THE LIBRARY OF THE UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA LOS ANGELES r^^sr o^> *N C7> V2 the wonder of the credulous, and deceive the in- quirer after truth. But it may be here remark- ed, that readers are readily disposed to disbe- lieve every thing that goes counter to their own experience, that surpasses their own observa- tions, or that represents the actions of men, and men themselves, in a manner that violates their ideas of human nature. The author of the fol- lowing Jounal has seen life in a sphere uncom mon to his countrymen : — he has endured mise- ries uncommon to human nature. But by the blessings of a merciful Providence, he has sur- vived to relate them to his countrymen. How- ever imperfect may be the manner in which he may give his relation, he is determined that the matter shall be founded on facts alone. If these facts are of a nature calculated to excite the doubts of his readers, he can only regret it; and will content himself with the reflection, that as he is incapable of deceiving his readers, he will not wound his own conscience by uttering a known falsehood. lie hopes not even to be mis- taken. B I i INTRODUCTION. The narrative of my highly respected friend, Capt. James Riley, is already before the public. It has excited that interest which the history of human sufferings is calculated to produce among a humane people. For two months he was a captive among a race of beings, whose " tender mercies are cruelties. 1 '' Durivig that period, I, toge- ther with the rest of his unfortunate crew, was likewise a sufferer. At the end of this time, he was released from a cruel bondage, and was re- stored to his native country and anxious friends. A more cruel fate attended me. I was still de- tained as a captive among the wandering Arabs: and was compelled, for nineteen months, to en- dure as much as human nature can bear and yet survive. 1 have, however, abundant reason to rejoice that I am now among my friends, while the fate of some of this wretched crew is still unki own. The following journal shall be a faith hi and accut ate detail of all the knowledge I possess of this ill-fated crew. JOURNAL, *c. CHAP. I. Short biographical sketch — Voyages — Author is taken prisoner by H. B. M. frigate Surf rise — discharged — taken again, and held till peace. —Brig Commerce—her owners and crew — voy- age (o New-Orleans— to Gibraltar— her wreck on the African coast. THE life of an humble individual is of but little consequence to a community, where the lives of the great are read as a common amuse- ment. But as I am about to relate an inte- resting part of my own, I hope I shall escape the imputation of vanity by very briefly relating it from my birth. I was born ii -he town of Weth- crsfield, Conn. — a pleasant and fertile town, situated on the west side of Connecticut river, on the 10th day of November, 1792. I conti- nued with my parents there until I arrived to the age of twelve years. At this time I went to reside in the town of Middle bury, Vt. In this flourishing village, in which is situated a Uni- versity which begins to rank amongst the first in New-England, I spent the winters in obtain- ing a common school education; which, added to the little knowledge I had before acquired in my native town, gave me such rudiments of an English education, as is common with the 16 ROBBING JOl/RNAL. young men of New-England. I returned to Wethersfield at tlie age of about fifteen years, and continued with my father until I became sixteen. Situ ted in a town where ship-buiid ing was then a leading business, and from which a great number of young men had gone to try their fortunes upon the ocean, 1 soon turned my attention from the peaceful and certain pursuii of husbandry, to the hazardous employment ot a seaman. My first voyage was made in a vessel, partly owned by my father, from Wethersfield to the island of St. Christophers. No incident hap- pened to the vessel, to the crew, nor to myself, worthy of relation. No part of the cargo, nor any lives of the' crew were lost. The second voyage 1 made was in the same VCSSel to Wilmington, N. Carolina, from thence to the W. Indies — hack again to Wilmingion— from thence again to the West-Indies, and bad. to Wethersfield. A pleasant voyage. My third voyage was mule from New-York to the West-fndies, from whence I returned to New-London in Conned i< ut. Thus far I had met with no disasters uncom- mon to the pursuit of a sea-firing life. I became attached to it, as is common with ftie young men of New-England. The fascinating charins of the ocean, and the pteasing.diversky of a sailor's life, led me along, like the song of the Syren, to th't endurance of privations and miseries ivhieri, when I. now review, call upon me for the most nndissembled gratitude to that merciful Being. who suffers not a sparnr.v to fi.il i<> the ground ROBBING JOURNAL. 17 without his knowledge; and who mercifully " tempers the wind to the shorn lamb." My fourth voyage was commenced in the month of February, 1013. The American can- vass could no longer be spread with safety upon the ocean. Her proud and powerful mistress — wielding the trident of Neptune, would no longer permit the " striped bunting" of Americans to pursue its wonted course. We sailed from New- York for the neutral port of St. Bartholomews — were taken on our passage, by his B. M. frigate Surprise, and landed at St. Bartholomews, from whence, after a short detention, I returned in & cartel to New-York. The fifth voyage I made, I sailed from New- Haven, (Ct.) for St. Bartholomews, in Septem- ber, 1813, and was brought to by the British squadron lying off New-London. They took from our vessel about eighty barrels of provi- sions, and ordered us for Halifax. I remained there about two months. I then took a passage inaSwedish vessel for St. Bartholomews; having business entrusted to me at that island by a mer- chant in the city of New- York. I succeeded in accomplishing my business, and returned off New-London. The vessel, in which I was a pas- senger, was taken by the squadron, and I was put on board of the Borer, brig of war, and sent again to Halifax. I remained a prisoner in the prison on Melville island, until the conclusion of the peace by the treaty of Ghent. I hoped to have been in some measure compensated for this im- prisonment, by receiving pay for eighteen months employ, and imprisonment occasioned by that em- us J 8 BOBBINS' JOURNAL. ploy, by the merchant at New-York. — His faiiutv in the mean time cut me off from realizing this hope; but as he is a man of the strictest honour S have no doubt but 1 shall yet be compensated. On my return to America, 1 found myself destitute of property and employ, but not of resolution. I now come to the relation of the sixth and iast royage I have made. In relating it 1 sensibly feci a high degree of responsibility. But, taking the pole-star of truth for my guide, I am determined o satisfy my conscience, and, if possible, mv readers. I felt anxious to pursue a business with -which experience had made me acquainted. The brig Commerce, of Hartford, Con. being owned by Ri- ley «fc Brown and the Messrs. Savages, was fitted for sea. She was a fine stout built new vessel. The acknowledged respectability of her owners. as merchants, and the long experience and repu- ation of Cantai i James Riley, as her command- er, induced me to enter her in the capacity of an able seaman. Ho-' principal mate was Mr. George Williams, of Middietown — her second mate was Mr. Aaron R. Savage, of the same place. The crew consisted of 'V>ll'20 ROBBINS' JOURNAL. We now took in part of a cargo of brandy and wine. An elderly man, by the name of Antonio Michel, was taken on board to work his passage to New-York. On the 23d day of August, we set sail from Gibraltar for the Cape de Verd islands, to complete the cargo with salt. The usual course from Gibraltar to these islands is, to run down, and make the island of Madeira ; but Capt. Riley, wishing to make the passage as expeditious as possible, run down between the Canary islands and the African coast. We con- tinued our course, with all sails set. The wea- ther being thick and foggy, we passed the grand Canaries without discovering them. It was no- ticed by the mates and some of the crew, on the 28th day of August, (sea account,) at meridian, that the water was coloured, indicating a near approach to land. This circumstance was men- tioned to Capt. Riley; but he was of opinion that this appearance was occasioned by the fog and the thick weather ; and he continued his course S. W. at ten knots an hour, until, at about 10 o'clock in the evening, we were wrecked on the coast of Africa, near Cape Bajador, between 26 and 27 degs. N. Latitude. ROBBINS' JOURNAL. 2 J CHAP. [I. Shipwrecks — Wreck of the brig Commerce described — danger of the crezv — landing on the African coast — wrecked articles - disposal of money— first view of a wandering Arab of the Zu hara Desert — he is joined by more — they approach us, menace us, and retire —first night in Africa — we are driven aboard the wreck — attempt to go to sea in a boat — in vain — escape of Cftpt. Riley and capture of Antonio. TO a seaman, the description of a shipwreck is familiar from his knowledge of a vessel, the tackle, and the nautical terms of sea-faring men: but by that portion of readers who are not thus acquainted, no adequate conception can he formed of the appalling horrors of such a scene. When it is foreseen, and yet cannot be avoided, the mind is, in a degree, prepared to encounter it. It is fortified greatly by appealing to that Being who, " on the ivings of mighty winds" di- rects the storm that is powerful enough to dash to pieces the strongest fabrick of human inven- tion. But when it comes upon the unsuspicious, who are riding in apparent security upon th \ element with which they have become familiar, tiie scene is doubly horrible. Thus it came up- on our worthy captain and his ill-fated crew. The gale, that we imagined was wafting us on our passage to our native shore, and the arms of our friends, dashed us upon the inhospitable coast of merciless barbarians. At a little past !;>, on the night of the memorable 28th of Au- gust, our fine brig ran ashore with such violence as to start us from the deck, or prostrate us up- 22 ROBBINS' JOURNAL. on it. We immediately let go our sheet anchor, clewed down our sails, and used every exertion to save her. But her fate was decided, and our exertions were vain. The sea broke with tre- mendous power over the starboard quarter, and our stern boat, being in danger, we took her on board. We then broke open the hold, and ex- erted all our energies in filling small casks with water from our large water casks, know- ing that the dismal coast on which fate had driven us, was almost destitute of that indispen- sable necessary of life. We also secured all the provisions we could, as the vessel was now fast filling with water. At 12 o'clock, the weather became sufficiently clear to enable us to disco- ver the beach off (he larboard bow. The lar- board bulwark was instantly cut away, to ena- ble us to launch the boats with greater expedi- tion and safety. The small boat was then low- ered into the water, into which Capt. Riley and William Porter jumped, and carried a rope ashore which they made fast by means of sticks which had floated there from the wreck. We then got the long-boat overboard, and hauled her under our larboard bow. We threw over some barrels of water and wine, which floated ashore, and by those on shore were secured. We put into the boat two or three barrels of bread, and some beef and pork. I jumped into the boat with James Barrett, and, veering her by means of a rope fastened on board the brig, we approached the shore. The surf immedi- ately filled her. We instantly jumped over- board, and saved some of our u-pt provisions. ROBBINS' JOURNAL. 23 and secured one barrel of bread wholly dry. Capt. Riley, Porter, Barrett and myself were now ashore. The long boat being bilged, and the small one unable to stand the surf, we could not return to the wreck. Our companions on board, in the mean time, were heaving over- board chests, beds, and every article that would float, that they could come at, and those of us on shore were securing ihem as they floated within our reach. Day-light at length appear- ed. Capt. Riley hailed the mates, who were both on board, ordering them to make fast one of the ropes, that extended from the wreck to the shore, around his trunk containing some spe- cie. This being done, we dragged the trunk ashore. The brig was now completely filled vrith water. Capt Riley ordered the masts to be cut away. This being done by those on board, our next attention was directed to the best means in our power, to rescue our compan- ions from the imminent danger surrounding them. I had been ordered, with Barrett, to come ashore in the long boat with provisions, as before mentioned, and to return again. This was now impracticable, as the boat was bilged — the small boat would not have lived in the surf a moment — but a rope remained fastened to the wreck, and extending to the shore. This was loosened, and made fast to the hawser, by those on board, and by those who had landed, drawn to the shore, and made a3 fast as the slen- der means within our power would enable us to do it. It was now high water. The brig lay from twenty-five to thirty rods from the shore ; 24 ROBBINS' JOURNAL. % and between them, the surf was rolling and roar- ing in a manner calculated to produce conster- nation and despair in the stoutest heart. Capt. Riley, by signals, as he could not now be heard, motioned to those upon the wreck to come ashore upon the hawser. He placed himself, together with Porter, Barrett, and myself at the hawser, as far in the water as we could stand, the surf all the while breaking over us. At length Hogan attempted the perilous passage. Suspended upon the hawser, between two worlds, uncertain to which every returning surge might waft him, he approached the shore. Be- fore he reached it. he was so much exhausted, that he lost his hold — a surf washed him within our reach, and we saved him. The next that arrived and was received into our arms was Mj. Savage, second mate. Young Savage, (cabin boy,) Antonio, Mr. Williams, first mate, Clarke, Burns, and Dick, (man of colour,) came in suc- cession, and landed at about sunrise on a coast containing a race of beings more merciless than the waves from which they had just escaped. We now found ourselves with bodies exhaust- ed, and minds agitated, stretched upon a desert shore. We saw, for nearly a mile on the shore, the fragments of a valuable cargo, which, twelve hours before, we thought safe. Our first atten- tion was directed to the boats. We hauled them up from the surf, and gave Capt. Riley all the assistance we possibly could in gathering together the small amount of provisions and clothing which lay strewed along. This being done, our captain opened his trunk in which ROBBINS' JOURNAL. 2& were two bags of specie of $1000 each. He told us all to take as much of it as we could con- ceal about our persons. I declined taking any part of it, as I had already more of my own than [ could thus hide from the eye of an Arab. It is impossible to tell what would have been our fate, had not the Arabs discovered that we had in our possession the precious metals; but I ve- rily believe it was the discovery of it that in- duced them to heighten their demands for our ransom, and increase their cruelty to our per- sons. The other bag was buried in the sand The sun was now rising over a sand hill that stretched along a short distance from the shore. Our attention was now attracted to the appear- ance of a human creature at the distance of nearly half a mile approaching us ; if that crea- ture can be called human whose appearance is nothing but a slander upon our species. As he discovered the wrecked articles and our wretch- ed group, he manifested, by his actions, the commotions of a mind agitated by the mingled operations of joy and fear. He came perhaps within twenty rods of us ; and then, by signs, showed an intention of departing. Capt. Riley walked gently towards him, and by every sign that could be resorted to, endeavoured to per- suade him to come and take possession of some portion of the wrecked articles. After inter- changing signs, in token of peace, this horrible figure, that defied description, left us to our re- flections upon this adventure. We were then endeavoring, with oars and the fragments of broken spars, together with two of our steering c 26 ROBBING JOURNAL. sails, which we had secured from the wreck, to erect a tent and secure our provisions and wa- ter ; scarcely thinking of any thing else, from the peculiar perils of our situation. While bu- sily engaged in this service, the figure before mentioned re-appeared; being joined by two aged females of the most frightful aspect, a boy. and two small girls, whom we supposed to be their children. More terrible visages never presented themselves to the astonished eyes and the agitated hearts of men. The gnashing teeth and opened mouth of the old man, stretching al- most from ear to ear— his longgrev beard hang- ing on his breast — his head covered with long bushy hair, standing in every direction — the red and flashing eyes of the old women, their tushes projecting from their jaws — and the more mild, though terrible appearance of their ferocious brood, imparted feelings to us, better imagined than described. Although the old man, on his first appearance, showed evidence of fear, it was now changed to insolence. He broke open the chests, and plundered the clothing ; and, ap- proaching our tent, was about to wrest from us our provisions and water. We resolved that death should be his immediate portion, and that of his clan, if he attempted this ; indeed, had i< not been for the almost certain knowledge that the sand hill concealed a numerous horde like his, they would soon have been deprived of the power of plundering us at all. They departed with their plunder, and left our wretched party either to despair, or to take measures for our future escape or safety. Capt. Riley proposed BOBBINS' JOURNAL. • 27 to attempt a repair of the long boat. Mr. Sa- vage, Porter, Horace, and I, assisted him in do- ing this in the best manner we could. The rest of our shipmates, from tha> despair which pro- duces desperation, had deprived themselves of the power of joining us in this necessary duty, by too freely using the wine within their reach. Some of these natives had furnished us with some fire, with which we cooked some salted pork, by fuel procured from the beach. This, with some bread and butter, furnished us with the last meal we were to enjoy from the provisions yet saved from the wreck. The old man with his hideous followers had retired — -the night came on — and although, on one side the ocean was dashing her surging billows upon the rocks we had just escaped, ^and on the other we were en- vironed by the sand hill concealing probably a horde of wretches preparing on the approaching morning to recommence the work of plunder, and perhaps become our executioners, I sunic down, with my shipmates, excepting a watch, into a profound and refreshing sleep upon the sand under our tent. The next morning, the sun rose more gloomily to us than it did to .Sterne's sick Lieutenant. He was sinking into the arms of death, among his anxious friends ; — we were in momentary danger of being devoured by demons, whose di- abolical ferocity would have added a laurel to the escutcheon of Satan himself. The old man once more made his appearance with additional reinforcements. The women commenced a yell, that reminded me of the description of the wail- 28 KOBBINS' JOURNAL ing of the damned spirits. He ordered us to the wreck, pointing to a drove of camels de- scending a hill to the eastward. He ap- proached our tent with an iron spear, and com- menced an assault. We all fled to the small boat, while Capt. Riley defended himself with 7i piece of a spar with the most consummate coolness. Our little boat immediately filled — bilged — and we re-landed, and drove the old Arab some distance up the beach. The camels, with their armed riders, were pressing upon us. We flew to the long boat — turned her over, and committing ourselves to the waves, we all reach- ed the wreck, and viewed these banditti, armed with spears and scimitars, showing us the tokens of defiance, and carrying off' or destroying all they found upon the shore. Immediately upon getting aboard, we sought through the wreck to get what provisions we could. We found a few pieces of pork and a few bottles of wine, but no water. These we let down into the boat, which was in a leaky condition, requiring two men to bail her. Porter and I got a fore-top-mast-stay- sail, and put it into the boat. We could find no oars; and as a substitute, we split two plank* which we found floating iii the hold. These we also put into the boat. We all let ourselves down into the boat, and attempted to put to sea. The surf nearly filled our boat, and drove us back to the wreck which we regained. The Arabs afterwards returned, unarmed, and by manifesting every appearance of peace, and of- fering Capt. Riley a goat skin, which will here- After be described, filled with water, induced ROBBINS' JOURNAL. 29 him to go ashore. The old man came aboard, and after seeking for fire-arms and money, in vain, he went ashore. We then witnessed the danger of Capt. Riley — he was seized by two of the clan, and we expected to be sad spectators of his death. We sent all the money we had on bosrd in a bucket, to the shore, hoping to ap- pease the vengeance of these merciless wretch- es. We were disappointed. The danger of our captain increased. He hailed us. Mr. Savage once more descended on the hawser, and was approaching the beach, and was discovered by the captain, who intreated him by signs to re- turn, and send Antonio ashore. He did so ; but as Antonio carried no money, the vengeance of the Arabs apparently arose to the highest pitch. Capt. Riley made his escape to the wreck, fol- lowed by two natives, and Antonio was seized, loaded with plunder, and forced over the sand hill. Since I have returned to America, I have read a small part of Capt Riley's narrative. I find that Capt. Riley expressed his regret at the death of Antonio, fearing that he was the cause of it. He may dismiss his regret upon this subject, as I, with many of my shipmates, are positive that he was not assassinated, as our captain states. We distinctly saw the Arabs load his back with plunder, and force him to carry it over the sand hill. Afterwards, while at sea in our boat, it was a subject of conversation amongst us, that if we were all lost, as then seemed inevitable, Antonio would be the only survivor to relate our disaster, to our anxious friends, should he ever return to his native country. C2 30 BOBBINS' JOURNAL. CHAP. III. ! A consullavon — measures adopted to clear the surf- — we put to sea in the long boat — alarms and distresses — stood out fou§ days — stood in three days, and landed on the 5th Sept. 1815' to the north of Cape Barbas, western coast of Africa. WE were now all on board the wreck, except- ing poor Antonio, whose fate was mentioned at the close of the last chapter. A melancholy consultation was held by the captain and crew. Whether to go ashore and fall sudden victims to the Arabs, or drag out a miserable existence of slavery among them — or to entrust ourselves to the foaming billows, with our shattered boat, was a question, upon the decision of which hung, perhaps,* " our life, our death — our bane, oar anti- dote.'''' After long deliberation, we concluded once more to attempt our escape by sea. The weather had been moderating through the day — the wind a. little shifted to the eastward, and the surf had, in a degree, subsided. To make our attempt with greater security, we rigged a spar over the stern of the wreck, making fast a rope to its outer end, to force the boat through the surf, and give her a good head-way. We then put aboard every thing we had received from the wreck to begin our perilous voyage, which the boat could contain, in her leaky condition. These consisted of a few pieces of salt pork — a live pig — which we took from the wreck to the shore — and which, wonderful to relate, had vo- luntarily swum from the shore to the wreck— R0BB1NS' JOURNAL. 31 about four gallons of water, a few pounds of figs, soaked in salt water, and about a dozen bottles of wine. We likewise had aboard our small boat's sails, consisting of jib and main-sail, and die fore-top-mast-stay-sail of the brig, and the splitted planks, before mentioned, which were to serve us for oars. We now descended into the boat, out of which Porter waded to the shore, and brought aboard an oar which he found laying on the beach. Oi his own accord, he went again on shore and brought aboard about four or five hundred dol lars which had before been buried. We now fixed ourselves at the oars, and at the rope bend- ed from the spar provided as before mentioned. Capt. Riley placed himself at the stern of the boat to steer her with a plank, she having no rudder. We then, by an united effort, forced ourselves through the surf without difficulty, and passed off* into a smooth sea; This was accom- plished at nearly sun-set. Capt. Riley returned thanks to Heaven, in v ich we all joined with uncovered heads, and, 1 trust, with sincere hearts, for our safe escape from the shore and JVom the surf. Darkness now approached ; and cape Bajador being under our lee, the wind be- ing partly ahead, we were under the most fear- ful apprehension lest we could not clear the cape. We spent the whole night in rowing and bailing, until our strength and fortitude were al- most exhausted. At day-light, however, we were greatly rejoiced to find ourselves to the leeward of this fatal cape. It was like the transition from expected destruction to hoped-for safety. 32 ROBBINS' JOURNAL. On the morning of the 30th August, we ran moderately down the coast to the S. W. ; during which time we were in consultation upon the question, whether we should run down to the Senegal river, upon which there is an European settlement near its mouth, or stand off, and en- deavour to make some of the Canary Islands. The objections to going to the first mentioned place were, that we had no quadrant, no com- pass, and no chart of the coast. A further ob- jection was, that if, in the night season, we should pass the Senegal and Cape Verd, without dis- covering either, we should then be in the open sea without any hopes. On the other hand, it was said, if we should stand of£ and attempt to make some of the Canaries, we should, with more likelihood, fall in with some European ves- sels. We concluded to alter our course, and stand off for the Canaries. We this day put ourselves upon allowance, viz. — one bottle of water and h ilf a bottle of wine amongst eleven of us, this being the whole crew. We also al lowanced ourselves to two figs each ; the pork not being particularly allowanced. We endea- voured to secure the boat from the breaking in of the sea, by fitting around her gunwale, waste- clothes about eight inches above it, composed of a part of the fore-stay- sail. We had a fresh breeze from N. E. during the day, and kept her close upon the wind ; but made but little head- way, our sails being small, and a considerable sea running, which drifted us fast to the lee- ward. On the 31st of August the weather moderated ROBBINS' JOURNAL. 3'S We were in no immediate danger from the sea. notwithstanding our boat was in a most shatter- ed condition, and we continued to stand out. Our pig, for the want of necessary sustenance, began to grow thin, and we concluded to kill him, while he was yet in an eatable state. His blood we carefully preserved to quench our thirst. His intestines we devoured for the same purpose. It was the painful sensations of thirst that we most dreaded ; and to guard against it. we began to preserve our own urine, securing it in the bottles we had before emptied of their contents. As the night came on, it threatened darkness, and squally weather. The wind blew strong from the N. E. and by midnight the sea ran so high as nearly to fill the boat. We en- deavored, with every instrument in our posses- sion, to bail her ; our buckets, our hats, and ev- ery thing that would hold water, were used for this purpose ; and although we all expected that every returning surge would send us to the bot- tom, we succeeded in keeping our boat alive un- til morning. No one can judge of our peril ex- cepting those who have experienced something similar. The rocking of the boat had drawn most of her nails. We saw nothing of the dis- mal gloom that surrounded us, excepting what was presented to our affrightened view by the vivid lightning which kept constantly flashing. We could derive hope from no source but from the interposition of an over-ruling God, whose voice we hear in the thunder, and whose arrows we see in the lightning, and even this was de- spaired of. Capt. Riley and Mr. Savage alter 34 BOBBINS' JOURNAL. nately prayed with us, which had considerable effect in allaying our fears, and encouraging our dying hopes. Day-light at length appeared, on the morning of the 1st September. No painter could ade- quately have described the appearance of this gloomy group of human beings. Despair was depicted upon every countenance, and fortitude deserted every heart. We supposed we were about to lose our last hold upon life, so dear to us all ; and as our fate seemed remediless, we submitted to its decrees in silent horror. Soon after, however, the weather moderated consi- derably, and the wind hauled about to N. N. W. We continued to stand off; but we relinquished ali hopes of fetching any of the Canaries, and our only remaining hope was of falling in with some sail that might be running down near where we were situated. Our thirst increased to a de- gree almost intolerable, and the scorching rays of the sun, being within the torrid zone, were nearly insupportable. We relieved our parch- ed and thirsty frames a little, by making use oi a few drops of wine and water, and the urine we had preserved. On the 2d, we continued to stand out for a considerable part of the day. Capt. Riley, with all the rest of us, gave up all hopes of descrying a sail ; our provisions and water were growing short ; our strength began to fail with our hopes, and by an unanimous voice, we concluded to stand in for the shore ; lest, by getting farther out at sea, we should be wholly unable, from l Alter we ran our boat ashore, as mentioned, north of Cape Barbas, our first object was to se- cure what provisions we had remaining. It had been many days since we ate bread ; the wreck of the brig having ruined the whole, excepting what we got ashore at Cape Bajador, and that was soon consumed. Our wine was also ex- hausted, the last bottle having been drank just be- fore we made our landing in the little sand beach among the rocks. We still had a little water, and some salt pork remaining ; but could not transport them, together with our clothing, when ascending and descending rocks, whose perpen- dicular position and ragged sides seemed to de- fy the approach of human footsteps. We knew the impossibility of doing this from a view of the precipices that surrounded us, — and we left all our clothing excepting what covered our bodies — cut from our pork all that was lean — buried and threw away every piece of money in our possession, at the suggestion of Capt. Riley. Most of us made small sacks out of the sail we had in the boat, with a pen-knife and some rope yarn. In \hese we deposited each of us a small quantity of fit pork and a porter bottle filled with water, it being all we had now remaining, excepting one extra bottle which we drank up- on starting on our uncertain and hazardous jour- ney. We now came to a solemn agreement to remain together as long as possible, and to ren- der to each other every kind office in our power. It was not merely common danger that made us friends ; we had become attached to each other by previous sufferings and mutual favors. As .rZ ROBBINS" JOURNAL. we were doomed soon to be separated under circumstances the most painful to the human feelings, I must be indulged in naming the whole crew. James Riley, captain — George Williams, chief mate — Aaron R. Savage, second mate, all of Middletown; William Porter, James Barrett, and John Hogan, of Massachusetts, near Port- land ; Thomas Burns, of Lyme ; James Clarke, of Hartford ; and myself, seamen. Horace Sa- vage, cabin-boy, of Middletown ; and Richard Deslile, (man of colour) cook, of Hartford. Mr. Williams, Barrett, Hogan, Antonio, and Deslile. (called Dick) still remained unheard of, and pro- bably are either starved, assassinated, or remain in bondage, from which the rest of us, heaven be praised, have escaped. On the 6th of Sept. we started, scarcely know- ing what object we had in view. We resolved, however, to follow the coast, hoping to espy some sail at sea — hoping to find water — hoping to reach the wreck — and hoping *o find some- thing more in it to sustain life a little longer ; having at the same time no expectation of seeing either of those hopes realized ; am£ in this we were not disappointed ; we were defeated in ail of them. Porter and myself usually kept forward, some times seeing our companions in the rear, and sometimes they were hidden from us by project- ing rocks. It is impossible for a stranger to this dreadful coast to conceive of the danger and fatigue we endured in this journey. Occasion- ally we found a short distance of beach on which we could walk without difficulty ; we were then ROBBINS' JOURNAL. 53 opposed by rocks projecting into the sea, upon which a surf was constantly beating. We had to wait for the surf to retire, and then clamber over the rock. For many rods we were obliged to ascend upon the broken cliffs of the rocks, the surge beating upon the base of them below in a manner calculated to make despair take the place of hope. During this day, we came to a narrow projection from, the almost perpendicu- lar rock, for nearly thirty rods in length : not much wider than a stone step. It was our only- passage. It was as much as fifty feet above the surf below, and rising as many as five hundred feet above our heads. He must be something more or less than man, who could pass this track with unconcern. Porter and 1 being far ahead, found a small passage into the rock, where we could remain with safety, and we waited till the rest came up. The water had worn a hole in- to the rock, nearly in shape of a common kettle, which was filled with warm water. We bathed our heads in it which greatly refreshed us. We were soon joined by our whole party, who did the same, with the same effect. We continued to o-rope our way along the rocks until dark, when we came to a projecting one, around which we had to wade, or swim through the surf. We then ascended a cliff, and to our great joy, found a place where we could repose. It ought to be here mentioned, that all the way we saw fresh dung, and tracks of animals, and during the ni^ht heard their howling ; but we neither of us this day or night saw any animal. We lay down to rest with our clothes soaked, after eating a little f E2 54 BOBBINS' JOURNAL. raw pork and quenching our thirst with a sip of water. Notwithstanding our constant and un- wearied exertions, we could not have travelled more than five miles during the whole of this day, judging from the objects in our rear which we had passed, and a harder day's travel was never made by man. On the morning of the 7th of September, we found ourselves stiffened and almost unable to move from having slept the preceding night, which was chilly, in the open air, with wet clothes. In the morning we partook of the only food in our possession — cutting a thin slice of raw pork from what remained, and water enough only to wet our mouths. With this little nour- ishment, and with our debilitated bodies, we be- gan our second day's journey. The difficulty of travelling was not diminished, but rather in- creased. We shortly came to a rock which pro- jected a great distance over the sea. The water had worn under it from fifty to sixty feet; and the cliffs that had broken from the rock above, lay, in great masses, in the surf below. It seemed to us impossible to pass: but we resolved to attempt the dreadful passage. We let ourselves down from rock to rock until we reached those lying in the surf, and clinging to the one upon which we alighted, the dreadful surf broke over us with all its violence. As the sea went out. we snatch- ed the opportunity to pass a short distance over these craggy rocks, tearing our bodies in a ter- rible manner. In this way we travelled, from rock to rock, and through surf after surf, I should judge half a mile : in performing which we wer* 4 ROBBINS' JOURNAL. 5.0 as many as three hours. At length the party all came up, and we reached the sand beach which we had before seen ahead. Had it not been at low water, we could not have passed at all. For most of this distance, the water had worn under (he rocks, as near as we could judge, from sixty to eighty feet, presenting to view a cavern, from whose frightful aspect the heart recoiled with horror. In this passage we found and ate a few salt muscles, which, although they afforded some nourishment, very much increased our thirst. We also saw a large leopard ; the first live ani- mal we had seen on the African coast, excepting the camels, at Cape Bajador, where our calami- ties commenced. It was about 10 o'clock when we reached the beach. We immediately began to dig for water, and having no implements to do it with, we used our hands, scraping the sand into our hats and throwing it to the top of the well. Capt. Riley went in pursuit of a passage to the world above the rocks, if, by good for- tune, he could find one, and Ave continued to dig, without the least effect, in various place? for water. Capt. Riley gave us a gloomy ac- count on his return, and his gloom was increas- ed when he found that we had obtained no w r a- ter. We all once more started, and at the end of the beach, it being about noon, we w r ere com- pletely exhausted. Nature could do no more — we stretched ourselves upon the beacli — under a shelving rock guarding us from the rays of the sun. " Sleep, balmy sleep — nature's fond nurse, sweet restorer," came to our relief; we repos- ed, and our " senses were steeped in forgetful- £g ROBBINS' JOURNAL. ness,'* for two hours. I will not attempt to de- scribe my feelings at the time I awoke, for it could hardly be said that I had any feelings. I had become so inured to misery, that she had adopt- ed me as her child, and I felt no disposition to avoid her embrace. I knew I had done all I could to rescue myself and assist my compa- nions in escaping from the army of calamities that surrounded us. This seemed to be a com- mon sentiment among us. Capt. Riley, in his pursuit of a passage over the rocks, had discovered that there was a beach for some ways ahead, and proposed that we should make one effort more to find our way to the land above, through this hitherto inaccessi- ble precipice. With one accord we acceded to the proposition, and were once more on the march. We soon began to ascend, crawling up- on our hands and knees, catching hold of every substance that would assist us in dragging our bodies forward. It was next to dragging our- selves to the scaffold — it was like becoming our own executioners. We at length ascended the top of the precipice, and, O merciful Heaven! what a prospect presented itself to our affright- ed view! what despondency sunkinto our hearts! Had we been called to meet the dangers of the sea. or to fight the enemies of our country, we should. J know, like true American sailors, have encoun- tered them without dismay. But, after having encountered and overcome almost all the varie- ties of human misery ; after having rung all the changes of calamity ; then to be cast upon a bar- ren heath, a boundless plain, made up of burn- ItOBBINS' JOURNAL. 