig. 2- A, 2- u.) 
 
 xut/iiihis, Brein. 
 
 Localities Main Island. 
 
 Food plants -'E^le sepiaiia O.C., Xanlhnxylon schlnnifolium S. & /.. 
 
 Time of appearance From March until tlie end of summer. 
 
 Like the preceding species, we have an early spring form, xutliulus (fig. 2-A), and a summer form, 
 xutlius (fig. 2-B). Machaon is a plant feeder, xuthus a tree feeder. The larva of the two species are very 
 different in appearance, the difference being greater even in the larval stage than in the imago. The 
 female of xutlius is dimorphic, one form being light yellow and the other much darker. 
 
 3- Papilio maacki, Men. (Pi. i, fig- 3-) 
 
 dehaani, Feld. 
 
 bianor var japunica, But. 
 
 tutanns, Fen ton. 
 
 Localities Yokohama, Yezo, and the mountains of the Main Island generally. 
 Food plant /Ex' e sepiaiia and other kinds of orange trees. 
 Time of appearance From April until the end of summer. 
 
 This beautiful insect varies greatly, from green to purple blue ; some specimens have a row of red 
 spots on the hind wing which is absent on others. It also varies greatly in size and markings. This 
 species extends furthest north of any of the black Papilios. It is an extremely difficult insect to figure. 
 The larva very much resembles that of P. xutlius, although the perfect insect differs so greatly. 
 
RHOPALOCERA NIHONICA. 
 
 4. Papilio demetrius, Cr. (Pi. 3. fig- !) 
 
 Localities Main Island. 
 
 Food plant /Egle sepiaria, D.C. 
 
 Time of appearance From April until the end of summer. 
 
 The larva is very similar to those of the two preceding species, exactly reversing the case of 
 machaon and xuthus. The hind wing of the male is ornamented with an oval greenish-white patch con- 
 cealed below the fold of the fore wing. This is, as a rule, hardly visible, but is displayed by the male 
 when courting his mate. Demetrius and macilentus are perhaps " dual " species. 
 
 5- Papilio macilentus, Janson. (Pi. 3. fi g- 2 
 
 Localities Rare about Yokohama, but more abundant in the mountains of the Main Island. 
 Time of appearance From May and during summer. 
 
 The female is very seldom to be obtained. The male, which is ornamented exactly as in the preceding 
 species, is, in its first brood, often very diminutive, and I have captured them less than half the size of the 
 female specimen figured. I have not yet found the larva. This species is specially adapted to fertilizing 
 Lilies, the pollen from the flowers, which it frequently visits, adhering to its long hind wings and tails. 
 
 6. Papilio alicinous, King. (Pi. 3. fi g-3-) 
 
 Localities Main Island. 
 
 Food plant Cocculus thunbergii, D.C. 
 
 Time of appearance From April until the end of summer. 
 
 The female of this species is dimorphic in China and the Ryukyu Islands, being sometimes nearly as 
 black as the male, and sometimes buff, but I have never seen any but the last-named form in Japan. The 
 male emits a peculiarly sweet, musky odour when alive. The female also emits a fainter odour, but to me 
 this is as unpleasant as that of the male is pleasant. It is one of the most abundant Papilios, and is easily 
 caught. The larva resembles a partially ripe mulberry, and the pupa is most beautifully sculptured. 
 
 7. Papilio Menus, L. (Pi. 2, fig. 2.) 
 
 Localities Nagasaki and Tosa. 
 
 Time of appearance May and summer. 
 
 This is a southern insect, and I have not seen it further north than the Island of Shikoku. The large 
 white patch on the hind wing makes it a very conspicuous object. It has a fine rapid, bold flight, and 
 constantly returns to the same spot. The female is. rare. 
 
 8. Papilio memnon, L. (Pi. 2, fig. i.) 
 
 Localities Nagasaki. 
 
 Time of appearance May and summer. 
 
 This is the largest Japanese butterfly. I have not seen it, in Japan, north of the Island of Kyushyu. 
 
RHOPALOCERA NIHONICA. 
 
 The male is much less ornamented than the female, and is generally jet black, with a faint red patch at 
 the base of the fore wing. The female is very conspicuous, and, from the contrast of its colours, appears 
 much larger than it really is when on the wing. A tailed form is found in China, but I have not seen it in 
 Japan. Those females I have seen here are also darker than Chinese specimens. 
 
 9- Papilio sarpedon, L. (PL i, fig- 9-) 
 
 Localities Main Island. 
 
 Food plant Machilus thtmbergii /.. and B. 
 
 Time of appearance April until the end of summer. 
 
 Very abundant. The larva feeds on the young leaves of the evergreen Machilus, their colour resem- 
 bles very closely that of -the young green leaves of this tree. 
 
 10. Luedorfia puziloi, Ersch. (Pi- ', fig- 10-) 
 
 Localities Yezo, Gifu. 
 
 Time of appearance Early in April. 
 
 This is a rare insect, and I have not yet seen a perfect specimen. It is found early in the year on 
 
 high mountains. 
 
 1 1. Parnassus glacialis, But. (Pi. 3, fig- 5.) 
 
 Localities Nikko, Yezo. 
 
 Time of appearance June, July. 
 
 This is a mountain insect. Some specimens are suffused with smoky black, and it varies greatly in 
 markings. The female often has a horny sheath to the abdomen, but I do not think the use of this has yet 
 been discovered. 
 
 Family PIERID/E. 
 
 12. Aporia crataegi, L. (Pi- 3. fi g- 7-) 
 
 Locality Yezo. 
 
 Food plant Apple trees. 
 
 Time of appearance Summer. 
 
 This is abundant in Yezo, but I have not seen it south of that Island. 
 
RHOPALOCERA NIHONICA. 
 
 13- Pieris rapx, L (Pi. 3. fi g- 6 -) 
 
 crucivora, But. 
 
 Localities All Japan. 
 
 Food plants Cultivated cruciferje, sucli as daikon (radish), cabbages, &c. 
 
 Time of appearance March to November. 
 
 Varies much in size. The Japanese specimens have been mistaken for Pieris brassicx, vide Mr. 
 Elwes, P.Z.S., Nov. I5th, 1881, but this latter species does not occur in Japan. I noticed immense 
 swarms of P. rapx flying across the Bay of Kagoshima this year, but did not see any further south. 
 
 H. Fieris napi, L. (Pi. 3. fig- S -A., 8-n.) 
 
 megamera, But. 
 nielete, Men. 
 
 Localities Main Island, Ytzo. 
 
 Food plant An uncultivated crucifer, Arabis hirsuta, Scop. 
 
 Time of appearance March to October. 
 
 The imago first appears in March, form megamera; it is then a very different looking insect from the 
 succeeding broods (form melete}. It varies in size from if inches to 3 inches. 
 
 For many years after I first commenced collecting here, I was surprized to find that what was then known 
 as megamera, only appeared once in the year, March and April, after which it entirely disappeared ; nearly 
 all the other Pieridae being many brooded. I was therefore very anxious to ascertain what became of the 
 larva from April until the next autumn, or whether it remained for the whole summer, autumn, and winter 
 in the pupa state. To obtain the unknown larva of a butterfly is a particularly difficult task ; the food 
 plant has to be discovered and the females induced to lay their eggs. By spending many days in 
 early spring watching the females, I was at last rewarded by seeing one busily depositing its eggs on 
 Arabis hirsuta, and from these I reared the entirely different form, melete. I was not unprepared for this 
 result from my discoveries of a like change of form in Papilio xutlius and xuthulus, &c. 
 
 15- Anthocaris scolymus, But. (Pi- 3, fig. 4-A., 4-6.) 
 
 Localities Yokohama, Niklco. 
 
 Food plant Cardamine sylvatica, Sink. 
 
 Time of appeaiance March, Apiil. 
 
 This insect undoubtedly only appears once during the year. There are no allied forms, and it is the 
 only representative of the genus in Japan. I know little or nothing concerning its life history beyond the 
 fact that it feeds upon a bitter cress, common in marshy situations. 
 
RHOPALOCERA NIHONICA. 
 
 1 6. Leucophasia sinapis, L. (Pi- 2, figs. 7 and 8.) 
 
 amurensis, Men. 
 vilibia, Janson. 
 
 Localities Fujisan, Asama-yama, Yezo. 
 Time of appearance July, August. 
 
 In the southern parts of the Main Island this is only found on the mountains, but in Nambu and Yezo 
 I believe it inhabits the plains. It is an open question whether vilibia is distinct from amurensis, 
 and this can only be determined by breeding. As it is not found in the Yokohama district, I have no 
 opportunity of testing this, and must leave it to entomologists more favourably situated. It is probable that 
 vilibia and amurensis are "dual" forms, if not species. I have figured the two most dissimilar speci- 
 mens I could find. 
 
