I! ( & GIFT OF Dr. Robert T. Sutherland GRADED MAN LESSONS BEING CTICAL GERMAN GRAMMAR By WILLIAM EYSENBACH REVISED AND LARGELY REWRITTEN, WITH NOTES TO THE EXERCISES. READING LESSONS AND VOCABULARIES BY WILLIAM C. COLLAR, A.M Head Master Roxbury Latin School BOSTON, U.S.A.: PUBLISHED BY GINN & COMPANY. 1894. Copyright by Ginn & Company, Boston, 1887. EDITOR'S PREFACE. When at the request of Messrs. Ginn & Co. I undertook to revise Eysenbach's German Grammar, I thought the task was not a difficult one, and that it could be accomplished within a comparatively short time. It was accordingly announced that this edition would be ready some months ago ; but the labor of revision has proved so much greater than was anticipated, that it is only after more than a year from its commencement that the end has been reached. But however trying to the publishers this delay has been, it has in one way been very beneficial to me. In the mean time I have gone through, or nearly through, the book, with my two upper classes in the Roxbury Latin School, and the notes to the exercises, which form one of the principal features of the revision, are the immediate fruit of that ex- perience. The mistakes, misunderstandings, and difficulties of my pupils taught me, day by day, where and what kind of notes were needed. Besides, the repeated, prolonged, and minute examination of the book in every part, which the instruction of my classes made necessary, enabled me to see, much better than would otherwise have been possible, both the excellencies and the defects of Eysenbach's work, and accordingly what to keep and what to eliminate or change, where to expand and where to add wholly new matter. I designed to leave the original work unchanged in its most important features, so far as I was able, and in general to impose upon myself, in the revision, very strict limitations. It not unfrequently happens that, when a school-book is revised by another than the author, it is IV PREFACE. ruined. A very common and most deplorable fault is a great expansion of the original. Many years ago I con- tended that one of the greatest of all educational needs was thin books. I remain of the same opinion still, though there are many signs of improvement. School-books are still too big. On my table lies a German grammar more popular and more used, I presume, than any other in this country, which, not small at first, has been swollen by revision to a bulk of nearly six hundred pages, — crescit eundo : also two Latin grammars, that have driven out nearly all others, increased in size by successive revisions to nearly double their former dimensions. Now, whatever faults this revision may be charged with, excessive expansion is not one of them. The original contained, not including the Appendix, 254 densely- packed pages. This edition has 245, somewhat larger but much more openly printed pages, exclusive of the Appendix and the Vocabularies. The plan and aim of the original work I wished to leave undisturbed, but in one important particular it seemed neces- sary to make a change. It was Eysenbach's object to write a grammar that should equip the faithful student for under- standing, speaking, and writing German with the utmost economy of time and labor ; and no book with which I am acquainted is so ingeniously and admirably adapted to secure the first great requisite, a perfect practical mastery of forms. Also for acquiring a ready command of materials for conver- sation and the common modes of expression, it would be difficult to match in excellence the work of Eysenbach. But the ability to read German the author does not mention as one of the objects which he proposes to the student of his grammar, and it is evident that it is relatively undervalued by him. His selections for reading, accordingly, are altogether meager in quantity, and in character somewhat childish. Here, then, there has been a modification, or, more explicitly, a shifting of the emphasis. Reading should go hand in hand PREFACE. V with speaking and writing. // should be begun at the earliest practicable moment, and should occupy the largest practicable place. The reading lessons in this edition comprise selections various in character, but simple and easy to understand, and intended, at the same time, to be representative, so far as they go, of what is best in German prose and lyric poetry.. Every piece of poetry deserves to be committed accurately and thoroughly to memory. The inevitable drudgery in learning the elements of a language ought to be relieved by reading and repeating beautiful things in its literature, till words, thoughts, and images become a part of the student's being as much as idioms and inflections. To make room for the reading lessons, not a few conversational exercises, and some of those for translation into German, which had proved too difficult, have been eliminated without any fear of loss to the learner. The model sentences which introduce each lesson, and are made the basis of all the etymology and syntax, have been but slightly altered, and in only five or six places. The exercises, too, for translation into English and into German, except as already indicated, have been but little retrenched, or modified, or enlarged. Thus again the frame-work of the book remains substantially what it was, with two exceptions, which must be stated. The nouns have been grouped in two declensions, the strong and the weak, instead of three, and the same classi- fication of verbs, the strong and the weak conjugations, has been adopted. This classification has not merely the recom- mendation that it is more scientific, but the much stronger one, for an elementary work, that it is simpler and easier for the learner. Doubtless the greater the number of declen- sions, the fewer the exceptions, and this seems to have been the reason why grammarians have so multiplied declensions. But a classification that commends itself to the learner's reason will assist his memory far more than one made M292446 VI PREFACE. arbitrarily, however ingeniously it may be contrived to stretch itself over the greatest number of substantives. After so far preserving the plan and purpose of the original, I found it necessary to depart, in a measure, from my first design, and to recast and rewrite all, or nearly all, the explanatory, didactic, and illustrative matter. This has been done closely and purposely on the model of The Beginner's Latin Book. It is the method of observation, comparison, imitation, and induction, which long experience has taught me is the really " natural method," as well as the most interesting and fruitful. Mere imitation and memo- rizing will go a great way in learning a language ; but it is surely better to use all the faculties than one or two, and if the learning of a modern language is to be made a means of mental training, and there is no reason known to me why it should not be, as well as the learning of Latin or Greek, there is danger of throwing too much work upon the memory. According to American notions, the Germans are inhuman in their demands upon the memory. Perhaps they might retort that that seems so because they believe in actually learning languages, while it is not so apparent that we do. But, sure that memory will find enough to do in the learning of German, I have sought, in sundry ways, rather to relieve the strain upon it. Partly for this reason, and partly to add interest to the study, in the observations on the model sentences and in the notes to the exercises, I have made frequent comparisons of German with such other languages as students who use the book may be sup- posed to have studied, or to be carrying along with German. A glance at the index under the heading " Latin " will indi- cate something of the number and character of these com- parisons. I would gladly have made them many times as numerous if space had permitted, and if I had had any con- fidence that they would not repel or embarrass many teachers. Enough has been done to suggest a practice that I have PREFACE. Vli found interesting and helpful alike to teacher and to pupils. The object, of course, is not to make philologists, but to quicken interest and intelligence, and to form an intellectual habit of great value. An outline of pronunciation has been added, which may prove helpful to some teachers. As it is only a sketch, teachers will need to resort to larger works, which make some pretensions to being exhaustive, for the answer to many questions which will arise. I have merely put together, as concisely as possible, from the best sources, a minimum of essential things. The German-English vocabulary will, it is hoped, provide an answer to almost every doubt that will occur in the pronunciation of words in this book. An index, an appendix containing much new matter, and German- English and English-German vocabularies, constitute the principal additions not already mentioned. Eysenbach's book is the work of a man who has a genius for teaching, and, with all its faults, it is admirably suited to a purely oral method. Its greatest merit in design is, that it presents the language to the learner right end foremost ; and its greatest merit in execution, the ingenuity, variety, and copiousness of its exercises. But it is deficient in scientific spirit and method. Things are presented in too fragment- ary and scattered a fashion. What I mean can be shortly illustrated by the treatment of the personal pronouns. On page 15, a partial declension of some of them in the sin- gular is given. Nine pages farther on, there is an additional instalment. Seven pages farther, there is more. Forty pages farther, there is some repetition and expansion. Sixteen pages more, and we come to the complete declension. There is here a trifle too much of the " natural method." Indeed, to follow that method a outrance in the construction of a book, would infallibly land one in chaos. The result would not be a book properly speaking, but a congeries of things disconnected and unrelated. But the proper antithete to V1U PREFACE. natural is artificial; and a method may be none the less natural — that is, according to nature — that is informed and directed by a scientific spirit. Continuity, order, proportion, and symmetry are as natural as their opposites. This has been the controlling principle of this revision, and many opportunities have occurred for its practical application. In the preparation of the vocabularies, the matchless Sachs- Villatte lexicon was followed in respect to pronunciation and some other particulars. For definitions and remarks on the use of words, the editor had permission from Dr. William D. Whitney to make free use of his excellent German Dic- tionary. In the effort to conform to the modern system of German orthography, I regret to say some inconsistencies will be found. The spelling of German is at present in a somewhat chaotic state, and it is perhaps inevitable that one who steps out of the beaten track and tries to follow the lines of reform, or supposed reform, should come to grief. It is almost impossible, while it is exceedingly important, in a book like this, to avoid errors. I can only say that I have done my best to keep them out, and that I shall be grateful to any one who will take the trouble to point out to me any oversights that he may discover, or any graver mistakes of scholarship or judgment. It remains for me gratefully to acknowledge the assistance that I have received from several persons. Dr. A. N. Van Dael, superintendent of instruction in modern languages in the Boston public schools, and Professor Ephraim Emerton of Harvard University, each kindly favored me with two or three useful suggestions. M. W. Davis, A.B., and D. O. S. Lowell, A.M., both of the Roxbury Latin School, helped me very much in the preparation of the vocabularies. I am also under special obligations to Mr. Lowell for reading the proof- sheets of the vocabularies with the utmost care. Miss Saw***? F. Litchfield, of the Somerville High School, and Dr. J. E. PREFACE. IX Clarke, Principal of the Chelsea High School, kindly read a part of the proof-sheets and favored me with notes thereon. My former German teacher, Professor E. C. F. Krauss, now of Kansas City, Mo., whose skill as an instructor and whose profound knowledge of his own language I remember with affectionate admiration, has permitted me to consult him on doubtful points of grammar and usage. My hearty thanks are due to Miss Clara S. Blanchard, of the Maiden High School, for carefully reading the proof- sheets as far as the vocabularies. Her thorough knowledge of German, her perfect familiarity with EysenbacWs Grammar, and her quickness in detecting errors, made her proof-reading and her criticisms of great value. Finally I wish to thank Mr. C. H. Heintzemann, who has personally superintended the printing of this book, for the patient care and skill with which he has labored to make it typographically correct and attractive. Wm. C. Collar. Boston, Sept. i, 18S7. NOTE TO THE REVISED EDITION. In reply to various inquiries as to the best way of using this book, it is recommended that, after the eighth lesson, only the model sentence and the exercise based immediately on the model sentence in each lesson, with the explanations and paradigms intervening, be studied in going through the book the first time. The learner may then, or even earlier, take the selections for reading, and. in a third course resume the exercises. Even the third course should include, with the German Aufgaben, no more than half of each English exercise to be turned into German, the rest being reserved for practice in writing in connection with subsequent reading. It is a grave mistake to crowd all of the grammatical work into the first part of a German course. A good and serviceable knowledge of the language cannot be acquired without much writing of German ; but after the first outline of grammar, reading and writing should for a considerable time go hand in hand. Wm. C. C. June i, 1888. CONTENTS. Index Alphabet Pronunciation . . . . . Lessons : I. Nominative and Accusative .... II. Nominative and Accusative .... III. Dative and Accusative IV. The Strong Declension ; Personal Pronouns V. The Weak Declension ; Singular VI. Possessive Pronouns ; The Imperative Mode . VII. Feminine Nouns; Auxiliary Verbs of Mode VIII. The Declension of Adjectives; Masculine Nouns IX. The Declension of Adjectives; Neuter Nouns . X. The Declension of Adjectives; Feminine Nouns XL Plural of Strong and Weak Declensions ; Numerals XII. The Plural of Neuter Nouns XIII. The Plural of Feminine Nouns . XIV. The Personal Pronouns; Reflective Verbs XV. The Auxiliaries of Mode XVI. The Auxiliaries of Mode XVII. Comparison of Adjectives and Adverbs XVIII. The Imperfect Tense .... XIX. Relative and Interrogative Pronouns . XX. Separable and Inseparable Prefixes XXI. Numerals; Cardinal, Ordinal, etc. XXII. Conditional Sentences .... PAGES xiii-xxii xxiii-xxiv 1-6 6-7 8-12 13-18 18-25 2 5-3° 3**-39 40-48 49-55 55-6o 60-66 66-76 77-84 85-92 93-100 101-106 107-114 1 1 5-1 24 i25-*33 134-142 I43-J5 1 I 5 I ~ I 57 158-168 Xll CONTENTS. Lessons : XXIII. XXIV. XXV. XXVI. XXVII. XXVIII. XXIX. XXX. XXXI. Modal Auxiliaries ; Conditional and Subjunctive The Tense Auxiliary roerben ; Passive Voice Tenses of the Indicative Mode The Subjunctive in Indirect Quotation Prepositions Order of Words ; Conjunctions . The Passive Voice : The Accusative Case The Dative Case ..... Equivalents of English Present Participle Appendix: Exceptions and Supplementary Lists Paradigm of a Weak Verb Paradigm of a Strong Verb Paradigms of Auxiliaries of Tense Paradigms of Auxiliaries of Mode List of Strong and Mixed Verbs Vocabularies : German- English Vocabulary English-German Vocabulary PAGES / 168-176 177-187 188-196 196-202 / 203-214 215-223 224-228 228-238 238-245 247-252 2 53- 2 57 258-259 260-267 267-276 277-284 287-336 337-3°° INDEX. The numerals immediately following /. and n. refer to page and note ; all others to paragraphs. The abbreviation cf. signifies compare. a, pronunciation of, p. 2. changed to a, 46, 3 ; 122, 197, 2 ; 251. 0, pronunciation of, p. 2. (lfl, pronunciation of, p. 2. abet, does not affect order, p. 11, n.4, b. distinguished from fonbem, p. 96, n. 8. position of, p. 110, n. 3. Absolute superlative, 199, 2 and 3. Accent, place of, p. 5. distinguishes separable and inseparable prefixes, p. 5, note ; 232. Accusative case, with transitive verbs, 1, 7, 16, 17. of definite time, p. 74, n. 3. distinguished from dative after certain prepositions, 316. two accusatives, 332, 333. and genitive, 333, 3. of measure, 335. in certain phrases, 338. object as logical subject, 339, 1. with reflective verbs, 348. Adjectival clause, 328, 2, b, and 4. Adjectives, as adverbs, p. 46, n. 1 ; 199, 1. after roa§, etc., p. 46, n. 4. used predicatively, 87, 1. paradigm of strong, 88. paradigm of weak, 89. paradigm of mixed forms, 90. paradigm of plural, 91. remarks on declension, 92. as appositives, p. 46, n. 4. in el, en, er, may drop e, p. 58, n. 1. may omit tt in plural, p. 80, n. 1. preceded by numerals, p. 82, n. 7. used substantively, 167, 1. formed with suffix ig, 167, 2. formed from names of towns, 230, 1. formed from names of countries, 233. of measure, etc., with accusative, 335. Adverbs, place of, p. 11, n. 4, a\ p. 21, n. 2. of time, 326, 7. Adverbial clause, 328, 2, c, and 5. lit, pronunciation of, p. 3. oft, when uninflected, p. 86, n. 4. uXka, like fonbem, p. 145, n. 1. ttfle, preceding an adjective, p. 80, n. 1. afleiil, does not affect order, p. 11, n. 4, i. all his, fein gcmjeS, p. 128, n. 5. Alphabet, letters of, neuter, 134, 1. 013, when, of narration, p. 113, n.^J. sometimes omitted, p. 142, n. 4. Ott, 316 and 1; p. 207, n 1. (Utbcr, declension of, p. 59, n. 1. embert&ttlo, 244, 2 ; p. 154, n. I. Appellatives, formation of feminine, 113 ; 233, n. 2; p. 73, n. 5. apud, compare bet, p. 145, n. 7. Article, uses of definite, p. 15, n. 1. declension of definite, 52. instead of poss. pron., 87, 2 ; 183, 3. cf. French and Greek, p. 49, n. 1. preceding adjectives, 92, 1, 2, 3 and 4. definite, omission of, p. 52, n. 5. Xlll XIV INDEX. used in Germ, where omitted in Eng., p. 51, n. 4; p. 53, n. 1 ; p. 101, n. 1. definite, used distributively, 337. UU, pronunciation of, p. 3. changed to ixu, 46, 3 ; 122. Olid), added for emphasis, p. 138, n. 1. ottrfj ntdjt, cf.neque, p. 139, n. 2. ouf, with dat. and ace, 111, p. 72, -.4, 316 and 2; p. 207, n. 1. iugment ge, in forming perf. partic, 64. when not used, 231 ; 278, 2. Auxiliaries, of tense, fein, 109, 211, 381. fiaben, 211, 1, note; 211, 2, note; 380. toerben, 158, 3 ; 382. of mode, 176, 182, 266, 268, 269, 383. place of, 219, 328, 328, 1. of passive voice, toerben, 382. B. fi, pronunciation of, p. 3. English correspondent of, 22. $taf(, pronunciation of, p. 10, n. 2. SBor, declension of, 41, 5 ; 377. bf, inseparable prefix, p. 5, note ; 231. bet, cf. apud, p. 87, n. 5; p. 145, n. 7. denotes the circumstances of an event, p. 186, n. 1 ; 315, 1. big, 314 ; like usque, p. 203, n. 1. C. Capitals, begin German nouns, 2. A), letters changed by combination, p. 1. pronunciation of, p. 3. when dropped in f)0d), p. 54, n. 1. djeit, as suffix, mark of diminutive, and of neuter gender, 134, 2. Comparison of adjectives, 196-199. Conditional sentence, 219, 259. correspondence of with subj., 258, 1. time of first conditional, 259, 1. time of second conditional, 259, 2. when preferred to subj., p. 162, n. 1. Conditional sentence, 249, 259. inverted, 327, 4. Conjugation, of strong verbs, paradigms, 44, 379. of weak verbs, 45, 378. strong and weak compared, 46, 1, 2, 3. list of strong and mixed verbs, p. 277. See Verbs, Strong, and Weak. Conjunctions, 324. subordinating, 329. that do not affect order, 327, 1, n. connaftre, cf. fentteit, novi, p. 141, n. 1. Consonants, pronunciation of, pp. 3, 4. English correspondents, 22. cum, cf. mit, p. 87, n. 5; p. 145, n. 7. ». b, pronunciation of, p. 3. English correspondents, 22. tin, or bar, combined with prepositions, 58 ; 168, c. [357, (4). anticipates a following clause, p. 211, n ; btidjte, use of, p. 223, n. 3. OOfur, p. 14, n. 3 ; 58. blttf, sometimes omitted, 303, 3. introduces substantive clause, 328, 3. subordinating conjunction introducing clause of purpose, 329. introduces a' clause representing posses- sive adjective and partic, 358, 359. Dative case, 16, 17. ending e may be omitted, 28, 1. idiomatically used, p. 82, n. 5. distinguished from accusative, 316. with certain verbs, 845, 346. in certain phrases, 347. of the reflective pronoun, 348. 877, compared with ja, p. 119, n. 2. Declension, nouns grouped as strong and weak, 26. paradigms of singular, 27, 39. paradigms of plural, 121, 128, tables of endings, 75, 131. of personal pronouns, 35. of adjectives, 88-91. of definite article, 52. of indefinite article, 53. of demonstrative pronouns, 52,1. of relative pronouns, 218. See also Nouns, Mixed Forms, Adjec- tives, and Pronouns. btin, corresponds to bu, p. 10, n. 1. declension of, 54, 1. old form of genitive, p. 175, n. 1. bCltn, does not affect order, p. 11, n. 4, b. Dependent clause, preceding principal, 327, 3. when inverted, 327, 4. auxiliary and two infinitives in, 828, 1. INDEX. XV related to principal, 328, 2. answers toEnglish participial forms, 361. ber, as a demonstrative pronoun, p. 41, n. 1; 219, n. as relative pronoun, like roeldfjer, 219, n.; 220, (a). bcutftf), as a noun, 233, n. 1. biejer, how declined, 52, 1. Diphthongs, pronunciation of, p. 3. Direct object, place of, 17. bit, use of, 11. corresponding poss. pron, betn, p.10, n. 1. paradigm of, 35. buret), meaning of, 314, 1. separable or inseparable prefix, 232. burfcit, paradigm of present indie, 82. imperfect subjunc. of, p. 171, n. 1. E. e, pronunciation of, p. 2 and n. 2. inserted, 46, 1. changed to i or ie, 46, 3. dropped in declension of nouns, 28, 1. dropped in unfer and euer, 54, 2. dropped in second person singular of imperative, 56. dropped in case of adjectives in el, en, er, p. 58, n. 1. derivatives in e feminine, 133. W, pronunciation of, p. 2. ei, pronunciation of, p. 3. final, marks nouns as feminine, 133, 3. entj), inseparable prefix, p. 5, n. m, ending of weak nouns, 40, 1; 129. adjective-ending instead of e§, p. 49, n. 3 ; 92, 2 and n. marks nouns as masculine, 132, 2. Endings, tables of, 75, 131. English, certain distinctions in, limited, p. 206, n. 1. indef. article in a distributive sense, 337. transitive verbs corresponding to German intransitive, 345. present participle, equivalents of in German, 355-362. verbal nouns in ing, equivalents of, ibid. participial forms expressing various re- lations, 361. ent, inseparable prefix, p. 5, n. eillifle, preceding an adjective, p. 80, n. 1. tt, inseparable prefix, p. 5, n. as plural ending, 126. adjectives formed by adding, 230, 1. tS, paradigm of, 35. rarely with a preposition, 58. as genitive ending, 28 ; p. 49, n. 3. answers to expletive there, p. 53, n. 6. introduces a sentence, p. 96, n. 2. as a subject, sometimes omitted, 344. e§ giebt (gibt), 339, 3, and note. effeil, paradigm of pres. indie, 62. et, suffix of old genitive, p. 96, n. 7. etUia**, how written, p. 20, n. 3. neuter adjective joined to, as an apposi- tive, p. 46, n. 4. ett, pronunciation of, p. 3. euer, declension, 54, 2. every, how expressed, p. 121, n. 6. F. f, English correspondents of, 22. Feminine nouns, certain, classed with strong nouns, 26, 2 ; 125, 2. list of, classed with strong nouns, 371. not changed in the singular, 26, 2. mostly of weak declension, 40, 2. plural of those in in, p. 73, n. 5. appellatives formed from masculines, 113, 233, n. 2. See Gender. Foreign nouns, declension of, 41, 4. Srou, use of, p. 123, n. 2. French, use of article, 87, 2 and note, 1. /aire, cf. laffen, 193. connaitre, cf. lennert, p. 141, n. 1. savoir, cf. tmffett, p. 141, n. 1. ily a, cf. e§ gtebt, p. 226, n. 1. 3fUrjt, declension of, 41, 5; 377. fitr toeu, use of, p. 13, n. 2. G. (J, pronunciation of, p. 4 and n. 1. English correspondents of, 22. (je, inseparable prefix, p. 5, n. as augment, 64. as prefix of neuter nouns, 123, 4 ; 125, 4; 134,4. when omitted in perf. part., 231, 278,2. gegeu, 314, 2. ©etnttljl, ©emoJjltn, use of, p. 123, n. 2. Qeuittff, precedes or follows its noun, 288. XVI INDEX. Gender of compound nouns, how deter- mined, p. 44, n. 2 ; 135. names of countries, p. 47, n. 1 ; 134, 1. masculine nouns, 132. feminine nouns, 133. neuter nouns, 134. of predicate noun, etc., 173. of pronoun as subject, 173. Genitive case, substitution of non with dative for, p. 74, n. 1. to denote time indefinitely, p. 74, n. 3. to denote manner, 146. compared with Latin, after impersonal verbs, 167, 3. with verbs of accusing, etc. , 333, 3. Genitive singular, form of, distinguishes declensions, 28, 40, 1. ending dropped, 51, 1. of adjectives, pp. 49, n. 3 ; 50, n.l ; 92, 2. ending dropped in names of months, p. 104, n. 5. old forms of mem, bein, fein, p. 96, n. 7; p. 137, n. 5. Greek, use of article compared with the same in German, 87, n. 1. SeKa, cf. old English tig, p. 152, n. 1. dAAa, cf. fonbern, p. 145, n. 1. Srj, cf. ja, p. 119, n. 2. construction in indirect quotation, p. 197, n. 2. compression of a clause into an adjective, p. 241, n. 1. H. t), often suppressed, p. 4, n. 2 ; p. 16, n. 3. I) (t licit, paradigm of pres. ind., 42. complete paradigm of, 380. ^ttft, suffix, has I) sounded, p. 4, n. 2. Ijalli, an adjective, 244, c. IjiUlicu or linllicr, 318. fjaltcit, partial paradigm of, 208. ()tlt, pronunciation of, p. 8, n. 1. Ijcit, suffix, pronunciation of, p. 4, n. 2. marks nouns as feminine, 133, 3. §elb, declension of, 41, 5; 377. tjclfcn, paradigm of pres. ind., 70. £>crr, paradigm of, 39. declension, 41, 5; 377. l)Clllf, position in the sentence, 2. Ijfldf), declension of, p. 54, n. 1. however, cf. aGer, p. 110, n. 3. fjUUfocrt, neuter noun in plural, 143, 5. hundred, a, how expressed, 24£, 3. I. i, pronunciation of, p. 2. silent when followed by e in the same syllable, p. 4, n. 2. irfj, not written with a capital, p. 11, n. 2. as suffix, marks nouns as masculine, 132, 2. it, pronunciation of, p. 2. final, marks nouns as feminine, 133, 3. in, suffix, marks nouns as masculine, 132, 2. forms adjectives, 167, 2; 185. $ljr, use of, 11. declension of, 54, 1. iljr, declension of, 54, 1. $ilrem, %\t*\\, ^^nen, how distinguished, p. 21, n. 3. ttttmcr, added for emphasis, p. 138, n. 1. Imperative mode, of the strong and of the weak conjugations, 55. Imperfect tense, paradigm of, 250, 267. formation of subjunctive of, 251. of subjunctive, referring to present time, 259, 1. of subjunctive to express an impossible present wish, p. 174, n. 6. of subjunctive, instead of present subjunc- tive, 305, 1. used instead of first conditional, 259, 3. of modal auxiliaries, 269. in narrative, both in principal and depend- ent clauses, 294. itt, withdat. and ace, 111, p. 72, n. 4; 316; p. 207, n. 1. as suffix, marks nouns as feminine, 133, 3 forms fern, appellatives, 113, 238, n. 2 Indirect object, place of, 17. Infinitive, without jit, 79, (1). after modal auxiliaries, p. 45, n. 2. after certain verbs, p. 90, n. 3. with perfect of modal auxiliaries, 177. in place of past participle of certain verbs, p. 103, n. 1. dependent on laffen, 198. after bletben, like a present participle, denoting manner, p. 129, n. 2. INDEX. XV11 active, after fein, fteben, p. 146, n. 1. compound tense of, p. 216, n. 1. as equivalent of English present participle and verbal in ing, 356. equivalent of verbal noun as subject, p. 240, n. 1. ilt(J, as suffix, marks nouns as masculine, 132, 2. Interrogative words, 219, note ; 328, 3. Intransitive verbs, with fein as auxiliary, 109, 211. J. \, pronunciation of, p. 4. jjn, pronunciation of, p. 7, n. 2. compared with 8jj, p. 119, n. 2. jamdiu, cf. fcbon and feit, 292, note. jcber, how declined, 52, 1. jc uadjtoem, p. 192, n. 2. jener, how declined, 52, 1. K. f, English correspondents of, 22. represented by sh, p. 28, n. 2. feilt, declension of, 54, 1. negative of ein, p. 95, n. 1. feit, as suffix, marks nouns as feminine, 133, 3. fennen, compared with Latin novi, French connaitre, p. 141, n. 1. distinguished from TDtffen, ibid. ftinnctt, paradigm of pres. ind., 82. complete paradigm of, 384. Em l(UtQ§, governs dat. and gen., 318. Infjeit, partial paradigm of, 194. perfect of, p. 103, n. 1. Latin compared with German : time of an action, p. 15, n. 1. active periphrastic corresponding to forms of rooUen, 79, (2). aliquid novi, ettOCtS neue§, p. 46, n. 4. perfect participle as an adjective, 100. in and sub, with accusative and ablative, p. 72, n. 4. e and ex, used like BOlt, p. 74, n. 1. ipse, used like felbft, 158, 2. formation of future tense unlike the German, 158, 3. apud, used like bet, p. 87, n. 5, cum, compared with mit, p. 145, n. 7. use of dative, 183, 3. pudet, with genitive, like fdjamt ftcb, 167, 3. dico, equivalent of roollen, 167, 4. autem, like after, p. 110, n. 3. hie — ille, like b'tefer — jener, p. 128, n. 2. nihilo, like um nidjtS, p. 138, 2. neqtie, like dud) — ntcfit, p. 139, n. 2. novi, like fennen and connattre, p. 141, n. 1. scio, like nriffen and savoir, ibid, etiam, like nodj, p. 149, n. 4. decent, cf. old English tig, p. 152, n. 1. alter, like ber onbere, 244, 2. imperfect and pluperfect subjunctive, in conditional sentences, 259, note. jamdiu, with present, like fdjon and feit, 292, note. perfect contrasted with German perfect, 293, note. construction in indirect quotation, p. 197, n.2. usque, like bt§, p. 203, n. 1. impersonal verbs in the active, 339, 2. impersonal verbs in the passive, p. 229, n. 1. verbs governing dative, p. 230, n. 1. let, as suffix, 244, b. lent, as suffix, mark of diminutive and of neuter gender, 134, 2. lefeit, paradigm of present, 70. Letters, certain, changed in form by com- bination, p. 1. fittfl, as suffix, marks nouns as masculine, 132, 2. M. ttt final distinguishes nouns as masculine, 132, 2. mol, as suffix, 244, a. manrtjc, preceding an adjective, p. 80, n. 1. tttandjer, how declined, 52, 1. 9Rann, use of, p. 123, n. 2. Masculine nouns, in e, 41, 2. monosyllabic, not in e, 41, 3; 130, 3. in el, em, en, er, 123, 1. of strong nouns, second class, 125, 1. of strong nouns, third class, 127, 1. singular for plural, 152. of strong declension, first class, that mod- ify the vowel in the plural, 367. XV111 INDEX. mixed in declension, 368, 370. strong nouns, three classes of, 120. monosyllabic, not modifying vowel in the first class, formation of plural, 122. plural, 369. second class, formation of plural, 124. belonging to strong declension, third third class, formation of plural, 126. class, 374. masculines in el, cm, en, er, of first class, form genitive singular irregularly, 376. 123, 1. not ending in e, but of weak declension, masculines, other than those in e, el, em, 377. en, er, mostly of second class, 125, 1. inetjmc preceding an adjec, p. 80, n. 1. a few masculines of third class, 127, 1 ; irregular comparative of niele, 198. 374. nttitt, paradigm of, 53. masculines in e, of weak decl., 130, 2. ajjenjdj, declension, 41, 5; 377. See also, 368, 370, 376. mir, position of, p. 96, n. 4. feminines unchanged in the sing., 40, 2. Uttfe, prefix, rarely separable, p. 5, n. 3. feminine proper names, 74. Htit, like Latin cum, p. 87, n. 5; p. 145, feminines formed from masculines, 113. n. 7. feminines of strong decl., 125, 2; 371. Mixed forms, of adjectives, 90. most feminines of weak decl., 130, 1. of nouns, 368, 370, 373, 376. neuters in d)en and lein of first class, of verbs, see list of strong and mixed. 123, 1. ntOQtn, paradigm of pres. ind., 82. neuters with prefix ge and ending in e, of use of imperfect, p. 171, n. 3. first class, 123, 4. complete paradigm of, 388. monosyllabic neuters of second class, tmifjcit, paradigm of pres. ind., 78. 125, 3. complete paradigm, 383. monosyllabic neuters of third class, 127, 2; 375. N. foreign, 125, 1; 130,4. It, ending of weak nouns in oblique cases, weak, do not modify vowel, 130, note. 40,1. singular for plural, 152. a plural ending, 129. formed from names of countries, 233. may be omitted, p. 80, n. 1. See also Gender. nod), precedes or follows its noun, 288. Hi, genitive ending of feminines in e, 74. use of, 315, 2 ; p. 207, n. 1. Number, singular for plural, 152. norfiocm, transposes the verb, p. 181, n. 3. of predicate noun, etc., 173. Names, of females, 74. Numerals, before adjectives, p. 82, n. 7. of persons with the article, 28, 3; p. 51, odd numbers, 243, 4. n. 4. iterative, 244, a. Neuter nouns, singular for plural, 152. variative, 244, b. with prefix gc, 123, 4; 125, 4; 127, 2; fractional, 244, c. 370, 2 ; 372, 373, 375. nut, added for emphasis, p. 138, n. 1. Jltdjt, position in the sentence, p. 9, n. 1 ; nur \o, p. 150, n. 10. 326, 8 and 9. O. nidlts, how written, p. 20, n. 3. neuter adjective joined to, as an apposi- 0, pronunciation of, p. 2 and n. 3. tive, p. 46, n. 4. changed to 0, 46, 3 ; 122; 197,2; 251. negative of etwa§, p. 95, n. 1. 0, pronunciation of, p. 2. nod), cf. Latin etiam, p. 149, n. 4. Object, order of direct and indirect, 17. Nominative case, 1, 7. Cd)«j, declension of, 41, 5; 377. plural, basis of classification, 120. ODcr, does not affect order, p. 11, n. 4, b. Nouns, grouped in two declensions, 26, 1. of mine, etc., how expressed, p. 95, n. 3 strong and weak declensions, 27, 28, 39, ofjltf DOR, clause introduced by, 358. 40, 41, 121, 128, 129, 130. 00, pronunciation of, p. 2. INDEX. XIX Order of words, 147, (1) and (2). affected by roenn, p. 83, n. 10. of ntir and bir, p. 96, n. 4. auxiliary with two infinitives, 183, 2. with dependent clause first, p. 109, n. 6. adverbial expressions of time, 326, 7. in dependent clause, 212, 219. in indirect quotation with bafj omitted, 303, 3. normal, 326. inverted, 327. transposed, 328. in exclamatory sentences, p. 218, n. 1. affected by emphasis, 327, 1. normal and inverted, 327, 4, note. Orthography, modern, p. 4, n. 2. P. p, English correspondent of, 22. Participles, place of, 2, 326, 2, 3, a and b; p. 216, n. 1. past, as predicate adjective, 100. infinitive substituted for, p. 103, n. 1. when augment of ge, omitted 231. as virtual adjectives, 281, 1. equivalents of English present, 355-362. Passive voice, synopsis of, 277. formation of, 278, 2. complete paradigm of, 378, II. Perfect tense, formation of, 31, 109. of modal auxiliaries, 177, 184. used instead of future perfect, 219, (2). rendered by English preter. , 8, 293, (1). denotes a completed act, 293, (2). used in short questions and answers, 293, (3). not used in historical narrative, 293, note. J)f, English correspondent of, 22. Pluperfect subjunctive, paradigm of, 252. corresponds to second conditional, 258, 1. refers to past time, in supposition contrary to fact, 259, 2. correspondence with Latin, 259, note. when used in place of second conditional, 259, 3. paradigms of modal auxiliaries, 383-388. of modal auxiliaries in place of second conditional, 269. of an impossible past wish, p. 174, n. 6. Plural of nouns, determines classification of, as strong or weak, 26, 1. determines class of strong decl., 120. formation of in strong decl., 121-127. formation of in weak decl., 128-131. singular used instead of, 152. irregular formation of, 367-373. Prefixes of verbs, inseparable, not accen ted, p. 5, note ; 229, 231. separable, accented, 64. place of, 64; p. 129, n. 1 ; 326, 1, a and b. when not disjoined from the root, 230, 2. separable and inseparable, 232. Prepositions, 312, 314, 315, 316, 317. with dative, 288, 315. with accusative, 314. with dative and accusative, 316. with genitive, 317. Present tense, for future, p. 43, n. 3. rendered by the perfect, 293, (1). denotes a continued action, 292, (2). accompanied by fdjon and feit, 292, (3). Principal parts of verbs, p. 34, n. 5. *Prtnj, declension of, 41, 5; 377. Pronominal adjectives, affect declen- sion of following adjective, 92, 1 and 2. Pronouns, personal, place of, when ob- jects, p. 11, n. 3; 17. paradigms of personal, 35. referring to things, 168, a. genitive of replaced by felb, 168, b. possessive, paradigm of, 53 ; 54, 1 and 2. used substantively, 67, 1 ; 68, 185. interrogative, p. 62, n. 2 ; 115. substantive, 115, (3). neuter singular subject of feitt, 173. gender of poss., used substantively, 173. third person used in addressing inferiors, p. 244, n. 1. relative, paradigm of, 218. relative, not omitted, 220, (b). relative, after prepositions, 221. Pronunciation, pp. 2-5. See also separate letters. Purpose, how expressed, 109 ; p. 131, n. 10. by clause with bafc, bomit, etc., 329. R. r, pronunciation of, p. 4. changed to 3, 167, 2. XX INDEX. Beading Lessons, 191, 205, 216, 223, 228, 235, 240, 218, 265, 274, 275, 283, 289, 299, 307, 308, 309, 311, 322, 331, 341, 354, 365, 366. Relative clause, equivalent of English present participle, 362. descriptive, participles in place of, 363, and note. Relative pronoun, paradigm of, 218. not omitted, 220, {b). substitutes for, 221. place of, p. 136, n. 2. effect on order, 219, (1). introduces an adjective clause, 828, 4. S. j, final, p. 1, n. 1. pronunciation of, p. 4. English correspondents of, 22. jol, as suffix, marks nouns as neuter, 134, 3. savoir, cf. roijien, and scio, p. 141, n. 1. jd), pronunciation of, p. 4. (djaft, as suffix, marks nouns as feminine, 183, 3. frtjon, with present tense, 292, (3). compared with Jamdiu, 292, note. jdlUiimmctt, partial paradigm of, 208. fefjr, distinguished from Dtel, p. 105, n. 6. fein, declension of, 54, 1. jeitt, paradigm of present and perfect, 30. f. abbreviation of, p. 45, n. 1. complete paradigm of, 381. fttt, with present tense, 292, (3). compared with ja7ndiu, 292, note. \t\, as suffix marks nouns as neuter, 134, S. fell)/ in place of gen. of personal pronoun, 168, b. after a preposition, 168, c. ftlbft, its use, 158, 2. ©if, personal pronoun, use of, 11. corresponding possessive pronoun %1)X, 11, n. 1. Sie and 3>br compared with vos and vester, p. 10, n. 1. JO begins principal clause, p. 109, n. 6. ioldjer, how declined, 52, 1. t f Ollftt, paradigm of pres. ind. 78. compared with passive of dico, 167, 4. use of imperfect, p. 171, n. 3. complete paradigm, 386. jouorrn does not affect order, p. 11, n. 4. distinguished from aber, p. 96, n. 8. compared with dAAa, p. 145, n. 1. ftet)len, partial paradigm of, 208. Subject, following verb, 327, 1 and 2. sometimes omitted, 344. of dependent clause changed, 359. verbal noun as subject rendered by infini- tive, p. 240, n. 1. Subjunctive, formation of imperfect, 251. in indirect quotation, 300. paradigm of present, 301. present, how formed, 302, (1). answering to the English ind. 303, 1. imperfect for present, 305, 1. of softened assertion, p. 223, n. 3. See also Imperfect and Pluperfect. Substantive clause, 328, 2, a; 328, 3. Suffixes : er to form adjectives from proper names, 230, 1. ct, p. 96, n. 7. t, p. 96, n. 7. Jig, 243, 2 and note. See also the several letters. superlative, adverbially used, 199. absolute, 199, 2 and 3. relative, 199, 1. jj, changed in form by combination, p. 1. how put in Roman type, p. 1, note. how pronounced, p. 4. English correspondent of, 22. ' Strong,' see Nouns, Declension, Ad- jectives, Verbs. T. t, pronunciation of, p. 4. English correspondents of, 22. final, marks nouns as feminine, 133, 2. as suffix to unfer, and euer, in composi- tion with J»aUJert, roegen, and milieu, p. 96, n. 7. tOUfeno, without indefinite article, 243, 3. used as neuter substantive, 243, 5. tcL see 2(l>)eil, 244, c. Tenses, of condit. mode, how formed, 255. first conditional, of present time, 259, 1 second conditional, of past time, 259, 2. in indirect quotation, 303, 2. assimilation of, 805, 1. tl), pronunciation of, p. 4, and n. 2. 2(G)eil (tel), added to ordinals, 244, c. %\)0t, declension of, 41, 5 ; 877. thousand, a, how expressed, 243, 3. INDEX. XXI t(bjttnt, nouns in, 126. complete paradigm of, 378. two masculines in, 127, 3. See also, Auxiliaries, Conjugation, as suffix, marks nouns as neuter, 134, 3. Tenses. Time of an action, expressed by an with toerf(f)h»tntoeit, partial paradigm of, 208. dative, p. 15, n.l. Tester, vos, correspond like ©ie and %\)X, indefinitely indicated, p. 74, n. 3. p. 10, n 1. definitely indicated, p. 74, n. 3. toiel, distinguished from feljr, p. 105, n. 6. trotf, governs dat. and gen., 318. btelc, preceding an adjective, p. 80, n. 1. tuus, tu, corresponding to bu, bein, p. Vocabularies, follow exercises, beginning 10, n. 1. at 76. tj, changed in form by combination, p. 1. omitted, beginning at 810. pronunciation of, p. 4, Vocative, without the article, p. 51, n. 4. toOtt, with dat., instead of gen., p. 74, n. 1. U. toor, 316, and 4; p. 209, n. 1. U, pronunciation of, p. 2. Vowels, pure and modified, p. 2. changed to it, 122 ; 197, 2; 251. long, when doubled or followed by silent iifier, governs dat. and ace, 316 and 3. b, p. 3, note. Uttt, governs accusative, 314 and 3. before a doubled consonant or two con- Utlt tttdjt$, expresses degree, p. 138, n. 2. sonants, p. 3, note. urn — tofflett, 318. changed in strong verbs, 46, 2 and 3. Uttt — jit, to express purpose, 109. " " " nouns, first class, 122. Uttb, does not affect order, p. 11, n. 4, b. " " " " second cl., 124. unb fo metier, p. 30, n. 1. " " " " third class, 126. ttttg, as suffix, marks nouns as feminine, modified (changed) in English, p. 70, 133, 3. n. 2; p. 117, n. 1. tlttfer, declined, 53. ttnlcr, governs dat. and ace, 816, 5. W. usque, compared with bt§, p. 203, n. 1. tD, pronunciation of, p. 4. UK! tut, when of interrogation, p. 113, n. 6. V. tojcirb, for tourbe, p. 158, n. 1. to, pronunciation of, p. 4. ttJOj, neuter adjective joined to as apposi- bcr, inseparable prefix, p. 5, note. tive, p. 46, n. 4. Verbal nouns in itig, equivalents of, in paradigm of, 218. German, 355-362. as an interrogative pronoun, 219, note. Verbs, compounded with prepositions etc. as a relative pronoun, 220, (a) and (b). 64. toJOS fur, indeclinable adjective, 115, (1). with inseparable prefixes 231. toJItS flit ettt, an interrogative adjective pro- with variable prefixes, 232. noun, p. 62, n. 2 ; 115, (2). intransitive having feilt, as auxiliary, UlflS fttr einer, a substantive pronoun, 109, 211. 115, (3). compounded with be, ent, and many 'Weak,' see Nouns, Declension, Adjec* separable prefixes, take dative, 346. tives, Verbs. impersonal with dative, 347. bjegeu, precedes or follows its noun, 318. reflective with dative, 348. Uieldjer, how declined, 52, 1. strong, conjugation of, partial para- like ber, 219, note; 220, (a). digms of, 44, 208, 250, 301. bjentge, preceding an adjective, p. 80, n. 1. complete paradigm of, 379. luenn, when, implying condition cr repeated remarks on forms, 46, 1, 2, and 3 ; 251. action, p. 113, n. 6. list of strong and miy»d, p. 277. sometimes omitted, 258, 3. Weak, conjugation of, partial paradigms hJrr, effect on order, p. 99, n. 5. of, 45, 207, 250,801. interrogative, 219, note. XX11 INDEX. sometimes means lie -who, 220, (i>). fyerben, auxiliary of tense, 158, 3. partial paradigm of, 159. synopsis of, 277. complete paradigm of, 382. its auxiliary, 278, 1. as auxiliary of passive voice, 378, II. when, how expressed, p. 113, n. 6. hither, used as an inseparable prefix, 231. toie, when omitted, p. 142, n. 4. untten, see um — raillen. toiijot, paradigm of pres. ind. 62. approaches f onnen in sense p. 96, n. 1. distinguished from fennen, p. 141, n. 1. compared with savoir, and scio, 141, n. 1. paradigm of present subjunctive, 301. with, German equivalents, p. 87, n. 5. too, combined with prepositions, 221. touitfrfjen, partial paradigm of, 207. Z. 3, pronunciation of, p. 4. English correspondent of, 22. 3Cr, inseparable prefix, p. 5, note. JU, with infin. to express purpose, p. 131, n. 10. omitted with infin. after certain verbs s p. 45, n. 2; p. 90, n. 3. as pref. with dat., 315, 4; p. 207, n. 1. 3Ufol(je, governs dat. and gen., 318. 311 fjufef, on foot, p. 54, n. 2. 3tonn3t0, for jweinaia, 243, 1. The German Alphabet as written. Capital Letters. V /^ s0f s4SW Double Consonants. v * 6£*vw~zm r 5nswjL ^/fiC^T <=^/^fr# /^ GERMAN LESSONS. German Alphabet. German letters. Roman letters. German name. German letters. Roman letters. German name. % a A, a ah. 91, n N, n enn. »,i B, b bay. ©, 0, o oh. €,c C, c tsay. %% F,P pay. % 1 D, d day. C,f Q.q koo. ®, e E, e a. % t R, r en »,f F, f eff. •.M* S, s esc •,l G,g gay. %,t T, t tay« e.*- H, h hah. U, M U, u 00. 3,i I, i ee. »,* V, v fow. 3,1 hi yot. SB.tt W, w vay. $, ! K, k kah. *# 1 X, x iks. s, r L,l ell. ?M Y,y ipsilon 8K, m M, m emm. 8,5 Z, z \set. Certain letters are somewhat changed in form by combi- nation with others. Observe the following : dj = ch. $ as ck. 6 = ss. % = Is. Note. — After long vowels, diphthongs, and at the end of words, § is used instead of ff. In Roman letters ft is represented by ss. 1 This form is used at the end the first part of compound words of words, and also at the end of 2Ji(Ul£, (SiSbcrjJ. PRONUNCIATION. % a 9la, aa ®, C long | (Se, ec i ($, C short 3, t long 3e,ie 3. t short €> long £a, C, short It, tt long It, u short PRONUNCIATION. VOWELS, last syllable of papa : l $8ai)\\, Dtomcn, Stat, ©aal a in gc&cn, ©eele. benn, SBctt Ujr, 2)tc6. Sifc, flinb. SBotytc, 9ftooS. = # in mate = *? in w^ = t in mac J due = r in //zV = in //tf/j> = in wholly* = oo in spool = « in _/>/// = i as given above. MODIFIED VOWELS. 5t, a is nearly like German c as given above : grdmen, mcifjen ; iinbern, banner. 0, i resembles u in burr, or eu in the French words pen, feu; SBorfc. tt, tt has no English equivalent ; it is pronounced like the French u in tu : §itttc. ©olb, offen. SBlumc, gut. SJhuib, $imb. 1 Also the same sound short- ened, that of the first a in papa : S&aiib, fann, 23all. 2 But sometimes a more open cented syllables the sound is ob- scure and often approaches that of u in but. 3 That is, as the word is corn- sound, more especially when fol- monly pronounced : the sound lowed by r : tuer , leer. In unac- heard in holy, shortened. PRONUNCIATION. DIPHTHONCS. closely resemble ei in Jieight : deafer, (5t3. ®i, ci 5(u, ttu = ou in //unb, batb. CONSONANTS. The consonants have for the most part the same sound as in English ; the following are the principal exceptions : $ final closely resembles p : ©tab. So at the end of a syllable followed by a consonant : abfegen, abbrcdjen. ® followed by a, o, u, or a consonant = k : (Sato, 9(cten. (& followed by e, z, a or d = ts : (Ecmcert, (Sttrone, ©ajar, ©Mtbat. (J{) has two sounds, which have no English equivalent j after a, o, u } au, it is guttural like ch in lock, lake: 53utf) ; after any other vowel or consonant it is palatal : redjt, retrf). (£fj generally at the beginning of a word, or before an s belonging to the same radical syllable, has the sound of k : (Sl)rift, \$ud)§. $ final closely resembles t : tmlb, 9Ibenb. So at the end of a syllable followed by a consonant : ^tnbfctn. / PRONUNCIATION. © is hard as in gig : (3\\t, gegen. At the end of a word it has the sound of dj 1 : 23eg, £ctg, tufjig, ®iimg. 3 =j in 7^/: 5ctf)r, bejafjett, Soljcmn. 