57 ing sand and flinty stones, producing neither a green vegetable, or refreshing water ; there to be famished with hunger, devoured by wild beasts, or become slaves to the most merciless of creatures that wear the form of man, was sure- ly enough to appal the stoutest heart! It seem- ed as if death was about to overtake us ; and the outstretched plain before us seemed like the great Golgotha of the human race. Casting our eyes far to the southward, the plain, owing to the striking of the rays of the sun upon the dried sand, appeared like an immense lake. We even thought of going in pursuit of it ; but having so long been betrayed by the illusions of hope, this ignis fatuus could not lead us. Some of us felt a disinclination to move at all. Hogan, at the mention of whose name I can hardly suppress a falling tear, however, the first one who ventur- ed upon the hawser as before mentioned, was asked what it was best to do? He answer- ed, with perfect apathy, « I don't know — but what's the use of lying down to die as long as we can stand up and walk." The fortitude of a New-England sailor is certainly proverbial; but we are told that a continual dropping will wear away stones ; and as our bodies wasted. our courage was diminished. We moved oil' in a body, keeping in with the coast ; and as we wandered near the edge of the precipice, we were almost dizzied by the immense distance to the roaring surge at the base, which continualh beat and wasted its force upon this iron bound coast. We occasionally saw a wild dry plant resembling a wild parsnip, or fennel stalk, which 58 BOBBINS' JOURNAL. we dug up out of the hard baked earth with sharp stones and the knives we had with us. It afforded but little nourishment to us, and from the appearance of the earth around them, they had been sought after and ate by wild beasts. their tracks being visible around their roots. We saw large heaps of muscle shells, and the appearance of a former fire where they probably had been roasted by the natives. Thus far, in this day's travel, we had found but little sand, the surface of the earth being chiefly covered with sharp stones. But towards night, coming to a more sandy ground, we discovered the tracks of a camel and those of a large human foot, tra- velling to the northward. These tracks appear- ed to be recently made : indeed they must have been, as the blowing of the dry sand would soon have filled them up. This circumstance con- vinced us that we were at no great distance from some of the natives; and however terrible was the reflection, we now felt anxious to fall in with them, for we were famishing and thirsting to death. We still had a few drops of water remaining, with which we moistened our mouths, after sitting down near the precipice, where we enjoyed a cool breeze. After travelling a little farther, we discovered a sandy beach ; the pre- cipice suddenly diminishing and filling back from the shore. We intended, if possible, to make this beach, and there to spend the night. It now became dark; and after travelling about an hour we discovered the light of a fire at a considerable distance ahead. This discovery excited in our bosoms the mingled emotions of BOBBINS' JOURNAL. 69 joy and fear— joy, that we might obtain some- thing to satisfy the hunger that gnawed upon our frames, and quench the thirst which was parching us to powder — fear, that this reliei would forever take from us the freedom which we enjoyed with our misery. We descended, with great difficulty, about halfway down to the beach, and upon a steep side-hill, surrounded by craoged rocks, we laid down upon the burn- ing sand, after having scraped off the surface of it to make a cooler bed, and also a guard to prevent us from sliding down the hill. Here we slept until morning; and upon awaking, found ourselves chilled by the cold air and the dews which prevail herein the night season, notwithstanding the heat of the days. The 8th of September had now come, a day memorable in the calender of our crew ; for upon this day we lost the exalted character of freemen, and became the most degraded of slaves. About sun-rise we were all assembled upon the sand bank upon which we had slept,. and in a united manner, joined Mr. Savage (if I right- ly recollect) in prayer. Standing uncovered upon the declivity of the hill, with the boundless ocean roaring on one side, and the immense de- sert stretching out on the other, we poured out our souls to that God who made them, implo- ring His protection and support in whatever situ- ation we might be placed, in whatever scenes we might be called to act, and in whatever suf- ferings we might be compelled to endure. We then mutually pledged ourselves to each other, CO BOBBINS' JOUBNAL. that, as we should undoubtedly very soon be en- slaved by the Arabs, and probably separated from each other, we would use every means to effect our own and each other's release, that should fall in our power; that if we could, by any means, convey the intelligence of our situa- tion to any Christian power, we would avail our- selves of the opportunity. We now descended the hill to the beach, and continued our course along the same to the northeast. After proceed- ing about two miles, as I judged, and rising a small sand hill, we discovered at no great dis- tance a drove of camels. We came to a sudden stop, and upon consultation, some were for go- ing on, others for lying by. We concluded that this might be a caravan travelling to the north- ward ; and might assist us on. We continued to approach them ; and as we drew near, we concluded there must have been as many as se- venty or eighty of the natives. We were now first discovered by six or seven of them, who had wandered from the clan ; one of whom appear- ed to be a middle aged man, and who afterwards became Hogan's and Dick's master — the others were two women, the rest being children. As soon as they saw us, they run rapidly towards us. We immediately fell upon our knees, and, by signs, begging the man, who was armed with a drawn scimitar, to spare our lives, and bestow upon us a little water. The first request he granted, but totally disregarded the second. The women, ten times more ferocious in appear- ance than the men, came up with the children, and with the greatest violence, stripped off all BOBBINS' JOURNAL. 6 J our clotlies excepting trowsers. Some of us. however, were stripped entirely naked, al- though they left me my trowsers. The man, in the mean time, was constantly brandishing his fiaked scimitar around our heads, and darting it towards our breasts, seeming impatient to see us bleeding. The whole clan now discovered us, and came rushing on with many of their ca- mels. The manner of their approach defies de- scription ; some were running on foot, armed with spears, some on camels, some with musk- ets, others with large clubs, others with scimi- tars, and all seemed ai^jrious to be the first sha- rers in the plunder, when alas, they could find no plunder but our miserable bodies. As they came up, those who had possessed themselves of all our clothes, and of our persons also, began to throw sand into the air, and hooting somewhat like American savages. A contest now began among themselves, of which we were spectators, all contending for their right to us as slaves. After this contest was ended, in which no lives were lost, although much heathen blood was shed, we were all led towards the well ; each one of us having three or four Arabs hold of us, forcing us on, and each of them contending for his right to us, as his slave. We very soon reach- ed the well, around which were a number of ves- sels filled with water, in which the camels were drinking. They were made of the skin of the camel. The top of them was a circular hoop, to which the skin was sewed, and which rested on three legs. Between these legs, the skin hung down in the shape of a common basket. ,52 ROBBINS' JOURNAL. holding generally about twenty gallons, from which five or six camels drink at one time ; it being supplied from the well until the camels are satistied. As 1 came to the well, my mas- ters released me from their grasp. I immediate- ly plunged my head into the tub with the ca- mels, to satisfy my raging thirst, regardless of the vessel or of the kind of liquid I was drink- ing. The camels were frightened by their new companion, and began to retire ; the natives immediately drove me away, and restored to the camels, more humane than their masters, their previous right. During this time there seemed to be a contest among those who brought me to the well, the object which was to deter- mine to whom of right I belonged. They seized me three or four at a time, and pulled me one way and the other, with so much force, that I concluded they were about to settle the dispute by making an equal distribution of my body among them. During this scene, in which I was a passive actor, they kept constantly jabbering very loud and with great earnestness. At length one of them continued his hold, the rest having surrendered me to him; and he now became my sole master. His name was Ganus. He was about five feet eight inches in height ; large and raw boned, as is indeed the case with all the wandering Arabs, and about forty years of age. It had now become about eight o'clock in the morning. My master led me off to his camels stationed at a small distance, in the keeping of two young women, who afterwards proved to be his sisters. I here fell in with Mr. Savage, Mr BOBBINS' JOUK.NAJ.. 6. r > Williams, and Barrett, who were situated neat by. They informed me that they had been fur- nished with a small supply of milk and water. The girls then gave me some milk and water, in a bowl, which 1 shared with my companions in misery. The camels having been sufficiently watered, and the goat skins having been filled, preparations were made for a departure from the well. CHAP. VI. Separation of the crew — taking hare — departure into the desert — mode of travelling— water— goat skin — arrival at a tent — mode of making fire— cooking and eating— travelling upon Zahara — Mahomedan worship — clothing. September 8th, 1815. FROM this day I date my slavery among the Arabs, and my shipmates may also date theirs from the same time. We were now all in the possession of barbarian masters ; although it is impossible forme to tell precisely how the crew were distributed. Just before my master started, which was between nine and ten o'clock, A. M. I was permitted to take leave of Oapt. Riley and all the crew, who were situated in different pla- ces around the well, excepting Mr. Williams and Barrett, who went off in company with me. As it is wholly impossible to describe the feelings of my bosom at this adieu, I will not attempt it. More poignantly distressing they could not have been, had I been about to leave this world for another. It left me in a state of horror and an- guish nhich I then thought I could not, but for 04 ROBBINS" JOURNAL. a short time, survive. I was mounted upon a ea mel behind the hump, wholly destitute of cloth- ing excepting my trowsers, and compelled to steady myself by clinching the long hair upon the hump, which is generally from four to sis inches in length. The back of the camel, from the hinder part of the protuberance upon it. commonly called the hump, is entirely smooth : the back bone extremely sharp, and the hip bones projecting but a very little from the rump, which slopes very steeply, so that it is utterh impossible to keep your seat without inclining the body far forward, and constantly holding on by the long hair. The camels commonly used for carrying baggage and passengers are from twenty to twenty-five hands in height ; and al- though in riding at full trot the naked body of the miserable slave who is compelled to ride, is excoriated and torn to pieces, a sudden fall from them would endanger his life. If he falls nil' by accident, or voluntarily slips from his painful seat to relieve himself from excruciating torture. he is left in the rear, and is driven up to the par- ly who have gotten ahead, by the scimitar, the ?pear, or the club of his master. After travel- ling in this way for some miles, I began to won- der why I had not been sunk in the ocean, pre- cipitated from a rock, or in some sudden way been deprived of that life winch now became a burthen to me. My body was naked, excepting my legs, under the almost vertical rays of the sun, being within the torrid zone, or tropic of Cancer, and my legs were constantly charing and wearing away by constantly thumping upon the ROBJJLNS' JOURNAL. (5. r « hard liips of an hard trotting camel. Poor beast, thought I, we both have the same unfeeling mas ter, and must both submit to the capricious ex- ercise of that power which absolute authority gives him, 1 almost imagined that the camel pi- tied me ; and should have come to this conclu- sion absolutely, had it not been from the prevail- ing sentiment that men possessed more httih&nitij than brides. How often are we in the habit of making mistakes! The Arab is not the only being, among ihose called rational, whose dire* fill cruelty would make even a tiger weep. After we had ascended the precipice, and had gone some distance upon the plain, my master left his camels, his baggage and me, in the keep- ing of the girls, and joined the master of Mr. Williams and Barrett. They knew that we must have landed on this coast at no great distance oil: and having asked me, by signs, where the boat or vessel lay in which we were wrecked, I satis- fied them by signs as well as I could. They now both started upon a long trot, a camel seldom galloping, and went in pursuit of the boat or wreck. My master had about twenty camels, and the master of Mr. Williams and Barrett about the same number, and we were now all joined in one party, in the keeping of the women belonging to the two parties. We now proceed- ed upon the plain towards (he interior, in a S. E direction, travelling at full speed. We were compelled to keep up with the party, and al- though riding in the manner before described was excessively painful, we were under the ne- cessity of enduring it, as we could not on f«6t F 2 06 BOBBINS" JOURNAL. do this. We however, occasionally dismount- ed, and run a short distance on foot, to obtain a little relief from our pain, occasioned by the hard trotting of the camels. At about 2 o'clock, two Arabs approached, with great speed, stole Mr. Williams and Barrett from their keepers, in spite of all their exertions to prevent it ; placed them behind upon their camels, and made off to the south; and, in a few minutes, were out of sight. I was now left alone ; no human creature to as- sociate with ; no bosom into which I could pour my own sorrows. My captain and shipmates were all dispersed, and in different hands ; and I was left, without any spectator of my distress- es, excepting the wretches who took delight in increasing them. The girls now stripped oft my trowsers, and gave me, in exchange, a strip of old blanket, about eighteen inches wide, which I made fast around my middle with thorns. I begged for some water, which they gave me in an old hat, which I was obliged to carry in my hand, out of sight of the camels, lest by wearing it, I should frighten them. We then started again; and, as the party slackened their pace a little, I was enabled to keep up on foot. We continued in a S. E. direction; and after tra- velling about two hours, I had the firs*t view of the Arabs' tents. Vi * halted at about a quarter of a mile distance from them, and I soon saw a female coming towards us, who came out to meet the returning party. She seemed to ma- nifest a little feeling at my forlorn situation, and entreated the girls to give me a little water, which they did. She took hold of my hands. ROBBINS' JOURNAL. 57 and examined them very intently, showing at the same time signs of wonder and curiosity. We then prosecuted our journey, some mounted or: camels, and some on foot, till about five o'clock the sun appearing about an hour high. We now came near the tents belonging to the two mas- ters of our party, situated in a small valley. The surface of the ground consisted of hard baked earth filled with small, sharp, flinty stones, and occasionally of a small vein of sandy ground There was not a tree nor vegetable in sight ; and the earth had nothing verdant upon it, but a feu small bushes thinly scattered, about two feet high. Upon these, the camels fed. They were distributed around the valley, and supported themselves by browsing upon these bushes. The camels loaded with water, which was contained in goat skins, were; driven up to the tent, and unloaded. These skins, made to transport water from one part of the desert to the other, are fitted for this purpose by taking the skin whole from the woat. This is done, by cutting it around the neck; then by thrusting in the hand, it is taken whole from the animal to the end of its legs. The holes, at the end of the legs, are made fast. by tying an overhand knot with the skin of the legs. The Arabs have a kind of root which, dried and pounded, they apply to the inside of the skin, which cures and tans it, sufficiently to become a water vessel ; leaving the hair on the outside in its natural state. The neck of the skin, into which they pour the water, is made water-tight by lashing a cord around it, which 68 ROBBINS' JOURNAL. is also made fast to the skin of one of the fore legs ; and in this way they keep the neck of the skin in a perpendicular position, while the body of it lies along-side of the camel horizontally ; being made fast to the saddle by a cord extend- ing from each leg. The camel is sometimes leaded with four oi these skins, two upon each side. These skins are sometimes used for the transportation of milk, taken from the camel, al- though those used for this purpose are more thoroughly tanned, and the hair wholly taken off! Before we arrived at the tents, my master's wife and three children came out about half a mile to meet us. They welcomed the return of the party, by enclosing their hands in those of the returning, and also throwing their arms about their necks and kissing them. The old lady wore a face that seemed to have something of humanity in it. She took my hand, and letting it go, put hers to her own mouth, motioning to me to do the same, with my own, which I did. The little children, by their signs, wished me to kis^ their hands, which I did. They all manifested a kind of pleasure in having a slave in their fa- mily, to serve them, and more probably because they hoped to make a sum of money by the sale of me. I was then conducted to the tent; and after resting awhile, was sent out with one of the 2;irls, who had a kind of hatchet in her hand, for what purpose 1 could not tell. I how- ever soon learned it was to cut bushes for fuel. After she had cut a few of them to instruct me, ahe handed the hatchet to me and bade me cut ROBBINS' JOURNAL. 69 or dig them out of the ground. After gathering and carrying three handful s to the tent, I was told it was sufficient, and was bade, by signs, to sit down. They then dug a small hole in the ground in front of the tent, and struck tire with a flint and steel upon a kind of dried weed, which served for tinder. After the weed had taken tire, they gathered up a quantity of dried camel's dung, which is always to be found around an Arab's tent, and after nibbing it in their hands, placed it upon the burning weed, and blowing it, it soon set the dung on fire. They •hen put on a few dried sticks, and, as soon as they began to blaze, they were placed in the bottom of the hole. This is the universal me- thod of building a fire among this people. They then gathered some small stones and threw into ill* the fire ; commanding me to cut a small slice from the pork which they found in my sack, and the same being cut into small pieces, it was put into a small wooden bowl. They then, with two sticks, took from the fire in the hole the heated stones and dropped thorn into the bowl among the pork, which 1 kept from burning by stirring it round. It was very much for my benefit that my mistress was a Mahometan, for she would not publicly eat pork herself, although she dispensed so far with the articles of her Faith, as to permit her children to partake with me of thic unholy food. Before I began my supper, however, she made me pour my pork, fat and all, into my hat. as they will never permit a Christian to conta- minate their vessels by eating or drinking in them : and I have often been deprived of a 70 ROBBINS' JOURNAL. draught of water, because no vessel but theirs could be found to contain it. They commanded me to preserve part of this me* s until next morn- ing, as I couid have no more food until the next evening. Cooking, however, is an uncommon duty among the Arabs, as they seldom have any thing to cook, living almost wholly upon the milk of the camel, which they sometimes warm with heated stones. Indeed, were it not for the ca- mel, the immense desert of Zahara, sometimes called Zaara, ami Saharah, must be wholly de- serted by human beings. From the peculiar na- ture of the camel's feet, being somewhat of the nature of a puff-ball, and yielding to the smallest pressure, th w are enabled to endure the sharp stones, and also to travel in the deep sand. B) these animals, the Arabs are enabled to traverse the desert, and to transport then- plunder, their persons, and their slaves, from dne part of it to another. The country, producing no vegetable food of any consequence, the natives are enabled to sustain'life by the milk of fchese animals and their meat when slain. Why they are permit- ted to live at all, as they do nothing to add to the common stock of human enjoyment, but ev- ery thing in their power to diminish it, is a ques- tion which neither the dim light of nature, nor the imperfect reason of man can solve. At about eleven o'clock at night, the usual time of milk- ing the camels, I had perhaps a pint of milk mixed with a pint of water, which is the usual quantity afforded a slave. The reason for milk- ing the camels near ihe middle of the night i~. to let their milk cool, which is always much ROBBINS' JOURNAL. 71 heated by the exercise of the animal, and the burning sun of the preceding day. They suf- fered me to sleep upon the sand at one corner of the tent. In the course of the night my master Ganus returned from seeking after the boat. To me, it was next to a miracle, that he could have reached the boat, and have taken therefrom ar- ticles which I knew we left there, in this short space of time. But afterwards, on seeing Porter, lie told me that the next day after my master descended, he went down to the boat himself with his master. That the camels and an Arab would descend a precipice with ease, which an European or American could hardly pass with- out endangering his life. My master brought a bag of rice which we had left near the boat, the same being ruined by the salt water, and having turned as green as verdigris : he also brought some lean pork, which we could not carry with us upon the precipice ; a part of a boat sail, pieces of ropes, and, what reminded me of our brig and my country, the colours of the brig. September 9th. — This was the second day of my slavery. The family of my master consisted of himself, his wife, and two girls, and a boy; the oldest about twelve. His mother and his two sisters, before mentioned, lived in a tent near by. and both seemed to constitute but one family. I now furnished myself with a long string, having no means to keep the day of the week, or of the month, the month itself, or even the year ; and every day I tied a knot in it to keep my reckon- ing and have it correct. The family of my mas- ter could not be reckoned among the rich Arabs ; 72 BOBBINS' JOURNAL. he and nis mother having between them but two small tents, and but about twenty camels, young and old. At this time they milked but three, which produced but about six quarts of milk daily. This served for the support of the whole, being eight in number, besides myself; and my proportion of milk was of course the smallest in quantity, being sometimes not more than one pint, mixed with the same quantity of water, for twenty-four hours. They generally preserved a part of the milk they got in the night, in a goat skin, for the next day at noon ; depending upon the small quantity they obtained in the morning for breakfast, of which I was sometimes deprived of any part. . The first thing the family do upon rising, which is invariably at day-break, is to go to Sulfa, or prayer. This they perform with great apparent solemnity. They begin this worship by pulling off what few camel-skin slippers are among them ; then kneeling to the earth, rubbing sand upon their hands, arms and faces, a number of times. In whatever attitude, during this duty, whether standing, sitting, or kneeling, their faces are always turned to the east. The ceremony of rubbing their hands, arms and faces, with sand, is a symbol of ablution, or cleansing, as they have no water to perform this with. After this is done they stand up very erect, facing to the east ; each repeating exclamations or ori- sons, in a manner so very peculiar, that it is almost impossible for a foreigner to spell the words made use of, however familiar he may be- come with the pronunciation of them. It is equally ROBBINS' JOURNAL 73 difficult to obtain from them the precise meaning of the words used ; as there is a kind of peculiar mystery in their language, as well as a peculiar solemnity in theirdeportrnent when worshipping. For nineteen months I was in the habit of wit- nessing the worship of the Arabs, in families and in larger bodies, generally four times in a day, and hearing the exclamations they made ; and will attempt to enter down a few of their most frequently repeated expressions. Looking to- wards the east, they exclaim — " Sheda cl la lah y Hi, Allah !• — Sheda Mahommed Rah sool Allah /" They then throw their outspread hands forward, exclaiming Allah Hooakibar (" Great God.") They then kneel down upon the earth, and, sup- porting their bodies with their hands, kiss the earth ; and as they kiss it, exclaim again, Allah Hooakibar ; then rising erect, repeat the same expressions. They now, with a low and solemn tone of voice, casting their eyes occasionally to- wards heaven, repeat over a prayer from one to two minutes in length. From having afterwards learned the meaning of many of the expressions made use of in these prayers, I feel fully author- ized to say that they return thanks for the favors received ; for the food they eat ; for the clothes they wear. They mostearnestly pray for rain when the earth is dry ; and for sufficient food for their camels. They pray for abundance of plunder, and that they may take numerous slaves. That, the Great God would destroy their enemies and protect them; that he would keep their children alive, and bless all their possessions. In the course of these prayers, they frequently mention- G 74 ROBBINS' JOURNAL. ed the name of Moolay Solimaan. During the repetition of this prayer, they stand perfectly erect. After the conclusion of it, they again ex- claim, loudly, Allah Hooakibar, and again kiss the earth, in the manner described, two or three times, at each time repeating Allah Hooakibar ! They then sit down upon the earth, and each re- peats over to himself, probably some part of the Koran. During this, they hold in their hands, the most of them, a string of beads upon which they cast their eyes as though offering to them the most profound adoration. These beads they count over, stopping as they come to some par- ticular one. They sometimes wear them upon their arms, and frequently carry them in their hands as they are walking or sitting. They close this ceremony by repeating the words, Sulle Jlfulla. This is a description of family worship. When a larger number are together, the worship is conducted by arranging themselves in a single line, one of the oldest stepping out in front, and being the only speaker. They, however, all re- peat with him, Allah Hooakibar, and following his motions, bow to the earth and kiss it. When a family have closed their morning worship, they proceed to suckle the young camels, the bag of the old one being always secured from them, by a kind of basket made of a species of grass found in some of the northern parts of the deserts, which the women fasten over them. They then milk the remainder into a bowl, which is but a trifle, and divide and drink it. The camels, un- less they are to travel, are then sent off to iced BOBBINS' JOURNAL. 7/) upon the small shrubs or bushes already men- tioned, being always in the care of some one of the family. My master remained in his tent through this day. Having obtained two pair of shoes, he gave one pair to me, they being part of the plunder they took from the crew the day before. He restored to me my trowsers, which his sisters the day before had torn from me, having cut them off at the knee, saying, all be- low the knee was foonia — i. e. good for nothing. He also gave me part of our boat sail, which his son fancied, and took from me, giving me a patched skin in exchange, which, lied in front, hangs over the back part of the body, covering- it nearly as low as the knee. The family spent part of the day in examining their plunder, and I slept under the tent a considerable portion of it. I ate a little of my pork, with the milk al- lowed me for my supper, and nothing occurred until next morning. CHAP. VII. Meeting with part of the crew — preparations for a journey — tent —furniture — man-saddle - female do. — loading tent and furniture — gazelle — Mr. Williams and Barrett Christian and Mahommedan religion — separation— mode of spinning and weaving — of making a tent — of pitching it — scrupulous re- gard to worship. ON the 10th of September, 1815, at about 9 o'clock, A. M. my master took me with him, on foot, about five miles, where we came to a num- ber of tents. No one can judge of my surprise, when 1 sawCapt.Riley,Clarke,Burns,and I think r6 ROBBINS 1 JOURNAL. Horace, sitting near one of the tents. Although the interview with my shipmates was wholly un- expected ; although it produced the most de- lightful feelings, they were mingled with the melancholy reflection that it could be but short, and probably would be the last. We spent nearly half a day together; and while we were in sad conference upon the subject of our fate, the iVrabs, about twenty in number, were hold- ing a council. These they frequently hold, but in a very confused and irregular manner, having no one in particular to preside over their deli- berations. Not at tha time knowing any of their language, I could not tell, from that or from any signs, what was the subject under consultation ; but I judged it was relative to the mode of dis- posing of us, their slaves, as Capt. Riley was tell- ing them, by counting stones, how many dollars he would give for our ransom, if we could be carried to Morocco, or, as the Arabs call that country, Marocksh. Capt. Riley seemed to feel some hopes that we might yet get released, and advised us all to keep up good spirits. I took a painful leave of them, and, at about 3 P. M. re- turned with my mast r to his tent. I was sent to gather wood for the night. The family built a fire, and cooked some of the damaged rice which was brought from the boat, by heated stones. This they did by putting a small quantity of rice, mixed with water, into a bowl; then throwing in the hot stones an^ covering it over, it became a kind of pudding, which they divided among themselves, leaving what little adhered to the atones for my share, which I was obliged to BOBBINS' JOURNAL. 77 scrape from them with my teeth. This, with a little piece of lean, salt pork, which was cooked by the embers of fire mixed with sand, a little water, and, at 11 o'clock, a few drops of milk, made up my supper. On the 1 lth, for the first time, I witnessed the maimer in which the Arabs prepare for a jour- ney It may here be remarked, that they have no' particular places appropriated to particular individual.. They pitch their tents in any un- occupied place ; and when they strike them, they leave the place of their temporary abode, to the next occupant. They begin, by taking all their furniture, from the inside of the tent, which consists of two or three wooden bowls (o-eddacks) which they procure from the Moors; about the same number of water goat skins, (u-ilfobar) and a small milk goat skin, (s cow) both of which have been before described ; a small axe, (>^/o)-a tent knife, made perhaps of an iron hoop, (»** --a sleeping mat for the family, (lassaia)—* patch-work skin (farrow) to cover them, and sometimes a few spinning implements, with which they spin camel s hair. They all have a kind of female saddle of which no idea can be formed by an American without a description ; and it is almost impossible to give an accurate idea of it by the most minute description. It is made by two crotches, not unlike the forward part of our saddle trees. One of these settles on to the back bone ot the camel, forward of the hump, and the other back of it. From these, are extended two poles about four feet in length, and near the ends they are G2 78 ROBBINS' JOURNAL. made fast to the two crotches which are padded inside to prevent them chafing the camel's back. Upon the top of these two poles, is placed a camel's hide, the outer edge of which is sewed to a rim rising about eight inches above the poles, making a sort of oblong basket, about three feet in length, and two in width, placed crosswise upon the back of the camel, and made fast to the poles. A girth is made fast to each of these poles either by buckles, which they can seldom procure, or a knot, passing under the belly of the camel. Another girth or rope passes from the hinder part under the tail of the camel, somewhat like our cruppers. Another one extends from the forward- part around the breast of the beast, somewhat in the manner of our breast girths. From each corner of this bas- ket is raised a pole, meeting in the centre of it, and made fast at the top, over which they throw a blanket, a skin, a piece of sail, or whatever they have suitable for this purpose, to preserve their bodies from the rays of the burning sun. Into these, the mother generally places herself in the centre, having a child on each side to keep this saddle properly balanced. They also have a saddle which is placed upon the forward part of the hump for the owner, or a man to ride upon. This has a saddle-tree forward, which is padded inside, and goes on to the camel's shoulder bones, xery near the neck, rising eight inches above the seat, which is circular, hollow- ed in the middle, and from the outer edge a piece of raw camel's hide is drawn over it. •iround the whole of this circular scat, except- ROBBINS' JOURNAL. 79 ing where it is made fast to the tree, a small thick pad is fastened, a stud extending from each side of the circle, and resting upon the pad to support it. This saddle is made fast by a girth passing just back of the fore legs. The rider seats himself, and crosses his legs upon the descending part of the camel's neck. This is a description of the saddles generally in use, al- though others vary in some trifling respect. They now strike their tent, and take therefrom all its long and short poles. These, with all the rest of the articles described, excepting the saddles, water and milk skins, they roll up in the tent, by putting part in one end of it, which is folded up in shape of a piece of cloth of different lengths. They roll up each end of the tent, each hav- ing a long tent poll in it. together with other ar- ticles, so divided as to make a balance. These poles are lashed together fore-and-aft upon the top of the camel, resting upon the centre of the hump. This is made fast to the animal by a rope extending over the top of it and around the body. Another rope passes from it under the tail, and another round the breast. All this pre- paration is made in half an hour, and often in less time. The tent and its contents are gene- rally put upon a camel that is driven, although he is sometimes ridden. We started this day at sun two hours high. I shall hereafter be less particular in stating the hour of the day upon which any event took place, unless it is a very interesting one. Indeed, time was of but little consequence to me, as I had no- thing to interest me but the peculiar habits, man- 80 ROBBINS' JOURNAL. ners, and customs of the Arabs, the immense de- serts through which I was passing in almost ev- ery direction, and the distresses I there endured. This day we travelled moderately, alternately on foot, and mounted on camels. As we came to spots where bushes were thinly scattered, the camels were permitted to feed, as is generally the case. In the course of the day we saw great numbers of animals which the natives called Gazelle. Their appearance was very similar to that of a deer, although they were of a small- er size. They were extremely gaunt and had long legs. Although they leaped and skipped about with great activity, they manifested but little fear upon our approach : and continued to browse at a short distance from us. I have seen them frequently upon different parts of the Za- hara desert ; but I never saw the natives take any of them, although I have often seen their skins, and was at this time wearing part of one. I afterwards learned from the natives, that they were taken at a particular season of the year, probably on account of their condition as to flesh and hair, the latter of which is exceedingly beau- tiful ; surpassing, in this respect, any animal I ever saw in America. We halted, towards night, amidst a small flat of bushes, more flourishing than any I had before seen, in sight of a number of tents. It is not generally the custom, when on a journey, to pitch tents very near to each other, as each party requires a considerable ad- joining ground to feed their camels upon during the night. I reckon we travelled about twenty miles this day, and, as I judged from the sun, in ROBBINS' JOURNAL. 81 a S. E. direction. After pitching our tent, I was sent, as usual, to gather fuel for the night, then to the nearest tent to get fire, as this would save the trouble of striking one. In this tent I saw Mr. Williams and Barrett, who were stolen as before mentioned. Their legal master had re- gained them, probably, after a severe contest, as a slave is the last piece of property an Arab will relinquish ; indeed, they are the only property except their camels, that is worth a contest. From what 1 could learn relative to their traffic, they would estimate a healthy slave, at the va- lue of ten full grown camels ; although as they approach near to a market for slaves, they rise in value. These miserable shipmates were almost en- tirely naked. The skin upon their backs was very much blistered. They informed me that they had suffered very severely from rapid tra- velling, and from want of food ; they still, how- ever, had a small quantity of pork which their master, in company with mine, had gotten from the boat, and which neither dared to eat. Like me, they derived some benefit from the religious tenets of their master : and I think we might all say, without incurring the vengeance of Mahom- med, their prophet, that this was the only benefit we ever derived from the faith of a mussulman. It is almost impossible in this place, to avoid re- marking upon the different effect that the two systems introduced into our world by our divine Redeemer, and the impostor Mahommed, has upon the professors of these different systems. The religion introduced by the one teaches 82 ROBBINS' JOURNAL. " Peace on earth, and good will to men. To do to others as you would have others do to you.'" It teaches men to check the operations of pas- sion, and depraved nature, and to become pure in heart. That of the other promises the full gratification of every propensity. His paradise is a region of gluttony, drunkenness, and de- bauchery. The one teaches men to love their enemies — the other to destroy them. The one teaches us " to feed the hungry, and clothe the naked," — the other, to tear from the unfortunate being in their power, the last piece of raiment that guards him from the inclemency of the sea- sons, and to see, with perfect indifference, the famished slave die at their feet, when they be- come unfit for market. T could spend but few minutes, and have but few words with my unfortunate friends. I has- tened to my master's tent — built a fire — cooked a small slice of my pork, and, at the usual time, had my scanty portion of milk and water ; and. in a corner of my master's tent, upon the sand, slept till day-light. September 12th. — This day we started early, and continued south easterly. I sometimes rode behind my master, by securing myself, as well as I could, by means of my skin and rope, upon the hump of the camel. We halted a few mi- nutes in the middle of the day, took a little milk and water, and the camels browsed upon the bushes. At about sun set we stopped for the night, having travelled, as I concluded, about fifty miles. Knowing the service I should be compelled to perform, I voluntarily set myself ROBBINS' JOURNAL- 83 about it ; procured a fire, fuel for it, assisted in unloading the camels, pitching the tent, &c. As it was in vain to resist the power of the unfeel- ing wretches, into whose hands fate had thrown me, I endeavoured to conciliate their favor, by performing, with apparent cheerfulness, all the irksome duties of a slave. 