 17- Ehodocera maxima, But. (PI. 2, fig. 5.) 
 
 Localities Yokohama, Olioyamn, Asama-yama. 
 Time of appearance May, July. 
 
 This has a much more robust appearance than the following, and contrary to the opinion I have 
 expressed elsewhere (Trans. Asiatic Society of Japan, May yth, 1883), I now believe it to be perfectly 
 distinct, as, during the year 1885, I captured both maxima and acuminata freshly emerged at Asama-yama, 
 and was then able to compare them under a favourable aspect, which I had not had the opportunity of doing 
 before. I have frequently obtained males only, in the spring about Yokohama, but never saw a female 
 here, and think they must be strays from the lower mountains in the vicinity. It undoubtedly hybernates. 
 
 18. Ehodocera acuminata, Peld. (Pi- 2 - fig- 6.) 
 
 Localities Nikko, Asama-yama, Yezo. 
 Time of appearance July. 
 
 This species is only found, where I have collected, at a considerable elevation, but it inhabits the 
 plains in Yezo. Many insects in South Japan are confined to the mountains, but are found lower down the 
 further we go north. I have seen none of the preceding species from Yezo, where it appears to be 
 wholly replaced by the present. In the case of maxima and acuminata we have an excellent example of 
 the "duality '' of species. 
 
 19. Colias palaeno, L. (PI- 2, fig- 3-) 
 
 Local i lies Asama-yama. 
 Time of appearance July. 
 
 This butterfly has a most extensive rang, from Iceland to Central Japan, where it has its habitat at 
 an elevation of over 6,000 feet. I have seen it commonly at the Yu-no-taira on Asama-yama. Owing to 
 
KHOPALOCEKA AY//0A7C \l . 
 
 the irregular nature of the ground, which is composed of loose, volcanic scoria;, it is most difficult to cap- 
 ture. It never seems able to stray far from this place, and may be seen beating up and down, but never 
 descending below this bleak and cold locality. 
 
 20. Colias hyale, L. (H. 2, fig. 4 - A ., 4 -n.) 
 
 simotia, Del Oiva. 
 eraie, E^p. 
 stibaurata, But. 
 elwesii, But. 
 
 Localities Main Island, Yezo. 
 
 Food plant Leguminous plnnls. 
 
 Time of appearance February to November. 
 
 This is one of the most abundant butterflies about Yokohama, and is the first harbinger of spring. It 
 may often be seen flying about a warm sunny bank by the middle of February, when the snow is still on 
 the ground. These are not hybernated specimens, but freshly emerged, as I have often taken them then 
 with their wings hardly dry. The female is dimorphic, having a yellow and a white form. The difference 
 between a summer and a winter specimen is most marked, both in colour and size. It is found commonly 
 both on the plains and mountains. I have figured an exceptionally large female of the late summer brood, 
 and a male of that appearing in February. 
 
 21. Terias multifbrmis, H. Pryer. (Pi- 2- fig. y.\, yu.) 
 
 hecnbe, L. 
 
 mandarina, Del Orza. 
 hecabeoides, Men. 
 sineiisis. 
 iiinresi, But. 
 anemone, Frl. 
 connexiva, But. 
 cesiupe. Men. 
 brenda. 
 sari, Hors. 
 
 Localities Central and South Japan. 
 Food plant Lespedeza juncea, Pers. 
 Time of appearance March (hybernated specimens) to December. 
 
 To the naturalist, this is the most interesting of all the butterflies of Japan, and therefore demands 
 a careful account of its very extraordinary life history, which I will give as fully as I have been able to 
 elucidate it. 
 
 In the first place, I find, from observations of my own and fellow workers, that no species of the genus 
 Terias have as yet crossed the Straits of Tsugaru, between Yezo and the Main Island. Mnltiformis is 
 
RlIOrALOCER. I NIHON1C. \ 
 
 found southward from Japan to Australia, and westward as far as Africa, but the Main Island of Japan is 
 probably its most northern limit. It is not known in Amurland. 
 
 Many years ago, I observed a hybernated female, of the form mandarina, depositing its eggs on 
 Lespedeza juncea. From these eggs I was greatly astonished by breeding several of the form hecabe, which 
 had been described by Linnaeus, and well known for over 100 years. This was so unexpected and contrary 
 to all the then accepted ideas concerning the immutatdity of species, that I suspected some eggs or larva 
 of hecabe had strayed into my breeding cages, and hesitated to publish my discovery without further 
 corroboration. In following years I again and again tried the same experiment, with the same results, and 
 then sent an account to the London Entomological periodicals, where the statement was, and still is, 
 received with incredulity ; but, as I am sure, it is a positive fact, and it will be easy for any one who may doubt 
 it to undertake the task of investigation. I know that several eminent describers have spent a lifetime in 
 separating the forms of this species, and they naturally feel annoyance that I should have so outrageously 
 upset their pet theories and proved that they have been engaged in a useless letting down of " bottomless 
 buckets into empty wells and drawing nothing up." A fine illustration of this sort of work is Mr. Butler's 
 paper on the Japanese Terias, published in Trans. Ent. Soc. London, 1880, Part 4, the only reafy useful 
 part of which is the coloured plate accompanying the paper ; it gives a series of forms, all multiformis. 
 
 By placing half of a brood of larva in a cool place and half in a warm one, I have simultaneously 
 produced a mixture of the two forms, some perfect hecabe (hot), and some mandarina (cold), at a time 
 of year when naturally only hecabe is found. With reference to Mr. Butler's remarks concerning 
 hybrids, Trans. Ent. Soc. London, 1880, Pt. 4, genuine hybrids do actually occur between hecabe and 
 mandarina naturally. Mandarina appears on the cold mountains much earlier than on the plains, and 
 these fly down and mix with hecabe, producing one or more broods late in the autumn, of numberless 
 intermediate varieties, showing all transitions between the two parent forms. 
 
 This insect is a most excellent illustration of the transmutation of species. If it could be transported 
 to a cold, even climate like England, only the mandarina form would be found, and its connec- 
 tion with hecabe would not even be suspected, as they differ in every respect as much as any two 
 species of the family; with an increase in temperature in Japan, mandarina would disappear, and only the 
 hecabe form would be found, as at Singapore and other tropical places where I have collected. The hecabe 
 form is one of the butterflies the males of which are supposed to be more numerous than the females, but 
 this is not a fact, as I find, when breeding them, that both sexes are about evenly represented. The males 
 are fond of settling in numbers on damp spots in pathways, or flying about in the open, and are easily 
 captured in large numbers. The females have to be sought after among the herbage and undergrowth, 
 and are much less easily found, and this is the reason of the apparent disproportion of the sexes ; the result 
 of the difference in habits of the sexes is seen in the different colour of the males and females, the males 
 are always a bright yellow and the females much lighter, the latter being much less exposed to the action of 
 light. These remarks apply only to the hecabe form, and not to mandarina. The latter appears during 
 
io RHOPALOCERA N/HONICA. 
 
 the colder period, when the habits of the two sexes are more alike, and there is, in the mandarina form, 
 less difference in the coloration of the two sexes, a number of specimens then collected at random will 
 be found to show a greater proportion of both. 
 
 In the figures, I have given the two extreme forms of mandarina and liccabe. 
 
 22. Terias laefca, Boisd. (PL 2, fig. io.) 
 
 Terias j<zgeri, Men. 
 
 Localities Main Island. 
 
 Time of appearance March to November. 
 
 A very rare variety of this, wholly yellow, is sometimes found, a counterpart of injudariiia to the 
 hecabe form of multiformis. Although a very common species, I know nothing concerning its life history, 
 and in this respect there is, in Japan, an exhaustless field of most interesting research for the naturalist. 
 The few species that I have, with the limited time at my disposal, been able to study, always yield most 
 interesting and unexpected results. 
 
 23. Terias bethesba, Janson. (Pi. 2, fig. n.) 
 
 Localities Main Island. 
 Time of appearance .Summer. 
 
 A very interesting and unvariable species, only appearing during the hot weather. Nothing is yet 
 wn of its economy. It is peculiar to Japan. 
 
 known of its economy. It is peculiar to Japan. 
 
 24. Miletus hamada, Druce. (Pi. 2, fig. 12.) 
 
 Local i lies Yokohama, Nikko. 
 
 lime of appearance Summer to October. 
 
 About Yokohama this is generally a very local species, being confined to isolated, spots. Some 
 specimens are quite black, and others from the mountains have a patch of greyish white on the fore wing. 
 It varies from f inch to ij inch. 
 