01 is not slurred, as it often is in English, but is dis- tinctly uttered with something of a trill. © approaches the sound of z before a vowel ; when doubled, final, or standing before a consonant, it has its proper hissing sound : ©orme, ©efcmg, SBefett ; totffen, ©lag. But there is good authority for pronouncing an initial s followed by/ or t like sh : ©pur, fteljen. @dj = sh in shore : ©djtff, rcmfdjen, fdjretben, ftnbtfd). ft is pronounced like ss : ©d)0J3, IaJ3T, geme&en. X before i followed by another vowel = ts : Nation, patient, Station. %Y= t: %§ai t SHjitre, tf)un, Utttertfjcm. ^ is pronounced like ts : ^fa| f ft§ett, plo|Itd). $ —f : $ogcL In foreign words, like the English v : (Sffaoe, Sftobember. 2S closely resembles v in f*«* : SSetn, fdjtoer, grrjet. 3 = /.$• in nets : Qafy, ^jcrj, cm^tefjen. 1 But by many it is pronounced like initial g. 8 In recently printed German books fj is suppressed after t in many words. In these Lessons the modern spelling is followed, but generally the old spelling is noticed, as occasion requires. Note that there are no silent let- ters in German, either vowels or consonants; except (1) the letter fj when not initial, or beginning the suffixes fjaft and f)cft, or the second part of a compound word; (2) and t following i in the same syllable. ACCENT. ACCENT. The accent falls : i. On the radical syllable, that is, on the syllable that mainly determines the meaning of the word : The stem Iteb in Iteben, Stebe, geliebt, berltebt, Stebling, iiebltdj, Steblichfeit. 1 2. On the first component part of compounds, except compound particles : SRe'genbogen, fee'franf, ©piel'* 3. On the separable prefixes of verbs : an'reben, au^> f - gefyert, bor'fcfylagert. 4. On the second member of compound particles 2 : bamif, toobon', obgleicfy'. 5. On the final syllable of most words borrowed from other languages and not naturalized: ^igur', Regent', spicmef . Note. — It is important for the learner to distinguish between the separable prefixes, which are accented, and the inseparable, on which the accent never rests. The inseparable prefixes are : be, ttttp, tilt, tt, g£, tier and jer. 3 1 See Aue's ' Grammar. ' sons with anomalous accent have 2 But there are many exceptions. the accented syllable marked. All words occurring in these Les- 3 ttttft also is rarely separable. @rjie SeJtton. 1. NOMINATIVE AND ACCUSATIVE. $cr ©ruber Ijut Ijeute cittcn 9tittQ ucrlarcn. The brother has lost a ring to-day. Nom. (who has lost ?) ber SBruber ; em 23ruber, a brother. Ace. (what has the brother lost ?) ben {the) 9ftng ; einen ^tng. 2. The model sentence at the head of each lesson should always be committed to memory and often reviewed. Observe that JBflt&et and Oitng begin with a capital. This is the rule for all nouns in German. Notice the position of |)ClltC before the object, and also that in a com- pound tense ((jat — berloreit) the participle is placed at the end. 3. Slufgafce. 5D^ein, meinen, my. bein, beinen, thy (your), fetn, feinen, his. I. 1. 9Jtan 23ruber fyat fyeute f einen 9itng fcerloven. 2. 9Jtein Sruber $at fyente meinen Sling ixrloren. 3. SDetn SBruber fyat beitte beinen 9iing Derloren. 4. Sein SBruber l)at fycute feinen dlixiQ fcerloren. II. 1. My brother has lost his ring to-day. 2. My brother has lost my ring to-day. 3. Thy brother has lost thy ring to-day. 4. His brother has lost his ring to-day. NOMINATIVE AND ACCUSATIVE. 4. 2lufgabe. ber ©toe!, the cane, gefunben, found, unb, a?id. I. SJktn ©ruber fyat fyeute einen ©toe! oertoren unb einen S^ing gefunben. II. 1. His brother has found the ' cane. 2. Thy brothei has found a cane to-day. 3. The brother has found my cane to-day. 4. Thy brother has found my ring and my cane. 5. His brother has lost his ring and my brother has lost his cane. ber ©ater, the father, ober, or. ja, 2 yes. netn, no. I. 1. 5Jlein SSatcr ober metn ©ruber fyat ben ©toe! oerloren. 2. §ctt ber ©ater ben S^ing gefunben ? II. 1. His father has lost the ring or the cane to-day. 2. Has thy father found a cane ? 3. No, my father has found a ring. 4. Has his father or his brother lost a ring ? 5. His brother has lost a ring and his father has found a cane. 6. Has thy brother found my ring ? 7. Yes, my brother has found thy ring. 6. Answer the following questions in Gernia?i : 3 . §at bein ©ruber betnen ober metnen ©toe! oerloren ? feat bein ©ater ober bein ©ruber einen 9ttng gefunben ? §at fetn ©ruber betnen unb fetnen ©toe! oerloren ? §at metn ©ater einen 9^tng gefunben ober oerloren ? 1 ben. Cf. under 1, ben 9ting. ber einen ©tocf ober einen 9Ung ge= 2 To be pronounced yah. funbcn? ©ein 33ruber Ijat einen 3 Every answer should form a 9ttug gefunben ; or, (Sinett 9Ultg bat complete sentence: §at fein 93ru= jein ©ruber gefunben. 8 NOMINATIVE AND ACCUSATIVE. 3toeite Seftion. 7. NOMINATIVE AND ACCUSATIVE. §aft im Geftern einen Brief erljaften ? Did you receive a letter yesterday? Literally, hast thou yesterday a letter received ? id) fyaht erfyalten, I have re- I)abe i$ erbalten ? /te^ / re- ceived, or, did receive. ceived? or, did I receive? bu fyaft erfralten, ///0» Aarf rto r*- §at er erfyalten? /to /** re- ceived, or, did receive. ceived? or, did he receive? 8. Observe that the German perfect may be translated by the English preterit. How was it in the first lesson ? What is to be inferred? In what two particulars does the order differ in the model sentence above from the English order ? 9. Slufaa&e* \$vt,who? ft>en, whom? \x>a§, what? I. 1. 28er fyat 1 geftern einen 33rief erfyalten? 2. 3$ fy a & e geftern einen Srief erfyalten. 3. 9£a§ fyaft bu geftern erfyalten ? 4. ga; r;abe geftern einen 33rief erfyalten. II. 1. Didst thou receive a letter yesterday ? 2. No, I have received a letter to-day. 3. Has he received my letter ? 4. Yes, he has received thy letter. 5. Who has received a letter to-day ? 6. My brother has received a letter to-day and I received one 2 yesterday. 7. Didst thou receive a ring yesterday ? 8. No, my brother received one yesterday and one to-day. 9. What has his father found to-day ? 10. He 1 Do not pronounce like the English hat. ' einciL NOMINATIVE AND ACCUSATIVE. has found a cane and his brother has found a ring. 11. What didst thou lose yesterday ? 12. I lost a ring yester- day and thy brother found one. lO. Examine the following paradigms : icfy I)a&e gefefyen, I saw, have fyabe ia} gefefyen? have I seen. bit fyaft gefefyen, thou didst see, hast seen. er t)at gefefyen, he saw, has seen. (Sne fyahen gefefyen, you saw, have seen. \§ fyaht meinen Sruber ntcfjt 1 gefefyen, I did not see, have not seen, my brother. bu fyaft betnen SBruber nicfyt gef efyen, thou didst not see, hast not seen, thy brother. er fyat feinen 23ruber mcfyt ge= fefyen, he did not see, has not seen, his brother. Bk fyahtn ijfyren 23ratber md;t gefefyen, you did not see, have not seen, your brother. seen ? did I see? I)aft bu gefefyen, hast thou seen ? didst thou see ? fyat cr gefefyen ? has he seen ? did he see ? fyaBen ©ie gefeBen ? have you see ft ? did you see? fyaBe id) meinen SBruber nicfyt gef efyen ? have I not seen, did I not see, my brother ? fyaft bu beinen SBruber nifyt gefefyen ? hast thou not seen, didst thou not see, thy brother? §at er feinen 33ruber md)t ge* f efyen ? has he not seen, did he not see, his brother? fyaBen ©ie 3^ ren 33rober nirf)t gefefyen? have you not seen, did you not see, your brother? 11. The use of the pronoun of the second person singular, fcu, implies familiarity. Hence it is employed among intimate friends, members of the same family, near relations, among and to children. It was formerly in general use in addressing servants. Otherwise StC is used in addressing one or more persons, like the English you. The corresponding possessive pronoun is $Ijr (ace. $f)rcit). Observe the position of ntd)t. 10 NOMINATIVE AND ACCUSATIVE. 12. Slufeabe. 1. I have seen his brother and he has seen my brother. 2. My brother has seen your 1 father. 3. Has your father seen my brother ? 4. No, he has not seen your brother. 5. Have you lost a cane or a ring? 6. I lost a ring to-day, and a cane yesterday. 7. Did you receive a letter to-day or yesterday? 8. I have received one to-day. 9. Has he found his ring? 10. He has not found his ring, he has found your ring. 11. What did your brother receive yesterday? 12. He received a letter. 13. Who received a letter yesterday? 14. His father received one. 13. VOCABULARY. Nom. btefer Sfyfel, this apple. jencr Sail/ that ball. Ace. btcfen 2tyfel, this apple. jenett SBaE, that ball. gegeffen, eaten. fcorgeftern, day before yesterday. gefauft, bought. toanrt, when. ifyn, him, it. $arl, Charles. 14. SMttfeafce. I. 1. $arl fyat borgeftern 3 etnen 23aft gefauft, unb fein Sruber fyat ifyn fcerloren. 2. 3$ fyahz etnen 2tyfel gefauft unb mein SBruber $arl fyat tfyn gegeffen. 3. 2Ber bat biefen S3aDf ge= !auft? 4. SBartn fyat er ir)n gefauft? 5. SBorgeftern t)at er ifyn gefauft. 6. 2Ba3 fyat er gegeffen? 7. ©men Sfyfel ^at er 1 In this exercise, and for some So in Latin tuus corresponds to tu, time, it will be well to translate vestertovos. How is it in English? you and your, wherever they occur, 2 Do not pronounce like the twice : first by J)U and foein, then by English ball. StC and §l)V. Remember that the 3 Compare the position of Jjctltc possessive pronoun corresponding in the first model sentence and to fcu is fceilt, and to Bit is %f)X. geftew in the second. See 326, 7. NOMINATIVE AND ACCUSATIVE. 11 gegeffert. 8. SEBcmn fyat er biefen 2tyfet erfyalten ? 9. ©eftern fyat er tfyn erfyaltert. 10. §abert ©te Sfyrert Sfyfel gegeff en ? 11. 3<*, i$ t)abe tfyn gegeffert. II. 1. His brother has bought a ball and Charles has lost it. 2. When did he lose it? 3. Has thy brother found this ball or that one 1 ? 4. He has found this one. 1 5. Who has eaten my apple? 6. Has Charles bought it, or have I a bought it ? 7. Have you seen my brother ? 8. I have not seen him to-day. 3 9. Has he seen my ball ? 10. No, he has not seen it. 11. My father has bought this ring and that cane. 12. When did your father buy that cane ? 13. He bought it day before yesterday. 4 14. What did Charles receive yesterday? 15. He received an apple yesterday. 16. Has he eaten it? 17. Yes, he has eaten it. 18. Has your father received a letter to-day? 19. Yes, he has received one. 20. Have you received my letter ? 21. No, I have not received your letter. 22. Have you found your cane ? 23. No, I have found his cane. 15. CONVERSATION. Note. — In classes, or even with a small number of pupils, it will be found of great advantage if the teacher gives out a sentence or selects 1 That one, jeitCttJ this one, fctefctt. 4 Begin the sentence with foots 2 The pronoun iffy is not written gcftCM, and mark the effect on the with a capital, except at the begin- order by comparing above I. 5 ning of a sentence. See above I. 11. and 9. 3 The order is tfjn fjeute. If the a. If an adverb or any other object, direct or indirect, of the word than the subject begins a sen- verb is a personal pronoun, it must tence, the verb precedes the subject, not be separated from the simple b. But the conjunctions UU&, predicate, or, in a compound tense, and; ofcet, or; fceittt, for; and from the auxiliary, by the adverb ttBcr, dfteilt, fonfcew, all meaning of time. See 326, 7. but, have no effect on the order. 12 NOMINATIVE AND ACCUSATIVE. one from the book, and the pupils form questions on it, which they mutually put and answer. Every question and answer should form a complete sentence, and every answer should begin with the appropriate responsive word or clause. Teacher. $arl fyat fyeitte einen 2tyfel gegeffen. Pupil A. 28er fyat beute emen 2fyfel gegeffen ? B. $arl fyat fyeute einen Styfel gegeffen. C 3Sa§ f)at flarl fouti gegeffen ? D. ©men 2fyfel v)at $arl fyeute gegeffen. E. 28ann fyat $arl einen 2tyfel gegeffen? F. Qvatt t)at er einen 5tyfel gegeffen. Teacher. 2)u fyaft geftern beinen 23ruber nicfyt gefefyen. Pupil A. 2Ber fyat geftern f einen Sruber nict)t gef etyen ? i?. 3^ fy a & e geftern meinen 23ruber mct)t gefefyen. C. 2Ben * fyaft bu geftern nid)t gefefyen ? Z>. 3Jictnen SBruber fyabe ta? geftern mct)t gefefyen. E. 2Bann fyaft bu beinen 23ruber nid^t gefefyen ? F. (geftern fyaht id) meinen 23ruber nid)t gefefyen. Form questions and answers from the following sentences : auf bent Sptefylaij mit ibm gefptelt unb fyabz tyn am 3)ien§tag ^Jforgen ntdjt mefyr gefefyen. 4. 33on loem Fjaft bu btefen §unb gefauft? 5. %<$ fyaht tfyn con meinem better SBityelm erfyaltcn ; er fyai ilm gefauft. II. 1. I have had a ball, but I lost it in the playground on Wednesday. 2. My brother William found thy ball yesterday morning. 3. Has he not yet returned it ? 4. No, he has not yet returned it : where did he find it ? 5. When did you lend a shilling to that man ? 6. I lent him a shilling on Saturday, and he returned it yesterday evening. 7. With whom did Charles play on Friday ? 8. With William he played on Friday and with my brother on Thursday. 1 The student will find many exceptions, but the habit of observ- ing correspondences and devia- tions from the general laws will prove very useful. 2 When initial. 3 Often vanishes ; most often when not initial. 4 Sometimes lost, or variously changed. CONVERSATION. 17 9. x When did you play with your cousin last? 10. 2 1 have not played with him since Monday. 11. 3 When did you see him last? 12. I 4 have not seen him since day before yesterday. 13. When did Charles buy his cane ? 14. He bought it on Tuesday. 15. From whom did he buy it? 16. He bought it from a man in the playground ; he gave a florin for it (bafitr). 24. CONVERSATION. Read again note, p. 11, and then form questions and answers based on the following sentences : — 1. 3Jlein greunb fyat meinem better emeu 23aH gegeben. 2Ber §at bemem Setter emeu SBaH gegeben ? 3Sa§ fyat bein greimb bemem Setter gegeben ? 28em \)at bein greunb etnen S3aU gegeBen ? 2. gd; fyahz biefem Scfmler I;eute etnen ©ulben gettefyen. SSer fyat l)eute biefem ©driller etnen ©ulben geltefyen ? 2Ba3 baft bu (fyaben ©te) fyeute biefem ©rfwler geliefyen ? 2Bem F>aft bu (fyaben — . — 1 Not accusative. 3 cttUdd and ntd)t§ are some- 8 Neuter, therefore the accusa- times written with a capital, but tive and the nominative alike. preferably without. STRONG DECLENSION. 21 34. Slufaafce* I. 1. SDer ©d;neiber t)at ntir einen ^od gemad)t. 2. £)er ©dmeiber fyat bir einen diod gemad;t. 3. £)er ©dmeiber fyat Sfynen etnen $od gemacfyt. 4. 2)er ©cfynetber fyat tfym etnen 9lod gemacfyt. 5. ©er better nteine§ Dnfel§ tft auf bent fflaxit getoefen unb fyat nttr ctluaS gefauft. 6. 2Ba§ Ijat er bir gefauft? 7. Csrbbeeren unb £irfd;en fyat er mtr gelauft. 8. feat betn ©ajufys mad;er bir ein $aar ©dntlje ober ein $aar ©tiefel gemacfyt? 9. @r fyat mir ©d;ul)e unb ©tiefel gemad;t; aber bie 1 ©tiefel l;abe id; tl)m guritdgefcfudt. 10. SSem I)at ber ©cfyneiber etnen 9fa>cf gemad)t? 11. W\x fyat er einen Sfod gemacfyt unb fyat tfm fcfyon geftem 2(6enb gefefyidt. 12. 2Sa§ Ijat 3fyr ©dmfymaa;er 3fynen gemacf)t? 13. Mix fyat er nia)t§ gemadjt, aber metnem better fyat er ein $aar ©cfyufye gemacfyt. 14. §at 3fyr ©dmeiber Sfynen ober 3$rem Sruber einen Dtod gemacfyt? 15. DJietnem S3ruber §at er etnen 9^od gemad)i. II. 1. Where have you been this morning? 2. I have been in a shop and have bought you a pair of boots. 3. Has the tailor already 2 made you 3 your 3 coat? 4. Yes, he has made it, but he has not yet sent it (to) me. 5. Have you already been in the market to-day ? 6. No, I have not been there to-day, 4 but yesterday I was there. 7. Did you buy anything for your brother there 5 ? 8. Yes, I bought him strawberries. 9. For whom did the shoemaker make a pair of shoes ? 10. He made a pair for me and a pair for the friend of my uncle. 11. To whom have you sent cherries and strawberries? 12. I have sent cherries to him and strawberries to his brother. 13. Have you sent anything 1 Plural of the article. See 52. dative and accusative of %fox,your. 2 The adverb may precede or They are readily distinguished by follow the direct object if it is not the third letter. a personal pronoun. 4 / have to-day not there been. 3 Do not confound the dative 5 Have you for your brother 3^nettr/tfrj^,with3ljrcm,.3fjrett, anything there boitght. 22 PERSONAL PRONOUNS. to me? 14. Yes, I have sent you an apple, but to your brother I have sent nothing. 15. Who has been here? 16. The tailor has been here and has brought (gebracr)t) your coat. 35. PERSONAL PRONOUNS. 1 SINGULAR. First Person. Second Person. bu, thou. beirter, of thee. bir, to thee. bier;, thee. N. i*, /. G. meiner, of me D. mir, to me. A. mi*, me. Masc. N. er, he. G. feirter, of him. D. ifym, to him. A. ir)n, him. First Person. N. mir, we. G. unfer, of us. D. un3, to us. A. urt3, «j. SINGULAR. Third Person. Fern. fie, she. ifyrer, of her. ifyr, /ie, without you. bamit, «///$ //. gebrad)t, brought. bafiir,/^ *'/. gefragt r asked. baoon, ren ©elm gefucfjt. ©etn %lad)hax tyat tlm unb fetnen ©olm gefudjt. 2. Form questions and answers based on the following sentences : 9ftem ©d)ufymad)er fyat bem ©olm mctneS 9Zad;6ar§ em $aar ©clmfye unb etn tyaax ©ttefel gemacfyt. tifragcn (questions). 28er fyat bem ©olm SfyreS ^aa)bar§ etn $aar ©a>fye unb etn $aar ©ttefel gemadjt? 2©a§ fyat 3^r ©cfyufymadjer bem ©olm SfyreS 3Zaa;bar§ gemaa;t ? 1 atlf, with dative. WEAK DECLENSION. 25 9Bcm fyat '3$r ©cr/ulnnadjer ein $aar ©dmfye unb ein $aar ©ttefel gemacr^t ? SBeffen 1 ©orm l)at 5^ r ©tfmrmiacr/er ein $aar ©a)ul)e unb ein tyaax ©tiefel gemacr/t ? tel ift mit mir auf bem 3Jlar!t gemefen unb I)at (Erb&eeren ftir ben ©ofyn biefe3 Cannes gefauft. $ r a c it. 2Ber ift mit ^fynzn (bir) auf bem Tlaxtt geroefen ? 2So ift $arl gemefen unb ma§ fyat er fur ben ©ofyn biefe§ 5Jtanne3 gefauft ? Wlit mem ift $arl auf bem 9ftarft geroefen ? gitr meffen ©orm fyat $arl (Erbbeeren gelauft ? Sfimftc Seftton. 38. THE WEAK DECLENSION : SINGULAR. Inflection of Verbs : Present Tense. %tt IWeffe k$ 2 §ettu 9W. Ijnt cinen $akn mil cinen #afen ; tcr 9tak ift in cincm Simmer mil tier §nfe in einem Stall. The nephew of Mr. M. (Mr. M.'s nephew) has a raven and a hare ; the raven is in a room and the hare in a stable. 39. SINGULAR. N. ber 3Reffc. (ber) §err W. ber ©raf. bic ©eitc. 3 G. beg 9?effcn. beg §errn 3Ji. beg ©rafen. bet ©eitc. D. bem 9kffcn. bem §errn W. bem ©rafen. ber ©eite. A. ben ^effen. (ben) §errn 9ft. ben ©rafen. bic ©eitc. 40. 1. We have seen (28) that the distinguishing mark of the strong declension in the singular is the addition of §, sometimes eg, to the nominative to form the genitive. An inspection of the above table shows 1 Whose, the genitive of ftlCV. 2 Observe the use of the article. 3 side. 26 WEAK DECLENSION. that the distinguishing mark of the weak declension in the singular of masculine nouns is the addition of n or en to the nominative to form the oblique cases. See table of endings, 75. 1. It must, however, be added that feminine nouns, most of which belong to the weak declension, remain unchanged throughout the singular. 41. To this declension belong: 1. Most feminine nouns ; 2. Masculines ending in t ', 3. A few monosyllabic masculines not ending in c ; 4. Most masculine foreign nouns accented on the last syllable. 5. The most common nouns included under 3 are: focr fBdt, bear; ber ftitrft, prince; fcer ®raf, count; fcer §cU>, hero; fcer §crr, ber 2ftenf c. icfy f^recr) c. id) erfyalt c. bu gieb ft. bit fief) ft. bu fpricfy ft. bu erfyalt ft. er giebt (gibt). er ftefyt. er fpricfyt. er erfyalt. mir geb en. mir fefy en. loir fprecfy en. loir erfyalt en. ifyr geb et. ( ifyr fefy et. ( ifyr fyrecfy et. ( ifyr erfyalt ct. ©ie geb en. 1 ©ie fefy en. 1 ©ie fprecfy en. 1 ©ie erfyalt en. fie geben. fie fefy en. fie fyrecfycit. fie erfyalt en. 1 Slmerifa. 28 WEAK CONJUGATION. 45. WEAK CONJUGATION : PRESENT TENSE. f jnclcn, play. f aufen, buy. fudjen, seek. rctocn, talk. id) ftriel c. id; f auf e. tdj fud) c. id; reb c. bu fptel fl. bu f auf ft. bu fud) eft. bu rcb eft. er fyiel t. er f auf t. er fucfy t. er reb et. toit fytel en. roir f auf en. toir fud; en. unr reb en. f \bv fyiet t. ( ir)r f auf t. f ifyr fud) t. f tr>r reb et. 1 Sic fyiel en. t ©te lauf en. 1 <3ie fud; en. 1 6ie reb en. fie fyiel en. fie lauf en. fte fud) en. fie reb en. 46. 1. As there are two declensions of nouns, so there are two conju- gations of verbs, the strong and the weak. Compare the forms of the strong verbs with those of the weak in the preceding table. First, as to endings. The only difference is the occasional insertion of c, for euphony, before the ending in the second and third persons. But this is not a mark of distinction between the two conjugations. 2. Then, as to the root syllable. Observe that the vowel in the strong verbs is changed in the second and third persons singular, while in the weak verbs it remains unchanged. 3. Verbs of the strong conjugation change the radical vowel in the second and third persons singular : p to i, c to ic ; a to it ; QU to oil. 1 47. VOCABULARY.^ ber Waht, the raven. auf bem 33aum, on the tree. ber ©drtr>aug, the tail. auf bout A-clb, in the field. ber ©rofctoater, the grandfather, iu bem SSalb, in the forest. ber SSogel, the bird. bringeu, take to, carry, bring. !ur§, 2 short. lang, long. $r\ben,find. lei&en, lend. aud), also. oft, often. 1 But only in laufcit, to run, and faufen, to drink. 2 Observe that \ is represented by sh. WEAK DECLENSION. 29 48. Slufaafce. I. 1. gd) fefye einen 9taben auf bem 23aum; fiefyft bu tljm audj? 2. 9?ein, id) fe^e ifm ntd^t ; aber ber $nabe fiefyt il)n. 3. 3$ gebe bem ^naben einen Styfel unb er giebt mir einen §afen. 4. 28a§ brtngft bn beinem ^reunb 3°f e Pfy? 5. 3$ brtnge tfym ©rbbeeren. II. 1. Do you see the hare in the field? 2. Yes, I see it and I see also a raven on the tree. 3. The tail of the hare is short, the tail of the raven is long. 4. Of what 1 does this soldier speak ? 5. He speaks of the lion. 6. Where did he see a lion ? 7. He saw one in the zoological gardens on Wednesday. 8. Where do you find cherries and strawberries ? 9. I find cherries on a tree in the garden and William often 2 finds strawberries in the woods. 10. My nephew has given this 3 boy an apple, and the boy has taken 9 it to his grandfather. 11. What 4 Joseph loses Arthur 5 finds, and what he finds he 5 brings to me. III. Substitute the perfect tense for the present in the following sentences : 1. @r tft fyungrig nnb bnrftig. 6 2. 3$ fya&e einen 35ogcI in etnem $ciftg. 7 3. 2)er $nabe fytelt tnit bem ©tibel 8 be§ (Solbaten. 4. $u tocrltcrft oft beinen Sad. 5. 2Ba§ fud^ft bu? 6. 2Ba§ brtngen 9 ©te ba? 7. Setfyft 10 bu beinem yiafyhax nurHid) einen ©ulben? 8. 9Jteht greunb $arl giebt bem ^naben einen 2fyf el. 9. ©er §unb fud;t ben §afen in bem 2Balb. 10. 3Jiein Sfteffe f^>rtc^>t s ntd^t mefn* mit biefem ©djmler. 11. 2Ba§ erfyalten ©ie won 3fyvem better? 12. 3d; bin ber greunb beinem 9iad)bar3. 1 tt)0b01t, better than tJOtt ft>tt0. 5 See page 109, note G. 2 What is the order in German? 6 hungry and thirsty. 3 Not accusative. 7 cage. 8 sabre. 4 ttJttS does not here cause an in- 9 For the participle, see p. 23. version of the order of subject and 10 The participle is : gclicljClt. verb. 30 CONVERSATION. 49. CONVERSATION. 1 . Use all the persons singular and plural in the following sentences (see 53): 3cf) fprecfye nicr)t bon meinem Dnfel. %\\ fprtcbft nitfjt oon beinem Dnfel. ©r fpricfyt nitf)t toon feinem Dnfel u. f. io. 1 3$ fefye einen S^aben in bem ©arten meine3 9?effen. 3$ bin ber greunb biefe§ $naben unb gebe ifym eincn SaU. 3$ bin in bem dimmer biefe3 §erm unb erfyalte ©rbbeeren toon ibm. 2. Form and answer questions based on the following sentences : 3)iefer ®nabe fud^t £arl§ greunb in bem SBalb, aber er finbet ifyn nic^t. Sfrogen (questions). 2Ber fud&t £arl§ greunb in bem SBalb? •JBeffen greunb fudjt biefer $nabe in bem 28alb? 2Bo fud&t biefer £nabe £arl§ greunb? 2Ben finbet er nicr)t? %$ erljalte einen 23rief toon bem S^effen biefe§ §erm unb fcfncfe ibn bem ©tubenten. ftragen. 2Ber err)dlt einen SBrief won bem 9?effen biefeS §erm? 2Ba§ er^dttft bu toon bem 9?effen biefeS §errn? 28a3 erfyalten 6ie toon bem 9?effen biefeS §errn ? 3Son roem erfyalte id; einen 33rief ? 35on toeffen -fteffen erfyalte icr) einen SBrief ? 3$ !aufe einen Styfel in bem Saben unb gebe i(;n jenem ^naben. 1 lint) fo tDCitCt = and so forth. POSSESSIVE PRONOUNS : IMPERATIVE MODE. 31 ©edjste Sefttoit. 50. POSSESSIVE PRONOUNS: THE IMPERATIVE MODE. 23ittc, flteb bcm $m& cm Stiitfdjcn 1 glctfdj ofocr cm ©tiirf SButtcr&rot 311 cffcn, itnH ^ole tljitt ttudj cin ®fo§ SBaffcr ; bcrm 2 c§ ift |wifri| unb tatrjtiQ (bcmt c§ |at hunger «*l $urjt). Please give the child a slice of meat or a piece of bread and butter to eat, and fetch it also a glass of water ; for it is hungry and thirsty. 51. 1. Observe that fitttc is for id} fctttc; that $letfd) and SBaffcr are genitives without the case-ending c§ and §; and that, as ititttJ is neuter, the neuter pronoun c# (35) is used in reference to it. On fHttt) instead of &iltt)C, see 28, 1. 2. The declension of the definite article in the singular masculine and neuter has been shown under 27, and the feminine, under 39. It is here given in full for future reference. 52. SINGULAR. PLURAL. Masc. Fem. Neut. M. F. N. N. bcr. btC. btt§. bic. G. bc§. bcr. bc§. bcr. D. bcm. bcr. bcm. belt. A. ben. bic. bag. bic. 1. Like the definite article are declined: btefer, biefe, btefe§, this; jebcr, jebc, jebe$, each; jener, jene, jencS, that; memefier, ttwndjc, mancfjeg, many a; foIdjer# foldje, foid)C$, such a; tnetc&er, trjeldje, ft)etd)C0, which. But for the inflection of jolcher after ein, see 90. 1 Properly, little piece. 2 See page 11, note 4, k 32 POSSESSIVE PRONOUNS I IMPERATIVE MODE. 53. POSSESSIVE SINGULAR. PRONOUNS. PLURAL. r Masc. Fern. -"% Neut. M. F. N. N. mein. meinc. mein, my. meinc, G. meine§. meincr. meineg. meincr. D. meincm. meirtcr. meincm. memen. A. memen. meinc. mein. meinc. N. unfer. unfere. unfer, our. unfere, G. unfer eg. imfercr. unfercS. unfercr. ' D. unfercm. unfercr. unfercm. unfercn. A. unfercn. unfere. unfer. unfere. 54. 1. Like mctn are declined the indefinite article cilt, a, and the possessives fceitt, thy; $fjr, your; ftfll, his or its; iljr, her; \\\, their. Also feilt, no. 2. Like unfer is declined flier, your. Both unfer and cuet may drop, in the oblique cases, the t before r, or e of the ending : Ultferd or itllfl'Cd ; cucrm or eurem. 55. IMPERATIVE MODE. Strong Conjugation. gieb, give. geben ©ie, give. tyricr), speak. fyrecfyen (Sie, speak. fiefy, see. {efyen ©ie, see. befiefyl, command. befefylen (2ie, command. Weak Conjugation. ftnel(e),//#y. fpielen ergeffen (id? fcergeffe, bu toergiffeft, er toergtjjt), to forget. 58. The pronoun t§ is very seldom used with a preposition. Instead of the pronoun the adverb foa, there, is used, combined with the preposition : toafiir,>r it; &arilt, in it; fcamtt, with it; iJtttJOll, of it ; fcarttttf, upon it, thereupon ; Darunt, about it. What seems to be the law about the use of the form fcttt? See these words in the general vocabulary. 59. ba§ 23rot, the bread. bag 53u$, the book. bag 5letf$, the meat. bag 3[ftef}er, the knife. ber Styfel, the apple. ber $nabe, M* boy. ber ^udjen, //&le t^m ein ©tucfcfyen gleifa? unb ein ©lag Staffer. 6. gfj 1 biefeg S3utterbrot unb trinf biefeg SBaffer. 7. 2Ser fyat bem $inb gleifd? gu eff en gegeben 2 ? 8. SBitte, fyole bag ©lag beg ^inbeg unb fiide eg mit 2Baffer. II. 1. Please, fetch me (him, the child) a glass of water. 2. Bring me (him, my friend) a piece of bread and butter. 3. Where is the glass of the child ? 4. It is on the table ; it is playing with it. 5. Speak to 3 the child and give it a slice 1 Eat. 2 Observe the order, and see page 6, 2, last part. mit 34 POSSESSIVE PRONOUNS I IMPERATIVE MODE. of meat to eat. 6. Where is the meat of the child ? 7. It is eating 1 it. 8. What is the boy doing 2 with his knife? 9. What is the child doing with its knife ? 10. He is cutting his cake with it; it is cutting its cake with it. 11. Where is your dog? 12. It is in its kennel; it is hungry and thirsty, fetch it something to eat and to drink. 3 13. How much has the boy given for his book ? 14. He has given a shilling for it. 15. He is reading in it. VOCABULARY. 4 61. bag Sett, the bed (22). bag 23ter, the beer. bag $Pferb, the horse. bag ©al$, the salt. bag ©of a, the sofa. bag Qimmtx, the room. ber Soffel, the spoon. ber SPfeffer, the pepper. ber (5a)remer, the cabinet-maker. ber ©enf, the mustard. ber <&taU, the stab/e, kennel. ber ©tufyl, the chair. ber ^apegter(er) the upholsterer. ber %tfrf)Ier, the joiner. ber 28 em, the wine. §emrtd), Henry. bie ©itte, kindness. gutig, kind, good. alt, old. neu, new. fait, cold. to arm, warm. rein, clean. fcfymutjig, dirty. ferttg, fin ished, ready. ftt;on, beautiful, handsome. gan$, quite. fer)r, very. to arum, why? iote Otel, how much ? JU, too ; to. maajen, to make. auf maa^en, to open. gu'maa^en, to shut. geljoren, to belong to. retaken, to reach. toiffen, 5 frou^te, geroufct, knoiv. to 1 See 62. 2 matfjt, or tfjut. 8 frcffeil Ult& faufCtt, of animals. 4 Point out applications of the table, page 16. 6 It is customary to give, as the principal parts of German verbs, the present infinitive, the imper- fect indicative, and the perfect participle. POSSESSIVE PRONOUNS : IMPERATIVE MODE. 35 62. tmffctt, to know; cffctt, to eat. Present Tense. i$ toetfj. ftrir miff en. id) effe. mir eff ctt. butoeifst. j|! rtoi !t cf - bu iff eff ||! refi rr ct - ( ©te mtff en. (. ©te eff ctt. er meifs. fie nriff ctt. er if* t. fie eff en. Form the imperatives of tDtffclt and cfftlt. 63. Examine the following : %§ ma$e ba§ genfter gu, I shut the window. 3$ fyaBe ba§ genfter §ugemad)t, I have shut the window. Wafyt (madden ©ie) ba§ genfter §u, shut the window. 3$ macf)e ba§ genfter au f/ I °P en tne window. 3$ fyaBe ba§ fyenfter aufgemacfyt, I have opened the window. 64. Verbs in German may be compounded with prepositions, adjectives, or adverbs. Such of these prefixes as are separable are placed at the end of the sentence, in the simple tenses. The augment gc of the perfect participle is inserted after the prefix. The separable prefix receives the accent. See page 5, 3. 65. Slufaa&e, I. 1. 33itte, mad)e ba§ genfter gu, berm e§ ift fefyr fait in bem gimmer. 2. 23er fyat e§ aufgemad)t? 3. 3d) meifj e3 nid)t. 4. ©ei fo gut (giitig) unb reid)e mir ba§ ©al§, ben Spfeffer, ben ©enf. 5. SBitte, geben ©ie mir ein ©Ia§ SSaffer ! 6. ©eien ©ie fo giitig unb geben ©ie mir ein ©la§ SSaffer! 7. ©eien ©ie fo giitig mir ein ©Ia§ 28affer §n geben. 8. QaUn ©ie bie (SJiitc mir ein ©Ia§ SBaffer gu geben. 9. ©eben ©ie mir ein ©Ia§ Staffer, menu id) hitUn barf. 1 10. 2Ber t)at biefen £ifrf) gemad)t? 11. 9flein 3rifd)Ier, §err 9t, r)at ifyn gemarfjt. 12. 5D^act)en ©ie ba§ ©ofa rein ; ba§ $inb r)at e§ fd)mu£ig gemad)t. 1 If I may be allowed to ask [the favor). 36 POSSESSIVE PRONOUNS : IMPERATIVE MODE. II. 1. Please open the window, it is too warm in this room. 2. Why have you shut it ? 3. It has been cold. 4. Have you fetched (gefyolt) a chair, William? 5. Yes, papa, here it is. 6. Give it to Mr. A. 7. Has the joiner sent the table ? 8. No, it is not yet finished, but the upholsterer has sent the sofa. 9. Is it handsome? 10. Yes, very handsome. 11. Have the kindness to reach me that spoon. 12. Please shut the book. 13. Shut it and bring it me. 14. Who has made the table dirty? 15. Please, Henry, make it clean again. 16. Here is beer, drink a glass of it. 17. No, thank you, 2 I am not thirsty. 18. Is this bed old or new? 19. It is quite new, the upholsterer brought it yesterday. 20. Does this horse belong to you or to your uncle? 21. When were you in grandpapa's room ? 22. I have not been in it since Saturday. 66. Examine the following examples : 1. SSeffen §ut ift bag? @3 ift meiner. Whose hat is this? It is mine. 2. Seir)e ifym bem 23ud). @r f)at feine3 berloren. Lend him your book. He has lost his. 3. §ter ift meine geber. SSer fyat !J$re ? Here is my pen. Who has yours ? 4. Sieft ba§ $mb in trtemem SefeBud) ober m feinem ? Does the child read in my reading-book or in his ? 67. 1. Observe that in each of the above sentences, containing a possessive pronoun without a noun following, the pronoun takes the endings of the definite article (52), except that the neuter has tS for 0§ of the article. 2. The forms of the possessive pronouns thus used, to which add till, one, and ff in, no, are in the nominative as follows : 1 again clean = hJtctoev fCttt. indicate the declining of an offer. 8 Besides nein, id) banfe 3hnen, 33ttte, or, roemi id) bitten barf, or, one may say, id) banfe Sbttcn, or, fefir gem {very gladly), indicates banfe 3f)nen, or simply banfe, to acceptance of an offer. POSSESSIVE PRONOUNS : IMPERATIVE MODE. 37 68. POSSESSIVE PRONOUNS USED SUBSTANTIVELY. memcr, meme, metrtcg, mine. beiner, betrte, beinc£, thine. Sfyrer, Sfyrc, * ^ after- noon. eben f o grof$, fust as large. nicfyt f o grofs ir>ie, «\tl,just as much. tone fciel ? /^w w«^ ? beutlta), distinct, distinctly. immer, always. tnit SSergnugen, with pleasure. langfam, j/tfa/, slowly. laut, /^^^/, loudly. fcfylecfyt, £tftlf t. totr fyelf en. ( U)r fyelf et. ( 6ie fyelf en. fie ^clf en. PARADICMS. U$ lef c. bu lief eft. er lief t. tow lef en. ifyr lef et. ©ie lef en. fie lef en. u$ fcergeff e. bu toergtf) eft. er feergijs t. totr toergeff en. f 'Oft fcergeff et. 1 ©ie bergeff en. fie bergeff en. 38 POSSESSIVE PRONOUNS : IMPERATIVE MODE. 71. 2lufgabe, I. 1. 9Jtem SRocf ift nia;t fo fcfyon tote beiner, aber er ift eben fo fdfjon ir-ie feiner. 2. 2Bie t>iel foftet biefe3 «Pf erb ? 3. @3 foftet fo fciel toie beine§, aber eg ift nia;t fo fa)on. 4. £teft ba§ &inb in feinem Sefebud; ober in meinem? 5. @3 lieft in feinem, aber ia; (efe in kin em . 6. g$ Ijabz ein ©$reibebu$ oerloren; r/aft bu eine§ gefefyen? 7. ^ein, ia) fyahs feineS gefefyen. 8. §err 9? v bergeffen ©ie nicr)t, in gfrrem Sua; gu lefen ; e8 liegt in S^em Sita;erfd;ranf. 9. $arl, oergig nidjt, in beinem Sua; gu lefen; e§ liegt in beinem 23ud;erfa;ranf. 10. 8ie3 laut! 11. £ie§ langfam! 12. Sefen <5ie beutlidf)! 13. SBergifj nia;t, be§ 3Cftorgen§ unb be3 2lbenb§ gu ©ott gu beten ! 14. Set' unb arbeit', bann (then) fyUft ©ott alle^eit (at all times). II. 1. Henry, here is your reading-book; but where is mine ? 2. I have seen yours in the book-case. 3. Have you also seen my exercise-book? 4. No, I have not seen yours, but I have seen William's. 1 5. Have you a horse ? 6. Yes, I have bought one this morning. 2 7. Did Fred (gritj) bring you a copy-book ? 8. Yes, he has brought me one, but it is not so handsome as thine (yours). 9. How much does it cost ? 10. It costs just as much as yours. 11. Please, lend me a shilling. 12. With pleasure, here is one. 13. Be so kind as to lend me a reading-book, I have forgotten mine. 14. With pleasure, here is one, but you always forget something. 15. Have you been in your garden to-day? 16. No, I have not been in mine, I have been in his. 17. Is his garden large? 18. It is not quite so large as Mr. N.'s/ but it is quite as large as mine, and does not cost so much. 19. Mr. R. bought a house on Friday. 20. Indeed 4 ! Is it handsome? 21. It is not so handsome as your nephew's. 22. Do not forget to bring 1 SBil&elmS. 2 See P . 74, n. 3. 3 gerrn SO. 4 @o ! or. SBirflid) ! CONVERSATION. 39 your ball, 1 if you please ; I have lost mine in the field, and Henry has lost his in the forest. 23. Read slowly and loud, if you please. 24. Do not speak so loud, if you please. 25. Joseph does not speak so distinctly as his brother. 26. Be so kind as to help me 2 (him, your friend). 72. CONVERSATION. I. Answer the following questions in German : 1. Sringen ©ie mem Sua) ober 3fyre§? 2. ©uo)en ©ie Sfyren §ut ober feinen? 3. 3ft fein §au§ nia)t fo groft unb fa)bn hue beineS? 4. §at ber Xapegterer mem ©of a gebraa)t ober 3fyre§? 5. 2Bie bid foftct biefer §ut? 6. 2Bo fyaben ©ie btefen §ut gefauft? 7. §at ber ©a)neiber S^ren dioti gebraa)t? 8. gft biefer Sftocf alt ober rteu? 9. ©tebft bu ben Sail mtr ober u)m? 10. ©iebt er ben §afen tt)m ober 3*? nen ? H- ©fcielft bu mit bem $inb? 12. 2Sa§ fyaft bu bem $inb geliefyen? 13. ©ua)ft bu ba3$inb? 14. SBann tyaft bu ben Sfkben auf bem Saum gefefyen? 15. Son toem fyat er ba§ $ferb gefauft? 16. Qabzn ©ie bem ©olbaten am S)onner§tag ober greitag etit>a§ ge[cf>idet? 17. SSarum Iteft ba3 Jvinb nia)t in feinem Sua) ? II. Change the following sentences to the imperative, both forms : 1. 3$ e ff e feme $irfa)en. 2. 3$ S e be meinem ©a)netber ben 9focf guritcf. 3. 3a) lefe in biefem Sua). 4. 3$ fyelfe bem ©a^iiler ba§ ©a)reibebua) fud)en. 5. 3$ Sebe bem ^ mD em ©titcf Sutterbrot. 6. 3d) r;oIe bem 9Jtann ein ©ta3 Ster. 7. 3$ oergeffe ma)t mein Sefebud) $u bringen. 8. 3$ leu)e Sfyrem greunb 9J?aj einen ©Riding. 9. 3a) maa> mein Sua) £*. 10. 3$ fyred)e nia)t laut. 1 The order is : your ball to ( ju) bring. 2 Not accusative. 40 FEMININE NOUNS I AUXILIARY VERBS OF MODE. (Steieittc Scftton. 73. FEMININE NOUNS: AUXILIARY VERBS OF MODE- ©mma Ijat Wcfe SHeifctoer in i^rer 8djuMa&e gcfunticn unti fdjreibt tomtit; toem Qcprt fte? — Ste geljirt nidjt tfjr ; id) glaube, ftc gel/art mcinet abet Suifcnd Sdjtoejtcr. <3aj toitt ftttgCtt. Emma has found this lead-pencil in her drawer, and is writing with it ; to whom does it belong ? — It does not belong to her ; I think it belongs to my sister or Louisa's. I will ask. 74. It has been remarked (40, 2), that feminine nouns have all cases of the singular alike. But feminine proper names of persons follow the law for masculines, and add in the genitive, or, if the nominative ends in e, add n0. Hence (fminmi, gutfeng; like (SftttUrttf, 30i(l£Ctt$. But the article may be used with such a noun in the oblique cases, and then the noun, whether the name of a male or female, remains unchanged. The learner may now profitably review the paradigms under 27 and 39 ; read again 26, 2, together with 40, 2, and 41 ; and examine the following 75. Table of Endings in the Singular. STRONG DECLENSION. WEAK DECLENSION. N. G. D. A. — — e3 -(e) — n — n — n — en — en — en — - FEMININE NOUNS I AUXILIARY VERBS OF MODE. 41 76. From this point the vocabularies follow the exercises, and it is recommended that the learner go through the exercises mentally, referring to the vocabularies following for the meanings of words. Before writing the translations of the English exercises the vocabularies should be reviewed, but the task of committing to memory will then be found an easy one. For omitted words see general vocabularies. 77. Slufga&c. I. 1. 28er fyat eine SBletfeber in ber ©dmblabe gefunben? 2. @mma fyat eine 231eifeber in ber ©d;ublabe gefunben. 3. 2Ba§ fyat @mma in ifyrer ©d;ublabe gefunben ? 4. @ine 23Ieifeber hat fie in ifyrer ©cfyublabe gefunben. 5. 3Bo fyat fie eine SBleifeber gefunben? 6. gn £uifen§ ©cbublabe (in ber ©tfmblabe ber Suife) f)at fie eine SMeifeber gefunben. 7. 2Ba§ mad;t fie mit ber 23lei= feber? 8. Sie fcfyreibt bamit. 9. 2Bem gefyort bie SBIeifeber? 10. 3$ gtaube, fie gefyort meiner ©cfytoefter ; @mma§ ©defter, £uifen3 <3d)ft>efter (ber ©cfytoefter ber @mma, ber Suife). 11. feat fie bie SBleifeber in it)rer abe fd)on jmei (two) ^affen gebabt. II. 1. Will you take 4 a cup of coffee, Mary? 2. No, thank you ; but I will take a cup of tea or a cup of milk, if you please. 3. Your tea is very good ; where do you buy it ? 4. I buy it at 5 a shop in Market Street. 6 5. Will you not take another slice of meat? 6. Thank you, 7 I will take an- other slice, I am hungry. 7. No, thank you, I have had quite enough. 8. To-morrow she is to pay 8 a visit to her uncle A., and the day after to-morrow to her aunt B. ; her uncle lives in King Street 9 and her aunt in Market Street. 9 9. Have you written your letter to your cousin Julia, 10 Louisa? 10. Not yet, mamma, but I will write it this afternoon. 11 11. When will you learn your lesson? 12. You must know 1 Observe that with f tftretbcn we 4 Either, foofleit Sie neljttteit, have here an followed by the accu- or HCljlUClt Sic. 5 in with dat. sative, while with gdjCU, in 7, JU is 6 Say, in the Market Street. used followed by the dative. 7 See p. 36, note 2. (feftr gem, 2 Contracted from ctne£. or, mit SBergnugen, or, @ic firtb jehr 3 The present is much used in giittg.) 8 madjCll ; literally, make. German for the future; here, do 9 See note 6 above. 10 ^ulie. you take ? for will you take ? n Accusative. See p. 74, note 3. 44 FEMININE NOUNS I AUXILIARY VERBS OF MODE. it to-morrow. 13. I will learn it this evening. 14. To-morrow I will pay a visit to x my friend Mary ; she is ill and must remain in her room. 15. You must read this page and after- wards copy your exercise, it is too badly written. 16. Will he write his letter with his pen or with hers, or with yours ? 17. I think he will write it with mine ; it is better than his and hers. 18. Go and give him this envelope. 19. Shall I wind up your watch ? 20. No, thank you, I have already wound it up. 21. Have you a key? 22. Yes, here it is. 23. Is his watch as good as mine ? 24. I think it is better, but it is not so handsome. 81. VOCABULARY. bie (Efyofolabe, chocolate. bie (Soufine, Safe, cousin. bie gaulbett, idleness. bie greunbin, friend. bie ©rofsmutter, grand-mother. bie ^oniggftrajse, King Street. bie ^ranffyeit, illness. bie ;UJlama, mamma. bie 5Rar!tftra^e, Market Street. bie SJtUrf), milk. erne £affe TOla;, a cup of milk. eirte £affe £fyee, a cup of tea. bie Gutter, mother. bie yiad)hax\n, neighbor. bie ^icfyte, niece. bie (5d)ixUx'm, pupil. bie &i\it,page. bie (Strafe, street. 1 Dative. 2 The gender of a compound bie ^ante, aunt. s bie Ufctmg, llbunggaufgabe, exercise. bie Ufyr, watch, time-piece. ber 23efu$, visit. ber^Bogen^apter, sheet of paper. ber gleijs, diligence. ber (Partner, gardener. ber $affee, coffee. ber $omg, king. ber 3JJarft, market. ber ^ftorgen, morning. ber 9Zad;mittag, afternoon. ber 6 caitiff el, key. ber £fyee, tea. ber Ufyrfcfyliiffel, 2 watch-key* ba§ Goufcert, envelope. noun is, in most cases, the same as that of the last component part. FEMININE NOUNS I AUXILIARY VERBS OF MODE. 45 faul, idle, slothful, lazy. ffeijjig, diligent, industrious. Irani, sick, ill, infirm. an, prep, with dat. and ace, by, at, to. %a, prep, with dat., to. al§, than. beffer, better. jettf, now, at present. morgen, to-morrow. nad^er, afterwards. nod) ein (eine), another. nod) einmal, once more, again. tibermorgen, the day ajter to-morrow . abfdjjreiben, fd^rteb ah, ah* gefd?rieben, to copy. auf^iefyen, gog auf, aufge-^ogen, to wind up. bteiben, blieb, geblieben (f.), 1 ta remai?i. banlen, 6? //fo;z>£ (with dat.). gefyen, ging, gegemgen (f.), to go. glauben, to think. nefymen, nafym, genommen, to take. 82. • PARADIGMS. fOttneit, to be able. biirfen, to be allowed. mbQCtt, to like. i$ lann. ftn'r lonncn. tdj barf, fair biirfen. tdj mag. fair mogen. bu fannfl. ^ r « nnt - bu barf ji. |! r ***• bu magft. )£ mb 8 ct - Bu lonnen. er lann. fie lonncn. er barf. Sie biirfen. fie biirfen. er mag. ©ie mogen. fie mogen. 83. 2fufgafce. I. 1. 3$ barf 2 gu metnem greunb gefyen unb mit ifym f^telen; er ift geftern bei 3 mir gemefen unb $at mit mtr unb meiner ©oufine gefyielt. 2. $annft bu mit meiner geber fd^reiben? 3. 3d) lann 1 Verbs conjugated with feilt instead of (jaDCU, are followed in the vocabularies by an (f.). 8 Observe that fiimten, tiiirfen^ and mogen, like molten, foUen, muffen (79), are followed by the infinitive without jU- 3 Observe the preposition. 46 FEMININE NOUNS I AUXILIARY VERBS OF MODE. fefyr gut l bamit f d)reibcu ; id) I;abe geftcm 2(benb meine 2luf gabe bamit gefdjrieben ; aber id) mag uid)t mit fetrter fdbreibeu, fie ift gu roeid), §u fyart. 4. 9D?arie mag btefeS papier md)t laufen ; fie fann nid^t barauf fd^reiben. 5. 2)arf i$ fefyeu, toa§ bu lief eft? 6. D ja, ba§ barfft bu; e3 ift eine geitung. ?• $0nuft bu fie fcerftefyen? 8. 3$ kerftefye uid)t 2We§ barin. 9. Gormen ©tc mir fagen, too grau 21. toofmt? 10. 2Barum biirfeu <5ie md)t aus>gefyen ? II. 1. Can you speak German ? 2. A little, I am learning it. 3. My sister can speak German and French ; she often speaks with my uncle ; he has been in Germany and France. 4. Do you understand what I say ? 5. I understand a little, but not all. 6. Mr. N.'s niece can read English, but she cannot speak it. 7. Can you go to the 2 theatre to-night ? 8. Yes, I may, but I do not like to go. 9. Why not ? 10. I do not like to go alone, and my brother cannot go with me; he has no time. 11. How much did you pay for this watch? 12. I paid £& 5 for it. 13. It is very pretty. 14. Will you not buy one also ? 15. I am to have one at Christmas or at Easter. 16. Has your father read the newspaper ? 17. Yes, and my mother is reading (reads) it now ; afterwards you may read it also. 18. Did your father find anything new 4 in it ? 19. I don't know; I have not asked him. 20. May Henry play in the garden this afternoon ? 21. No, he is to remain in the room and to learn his lesson. 1 Adjectives may be used in 4 cttUflS 9icUC$. In Latin: ali- German as adverbs without change quid novi, anything of new. After of form. CtttJOS, anything, something; t0a$, 2 ing £f)eater,or,inba$3njcatcr. vkat t something; mdjtg, nothing, 3 ad)t ^funfo. Observe the sin- the adjective is treated as a neuter gular. See also 151. substantive in apposition. CONVERSATION. 47 84. VOCABULARY. bie ^rau, lady (Mrs.). bie ©cfyacfytel, band-box. bie 3eit, time. bie .JJetiung, newspaper. ba§ £fy eater, theatre. ©eutfdjlanb, 1 Germany. (Snglanb, England. granfreia), France. $u Dftern, #/ Easter. $u SSeifynaa^ten, a/ Christmas. alteirt, <2//M her. Don tytffrom her. •§\ tfyr, /at fie bie 33leifeber gegeben. 12. 2Ber fyat ber Suife eine SBleifeber gegeben? 13. SBofyin (whither) barf Suife fyeute nid;t geljen ? 