13th. — This was a day of but little travel and considerable rest ; having stopped and pitched the tent about noon. An Arab's tent, folded up as before described, containing almost all the moveable estate of its. owner, is taken from the came l — separated from its contents, and pitch- ed, ready to receive the furniture and the fami- ly, in fifteen minutes. The cloth, of which the tent is made, is wove of CHinel's hair, sheared from the hump and sides of this animal. Their mode of spinning this hair, which they prepare for doing by whipping it in the same manner Americans do oakum, is the most simple. They have no implement with which they twist this or any thing else ; seeming to have not the least idea of a wheel to facilitate motion. They hold a quantity of this hair in one hand, and with a spindle in the other, commence the operation. The spindle is nothing more than a small stick made sharp at one end, and about eight inches in length. This they make fast to the hair, and with the thumb and finger begin to twist. After drawing the thread to the length of the arm, they let the spindle hang down, and by having affixed to the lower end a considerable weight, and giv- ing it a twist with the thumb and finger, the weight below will turn the spindle sufficiently a 84 ROBBINS' JOURNAL. to twist a thread about three feet long. The thread is then wound round the lower end of the spindle, and in the same way they continue to draw out and wind up, thread after thread, un- til the spindle is filled, which they then wind off upon a ball. When they have made two balls, perhaps of the size of a twenty-four pound can- non shot, they twist two threads into one, in the above manner, after having wound them into a single ball. In this tedious and slow process they manufacture all their yarn for tent cloth. When they get a sufficient quantity of yarn to make one tent cloth, which is longer or shorter, according to the size of the tent they intend to make, they proceed to weave it. They make the cloth about three quarters of a yard wide ; and when they are prepared to weave, they must halt long enough to weave the cloth through, as they have no other loom than that which is made by driving into the earth a number of pegs at each end of the web, equal to half the number of threads they put into the warp. Then by turning the yarn around each of those pegs at each end, and drawing it very tight, the warp is prepared to receive the filling. They have no idea of a reed, a harness, or a shuttle. They have a piece of hard wood, about three feet in length, about three inches in width, and about half an inch thick. This has a handle at one end, and is made pointed at the other, resem- bling a wooden sword. With the point of this instrument, they separate the threads of the warp, having half upon the upper side, and half upon the under side of it. Then, by n BOBBINS' JOUBNAL. fct turning it up edge-wise, they make a space suf- ficiently large to pass through the filling, which ss always done with the hand, either from a ball, or from a stick, upon which they sometimes wind it. After passing through a thread, it is beat up, by taking hold of each end of this wooden in strument, and pulling it up two or three timet with as much force as a female can conveniently exercise. I have been thus particular in describ ing the mode of spinning and weaving, among the Arabs,, to shew how stupidly ignorant thiF barbarous race of beings are, of the most simple arts of civilized life. The mode described is that in universal practice among the wandering Arabs; although at Wadhioon a mode some what different is adopted. To make a tent for a family, the natives ge nerally sew together from eight to twelve of tht pieces of cloth manufactured as has been de- scribed. They are from twenty to thirty feet jr. length, and from eighteen to twenty-five feet is width. In the centre of this tent cloth, upon the inside, is sewed on a kind of socket, composed oi the thrums of the camel's-hair yarn. When they pitch a tent, they insert into this socket, an ob- long block, rounded upon the top, and in the under side of which is made two mortises. To each tent, are two long poles of about twelve feet in length, and two short poles of four feel. Upon each corner, is a loop made of iron, wood, or rope, and strongly fastened to the tent cloth, and upon each side and end two; making twelve in the whole. To each of these loops is fasten ed a tent-peg, about one foot in length, with a raw 86 ROBBINS' JOURNAL. carael's-hide rope, six or eight feet long. The first thing done in pitching a tent, is to spread the cloth flat upon the ground ; then driving in- to the earth the twelve pegs. For this purpose, an Arab always carries with him a smooth round stone, lest he should come to a place where none could be found. In driving the pegs, the cloth is sufficiently slackened, to give it a proper height with the long poles ; and constant prac- tice almost invariably enables them to make a proper allowance for this. The next thing done, is to insert the upper end of the long poles, into the mortises in the central block. These poles stand one on each side of the tent. After the upper end is inserted, a sufficient number of wo- men (for the men are but spectators) are placed at the lower end of each pole ; and raising them at the same time, they place the end, which is sharpened, into the earth ; leaving them about eight feet apart at the bottom. This braces the tent, and prevents the wind from blowing it down. If this does not make the cloth suffi- ciently tight, it is made so by means of the ropes fastened to the loops and the pegs. This leaves the tent cloth about two feet above the ground. The entrance into the tent is made by the two short poles, being entered into the two side loops, and standing perpendicularly. This entrance is about four feet high, and is always opposite to the wind; for if the wind shifts before the tent is struck, these poles are shifted to the op- posite side. The space between the bottom of the tent cloth, and the earth, is generally closed npon the back-side and the ends, by means of IIOBBINS' JOURNAL. 87 spare cloths which are fastened to the tent cloth, with iron or wooden pins, and to the earth, by laying stones or any other heavy substance upon the edge of them. This preserves the people with- in the tent from the chilly easterly wind, which generally blows through the night season. Dur- ing the afternoon of this day, I remained an idle and uninterested spectator of the stupid con- duct, and beastly manners of the wretches with whom I was compelled to associate. But by this time I had learned that it was my best policy to conform to their whims, affect a cheerfulness which I could not feel, and submit to my fate without murmuring. Notwithstanding their dis- regard for every thing belonging to humanity, they were invariably punctual in worshipping " something whom they call God." Three or four times every day, let their engagements be what they might; let their violations of common jus- tice be ever so enormous ; they suddenly pros- trate themselves upon the earth, exclaiming " Shcda el la tah, Hi Allah — Sheda Mahommed, Rahsool Allah — Allah Hooakibar!" — concluding with some part of the Koran, and, with the most solemn appearance and manner, exclaiming " Sidle Malla" Happy may the wretched slave think himself, who, the next moment after this ceremony is ended, can feel safe from a stroke of the scimitar, the spear, or the club. #£ KOBBINS' JOURNAL. CHAP. VIII. iainful iravellirg — salutations — Mr. Williams' situation — Bar rett — rocks — Africans enslave each other— a wandering male Arab-female do.— American pork — Mr. Savage— interview with him — a rarity. September 14th, 1815. THIS was a day of rapid travelling, having started very early, and not having halted 'till about dark ; and I conclude we must have made as many as sixty miles. Our course was an easterly one, and no event of any consequence took place. I rode a considerable part of the day behind my master. To do this with the more ease, I took from my back my skin to se- cure myself from the sharp back of the camel. But while this preserved my seat and legs from being worn raw, my back was exposed to the almost vertical rays of a torrid sun, and the skin began to peal from my back from being blister- ed and parched. Judging from the course we had travelled from the place where I was cap- tured, I conclude we must now have reached the 21st deg. N. latitude, the body of a tent, a camel, and a man, making but a very little shade. and that to the south, as it was now near the au- tumnal equinox. This night our tent was not pitched, being unloaded, but not unfolded. At the time of stopping, I discovered a number ol lights, from different tents. I learned from one of my master's sisters, whose name I had nov* found out was Muckwoola, that Mr. Williams and Barrett were in one of these tents. How she ROBBINS' JOURNAL. 89 &new this I cannot tell; but this I know, that the different parties of Arabs generally know the situation of each other, and the slaves they have in their possession. She accompanied me to the tent; and on the way, said some things to me which I could not then understand. 1 found my shipmates near a large fire in front of a tent, it being pitched in a place where there were large dry thorn bushes. They were cooking some pork. Upon our shaking hands, the natives no- ticed it very particularly, laughing and sneering at our mode of salutation, at the same time go- ing through their own mode, which is, by placing the inside of the open hands together, then bring- ing it to the lips, touching them, and dropping the hand. I think I shall always prefer the mode handed down to us from our brave Saxon an- cestors, of clasping and squeezing the hand of a friend whom I love. Mr. Williams was considerably emaciated; hie body much blistered arid parched by the sun, and his, as well as the rest of our legs and feet, were much swollen, occasioned by the heat of the sun, and the irritation by thumping upon the almost bare bones of the camel, f can hard- ly, at tiiis time, suppress the anguish I feel in re- membering this, which was the last interview ! ever had with this worthy man and good sea- man. He had lost his fortitude by his misery ; and despaired of life. He mentioned his family in the most affectionate manner ; and continued to converse upon this interesting subject, until overwhelming grief forbade farther utterance. Although this was the last time I saw Mr. Wil- H2 90 BOBBINS' JOURNAL. Hams, I learned some time after, by Barrett, whom I saw at a fish place near Cape Mirik, that he had regained his health and flesh ; was liv- ing better ; had a very good man for a master, who was also his (Barrett's) master; and I con- sole myself, and I think his friends may also con- sole themselves with the hope, that he may once more see his native country, and be blessed with ihe society of his friends. As to Barrett, he was at this time apparently less miserable than Mr. Williams. I took some fire from this tent, and returned to my masters. My pork still held out, as my Mahometan master would permit me to eat but little of it at a time: and, thanks to his Mussulman faith, would eat none himself. On the 15th and 16th we prosecuted our jour- ney at a moderate rate. The general view of this part of the Zahara desert is a boundless plain terminated by the horizon, although in tra- velling over it, the traveller meets with genily rising sand hills, and shallow vailies. Some- times he sees a rock from which large pieces have fallen, in a very irregular shape, there seeming to be no seams or grain to this stone like most of the large bodies of rocks in New- England, These rocks are mostly covered with a whitish moss, similar to what is frequently seen upon the rocks in the District of Maine. This is sometimes eat by camels when no- thing else can be found. We occasionally met with clusters of tents, and some standing singl*. Many of the Arabs have muskets, for which *Wy have ihe highest admiration; seeming to ROBBINS' JOURNAL. 9] esteem them next to their holy beads. The one they think will secure to them the favor of their prophet, and with the other they hope lo procure or intimidate slaves, as they frequent- ly took deliberate aim at my breast, which 1 as often laid open, telling them to fire ; being then almost indifferent, whether J was laid dead upon the desert, food for wild beasts, or com- pelled to traverse with men as wild and as fero- cious as the tigers or leopards that prowl over them also. They often put these muskets into my hands, asking me whether they wereFransak or Inglisis. I sometimes saw valuable double- barrelled muskets, which they probably either procured from the European settlement upon the Senegal, or took from a black slave, which perhaps he obtained in exchange for one of hit countrymen. These Africans, of every name and feature and complexion, take delight in en- slaving each other; and although the slave trade, carried on by Christian merchants, on the coast of Africa, excites the just indignation of the Christian world, yet it can hardly be expected that an American, who has for months and years been enslaved by them, can feel so much com- passion towards a slave here as those do, who have always enjoyed the blessings of humanity and liberty. A description of the male wandering Arabs is: they are six feet in height generally; remarka- bly straight ; large-boned ; have very black, pe- netrating eyes; black hair, until age makes it grey, but of different qualities ; some being soft and straight, and some coarse and bushy. They 92 ROBBINS' JOURNAL. have high cheek bones ; noses that incline more to the aquiline than Roman ; thin lips ; beauti- ful white teeth, and very regular; thick, black beards when in middle life, which hang down to the breast, increasing in length as they advance in years, which then become almost entirely white. When old, and some of them must be very aged, they have a gravity and solemnity of appearance which is seldom seen in Americans. The features of the men, unless when distorted by anger, or the prospect of plunder, are regu- lar, and often display some marks that would induce a stranger to think that they belonged to the human family. I would gladly omit a description of the fe- male wandering Arabs ; but it will leave a chasm in the description of the natural curiosities of this country. They are somewhat higher in stature than the American women, and, like the Arab men, remarkably straight when young. Their cheek bones are high ; their eyes and hair similar to the men. Their teeth are also white ; but the two eye-teeth often turn out of the mouth like a tush. They endeavour to make them project as far as possible, to furnish a rest- ing place for the upper lip ; and they constantly stand, like two faithful centinels, to protect it from an assault from the under one. They ge- nerally carry their young upon their backs ; and their breasts, from constant exposure, and hav- ing no stays to support them, become relaxed, and hang down to such a length, that they can furnish the child upon their backs with food from these accommodating reservoirs, by thrust- ROBBINS' JOURNAL. 93 ing them under their arms ; the child, at the same time, hangs quartering upon the mother's back, and grabs them, one at a time, to draw therefrom the food they furnish it. Among the young women, however, are many of very regu- lar and interesting features. They generally have very long hair, which they braid behind, and turn up to the back part of the head, and confine with a kind of hoop placed upon the crown of the head, giving the back part of tiie head an elevation considerably above the fore- head. Upon the forehead and temples are a number of small braids of hair, to which is fas- tened a great variety of the most beautiful shells; and sometimes large rings, made of white stone Over the whole of this apparatus is thrown a piece of blue cotton cloth, as a tu.ban, conceal- ing the whole head and face, excepting the fore- head, the eyes, cheek bones, and nose ; the va- riety of shells hanging around the edge of it. They also ornament their wrists and ancles, with strings of black beads, and sometimes of small shells. Their covering is generally a single blanket or skin of different lengths, and put on in different ways, depending upon the wealth, the whim, or the necessity of the wearer. During these two days we were penetrating easterly into the interior. The leflection, that I was departing farther and farther from ever) trace of civilization, imparted feelings of the most gloomy kind. We, however, travelled moder- ately ; advancing, perhaps, not more than sixty miles. I saw none of my shipmates, nor any other unfortunate slave. 94 ROBBINS' JOURNAL. September 17th. — We continued to travel in an easterly direction. I was reminded of my native land, and of the abundance of her bless- ings, by occasionally partaking of a little slice of pork which was there produced. It was a real comfort, notwithstanding it compelled me to draw a most disheartening parallel between my former situation, and the dismal prospects that then surrounded me. My master's water began to grow short ; and although I was parch ed without by the burning sun, and within by dreadful thirst, I could not, by the most humble and urgent entreaties, move the obdurate heart of my master to afford me a drop. Amidst the most melancholy reflections, I recognized Mr. Savage in company with two Arabs. This was the first time I had seen him since the com- mencement of our slavery. When I first saw him, he was in my rear. I slackened my walk, and he overtook me. My master's camels were travelling at a quick rate, which shortened my interview with him. He said he had neither seen or ate any food but milk and water, and that in very small qrantities, since we first were separated. I lamented that I had not the small remains of my pork to divide with him, my mas- ter never suffering me to carry it myself. I has- tened with all my power to overtake the camels. The country had become more barren and sandy, and the heat of the sun increased. We at length found a few thorn bushes, which is the only tavern an Arab ever finds, and we put up. 18th. — Having found this place of refresh- ment, my master and his retinue were deter- ROBBINS' JOURNAL. 95 mined, I suppose, to eat it out before he quitted: and during the whole of this day, we laid by. 19th. — For the four past nights, we had not pitched the tent ; and sleeping upon the sand in the open air, I found myself every morning moistened with the heavy dews, and almost stif- fened by the chilly air. It can easily be ima- gined what would be the sensations of a person, who, for a number of days, had been exposed to a scalding sun, and blistered with its rays ; deprived almostwholly of food and water; hunger gnawing him within, and the heated sand irritating his blistered body, and the dews and cold chills operating upon him at the same time. We start- ed early this morning at a moderate rate, and continued in an eastern course. At about 1 1 o'clock, we came to ascending ground ; and the camels were halted while my master, having been joined by some other natives, went forward to make discoveries. The camels browsed; the women laid down to enjoy the sand beneath, and the sun above, and I wandered off to a small bush to enjoy a little shade, and, what my debi- litated and fatigued body greatly needed, a lit- tle rest. I fell into a kind of broken slumber and continued here, " twixt wake and sleep," until my master returned. I then discovered, to my very great joy, that they had unloaded the camels, and seemed to be making preparations to pitch the tent. I saw a number of other tents at no great distance, and again fell into a sleep. 1 slept till the middle of the afternoon, and was then awakened ; not by the hoarse and menac- ing voice of 3 barbarian, but by the mild, and 96 ROBBINS' JOURNAL, cheering accents of a friend. It was Mr. Savage- To see him once more was a consolation that made me, for a moment, forget my misery ; it was doifhly consolatory to see my friend not wholly destitute of resolution. He said he was in a state of absolute starvation; and bestowed a string of the most bitter curses upon the inhu- man wretches who were starving him to a ske- leton. We went to seek something from our mother earth, and found a few snails, which Mr. Savage took. Notwithstanding we had the most vindictive feelings towards our tormentors, we retired to our shade; and after bewailing our hard fate, remembered that we had a Father in heaven, to whom we addressed a short prayer, and separated. I gathered wood for the night ; the tent was pitched, and my master allowed me a little of my pork, a small quantity of water, and a less quantity of milk for my supper. 20th. — This was a day of repose. After hav- ing performed the usual ceremony of worship- ping, which, as I have before stated, is always the first service of the day, whether on a jour- ney or at rest, my master went off, as usual, about the desert or to the neighbouring tents. The camels were sent off to feed, which were always watched by the children, this service never hav- ing yet been enjoined upon me. When the na- tives are stationary, the men are constantly vis- iting each other at their tents, and sometimes are assembled in considerable numbers around them. It ought to be remarked that the wandering Arabs consist of many distinct tribes, and not oi RGBBINS' JOURNAL. « one general one, as is by some supposed. The tribe to which my first master belonged is called Wiled Lebdessebah. From what I afterwards learned, when in possession of ether tribes, 1 found that this was considered by all, as the poorest, most ferocious, and contemptible of thr whole. They wander farther over the deserts, and have the most uncertain and casual subsist- ence. This accounts, in some degree, for the total want of method or object which is percep liblc among them. They wander from day to day, seeming neither to know where they are going, nor what they are going for. When as- sembled together, as mentioned, they jabber to- gether in confusion, for a while, and then for a while gaze at each other with unmeaning va- cancy. The women at the same time saunter ii< and around their tents, with but little employ, although all the labour that is done, is done by them. While our brutal masters were thus em- ployed, Mr. Savage and I, their wretched slavevs, again met at the tent of his master. I found him alone, pondering upon his fate. Upon my approaching him, he seemed to affect a degree of cheerfulness. We thought it no great crime to steal a little water from a goat skin, as we were nearly choaked. After this, Mr. Savage recollected that early in the morning a wen or sore had been cut out of one of his master's ca- mels ; and we concluded to cook and eat this excrescence that was taken from a beast, which itself is not more palatable than our horses. U lay upon the sand in two pieces, and upon tak- ing it up, it appeared not unlike a shad-spawn. 08 ROBBIES 1 JOURNAL. and like that, was very tender. A little fire re- mained, mixed with sand, into which we put our delicious morsel, and before we had half roasted it, we saw Mi. Savage's mistress approaching, and ate it down, almost at a mouthful, knowing that this was the only method we could take to secure it from being taken from us. I spent a considerable part of the day with my friend, and towards evening returned to my master's tent. CHAP. IX. Origin of wondering Arabs — vegetables mi the desert of Zahara— gloomy prospect — roots — snails — water obtained — submissioii to fate — last meeting and last interview with Capt. Riley, Mr. Savage, Clarke, Burns, and Horace— situation upon the desert ■ — valley — meeting with Porter. FROM reading most of the productions of travellers, and all the narratives and journals of slaves, readers have their indignation excited io the highest pitch against the degraded race of beings among whom the author of this Jour- nal was so unfortunate as to be enslaved. Be- fore we conclude, however, to exclude them from the human family ; before we denounce them as unworthy of the least consideration, as a part of human beings ; the candid inquirer af- ter truth will endeavour to trace their origin. He will try to learn what has been their course of life ; what kind of government they have lived under, and what advantages they have enjoyed. It cannot be done in this little volume, which professes to tell what they are, and not what KOBBIXS' JOURNAL 99 they have been. It may be briefly remarked, however, that a general sentiment prevails among historians, that the Arabs are the de- scendants of Ishmael. In recurring to an au- thority which will not be doubted, we find that Ishmael was the son of Hagar, the handmaid of Sarai, Abi am's wife ; that Hagar was an Egyp- tian; that although Sarai, being childless her- self, consented that Abram should go in unto Hagar, yet, when she found that Hagar had con- ceived, her wrath was kindled. " And when Sa- rai dealt hardly with her, she jled from her face.' 1 '' (Gen. xvi. ch.) " And the angel of the Lord said unto her, Behold, thou art with child, and shalt bear a son, and slw.lt call his name Ishmael, because the Lord hath heard thy affliction. And he ivill be a wild man; his hand will be against every man, and every mail's hand against him," &c. In chap. xxv. of Gen. we find it thus recorded : — " And these are the names of the sons of Ishmael, by their names, according to their generations : The first born of Ishmael, J\ r ehujoth, and Kedar, andAdbcel, and Mib- sam, and Mishma, and Dumah, and Massa, Hadar, and Tema, and Jetur, and Naphish, and Kedemah. These are the sons of Ishmael, and these are their names, by their towns, and by their castles ; twelve princes, according to their nations. And these are the years of the life of Ishmael, an hundred and thirty and seven years." Thus it appears, that these miserable crea- tures owe their origin to a despised mother. That she herself was a wanderer, and her son • 4 a wild man." The common chronology makes ihis fribe (or the descendants of Ishmael) 399f> l{)0 ROBBINS' JOURNAL years of age ; and the best historical authorities called Profane History, in distinction from Sa- cred History, have always represented them as a despised, abused, degraded, and wandering race. They are now called wandering Arabs; and from many of their religious rites, they seem to have blended together some of " the law that came by Moses," with many of the ceremonies intro- duced by Mahommcd. They circumcise their young according to the first — they worship the prophet according to the last. Their hands or> literally against every man* and every mans hand against them — to this day. It is with " trembling solicitude," that the au- thor of this Journal has attempted, very briefly. lo trace the origin of a race of beings, whose ex- istence and modes of life, excite the wonder of an inquiring world. It was not done so much to impart information, as to excite inquiry. It was with the same view he attempted to give a brief historical account of Africa. To give a gloomy. monotonous diary of human sufferings would •' pall upon the senses;" he has, therefore, en- deavored to blend with it such accounts of this quarter of the globe, as he thought tended to il- lustrate the subject of his Journal. It was now the 21st September. We had no possible means to determine in what latitude we were situated; but the sun was to the northward of us, and of course, what little shadow any ob- ject made, it was east to the south. The heal was excessive, and I could almost have envied 'he natives a tawny skin, that was made to en- dure! it. To me it was distressing in the extreme. ROBBINS' JOURNAL. 101 Although some of them seemed to pity me for the blistered and parched skin that slightly ad- hered to my flesh ; yet their pity was mingled with contempt that Inglcsis could bear no more. They glory in bearing every thing — hunger, thirst, fatigue, and eVery privation, and pro- nounce that being foorita, or good for nothing, who cannot endure with them. My masters wa- ter was nearly expended, and in the morning of this day, preparations were made to retrace the dismal desert over which we had before travel- led. We started early, and travelled nearly in a north east direction. The sun was my only compass by day, and the north star by night. We travelled rapidly through this day, and I watched, with the utmost care, to see Ifl could recognize any object I saw as we went out ; but I could not. At this time, almost all the par- ties were returning towards a well, and we were frequently in sight of different tents, some near to us, and some at such a distance, that the size of a camel seemed to be diminished to that of a small dog. It reminded me of a fleet of mer- chantmen, recently dispersed by a storm, and all endeavoring to make the same port. No sin- gular object presented itself, nor any event took place upon this day, worthy of description. On the 22d, travelled same course, and very rapidly. Our tents were this night pitched. Af- ter I had assisted in making the usual prepara- tions for the night, I cooked my remaining piece of pork, and as I was just about to enjoy the last piece of food of American growth, I was over- joyed to see my master enter his tent with Mr, ^ 12 H)2 BOBBINS JOURNAL Savage. My mistress cooked a little rice, and handed it to me. Mr. Savage and I partook of «ihis pork and rice together, by the consent of my master and mistress. I must confess I felt a glow of gratitude to himfor conducting my friend to his tent, and to her, fcfr enabling me to par- fake of what we then deemed a rich repast. They familiarly called me Robtins, and Mr. Sa- vage they called Arr&ne. It is always the first object of an Arab to learn the name of a stran- ger; and as they rarely have but one name themselves, they take either the given or sirname of a stranger, as best suits their whim, or their organs of speech. After learning the name, they ask if he is bono- good, or foonta, which has al- ready been explained. Mr. Savage retired to his master's tent, and I to my bed of sand. The next day, (23d) we prosecuted our jour- ney, in company with eight' or ten different fa- milies, making a large party. Mr. Savage's mas- ter bore to the northward, and I was separated from him. We travelled fist ; our water being all expended, and we had no liquid or food ex- cept the milk of the camel, and that bring a ve- ry small quantity for the number of the family, and my pork being expended, I suffered very severely. Toward night we stopped, and the women, as is always the case, sought for a suit- able place to pitch the tent, and pitched it. At night my master entered the tent. I inquire-! after Mr. Savage, and he told me he was but a little way to the northward, and that I should see him again the next day. Upon this day, (2ith) the camels having fed ROBBINS' JOURNAL. 10 J but a little for two or three days, and the family having eat nothing but a very little milk, we rested after travelling a short distance. The cafpejs browsed upon bushes, and the children went in pursuit of a small root, sometimes found in the shallow rallies. I also went in pursuit of tfee same myself, and found a small quantitv. This root resembles a small white onion, and is about the size of a walnut. The stalk or stem of it is five or six inches high, growing generally in a single blade. There is but little nutriment in it. 1 also found a vegetable that had the ap- pearance of a shepherd-sprout, which 1 saw the natives eat, and ventured to eat myself. It had a bitter taste. For two hours I sought for these roots and sprouts, and ate all found, which were but few ; but as I found my vegetable that was eatable in this ocean of burning sand. 1 snatched at it with the utmost avidity, and de- voured it with the keenest appetite. The mem during this time, had gone ahead. I was order- ed to drive the camels L> . and we pro- ceeded on our journey, until about noon; then rising a small hill, we discovered the men seat- ed in a small valley. They made the usual sign. of waving a blanket, for us to approach, with the camels, the tents, &c. loaded upon them. Upon our arrival, the camels were made to kneel, and were unloaded of every thing, except the neces- sary implements to procure water. The goa» skins were made ready to contain water for the family, and the skin basket, or watering tub, for the camels to drink in. My master and bis two sisters went off with the camels and their accou- 104 ROBBINS' JOURNAL. trements in search of a well, leaving me with the rest of the family. I now went forth a soli- tary wanderer, famishing with hunger, parching with thirst, and almost scorching to powder with the dreadful heat of the sun. The camels were gone, and no milk could be had until their re- turn ; and the length of time they would be ab- sent was unknown. Death seemed to stare me in the face ; and death, too, in the very worst shape. To fall in the field of battle— ^to be drowned in the ocean, or to die suddenly with a raging epidemic, is not half so terrible to the imagination, as that of a lingering death by star- vation. I found a few roots, and devoured them, and searching among the thorn bushes I once in a while discovered a snail, which I could obtain in no way, but by thrusting my naked arms through them, and by this I was lacerated and torn from my shoulders to my fingers' ends. I brought my snails to the tent, cooked some of them for my supper, which I was compelled to divide with my mistress and the children, hav- ing neither milk nor water for themselves. On the 25th, I started, early in the morning, in pursuit of something to eat, being in a situa- tion that would make me readily devour any thing. My thirst led me to pursue the tracks of the camels, as they had gone in pursuit of wa- ter. I found nothing but a few of the roots men- tioned, which the natives call taloes, to satiate my hunger, and nothing but my own urine to quench my thirst. I wandered about until noon, found a few snails, and returned, roasting and despairing to the tent. Toward night I disco R0BB1NS' JOURNAL 105 vcred my master approaching with tlie camels loaded with three goat skins of water, holding about eight gallons each. The sight of camels, although the most odious and deformed looking beasts in nature, had, by this time, become as cheering to my view as a sumptuous feast is to the eye of an epicure ; and well they might; for my very life itself depended upon them. To see them coming with milk in their bags, and water upon their backs, produced a tumultuous joy bordering upon delirium. On being unloaded, my bowl (for I was not allowed to contaminate that of a Mussulman) was filled with water, hold- ing two quarts. This 1 drank off at a draught without stopping, and almost without breathing. I had two motives for this, one to quench my thirst, the other to induce my master to give me more— my thirst was partially quenched, but no more water was to be had. I looked in vain among the Ishmaelitish daughters to find a ten- der hearted damsel, like Rebekah, who bade the servant of Abraham to drink, saving, " I will give thy camels drink also." I then proceeded to cook the few snails I had gathered in the gloomy morning that precede,* this evening. This 1 did by pouring them into the sand at the bottom of the tire-hole, after hav- ing scraped away the coals, then covering them with hot sand, and building a fire upon the top. they were roasted in fifteen minutes. These ! ate after my master had examined them, and fell asleep about sun set. I became very much dis- tressed, probably from the roots, vegetables, and snails I had been driven to live upon for some 106 BOBBINS' JOUBNAL. days past, and drinking too much water at once. My mistress, having warmed a little milk with heated stones, presented it to me, which I drank, and found much relief. It had now got to be 10 o'clock at night, as I judged from the stars, when my master called me up, and asked me if I wish- ed to go and see Arrone, (Mr. Savage.) I answer- ed yes. He took me on the camel, and started off at a long trot to the northward. Being naked, excepting my shortened trowsers, the cold air was very painful : but as I knew my master, if he was so inclined, could afford me no relief, I made no complaint. We rode till one o'clock in the morning. The camel was then permitted to feed upon the diminutive shrubs, and I to sleep naked upon the sand. After sleeping about two hours, I was again mounted on the camel. I began to conjecture that my master was about to offer me for sale, and my conjectures soon became reality. September 26. — By my string, I found I had been eighteen days a slave to my master Ganu3, and I must confess I did not then wish to run the risque of exchanging him for any other descend- ant of Ishmael that I had yet seen. But it was fiot for a slave to choose, to wish, or repine. I affected a total unconcern ; and although I had but little of the lamb in my feelings toward the Arabs, I was determined to appear to be " pleased to the last;" and although I could not in Zahara " crop the flowery food," I had almost got my mind prepared " to lick the hand just rais'd to shed my blood." Hard indeed was this mental submission to a free-born son of New-England ; hard as the pain I endured in my body ;■— but I ROBBINS' JOURNAL. 107 thought the philosophical advice of Hudibras to Ralpho was applicable to me at this time : " Ne'er be so dully desperate To join against yourself with fate.'''' At about sun-rise I discovered a number of tents ahead, and as we came to one, I saw some ca- mel's meat. Delicious food ! not much worse than that of an old horse ; how I longed to de- vour it ; but like Tantalus in the water, I was only aggravated by the sight of it, as I could not enjoy it. My master, however, begged some boiled blood for me, which I put into my hat, not knowing what it was. He bade me cool, i. e. eat. We again started, and at about eight o'clock came to a valley where we saw a number of ca- mels crossing and passing over a small sand hill. We followed them ; and on reaching another valley, I saw numerous tents. It looked like a great market for the sale of the sons of sorrow. On seeing an old woman, my master asked where the IceUup en-sahrau {Christian dogs) were. She pointed to a hill to the eastward, and upon draw- ing near to it I saw the smoke of a fire, where they had been cooking camel's meat. I ran up to it, hoping either by begging, or stealing, to obtain a bite of it ; but 1 forgot my hunger, my thirst, my misery, and almost myself, upon dis- covering Capt. Riley, Mr. Savage, Clarke, Burns, and Horace. Something whispered to me that my deliverance was near, that the day of my re- demption had come. After exchanging the com- mon tokens of affection, with my beloved ship- mates, I learned from them, that they had been bought. Capt, Riley pointed to two Arabs, te\- 108 • BOBBINS' JOURNAL. ling me that they had bought him, and those thai, were with him, and had agreed to carry them to the Sultan, (the Arabs call the emperor of Mo- rocco Sooltaun) where their redemption would be certain. He said Hogan, my friend, was with them the day before, and that he supposed the purchasers were waiting to take him also ; and that if they did not, he hoped to persuade them to purchase me. My heart was immediately swol- len with gratitude to my captain for his solici- tude and kindness to me, as miserable a son of Adam as walked upon the footstool of Deity., 1 exchanged a little of my boiled blood with Ho- race, for a piece of gristly camel's meat, which I swallowed almost whole. At a small distance off, I saw my master talking very earnestly with the two Arabs who had purchased all my ship- mates just named. Hope lightened my heart and almost deprived me of reason. I almost saw my own country ; I almost felt the embraces of my friends ; although environed by the desert of Zahara, and held in bondage by barbarians. How soon was I dashed from the highest eleva- tion of hope, to the lowest dejection of despair! The two Arabs hastily took my shipmates one way, and my master carried me off another. Capt. Riley tried to console me ; but why " preach patience to those who wring under a load of sorrow ?" My brother sailors will ex- cuse me, when I tell them that I burst into tears. I converted my eyes into two pumps, and in this way I was partially relieved from the bilge-water of sorrow which was about sinking my shattered vessel for ever. I considered my shipmates as ROBBINS' JOURNAL. 