 24. Lycaena (?) ogasawaraensis, H. Pryer. (Pi. 2, fig. 13.) 
 
 Locality Ojjasawara. 
 
 lime of appearance Marcli. 
 
 In the month of March, 1878, I visited the isolated Ogasawara Islands (Bonins) on a collecting expedi- 
 
RIIOPALOCERA NIHONICA. n 
 
 tion. The only butterflies I saw there were Papilio xntlnis, form xiitliulus, Lycxna bcetica, and the 
 present, ot which latter I was fortunate enough to obtain five specimens, and, so far as is yet known, the 
 species is confined to this small group of islands. It is very peculiarly coloured, being deep blue above 
 and shining green on the under side of the hind wing, and has very long antennae. 
 
 26. Curetis acuta, Mosre. (PI- 4, fig. , 2.) 
 
 Localities Tonosawa, Tosa, Aianii, Yokohama. 
 Time of appearance September. 
 
 I have only twice seen this in the Yokohama district, but it is common in the mountains. The under 
 side is a complete contrast to the upper side, being a beautiful shining silvery white. The contrast be- 
 tween the male and female is also very marked on the upper surface, the former being coppery red and 
 the latter blue. 
 
 27- Amblypodia jap:nica, Murray, (PI- 2, fig. 14.) 
 
 Locailty Yokohama. 
 
 Time of appearance September to December and April. 
 
 I have sometimes seen this in warm corners in very cold weather, and it undoubtedly hybernates. 
 
 28. Amblypodia turbata, But. (Pi- 2, fig. 16.) 
 
 Locality Nagasaki. 
 
 I owe the example from which the specimen is figured, of this very rare species, to the generosity of 
 Mr. H. Loomis. At present it is almost unique, the only other specimen extant being in the collection of 
 the British Museum. 
 
 29. Amblypodia loomisi, H. Pryer. (Pi- 2, fig. 15.) 
 
 Locality Kanozan, in Kadzusa. 
 
 I have much pleasure in naming this interesting species after my friend Mr. Loomis, who has been 
 very successful in capturing one new and one very rare species of this very restricted genus. 
 
 The plate almost renders a description unnecessary, but for the sake of uniformity I will give a short 
 precis of the species. 
 
 Expanse i^ in.; can at once be distinguished from japonica and turbata by its much smaller size 
 and grey under side. Upper side, basal half of the fore and hind wing bright blue, remainder of the wing 
 black ; fringe of the fore wing dark, hind wing grey ; under side, on both the fore and hind wings, the spots 
 characteristic of the Lyctenida;, are united, forming four bands. 
 
RHOPALOCERA N I MONICA. 13 
 
 3- Niphanda fusca, Brem. and Grey, (Pi. 4, fig- 2-) 
 
 A^. dispar. Brem. 
 
 Localities Nikko, Fujisan. 
 
 Time of appearance June, September. 
 
 The specimen figured is the female ; the male has more sharply pointed wings, and the coloration of 
 the upper surface is dull purple. It frequents high lands and mountain slopes. 
 
 31- Dipsas saepestriata, Hew. (Pi- 4, fig- 3-) 
 
 Localities Yokohama, Tokyo. 
 Time of appearance May and June. 
 
 32. Dipsas lutea, Hew, (Pi. 4, fig- 4.) 
 
 Localities Yokohama, Niklco, Yezo, Asama yama. 
 Time of appearance May and June. 
 
 33- Dipsas jonasi, Janson, (Pi. 4, fig. 5-) 
 
 Localities Yezo, Yokokawa, Asama-yama. 
 Time of appearance June, July. 
 
 These three species form. a very beautiful and exceptional group of the Japanese Lycaenidae, and I 
 therefore treat them together. In the case of Dipsas lutea and D. jonasi, we have an undoubted case of 
 "duality." D. lutea is found both on the mountains and on the plains, but is more abundant in the 
 mountains. D. jonasi, so far as my experience goes, is a mountain insect only. D. sxpestriata, on 
 the contrary, is found on the low land only, and I have not yet seen it from Yezo. The coloration of the 
 females of all three species is very remarkable in every instance they have almost completely assumed 
 the coloration of the males, contrary to the rule in most of the Japanese Lycsenidae. The Lycaenidae, we 
 know positively, are descended from ancestors, both sexes of which were originally dull-colored, and the 
 majority of the females retain this characteristic, while the males are in many instances gaily colored ; 
 but in this group both sexes are almost exactly alike in point of beauty, the females still, however, gene- 
 rally showing a trace of their original dull color, in the black tip to the wing. All three species are most 
 active from about two hours before sunset until dusk, and during this time the males are to be seen flying 
 about the tops of the trees and engaging, often three or four at a time, in an aerial contest. 
 
 34- Thecla smaragdina, Brem. (Pi. 4, fig- 6A, 6u.) 
 
 Localities Nikko, Asama-yama, Yezo. 
 Time of appearance July, August. 
 
i 4 RHOPALOCERA NI MONICA. 
 
 35- Thecla japonica, Murray. (PI. 4, fig- 7*, 7 B > 7c, 70.) 
 
 T.fasciata. Janson. 
 T. regina. Butler. 
 
 Localities Yokohama, Aama-yama, Nikko, Yezo. 
 
 Time of appearance on tlie plains, May to July; on the mountains, July and August. 
 
 36. Thecla orientalis, Murray. (PI. 4, fig.'SA, SB.) 
 
 Localities Yokohama, Nikko, Asama-yama, Yezo. 
 Time of appearance Exactly the same as the preceding species. 
 
 37- Thecla saphirina, Stdgr, (Pi. 4. fig. QA, 93.) 
 
 Locality Yezo. 
 
 These four form another very distinct group. The males of all four are a most vivid iridescent green. 
 The females of two, T. orientalis and T. sapharina are dull brown. The female of T. smaragdina has, 
 in all the specimens I have seen, a patch of yellowish brown on the fore-wing, while the female of T. 
 japonica is polymorphic and very variable. One polymorphic form of the latter is entirely brown, 
 another has a large patch of shining blue on the fore-wing, a third has a yellowish brown patch on the 
 fore-wing, whilst a fourth has both the blue and yellowish brown ; specimens showing a mixture, in 
 every degree of variation, can often be found. Coloration of the female, however, depends greatly 
 upon temperature, as the further north we go, or the greater altitude the specimens are obtained 
 at, the more blue they will, as a rule, exhibit. Mr. Butler has been led from this cause into naming a 
 boreal form, as a distinct species ; a very uncalled for proceeding, only tending to produce further con- 
 fusion, in an already complicated group. T. otientalis has also a boreal form, with smaller and 
 sharper outline, which so far has escaped the lust of this insatiable 'species maker.' The males 
 of T. japonica are very pugnacious; the Alder is their favourite tree, and they sit on its leaves waiting 
 for any passing rival. With regard to T. smaragdina, I was of opinion that it might possibly be a 
 hybrid, but I now think this can hardly be the case, although I have had as yet, no means of testing 
 the point by breeding: but if it be not a hybrid, we have here another case of 'duality ' between it and 
 T. japonica. The best proof that T. smaragdina is probably not a hybrid, is that it is neve'r found about 
 Yokohama, where both T. oriental's and T. japonica are abundant. The normal form of the females of 
 all the four species retains the ancestral dull color, but in T. japonica there are abnormal forms, particu- 
 larly boreal, having many degrees of bright colciration, although perfectly distinct from the color 
 of the male, which is green, the female being blue. This last species is therefore evidently in a state of 
 transition. The females of the Dipsas group have attained the same amount of coloration as the males. 
 The females of Thecla japonica are undergoing the same process, although the 'species maker ' has done 
 his worst to obscure this important fact. 
 
RHOPALOCERA NIHONICA. 15 
 
 3 8 - Thecla arata, Brem. (Pi- 4, fig- 10.) 
 
 Localities Nikko, Fujisan, Gifu, Yezo. 
 Time of appearance May to July. 
 
 This is a very beautiful mountain insect. Both sexes are nearly alike. 
 
 39- Thecla attilia, Brem. (Pi. 4, fig- n) 
 
 Locality Yokohama. 
 
 Time of appearance May lo July. 
 
 This is the most abundant Thecla about Yokohama. The markings on both the upper and under 
 sides vary considerably. In many specimens there is no trace of the greyish white spots on the upper side 
 of the hind wing, and the markings on the under side differ considerably. 
 
 40. Thecla enthea, Janson. (Pi- 4, fig- 12.) 
 
 Localities Nikko, Yezo, Asama-yama. 
 Time of appearance July. 
 
 This is not uncommon at Nikko, and is abundant at Asama-yama. 
 41- Thecla w-album, Enoch. (PL 4, fig. 14.) 
 
 Strymon fentoni, But. 
 Locality Yezo. 
 