14. Suife barf beute ni$t in3 (in ba§) Sweater gefyen ; fie muft gu §aufe bleiben unb eine Slufgabe abfa;retben. II. SBeanttoorte bie folgenben gragen in fcollftanbigen Sa|en: 1. 2)itrfen <3ie t)eute Slbenb in§ Concert gefyen? 2. $onnen <3ie ifyr einen Ufyrfajltiffel Ieir)en? 3. 9Bann toollen ©ie ifyrer (Soufine einen SBefucfy madden? 4. (gotten ©te fyeute ober morgen an tfyre $lia)ti fajreiben? 5. 2Ba§ muftt bu abfcfyreiben? 6. ©oft 5Rarie ober Suife in bie ©iabt gefyen? 7. $ann unb n)iU gerbinanb biefen Srief f cfyreiben ? 8. 9Kufe ©opfyie in bem gimmer bleiben ober barf fie au3gefyen? 9. 2)arf id; bie 6$ad)tel offnen? 10. 9JJag fie nia^t mit tfym ober mit ifyr baritber fprea^en? 11. Wufy i$ bie 3lufgabe nocb einmal abfcfyreiben? 12. 2Ba§ mogen 6ie nid;t tlnm? DECLENSION OF ADJECTIVES : MASCULINE NOUNS. 49 9W)te Seftion. 86. THE DECLENSION OF ADJECTIVES: MASCULINE NOUNS. fitekr @ftuarit, im mufjt bem fletffiflen Soljit btefe§ katoen ttfteit 9Jlamte§ cinctt iBefttij imujjcn; kr arme ^nalie |at gcftcrit ten Xinfcn ICm gebro^en. Dear Edward, you must pay a visit to the diligent son of this good old man ; the poor boy broke his left arm yesterday. 87. 1. In the preceding lessons adjectives have been used both as adverbs and predicatively. When thus used they remain unchanged. See 80, I. 9. In the above model sentence observe that the adjectives ItC&, fletfetg, fcrat), alt, arm, Itttf, are used attributively and have an inflectional syllable. The rules for the declension of adjectives, deduced from illustrative paradigms, are given under 92. 2. Observe also the use of the definite article, J)en HnfCtt 9lwt, wit> the force of a possessive pronoun, 1 as it is translated. Give an examp?^ of the definite article so used in English. 88. STRONG DECLENSION OF ADJECTIVES. 2 SINGULAR. Masculine. Neuter. Feminine. N. f[etf$tgcr ©ofyrt. armc§ Hiitb. Ite&e %antz. G. fleifjtgcn 3 ©ofyrtcg. armcn 3 $inbe0. Itebcr %ank. D. fletfjtgem ©ofyne. armcm $mbc. liebcr £ante. A. fleifcigett 6o§n. arme§ $mb. liebc £ante. 1 The student of French or 3 The adjective has also a form Greek will recall the frequent use in c§ in the genitive masculine and of the article in this way in those neuter, flct fttgeg ; but this form languages. is becoming obsolete, though still 2 Learn only the singular. retained in certain phrases. 50 DECLENSION OF ADJECTIVES I MASCULINE NOUNS. 89. WEAK DECLENSION OF ADJECTIVES. SINGULAR. Masculine. N. bcr fleijsige ©olm. . G. beg fleifjigen ©ofyncg. D. bcm fleifjigcn ©ofync. A. ben fleifjigen ©ofyn. 90. Neuter. bag arme $inb. beg armen $mbcg. bcm armen $inbc. bag arme $inb. MIXED FORMS. SINGULAR. Feminine. bte Itebe Xante. bcr liebcn Xante, bcr liebcn Xante. bic liebe Xante. Masculifie. Neuter. Feminine. N. em fletfttger* ©obn. em armeg* $inb. einc liebc Xante. G. eincg fleiftigcn ©ofyncg. eincg armen $inbcg. einer liebcn Xante. D. einem fleiftigcn ©ofync. eincm armen $mbc. einer liebcn Xante. A. eincn fleijjigcn ©ofyn. em armeg * $inb. einc liebe Xante. * On the forms marked with an asterisk, see 92, 4. 91. PLURAL (ALL THREE GENDERS). Strong. N. alte — G. alter — D. atten — A. alte — Weak. bic braben bcr brafcen ben braben bte brafcen Mixed. meine brafcen meincr brafcen meincn brattcn meine bratten 92. 1. As there are two declensions of nouns, so there are two declensions of adjectives, the strong and the weak. But while every noun, with unimportant exceptions, belongs to the one or the other declension, the same adjective may be inflected in two ways. The distinction of method depends upon the presence or absence of the article or a pronominal adjective, or the like, before the adjective. 2. Observe that when there is no article or pronominal adjective preceding (88), the adjective is declined like fcicfer (52) except that in the genitive singular masculine and neuter the form in Clt is preferred to the regular eg. 1 1 This is to avoid the unpleasant repetition of the syllable eg. DECLENSION OF ADJECTIVES ! MASCULINE NOUNS. 51 3. Observe that when the definite article precedes the adjective (89), the adjective is declined like a noun of the weak declension (39). The same holds true, if, instead of the. definite article, fctefct, \tttCX, \thtX f mandjcr, or ttJCldjCr precedes the adjective. 4. Observe that if the indefinite article (90), or a word inflected like it (54), precedes the adjective, three forms of the latter, marked with a * in the paradigm, are of the strong declension. 1 93. Express in German and decline in the singular : the old man ; an old man ; the left arm ; my left arm ; this poor boy ; a poor boy ; his dear Edward. 94. Olitfaabe. I. 1. The diligent son of this old man has broken his 2 arm. 2. Thy diligent son has broken his right 3 arm. 3. The old man has broken his right arm. 4. My left arm is broken. 5. The left arm of the honest old man is broken. 6. Who has broken his arm ? 7. My dear Edward has broken his left arm. 8. I must pay a visit to the poor boy. 9. Thou must pay a visit to his son, the good Edward. 10. Thou must pay a visit to the diligent son of old 4 Edward. 11. Dear 4 Edward must pay a visit to the old man's son. 12. To whom must you pay a visit ? 13. To the poor old man ; he broke his left arm yesterday. Add terminations to the adjectives in the following sentences : II. 1. llnfet $ater ift in bem fait . . better gehxfen tmb t)at eine glafcfye altV-V^eineS gefyolt. 2. itnb too ift 3t;re grau Gutter? 3. Unfere Gutter ift in ber $ud;e nnb fyolt eine Xaffe 1 This peculiarity may be ac- 2 Read again model sentence, counted for and the memory be 3 l)cn rcd)tCll. assisted by observing that in these 4 If a proper name of a person important cases the strong forms is preceded by an adjective, the serve to indicate the gender of the definite article must be used, ex- substantive, cept in the vocative. 52 DECLENSION OF ADJECTIVES! MASCULINE NOUNS. gut . . Saffee(3) obcr gut . . 3Tf>ee(^). 4. ©tarf . , Sfcaffee iftnid&t gefunb fur bid), lieb . : $arl ; bu mu£t f cfaracb . . trinfen. 5. 2Bitfft bu ein ©lag ioeifc . . ober ein ©lag rot . . 2Bem(e§) trinfen ? 6. @uer flein.V §unb fyielt immer mit unferm 1 grog.. 7. 2Sie lange fyat er ben grog., fa^toa^.. §unb gct)abt? 8. 9^ic^t lange ; er fyat tt)n euerem frangofifct) . . Sefyrer gegeben. 9. £)er bof. SBube ift in.unferg 1 9?ad)barg ©arien getoefen, unb fyat fid) 2 einen fctyotu : : 2fyfel geljolt. 10. SDiefer englifd). §err lann nict)t beutfa) f!preci)en unb lann feinen gut . . beutfa; . . Sefyrer ftnben. ]L £af[e ifyn $u §erm $1. gefyen; er foil 3 etn fe&r gut .Y beutjcf . H>el>rer fein. 4 12. 23ag feF>It g&rem gut.. Dnlet? 13. @r l)at ben §uften, unb meine £ante fyat and) einen ftarf: 7 .- §uften unb ben ©d&nupfen. 14. gbr TOufifle^rer fyat $opftoefy 6 unb SaJnuoefy 6 ; er fyat ifyr fyeute leinen Unterricbi gegeben. 95. VOCABULARY. ber SBube, boy. ber §err, gentleman. ber §uften, cough. ber iteller, cellar. ber £el)rer, teacher, master. ber ©dmupfen, #?A/ (in one's head), catarrh. ber Unterricfyt, instruction. bie ©rldltung, «>/efy, head-ache. (bag; ,3afynn)efy, tooth-ache. blau, £/«*. braun, brown. gelb, yellow. (22) grau, ^r^y. grim, £7r<£«. rot (rott;), r«/. fcfytoarj, £/#<:/£. toeifs, white. gefunb, wholesome, healthy. ungefunb, unwholesome, un- healthy. fd)ir>ad), weak, feeble. ftarf, strong, hard, bad. laffert, liejj, gelaffen, to /foze> /^^ ? toag fefylt bir, ifym, tfyr, what ails thee, him, her! fc>ag fefylt Sfynen, what ails you ? ivhat is the matter with you ? 1 See 54, 2. 2 for himself. 3 is said. * to be. 5 Observe that the German omits the article with these nouns. DECLENSION OF ADJECTIVES '. MASCULINE NOUNS. 53 96. Stufgabc* I. 1. My dear Charles, have you paid a visit to your good old uncle ? 2. Yes, I have paid him a long visit today; he is not well. 3. What is the matter with him? 4. He has a bad cough and must remain in 1 bed. 5. Please give me a cup of strong coffee, 2 and Mr. O. a glass of white wine. 6. Strong tea is not wholesome for you : you must drink weak tea and weak coffee. 7. The little boy has been playing with his new ball in our garden, and he has lost it. 8. My tailor has made a grey coat for me, and for diligent 3 Edward he has made a blue 4 one. 9. Where did you buy this pretty watch-key ? 10. I bought it in a new shop in Market Street. 5 11. Is (there) not an old cherry-tree in their large garden? 12. Yes, there 6 is a large cherry-tree and a tall apple-tree. 13. Did poor Mr. S. break his right or his left arm ? 14. He broke his right arm. 15. Fetch the sick old man something to eat and give him a warm coat; look, his is quite torn and very thin. 16. I do not like to speak to 7 their brother, he is a naughty boy ; he has broken little William's lead-pencil; he breaks everything. 8 17. I cannot go with you to-day, I am ill. 18. What ails you? 19. I have a head-ache and a cold 9 in my head. 20. Her old teacher has a very bad cough ; he cannot pay her a visit 1 Here the German uses the 8 See p. 51, n. 4. Also 327, 1. article, im S3ctt. 4 The adjective has the same 2 Observe that a cup of coffee = form as if the substantive were Cine XaffC Coffee. See 80, I. 11 expressed, and one is not to be and 12. But a cup of strong coffee translated. ^cinc Xttffe ftarfen HaffeeS; co1 - 5 See P a s e &> note 6 - •,oquially also, flarfCtt ^ttffec. 6 The expletive there is to be After expressions of number, rendered by t§. Not however in 11. weight, and measure, the noun fob 7 tttit. 8 ttttcS. lowing drops the genitive ending, ex- 9 Preferably without the article cept when qualified by an adjective. here : $o{)f foel) Utt& @d)nuj)fcn. 54 CONVERSATION. to-day. 21. Do you see that beautiful bird on this tall tree? 22. Yes, I see it. 23. Please do not break my watch ; it is a present from our good grandfather. 97. VOCABULARY. ber SBaum, tree. ber ©rofjoater, grandfather. ber $irfa)baum, cherry-tree. ber Sefyrer, teacher. ber $ogel, bird. ber 2Bagen, wagon. ba§ Sett, bed. (22). bag ©efdjenf, present. bofe, bad, naughty. bicf, thick. (22). burnt, />&/«. (22). lang, long. lange (adv.), Z^ (of time). oa% ?*#raz/& (in pieces), gerreifsen^errij^errtffen, to tear. 98. CONVERSATION. gitge in ben folgenben ©a£en bte auggelaffene 2lbjectto=Gmbung fytngu unb beanttoorte bte gragen. 1. 3ft betn neu .'. $tod fd^roar^ ober grau? 2. 5ft bie garbe betneg neu iV^odeg blau ober braun? 3. SSann fyat ber bof£J8ube metnen f$on£'.t€>toc£ ^erbrocfyen? 4. 2Ste otel foftet biefer fd)bnv-(5tod ? 5. 2Ser r)at ben rea^t^Slrm gebroa^en? 6. 2Ba§ fe^lt beinem altat€nfet? 7. $ann betn oXtU Dnlel nod) gut ^u gufce 2 gefyen? 8. 28er r)at einen ftarf ;V(5d)mrpfen unb §uften? 9. $Ba§ r)at 3$r gut £z ©rogoater %\)nin an 2Betl)nadf)ten gegeben? /G^ sfl / -i ^H 1 1)0(1), when declined, drops c: &et Ijolje JBoum. 2 JU %VL%t, on foot. DECLENSION OF ADJECTIVES '. NEUTER NOUNS. 55 _ _ _ 10. 2Ba§ fyaben 6ie S^rem gut fH- ©royaler art" Dftern gegeben ? / C/ 11. 2Men ©ie unfern neu;'.;grimgelb.. ^anarientoogel fefyen? 12. ©oil id) erne glafcfye tt>ei^ fuober rot^(jg$ein3 fyolen ? 13. SDarf id^> 3fynen ein ©la§ toeij? prober roU4'28ein& an= bieten ? 14. 3ft §err 23. (^/r. ^.) ein gut;ii£er/rer? 15. 3ft er ein fran^dfifd^: ; ober beutf d) * l-£eftrer ? 16. ©iebt er beutfd^ikfter fran^ofifci^^cilnterric^t? 17. 2Bie alt ift toor/l (do you suppose) ber grojj t$irf tf)baum in 3fyrem neuUU^arten? 18. ©tefyt nid)t ein grof^ $irf cfybaum in 3&rem ©arten? 19. SBann ^at euer SSater euren fc^5ni'^2Bagen gelauft? 20. 2Bie totel loftet euer f$onv* neuv;-£8agen? 21. ©efyort biefer fyubf $ jHbraun £§unb bir ober bein-Vilein &*-^ Sruber? 91eunte Seltion. 99. THE DECLENSION OF ADJECTIVES : NEUTER NOUNS. mt\n \km B tub, laffe mtdj tiodj einmal titcfeS pbfdje Sltttt betneS ncucn SBifoer&udjeg fc^en ; td) fttauk toritfUdj, c§ ijt fdjon kfdjmutjt. My dear child, just let me see this pretty leaf of your new picture-book : I verily believe (really think) it is already soiled. 1 00. Observe that Bcf d)tUUJjt, properly a perfect participle, is here used as a predicate adjective. The perfect participle is often so used in Latin : Gallia est divisa, Gaul is divided. 101. Review the paradigms in the singular number 88, 89, 90, and read again the observations under 92. 56 DECLENSION OF ADJECTIVES : NEUTER NOUNS. 102. Express in German and decline: This pretty leaf; his pretty leaf ; that new picture-book ; our new picture-book. 103. Slufga&e. I. 1. Just let me see this new picture-book, your new picture-book. 2. Just let me see this pretty child. 3. Let me see the new picture-book of your dear child. 4. I really think your new picture-book is already soiled. 5. Is the pretty leaf of your picture-book really soiled ? 6. Dear child, you have already soiled x your new picture-book. 7. This pretty book is new, and you have already soiled it. 8. Is this leaf pretty? 9. No, it is soiled. 10. I think it is a soiled leaf of your new picture-book. 11. I see a soiled leaf in this pretty picture-book. 12. Have you soiled the pretty picture-book of this dear child ? 13. Is this picture- book pretty ? 14. It has 2 been pretty ; but now it is soiled. In the following sentences supply the proper terminations of the adjectives. II. 1. 9&o r/at $r;r gut.VSruber fein Henri-.' ^Sferb gefauft? 2. @r fyat eg bon etn%' reicfyfi^ferbefyanbler in ©cfyottlanb gefauft; eg ift ein fc&otttfd&e Plenty. 3. SSte totel ©ulben* ober ^pfunb 4 (Sterling fyat er bafiir gegeben? 4. gcf) toeif* eg nicf)t. 5. 3^ bin fefyr burfttg ; bitte gieb mtr ein ©lag frifc^^- SBajferjf. 6. ©oil id) bir trieHeid&t ein ©lag gut UMcm\ geben? 7. SHein, banle; frifefc te-SBaffer ift beffer. 8. £teb^i $apa, barf tdj btefet*6rmtv*$inb ein gro{$£^ el? unb ben §uften. 21. Sieb^^inb, bu fyaft betn neuC^Bilberbud) fd^on befd;mu£t. 22. SRein Iieb£t^arl, fyaben ©ie ^xtWyuttfrU^ alt^kOnlel einen SBefucfy gemaa)t? 104. VOCABULARY. ber gettfleden, grease-spot ber grlanber, Irishman. ber^3ferbel)anbler, horse-dealer. ber ^onxj,pony. ber ^3reig, /r*Vottlanb, Scotland. irlanbifd), /m^. fd)ottifd), Scotch. frifd), fresh, new. fyefttg, violent, intense. reid), rzV//, abundant. \&)<\x\, sharp. Cf.ftuntyf (106). feiben, of silk. trocfen, dry, stale, unbuffered. unborftdfytig, careless, imprudent. fcorftd)tig, cautious, careful. ^toeite, second. beffer, better. bann, then. ba^u, besides. DieHeidbt, perhaps. fallen, fiel, gef alien (f.) , to fall; idj falle, bu fallft, er fallt. fcfymeden, ta taj - /^. geigen, to show. 1 See page 15, note. See page 54, note 1. 58 DECLENSION OF ADJECTIVES '. NEUTER NOUNS. 105. SUtfeafce* I. 1. A Scotch horse-dealer has sold a beautiful pony to our rich neighbor. 2. And how much has Mr. Baum, your rich neighbor, given for it ? 3. I like new bread and new cake, and my sister likes dry 1 bread and dry cake. 4. Good meat is very dear 2 now. 5. Please give me a slice of 3 this good meat. 6. My cousin likes white wine, but I like better a glass of red. 7. I like good beer better than sour wine. 8. I think this bottle of beer is sour, and sour beer is very unwholesome ; please bring me some other. 4 9. The other book is pretty, but this one 6 is not. 10. Give me another book, if you please. 11. I cannot give you another, 6 I have none. 12. Just show me your new picture-book! 13. I know your old neighbor likes a juicy apple ; here is a very fine one, 6 take 7 it to him. 14. Do you like ripe fruit? 15. I like ripe fruit very much. 8 16. Then 9 I will send you some. 10 17. Unripe fruit is unwholesome. 18. Where does old Mr. S. live now? 19. He lives in the last house of this street. 20. Is it a handsome house ? 21. Yes, a very handsome one. 22. My sister received a new dress at Christmas. 23. Is it a silk dress, or is it of 11 other material? 24. Just see, there is a large grease-spot on your new dress. 25. You are really very careless. 26. This poor beggar has a large hole in his old coat. 27. Well, 12 give him another. 1 Either ttOlfcneS or trotfltcS. 6 Omit. Adjectives ending in d, cit, tV 6 Say, can give you no other. usually drop the c of these syl- 7 bridge t()nt fotcfctt. Observe lables when declined, or the C of the order, and see 17. the inflectional ending. 8 eat very gladly. 9 Remember that an adjective in 9 fcaniU 10 tt)Cl(fje$. the predicate remains unchanged. u ^ ^^ Ie|t, last, final. reif, rzjte, mature. fcerfaufen, to sell; fcerfattft,^/^. f afttg, juicy, succulent. \vdt)ntn, to live ; getoofynt, lived. id) effe gem, I like to eat, I am fond of . id) effe lieber, I like (to eat) better, I prefer. idj) trirtfe gem, I like to drink, I am fond of . \en 2 2Bein trtnfen (Ste lieber, ft>eij34#flber xot&& 5. n gerriff en ? 10. Sitte, toitfft bu mir ein ©Ia§ frifd)6t£Baffeyi tyolen ? 11. ©d;mecft alt &2Baffer fo gut tote frtfd; ^? 12. §aben ©ie cm f$arf£c3Jlef[er bet fid; (with you)? 13. 3ft 3^>r neuf&JJleffer fd&arf ober ftumtf ? 14. ©dmeibet ein fcfyarf SCSKeffer fo gut tote ein ftumpfi'UJ 15. Qat 3$nen ber £ape§ierer ein braun^C ober ein griin&L ©of a gemacfyt ? 16. §aft bu, mein Iieb92$arl, bent arm^OJldbc^en ein groj$£^ ober ein llein i^JBtixd 23rot gegeben ? 17. §at ber armf- -Bfcamt bag red^t ^ ober ba§ linf^SBein gebrocfyen ? 18. $annft bu mir fagen, toer mein fyubfefy . ; Silberbud? jer= riffen bat ? 19. 2Bie biel loftet ein llein;; fa^ottifd):": $onty? 20. §aben ©ie biefe§ fd)on. toeifr. $ferb oon ein . V;$ferbe= f)drtbler gelauft? $t$nk Sefitott. 108. THE DECLENSION OF ADJECTIVES : FEMININE NOUNS. $ie IteBengmurtitge %*$Ut unfercr pten SBirtin ift Joeben in bie $iid)e gepngen, «m tier 1 flctnen @(tyl)ie cine grofee Xaffe toarmcr SKSU}' 3tt Ijolen. The amiable daughter of our good hostess has just now gone into the kitchen in order to fetch for little Sophia a large cup of warm milk. 1 Could fcer be omitted ? See have all cases of the singular alike. page 51, note 4. See 40, 2. What is the case of 2 Remember that feminine nouns 9Rild)? DECLENSION OF ADJECTIVES I FEMININE NOUNS. 61 109. Observe that gcfjctt is conjugated with fcilt; hence has gone = \$ QCflanflCU. Intransitive verbs denoting a change of state or condition, or motion from or to a place are conjugated with the auxiliary fcilt. Observe one mode of expressing a purpose : Ultl — JU IjolCtt. 110. Review the paradigms in the singular number under 88, 89, and 90. Express in German and decline: The amiable hostess ; the large cup ; the good milk. 111. Examine the following sentences: 1. 2Bo ift bie £o$ter? ©ie ift in ber ^ticfye. 2. 2Bohm (whither) ift bie £od)ter gecjcmgen ? ©ie ift in bie £tirf)e gegcmgen. Observe that in governs the dative and the accusative : the dative, when it means in, at, etc., and hence in answer to the question where ; the accusative, when it means into, to, etc., and hence in answer to the question whither. The same remarks apply to aitf. 112. Stufga&e. I. 1. Our good hostess has gone in order to fetch her amiable daughter. 2. Her amiable daughter has just now gone into the kitchen in order to fetch warm milk. 3. She has gone to fetch me x the warm milk. 4. She has gone into the warm kitchen. 5. In the warm kitchen is good milk. 6. Our good hostess has gone into the kitchen to fetch the cup of her amiable daughter. 7. She has gone to fetch her amiable daughter. 8. She has gone to fetch her amiable daughter a cup of good milk. 9. The amiable daughter of my good hostess fetches a cup of milk for me. 10. Little 2 Sophia has gone to fetch our good hostess. 11. My little daughter has just now gone into the kitchen in order to fetch our good hostess a cup of milk. 12. Who 1 Is this to be rendered by the 2 Does the German correspond accusative ? exactly to the English ? 62 DECLENSION OF ADJECTIVES : FEMININE NOUNS. has gone into the kitchen? 13. The amiable Sophia has gone into the kitchen. 14. Where did the amiable Sophia go? 15. Into the kitchen. 16. For what 1 did she go into the kitchen ? 17. In order to fetch her mother a large cup of milk. 18. Her good daughter is in the warm kitchen. 19. In the kitchen is warm milk. 20. Fetch little Sophia a large cup of warm milk. 21. Fetch little Sophia's cup. II. 1. 28a§ fur erne garbe fyat beine junge %anhz ? 2. ©te fyat erne toeifse garbe, aber ber $opf ift \a)xvax%, unb fie fyat ana) eirten fd^mar^en ©djwang. 3. 3d) fyabe neulia; aua) einen fcfyonen ^anarienoogel belommen. 4. ©o! ma3 fitr einen 2 ? 5. Hom= men ©te, to; mill tlm %x)mn ^etgen. 6. 2Ba3 fitr erne fcfyone 3f?ofe S^re Itebe ^Ricr)te fyat 3 ! 2So fyat fie fie befymmen? 7. ©te x)at biefe roeifee iRofe bet einem Partner gefauft. 8. grauletn Sutfe ift eine fleiftige ©dfyuterm. 9. ®er gortfdjrttt einer fletfttgen ©a;ulertn ift uiel grower al§ ber 4 einer nta;t fleijjigen ober faulen. 10. ©etne ©a;mefter So^ie r)at an 2Seu)naa;ten fcon einer alten greunbin etne fa) one Ut)x jum ©efcfyenf befommen. 11. SBtrfs lid)? ma§ fitr etne Ufyr? 12. §at fie and) etne Ufyrfette ba^u be* lommen? 13. ga, etne fd)bne golbene. 14. Wtit ma§ fiir etner geber fyaben ©te btefen langen 33rtef gefd)rieben? 15. Wit etner ©tafylfeber. 16. 3d) fdjretbe nia;t gern mit etner gu fyarten ober $u metd^en ©tafylfeber. 17. grau 9Ji. r)at beute tfyre 9ftagb attf ben 3Kar!t gefd;idt, urn em $funb frtfd;er Sutter $u faufen, aber e§ ift feme frtfdje ba gemefen, nur gefa^ene. 18. 3d; effe frifdje Sutter unb frtfd;e§ Srot mtt frifcfyem $afe fef>r gern. 19. 2Bte ftnben ©ie btefen £afe ? 20. ©efyr gut ; roaS fitr ftafe ift eS ? 21. @3 ift bouunbifajer £ctfe. 22. ©ann gefye unb fjole mtr etn fyalbeS $funb. 23. ©uten 9florgen (3d) mimfa;e 3fynen 1 For what=tQ$\\nX. 1,6, 14, in this exercise, and see 8 The interrogative pronoun also 115. foaS fitr titl has the Cttt only de- 3 Observe the order in this sen- clined and is used in all cases tence and compare it with that in 1. like other pronouns. Compare 4 See 77, I. 11. DECLENSION OF ADJECTIVES : FEMININE NOUNS. 63 \_ einen guten 9ftorgen), grau %l. ; toie fyahtn ©ie uergangene yiafyt gefa;lafen? 24. (&utz %lad)t, §err -ft.; fd^Iafen efcr)enf, «j a present. (ba§) §oKanb, Holland. bag ^Pfunb, pound; ein £;albe< ^jSfunb, half a pound. ba§ ©alg, j«#. bie Sutter, butter. bie gaulfyeit, idleness. bie ^agb, maid-servant. bie 3^act)t, night ; fcergangene bie 9fofe, r^w. bie !£aube, pigeon. bie Ufyrfette, watch-chain. grdulein Suife, Miss Louise. bunfelblau, dark-blue. faul, lazy, idle. jleij}ig, active, industrious. gefalgen, salted. go lb en, of gold. grower, larger. fyellgelb, light-yellow. fyollanbifa;, Dutch. !prad)tig, splendid, magnificent. filbern, of silver. neulidj), recently, the other day. nur, only. befommen, belatn, befommen, to get, receive. fa;Iafen, frf)Iief, gefa;tafen, to sleep; ta) fcfylafe, bu fcfyldfft, er fcfyldft. 64 DECLENSION OF ADJECTIVES : FEMININE NOUNS. 115. Examine the following : 1. 2®a3 fur §0^, what sort of wood ? 2. 2Sa§ fur SBalbcr, what sort of forests ? 3. ;£sa3 fur em SSogcl, what sort of a bird ? 4. 2Ba§ fur eine 3Taube, what sort of a dove ? 5. 2£>a§ fiir eiuer (eine, eineS), what sort of a one ? Observe (1) that tt)a§ fiir is an indeclinable adjective, used with nouns singular or plural; (2) that rua§ fiir cut is an adjective pronoun, having Ctlt only declined ; (3) that ruciS fiir enter is a substantive pronoun. See 68. 116. ^Cisfgftfie* 1. Were you at 1 the theatre last night? 2. Yes, I was there with my amiable cousin Elizabeth. 3. With whom did your dear aunt go to 2 the theatre ? 4. With my uncle and his old friend Mr. H. 5. Yesterday morning I found a thimble in 3 the street. 6. What kind of a one ? 7. A silver thimble. 8. Last week I bought one, but it is not so pretty as this one. 9. Little Charles is a cowardly boy ; he is afraid of this silly goose, and I think even 4 of a quacking duck. 10. Well, you must not talk, you are afraid of every little dog. 11. The poor child is afraid of that old beggar with his torn coat and large stick. 12. What a difficult lesson my teacher has given me 5 ! I fear I cannot do it. 13. Do you find this lesson difficult 6 ? I think it is easy. 14. Miss Elizabeth is a diligent pupil ; she has a German governess. 15. Can she already speak German? 16. She speaks pretty well. 7 17. I am to go to 8 town and buy a French newspaper. 18. For whom are you to buy it? 19. For my old aunt. 20. Does she understand French ? 21. Yes, she has been in France a whole year. 22. Mrs. S. 1 in with dative. 6 A predicate adjective ; hence 2 to = into. f d) to cr, n ot f dj m ere. 3 UUf with dative. 4 fclbfl. 7 pretty well = \\tm\\k 0Ut. 5 The order is: mir gege&ett f)Ut 8 A? = into; hence in lite ZtaH DECLENSION OF ADJECTIVES I FEMININE NOUNS. 65 has sent her servant into that large grocery-shop to fetch a pound of black tea and half a pound of green. 23. Green tea is not wholesome. 24. Just look, the glass of my gold watch is broken ; I must go to town to get a new glass. 25. Good morning, Mr. B., how did you sleep last night ? 26. Not very well, I have had a bad toothache. 27. Mrs. B., my kind neighbor, has sent me a magnificent white rose as a present. 117. VOCABULARY, bet gefyler, mistake. einfdlttg, harmless, silly. ber gtngerfyut, thimble. \z\qz, faint-hearted, cowardly. bte @nte duck 9ii% f reunbIi *' kind ' .. ^ ' Ui&t, light, easy; ntcfrt fcfcwer. bte ©an§, goose. ' \ /. . . n , quctienb, quacking. bte ©oubernante, governess. ' 7 , j>Z 7 . bte fleite, chain. ^ x > ** rd > dtfficulf ' bte 2Botf>e, week. geftrig, yesterday's, of yester- bte fitting, newspaper. " a y- fyeuttg, to-day's, of to-day. ba3 SSetlc^en, violet. morgenb, to-morroiv's, of to- erne 2lufgabe macfyen, to do a morrow. , lesson. fiirc^tett, to fear. ftdt) fiirdr)ten fcor, to be afraid of. tcfy fitrcfyte mid; t>or bem §unb, I am afraid of the dog. ( bu fitrcfyteft btc^ *>or bem §urtb, f thou art afraid of the dog. \ ©te fitrtf)ten ftcfy fc>or bem §unb, Xyou are afraid of the dog. er, fie, e§ fttrcfytet ftcfy 2C. he, she, it is, etc. 118. CONVERSATION. gatget in ben folgenben ©at$en bte au§gelaffenen ©nbungen bin^u nnb beantmortet mimbUrf) {orally) bte gragen: 1. 2Ba§ fiir etne garbe fyat bte Sfafe, ba§ SSetlcfyen? 2. 3Son toem fyaben ©te btefe golben Mlfyr jum ©efcfyenf befommen ? 66 PLURAL OF THE STRONG AND WEAK DECLENSIONS. 3. 2Ber I)at 3&nen bie golbenf^ette gum ©efc^enf gemac&t? 4. $at unfere Sflagb ^eute fd)oru frifd) .Clutter auf bem Sttarftgefauft? 5. 3Sie met frtfc§ flutter §at unfere 9Jtogb fyeute auf bem 9Narft gefatift? 6. 2Bo befommt man rein*, i $affee unb feitK Gfyofolabe? 7. 2Sarum fyat biefe fleiftige <5a;ulerm ifyr . lurg ." Sfufgabe fyeuie nia;t gemaa;t? 8. 3ft bie fyeutig . 2Tuf gabe leictyt ober farmer? 9. gitrcfytet fid) bem£f(etn fec^toefter ttor btef££emf aittg OX. ©an3? 10. 3Sor mem fiircfytet ft$ bie f tein r@lif e ? 11. $at Sfyre Iran! t (Eoufine etne gut. 9^aa;t ge^abt? ' glfte fieftum. 119. PLURAL OF THE STRONC AND WEAK DECLENSIONS: NUMERALS, # In working out this and the succeeding lessons, the learner should supplement the rules for the formation of the plural of nouns, which can only serve as a general guide, by a constant use of the lists of exceptions and peculiarities on pages 247-252. To read over those \\%\s> frequently aloud will be found very helpful. $te uttttttigcn ftttttr* Ijn&ett auf 3Uict Ijoljen Bitumen tit unferm ©artett retfe 9fyfel kmcrlt unto fie fwto Ijinauf* geflcttert, ttm ftc abjukedjen. The naughty boys have perceived ripe apples on two high trees in our garden and have climbed up in order to break them off. 120 On fjofjClt, see page 54, note 1; on unferm, 54, 2; on the auxiliary finfe, 109. Observe in a&JU&rcdjCJt, $U, to, between the prefix df) and the root, and compare 64. It has already been observed that nouns of the strong declension may be grouped into three classes, according to the modes of forming the nominative plural. PLURAL OF THE STRONG AND WEAK DECLENSIONS. 67 Examine now the following paradigms of the 121. STRONG DECLENSION. First Class. Second Class. SINGULAR. N. ber Slbter. 1 G. beg^blerg. D. bem 2tbler. A. ben 2Ibter. N. bie Slbler. G. ber 2tt>Ier. D. ben Slblertt. A. bte2lbler. N. bag $au§. G. beg §aufc§. D. bem §aufe. A. bag §aug. N. bie §aufct\ G. ber §aufer. D. ben §&ufmt. A. bie £>aufer. ber Sfyfel. 2 beg 2fyfel§. bem &pfel. ben Sfyfel. ber ©otyn. beg 6otyne§. bem ©otync. ben <5otyn. PLURAL. bie Sfyfel. ber Sfyfet. ben Sfyfelit. bie 2fyfel. bie ©otyne. ber ©otyne. ben ©otynen. bie ©otyne. bag Satyr.* beg SatyrcS. bem Satyre. bag Satyr. bie gatyrc. ber Satyrc. ben Satyrcn. bie $atyre. Third Class. SINGULAR. bag SSeiB. 4 ber 9CRann. ber Srrtum. 5 beg 2Bei6c§. beg 9ftannc§. beg grrtumS. bem 2Beibe. bem ^ftanne. bem grrtum. bag 2Bei&. ben 9Kann. ben 3rrtum. PLURAL. bie SSeiBer. bie banner, bie grrtumer. ber SSeibcr. ber banner, ber S^rtiimer. ben SSeiBem. ben 9Mnnern. ben grrtumcrn. bie SSeibcr. bie banner, bie S^tumer. 122. Observe that the first class forms the plural with- out any case-ending. The vowel of the root is commonly unchanged ; but certain words change the vowels a, 0, U, Ml, to the corresponding umlaut it, ti, it, Stt. Of these latter 1 eagle. apple. year. 4 woman, wife. error. 68 PLURAL OF THE STRONG AND WEAK DECLENSIONS. a little more than twenty are masculines ; two are feminines : 9Wlltter, mother — plural SRiittcr ; 2od)tet, daughter — plural 3$c(jter ; and one neuter, fcaS $lofler, convent — plural $liijkr. For a list of the masculines, see 367. 123. Here belong — 1. Masculines and neuters in el, em, eit, Ct (not lei, eel, ter, eer), djen, lein; 2. One Masculine in e I btr ftti\t, cheese; 3. The two feminines Sautter and £od)tcr; (130, n. a.) 4. Neuters with the prefix ge and ending in e. For exceptions, see 368. 124. Observe that the second class forms the plural by adding e. The vowel of the root is modified in a majority of nouns of this class, except the monosyllabic neuters. 125. Here belong — 1. Most masculines, except those ending in C, 1 el/ em, Clt, er, and some masculines of foreign origin ; 2. About thirty monosyllabic feminines, the compounds of fuitft, and those with the suffixes ni$ (ttt§) and fot (130 n. a.); 3. Thirty-five monosyllabic neuters; 4. Neuters beginning with ge, but not ending in e, el, Clt, tV ; 5. Polysyllabic neuters of various endings. For lists and exceptions, see pages 248-250. 126. Observe that the third class forms the plural by adding tV and modifying the vowel of the root. But nouns in turn (tljuitt) modify the vowel of that suffix, not the vowel of the root. 127. Here belong — 1. A few masculines. See 374. 2. Fifty monosyllabic neuters. See 375. 3. Neuters in tum (tfjUttt), with Her 3rrt(lj)unt, error, and bet 9teid)t(l))um, riches. See also 373. x Those in e come under 130, 2 ; those in el, em, en, Ct, under 123, 1. PLURAL OF THE STRONG AND WEAK DECLENSIONS. 69 128. THE WEAK DECLENSION. SINGULAR. N. bie SBIume. grew. ber &nabt. §err. ©tubenf. G. ber SBlume. grew. be3 $naben. §errn. ©tubent'en. D. ber SBlume. grau. bem $naben. §erw. ©tubent'en. A. bie SBlume. grew. ben $naben. PLURAL. §errn. ©tubent'en. N. bie SBlumen. G. ber 33Iumen. D. ben 23 lumen. A. bie 23lumen. grauen. bie $naben. Jraucn. ber £naben. graucn. ben $naben. grauen. bie Jtnaben. §erren. ©tubent'en. §erren. ©tubent'en. §erren. ©tubent'en. §erren. ©tubent'en. 129. Observe that the weak declension forms the plural by adding tt to the nominative singular when it ends in c, otherwise en. But nouns in el, er, ttr unaccented, add n only. 130. Here belong, as before stated — 1. Most feminine nouns; 2. Masculines ending in t ; 3. A few monosyllabic masculines not ending in t ; 4. Many foreign nouns accented on the last syllable. For lists and exceptions, see 376, 377. Note. — a. All feminines remain uninfected in the singular, whether they are of the weak or the strong declension. b. No noun of the weak declension modifies its vowel in the plural. c. The dative plural of all nouns ends in it- 131. Table of Endings in the Plural. 1 STRONG DECLENSION. WEAK DECLENSION. N. — - — e — e — er — n — en G. — - — e — e — er — n — en D. — n — n — en — en — em — n — en A. — - — e — e — er — n — en 1 The umlaut is denoted by two dots. See table, 75. 70 PLURAL OF THE STRONG AND WEAK DECLENSIONS. RULES OFCENDER. 132. Masculine are — 1. The names of the seasons, months, days of the week, points of the compass, stones, and mountains; 2. Nouns ending in m, Ctt (not tfjetl), tg, itf), tltfl, ling. X33. Feminine are — 1. Names of plants, fruits, flowers, and of most rivers in France and Germany ; 2. Most derivatives in t and t; 3. Nouns ending in ct, it, Ijctt, fctt, in, fdjttft, UttQ. 134. Neuter are — 1. Names of countries, places, metals, letters of the alphabet, and infinitives used substantively. 2. Diminutives in cfjcn and Icin; 3. Nouns ending in fol, fcl, tum (tljum). But see 127, 3. i. Abstracts and collectives with the prefix gc ; 5. %a§ SBciO, woman; fcaS IHnt), child. 135. Compound substantives take the gender and de- clension of the last component part. 136. Form the plural of the following nouns: ber SBruber 1 ; ber 9iing ; ber ©toe!; ber §afc;' ber SSater 1 ; ber greunb; ber ©olbat'; ber giirft (130, 3); ber ©c&iiler; ber ©pietyla$ (135); ber 2lffc; ber Siergartert x ; ber DtyZ (130, 3); ber ^ud;en ; ber Settler. 137. Observe the following plurals : ber Sftenfd), man ; bte -Jftenfcfyen. ber yiatybax, neighbor ; bte 9tadj)barn. ber $antoffel, slipper ; bte ^Bcmtoffeln. ber <5cr)merg, pain; bie Sdimer^en. ber ere Sfufgabe gu lernen gegeben. 3. ©efyen ©tc etmrtal 5 ! auf ben biinnften 6 Sften an ber <5ptyt btefer groften SBftume fitjen titer fd)toar§e SSogel. 4. 3Bte 1 9fylfdbauin. How is the plural situation is denoted, without any formed? added idea. With the added idea 2 Remember that the predicate of motion or tendency to or towards % adjective is not changed. they govern the accusative. Pre- 3 ail &eit Wfittt. cisely the same holds true in Latin 4 ON, auf, in, and certain other of the prepositions in and sub. prepositions to be noted later, 5 Cf. food) ciltmol (99). govern the dative when place or 6 the slenderest. PLURAL OF THE STRONG AND WEAK DECLENSIONS. 73 fyetften fie auf beutfd) 1 ? 5. 2Iuf beutfa) fyeij$en fie S^aben unb auf englifa) ravens, 6. Soil id) eirten ©tein naa) tf)nen lnnauf= toerfen ? 7. 3?ein, getoift nic^t ; man barf leine ©teine nad) ben armen SSogeln toerfen ; benn fie fufylen ben 6d)mer$ fo fefyr tote toir. 8. gri£ unb Ravi, lommt einmal I)erau§, ba ift ettoa3 ©d)one3 $u fe^en! 9. Out, toir lommen 2 fogleia) fyinau§. 10. 9hm, toa§ giebt e3 benn? 11. §ier finb fimf brotlige Slffen ; fie §abm rote SRocfe an unb grofte fd;toar$e §iite auf bem $opf. 12. ©efyet, ba lommt einer \mh prafentiert einen filbernen better. 13. 9?un, toa§ toill er benn mit bem better? 14. @i, bu follft ilun einige ©elbftucfe barauf legen ; je mefyr, befto beffer. 15. ivennen <5ie biefe $toei grofjen §erren mit ben grauen SJlanteln? 16. ftcr) lenne fie ftm SInfehen. aber icfy toeijs nid)t toie fie fyeifjen ; fie finb foeben au§ jenem Saben fyerauggefommen. 17. 9JMne 3 ©amen, fer)en ®ie einmal ftfmed gum genfter fyinau§! ©a fafyren gtoei foniglicfye SSagen; in bem einen fi£en (Seine* 9Kajeftat ber £onig unb 3^ re4 3Kajcftat bie $onigin, unb in bem anbem bie §toei jungen ^rinjen unb bie lieben^toiirbigen fleinen ^rin^effinnen. 5 18. gn ben auSgsbefynten 23utf)en=, ©ia^ens unb £annen=23albern urn unfere ©tabt finbet man t)errlicr)e ©papers gange. In this and the following vocabularies apply the rules of declension and gender, till they become perfectly familiar. 142. VOCABULARY. ber 21ft, branch. ba§ ©elbftiicf, piece of money. ber ^onig, king. ber Mantel, cloak (367). bie Sutfje, beech-tree. ber (Stein, stone. bie @ia)e, oak. ber Seller, plate. bie 9Jlajeftat', majesty. ber SSogel, bird (367). bie $rin§ef fin, princess. 1 auf fceittfd), in German. 4 Observe the use of the capital. 8 See page 43, note 3. 5 Feminines in in double the n 3 Not to be translated. in forming the plural. 74 PLURAL OF THE STRONG AND WEAK DECLENSIONS. bte ©phje, top, peak. bie %CL\mt,Jir. auggebefynt, extensive. broHig, droll, merry. biinn, thin, slender. fyerrtt(f}, splendid. fdmgli$, royal. fd^rteH, quick, quickly. et ! why / indeed! etntge (pi.), some. gettnj}, certainly. fyer, hither, hithe7"ward. r/trt, thither, thitherward. fo fefyr ftue, d^ wz^/j #.$•. fo t^XK, just now. fogletcfy, immediately. fafyrert, fu^r, gefafcren (f.), & dfcrai, to ride (in a carriage). fitfylert, to feel, perceive. fennen, tomtit, gefemnt, to know. legert, ^ lay, to put. prafeniieren, to present. ftfcen, fafe, gefeffen, /& *& toerfen, toarf, getoorfen, /&. ba§ SBeinf leib, bie §ofe (mostly pi.: Seinfleiber, §ofen), trousers. bag $oIg, wood, fuel. bag -Jftafyago'ni, mahogany. bag Glimmer, bag ©peife= ^immer, dini?ig-room. bag ©efellfcfyaft^hnmer, drawing-room, parlor. bag SBofyngimmer, sitting-room. gefcfyitft, skilful, suitable. neu, «^e>, young, recent. teuer (tfyeuer), dWzr (of price) ; also used like lieb. bnnf elgriin, d#r£ green. fyeHgriin, light green. getoofynlid), commonly. giemtidj), rather, somewhat. anfommen, fam an f ange* lommen (f.)/ ^ arrive. empfefylen, empfabl, empfofylen, to recomme?id. pajjen, to fit, suit, agree. fajie&en, f$of}, gefdjoffen, to shoot. geigen, to show, point out. THE PLURAL OF NEUTER NOUNS. 77 3*wilftc Seftiott. 145. THE PLURAL OF NEUTER NOUNS. 9(m $0tttter3ta(j 9C6enti ftnti ^net Jjrtidjttge £au}cr in tier fiuifenftrafje abge^rattnt ; abet tie erfdjrorfetten Sktooljncr (jaben gliirfU^cr 2Beife t^re Siidjcr, ^ajnere, untJ fofttmrcn ©einfifoc imrdj &ie kcitcn f^cnftcr gcrcttct. Thursday evening two splendid houses in Louisa Street were burnt down ; but the terrified inhabitants fortunately saved their books, papers, and costly paintings, through the broad windows. 146. Observe the adverbial use of the genitive (tlutflidjcr SBctfC, in (of) a fortunate way. When the genitive is used adverbially to express manner, it is commonly accompanied by a limiting adjective ; used to express time when, it is often without an adjective. Observe that fount) takes the accusative. 147. Examine the following sentences : 1. Bwei §ctufer in ber £uifenftra{$e fmb am SDormerStag ab= gebratmt. 2. £)te erfd)rocfenen SBewolmer fyabert ifyre SBitcfyer gerettet. 3. 2Cm ®onner§tag finb gmet §aufer in ber £utfenftraf$e ab= gebrattnt. 4. gn ber £uifertftraf$e (tub am £)onrter§taa, gtoet §aufer ab= gebrarmt. (1) Compare the order in respect to subject and verb in 3 and 4 with that in 1 and 2. Observe that the normal order in simple declarative sentences, as has been illustrated in the foregoing exercises, is the same as in English. That is, the subject is placed first, and the verb follows. (2) If the subject has modifiers, as in 1 and 2 above, the order is still the same as in English. But if adjuncts or modifiers of the verb begin the sentence, the verb follows these, and the subject comes after the verb. Does the English here agree with the German ? Is the order in German the logical order, that is, the order of thought ? 78 THE PLURAL OF NEUTER NOUNS. 148. Kttfeftte. 1. Louisa Street is a broad street. 2. The houses in Louisa Street are splendid. 3. Their books and paintings are costly. 4. They have saved their costly books and paintings. 5. We have £aved the books and paintings of the terrified inhabitants. 6. Fortunately they have saved their papers. 7. When were the splendid houses burnt down ? 8. They were burnt down Thursday evening. 9. Did the terrified inhabitants save anything ? 10. Yes, they fortunately saved all 1 their books. 11. The terrified inmates of the burning 2 houses have saved nothing. 12. They have saved the splendid paintings out of the burning houses. 13. Through the broad windows of the burning houses they have saved the costly paintings. 14. The books and papers un- fortunately 3 were burnt. 4 15. Unfortunately Louisa Street is not broad, and the two splendid houses were burnt down. 149. Observe the plurals of the following nouns, occurring in this lesson, some of which are not formed in accordance with the rules of Lesson XI. : bag Sluge, eye ; bie -Slugen. bag §eft, exercise-book ; §efte. bag %$ett, bed ; bie SBettert. bag §erg, heart ; bie §er§ert. bag Gmbe, end; bie ©rtbert. bag $ferb, horse; bie ^ferbe. bag §emb, shirt; bie §emben. bag <5d)af, sheep; bie ©tt^afe. bag !Jttf eft', insect ; bie 3nf eften. bag ©a^toetn, swine ; ©cfytoemeo bag Df)x, ear ; bie Dfyrert. ber 23auer, peasant ; bie SBauern. 150. Form the plural of the following nouns, which have occurred in previous lessons : bag Slatt, leaf (127, 2). bag Sefe&ud), reading-book, bag ^ot^erf, concert (124). bag 9ftabd)en, girl. bag ©efa^ertf, present. bag 9JZeffer, knife, bag ®mb, child (127, 2). bag Ztya'Uv, theatre. 1 ottc. 2 brennenb. 3 ungliitflidjcr SBcife. 4 dcrbronnt. THE PLURAL OF NEUTER NOUNS. 79 151. Examine the following phrases : 1. $tf)n $funb Stof$/ ten pound? of meat. 2. gman^ig Gentner SBaumwolle, a ton of cotton. 3. $ier gu& lang, four feet long. 4. ©ed)§ 3otl ^ e f/ s i x inches deep. 5. 3ft> e i £affen £fyee, two cups of tea. 6. ©ret ©tunben lang, three hours long. 152. Observe (1) that we have, in the above, expressions of weight, measure, and number followed by a noun or adjective; (2) that the singular is used in the first four, the plural in the last two; and (3) that in the first four the noun of weight, etc., is masculine or neuter, in the last two feminine. Express these observations concisely in a rule. Cite analogous uses in English. 153. Kttfg**C 1. £>ie $inber meineS $etter§ fyaben fyeute rtacfy bem 1 SRittag* effen einen ©ipagiergang in ben 2Mb gemad)t, urn gnfeften, namentlid) heifer unb <5d)metterlinge, %w fangen. 2. 28a3 fitr fonberbare ©efd)dpfe bie Snfeften ftnb 2 ! 3. ©inige fyaben fciele gtijje, cmbere gtoei $aar gtiigel; einige firtb mit fctelen 2lugen toetfefyen ; Dfyrert aber fyat man bet ifynen nod^ nid)t bemerft ; i)ielleid)t bienen ifynen bie fogenannten giifylfyomer ate Drgane be3 ©er/5r§. 4. £aben ©ie fd)on bie fonigftcfyen Sd)tofjer unferer Stabt gefefyen? 5. 9tein, nod) nid)t, aber id? mod)te fie gem fefyen. 6. 5Run gut, bann lommen <5ie morgen nad) bem $rufy= ftucf gu mir ; id) wiH fie 3$nen jeigen. 7. ©ie lonnen ba loftbare Wiohd unb ^errltcfje ©emcilbe fefyen, and) bie $ortrait3 m'eler beriifymten banner. 8. 3d) bin 3fynen fel)r fcerbunben ; id) nefyme 5$r Hnerbieten mit grofcem (mit bielem) ©an! an. 3 9. §err unb grau -ft. fyahzn ben beiben 5Rabd)en SBitfete fiir fttoei ^onjerte gefd)idt ; ift ba£ nid)i fet)r lieben§wurbig fcon ifynen ? 10. 3nnfd)en ben breiten Slattern biefe3 23aume§ ftnb grcei 23ogelnefter ; in 1 Observe the article. tDtt^ fitr were interrogative ? a What would the order be if * See 64. 80 THE PLURAL OF NEUTER NOUNS. bcm einen liegen brei ober i>ier @ier unb in bem anbern finb mefyrere junge * SS5ge(d^en% 11. ®u barfft aber ineber bie (Sxer, nod; bie Sungen fyeraugnefymen ; benn bie 33ogel finb oon grojjem SGufcen ; fie oertilgen fciele fd)ablid)en gnfeften. 12. Unfere §ithner legen jeijt fciele @ier; toir fyahtn jeben 9Jiorgen 2 einige gum 3 grufyftiid. 13. (gffen ©ie gem (Sier? 14. 3 a, n)eidj)ge= fottene (toeid)gefod)te) effe id) gem, bie fyartgefottenen fyalte id) nidjt fiir gefunb. 15. SDag §aug ber §erren ©ebritber ©. (Messrs. S. Brothers ) mad)t bebeutcnbe ©efdmfte in modenen £iid;em ; fie fcerfaufen and) fertige ^leiber. 16. (Sin $reunb oon mir fyat fid) 4 fyente gtoei ©u^enb §emben gelauft. 17. 2Bie totel t)at er baftir gegeben? 18. giinf ©ulben bag 6titd. 5 19. SDie SBauem fyaben auf ben gelbern Soccer gegraben ; biefe finb gefyn §uf$ tief unb fyaben gmei guf$ unb fed)g 3°^ * m Umfang. 154. VOCABULARY. The monosyllabic neuters are of the third class (127, 2). bag Slbenbeffen, supper. bag ©efyor, hearing. bag grufyftiid, breakfast. bag ©efcfyaft, business. bag ^Jiittageffen, dinner. bag ®t\d)tnl, present. bag ©efdjopf, creature. bag Slnerbteten, /£". ber gujs, /^/. ber $afcr, beetle. ber £onig, /'//z^. ber -Jto^en, ?/^. ber $iiifym,fame. ber ©cfymctterling, butterfly. ber £Bee, foj; pi. £fyeeg. ber Umfang, circumference. ber 3o(I, *#*& bebeutertb, considerable; impor- tant. Berufymt, famous. Cf. augge= getdmet. ferttg, ready ; ready-made. fyerrltcfy, magnificent. Cf. £rad)= tig. fcB&blid), injurious ; dangerous. fogenannt, so-called. fonberbar, strange, peculiar ; odd. lief, deep, loud ; high. luoften, woolen. toetcfy gefotten, U>etd^ §zh§t, soft- boiled. rmt grojjem ©an?, with many thanks. namentltcfy, particularly. Cf. befonberg. tneffctd)t, perhaps. Cf. lt)ot)I. Weber — nod), neither — nor. $tt)ifdj)en (with dat. and ace.), between, among. annefymen, rtafym an, angenom= men, to accept, to assume. bieixen, to serve; to be serviceable. fangen (fangft, fangt), ftng, ge= fangen, to catch. graben, grub, gegraben, to dig. fyalten, fyielt, gefyalten, to hold; to consider ; to take for. I) or en, to hear, understand. Cf. fcerftefyen. legen, to lay, put. Itegen, lag, gelegen, to lie (in place), mad) en, to make, do. ©efcfyafte in . . . madden (with dat.), to do business in . . . einen @pa§tergang tnacfyen, to take a walk. nefymen, nafym, genommen, to take. ftefyen, ftanb, ge[tanben, tostand, to stop. berbinben, berbanb, berbunben, to bind, oblige. fcerfefyen, provided. Cf. fcer= forgen. oertilgen, to root out, destroy. 82 THE PLURAL OF NEUTER NOUNS. 155. 3(ufga&c. Substitute the plural for the singular everywhere in the following exercise I. 1. 2luf bem ©a$ be§ fyofyen §aufe§ fitjt cm 1 jungeS Sogel* $en ; to) glaube, e3 lann nirt unb em jungeS §ufyn gefauft. 5. Unter bem neuen §aufe beg §erm 21. ift ein liefer teller; er bat ein gaf$ 9tyemtoein unb ein gaj$ £ere3 (sherry) barin ; aua) ein gag gute3 23ier. 6. 28o ift bein jungeg £amma)en ? 7. £)a§ Heine @5$tt* a^en unfereS 9^aa;bar§ fytelt mit ibm in bem §of. 8. §aben ©ie ba3 2ia;i 3 au§gelofcbt? 9. 9tfem, ia; fyaht e§ bem §au£mab$en gegeben. 10. $n bem groften 3immer oben fteht ein neueS 23ett. 4 11. £)er unartige $nabe ift auf einen boben ^irfcbbaum geflettert unb r/at ftcf) 5 ein £o$ in ben 9tod 6 gerifjen. 12. 9M;men ©ie ein meia;gefottene§ @i gum griihftud? 13. 3)er Slrbeiter I)at in bem gelb einen fe$3 guji langen, jmei gujj breiten unb mer guj$ tiefen ©raben gemaa^t. 14. 3d) bin gfynen fer)r berbunben fiir ba§ SBillct §u bem $on§ert. II. 1. I understand these two pretty 7 houses are to be let; 8 do you know anything about it ? 2. Yes, they are to be let, and I have been in them ; but I do not like them : the rooms are rather low and the windows are too small; moreover, there 9 are not bed-rooms enough, and the rent is too high. 3. How do you like the villages in our neighborhood ? 4. I 1 In the change to the plural, 6 Notice the accusative. tilt, of course, falls away. 7 Numerals have no effect upon 2 See page 73, note 5. the declension of a following ad- 3 £ie £td)te, candles ; fote #tdj= jective. tcr, lights. 