10» sale, and in the event it proved to be so. While I rejoiced at their good fortune, I grieved, in the very depths of sorrow, at my own calamities, J might with the utmost propriety, exclaim, " Hoio fortune deceives! I had pleasure in tow''' — but now I had it no longer. " My life, steered by misery's chart' 1 '' — I was compelled to continue a captive among the most unfeeling, debased, and degrad- ed race of creatures on earth, the tribe, as \ have before mentioned, which now held me a slave, being so. I separated from my shipmates about nine o'clock, A. M. and went with my master in pur- suit of his tent. The camel, being a male, I had no milk ; the goat skins being at the tent, I had no water ; and subsisted through the day upon my camel's blood, which I carried in my hat, ex- posing my bare head to the rays of the sun. The tent was removed, and we did not overtake it till dark, and not having it pitched that night, 1 slept in the open chilly air. Upon the 27th, we travelled E. S. E. as near as 1 could judge. By this time I had become acquainted with the meaning of some few of the words of the Arabs; and by means of these and signs, I asked my mistress why I was not sold ? Why they did not travel toward Morocco ? And many other questions. Her answer was, that they could not go until the rainy season sat in, which commences generally in January, or, at any rate, it did this year. She said they could •iot support their camels in the dry season, but still encouraged me with the hope that 1 should, some time or other, reach that empire. We K 110 ROBBINS 1 JOURNAL. travelled, I conclude, in the course mentioned about fifteen miles, and then shifted it to about N. E. The country became more hilly than J had before seen it ; and after passing a number of small hills, we ascended one of considerable height. To the N. E. of it, I saw the largest and deepest valley I had before seen in this country. It ran from N. E. to S. W. and might have been eight or ten miles in length and two miles in width. I regret exceedingly that I cannot in- form my readers of the particular situation of the country I passed ; but as I then had no means to ascertain it, no maps, charts, or instruments, and could derive no information from the illiter- ate Arabs, I will not attempt it. I could judge of the latitude only from the situation of the sun. and as to longitude, I could judge of it from no- thing at all. We must now have been near the tropic of cancer, it being September, and the rays of the sun being nearly vertical. We en- tered this valley at the S. W. end of it, and pass- ed to the S. E. side of it, upon which I noticed a number of very deep gullies, on almost the whole length of the hill, which must have been occa- sioned by heavy rains. The surface in the val- ley was composed of sand, gravel, and small round stones, which were washed from the hill. the gullies having the same kind upon their sides. In one of these gullies, we saw two or three tents. The air was cooler here than it is gene- rally found to be, and I even imagined I saw some appearance of comfort, and no one could need it more: for having been deprived of all my remaining hopes in the morning, it appeared BOBBINS 1 JOURNAL. HI to me through the whole day that it must have been my last, for " hope was deferred," and " my whole heart was sick." They left the camels with me, and the whole family went to the tents. It is an universal custom among Arabs, when the master of one tent or any of his family visits another, to offer them whatever they have to eat or drink ; the whole bill of fare, however, con- sisting of earners meat, milk, and water. "I saw my master and family drinking with them, and my thirst '* almost persuaded me" to wish I was a Mahometan that I might have partaken with them. I was then ordered by signs, to drive the camels to the tents, and as I was approaching one, was met by a young Arab, who told me that there was an en-sahrau (Christian) in one of the tents. The name of en-sahrau was as dear to me as was the name of uncle Toby to a distressed soldier. I had not the most distant conception to what Christian nation he might belong, but it was enough to console me, that he was not a degenerate Mussulman. He was one of my shipmates — it was Porter! I came near rejoicing at his slavery, it gave me such joy to see him. With this worthy fellow, I had been particularly intimate ; and I think my shipmates will all say that we went hand in hand in performing our du- ty like faithful seamen. He appeared less de- jected than many of my shipmates whom I had before seen. His robust body and stout heart enabled him to bear any thing within the com- pass of human endurance. He had on the rem- nants of an old coat, and his trowsers down to his knees, the rest of them, like mine, having 112 R0BB1NS' JOURNAL. been declared foonta. I informed him of the good fortune ofCapt. Riley, Mr. Savage, Clarke, Burns, and Horace ; and the near fortune of Ho- gan. He then told me that Hogan and Dick were in the valley above, he having seen them the lay before. My master hailed, Robbinis! and 1 was obliged to end my interview, although it was the first I had enjoyed with this good friend since we were enslaved. We passed to the top of the hill through one of the gullies, and travelled up- on the top of it to near the upper end of the val- ley. Then discovering a number of tents, in the yalley below, we descended through another dif- ficult gully, I conclude as many as three hundred feet, and reached them. Here we pitched our tents in sight of, perhaps, thirty or forty others. The camels were put to feed in the valley, and I furnished the necessary fuel for the night. My fatigue was excessive. After eating a little of my blood, ^taken from the camel,) and having a scanty por ion of milk divided out to me, I re- tired to a corner of the tent, and forgot myself and my miseries, in as sound a night's rest as ever a sailor enjoyed. CHAP. X. Sympathy — Hogan — his situation and feelings— received at the tent of drama — my mistress— fictitious ceremony — power of the female Arabs— gloomy valley — Dick — misery of Slack Afri- cans — Messrs. Wilbcrforcc and Clarkson— American flu g upon Zahara desert. # September 28th, 1815. AS we progress in our volume, we feel a great degree of solicitude lest the detail of individual suffering should become tedious to our readers. BOBBINS' JOURNAL. 113 The world more readily sympathizes with the joyous than the sorrowing. The joys of the au- thor have been few, his sorrows have been nu« merous ; but he will endeavour to blend with the narration of them, such delineations of the country and descriptions of the peculiar man- ners, customs, and habits of the natives of Afri- ca, as have fallen under his immediate observa- tions, or been derived from the most authentic- sources. This day we lay by. After the morning ser- vice was performed, and the camels milked, (the last service invariably following the firs?,) the ca- mels were sent with the boy to feed upon bush- es ; my master went to visit his neighbours ; the female children went in pursuit of roots and herbs ; the women lounged in the tents ; and I laid down under' one to reflect or to sleep, just as reflection came to my sorrow, or sleep to my relief. After remaining here until about eleven o'clock, I saw my half-starved friend Hogan, lurking around the tents; and, judging from the appearance of his mouth, and the rest of his di- minished body, I concluded that he had not " fared sumptuously every. day" since we part- ed. This was the first time 1 had seen him since I parted with him on the 8th at the well. 1 could hardly conceive that this sterling sailor, who first ventured to come from the wreck to the shore upon the hawser at Cape Bajador, on the 28th of the preceding month, could so soon have lost his firmness and his hope. He appeared depressed, melancholy, and hopeless. He en- tered our tent. This was attended with consi K 2 iI4 BOBBINS' JOURNAL. derable difficulty, as my mistress at first refused him admittance ; but upon informing her as well as I could, that he was almost naked, having nothing but a small skin and a piece of sail to wear, and almost melting in the sun, she gave him admission. We sat down together. Ho- sran's master was the first Arab that assailed us O near Cape Barbas, where we first landed. Ho- gan informed me that his sufferings had been too much for a Christian to bear from suchcurs- ed barbarians ; that he had not been permitted to sleep under a tent since he was enslaved ; that he had been almost starved ever since he had been among them ; and that he expected to die soon unless he could escape. He told me that the two Arabs who bought Capt. Riley, bought him next, and paid for him; and that a dispute arose between his master Mahomet, and Porter's master, who claimed half of him, and that his master had returned the price paid for him (Hogan) and still kept him as a slave. Ma- homet and Porters master continued to quarrel about him : had come to blows upon this sub- ject; and the quarrel was not yet ended. Hav- ing the most painful feelings upon Hogan's me- lancholy relation, I entreated my mistres^ to per- mit me to give him some of my camel's blood, to which she, with some reluctance, consented, and we ate the whole I had remaining, which was but little, relying upon the mercy of my tyrants for my future support. After we had eaten our Mood, my mistress, whom Hogan though! an angel of mercy in comparison to his, gave us a little milk and water. I did not altogether agree ROBBINS' JOURNAL. 115 with him about the angelic qualities of my mis- tress, knowing that my master had more of the virtues attributed to those celestial beings than what she had. I inquired of Hogan about Dick. He said he was a fellow-slave with him to Ma- homet, and fared much better as to living than he had ; although he was often beaten by his master, and compelled to attend camels from day-light till dark. Hogan tarried with me till towards night, and we agreed to go next day to procure something to eat, either by stealing from the tents, or gathering from the earth, if haply we could find any thing to steal or gather. I re- quested him to ask Dick to come and join us. but he said Dick would not be permitted to come. He went home ; and I did the customa- ry duties of a slave, and retired to all the rest J could enjoy upon sand. Upon the 29th, early in the morning, my mas- ter and his family went out before the tent to worship, and took me with them ; having for some days past expressed a wish that I should become a Mussulman, and no longer continue to be a kcllup en-sahrau. I knew I might be a witness, and even a performer of their mode of worship, without becoming a proselyte to their faith ; indeed, I was compelled to go, from the fear of vengeance if I refused. They were ar- ranged upon the sand, in front of the tent. My master Ganus bade me follow his motions. He kneeled down, and washed his hands, arms, and face in the sand. I did the same. He then rose up, facing to the east, and loudly exclaimed. •• Shcda el la lah, Hi Allah — Sheda Mahommcd— l\Q ROBBINS' JOURNAL. JRahsool Allah." They generally add, « Hi eah- rah sullah — Hi eahrah sullah." This I also repeat- ed, having learned the pronunciation of it be- fore, although not the meaning. They then cried aloud " Allah HooakibarP I followed them in this likewise. They then fell upon their knees, and, upon rising, said again, " Allah Hooakibary I continued to follow their example, as often as they repeated it. They then went through a catalogue of words, which I could not under- stand, and could not repeat. They concluded with a loud voice, " Suite Mulla;" I said so too. They seemed to be highly pleased with my ap- parent conversion to the Mahometan faith. This was the first time I ever worshipped in the man- ner of a Mahometan; and, lest I should be brought to make a ceremony of worship merely, I declined, as long as I remained in Africa, to Suite in this way ; telling him that an en-sahrau, or Christian, had a different mode of praying. Soon after this ceremony (for it was nothing else) was through, Hogan came to my masters tent. I took my sack, which I had made upon landing from the boat, and hung it upon my neck to put snails in, if we should find any. We passed over the hill lying to the eastward of us into an adjoining valley where we found a few snails. At noon, the heat became so intense, that we could not endure it. We returned to within a short distance of my master's tent, where we cooked what few we had gathered, by some fire procured from a tent near us. My master was dissatisfied that I did not bring the snails home, and divide with him and the family ROBBINS' JOURNAL. 117 Hogan came to the tent, and spent part of the afternoon with me, where we had a little milk and water allowed us, and toward night I ac- companied him to his master's tent Upon the 30th, I wandered round with Ho- gan, as I did the day before gathering snails and bewailing our fate. The natives, unless engaged in spinning and weaving, which is but seldom, are listless, inactive, and stupid. They have nothing that serves for pastime or amusement, un- less it can be called recreation for females to comb arid braid each other's hair, and divest it of the ver- min that generally colonize it. They do this and sleep alternately. The men visit eachotheratthe tents, apparently without object ; although when a considerable number are assembled they con- verse together with earnestness, and sometimes go through with the customary worship. When stationary, the men repair their saddles, goat- skins, and watering tubs. The women have the entire control of the tent ; they make the cloths for it, they put them together, they pitch, and strike and repair it. They have all the manage- ment of what may be called domestic economy ; they apportion out the milk and the water, with the accuracy of a sergeant when making out ra- tions, among the master, the children and the slaves, and from their decision upon this subject, there is no appeal. October 1st. — Having added another day to the calendar of my captivity by making another knot in my string, I began to ponder with the most gloomy anticipations upon my future fate. As I have already mentioned, my pork was ex- 118 ROBBINS' JOUSNAL. - pended ; the country where we were now situ- ated was uncommonly barren even for the de- sert ; my master's camels afforded but a very small quantity of milk, and one of them had be- come entirely dry. The little portion allowed me was hardly sufficient to sustain life ; and my flesh began, moderately, to waste away. To see the gradual, although certain, approach of the king of terrors by the slow ravages of a con- sumption is indeed gloomy ; but, in the enjoy- ment of health, as I was at this time, and with an appetite as voracious as the tigers of the de- sert that I inhabited, to waste away and go down to the grave for the want of food, was too much for the small portion of philosophy impart- ed to me, to endure with fortitude. My own forebodings were rendered doubly aggravating at the situation of my shipmate Hogan, whose despair was as raging as his appetite. He call- ed again this day. Having but little encourage- ment to seek even for snails, we lurked around the tents in the gloomy valley, which seemed hke the valley of the shadow of death. We found some of the old bones of a camel which had first been scraped by the Arabs, next by their dogs, and the remaining part fell into our hands. We gnawed off what little dry gristle was remaining, in doing which, I almost dislo- cated my jaws, and very much injured my teeth. At night we returned to our tents. October 2d. — As I was standing near my mas- ter's tent, I saw Dick the cook, descending from the hill where he had been placed to watch ca- mels. He came to the tent. For the first time. ROBBINS' JOURNAL. 1 1 9 I saw him since the day of our slavery. He was esteemed by the crew as a faithful, active cook, and always did all the duty assigned him with promptitude. He looked pretty hearty, and had better clothing than Hogan. We had been to- gether but a few minutes before he was hailed by his mistress to return. Anxious to see me longer he did not immediately obey. She came after him, struck him on the head with her claws, and pulled him up the hill to the camels. His master immediately knocked him down, and be- gan beating him in the most unmerciful manner with clubs. The poor fellow hallooed and screamed aloud. Never did I more ardently pant to revenge the injury of a shipmate. Rea- dily would I have become one of a body of Ame- rican seamen that would number not more than two to five Arabs, and have commenced imme- diate war. I was desperate, but knew I must be humble, and see my shipmate mauled to pumice. It is singular that the negroes, although Africans like the Arabs, should, even by their own coun- trymen, although of a different tribe, be used with such barbarity. This miserable race of beings seem to be left by their Creator to the cruelty of the whole human race. In every clime, unless, indeed, they become objects of curiosity, as did the negro in Russia, they are beaten, enslaved, and often murdered. What language, then, can be found equal to the grate- ful task of eulogizing the names of Wilberforce and Clarkson, who have devoted their whole lives and great talents to the endeavor of rescu- ing these miserable creatures from the inhuma- 120 ROBBINS' JOURNAL. nity of man ? And what language is adequate to express the indignation of the heart, at that portion of civilized and Christianized man, who continue to capture, enslave, and murder them? I saw no more of poor Dick this day, nor did I ever afterwards see him. He has probably be- come a victim to the merciless Arabs of the tribe of Wiled Lebdessebah. 1 feel myself bound, however, to say that my master, although of this degraded and cruel tribe, was guilty of but lit- tle inhumanity to me. I suffered all but death to be sure when his slave ; but from his situa- tion, I know not how he could have helped it. He was a grave, thoughtful, and regular man ; seldom inflamed with passion, and often bestow- ed favors upon me, which notwithstanding my distress when with him, I remember with grati- tude. While I hope never to bear an injury with mean submission, I also hope, I never shall become so hardened as to forget a favor. My master this day gave me a square piece of the colors of the brig, perhaps a yard and a half square. In the centre of it, I cut a hole to let my head through, and sewed up the sides, leav- ing arm-holes. By this, my body was considera- bly secured from the sun. This was probably the first American flag that was ever hoisted up- on the deserts of Zahara. My mistress, like a true Amazon, determined that the " striped bunting" should not be monopolized by Ameri- can tars every where, took the remainder of it, and " covered herself with glory." Toward evening I went to the tent of Hogan's master to shew him my new uniform, made of the colors under which ROBBINS' JOURNAL. . 12 J we once sailed happily together. It excited feel- ings not to be expressed, or repressed ; but his gloom made almost every object equally indif- ferent to him. The day ended, as it began, in misery. Hogan told me that Dick, the day be fore, offered him some cooked snails, which his master would not suffer him (Hogan) to eat, and that he expected to starve. CHAP. XI. .i shower — a female fashion — an adventure — a journey — dre$i of a wandering' Arab — smoking — Gum Arabic — slaying a ca ■ mel — a repast— Hogan — Arab hospitality. October 3d, 1815. I WENT this day to the tent of Porters mas- ter, about seven miles distance, and found him in it. After tarrying some time, Porter and I, together with his master, and another Arab, each of whom had a musket, went up the valley to a tent where a camel had been killed. The muskets were good double-barrelled pieces, which Por- ter and 1 carried. When we arrived at the tent, some meat was cooked, which the Arabs gree- dily devoured, and gave the bones to us, which we immediately, with our teeth and finger nails, scraped clean of every particle of gristle. Thn Arabs were also treated with milk and water, but none was allowed to us. Porter and his master toward night went home, and I to my master's tent. October 4th. — Upon this day I saw what I had never before seen upon the desert — a shower As soon as it commenced, the women went to the rocks upon the hills, with their geddacks and L 122 ROBBINS' JOUBJN'AL. sponges to gather water. This they did by tak- ing the water from the rocks with a sponge, then squeezing it into the geddacks, or bowls. I laid down upon the rocks and licked and sucked all I could, but was unable to satisfy my thirst. The shower soon passed over, and the burning rays of the sun returned. The women nearly filled a water goat skin, which they call ^illubcn\ with water, and carried it with them to the tent. Upon the 5th, I remained in and about the tent. The women were engaged in ripping into pieces the garments they had found at the boat where we landed. They picked out the stitches with a large iron needle, and very carefully pre- served every thread, being vexed when they broke one. They then took the different pieces of the garments, and cut them into small pieces of almost every variety of shapes. My mistress was preparing to make a garment of them for herself. The cloth was all of blue, brown, or black color ; and what possible object they had in cutting it to pieces, I could not imagine. They then proceeded to sew it together. After about fifteen days' labor, she had gotten together enough to make a kind of loose frock, which was sewed to the colors, at her breast and back, and hung loosely down to her knees, her arms re- maining naked to her shoulders. She assumed that kind of consequence when clad in this gar- ment, which is sometimes seen in females that never saw or traversed these deserts. Herii- sitors admired it ; and thought her peculiarly fortunate in having introduced a new fashion. My master. Ganus. with all his Mahometan gra- itOBBINsi' JOURNAL. 123 vity, was pleased with the comely appearance of his amiable bride. To see the flag of my coun- try decorating the upper part, and the habit of L 1 . sailor the lower part of my mistress, made me smile myself, The next morning, (6th) my master and his two sisters, Muckwoola and Ishir, went with all the camels, about twenty, young and old, after water ; not having watered since the 21th of last month, or as the natives call a month, Shahar. They were gone during this day, and the 7th. and returned upon the 8th, early in the morn- ing. During their absence, I sought for snails and found but few. There was but a small rem- nant of water in the tent ; and the small quan- tity usually allowed me was diminished, so that I was obliged to beg at a neighbouring tent, in the name of my mistress, as this was the only way to obtain it. As I had wandered about five miles from the tent, entirely out of sight of all the tents, I saw a large Arab, with a drawn sci- mitar, approaching me with great rapidity. I leave it to the imagination to form an idea of my feelings, He said, " Soo-mook en tar?" what's your name ? I answered, Robbins, " Robbinis ! Robbinis /" He then asked, " Me-nane jateV I answered, by pointing towards my master's tent. He continued, " lllc-mein en tar f n I an- swered, to Ganus. He seemed by his conduct, to know my master, and said no more ; but eyed me very sharply as I walked hastily from him. The tents began to move away from the valley, leaving my master's almost alone. Upon the 8th, early in the morning, my raas- |24 ROBBLVS' JOURNAL. ter, with Muckwoola, Ishir, the camels, and the water, returned, and the tents were immediate- ly struck, preparatory for a departure to some point in the compass, or, as I sometimes thought, to a point not in the compass ; these unthinking creatures seeming to act, half of the time, with- out an}' discoverable motive. Our family start- ed off with the two tents, in company with one of our neighbors, who also had two tents, and about fifty camels ; so that four tents, sixty ca- mels, about twenty Africans, and one American, formed quite a respectable cavalcade. We left the valley, and passed over the hill, bearing to the S. E. Upon a journey the usual times of refreshing, eating generally out of the question, is about noon, and eleven o'clock at night. When they have meat, which is seldom, they partake of it once only, and that after dark, lest they should lose a portion of it from its being discovered. When they have nothing either to eat or drink, which is often the case, these particular times and seasons are dispensed with, and the time of refreshing is made up, by a rational creature, with « the feast of reason" and by Arabs, with jabbering and sleeping. We travelled moder- ately and pitched about sunset. From the 9th, until the 12th, we travelled gra- dually forward in a S. E. direction. The tra- velling dress of the male Arabs, of the Wiled Lebdessebah tribe, if they have any at all, is a coarse white blanket as the principal article. It is about a yard and a half wide, and five yard?; long. The mode of putting it on, when done JIOBBINS' JOURNAL. 125 properly, is by pulling one corner of it over the left shoulder as low as the breast ; then winding it around the back and under the right ann s holding it by the upper edge ; then turning the body quickly round, until it conies under the left arm ; then throwing the upper edge over the head ; then behind the neck upon the right shoulder, the lower edge coming in front as low as the knee ; the remaining part of it is thrown over the left shoulder, hanging loosely behind, some almost to the ground, or according to the length of the blanket. The blanket is made fast next to the body, by a belt of morocco leather with a buckle, Over the whole is thrown a belt from the right shoulder, under the left arm, and sometimes another from the left shoulder under the right arm, crossing at the breast. To these are attached sheathes or powder horns, and in the sheath is put the scimitar, or long knife, such as the owner happens to have. This tribe sel- dom have any under-dress, being so miserably poor that many of them are unable to procure a decent blanket. If they have muskets, of which they appear excessively proud, they generally carry them in their hands, exhibiting them as an < vidence of their wealth, or a proof of their skill in gunnery. They all have a kind of leather pouch hang- ing before them, by a strap going round the neck, in which they carry their smoking furni- ture, and tobacco, or weeds, or any thing else that will smoke. In these they also carry their flint and steel, to strike fire with. In one de- partment they carry their tinder, made of a weed L 2 126 ROBBINS' JOURNAL. produced in the desert. Their pipes are also carried therein, some of steel and some of wood, and some smoke through the shin bone of the goat. The men are passionately fond of smok- ing if they can get tobacco ; and if they cannot, (hey will smoke pieces of leather. My master, by little and little, smoked up nearly all his pouch. When a number form a circle, the pipe passes from mouth to mouth, each taking two or three whiffs, the last of which furnishes them with a number of puffs through the nose or mouth, as best suits their inclinations. They procure their tobacco from and near Wadinoon. The manner of cultivating it will hereafter be described. Upon the 13th, continuing nearly the same course, we discovered a number of tents far ahead. My master, taking the most fleet camel in the drove, went forward. After an absence of four hours, he returned with the head, neck, and part of the entrails of a camel, but we could not enjoy a repast immediately, as there was not brush enough in sight to cook it. We halt- ed at sunset, and it was not until ten o'clock at night, after the most diligent search, that I was able to procure fuel enough to dress it. It was a kind of feast day with the family; and I was per- mitted to rejoice for the bounties of the desert over afew of the guts, which were broiled upon brush, without being washed. They cooked their part of the feast by digging a hole in the earth, and putting the head therein ; then building a fire upon the top of it, it was fitted for the supper- party at about one o'clock in the morning. From the 1 4th to the 16th, nothing happened ROBBINS' JOURNAL. 127 worthy of relation. On the last of these days, my master procured some water from a small valley into which the water, produced by a shower, had settled, it being thick, warm and muddy. We continued in a S. E. direction. On the 17th, we shifted our course to the east- ward ; the country became more hilly, and as it became so, there were always more bushes for the camels to feed upon. In this part of this de- sert, we found a few trees about the size of our cherry-trees, resembling a large thorn bush, or tree. It produced a species of gum, for which the natives have a great fondness. It is light co- lored and transparent, and is the real Gum- Ara- bic. In the afternoon we ascended a considera- ble hill, and after descending a part of the way down the opposite side of it, the party stopped, without pitching the tent. We spent the night in the open air, the northeast wind blowing chil- ly upon us. I felt very unwell, and laid down ; and my master, knowing that my indisposition arose from want of food, cooked me a small piece of camel's hide, which, with a little warm milk, and some sound sleep, restored me to health by next morning. Upon the 1 8th, having retired to the most se cret place, an event of the greatest immediate importance to me took place ; it was one that \ had long wished to witness, and the temporal) benefits of which, I hoped to experience — it wa^ the butchering of a camel. A young man from our neighboring tent came to my master's as- sistance, and, joining him and his sisters, assist- ed in catching a two-year old camel of the male 128 ROBBINS' JOURNAL. kind. They cast him, and lashed his four legs together. They then made fast a rope around his nose, and drew his head nearly back to the tail, the beast lying upon the side. They then, with a large knife, cut the neck off, close to the shoulder blades — then turning him on his back, they divided the skin from the shoulder to the tail. The entrails were laid upon clean bushes, and the meat being equally divided, was dispos- ed of in the same manner — one half for my mas- ter and his family, the other for his mother and sisters. The mothers name was Annbube. They cut off pieces of the hump, which is somewhat like the brisket of an ox, and ate it raw. I had. in the mean time, gathered together a large quantity of fuel, and they immediately proceed- ed to cook the blood, and with the utmost vora- city devoured the whole of it. This was at about two o'clock, and during the afternoon the wo- men were employed in cutting the lean part of it into thin long slices, and hanging them in the sun to dry. Joy seemed to pervade every heart: and even the rigid features of the Arab were relaxed into something that resembled compla- cency. Supper time was looked for with de- lightful anxiety, knowing that we should then be regaled with the guts of the animal, boiled in the v/ater found in the paunch. After this re- past was disposed of, we all remained in the tent till about midnight, and then I retired to rest with a satisfied appetite ; being the first time since my slavery that I could say the same. Ne- ver, I think, did the most sincere Christian feel more grateful to the Great Giver of temporal ROBBINS' JOURNAL. 129 blessings, than I did for this refreshment. It is a fact, worthy of observation, that the Arabs kill a camel with the utmost secrecy. When my master killed this one, we were upon a plain that seemed to be without limits, no tent nor hu- man being in sight, excepting the four belonging to our party ; yet, before the skin was of£ rive or six Arabs came bounding over the sandy de- sert, to partake of it. This I noticed was inva- riably the case, so long as I continued a slave to the wandering tribes. The next morning, (19th) I was employed in curing the camel's hide, or rather putting it in a situation to be preserved, until after the meat of the beast was consumed. It was cut into small pieces, and thrown into the fire, which, by sing- ing off the hair, and drying it, prepared it to be deposited in the tent and carried upon a jour- ney. The hoofs are disposed of in the same manner. They break all the bones to pieces, and eat all the marrow, uncooked. It is aston- ishing to see what a quantity of marrow is pro- duced from an animal whose meat is so dry and lean. At about ten o'clock, A. M. the master of Hogan, with him, and a number of Arabs, came to our tent ; having discovered, either from the smoke of our fire, or the odour of the cooking meat, that a camel had been slain. Some meat was immediately cooked. I was rejoiced to see a pretty liberal portion allotted to my hungry friend Hogan — who ate as though the genius of famine had long had him in her keeping. He tore off the meat from the hard, unyielding neck of the camel like a tiger ; and preserved a piece 130 BOBBINS' JOURNAL. to carry home to his shipmate and fellow-slave Dick : although his own appetite was not satis- fied. The visiters, in the mean time, were sa- tiating their appetites. It has been before re- marked, that the Arabs always treat their visiters with what they have ; it is always expected— and if it is known that a camel has been slain, and the owner conceals the meat, or declines to impart a portion, the highest in- dignation is excited. During these visits, the master and mistress never eat themselves, but wait upon their guests. Whether this practice arises from real hospitality* or from some article of their faith, I know not, but I strongly suspect the latter. Not having with me the Koran* I cannot ascertain it. Those of my readers, who are ac- quainted with the system introduced into the world by that wonderful production, may pro- bably settle the question for themselves. After the meat was eaten, the guests were served with milk and water, and retired highly gratified ; not probably so much from a princi- ple of gratitude, as from the relief obtained for their hunger. CHAP. XII. A storm of sand — distress — a great story — Porter's sickness — v dismal plain — rapid travelling — nauseous water — description of a well in Zahara desert — marble mountain — deep valley, and monument — impossibility of escaping — Spaniard — vieze of the ocean — Cape Mirik — author sold to another Arab of the tribe of Wiled DUcim. FROM the 20th, to the 22d of October, we (ravelled leisurely to the southward end west ROBBINS' JOURNAL. 131 ward. Every morning, after the sun had reach- ed a considerable height, the party stopped, and hung out the slips of meat upon the tents or Sushes to dry. The country became more hilly and more sandy. Those who have seen the sandy hills at Cape Cod, in a violent gale of wind, can form a faint idea of the country over which we were now passing. The trade wind Mew a gale almost constantly. The atmosphere was filled with hot sand, as ours is with snow in a snow storm. The vertical rays of the sun beat- ing upon a body almost naked — the sand filling the eyes constantly exposed — the feet sinking, ancle deep, into the sand at every step, made travelling all but destruction. My ears, and nose, and sometimes my mouth, were literally filled with sand — the one almost lost the sense of hearing — the other that of smelling, and the last that of tasting. The tent could not be pitch- ed, as the sand would not hold the tent pegs. We had no water to spare for the grateful exer- cise of washing, and, as a most disgusting sub- stitute, I was compelled to make use of my own urine, in washing my face, arms, and hands. A few more such day's travelling, I think, would have put an end to my life and my slavery. Upon the 23d, we travelled to the southward. The wind moderated considerably, and at about noon, we stopped, and unloaded the tents. My master's only son, about twelve years of age, named E//e, told me that Joe was in a tent at a little distance off I knew he meant Porter, and he and I went in pursuit of the tents to the north- ward. After travelling three or four miles, we j 32 ROBBINS' JOURNAL. called at a tent which was owned by Mr. Sa- vage's former master. I also saw my master Ganns, who was assisting in butchering a camel. I was immediately sent to gather dry bushes which were scarce, and continued as much as three hours in this laborious service. By this time, the camel was dressed. They had pro- cured a brass kettle, into which they threw some meat, entrails, &c. and boiled them in the paunch water. Of this, they all partook liberally. As a compensation for my toil, they gave me the fcctus of a young camel, found in the one they had killed, about the size of a rat. I pushed it into the fire and sand under the kettle, and after roasting it, was permitted to swallow the whole ca- mel myself Extreme hunger made this a deli- cious meal. Porter's master was also here, and asked mine to let me go to his tent to see /oc, as he was sick. Liberty was granted, and I visited him at nearly sunset. He had been sick a num- ber of days with the head-ache, and had been bled in the head by the natives with a jack- knife, which they call Umoose. He looked sick, had lost much flesh, and was extremely deject- ed. Although the common cant of advising in such a case rather aggravates than mitigates sorrow, I ventured to urge him to exercise all the fortitude he could ; and as it was the will of our Maker that we must suffer, we ought to make the best we could of our situation, wretched as it was. I fully believe that it was from this sen- timent, that my own life was preserved ; and that by this, I was kept from perishing upon the deserts of Zahara. ROBBINS' JOURNAL-. 