 This Thecla is common in Yezo, and varies considerably in size. Mr. Butler has unfortunately obtained 
 a rather large specimen, which he has named Strymon fentoni. It is figured in the "Aid," Part. 14, pi. 115. 
 I have several female specimens of T. w-album which correspond with the figure, and find that the white 
 line on the under side is very variable. 
 
 42. Thecla pruni, Linn. (PL 4, fig- 15-) 
 
 Locality Yezo. 
 
 I have a single example, taken by my collector in Yezo. 
 
 43- Thecla mera, Janson. (PL \, fig. 16.) 
 
 Localities Nikko, Asama-yama. 
 This is a dull-colored and somewhat rare species. 
 
 44. Thecla orsedice, But. (PL 4, fig. 17-) 
 
 Localities Nikko, Ontaki-san. 
 Time of appearance July. 
 
1 6 RHOPALOCERA N I MONICA. 
 
 This Thecla resembles in the coloration of its sexes a widely different member of the Lycaenidae, 
 Lycxna argiolus. The male is a plain blue, the female is blue with a heavy border of black. The latter is 
 excellently figured in the "Aid," Part 13, p. 107. This resemblance of coloration is very remarkable, 
 and is an example of the recurrence of similarity in the ornamentation of the sexes in two widely sepa- 
 rated species of the same group of insects. 
 
 45- Thecla ibara, But. (PL 4, fig. 18.) 
 
 Locality Nikko. 
 
 I have a single specimen from Nikko. This species is excellently figured in the "Aid," Part 14, 
 pi. 113. 
 
 46. Thecla butleri, Pent. (PL 4, fig. 13-) 
 
 Locality Yezo. 
 This is also a rare species, and I have only a single example from Yezo. 
 
 47- Thecla signata, But. (PL 4, fig. 19.) 
 
 Locality Yezo. 
 
 This species is not uncommon in Yezo. I have several specimens; they all vary considerably in the 
 markings on the under side. 
 
 48- Thecla frivaldszkyi, Led. (PL 4, fig. 20.) 
 
 Locality Yokohama. 
 
 Time of appearance March. 
 
 '1 his is one of the earliest butterflies to appear. It is far from an uncommon species, but owing to its 
 habits is very likely to be unnoticed by the collector. It has a very rapid flight, and always perches on a 
 high spray, generally having a favourite leaf from which it makes excursions, chasing any passing object 
 
 until tired, and then returning to its original perch. Only one brood appears during the year, and this 
 very often when the snow is on the ground. 
 
 49- Polyommatus phlseas, Linn, (PL 4, fig. 21.) 
 
 P. cliiiiensis, Feld. 
 P. elens, Fab. 
 
 Locality Yokohama. 
 
 Time of appearance March to November. 
 
 Food plant Rumex acelosa, Linn. . 
 
 This species varies greatly in size and coloration according to the time of year that it emerges in the 
 
RHOPALOCERA X/IIOXICA. 17 
 
 perfect slate ; early spring forms are small and brightly colored, often with a row of blue spots on the 
 back margin of the hind wing, but as the temperature increases they become larger and darker until they 
 reach a size nearly twice that of English specimens. During the hot months the males are often quite 
 black, and this continues until the last brood in November ; a difference of 20 miles is, however, sufficient 
 to account for small light-colour males appearing in one locality and black males in another. Some years 
 ago, in this month, i.e. November, I collected the small light-colour males in the neighbourhood of Yoko- 
 hama, and the next day took black males in Boshiu not more than twenty miles from Yokohama, but by 
 working from Bosliiu toward the north, through Kadzusa, I found the dark form to be less abundant until 
 at Kanosan they were entirely replaced by the pale form. 
 
 50. Lycaena bastica, Linn. (Pi- 4, fig. 22.) 
 
 Localities Yamalo, Ogasawara, Yokohama, Ryukyti. 
 
 Food-plant a cultivated Leguminous plain like the scarlet runner, but with pinkish-while flowers, Dolichos cultratus 
 
 (J;ip. Fuji -mame). 
 Time of appeal ance March (Ogasawara); August, September (Yamato, Ryukyu); October, (Yokohama). 
 
 This butterfly has a most extensive range, and I have taken it in every Eastern country in which I 
 have collected. It is abundant on the Island of Labuan, and also in Ogasawara, and is therefore pro- 
 bably to be found in all the intervening islands wherever its food-plant is cultivated. It is also found 
 in Europe, and is one of the great prizes for the English collector, a few specimens having been taken on 
 the south coast near Brighton. I believe, however, it would soon be no great rarity there if its food-plant 
 were cultivated in suitable localities. It is a very local insect, and seldom voluntarily flies far from its food- 
 plant, to which it is very destructive, the larva eating the unfolded leaves and flowers also burrowing into 
 the young pods. It only appears about Yokohama late in the year, at which time its food-plant is in bear- 
 ing, and as this is not much cultivated it is a scarce species there. 
 
 51. Lycsena argiades, Pall. (Pi. 4, fig. 23A, 230.) 
 
 L. hellotia, Men. 
 
 Locality Yokohama. 
 
 Tin.e of appearance March to October. 
 
 This species is very abundant, and a succession of broods appears during the year ; they vary much 
 in size, and female specimens are often to be found with more or less blue on the upper side. 
 
 52. Lycsena argia, Men. (Pi- 4, fig. 24A, 248.) 
 
 L. japonica, Murray. (PI. 4, fig. 240.) 
 
 Locality Yokohama. 
 
 Time of appearance March to November. 
 
1 8 RHOPALOCERA N I MONICA. 
 
 It is not without considerable hesitation that I quash the Rev. Mr. Murray's species. I have not yet 
 been able to rear either L. argia. or L. japonica, and do not even know their food-plant, although the 
 species is most abundant; in uniting them I am guided by the fact that L. japonica only appears during 
 the spring and autumn, L. argia during the intervening warm months. 
 
 53- Lycaena argus, Linn. (PL 5. fig- '*, IB, ic.) 
 
 Localities Fuji-san, Nikko, Asama-yama, ICuriles (?) 
 Time of appearance August. 
 
 In Japan this is a most variable insect according to locality, and there are many forms ; some are blue, 
 others almost puce and again others are distinctly greenish-blue. This last form is most interesting, as the 
 males are always nearly as dark as the females, the greenish scales being sparsely scattered towards the 
 base and margin of the fore and hind wings. I have a damaged specimen from the Kurile Islands, which I 
 believe to be this species, captured by Mr. H. J. Snow. I have noticed at Asama-yama three forms within 
 a few hundred feet elevation, but although individual specimens are very distinct, I am forced to the con- 
 clusion, on examination of a large series, that they are all one species. 
 
 54- Lycsena segon, Schiff. (Pi. 5. fi g- 2 -) 
 
 L. micrargus, But. 
 I have a single specimen from the north of the main island. 
 
 55- Lycsjna argiolus, Linn. (Pi. 4, fig. 25*. 2 5 B -) 
 
 Locality Yokohama. 
 
 Time of appearance spring and summer. 
 
 There are several broods of this insect. While the male is constant, there are two very dissimilar 
 temperature forms of the female; one has a large amount of black on the upper side, the other, which 
 appears generally later, is much brighter. The second brood often exhibits both forms. 
 
 56. Lycsena lycormas, But. (Pi. 5. fi g- 3 A > 3 B -) 
 
 Locality Yezo. 
 
 I have only seen this species from Yezo where it is abundant. Some male specimens are almost as 
 dark as the females. 
 
 57- Lycsena pryeri, Murray. (Pi. 5. fig- l6 -) 
 
 Localities Yokohama, Yezo. 
 
 Time of appearance May and June. 
 
 This is the finest of the blue section of the Japanese Lycaenidae. Unlike the rest it only appears 
 once in the year. 
 
RIIOPALOCERA Nl MONICA, 
 
 58. Lycsena euphemus, Hb. (Pi- 5- fi s- 4<\, 4.) 
 
 L. kazamoto, Dnice. 
 
 Localities Fuji-sail, NikUo, Asama yama, Yezo. 
 Time of appearance August. 
 
 This is a mountain insect, and is very variable. Some specimens are all brown, in others blue pre- 
 dominates. 
 
 59- Lyc&na iburiensis, But. (Pi. 5, fig. 5.) 
 
 Localities Nanibii, Asama-yama. 
 
 I have only two very worn specimens from Nambu, and one good specimen from Asama-yama. 
 