4 See 149. 8 JU tJCWUCtCn. See p. 14G, n. 1. 5 Dative idiomatically used, but 9 \yfo ntd)t 3u)lttfjimmcr gCttUQ not necessary. fco. THE PLURAL OF NEUTER NOUNS. 83 like them very much ; all the * houses, I see, have little flower-gardens 2 in front, and behind they have large vege- table-gardens. 5. In the yard of each house there 3 are stables, and in them we find horses, oxen, cows and calves, pigs, and sometimes sheep and lambs ; in the hen-houses there are hens with nests full of 4 eggs ; in the cellars we find casks of wine, cider, and beer ; under the roofs of the different buildings the inhabitants keep their grain. G. They sow wheat and barley in 5 their fields, and in 6 the valleys there grow different sorts of grasses for hay. 7. Mr. W. makes a journey every year 7 through the different countries of Europe. 8 8. In what does he do business ? 9. I think he does business in wines. 10. How do you like these silk handkerchiefs? 11. I like them very much, but they are not for me; they are for my brother, and he does not like them. 12. This lady has bought woollen dresses and warm neckerchiefs for these six poor girls. 13. Edward, do not forget to put the candles out 9 when 10 you go to bed. You know I am afraid of fire. 14. Well, I will put them out. 156. VOCABULARY. Most of the monosyllabic neuters come under 127, 2. bag 23ier, beer (125, 3). bag %zmx,fre. bag 2)aa% roof. bag ©etreibe, grain. bag 2)orf, village. bag ©rag, grass. (bag) ^vxtyb, Europe (\%\, 1). bag §algtud), neckerchief. bag gaft, cask. bag §augmabd?ert, maid. 1 Omit in German the definite 6 in. See page 72, note 4. article between all and a plural 7 Either jeDCS ^O^V, or attc substantive. $afjre. What case? 2 little flower-gardens, ©lumClt* 8 duV0j}tt§, or DOlt (SurOjM. fltirtdjen. 9 To put out. See 120. 3 Cf. page 82, note 9. 10 tuetttt requires the verb to be 4 bottct or Doll. 5 OUf- put at the end of the sentence. 84 THE PLURAL OF NEUTER NOUNS. bag §eu, hay (no pi.). bag §ufyn, hen. bag §u^ner(;aug, hen-house. \x&%o&iX,year (125, 3). bag £alb, «*# bag Samm, lamb. bag Sanb, /#«*/. bag £t($t, **?*w (125, 2). bie -JJttete, house-rent. bie ^adjbarfcfyaft, neighbor- hood. bie Sfteif e, journey. ber Sfyfeltoein, «V/of, ^r^/, court. ber §ufynerftatt, hen-house. bag SBudj) gefaftt tnir, bag Surf) gefcitlt bir, ) bag 33urf) gefattt Sfynen, i bag SBua; gefdllt if>m, bie 23ua)er gcfallcn ung, ber better, cellar. ber 9Jiei$ger, butcher. ber 2£einfyartbler, «/*#*• mer chant. ber SBeigen, wheat. ftein, small; petty. rtiebrig, /tfze/. Oppos. ^oa^. Kofi, full. Oppos. leer. bariiber, about it. gertug, enough ; sufficiently. fyirttert, adv., behind. mandfjmal, sometimes. bura) (with ace), through. tmter (with dat. and ace), under. iiberbieg', moreover. fcom, adv., before, in the front. augmaajen, auglofd^en, to put out. reijjert, rift, geriffen, to tear. Cf. jerretjjen (97). j\ fd)(ad)ten, to kill. Cf. toten (tobten). toacfyfen, ftma)g, geit>acr)fen (f.), to grow. jurticffliegen, flog ^uriirf, guriicf= geflogen ({.), to fly back. I like the book, you like the book. he likes the book, we like the books. THE PLURAL OF FEMININE NOUNS. 85 $rajel)ttte Settioit. 157. THE PLURAL OF FEMININE NOUNS. Mt %\]&)t nub SBfinfe in itnferer ©arteufouk flub ntit |cm Itdjen Styrifofen, groftctt SKankln, unti 9tiiffen kktft ; cincn fleincn %t'\l tiatiott toerkn totr fur im§ fribjt kljalten, 1 kit Oieft toirb tnetnc Gutter ciitt^eit ttckn Sreutt&tnttcn fenkn. All the tables and benches in our arbor are covered with magnificent apricots, large almonds, and nuts ; a small part of them we shall keep for ourselves, the remainder my mother will send to some dear friends. 158. 1. Observe that fctC SBatlf and tJlC 9lu§ are included in 125, 2. For the plural fcic 9WttnUcIn, see 129, last part; and for tltC $rCU!tf)inttCn, page 73, note 5. 2. The pronoun felDft, self, is undeclinable, and is added to nouns and pronouns for emphasis. Its office is therefore the same as that of ipse in Latin. 3. Observe the formation of the future tDCriJClt — Bc^ttlttlt, ftlir& — fctt&Ctt. In French, Latin, and some other languages, the future is formed without the aid of auxiliary verbs. How is it in English? 159. Future Tense. id) toerbe fenben. fair Herbert fertbert. bu toirft fenben. j f. «"«** f e " be "- (. 6te toerben fenben. er toirb fenben. fie toerben fenben. 160. Slufaa&e. I. 1. In our arbor are tables and benches. 2. The apricots, almonds, and nuts are on the table and on the benches in our arbor. 3. The tables are covered with apricots and the benches with almonds and nuts. 4. The 1 tlCljaltCtt is inflected like Ctfjttltett. See 44. 86 THE PLURAL OF FEMININE NOUNS. apricots we keep for ourselves, but the almonds and nuts we shall send to some dear friends. 5. My mother will send some of the apricots to a friend, the remainder she will keep for herself. 1 6. Some dear 2 friends will send my mother 3 apricots and nuts. 7. They will send us a table and six chairs. 8. Shall you cover the table with these magnificent apricots and large almonds ? 9. One table I shall cover with apricots and the other with almonds and nuts. 1 0. To whom shall you send these large apricots and nuts? 11. The apricots I shall send to my mother and the nuts to a dear friend. 12. Will your mamma keep all this fruit 4 for herself? 13. She never 5 keeps all the fruit for herself ; she always 5 sends a part of it to some old friends. 14. What fruit shall you send to your friends? 15. We shall send them some juicy apples and pears. 16. What will you send to your sisters ? 17. We will send them some magnificent apricots and strawberries. 18. What do the mothers send to their daughters? 19. They send their daughters beautiful almonds, and the daughters send their mothers juicy cherries and strawberries. 20. Well, Mary, will you keep all these beautiful almonds and raisins for yourself? 21. Oh no, I shall keep only a part of them for myself, the remainder I shall give to my little brothers and sisters. II. 1. §eute itber acr)t £age toerbe ta) nut trteinen ert 6 auf ba3 Sanb 7 gefyert. 2. gm grueling, unb tm 2lnfang be3 (5ommer§ ift e§ retgenb auf bem 1 (iir flrf), or fiir ftd) felfeft 35. rably in the plural before pronomi- 2 Either licbett, or He6c nal words. 3 Not accusative. 5 Observe that the order is not 4 ttll t)icfc$ 06ft Observe that the same in German as in English. all remains uninfected in the sin- 6 for several weeks. gular before a pronominal word in 7 into the country. But auf l)Cttt the masculine or neuter: all btcfcr fianfc, in the country. SBcin ; all ntein @clfc. So prefe- THE PLURAL OF FEMININE NOUNS. 87 £anbe. 3. ^n ber gritfye be§ 3Jtorgen§ fyoren nrir bie £erdj>en fyodj in ben Siiften ifyre frofylicfyen Sieber trittern; in bem ©ebitfa; ertont ber ©$lag ber ^aa^tigatten, auf ben 33 tinmen laff en x bie Slmfeln unb SDroffeln tfyren (Befang fyoren/ unb gtt)ttfc^ernb fliegen bie ©djtoalben bin unb Ijier unb fangen it)re Sprung. 4. 2luf ben gelbern Ipfliigen unb fden bie fleifngen Sanbleute. 5. gn ben SBalbem ift SflleS grim unb frifdj) unb it)tr finben eine Sttaffe rotlber 23eeren. 6. ©ie finb §it>ar fleiner 2 aU bie 3 in ben ©drten ; after fie finb boa) 4 fiifj unb fd;madfyaft. 7. gum gritty find unb £fyee liefern un§ bie fetten $itfye frtfd>e Wild) unb frifd;e Gutter. 8. (Skftern fcor ad)t Xagen J)a6e id) bei 5 unferm alien greunb ©. m SWittag gegeffen. 9. @r mobnt mit 5 ^faei unr>er= fyeirateten ©a)ft>eftern in einer fyubfd)en SSilla ungefafyr brei 3Jieilen toon ber ©tabt. 10. SBeim 9?ad)tifd) fatten nrir unter anbern grojje blaue unb tr>eif$e £rauben au§ feinem eigenen £reibs fyau§, and) Orangen, amerifanifa;e Styfel, ©rbbeeren, 3ofyanni3= beeren, ©tacfyelbeeren, ^ftanbeln unb SRofinen. 11. 3Sor gtpet 3al)ren bin id) in 2)eutf$lanb getoefcn unb fyaht an ben fdjonen Ufern be§ 3^t)ein§ fciele alte ©tabte gefcfyen. 12. 3ftantf;e biefer ©tabte finb mit biden Sftauern umgeben unb auf ben Bergen ftet)en bie SRutnen alter SBurgen. 13. §eute iiber fciergelm £age toirb eine 3Serfteigerung bon bielen golbenen tlfyren ftattfinben. 14. $)er Ufyrmadjer f)at grofje ©dmlben unb lann feme $flid;ten gegen feme ©laubiger ni$t erfiiEen. 15. SSie gefallen $$nen bie jetngen £raa;ten ber grauen? 16. ©ie gefaEen mir nia;t befonberg. 161. Observe the following plurals. See 130, 1. See also how far the rules of gender, 132-135, apply here and in the vocabulary following : bie £mrg, stronghold ; bie SBurgen. bie $fli$t, duty ; bie $flia;ten. 1 laff en - - fjorcit, make heard. 5 with, meaning at one's house, 2 Jftiar flciltcr, smaller to be sure. is foci, like the Latin apud ; with 3 See 77, I. 11, and note. meaning in company with, is mit 4 for all that. like the Latin cum. 88 THE PLURAL OF FEMININE NOUNS. bie €>d)tatf)t, battle ; bie ©d)Iad)ten. bie ©d)ulb, debt ; bie 6d)ttlben. bte £fyiir, door ; bie £fyiiren. bie £rad)t, costume ; bie ^£rad)ten. bie Ufyr, watch, clock ; bie Ubrert. bie $crt)l, number ; bie ftafyUn. 162. VOCABULARY. How should the monosyllabic feminines below form the plural ? * See 125, 2. bie 2lm{el, blackbird. bie 23eere, berry. bie 23irne, pear. bie SDroffel, thrush. bie ©rbbeere, strawberry. bie ^obanni^beere, currant. bie $ulj>, cow. bie Sercfye, lark. bie Suft, air. bie Sftagb, servant-girl. bie ^Cftaffe, mass. bie Waiter, wall. bie 5tRau§, mouse. bie ^ad)tigatt, nightingale. bie yiafyxvinQsfood. bie Drartge, orange. bie define, raisin. bie divine, n««. bte ©cfytoalfce, swaltew. bie (Stacfyelbeere, gooseberry. bie Straube, £##£# of grapes. bie 33erfteigerung, ^/#, 0#' z£/£, a week ago to-day. fyeutz itber bier§el)n Xage, a fortnight from to-day. f)tutt bor bier^elm £agen, a fortnight ago to-day. am ©onntag liber atf)t Stage, Sunday week, a week from Sunday. am ©onntag bor acfyt Xagen, Sunday week, a week ago Sunday. bor acfyt %agen, a week ago. bor bier^elm S£agen, a fortnight ago. im borigen %6§x r borige§ 3 a ^ r / last year. im borigen 9ftonat, borigen 9fftonat, last month. 163. Slufga&c* Substitute the plural for the singular in the following sentences: I. 1'. gfyre ©cfytoefter I)at mir eine tranrige ©efd;id;te er^afylt. 2. (Seine Heine £otf)ter gefyt in bie ©dmle unb nimmt jebe^mal ein 23u$, papier unb eine geber mit. 3. 2Ba§ fur eine fcfyone 33Iume ©te ^ter fyahzn ! 4. 5[Reine ^acfybarin fyat mir bie SBtume gegeben ; e§ ift eine worried) enbe -Kelfe. 5. ©ie liebe ©ro§= mutter t)at it)rer lleinen Gmfelm eine fajbne sjhtppe gefdjenft. 6. 5D^ein lieber ©rojjbater fyat fyeute bor aa^t Xagen meiner 90 THE PLURAL OF FEMININE NOUNS. ©cfyroefter erne prad)tt>oIIe Ufyr gum ©efdjenf genta$t. 7. §eute tiber a$t £age merbe ify mtt meiner Xante auf ba§ £anb gefyen. 8. £ege biefen f$macfi)aften 2fyfel, biefe faftige 23irne, eine grojse 9htg, eine 9ftanbel unb eine Styrifofe in biefe ©cfyacfytel. 9. 2tuf bent 93erge bet btefer ©tabt ftefyt bie State eine3 alien ©cfyloffeS; fte tft mit einer bitfen 9ftauer umgeben. 10. ©ie bait bie ^artoffel mtt ber ©abel unb fcfyalt fie mit bem ■Uleffer. 11. 3 n ^ er S ru ^ e ^ 9florgen§ haht idj ben ©efang ber fierce, ber Slmfel, unb ber £>roffel, tote aua) 1 ba§ 3toitfd6ern ber ©#raalbe gefyort. 12. 2)ie $at$e fangt bie WaitZ unb frtftt fie. 13. £)te SKactyt ift fc^r bunfel gemefen. 14. 2)ie 9flagb bat in bie ©a^ublabe be£ £ifa)e§ eine filberne ©abel, einen ftlbernen Soffet unb em SReffe* geiegt. II. 1. The little boys at school 2 must learn to write 3 numbers and to make calculations. 2. They read short stories in their reading-books. 3. Do they also learn Latin ? 4. Not yet, they will learn it later ; they begin with the modern languages ; they have lessons in German and French. 5. My sisters take lessons in history, geography, and natural history, also in writing and drawing. 6. Do they also take les 'ons in music ? 7. No, but my cousins do. 4 8. This little girl has two grandfathers and two grandmothers, and she receives presents from them all, dolls and all sorts of play- things. 9. Please open the doors and windows, there is a great deal of 5 smoke in the room. 10. It is very unpleasant to sit in a smoky room. 11. In the hotels are smoking- rooms. 12. Wednesday week Miss O. will make an excursion into 6 the country with her pupils, but my nieces 1 tDie ttttd), as well as. Sometimes with ftntlttt/ to find; 8 at school, in fcer Sdjulc mud} en, to make; fcljen, to see. 3 fdjrcibcn lemeit- The infin- 4 Say, take lessons. itive without gu follows f iiljlctt, to 5 a great deal of, feljr Dtd. feel ; Ijeifeen, to bid; ijelfCtt, to 6 into, ouf, with the accusative. help; prett, to hear ; Ittffeit, to let; See page 86, note 7. Ufjrcn, to teach ; Icweit, to learn. THE PLURAL OF FEMININE NOUNS. 91 unfortunately cannot accompany them ; the one has a very bad cold and the other has a headache. 13. Mrs. N., may I pour you out another cup of tea? 14. No, thank you, I have had two cups already. 15. Please, give this poor girl another cup of coffee and another piece of bread. 16. Shall I pour you out another glass of wine ? 17 Thank you, your wine is very good. 18. Mary, fetch me another glass, this one is not clean. 19. What beautiful flowers Mr. R. has in his garden * 1 20. I have never seen so many kinds of roses, tulips, and pinks. 21. Does he keep them all for himself ? 22. No, he often sends beautiful bouquets 2 to his friends in town. 23. Are the grapes in your hot-houses ripe ? 24. Some of the purple 3 ones are ripe, but not the white ones. 25. You have a great many, shall you keep them all for yourselves ? 26. Oh no, we always send a great part to different families as a present 4 ; the remainder we keep for ourselves. 27. The feathers of geese make soft pillows. 28. Our maid-servants have clocks in their rooms ; still they do not get up at the right 5 time. 29. Why are these poor ladies so sad ? 30. Their sons have contracted 6 great debts, and cannot fulfil their duties to their numerous creditors. 7 164. VOCABULARY. bie %$l\xmt, flower, bie (&oktl,fork. bie dnfelirt/ grand-daughter. bie ^axtoffd, potato. bie ftamilk, family, bie yizXti, pink. bie geber, feather. bie SPuppe, doll. 1 For the order, see 112, II. 6. What does guitt here, and gut in 2 Either ©OUquete, or Slumett* the following note represent ? ftrdufee. See 137. * j Ur xetytm $ t n 3 The adjective has the same 6 contracted, in German, made. form as if a noun followed. 7 See page 87, 14. 4 as a present, gum $tf$Ct£ 8 How is the plural formed ? 92 THE PLURAL OF FEMININE NOUNS. bie S^edmung, calculation. bie Sdjrei&ftnnbe, lesson in writ- ing. bie ©pielfa^e, plaything. bie €tyrad;e, language. bie <3timbe, lesson, hour. bie ©eograpfyie, geography. bie ©efcfyicfyte, story, history. bie -jftaturgefdncfyte, natural history. ber Slugfhig, excursion. ber SBlumenftranjj, bouquet. ber ©aftfyof, ^0^/. ber ®rof$oater, grandfather. ber 9Cftufifunterria)t, lessons in music. ber ^aucr), smoke. ber Unterrid;t, instruction. bag ^Bouquet, bouquet; pi. SBouquete. bag ©aftfyaug, §otel, ^0/W, /wz. bag $tjf en, pillow. ba§ Sftaud^immer, smoking- room. bag ©a^reiben, writing. bag getcfynen, drawing. bentfd), German. frangoftfa), French. lateinifd), Latin. angenefym, agreeable. pradj)tooIt, magnificent, splendid. Cf. pradjtig and fyerrlia;. traurig, jW, sorrowful. unangenefym, unpleasant, toofylxkfytnt), fragrant. gafylreidj), numerous. me, niemalg, tz^zw. bennoa;, boa;, .$•////, ^/. no a;, «#/; nod) eine Xaffe, #«- tf/Zz^r (an additional) cup; eine anbere £affe, a?iother (a different) r leib, bafc fie untoofyl finb. 14. @r* innern ©ie fitfj etne§ lleinen ©emalbeS fcon Rubens in ber ©amm« lung be§ §errn 9?. ? 15. g$ erinnere mia) benfelben fefyr gut; e§ fyangt itber ber £btir im erften gimmer. 16. ©an$ rea^t; ein grember 5 fyat \v)m eine bebeutenbe 6umme bafitr geboten, aber er mag e§ bemfelbennid)t fcerfaufen, benn er toil! 6 beinafye bie boppelte ©umrne bafitr gegeben fyaben. 17. Sfteine ©Item toerben ntd)t bloS urn meinettoitfen 7 beforgt fein, fonbern 8 aucfy urn beinettoillen. 1 Observe the order. / know of the same verb. Except in the not much upon it to write = I can case of these two forms, mtf and not write much tcpon it. Observe bir, the accusative of a personal that tmffcit approaches fbnttCH in pronoun precedes the dative, meaning. So in other languages * The adjective is jremu; hence of words meaning to know and to substantively used till ^rcmfctr, fcer be able. %XtX((bt. 6 In what sense used ? * The pronoun e$ is much used 7 The suffix et is added to the in this way, serving to introduce a old genitives mctn, bctlt, fftlt, and sentence, like our there, the real t to Uttfcr CUCr, and ifjrer in compo- subject coming after the verb. sition with fjalbctt, ttJCpCll, and um- •• 3 Why not fcttritt ? ftriflctt, meaning for the sake, etc. 4 3Wir and foil may precede or 8 " 9lbet may be preceded by a follow the accusative of another negative sentence, futtDct'lt must personal pronoun when both the be ; ahtX denotes -concession, fon* dative and accusative are objects fccnt contrast and opposition." THE PERSONAL PRONOUNS : REFLECTIVE VERBS. 97 171. VOCABU ber 3luffaij, composition. ber 33tumenfoI)t, cauliflower. ber grembe, stranger. ber ©emiifefy&nbler, dealer i?i vegetables, green-grocer. ber inb bie§ 3fyre 23ritber? Are these your brothers! 5. 28a§ ift 3^e ^eirtung ? ^#/ is your opifiion t 1 73. Observe that a pronoun is put in the neuter singular as the subject of the verb fettt, whatever be the number or gender of the pre- dicate noun, or possessive substantive pronoun, to which it refers. 1 74. SUtf ga&c. [In the following exercise read aloud each sentence as it stands, then for the pronoun with letters spaced, substitute successively, in the same case, all the persons singular and plural.] I. 1. SDer §imb fyat micfy gebiffen; ber §unb fyat bi$ gebiffen. 2. Urfer Dnfel fyat mir einen golbenen ^ing gum ©ef4>enf gemad;t ; imf er Dnfel fyat b i r einen golbenen Sftng gum ©efdjen! gemadjit. 3. 3)er alte 5Rann erinnert fid; meiner nicfyt mefyr ; ber atte SRann erinnert fia) b e i n e r nicf)t mefyr. 4. @r fyat e§ meinetroegen getfyan; er fyat e§ beinet* meg en getfyan. 5. 3 a) Iteibe mi$ rafcfyan; b u fletbeft b i a) rafd) an; er fleibet fia) rafa) an. 6. 3 a) toafcfye mir ba3 ©eficfyt; bu roafd)eft bir ba§ ©efi$t. 7. @r bittet mi$ urn SSergeifyung. 8. 9Jkin better hat mir einen Scaler bafiir geboten. 9. (Scr)iitte (giefje) mir ein menig Sinte in me in £intenfa&fyinem. 10. SSie fcbmecft bir biefer^ee? 11. 3$ fyahz tyn (benfelben) fiir btdj> ge!auft. 12. 3 cf) barf mi a) auf m ein en Wiener fcerlaffen. 13. 3$ fd)meid)Ie mir mit ber £offnung, mi a) belolmt gu fefyen. 14. 3$ tounfd&e bir ©liid gu beinem ©eburtstag. 15. 3$ fyaU mir beinet* meg en -IRulje gegeben (bu fyaft bir feinetroegen). 16. 3$ freue mi a; beinetfyalben. THE PERSONAL PRONOUNS I REFLECTIVE VERBS. 99 II. 1. How do you like our town? 2. I like it very much, it * is a pretty town ; I find you have large public gardens here ; to whom do they belong ? 3. They belong to the duke, but everybody may 2 go in ; I take a walk in them every morning after breakfast. 4. Do you remember the beautiful garden in Schwetzingen near Heidelberg? 5. I remember it very well ; I have seen it twice, once with you and once with a cousin of mine. 6. And do you also remember the amiable stranger at 3 the hotel ? 7. I remember him as well as his son. 8. Have you written your exercise with this pen? 9. Yes, but it is not good ; all these pens are too soft, I cannot write with them. 10. Can you give me some others? 11. Just open this little box, you will find some good ones in it. 12. I bought a large quantity in the sale of yesterday. 13. Just go and see what is lying 4 on the table in the arbor. 14. I know ; apples, pears, and nuts are lying on it ; but I do not know who 6 has put them there. 6 15. Well, John, I find you are still in bed, and it. is nearly half past eight o'clock. 7 16. The sun- is already high in the heavens, 8 and it will soon shine in your sleepy eyes. 9 17. Where is your watch? 18. Just show it to me. 19. It is in that drawer; please open it, you will find it in it. 20. Get up directly, and wash and dress yourself quickly ; a fellow-pupil of yours is already waiting for you below. 21. My dear boys, your master cannot give you a holiday to-day ; you have not done your lessons. 1 Not fie but c3. Why is this ? tence. Would it, if the sentence 2 may = is allowed to. were not dependent ? 3 in, with what case ? P. 72, n. 4. 6 Not &a but fcaljm. Why ? 4 The verb at the end of the sen- 7 fjttlfe ItCUIt. See 181. tence. See the next note. 8 flllt §tttttttCl. 5 SSct requires the auxiliary fl Say, for you in the sleepy eyes- (Ijttt) to be placed last in the sen- 100 THE PERSONAL PRONOUNS l REFLECTIVE VERBS. 175. VOCABULARY. ber geiertag, holiday. ber §er£0(L duke. jebermann, everyone. ber 9JJitf filler, fellow-pupil. ber -Jftonb, moon. ber Sc^Iaf, sleep. bie §offnung, hope. bie $ifte, fo*. Cf. bie©d;ad>tel. bie $utfd;e, r }a;le$te gebern unb meber papier noa; £inte gefyabt. 7. 9Jleme ©a;roefter v)at un§ ©ajreibmaterialien bringen follen, aber fie fa^etnt e§ fcergeffen gu Ijaben. 8. ©tnb Sfyre Goufinen geftern Slbenb auf bem 33aE gemefen ? 9. 2)ie armen 9)iaba;en fyabcn eme Gtnlabung gefyabt unb fyahzn natiirlicr) gefyen woEen ; aber bie beftellte $utf$e ift nicbt gefommen, r/tb e3 fyat fefyr 1 at home, ju §ailfc. 2 prefers to = will rather. . THE AUXILIARIES OF MODE. 103 ftar! geregnet ; fie fyahtn alfo $u tyrem grojjen Srger gu §aufe bletben tniiffen. 10. ga) fyaBe fyeute 5Dlorgcn einen 23ern>anbten oon tnir befua^en foUen, after ity bin untoofyl getoefen. 11. ^^ fyabe tym bet feiner Arbeit gefyolfen. 12. 3$ ^ a ^ tyro fcinc SIrbeit madden fyelfen. 1 13. @r fyat ba§ Suty in bem gimmer ge* laffen. 14. @r fyat ba§ 23na) in bem .Simmer Kcgen Ioffen. 15. SSer $ai <5ie fo frity aufftefyen fyeijsen? 16. 3Str §aUn einen §afen iiber ba§ $elb laufen fefyen. 17. graulein Wl. fingt fet)r fcfyon ; fyaft bu fie fd;on fingen fyoren ? 18. £)te ftetne $aro= line ift eigenfinnig getoefen ; fie fyat ein ©ebicfyt nicfyt augmenbig lernen tootten, unb l)at bejjtoegen $u §aufe bleiben miiffen. 179. VOCABULARY. ber Srger, vexation. ber ^efyler, mistake. bie (Sonfine, cousin (female). Cf. bie Safe, bie ©inlabung, invitation. bie iXberfe^ung, translation. ba§ ©ebid;t, poem, piece of poetry. ba§ ©djreibmateriat (pi. -ien), writing material. au^toenbig, without the book, by heart. beftetti, ordered. eigenfinnig, obstinate. naiiirlid), natural, naturally. fd)le$t, bad, badly. alfo, accordingly. al§, when; than. be^toegen, therefore. genug, enough. lieber, by preference, rather. nocfy einmal, once more, again. fonft, else, otherwise. to eb er — no f geMafen |*t, fa bafe idj tfjit faum totcbe* Ijaue faitfleit fonncn. My brother Fred has not been allowed to put his new hat on to-day, because it is so windy ; and I did not like to put mine on, because the wind blew it off my head yesterday, so that I could scarcely catch it again. 183. 1. Observe the order of the words in the first clause. Observe that the conjunctions ttJCll and tlll&, with certain others, remove the verb to the end of the clause. In the case of compound forms — a participle and an auxiliary — the auxiliary comes last. 2. Observe the order in the last clause. If, in a dependent clause, an auxiliary (IjallClt, few, UJCrfoCtt) occurs with two infinitives, the auxi- liary immediately precedes the infinitives, 3. Observe and imitate the expression mtr feOlt tlCttt &0pi, instead of tJOtt metnCItt ®0j)f, which would also be correct. This use of the dative of a personal pronoun and the definite article, in place of a possessive adjective pronoun, the usual form of expression in English, is extremely common in German, when parts of the body or of the dress are spoken of. On this use of the article, see 87, 2, and note 1. The Latin has no article. But compare asino dorsum verberant, they beat the ass's back; as well as asini dorsum verberant. 4. The perfect participles of fcitrfctt, tttOgCIt and fonilCtt are gelWrft, flemotfjt, gefonnt. As to the forms of the perfect, the remarks of 177 are applicable to these verbs. 108 THE AUXILIARIES OF MODE. 184. The Perfect Tense of the Modal Auxiliaries. id) fyabe gefollt. id) fyabe (lemen) foil en. id) fyabe ge it)oH t. id) fyabe (lernen) molt en. id) fyabe ge mujj 1. id) fyabt (lemen) muff en. id) F>abe ge burf i. id) fyabe (lernen) biirf en. id) babe ge mod? t. id) f)abt (lernen) mog en. id) fyabe ge fonn t. i$ fyabe (lernen) fonn en. 185. The inflection and use of the possessive pronouns employed substantively, that is without a noun, has been illustrated. See 68 and 71. In place of the simple pronouns, we may have fcet, &te, bll$ lUCtnigc, etc., as given below: ber, bie, ba§ mein igc, or, metner, tneine / metneS, mine. beinige, feinige, i^rige, unfrige, eur ige Sbuge tbrigc beiner, betne, beine3, thi?ie. feiner, feme, feineS, Ais, its. ifyrer, tfyre, il)reg, hers. unferer, unfere, unfere3, ours. euerer, euere, euereS, yours. Sfyrer, g$re, 2#re§, yours. ifyrer, ifyre, tr)re§, theirs. 186. Slttfga&c. I. 1. I must not (am not allowed to) put my new hat on, and he must not put his on. 2. Why must he not put his hat on? 3. It is so windy — because it is so windy. 4. Why have you not put your new hat on ? 5. I have not been allowed to — because I have not been allowed to. 6. I have not been allowed 2 to put it on, because it rains. 7. You have not put 3 your new coat on ; why not ? 8. I did not like to — because I did not like to; I did not like to put it on — 1 Use auffefcen. * Use anjicljen. Cf. later in * Is this expressed by the par- this exercise the use of abjte^en ticiple or the infinitive form ? See and QU^Uchcil- 177. THE AUXILIARIES OF MODE. 109 because I did not like to put it on. 1 9. We cannot put 2 our new shoes on, they have 3 not come yet — because they have not come yet. 10. Why have not your sisters put their new shoes on? 11. They have not been able to — because they have not been able to ; they have not been able to put them on — because they have not been able to put 1 them on, they are much too small. 12. My new hat is so small, that I have not been able to put it on — that I shall not be able to put it on 4 my head. 13. I have not been allowed to put on my new coat. 14. Why have you not been allowed to put it on ? 15. Because it does not fit me. 16. It fits me so badly, that I cannot put it on — that I have not been able to put it on. 17. Why have you not put on your new boots ? 18. They fit me so badly that I shall not be able to put them on. 19. Why does she take off 5 her shoes ? 20. Because they are wet. 21. Because her shoes are wet, she must 6 take them off. 22. Because it rained a little, my sister did not like to put on her new bonnet. 23. The wind has blown his hat from his head, and he has scarcely been able to catch it again. 24. It has blown mine from my head, so that I have scarcely been able to catch it again. 25. Fred did not like to put on his hat to-day, because it is quite new, and the wind blew his old one from his head yesterday. [As you read the following exercise, notice carefully the order. If possible, always read the German exercise aloud in private study.] II. 1*3$ ton metnen Sftocf ntcfyt an^tetyen; ber ©dnteiber 1 The verbs massed at the end. s As (MS in HUSjteljett is a sepa- See 183, 2. Compare 195. rable prefix, it comes at the end. 2 See note 3, page 108. 6 Whenever the dependent clause 3 With what auxiliary is fom» precedes the principal, the latter mCtt conjugated ? must begin with the verb, or with 4 Be mindful of the order. fo followed by the verb. 110 THE AUXILIARIES OF MODE. fyat tfm mir 1 gu eng gemaa^t. 2. 2Barum fyaft bu fyeute beine toeijjen Seinfleiber ni$t cmgiefyen biirfcn? 3. 28eil i$ geftern auf bem <3pielpla£ gefaHen bin unb fie fd)tnui$tg gemad)t Ijabe. 4. 3fyre Sante fyat iljr ein fd;one§ feibeneS $leib gum ©efd;enf gemadit ; aber fie bat e§ Ijeuie nid>t anjiefyen mogcn, roeil e§ fo ftarf regnet. 5. 9iimm 2 beinen ^egenfa^irm nut, benn e§ rnirb fyeute nod; regnen. 6. 2Benn bie (Sonne fcfyemt, mufct bu beinen ©onnenfcfyirm mitnefymen ; fyalte t$n aber 3 feft, fonft blaft ibn ber 2Binb 4 fort ; er ^at geftern aud; ben meinigen (meinen) beinafye fortgeblafcn. 7. 3ft ba§ 5 bctn ^egenfa^irm ober ifyrer (ber ifyrige)? 8. ©3 ift roeber meiner, nod? ifyrer, fonbern e§ 5 ift feiner ; meinen (ben meinigen) roerben Sie im anbern 3immer Winter ber £biire finben. 9. ©inb ba§ 6 beine ©$utye ober bie 6 beiner ©djioefter? 10. @§ finb ifyre; bie meinigen finb nod) bei bem <3dnu;mad)er ; ta; babe fie f$on oor oier^eljm £agen be= ftettt, fie finb aber no$ immer nid&t gefommen. 11. @r fyatmtr and) ein $aar $antoffeln maa^en follen, aber id) roerbe fie ab= befteUen. 12. Sfteine ©Item fyaben fyeute 9fa$mittag eine ©pa^ierfafyrt nad; 31. gemaa^t ; aber id) Ijabe niajt mitfafyren biirfen, toeil id* fyeute Sftorgen nad) ber ©dmle eine ©trafaufgabe fyahe fd^retben miiffen. 13. Unb ioarum fyaft bu eine ©trafauf gabe befommen ? 14. 2Beil id) meine corrigierte beutfa^e Uberfei3ung nicfyt ofme getter fyabe fagen fonnen. 15. Unfer Sefyrer fagt un§ immer: 2Benn eine Slufgabe corrigiert ift, mitfjt 7 il;r fie fo gut Icmen, bag ifyr fte oljme gefyler unb ofyne ©toden au§ bem (Snglifcfyen in§ £)eutf$e unb umgefefyrt au§ bem £)eutf$en in§ Gmglifd^e liber* fe^en fount. 16. SBenn /. ber Unterria^t, instruction. bie Seibe, «'/£. bie ©trafaufgabe, te£. bie %tf$t t potket, ba§ Stocfen, stopping, hesita- tion. bie 33einf leiber, §ofen, tro7users. eng (enge), //^/, narrow. feiben, of silk. fa;mut}ig, dftr/y. ftarl, strong, violent. boll (boiler), /z///. toiUfom'men, welcome. beinafye, almost. Cf. faft. fyinter (prep, with dat. and ace), behind. umgefefyrt, turned round, vice versa. toafyrenb (prep, with gen.), duritig. abnel)men, nal>m ah, abgenom* men, to take off. ab^iefyen, jog ab, abge^ogen, to draw off. abbeftellen, to countermand. an^iefyen, gog an, ange^ogen, to put on, draw on. au3§ielj>en, gog av&, auSgegogen, to draw off, pull off. BefteUen, to order, send for. corrigxe'ren, to correct. fallen, fiel, gefaEen (f.), to fall. feftfyalten, to holdfast. fortblafen, blie§ fort, fortge* blafen, to blow off. mitbrmgen, bracfyte ntit, mitge= hxad)t, to bring with one. mitfommen, fam mit, mitge* lommen (f .), to come with one. 1 Observe and imitate. 2 Make an observation on the tense. 112 THE AUXILIARIES OF MODE. nutnefymen, nafym mtt, mitge= paffen (with dat.), toft. nomrrten, to take with one. uberfe'ijert, to translate. 188. PARADIGMS. Mafctt, to blow. fallen, to fail, gcfaflett, to please, nefjtnen, to take. id^BIafc. id) fall c. id? gefatte. icfynefymc. buMafejt. bu fattfi. bugefatlft bummmft. er bldf t. er fall t. er gef aft t er nimm t. 189. Slufeabe. 1. Your boots are quite wet, Charles; take them off directly ! 2. He was to have taken off his boots, but he would not, and got a bad cold. 3. I have been in the rain the whole morning, 1 and if I do not take off my wet coat, I shall 2 get a cold. 4. Take your hat off in the room, if you please. 5. This man was not inclined 3 to take his hat off, but in the end he was obliged to. 6. If you do not take off your hat, somebody will knock it 4 off. 7. Will you not take off your bonnet and shawl, Mrs. I., and stay to dinner with us ? 8. We shall dine in half an 5 hour. 9. Will not your sister Emily stay to supper with us ? 10. She is very sorry, she cannot accept your kind invitation, she must be at home at a quarter to 9 ; but she will come to breakfast to-morrow morning, if you will allow her. 11. We shall be very happy to see her. 12. How long did you stay 6 at (auf) the ball on Tuesday evening 7 ? 13. We were to have gone home at 1 o'clock, but in the end we were allowed to stay till two. 14. Poor Henry has been obliged to remain after school this morning ; has he not ? 15. Yes, and because he has been 1 The accusative. 6 in etner flatten Stnnbe. * Be mindful of the order. 6 Mctbctt takes the auxiliary feitt- 3 The perfect of ttJotlcn. 7 Expressions of time commonly 4 Order : nitrfc ifjn jcmonu- precede those of place. twy^t^^ obliged to remain 1 after school, he has not been allowed to take a 2 walk with us. 16. I am sorry for him. 3 17. I think he is an idle boy ; is he not ? 18. Why was his sister not allowed to go to * the theatre last night ? 19. Because she had a bad cold ; next Thursday she will be allowed to go, and she will be able to hear Beethoven's beautiful opera Fidelio. 20. To 5 his great vexation my brother has not been able to accept an invitation to 5 Mrs. Bell's party, because he had already previously accepted one for that evening. 21. When shall you be able to correct my German translation ? 22. This evening, but when 6 it is corrected, you must learn it so well, that you can say it without mistakes and without hesitation. 23. I shall learn it so well, that you will be satisfied with me. 24. It is snowing now, is it not ? 25. I have no umbrella with 7 me; lend me yours, if you please. 26. I am sorry, I cannot lend you mine, it is broken ; but my sister will lend you hers with great pleasure. 190. ber ©fyatol, shawl. Gsmtlte, Emily. bie ©rfalturtg, cold; bie ftarfe ©rf&tturtg, bad cold. bie ©efelljcfyaft, company. bie Dper, opera. ba§ Sweater, theatre. big, till. VOCABULARY. morgert, to-morrow; morgen friify, to-morrow morning. Cf. ber -JJlorgen, morning. rticfyt toafyr, is it not so ? fcorfyer, previously. ganj, whole, quite. gerbrod)en, broken. gufrteben, contented. Be mindful of the order. 2 not -a, feinen. 3 <£r tljut mir left. 4 What case must follow in here ? 5 What case follows gu ? 6 The when of narration is al§; of interrogation is rDaittt ; implying condition or repetition is tucilU. 7 What case follows bet ? 114 READING LESSON. abftf)lagen (fcfylagft, fdjlagt), bleiben, blieb, geblieben (f.), to fdj>lug ab, abgefcfylagen, to knock off. annefymen, nafym an, angenom= men, to accept. belommen, belam, befomnten, to remain. erlauben (with dat.), to permit. fritfyftMen, to breakfast. fyageln, to hail. leifyen, liefy, geliefyen, to lend. fdmeien, to i-^^w. jum 9Jlittag§effen, 3um 2tbenbefjen bleiben, to stay to dinner, supper. $u SJttttag effen, to dine; gu Slbenb effen, to sup. id) merbe mia) fefyr fvenen, I shall be very happy. 191. [To be read and committed to memory.] 23on ^erlen baut ftcfy eme SBriicfe 2 §ocfy iiber einen granen ©ee ; ©te baut fid; auf 3 tm Slugenblicfe, Hnb fajminbelnb fteigt fie 4 in bie §ofy\ $)er I)oa;ften ©dn'ffe 5 ^od^fte 9Raften ,3iefyn unier ifyrem 23ogen ^in ; ©ie felber trug 6 nod) leine 7 Saften, Unb fdjeint, mie bu ifyr 8 nafy'ft, gu fliefm. 9 ©te mitb 10 erft mit bem ©trom, unb fcfytoinbet, ©o toie be£ 2Baffer3 glut berfiegt. ©o fprid), 11 mo ft$ bie SBrucfe finbet, Unb mer fie fihtftlia; fyat gefiigt. © d) i 1 1 e r. 1 For the meanings of words, see general vocabulary. 2 Subject of baut 8 To be taken with baut The verb is aufboueil. 4 Subject of flCtflt 8 Genitive depending on Oftttfteit, which is the subject of fyilt.jicljcit. 6 Imperfect of tfOflCll. 7 nod) feinc; literally, yet no = never any. 8 Dative referring to fcic JBrUtfC- 9 For flieljcn; compare jidjn, for jic^cn above. 10 becomes, that is, is formed. 11 See 55. COMPARISON OF ADJECTIVES AND ADVERBS. 115 ©iekttjeljttte Seftion. 192. The Verb Xaffctt. COMPARISON OF ADJECTIVES AND ADVERBS. fflltht Xante Ijat iiicfcr armcn gran ein toarmcg SSitttcr* ffeib ntatfjen laffen, toett Mefelbe fa armlidj Qefleiiiet tft ; fie totrt) and) bet aftejten Xotfjtcr berfelkn toarmere $(etber ntadjen laffen ntiiffen, fcenn btefe tft nadj iirmlidjer gcffcfod a!8 ttjre Mutter. My aunt has had a warm winter-dress made for this poor woman, because she is dressed so poorly ; she will be obliged to get warmer clothes made also for her eldest daughter, for she is clothed still more poorly than her mother. 193. On the perfect fjat • . . laffen, see 177, and page 103, note. Observe that the infinitive depending on Ittffcil is active, not, as we translate it, passive. Compare in French the use of the active infinitive with faire. On the order in the second clause, see 183, 1. On the future hlirt) . • • ttttiffett, see 168, 3. 194. fittffttt, Iteft, gcIaffClt, to cause, order, get or have a tiling done ; let, leave. Present Tense. Indicative. Imperative. 1. id) laffc. ftrirlaffcn. 2. laffe. bu laff eft. {!?% IaH ' (. n auSjtefyen unb greet fiiUen laffen. 10. ©buarb, bu muftt bir ba§ §aar fa^neiben laffen ; e3 tft gu lang, unb gu Iange§ §aar ftefyt ntd^t fcfyon au§. 11. SIber, Hebe 9ftama, ermnerft bu btcf) benn nid;t, baft to; e§ erft fcor bret 1 jcmant) OtttJCrcm. 4 Not to be translated the same 2 Be mindful of the order. See as " most poorly " above, page 109, note 6. 5 Omit of all. 3 For the elder son of the same. 6 Observe the preposition. COMPARISON OF ADJECTIVES AND ADVERBS. 119 28ocfyen an meinem ©eburtStag, ben 7ten !Januar, l;abe fdmeiben laffcn? 12. 2)er 9Ud;ter fyat fyeute einen 9Jiann bura) einen ^Poligcibicner feftnefymen laffen. 13. 2£tffen ©ie, marum? 14. 2Betl berfelbe gcftern SCbenb auf ber ©trafje einem §errn bie Ufyr unb bte 33orfe geraubt fyat. 15. §einrid;, *papa ift fefyr untoofyl; er §at ftarfeS ^opfmefy unb fyat bie gauge -iftacfyt ntrf)t fcfylafen lonnen ; itnr miiffen ben 2lr$t rufen laffcn. 16. D, Mama, bu braua^ft ifyn nid)t rufen gu laffen ; id) toiH felbft $u ifym gefyen. 17. „§err Softer, 3Jtama lafjt ©ic gritjsen unb I;5flid)ft bitten, ben tyapa im Saufe be§ £age§ bod; §u befucfyen ; benn er fiifylt fid; fefyr untoofyl." 18. „®ut, griiften ©ie 3$ren §errn SSater gefalligft oon mir; xa) merbe in einer ©tunbe bei ifym fctn." 19. gd; I)abe einer armen grau in ber $iid;e etit>a§ gu effen geben laffen, unb id; fefye, fie lafjt fid;'g mofyl fa^medcn; fie fcfyeint fyungrig gewefen §u fein. 1 20. 2aj$ bir ba3 Wa$ $u einem tlberrod nehmen ; laffe bir ifm aber ja 2 nid;t gu llein madden. 21. 9fteine ©djtoefter bat fid) ^botcgra^ieren laffen unb mein SBruber lafct ftcfy malen. 22. ©rinnere mta) ja an ba£ arme $inb; id) milt ifym marme ^leiber mad)en laffen. 23. Gsrinnerft bu bia) biefeg armen 3ftanne§ ? $a; fyabe il)m fcorigen SBinter marme ^leiber macfyen laffen. 201. VOCABULARY. ber 2lr§t, physician. ber dauber, robber. ber ©eburt^tag, birthday. ber S^id^ter, judge, magistrate. ber £auf, course. ber <&a)mzx%,pain ; pi. ©d;mer= ber 3Jtaler, painter. gen. ber tyofytibizriZX, policeman, ber Stall, stable. 1 Bctticfen ju fein ; perfect infini- know : iaj fjaoe ja fctn 8ud). The tive of fein- student of Greek will recognize 2 ja following an imperative exactly corresponding uses of Sua;, or)I (gut) fa^mecfen laffen, to enjoy a thing; icfy taffc mir bie ^rauBen gut ftfnnecfen. itt, progress ; gort= befonber§/ particularly. fajrttte mad)en, to progress. ^ (with ^ through% ber (bag) Sutoel', jewel. eng ^^ narrow , tight. ber %\\\0lX\$x' , jeweler. ber Iguroelierlaben, jeweler's shop. ber Mantel, cloak. ber ©tabtrtcfyter, town-court judge. ber ©trumpf, stocking. ber 3 a ^ n / tooth. bie QmM fefyr, ba3 28teberfom= men, return. fritter, former, formerly. gegenfeitig, mutual. iur§lia;, not long ago. Cf neultd;. forgfaltig, careful. inettetrfjt, perhaps. oom 331att, at sight. gum Stnbenfen, as a souvenir. gar nttf)t, bureaus nidjt, not at all. 1 ncttjan fjabcn. 8 The verb last. See 106. * What case follows ju ? 4 Use gliitflid). 5 in, with what case ? How would it be expressed if you used foci? COMPARISON OF ADJECTIVES AND ADVERBS. 123 abbrecfye^braa^a^abgebrottjen, erlauben, (with dat.) to allow, to pick, to pluck. to permit. ausfefyen, fal) au3, auggefeben, fltcfen, to mend, to darn. to look, appear. ^flticfen, to pick, to pluck. binben, banb, gebunben,/^*^// ftefyen, ftanb, gefianben, / Ijtttte ein &tM Slcifdj geftoljfen nnb toottte mil -kmfciiicji itkr einen ghtfe fdjtoimmen. 3m SBttjfcr kmerfte er feiii $ifo nnfo Ijielt c§ fiir ctncn antiern §mti) mit einem ©tiitf Sftifd). dr toiinfdjte and) titcfeS jit Ijakn nil fdjnaWte imrnadj ; akr in ctncm SCitgenMttf tour fein ctpc§ Sfeifdj in km Staffer berfdjumnfcn. A dog had stolen a piece of meat and wanted to swim across a river with it. He saw his image in the water and took it for another dog with a piece of meat. He wanted to have this also, and snapped at it ; but in a moment his own meat had disappeared in the water. 207. PARADIGM OF THE WEAK CONJUGATION. 1 ttmnfdjcn, to wish. Principal Parts : tounfefyett, toimfefyte, getoiinf djt. Present. Imperfect. id) tounfefye. hnrftmnfd;en. tcfy toimfefyte. fair tomtfefyten. bu ttfnf $ ejt | |! r to ""f t rt " *« ««f * Ml- { 't m '* ?j ?• ( ©te tounf d) en. ( ©te hmnf d; trn. erhrimfefyt. fie toiinf d^ en. er totittf d) tc. fie roiinf $ ten. Future. i§ toerbe n)iinfd^ en. ton toerben toftttfdj en. bu totrft tounfdj en. j *£ toetb , et "NS"- ( ©te toerben toimf q en. er ftnrb toitnfefy en. fie toerben tounfdj en. 1 For the full inflection of a weak verb, see 378. 126 the imperfect tense. Perfect. id) I)abe getotinf cfy t. toir r)abert getoiinf d)t. bu W flet»unf * t. | * \ ab * 8«»fln f * I (©te fyaben getounfcpt. er fyat getoiirtfcfyt. fie fyaben getoimf d;t. Pluperfect. id) r)atte getounfcfy-t. fair fatten getoiirtf d)t. bu ^atteft setrfntt t. | |! r ^ attet »***»£ ( ©te fatten getounfcgt. er r)atte getoiinf cfy t. fie fatten gerounfd^t. 208. PARADIGM OF THE STRONG CONJUGATION.* ffcljlen, to steal; Ijaftctt, to hold; fdjtmmmctt, to swim; tierftljtoittbett, to disappear. Principal \ f te & lcn ' Wt 9* Wen; fatten, §m, gc^altcn. Parts • ') W^ mmen / fdjtoamm, gefd;tomrtmctt. < fcerfcfytoinben, fcerfcfytoanb, fcerfcfytounben. Present. Imperfect. i$ ftefyte. bu ftieblft. er ftiefylt. fair ftefylen. ( \l)X fte&It. ( ©te fteblen. fie ftefylen. i$ ftafyl. bu fto&Ift. er ftafyl. totr ftafylen. | tfyr ftat)tet. X ©ie ftn^Ien. fie ftafyten. id) fyalte. bu tyaltft. er fyalt. h)ir fyalten. ( ifyr fyaltet. ( ©ie fatten. fie Ijalten. icfy J)iclt. bu fyieltft. er r/tclt. Future. fair fyiclten. ( tfyr fyteltet. ( ©ie fyiclten. fie fyielten. id) toerbe fter)Ien. id; toerbe r)alten. id; toerbe fcfyhnmmen. id; toerbe r>erfd;ftnnben. 1 For the full inflection of a strong verb, see 379. THE IMPERFECT TENSE. 127 Perfect. id? fya&e geftofylen. id) bin gefcfytoommen. id) fyahz gefyalten. id) bin fcerfcfyttmnben. Pluperfect. id) fyatte geftofylen. id) toav gefefytoommen. id) fyatte gefyalten. id) toar toerfctytounben. 209. Imperfect of the Modal Auxiliaries. 1 id) follte, I was to, ought. id) burfte, I was allowed to. id) tooKte, I wanted to. id) mocfyte, I liked to. id) mnfjte, / a/«f obliged to. id) lonnte, I was able to. 21 O. As the forms of the strong and weak conjugations were com- pared in the present tense (pages 27 and 28), so now compare them in the imperfect tense and perfect participle and make the needful obser- vations. Read again 46. 211. 1. It has already been observed (109) that verbs denoting a change of state or condition, and those denoting motion from, to, or towards a place, are conjugated with fctlt. Such are: Ctltfd)lrtfflt, to fall asleep ; OUfttJOdjCn, CVtBO^CIt, to awake ; CXtvatltttl, to become ill; gc« ncfCIt, to recover ; tocrbctt, to become: gefjClt, to go ; rcitClt, to ride; laufctt to run; fottcit, to fall; ftf)niimmcn, to swim. Note. — But if manner or duration of time is indicated, then fja6ctt is used as the auxiliary, not f citi : id) Ijalie eine balbe ©tunbe gefd)roommeu; er ()at febr gut geritten. 2. The verbs fctlt, to be, Mctbctt, to remain, and gcfrfjCljCIt, to happen, take fcilt as the auxiliary : id) Bin gcroefen, I have been. id) 6tlt geblteben, I have remained. e§ ift nttr gefd)eb,ert, it has happened to me. Note. — Intransitive verbs, when used with a reflective pronoun, take Ijakn as the auxiliary: er Ijttt fid) inarm gelaufen, he has made himself warm by running. 1 For the full inflection, see 383-388. ijfr 128 THE IMPERFECT TENSE. 212. Slufaabe, [Remember that a dependent sentence must have the verb 1-ast. Read again 183. The commonest conjunctions beginning dependent sentences are a\$, when; ttJCltn, if when; focil, because; &aft (ffl baft), that. To these, which have already occurred, add foa, as, since ; UliiljrCttt), whilst; nad)uCm, after ; ob, whether; elje, before. See 329.] I. 1. A dog stole a piece of meat and swam across a river^ji with it. 2. When 1 the dog had stolen the meat, he wanted' ' to swim across the river. 3. Whilst he was swimming in the water, he saw another dog, for he took his own image for an- other dog. 4. The latter 2 also had a piece of meat. 5. As he wished to have this meat also, he snapped at it, but his own fell into the water and disappeared. 6. In the moment when he snapped at the other dog's meat, his own dis- appeared 3 in the water. 7. He wanted to swim across the river with the stolen meat. 8. The dog saw a piece of meat and wished to have it ; therefore he stole it. 9. A thief stole my watch out of my 4 pocket last night. 10. When I perceived it, he had already disappeared. 11. I wanted to run after him, but my friend held me back. 12. Mr. N. became a poor man through indolence, and has re- mained a poor man all his 6 life. 13. What has become of 6 your brother? 14. He has gone to America. 15. Can you swim across the river ? 16. Oh yes, I have already swum across it 7 three times. 17. When I swam across it the last time, I became 8 very tired. 18. A little dog saw a piece of meat and wanted very much to steal it. 19. At last, when he had stolen it, he ran away, and tried to swim over a river with it ; but unluckily he saw 1 See page 113, note 6. 4 See 183, 3. 2 The latter, btcfct; the former, 5 all his, fcitt gOttJCS. jcttcr. Compare in Latin hie and 6 By what case is au8 followed? ille. 7 across it, Ijiimkf. 3 See page 109, note 6. 8 Imperfect, four&C THE IMPERFECT TENSE. 129 another dog with a larger piece of meat. 20. Naturally he wanted to have this and snapped at it ; but his own piece fell into the water and disappeared in a moment. II. 1. 2)er §au§lned)t be§ §otel§ trug mir fyeuie 9florgen, nad)bem id) meine S^edjmung begaf)It fyattt, mein ©epad auf ba§ ©ampfboot; aber al£ tcfy fyinlam, fanb id), baft er meine §ut= f$ad)tel unb Dt-eifetafa^e bergeffen r^atte. 2. $;d) fcfytdte tfyn fo= gleid) in bag §oteI guriicf, unb er berfyrad) fa)neE §u gefyen. 