133 We travelled, during the 24th, over deep *and ; but upon the 25th, early in the morning, we all reached a boundless plain, stretching, apparently, an immeasurable distance to the south east, south west, and north west. The surface of the earth was hard, mixed with small stones, mostly baked in it. It appeared to be as hard as a pavement ; and the hoof of the ca- mel made not the least impression upon it. If could not be more dissimilar to the country me had just passed than it was. At sun rise, the camels were stopped, and, as usual, service was performed. I cannot call that divine service, which was performed in honour of Mahommed Our water was wholly exhausted, there being not a drop remaining in either tent. A little dried meat was still left. We entered upon thi* plain, and to me the most gloomy entry I ever made upon any part of the earth. The natives must have known that the course we were tra- velling would lead to a well, or they never would have ventured upon it. This was to me the on- ly consolation. By about noon, having travel- led very fast, we reached the centre of this plain. The country presented to my view the most melancholy prospect that I can possibly imagine can exist in nature. It appeared to be an exact water level. The sea, in a dead calm { never, to my eye, appeared smoother ; and the earth was as destitute as that of every shrub, plant, or weed. It seemed as if the genius of famine and drought, held here their cheerless do- minion. Neither man, beast, nor even insect, could subsist upon it, and neither were within 134 BOBBINS' JOUBNAL. sight, except our party. We fled across it as we would have fled from the city of destruction. At nearly sunset we again Teached a more sandy country. We continued to travel until ten o'clock at night; and having found a few bushes, the wearied camels were stopped to feed. Hav- ing started in the morning at about one o'clock, by the stars, as I judged, and travelling with amazing rapidity, until ten o'clock at night, we must have gone as many as ninety miles. The course we travelled was to the S. W. We only threw off the tents, and resting till nearly day liglit, again started upon the journey. Not hav- ing drank a single drop of water the day before, nor during this night, my thirst was so excessive, that I thought I could not survive it. We, how- ever, drove on as usual at a full trot ; and did not, until the next day, (26th) at twelve o'clock, find any water. My master then procured a draft for us all, at a tent ; and this, with a few of the roots and sprouts before mentioned, in some measure, satisfied me. We stopped but a few minutes ; and the country becoming hilly, and the night dark, we travelled, full speed, over hills and vallies, till twelve o'clock. We must have gone cs many miles this day as we did the preceding one, being the most rapid travelling I ever witnessed upon camels. The tents were thrown off, and the camels fed ; a little meat was cooked for the party, and as soon as this was finished, we started again. For the past day, our course was about west. We drove on with the greatest rapidity until the next day, (27th) at about noon, when, to my inconceivable joy. ROBBINS' JOURNAL. ij5 we reached a "well. But upon attempting to taste the water, notwithstanding the extremity of my thirst, it was with the greatest difficulty I could force it into my throat, or retain it there when I had. It was more offensive than the most nauseous bilge-water — it had turned green by stagnation, and reddish by the quantity of camel's dung mixed with it ; but it was our only resource, " and we must drink or die" This was an interior well, which is seldom found far into the deserts. This well was one of great depth. When the natives begin to dig a well, they furnish themselves wi^h all the largest bushes or trees in the adjoiningjeountry, some of which are of the sizo of a man's thigh. These they cut into poles of about six feet in length. After they have penetrated a small depth into the' earth, they put three of these sticks into holes, made in the sides of the well, leaving a triangular hole in the centre, of a sufficient size to let down and draw up the water-bucket. These poles are placed thick at the top, and further apart as the earth grows harder. In this way they continue to descend into the earth, passing the earth up in bowls from one to the other to the top, and inserting the stakes as mentioned, when necessary. After they have descended a considerable depth, they draw up the earth in leathern buckets, by means of a rope, having no windlass or sweep, to assist bo- dily strength in this laborious operation. In- deed, this tribe seemed to have no idea of ma- chinery of the most simple kind, to facilitate the construction or manufacture of any thing, or to ^36 BOBBINS' JOURNAL. * save manual labor. They continue in this man- ner to descend, until they come to water. Look ing down the well, as far as light will enable the eye to discern, the observer sees a regular tri- angle in the centre. These cross-sticks furnish a ladder, by which the natives descend to clear the well of sand, which is constantly blowing into its open surface; these stupid creatures seldom having sagacity enough to prevent this by covering the top. The water is drawn from the well in a leathern bucket, made of tanned camel's or goat's skins. The top of it is a cir- cular hoop, ove* 1 which the skin is sewed, form mg a round vessel at the sides and bottom, hold- ing about three gallons. Three ropes are fas- tened to this hoop, equi-distant from each other, and these to the one by which it is let down. The country in which this well was situated was the deepest and most extensive valley I had yet seen; surrounded, excepting to the westward. by high rocky hills. On the east side, I saw and examined immense ledges of the most beautiful white marble. As I was descending into this valley, my distress could not suppress my admi- ration, at beholding an immense rock of white marble, standing perpendicularly, and entirely detached from the ledge, which formed the east- ern limits of it. On a distant view, I immediate- ly imagined it to be some castle for the defence of an adjoining city, or the palace of some Afri- can prince. I felt confident that I was approach ing some great city. I continued to approach ; and almost forgot my hunger and thirst in the anticipated gratification of my curiosity. At BOBBINS' JOURNAL 137 length, I came to this astonishing monument — went round it — examined it as minutely as I pos- sibly could, and could not discover upon it the (east trait of human art. My expectations wrei-2 blown away by the wind that whistled round it, and my readers must excuse me for not sajing any thing more about it, only that it w r as, at the base, in the shape of a parallelogram, or oblong square, as near as I could judge, of one hundred ieet in length, and sixty in breadth. Its height must have been from seventy to eighty feet. After stating the simple fact, I leave it to the cu- rious, the philosophical, the inquisitive, and the wondering, to make conjectures for themselves. This valley was, to appearance, the most fertile place I had seen, j It was the first earth I had walked upon in Africa, that seemed susceptible of cultivation. It was mostly a clay-soil, and considerable grass was growing, or rather stand- ing, as the excessive drought this season had dried up every thing. The grass resembled that which grows in what is called, in New-England, boggy meadows. Toward night we left this val- ley, and passed through the opening hill to the southwest, having fitted but two goat skins with the offensive wate.i found in the well. I carried a bowl full, however, four or five miles, fearing I should be destitute of water of any kind. We stopped for the night, and cooked a little dried meat, by putting small hard pieces into the fire, roasting it, taking it out and pounding it in a maress* or mortar. Upon the 28th, we travelled moderately to the southwest, until noon, when the tents were M 2 ^8 ROBBINS' JOURNAL. pitched, for the first time, for a number of days Even the stomach of an Arab could no longer endure the water we had ; and my master and his sisters having learned from a passing party, that water was at no great distance, went in pur- suit of some of a better kind, if comparisons of quality are allowable between different sorts, all of which would nauseate a beast. On the next day, (29th) Muckwoola and hhir returned, bringing with them some fresh water. and some dried fish-skins, or fragments of fish, which had before been deprived of the better part. Some of this was allowed me for supper; and as it was a rarity, having lived upon camel's hide, meat, and bones for some time, I ate it with the best appetite. My master Ganus did not return with his sisters. I was left under the command of the women once more ; and, as usual, found my privileges abridged as female authority prevailed. We remained stationary until the next day, at noon, (30th) then start- ed and bore to the N. W. and travelled mode- rately, during that and the next day, (31st.) November 1st, 1815. — From this day until the HJd, we continued to travel moderately, and as we passed along, the country became more hil- ly ; nothing took place of any consequence. On our passage we saw a few small locusts, which we gathered and ate. Upon the 3d, my master returned to his tent, after an absence of six days, it being his longest absence since I was his slave, bringing with him one piece of tent cloth. Having often mentioned that I wandered off at a distance, and frequent opportunities occurring ROBBLNS' JOURINA,.. 139 to make my escape, it may excite wonder that I did not attempt it. The description I have at tempted to give of the country seems to be a sufficient reason. Had I attempted it, starva- tion must have been the final result, if I had nol been taken by another master before this took place. Let the reader imagine to himself a de- sert of eight hundred miles in width, and more than two thousand in length, furnishing nothing for the subsistence of human beings, but camels, and these always in possession of individuals, parties, or caravans. Let him also picture to himself a solitary wanderer upon this desert, without food or water, and without any means to procure either, and liable every day, and al- most every hour, to be encountered by the na- tives, who are passing it in every direction, he will conclude that the means of escape were of the most unpromising nature. I might as well have escaped from a ship, by plunging into the ocean. At Wadinoon I afterwards became ac- quainted with a Spaniard, who attempted, upon a male camel, to escape. He assured me that he tra-. elled the desert thirty days without wa- ter, and without any food, excepting a fox which he killed. That at the end of this time, he and his stolen camel were taken by another tribe, and he became a slave to them. He was after- wards demanded by his first master ; but abso- lutely refused to return again into the tribe of the Lebdcssebuii, and seizing a musket, threatened the life of him. His former master relinquished the attempt to reclaim him, and he continued a slave until the time he and I were, upon the same day, 140 ItOBBINS' JOURNAL. ransomed. He assured me that he had been in slavery seven years. I shall again have occa- sion to mention this Spaniard. My master ordered the tents to be struck up on his return, and we proceeded to travel in a northern direction. I went ahead with my mas- ter, delighted again to be relieved from the thraldom and irksomeness of female government, which, wherever it prevails, being founded in less reason, is accompanied with more tyranny than that of men. Toward night, we overtook a sick woman upon a camel. She was the first female Arab whom I had seen dangerously sick ; indeed it was rare to see even the slightest in- disposition among them. I assisted her in dis- mounting, after the camel was made to kneel. My master's family overtook us, and the tent was pitched. After taking a little milk, I turn- ed in. The next morning. (4th) before day -light we were on the march for another watering-place. i was permitted to go with the party to the well, being the first time, since my slavery, that I was allowed so to do, being always before left be- hind with the tent. . This variation from the usu- al custom excited a suspicion in my mind that I was to be sold ; as the large watering-places are generally the market for slaves. In travelling toward it, we passed over hills of sand. When at the top of them, I saw the ocean ! I knew it must be the Atlantic, from the course we had travelled. I ardently panted to be on the bo- som of it, as the waves thereof might waft me to the regions of civilization — and might waft me ROBBING JOURNAL. Ml to ray beloved country. In the valley below, I saw a great multitude of camels around the wells, there being a number in this valley. The camels knew there was water below, as well as their riders ; and after descending a part of the way down the steep hill, the forward camels be- gan to run. My camel followed the example ; and as the mouth of this beast never submitted to the restraint of the bit, never having been bridled, I was precipitated down the hill with a velocity with which I had before been unac- quainted ; and when I arrived at the well, 1 might have said, as Gilpin did when he reached Ware, " I came, because my camel would come." The wells were situated near each other ; but from the number of camels that are constantly coming to drink, they are obliged to keep them off, if possible, till those drinking arc satisfied. This is done with very great difficul- ty. After the camels are sufficiently watered, they are sent to browse. The natives never bring their tents to a well, leaving them behind in the keeping of the women. I now had as much water as I wanted ; and can say, that it was the first time my thirst was thoroughly quenched, since I became a slave toGanus. The tents must have been as many as fifty miles back in the desert ; for they always remain where they are left, when the owner goes in search of water, until he returns. We slept this night un- der a large bush with a large company, and kept a fire for the most part of the night. Upon the 5th, early in the morning, the ca- mels were all watered again, as they are some- j42 ROBBINS' JOURNAL. times compelled to go entirely without it for twenty days, and sometimes for a longer period My master Ganus expressed great anxiety that my short trowsers should be washed ; and told me to take them off This left my body entirely naked, excepting that part of it which was co- vered with the American flag, and which he did not attempt to compel me to strike. They were hung upon a camel to dry, and this was the last time I ever saw them, or Muckwoola and Ishir. who carried them off with them. I was now taken on to a camel behind my mas- ter, who, in company with another Arab, went off full trot to the southward. Before noon, we met numbers of the natives who had fresh rish with them. We obtained a breakfast of them. By the middle of the afternoon, we came to the edge of an high precipice, limiting a considera- ble bay, a little ta • the north of Cape Mirik. We descended to the beach, at the head of the bay, which had in it a number of sand islands. The tide was now out, leaving it dry, and we passed along at the base of the precipice, and discover- ed a number of shallow wells, having brackish water in them. We continued to travel upon the beach until we came to a number of pitched tents, and here I first saw a kind of hut or wig- wam, constructed by erectingtwo crotches about ten feet apart — laying a pole on them, and from this extendi: .; poles to the ground, and cover- ing them wit ea-weed, giving them the shape of a thatched roof. Within, the natives have a bed made also of sea-weed ; but lest they should blunder upon something that looks like the con ROBBINS' JOURNAL. 4 43 venience and comfort of civilized life, they are careful to make them so low that a human being cannot stand erect in one of them. We dis- mounted near a hut. My master went off, and I sat down, in a kind of trance, gazing upon the bay before me, and upon the point of Cape Mi- nk, stretching into the sea. Soon after my mas- ter returned with three or four Arabs, one of whom was soon pointed out as my second master. He bade me stand up — told me to walk, and viewed me with the closest scrutiny. I suspect- ed he was about to open my mouth to judge df my age by my teeth, and examine my feet to see if I had been foundered by high living with my master Ganus, mistress Sarah, misses Muckwoo- la and Ishir ; but he dispensed with these cere- monies, seemed to be pleased, and said f was not foonta, but bono. He bade me follow him. We went some distance to one of the huts, where he begged some dried fish for me which I ate. I now became the property of another Arab. I felt but little anxiety at this exchange, know- ing that my situation could not be rendered much worse, although I was sensible that Ganus was not so bad as some of the Arabs I had seen. At first sight, I was pleased with my new mas- ter. He was a little over thirty, by his appear- ance. He had an open, ingenuous countenance, with but little of that fiery malignity so univer- sally seen in the tribe of the Lebdessebah. His name was Mahomet Meaarah, of the tribe of the Wiled DHeim, his tent being some distance in the interior. The readers of this Journal thus far will per- |44 ROBBDTS' JOURNAL. ceive,that the author has confined himself strict- ly to what passed under his immediate observa- tions. He has absolutely prohibited himself from incorporating with his narration, any of the vague, and generally deceptive stories, which he had heard from the illiterate and brutish race of creatures, among whom he was enslaved. Had he done this, the volume would have alrea- dy been filled. His steady object has been to give an accurate idea of that part of the Zahara desert over which he travelled. It cannot have a geographical accuracy, because he had no means to ascertain the latitude of the country over which he travelled, or rather was trans- ported, but by the situation of the sun, and by the shade which his own body cast upon the sand of this immense desert. As to the man- ners, customs, and habits of the tribe, with which he had thus long continued, he hopes the reader has acquired some correct ideas. He has at- tempted to describe their implements of manu- facturing, cooking, and travelling — their habi- tations, and particularly their mode of worship. The result of this relation and description is be- fore the reader, and it is hoped it may at least furnish some amusement, if it is destitute of in- struction. We now take leave of the wretched tribe of the Wiled Lebdessebah, and whatever has been seen among the Wiled D^leim of a similar nature, we shall not repeat, but merely allude to. Whatever was noticed of a different nature in this tribe, we shall continue patiently to de- tail, and faithfully to describe. ROBBINS* JOURNAL. lib CHAP. XIII. Africa — the Coast — Interior — Deserts— Mountains — Capes**- Rivers — Islands — Straits. THE attention of the reader having been foi ?ome time devoted to that part of Africa called Zaham. or the Great Western Desert — to the pe- culiarities of the wandering Arabs who inhabit it, and to the sufferings of the author upon it ; ii may be an useful way to relieve it, by changing attention from a section of this continent to a ge- neral view of the whole. It is not intended to give a minute geographical description of each kingdom, as such more properly belongs to the geographer than the journalist. In our histori- cal chapter we endeavored, in a compressed manner, to trace the progress of discoveries, and settlements upon this continent. In this, it is intended merely to describe the relative local situations of the different countries or kingdoms, situated upon this immense Peninsula, compris- ing at least one quarter of the whole globe. The most accurate information we can obtain of thi* continent is at best but imperfect; and our li- mits preclude us from giving any thing but a ge- neral account. In our historical chapter, we attempted to assign the reason, why this portion of the world is so little known, while the other continents, even that of the new world, Ameri- ca, have been almost wholly explored and de- scribed. To that, we refer the reader ; and al- so to that, we refer him for the boundaries of this continent (page 38.) N 146 BOBBINS' JOURNAL. Africa is divided, nearly in the centre, by the Equator ; of course the greatest part of it is si- tuated within the torrid zone. The whole of it is either exceedingly fertile, or extremely bar- ren. Its fertility is occasioned by the great sources of vegetation, heat and moisture. Heat prevails every where ; but moisture in particu- lar portions. Where the latter prevails, this country is one of the most productive in the uni- verse — where it is deprived of rain, it is '• all barren." This continent differs from the other three great ones, in almost every respect. In the others, the sea coast is generally the most barren ; in this, the interior is so. Upon the coast, are regions abounding with every luxury which nature pours into the lap of indulgence ; much of the interior is a boundless waste of de- serts. A vertical sun, pouring burning rays up- on dry sand, defies the progress of vegetation. Even upon these deserts, a race of beings is found to subsist. With the curse of Ishmael upon their devoted heads, and sordid hearts, they flee the regions of fertility and civilization, and seem to delight in sterile barrenness, and human misery. It has been remarked, that this continent, in shape, resembles a triangle, with irregular sides. Beginning at the northeast point, Egypt is situ- ated, bounding east upon the Red Sea, and north, upon the Mediterranean, and the Isthmus of Suez, uniting this continent there with Asia. This section of Africa has long been celebroted. and is well known in sacred and profane histo- ry. Continui.ig west upon the northern bounda- ry of this continent, and along the shores of the ROBBINS' JOURNAL. J47 Mediterranean, Barca, Tripoli, Tunis, Algierc, Fez, and Morocco, are situated, reaching the north- ;ioint, at the Straits of Gibraltar. All these countries are possessed by Arabs and Moors, al- though with them are intermingled other na- tions. It is generally termed the Coast of Bar- bary. The history of these distinct states, or kingdoms, is known to every historian, and their geographical situation to every geographer. For centuries they have been, and still are, the terror of the civilized world. Nations, the most powerful by land and by sea, have condescend- ed to pay them tribute, and to ransom their un- fortunate countrymen who are there enslaved. They infest the adjoining oceans with their con- temptible navies, and upon land they are invin- cible ; not from their numbers or their military science, but from the facilities afforded them by their country, to avoid conquest by the best dis- ciplined armies. Destroy their naval armaments, and batter down their capitals, they still have a safe retreat in their mountains and in their de- serts, where a civilized army cannot subsist. The mention of Tripoli calls up the proud re- collection of the infancy of the American Navy. It was upon the coast of that country, that Ame- ricans began to learn how to conquer upon the ocean. It was their achievements there that occasioned the prophetic JVelson to see, in the infancy of our navy, the future rival of that of Britain. The mention of Algiers makes us re- member a recent achievement of this navy as she is approaching towards manhood. Upon the Western boundary of Africa, are si- 148 BOBBINS' JOURNAL tuated Suse, Azanaga, North-Guinea, or SenegaL embracing the country of the Jaloffs, Foulahs, Fehops and Mandingoes — South-Guinea, con- taining the Pepper Coast, the Ivory Coast, and the Gold Coast — East-Guinea, or the Slave Coast, in which is situated the kingdoms of Whidah, Ardra, and Benin. The next great division of the wes- tern coast is Congo, comprehending the king- doms of Loango, Congo, Angola, Matamba, and Berwwla, It is upon this coast that the Slave Trade lias so long, to the indelible disgrace of ihe Christian world, been prosecuted. The in- habitants are described, by all historians, as mild and peaceable. Possessing a country of great fertility — having no means of making con- quests, or extending dominion, they remain where nature has placed them, unmoved by the sordid demands of avarice, or the more splendid and guilty calls of ambition. The different tribes. or kingdoms, sometimes make war upon each other; but they are urged on to warfare by European and American merchants, to capture each other to furnish slave-ships with their car- goes. With a few paltry toys, calculated to catch the fancy of untutored barbarians, they induce the natives to prey upon each other, and exchange their countrymen for baubles. After doing this, a Christian merchant, excuses him- self by saying, the Africans enslave each other! This reasoning may be conclusive before a tri- bunal of slave-merchants, assembled in a prince- ly mansion, that owes its splendor to human blood, but all the courts of Europe have very recently, by common consent, united to wipe the ROBBLNS' JOURNAL. 149 tbul stain from the character of their respective nations, impressed upon them by this inhuman, detestable, and diabolical traffic. The Consti- tution of the United States is the first one that absolutely prohibited it. Upon the western coast is also situated the country of the JVamacpias, and of the Hottentots ; which, together with the colony of the Cape of Good Hope, comprehends the southern point of the continent, and stretching quite across it to the eastern side. Upon the eastern side of this continent are sit- uated Inhambane, Monica, Sabia, Sofala, and Mo- caranga. Continuing east, toward Cape Guarda- fui and the Straits of Babelmandel, the kingdoms of Mozambique, Mongolia, Quiloa, Montbaza, Melin- da, and Monoemngi, the republic of Brava, and the kingdom of Magadoxa, are situated. Adel'is an extensive kingdom, embracing an immense country around Cape Guardafui, the easternmost point of the continent. From this Cape, to the Isthmus of Suez, this continent is bounded east- erly upon the Arabian Gulf which reaches to that place. We have now conducted the reader around the Coast of this immense triangular peninsula. We have mentioned the principal countries as they succeed each other, beginning at Egypt, and following the coast along its northern, western^ And eastern sides, until we again reached that plnce situated near the Isthmus of Suez. The geographical knowledge of the reader will rea- dily enable him to supply that minute informa- tion which our limits preclude us from detailing. N2 jjQ ROBBINS' journal. The Interior of Africa is known more from vague conjecture than accurate description. Marty hardy travellers have, at the hazard ot life, (see historical chapter,) explored parts of it. Abyssinia has long been celebrated by the geographer, and the scholar. The one makes it the region of fertility, having the sources of the Nth. Within its limits — the other converts it into the region of romance. The classical Johnson. in his t; Prince of Aoyssinia" gives us an idea of a distinct world. His Rasselas has dressed this kingdom in all the charms, which the most fer- tile imagination and classical mind can impart to a terrestrial region. The description of the country situated upon the Niger, under the general name of Soudan. transports the mind of the reader to a region en- tirely the reverse Fbis part of the continent, although watered by a majestic stream, and ha- ving an adjoining country of great fertility, seems to be thnt region where the wrath of Heaven, against man, is for ever to be displayed. The denunciation Hhe descendants of Ishmael stands yet univ>. sed — the innocent blood of the Messiah yet rests upon the head of his mur- derers,and here, in the GreatDesert of 'Zahara,?iru\ in other parts of the interior, they both remain a standing miracle. The knowledge we posses- of this desert is principally derived from the Christian slaves, who have there been suffering witnesses of the manners, customs, and habits of the wandering Arabs; and famishing wanderers ♦ hemselves, through the wicle spread desolation pervading the country they inhabit. It has fallen ROBBINS' JOURNAL. 151 to the unhappy lot of Americans to furnish most of the information the world possesses upon this suhject. The ingenious Mr. Cock has given the world the narrative of the American sailor, Ro- bert Adams, and the indefatigable Mr. Dupuis. has, bv his notes, confirmed its accuracy. The crew of the Commerce seem to have been design- ed to suffer themselves, that the world, through them, might learn. It is hoped this little volume will add something to the little knowledge al- ready obtained of the desert of Zohara, and the western coast of Africa. As to that portion ot the interior, situated upon the equator, and with- in the Tropic of Capricorn, even conjecture it- self has almost omitted to exercise its uncertain and futile powers. In Soudan, are included the empires of Houssa and Tombuctoo, the country erf the Agadez, the kingdoms of Ludamar, Bomloiu and Bambouk. also the kingdoms of B 'onion, and Darfur. Nubia contains Turkish Nutria, Donga- la, nnd Sennaar. North of the Zahara Desert, are situated the countries of Tafilet* and Rilcd-uU Gerid, lying south of the Barbery States. The Desert^ Which comprehend so much of the interior, are the Zahara or Great Western Desert. This region of desolation and barrenness stretch- es, by the best authorities, from 15° to 31° N. Latitude, and from 70° W. to 16° E. Longitude. The desert of Libya from 25° to 30° N. Latitude, and from 21° to 30° E. Longitude. The desert of Barca is small. The Mountains upon this continent, are in ranges. The Atlas has been celebrated from the ages of antiquity to this time. According to the 152 BOBBINS' JOURNAL. fabulous accounts of the ancients, it supports the firmament. The inimitable Addison resorts to it as the emblem of firmness. He makes his Cato, like that " glory in height." These moun- tains extend frotn the western coast of Africa, to the Gulf of Sydra. They commence in the 28° N". Latitude, and extend, in a N. E. course, to 34° N. Latitude ; and from thence, in an east direction, to 14° E. Longitude. Although these mountains are more celebrated, being more known, yet the mountains of Kong, in point of extent, certainly exceed them. They stretch from the river Gambia, to 23° E. Longitude. The Mountains of the Moon commence in 17° E. Lon- gitude, and run east to 37° E. Longitude. These two ranges divide almost the whole continent into northern and southern divisions, and are situated between the fifth and thirteenth degrees of north latitude. The mountains of Lupata be- gin at the mouth of the river Quilimane, upon the eastern coast, and encircling the kingdom of Mocaranga, extend to the country of the Hotten- tots. The Chrystal Mountains are situated near the kingdoms of Congo, Angola, and Benguela. upon the western coast. The Capes upon this continent are, upon ihe northern coast, or the Mediterranean, Cape Bon, in Tunis; and Cape Spartcl, near Tangier. Up- on the western coast, or the Atlantic, are Cape Geer, near Santa Cruz — Cape Bajador, upon which the Commerce was wrecked — Cape Barbas where the crew landed with the boat — Cape Mirik — Cape Verd — Cape Mesurada — Cape Pal- mas — Cape of the Three Points — Cape Formosa — ROBDINS' JOURNAL. 153 Cape Negro — Cape de Lasvoltas, and the Cape of Good Hope, at the southernmost point of the con- tinent. Upon the eastern coast, or Indian ocean, are Capes Needle, St. Mary, Corientes, Sebastian. Delgado, Baxas, and Cape Guardafui, forming the easternmost point of the continent. The Rivers of this continent, when compared with those of Asia, are diminished to rivulets. When the Ganges is recollected, the Nile, and the Niger, are almost forgotten in the majesty of the former. When compared with the Mis- sissippi, Missouri, Ohio, Amazon, and La Plata, of America, they then lose their consequence. The Tybei , the Danube, the Seine, the Tagus, the Vis- tula, the Thames, and the Don of Europe, in many respects, exceed them; but still, the Nile must be ranked with the great geographical and classical streams. The sources of this river have been sought af- ter with an assiduity, unparalleled in the history of the most romantic adventurers. It is supposed to have its source in the Mountains of the Moon, and is known to empty itself, through numerous mouths, into the Mediterranean, near Alexandria, after passing through Abyssinia and Egypt. The source of the Niger is not certainly known; and even the course it runs is yet a disputed point among geographers. Some contend that it runs eastward, and empties itself into lakes in Wan- gam, in the interior of the continent. Others feel confident that its course is westward, and that it loses itself in the regions of Guinea. All we can say is, " Who shall decide when Doctors disagree ?" The Senegal has its source not far 154 BOBBINS' JOURNAL. from the mountains of Kong, and it empties into the Atlantic ocean in about 16° N. Latitude. The Nile, the Niger, and the Senegal, annually overflow their banks, dispensing fertility and luxuriance to the country adjoining them. The other principal streams of Africa are the Gambia, Morocco, Sierra Ltona, Benin, Congo, Zv.ire, Coantza, Manica, Zambezi, Coavo, Zeta, and Ma- gadoxa. The principal Islands, situated around this con- tinent, have a consequence in sacred and pro- fane history, almost equal to the continent itself. In the Mediterranean, are the islands of Cyprus. Candia, Malta, Sfciht, and Sardinia. In the At- lantic are those or Madeira, the Canaries, and Cape Verds. These islands are well known to American navigators, and have greatly enhanc- ed the wealth of American merchants. St. Louis is situated at the mouth of the Senegal. In the South Atlantic, above 1100 miles from the con- tinent, is situated the island of St. Helena ; well known to the navigators to India, and now dig- nified by the residence of Napoleon. It is a small island ; but the modern Charlemagne cannot be- come small by bei g in a little place. The Isles ofJscension and Sl Matthew are nearly the same distance from the coast. Near to the coast are situated Fernando Po, Princess, St. Thomas, and ■flnnobon. In the Indian ocean, is the important island of Madagascar, about 800 miles in length, and 200 in breadth. Also the Isle of France, and Bourbon, the Comoro, Islands, Zanzcba and Pom- ba. Near Cape Guardafui is situated the island of Socotra. ROBBINS' JOURNAL. 155 The Straits adjoining this continent are those of Babel-Mandel, uniting the Red Sea with the Tndian ocean, and Gibraltar, which separates this continent from Europe. The Gulfs are — the Gulf of Sydra, Goletta, Gui- nea, and Sofala. The channel of Mozambique, be- tween the island of Madagascar and the coast of Mozambique, is the only one belonging to this continent. This chapter is introduced for the double purpose of relieving the reader from the detail of sufferings and minute descriptions, and giving a mere bird's eye view of Africa. CHAP. XIV. Mahomet Meaarah — Fishing — Cape Mirik — innocent deception — obstinacy — Barrett — Hon. William Wiltshire — calender — second tour into the desert — thanksgiving — description of a camel — Mode of instruction in reading and ■writing. November 5th, 1815. MY new master Meaaratis first inquiry was, if I had any clothes beside what I had on ? I told him I had not, my whole wardrobe con- sisting of the piece of our colors, before men- tioned, and a piece of the skin of the gazelle tied round my middle. I told him that Ganus had taken from me that day my trowsers and my shoes, the latter being worn out by travelling. He said Ganus was foonta, for taking them, and that he would regain them. He discovered the same resentment that the purchaser of a horse would, if the seller, after the sale, should slily take off the halter. He recovered the shoes and 156 ROBBINS' JOURNAL. gave them to me, and a piece of blanket for my middle. He might, among the Arabs, be called a well dressed man ; for he had a blue frock- shirt hanging below his knees, and a good white blanket put on as described among the Wiled Lebdessebah. He seemed to be a man of more than ordinary consequence among the natives ; for, instead of joining them in the toil of fishing, he was examining and purchasing fish. He went away towards night, and left me at one of the huts in the care of an old Arab by the name of Abdallah, who furnished me with fish for food. They were of the size of the mackerel, nearly the color of our salmon trouts, of the most de- licious 'flavor, and very fat. They were some- times taken in considerable abundance. The seine with which they were taken was made of well manufactured twine, apparently of a spe- cies of grass. They consisted of meshes of a small size, having both a cork rope and a lead rope. Through the meshes next to the cork rope, they run a pole of six feet in length, gath- ering up the seine from each end to the centre. This seine consists of any number they choose to unite together, each single one being about twelve rods in length, and owned by different persons. The whole seine being gathered upon two poles, two carriers walk into the water up to their arm-pits ; and then one goes one way %nd the other another, slipping off the seine as they walk. When it is drawn out at full length, which is sometimes seventy-five rods, a number of other men go out with threshing-poles, and drive the fish into the seine as the two men n* ROBBINS' JOURNAL. 15? the ends approach each other. They then en- ter the circle made by the seine, and continue to thresh the water, until they suppose they have gilled all the fish. The separate owners then take each their net, and the fish gilled in it, and bring them ashore. They seldom catch exceed ing an hundred by one drawing. The fish are of different kinds, although generally of that firs* mentioned. L'hoot is the name of fish with the Arabs. The bay where I was now situated is formed by Cape Mink, upon the south, and by high sand- hills, and a few small islands upon the north. At ebb-tide, the whole bay, excepting a narrow channel, which extends into it about five miles from the outermost part of the Cape, running near it, is entirely dry. Within the bay, are situ- ated two small islands, composed wholly of sand. From the north boundary of this bay, is a point of sand running into it towards Cape Mirik, nearly half its width, which forms the inner bay. From the termination of this point, to the Cape, is about five miles. From the islands, which form the mouth of the outer bay, upon the north to the Cape, is about twenty miles. From Cape Mirik, to the head of the bay, following the shore, it is about the same distance. This Cape is situated, according to the most approved charts, in 19° N. Latitude and 17° W. Longi- tude. I have been thus particular in describing this bay, so that if any unfortunate mariner should hereafter navigate die western coast of Africa in distress, he might make a temporary o 158 ROBBINS' JOURNAL. harbour in the channel running within it, near the Cape, which I think he might do with safety, excepting in a northwest and westerly wind. Upon the 6th, after, the usual ceremony of worshipping, which was performed precisely in the manner of the Wiled Lebdessebah, my master askei me of what nation I was. It would have been in vain to try to convince him that I came from a continent three thousand miles to the west, the natives upon the desert, in general, having not the least idea of the existence of the American continent. I therefore told him I was Ingksis, which they understand. He then asked, Soo-mook en tar ? what's your name ? I told him Robbins. He pronounced it the same as Ganus, Robbinis. He asked if Inglesis be better than Fransah ? I told him they were both bono. He continued to ask me if I had a father and mother, brothers and sisters, wife and children. I an- swered all in the affirmative, meaning to affect his feelings if he had any, which cannot more readily be done, than by talking of wives and children. I thought the deception a very inno- cent one ; nor was it altogether without effect ; as he immediately said, we will go to Sweahrah ; it being the same place which we call Mogadore, and the place where all the ransoms are effect- ed. He then left me with another man, with whom 1 went out to see them fish and assist in the service. They start at low water, and cross over the neck or point running into the bay. to the outer bay, carrying with them the fishing utensils and a sufficient quantity of wood to cook a meal with, and a skin of water They some- ROEBLNS' JOURNAL. 159 times return as the tide comes in, although they generally continue out for two tides, lodging up- on the point of land, and cooking their fish upon the sand. Each one has a small net to carry hence the fish that are taken. I was loaded with them, and obliged to transport them as much as seven miles through the deep sand, sinking often to my knees. I sometimes sunk down with excessive fatigue, and was compelled to stop ; while the natives, possessing strength almost beyond human, would bound over the sand with the greatest ease. For this I >ecame an object of their scorn, and sometimes of their resentment. Upon returning to the tents ir huts, some fish are cooked. What remain, ar e dress- ed by splitting open the backs, and taking out the inwards ; then gashing them cross-w^se, and laying them out to dry. They rarely become tainted although they are never salted. Indeed, salt is scarcely ever used by Arabs in pi eser^ing or cooking any thing. During the two p .