 Concerning the LYC/NID^, there are some very interesting points which may be here mentioned. 
 The first is the remarkable difference between the colour of the sexes of many of the species, forming this 
 group, and I have drawn up a table under the following headings illustrating this fact : 
 
 1. Both sexes alike dull. 
 
 Miletus liamada (2) 
 Thecla attilia (i) 
 
 Thecla eufhea (i) 
 
 Thecla w-albttm (i) 
 Tliecla pruni (i) 
 
 Thecla mera ( i ) 
 
 Thecla ibara (i) 
 
 Thecla butleri (i) 
 
 2. Male sligluly colored, female dull. 
 
 Niphandafusca (?) 
 Lycama euphemus (?) 
 
 3. Male bright, female dull. 
 
 Curetis, acuta (i) 
 Lyccena argiades (2) 
 Lyccena argia (2) 
 
 Lyccena argus (2) 
 Lyccena cegon (?) 
 
 Lyccena iburiensis (?) 
 
 4. Male very brilliant, female dull. 
 
 Thecla sapharina (l) 
 Th ecla japo n tea ( I ) 
 Thecla orientalis (l) 
 Thecla smaragditia (l) 
 
 Some of the species do not always conform to their respective headings. There are bright and dull 
 female polymorphic forms of Thecla japonica, and temperature forms of others, such as Polyommatus 
 phlxas, the male of which becomes nearly black in the summer, and Lycxna euphemus, specimens 
 of which from Yezo are bright, especially the males. 
 
 5. Male bright, female also bright, but in a less degree. 
 
 Thecla orsedice (?) 
 Lyccena argiolus (2) 
 Lyccena lycormas (?) 
 Lyccena bcetica (2) 
 
 6. Female brighter than the male. 
 
 Lyccena pryeri (l) 
 
 7. Both sexes nearly equal amount of color. 
 
 Lyccena ogasawaraensis (?) 
 Amblypodia japonica (l) 
 Amblypodia turbata (?) 
 Amblypodia loomisi (?) 
 
 Thecla signata (?) 
 
 Tliecla arata 
 Thecla frivaldszkyi 
 Polyommatus plilceas 
 
 8. Both sexes equally beautiful. 
 
 Dipsas saepestriata 
 Dipsas lutea 
 Dipsas jonasi 
 
 (i) 
 (0 
 
 (2) 
 
 (I) 
 (I) 
 (0 
 
20 RIIOPALOCERA N I MONICA. 
 
 The second peculiarity which is noteworthy is that the upper and undersides of the wings are utterly 
 different, presenting a startling contrast. This is of great service to them as a protection from their 
 numerous enemies. I have often watched a dragon-fly attempt to catch one of the Blues, but never saw a 
 capture made; when in flight the Blue at a distance presents only the impression to the eye, of a blue 
 substance moving along irregularly, but if viewed closer the rapid irregular flight of the insect brings 
 alternately into view, greyish-white and blue (or brown in the female). The dragon-fly makes a succes- 
 sion of dashes at his trey, which, if hard pressed, will settle with closed wings, presenting an entirely 
 new appearance, when the baffled pursuer almost invariably abandons the chase. 
 
 The third peculiarity is that some of the species are single-brooded, others many-brooded, during the 
 year. In the foregoing table I have placed the figure (i) against the species which only appear once, the 
 figure (2) against those that appear many times in the year, and (?) against those of which I have no information. 
 I have obtained from the table the following result, namely, those that appear once are all without 
 exception tree-feeders, and those that appear many times feed on low plants or creepers ; after studying 
 the structure and habits of the larvx of many of the species, I find that they are very slow in their 
 movements, and all have very small heads, with weak jaws, and can only feed on young fresh leaves. 
 The trees they feed on only throw out new leaves regularly in the spring, but low plants and creepers 
 grow all the year, from early spring until late in the autumn ; therefore, the tree-feeding species 
 can only obtain their food, in a fit stage for eating, once in the year, and are necessarily single-brooded; 
 those which feed on lows plants can do so from March to October, and are therefore many-brooded. This 
 law, however, cannot be applied to other genera which have powerful jaws, and appear only once 
 in the year and the fact of such being only single-brooded depends upon other circumstances, namely, 
 either the structure, coloration, or habits of the imago, which may render them especially liable to be 
 captured by what I term "general enemies" such as bats, spiders, and dragon-flies. Thus with the 
 Hyberniadae, which always appear in the imago, and lay their eggs in the winter months. These eggs 
 soon hatch, and the larva feeds up for a short time and then changes to pupa, remaining in this stage 
 all the summer, autumn, and until the next winter. I think the reason is obvious. All (\\efeiiHitc 
 Hyberniadae are either apterous or only have wings incapable of flying, whilst the males, although they 
 have very largely developed wings, are somewhat clumsy fliers, rendering them very liable to capture 
 by dragon-flies, if disturbed in the day time, or to become entangled in the nets of spiders at night; ice 
 therefore find them only appearing in the perfect state when it is too cold for any of these enemies. 
 Again Tseniocampse, which are strong robust moths, only appear in the spring; these have the habit of 
 buzzing about trees, and they would be rapidly exterminated if they appeared later on, when spiders' webs 
 cover every bush and bats are abundant. I believe that when the life-history of any insect is attentively 
 studied, we shall be able to assign the reason of its single or multiple appearance accurately. 
 
RHOPALOCERA NIHOXICA. 21 
 
 Family PIE RID.<E Continued (see Page 10.) 
 
 Terias biformis, H. Pryer. 
 
 T. bethesba. Janson. (PI. 2, Fig. n.) 
 T. Iteta. Boised. (PI. 2, Fig. 10.) 
 
 Since publishing what is written in page 10, I have, on conjunction with Mr. Nawa, of Gifu, made an 
 extremely interesting and important discovery. It is that T. bethesba is the summer form, and 
 T. la-ta the winter form, of one and the same species. This was quite unexpected. Both Mr. Nawa and 
 myself saw female T. bethesbx depositing their eggs on Cassia mimosoides. From these eggs we reared 
 many specimens of T. ki'ta, but not a single individual bearing the most remote resemblance to the 
 parent form T. bethesba. I have, however, reared a single specimen from these bethesba ova, which 
 strongly resembles the hecabe form of T. multiformis, and it is therefore probably a hybrid. The 
 outline of the wing of 7'. Ixta is pointed, that of T. bethesba rounded, and the former is a much 
 larger insect than the latter. I have proposed the name of Terias biformis to unite these two 
 forms. The form T. Iseta is only seven days in the pupa, but lives for eight months in the imago 
 state, during which time it hybernates for from four to five months. On page 10 I state that T. Ixta 
 appears from March to November; this I now see is an error, the reverse being nearer the truth. It 
 appears last in the year in November-December and emerges from its hibernation first in March. I was 
 misled by this fact, not knowing the insect's life-history, into making the statement that different broods 
 of T. Ixta lived from March to November. The Ixta form emerges in the imago during the first week 
 in September, or, exceptionally, during the last few days of August, from ova laid by the bethesba form in 
 August, taking a remarkably short time to complete its metamorphosis. The Ixta form does not com- 
 mence to hybernate before November. It hybernates during the cold winter months, but the first warm 
 days iii March awaken it ; specimens may be seen flying about until May, when they deposit their ova, 
 which produce the bethesba form in July. A most interesting problem concerning these two forms remains 
 to be solved ; what is the reason for or benefit gained by this extraordinary change, which is, I think, 
 without parallel among Lepidoptera ? 
 
 Family LEMONIID^. 
 60. Libythea lepita, Moore. (Pi. 5. fi g- '3) 
 
 Localities Yokohama, NiUko, Yezo. 
 Food-plant Cehis sinensis, Pel's. 
 Time of appearance July to May. 
 
 There is only one brood of this butterfly. It is the longest lived, in the perfect state, of any of the 
 Lepidoptera. It emerges from \\\Q pupa early in July, and lives until the following May. It retires to its 
 
22 RHOPALOCERA NIHONICA. 
 
 livbernaculmn soon after its emergence, and remains quiescent until the following March, when it is 
 awakened by the first warm day and may then be seen depositing its eggs on the unopened buds of the 
 Cellis. The pupa is suspended by the tail after the manner of a Vanessa. It varies considerably in 
 markings and size. 
 
 Family NYMPHALID/E. 
 
 61. Dichorragia nesimachus, Boisd. (Pi. 5. fi s- l ) 
 
 Localities NiUUo, Tosa, Niigata. 
 Time of appearance June to July. 
 
 This is a mountain insect, and the male is not uncommon. The female is decidedly rare, and is 
 somewhat larger than the male. 
 
 62. Apatura ilia, Schiff. (PL 5. fig- 9-) 
 
 Vai. clytie, Schiff. A. here, Feld. 
 A. sitbstitiitu, Bui. 
 
 Localities Tokyo, Asamrf-yama, O-yama. 
 
 Food plain- Salix. 
 