3. Slber laum War er fort, fo fyorte id), rate einer toon feinen 23e= lannten ifym gurtef 1 : „$5u braudj)ft nid)t $u laufen; ba§ <3d)iff fafyrt rtod^ lange ntcfyt ah J 1 4. ^^ nafym mir unterbeffen mein SBillet nad) SBonn, unb ber §au§lned)t lam gerabe nod) $u renter 3eit mit ben bergeffenen (5ad;en $uritd, benn ba§ (Scfyiff fufyr fd}on nad) einigen 9Jlinuten, $unlt fyalb 8 Ul)r, ab. 5. S3ei fa^onem SSetter reife id) lieber mit bem ©ampfboot aU auf (mit) ber @ifenbal)n. 6. Man fiefyt bie ©egenb beffer unb braucfyt nia^t auf einem unb bemfelben $la|e fvtjen 2 $u bletben, fonbern 3 man !ann fyin unb fyer gefyen ; ana) !ann man ettoa§> $u effen unb gu trinlen belommen. 7. 3lber nid)t afte £)ampffcfyiffe auf bem 9^em finb auf§ bequemfte eingerid)tet. 8. %{§> td) in ba§ dimmer lam, fanb id), baft mein SSater eingefa^lafen war ; aber ba id) touftte, baft er bie borfyergefyenbe $laa)t gar nid)t gefd)lafen fyatti, mod)te id) tt)n nia)t ioeden, fonbern lieft ifyn fortfd)Iafen. 9. 9tod)bem er aufgemad)t War. lieft er fid) eine £aff e f djwar^en $affee 4 bringen, unb to; fal), baft er fid) benfelben wofyl fdmteden lieft. 10. (Sin ^ogling eme ^ gnftituts fagte §u bem 93orftefyer beefelben: „§err doctor, id) fcfyreibe fo ^n an meine Sltern; foil id) benfelben etma§ bon 3I)nen fagen?" 11. SDanle beftenS, @buarb, griifte fie freunb* 1 Observe that in a dependent infinitive is used like a present par- sentence the separable prefix is not ticiple, and denotes manner, disjoined from the root of the verb. 3 See page 96, note 8. * Observe that with Blcificit an 4 See page 53, note 2. 130 THE IMPERFECT TENSE. licfyft 1 oon mir unb frage fie, ob fie un3 nid^t balb einmal befucr)en toottten." 12. £)u braucfyft beinen 33rief je|t ni$t auf bie $oft §u tragen, fonberrt lannft toarten 6tg fyeute -Iftittag ; benn, fooiel to; toeijj, gefyt bie $oft erft 2 urn brei $iertel auf fttnf ah. 213. VOCABULARY. ber Skfannte, acquaintance. ber SBrieftrager, letter-carrier, postman. ber §au3fne(f)t, porter, boots. ber $orftefyer,/>w^tf/. ber 3 ogling, /#/*/, scholar. bie (Sifen6at)n, railroad. bie ©egenb, country, neighbor- hood. bie §utfcr)ad)tel, hat-box. bie D^ecfynung, £///. bie Sfteifetafcfye, carpet-bag. bie ©acfye, //««£■. Cf. ba3 £)ing. bte^ra^fyeit,/tf2z>zm. Cf.trdge. ba§ SiUef , //V&rf. ba§ Sampfboot, Sanrpfftfnff, steamer. ba§ ©epcicf, luggage. ba§ §otel, ber G5aftt)of, hotel. ba§ !Jnftituf , boarding-school. ba£ Seben, /#£. bequetn, convenient, comfor- table. enblia), #/ /^/. fort, away, gone. fymitber, over there. r)in unb fyer, to and fro. nacfybem (conj.), after. ob, whether (212). unterbef fen, in the mean time. unglticfliajertoeife, unluckily. ttorfyer'gefyenb, preceding. bei fcr}onem SBetter, in fine weather. gerabe %\x renter geit, just at the right time, tyunit ein Ufyr, exactly at one o'clock. auftoacfyen, ertoacfyen (f.), to wake (intrans.). ouftoecfen, loecfen, to waken (trans.), be^afylen, to pay, to discharge. bran a) en, to need, to use. A fortlaufen, lief fort, fortgelaufen (f.), to run away. nacr/laufen (f.), to run after (with dat.). tragen, trug, getragen, to bear, to carry. 1 See 199, 3. * not -till. THE IMPERFECT TENSE. 131 berfyred^en, berfyracfy, t>erfpro= toarten, to wait; auf tinixi, for cr)en, to proinise. one. toacfyen, to be awake. gurufen, rief ju, ^ugerufen, to r, price. baSSocM'*- ber ©cfyliiffel, key. ber ©cfcranf, cupboard. bunf elgrfin, dark green. ber <5d)u£, bag D6barf>, shelter. Wk sweet bie (^ofola'be, chocolate. bann ' barau f' then > thereupon. bie (Srbbeere, strawberry. enbIt *' l nU &> at lasL bie garbe, color, fo fd^neE . ., as quickly as . . 1 May be omitted. * With what auxiliary is font* 2 gettJorDcn toureit. men conjugated ? 3 gettiefen flnn- 6 See 169. 7 ailed mitneljmen. * What does at mean here ? 9 Use boJ. READING LESSON. 133 Bcftig, ftarf, violently. fortgefyen, ging fort, fortgegan* fyerslitt;, heartily. gen (f .), to go off. anbieten, hoi an, angeboten, * *a cln, /* *<«/. «• offnen, & <#er is a demonstrative pronoun, and tBCldjtr, tuer, and tt)08 are interrogatives. As relatives, foer and tticld)tr are used almost without distinction. RELATIVE AND INTERROGATIVE PRONOUNS. 135 220. Examine the following groups of sentences : I. 1. 3$ f ann Sfynen rtid)t ben Harnett beg TlanntZ fagert, meld)er (ela)e fie $u iragen fyatti, Wax fd)toer. 3$ re ^ es gleiterin Suife bagegen lacfyte unb fd&ergte. S)a fagte 9ftarie: „9Sie lannft bu nur 1 lacfyen unb fa^ergen? SDein $orb ift \a fo fa;roer roie ber meinige, unb bu bift urn nidjjtg 2 ftdrfer alg to)." Suife fyxaa) : „3a) fyabe ^u meiner Saft ein geroiffeg ^rauta^en gelegt, bag biefelbe Ieid)t maa^t. £f)ue bag ana) !" — „@i," rief SRarie, „bag muf$ ein foftbareg $raut$en fein. ©ag' mir bod), h)ie eg fyeiftt unb too ia) eg finbe, baft i$ mir meine Saft audj bamit erleia^tem fann." — Suife antroortete : „S)ag loftbare $rautlein, bag aEe TOifye leister ma$t, finbeft bu in bir felbft ; eg^etftt — ©ebulb." 224. VOCABULARY. ber Segleiter, companion. bag ®raut, kerb; dim. krauts Cf. begleiten. lein and $rdutd;en. ber Roxb, basket (125, 1). beftanbig, constantly. ber gjlufeigganger, idler. foftbar, costly, precious. ber Stolen, km. Cf. nttfclicfc. fcid&t, i ight ^ easyt Oppos. ber &§ix%,joke. farmer. traurig, .sW, mournful. bte SBegleiterin, companion. ungufrieben, discontented. bie ©ebulb, patie?ice. bage'gen, on the contrary. bie Saft, burden. bod), though, yet; doubtless. 1 Adds indefiniteness and em- Compare quis est nam Indus in phasis to tote: how in the world? undis? Verg. Ec. IX. 39. 9lud), even, and immrr, ever, are 2 um ni^td expresses degree; used in the same way, very often um niti)t$ ftiirfer, by nothing stron- separated by one or more words ger=no stronger. Compare in La from the relative or interrogative. tin, nihilo ; nihilo minus, no less. RELATIVE AND INTERROGATIVE PRONOUNS. 139 entfyalten (fyatft, fyctlt), entfyielt, fermen, fannte, gefannt, to erttfyaltert, /b cotitain. know. erleidjtem, leister madden, to lacfyen, to laugh. Cf. lacfyetrt, lighten. to smile. fyeiftert, fyiej}, gefyetften, to call, mit'tetlen, to tell, communicate. be called. murrert, to murmur, grumble. 225. Slufga&c. 1. Miss Louisa, there was a lady this morning who wanted to see you. 2. Do you know who she was ? 3. I know her by sight, but I do not know her name. 4. Who was the gentleman that wanted to call upon 1 me last night? 5. I did not know him, nor 2 do I know his name, as he did not leave 3 his card. 6. Mr. N., who is always ready to help the poor, got warm clothes made for the children of a poor woman whose husband died some weeks ago. 7. The poor man whose wife broke her arm a fortnight ago 4 came this morning to thank me for the money which I had sent him. 8. The furniture which Mr. O. bought in London a week ago is very cheap, which greatly surprises me, as it is most ele- gantly 5 and solidly made. 9. Poor old Thomas, whom you have often seen in our house, is very ill, and I fear it will be a long time before he quite recovers. 6 3 0. What is the matter with him ? 11. He has a troublesome cough, and also suffers greatly from 6 headache, which does not let him sleep. 12. I am very sorry for the poor man. 13. My neighbor called his servant a thief, because he has stolen various articles 7 which were locked up in a drawer. 14. This tree, the leaves of which 1 See vocabulary, 181. 4 See vocabulary, p. 89. 2 aitd) — ttidjt, like the Latin 5 auf$ elcgantefle. neque. 6 gcttcfctt fettt ttrirfc. 3 Use abgcben. various articles, ticrf(f)tc&enc8. 140 RELATIVE AND INTERROGATIVE PRONOUNS. give us such a pleasant shade, is a nut-tree. 15. This nut- tree, which my grandfather planted many years ago, has become a large tree, on whose branches 1 birds build their nests. 16. From whom have you received the beautiful flowers with which you have adorned your bonnet ? 226. Slufaa&e* [Read aloud the following sentences, supplying the proper form of the relative pronoun in each; then repeat, changing to the plural, as far as the 15th.] 1. £)er §err, mit — (Sie auf ber 3 a 9b 2 roaren unb — (gen.) §unb ben Qa]zn fud)te, ift em greunb meineS 3Sater3. 2. 3)er §err, — geftern bet mir »ortyra$, ift em Sefannter con mir. 3. 3)ie 3)ame, — unS geftern einen 53efud) mad)en roollte, ift eine 33erroanbte oon un§. 4. 2>a§ Sua), — auf bem %tftf) liegt, entr)dlt eine fyiibfd)e ©rgafylung. 5. 5ftein SBegleiter, — (gen.) 33efanntfd)aft id) macfyte, al3 roir nad) 2B. reiften, ift fefyr unterbaltenb. 6. 9ttarien3 33e= gleiterin, — (gen.) $orb ^hm fo fd)roer roar, rote ber ifyrige, geigte me&r ©ebulb ati fie. 7. 3d) §aU ba§ $ferb, — ©eftalt unb garbe 3fynen fo fefyr gefattt, iron ©nglanb erfyalten. 8. £)er SSogel, iron — roir fyrad)en, roar ein 5lbler. 9. $)ie" fa^one roetfte Qauhe, iron — roir fpracfyen, ger^ort meinem Dtfacfybar. 10. (Sinb ©ie in bem 3^ mmer getoefen, in — ber Sdfwler arbeitet ? 11. ^ft ber £ofmeifter (§au§Iefyrer), — er fur feine £inber angenommen fyat, ein Deutfa^er ober ein granrofe ? 12. 3f* bie (Sr^iefyerm (©ouoernante), — er fur feine £ba;ter angenommen fyat, eine 2)eutfdf)e ober eine granjofin? 13. 2)a§ §au§, -— 2#r §err SBater un3 jeigte, ift fd)on oermietet. 14. gd) barf Sfynen ben 3J?ann (bie grau) ma?t nennen, — (— ) e§ mir er^a^lt fyat. 15. 3$ *> ar f 3^ nen ™$* fagen, — e3 mir crja^It fyat. 1 auf bcffen &flen. * Sag*), *««* RELATIVE AND INTERROGATIVE PRONOUNS. 141 16. £)tefeg ift bcr ©cfyiiler (bie ©a^ulerin), — Uberfetmng ©ie corrigiert fyaben. 17. SSolIen ©ie mir gefattigft fagen, — libers fetmng ©ic eben corrigiert fyaben ? 18. §ier ift bcr ©anger (bie ©angerin), Don — ( — ) mir bag fdbone Sieb fyaben fingen l)oren. 19. 3$ to«f$ nic^t mefyr, toon — id) bag fct)one 2ieb I)abe fingen fyoren. 20. £)iefe§ ift ber Sebiente (bie $?agb), burd> (by) — (— ) cr mir bag Dbft gefanbt fyat. 21. SSarum motten ©ie mir t»er= fdfymeigen, bur$ — cr mir bag Dbft gefanbt fyat ? 22. 2ltleg, — auf bem £ifa) liegt, gefyort mir. 23. $d; fafy in bem Saben nidjtg, — mir geficl. 24. QaS, — er mir er^afylte, mujjte 1 id) \itft), $alf, ge= r)o!fen (with dat.), to help. fennen, 1 lannte, gelannt, to know. Cf. miff en. 1 fcttnen corresponds in general to the French connaitre, and the Latin novi, as ttJtffcit does to savoir and scio. 142 READING LESSON. leiben, Ittt, gelitten, to suffer ; er leibet an $o:pftoefy, he suffers from headache. Io§ merben, to get rid of. fcfymiicfen, oergierert, to adorn. ftf)toeigen, f$roieg, gefa;nnegen, to conceal. fterben, ftarb, geftorben (f.), to die (211). iiberrafdjen, to surprise; ficfy rounbem, to be surprised. oermieten, to let. 228. H« £ im Bfyattzn eme3 33aume§, inbe§ bie Sonne fid? ifyre§ Sieged erfreute. GEamerartuS. 1 Present subjunctive of fein; translate was. See 303, 2. 2 it was agreed. 3 should compel. 4 9U§ and tote are frequently omitted in comparative expres- sions, especially if a verb follows. 6 Imperfect of UcrmiiflCll. SEPARABLE AND INSEPARABLE PREFIXES. 143 Stoanjiufte Settion. 229. SEPARABLE AND INSEPARABLE PREFIXES. $iefe§ flub 1 m\)i Me Contooner Settungett, toclrfjc uorfjin fiit 6ie ttttfatncn ? 9(Ber lam knit nidjt atti^ cine fransaftfdje fiir metneu ©ruber ? ($r Be! ommt ja 2 jciicn 9Wttttoodj cine Un cittern ^arifer greunto. — 3a, Sljr £err SBwkr ljttt audi etne Settling Befommen (etttyfaitflen, erljalten), abet ct Ijat fie ftfleUj ctngeftcrft (in Me $afdje fleftetft) unti mitge* nommen. These, I suppose, are the London newspapers which came for you a little while ago ? But did not also a French one come for my brother ? You know he receives one from a Paris friend every Wednesday. — Yes, your brother has also received a newspaper, but he immediately put it into his pocket and took it with him. 230. 1. Observe that fiottfcotter and $gfifet are examples of adjec tives formed from names of towns by adding cr, and that they are used without inflection. 2. Observe that in a dependent sentence — ttJCl^C • • . Qltfamcn — the separable prefix is not disjoined from the root of the verb. How is it if the sentence is not dependent ? See 64. 231. The prefixes Be, etttj), Cttt, er, ge, tier, and ger, are never separated from the verbs with which they are com- pounded. The prefix mt§ is rarely separable. The prepo- sition totter, against, is also used as an inseparable prefix. Verbs compounded with these prefixes do not take the additional prefix ge in forming the past participle. How is it with verbs compounded with separable prefixes ? See 64. 1 $iefe3 finfc. See 173. 2 See page 119, note 2. 144 SEPARABLE AND INSEPARABLE PREFIXES. 232. The prefixes butdj, through, fifier, over, utlt, about, Utttet, under, and fjiutcr, behind, are used sometimes as separable, sometimes as inseparable, according as the prefix or the root of the verb has the principal accent : bttrd^laufen, to run through. u'berfefsert, to ferry over. um'gefyen, to go round. un'terfyalten, to hold under. fyin'tergefyen, to go behind. burcfylau'fen, to peruse hastily. iiberfe'^en, to translate. umge'fyen, to evade. unterfyal'tert, to entertain. fytnterge'&en, to deceive. 233. Observe the formation of substantives and adjectives from names of countries in the following : (Suropa, Europe. ber (Suropder. europaifd). Slmerifa, America. ber 2(meri!ancr. amerifanifdj @nglanb, England. ber ©ngldnber. engliftfj. ©cfyottlanb, Scotland. ber ©cfyottldnber. fd&otttfdj. gtlanb, Ireland. ber Srlanbcr. irldnbtftf). §oIIanb, Holland. ber §oIIdnbcr. fyoHdnbifd). Selgten, Belgium. ber Selgtcr. belgifdj. S)eutf cfylartb, Germany. ber 2)eutfcfye. beutfcr). Sfterreid), Austria. ber Dftretcfycr. oftretcfytfcfj. Stalten, Italy. ber Stalienet. italiemfd). ^reufjen, Prussia. ber $reuf$e. preufjtfcfj. granfretrf), France. fctr gran&ofe. franpftfdj. SRujjlanb, Russia. ber SRuffe. rufftfdj. £5drtemarf, Denmark. ber SDdne. bdnifdj. ©cfytoeben, Sweden. ber ©cfytoebe. fcfytoebffdj. ©rtecfyenlanb, Greece. ber ©rtecfye. griecfyifdEj. Notes. — 1. The adjective fteittftf) is also used as a substantive, but retains its declension as an adjective: feet, &te ^CUtfdjC; Cttt $CUtfd)er; pi., Die SDeutfdjen. 2. Feminine appellatives are formed from the above masculines by adding in to those ending in ct, and by substituting in for final t. 3. For the gender of names of countries, see 134, 1. SEPARABLE AND INSEPARABLE PREFIXES. 145 234. 2lttfaabe* [Read again 172 and 173.] I. 1. Are these Paris papers? 2. No, they are not French, but 1 German papers; I get them every Saturday from a Frankfort 2 friend. 3. When did they arrive ? 4. They arrived a little while ago. 5. Will you put them into your pocket and take them with you for your brother? 6. Please, put this English newspaper into your pocket and give it to your parents. 7. This is, I suppose, the London Illustrated News, 3 which your sister got a little while ago ? 8. I beg your pardon, this is an old one of last week ; the one 4 which she received this morning she immediately put into her pocket and took with her. 9. Has your Dutch friend arrived whom you have been expecting the whole week ? 10. Yes, she arrived last night and brought her two children with her. II. How many times 5 a 6 week do you receive English papers ? 12. We receive English papers every day, and twice a week we get German papers. 13. Mrs. C. has taken the American paper with her which arrived for her this after- noon. 14. Miss M. has translated the Italian letter for me which I received last night. 15. He translated this exercise without a mistake. 16. How did you entertain your French friends who were with 7 you last week ? 17. We took them twice with us to 8 the theatre and once to a concert; we showed them the zoological gardens and all that 9 is to be 1 See page 96, note 8. The stu- 6 In German, the week. dent of Greek will observe that 7 The learner who has studied fotttlCftt answers to ukXd, but on the Latin will often find it helpful to contrary. associate f)Ct in meaning with apud, a ^t'Qtllfurtcr. and Mitt with cum. See p. 87, n. 5. 3 ^ttufirtcrte 3 C ^M119. 8 Consider what to means here, * the one, uicjentflC and see page 72, note 4. 5 2BtC tJiclmol 9 See page 135 (b). 146 SEPARABLE AND INSEPARABLE PREFIXES. seen 1 in our town. 18. Please, hold something under, or 2 the ink will flow on the floor. 19. On bur ride we came to a ditch and passed over. 20. Poor boy, his pony ran away 8 with him and threw him off. II. 1. 2Sa§ entfyalt biefeS $orb$en? 2. fWeine £ante t&at einige Gster binein, 4 toeldje erne grau oom £anb tfyr oerfauft v)at §ier ftnb fie. 3. 3)a3 finb fer/r grof$e @ier ; e§ finb bie gro^ten @ier, bie id} feit langem gefefyen f)abe. 4. 2Bie oiet hat fie bafiir be^ahlt? 5. 3d> glaube, einen ©rofcfyen ba§ 5 ©titd. 6. SDa§ ift fefyr roenig ; im 2Binter foften fie mefyr. 7. %a) roeift, baft id} fdjon 8 imb 9 ©rofajen fur ba£ 6 fyalbe 2)u|enb be$ar/lt fyabe. 8. 2Bo f auf en ©ie 3$re Gster? 9. 3$ laufe fie felten auf bem Wlaxit ober in einem Saben ; eine grew 00m £anbe, roeiaje felbft §urmer fyalt, oerforgt mid) bamit fcfyon feit 3 ober 4 ^afyrert. 10. %a) mujj ifyr etroa£ mefyr be^ahlen, aber id) farm mid) barauf oerlaffen, baft fie frifd) finb. 11. 28ir effen jeben SJiorgen @ier §um gri% ftiicf. 12. Csffen ©ie fie gem roeid) ober fyart gefoiten (gefocfyt) ? 13. 2Beia) gefotten, xa) fyalte bie bartgefottenen fur unoerbaulid). 14. ©precfyen ©ie beutfa), graulein ©. ? 15. Nod) mcfyt, aber id) fyabe angefangen, e§ $u lernen. 16. 23ei roem nefymen ©ie Untemdjjt? 33et £erm D. 17. 2Sie biele ©tunben fyaben ©ie bie 2Borf)e ? S^et. 18 - ® a ^ if* ^ aum 3 erm S ; wenn ®* e ra f$ e $ oxi * fd)ritte madden rootlen, miiffen ©ie roenigften§ 3 big 5 4 Seltionen bie 2Sorf)e nefymen, unb jeben Xag eine ober mefyrere ©tunben auf ba§ ©tubium be§ 3)eutfa;en oerroenben. 19. SSerfaumen ©ie ja 6 ntd&t, bie fa>n iiberfetjten Slufgaben in 2#rer ©rammatil fleiftig §u roieberfyoten unb bem ©ebaa^tniS feft einjupragen ; unb roenn ©ie ein roenig roeiter oorgefd>ritten finb, benu^en ©ie jebe ©e* Iegenfyeit, bie fi$ glmen barbietet, beutfd; §u fprecfyen. 1 After fcin, to be, and fieljen, to 2 foitfl- stand, the active infinitive is fre- 3 tiurrfl^cljcil- quently used in German with a pass- 4 Why not Jjorttl ? See 169. ive sense. So we say, this house is 5 Observe the idiom. to let; there is nothing to do. 6 See page 119, note 2. SEPARABLE AND INSEPARABLE PREFIXES. 147 235. Dtftr alt* #*lftt txxtt* jmtgcu fjlitt**** @tn irlcinbif^er Saner ging in ben alien ^3alaft ^n (Sbinburg, um bie ^ortrcitg ber fcfyottifajen $onige gn fefyen. @r bemerfte unter ben 2J?onardjen einen, ber ein fefyr jngenblidheg 2lngfefyen i^atte, toafyrenb beff en x 6ofyn mlt einem langen Sart gemalt toar unb bie 3itge fefyr fyofyen 2llterg trug. 3) a rief ber Saner ang : „2Bie ift eg moglid), bafc biefer jnnge 9ftann einen fo alten 6ofyn fyaben lonnte ?" 236. VOCABULARY. ber Soben, ground, floor. ber ©raben, ditch, grave. ber 3 U 9/ Pull; train; feature. bie ©elegenfyeit, opportunity. bie ©rammatif, grammar. bie Stnnbe, ^. f eft, firm, firmly. jngertblta), youthful. raftt), quick, quickly. nntoerbanlid), indigestible. felten, seldom. toenigfteng, eg3, on the way. er fyat 3^ed£)t (Unrest), he is right {wrong). e£ ift rec^t (unredjt), // is right (wrong). fid) bie $eit fcertreiben, to while away one's time. abieu ; leben ©ie rr>or)I ; i$ empfefyle mid; 2# nen / good-bye. e§ tfyut ni$t§ ; laffen afyre, bag jimgfte nicfyt mebr benn 3 gmei. — „$latfcf), flatfd)!" lommt eg bie £reppe fyinauf; mer mocbte 4 bag fein ? 2)ie £fyiir fprang auf — eg mar ber $et}, ber gottige 53dr ! @r fyattt fid) gelangmetlt ba unten im §ofe §u ftet)en unb nun ben 2Beg gur Xreippe fyinauf gefunben. 2)ie $inber maren iiber bag groj$e, gottige £ier fefyr erfdjroden, 5 fie frozen 6 jebeg in feinen SBinfel, aber er fanb fie atle brei, berii^rie fie mit ber Scfynau^e, fyat ifynen aber md)tg. „2)ag ift fid;er em grower §unb," batten 7 fie, unb bann ftreidjelten fie it)n. (£r Iegte ftct) auf ben gujjboben, ber lleinfte $nabe maljte fict) oben brauf unb fpielte 23erfted mit feinem golb= gelodten $opfd)en in beffen 8 bidem, fajmarjem ^elje. -Jhm nafym ber dltefte $nabe feine trommel, fd)lug, 9 baj$ eg nur fo 10 bonnerte, unb ber 33dr erfyob fid) auf feine beiben §mterfiij$e unb begann ju tangen ; bag mar aEerliebft ! £>eber $nabe nafym fein ©emefyr, ber 23ar mujjte aud) eing fyaben unb er fyielt eg orbentlicfy feft ; bag mar ein prad)tiger $amerab, ben fie erfyalten fatten, unb nun gingen fie: „@ing, ^mei, eing, ^mei!" — 2)a fafete eg an bie £fyiir, fie ging auf, eg mar bie Gutter ber $inber. 2#r E?dttet fie 1 ticrjeljrte =- aft. 8 of that one = his. * toenn — aud), although. 9 From f tfjlagcn 3 DCnn = ttlg. 10 nur fO, positively; much like 4 modjtC = fonntc our singular colloquialism just, 6 From crfdjrctfen- used intensively: "// was just per- 6 From fricd)Cil. feet." i From fcenfen. NUMERALS ' CARDINAL, ORDINAL, ETC. 151 fefyen foCten/ tfyren fprad^Iofen 6cfyretfen fefyen follen, ba§ freibe= toetjje 2 SJCntlt^, ben fyalbgeoffneten 9ftunb, bie ftieren 2lugen. 2lber ber fleinfte ^nabe nicfte fo bergniigt unb rtef gan$ laut in feiner Spracfye : 3 „2Btr fyielen nur ©olbaten I* Unb bann tarn ber Sarenftifyrer. Slnberfen. (Sin unb jtoanjigfte fitftion. 241o NUMERALS: CARDINAL, ORDINAL, etc. [Review the Table of Numerals, 138.] 3n ber ^djfadjt bet %8nUtUo, toeWje am 18ten $mx 1815 ftattljtttte (jtattfanb, toorftel), fantictt toiele Xaufeuiie \um SWenidjen iljren iati ; tote ^reuffen nflein, obglet^ pe erjt gegen fjalb 7 am 5lknfc auf km Sifjlarfjtfclu erfdjetnen fomttcn, jfiljlten iikr jieknti)ulb taufenfc Xutc imi) ^cr* tomnkte, ttmfjrent) tie ^ran^afcn ein $rittel i^re§ pnjen §eere8 toerforcn Ijakn fatten. In the battle of Waterloo, which took place on the 18th of June, 1815, many thousand men met their death; the Prussians alone, although they could not make their appear- ance on the field of battle till towards half past 6 in the evening, counted above six and a half thousand dead and wounded, whilst the French are said to have lost one third of their whole army. Note. — For remarks applicable to several points in the above model sentence, read 243 and 244. On erft, see 181. On follen, see 167, 4. 1 Ijattet — fottcn, you ought to * That is, totenMaffe- have seen her. 3 j n his {baby) talk. 152 NUMERALS : CARDINAL, ORDINAL, ETC. 242. Cardinal Numbers. Ordinal Numbers. 20. Stocmaig. ber gtoan§igfte, 20th. 21. em unb ^toangtg. ft ein unb ^toan^gfte, 21st. 22. gtoet unb gtoangig. it atoeiunbatoan^igfte, 22d. 30. breifctg. tt breifjigfte, '60th. 31. ein unb breijjtg. it ein unb bretjjigfte, Slst. 40. »i«|ig. tt mer^igfte, 40//&. 50. fimfsig. a funftigfte, bOth. 60. fed^gtg. n fedfotgfte, 60M. 70. fieb^ig. n ftebjigfte, 10th. 80. ad&tjig. a adjt§igfte, mth. 90. neun^tg. n neun^igfte, 90th. 100. fyunbert. a fyunbertfte, 100M. 101. fyunbert unb ein§. a fyunbert unb erfte, 101st. 200. ^toeifyunbert. n gtoetfyunbertfte, 200th. 212. ^toeifyunbert unb a gtoetfyunbert unb $W0lf. Stoolfte, 212th. 1000. taufenb. a taufenbfte, 1000M. 10,000. jefyn taufenb. n 3e&ntaufenbfte, 10,000th. 100,000. fyunbert taufenb. 1,000,000. erne Million. The forms ftcfceil jtg and ftC&CHJ igflc occur, as well as those in the table. 243. Certain points in regard to the form and use of the cardinals require remark : 1. The form jftmnjto, is manifestly irregular. It was anciently written jtoehtjtg. Compare old English twentig. 2. The syllable jig, 1 ten, is softened in brcifjta, to §tg. 3. The English a hundred, a thousand, are expressed in German without the article: ljunbcrt, taufcttb ; ettt JjlUtbcrt, tin taufenb, mean one hundred, one thousand. But cine SWtflion means a million. Old English tig % related to Latin decern, Greek d&Ka. NUMERALS \ CARDINAL, ORDINAL, ETC. 153 4. The German always expresses the odd numbers from twenty to a hundred, as in the table : cm Uttb JttJtttt^g, etc., never, as in English, twenty-one. Above a hundred the larger number comes first, and Ultb may be expressed or omitted. Hence the forms of expression agree with the English. 5. $htnbcrt and taujcitb may be used as neuter substantives in the plural : §uttbcrtc, ^aufcttbc In general their use in the singular and plural agrees with that of the English words, hundred, thousand. 244. Examine the following groups of numerals : I. einmal/ once. atfemal, at all times. gtoeimal, twice. jebe^mal, every time. bretmal, thrice. mancfymal, many times. etc. etc. a. Iterative Numerals. — The formation of the adverbs in the left hand column is obvious; the noun OWfll is added to the cardinals. But SJlfll, which means mark, time, is sometimes written separately, .the adverbs of the right hand column are similarly formed. II. emerlet, of one kind. aEerlei, of all kinds. gtocterlei, of two kinds. mancfyerlei, of various kinds. breierlet, of three kinds. fcielerlet, of many kinds. etc. etc. b. Variative Numerals. — The above indeclinable adjectives are formed from the genitive case ending in tV, by adding the obsolete noun JJei, way, kind. III. em bal&, a half. anbertfyalb, one and a half. em ©rittel, a third. brtttefyalb, two and a half. ein SSiertel, a fourth. tuertefyatb, three and a half. 1 Distinguish Ctlt'ltlttl, once, from emmal', once upon a time. 154 NUMERALS .* CARDINAL, ORDINAL, ETC. em giinftel, a fifth. \\x\K\tih<\Vo , four and a half. em ©ecfystel, a sixth. \t§*ttyo\b,five and a half. etc. etc. c. Fractional Numbers. — 1. gttHi is an adjective. The other fractional numbers are formed by adding the neuter noun %t\X, party shortened to ttl, to the ordinals. 2. The second column is composed of indeclinable fractional, formed from ordinals. One would expect, jftjcttc^olb, in place of anfccrtfjQlb l ; but the old form for the second was fcef att&CtC, the other. Compare the Latin alter, the other, for secundus. 'KnOCt'ttjfllb, etc., imply, rather than express, the real meaning. The second a half implies the first a whole ; hence, one and a half. So in Latin: claudus altero pede, lame in the other foot, implies one foot sound ; hence, lame in one foot. 245. aiufgct&c. I. 1. The battle of Waterloo took place on the i8th of June, 1815. 2. In this battle many thousand French, English, and Prussians met their death. 3. The Prussians could not appear on the field of battle till towards half past 6 in the evening. 4. The Prussians alone had above six and a half thousand dead and wounded, although they c : d not appear on the field of battle till towards evening. 5. The French counted the greatest number of dead and wounded ; they are said to have lost one third of their whole army. 6. The commander of the French army was Napoleon, that 2 of the English, Wellington, and that of the Prussian, Bliicher. 7. In the evening of the 18th of June, 18 15, the field of battle was covered with dead and wounded soldiers. 8. This battle is said to have been one of the bloodiest of modern times. II. 1. Waiter, we shall leave to-morrow morning 3 by 4 the half past 6 o'clock train 6 ; please, let us have our bill ! 1 Irregularly formed for UltHcre* 3 Say, miU'flCll frtilj. foalb. 4 Use mir. 9 &crjcnt0e or bet- 6 l)aU> ftcben U|r 3«0c NUMERALS '. CARDINAL, ORDINAL, ETC. 155 2. Very well, sir, 1 I will give it you to-morrow morning. 3. No, we prefer to have it to-night, so that we may have time to examine it and to rectify any errors which may 2 by chance have crept in. 4. At what time do you wish to be called ? 5. Not later than 5 o'clock, as we want to break- fast before our departure. 6. Here is the bill, gentlemen. 7. Just 3 look it over, Edward, and tell me what you think 4 of it! 8. I do not think 5 the different items too high, but there is one which all travellers dislike, and notwithstanding nearly all the hotel-keepers on the continent put 6 it in the bill, namely ' bougies.' 9. Here are actually 48 kreuzers charged for candles, whilst ours probably will not burn longer than a quarter of an hour 7 or 20 minutes. 246. VOCABULARY. ber 23efefyl3r/aber, commander. ber Continent', continent. ber ©aftttnrt, hotel-keeper. ber grrtum, error (121). ber ^ellner, waiter. ber ^poften, station, place; item. ber S^etfenbe, traveller. bie 2lbreife, departure. bte Slnjafyl, number. ba3 Jeftlanb, continent. ba§ 2td;t, candle (p. 82, n. 3). bebccft, covered. blutig, bloody. neu, new, young; recent. Oppos. alt. bennodj), notwithstanding. totiflid), toar/rfyaftig, actually. ^ufallig, by chance. abreifen (f.), to depart, set out. beredjmert, to charge. bertcfjttgen, to rectify. brennen, brarmte, gebrannt, to burn. burcf/fer/ert, fal) burcfy, burd;= gefefyen, to look over. fid) emfcfyletdjen, fd)ltd) em, ein= gefcfylicfyen, to creep in. mtfjf alien (e§ mvjsf allt mir), mt§= fiel, mifjfallen, to cause dis- like, to displease. priifen, to examine. 1 mcin $err. 2 Either mogen or fdnttcn. mindful of the order. 3 See model sentence ninth lesson. 4 Use fyaltcit Be 5 Use fintoen. 6 Use fefccn. of the 7 cine $iertelftunbc 156 NUMERALS : CARDINAL, ORLINAL, ETC. 247. 2Iufaa&e, [Read aloud the following in German through the sixth, and answer the succeeding questions in complete sentences.] 1. 24, 36, 41, 75, 99, 108, 115, 231, 478, 987 ; — ber 9., 17., 21., 30., 45., 59., 100., 101., 118., 205., 333. 2. 2Bie *>iel ift 4 unb (plus) 6? 4 + 6 = (ift gleia)) 10. 15 + 3? 21 + 9? 110 + 20? 999 + 1 ? — 2Bte Diet befommt (erfy<) man, toerm man 10 unb 5 abbiert ? 3. 2Bie biel bleibt iibrig (is left), toenn man 4 Don 12 megnimmt (abgd^It, fubtrafytert) ? 12 meniger (minus) 4 = 8 (12 — 4 = 8). 15 toon 20? 60 Don 77? 1 Don 1000? 4. 2Sie biel ift 6 mal 2 (6X2)? 5X8? 4X3? 7X10? .SMttytictert 14 mit 10, 80 mit 2, 25 mit 4 ! 5. SSie oft ift 3 in 12 entfyalten (contained)? 3 ift in 12 4 mal entfyalten. 2&ie oft ift 4 in 16 entfyalten, 5 in 20, 9 in 36 ? ©tbibiert 25 burcfy 5, 22 bura) 11, 40 bura) 8 (25:5 = 5; 36 : 6 = ? 90 : 10 = ? 100 : 4 = ? 80 : 8 = ?) 6. £ie ©a^lac^t bei Waterloo fanb am 18tcn Sunt 1815 ftatt. 2)ie ©$laa;t bei Sety&tg, 18. October 1813 ; bie ©rf)Iad;t bei Snfermann, 5. ^obember 1854 ; bie <& er 3 a fy r ^<*^ *>«*$ 4, ofyne einen D^eft m laffen, btbibieren farm. 15. ©en totem'elten (hnefctelften) be3 9ftonat§ fyaben toir fyente? 3)er tote tnelte ift fyente ? 16. 2)en itnebielten (trielften) fatten four geftern, fcorgeftem, am (Sonntag ? 17. £)en toietotelten toerben fair morgen I)aben, itbermorgen *; 248. ®in mtftl [To be read and committed to memory.] 2luf etner grofjen SSeibe gefyen SSiel taufenb 1 ©d)afe filbertoeijs; 2Sie fair fie fyeute toanbeln 2 fefyen, <5crt) fie ber atteralt'fte ®rei§. Qit})tmttttn $ar, ,3f}re§ SdjtuaflerS, amirtie fidj toofjler beftuticn, tocnn jie in einein gefttnUereit §aul> tooQttte nnb Beffereg SBaffer $*tte, mil er felbjt toiirk itidjt franf getoorten fein, toenn cr fdjon Hor ctnem ^albeit Saljr augQejogen lnare. The family of Captain Bar, your brother-in-law, would be in better health, if they lived in a healthier house and had better water, and he himself would not have become ill, if he had removed half a year ago. 250. Indicative. id) fyatte, I had. tcfy toar, I was. id) hnirbe, 1 I beca77ie. id) lobte, I praised, id) befanb mid), I found myself, id) m au§, I re?noved. id) fd)iug, / struck. Imperfect Tense. Subjunctive. fair fatten, we had. fair toaren, we were. \xi\x tourbert, we became. Voir lobtert, we praised. fturbefanbenurt^, we found, etc. fair ^ogen auZ, we removed. roir fd&lugen, we struck. id) fydtte, I should have. id) todre, / should be. id) toiirbe, I should become. id) lobte, / should praise. id) befdnbe mtcfy, fshouldfnd, etc. id) §oge au§, I should remove. id) fc&luge, I should strike. iinr fyattm, we should have, ftnr todren, a/^ should be. iDtr toiirben, ze^ should become, toix lobten, #/£ should praise. fair befdnben un3, ze/ are geroorbj^ / should have ^mcotne. id) l)atte gelobt, / should have praised. ^ id) ^cttte mid) befunben, i I should have found myself. id) roare auSgegogen, / should have removed. id) batte gefcfylagen, / should have struck. 253. First Conditional. 1. id) ftmrbe I)aben, I should have. 2. id) ft)iirbe fein, I should be. 3. id) ft)iirbe roerben, I should become. 4. id) ftJitrbe loben, I should praise. 5. id) roitrbe mid) befinben, I should find myself . 6. id; ftmrbe au^ieben, I should remove. 7. id) toiirbe fcfylagen, I should strike. 160 CONDITIONAL SENTENCES. 254. Second Conditional. 1. id) ftmrbe gefyabt fyaben I should have had. 2. id) nriirbe getoefen fein, I should have been. 3. id) toiirbe getoorben fein, I should have become. 4. id) toiirbe gelobt ^aben, I should have praised. 5. ia) tttiirbe mid) befurtbert fyaben, I should have found my self 6. ia) toiirbe au§ge$ogen fein, I should have removed. 7. id) itnirbe gef^lagen fyaben, I should have struck. 255. Observe (1) that the first conditional is formed by adding the present infinitive to the imperfect subjunctive, tDUfftC, of the verb ftJetDctt; (2) that the second conditional is formed by adding the perfect infinitive to tflih'&C; (3) that in the pluperfect and second conditional, the auxiliary is fcitt or fjobcit, according to 211, 1 and 2. 256. 1. Form the imperfect and pluperfect subjunctive and the two conditionals of the followifig weak verbs : arbeiten, to work. bebauern, to pity. befudjen, to visit. braucfyen, to need. ficfy fiird^ten, to fear. legen, to lay. lieben, to love. tnacfyen, to make. rebett, to speak. fcfyicfert, to send. tan^en, to dance. ttwgen, to venture. 2. Form the same of the following strong verbs. pp. 277-284. See Pres. Imp. Pres. Imp. Pres. Imp. Infin. Indic. Infin. Indic. Infin. Indic. bredfyen, hxad). Iaufen, lief. fyre^en, fprad;. benfen, badjte. lefen, la*. tragen, trug. gefyen, fling. nefymen, nafym. trinfen, tranl. greifen, flnff. f^einen, fa)ien. fcerftefyen, tterftanb. fyalten, fctelt. fefyen, \0i). roerfen, roarf. fommen, lam. fein, roar. roiffen, \m$U. laffen, liejj. finfen, fan!. gie^en, W- CONDITIONAL SENTENCES. 161 257. Examine the following groups of sentences : I. 1. 2Berm id) mefyr ©elb r/citte, (fo) tpiirbe icfy ein §au§ faufen, if I had more money, I should buy a house. 2. 28enn er nicfyt Iran! ware, (fo) wiirbe er mit %fynzn gefyen, z/">^ 7#^?r «are, I should have written a letter, if I had been well. II. 1. Qattt tcfy mefyr ©elb, (fo) nmrbe ta; em §au3 laufen, had 1 more money, I should buy a house. 2. 2Bare er nia^t Irani, (fo) tolirbe er mit Sfynen gefyen, were he not sick, he would go with you. 3. SKare ta; ioofyt getoefen, (fo) miirbe id) einen SBrief ges fajrieben fyahzn, had I been well, I should have written a letter. 258. 1. Observe in both groups of sentences, the correspondence of modes and tenses: the first conditional and the imperfect subjunctive; the second conditional and the pluperfect subjunctive. 2. Either the dependent clause, the one containing the supposition, may come first, as in I. 1 and 2; or the principal clause, that is, the one containing the inference or conclusion, as in I. 3. 3. The conjunction tuCltll may be omitted, in which case the sentence begins with the verb. See in the second group, how the English and German correspond, both in the omission of if and in the order in the conditional clause. 250. 1. An examination of the two groups of sentences in 257 shows that the first conditional and the imperfect subjunctive refer to present time,' 1 in a particular supposed case, and that the supposition, and, generally, the conclusion, are contrary to fact: thus, in I. 2, the supposition is that he is not sick, but in fact by implication he is sick. 1 If the supposition is general, there is a vague reference to future and sometimes when it is not, time. 162 CONDITIONAL SENTENCES. 2. In the same way the second conditional and the pluperfect sub- junctive, refer to past time, and are used to put as supposition and inference what was contrary to fact: thus, in I. 3; if I had been well {but J was not) I should have written a letter {but in fact, did not). Note. — The student of Latin should remark the exact correspondence of the imperfect and pluperfect subjunctive in Latin and German in hypo- thetical sentences referring to present or past time and implying a reality contrary to the supposition. 3. The imperfect subjunctive is often used instead of the first con- ditional, 1 and the pluperfect subjunctive very often in place of the second conditional, particularly in the conclusion of hypothetical sentences, whether the condition is expressed or only implied: $(J) tuiirtJC CirtCIt 93rtef fdjrciben (or itf) fdjriebc cincn Srtcf), toenn id) papier fyattc, fca§ tmirfce un8 ju toeit fiifjrcn, or bag futjrte unS ju toeit that would lead us too far. Accordingly we may have : 260. 1. icfy fy&tte, I should have, 2. id) ft) are, I should be, 3. icfy ftmrbe, I should become, 4. id) lobte, I should praise, 5. id; befanbe mid), I should find myself, 6. id) §5ge au§, I should remove, 7. id} fcfyliige, I should strike, 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. d) B&tte gefyabt, d) mdre geft>efen, d) ft)dre gemorben, d) t)dtte gelobt, d) fydtte mid) befunben, a) toare au^ge^ogen, d) r)dtte gefcblagen, for id) roiirbe fyaben. " id) roiirbe fein. " id) ftnirbe merben. " id) ftmrbe loben. d) ftmrbe mid) befinben. d) ftmrbe au^iefyen. icfy ftmrbe fd)lagen. for id) ftnirbe ger)abt baben. d) ftmrbe geroefen fein. id) ftnirbe geroorbert fein. d) ftmrbe gelobt fmben. id) ftmrbe mid) befunben bahtn. d) ftmrbe aulge^ogen fein. id) ftnirbe gefd)lagen fyaben. 1 If the idea of futurity is prom- inent, and sometimes for other reasons, the conditional form is preferred to the subjunctive. CONDITIONAL SENTENCES. 163 261. Qlufgafee* I. 1. Captain B., your brother-in-law, would be in better health, if he lived in a healthier house. 2. If Captain B. lived in a healthier house, he would be in better health. 3. Your brother-in-law would be in better health, if he had always lived in a healthier house. 4. If your brother-in-law always lived in a healthier house, he would be in better health. 5. Had your brother-in-law always lived in a healthier house, he would be in better health. 6. Captain B. would have been in better health, if he had lived in a healthier house and had had better water. 7. If Captain B. had lived in a healthier house, and had had better water, he would have been in better health. 8. Had Captain B. lived in a healthier house, and had better water, he would have been in better health. 9. Captain B.'s family would not have become ill, if they lived in a healthier house and had better water. 10. If Captain B.'s family had always lived in a healthier house, and had better water, they would not have become ill. 11. Did Captain B.'s family live in a healthier house, and had they had better water, they would not have become ill. 12. Your brother-in-law's family would not have become ill, if they had always lived in a healthier house, and had had better water. 13. They would not have become ill, but 1 would be in better health now, if they had removed half a year ago. 14. If your brother-in-law's family had removed out of this unhealthy house half a year ago, they would not have become ill. 15. If Captain N. and his family had removed some months ago, they would be in better health now. 16. Mr. N. is in better health now, because he has removed from this unhealthy house. 17. How is 2 Captain N., your brother-in-law, to-day? 18. Not very well, thank 1 See P . 96, n. 8. 2 befmfcet ft#. 164 CONDITIONAL SENTENCES. you. 19. He suffers from 1 head-ache. 20. How is your family to-day? 21. You would not, I suppose, 2 have re- moved out of this handsome and convenient house, if the water had been better. [When the following exercise has been read aloud and translated by the pupil, it is recommended that the teacher make portions of it the basis of conversation in German.] II. 1. Sftun, Robert, i$ fyaht bid) \a gefiern n\a)t auf bem@i3 gefefyen. 2Bie lommt bag ? Sdufft bu ma)t gern ©a)littfa)ul) ? 0, fefyr gern, urtb to; roiirbe ana) fyingegangen fein (\a) mare aucfy fymgegangen), menu xa) n\a)t gefiircfytet fydtte eingubrec^en. 2)u fa^emft em grower §afenfuf$ ^u fein. 3)u braudhft bi$ mdr)t iiber micf) lufttg $u madden ; roenn bu einen dbnlicfyen Unfall gefyabt fydtteft, rote icf), roiirbefi bu roofyl anber£ fprec^en. 9hm, roa3 fiir etnen Unfatf r)aft bu benn gefyabt? %a) & m einmal etn= gebrodjen, unb roiirbe ficr)erlia; ertrunlen fein (rodre ertrunlen), roenn micr) ma)t ein 2Rann an ben §aaren ergrtffen unb fyerau§= gejogen r)cttte. a r)aft bu 9xed)t ; ta; gebe ba§ ju, ©rofte SSorficr)t ift aEerbing3 notroenbig, unb menu metne ©Item nia;t roiifjten, baf$ tcfy fer)r oorfidjitig bin, fo liefjen fie mid) roa&rfa;emlidj) ana) n\a)t gefyen. 2. grau 58. gab Ufyen 2)ien3tag etnen gldn^enben 23att ; rodren 6te fyier geroefen, fo roiirben Sie ana) eine ©inlabung erhalten fyaben. 3^ r 3 reunD ' oer ©°fy n De ^ fictrn Dr. buffer, l)atte eben= falls eine @tnlabung befommen, unb roiirbe fie ana) angenommen 1 suffers from, letfcct Olt. 4 Impf. subj. of bcitfctt, to think. 2 See under 229. 5 Observe this use of ntOQCn, 3 Not the, but that. See 219, note. and see page 171, note 3. CONDITIONAL SENTENCES. 165 fyaben, menu er ni$t fcfyott border etngelaben geroefen mare. $$ fobaure rea;t fyer^licfy, bafj t$ Don meiner 3^etfe nitf)t fritter guriicf= lommen !onnte ; e3 roiirbe mir grofceS 33ergmigen gemacfyt fyaben, ben 23att gu befucfyen, ba id^> fefyr gem tange. 2)aju fatten Sie ©elegenfyeit genug gefyabt ; benn e3 roaren fefyr biele SDamen ba, unb unter benfelben fefyr gute ^dnjerinnen, aber nid)t §erren genug, unb fciele ber anmefenben §erren toaren fo unfyoflid), nicfyt §u tangen, obgleia) fie fafyen, hne gem bie jungen 2)amen getan^t fatten. 262. VOCABULARY. ber ©lang, lustre, brightness. ber §afenfuj$, faint-heart, cow- ard. ber §of, yard, courtyard, court. bie Scfylittfdmfye, skates. ber %an%, dance. Cf. tangen. ber danger, dancer. Cf . £dn§e= rin. ber ttnfall, mishap, accident. ber Unglucf^fatf, misfortune. bie @init)t(Iigung, permission. bie ©elegenfyeit, opporhmity. bie ^dngerin, (female) dancer. bie $orftd)t, foresight, pre- caution. ba§ @i§, fitf. ba§ §erg, heart (149). aim lid), similar. angftlitt), anxious. anroefenb, present. ebenfallS, likewise. gldn^enb, brilliant. not' roenbig, necessary. fid)erli$, certainly. un'fyoflid), discourteous. un'gefyalten iiber, displeased at. bebauem, to regret. benlen, bacfyte, gebaa)t, to think. ergreifen, ergriff, ergriffen, to seize. ertrinlen, ertranl, erirunlen (f .), to be drowned. ©cfylittf d)ufy laufen (f .), to skate. fid) luftig mad)en iiber, to make fun of. tan§en, to dance. feorlommen, lam fcor, fcorges' lommen (f.), to occur. §ugeben, gab ju, ^ugegeben, to admit. 166 CONDITIONAL SENTENCES. 263. 5lufgabe. 1. You had better 1 stay a little longer, I am afraid it will soon rain. 2. He had better remove from that unhealthy house. 3. Had not you better go and buy it yourself ? 4. Had not he better write to his aunt as soon as possible? 5. She had best 2 ask her parents first. 6. They told me I had best go away at once. 7. Would that I had 3 never seen him ! 8. Oh, that he were 4 still alive (am Seben) ! 9. Would that we were as rich as our uncle ! 10. Would that I had as much knowledge 5 as Mr. N. 264. [Substitute the imperfect or pluperfect subjunctive for the spaced infinitives in the following sentences.] 1. @r miirbe beffer ©dhlittfcfyul) laufen, menu er offer auf bag (5t3 g e I) e n unb nicfyt fo oer^agt (timid) mare. 2. -Ifteine Srtiber miirben mit 2Sergmigen auf ba§ (St8 gefyen, menu fie beffer 6a)littfa)ul) laufen. 3. SSenn id) fallen, fo miirben ©ie fid) bariiber Iuftig maa;en. 4. 2Benn id) nia)t fur a; ten em§ubredj)en, fo miirbe id) aud? auf ba§ @ig gefyen. 5. 3$ miirbe mid) freuen, menn e3 mir g e 1 i n g e n, ba§ $inb §u retten. 3d) miirbe mia) gefreut fyaben, menn e£ mir ge= 1 1 n g e n, ba3 $inb gu retten. 6. ©ie miirben §errn 91. befudjen, menu ©ie m i f f e n, mo er molnit. ©ie miirben §errn 91. befuc£)t fyahen, menu ©ie miff en, mo er mofynt. 7. 2Benn bie ©d)littfd)ube cem 3 roec * e n t f p r e a? e n, murbeft bu mofyl ba§ (Mb bafiir nid)t anfefyen. 1 Cast into the form, it would be tense the same as in a supposition better, if you, etc. contrary to fact in past time. So 2 best, om bcfteit. in Latin. See 257, II. 3. 3 (jotte • . . iJ0(^ ; the mode and * See 257, I. 2. ° See 271. READING LESSON. 167 8. £>iefe jungen ©amen miirben gem tar^en, menu fie ^dn^er t)aben. SMefe jungen ©amen fatten gem getangt, menu fie danger fyahzn. 265. Qtv fiahn, fc*tr gjtmfr tttt& fr*r Ifttdj** @in §unb unb em §at)n fd)loffen greunbfd)aft unb manberten gufammen in bie grembe. @ine§ SlbertbS lonnten fie lein $au§ erreid)en unb muftten im 2Balbe ubemad)ten. £)er §unb fat) enblid) eine t)or)le @id)e, morin fiir it)n eine »ortrefflid)e ©d)Iaf= fammer mar. „§ier molTen mir bleiben," fagte er $u fetnem ^eifegefafyrten. „3d) bin e§ gufrieben," fagte ber §at)n, „aber id) fd)lafe gem in ber §or)e." 3)amit flog er auf einen 21ft, unb mimfd)te bem anbern gute Wafyt unb fetjte ftcr) ^urn Sd)Iafen. 2lls e§ ^orgen merben moftte, fing ber §ar)n an ju frcifyen, benn cr barter „@§ ift balb gctt sum SSeiterreifen." £)a§ ^ilerili tyatte ber gud)§ gefyort, beffen 2Bot)mmg nid)t meit babon mar, unb fd)nell mar er ba, urn ben §at)n $u fangen. £)enn it)r mif$t ja, baj$ ber gud)§ ein §iir)nerbieb ift. ©a er ben Qafyn fo t)oa) fitjen fat), bad)te er : „£)en muf$ man burd) gute 2Borte berunter* loden, benn fo t)od) lann ia) nid)t flettem!" ©ut, mein giid)3d)en mad)t fid) ganj fyoflid) r)erbei unb fyrid)t: „@i, guten Sftorgen, lieber better! 3Sie fommft bu ^)tert)er ? 3d) t)abe bier) ja gar gu lange md)t g*efet)ert. Slber bu t)aft bir eine gar unbequeme 2$ot)= nung gemafylt; unb, mie e§ fd)eint, t)aft bu aud) nod) nid)t3 gefriifyftitdt. 2Benn e§ bir gefallig ift, mit in mein QauZ gu lommen, fo merbe id) bir mit gang frifct) gebadenem 33robe auf= marten." £)er Qafyn !annte aber ben alten ©a)elm unb r)iitete ftcr) mot)l, fyinunter gu fliegen. „@t/' fagte er, „menn bu ein better Don mir bift, fo merbe id) red)t gem mit bir fritfyftuden, aber ia) t)abe nod) einen 9?eifegefat)rten, ber r)at bie £r)iire gu= gefd)Ioffen. 28iHft bu fo gefallig fetn, biefen $u meden, fo lonnen mir gleict) -mfammen mitgefyen." 2)er gatd)3, meld)er meinte, er fonne einen ^meiten §ar)n ermifcr)en, lief fcr)netf nacr) ber Dffnung, 168 MODAL AUXILIARIES : too ber §unb lag. 3)tefer roar aber \vad) unb fyatte 2ltte§ gefyort, toa§> ber gucf)§ getyrocben fyatti, urn ben §afyn $u betriigen, unb freuie ftct) fet)r, ben alten 23etrtiger je£t ftrafen gu fonnen. @I)e ber gud)§ e§ fict) oerfafy, fprang ber §imb fyeroor, pacfte i^n an ber $efyle unb bift tyn tot. 3)ann rief er feinen greunb oom <23aume fyerunter unb fagte: „25enn bu allein geroefen toareft, • J>dtte btefer 23ofehn$t bid) umgebradjt. 2lber laft un3 eilen, bajj fair au£ bem SSalbe fommen." (£urtman. $rei unb jtoanjtgfte Seftian. 