-eceding months, I had not used a particle of it. r H le rays of the sun are so powerful, that fresh neat and fresh fish are dried so suddenly that mtrefac- tion is always prevented ; unless, which is more generally the case, it is prevented by tne imme- diate consumption of all the meat anc. fish that falls in the way of the natives. At thi^ place, I saw many black Africans, from which \ conclu- ded we were not far from the Senegal river. We remained at this bay 5 and at thiy employ- ment, until the 9th. I began to think I was about to become a slavish fisherman during life ; and by affecting ignorance of every part of the 160 ROBBINS' JOURNAL. duty imposed upon me, and shewing a good portion of obstinacy, the natives soon found that the small benefit they derived from my labour cost more than it would fetch. Upon the last mentioned day, as I was returning with a load of fish, I discovered a number of the natives com- ing towards us in the bay. We stopped, and concealed our fish as well as we could. The natives came to us ; and although I had aban- doned all ideas of ever again seeing any of my ship-mates, I recognized Barrett among them. It was nearly two months since I had seen him. We could hardly persuade ourselves that we were actually in each others presence. — Barrett had become fat, and looked as hearty as a Yan- kee seaman need to. He said he had been sta- tioned at a fish-place about seven miles north of this place, for three weeks. He had been out into the deserts with his master's brother, and had been retaken, and was now returning with him. He said he had learned nothing of any oi the crew, excepting Mr. Williams, since he saw trie upon the 14th of September. I communica- ted to him the good fortune of Capt. Riley, Mr. Savage, Clarke, Burns, and Horace. He said ho had but little hopes of getting clear himself, al- though he could not conceive why the cursed creatures wanted to keep him, as he was not oi the least service to them. I told him that was the great grounds of my hope; and advised him to follow my present example, in being as useless as possible, to be ignorant and obsti- nate ; and in this way, induce them to carry us of a slave, al- though yet verv feeble. Upon the fourth dav, 1 f TIT I 1 was sold to a trading Arab. Mcaarah took me off to a neighbouring tent, near which I saw a quantity of goods. One of the traders asked me ROBBINS' JOURNAL. i83 of what nation I was? I answered, as before in- structed by Meaarah, Fransah. After a little con- versation, I was delivered to him as a slave. I understood the price for me was five camels and two blankets. My third masters name was Hcmet Webber, of the tribe of Wiled El Kahla, a trading Arab. His articles of traffic were blankets, tobacco, and powder. Hamct had a trading Arab as a part- ner; and they and I constituted the family. They had here no tent, but received their food, once a day, from an adjoining one. They were not permitted to lodge in the tent. Indeed, it was an universal custom among all the tribes, I had yet seen, never to admit any one to lodge in a tent, but members of the family. This custom arises from the suspicion they entertain toward each other ; thieving being a vice to which they are all addicted. I was here supplied with a species of food I had never before seen. It was a thick boiled pudding, called Lakh, furnished each night at about 11 o'clock. The next day. Twcnt off with Harriet, and his partner, who had two camel?, upon which the goods were loaded. We travelled but a short distance ; the goods were unloaded, and the camels, under my care, were put out to feed. I fell in with Porter, who was also keeping the camels of his master. Du- ring the next day, Hamet was engaged in gath- ering in the camels, for which he had bartered away his goods. The third day of my slavery with my new master, we started upon a journey with twenty-five camels, and one black slave, travelling to the eastward. Three other natives, with fifteen camels, joined us, making five Arabs 184 ROBBINS' JOURNAL. two slaves, and fifty camels. At night a camei ivas killed and cooked. From the next morning, for eight days, we travelled in an easterly course, at about twenty miles a day. Upon the journey. we lived as well as men could upon camel's meat and milk. Hamet was very kind to rne. supplied me with some additional clothing, and allowed me a sufficiency of food. My health im- proved and my flesh increased. At the end of the eight days, we halted ; and Hamet went for- ward in pursuit of his tent, not having seen one since we started. We remained here two days: at the end of which orders were sent to change our course to the northward. At the end of the first day's travel, we reached the tents belonging to the tribe of the Wiled El Kabla. There had been slight falls of rain for the ten days past. This tribe, in every respect, was the most weal- thy I had yet seen. They had great numbers of camels, some goats, sheep and horses ; besides considerable quantities of African and European merchandise. The European goods must have been taken from the English brig Surprise, which I learned, upon arriving at Wadinoon, was wreck- ed to the southward of that place, about the 1st of January, 1816. We remained at this place. and in the vicinity of it, for thirty days. My mas- ter was generally employed in trading among flic natives, situated in the adjoining country. Their 1 were great numbers of tents, and the country was well calculated for keeping camels. They gave milk in abundance, and I had a full supply. It was the season when the camels foal their young, and my chief employ was to attend them. Be- ing at rest, and well supplied with lillabent, ROBBING JOURiNAL. 185 (milk) 1 regained my flesh rapidly. The tents of the tribe to which I belonged were situated near the base of a considerable hill, which I of- ten ascended to pick a sort of green vegetable, totally different from any plant which I had ever seen. It grew out of the earth from three inch- es to a foot high in a square shape, without the least leaf attached to it. It was always green, and had a short beard or roughness upon its four corners. It had a very palatable acid in its taste, and the natives had the greatest fondness for it. The mode of worship in this tribe, wa9 pre- cisely the same as that among the Wiled Lebdes- sebcth, and Wiled D'lcim ; and always performed with great devotion, four times each day. I was by this tribe, as by the two others, urged most vehemently to espouse the Mahonmudan faitli ; but, as I always had before, I positively refused a compliance, and do not know that I suffered any additional cruelty from this refusal. The tribe of Wiled El Kabla were much better arm- ed, than either of the others to which I had be- longed ; having many valuable double-barrelled muskets, and many single-barrelled Moorish muskets. They were more warlike as a tribe, and less cruel as individuals, than nny Arabs 1 had seen. After remaining at this place a num- ber of days, great alarm and consternation was excited, in this tribe, by the approach, from the southeast, of a large armed caravan. Our ca- mels were all upon the opposite side of the hill, feeding, and it was supposed that this armed body of men were coming with a view of captu- (86 ROBBINS' JOURNAL. ring them. An universal alarm was immediately spread throughout the whole encampment of tents, stretching five or six miles upon the west side of the hill. There must have been as ma- ny as six hundred tents, and three thousand na- tives. They had no warlike instrument with which they could sound an alarm ; but this was well supplied by the hooting and screaming of the female Arabs. The echo of this universal hooting, over the hills, was to me, the most won- derful operation of sound. The Arab men, in rhe mean time, were sounding dreadful " notes of preparation." The muskets, spears, scimitars, knives, and clubs, were all in readiness. They rushed, without the least order or command, to the top of the hill, ascending rocks to get a sight of the enemy, or concealing themselves behind them for safety. I supposed, and even hoped, I should see an engagement in which these Ishma- elites, who prey upon all the rest of the world, would make havoc of each other: and I ascend- ed the hill. I was disappointed ; for immediate- ly the universal shout of Labez (all's well) echoed along the hills. Some of our tribe went down to the caravan, and I soon witnessed tokens of peace. Upon returning to the tents, I found the female jaws as nearly closed as nature would permit them to be, and tranquillity was restored. This tribe is remarkable for its skill in gunne- ry. Shooting was a common, and indeed the only amusement among the male Arabs. To manifest their skill, they place a small stone up- on the top of a bush. They stand about eight or ten rods from the mark, and fire at arm's length. They certainly exceed Americans in R0BB1NS' JOURNAL. 187 this exercise. I very often saw them, at the first shot, and at a number in succession, knock off a stone with a single ball. I was sometimes a spec- tator; and the Arabs undoubtedly concluded that as I was a Christian, I was totally ignorant of firing. As I was one day witnessing their astonishing skill, Hamet, and many others, insist- ed upon my making a shot. They permitted me to select my musket, thinking I could not distinguish between one that was bono or foonta. Universal attention was paid ; and William Tell was not more applauded for taking an apple from the head of his son, than I was for fetching the stone from the bush. Bono Robbinis ! Bono Robbinisl resounded through the valley, and I immediately became great. Hamet slapped me on the shoulder, in token of approbation, and thought he had done well in buying me. The dress of this tribe, although in the great article of the long blanket, put on as before de- scribed, it is similar to the others ; yet, they al- most all wear a blue or white frock-shirt, falling below the knees. They wear the usual belts, and most of them slippers, and some of them fine rich turbans of white cloth. The female blankets are coloured red at the ends, with a thick fringe. They wear a belt around the waist, fastening one end of the blanket, over which the other end is thrown after passing over the shoulders, hanging upon one side, full at the bottom, and plaited at the waist. Upon that part of the blanket which covers the breast, they wear large silver breast-plates, upon which are engraved various figures and hieroglyphics, al- ways kept exceedingly bright. In their ears, 188 BOBBINS' JOUBNAL. they wear silver hoops, some of which are a# large as the top of a coffee-cup. Upon their arms, they also wear silver rings, some going on whole over the hand, and some fastened toge- ther with clasps. Upon their hair, wrists, and ankles, they have a redundancy of beautiful shells. Some of the young females have the most perfect symmetry in their forms, and when full dressed, bounding over the plains, or riding upon a camel, also ornamented with red breast- girths, and red strips of cloth, hanging from the elevated saddle, they might attract the eye, even of an American. With a weed produced upon the deserts the females paint their nails, their hands, and faces a reddish color, in various figures. With black lead they draw a circle round their eyes. The teachers in this tribe are numerous ; the mode of instruction the same as that practised with the Wiled D'leirn. The children, belong- ing to this tribe, are almost all of them educa- ted. Like the teachers in other tribes, they ex- ercise great authority over the parents and chil- dren ; and confirmed my belief, that they are of the Mahommedan priesthood. They also, in this tribe, take the lead in their mode of worship. CHAP. XVII. A Caravan — an armed Arab — black mountains — cultivated land — apprehension of danger— African serpents — Ha met joins a caravan which is attacked — mountains ofsand—fatigtie — ca- ravan broken up— author sold tn Bel Cossim Abdalhih ofWa- dinoon — wounded Arab — -arrival at Wadinoon. FROM the best calculation I could make from the number of days we had travelled, and the ROBBIXS' JOURNAL. 180 (mic we were slationary.it had become about the 1st of Marcto, 1<>16. Preparations were made b) Hamet for a journey. He started with two ca- mels, having before disposed of all his merchan- dise. He however had with him a number of bags for grain and goods, never having carried a tent while 1 was with him. One of his neigh- bours accompanied us. Harnet and I generally rode oae camel and he another. Our course was, for a few miles, to the north, when we came up with a large collection of tents that were pitched* The Arabs were preparing to form a caravan. They consist of different numbers of natives and camels. Some have fifty men and five hundred beasts, and they sometimes amount to five hundred men, and two thousand camels. The armed Arabs take the command of the whole, and travel or rest at pleasure. They ge- nerally go forward forming the van, although some of them are mixed with the unarmed ones, giving orders concerning the camels, the travel- lers, and the goods that are with them. They always travel in compact order. An \rab chjefj armed for a caravan, presents to the eye of the beholder, a figure of the greatest boldness. He is six feet high. A long, black, bushy beard hangs from his chin to his breast. He has a fierce, black eye, sunk deep into his head, with i flick, black eye-brows projecting oi or them. — His long white blanket is drawn close around his body, leaving his legs bare from the knee. Over this are cast, his red belts, crossing at the breast and at the back. To one, is suspended a large transparent powder-horn. decorated with bands of shining brass; to, the other, a leathern 190 ROBBINS' JOURNAL. pouch, containing balls, flints, and a screw-dri- ver. To the other belt, is fastened the scab- bard, containing a long, broad, and burnished cutlass or scimitar. Around his waist is buckled a broad, red, morocco belt, of many thicknesses, confining the belts, that support the cutlass and the horn. His head is generally naked, except- ing a dress of black, bushy hair, although some- times covered with a turban. His Moorish mus- ket is always in his hand. Thus aimed, he is ready, at any moment, to encounter a foe. A caravan is formed from various tribes, and from men inhabiting different parts of the continent of Africa. When individuals wish to travel to any particular place, and can find a caravan bound to it, they join it; and agree to submit to the regulations of it. and are entitled to all the protection it can afford. In this way, they are safe, unless they should be overcome by a more powerful caravan. At this place, are formed many of the great caravans that travel, in vari- ous directions, across the desert. I learned, from the natives, that many large caravans go from this place to Soudan, and smaller ones to Wadinoon. Upon leaving this place, we travelled west, inclining northerly, and in the course of the day. came to a range of black mountains, stretching to the southwest as far as the eye could discern ; extending also a great distance to the northeast. These mountains we passed, sometimes in val- lies intersecting them, and sometimes we ascen- ded to their summits. Between these mountains we came to small patches of cultivated land, up- on which was growing a species of barley, which BOBBINS' JOURNAL. 19] will hereafter be described. This was the first cultivated laud I had seen in Africa, although 1 had, seemingly, travelled in every point in the compass. Without stopping to inquire what Ishmaelite it belonged to, our party, consisting now of eight persons, deliberately cut and roast- ed a sufficient quantity for present refreshment. Continuing on our journey, until sun-set, we reached a long range of tents, containing two hundred, situated upon the side of a hill, where we tarried through the night. The next day we found that we had came to a part of the tribe of Wiled Abbonssebah. I learned, that this was the original tribe of the ElKabla, from which the latter was formed into a new one. The number of ca- mels, in the neighbourhood of the tents, was im- mense. Judging from droves which I had before seen, the numbers of which I knew, there cer- tainly must have been five thousand. While I was here, I saw great consternation excited at the approach of a small party of Arabs, suppo- sed to be a clan in pursuit of camels. They were driven rapidly together to be guarded. We started early in the morning, and travelled through a bushy and grassy country. At about noon, we came to a piece of ground having thin low grass. We were travelling very moderately upon a walk, when my attention was attracted by a large shining black snake. He was coiled round regularly like a cable; his head rising from the centre about four inches high. Upon coming very near to the serpent, he directed his eyes towards me, and flattened his head. I told Flamet what I saw, and he immediately alarmed me, telling me to sheer off in an instant; which I ig2 BOBBINS' JOURNAL. did, without waiting to give him a farther ex- amination, which I was about to do. From what I soon learned, I found that by acquiring a mi- nute knowledge of this venomous reptile, I should certainly have lost my life. I cannot tell its length, from the situation it was in, no otherwise than by saying that it was about the size of a chair pummel, and coiled, as it was, it made a circle about as large as the top of a half bushel. At eight or ten miles distance, we saw another of the same size and appearance, but I was no ways disposed to add to the little knowledge I had previously obtained of African serpents. At night we put up amidst a great number of tents, situated near a small stream of water. The next day we discovered a small caravan coming from the south-east toward the tents where we lodg- ed. It had about two hundred and fifty camels, and fifteen armed Arabs, mounted upon fleet Arabian horses. Our party joined it ; and as it passed the tents, the owners of them assailed the caravan, cutting from the camels the meat, bowls, and other articles loaded upon them. The armed Arabs of our caravan, with drawn scimitars, soon dispersed them. 1 was mounted upon a good camel, and put him into full speed ; not wishing to be stolen from my worthy master Hamet. The whole caravan bounded over the plain with amazing velocity, the savages firing upon us from the tents, till we were out of sight. No lives were lost in our party ; but without doubt, the Mahometans at the tents had to per- form the funeral service over the bodies of some of their companions. We travelled through the day, upon the dry bed of a river twenty or thir- ROBBINS' JOURNAL. 193 ty rods wide. Such dried beds are frequently found in this part of the Zahara desert, made probably by the heavy rains, and the torrents descending from hills which are always near them. These beds are always chosen for a pas- sage, as they are entirely smooth, and furnish considerable grass. Our course was to the northwest. At night, the whole caravan stopped near a field of grain ; and, as before mentioned, with- out the least hesitation, the human beings feci all night upon that, and the beasts upon the grass. We here found a pond of stagnant water, which furnished us with beverage for our enter- tainment. The next day, highly refreshed, we rose with the rising sun, and started with high animation upon our journey. My life now be- came happiness itself, in comparison with the misery I had long endured. Haraet was uniform ly kind. I had become familiarized with the modes of an Arab's life ; and were it not from the consideration that I was a slave, I should have enjoyed happiness in reality. At about 10 o'clock, A. M. we came to the bed of a river at least half a mile wide, having a small stream up- on one shore of it. In passing the water, our camels waded midsides high ; and in going over the rest of the bed, they sunk in the moist clay- ground, slipping at almost every step, having no hard hoofs to make a hold. This was the rainy serson in this part of the continent of Africa. It sets in at different seasons, in different por- tions of it. While Abyssinia is almost inunda- Ini Soudan will endure a most dreadful drought. R 194 ROBBINS' JOURNAL. and the country adjoining Wadinoon will enjoy the luxuriance of the growing season. After passing this stream, we ascended a con- siderable hill, and came into a country where description must surrender its power. All that can be said is, it was a world made up of sand- hills and mountains, with narrow zig-zag passa- ges through, and over them. Travelling was ex- cessively fatiguing to the poor loaded camels, and to their owners. It was still harder for the horses, ridden by the armed Arabs. We ac- complished the passage by sun-set, and found a few tents, but lodged, as a caravan always does, in the open air. Through the next day, we tra- velled over a country, consisting of small hills and plains, barren sands, and cultivated grounds alternately intermixed. It rained gently all the while. We saw a beautiful gazelle, which an Arab attempted to shoot, but the sprightly ani- mal defied even the musket, by his agility, and escaped. Toward night the caravan was bro-' ken up; the natives and camels composing it having reached the place of their destination. This night Hamet and I were welcomed to the tent of one of his connections, as I concluded, because, as before remarked, Arabs will permit none but family connections to lodge in their tents. I remained at this tent three days. Ha- met, early in the first day, told me that he was going to Sweahrah. I had been too often deceiv- ed to believe it ; and my suspicions proved to be true when, at the end of three days, he returned with Bel Cossim Abdallah, from Wadinoon. While here f found I was with the tribe of the Wiled Adrialla, and by them was treated with ROBBINS' JOURNAL. 195 the greatest kindness; probably from the cir- cumstance of belonging to Harriet, a merchant . tribe of El Kabla, which, as before men- tioned is a branch of the powerful and wealthy (the Wiled Aboussebah. I soon found that I was to be separated from Hamet; whose uncommon goodness for an Arab, made ne esteem him. He and Bel Cossim came to the tent where I was situated, and began to talk about me. Hamet asked me, in the hearing of Bel Cosshn, " Ash soo-mook B^led cum?" (whai 3 the name of your country?) I answered, supposing that he, like the rest of the Arabs, had no ide a oi America, " Fransah." He smiled, and said, •< Arrah en tar murlcan* Fransah en tar Ame- ricane." He gave me to understand, that he had learned I was an American, a day or two before at Wadinoon. It was a frequent inquiry made about me, whether I belonged to the vessel that had sc much money in it, meaning the Commerce. They always insisted upon it, that great quanti- ties were buried at Cape Bajador where she was wrecked. I always denied it, fearing I should be sent there to dig for it, which would remove me fc rther from the hopes of being redeemed. The next day after the return of Hamet from Wad boon, I was taken off by my new master Bel Cossim. Our course from this place to Wa- il inoon was about northwest. Toward night, we stopped at a tent, where we remained until the morning. 1 here saw a wounded Arab who had v. musket ball shot deep into the middle of the thigh. Upon seeing me, they supposed I was a doc -or, as they have many foreigners who re- side upon the coast, as practitioners in surgery i96 BOBBINS' JOURNAL. and medicine. Bel Cossim and others urged me to attempt to extract the ball, offering me a great reward to effect it. I scorned the idea of becoming a quack, even to deceive an Arab, and declined to operate. No patient ever needed as- sistance more to relieve him from the wound a ball had made, and from the more terrible gash- es and incisions made into the top of the thigh io the bone, by the harsh knives of the Arabs. In the evening, I saw the Spaniard, I have before mentioned, who attempted to escape, and had some conversation with him in the Arab lan- guage, in which I could now converse tolerably well, however difficult it is to write it with accu- racy, after a long acquaintance with it. We travelled moderately on foot for three days, passing from one cluster of tents to anoth- er, until we reached the celebrated town of Wadinoon. Upon the passage, Bel Cossim pur- chased a small copper kettle, and a quantity of tow-cloth, which I had to carry. The name oi the country through which we passed, was call- ed BHed-Mouessa Ali, and the natives call them- selves Misse-k-mene. We passed, upon the last day, a very small village situated upon an ele- vated piece of ground, from which we had a view of Wadinoon. This place is called Wah- roon. I have mentioned the method 1 adopted to keep my reckoning of time, i. e. by the string, in which I daily tied a knot until I disused it: by remembering the number of days we were upon the numerous journeys, and the number of days we rested. From this method of calcula- tion, for six months, I made the day of my arri- ^aVat Wadinoon the 12th of March. But I there BOBBINS' JOUKNAL 197 I, upon ascertaining the actual time of the year, that I had lost four days, the day of my ar- rival being the lGth day of March, 1 8 1 G. The day after my arrival was a market-day, which is held weekly. I found this to he upon the Chris- tian sabbuth ; and that the Mahommedan sabbath s upon Friday, according to our calendar. • family of Hoi Cossim consisted of his . who was his third one, by whom he had two son^ iaugruer. His first wife left a son and a d his second wife a daughter. His oldest son, Hamada. was married, and lived in the same house with him, being himself an aged man. A married daughter lived in an ad- joining one. He had five black slaves. He had other wives living in tents whom he occasional- ly visited. CHAP. XVIII. Wddinoon — its situation — number of houses and inhabitants — cattle — people — gardens — vegetables — barley harvest — cruel- ty of Bel Cossim — reaping, threshing, winnowing and grind- ing — keskoosoo— eating — market and fairs — manner of build- ing houses — Sheick's house. I NOW became a settled resident in what may be called the capital of the northern desert ofZahara. To my inexpressible satisfaction, I found Porter a resident here also. He had be- coine the slave of a wealthy merchant, and was what might be called a well dressed man any where. He lived as well as could be wished, and it may be said, enjoyed " leisure with dig- nity." He informed me that he had written to R2 198 ROBBINS' JOURNAL. Jlfogadore, and that Abdullah Hamet, his master, had received a letter concerning him — that he was in daily expectation of receiving one him- self, and considered his ransom as certain, and that he had heard of the arrival of Capt. Riley at Gibraltar. A few days previous to my arri- val here, the crew of the British brig Surprise left this place, and were in the keeping of Sidi Hesham, of Suse, for the purpose of being ran- somed. The town of Wadinoon is situated upon the western coast of the continent of Africa, about thirty miles from the sea, and upon the northern border of the Great Desert of Zahara. it is in that part of the continent called Suse, sometimes distinguished by Upper and Lower Suse. It is in 28° 15 minutes N. Latitude, and 11° W. Longi- tude. A range of mountains, of considerable height, lies along between that and the sea, upon the north, and a similar range upon the south, leaving between them a valley of about six miles in width. This valley diminishes in width to- ward the east, and is ended by the termination of the Adas Mountains. Upon a rising piece of ground near the middle of this valley is built the town of Wadinoon. From this place may be seen the village of Wahroon, to the west, at seven miles distance ; another village to the southeast, at twelve miles distance ; and Akka? dia to the northeast, at fifteen miles distance From the mountain, upon the north, issues a small stream from a boiling spring, running into the town, and furnishing water for the whole oi it. It is the finest water imaginable. The whole of it is absorbed in the place for necessary pur- ROBBINS' JOURNAL. 199 poses, and watering the gardens. The other vil- lages also have small streams to afford them wa- ter. The number of houses included within the town of Wadinoon, while I resided there, which was eleven months, reckoning two new ones, built while I was there, is forty-five. Some of these, however, being large, contain a number of distinct dwellings for different families. The number of families, statedly residing here, was between ninety -five and an hundred, almost every one of which, during my residence, I had some acquaintance with, from the service I had to perform for my master Bel Cossim, who was a trader and also a farmer. Families here will average five individuals each, exclusive of slaves; the slaves in the town, amounting to an hundred and fifty of African blacks. The only Christian slave at the time I arrived was Porter, and I made the second. Of the black slaves, the Sheick, or governor of the place, was possessed of twenty. The cattle in this place were horses, (Vhile) a few cows, (Vbugrcm) asses, (hermafi) mules, (hu- gataK) sheep, Gcipps) and goats, (7««mW.) Ca- mels are seldom kept within the town, unless it be a few J\aigs to furnish milk, when the cows become dry. The residents in the town, many of them, possess large droves at keeping in dif- ferent parts of the adjoining country. Bel Cos- sjrn had several hundreds. They have fowls si- milar to our dung-hill fowls. The inhabitants are generally descendants of the tribe of Wiled Aboassehuh ; although with them, are intermixed many of different tribes. Being much better educated than the wandering Arabs, they are much more refined in their man- 200 ROBBINS' JOURNAL. ners than they are, although many of them ma- nifest the ferocious nature, and vindictive spirit, common to ail the descendants of Ishmael. The mode of dressing is similar to that of the Arabs of the desert ; although very much ex- ceeding theirs, in the quality of the cloth. In addition to the dress of a wanderer, they have an outward garment, covering the whole body from the top of the head to the knee. It is wo- ven Avhole of fine camel's hair and wool, is re- markably thick, and will shed rain for a very long time. These are not manufactured there, but are obtained from the trading Moors. When on, they look like a riding-hood ; the head-piece of which is ornamented at the top with a tassel. They are of various colours, some of them hav- ing a very rich appearance ; and those that are black have a large oval piece of orange colored cloth, woven into the back, toward the bottom. The female dress differs but little from that be- fore described, only in richness of quality. Some of the silk turbans are really elegant; having a broad piece of rich silk hanging from them to the hip. They invariably conceal their faces when walking in public. The gardens are chiefly situated in the bor- ders of the village. They are fenced in by a wall, composed of mud. upon the top of which are placed thorn-bushes, secured to it by laying large stones upon the stocks, leaving the bows to project over the outer edge of the wall to keep out intruders; stealing being a vice as prevalent here, ae upon the desert. These gardens are cultivated with the greatest attention, and pro- duce a great variety of vegetables. ROBBINS' JOURNAL. 201 The ingenuity of laying out garders here must excite the admiration of every beholder. Let :he surface of the ground be what it may, the beds, in which the vegetables are to be planted, are always made an exact water-level. They e v harvesting. J was immedi- ately put upon instruction to learn the art of reaping; but shewed ;is much ignorance and obstinacy in that art, in tins place, as I did in thai ROBBINS' JOURNAL. 203 of fishing near Cape Mirik, and lending camels with Mearah. On the second day, 1 loitered around the fields, not knowing where the black slaves were at work. Bel Cossitn ransacked the town to find me in vain, but his son Hamada found me. Bel Cossim approached me in a rage, struck me with his fists a number of blows, and then threw a heavy stone, which hit me upon the side, the effects of which I severely felt for two months. I longed for revenge in vain. Had it taken place Upon the deck of a vessel, I should soon have obtained ample satisfaction. I found resistance was in vain,and finally submitted to per- form easy tasks. This ultimately proved a benefit, rather than an injury ; for while other Christian slaves were wearing away life in listless indo- lence, in the houses of their masters, pondering upon their fate, I was constantly traversing the town and the adjoining country ; in a degree forgetting my miseries, and daily acquiring knowledge of the place, and the manners, cus- toms, and habits of the people. I found amuse- ment and instruction, in the midst of my services. The barley harvest was not all gotten in until the first of June, one field becoming ripe after another, having been sowed at different times. This barley more nearly resembled oats, than barley, the hull adhering to it. At one time, I was reaping with thirty Arabs, who gave my master, what is called a spell in N. England, and a tuezar at Wadiuoon. We partook of our din- ner, (loader) consisting of Kcskoosoo and El-ham in the field, having water from a spring. The sickles are of Moorish manufacture, not dissimi- lar td ours. The grain grows two feet and an 204 ROBBINS' JOURNAL. half high, and very thick. As they reap it each handful is bound into a sheaf, and it is very soon sUcked in the field. When the whole field is reaped and stacked, the grain is transported up- on the backs of camels and mules to the com- mon threshing ground near the town, which is entirely hard, and generally composed of smooth rocks. The grain is beaten out with horses, as- ses, and mules. By this operation, the straw and berry is all beaten together, leaving the straw as fine as that which is cut with a machine. The grain is separated from the chaff and fine straw. by throwing it up into the wind with a wooden fork of three flat tines ; this being continued un- til the berry is entirely cleaned from every thing. With a good wind, a man in this manner will clean fifty bushels in a day. The grain is dried in earthen pots by fire, to prepare it for grind- ing. Every family grinds a portion of barley every day. This is done between two stones, the under one lying permanently upon the ground — the upper one having a hole in the centre. With one hand, the grain is thrown in, with the other the stone is turned round : the flour coming out all round the bottom of it. It is then sifted through a sieve, made of sheep's skin, when green, by pricking holes through it, and drying it sudden- ly with embers. This is put into hoops similar to our sieves. The flour is then put into a large shallow bowl, and by sprinkling water upon it in small quantities, and rolling the flour upon the bottom of the bowl with the hand, it is soon form- ed into small balls of the size of pepper corns. An earthen pot (gidderah) is filled with water, and when boiling, the little balls, being put into ROB BUNS' JOURNAL. 20 Ji a grass basket, (kessikas) set upon the top of the pot, into which the steam of the boiling water ascends and cooks it. When it is cooked, it i* called Kcskoosoo, before mentioned, and is the principal food of the inhabitants ; although they often have vegetables with it, and sometimes a little meat (El ham.) The different sexes neve- eat in company ; but both partake of their food, sitting upon the ground, and eating with then- hands from wooden dishes, always washing their hands before they eat. It had now become the 1st of June; the bar lev harvest was through, and the gardens occupied the chief attention. They were filled with the various vegetables enumerated before, many of which were ripened, and required great care. Bel Cossitn appointed me El Rats, or Captain of this part of his dominions, and authorized me to expel intruders and punish aggressors. In the ex- ercise of this power, I one day saluted an Arru- bere, as the wandering Arabs are called by the citizens of Wadinoon, with a heavy stone, having caught him stealing grapes. He immediately turned, and aimed his musket toward me, which \ totally disregarded ; and, in a tone of authori- ty, commanded him to flee, which he insta' tjy obeyed. My master urged me to accept of a musket, which I declined, knowing that he would soon have compelled me to bear arms, in de- fence, against the numerous marauders who of- ten infest the town, and render every thing in- secure. The markets and. fairs at this place are steadi- ly iiolden on co n week, upon the Christian sab- s 206 BOBBINS' JOURNAL. bath, the Mahommedan sabbath being upon Friday, At these markets, are exposed for sale, almost every species of vegetables produced in the country — Olive oil and Argan oil are also offer- ed, and purchased in greater or smaller quanti- ties by almost every one. Zate is a common term for every species of oil. These oils are manu- factured and sold by a race of natives called Berrebers, in distinction from Arabs and Moors, occupying the western coast of Africa, extending from Morocco, south to the dominions of Sidi Hesham. These natives will be more particular- ly mentioned hereafter. Another kind of thick, white oil, made from small red berries, is also sold, which is called d'hcnt. Some kind of oil is always eaten with koskoosoo. Honey is also ex- posed for sale. Various meats are also in mar- ket, among which are beef, mutton, camel's and goat's meat; and sometimes cooked locusts. Bread, called khobz, is also sold. It is in heavy, black cakes, about the size of a sea-biscuit. Grain is also retailed. The foregoing articles include all that is sold for food. At the fairs are offered for sale almost every article oiclothing, necessary to cover or ornament the body. Blankets, or haicks, blue cottons, slippers, belts, turbans, and almost every species of trinkets. Occasionally, spices are exposed for sale — also powder, tobacco, and tar — the last article being in great use among the wandering Arabs fox healing camels, which are also sold here, and killing camel bugs. The persons re- sorting to these markets, as sellers and purcha- sers, embrace almost every different race of Africans. A duty or compensation is always de ROBBINS' JOURNAL. 207 inanded by the town, and paid by the sellers, for the use of the markets. The mode of building houses may be reckon- ed among the peculiarities of these people. They have not sufficient wood to burn their clay into bricks, nor have they timber of sufficient size to saw into boards. There seems to be no other mode in which they could erect habitations but that resorted to. The houses are built of mud and stones. They begin the wall by placing a framed box, ten feet long, three feet high, and two and an half feet wide, upon the ground. This they fill with moistened earth, occasionally mixing flat stones with it. As it is thrown in, two persons standing within the box, pound it down as hard as possible. When the box is filled, it is taken apart, carried forward, and placed in an exact range with the piece of wall thus begun, The same process is carried on, until the wiole foundation is raised three feet high — this making the lower tier — Any number of tiers are placed upon the top of each other that the owner chooses, sometimes extending to seven. In one corner of the house, is carried up from the bottom, a wall ten feet square, having an apartment within it and rising from fifteen to twenty feet above the top of the four side-walls of the house. This makes the battlement or tower, for the defence of the house. These walls are covered upon the top by thorn bushes, in the same manner that garden walls are, there being upon the top of the house, no manner of roof To secure the people and furniture, within these walls, from rain, there are small rooms, about six feet wide, and sometimes extending around the whole main 208 HOBBINS' JOURNAL. wall about eight feet high, but sometimes raised two stories high. In these, the people sleep up- on mats. The roof is composed of rafters made of date-trees, extending from the main wall to the inner one. Upon these are placed reeds in thick order, and then covered with mud. The centre of the house is left exposed to rain, and the water is conducted off by a sluice through one of the outer walls. There is but one door or gate, which is made very strong by rivetling top-ether timbers of date-tree with iron bolts. This is fastened at night with a wooden lock oi the most curious manufacture. The cattle, of various kinds, occupy the open area within the walls during the night season. Some of these houses have two or three different families oc- cupying them, in different apartments. The Shack's house is the largest in the place, stand- ing a little distance from the compact part of the town. In addition to the common walls, he had a wall about six rods from the house walls, en- tirely surrounding the house, enclosing as much as two acres of ground. Within it, he has a small church for his own devotion?, and that of his visitants, which are very numerous. His bat- tlement is twenty feet high, in which are placed one of the guns of the British brig Surprise, which has been mentioned as lately lost upon the wes- tern coast of Africa. The houses are built pro- miscuously, without forming any regular streets. ROBBINS' JOURNAL. 