 Time of appearance July lo September. 
 
 This most beautiful butterfly is very capricious, and, although not uncommon in Tokyo, is almost un- 
 known in Yokohama. It delights in flying round the tops of tall willow trees, now and again descending 
 to moist spots in the roadway or settling on the leaves of its favourite tree. The green pupa mimics a 
 young willow leaf, both in shape and color. It varies greatly in intensity of color according to locality, 
 and is more abundant on the mountains than in the plains. 
 
 63- Euripus charonda, Eew. (Pi. 5. fi g- 6 -) 
 
 localities Yokohama, Cliicliibu, Yamalo. 
 Time of appearance. July. 
 
 This grand insect is not uncommon, but is very difficult to obtain perfect. I have often seen several 
 dozens in a day without being able to secure a single specimen. It is quite fearless, and the male has a 
 Favourite stand, often on the summit of a tall tree, from which it sallies forth and attacks any passing bird 
 or insect, returning to its perch after it has chased the intruder away. Almost the only way to obtain it is 
 to find an oak or chesnut which has been attacked by the boring Cossus or Hepialus, the fomenting sap 
 from their burrows being very attractive to it. Each individual generally has its favourite tree to which 
 it descends to suck the flowing sap and fight the other insects which also crowd such attractive spots. 
 Within the space of a few feet on the bole of a tree it may often be seen in company with two or 
 three enormous Hornets and a crowd of Lethe sice/is, Stag, and other Beetles, which it buffets with 
 
RHOPALOCERA NIHONICA. 23 
 
 its wings until its imperial claims are acknowledged. If capture be missed the first time patience is 
 needed as it will in tlie course of an hour or so surely return. It has a very large flat pupa, of a beautiful 
 light green color. I have had many broods of eggs, and have tried the newly hatched larvas with every 
 possible tree, but could never induce them to feed. 
 
 64- Euripus japonica, Feld. (Pi- 5. f ' 8 -) 
 
 Locality Yokohama. 
 
 Food-plant Cellis sinensis, Pers. 
 
 Time of appearance June, August, October. 
 
 This insect appears twice in the year, and may often be seen flying round trees, especially Celtis, on 
 which it feeds. Like E. charonda, it is very fond of frequenting the mouths of the burrows of Cossus 
 and other destructive internal feeding Lepidoptera and Coleoptera which so commonly attack the oak, 
 chesnut, and willow trees in this country. The larva hybernates on the bark-of the twigs of the tree, and is 
 then grey, but as soon as the leaves appear in the spring it changes its skin and becomes green. It is of 
 the usual Apatura tapering cylindrical shape, with strongly bifurcated head. 
 
 65- Limenitis populi, Linn. (Pi. 5- fi s- 7-) 
 
 Local it) Ytzo. 
 
 During the year 1882 my collector took several specimens in the Island of Yezo. I have not seen it 
 since from any other locality. 
 
 66. Limenitis sibylla, Linn. (Pi- 5. fi s- '5-) 
 
 Localities Yokohama, Fuji-sail, Nikko. 
 Food-plant Lonicera japonica, Tluiii. 
 Time of appearance June, August. 
 
 This species varies considerably in size and in the white markings of the upper side. 
 67- Cyrestis thyodamas, Boisd. (PI- 5. fi g- "4-) 
 
 Localities Yamato, Satsuma. 
 Time of appearance August. 
 
 In the year 1876, while descending the mountain Omine-san-jo, towards Kashiwagi, I was much sur- 
 prised to see a solitary specimen of this species, which, with some difficulty, I secured. Last year my 
 collector again saw this species, with which he is well acquainted, at Kagoshima, but unfortunately did not 
 effect its capture. South of Japan, in the Ryukyu Islands, it is not uncommon. 
 
24 RHOPALOCERA N I MONICA. 
 
 68. Neptis aceris, Lep. (Pi. 6, fig. i.) 
 
 N. intermedia, W. B. Pryer. 
 
 Localilies Yokoliama, Nikko, Asama-yama. 
 Time of appearance June, August. 
 
 This is the most abundant species of the group, and may often be seen gracefully sailing along with 
 out-stretched' wings in places where the sun does not strike too powerfully. Japanese specimens of this 
 species can be generally recognized from those of the tropics by being darker-coloured on the underside. 
 
 69- Neptis excellens, But. (Pi 6, fig. 2.) 
 
 Localities Nikko, Asama-yama, Fnji-san, Yczo. 
 Time of appearance July. 
 
 This is a rarity, and I have only seen single specimens from each of the above named localities. 
 
 70. Neptis pryeri, But. (Pi. 6, fig. 3.) 
 
 Localities Fnji-san, Asama-yama, Nikko. 
 Time of appearance July. 
 
 This is a mountain species, but this year I was somewhat surprised to see a solitary example in the 
 neighbourhood of Yokohama. 
 
 7'- Neptis alwina, Brem and Grey. (Pi. 6, fig. 4.) 
 
 Localities Nikko, Asama-yama, Niigata. 
 Time of appearance July. 
 
 This is the largest of the family, and is not uncommon in the mountains. 
 
 72- Neptis hcilla, Schiff. (Pi. 6, fig. 5.) 
 
 N. ludmilla, Herr. Scliaff. 
 
 Locallies Nikko, Asama-yama, Yezo. 
 Time of appearance July. 
 
 The specimen from which the figure is drawn is from Yezo and has a greater amount of white than 
 is usual with those from the South. 
 
 73- Vanessa levana, Linn. (Pi. 5, fig. 12.) 
 
 Localties Nikko, Tosa, Yezo. 
 Time of appearance. July. 
 
 This species is very variable in size, shape, color, and markings. Some specimens are black marked 
 with white, others with both white and red. It has two or more broods in the course of year. In 
 habits, marking, and flight, it resembles a Limenitis. 
 
RHOPALOCERA NIHOXICA. 25 
 
 74. Vanessa burejana, Brem. (Pi- 5. &S- u-) 
 
 V. strigosa, But. 
 
 l.ocalilies Nikko, Yezo. 
 
 Time of appearance May. > 
 
 The remarks concerning the preceding species apply also to this; it is very variable in size, shape, 
 colour, and markings. I have specimens from if to I -jL- inch. 
 
 75- Vanessa c-album, Linn. (Pi- 6, fig. 6A., 6n.) 
 
 V. fentoni, But. 
 V. hamigera, But. 
 
 Localities NiUko, Asamayama, Yezo. 
 Time of appearance August. 
 
 Very variable in shape, markings, and in the colour of the underside. I have a series of 21 speci- 
 mens, no two of which are alike. The coloration of the underside varies from black to red. Some 
 specimens resemble the autumn brood of V. c-aureum, Linn. 
 
 76. Vanessa v-album, Hiibn. ? (Pi- 6, fig. 9.) 
 
 V. l-album, Esp. 
 
 Localities NiUko, Yezo. 
 Time of appearance August. 
 
 I am rather doubtful about the name of this insect. In Mr. Elwes' list of the Butterflies of Amurland, 
 North-China, and Japan (Proc. of the Zoo. Soc. Nov. 15, 1881), the following note is given on V. l-album. 
 " Only seen from the Ussuri and from Japan, where it seems rare. The Japanese insect seems inter- 
 mediate between the European and the American form known as V.j-album; but probably the latter is 
 not really separable. Mr. Strecker says that the European and American forms cannot be separated." 
 
 77- Vanessa c-aureum, Linn. (Pi- 6, fig. j\, 73.) 
 
 , V. angelica, Cr. 
 
 V.pryeri, Janson. 
 
 Localities Yokohama, Yezo. 
 
 Food-plants Hemp (Cannabis saliva, L.) and Wild Hop (Hurmilus japonicus, S. & Z.). 
 
 Time of appearance 
 
 This species varies considerably according to temperature. V. angelica is the summer form, V. pryeri 
 the winter form, which hybernates. 
 
2 6 RHOPALOCERA NIHONICA. 
 
 78. Vanessa xanthomelas, Schiff. (PL 6, fig. 10.) 
 
 Locality Yokohama. 
 
 Food-plants Willows and Celtis sinensis, Pers. 
 
 Time of appearance August to April. 
 
 Very abundant about Yokohama. It feeds on Willows, but is more often found on the Cellis, large 
 trees being frequently completely stripped of leaves by the larvce. Only one brood appears during the 
 year, and the perfect insect hybernates. 
 
 79- Vanessa urticx, Linn. (PL 6, fig. 8.) 
 
 V. butleri, Fentoti. 
 
 Locality Yezo. 
 Time of appearance 
 
 This species is common in Yezo ; I have not yet found it on the main island. 
 