266. MODAL AUXILIARIES: CONDITIONAL AND SUBJUNCTIVE. 3fjr SBruber foflfte ffeifttfler iibcn, tiann fdnntc tt gro^ete Sartfdjritte in tier 9ftufiJ madjen, mil toenn 8ic fdbft flciftt^cr flatten it ben Hi all en, fa flatten Zk mtrij ptc Jyortfrfjrittc nmtfjen fonnen. (v* ift ntrfjt (jemta,, imfj man faa,t : 3d) ntodjtc pt linden fiinn en : man mug flrlj an if) iWiilje gekn. Your brother ought to practice more diligently, he could then make greater progress in music, and if you yourself had been inclined to practice more diligently, you also could have made good progress. It is not enough for one to say, " I should like to be able to play well " ; one must also take pains. 267. PARADICMS. First Conditional. Imperfect Subjunctive. id) toiirbe tooHen. icfy loollte, / would, should be inclined, id) toiirbe f often. icf> fotlte, I should, ought to. id) toiirbe muff en. id) miijjte, I should be obliged, id) toiirbe biirfen. icfy biirfte, I should be allowed, id) toiirbe mogen. id) mocfyte (gem), I should like. \a) miirbe fonnen. id) fonnte, I could, might. CONDITIONAL AND SUBJUNCTIVE. 169 268. Pluperfect Subjunctive. id) fyatte . . tooften, I should have been inclined . . {had liked), id) fyatte . . foffen, / ought to have . . should have . „ tcfy fycitte . . miifjen, I should have been obliged . . {had been, etc.). id) fyatte . . bttrfen, T should have been allowed . . {had been, etc.). id) fyatte . . inogen, I should have liked . . should like to have, id) fyatte . . formert, I could have . . {had been able). Note. — The infinitives UiuUcn, fo lint, etc., are substituted for the participles, gcluoflt, gcfoflt, etc., in connection with dependent infinitives of other verbs, as has been already observed. 260. The imperfect subjunctive of the Modal Auxi- liaries is frequently used instead of the first conditional, and the pluperfect subjunctive always instead of the second conditional. Other verbs allow the second conditional. 270. Slufgafce. [In turning the following sentences into German the imperfect or pluperfect subjunctive may be appropriately used (except in the sixth and thirteenth) according as the time indicated is the present (or vaguely the future), or past; and it is best so to translate the sentences first. The pupil may then profitably rewrite those that admit of being ex- pressed by the first or second conditional.] I. 1. You should practice more diligently, then you could make greater progress. 1 2. If you had practiced more diligently, you could have made greater progress. 3. You should have practiced more diligently, then 2 you would have made great progress in your music. 4. If they were inclined to practice more diligently, they could make good progress. 5. If they had been inclined 3 to practice more diligently, 1 Plural, as in the model sen- last clause of 2, 5, and 15, and the tence. first clause of 12 ? 2 Why can this clause be ex- 3 Be mindful of the order. See pressed in two ways, but not the 183, 2. 170 MODAL AUXILIARIES ! they could have made good progress. 6. She will soon be able to play well, if she takes pains. 1 7. She would soon be able to play well, if she were to take pains. 8. She would soon be able to play better, if she were inclined to take pains. 9. His brother ought to be more diligent, then he would soon make progress in his music. 10. His brother ought to have been more diligent, then he would have made 2 greater progress. 11. He would like to be able to play well, but he will 3 not take pains. 12. He would have liked to practice diligently, but he had no time for it. 13. If one wants to make progress, one must take pains. 14. If your sister wanted to make progress, she would be obliged to take more pains. 15. If your sister had wanted to make progress, she would have been obliged to take more pains. 16. Had not your sister taken so much pains with her music, she would not have made* such progress, nor 6 could your brother have made progress, if he had not practiced so diligently. II. 1. 3$ tnocfyte gem em toentg 9tufftfd& lemen, ba t<§ ndd>fte§ %ofyv auf emtge donate nacfy ^3eter3burg gefyen foil. 2. ^onnten en, fo bafc e§ 3>lmen ni $* 3 U fdjtoer 1 For the idiom, see the model 4 Can this clause be expressed sentence. in two ways ? 2 See page 169, note 2. b aitd) — nidjt s Why not toirH? 6 doubtless, or, perhaps. CONDITIONAL AND SUBJUNCTIVE. 171 toerben burfte/ Sfyre ©efcfycifte mittelft berfelben abjumacfyen. 7. $bxn, bann mufcte ia; aber ioofyl balb anfangen, wenn id) mir i>or metner 3lbreife bie notmenbigen ^enntniffe aneignen roottte ; benn £eutfa; foU 2 aud) fef;r fd)mer fetn. 8. 2Benn ©te balb gefyen molten, fatten ©te allerbtngS f$on oor einiger 3eit axis fartgen follen. 9. Spie beutfd)e ©praa^e ift aber feme3toeg§ fo farmer tote bie rufftfd^e, unb menu ©ie eine ©rammatt! benutjen, bie ben ©djitler nid)t mtt $u oielen D^egelrt belaftigt unb in ben Ubunggaufgaben blo3 Oon foldjen 2Bortern unb ^Pfyrafen ($ebraud) ma$t, toeld)e in ber Umganggfpracfye oorfommen, fo werben ©ie balb fo oiel gelernt fyaben, bafs Ste ftc^ oerftanblicfy madden fonnen, oorau3gefei$t, ba$ ©te fletfjig ftubieren unb jebe ©elegenfyett be= nutjen, ©eutfd^u fyoren unb pi fprecfyen. 10. §err 0., ben ©ie \a fennen, foil groj^e 33erlufte erlitten fyahtn ; er ftnrb, tote man fagt, feine gafyhmgen einftellen mitffen. 11. @3 follte 3 mtr leib tfyun, menu ba§ ©eritcljt toafyr mare. 12. §at er benn feine greunbe, bie im ©tanbe ftnb, ifym $u belfen ? 13. @r fyatte fid) in leine fo gefafyrlia^en ©pefulationen einlaffen follen, bann ware e3 nia^t fo meit mtt tfym gefommen. 14. ©elbft menu er greunbe finben follte, 3 bie bereit maren, ifym §u fyelfen, fo burfte e3 biefen fd)mer merben, ifym fyelfen $a fonnen. 15. 3$ moa^te totffen, ma3 er gu tfyun gebenft, menu e§ wirflta) gu einer 3afylung§einftellung lommen follte. 16. 3)a^ er boa; -Bttttel unb Sege fanbe, au§ biefer Sage fyerau3§ufommen ! 271. VOCABULARY. ber Umgang, intercourse. bie 2lu§f^rad^e/ pronunciation. ber SSerluft, loss. Oppos. ber bie $enntni§ (mostly used in ©eminn. pi. ^enntmffe), k7iowledge. 1 would probably. The imper- conclusion of hypothetical senten- fect subjunctive of uiirfen denotes ces, like our should, not implying a "probable contingency." obligation, but virtually equivalent 2 is said. See 167, 4. with the dependent infinitive, to 3 The imperfect of foltcit is often the first conditional. 301 i) gen is used, as here, in the condition or similarly used. 172 MODAL AUXILIARIES I bie Sfieimmg, opinion, meaning, »nrau$>gefei$t, provided. bie ^pl)raf e, phrase. wermittelft (with gen.), by bie S^egel, rule, precept. means of. bie Umgang§ftorad)e, language ' ... jr . • belalttqen. to trouble, of conversation. ' ° ' erleibert, erlitt, erlitten, to suffer. ^ ©erud):, report, rumor. fortfc^cn, /* mn^m. ba§ gRittel, ***&/; ma*. S eben!en r gebac^te, gebadjt, fc allerbittgS, of course, certainly. intend. ©ebraud) madjen con, to make use of. im ©tcmbe feirt, /# ^ z'# a condition, to be able. eirte ©rammatif bertuijert, to use a grammar. fid? ^ermtniffe cmeignert, to acquire knowledge. fid) »erftartblidi> madden, to make oneself understood. ftd) auf ©pefulationen etnlaffen, to engage in speculations. bie 3^Iung einftetten, to stop payment. 272. / Slufgafce. [Read aloud and translate the following sentences, and then change the imperfect subjunctive and first conditional to the pluperfect subjunc- tive and second conditional, wherever it is allowable.] 1. 1. g$r 8d)toager fotfte ftcfy in ber englifd)en Umgang§= fpraa^e mefyr iibert, bann itmrbe er fliegenber fyrecfyen. 2. 3d) tounfd)e, id) biirfte bie ^orlefungen, toeldje fcerr Dr. 9ft. biefen 2£inter r>dlt, befud)en; i$ glaube, id) lonntc fctel barin lernen. 3. @r mocfyte mid) gem auf meiner 9teife begleiten, toenn er biirfte. 4. ©ie fottten bei biefem raufyen better nid)t fo Ieid)t gefletbet au§gefyen, roeil ©ie fid) fer)r leicfyt erfalten formten. 5. 3) a lecture - cern ' ba§ ^omptotr, counting-house. bte ©etooWeit, habit, custom. ba ^ enfionat / bo arding-schooL bte spoft, bag Spoftamt, post- office, bte gerten (pi.)/ vacation. 1 Say, a so long. But in this the past is expressed by the plu- sentence and in the three preceding perfect subjunctive ; a hopeless not -a can be expressed by fciHC- wish relating to the present, by See page 95, note 1. the imperfect subjunctive. The 8 (£8 111 are bcffcr, tlieitn. same holds true in Latin. 3 Subjunctive imperfect, blicbc. 7 The German would here use 4 in with the dative. idiomatically unmil, the fca antici- 6 Use ju with the infinitive. pating the following clause. Other e A hopeless wish relating to examples occur in Lesson 31. CONDITIONAL AND SUBJUNCTIVE. 175 Mel ©elb, plenty of money. beftdnbig, constantly. f liefjenb, flowing, fluent. naf$, wet, humid, moist. neugierig, inquisitive. raul), rough, raw, coarse. fcfjmu^ig, foul, dirty. fcortrefflid), excellent. nacfyldffig, careless, neglectful. etwa (adv.), ^j> chance. etmaig, casual, possible. bamit, in order that. angefyen, to concern; e§ gefyt mid) ntd^t^ an, it does not concern me at all beenbigen, to finish. begleiten, to accompany. fleiben, to clothe. toernacfyldffigen, to neglect. fid? geroofynen an (with ace), to accustom one's self to. gewofynt fein an (with dat.), to be accustomed to. ftcfy mifd)en in (mengen in), to meddle with; er mtf a)t fid) in alle§, he has a finger in everybody^ s pie. fid) um ftcfy befiimmem, to mind one's own business. befummere bicfy um bid), mind your own business. 2 74. [To be read and committed to memory.] SStnn id) immer £)ein * gebdefyte, 2 21(1 3 mein ©innen gu £>ir brdefyte, SDid^, o §err, um atte§ fragte, Unb S)ir finblicfy atteS fagte : D bann fonnt* id) ofyne ©rauen fjro^lid^ fc>or= unb rucfrodrt§ fcfyauen. Unb flog' * \fy fctyneffer al§> ba§ £td)t SBeit tiber aUe SJteere, 3Jitc^ fdnbe bodj 3)ein Slngeftdjt, ©o fern id) immer 5 ware. 1 Antiquated form of the geni- tive singular, for Reiner- 2 Imperfect subjunctive, from gcuenfen. 3 See page 86, note 4. 4 Fromflicgeit; were I to fly. 5 SO fem — tmmcr, however far. 176 READING LESSON. Unb ftieg l ia; in ben tiefften Drt, 3)en nie ein 9Jtaf$ ergritnbet 2 : S)u btft e§, ber mtc^ fyier unb bort Unb aftentfyalben finbet. 275. |l*v pme mtt> fct* Jititue. ©in Sotoe lag in feiner §ofyle unb fd;lief. £)ie Sdfmau^e fyatte er auf feme Xa^e gelegt. 2luf einmal frabbelte ifym ettoag auf ber 9?afe, ba§ jucfte fo, baf$ er l;alb im ©d;Iafe mit ber £a£e iiber bie 3^afe ftrid; : unb fie(;e, er fyatti ein 9Ji&u§Iein gefangen. 2)a3 9)iau3= lein faerie unb flefyte : „@rbarmen, §crr Sbtoe ! tyatte id; getoujjt, ba§ ba cure grofmtad;tige 3^afe lage, ia) toare mafyrfyaftig eine 9fteile brum meg gelaufen ; lafjt mid; Io§ ! oerfa)ludt t^r mid;, toa3 frommt ba3 eurem getoaltigen 9)iagen? 3$r merits fo toenig, aU ob man einem $ameel einen einjigen £ropfen Staffer §u faufen gabe ober ein ©anbforn in ben 35runnen frourfe. ©rbarmen! Saftt mid) log, id) toerbe e§ end; gebenleu." „2Ba§," fpradj ber Sotoe, „meinft bu fo toeg^ufommen ? 9Jiir auf ber 9?afe §u fpielen ! — £)od) — lauf Inn, man foil nid;t fagen, bafj ber Soiue an einer elenben, jammerlid;en 9Jlau§ fia) rcidje." $)a§ 5Jlau3letn fcfyliipfte gittemb in fein Sod;. — %lad) ein paar £agen ftel ber Some in ein (&axn unb bruflte fiircfyterlid; Dor 2But, benn er lonnte ba§ ©am nia)t ^erreifjen. 2) a riefelte bid)t neben ifym bie (Srbe, ba§ 9ftau3lein lam fyeroor, nagte flinl an bem ©arne, unb fiefye, ber Sotoe fr>ar frei in toenigen Slugenbltcfen. „2Ber fyatte ba§ afynen fonnen," fagte er, „baj3 id; bir iuieber mein 2ehzn banlen fottte, bu Heine§ ©efa;dpf ; e3 ift bod; gut, bag ia) bid; nid)t gefreffen fyabe !" unb ftreid;e(te ba3 9ftau§Iein. 2)a3 9ttau3tein aber rief frot) : „§abe id; nid;t 2Bort gefyatten ?" uub ^ufd^te toieber in fein 2oa;, benn be§ Sotoen Sieblofungen befyagten ifym nid)t fonberlia). (Jurtman. 1 From fictjiCtt, to mount ; here 2 crgiiiltbct (fjat) has fathomed. = Ijiminterfietgen, /* descend. THE TENSE AUXILIARY fterbetl t PASSIVE VOICE. 177 $ter unb jmanjigfte fieltton. 276. THE TENSE AUXILIARY tperbcn J PASSIVE VOICE. liefer ^alaft, tocher im Satyr 1830 Dan bem giirftett W. crbaut tourtoe, itudjkm bet frii^cre tiom geuer jcrftiirt toorfcett toar, totriJ nat^fte 2Bodje nebft km fdjonen $art toerjktflcrt tocrfcen, toa ©raf 23., tier je^ttje Septet fceSfeMien, fein Set* tn'dgctt toerfotelt (jut unb pm armett SBantt getooriien ift. This palace, which was built by Prince A. in the year 1830, after the former had been destroyed by fire, will be sold at auction next week together with the beautiful park, as Count B., the present owner of it, has gambled away his property and become a poor man. 277. Synopsis of toerben and of a Passive Verb. 1 toerben, to become. lieben, to love. INDICATIVE. Present. cr toirb, er ftrirb geliebt, he becomes. he is {becomes) loved. Imperfect. er toarb, or er tourbe, er toarb, or er ftmrbe geliebt, he became, got to be. he was loved. Future. er toirb toerben, er toirb geliebt toerben, he will become. he will be loved. 1 For the complete inflection, see 378, II., and 382. 178 THE TENSE AUXILIARY foetbett t PASSIVE VOICE. INDICATIVE. Perfect. cr ift getoorben, he has become. er toar getoorben, he had become. er ift geltebt toorben, he has been loved. Pluperfect, er toar geltebt toorben, he had been loved. Future Perfect. er totrb getoorben fein, er totrb geltebt toorben fetn. he will have become. er toerbe, he may become. er toiirbe, he might become. er toerbe toerben, he will become. er fet getoorben, he may have become. er tocire getoorben, he might have become. he will have been loved. SUBJUNCTIVE. 1 Present. er toerbe geltebt, he may beloved. Imperfect. er toiirbe geltebt, he might be loved. Future. er toerbe geltebt toerben, he will be loved. Perfect. er fet geltebt toorben, he may have been loved. Pluperfect. er toare geltebt toorben, he might have been loved. Future Perfect. er toerbe getoorben fetn, er toerbe geltebt toorben fetn, he will have become. he will have been loved. 1 The meanings given in the subjunctive are merely formal and had better not be learned by the pupil THE TENSE AUXILIARY foerbett t PASSIVE VOICE. 179 CONDITIONAL. First Conditional. er toiirbe toerben, he would become. er totirbe geliebt toerben, he would be loved. . Second Conditional. er toiirbe getoorben fetn, er toiirbe geltebt morben fein, he would have become. he would have been loved. toerbe, become. foerbert, to become. getoorben fein, to have become. IMPERATIVE. Present. toerbe geliebt, be loved. INFINITIVES. Present. geliebt toerben, to be loved. Perfect. geliebt toorben fein, to have been loved. PARTICIPLES. Present. toerbenb, becoming. geliebt toerbenb, being loved. Past. getoorben, having become, geliebt toorben, having been loved. 278. 1. The inflection of Uterftett presents no difficulty. The student has only to remember that its tense auxiliary is feilt, and there- fore that in the compound past tenses has become, had become, etc., are represented by Bin gcttJOttJCll, four getoorfcett, etc. 2. Observe in the passive voice (1) that every form is made by combining the past participle of the verb to be conjugated with the corresponding form of trmfcltn, except that the participle flCulorfccti everywhere loses its augment ge; (2) that this past participle precedes 180 the tense auxiliary toerben : PASSIVE VOICE. the participle and infinitive of foer&Ctt, wherever they occur. Hence, et torirt) geltcBt tocrfcen, he will be loved; cr toirti gelicbt to orb en fein, he will have been loved. 279. Observe the order in the following : baft er geliebt toerbe, that he may be loved, baft er geliebt toorbert fet, that he may have been loved, baft er geliebt toerbert toerbe, that heiuill be loved. baft er geliebt toorben Jem toerbe, that he will have been loved. toenrt er geliebt toiirbe, if he were loved. toerm er geliebt toorben toare, if he had been loved. toerm er geliebt Herbert toitrbe, if he should be loved. toenrt er geliebt toorben fein toiirbe, if he should have been loved. 280. Examine the two following groups of sentences : I. 1. £)a§ €>$loft ift gerftort, the castle is destroyed. 2. 2)a§ ©la3 tear ^erbroa^en, the glass was broken. 3. ©em §au§ toar gut eingeria;tet, his house was well fur- nished. 4. &ie £)iebe toaren fcor ber 9lad)t eirtgefangert, the thieves were caught before night. II. 1. £)er ^Palaft tourbe erbaut, the palace was built. 2. ©er Rnabt toirb ijon feinem 3Sater geliebt, the boy is loved by his father. 3. SDiefer SBrief muft gefcr)riebcn toerben, this letter must be written, 4. £)ie ©a^riften ©drillers toerben biel gelefen, Schiller's works are much read, 281. l. The participles jcrflbrt, jerbrodjen, ctngcridjtet, eingefongew, of the first group, evidently denote the state or condition of the objects to which they refer, rather than the action performed upon them. In other THE TENSE AUXILIARY fterbett I PASSIVE VOICE. 181 words, they have given up their verbal character and have become virtually adjectives. If, therefore, the verb were omitted, it would be most natural to supply a form of fcilt. This is not so manifestly true of the fourth, which might, indeed, have tuUruCtt in place of lUOVCIt. Eut the meaning is, were in custody before night. 2. Examine now the second group. Here the participles are not descriptive of the state or condition of the objects to which they refer ; a built palace, a loved boy, a written letter, read works, do not convey the meaning. The acts of building, loving, writing, reading are the important thing. Hence the verb is lUCt&CU. 3. Hence in turning English sentences like those of 280 into German, use feilt, if a state or condition is to be denoted, tucifoci!, if the stress is on the act ; for in the latter case the sentence is a real passive. 282. Slttfgabc, 1. This palace was sold at auction in the year 1845. 2. It had been built by Prince B. 3. An old palace, which had been destroyed by fire, had stood in l the same place. 4. The new palace will be sold at auction. 5. The Count, who is the present owner, has become a poor man, 2 because he has gambled away his fortune. 6. Prince A. and Count B. have gambled away their fortunes and have become poor men. 7. The palace which was sold at auction this week was built by Prince A. 8. After 3 the old palace had been destroyed by fire, a new one was built in the same place. 9. A large palace was built by Prince A., and it cost him so much money, that he became a poor man. 10. This beautiful palace will be sold at auction, as the owner of it has become a poor man. 11. If you gamble your money away, you will surely become a poor man. 12. The park was bought by the Count, the present owner of the palace. 13. If the owner of this palace had not become a poor man, it would not have been sold at 1 What case should follow an 3 Remember that na(f)bctlttrans- here ? Why not in ? poses the verb to the end of the sen- 2 Either the nominative, or as tence. See 212. in the model sentence. 182 THE TENSE AUXILIARY toerben '. PASSIVE VOICE. auction. 14. Had Prince A. not gambled his money away, he would not have become a poor man. 1 15. The Count would not perhaps have become a poor man, 1 if his palace had not been destroyed by fire. 16. This new palace would not have been built, 1 if the old one had not been destroyed by fire. 283. (ftrtlicsoiriji emit art *ttt*$ ftitabrm din $nabe, ber toon fetnen ©Item auf einen Safyrmarft gefanbt morben mar, urn toerfdnebene Slrttfel gu fcerfaufen, murbe auf bem §etmmeg i)on einem Dtctuber $u $ferb angefyalten. 2)er $nabe lief babon, fo fa;nell ilm feirte giifje tragen fonnten, murbe aber balb etngetyolt. £)er dauber ftteg ah unb forberte bag ©elb beg $naben. 3) a gog biefer fetnen ©elbbeutel fyeraug unb ftreute ben gnfyalt begfelben auf bem Soben umfyer. 2Bd^>renb bag ©elb nun oon bem dauber aufgelefen murbe, fprang ber $nabe bli£fd)nell auf bag vpferb unb galoppterte baoon. $u §aufe angefommen, murbe bag $ferb in bem ©tall angebunben ; barauf murben bte (Satteltafdjen unterfud)t unb eg fanb fia) aujjer gmei gelabenen ^iftolen eine bebeutenbe ©umme bareg ©elb barin. Note. — The above anecdote, like other prose selections in this book, may be made the basis of conversation in German. The answers should be in complete sentences. The questions might be such as the following : 2Qer murbe toon fetnen ©Item auf ben 3 a ^ rmar ^ gefanbt? v&aZ fotlte ber Rnaht auf bem Safyrmarft oerfaufen ? 23on mem hmrbe er auf bem §etmmeg angefyalten? 23ag tfyat ber $nabe, alg er angefyalten murbe? 2Ber fyolte ifyn em? $&a§ forberte ber dauber, nadjbem e* abgefttegen mar? 2luf mel$e 2Beife Iteferte (delivered) ber $nabe bag ©elb aug 3 $on mem murbe bag ©elb aufgelefen ? $QaZ tfyat ber $nabe, mcifyrenb ber dauber bag ©elb auflag? 9£>o murbe bag $ferb angebunben unb mag murbe burcfyfucfyt ? $QaZ fanb fia) in ben ©atteltafcfyen ? 1 Express in two ways : by the plupf. subjunc, and by the second cond. THE TENSE AUXILIARY tterbett I PASSIVE VOICE. 183 284. ber 33lit$, lightning. ber igeimroeg, way home. ber 3 n fy fl ft/ contents. ber $atte, fyolte fie $ofylen unb §oI§. 9. $aum fyatte bie gra.u ba§ $orbd)en tooE $irfcf)en auf ben %\\a) geftellt, als bie ^inber fie fyerau§nafymen unb aj$en. 10. 2Bir nntrben ba3 SBier ma)t getrunfen I)aben (fatten ba£ 93ier), roenn e§ nia^t gut geroefen toare. 184 THE TENSE AUXILIARY toetbett ! PASSIVE VOICE. 11. 3)ie junge ©ante toiirbe ba§ f$one feibene ^leib ntcfyt an* ge^ogen Ijaben, toenn fie fyatte tmffen fonnen, baj$ em ungefajitfter Sftadjbar il)r bet bent SIbenbeffen em ©Ia§ rotten SSetn baruber fcfyiitten toitrbe. 12. 2Bann fyaben ©ie bie Ufyr aufgegogen? (Perf., Plup., Fut.) 13. §err -JR. umgtebt feinen ©arten mit einer 9Jiauer. (Pres., First Cond.) 14. ®ie ©riecfyen beftegten bte $erfer in t>erfct)iebenen ©$laa;= ten. (Imp., Perf.) 15. gain erf a; lug feinen SBruber 2lbel. (Imp., Perf.) 16. £)er Sefyrer Heft bte ©rgafyhmg Dor unb ber ©dottier lieft fie na$. (Pres., Imp., Perf.) 17. ©in beriifymter Sftaler l)at btefe§ SBilb gematt. (Perf.) 18. SDie ©d^iiler miiffen biefe£ ©ebia)t au^tnenbig lernen. (Pres., Perf.) 286. Vtufaabe. 1. The house opposite the church, which is now oc- cupied by Mr. S., was built by his grandfather in the year 1802. 2. It was afterwards enlarged and greatly improved by the present owner, who had become a very rich man. 3. It is arranged 1 in the most comfortable manner, and is, as you know, 2 surrounded by a beautiful garden. 4. Mr. S. intends to go to France next year and to live there, and therefore it will be sold. 5. It would not be sold, if he had the intention of returning. 6. I think the sale of the house is contrary to the wishes of his relations. 7. These are, I suppose, the French books which have been sent to us by our Darmstadt 3 friend ? 8. Yes, they were delivered this morning, before 4 you came out 5 of your bed- room ; but besides these French books we have also some English ones here, which were brought from the circulating- 1 Read again 281, 1. 3 See 230, 1. « See 212. 2 See page 119, note 2. * rut* jjcrausftuncn. THE TENSE AUXILIARY tTjerbeit t PASSIVE VOICE. 185 library last night. 9. Are good books to be had 1 there? 10. Besides some books of travels and voyages, they have, it appears, nothing but 2 novels. 11. Elizabeth, our servant, was sent there the other day to fetch some 3 historical work, or some other good book, but she returned with nothing but rubbish. 12. The English that live at 4 Darmstadt are better off in this respect than we ; they can get books of all sorts from the grand- ducal library, which is said 5 to contain about 500,000 volumes in different languages, and this opportunity of getting 6 good English works is frequently made use of by them. 13. You remember the pretty watch with the gold chain, which was given me as a present 7 by my parents at Christmas ? 14. Yes, it 8 was a very handsome present. 15. Now, only think ! It was taken out of my drawer by my little brother yesterday and completely spoiled. 16. He was playing with it and let it fall on 9 the floor. 17. When it was taken up, the glass was broken ; 10 and when it was examined inside, we found that the mainspring also was broken. 18. It is a great pity 11 ; but you ought to have put n it in a place where the little fellow could not have got 13 it. 19. This clock is generally wound up after breakfast, is it not ? 20. I see here is the key ; shall I wind it up? 21. No, thank you, it is already wound up v 22. This looking-glass was broken the other day ; do you know who broke it? 23. I am sorry to say it was Charley; but he did not do it on purpose, it was by accident. 1 See page 146, note 1. clause of 22. In the one the con 2 mct)t3 tllS- 3 irgcni) Cm- dition (of the glass), in the other 4 What does at really mean ? the fact (of the breaking), is the 5 See 167, 4. 6 ju (iefontttteit. main idea. The same remark 7 Jlint ©efcfjeilf. applies to two other sentences in 8 Is fie the pronoun here? See this paragraph. Which are they? 172 and 173. to a great pity, feljr Stfjtttie. 9 What case should follow ttllf ? 12 Use IcgClt- Review 268. See under 111. 13 Be mindful of the order. See 10 Compare this with the first 183, 2. 186 the tense auxiliary faerben : PASSIVE VOICE. 287. VOCABULARY. ber 23anb, volume. ber ©rojjfyergog, grand-duke. ber ^limber, rubbish. ber $tomari, novel. ber 23erfauf, sale. bie 2tbftd)t, object. bie SBegiefyung, respect. bie ©elegenfyeit, opportunity. bie §auptfeber, mainspring. bie $trd)e, church. bie Seir)btbItOtr)ef, circulating- library. Sanbs unb ©eereifert, travels and voyages. ba§ ©efd)id)t§merf, historical work. bag $lima, climate. au^roenblg, outside. inroenbtg, ito&fe mit $leij$, gem, purposely. neulid), //fo on, A? #z#/£on, of from, by. JU, to, at. gem&fj, according to. nad)ft, next to. rtebft, together with. \ ammt, together with. entgegen, against, contrary to, gegeniiber, opposite to. jumiber, contrary to. 1 Also used to denote time or circumstances. READING LESSON. 187 289. StimJwtyr, [To be read and committed to memory.] 3n metne §eimat fam tcfy toieber, @3 toar bte alte §etmat nocfy, SDiefelbe Suft, btefelben Steber, Unb aEe§ ftmr tote anberg 1 bod^. SDie 28elle raufcfyte toie bor geiten, 2lm 2Balbtoeg fprang tote fonft ba3 Sftefy, 33on fern erflang em 2lbenblauten, $)ie 23erge glan^ten au$ bent ©ee. 3)o$ r>or bem §au8, too un3 toor Satyren 3Me Gutter ftet§ empfing, bort fafy 3d) frembe 9flenf$en, fremb 2 ©ebafyren," 2Bte toefy', toie toefy' mir ba gefcfyafy 4 ! 3Jiir toar, als rief e§ 6 au3 ben SESogen: gliefy', fliefy', unb ofyne 2Bteberlet)r ! £)te bu geltebt, 6 ftnb fortgegogen, Unb f efyren ntmmer, mmmermefyr ! Stngg. 1 lBtC (inbet$> how different. then pierced my heart ! 2 The ending £§ dropped. s as if a voice cried. 3 strange men, strange ways. 6 Supply Ijflf}. {Those) whom * Oh, what a pang., what a pang thou hast loved. 188 TENSES OF THE INDICATIVE MODE. gitttf mtb jttmttjtgfte Mtxon. 290. TENSES OF THE INDICATIVE MODE. Obgleid) idj \tt}t f^on 8 Stifle Jjier Mn, Ijak tdj erjt geftetn put erjten 9Me nuggcljett fimnen. 8Biljittt& mem $ntfccr aiif tern $ontytotr Brief c fiir mtdj fdjrteb, madjte id) einen ©tmjierpitQ fcurdj bte Straften kr ©tabt imfc fling tiann in Me @ematt)es©tt!Jerie; margen kfudje iflj nudj bag SRufeum. Although I have been now a week in this place, I could go out only yesterday for the first time. While my brother was writing letters for me in the counting-house, I took a walk through the streets of the town and then went to the picture-gallery ; to-morrow I shall also visit the museum. 291. Examifie the following groups of sentences : I. 1. 2Sie lange finb ©ie fcfyon I)ier? How long have you been here ? 2. 13$ bin jei$t f$on ad)t Xage fyter, / have been here now a week. 3. SSie lange lemen <3ie fcfyon beutfa)? How long have you been learning German ? 4. ga; lerne e§ feit bier -ilflonaten, I have been learning it for four months. 5. £>$ fonne tyn feit feiner ^inbr)ett, I have known him since his childhood, 292. The use of the tenses in the indicative mode is in general the same in German as in English, but a few points of difference require special attention. Observe in the above sentences (1) that the present in German is rendered by the English perfect ; (2) that this present in every TENSES OF THE INDICATIVE MODE. 189 instance denotes a state or an act that is not completed, but is still continued; (3) that the words fd)01I, already ; and fcit, since, accompany the present so used, but do not always admit of separate translation. Express these observations concisely in a rule. Note. — Compare a similar use of the present in Latin, with jamdiu and other expressions of time: At nos vicesimum jam diem patimur, but we have been permitting now for twenty days. Examples have occurred of the use of the present in German for the future. See 80, I. 11; 141,9. II. 1. 2Sie fyaben (Sie toergangene %la ein 33ab, manti^ mal \a)on oor bem griifyftttd, je nad;bem 2 loir bie glut fatten; §ur 3 e ^ ber @ DDe wcicfyte ia) auf bem t0 renL bie St&rfine, tear. f to & en ' " knock a Z ainst > to push. ba§ Sab, &*/«, bathing-place. gubrin ^ ^nbringen, /* /«jj langfroeiltg, tedious. {time). 297. Sttufea&e. 1. Allow me to congratulate you on 8 your safe return home. 4 2. When did you arrive 6 ? 3. Last night about 1 an tier meber oor ber £>unfelI)eitnod) Dor ber Xiefe unb mill mid) feftfyalten, bamit id) nid)t I)immter= faKe." £>a fagte er : -„23enn e§ fo ift, fo mitt ta) bicfy mitnefymen. $omm, gie^) ^ter einen 23ergmann§fittel an unb binbe bir erne £eberfa;ur§e fytnten oor, fo mie id), unb nimm ein Stimpcfyen in bie §anb unb folge mir wad)" Unb nun ging e§ fyinunter. 2Bir fetjten un§ in einen gro^en ©inter unb fytelten un§ feft an ber Rtttc. SDer (Sinter murbe Ijinuntergeletert unb e3 murbe immer bunller; man fafy bie <3onne nia;t mefyr, unb Oon bem §immel nur ein gang fleine3 ©tiiddfyen. ©nbtia) mar ber ©inter auf bem 33oben, unb mir ftiegen I)erau3 ; allein, menu mir feme £ampa)en gefyabt fatten, fo fatten mir gar nid)t§> gefefyen. getjt fagte ber 23ergmann : „9Sir finb bur$ ben © d) a d) t, nun muff en mir in ben ©toffcn gefyen." 2)a gingen mir bura; einen langen bunflen ©ang, mela^er ber ©toUcn fyeijjt, unb mela^er fo niebrig mar, baf$ ber 33ergmann gebitdt gefyen muftte, id) aber lonnte gerabe gefyen, meil id) nod; llein mar. 3ule£t famen mir $u ben anberen SBergleuten, bie fyatttn aUe leberne ©cfyur^en fyinten unb S8ergmann§fittel, mie mir and), unb bann fatten fie fpitu'ge feadm in ber §anb, bamit fyieben fie in ben gelfen unb fprengten grojje Stiide oon einem glan^enben ©teine ab, ben fie @rg nannten. @iner aber lub ba£ @rg in einen barren unb fiifyrte e§ ben ©tollen lj>inau§, big unter ben <&d)ad)t, mo mir fyergefommen maren. SDort t^at e§ einer in ben ©inter, unb bie, mela)e oben ftanben, teierten e§ tyinauf. ©a fragte id): „2Bo ift benn bag ©olb?" „&/* fagte ber 33ergmamt, „ba§ ftedt in bem ©r^e, unb menu e§ in ba§ grojje geuer lommt, fa^milgt e§ fyeraug." Stout moffte id) and) ba§ grojje geuer fefyen; aber ber S3ergmann fagte: id) miiffe ©ebulb fyaben, man lonne nid)t atteS auf einmal fefyen, unb idj foEe nur fyter recfyt %d)t geben auf bie £)inge in bem 33ergmerle. 196 THE SUBJUNCTIVE IN INDIRECT QUOTATION. Sllfo betrad>tete ic§ no$ einmal bie SBergleute in intern bunfeln ©tollen, mie jeber fein £am:p$en an bie -Jftauer gefyangt fyatte, unb mie fie flei^ig Qzx% abflo^fien unb in ben barren luben. 2Iuf einmal Idutete bie Slbenbglocfe, ba legten fie il)r SSerf^eug beifeite unb riefen: „©lucf auf!" benn ba§ fyeifct bet i(jnen fo t)tel al^ : „(5hiten £ag ober guten 2lbenb." §ierauf gingen fie unten an ben ©$atf)t, unb liej^en fid) in bem ©imer fyinaufleiern, unb i$ mutbe aurfj fjinaufgeletert unb freute mia), aU \Ctn is irregular. The formation of the imperfect and pluperfect subjunctive has been illustrated (250, 252). For the complete inflection, see pp. 253-27G. 303. Observe now in the model sentence the following points : 1. In the dependent clauses of indirect quotation, the subjunctive is employed in German where the English has the indicative. Hence the , forms fei, nriffe, Ijak, toofie. 2. After a past tense in the principal clause, the German regularly has, in indirect quotation, the tense that would be used, if the quotation were direct 2 ; and so again differs from the English. The question was, "What o'clock is it?" The answer was, "I do not know ; I have no watch." But see 305. 3. The conjunction fcaj), that, which often introduces an indirect quotation, may be omitted, in which case the order of the words is the same as in a principal clause. Hence, cr tBtffC t& tti(f)t. 304. Examine the following sentences : 1. ©ie fagten, fie wiijjten bie S«t ni$t, they said they did not kno7v the time. 2. ©ie fagten, fie fatten leine Ufyr, they said they had no watch. 1 ttioltcn is inflected like fotten. languages with the German. Gen- 2 The student of Greek and erally speaking, there is greater Latin will find it very profitable to freedom in German than in Latin, compare the construction in those and less than in Greek. 198 THE SUBJUNCTIVE IN INDIRECT QUOTATION. 3. @r fragte, toarum td? nid)t nad) bem Slrgte fcfncfte, he asked why I did not se?idfor the physician. 4. ©ie glaubten, e§ toare ber dauber, /^ thought it was the robber. 305. Observe the following points in the above sentences : 1. The rule as to the tense of the verb in the dependent clause, illustrated in 300 and stated in 303, 2 is not followed. The German here agrees with the English and Latin in assimilating the tense of the depen- dent verb to that of the principal. But in the first three sentences the forms of the present subjunctive do not differ from those of the indicative, and in such cases the imperfect subjunctive must be used in place of the present. 2. In the fourth sentence fct would be regular, in place of hJttrC : but such departures from the rule of 303, 2 are often met with, and probably mark a tendency in usage. 306. Stufga&e. [For the conjugation of the irregular verbs, see pp. 277-284.] 1. Will you have the kindness to tell me what o'clock it is * ? 2. I am very sorry I cannot tell you, for I do not know myself, having 2 no watch with me. 3. Did you ask him what o'clock it is ? 4. Yes, I asked him, but he told me he did not know. 3 5. She asked me if 4 1 had a watch with me, and if I could tell her the time. 6. I answered her, I had no watch with me, and therefore could not tell her the time. 7. A gentleman asked me if I knew what o'clock it was. 8. My brother answered him we did not know, as we had no watches with us. 9. When a servant was asked what o'clock it was, he replied he had B no watch, but he would go into the garden and fetch the sun-dial. 10. When 1 asked the servants what o'clock it was, they replied they 1 Why should is be tft here, but 4 Use 06. See 329. fci in the'third ? 5 Why should not this be trans- 2 Say, since I have. lated into German by the same 3 Read again 303, 2. form as had in the fifth ? THE SUBJUNCTIVE IN INDIRECT QUOTATION. 199 did not know, having no watches with them, but there was a clock in the kitchen, and they would go 1 and look. 11. I asked Mr. N. who was 2 the gentleman that was sit- ting at the table. 12. He replied he did not know. 13. When I asked Mr. N. who was the gentleman that was sitting at the table, he replied that he had not the honor of knowing 3 him. 14. I was requested by a friend to tell him the time, and I answered I would show him my watch, so that he might see 4 for himself. 15. He asked us if we could tell him the time ; we answered him that we had indeed watches with us, but they did not go, as we had forgotten on the previous evening to wind them up. 16. As I am to be at home in good time 5 this evening, I asked Mrs. R. just now, if it were not late already ; but she said it was early yet, and I must 6 not think of 7 going home so soon. 307. Qsv ntK$uvi$t ipHvt* ©in giirft trctf einmal einige ©tunben fritter in etnem <5tabt= $en em, al3 fein ($efolge. £)er SQBirt fragte tfyn, ob er biettetcfyt ju ben Seuten be§ gurften, ber fyeute nocfy lommen toerbe, gefyore ? „9?ein," anttoortete biefer. £)er rteugierige SBtrt tear mit biefer 2(ntit>ovt nidjt gufrieben; er mac^te 8 fid) im gtmmer $*$ S^rften etftmS ^u tfyun unb fragte, ob er toofyl eine Slnftettung bei bem gttrften §ahz ? £)iefer, ber gerabe bamit befcfyafttgt Wax, ficfy ben SBart §u fcfyeren, ertoiberte : „2>a, ty barbiere it)n ^utoeilen." 1 Would gcljen or Ijingeljcn be 5 ju renter $tit preferable ? Give a reason. 6 Use foutf Clt- 2 Could ttJttrc be used ? Read 7 bartttt fcenfeit, Jtt. again 303, 2. 3 i^n ju fCltltCH. 8 tttadjte, 2C, he made for him- 4 See the last clause of the model self something to do; that is, he sentence under 300. pretended to do something. 200 THE SUBJUNCTIVE IN INDIRECT QUOTATION. 308. 5*Uf**ty*tt* 2ln einem ©d)lagbaum erfd)ien einmal ein $erl, ber einen @fel trieb. Wlan forberte il)m ben ftoU ah ; aber er toeigerte fid), ben= felben $u begafylen, toeil fein %'m, tote er fagte, nicfyt belaben fei. 2)er gollner irat ifym in ben 2Beg unb befyauptete, baft fiir einen @fel, er fei belaben ober unbelaben, ftoU entrict)tet toerben miifje ; er fiir feine ^erfon aber fei fret, er moge belaben fein ober nid)t. „2Benn ba§ bie SBerorbnung tft," rief er, „fo follt ifyr n\a)t$ fyaben." SRun nafym er ben @fel auf ben ^iiden unb trug t^n fort. 309. $*t? P*tttbiittM*r* ©in SBeinfyanbter fanbte einem ©belmann eine $robe SBetn, Oon toela^em er befyauptete, bafj er ba3 ^obagra furiere, unb erbat fid) eine Seftellung. SBalb barauf erfyielt er einen SBrief, in toel= cfyem ber (Sbelmann ifym mitteilte, bafj er ben 2Bein probiert fyahz, aber ba§ ^obagra bemfelben oor^iefye. 310. Slufgabe* [For the words of this and the succeeding exercises, see the general vocabularies.] 1. He told me that his brother could 1 not come, because he had fallen 2 from his horse and broken his leg, and must lie in bed now. 2. The thieves maintained they had found the watch, going 3 across the square, and had intended to take it to the police-office. 3. She thought I had done 4 it already, and did not wish to show it her. 4. Mary, go and knock at Miss Julia's 6 door and tell her that breakfast has 1 The direct form would be, can 4 Why should this be (jattc, but not come — has fallen. the following verb be tttullc ? Read a fallen and fiur^Ctl are conju- again 305. gated with fein. 5 $ulien$. See 74. 3 Say, as they, etc THE SUBJUNCTIVE IN INDIRECT QUOTATION. 201 been 1 on the table this half hour, and that we are waiting for 2 her. 5. Well, Mary, is Miss Julia coming? 6. When I told her that breakfast was served, she answered, she would be down 3 in five minutes ; and added, she had been doing her hair, 4 which 5 had taken her a great deal of time to- day, and, moreover, she had been obliged to mend her dress ; she was very sorry 6 that you had waited for her. 7. I should like to get dinner served, 7 if I only knew that Mr. S., who will dine with us to-day, would come soon ; but he told me that he could not promise to be here at the precise time, 8 having 9 so many people to see in town. 8. This morning I found two strange children in my garden, and I asked them what they were doing 10 there ? 9. They answered very innocently that they had only picked a few n strawberries which they wanted to take home, and to give to their little brother who was ill in bed ; and when I asked them who had given them the permission to go into the gar- den and to pick the strawberries, they said, they had heard the owner of the garden was a very kind man, who often sent 12 fruit to sick people; so they had thought they would try to get some 13 for their little brother, and as they had seen nobody in the garden whom they might have asked, 14 they had taken some of their own accord. 15 10. Well, what could I do with the poor little things 16 ? 11. After I had asked a few more 17 questions, I added some raspberries and goose- berries to what 18 they already had, and sent them home. See model sentence, 290. 9 Say, since he has. See vocabulary, page 100. i0 Why not use the present ? toolle untcn fetn. " em Jiaar. Vi fdjtifc. fjauc fid) t>a3 §aar gemadjt 13 emm£. See 220 ( a ). w fatten fragen fbnnen. e8 tfjue iljr fc|r left. 15 don felfeft 16 Omit. ttuftragcn laffen. 17 nod) etntgc jur bejHmmten $cit 18 fitgte — ju oem Itnjtt, toaS. 202 READING LESSON. 311. ®*v p*if itnfr btv pettivir* 3)er got$g ergdfylte einmal bem 2Bolfe oon ber ©tdrle beg 5!Jlenfc^en. $em £ier, fagte er, lonne ifym toiberfte^en, unb fie miigten Sift gebraua^en, urn fid) bor ifym gu retten. 2)a antmor= tele ber SSoIf : „2Berm \a) nur einmal einen gu fefyen beldme, id) toottte bodE> auf ilm loggefyen !* — „2)agu lann id) bir fyelfen," fpraa) ber gu$g ; „lomm nur morgen friil) gu mir, fa tptH id) bir einen geigen." £)er 2Bolf ftettte fid£> frufygettig ein, unb ber gud)g ging mit ifym an ben 2Beg, tt>o ber 3 fl ger ^^e £age Ijerlam. 3uerft lam ein alter abgebanlter ©olbat.. „3ft bag ein 3Renfd) ?" fragte ber 2SoIf. — „9ltm," antmortete ber $ua;g, „bag ift einer getoefen." £)arna$ lam ein lleiner $nabe, ber gur ©clmle mollte. „3ft bag ein 9ftenfd) ?" — „9kin, bag mitt erft einer merben." — (Snblidj lam ber %'dQtt, bie £)oppelflinte auf bem ^iiden unb ben §irfa;fdnger an ber ©eite. 2) a faraa) ber §aicl)g gum 2Bolfe : „©iefyft bu, bort lommt ein -Dttenfa), auf ben mu|t bu loggefyen ; \a) aber mitt mia? fart in meine §ofyle ma$en." 2)er 2BoIf ging nun auf ben SftenfdBen log. 2)er 3 a S er / a ^ er tt)n erblidte, faraa; : „@g ift ©cfyabe, bag ia) leine $ugel gelaben I)abe," legte an unb fd&ojjj bem Solfe bag ©d)rot ing ©efid)t. £er SBolf bergog bag $efi$t gemaltig, boa; lie£ er \xa) n\a)t fa^reden unb ging bormdrtg. c I)a gab ilmt ber 3>dger c * e Stoeite Sabung. £>er SJBoIf berbig ben ©dfymerg unb riidte bem 3 a 9 er Doa } 5 U Seibe. 50 a gog biefer feinen §irf$fdnger unb gab ifym linlg unb red)tg tud)tige §iebe, bag er, iiber unb iiber blutenb unb fyeulenb, gu bem $ud)fe guriidltef. ,,-ftun, 93ruber 2Bolf," fpraa) ber gucfyg, „mie bift bu mit bem ^Jlenfa^en fertig gemorben V — „2laV' antmortete ber Solf, „fo t)ab' td) mir bie ©tdrle beg 9ftenfcl)en nia^t borge= ftellt! @rft nafym er einen ©tod bon ber ©adulter unb blieg fyinein : ba flog mir etroag ing ©eficfyt, bag li^elte mi$ gang ent= feijlicb. 2)amaa) blieg er noa; einmal in ben ©tod, ba flog mir'g urn bie 9lafe mie 23li£ unb §agelmetter. Unb alg ia) gang na&e mar, ba gog er eine blanle SRippe aug bem £eibe, bamit fyat er fo auf mia) loggefa^lagen, bag ia) beina^ tot mdr' liegen geblieben." — M ©ie^ft bu," faracl) ber gua;g, „mag bu fitr ein ^ra^l^ang bift!" ©vim m. PREPOSITIONS. 203 SteBen tmb jumnjigfte geltian. 312. PREPOSITIONS. ttngea^tet k§ tierankrttiljen 2Better§ Heranftaltcten ttiir geftern feineg S3ruiicr§ tncflen cincn 9tn§flng auf ba§ 8anb. iltMiljrcnti tier Jvaljrt imi)tn jaft id) in cincm fcljr unbcqucmcn iltMiftcn nnti icl>tc mid) fccsljalb ki nnfcrcr Miidtcljr in cincn bcqncmcrcn. Notwithstanding the changeable weather, we arranged an excursion into the country yesterday on account of his brother. During the drive thither, I sat in a very uncomfort- able carriage, and therefore seated myself in a more com- fortable one on our return. 313* The uses of the prepositions are too various to be definitely and concisely stated. It is only by constant observation and long con- tinued practice that the learner can hope to gain any mastery of the subject. The following observations and illustrations are intended merely as a practical help, so far as they go. 314. The following prepositions, which have occurred in the previous lessons, govern the accusative : bt^, 1 as far as, till. Qegen, towards, to, against. burcfy, through, by. ofytte, without, but for. \xxx,for. urn, about, round, at hnber, against. 1 Often as an adverb with pre- hostium accessit, he advanced up positions to fix a limit. Compare to the camp of the enemy. A mane in Latin usque : usque ad castra ad noctem usque, even till night 204 PREPOSITIONS. 1. $urd) means through, used literally in expressions of space and time. It also often signifies through = by means of. Examine the following : £)urcfy bte bretten Jenfter (145), through the broad win- dows. SDurcfy bte ©tra^ert (290), through the streets. 2)urcfy bag gan^e Seben, through the whole life. 2)urd) einen ^ol^eibiener (200, II. 12), through (by) a police- man. 2. ©CQCtt is used with expressions of number or time in a general or approximate statement, in contrast with Uflt, which denotes time definitely and accurately ; it also denotes direction. ©egen fyalb fieben (241), towards (about) half past six. £)a§ 2anb Uegt gegen SRorgen, the land lies towards (faces) the east. 3. Um. Urn unfere ©tabt (141, 18), about our city. (Stcfy um ftcfy befitmmern (273), to trouble oneself about oneself to mind one's own business. Um bret 3Siertel auf fiinf (212, II. 12), at a quarter to five. Um SBer^eibimg hitttn (174, 7), to beg (for) pardon. 315. The prepositions that govern the dative have been given in 288. For convenience they are repeated here : au§, out of. gemaj}, according to. aufjer, out of, besides. n&cfyft, next to. bet, at, near, with. ttebft, together with. mit, with, together with. fammt, together with. nad), to, after, according to. entgegen, against, contrary to. fett, since. gegeniiber, opposite to. fcon, of, from, by. gumiber, contrary to. gu, to, at. PREPOSITIONS. 205 Examine the following ; 1. »cu Set unferm greunb (160, II. .8), at our friend's house. Seim 9?acfytifcfy (160, II. 10), at dessert. 3Me <3cfylacr/t bet Waterloo (241), the battle of Waterloo. Sei fcfyonem 2Setter (212, II. 5), in pleasant weather. Sei feiner Slrbett (178, II. 11), in his work. Dfyrert bet ifynen (153, 3), ears in their case (with them). 2. SRacfc, 9to$ Petersburg ge^ert (270, II. I), to go to 1 5/. Petersburg. ©in Sitlet nacr> Sonn (212, II. 4), a #*ak* for ^er ^alaft gu (Sbinburg (235), the palace at Edinburgh. 3$ gtng gu bem 23ergmamte (299), J went to the miner. (Sine Ufyr gum ©efcfyenf (112, II, 10), a watch as a present. gum genfter fyirtauS fefyen (141, 17), to look out at the window. 3u ifyrem grojjen SXrger (178, II. 9), to their great vexation. @ier gum griifyftucf fyaben (153, 12), to have eggs for breakfast. £>ir ©lucf gu bemern ©eburt3tage mimftfjen (174, I. 14), to congratulate you on your birthday. 