209 CHAP. XIX. Public worship— fasting season— feasting season — circumcision — wreck of a prize to the Romp, and her crew — redemption of the crew of the British brig Surprise — Sidi Hesham, his ap- pearance and power — Jews, decree concerning them — tobacco and snuff— Hamet Webber. THE religious ceremonies of the Mahomme- dans, in families and small parties upon the de- ^rts, has already been minutely described, and frequently mentioned. In the town of Wadinoon. is a place consecrated for the sole purpose of per- forming their solemn rites, and manifesting their faith by their external ordinances. The build- ing, in which they worship, has outward walls', built in the same manner as other houses, alrea- dy described ; but this has a flat roof, covering the whole at the top. The roof is supported by pillars in the inner side of the building, built with stone and mortar. It is arched upon the top ; and upon the arches are painted, very coarsely, fhe sun, moon, and stars, and some other figures, which cannot be described particularly, as an m-sahrdu was not permitted to enter it ; and the only way I ever got within it, was by exercising secrecy to gratify my curiosity. Before they enter the temple, they wash themselves in warm- ed water prepared in the yard, as they do with sand upon the deserts. Their mode of worship, after they enter, I cannot describe, as I never witnessed it; although they sulk in the same manner upon the roof as upon the deserts. The building is small, but large enough for s > small a 210 ROBBINS' JOURNAL. place as Wadinoon ; and sufficiently capacious to enable its few inhabitants of the male sex to M^orship ; females never being allowed to assem- ble with them. In the same house, the public- school is kept ; the mode of instruction the same as before described. The fasting season was a time of the greatest solemnity. It lasted for a whole moon, begin- ning when the new moon first made its appear- ance, in June, 1816. I conclude this must be the season of the annual fast, it certainly was in the season I resided at Wadinoon. During the continuance of this season, the natives never ate or drank between the rising and setting sun ; but indulged themselves in both, with great voraci- ty, during the darkness of the night. As I was resolved to show not the least conformity to the faith of Mussulmen* I made this a feasting season. having a full supply of tack-nerrites and nor)>iijps. The day after the fast concluded, the feasting season commenced. A spectator would have con- cluded that a month's abstinence was amply sa- tisfied by a day of gluttony. The whole cooked dishes in the town were all brought to the mar- ket-place. Those who brought many changes of dishes fared no better than those who brought none. It was "fall to and spare not ;" and whe- ther the system of Mahomet requires it or not. the law of nature would dictate that afast should follow, as well as precede a feast. These feasts frequently occur, as the Mahommedans have many holydays in honour of their different saints. Besides the general fast, single fast days fre- quently occur among different individuals, at different times, and for different judgments. BOBBINS' JOURNAL. 211 The feast was concluded a little past noon, and, after some sports in firing, the ceremony of circumcision commenced. From the most frantic and hoisterous mirth, the whole multitude be- came, as if by a shock of electricity, immediate- ly solemnized. The Jews invariably circumcise their children at eight days old ; but among the Mews and Arabs, no particular age is regarded ; but it is performed as circumstances make it convenient. Two of Bel Cossinvs children were this day circumcised, one aged nine, the other fourteen years. The ceremony was performed in the yard adjoining the Zham, or the place of religious worship. That, and the adjoining grounds, were crowded with spectators. I, how- ever, mingled with the rabble in such a manner as to witness the ceremony, notwithstanding I was not a Mussulman. It was performed by a Mohammedan priest, with the most profound so- lemnity. The child was presented to the priest by the father, holding him in his arms with his private parts exposed. The priest drew the foreskin as far forward as possible without giv- ing pain, then, with an Vmoose, (knife) he cut the skit.' off without touching the fleshy part, leaving that forever afterwards entirely bare. This ope- ration causes the child to shriek ; upon which, a number of muskets are fired. At this time, a number were circumcised from the age of about five years, to that of eighteen. Two of the grand- children of Bel Cossim were circumcised, the youngest of which was between five and six years of age. At every ceremony the muskets were discharged. The circumcised children were kept in for a month, and prohibited the use 212 ROBBINS' JOURNAL. of every species of fruit, unless it was prepared. Within that time, they generally recovered ; and during my residence in Africa, I never knew death occasioned by circumcision. The black Africans, that are brought to Wadinoon from the country of Soudan, are sometimes uncircumcised. The fasting-season ended the 24th July, 1816, and the feasting and circumcision took place on the 25th, the new moon having appeared. At about this time, I became acquainted with a Christian slave, who, a short time before, arrived at Wadinoon. His name was Thomas Davis, and he informed me that he was an American ; that he formerly belonged to the privateer Romp, of Baltimore ; that he was one of the prize-crew on board a Spanish vessel, that had been captured by the Romp, bound to Buenos Ayres. The ves- sel was wrecked upon the western coast of Afri- ca in about 19° North Latitude, in May, 1816. The captain of the prize was drowned, and the remaining crew, five in number, were enslaved by a tribe of wandering Arabs. Their names, besides Davis, were Smith, (drowned) prize- master ; John Brown ; George Hall ; John, a Span- iard, and an American gentleman, who, I was in- formed, had been a major in the late United States Army, and had, when wrecked, a com- mission in the Army of the Spanish Patriots, and was bound there, as a passenger, to join thorn. He and Brown were slaves to Sheick AH, chief of a tribe of wandering Arabs. Brown, after his arrival at Wadinoon, which was in December, 1816, informed me that this gentleman died up- on the desert, a few days before he arrived there, from absolute starvation, and that he buried him ROBBINS' JOURNAL. 213 I published an article upon this subject soon af- ter I returned to America. About this time I learned, by the arrival of Sifli Hesham, at Wadinoon, that the crew of the British brig Surprise, who have before been men- tioned as detained by him for the purpose of be- ing ransomed, were released atMogadore, through the instrumentality of the Hon. William Will- shire, a philanthropist, to whom a very great proportion of the Christian slaves in Africa have, for some time past, been indebted for their eman- cipation from the most cruel and hopeless bon- dage. The appellation Sidi is applied indiscriminate- ly to every man who holds a slave ; so that I might have dignified my different masters by the names of Sidi Ganus, Sidi Meaarah, Sidi Harriet. and Sidi Bel Cossim. This term, by the Moors and drabs, is also applied to their Saints. When it is bestowed upon a native, having the power of Sidi Hesham, I do not know how extensive its meaning becomes. This Sidi Hesham resided about fifty miles N. E. from Wadinoon, and was often there during my residence in that place. He always was accompanied by a numerous body-guard of well armed Arabs, sometimes amounting to thirty, mounted upon elegant, fleet, well trained horses. He Mas always received by the natives of Wadinoon, with the most distin- guished respect. The most splendid dinner, which the place could provide, was spread be- fore him. His guard was also treated with that kind of attention, which even great folks bestow upon those who follow in the train of a great character. While I was a resident there, he was 214 BOBBINS' JOURNAL. scouring the country with six hundred mounted Arabs, spreading terror and exciting conster- nation wherever he went. He often robbed the caravans, bound from Soudan to Fez and Mo- rocco, securing his plunder in the fastnesses of the Atlas mountains, which, as has been mention- ed, bound the long valley in which Wadinoon is situated at the northeast. But a short time be- fore I arrived there, the Moorish troops belong- ing to the Emperor of Morocco, Moolay Solimaan. drove Sidi Hesham from his holds, to the south of Wadinoon; but coisld not pursue him through the desert, where he and his clan were at home. The Moors encamped upon a small hill upon the east of the town, planted their cannon there, and alarmed the place for a number of days. Great numbers of slaves fled from their Arab masters, and joined the Moorish army. They however decamped without destroying the place, which might easily have been effected by a twelve pounder; there being no cannon in the town. Indeed, had it been lined with a park of artille- ry, the total ignorance of the Arabs in enginery, would have rendered them useless. I shall have occasion to mention the country inhabited by this powerful chief, in my tour from Wadinoon to Mo^adore. Sidi Hesham, in his person, is six feet high. He is an old man, with a very full white beard hang- ing low on the breast. His haick and turban were of the finest texture of that country. His fine blue broadclo to entreat my master for a piece of paper and a reed to write with. He immediately came out and spoke with the Shilluh. They began an earnest conversa- tion in the Shilluh tongue, which I did not fully understand ; but soon learned from some Arabic words used, that Bel Cossim demanded two hundred dollars for my ransom, and that the Shilluh offered one hundred and fifty. My mas- ter declared that the money was sent from the Consul at Mogadore for my ransom — the Shilluh denied it: said he wanted me for his own slave, and was about departing. Bel Cossim came down to one hundred and seventy-five dollars, and the Shilluh hastily rode off! The pains of death itself could not exceed my distress. My master noticed my agony, and very coolly said, ;i never mind if. he ivill soon be back — he has got the money." I did not allow myself to hope it ; but very soon saw the Shilluh returning. The mo- ney was paid — f took the last mess of keskoosoo under the walls of Bel Cossim Abdallatis house, and left it for ever. We had not proceeded more than a mile, before the Shilluh hastily re 232 BOBBINS' JOUBNAL. tamed back — made a bargain with the master of the Spaniard frequently mentioned, and sent off an Arab with a mule after him to the BHed Mouessa AU. At night the Spaniard arrived at Wadinoon. As to Brown and Davis the Shi Huh declared them to be uzmuntoots (pirates) and would not buy them. They joined in writing a letter to Mr. Wiilshire which the Shilluh took. During the absence of the Arab who went after the Spaniard, 1 went about the town with Davis and Brown, joining with them in lamentations that they were still to remain in slavery. 1 felt by no means certain concerning myself. I was still the property of an Ishmaelite, and still sub- ject to the capricious whims of that indescriba- ble race of creatures; I however had animoting hopes. During the day, I never entered the walls of Bel Cossim's house, although urged to go in and eat. I kept in view of my Shilluh mas- ter. About 8 o'clock in the evening, the Shilluh. with three companions, the Spaniard and myself set off from the • recti town of Wadinoon, which I have minutely and faithfully described, on our way toward the B^ledSidi ilcsham. At about ten miles distance, which we travelled rapidly in the dark, over stones and bushes, we arrived at a Douar of tents — refreshed ourselves with laisk and zate — took a little rest and again started. The Shilluh presented me and the Spaniard, a new pair of Moorish slippers each. The natives were mounted and we were on foot, running all night. As we were passing the town of Akkadicu with which Wad' noon was still at war, and in the country oiSidi Hcsham the great bandit, we were »n constant apprehension of being murdered and ROBBIJN'S' JOURNAL. 233 robbed. In the night, we passed a narrow defile leading through the Atlas mountains, which of course, I cannot describe. We heard the dis- tant hooting of the natives and the trampling of horses. We travelled with the utmost caution. Frequently we were passed by mounted Arabs, and carefully concealed ourselves. I knew it to be the object of Stdi Hesham to get into his pos- session all the Christian slaves he possibly could, in order to extort an enormous ransom from the Christian powers. I learned from Mr. Wiltshire, that the ransom of the crew of the British brig Surprise, which I have before mentioned as be- ing in his possession, only seventeen in number, amounted to five thousand dollars, besides ex- penses and presents to a large amount. Upon the next morning, (18th) the Shilluh barely stopped to sulk. Our course from Wadi- noon thus far had been about E. N. E. During this dav we bore a little more to the northward; and at about 10,A.M, stopped at the house of one of the Shilluh, and were comfortably refreshed. We were now in the country of the Shilluh, a race included among the Berrebbers. This coun- try, from the best accounts I could obtain, extends from Mogadore. south-westward to the borders of Sidi Hesham's dominions, and from the western coast of Africa to the eastern limits of the western termination of the Atlas moun- tains. We continued to travel gradually until 2 P. M. when we came to a market ; stopped a short time ; ate a few dates, and proceeded on our journey, still passing branches of the Atlas mountains. At nearly sun-set we came into view U2 234 ROBBINS' JOURNAL, of an extensive level country. It was one of the grandest views imaginable. Before we descen- ded, we could extend the eye across this im- mense and truly delightful country, and catch a distant glimpse of the range of mountains run- ning from Santa Cruz, eastward, to the Atlas mountains. My Shilluh master exclaimed, " Ria. Robbinis ! shnfe Santa Cruz" — There, Robbins ! see Santa Cruz. I should degrade my feelings if I attempted to describe them. As we passed along we often saw clusters of well built mud and stone houses, and single ones scattered along through the whole country. Extensive barley fields were constantly in sight, some of which shewed a gloomy track of desolation left through them by the recent passage of a flight of locusts. Date trees, fig trees, argan and olive trees : prickly pears, &c. were almost constantly in sight, although the date tree is not so common here as to the eastward of the Atlas mountains. At about nine in the evening, we put up at the house of an acquaintance of the Shilluh. I found the worship precisely the same as I had noticed it, in every part of Africa I had seen. The next morning, (3 9th) by 2 o'clock, we were again upon our journey. The Shilluh ap- peared extremely anxious to expedite the jour- ney. My slippers were worn through, and I was most excessively fatigued. But the thoughts of travelling toward the desired regions of civiliza- tion made me forget that fatigue, which would otherwise have been insupportable. Before sun-rise, after sulk was performed, the compan- ions of the Shilluh left him. The Spaniard and 1 now became the objects of his particular atten ROBBINS' JOURNAL 23£» tion. We passed a great number of monuments, the surfaces of which were composed of clay, whitewashed, having, at a little distance, the appearance of marble. Some were in the shape of an obelisk, and others were carried up square. We travelled sol hastily, that I could not give them a particular examination. The ShilluL pointed out one that was erected in honour of Sidi Hamet a Mouesa, whom he mentioned with ^reat veneration. When passing near them the Shilluh would face them, and repeat over some of the ritual, as I concluded, not having yet suf- ficiently learned the ShiUuh language to under- stand him. At about sunrise we came to a town nearly as large as Wadinoon. We passed through it, and near the gardens which were constructed like those in that place. I did not learn the name of the town, as we made no stop. Upon the east of the town, and near to it, we passed a very considerable stream of pure wa- ter, running from the S. E. and to the N. W. and N. The gardens were near its banks, which were thickly lined with date trees ; but it was past their bearing season at this place. The water was let into the gardens, from a pond, formed by a dam across the stream above the town;. This stream the natives called El-wad Sihlcm. It was about six rods in width, and. where we passed it, so shallow that we forded it on foot. After passing the stream, we con- tinued in a N. E. direction, and soon ascended and descended a considerable hill, and came again into the level country which was still fer- tile, but was suffering from drought. At nine o'clock, we came to a small village, called by 236 ROBBINS' JOURNAL. the natives Widnah, and stopped for a short time. From this village, might be seen many others, all of which appeared to be in a flourishing con- dition. This level country extended far to the N. W. being bounded upon the S. E. by the At- las mountains, branches of which frequently stretched some distance into it, leaving vallies between them. After breakfast, we joined a number of the inhabitants, and went to a market, which is called soag. The markets from Wadi- noon to Santa Cruz are so arranged, being hol- den upon different days in the week, that travel- lers can every day be accommodated with an open market. The description of the markets and fairs at Wadinoon will, with little variation, apply to all that are established through this range of country. One article, however, which is a principal one at that place, is never seen among the Shiliuh — tobacco ; this being consider- ed among them as a detestable weed, and the use of it as a transgression. At these markets, or soags, I saw great numbers of Jews, being the first I had seen since they were prohibited from trading at Wadinoon. We crossed a stream, more rapid in its current, and greater in its depth, than the one last mentioned, and continu- ed our course to the eastward. Before sun-set we reached a very beautiful level country, with scattered houses covering a great extent of it. It was covered with extensive barley fields, and the usual fruit trees common to the Shiliuh country. This was the residence of my Shiliuh master. He conducted me, and my Spanish companion, to the mansion of ETajjah Mahomet. who was called by the natives, Sharif. Every ROBBINS' JOURNAL. 237 object around us had the appearance of wealth and comfort. We were shewed into a very good apartment, and a repast of dried figs was spread before us. EVajjah Mahomet informed us, that he had sent the ransom money to Wadinoon for us, that he would, in the morning, furnish us with paper to write on to Sweakrah (Mogadore) to the Contz, (consul ;) and, as soon as we received an answer, we should immediately start for that place : and, that if we wished, he would furnish us with mules to ride upon. For supper, we had boiled eggs, khobs, and, for the first time in Afri- ca, a cup of tea. The distance from Wadinoon to this place, to which the natives gave no particular name that I can remember, is about one hundred and thir- ty miles, in the course we travelled ; the gene- ral course being just about N. E. We travelled with great rapidity for footmen, the Spaniard and I having travelled it without mules, in forty-five hours. The next morning, the 20th of February, 1817. before we arose, we were served with tea, el ham,, arid keskoosoo, in our apartment. We soon walk- ed out with EVajjah Mahomet to the house of a Jew, where we were treated with carmoosc, bran- dy. I there wrote a letter for myself to Mr. Will- slure, and another for the Spaniard to the Span- ish Consul at Mogadore. Our protector imme- diately despatched an express, on foot, with the letters. Astonishing to relate, he returned at the end of seven days. The Jews had here a small manufactory for making knives, scimitars, scab- bards, breast-plates, ear-rings, and all the varie- ty of trinkets in demand among the natives. 238 ROBBINS' JOURNAL. There were many of these children of Israel in this place, and, as in all others, despised and abused ; although they were the largest dealers in the place. We remained at this place until the 16th of March, and were uniformly treated by the good EVajjah Mahomet with the utmost kindness. In his house, was an apartment set apart for worship, and used for no other pur- pose. Whenever a stranger arrived he inquired for the :/», or place of worship, and water to prepare for the performance of religious rites This was immediately furnished, and they re tired to their devotions. Every scattering house has such a closet for prayer, but in villages there is a sham common to all. El'ajjah Mahomet uni- formly expressed the utmost indignation against the Wiled D'leim, and spoke in wrath of Bel Cossim. I found the Jews in this part of the country, in making their bills and accounts, make use of the ten digits precisely like those in use here. Out bill was made in this manner; but I never, at Wadinoon, nor in any other place, saw them used by the natives. They write their numbers from right to left, their left hand figure being always the unit. I was sensibly struck with the great superiority of the Shilkih, over all the other races of Maho- metans in Africa. They were mild and friendly in their dispositions, and seemed to want nothing but the benign influence of Christianity, to ren- der them a most estimable race of men. They are lighter in their complexion than the Arabs, and speak a language so different, that they can- not understand each other. ROBBINS' JOURNAL. 239 The country of the Shilluh is under the do- minion of the Emperor of Morocco. Two tax- gatherers from Fez, which also belongs to the Emperor, were here, and spent a day at EFajjah Mahomet'' s house with me, and I conversed with perfect ease with them. They exercised great authority, and if the least hesitation was shewn in paying the required tribute, the Moorish mus- ket and cutlass would soon enforce it. I saw a blanket forced from a native who was either un- able or unwilling to pay his quota. They told me, upon inquiry, that the money was going to the Sooltaun, and that it was gathered yearly. The productions of this delightful country are, horned cattle, some sheep, and goats, horses, asses, mules, and a few male camels for burthen. Grain and fruits are produced in abundance. Almonds, honey, peach-meats, and wax are ar- ticles of trade. Noose, a moss taken from trees, is in great demand for colouring morocco leather, and great quantities of it are transported to Mo- gadore. Argan trees abound every where in this part of the continent. I had not opportunity to learn particularly concerning the mines of different ores in the At- las mountains, which make the southern boun- dary of the Shilluh country ; but at the Jews' manufactory, I saw a mountaineer offer to a Jew a lump of ore which he pronounced copper. The native who brought it said he got it out of a hole so deep that the end could not be disco- vered; and that water was constantly running down k) it. I was requested to examine it, as the natives suppose every en sahrau acquainted with the precious metals. As I am ignorant of 240 ROBBINS' JOURNAL. mineralogy, my opinion would settle nothing upon the question ; but I took it to be copper. The mountaineer declared it to be gold. From hearing it frequently mentioned at Wadinoon. and being urged by Bel Cossim to go to work upon ore, which he would shew me, no doubt remains upon my mind but that ore abounds in this part of Africa. During my stay in the Shilluh country, I in- creased my acquaintance with the Spaniard, and had from him, in the Arabic language, a history of his slavery with the Arabs. He told me he had been upon the desert eight years: that he belonged to a Spanish privateer, and was upon a cruise for French vessels in 1809, off the wes- tern coast of Africa ; that the water of the ves- sel was nearly expended, and that he, and three others of the crew, were sent ashore, in the boat, for water, and that they were all captivated by the Arabs. He said he was among the blacks in the southern part of the continent, and was there for some time, upon the banks of a river, with fertile and cultivated land, having horned cattle upon it. He said he knew not the fate of two of his companions ; but one of them we found upon our arrival at Mogadore. Upon being presented to the Spanish Consul, he could not speak his native tongue, and to me he always appeared as a native of Africa, and was often, by the Arabs, mistaken for such. His brief story, related to me, induced a belief in my mind of its accuracy. While we remained at EVajjah Jllahomcfs, he went to the governor at Terudant to obtain a pass- port for us to Mogadore, as without it we could not pass the town of Santa Cruz. He also car ROBBINS' JOURNAL. 241 pied a letter from the governor to Sidi Hesham. and obtained authority of some kind from him He informed us, that all this was indispensably necessary, to sec are a safe passage to Mogadore. The messenger sent to Mogadore brought back a letter in Arabic, to our protector, and a present of a loaf of sugar. He informed us that all ne- cessary arrangements were made, and that in a short time the preparations of food, &c. for our journey would be completed. CHAP. XXII. Departure with EVajjah Mahomet — El-wad Sta — sand hills — the ocean — Atlas mountains — arrival at Santa Cruz — descrip Hon of that place— passage over a mountain — a contrast — ro mantic view — cottage in a forest — dogs — view of Mogadi re- reception by Mr. Willshire — admission into his house — cheer ing American flag. UPON the 7th, the food, consisting oikhobs. butter, and barley meal, was packed ready io transportation ; and, at one o'clock, A. M. upon the 8th, the Spaniard and I, mounted upon one- mule, and EPojjah Mahomet and a boy upon an- other, started upon our journey. Our hearts were dilated with gratitude towards EVajjah Ma- homet, and Mr. Willshire, and thankfulness to heaven, and we directed our course N. N. W. to- ward Santa Cruz. At about 8, A. M. we forded the largest stream I had yet seen in Africa, be- ing, I judged, fifteen rods in width. The native* called this river El-wad Sta. We took a wind- ing course, to avoid the immense sand hillo which lay between us and the sea. These lay in great drifts, like snow banks. I saw the up- X 242 H03BINS* JOURNAL. permost boughs of numerous fig-trees, just above the sand drifts. This was about twenty miles from the sea. How long these sand hills have been forming, must be left to conjecture ; but from the circumstance of seeing the tops of trees, a traveller would be led to suppose that they are rapidly extending into the country. After passing these, we changed our course to the N. W. being in sight of Santa Cruz, and, what was to me the most animating sight, the ocean. My Spanish companion was frantic with joy. He leaped up ; threw out his hands ; exclaiming, "Jogal ioga ! via el Bahar, ria el Bahar. This was the first time I had seen the ocean since De- cember, 1815. From this point the Atlas moun- tains, lying upon our right, appeared in all their grandeur. Their tops, rising in succession one atter another, were covered with snow. The rays of the sun, striking upon them, gave them the most brilliant appearance. We reached Santa Cruz at 3, P. M. The passport was offer- ed at the fort — a present of henneh was made to the commander, and after this we were permit- ted to enter the lower town. It is a town com- pactly built of stone, and walled. The main street runs through the town from one gate to the other. Being built upon the side of a hill, one street rises above another, and the houses, be- ing low, the roofs in the next street below the spectator may be seen. There is another settle- ment called the upper town, surrounded by a v/»rv high wall. The land upon which the place stands is very elevated, rising, I should judge, as many as twelve hundred feet above the level o the sea. This wall has the appearance of a for- ROBBINS' JOURNAL. 243 tress, being filled with port-holes. The dwell- ing-houses are all built within it. I was inform- ed by the Moors that there was a mine within tiic walls of this place, but that nobody but an en-sahrau dare descend it. From the lower town-, the passage to the upper one is by a winding road around the hill, which is difficult of ascent. The prospect from this place is extensive and grand. Situated high upon the commencement of the range of mountains, extending from this place east to the Atlas mountains, the spectator has a view of the whole range and also of the Atlas. This is a place of the greatest importance, it being the key to the dominions of the emperor of Morocco, and the only passage from the wes- tern coast of Africa into that empire, excepting Terudant, which is situated about ninety miles to the east of Santa Cruz, which is called by the natives dgadeer. Thisplace was formerly hold- en by the Portuguese. The Moors informed me •hat the cn-sahrau (Christians) settled it, built the fortress, and cultivated the adjoining country ; lhat the Moors, taking advantage of a long drought and distressing famine, besieged fhe place, and compelled them to abandon it; and ♦hat the emperor of Morocco has ever since held possession of it himself. A few cannon still re- main, and a few are sufficient to defend it against ihe encroachments of the Arabs, who, notwith- standing their power upon the desert, are, from iheir mode of warfare, weakness itself, compared with the power arising from modern tactics. The bay before the town is very open, and fur- nishes but a poor harbour for the protection oi ^hipping. There were fifteen or twenty open 244 BOBBINS' JOURNAL. fishing boats in the bay, and I saw two from which the Moors were landing fish ; but had no opportunity to give them an examination. Upon the 9th, we passed the north gate of the town at sun-rise, upon our journey toward Mo- gadore. The country through which we travel- led was made up of one rocky hill succeeding another. But little land was susceptible of cul- tivation, and this was chiefly in the vallies. A few houses were scattered along in them, and occasionally a cottage was seen at a great height upon the mountains on our right. We continu- ed upon the sea coast, and passed one conside- rable stream, and a number of streamlets. The passage through the country, for it can hardly be called a road, was almost constantly throng- ed with loaded camels and mules from Moga- dore, transporting iron, grain, haicks and other articles. At about 2, P. M. we came to a place which offered to the traveller two different pas- sages ; the one near the sea, the other over the mountains ; the latter being, as I was told, the shortest course. I saw numerous loaded camels coming from the passage next to the sea. This passage was described by El'ajiah Mahomet as the best, although the longest. This was the passage through which Capt. Riley and my ship- mates travelled in their passage to Mogadore soon after we were captured, and they were purchased by Sidi Hamet. Capt. Riley men- tions a place in this passage by the name of the Jew's Leap ; but as I was conducted through the passage over the mountains, I did not see. and cannot describe it. Our passage over $he mountains was such as to excite the fearful ap KOBBINS' JOURNAL. 246 prehensions of those who were about to attempt it ; and almost beyond the power of description from those who had effected it. It was a zig- zag course up a mountain, forming an angle of ascent of at least forty-five degrees. This ex- traordinary passage was made over an artificial path constructed by cutting and wearing a nar- row track into the recks of the mountain, about twenty feet, and the same distance to its outer edge, each ascending a little. These tracks were made in and out of the mountain, until we ascended nearly to its summit, which, from the place where we began to rise, was at least one thousand feet. We made this passage oa foot; driving the loaded mules before us. Before we reached the summit, we came to one of these tracks, worn into the rocks by travelling, of about forty rods in length. This track was only of sufficient width to permit the mules and their followers to pass singly. Had either fallen from this contracted path, over the shelving rocks composing the side of the mountain, immediate death must have been the inevitable consequence. We then came to a long, dark, natural passage between two mountains of as much as two miles in length, ascending but a very little. At the end of this passage, upon the top of the moun- tain, is a level country of about five miles in length, and three in width ; in a pretty high state of cultivation, with houses situated thinly upon every part of it. The contrast it furnished to the rocky and almost inaccessible mountains that lead to it, is as great as nature can afford. Here we rested awhile, and travelled leisurely X 2 246 ROBBINS' JOURNAL. over this piece of ground ; the inhabitants all showing to El'ajjah Mahomet the most distin- guished respect. We then began to descend the mountain upon the northeast side, which was al- so very steep in places, but much less so than where we ascended. We then came to a valley through which a. stream runs of considerable size, and passes off* upon the left to the sea. Af- ter passing it the country became more sandy, and as we were gradually rising we again had a full view of the Atlantic ocean. At about sun- set we put up at the house of an acquaintance of EPajjah Mahomet. Upon the 10th we continued through a coun- try that was sandy, until towards noon, when we entered a valley lying between two mountains, losing sight of the sea, where we saw many beau- tiful gardens constructed similarly to those at Wadinoon, and watered by a small stream issu- ing out of the mountains. Our passage, for seven or eight miles, was level, leading between moun- tains in a zig-zag course, frequently so narrow that but one could pass at a time. It was the most romantic scene that the mind can conceive. Our good protector kept generally upon his mule, while the Spaniard and I alternately rode and walked, in company with the boy. We now travelled through a country of hills and vallies. almost every where covered with the Argan tree, and loaded with fruit, which resembles the damson in shape, and of a yellow colour. From the meats of these, oil in great abundance is manufactured. About sun-set we passed the dry bed of a large river, and came into a wilder- ness composed of the Argan tree. Darkness ROBBINS' JOURNAL. 247 came on, and we gathered a quantity of wood, to spend the night, there being no house in sight. At length we heard the barking oi" dogs, and descried the light of a fire. We ap- proached, and found it completely surroun- ded with a wall composed of thorn bushes twenty feet high. We requested water, but could procure none ; and with great difficulty obtained a little fire. We attempted to repose around the fire, but enjoyed but little rest. The dogs within the wall, with the highest ferocity, were constantly gnashing their teeth, and at- tempting to force a passage through the picket of thorns to assail us. This species of dogs is common in every part of Africa that I had seen, and are the most ferocious of the whole canine race. I have often seen them tear and lacerate the blacks in the most terrible manner. Almost every native has more or less of them with him. whether travelling or at rest. The next morning, at an early hour, we start- ed upon the last day's journey to Mogadore. We passed in the fore part of the day through a forest of Aroan trees. For the whole distance from Santa Cruz to Mogadore, the traveller is accommodated with water secured in cisterns. These are built with great care and much labor. Some of them are thirty feet in length, and eight or ten in width. They are sunk into the earth from five to eight feet, and stoned and plaister- ed within; over them, rising about five feet above the surface, is built a flat roof, made of poles, reeds, and mud, and smoothly plaistered. The entrance is at one end down a flight of stairs leading to the water. Upon the roofs are 248 ROBBINS' JOURNAL. often seen travellers refreshing themselves with food, and partaking of the fine water contained within. The water is conducted into them by little channels cut into the surface of the earth. After refreshing ourselves at one of these fine reservoirs, we came into a plain sandy country. Upon rising a small sand hill we again had a view of the Atlantic — of an island which forms the harbor of Mogadore, and of a ship and a brig. This was the first shipping I had beheld since we left the wreck of the Commerce at Cape Baja- dor, nearly nineteen months before. The joy oi my Spanish companion almost produced deliri- um. We soon came in sight of Sweahrah, the longed-for Mogadore, situated very low upon the borders of the ocean, and, it being high tide, appearing to be almost surrounded with water. We continued to travel near the beach, and ha- ving upon our left a block of buildings enclosed within a wall of stone, plaistered, presenting a front of at least two hundred feet in length. Above this wall, I discovered four distinct roofs covered with green tile, coming to a point in the centre. El'ajjah Mahomet informed me that it belonged to Moolay Solimaan, emperor of Moroc- co. Near to this was situated a small fort. The town is nearly three miles distance from this place. Continuing on, we passed a rapid river. Ly fording. Our protector now dressed himself in elegant Moorish stile ; and as we followed him, we passed a number of buildings or monu- ments, erected in honour of some Mahommedan saints as I concluded, for we were directed to dismount our mules, dismiss our slippers, and walk by barefooted. We approached the walls ROBBINS' JOURNAL. 