 80. Vanessa io, Linn. (PL 6, fig. n.) 
 
 Localities Yezo, Niigata Nikko, Usui-loge. 
 Time of appearance June, July. 
 
 Mr. J. M. Leech remarks concerning this species (P.Z.S. 1887, p. 241): " Not very common in 
 Central Japan, where it keeps to the mountains, but plentiful in Yesso and Korea." 
 
 81. Vanessa antiopa, Linn. (PL 7, fig- i-) 
 
 Localities Nikko, Yezo. 
 
 Time of appearance August to May. 
 
 Common at Nikko and in Yezo; not found away from the mountains. 
 
 82. Vanessa cardui, Linn. (PL 7, fig- 2-) 
 
 Localities Yokohama, Maibashi, Yezo. 
 
 Food-plant Plume thistles (Cnicus). 
 
 Time of appearance August, Septembr, November. 
 
 Rare in the neighbourhood of Yokohama. 
 
 83- Vanessa callirhoe, Fab. (PL 7, fig- 3-) 
 
 Papilio atalanta indica, Herbst. 
 
 Localities Yokohama, Yezo. 
 
 Food-plant Boelimeria nivea, Hook and AMI. 
 
 Time of appearance January, March, August, November. 
 
 Many broods appear in the course of the year. I have had them emerge from the pupa in January. 
 It is very common about Yokohama. 
 
RHOPALOCERA NIHONICA. 27 
 
 84. Vanessa charonia, Drury. (Pi. 7, fig- 4-) 
 
 \';\r. glauconia, Molscli. 
 
 Localities Yokohama, Yezo. 
 Food plant Smil;ix China, I.. 
 Time of appearance August. 
 
 \ cry common about Yokohama. This species is variable in the size and colour of its markings. 
 
 85- Melitaea phoebe, Schiff. (Pi. 7, fig- 5-) 
 
 Var. sibirica, Sldgr. 
 Var. a?theria, Ev. 
 M ' . scotosia, But. 
 
 Locality Asamayama. 
 
 Time of appearance July. 
 
 Varies greatly in size and coloration. 
 
 86. Melitea athalia, Bott. (Pi. 7, fig- .6.) 
 
 HI. iit'pliona, But. 
 
 Locality Asamayama. 
 Time of appearance July. 
 
 This species also varies much in size and coloration. 
 
 87- Melitsea n. sp. ? (Pi. 7, fig- 7-) 
 
 Locality Asamayama. 
 Time of appearance August. 
 
 This may be only an extraordinary variety of M. athalia. 
 
 As Mr. Elwes well remarks, the genus Melitaea is an extremely puzzling one, and requires an 
 immense series of specimens to illustrate it. 
 
 88. Atella phalanta, Dnuy. (Pi. 7, fig. 10.) 
 
 Locality Sonogi, about 30 miles from Nagasaki. 
 Time of appearance October. 
 
 The specimen figured was taken in 1880 by the Rev. W. Andrews. Mr. Hewitson's catalogue includes 
 specimens from Calabar, Natal, Madagascar, and Mekian. The species is figured in the Rhopalocera 
 Malayana (PI. 9, fig. 4.) 
 
28 RHOPALOCERA NIHONICA. 
 
 89- Argynnis niphe, Linn. (Pi. 7- fig- 8 A, SB.) 
 
 Localities Yokohama, Nagasaki, Tosa, Hacliijo. 
 Time of appearance March to July. 
 
 Rare in the vicinity of Yokohama, but seems to be common in South Japan, 
 
 90. Argynnis daphne, Sohiff. (Pi. 7. fig- 9-) 
 
 A. rabdia, But. 
 
 Localities Nikko, Asamayama, Yezo. 
 Time of appearance July- 
 Varies greatly in size and coloration. It is common at Nikko and in Yezo. 
 
 91- Argynnis aglaia, Linn. (Pi. 7. fig- ") 
 
 A.fortuna, Janson. 
 
 Localities Fujisan, Yezo. 
 
 Time of appearance September. 
 
 This is not a common insect. 
 
 9 2 - Argynnis adippe, Linn. (Pi. 7. fig- 12-) 
 
 A. pallescens. But. 
 
 Localities Yokohama, Fujisan, dyama, Asamayama, Yezo, &c. 
 Common everywhere. 
 
 93- Argynnis nerippe, Peld, (Pi. 8, fig. I-A, I-B.) 
 
 Localities Gyama, Asamayama, Fujisan, Kanosan, Yezo. 
 Time of appearance August. 
 
 Very abundant in the mountains. 
 
 94- Argynnis anadyomene, Feld. (PI. 8, fig. 2.) 
 
 A. ella, Brem. 
 
 Localities Yokohama, Yezo. 
 Time of appearance July, August. 
 
 Very common about Yokohama. 
 
 95- Argynnis sagana, Doubl. (PI. 8, fig. 3.) 
 
 A. paulina, Nordin. 
 
 Localities Yokohama, Asamayama, Yezo. 
 Time of appearance July. 
 
RHOPALOCERA XIHONICA. 29 
 
 This species is common about Yokohama. The two sexes show a very remarkable differentiation in 
 coloration. The specimen figured is a male. 
 
 96. Argynnis paphia, Linn. (PI- 8 , fig- 4-) 
 
 A. paphioides, But. 
 
 Localities CJyama, Asamayama, Kanosan, Fujisan, Yezo. 
 Time of appearance July, August. 
 
 This is a mountain species. I have taken it once, however, at Yokohama. 
 97- Argynnis laodice, Pall. (Pi- 8, fig. 5.) 
 
 \aT.japonica, Men. 
 
 Localities Yokohama, Yezo. 
 Time of appearance August. 
 
 Common about Yokohama. 
 
 98. Argynnis ruslana, Motsch. (PL 8, fig. 6.) 
 
 A. lysippe, Jan son. 
 
 Localities Yokohama, Nikko, Yezo. 
 Time of appearance September. 
 
 Mr. Ehves remarks that this species comes very near A. laodice, Pall. It looks like a hybrid, but the 
 specimens in my possession are as yet too few to enable me to give a decided opinion on the subject. 
 
 Family DANAID^. 
 
 99- Danais tytia, Gray. (PL 8, fig. 9.) 
 
 Localities Yokohama, Fujisan, Yaniato, Oyama, Atami, Kanosan, Yezo. 
 Time of appearance May, August, September. 
 
 This is scarce about Yokohama, but I generally see two or three every year. It is much more 
 abundant on the mountains, and I have taken as many as five specimens, at one sweep of the net, on the 
 summit of a mountain in Yamato, near Yoshino, on the path leading to O-mine San-jo-san. 
 
3 o RHOPALOCERA NI MONICA. 
 
 Family SATYRID/E. 
 
 100. Melanitis ismene, Moore. (Pi- 8 . fi g- 7-) 
 
 Locality Yamato. 
 
 Time of appearance October. 
 
 This is a very rare insect. I saw only two specimens in Yamato, both of which I captured. They 
 were flying round the bole of a cryptomeria growing on the mountain pass leading up to Odaisan. 
 
 101. Melanitis leda, Linn. (Pi. 8, fig. 8.)_ 
 
 Localities Tosa, Nikko (Mr. Maries). 
 Time of appearance July, August. 
 
 Very rare. I have one specimen only, captured on the borders of Tosa and lyo, in Shikoku. It was 
 flitting among the tall stems of the cultivated hemp, and was, in consequence, very difficult to capture. I 
 saw only two specimens. 
 
 102. Melanitis n. sp. ? 
 
 Locality Nagasaki. 
 
 I have only one specimen, received from Mr. Ota. My brother informs me that this comes nearest to 
 M. solandra from Tahiti. It would be exceedingly interesting could a large series be obtained. 
 
 103. Mycalesis gotama, Moore. (Pi. 9, fig. i.) 
 
 Locality Yokohama. 
 Time of appearance 
 
 This is very common about Yokohama, where it frequents dark thickets. 
 
 104. Mycahsis perdiccas, Hew. (Pi. 9, fig. 2.) 
 
 I .ocality Yokohama. 
 Time of appearance 
 
 Also .very common, frequenting the same places as M. gotama, which it resembles in markings. 
 Both species appear at the same time. 
 
 105. Ypthima baldus, Fab. (PL 9, fig. 3.) 
 
 Y. argus, But. 
 
 Locallies Yokohama, Asamayama, Ytzo. 
 Time of appearance August. 
 
 One of the most abundant butterflies about Yokohama. I have two specimens very dark in the 
 underside from this locality. 
 
XIHOXICA. 31 
 
 106. Erebia sedakovii, Ev, (Pi. 9. fi s s - 4*, 4B.) 
 
 E. tiiphonica, Janson. 
 ? E. scoparitt, But. 
 
 Localities Asamayama, Nikko, Yezo. 
 