3u renter gett lommen (212, II. 4), to come at the right time. (£tn dauber gu $ferb (283), # robber on horseback. gum erften 9JMe (290), for the first time. 316. The following nine prepositions are used with the dative and the accusative ; with the dative, when place or situation is denoted, without any added idea ; with the added idea of motion or tende?icy to or towards a place, they are used with the accusative 1 : art, at, on, close to, to. neb en, near, beside. auf, on, upon. iiber, over, across, concerning. fyittter, behind. unter, under, among. in, in, into, to. toor, before, ago, because of. gmtfd;en, between. 1. 9Cst. 3>emanb flopft an bte ^fyiire, some one knocks at the door. 2ln ben £ifd) ftofjen (295, II. 6), to kick against the table. 1 This difference is expressed in on to. The distinctions in German English only to a limited degree are much more subtle, various, and by the use of in and into, on and frequent than in English. PREPOSITIONS. 207 £)a§ 9ftau§Iein nagie an bem ©arne (275), Mfc evening. (Srinnere mid) an bag arme $inb (200, II. 22), remind me of the poor child. 2lm armlid)ften (199, 1), most poorly. Compare aufS drm= Kd&fte (199, 2). 2. 5lttf* 3$ fe|e einen 9lahtn auf bem SBaum (48, I. 1), I see a raven on the tree. ©ie llettern auf bie SBaume (141, 1), they climb upon the trees. 1 To go to a person, use jtt; to a ing. If to means into, use in : tit &t£ //#<:re 9flagb auf ben 9flarft (112, IT. 17), she sends her maid-servant to the market. 5luf bem 2anb roofynen, to live in the country. 2luf ba§ 2anb gefyen (163, I. 7), /mimmt iiber einen glufj (206), a dog swims across a river. §eute iiber atyt £age (160, IL 1), a week from to-day. tlber fiebentfyalb taufenb (241), more than six thousand five hundred. $)ie ^tnber waren iiber ba§ £ier erfd&rocfen (240), the children were frightened at the creature. ©ia) iiber mi$ luftig maa^en (261, II. 1), to make fun of me. 1 Compare page 207, on J>en a Compare page 207, am ainu Ufcrn. lidjflen. PREPOSITIONS. 209 4. 2Sor. 3Sor bem §cw§ ftefyen (289), to stand before the house. ©telle bid) Dor bie %^\\x, place yourself 'before the door. 3Sor acfyt ^agen 1 (160, II. 8), a week ago. Compare above, itber acr)t £age, # ze>^/£ hence. 33or meiner Stbreife (270, II. 7), before wj departure. £)er Some briiCCte imr 9But (275), the lion roared with rage. ©icf) toor il)m retten (311), to rescue oneself from Aftfe 3$ furcate micfy meber fcor ber 35unfelfyett nod) toor ber £iefe (299), /##* afraid neither of M* rtfor>£, «0r of the depth. 5. Uittcr. Unter bem §aufe ift ein better (155, I. 5), under the house there is a cellar. £)aS ©olb mirb unter ber @rbe gegraben (299), gold is buried under the earth. 3d) mill unter bie @rbe ftetgen (299), I want to descend under the earth. Unter anberen fyaben mir ^rauben (160, II. 10), among other things we have bunches of grapes. 317. The following prepositions govern the genitive : anftatt or ftatt, instead of. laut, according to. biesfeit, on this side. mittelft, toermittelft, £y means of jenfeit, on that side. tro£, in spite of (318.) fyalben or fyalber, on account of. urn — mitten, on account of. aufjerfyalb, on the outside. . unfern, unmeit, not far from. innerfyalb, within. ungeacfytet, notwithstanding. oberfyalb, above. fcermoge, by dint of. unterfyalb, below. mafyrenb, during. fraft, in virtue of. megen, on account of. langS, entlang, along (318.) gufolge, according to (318.) 1 S5ot always takes the dative when referring to time. 210 PREPOSITIONS. 318. Of the above prepositions, lattgg, tfO#, and jufolge govern the dative, as well as the genitive, ^ttlbctl or tjOl&cr follows its noun. Uttt — UltUcit takes its noun between its two parts. SScgCIt may precede or follow its noun, but follows and is compounded with personal pronouns. See page 96, note 7. 319. ^Cufaafce. I. 1. Notwithstanding the uncomfortable carriage, we made an excursion into the country. 2. On account of the change- able weather, we did not make an ' excursion. 3. On my brother's account we arranged an excursion into the town yesterday. 4. You need not 2 arrange an excursion on my account. 5. During our drive into the country, we were sitting in a very comfortable carriage, but on 3 our return we were put 4 into a very uncomfortable one. 6. Get 5 into this carriage ; it is more comfortable than the other. 7. Did you arrange this excursion on his or on her account ? 8. Neither on his, nor on her account, but on account of our young friend who likes to spend 6 a day in the country. 9. How could you take a drive during this changeable weather ? 10. We took a drive in an open carriage yesterday and came home during a violent rain wet through ' notwithstanding our umbrellas. 11. During our stay in the country, we had the finest weather, but on our return it began to rain. 12. During our drive into the country I sat between 8 my uncle and aunt ; but on our return I seated myself between 8 her cousin and my sister, as I had to communicate something new to them. II. 1. Subtotg, toet&t bu fcfyon, bag to; geftern etnen ©trageru jungen in tmferm ©arten burcfygeprugelt fyahz* 2. ©o, toarum benn? 3. 3$ fyatte mid) in bie Saube gefe^t unb Ia3 m cincm 1 Say, made no. 5 Use ftd) fefeeit. 2 braut&en fcinctt. 8 Use jubnngcn. » bei. Cf. bet ft&bnem SBettcr. 7 gonj tmrdjnafet 4 UntrDcn — gef cljt. 8 Dative or accusative ? PREPOSITIONS. 211 SBua;. 4. 2)a tyorte id; nmfyrenb be§ £efen§ em ©eraufd) auf bem SBirnbaum, ber an ber SRauer innerfyalb be3 ©attend ftefyt. 5. $$ Me fyinauf unb erblide einen $naben gtDtfc^en ben Sften, ber gerabe bamit 1 befd)aftigt ift, bie @ier au§ einem 23ogelneft fyerau^unefymen. 6. 3d; rufe ifym gu, er fotte fie toieber I;inein= legen unb augenblidlid) fyerunterfommen. 7. £)a er fia; entbedt fiefyt, miff er ^roar bie @ier toiebet fcbneK in ba§ 9?eft tegen, aEein in ber SSertoirrung Itiftt er gioet babon fyerunterf alien, bie natiirlia; gerbredjen. 8. @r flettert nun oon bem SBaum fyerab unb mill eiligft babonlaufen. 9. 3$ ergreife tr)n aber fdmett am $ragen unb pritgle ifyn mit einem ©tod tiidjtig bura;, toorauf er toeinenb unb fct)reienb iiber bie ©artenmauer, bie er oermittelft einer Seiter erfttegen fyatte, fid; fortmadfyt. 10. 3d; ^ ann R*($t begreifen, ioie er ba§ 3^eftd;en entbeden fonnte. 11. @3 ift gerabe §ft>if d;en gtoei Sfte fyineingebaut, unb fyat won aufjen bie garbe ber 9fanbe unb be§ 5Roofe§, ba§ auf ben S3dumen toda^ft, fo baft e§ fet)r farmer ift, ein fold>e§ -ifteft gu bemerlen. 12. 2Benn bie $naben, toeldie ben 3Sdgeld)en nadjfteften ober beren ©er au$ ben 9?eftem nefymen, mii^ten, ftn'e toiet ©a;aben fie baburd; oerurfadrten, fo toiirben fie mofyl baoon abftefyen. 13. ©in em§ige§ $aar unferer ©ingobgel ber^efyrt mit feinen 3ungen mdfyrenb be§ ©ommer§ toiele Xaufenbe bon fa;dbltd;en 3 n f e ^ en / befonber3 gefrdfcige 9e geftecft. 4. ©er ©tubl ftanb fcor i efter fafc bor e r, aber aU er $u @nbe war, fettfe fie fi$ neben e r. 6. Slufjer b . . Item . . S^eobor ift geftern Slbenb niemanb bon n)ir in b.. Sweater geroefen; ntorgen. werbe xtf) anftatt mem., ©a^mefter in b . . Concert gefyen. 7. 2tuf b . . gafyrt naa) @. bemerlten mir, roa3 fur ©d^aben ber SSinb in b . . 2BaIb bie3feit unb jenfeit b . . 33ad) . . tiers urfacfyt fyatte. 8. 3$ traf aufserfyalb b . . ©orf . . mit e r jufammen ; er fyatte fia) unter ein . . 23aum geftetft, urn \\a) gegen b . . S^egen gu fa;ui$en. 9. ©er ®nabe raiirbe mafyrenb fein . . Slufentfyalt . in ©eutfa> lanb beffer ftored)en gelernt fyaben, menu er mefyr ben Umgang mit b . . beutfd)en RnaUn, raekfye in b . . ^nftitut maren, gefutfjt fyatte. 10. ©buarb fajrieb an feine ©Item, bafj er an b e r toorig . . ©ienStag auf ein . . SBalt eingetaben worben fet, aber fein . . • Unroofylfein . megen bie ©inlabung nia;t fyabe annefymen fomten. 321. Stufgafce. 1. I see my picture-book lies under the table; I wonder 1 who has put it there 2 . 2. John put it on the table a little while ago, but probably it fell under it 3 when the table was moved. 3. The picture hung formerly on 4 this wall, but the light not being good 5 , it was put 6 on that. 4. The chair 1 id) mbd)te toiffen. 4 Use ttlt, but with what case? 2 Is t)a or fottfjtn the word? 5 Say, as the light, etc. 3 under it, Jjiltunter. 6 Use l)dttflen. See p. 279, n. 3. PREPOSITIONS. 213 stands before the stove ; I fear it will be spoiled ; I should like to know who has placed it there. 1 5. Don't be angry, dear mamma, I placed it before the stove and sat on it, as I was very cold 2 when I came in. 6. Little Caroline 3 is sitting in the chair; please, put 4 her on the sofa. 7. My overcoat has been hanging on this nail, somebody put 5 it on that, and who has put 6 my waistcoat on the bed and my slippers under the chest of drawers ? 8. One of your hats is hanging on the peg, the other I have put in the clothes-press. 9. Your boots stand under the wash-stand, I have put 7 them there myself. 10. Your books lie on the table, mine I have put 7 into the book-case. 11. Where is your ball, Henry? I think it is in my pocket ; at any rate it was in it yesterday, for I put 8 it in 9 myself. 12. This nail has stuck in the wall; I have pulled it out. 10 13. Poor Mr. R. has been in debt, but his faithful friend Mr. S. has given 11 him a helping hand. 14. Are the potatoes already planted ? 15. One part of them was planted on Wednesday, and the other is being planted to-day. 16. I am afraid the inkstand will be upset, if you leave 12 your pen in it. 17. Put your knife up, 13 else I must take it away; it distracts your attention. 18. Do not leave 14 the key in the lock ; if you do, thieves will have easy work to get 15 into the room. 1 See page 212, note 2. 9 fjmettt. See 169. 2 ba c$ mid) fror. 10 i}erau$3tel)cn. 8 See page 51, note 4. » reufoett or letflen. * That is, set, fefcetl. 12 flctfctt lttffcit. 5 That is, hung, jjaitfltc K CttljiClfcn. 6 That is, laid. 14 See note 12. 7 Use fiction. 15 Say, it will become easy to the 8 Use ftcrfcn. See p. 283, n. 2. thieves to come. 214 READING LESSON. 322. gwelei* [To be read and committed to memory.] 3d) roein nicftt, ttm§ foil eS bebeuten, 1 2)aft idj fo traurig bin ; (Sin 9ftard)en au§ often 3 e i ten r 2)a§ fommt mir nicftt aus bent ©inn. 2)ie ?aft ift fiihl unb e« bunfelt, llnb ml)iff fticfst ber 9i()ein ; S)er ©ipfel bcS 93crgc8 funfelt 3m 9lbenbfonnenjd)cin. 3)ie fcbonfte 3ungfrau ft£et S)ort oben hninbevbar, 3&r golb'neS ©efcbmeibe bU^et, ©ie !dmmt il)r golbeneS £>aar. ©ie fammt e§ mit golbenem lamme, Unb ftngt ein ?ieb babei; 3)a§ hat eine rounbcrfame, ©eroaltige 2Mobet. 2)en ©differ im Keinen @d)iffe Grgreift '8* mit miibem SBeb; (Sr jdjant nid)t bie ^clfenrtffe ; (Sr fdjaut nur hinauf in bie §oh\ 3d) gtaube, bie SBellen oerfdjlingen 91m (Snbe ©chiffer unb $afjn ; Unb bag f)at mit ibrem ©ingen 2>ie Lorelei getban. £etne. 323. Lorelei. [To be carefully compared with the origi nal and committed to memory.] I know not whence it rises, 3 This thought so full of woe, 4 But a tale of times departed Haunts me, and will not go. The air is cool, and it darkens, And calmly flows the Rhine ; The mountain-peaks are sparkling In the sunny evening-shine. And yonder sits a maiden, — The fairest of the fair; With gold is her garment glittering^ And she combs her golden hair. With a golden comb she combs it, And a wild 5 song singeth she, That melts the heart with a won drous And powerful melody. The boatman feels his bosom With a nameless longing move He sees not the gulf before him,— His gaze is fixed above. I believe, over boat and boatman In the end, the billows run ; And 'tis this that with her singing By the Lorelei was done. A nonymous. 1 Would the order in this clause be different in prose ? 2 Does not refer to £teb. Trans- late, the boatman is seized. Compare C0 tttiht mid), 205, and note 4 3 Why would not what it mean* eth be a preferable rendering? 4 Does woe well express trourijy 6 Not quite satisfactory. Tl song is weird rather than "wild.' ORDER OF WORDS I CONJUNCTIONS. 215 I Wdjt ititb jtuanjigfte Sefttan. 324. ORDER OF WORDS: CONJUNCTIONS. $tefer #err too^nt in unfetet 9taiparfd)aft mill ttitt fcnncit tljn frljon (attfle Sett nun VHitfcljcn ; ornnorf) ljuucn uur nod) feinc ©elegenijeit geljalit mit Hjm 311 fyredjen, luitrtien un§ abcr fe^r frenen, fetne naljerc S3elamttf^aft 311 marijen, ba Uiir Hiel ©wte§ Han ifjm fldjiirt jtiett; This gentleman lives in our neighborhood, and we have known him by sight a long time ; still we have had no op- portunity yet to speak to him, but should be happy to make his closer acquaintance, as we have heard much good of him. 325. Nearly all rules for the order of words that are necessary foi writing German have been given as they were needed, in observations on the model sentences and in notes to the exercises. The following resume is given to present the subject in connected form, and for con- venient reference. Grammarians distinguish and designate three orders : a. The Normal Order. b. The Inverted Order. c. The Transposed Order. 326. NORMAL ORDER. In the normal order the subject, with or without adjuncts, comes first and the predicate follows, as in English. 1 1 That is, in a declarative sen- may begin a sentence without affect- tence, which is taken as the stan- ing the order of subject and predi* dard. On the conjunctions that cate, see page 11, note 4, b. 216 ORDER OF WORDS : CONJUNCTIONS. 1. a. A separable prefix is removed to the end of the clause, if the clause is a principal one, and if, at the same time, the tense of the verb is uncompounded, that is, is present or imperfect : 3$ tnacfye ba§ genfter gu, I shut the window. @r gtng geftern nicfyt fie no$ einmal abfd;retBen, if my exercise were as carelessly written as yours, I should be obliged to write it off again. Note. — It should be observed that the normal and the inverted order, with the exception stated in 4 above, belong only to principal sentences or clauses. 1 But in an exclamatory sen- See 112, II. 6; 116, 12 with note, tence the rule may be disregarded. and 153, 2. ORDER OF WORDS : CONJUNCTIONS. 219 328. TRANSPOSED ORDER. The transposed order differs from the normal order only in removing the verb, or, in the case of a compound tense, the auxiliary, to the end of the clause. This transposition belongs, for the most part, to dependent clauses. Sflein greunb toirb morgen gu Sfynen fommen, toerm eg ma)t $u fturtbig ift. 3$ fyabe felbft gefefyen, baft ber SSinb ifym ben $ut fcon bem $opf gebtafen fyat. 1. If, in a dependent clause, an auxiliary (fja&eit, fcttt, U)Crt>Clt) occurs with two infinitives, the auxiliary is not removed to the end of the clause, but immediately precedes the infinitives : 2)er 2Sirtb blaft rnemert §ut fo fcfyneK fort, baft id) ir;n faum toerbe fcmgen lonnen. 2. A dependent clause may stand to its principal clause in the rela- tion of — a. A substantive. Then the clause is called a substantive clause. b. An adjective. Then the clause is called an adjective clause. c. An adverb. Then the clause is called an adverbial clause. 3. A substantive clause is introduced by fca§, that; by interrogative words, focr, tilttS, focldjcr, tete, tUttltn, t»0, etc., beginning an indirect question ; or by these latter used as indefinite relatives. 4. An adjective clause is introduced by a relative pronoun. 5. An adverbial clause is introduced by a subordinating conjunction. 329. The principal subordinating conjunctions are the following : aU, when, as. falls, tooferrt, in case that. auf baft, in order that. mbern, as, while. Bi§, till je — befto, the — the. ba, as, since. natt)bem, after. baft, that, in order that. ob, whether, if. bamtt, in order that. obglettf), obfcbon, although. etye, beoor, before. obtoofyl, although. 220 ORDER OF WORDS I CONJUNCTIONS. feit, fetibem, since. toenn, if 7vhen. fo oft al§, whenever. toenn — aucfy, although. um ba£, /« tfrdfer //to. ft)eil, because. ungead^tet, notwithstanding. tote, #.$•, ///£eniger, e§ ni$t empfangen ^u ^aben. 3. Dbgleia) xa) x\)m bag (Mb in bie §anb gab, be= fyauptet er boa;, bag er e§ nicfjt empfangen i)ahz. 4. @r i)at gtoar oiele SBucfyer, aHein feme $enntniffe finb fefyr gering, toeil er lieber fyielt unb fpa^ieren gefyt, al§> fiubiert. 5. 2£eit er lieber fyielt unb fpa^ieren ge^t aU ftubiert, fo finb feine ^enntniffe fet)r gering, obfdjon er oiele 23ua)er t)at. 6. 2Benn er and) oiele 33itd)er I)at, fo finb feine $enntniffe boa) gering, roeil er lieber fpielt unb fyajieren gel)t, al§ ftubiert. 7. $)ie SKalber in jener ©egenb finb 5toar grog, allein man finbet nitf)t oiele §afen, 9f?efye ober §irfa;e barin. 8. $aum fyatte er ba§ $ferb beftiegen, aU e3 fia) baumte unb ifyn fyerunter roarf, fo bag er ein 23ein hxad). 9. ©obalb er ba§ $ferb beftiegen $atH, baumte e3 ftd) unb toarf if>n fyerunter, fo bag er ein SBein brad). 10. ge mefyr man ioeig, befto mefyr fiefyt man ein, bag man wemg toeig. 11. £)er §unb iourbe erft 1 an eine $ette gelegt, naa^bem er mir unb feinem §errn bie §ofen ^erriffen batte. 12. @rft nadfybem ber §unb mir fotoofyl, al£ ana) feinem §errn bie §ofen ^erriffen i)aitz, ttmrbe er an eine &tttt ge= legt. 13. §ore auf mit bem ©riffel gu fpielen 2 unb ftecfe ifyn in bie £afcfye, fonft toerbe ia) ibn toegnefymen. 14. 2Benn bu nia^t auffyorft mit bem ©riffel §u fpielen unb \t)n nia;t in bie £afd)e ftetfft, toerbe id) ii)n megnefymen. 331. Da* ^frixvtotv. @ine§ £age§ im Senge fag ©alomo ber Singling unter ben ^Satmen in ben ©arten feine§ SSaterg, be§ $onig§, unb fa^auete oor fid) nieber in tiefen ©ebanfen. 2)a trat 9Jatfyan, fein 2el)rer, &u ifym unb fpraa) : 2Ba§ finneft bu fo ernft unter ben ^almen ? 1 Wfi — na^l)Cm, not — till after. * On the order, see 326, 1, b. 222 READING LESSON. ©er gimgling erfyob fcin §aupt unb antioortete : 9tatfyan, id) modjte gem em SBunber fefyen ! £>er Sproptyet Id^elte unb f^racf) : (Sin 2Bunfa), ben ia; aud) in meinen 3ungling3jal)ren fyatti. — Unb ioarb 1 er bir getoafyrt? fragte eilenb§ ber $onig§fofyn. @in 9ttann ©otte§, fufyr 9^atf)an fort, 2 trat ^u mir unb tvug einen ©ranatfem in feiner §anb. ©iefye, fpraa; er, toa§ au3 biefem $em toerben 3 toirb ! SDarauf mad)te er mit feinem ginger eine Dffnung in bie (Srbe/ unb Iegte ben $ern fymein, unb be= becfte ifyn. 2H3 er nun bie §anb gurucfpg, ba fyob fia) bie ©doolie toon einanber, 6 unb id) fafy git>ei 23lattlein fyeroorfommen. — 2lber laum fyattz id^> fie gefefyen, ha 6 fd)loffen fid^> bie SBlattlein an einanber, unb e§ toarb 7 ein runber ©tamm, in eine Sftinbe ge= toitfelt, unb ber ©tamm toarb $ufefyenb§ Ijofyer unb bicker. 3)arauf fpraa) ber 9Jtann ©otte§ $u mir: ©ieb Sidjt! Unb inbem id; aufmerfte, oerbreiteten fid) fieben Stfte au§ bem ©tamm, gleid)nne bie fieben Slrme an bem £eud)ter be§ 3lltar3. ga) erftaunte, aber ber 9ftann ©otte§ finite, unb gebot mir gu fct)Vueigen unb aufjumerfen. ©iel)e, fpraa) er, balb toerben neue ©a;dpfungen beginnen ! — £)arauf fafete er 2Baffer in feine r)ot)te §anb au§ bem 23dd)lein, ba§ ooriiber flog, unb befprengte breimal bie Sfte, unb ftefye, nun fyingen bie Sfte aflefammt ooE griinenber flatter, alfo bag 8 ein fuller ©fatten \m§> umgab, bermifa;t mit lieblia^en 2)uften. 2Bo= fyer, rief id), biefe 9Sofylgerud;e ju bem erquicflid)en ©fatten ? — 1 On this form, see p. 158, note. ed itself from one another ; i. e. rose 2 fufjt — fort, from fortfttljren. and opened. 3 OU0 — foerocn, become out of; 6 Translate when, and compare here, grow from. fo after fattm below. But what 4 in V\t ©roe, literally into the shows that DO is not here a relative earth, but we should say in the particle? earth. Compare below, in eine 7 was formed. What is the real ffiinbe getoidelt, and in fcine fjoljle subject of tnoro ? §0nt). See 316, and note. 8 ttlfo Dttfe, for f0 1)0§ * Ijoli — einanber, literally, rats- READING LESSON. 223 ©iefyeft bu nicfyt, fprad) ber 9flann ®otte§, bie putyurfarbtge Sliite, ioie fie au§ ben griinen Slattern ^ertoorf^roffct unb in Siifd;etn fyernieberfyangt? 3d? foodie 1 reben, aber ein fanfter 2Binb fajroebte in ben Slattern, unb ftreuete bie Sliiten um un§ fyer, h)ie roemt ber ©dmee au$ ben SSolfen fyernieb erf d?roebt. $aum toaren bie Sliiten gefunfen, fo 2 fyingen grotfd^en ben Slattern bie roten ©ranatctyfel fyernieber, roie bie 9ttanbeln an ben t&tahzn 2laron§. — ®a oerltefc mid) ber 9JJann ©otteS in tiefem ©taunen. §ier enbete Sftatfyan. $)a fragte fyaftig ©atomo : 2Bo ift er? 2Bie fyeifjet ber Sftame be§ gottlia^en -JftanneS? Sebet er no$ ? — ©a ernrieberte Wafyan : ©oljm $)a»ib§, i$ l>abe bir ein £raunts gefid)t ergdr)tt. — 2ll§ 6aIomo biefe 2Borte oemafym, roarb er betriibt in feinem §er§en unb fpraa) : 2Bie bermagft bu mid) alfo §u taufdjien ? — •ftatfyan aber fufyr fort: 3$ fyaht bid) nid)t getauf d)t, ©olm 3fai. ©iefye, in bem ©arten betne§ Sater§ magft bu alle§ in 3Birflid)feit fd)auen, mie id) bir gefagt fydbz. (55efd?ieF>et je£t nia^t an jeglid)em ©ranatbaum unb anbem Saumen baSfelbige ? — 3a, fagte ©alomo, aber unbemerft unb in langer 3eit ! ' 2>a antmortete 9?atfyan: 3ft *$ barum roeniger ein gottlid)e§ 2Bir!en, roeil e§ in leifer ©title unb unbead)tet gefct)ie^t ? 3$ baa^te, 3 eg mare um fo gottlia^er. ©rlenne erft bie ^ftatur, fprad) er barauf, unb tfyr SSirfen! 35ann roirft bu teid)t an ein r)ot)ere§ 4 glauben, unb nid)t naa? SSunbern einer 9ftenfd)enfyanb bia) felmen. $rummadjer. 1 See 79, (2). The Latin uses the subjunctive in 2 See page 222, note 6. the same way : pace tua dixerim, 3 Imperfect subjunctive of belts by your leave I would say. felt, I should think ; subjunctive of 4 What noun is to be supplied? modesty, or softened assertion. 224 THE PASSIVE VOICE : THE ACCUSATIVE CASE. Utemt ttnb jtmmjigfte Seltian. 332. THE PASSIVE VOICE: THE ACCUSATIVE CASE. @in $err bcfdjnltiigte feincit Wiener k3 $iel)ftaf)18 nnfc nannte tljn einen gemeinen Sdjurfcn. Jim," fagte inefer, al3 ct aHein tomr, „td) tocrk tiott nteinem §errn k§ $ie&« |tai)l£ kjifjultmit initi ein gemetner ©djnrfe genannt, unti tuariust ? $lo§ toctt idj mir imnn tint) tuaun tie@ 5lbeni$ ein ®k3 ban feincm SBeht eingefdjenft fjalie, urn anf feinc ®t* funti^eit ju tttnfen ; tier SBein ift iibcriiieS faum cinen ©uftien t)ic gfafdje toert. %htx U\\ Je^t an ljafte idj mcincn §errn meincr Sienfte nidjt mel)r uiiirtiig nnti toertoe fafort fein §an§ Dcrlaffcn." A gentleman accused his servant of theft and called him a base rascal. "Well," said the latter when alone, "I am accused of theft by my master and called a base rascal, and why ? Only because now and then in the evening I poured out a glass of his wine to drink his health ; the wine, more- over, is scarcely worth a florin a bottle. But henceforth I consider my master no longer worthy of my services, and shall leave his house forthwith." 333. 1. Observe the two accusatives with ttCttltCtt. Seven verbs in German govern two accusatives, the one a personal object, the other a thing, or name or title. They are: frttf|Clt, to ask; Ijcifjdl, to call, name; Ic^rCIt, to teach; nenitCIt, to name, call; ftf)imj)fcn and ftfjdteit, to call an abusive name ; ttiufcfl, to christen. 2. The change from the active to the passive is illustrated in the first and second sentences and is seen to be quite parallel with the English. 3. The construction of verbs of accusing, convicting, depriving, ad- monishing, and the like, illustrated by id) toerbc tioti nteincm $errn &e$ £ic6fltll)lS bffd)Ult)iflt, is exactly parallel with the English : in the active voice, the accusative of the person and the genitive of the thing ; in the passive voice, the accusative becoming the nominative, and the genitive remaining unchanged. THE PASSIVE VOICE : THE ACCUSATIVE CASE. 225 334. Examine the following : 1. SDie Werner i[t jtoanjig guf$ fyocfy, the wall is twenty feet high. 2. 3)er 2Bein ift einen ©ulben bie glafcfye toert, //&£ o//«^ « worth ajlorin a bottle. 3. SDer $nabe ift ^efyn 3<*fy* aft/ ine boy is ten years old. 4. £)a§ ^acfet toar $efyn $funb fcfytoer, the parcel weighed ten pounds. 335. Adjectives expressing measure, value, age, and weight, with a numeral preceding, take the accusative and follow their case. This accusative may be called the Accusative of Measure. 336. Examine the following : 1. 3)er SBetn ift etnen ©ulbert bie Slafcfye toert, the wine is worth a florin a bottle. 2. £)te $irf$en f often einen ©rofefyen bal $funb, the cherries cost a groschen a pound. 3. %or)e 3eit, benn ia; r;dtte ma)t mefyr oiel Idnger manbern fonnen ; ia; mar einiger @rfrifa)ungen fer)r bebtirftig unb fo ermiibet, baj$, menn in bem £)idia)t be§ 2BaIbe§ ein dauber mtd) angefaden fycitte, er Ieid)t im ©tanbe gemefen mare, fia) meine§ ©elbe§ unb meiner Ufyr $u bemaa)tigen ; benn ia) fyatte mia) u)m nid)t miberfeijen lonnen. 5. 3d) toiirbe ir)n mar;rfa)etnUa) blo§ einen dauber gefd)impft, aber mia; fa)lief3s lia) boa; meine§ 3JlangeI^ an 2Biberftanb gefa)dmt fyaben. 341. gist* jtiitfei ntttf fra* $M)ltin* [To be read and committed to memory.] 1. 2$a§ eitft bu fo, 2)u SBadjtein frofy, 2)urd)§ griine Sfyal bal)tn? @o bteib' bod) tjier Unb ftrier mtt mir, SSeil id) fo gut bir bin. 2. 2)a§ S3ad){einfprid)t: „£>a§ fann id) nid)t, 2)agu Ijob' id) iticr)t 3eit ! $ab' t»iet ju ttjmt Unb barf ntdjt rufy'n, 9Jcuf3 fjeute nod) gar mett! 1 Omit in translation. 228 THE DATIVE CASE. 3. 9JhtB Ijurtig gelfn, £>a8 2)ciif)trab brefj'n 3)a brunten in bem £l)ai ; 2ftuj3 tranfen and) 9?ad) oltem SBraud) S)ie SBliimlein aflgumat. 4. 2)ie ©djaflein flein 2)ort marten tnein, 1 @d)rei'n biirftenb fd)on nad) tnir, 3)rum bring' id) fdjneU S5ont frijcben Ouell 2)a§ SBoffer ifynen I)ier. 5. 2)ann mufc idj fyin 3nr 23leid)erin, 2JcuJ3 gtefeen bort iln* £ud), 58t§ bafi eg rein Unb rrjeift mag fein, — $ab f tdj nicf)t MI)' gcnug? 6. 2eb' tt>oI){, mein $inb, 3d) muft gefdjrainb 9?un an bie Arbeit gefj'n ; ^nm 2Reer ift'8 rceit, $ab' feine gtit, 33ei bir rjier long' ^ftefj'n." r. 2>ieffenba$. 342. Sretftigftc Setttott. THE DATIVE CASE. $ie SWfiufe krieten fid) einmtrf in ctncr ttttgemeinen $er» fammluitfl, auf tuclr^e SSeife e§ iijnen gclingcn fiimtte, fidj tior kr fdjreiftfdjen $a^e ju fdjityen, iiie Beftaniiig tfjrem 8ekn kotjte ; knn e§ toar iljnen unmogfid), fidj iljr ju miticrfe^en, unb entf(iel)en fonnten ftc ijjr audj nidjt. !Wadjkm toerfdjiekne SBorfdjlfifle gemadjt toorkn toaren, bie iljnett abet nidjt pfagten, tourk iljnen toon einer alten, erfaljrenen 9ftau§ geraten, tier $nfce cine Sdjefle anpljiutQen ; eg Untrue tfjncn uamt leidjt fein, fagte fie, i^re $einuin f^on toon fern $u Ijoren. liefer 9iat gefiel i^nen fa fefjr, baft jie kfdjloffen t^n ju kfotyen. $U§ e§ abet ju bet grafle Jam : „$Ber foil tier $ate alte WIoluZ riet ifynen, the (@§) tourbe ifynen torn ber alien old mouse advised them, 3ttau§ geraten, they were ad- vised by the old mouse. £)te $at$e brofyte tfyrem Seben, (@§) tourbe ifyrem Seben ge= the cat threatened their life. brofyt, their life was threat- ened. 34:4. The examples show that intransitive verbs governing the dative in the active are used impersonally in the passive, the person or thing affected (the subject in English) being expressed by the dative. The subject tS may be omitted. 1 1 The student of Latin should in this construction of the Latin observe the exact correspondence and the German: mihi creditur. 230 THE DATIVE CASE. 345. The following alents in English are German 1 : cmtworten, to answer. bcmfen, to thank. btenen, to serve. broken, to threaten. flucfyett, to curse. folgen, to follow. frofmen, to humor. gebitfyren, to be due. gef alien, to please. mt^f alien, to displease. gefyoren, to belo?ig. gefyordfyen, to obey. geniigen, to suffice. gereidfyen, to redound to. simple verbs, most of whose equiv- transitive, govern the dative in gleicfyert, to resemble. grotlen, to bear a grudge. ^elfert, to help. nafyert, to come near. niiijen, to profit. paff en, to fit. raten, to advise. fcfyaben, to injure. fdnneicfyeln, to flatter. ftefyen, to suit, to become. tranen, to trust.- mtjstrauen, to distrust. trotjen, to defy. piemen, to become. 346. Four common verbs, compounds of Be, take the dative : bf s j^egncn, 2 to meet; fccfchlcn, to command ; betyagen, to please ; befommen, to agree with ; also many compounds of eitt: eiltfliegClt, to fly away from ; CntfltC^cn, etttlttUfen, to run away from ; etltacljcn, to escape (a danger); finally, a great number of compounds of the separable prefixes. 347. Observe the following '' @§ afynt mir, I have a fore- (£§ belt ebt mir, it is my pleasure. bodin Z' ®* bftu * t mir ' } methinks. @§ bangt mir, I feel anxious. @§ biinlt mir, ) 1 Most of the corresponding Latin verbs govern the dative. 2 tU'gCgttcn is rarely used with the accusative, and then takes liabcil as its auxiliary. 3 Compare impersonal phrases with the accusative, 338. Such forms of expression in German, Latin, and other languages, imply that the feeling was thought to be from some mysterious power with- out, not self -originated. THE DATIVE CASE. 231 @§ ef ett mir, I feel disgusted. @3 grant mir, / am afraid. @§ fefylt mir, \ I lack ; @3 fd)ftmnt mir, my heart mis- (&§> mangelt mir, ) an with dat. gives me. @3 gelingt mir, ) t succee j ®$ fa;ft)inbelt mir, I feel giddy. (5§ gliidt mir, ) @§ traumt mir, / dream. (&$ mipngt mir, I fail. ($;§ ift mir px -3Jhit, I feel. 348. Most reflective verbs take the reflective pronoun in the accusative, but the following require the dative : fid) anma^en, to arrogate to one's self; to; mafte mir an. fid) anSbitten, to request ; id) bitte mir an3. fid) benf en, to fancy ; id) benf e mir. fid; einbilben, to imagine ; idj) bribe mir eirt. fid) bie greifyett nefymen, to take the liberty ; id) nefyme mir bie greifyeit. fia) getrauen, to dare ; id) getrane mir. fict) fyeraugnefymen, to presume; id) nefyme mir fyerau$. fid) bornefymen, to intend; id) nefyme mir fcor. fief) fcorftellen, /# imagine ; id) fteKe mir bor. ncy §uetgnen, \ f0 a pp ro p r i a f e t0 one -> s se /y. \* e | ( v ne m j r , u / an \ ftct) anetgnen, ) 349. Observe the following phrases : afyrtlia; — er ift feinem SSater dr)nlicr), he resembles his father. bange — e§ ift if)m bange, ^ is afraid. gefaftig — ift Sfynen gefdttig %\t, z/ jw-zw /«'#z right ; ber §ut ift mir rea)t, the hat fits me. 232 THE DATIVE CASE. f tf)ttnnbUg — e§ n)irb tt)r f cfytotnbltg, she grows dizzy. iibel — e£ totrb ifym iibel, he feels sick ; e§ ge£)t ifym iibel, he is badly off. toofyl, gut — e§ gefyt U)m toofyl (gut), ^ & ^/^ w/// e§ ift tt)m ntcf)t tootyl, >#au$ ber grau 23. gu erretdjen, efye fie abfufyr. 3. <5ie freute fict) fer)r, aU tcfy lam; benn e3 mar ifyr bang,* gemefen, baft mir etma§ Unangenefyme& begegnet fei. 4. ,,-ftun," rief fie mir entgegen, „menn e3 3$ nen gefattig ift, fo moll en mir gleia; einfteigen. 5. 3)er 2Sagen martet fd)on feit einiger 3eit auf un§, unb aufterbem traue ia; bem ■JBetter nirf)t ; benn obgleidj) jetjt bie ©onne fdfyeint, fo biirfen <5ie mir glauben, baft e§ fyeute nod) Sfcgen giebt." 6. ©rlauben <5ie mir, lieber greunb, ^mn metnen better, §errn $arl ©djmibt au$ Hamburg bor^uftetten. 7. 3$ fteue mia) fefyr, §err ©cfymibt, £$re merte 23efanntf$aft $u maa^en. ©eien ©ie un3 mtftfommen in Siberpool! ^ft bie§ ba3 erfte Mai, baft ©ie unfere ©tabt befudj>en? 8. 23er§eifyen ©ie, id) mat toor gmei 3afy*en f$on einmal fyter, unb menu ia) mia) nid)t irre, fyatte ta; fa^on bamals ba§ SSergniigen, ^^re 23efanntf$aft gu maajen. 23iellei$t erinnern ©te fi$ meiner, menu i$ Sfynen fage, baft mir un§ auf einem 23aft bei $rau 31. getroffen fyahm. 9. D, e§ fdtlt mir je£t em, baft ©ie bamal§ bei einer ^artie 1 What tense of the subjunc- * however, fo — Olid), tive ? See 303, 2. 234 THE DATIVE CASE. 2Bfytft mem ©egner maren. $d) fyoffe, ©ie merben mir fcergeifyen, bafj i$ mid) nid)t fogleia; !Jl)rer erirmert fyabe. 2Bie Iange finb ©ie je£t fa)on fyier, §err ©$mibt? 10. £50; bin feit borgeftern fyier unb roerbe noa; einige £age bletben. 11. £)ann roiirbe ia; !Jlmen fe^r oerbunben fetn, menu ©ie mia; mit einem 53efua;e be= efyren rooEten. 12. ©te finb fefyr giitig ; id) roerbe fua;en 3^rcr ©inlabung golge gu leiften, obgleia; icfy e£ ^fynen ni^t m ^ ^^= ftimmtfyeit toerf^red^en fann, ba ia; oiele ©efa;afte fyabe unb mir bafyer fiir SBefudje roenig 3^ ubrig bleibt. 13. §aben ©ie eine gute tlberf afjrt toon Hamburg nad) (Snglanb gefyabt? 14. SKinb unb 2Better roaren un§ groar gimftig, aber e£ mar mir auf bem ©d)iffe bod; unrool)! unb fa^roinblig. ©eroofmliti; fc^abet mir bie ©eefranffyeit ma;t nur ni$t, fonbern ift meiner ®efunbl)eit fogar gutraglid). 15. 28ie gef atit e§ 3fynen in unferer ©tabt (rote gefaEt gfmen unfere ©tabt)? 16. @3 gefaUt mir fefyr gut in 2: (£. gefaUt mir fel)r gut). (£§ giebt immer fciel ©a;one§ unb *Reue3 gu fefyen, unb e§ tfyut mir nur leib, bafj e§ mir nicfyt mbglicfy ift, meinen Slufent^alt fyier ju feerlcingern. 351. SHufaafce* [Change the verb in the following sentences to the passive :] 1. 25ie $inber gefyora)en ifyren ©Item. 2. Wlan roirb bir fyelfen, menu e§ nbtig ift. 3. 3a; glaube biefem $erl nicfyt, benn er &at mia; fcfyon einmal belogen. 4. £)er §err befall feinem £utfdjer, i(;m ba§ 9teityferb $u fatteln. 5. 9ft eine ©a;roefter roirb ber (Sintabung ber grau D. golge leiften. 6. Wlan oertyraa) ifym, bafc man fiir ifyn forgen rootfe. 7. 2)ie gange gamilie begegnete mir mit bieler greunblia^leit. 8 SDtefe Seute fcfcmeicfyelten §erm 9L, bamit er ifyrem ©ofyn bie erlebigte ©telle iibertragen moa;te. 9. ©ie antroorteten mir lange $tit ™$*/ obgleicfy i$ fa bringenb urn eine Slntroort gebeten fyatte. READING LESSON. 235 352. [Answer the following questions in German:] 1. ©letcfyt biefeg $inb fetnem $ater ober feiner Gutter? 2. ©efyort btcfc -iftafymafcfyine Sfynen ober Sfyrer $raulcin ©cfytoes fter? 3. 3ft e§ bem SDieb gelungen, bem ^oli^eibiener gu ent= fUefcen? 4. 2Sie ^ mir biefer $ocf? 5. Sin toa§ fe&It e§ Sfyrem 9Jeffen ? 6. 2Ba§ traumte Sfynen oergangene 3^ac^t ? 7. SBilben ©ie ftd) toirflia; ein, mefyr $u froiffen aU Sfyr Secret? 8. ©a;meitf)elft bit btr mit ber §offnung, biefer gamtlie $u gcfallen? 9. 2Bie gefyt e3 3$ rem ^Setter unb feiner gamilie in Stmerila? 10. ©efaflt eg ifym ba? 11. 2Bie $a* e§ Sfynen in £eutf$lanb gefatlen? 12. 3ft eg 2# nen toarm, bafc ©ie ben §ut abnefymen? 13. ©efcfytefyt e§ biefem ^naben ntcfyt recfyt, baft er $u §aufe bleiben muft ? 14. XfyvA eg 3^ nen w$t ^ib, oa 6 e ^ bem armen jungen 9Jlann nttf)t gelungen ift, bem Snifter §u gef alien? 353* [To be translated into German:] The Wasp and the Bee. A wasp met a bee and said to him (ifyr), " Pray, can you tell me what is the reason that I am so odious to men, while you are so dear to them ? However much l pains I take to gain their good will, I do not succeed. If I try to approach them at their meals, they imagine I wish to hurt them, and imme- diately threaten my life, so that nothing is left to me but to escape from them as fast as possible. For you, however, they build houses, and provide you with food in winter. And yet we are very much like each other in our bodies and hnbits : we both love honey, and we both sting people when ^e are angry." The bee answered, "You indeed resemble me in shape, but you are never of any use to men ; on the contrary, you are troublesome to them, and keep them in constant fear of your venomous sting. For this reason they do not like 2 you, 1 8Bte tJtCl . . . dUd), with the verb transposed. 2 IjaHett . . . JCtlt. 236 READING LESSON. but try to hurt and kill you. To me they are kind and grate- ful, because I am busy all day long in preparing 1 them honey. You had better 2 pay them fewer visits and try to be useful to them." 354. Qtv g*l*ljrt* fUroamm»*g*l* 2)iefer 33ogeI gefyorte einem frangoftfd)en SluSgeroanberten, ber fein 23aterlanb mafyrenb be£ SBurgerfriegeS toerlaffen t)attc unb in £eutfd;lanb bie SRMhfyx be3 griebenS crtoartcte. @r fyattt ben fleinen $ogeI mir gum geitoertreib unterricbtet ; al§ aber fein (Mb auf bie S^etgc ging, entftfjlog er fid) mit feinem ©filler fyerumgureifen unb ifm fitr ©elb fefyen gu laffen. go fam er aua) naa) Gleoe, melbete fid) in einem ©aftfyofe an, mo eine ©efellfa)aft nad) ber 9ftafylgeit bem ©piele einiger fyerumgiefyenben 3Jlufifanten gufyorte, unb murbe, ba man fa)on oiel oon bem gefcfyicften SSogel gefyort fyatte, freunblia) angenommen. !Jn ber %v)at mar e§ and; ba§ nieblid)fte ©efa)o£f, ba§ man fefyen !onnte. 2113 fein §err ben $dfig offnete, urn tr;n ber $er= fammlung gu geigen, fyityfte er u)m fogleia) auf ben ginger unb fafy feinen §errn unberoeglta) mit llugen Slugen an, al3 ob er feine SBefefyle ermartete. 92aa)bem nun biefer ber ©efettfa)aft einige§ oon ben Xugenben unb ®efa)icflia)feiten feine§ Sosttngg Qefagt fyatte, oon benen fie je£t .geugen f em fotften, ioenbete er fid) an biefen felbft. ,,-Iftein fletner greunb," f a 3 te er / '^ u befinbeft bia) je£t in Oornefymer ©efeHfa)aft, unb ia) fyoffe, bag bu fie nid)t in ifyren (Srtoartungen taufa)en roirft. £>aft bu bie ©efeEfa)aft fd)on gegriigt ?" £)er 23ogeI fa)tittelte ben $opf. „2BoIj>lan benn, time beine <5d)ulbigfeit, unb geige, bag bu bie (Sfyre erfennft, bie man bir erroeift !" ©ogleia) Oemeigte fia) ber SSogel nad) jeber ©eite fyin. „©efyr gut/' fufyr nun fein §err fort, „e£ ift aber nia)t genug, fybfTid) gu fein, man mug and} talent geigen ; lag un§ etma§ Oon beiner Sftufif fyoren, aber bergig nia)t, bag bu tenner Oor bir r)aft." 1 JU Bcrettcn. 2 // would be better if. READING LESSON. 237 2)er $ogel fang. „D, bu fleiner ©djelm," unierbraa) tfyn fein §err, „bu miKft un£ mofyl gum beften fyaben. ©o mogen 9taben fratf^en, nicfyt aber SSogcI toon beinem talent, ©a)er$ bei ©cite ! £a{$ un§ etma£ ^iifyrenbeg fyoren." ©ogleia; fiel bcr $ogel in eincn anbcrn Xon, unb feine $el)le f$ien in cine f$Iote bermanbelt gu fein. „©d)on fo ! 9ta etma§ fdjmefter ! 3lxa)t $u fdmeft ! ©o ift'3 red)t." £)er SSogel macfyte atfeS, ma§ tfym be= fofylen murbe. „2lber, ftetner greunb," fagte jetjt ber 9tteifter, „icf) mod)te miffen, ma§ mit beinem gatfc unb beinem ^opfcfyen Io§ ift. £)u bift gerftreut ; bu fyaft ben £aft oergeffen." ©ogleia) fcfylug cr ben Xaft mit bem gufte unb bemegte gu gleicfyer $t\t ben $opf. „23raoo, braoo!" fyaftti e§ jettf torn alien Xeilen be§ ©aale§ mieber, unb befonberg bie ^ufilanten maren bejaubert toon feiner ©efa^itflicfyfeit. „9hm, greunb," fagte ber 9fteifter, „bebanfft bu bia; nidjt?" SDer $ogel neigte ben Ropf unb ban!te. 3)a murbe ber SBeifall nod) grower, beS ©taunenS unb ber 33emunbe= rung mar lein @nbe. •!ftad)bem bie mufifalifa^en IXbungen ooritber maren, fagte ber 9Jleifter : „2Bir fyaUn fa^one Wu\\$ get)ort, mir Ijaben un3 luftig gemadjt. 2lber bu meiftt, e3 ift Strieg. SDte geinbe briggen oor; mir mitffen auf unferer §ut fein." 3 u 3*eid) gab er ifym einen ©trofyfyalm aU glinte in bie fallen; unb ber 93ogeI fd&ulterte fein ©emefyr, mie ein geiibter ©olbat, unb ging bann auf ber £afel auf unb ah, mie ein 2Bad)tyoften. „3)u bift ein macferer Surface/' fagte fein §err ; „menn bu ferner beine $flia)t fo tfyuft, merben un3 bie geinbe nia)t iiberrumpeln. 3 e t# ^ a f e un§ no $ einen 9ftarftt), bann barfft bu au§ruf>en." 2)er $ogel fang einen Stftarfct) mit grower ©enautgleit. Unb al§ er geenbet fyatte unb jebermann in bie §anbe flatfcfyte, unb bie Sfttufifanten ifyn tf)ren $apeltmeifter nannten, fcfyien er gang ftoI& auf bag Sob gu merben, fdmttelte bie ftftigel, Jm.fcte fid? unb ftimmte nocfy $u guter £e£t au£ freiem Slntrieb ein £rompeterftud$en an. „3e$t, mein lleiner greunb," fagte ber Weifter, „ift e§ Sett, toon fo oieler Slrbeit augjuru^en. Sege bia; fyin unb fa;lummere 238 EQUIVALENTS OF ENGLISH PRESENT PARTICIPLE em toenig. %d) mill unterbefjen beinen $lat$ einnefymen, unb bie ©efellfdjaft gu unterbalten fucben." §ierauf fd)ien ber $ogel miibe ^u merben. @r macule ein 2luge ^u, bann ba£ anbere; banrt manfte er fyin unb fyer, fo bag man jeben Slugenblid meinte, er miiffe oom ginger fyerabf alien, ©nblict) war er, mie e§ fd>ien, f eft eingefdjlafen, unb lag obne SBemegung auf ber §anb be§ 9Jtafter§. £)iefer legte iljm »orfid)tig auf ben £ifd), unb ber= ftcr)erte ber ©efeUfcbaft, bag er fein 23efte§ fyun molle, urn bie groifa^en^eit auSjufiillen. 33ort)er bat er urn ein ©la£ 2Bein. 3n bem Slugenblide, mo er ba3 ©la§ an ben 9)mnb fetjte, raffte fid) ber SBogel auf, flog auf ben Stab be§ ©lafe§ unb nippte oon bem -Kkine. „D, feme Unart !" rief ifym fein §err ja, „fannft bu nid)t marten ?" 2luf biefe 2Barnung fprang ber 3SogeI gleid) fyerab, nafym feinen oorigen $latj ein unb fa^ien mieber feft einjufa^Iafen. ©ein §err unterfyielt nun bie 33erfammlung mit anbern ^unftftiiden fo an= genefym, bag man ben fd;Iafenben DJmfifer, ber no$ auf bem £ifd)e lag, faft oergafj. 3 n einem ungliidlidben 5(ugenblide, mo alte Slugen in bie §ofye gerid)tet maren, f!prang eine $a£e, bie biSfyer 9ttemanb bemerft Ijatte, auf ben %tf<$), ergriff ben armen SSogel unb mar mit ibm au§ bem offenen genfter fymau§, efye man rect)t mufcte, ma§ gefdfyefyen mar. @in unb breifttgfte Seftion. 355. EQUIVALENTS OF ENCLISH PRESENT PARTICIPLE AND VERBAL NOUN IN in£. $teien SRorgen fanb id) mcinen tragen ©ruber, ottftatt ju ftubieren, im $ctt Hegen unb tin 93ud) lefen, ba§ nidjrl oil ttlfcente Wnefboten cntfjicli. 5110 cr mid) fa), ^brte cr foglctd) auf $u lefen unb mad)te e§ fadjenb $u, jcbod) augcttiajemltdj fe* gcrlid) bariiocr, bafj taj iljn mit cittern foldjen 83ud) in ber §anb AND VERBAL NOUN IN iflg. 239 entbetfte. $a tdj bag Ccfctt folder (fa$$im%m a(0 tin Sets jrfjttjcnfccu ber ;{cit anfefje, jo naljm trf) tfjtn bag ©ltd) toeg tmb icftanb barmtf, bag rr jog(cirf) aufftcfjc unb mit fctucn Stubtcn fortfafjrc, inbem trf) tfjm jcborfj berforadj, tfjm cin Uttterljatteits be§ unb ju gletdjer Sett nityHdjcS S3uaj ju fetljett, itadjbem cr bte tljm ban feiiten Se^rctn gcgcbcnc ftrbett kettbtgt §abe. This morning I found my lazy brother, instead of study- ing, lying in bed and reading a book containing nothing but silly anecdotes. On seeing me, he immediately ceased read- ing and closed it laughing, yet evidently annoyed at my dis- covering him with such a book in his hand. Considering the reading of such tales as a waste of time, I took the book irom him and insisted upon his directly getting up and pro- ceeding with his studies, promising, however, to lend him an entertaining and at the same time useful book, after he had finished the work set him by his masters. 356. A. — The Infinitive with or without ju. 1. @r fyorie cmf §u lefert, he ceased reading. 2. <5te fonnte ntcfyt uml)m $u roeirten, she could not help weep- ing. 3. 2Bir fcermtebert mit tfynen ^ufommer^utreffen, we avoided meeting them. 4. 3$ fanb memert SBruber im Sett liegen/ I found my brother lying in bed. 5. £)ie §offmmg, fcelofynt §u werben, the hope of being rewarded. 6. £)ie $uxtf)t, fein ©elb $u fcerlieren, the fear of losing his money. 7. @r fcfyltef, anftatt gu ftubieren, he was sleeping instead of studying. 1 For the verbs followed by the infinitive without jtt, see page 90, note 3, 240 EQUIVALENTS OF ENGLISH PRESENT PARTICIPLE 8. ©ie rebeten mia) an, ofyne mid) §u fennen, they addressed me without knowing me. 9. gcfy Beftanb barauf, aufjuftefyen, / insisted upon getting up. 10. @r fpracfy bafcon, einen 23abeort $u befudjen, he spoke of visiting a bathing-place. 357. Observe that (1) in the first four examples the German uses the infinitive dependent upon a verb; (2) in the fifth and sixth, the in- finitive dependent upon a noun 1 ; (3) in the seventh and eighth, the infinitive dependent on the prepositions anftdtt and oljne; (4) in the ninth and tenth, the infinitive anticipated by fott compounded with a pre- position. 358. B. — A Clause introduced by oljttc bttjj, or ba$. 1. ©ie rebeten mid) an, oFme bag id; fie fannte, they addressed me without my knowing them. 2. 3$ bcftanb barauf, bag mein SBruber aufftefye, / insisted upon 7ny brother's getting up. 3. ir im§ felbft, by persuading others, we persuade ourselves. 361. Observe that in the above examples the participial form expresses time, cause, reason, or manner, and that in all such cases the German requires a full and distinct statement in the form of a dependent clause. 362. D. — A Relative Clause. 1. ©in SBudj, ba§ nid)i3 entfyalt al$ alberne ©rjafylungen, a book containing nothing but silly tales. 2. (Sin $ater, ber feme $tnber liebt, a father loving his children. 3. @in 9Jlann, ber jebermann (&utt$ tfyut, a man doing good to everybody. 363. Note. — It should be observed that in place of such descript- ive relative clauses the German may freely use both the present and the past participle with their adjuncts as qualifying adjectives 1 : 1. @in nid)t§ al8 albeme (Srgafylungen entfyaltenbeS 93ud&. 2. @in fetne ®inber Uebenber 3Sater. 3. (Sin in eine @ ftdj tjcrlafet. 5 ju glcittjcr 3cit I3 tofe erfefcen . . . toerbe. 6 For the idiom, see 356, 2. u tote tJtel ©tttefl. 7 barauf • • • baft, see 358, 2. IS Be mindful of the order. 8 Use geben. See 362 and 363. I6 Use the imperfect. READING LESSONS. 243 from 1 all evil during the day. 16. What in all the world could induce this young man to give up his good situation and go to America ? 17. I cannot tell you ; I only know that he left without having received 2 his father's consent — without his father having given 2 his consent. 18. On paying us his last visit he bade us good-bye, laughing and joking. 19. He bought a picture, painted 3 by a well-known artist, representing a boy sitting between the branches of a cherry- tree and stealthily enjoying the juicy cherries. 20. The empire conquered 3 by Alexander the Great fell to pieces after his death, there being no heir who could have kept the whole together. 21. "The Robbers," a work written 4 by Schiller in his youth, does not rank 6 so high as his plays written in later years. 365. Qev (JBtelattf* [To be read and committed to memory.] 2)er @ee ift jugefroreu Unb l)dlt fdjon feinen 2ftann. 2)ie 33ahn ift luie em (Spiegel Unb gtanjt un6 freunbttd) an. 2)a8 ^Setter ift fo tjeiter, 2)ie ©onne jdjeint fo hell. 2Ber null mit mir ins greie? 2Beriftmein2ftitgefeE? £)a ift nidjt Diet gu fragen ; 2Ber mit mitt, macht fid) ouf : SBir gehn htnang tn§ grrie, §tnans jjum @d)ltttfdmbtanf. 2BaS fiimmert un8 bic flalte? 35a§ fiimmert un8 ber ©cbnee? SSir molten ©djlittfdjufj fanfen SBohl anf bent blan!en @ee. £>a finb mir ait3gesogen 3«t (SiSbabn aljobatb Unb haben un§ am Ufer 2)ie @d)ltttid)uh/ angefcfonallt. 2)a3 mar ein tuftig £eben 3m tjellen @onnenglan$ ! 3Bir brebten un§ nnb fdjmebten 8(6 mar's ein ^eigentanj. 9ta ift oorbei ber SBinter, SBorbei ift ©cfinee unb (5i§ ; (£8 finb bte SBanm' im ©arten 3e£t nur Don SSliiten toeifc. ®odj aud) in meinen £rcinmen SRuf id) nod) oft : „3nd)I)e ! flommt, te§t un« @d)tittfd)nl) Jaufen 2Boht anf bem blanfen @ee V* Hoffmann Don galterStebert. 