249 of the town to within half a mile of the south gate, and stopped. EVajjah Mahomet left us and entered the town. I very soon saw a gentleman of elegant appearance approaching rapidly to- ward us. He came directly up to me, and with the benignity of benevolence illuminating his countenance, called me familiarly by name, shook me cordially by the hand, and requested me to mount the mule and ride into town. Up- on saying I could as well walk, he said, " Yov must be fatigued — I insist upon your riding ;" — I en- tered the town with him, and my Spanish com- panion, whom he conducted to the Spanish Con- sul's, taking me with him to his own house, where 1 was immediately supplied with the best refreshments. It will be recollected that the Shilluh declined to purchase Brown and Davis at Wadinoon, but to my surprise and to my joy, I found them at Mi. Willshire's house, having arrived there tour days before. The American flag was immediately hoisted upon the top of the house, and I, together with Brown and Davis, were directed to give three cheers. When I arrived, I was clad in an old woollen frock shirt, as my whole apparel; my hair had grown at random in every direction ; and my beard pre- sented one evidence of a Mahometan. A Jewish barber was immediately ordered, and gave to my hair and beard a more Christian appearance. Clothing was as soon as possible furnished by Mr. Willshire, and I began to think 1 should in time regain my native tongue, my American ha- bits, and my native country. For nearly two years I had spoken the Arabic tongue, and felt 250 ROBBINS' JOURNAL. myself excessively mortified to find I conversed so imperfectly in the English language. CHAP. XXIII. fliaracter of Mr. Wiltshire — description of Mogadore — the Jews — markets — manufactures— public buildings — mode of worship — manners of the people — population — harbor — ship- wrecks — letter from the Hon. James Simpson. MR. WILLSHIRE, under whose protection I was now placed, and to whom I shall, till death, feel under the deepest obligations that gratitude can dictate, is a native of the city of London ; of about twenty-five years of age, of the most elegant person, and of the most accomplished manners. He has resided at Mogadore a number of years, and has at that place a large mercantile establishment. He has had for a considerable time, vessels under the American and English colors. I supposed him to be very wealthy, from the number of stewards, clerks, and assistants, in his employ. He invariably had religious ser- vice performed at his splendid mansion upon the •Sabbath, at which English gentlemen and ladies, sea-captains, and oilier foreigners attended. He performed service himself in the Episcopalian mode, with the most solemn devotion, and his bouse appeared to me to, be a real Bethel ; and so far as art imperfect man can judge of the heart, I should think his a fit abode for the .Holy Spirit. It must be left for the future biographer to erect a monument to his virtues ; but I must not, I can- not omit to inform my renders tiiat to this modern Howard, this divine philanthropist, our unfortu- nate countrymen are indebted for their redemp- BOBBINS' JOURNAL. 251 tion from the most miserable bondage that the miserable sons of Adam ever endured. To know the manner in which he expends much of his immense income, would be to learn, that with him wealth is devoted to the noblest of all pur- poses, diminishing human woe, and augmenting human happiness. He has, by his munificence, secured the favor, even of Mahommcdans, with all their antipathy against Christians. Scarcely is there a Moor or an Arab through the whole of Sa.se and the Great Western Desert, who is of any consequence, but he has engaged to assist him in his benevolence. No sooner does he learn of a Christian slave of any country, than he despatches a Moor, a Shilluh, or an Arab to bring the wretched creature to taste the fruits of his ransoming benevolence. The paper I mentioned at Wadinoon was written by this mi- nistering angel of mercy. The town of Mogadore is situated upon the Western coast of Africa, and, from the most ap- proved charts, in 31° 15 / N. Latitude, and 9° W. Longitude. It is, in every point of view, the most important place in the empire of Morocco. It stands upon a peninsula, projecting into the Atlantic ocean, and its waters wash its north and west sides ; and, at high tide, nearly make it an island. A high wall, composed of stone and mortar, is built near the borders of the pe- ninsula, and within it is situated the town in three distinct sections, separated from each other by inner walls. The Moors occupy the main section upon the east ; and the few Chris- tian merchants the western one, containing the fortress, together with some natives ; and the 252 ROBBINS' JOURNAL. Jews the north section exclusively. It is strong \y fortified, having double walls upon the south and east sides, from which points it is approach- ed from the country. It is in shape a paralell- ogram, and strongly fortified at each corner, especially at the northeast and southeast, by heavy mounted brass and iron cannon. Upon the water port, at the west side, is a battery of cannon containing between forty and fifty heavy brass pieces. There is but one entry into that section of the town occupied by the Jews, and this gate is constantly guarded by an armed Moor. At night it is always locked, cutting oft the despised sons of Jacob from intercourse with any part of mankind. Even in the day- time, intercourse with them is almost prohibited. During my residence, I went into this part of the town with an English seaman, formerly of the wrecked brig Surprise, and was immediately taken before an Alcayd, or officer, and compel- led to apologize for this intrusion. Upon learn- ing that I was from Wadinoon, I was afterwards permitted to visit the Jews. They have a num- ber of synagogues, as places of worship. Upon Friday afternoon, at six o'clock, their Sabbath commences, and ends at the same time upon Saturday afternoon. During this time, they nei- ther light a candle or lamp, make a fire, cook, nor touch their hands to any laborious service. Their food is previously cooked. I never saw them worship in their synagogues, which I ex- ceedingly regret. The Jews are permitted to have open shops in every part of the town, until eight o'clock, P. M. after which time every Jew, excepting those at Mr. Wiltshire's and a few ROBBINS' JOURNAL. 25 others, were enclosed within the walls of their town, until day-light the next morning. The;, are compelled to wear black slippers and caps, and not allowed to dress their heads in red, or feet in yellow. The general market is situated in the main town. It is well supplied with beef, mutton, fowls, bread, and almost every variety of vege- tables. The grain market is inclosed on a square through which a narrow street passes. Upon the borders of this square, are great numbers of very small shops owned by Moors and Jews, sup- plied with every article which fancy would ad- mire, convenience desire, or necessity crave. There are a number of manufactories for haicks or blankets. The loom and shuttle ap- peared to be similar to our domestic ones. By a decree, the blankets here manufactured are prohibited from exportation, and are reserved for transportation into the deserts. These are made wholly of wool. There are also manufac- tories for iron tools, of every necessary kind ; and although they do not look like those of Sheffield and Birmingham ware, many of them are well made. The Jews manufacture snuff by pulveri- zing tobacco in large mortars. The grain is manufactured into flour by horses. A sweep is attached to the main wheel of the mill. Which being connected with a number of cog-wheels, gives the stone a velocity nearly equal to some of our mill-stones carried by water. The streets of this town are straight, although short, intersecting each other, generally, at right angles. In the main town, are streets running Y 254 ROBBINS' JOURNAL. through the whole of it. They are narrow, and over some of them in the fortress section, an arch extends from one side of the street to the other. The houses are built of stone and lime, general- ly of one, although some are two and three sto- ries high. The roofs are mostly flat. The streets have a handsome appearance in passing them, the houses being generally plaistered or whitewashed. The public buildings are those devoted to pi- ous uses, having a steeple, or tower running to a considerable height, and built square to the top. From the top, projects a crane, upon which it- hung a white flag to summon the people togeth- er. In addition to this notice, a Moor ascends to the top, and with a loud voice, exhorts the in- habitants to come and worship, by exclaiming — * Allah Ha !"'* Upon this notice, many of the people are seen to leave their temporal concerns, and repair to their temple to attend to devotion- al exercises. This is repeated four times a day at regular seasons. It is singular, that the mode of worship, where I witnessed it here, was pre- cisely the same as I had. thousands of times, no- ticed it upon the Zahara desert, at Wadinoon. and in various other parts of Africa. If the Ma- hommedans can claim no other merit, they an at least entitled to the character of consistency and uniformity in their religious ceremonies. The people of Mogadore appeared to be mild, peaceable, and affable in their manners. Being a Christian, it was not safe for me to venture to go often abroad, around the town, for fear of in- * See Lord Byron's Giaour — line 734. ROBBINS' JOURNAL. 256 suits or injury ; and I kept generally at Mr. Will- shire's ; altnough, in the day-time, I frequently walked about the place. I never saw nor heard the least disturbance ; witnessed no mobs or ri- ots, and the town appeared to be a place where the operation of a good police was known and obeyed. This town, in its greatest length, must be three quarters of a mile, and in breadth, over half a mile. It is very compactly built, and from the best accounts I could obtain, has within it, ol different nations, thirty thousand inhabitants. Of this population, the principal part are Moors ; the Jews are estimated at about six thousand, and the Christians, while I was there, could not have exceeded fifty. The town is supplied with water from the river running two miles to the southward of it. It is transported in kegs load- ed upon asses; and the beach from the town to the river is constantly lined with these animals passing from and to the town. An island is situ- ated about two miles from the shore, and forms the harbor. Upon it is a strong fortification; and foreigners are not permitted to land upon it. The entry into the harbor is upon the north of this island through a narrow rocky channel. In the winter, the harbor is rendered insecure from the stroHg southwest wind blowing directly into it, and the bottom being sandy, the anchorage is bad. From information derived from Mr. Will- shire, I learned that many shipwrecks have here happened. The wreck of an English brig was lying there while I was in the place. Capt. Wm. Rogers of Cape Ann, with whom I returned to i56 BOBBINS' JOURNAL. America, gave me a most interesting account of i he loss of a part of his crew in this harbor, I think in the winter of 1815. The limits of this work preclude the insertion of the melancholy narrative, any farther than to say, that his schoo- ner parted one of her cables — that he and two of his crew went on board an English vessel to re- place it; and while absent, the remaining crew abandoned the schooner, entered the boat, and were dashed into eternity upon the shore. The -chooner was saved, and trie captain obtained a crew of Moors and Jews to navigate her to Bos- ton. I afterwards saw and conversed with a Jew who was one of the crew, at Mogadore. Mr. Will shire informed me that a few years since, a Spa- nish vessel entered this harbor with a large crew. without a cargo; and not being permitted to trade from that circumstance, having nothing but specie, she sailed down the coast to fish, be- tween Cape Non and Santa Cruz, was taken by .,-^,.; C r, hv the natives, and her whole crew massacred. I might enrich this journal with many more in- teresting communications from this intelligent gentleman, but they must be omitted. I resided with him from the 11th to the 22d March, and shall for ever reckon the days spent under his hospitable roof, as the most pleasing of my life. Every thing within the compass of human exer- tion was done to render my stay delightful. He had snatched me and my companions from the most forlorn and miserable slavery, placed me in a temporal paradise, and pointed the way to my country and my friends. I cannot imagine ROBBINS' JOURNAL. 257 a situation upon earth, all things considered, more enviable than the one he fills. I forgot the splendor of his mansion, and the magnificence (hat surrounded him, in the more brilliant traits of his mind. A good description of his dwelling wotted be the history of architecture. Upon the 15th, he informed me that he had received a let- ter from the Hon. James Simpson, American Con- sul General at Tangier, relative to our passage home, requesting him, as soon as we were suffi- ciently recruited for the journey, to send us to Tangier, if no passage to America could be found at Mogadore. He assured us that in a few days every thing should be in readiness for the journey, that he would despatch an alcayd, or an Emperor's soldier, to guard us on the way, and that he had obtained a passport from the Empe- ror for this purpose. CHAP. XXIV. The author, Davis, and Brozvn leave Mogadore for Tangier— the country — Azamor — river Oimnirabih — Douar of tents — fearful apprehensions — equestrian exercise — escape by night — aqueduct — arrival at Rabat. UPON the 22d, the alcayd and two muleteers presented themselves to Mr. Wiltshire, with three large mules ; one each, for Brown, Davis, and myself. The alcayd was elegantly armed and mounted upon a horse, and the muleteers were to go on foot. We were well supplied with pro- visions for five days, which would carry us to the town of Azamor. We also had a sufficient supply of money for our expenses. We now took Y2 258 ROBBINS' JOURNAL. an affectionate leave of Mr. Willshire, received his blessing and good wishes, and started upon our journey. We passed the south gate at 8, A. M, passed the east battery, and directed our course toward Tangier. We kept the coast for some distance, and wei»e joined by another al- eayd, with a servant bound to Fez. He contin- ued with us for ten days, and added much to the pleasure of our journey. We travelled mode- rately, and the muleteers kept up on foot. The cquntry through which we passed upon the first day yrai rather barren and thinly inhabited. We stopped tor the night at sun an hour high, and lodged under bushes: the cattle being fettered. There were a few inhabitants near us, who brought us fowls, eggs, and keskoosoo, and refu- sed anv compensation for them. Before day- light, upon the 23d, we were again mounted and on our journey". The alcayd who conducted me was the same one, he told me, who was the guide of Capt. Riley, and pointed to a path which he then travelled ; but now chose one that went farther into the country. We travelled over land very level, highly cultivated, loaded with grain, and often presenting douars of pitched tents. Through the 24th, the country had the same appearance, and at night we lodged in the cen- tre of a large collection of tents. Wherever a douar of tents is met with, one is found devoted to pious uses, called a zhunu facing to the east. The traveller always goes there to worship and to lodge; aud is always there treated with kind- ness and respect. The alcayd who guided and guarded ns i and the one who joined us, would ROBBINS' JOURNAL. 259 be regarded, in every portion of the globe, as first rate men. They were dignified in their manners, affable in their deportment, and affec- iionate in their treatment. No pains were spa- red to make us comfortable, and our journey pleasant. We were not, however, permitted to lodge in the tents, devoted to the worship of Mahomet, being nothing but Christians ourselves. The next day (25th) we came in sight of the At- lantic, and stopped to feed the cattle near a walled town, which the alcayd entered. After resting a short time, we prosecuted our journey, passing stone buildings standing singly, some villages, a considerable river, the country abounding with Argari trees, and at 10, P. M. put up near a walled town, the gates of which were closed. The inhabitants came out and sold us fowls and eggs, and we slept without the mud walls, in the blankets furnished us by Mr. Wiltshire. Upon the 26th, we passed a country more hilly, and, at 2, P. M. reached the town of Azamor, having passed a great number of saint- houses. We always had to dismount and pass them on foot, while our devotional guard offer- ed up worship to that prophet, whose followers never seem to forget his supposed divinity, or omit to adore him. The town is situated upon the west side of the river Ommirabih, upon ele- vated ground. The town in shape neailv re- sembles a right angled triangle. The river forms the base, the ocean the side, and the country the hypothenuse. It is chiefly built of stone, and completely walled with a very high plaistered stone wall. Around its southeast corner or tor 260 RObBINS' JOURNAL, tress, it is ditched ; and from the ditch to the battery, is thrown up a body of earth and stone, ascending as steep as the roof of a house. The battery, rising thirty feet above the top of this ascent, would seem to render it impregnable. Upon the battery are mounted forty or fifty iron and brass pieces of cannon. The town has the appearance of antiquity. In its suburbs, which we passed, are various manufactories of leather, pottery, &c. We here replenished our stock of provisions, and upon the morning of the 27th, as soon as the gates were opened, we again started upon our journey, and passed the river Ommirabih in a ferry boat. We saw great numbers of fishing boats, and upon examining the fish taken, I found them to be shad; precisely like those caught in Connecticut river, and they made me think of that beautiful stream, upon the banks of which 1 was born. This river must be thirty-five rods in width. It is a clear, handsome stream, and the largest I had passed in Africa, although upon the desert of Zahara I had passed many dry beds oi rivers much wider. The country here was not very fertile, but in the course of the day we pass ed many douars of tents, and at night put up at a large one situated two miles out of our regular course. A douar of tents consists of different numbers and arranged in different manners — some in a square, some in a triangle, and the one we reached this night was in a perfect circle, pitched within ten feet of each other. As I ap- proached with Brown and Davis on foot, we vvere assailed by hundreds of dogs, and it was with the ROBBINS' JOURNA& 261 greatest difficulty we could defend ourselves from them with heavy clubs. We entered the douar before night, and a small tent was pitched for the two alcayds, for us, two Moors who had joined us at Azamor and the muleteers, in the centre of the circle. The two alcayds were in the tent, the muleteers had gone to water the mules, and the rest of us were reposing around the tent. It was immediately surrounded by natives led by curiosity to see Christians, who inquired of the alcayds where we were from and where bound. Upon being informed that we were from the De- sert, and bound to the Sidi or Emperor, and dis- covering us to be Americans or Englishmen, they immediately entered into conversation among themselves, which the alcayd from Fez learned to be a menace toward us. They remembered the lesson not long before taught the Algerines by Commodore Decatur and Lord ExiviouTH,and undoubtedly would seek revenge in anv wa v - The bW>* <•— ^— - •" « . , - 7/ j~ Axouixe/5, wan iury mingled with dignity, said that the Emperor had sent for us, and demanded of them what they meant by their plots? They explained by denying any plottings, and soon retired. I never saw the authority of an individual so suddenly operate upon a multi- tude. Very soon we saw twenty or thirty arm- ed horsemen approaching us with great speed. They halted near our tent. I expected my jour- ney to Tangier and for life was now to be end- ed. Each Moor had a musket, and they were but a rod or two from the tent. The alcayds re- mained perfectly composed, and my fears were dismissed, when I saw these inimitable horse- 2G2, R0BB1NS' JOURNAL. T men begin their Moorish sports. They exclaim, hah ! hah ! hah ! — drop the rein upon the horses' neck — incline the body far forward — put the horse into full speed, and aiming at some distant object, fire their muskets, and with one hand give it a sudden turn around the head. The horse, being perfectly trained, comes to a halt as soon as the gun is fired. It was in my view the most elegant display of the equestrian art I ever witnessed. The feats of the circus are but pu- erile triflings in comparison with it. For an hour I witnessed this amusement. It called to mind the tournaments in the age of chivalry. After they retired, we were refreshed ; and when si- lence reigned through the whole circle of tents, at least a mile in circumference, and darkness had shrouded the earth with her sable mantle, we cautiously began to leave a place where de- struction might, in the twinkling of an eye, have awaited us ; and where the alcayds, ourselves, and the muleteers, might have sunk into the grave, leaving the Emperor in ignorance of the fate of his officers, and our friends of our desti- ny. For five hours we sought in vain for the path we took that lead us to this douar. and up- on finding it, we travelled with as great speed as possible, taking the muleteers behind us. This was the dictate of compassion, but as often as we did it, our alcayd would remonstrate against it ; and I had occasion myself to regret it ; for the old muleteer belonging to me, while I was relieving him from the fatigue of running, came very nigh relieving my pockets of all the money belonging to Brown, Davis, and myself. ROBBINS' JOURNAL,. 263 Through the 28th, we travelled at no great distance from the ocean, and at 10, A. M. passed the town of Darlbeda situated upon it. It appear- ed of considerable size, and was walled ; but we did not enter it. At meridian, we passed the town of Afidallah. Toward night, we passed a well built stone bridge, arched, and railed with stone. Continuing on, we forded a small stream, and came to a forest of Argan trees. We lodg- ed upon the outside of the walls of a town of some size. It was dark when we reached, and dark when we left it ; and unless we possessed those " optics keen, to see what is not to be seen" we could not describe it. Upon the 29th, continuing near the ocean, we had a distant view of the town of Rabat ; the country being remarkably level, fertile, and well cultivated. The inhabitants all lived in tents here, and the fields abounded with immense droves of horned cattle. Large numbers of fat- tened oxen were driving toward Rabat. It was a most delightful day's journey, and the animal and vegetable productions of the country indica- ted the highest enjoyment. We reached the aqueduct, which conducts water into the town, at about a mile's distance fro»n the walls of it. This aqueduct is so constructed that, for the most of the way, the water is carried above the ground, in a kind of flume. The fountain that supplies it is eight miles from the town ; and at that place is an high tower. When we came to the aqueduct, we stopped, and the alcayds en- tered the town, having with them a letter from Mr. Willshire to Mr. Mouderham. English Vice 264 ROBBINS' JOURNAL. Consul at Rabat. The mules, having fed upon grass, we mounted them, and entered the town ourselves, and were immediately introduced to the consul by our alcayd. He informed us, that Mr. Wiltshire had requested him to furnish us with every thing that we wanted to prosecute our journey. I informed him that we were suf- ficiently supplied with money, but wished, in that town, to replenish our stock of provisions, which were now T nearly exhausted. Brown, Davis, and I dined at his house, but he said, as it was the Jewish Sabbath, no business could that day be transacted. I understood he was a Jew himself, but he was dressed in Christian habit. After partaking of refreshments we were conducted. by our alcayd. to a public house, where a room was provided for our accommodation. This was the first building that might be called a public house, that I had seen in Africa. This being a place of great business, the house having many apartments, was resorted to by travellers from Fez, Morocco, and all the adjoining country. CHAP. XXV. Rabat, description of it— the harbor— shad— Mr. Abouderham— Jewish feast— Sallee — a Lak*— river Saboo— scenery — Rock oj Gibraltar, and Mount Atlas — arrival at Tangier— refections — the Hon. James Simpson— -Mount Washington, in Africa — passage to Gibraltar— Mr. Henry, consrd—Mr. Simpson's letter. AFTER securing our baggage in our apart- ment, I went out to examine the town. It has one principal street running parallel with the shore of the river Beregrcb, which bounds it up- ROBBINS' JOURNAL. 2(3.V on the north. Upon the west, it is bounded by the Atlantic, and upon the south and east it is bounded by an outer wall which is built about half a mile from the inner wall, upon which can non are mounted. Between these two walls are very fine gardens, laid out with much taste, abounding with fig, orange, lemon, and many other fruit trees. Each garden had a well near it, from which water was drawn by horses, and wheel machinery ; but as I could not examine them, I will not attempt a particular description It is strongly fortified next to tbe sea. In tlm town, were a number of zhams, or mosques for re- ligious worship. The buildings are compactk and well built of stone; and, as is almost uni- versally the case through the whole country. plaistered or whitewashed, having a neat anet handsome appearance. Thei ? are a great num- ber of narrow streets or aJ eys leading into the principal street upon the river, some of which are long and handsomely built. The street up- on the river, in which is the great market, was thronged by people of almost every description, I there saw Jews, Turk* fcrir peans, Greeks. Arabs, Shilluhs, and people from all the Barba ry states; each using his native tongue, each dressed in the mode of his country, and each showing their peculiar manners. The Jews in this place, as at Mogadore, have a section of the town exclusively occupied by the-m. The Moors constitute the principal pop- ulation; biit the number of inhabitants 1 did not learn, and cannot estimate any otherwise than by saying, that the town is more compactly built 266 ROBBINS' JOURNAL. than Mogadore, and covers, I should judge. nearly double the quantity of ground. The river admits vessels of burthen, and 1 there saw a Spanish, a French, and a Portuguese vessel, and a small Moorish frigate lying at an- chor. From its appearance to me, it was a place of the greatest trade upon the western coast of Africa, and altogether the best and safest harbor. It is entered through a narrow channel, at the mouth of the river, which then widens into a large bay. A sand bar lies off the mouth of the river, which may be passed with vessels drawing eight feet of water, as such were loading when I was there ; and as the tide rises eight or ten feet, vessels of much larger burthen may then pass in and out. I continued rambling about the place until the hour of refreshment and rest*- Upon the 30th we remained in this town- and I was constantly upon the foot, examining every natural and artificial curiosity that fell within my observation. There were various manufactories of blankets, cottons, silks, woollen cloths, lea- ther, earthen-ware and some few of hard-ware, especially of muskets, scimitars, and cutlasses. I saw immense quantities of shad caught in the same manner as they are taken in the rivers of New England. They were of excellent flavor, and of the same size and appearance of those here caught. Mr. Abouderham paid for our apartments, and supplied us gratuitously with a quantity of excel- lent bread. Having ourselves procured the other necessary provisions for four or five days, we left this place upon the morning of the 31st, halving ROBBINS' JOURNAL. 26? been treated with the greatest politeness and hospkality by the Consul, of whom we now took leave, and passed the river in a ferry boat, to the town of Sallee, lying upon the opposite side of the river, and about a mile from its banks. I had learned at Rabat, that a Jewish feast wae to be holden this day in that place, and in this. Great numbers of bullocks were slain the last day I remained in Rabat, and almost the first striking object that attracted my attention in this place, was a great number of Jews, richly dress- ed, marching in procession, barefooted, each ha- ving the Old Testament before him, and each reading aloud. We remained spectators, until the whole passed, and saw the street strewed with flowers. We then passed directly through the town; which is a place of considerable size, having a number of mosques, and is strongly walled and fortified by numerous pieces of can- non. In the vicinity were beautiful gardens fill- ed with the fruits and vegetables common to this part of the country. It also produced cot- ton, and I saw numbers engaged in manufactur- ing that article. The people, judging of them from threir deportment toward us, retain the fe- rocious manners of the ancient inhabitants, who were a swarm of pirates. They menaced us as we passed, denouncing us as Christian dogs ; and had it not been for the presence and autho- rity of our alcayd, the other having left us at Rabat, bound to Fez, Ave should undoubtedly have found our passage impracticable, and have been in danger of our lives. We passed out through the north gate, and at 288 BOBBINS' JOURNAL. a mile's distance, came to a broad high wall, ha ving three arched gateways as passages through it This wall extends as much as three miles ; upon the top of which is an aqueduct, from which the water descends into an artificial wa- tering place, near the arches, and supplies the town of Sallee. It has the appearance of great strength and antiquity. The country, as we pro- ceeded on, was generally level and very fertile Toward noon we passed near the borders of a lake of fresh water, about two miles in length, and an half mile in breadth ; and by the middle of the afternoon, we were ferried over a river of a mile in width. I learned the name of this river to be Midiah, and saw near its mouth the ruins of an ancient fortified town, with fortifications ouiit in the Portuguese manner. This town is called Mamora ; but we did not enter it. The ferryman stole my only pair of shoes, which were supplied by another pair obtained from the al cayd. We soon cane to a douar, and tarried there through the night. Upon the first of April, we continued to travel ihrough a country somewhat hilly, having douars of tents, droves of cattle, and numerous inhabi- tants. At 9 A. M. we reached the end of a large lake, having a number of small islands, upon which I discovered saint-houses erected. It a- bounded with ducks, and a great number ot small boats, or rather rafts, filled with the natives, were hunting them. Through the whole day we travelled upon the western borders of this lake, and at night put up within a few rods of its shore. We wore refreshed with fowls and eggs procu- BOBBINS' JOUBNAL. 269 red for a trifling sum? indeed, for the whole pas- sage, provisions were obtained at the cheapest rate, and of excellent quality. The next morn- ing we crossed the north end of this lake, and had a distant view of the town of Laraiche, leav- ing it upon our left, and bearing to the eastward toward a large town, situated upon the banks of the river Sdboo. We reached this river at night, having passed by many villages with thatched roof cottages. We lodged upon the south banks of the river, upon which were many of the finest gardens that can be imagined. They abounded with Qvery tree, shrub, and vegetable calculated to charm the eye, and gratify the appetite. I never before, nor since, beheld a scene so per- fectly enchanting. It reminded the traveller of the finest descriptions of romance, and made him think of the Elysian Fields. Early in the morning of the- 3d, we reached the high banks of the Saboo, which was a narrow stream, and forded it. The passage from the river to the town had that kind of beauty which renders the power of description feeble. The town avis ahriont concealed from the eye of the traveller by labyrinths composed of almost eve- ry species of the most beautiful fruit trees. The town was, to appearance, of very great extent. The houses which T saw were low ; very thickly built, and thatched with coarse grass. I was struck with the great number of mosques. The one I passed was about ten feet square at the base, diminishing but very little to the top, and was at least sixty feet in height. In passing the whole town, I counted fwenty-eight of these Z2 270 ROBBINS' JOURNAL. mosques. I regretted exceedingly that I could not have entered the town, which, from its ex- tent, and every appearance, induced me to con- clude that it contained the greatest population of any town J had seen in the country. I noticed three funeral processions in the suburbs. The name of this place, as I learned, is Dar-el Hama- ra. We stopped upon the borders of the place, until provisions were obtained, and then pro- ceeded upon our journey some distance from the sea, through a clay country of hills and val- ises, abounding with small streams of water, and at night lodged at a douar. Upon the fourth, we passed over a very high mountain, covered with wood and abounding with wild boars, which the natives called helloof. From this place I had a view of the Rock of Gib- raltar to the northward, and of Mount Atlas to the eastward. There were vast numbers of cork- wood trees, with rough bark three or four inch- es thick, from which the cork is manufactured. Many of them were entirely stripped of their bark. They resemble the oak of our country. Upon descending the mountain, we reached an extensive level country filled with tents and thatched huts as far as the eye could reach. We lodged at a small stone church devoted to the use of travellers and religious worship. Upon the 5th da.y of April, at about 10, A. M. we reached the town of Tangier, and were con- ducted to the house of the Hon. James Simpson. American consul general at that place. He received us with dignified affability, welcomed us to his house, and rejoiced at the prospect we ROBBINS' JOURNAL. 27 J now had of a speedy return to our country. Brown, Davis, and I were conducted to a board- ing house, and were requested to visit him as often as possible during our stay. The town of Tangier is too well known to need from me a description, indeed I little thought of noticing any surrounding object, I was so completely en- grossed with the delightful and exhilarating thought of leaving a country in which I had gone through almost " all the variety of untried being." Upon the 6th, being Sunday, we remained at our quarters most of the day ; we however saw many Spaniards resorting to the Roman Catho- lic churches to attend divine service. For al- most two years I had dragged out a miserable existence among the followers of Mahomet, and this was the first time, for that period, excepting at Mr. Wiltshire's, that I had observed men ofc fering adoration to the Saviour of the World. A flood, of ideas rushed into my mind. I was in sight of the bay of Gibraltar, from which we sailed in the Commerce. The scenes through which my shipmates and I had passed since that time hurried through my memory. I cast my eye toward my beloved country, and reflected, with delight, that some of them were enjoying its blessings. 1 also, in imagination, retraced the desert of Zahara, and the coast of Africa, and remembered with excruciating anguish, that Mr. Williams, Barrett, Hogau, Antonio, and Dick, were either enduring the sufferings from which I had escaped, or were relieved from them by a miserable death. The only consolation I found from this distreesiag consideration was. 272 ROBBINS' JOURNAL. that the same Merciful Being, who had snatch- ed me from the accumulated horrors that had long surrounded me, might also save them. Upon Monday morning, (7th,) Mr. Simpson sent a messenger, requesting us to visit his splendid gardens two miles from town. We im- mediately repaired thither. They were situa- ted upon the top of an elevated hill which he, in veneration for the imperishable honor of his great compatriot in the revolutionary war, has dignified with the name of Mount Washington. Mr. Simpson is a venerable old man, of seventy years ; and, from his treatment to us, and other Americans, shews that he has not forgotten his attachment to his unfortunate countrymen in the exalted station he filis, and the splendor that surrounds him. From these delightful gardens Tangier pre- sents a handsome appeaiance. The houses are low in general, but the Consular residences are very magnificent. In this place are Consuls from America, France, Great Britain, Sweden, Denmark, Holland, Spain, and Portugal. Mr. Simpson addressed a letter to Mr. B. Hen- ry, American Consul at Gibraltar, and delivered it to a Spanish captain upon the 8th. Upon that day, at 4, P. M. we entered on board a small Spanish vessel, and left the continent of Africa. We arrived at Gibraltar early the next morning, the passage being about thirty miles. Upon uie 9th of April, 1817, the health officer came on board, and immediately gave us liberty to land at the port. We were immediately conducted to the residence Mr Henry. Upon reading ROBBIJNS' JOURNAL 273 the letter of Mr. Simpson, he gave us a small sum of money to refresh ourselves with, for which he required a receipt. He ordered us to appear before him at 4, P. M. which we did. He then told us that it was too expensive for us to live on shore, and that we must go on board the U. S. brig Spark, then lying at Gibraltar, until we could get a passage to America, adding, that she was in want of hands, and that by entering on board, we might obtain clothing from our ad- vance pay. As much as we needed clothing, our weakness was such as totally incapacitated us from doing duty on board a public vessel, and in that way to procure them. We little expect- ed to be received by an American consul, and treated in this manner, after the tender treat- ment we had met with from an alcayd of Moroc- co, Mr. Wiltshire, and Mr. Simpson. By good fortune, without the aid of Mr. Henry, we fell in with Capt. Stanwood, of the ship Hero, bound to Boston, on board of which Brown and I entered. We went ashore frequently, and applied to Mr. Henry for clothing. He told us he thought we had clothing sufficient, and shewed the most per- fect indifference to our applications. Knowing that we were in an unfit situation to commence a voyage to America, and being totally destitute of resources ourselves, I ventured to write to Consul Simpson, at Tangier, entreating his as- sistance. As soon as a return could be had, I received from that benevolent gentleman the fol- lowing answer : Tangier, 17th April, 1817. Sir — Yesterday I received your letter of the 274 ROBBINS' JOURNAL. 14th inst. and hope you may, with your two com- panions, be at last accommodated with a passage in the ship Hero; that you may all speedily be re- stored to your country and families. — Let Davis inform the relations of George Hall, that the Spa- nish consul here has promised me, the Spaniard, who is the cause of his not having obtained his freedom with them (Brown and Davis) shall be forthwith redeemed. They may rely on Hall being freed at some time, should Mr. Wiltshire not be able to effect it before, by reason of the Arab persisting in his determination not to release the one without the other. I have written Mr. Henry on the subject of your being provided (the three) with such clothing as may be requested ; and I have no doubt but that gentleman will do whatever may be found necessary on the occasion. I wish you well, and am, Sir, your obedient servant, JAMES SIMPSON , P. S. 1st — We have not had any intelligence from Mogadore since you left it. Mr. Archibald Robbins. P. S. 2d — 18th April. Advice has been re- ceived of Hall's redemption being agreed, and the ransom sent down. J. S. The above letter I found at Mr. Henry's office. The letter of the American Consul general to him had an effect, which the entreaties of forlorn and destitute Americans, just escaped from Ish- ROBBINS' JOURNAL. 21b maelitish slavery, could not produce ; and he immediately furnished necessary clothing to Brown and myself, Davis having previously left the Hero. Upon the 30th April, Captain Stanwood sail- ed from Gibraltar, and, after a pleasant passage, we arrived in Boston upon the 30th day of May, 1817. When I landed at Boston, 1 entirely forgot the destitute situation I was in, from the reflection that I was in the American Republic. My health and strength were restored, and I was enabled to work my passage on board the schooner Pearl, Capt. Ingraham, to Saybrook. From thence to Wethersfield I travelled on foot, where f was received by my connections and former companions with a cordiality which convinced me that I was still esteemed : e*nd that the scenes of degradation, slavery, and misery through which I had passed, instead of diminishing., had augmented their attachment. THE END. University of California SOUTHERN REGIONAL LIBRARY FACILITY 305 De Neve Drive - Parking Lot 17 • Box 951388 LOS ANGELES, CALIFORNIA 90095-1388 Return this material to the library from which it was borrowed . . m?Ni a 3 1158 00593 9532 <^ UC SOUTHERN REGIONAL LIBRARY FACIL AA 000 831 269 6