 My Yezo specimen is E. scoparia, which appears to IIIR probably only a local differentiation of the 
 above, although I have not seen a sufficient number of specimens of cither to enable me to decide. 
 
 107. Satyrus dryas, Scop. (Pi. 9. fi s- 5-) 
 
 S. bipuiictatus. Mot sell. 
 
 Localities Yokohama, A-amayama, Yezo. 
 Time of appearance August. 
 
 Very abundant about Yokohama flitting among the grass. 
 
 108. Pararge achine, Scop. (PI- 9. "{? 6 -) 
 
 P. achiuoides, But. 
 
 Localities Nikko, ASM may a ma, Yezo. 
 Time of appearance July, August. 
 
 Abundant at Nikko in June and July. The Yezo specimens are generally larger and lighter colored. 
 
 109. Pararge deidamia, Ev. (?' 9. fi s- 7-) 
 
 P, meiietnesii, Breni. 
 
 Localities Nikko, Asamayama, Yezo. 
 Time of appearance July, August. 
 
 Not uncommon at Nikko. 
 
 no. Pararge maackii, Erem. (PL 9, fig- 8.) 
 
 Lasiommata marginnhs, Motscli. 
 Localities Yaniato, Yezo, Tokyo (Fenton). 
 
 This is not a common insect. 
 
 in. Lasiommata epimenides, Men. (Pi- 9. fi s- 9-) 
 
 Neope fentoni, But. 
 
 Localities Yezo, Asamayama. 
 Time of appearance July, August. 
 
 Very rare in Japan, but, according to Mr. Elvves, not uncommon in various parts of the Amoor region. 
 
32 RHOPALOCERA NIHONICA. 
 
 112. Lethe sicelis, Hew, (Pi- 9. fi s- I0 
 
 Localities Yokohama, Asamayama. 
 Time of appearance August. 
 
 Extremely abundant about Yokohama and everywhere in the plains, but does not go very far up the 
 mountains, where it is replaced by the next species. I have taken the larva, and believe it feeds on the 
 bamboo grass. 
 
 113- Lethe diana, But. (Pi. 9, fig. 12.) 
 
 Localities Oyama, Yamato, Asamayama, Yezo. 
 Time of appearance July, August. 
 
 Common in all the mountains. It is probably the mountain form of the last species. 
 
 114- Pronophila schrenkii, Men. (Pi. 10, fig. i.) 
 
 Localities Yezo, Asamayama. 
 Time of appearance August. 
 
 This fine insect is common in Yezo. Mr. Leech (P.Z.S. 1887, p. 426.) says "it flies in dense under- 
 wood, and is hence rather hard to take." 
 
 115- Neope gaschkevitschii, Men. (Pi. 9. fi g- ") 
 
 Localities Yokohama, Oyama, Yamato, Asamayama, Yezo. 
 Time of appearance Api il, August. 
 
 Very abundant about Yokohama, in Yamato, and elsewhere. The specimens from high up Oyama 
 are much darker than those taken about Yokohama. 
 
 116. Neope calipteris, But. (Pi. 10, fig. 2.) 
 
 Localities Oyama, Yamato, Yezo. 
 Time of appearance August. 
 
 This is a mountain insect. 
 
 117- Csenonympha oedipus, Fab. (Pi. 10, fig. 3.) 
 
 C. ainnilifer, But. 
 
 Locality Asamayama. 
 
 Time of appeaience July, August. 
 
 Like the last, a mountain insect. 
 
RIIOPALOCERA NIHONICA. 33 
 
 Family HESPERIDyE. 
 118. Ismene benjamin!, Gue'r. (PI- i, fig- 4.) 
 
 /. beiijamini, var. japonica, Murray. 
 
 Localities Oyatna, Nikko, Yamalo. 
 
 Time of appearance July ; Southern Japan, May (Mr. I.eecli.) 
 
 Common in the above localities. 
 
 119- Pythauria chrysceglia, But. (PL 10, fig. SA, SB.) 
 
 Localities NiUko, Asamayania, Yezo. 
 I have a long series of specimens from Yezo. 
 
 120. Daimio tethys, Murray. (Pi- ', fig- 6.) 
 
 Pyrgus tethys, Men. 
 Localities Yokohama, Yezo. 
 
 Abundant about Yokohama. I have a variety with the white spots in the forewing united, forming 
 a large V-shaped patch. 
 
 121. Pamphila mathias, Fab. (PI- 10, fig. 7-) 
 
 Locality Yokohama. 
 Common about Yokohama ; also in Central and Southern Japan (Mr. Leech.) 
 
 122. Pamphila lamprospilus, Feld. (Pi- 10, fig. 8.) 
 
 P. vitrea, Murray. 
 hoteinon lamprospilus, Feld. 
 
 Locality Yokohama, Tsuruga (Mr. Leech.) 
 Common in the vicinity of Yokohama. 
 
 123- Pamphila varia, Murray. (Pi- 10, fig. 9.) 
 
 Localities Yokohama, Yezo, Nagasaki, &c. 
 
 Common about Yokohama. Easily recognized by the dark veins on the underside of the hind-wings 
 
 (Mr. Leech). 
 
34 RHOPALOCERA NIIIONICA. 
 
 i24- Pamphila guttata, Brem. and Grey. (PL 10, fig. 10.) 
 
 Eudmmis gnttatus, Brem. and Grey. 
 Gonoloba guttata, Men. 
 
 Localities Yokohama, Yezo. 
 Common about Yokohama. 
 
 125. Pamphila pellucida, Murray. (PL 10, fig. n.) 
 
 Localities Yokohama, Asamayama, Yezo. 
 Time of appearance August. 
 
 Very common about Yokohama. 
 
 126. Pamphila jansonis, But. (PL 10, fig. 12.) 
 
 Localities Ikao. 
 
 Very closely allied to P. pellucida, the only difference of any importance being a conspicuous pale 
 spot near the base of the hind wing on the underside (Mr. Leech). 
 
 127- Hesperia sylvanus, Esp. (PL 10, fig. ISA, 130.) 
 
 Localities Asamayama, Nikko, Fujisan, Yezo. 
 Time of appearance August. 
 
 Mr. Elwes remarks that the forms of this species found in China, Japan, and Anna-land ate usually 
 larger than the European ones. 
 
 128. Hesperia comma, Linn. (PL i, fig- MA, MB.) 
 
 Locality Asamayama. 
 
 Time of appearance July, August. 
 
 129. Hesperia leonina, But. (PL 10, fig. 15.) 
 
 Localities Nikko, Yezo. 
 Time of appearance August. 
 
 Not uncommon at Nikko. 
 
 13- Hesperia rikuchina, But. (PL 10, fig. i6A, i6B.) 
 
 Localities Nikko, Yezo, Asamayama. 
 Time of appearance August. 
 
 Abundant at Nikko. 
 
RHOPALOCERA NIHONICA. 
 
 35 
 
 13 > Hesperia flava, Murray. (PL 10, fig. 17.) 
 
 Localities Yokohama. 
 
 Time of appeal ance June, August. 
 
 Common about Yokohama. 
 
 132- Hesperia, Sp. ? CPi. 10, fig. 18.) 
 
 Localities NiUUo, Asamnyama. 
 Time of appearance July. 
 
 133- Cyclopides ornatus, Brera. (PL 10, fig. 19.) 
 
 Localities Oyama, Fujisau, Nilclco. 
 Occurs also in Yezo (Mr. Leech). 
 
 134- Pyrgus inachus, Men. (PL 10, fig. 20.) 
 
 Localities Nikko, Asamayama. 
 lime of appearance Auj-ust. 
 
 Rather scarce at Nikko. 
 
 i35' Syrichthus maculatus, Br. and Grey. (PL 10, fig. 21.) 
 
 Pyrgus niacitlattis, Men. 
 Localities Yokohama, Nikko. 
 Common in Japan and Korea (Mr. Leech). 
 
 136. Syrichthus sinicus. (PL 10, fig. 22.) 
 
 Pyrgus sinicus, But. 
 Locality Yokohama, 
 
 137- Nisoniades montanus, Brem. (PL to, fig. 23.) 
 
 A^. rusticainis, But. 
 
 Localities Yokohama, Yezo. 
 Food plant Oak (queicus). 
 Time of appearance April. 
 
 Abundant about Yokohama in the early spring, feeding on the oak leaf. 
 
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RHOP. JSTIHONICA 
 
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RHOP NIHONICA 
 
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RHDP. NIHONLCA 
 
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RHOP. NIHO 
 
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RHOP NIHON1CA 
 
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RHOP NIHONICA 
 
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 13' 
 
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 1 7 
 
 19 
 
 20 
 
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 7.