1 See 316, 4, sixth example. 8 See 356, 8, and 358, 1, 3 Translate in two ways. 4 Read again 363. 6 Use fl.ljen. 244 READING LES.SONS. 366. D*t? ftitnbljiiftc frdtntnevbtixxtv* griebric^ fyatte, luie e§ oft bet ifym ber gall roar, anfyaltenb unb exfrig gearbeitet, unb bie 9Jtttternad)t§ftunbe traf Urn nod) am urn 4 Ufyr roieber roeden. 3a) roerbe bann noa) fa)ldfrig fein, nid)t aufftefyen roollen, unb 3fyn roieber roegfd)iden ; aber id; befefyle 3#m, fid) nid)t abroeifen ju laffen, unb ermdd)tige Sfyn, im %a\lt ber ^Betgerung, mir bie 23ett= bede meg^ujie^n. §brt @r ? — S3etm SSerlufte metner ©nabe I" „23erbe pimftlia; Surer -Jflajeftat 33efel)I ausfitfyren!" mar £>eife§ 2lntroort unb ber $bnig begab fid) gur SRufye. TO bem dHodenfa)lag oier trat ber treue unb furdbtlofe Wiener in ba£ fbniglicfye ©djlafgemaa;. @r fafy ben geltebten §errn ttef, feft unb ftifj fd)lafen, unb e§ ging il)m an bie ©eele, biefen ©cfylaf gu ftoren ; attein, eingebenf be3 ftrengen 23efel;l§, medte er ben $bnig mit lauter Stimme, unb aU biefer bie Slugen offnete, fagte er: „@3 ift mir leib geioorben. %a) mug noa; jroet (Stunben fcfylafen. $omm' @r urn 6 Ufyr roieber !« Unb al3 §eife gbgerte, fe^te er fyeftig binju : „^lnn aber fort, jum dimmer fyinauS !" „©eine 2ftajeftdt ber $bnig iron ^}reuf$en fyat mir, bem $ammer= biener §eife, befofylen, il)n fyeute <$d)Iag 4 Ufyr $u roeden bei 1 This mode of addressing ser- become nearly obsolete. How is vants, by the use of the personal it to be accounted for ? See also pronouns of the third person, has remark on till, 11. READING LESSONS. 245 SSerluft ber fonigli^en ©nabe. 2)em $onige mufc id) gefyorcfyen, unh bie afferfyodjfte ©nabe $u uerlieren, roare mein £ob," fagte §eife rufyig unb ernft, unb blieb an feiner ©eite ftef^en. „dx l;ort'3 ja, icfy mitt nid)t," rief ber $omg. „Gure Sftajeftat muff en," fpraa) §eife, „ber ®dnig fyaVZ be= fofylen ; ja, noa; mefyr, ber $bmg fyat befofylen, im 2Beigerung§fatte bie £)etfe meg^iefyen I" — Unb er jog bie 3)ecfe bem ^onige meg. „3>em $onige mufj man gefyorajen, ba3 ift ritfjtig," fpraa) $riebrid) unb ftanb auf ; al£ er ftct) aber, nod) oollig fdfylaftrunfen, ftrecfte unb gabnte, rief er au3 : „%fy ©ott, ware id) boa; ein $rieg§rat gemorben I" & O. o. Jporu. APPENDIX. This appendix contains — a. Exceptions to the rules for the declension of nouns, and supple- mentary lists; b. Paradigm of a weak (or regular) verb in the active and passive voices; c. Paradigm of a strong verb; d. Paradigms of the auxiliary verbs of tense and mode; e. An alphabetical list of strong and mixed verbs. EXCEPTIONS AND SUPPLEMENTARY LISTS. 367. The following masculines of the strong declension, first class, modify the vowel of the root to form the plural (see 122): — tex%dtx, field. ber 2lpfei, apple. ber S3 o ben, bottom. ber SBruber, brother. ber gflben, thread. ber @dXttX\, garden. ber ©raben, ditch. ber §afett, harbor. ber §ammel, wether. ber ,'pammer, ham- ) mer. ) ber Apanbet, affair. bte f cfer. bie tpfel. bie SBoben. bie 23riiber. bie gaben. bie ©arten. bie ©raberu bie £afen. bie §ammeU bie §ammer. bie £anbet. ber £abert, shop. ber SJftantel, cloak. ber 9cabei, navel. ber *ftaget, nail. ber Dfen, stove. ber ©ctttei, saddle. ber @d)aben, injury. ber ©chnabcl, &*#£. ber ©chroager, brother- in-law. ber 33ater,/a//^r. ber SBogel, 3/W. bie £aben. bie aWantct. bte 9?abet. 2 bie 9Mget. bte ©fen. bie ©attef. bie ©cfociben. bie ©cbnabel. -bie@chroager. bie SBater. bie SSogel. 368. The following nouns have the characteristics of the strong declension, first class, in the singular, but form the plural like weak nouns (see 123, 1) : — Nominative. ber %5a\ltx, peasant. ber ®tX>abern. bie i'orbecren. bte SJtuSfeht. bie s Jtad)barn. bie ^antoffctn. 1 bie ©tadjefn. bie ©tiefetn. 2 bie SBettern. 369. The following monosyllabic masculines of the strong declension, second class, do not modify the vowel in the plural (see 124) : — SINGULAR. ber Stat, eel. ber Star, eagle. ber Slrm, arm. ber 93orn, "well. ber 2)od)t, wick. ber 2)otd), dagger. ber 2)om, dome. ber 2)rucf , pressure. ber ©rab, degree. ber ©urt, £-*>//*. ber £atm, blade of grass. ber §aud), breath. ber £uf, >^^ ber £unb, ^. ber $orf, ;w£. ber £acf)§, salmon. ber ?acf, varnish. ber £aut, sound. ber 2ud)§, (j/»*. bie Stale, bie Stare, bie Strme. bie 33orne. bie 2)od)te. bie 2)otd)e. bie 2)ome. bie §)rucfe. bie ©rabe. bie ©urte. > bie §atme. bie §aucf)e. bie §ufe. bie §unbe. bie $orfe. bie £ad)fe. bie £acfe. bie £aute. bie Shtdjfe. SINGULAR. ber 9DMd), salamander. ber 3JtO!lb, moon. ber 9ftorb, murder ber Drt, //««. ber ^parf, park. ber 9pfab, /a/^. ber IJSf au, peacock. ber s #ot, /orn, thorn. ber ®an f district. ber SJiaft, #*#.$•/. ber @d)mer3, pain. ber @ee, /a<&?. ber ©porn, spur. ber ©taat, state. ber ©trabi, r«y. ber ©trauft, ostrich. ber ,3inS, interest. I. MASCULINES. Genitive. besides, beg 2)orne3. beg ©aueg. beg 9ftafteg. beg ©cfymerjeg. beg ©eeg. beg @porneg. beg ©taateg. beg @traf)teg. beg ©traufteg. beg 3infeg. bie 3Hjnett. bie ^Dornen. 1 bie ©auen. 2 bie Soften, bie ©rfjmergen. bie ©eeiu bie @bornen. bie (Staaten. bie (Straiten, bie ©traufcen. 3 bie 3infen. SINGULAR. Nominative. bag s 2litge, eye. bag Sett, bed. bag (Snbc, *?«l)reg. bie 9uigen. bie 23etten. bie Gmben. bie §emben. bie §cqen. bie Snjeften. bie £%en. 371. The following monosyllabic feminines, form their plural like the second class of the strong declension (see 125,2): — SINGULAR. bie 9lngft, anguish. bie 2(rt, axe. bie 23atlf, bench. bie 23raut, bride. bie 93ritft, breast. bie ffau\t,Jist. bie ^V\l6)t, fruit. bie 5tngfte. bie $rte. bie S3an!e. bie SBraute. bie SBriifte. bie ^aufte. bie ^riicfyte. SINGULAR. bie ©artg, goose. bie ©ruft, grave. bie §atlb, hand. bie §aut, skin. bie $tuft, <•/aute. bie ttiifte. bie $rafte. bie #ul)e. 1 Also Corner. 2 Also ©aue. 8 Also Straufce ; not to be confounded with Straufc, nosegay, which has the plu- rals ©traufje and Strciufeer. 250 EXCEPTIONS AND SUPPLEMENTARY LISTS. SINGULAR. bie $unft, art. bie 2aug, louse. bie £uft, air. bie ?uft, desire. bie SJiadjt, power. bie 9Jiagb, maid-ser- vant. bie Sftaug, mouse, bit yiafyt, night. bie #unfte. bie £aufe. bie £iifte. bie £iifte. bie 2Rfidjte. bie 9ttagbe. bie 9JMufe. bie S'Mdjte. SINGULAR. bie 9^a^t, seam. bie 9£ot, »«. bie SBanb, «w//. bie SSlirft, sausage. bie 3 un f^ #w*W. bie 9?at)te. bie 9£5te. bie ftiiffe. bie ©ciue. bie ©djniire. bie ©tabte. bie SBanbe. bie SBurjfc. bie ,3imfte. 372. The following monosyllabic neuters are of the strong declension, second class, but do not modify the vowel in the plural (see 124, 125, 3): — SINGULAR. bag SBeil, hatchet. PLURAL. bie 23cile. SINGULAR. bag tyaCLVfpair. PLURAL. bie ^aare. bag 33ein, leg. bie Seine. bag $ferb, horse. bie $ferbe. bag 23oot, boat. bie 33oote. bag ^mb, pound. bie ^pfunbe. bag 33rob, bread. bie 35robe. bag fftedr)t, r^-4/. bie 9ied)te. bag 2)ing, thing. bie £)inge. bag Sfteid), kingdom. bie SReicfye. bag (Sq, brass. bie (Srje, bag 9iol)r, *r«£ bie 9fot)re. bag faU, shin. bie ^ette. bag 9iofj, £*n*. bie SRoffe. ba& ©ift, poison. bie ©ifte. bag ©alj, j«/a bie ©atge. bag £>aar, hair. bie £>aare. bag ©djaf, jA^. bie ©tfjafe. bag §eer, army. bie £>eere. bag ©tfjiff, -&*#. bie ©djiffe. bag §eft, exercise-book bie §efte. bag ©djtuein,//^. bie ©cfyroeine. ba8 Satyr, jj/orf, village. bag (Si, egg. bag $&&), compart- ment. bag $a% cask. bQg ^db, field. bag ©etb, money. bag ©lag, ,^/aj-j-. bag ©lieb, //w^. bag ©rab, grave. bag ©rag, grass. bag ©nt, au£t, head. bag Jpatlg, house. bie Stfer. bie Stmter. bie SBaber. bie 33anber. 2 bie 53tlber. bie flatter, bte SSretter. bie 53iid)er. bie ©adjer. bie SDbrfer. bie (Sier. > bie $:acf)er. bie gaffer* bie $elber. bie ©etber. bie ©tafer. bie ©tieber. bie ©raber. bie ©rafer. bie ©liter, bie ^anpter. bte £>aufer. SINGULAR. bag §otj, wood. bag §orn, horn. bag §vb)Vi,fowl. bag $alb, calf. bag Jttnb, rA#£ bag $teib, garment. bag $om, grain. bag tout, -£iil)ncr. bie $alber. bie tober. bie fleiber. bie Corner, bie $rauter. bte hammer, bie £cinber. 3 bie 2id)ter. 4 bie tieber. bie Sodjer. bte hauler, bie defter, bie ^Pfanber. bie Diaber. bie heifer, bie 9iinber. bie @d)ttber. bie ©cfyloffer. bie ©tfjtucrtcr. 1 But more commonly 23ofenud)te. 8 Also Scmbe, ties. 3 Also Sanbc. 4 Also Sidjte, candles. 252 NOUNS IRREGULARY DECLINED. SINGULAR. Dag ©ttft, charitable \ ^ @ t ^ ter ^i foundation. ) bag £f)at, valley. bie SLljaler. 2 bag £nd), doth. bie Sucker. 3 SINGULAR. bag SBolf, people. bag 2Beib, woman. bag 2£ort, wr*/. bie Golfer. bie iSetber. bie 28bvtcr. 4 376. The following masculine nouns in c, which formerly ended in en, are classed with weak nouns, but in the genitive singular they add the strong termination £ to the weak ter- mination in n (see 130, 2) : — Nominative. bet %x'\t^i, peace. ber ^unfe, spark. bcr %\\$\\ty\t, footstep. ber ©ebanfe, thought. ber ©laube, faith. ber §aufe, heap. ber 9?ame, name. ber ©ante, seed. ber @d)abe, injury. ber SBilte, will. Genitive. beg 5 r * e fr en ^ beg g-nnfeng. beg gufjftapfeng. beg ©cbanfeng. be^ ©laubeng. beg £aufeng. beg 9cameng. beg ©ameng. beg ©djabeng. beg 2Bitten8. Plural. bie ^unfen. bie gnftftapfen. bie ©ebanfen. bie ©tanben. bie §anfen. bie 9?amen. bie ©amen, bie ©djabeit. no pi. 377. The following monosyllabic masculines not ending in e belong to the weak declension (see 130, 3): — SINGULAR. ber 93or, bear. ber thrift, Christian. ber ^inf , finch. ber %VCt\i, prince. ber ©td, fop. ber ©raf, ^««/. ber £>elb, hero. bcr §err, master. bie SBtireit. bie ^tjriften. bie gfinfett. bie ^iirften. bie ©ecfen. bie ©rafen. bie £>etben. bie § err en. SINGULAR. ber §il*t, herdsman. ber SJJenid), man. ber Wave, fool. ber -Ken), nerve. ber Dd)g, <7x. ber %K\\\l, prince. ber £I)or,./W. bie $irten. bie s JJ?eufd)en. bie barren, bie Sftcr&en. bie Od)fcn. bie ^rinjen. bie £l)oren. 1 Also ©tifte. 2 Also 2#ale. 8 Rarely %\xi)Z. * Plural SBorte, connected words. PARADIGM OF A WEAK OR REGULAR VERB. 378. Solicit, to praise. Principal Parts: lo&en, lobte, gelo&t. I. ACTIVE VOICE. Indicative. Present. Subjunctive. id) lobe, / praise, am praising, do praise. bu tobft, thou praisest. er tobt, he praises. fair Kobe!!, we praise. 2. , 7 \ you praise. eue loben, ) jte loben, they praise. id) lobte, I praised, was praising, did praise. bit lobteft, thou praisedst. er lobte, he praised. fair lobtetl, we praised. ibr lobtet, ) + j lie Io6ten, fc*""«f jte lobten, they praised. id) faerbe loben, I shall praise, shall be praising. bu fairft \tfazxi,Hkou wilt praise. er fairb loben, he will praise. fair faerben loben, we shall praise. ifir faerbet loben, ) ... . ' „ , ' > you will praise. @te faerben loben, ) jte faerben loben, they will praise. id) lobe, I praise, or {that) I may praise. bu lobeft, thou praise. er lofic, he praise. fair loben, we praise. ibr loBct, \ . J, „ ^ \ you praise. ©te loben, I fie loben, they praise. Imperfect. id) lobte, I praised, or {that) I might praise. bu lobteft, thotc praised. er lobte, he praised. fair lobten, we praised. i^r lobtet, J youpraisedm @ie lobten, ) fie lobten, they praised. Future. id) faerbe loben, (//*«*) I shall praise. bu tncrticfi loben, M^ wilt praise. er ttJcrtJC loben, ^^ will praise. fair faerben loben, w praised. fte Ijabett gelobt, they have praised. Perfect. Subjunctive. ttrir t)Clben getobt, Z£>^ have praised. il)r Jjttliet getobt, ) you have ©ie tjabeu getobt, ) praised. fie fjabetl getobt, they have praised. Pluperfect. id) fjatte gefobt, I had praised, had been praising. bu t)Cltteft getobt, thou hadst praised. er tjatte gelobt, ^ had praised. ttrir fatten getobt, wfo had praised. ttrir fatten getobt, w£ had praised. if>r ijattet getobt, U^^,.^. ©te fatten getobt, ) fie tjatten getobt, they had praised. Future Perfect. id) roerbe getobt ^oben, I shall have praised, shall have been praising, bu ttrirft getobt fyaben. er irtrb getobt fyaben. ttrir tnerben getobt tjaben. it)r roerbet getobt fyaben. ) ©te tnerbeu getobt f)abeu. J fie roerben getobt fjaben. id) toerbe getobt fyabeu, (that) I shall have praised. bu tuertieft getobt f)aben. er toertie getobt Ijabtn. ttrir ttierben getobt Ijabeu. tfyr tuerbet getobt t)abeu. ) ©ie tticrbeu getobt tjabeu. i fte tuerbeu getobt tjctbeu. First Conditional. id) ttmrbe tobeu, I should praise. bu tDlirbeft (obeu, thou wouldst praise. er roiirbe tobeu, he would praise. ttrir ttriirbeu tobeu, we should praise. il)r ttriirbet tobeu, ) wou i dpraise . ©ie ttiiirbeu tobeu, ) fte ttriirbeu tobeu, they would praise. Second Conditional. id) ttmrbe getobt f)abeu, I should have praised, etc. bu ttmrbeft getobt t)abeu. er luiirbe getobt fjaben. ttrir ttriirbeu getobt tjabm. ifyr ttriirbet getobt Ijabeu. f ©ie tt)iirben gelobt fyaben. S fte ttJiirben getobt tjabcti. PARADIGM OF A WEAK OR REGULAR VERB. 255 Imperative. \obt, praise thou. lobe er, let him praise. loben nrir, ) , , , . ' > let us praise. lafet ini§ tobett, ) . . ' V praise you. lobett @ie, J loben fie, let them praise. Infinitive. Present: lobeit, to praise, to be prais- ing. Present: lobeitb, praising. Perfect: gelobt fjabett, to have praised, to have been praising. Participles. | Past: gelobt, praised. II. PASSIVE VOICE. Indicative. Present. Subjunctive. t(f) tuerbe gelobt, I am praised, am being praised. bit ttnrft gelobt, thou art praised. er ttrirb gelobt, he is praised. » ttrir merben gelobt, we are praised. thr tuerbet gelobt, ) . , ' a „ ,, > you are Praised. ©te toerben gelobt, ) fie tt)erben gelobt, they are praised. id) toerbe gelobt, I be praised, or {that) I may be praised. Oil ttlCrfocfi gelobt, thou be praised. er ttJCrtJC gelobt, he be praised. roir tnerben gelobt, we be praised. ifyr merbet gelobt, @ie roerben gelobt, fie ttJerbetl gelobt, they be praised. \ you be Praised. t, v- Imperfect. id) ttmrbe gelobt, / was praised, was being praised. bit ttmrbeft gelobt, thou wast praised. er ttmrbe gelobt, he was praised. tt)ir tt)Urbeil gelobt, we were praised. ifyr ttmrbet gelobt, [you were @ie ttmrbett gelobt, f praised. fie ttmrbett gelobt, they wtre praised. id) ttmrbe gelobt, I were praised, or {that) I might be praised. bit ttriirbeft gelobt, thou wert praised. er ttmrbe gelobt, he were praised. tt)ir ttmrbett gelobt, we were praised. ifyr ttmrbet gelobt, \ you were @te voiirben gelobt, S praised. fie Ittiirbetl gelobt, they were praised. 256 PARADIGM OF A WEAK OR REGULAR VERB. Indicative. Subjunctive. Future. id) ttierbe gelobt ttierben, / shall be praised. bu nrirft gelobt ttierben, thou wilt be praised. er ttrirb gelobt ttierben, he will be praised. ttrir ttierben gelobt ttierben, we shall be praised. ifyr ttierbet gelobt : ttierben, I you will be @te ttierben gelobt | praised. ttierben, fte ttierben gelobt ttierben, they will be praised. id) ttierbe gelobt ttierben, {that) 1 shall be praised. bu toerbeft gelobt ttierben, thou wilt be praised. cr tocrtie gelobt ttierben, he will be praised. ttrir ttierben gelobt ttierben, we shall be praised. tin* ttierbet gelobt " ttierben, I you will be @ie ttierben gelobt f praisea. ttierben, fte ttierben gelobt ttierben, they will be praised. Perfect. id) bin gelobt ttiorben, / have been praised. bu bift gelobt ttiorben, thou hast been praised. er ift gelobt ttiorben, he has been praised. ttrir ftnb gelobt ttiorben, we have been praised. ifjr feib gelobt ~\ ttiorben, I you have been ©ie ftnb gelobt j praised. ttiorben, fte ftnb gelobt ttiorben, they have been praised. id) f ei gelobt ttiorben, {that) I have been praised. bu feieft gelobt ttiorben, thou hast been praised. er fei gelobt ttiorben, he has been praised. voir feien gelobt ttiorben, we have been praised. tin* feiet gelobt ] ttiorben, ! you have been ©ie feien gelobt praised. ttiorben, fte feien gelobt ttiorben, they have been praised. Pluperfect. tdj ttmr gelobt ttiorben, I had been praised. bu ttiarft gelobt ttiorben, thou hadst been praised. er ttiar gelobt ttiorben, he had been praised. ttrir ttiaren gelobt ttiorben, we had been praised. ttf) ttiare gelobt ttiorben, {that) I had been praised. bu mareft gelobt ttiorben, thou hadst been praised. er ttiare gelobt ttiorben, he had been praised. ttrir ttiaren gelobt ttiorben, we had been praised. PARADIGM OF A WEAK OR REGULAR VERB. 257 Indicative. it)r toaret gelobt " tuorben, " you had been @ie hjarcu gelobt praised. id orb en, fie ftmrett gelobt toorben, they had been praised. Subjunctive. Pluperfect. iljr ttiaret gelobt roorbett, @ie toaren gelobt toorben, fie toarett gelobt roorbett, they had been praised. you had been praised. Future Perfect. idj roerbe gelobt roorbett feitt, I shall have been praised. bit roirft gelobt roorbett feitt, thou wilt have been praised, etc. id) roerbe gelobt roorben feitt, {that) I shall have been praised. bit tocrocfl gelobt roorbett jein, thou wilt have been praised, etc. First Conditional. id) roiirbe gelobt roerbett, I should be praised. bu roitrbeft gelobt roerben, thou wouldst be praised, etc. Second Conditional. id) roiirbe gelobt roorbett feitt, I should have been praised. bit tuitrbeft gelobt roorbett feitt, thou wouldst have been praised, etc. Imperative. . . „ , ' \ be thou praised. fet gelobt, ) roerbe er gelobt, let him be praised. roerben roir gelobt, ) , . , . . , „ _ , „ " ' f let us be praised. laftt mt8 gelobt roerben, ) roerbet or feib gelobt, { , .. ".. ' ^ „ „ r be you praised. roerben or fetett ®te gelobt, ) roerben or feien fie gelobt, let them be praised. Infinitive. Present: gelobt roerben, to be praised. Past: gelobt X0Ql'bU\.\t\U, to have been praised. Participles. Present: (jit lobettb, to be praised, occurs as adjective only.) Past: gelobt roorben, been praised. PARADIGM OF A STRONG OR IRREGULAR VERB. 379. ©efiett, to give. Principal Parts: geben, gab, gegeben. Subjunctive. Indicative. id) gebe, I give. bu Qtcfifl, //& fte gaben, they gave. Present. id) gebe, I give, or (Ma/) I may give, etc. bu gebefl, M4ra /fotf. er fyat, >4te fyaben, ) fte fyaben, ***r have. id) fyatte, 7/W. bu fyatteft, tfcw &*&/. er fjatte, he had. ttiir fatten, w had. @ie gotten, f fie fatten, they had. Present. Subjunctive. id) \)abt, I have, or {that) I may have, etc. bll Ijabcft thou have. er Ijttbe, he have. roir ^aben, we have. @ie tjaben, ) fte fyabeu, //^^ /&aw?. Imperfect. id) Ijcitte, ///£*/, or {that) I might have, etc. bu fyatteft, thou hadst. er hatte, he had. ttnr fatten, we had. ©ie gotten, ) fte fatten, they had. Future. id) toerbe fjaben, I shall have. bu ttttrft fyaben, thou wilt have. er nrirb Ijaben, he will have. roir toerben Ijaben, we shall have. i&r roerbet baben, \ ... , . , , ' \ you will have. ®te ttjcrben fjaben, 1 fte roerben tjaben, they will have. id) roerbe fyaben, [that) /shall have. bu toerfoeft fyaben, //^« wilt have. er tuer&c fyaben, he will have. ttnr ttierben fjaben, w* shall have. il)rn>erbet$aben, [ /7//W . @te tnerben tjaben, ) fte tnerben fjaben, they will have. 260 THE AUXILIARIES OF TENSE. 261 Indicative. id) l)abe gefjabt, I have had. Perfect. Subjunctive. bu fyaft gefjabt, thou hast had. er \)foz^ (thou), fyabt er, Atf ^«» ^af^. fyaben nur, } lafet un§ fyaben, fyaben fie, &tf them have. let us have. Infinitive. Present: fyaben, A? /5w. | Perfect: gefyabt fyaben, /b have had Participles. Present: ^abetlb, having. \ Past: Qfyabl, had. 381. The Auxiliary fcttt, tfo 6e. Principal Parts: bin, toar, gctucfen. Indicative. id) bin, /aw. bu bift, M(?« art. er ift, fe «. nrir finb, «/te finb, ) flC ftnb, they are. Eresent. Subjunctive. id) fei, that I may be. bit feieft, thou mayest be. er fei, he may be. rotr feien, we may be. ^fe 1 **' [you may be. ®ie feien, ) fie feien, flfef? w^ ^. THE AUXILIARIES OF TENSE. 263 Indicative. id) It) or, I was. bll roat'ft, thou wast. er roar, he was. roir ro a r en, we were. ibr roaret, ) 2 ' > you were '£>ie roaren, > fie mar en, they were. Subjunctive. Imperfect. id) rodre, {that) I were. bu rodreft, thou wert. er It) are, he were. roir roaren, we were. tbr roaret, ) ' ' > you were. @ic roaren, ) fie roaren, they were. Future. id) roerbe fein, I shall be. bu roirft fein, thou wilt be. er roirb fein, he will be. roir roerben fein, we shall be. ibr roerbet fein, { ... , ' '7 \ you will be. @te roerben fein, » fte roerben fein, they will be. idj roerbe fein, {that) /shall be. bu roerbeft fein, thou wilt be. er roerbe fein, he will be. roir roerben fein, we shall be. Ujr tnerbet fein, I m ^ @te roerben fein, ) fie roerben fein, they will be. Perfect. id) bin geroefen, /have £«». bu bift geroefen, thou hast been. er ift geroefen, he has been. roir finb geroefen, we have been. ibr feib qeroefen, / , , ' . ' _ ° ' ' t vou have been. @tc ftnb geroefen, . fie finb geroefen, they have been. id) fci geroefen, {that) /have been. bu feieft geroefen, thou hast been. er fei geroefen, he has been. roir feien geroefen, we have been. tfir feiet geroefen, ) , . ' ' ' \you have been. ®ie feten geroefen, ) fie feien geroefen, they have been. Pluperfect. id) toar geroefen, /had been. bu roarft geroefen, thou hadst been. er mar geroefen, he had been. roir roaren geroefen, we had been. ibr roaret geroefen, I j , ', . \ you had been. ©te roaren geroefen, I fte roaren geroefen, they had been. id) foiire geroefen, / had been, or {that) I might have been, etc. bu rodreft geroefen, thou hadst been. er rodre geroefen, he had been. loir roaren geroefen, we had been. Ujr todret geroefen, X had beefU <2>ie roaren geroefen, ) fie roaren geroefen, they had been. 264 THE AUXILIARIES OF TENSE. Indicative. Future idj roerbe geroefen fein, I shall have been. bu roirft geroefen )an, thou wilt have been. er roirb geroefen fein, he will have been ttrir roerben geroefen fein, we shall have been. ihr roerbet geroefen fein, \you will @ie roerben geroefen fein, \ have been fte roerben geroefen fein, they will have been. Subjunctive. Perfect. id) toerfce geroefen fein, {that) I shall have been. bu tocrtieft geroefen fein, thou wilt have been. er tuerDc geroefen fein, he will have been. ttrir roerben geroefen fein, we shall have been. if)r roerbet geroefen fein, I you will @ie roerben geroefen fein, ) have been. fte roerben geroefen fein, they will have been. First Conditional. id) roiirbe fein, I should be. bu roiirbeft fein, thou wouldst be. er roiirbe fein, he would be. roir roiirben fein, we should be. ibr roiirbet fein, you would be. ©ie roiirben fein, fte roiirben fein, they would be. Second Conditional. id) roiirbe geroefen fein, I should have been. bu roiirbeft geroefen fein, thou wouldst have been. er roiirbe geroefen fein, he would have been. ttrir roiirben geroefen fein, we should have been. itjr roiirbet geroefen fein, j. would have betn ©ie roiirben geroefen fein, I fte roiirben geroefen fein, they would have been. Imperative. fei, be {thou). fei er, let him be. feienroir, i letusbe% laftt un$ fein, \ f eib ' \ be (you). feieu irb, he becomes. tt)ir ItJerben, we become. iljrroerbet, I hecome% %\t roerben, ) fie roerben, they become. id) hmtbe, 1 I became. bit tDltrbeft, thou becamest. er ttlltrbe, he became. tt>tr murben, we became. Ujrttntrbet, \ ymbeea me. @ie rourben, I fte ttJltrbetl, they became. Present. Subjunctive. id) roerbe, I become. bu tocrbcft, thou becomest. et tDCrfoc, he becomes. ttrir roerben, we become. ifjrroerbet, \ become . @ie roerben, ) fie roerben, they become. Imperfect. id) tt>itrbe, I became. bit ftmrbeft, thou becamest. er ittitrbe, he became. loir ttritrbett, we became. il)r roitrbet, * ^came. @ie roitrben, ) fte roitrbett, they became. Future. id) roerbe roerben, I shall become. bit roirft roerben, thou wilt become. er roirb roerben, he will become. fair roerben roerben, we shall become. ii)r roerbet roerben, ) you will @ie roerben roerben, > become. fie roerben roerben, they will become. id) tuerbe roerben, I shall become. bu tticrbcfi roerben, thou wilt become. er tUCt&C roerben, he will become. t»ir roerben roerben, we shall become. tf)r roerbet roerben, ) you will ®te roerben roerben, S become. fte roerben roerben, they will become. 1 See foot-note, p. 158. 266 THE AUXILIARIES OF TENSE. Indicative. id) Mtl geroorben, I have become. bit btft geroorben, thou hast become. cr ift getoorben, he has become. totr ftnb geroorben, we have become ifjr feib geroorben, ) you have @ie ftnb geroorben, f become. fte ftnb geroorben, they have become Perfect. Subjunctive. id) fci gelDOrbeit, I have become. bu feieft geroorben, thoti. hast become. er f el geroorben, he has become. tt)ir feien geroorben, we have become. tfyr feiet geroorben, ) you have @te feien geroorben, S become. fte feien getoorben, they have become. Pluperfect. 16) tout geroorben, I had become. bu roarft geroorben, thou hadst become. er roar geroorben, he had become. roir roaren geroorben, we had become ifrc roarft ge v ~>orbcn, {you had ©ie roaren geroorben, J become. fte roaren geroorben, they had become, id) roerbe geroorben fein, I shall have become. bu roirft getoorben fein, thou wilt have become. er roirb geroorben fein, he will have become. roir roerben geroorben fein, we shall have become. ifjr roerbet geroorben 1 you wiU ^ m ' \ have @ie roerben geroorben \ become% fein, J fte roerben geroorben fein, they will have become. id) tuare geroorben, I had become. bu rodreft geroorben, thou hadst become. er roare geroorben, he had become. roir roaren getoorben, we had become. ifjr roaret geroorben, \you had @ie roaren geroorben, ) become. fte roaren geroorben, they had become. Future Perfect. idj roerbe geroorben fein, I shall have become. bu rocrocfl geroorben fein, thou wilt have become. er toeroc geroorben fein, he will have become. roir roerben geroorben fein, we shall have become. il)r roerbet geroorben 1 fein, ©ie roerben geroorben fein, fte roerben geroorben fein, they will have become. you -will have become. First Conditional. id) roitrbe roerben, I should become. bu roiirbeft roerben, thou wouldst become. er roitrbe roerben, he would become. roir roiirben roerben, we should become. ii)r roiirbet roerben, ) m)mld become ^ @ie roiirben roerben, ) fte roiirben roerben, they would become. THE AUXILIARIES OF MODE. 267 Second Conditional. id) hmrbe geroorben fein, I should have become. bu roiirbeft geroorben fetn, thou wouldst have become. er wiirbe geroorben jein, he would have become. nrir nmrben getnorben fein, we should have become. ihr nmrbet gemorben jein, I Wrf ^ ^^ @ie nmrben geroorben jein, 1 fie roiirben getnorben jein, they would have become. Imperative. tneibe, become thou. tnerbe er, let him become. tnerben nnr, ) , . , . „ ' \ let us become. Ia§t unS merben, ) tcerbet, ) , ~. r become you. roerben @te, ) ttierben fie, let them become. Infinitive. Present: toerben, to become. ' I Perfect: getnorben fettt, to have Participles. Present: tfoerbenb, becoming. i Past: getnorben or tt)0rben, become. THE AUXILIARIES OF MODE. 383. The Auxiliary mi'lff en, (must) to be obliged, to have to. Principal Parts: mitffen, inufite, gcmu§t. Indicative. Subjunctive. Present. id) tnufj, /must, am obliged. bn tnuftt, thou must. er mufc, he must. id) mitffe, {that) I must, be obliged. bn miiffcfi, thou must. er muffe, he must. 268 THE AUXILIARIES OF MODE. Indicative. ttrir muff en, we must. JS*"* \ you must. @ie miiffen, > ' fte miiffen, they must. id) mitftte, / was obliged. bu tttufjteft, thou wast obliged. er mitftte, he was obliged. ttrir mufjten, we were obliged. iljrmufetet, \ you were ob u g ed. @ie muftten, > fte mufjteit, they were obliged. Subjunctive. Present. ttrir miiffen, we must. UjrmiifH \ you must. <©te miiffen, ) fte miiffen, they must. Imperfect. id) miifjte, I were obliged. bu miifeteft, thou wert obliged. er tttiifjte, he were obliged. ttrir miiftten, we were obliged. tljr mufetet, \^ ym were oMiged ^ @te miifjten, fte miiftteu, they were obliged. Future id) merbe miiffen, I shall be obliged. bu ttrirfi miiffen, thou wilt be obliged, etc. id) merbe miiffen, {that) I shall be obliged. bu roet'Defl miiffen, thou wilt be obliged, etc. Perfect. id) $abt gemufjt or mitfen, I have been obliged. bu I)aft gemujjt or miiffen, etc. id) \)abt gemuf$t or miiffen, (that) I have been obliged. bu Ijabcfl gemufjt or munen, etc. Pluperfect. id) fyatte gemuftt or miiffen, / had been obliged. bu tjatteft gemufet or miiffen, etc. id) tjatte gemufjt or miiffen, {that) I had been obliged. bu l)dtteft gemufet or mii-ffen, etc. Future Perffct. id) merbe gemuftt fyaben or fallen mitffen, / shall have been obliged. bu ttrirft gemuftt fjaben or fyaben miiffen, etc. id) merbe gemufet ijnben or Imfcen miiffen, (that) I shall have been obliged. bu roerfceft gemufet fyaben or fyaben miiffen, etc. First Conditional. id) nuifjtc or id) roiirbe miiffen, I should be obliged. bu mii&teft or bu raiirbeft miiffen, thou wouldst be obliged^ etc "-* THE AUXILIARIES OF MODE. 269 Second Conditional. id) pttc gemufct or miiffcn, or id) rniirbe gemujjt Ijaben or Ijaben miiffen, / should have been obliged. bit fyfitteft gemufct or miiffen, or bu roiirbeft gemufct fyaben or Ijaben miiffen, etc. Infinitive. Present: muff en, to be obliged. Perfect: gemuftt fyaben or ^aben miiffcn, to have been obliged. Participles. Present: mitffenb, being obliged. Past: gemufit or miiffcn, been obliged. 384. The Auxiliary fbmtCtt, (can) to be able. Principal Parts: fonnen, fonntc, gcfonnt. Indicative. id) fann, I can, am able. bu fannft, thou canst. er fann, he can. mir fonnen, we can. ibr fonnt, ) ,~.*.. \ you can. @ie fonnen, ) fie fonnen, they can. id) f onnte, / could, was able. bu fonnteft, thou couldst. er fonnte, he could. loir fonnten, we could. itjr fonntet, ■you could. Subjunctive. Present. id) X bnnc, (that) I can, be able. bu fbnncfl, thou canst. er tonne, he can. ttrir fonnen, we can. ib,r fonnet, ©ie fonnen, fie fonnen, they can. ■you can. @ie fonnten, fie fonnten, they could. id) roerbe fonnen, I shall be able. bu roirft fonnen, thou wilt be able, etc. Imperfect. id) fonnte, I could, were able. bu fonnteft, thou couldst. er fonnte, he could. mir fonnten, we could. i^r fonntet, \ ym€mMt ®te fonnten, ) fte fonnten, they could. Future. id) merbe fonnen, (that) I shall be able. bu roerbefi fonnen, thou wilt be able, etc. 270 THE AUXILIARIES OF MODE. Indicative. Perfect. Subjunctive. id) fyabt gefonnt or f onnen, / have been able. bu ^aft gefonnt or fonnen, etc. id) fjabe gefonnt or fbnnen, {that) I have been able. bu Ijallejt gefonnt or fonnen, etc. Pluperfect id) fyatte gefonnt or fbnnen, / had been able. bu I)atteft gefonnt or fonnen, etc. id) fycitte gefonnt or fonnen, {that) I had been able. bu fyatteft gefonnt or fonnen, etc. Future Perfect id) merbe gefonnt fjaben or {joben fbnnen, / shall have been able. bu hurft gefonnt fyaben or fyaben fonnen, etc. id) tuerbe gefonnt fjaben or fjaben fbltnen, {that) I shall have been able. bu toerbeft gefonnt fyaben or Ijaben fonnen, etc. First Conditional. id) fbnnte, or id) roiirbe fonnen, I should be able. bu fonnteft, or bu ttmrbefi fonnen, thorn wouldst be able, etc. Second Conditional. id) Ijatte gefonnt or fonnen, or id) roiirbe gefonnt fyaben or fyaben fonnen, / should have been able. bu fycitteft gefonnt or fonnen, or bu roiirbeft gefonnt ijaben or fjaben fonnen, etc.. Infinitive. Present: fonnen, to be abk Perfect: gefonnt fyaben or (joben fbnnen, to have been able. Participles. Present: fbnuenb, being able. \ Past: gefonnt or fbnnen, been able. THE AUXILIARIES OF MODE. 271 385. The Auxiliary ftoflctt, {will) to be willing (to wish, to like). Principal Parts: tooUen, toolUc, getooflt. Indicative. id) ft) ill, I will, am willing. bu ttrillft, thou wilt. er ttull, he will. roir roolleu, we will. tfrwollt, \ youwUL ©ie roolleu, > fie tt)oIleu ; they will. Subjunctive. Present. id) tOO lie, {that) I will, be willing. bu ttJOlUft, thou will. er tooUc, ^ will. luir roollen, «/^ w*7/. iljrroollet, ) . /A ©ie roollen, ) fie niolleu, they will. Imperfect. iff) tt)0llte, I would, was willing. bu rootlteft, thou wouldst. er roollte, >£ fte tuolltert, //& fie tooltteu, rtbrp would. Future. id) tterbe toolleu, /shall be willing. bu tttirft tOOllen, thou wilt be willing, etc. id) toerbe roolleu, (Ma/) / shall be willing. bu tticrbeft ttJOlleil, thou wilt bewill- ing, etc. Pfrfect. idj Ijabe gerootCt or tooUen, I have been willing. bu ^aft geroollt or molten, etc. id) l)abe geroollt or tootten, {that) 1 have been willing. bu Ijaoeft geroollt or roollen, etc. Pluperfect. idj tjatte geroollt or tootten, / had been willing. bu tjatteft geroollt or roollen, etc. id) tjdtte geroollt or toollen, {that) J had been willing. bu riatteft getooflt or roolleu, etc. 272 THE AUXfLIARIES OF MODE. Indicative. Future Perfect. Subjunctive. id) toerbe getoollt fjaben or Jjaben ft) Oil Ctt, I shall have been willing. tm nurft getoollt Ijaben or Ijaben molten, etc. id) toerbe getootlt fjaben or Ijabcn ftiollcn, (that) I shall have been willing. bu tocroefl getooflt l)aben or fyaben toollen, etc. First Conditional. id) tOOlltC, or id) toiirbe toollen, I should be willing. bu toollteft, or bu toiirbeft molten, thou wouldst be willing, etc. Second Conditional. id) Ijiittc geftiollt or toollen, or id) roiirbe getoollt b,aben or fyaben tooUen, / should have been willing. . bu fjotteft getoollt or tooUen, or bu raiirbeft getoollt fyaben or Ijaben toollen, etc. Infinitive. Present: Ojollen, to be willing. Perfect: getnoUt fjaben, or Ijaben ft) oil Ell, to have been willing. Participles. Present: toollenb, being willing. | Past: getoollt or ftiollen, been willing. 386. The Auxiliary juflctt, shall, ought. Principal Parts: follen, foflte, gefoflt. Indicative. id) foil, I shall, am to. bu foUft, thou shall. er foil, he shall. toir fallen, we shall. \\)K foUt, ©ie follen, fie follen, they shall. \ you shall. It ' Present. Subjunctive. id) folic, (Ma/) I shall, be to. bu foiled, ^^ w shall. er folic, ** j>W/. toir follen, we shall. it)r follct, ©ie follen, fte follen, they shall. yyou shall. THE AUXILIARIES OF MODE. 273 Indicative. Imperfect. Subjunctive. id) foEte, I should, ought, was to. bit foEteft, thou shouldst. er fottte, he should. fail' foEteil, we should. ifyr foEtet, ©ie foEten, fie foEten, they should. Vyou should. id) tuerbe foEen, /shall be to. bu ttnrft follen, thou wilt be to, etc. id) foEte, (that) /should, ought, were to. i>U follteft, thou shonld. er foEte, he should. roir foEten, we should. iljrfoEtet, I hoM ©ie fotlten, ) J fie foEten, they should. Future. id) toerbe foEen, (that) / shall be to. bu tocroefl foEen, thou will be to, etc. Perfect. id) f)Ctbe gefollt or fotlen, /have been to. bu l)aft gefollt or folteu, etc. id) l)abe gefollt or f oUcn, (that) /have been to. bu IjoJbefl gefollt or foEen, etc. Pluperfect. id) t)atte gefollt or foUen, / had been to. bu i)Qtteft gefollt or foEen, etc. id) tjdtte gefollt or follen, (that) I had been to. bu tjatteft gefollt or follen, etc. Future Perfect. 'id) tt)erbe gefollt fjaben or {jaben f OtUtt, /shall have been to. bu mirft gefollt Ijaben or Ijaben foEen, etc. id) roerbe gefollt l)aben or Ijaben fodCU, (that) / shall have been to. bu toerbeft gefollt fjaben or Ijaben foEen, etc. First Conditional. idj fofltc, or id) tniirbe foEen, / should be to. bu follteft, or bu ttiirbeft foEen, thou wouldst be to, etc. Second Conditional. id) Ijatte gefollt or foHen, or id) nmrbe gefollt Ijaben or Ijaben foEen, /should have been to. bu Ijatteft gefollt or foEen, or bu ttmrbeft gefoEt Ijaben or fyaben foEen, etc. Infinitive. Present: foEen, shall, ought. I Perfect: gefoEt fjabeu, or Jjaben follen, to have been to. Participles. Present: foEenb, being to. \ Past: gefollt or follen, been to. 274 THE AUXILIARIES OF MODE. 387. The Auxiliary biirf Ctt, to be allowed (to dare). Principal Parts: tmrfen, burfte, geimrft. Indicative. id) barf, I am allowed. bu barfft, thou art allowed. er barf, he is allowed. tt)ir biirfen, we are allowed. 2. ' ' \you are allowed. ®ie biirfen, ) fte biirfen, they are allowed. Subjunctive. Present. id) fciirfe, I be allowed. bit btirfeft, thou be allowed. er fciirfC, he be allowed. ttrir biirfen, we be allowed. J, ' ' [you be allowea ©ie biirfen, ) fie biirfen, they be allowed. id) burfte, I was allowed. bu burfteft, thou wast allowed. er burfte, he was allowed. luir blirften, we were allowed. ' ' ' \ you were allowed. @ie burftcn, ) fte burfteu, they were allowed. Imperfect. id) biirf te, I were allowed. bu biirfteft, thou wert allowed. er biirf te, he were allowed. ttrir biirf ten, we were allowed. ii)r burftet, ) werg allowed ^ @ie biirften, ) fte biirften, they were allowed. Future. id) roerbe biirfen, I shall be allowed. bu ttrirft biirfen, thou wilt be allowed, etc. id) roerbe biirfen, {that) I shall be allowed. bu tuertiefl biirfen, thou wilt be allowed, etc Perfect. id} fyabe geburft or biirfen, / have been allowed. bu tjaft geburft or biirfen, etc. id) tjabt geburft or biirfen, {that) I have been allowed. bu tyabefl geburft or biirfen, etc. Pluperfect. Id) tjatte geburft or biirfen, I had been allowed. bu Ijattcft geburft or biirfen, etc. id) i)dtte geburft or biirfen, {that) 1 had been allowed, bu tjtitteft geburft or biirfen, etc. THE AUXILIARIES OF MODE. 275 Indicative. Future Perfect. Subjunctive. id) merbe geburft fyaben or Jjaben fctirf Clt, I shall have been allowed. bu roirft geburft fjaben or fyaben biirfen, etc. id) toerbe geburft Ijabeu or Jjaben tJUtfcn, (^/fcatf) / .$•/£#// have been allowed. bu merit eft geburft fyaben or fyaben biirfen, etc. First Conditional. itf) bitrfte, or id) roilrbe biirfen, I should be allowed. bu biirfteft, or bu miirbeft biirfen, thou wouldst be allowed, etc. Second Conditional. id) Ijatte geburft or biirfen, or id) miirbe geburft fyaben or fyaben biirfen, / should have been allowed. bu tjatteft geburft or biirfen, orbit miirbeft geburft tjaben or ijaben biirfen, etc. Infinitive. Present: biirfen, to be allowed. Perfect: geburft tjaben or fjafien Ditrfcn, to have been allowed. Participles. Present: burfenb, being allowed. Past: geburft or biirfen, bum allowed. 388. The Auxiliary muflClt, (may) to like. Principal Parts : mogen, mod)te, gemot^t. Indicative. id) ntag, / may, like. t>U magft, thou mayest. er ntag, he may. ftrir mogen, we may. Ibr moat, ) ' ° ' > you may. @te mogen, ) ue ntogen, they may. Subjunctive. Present. id) mbge, {that) I may, like. bu niogefi, thou may. er mbge, he may. nur mogen, we may. ■you may. tf)r moget, ©te mogen, fie mogen, they may. 276 THE AUXILIARIES OF MODE. Indicative. id) mocfjte, I liked. bu modjteft, thou likedst. er modjte, he liked. roir modjten, we liked. ■you liked. ifjr modjtet, I @ie modjten, V fte modjten, they liked. Subjunctive. Imperfect. id) mbdjtc, {that) /might, liked. bu modjteft, thou might. er modjte, he might. roir molten, we might. ifjr mbd&tet. ) . , . ' ' ' \you might. @ie mbd)ten, ) jte modjten, they might. Future. id) roerbe mbgen, I shall like. bu roirft mbgen, thou wilt like, etc Perfect id) fjabe gemodjt or mbgen, I have liked. bu fjaft gemocfjt or mogen, etc. Pluperfect. id) rjatte gemodjt or mogen, / had liked. bu I)atteft gemod)t or mbgegen, 2 (b.) induce 23tegcn, (b. and].) bend aSteten, (b.) offer 95tnfccn, (b.) bind 33ttten, (b.) beg 33lafen, (b.) blow $Mctbett, (f.) remain 33Ietd)en, 3 (b.) bleach 33ratcn, (b.) roast Pres. Indie. Bacfft, bactt brat Imper. Impf. Indie. Impf. Subj. Past Part. but bute gebacfen befteblft, beftebjt beftet)t befall beflifj befable befobje befliffe befoblen befltffen begann begdnne begbnne begonnen bi& biffe gebiffen fcirgft, birgt birg barg barge burge geborgen birfteft birft birft barft borft barfte borfte geborften beroog berooge bemogen bog boge, gebogen (beutft, beut) (beut) bot banb bote banbe geboten gebunben bat bate gebeten bWfeft, biaft blieS blieb bltefe bliebe geblafen geblieben blitt) blid)e gebltdjen bratft, brtet briete gebraten 1 At present more frequently regular, except in the past participle. 2 Regular, except in the sense induce. 8 Regular, as transitive. 277 278 STRONG AND MIXED VERBS. Infinitive. Pres. Indie. Imper. Impf. Indie. Impf. Subj. Past Part. 33red)en, §.and\.) break briebft, bricbt bricb brad) bracbe gebrorben SSrennen, (b.) burn brannte brenntc gebrannt SBriugen, (b.) bring bracbte bradjte gebracbt Tcnfen, (b.) think bacbte bacbte gebudji SDingen, (b.) hire (bang, bung) gebungen (gebingt) $rcfd)etl, (I).) thresh brifebeft, brifebt, brifeb brafd) brofeb brafebe brofebe gebrofeben ^rtttgen, 1 (f.) force one's brang brdngc gebrungen way ®iirfcn, (b.) be allowed barf, barfft, barf, burftc btirfte geburft @mpfel)fen,(b.) recom- mend empfieblft, empfteblt empftebl empfabl empfable empfbble empfoblen @ffen, (b.) eat iffeft, i& a* afje gegeffen gfafjren, (f.) go fabrft, fabrt fubr fiibrc gefabren fatten, (f.) fall faat fid ftele gef alien Sfanqen, (b.) catch fangft, fangt f»ng fteng ftngc ftcngc gefangen ftedjten, (b.) fight pebteft, ftcbt ficbt focbt focbtc gefocbten tftnben, (bO find fanb ffinbe gefunben ivlcditcu, (I).) twine fliebft, flicbt flicbt flocbt pebte geflocbtcn SUegen, (f.) fly (fleugft, fleugt) (fleug; flog pgc geflogcn 3?liehen, (f.) flee (fleucbft, fleucbt) (fleurb) flob fltye gefloben tyltef?en, (f. andf).) flow (fleufeeft, fleufet) (fleufe) flofc Pffe gefloffen ftragen, (b.) ask fragft (fragft) fragt (fragt) fragtc (frug) fragtc (fritge) gefragt gfreffen, (b.) devour friffeft, frifet frife frafc frdfje gefreffen 3fricren, (f. and\).) freeze fror frore gefroren gobr gobre gegobren 1 brangen, force, is transitive and regular. STRONG AND MIXED VERBS. 279 Infinitive. Pres. Indie. Imper. Impf. Indie. Impf. Subj j. Past Part. ©ebdren, (b.) bear (gebterft, gebiert) gebier gebar gebare geboren ©cben, (b.) give gtebft, giebt gibft, gibt gteb gib gab gabe gegeben ©ebeiben, (fO thrive gcbtcb gebiebe gebieben ©eben, (f.) go fling ginge gegangen ©clingen, (f.) succeed gelang gelcinge gelungen ©elten, (b.) be worth giitft, flirt flilt gait gfilte golte gegotten ©enefen, (f.) recover gena§ genafe genefen ©ettteften, (b.) enjoy genofj genoffe genoffen ©efcbebm, (f.) happen gefd)iebt gefebab gefebabe gefebeben ©eroinnen, (b.) gain geroann geroanne geroonne geroonnen ©icfjcn, (b.) pour (geufjeft, geufst) (geufj) flofj goffe gegoffen (Sieidyen, 1 (b.) resemble gltcb glicbe geglicben ©Icttcn, 2 (f. and\).) glide fllitt glitte geglitten ©Itntmcn, (b.) gleam glomm glomme geglommen ©raben, (b.) dig grabft, grabt grub griibe gegraben ©rcifcn, (b.) gripe griff griffe gegrtffen •Oaben, (b.) have bat battc batte gebabt 4?ulten, (b.) hold bdtt bielt Ijtelte gefyalten £angen, s (b.) hang bangft, bttngt bing binge gebangen (bangft, bangt) bieng bienge $auetl, (b.) hew breb biebe gebauen <£*ben, (b.) raise bob bub bobe biibe geljoben £etf|en, (b.) call biefe biefje gebeifjen Rcifcn, (b.) help Bilft bilf balf balfe biilfe gefyolfen ftetfen,* (b.) chide tiff liffe gefiffen ficmten, (b.) know tannic fennte gefannt SUteben, 2 (b. ««^f.) cleave Hob flobe gefloben • JfUtmmen, 2 (b. ««^f.) climt flomm flbmme geflommen 1 Usually regular when transitive, make like, 2 Sometimes regular. 8 bangen is transitive and regular. * Usually regular. 280 STRONG AND MIXED VERBS. Infinitive. Pres. Indie. Imper. Ii npf. Indie. Impf. Subj . Past Part. Stltngcn, (I).) sound flang flange fliinge geflungen ^netfen, 1 (b.) pinch fniff fntffe getniffen Eneipcn, 2 (b.) pinch (fntpp) (fntppe) (gefnippen) &omnten, (f.) come (fbmmft, fbmmt) fam fame gefommen &c>rmcti, (b.) can fann, fannft, fann fonnte fbnnte gefonnt JSrtcdKH, (b. attd\.) creep bitten, (b.) choose (treuebft, freucbt) (freucb) trod) for frocbe fore gefrocben geforen fiaben, 3 (b.) load, invite labft, Idbt lub lube gelaben fiaffeit, (b.) let laffeft, lafit liefe liefje gelaffen £aufen, (f. and b.) run Iaufft, lauft lief liefe gelaufen fictben, (b.) suffer litt Utte gelitten Cethen, (6.) lend Iieb liebe gelieben £efen, (b.) read fitegert, (b.) He Hefeft, licft Iie§ Uri lag lafe Icige gelefen gelegen fiofd)cn, 4 (I).) go out lifc&eft, Hfcbt Hfcb lofeb Ibfcbe gelofcben Sitgcn, (b.) tell a lie (leugft, leugt) (leug) log Ibge gelogen 5ttahtcn, (6.) grind SDfcetben, (b.) shun (mablft, mdblt) (mubl) mieb (miible) miebe gemablen gemieben SDfcclfen, 8 (b.,) milk (milfft, mtlft) (milf) molf molfe gemolfen 2Jieffen, (b.) measure SBfctflUngen, (f.) fail miffeft, tnifjt mifj mafe mifelang jitofee mifjldnge gemeffen mtfjlungen SERogen, (b.) may mag, magft, mag mocbte mbd)te gemocbt ffifctiffen, (b.) must mufj, mufjt, tnufj mufjte mufjte gemufjt SRehmen, (6.) take Steiuteii, (b.) name nimmft, ntmmt nimm nabm nannte ndbme nennte genommen genannt 1 Sometimes regular. 2 Usually regular. * Also regular. txtinguish. * Regular in the sense STRONG AND MIXED VERBS. 281 Infinitive. Pres. Indie. Imper. Impf. Indie. Impf. Sub j. Past Part. SPfdfcn, (I).) whistle Pfiff Ppffe gepfiffen ^Jflegen, 1 (ft.) cherish Pflofl PffOfl pfloge gepflogen Vrctfcn, 2 (ft.) praise prte§ prtefe gepriefen £Juellen, 3 (f. andfy.) gush quiUft, quittt quill quoll qublle gequollen 9tad)Cit, 4 (I).) avenge (rocft) (rocfte) gerodften 9Kat(I))en, (ft.) advise rat(ft)ft, rat(ft) riet(ft) riet(ft)e gerat(ft)en Sftctben, (6.) rub ricb riebe gerieben ?tctf?cit, (6. and\.) tear rife riffe geriffen SWcttcn, 2 (f. ««^ft.) ride ritt ritte gerttten SRennen, 2 (f. andi).) run rannte (rennte) rennte gerannt (gerennt) Niedicn, (ft.) smell (reudftft, reucftt) (reudft) rod) rocfte gerodften ?Ctlt;iCM, (6.) wring rang rung range riinge gerungen Tiiuiicu, (f. tf»a?ft.) run . rann ranne rbnne geronnen 9?ufen, (ft.) call rtef riefe gerufen <3aitfcn, (I).) drink faufft, fauft Toff foffe gefoffen 2au,qen, (ft.) suck fog foge gefogen <2d)0ffcrt, 5 (ft.) create fcftuf fcftiife gefdftaffen (Sdjallen, 1 (ft.) sound fcftoU fcftblle gefcftoUen SdKtfrcn, (f. andfy.) part fd>ieb fdfttebe gefeftieben 2d)cinen, (ft.) appear fd)ien fcfttene gefeftienen •Sdieltcn, (ft.) scold fcftilft, fcftilt fefcttt fdftalt fcftdlte fcftblte gefdftolten 2d)crcn, (6.) shear fcftierft, fcftiert fcftier fdftor fdftbre gefdftoren <2d)icbeu, (ft.««^f.) shove fcfiob fdftbbe gefdftoben <2d)te8en, (ft.) shoot (fdbeufeeft, fcfteufet) (fcfteufc) fc6o§ fcftbffe gefdftoffen ®d)inben, (6.) flay fdftunb fdftiinbe gefeftunben Itngen, (b.) sling 2d)me tffcii, (b.) smite @d)meljen, 2 (f.) melt fcbmtljeft, fcbmiljt Sdniaubcn, 3 (6.) snort gdmctben, (b.) cut Sdiraubcn, 4 (b.) screw ®d)recfcn, 2 (f.) be afraid febrtctft, fcbriclt Zdneibcn, (b.) write <3d)rden, (b.) cry ®d)rcften, (f.) stride Zdymaven, (J).and\.) ulcer- (febroterft, ate febraiert) Sdirociqcn, 2 (b.) be silent ®d)tt»cnen,* (\,andi).) swell fdjroillft, jcbroiQt Sdmmnmcn, (b. and f .) swim <3d)n>tnben, (f.) vanish (2d)n>tnIicben f$Kff fcbliffc gefcbliffen fcblifc fcbliffc gefcbliffen fagcn, (b.) weigh roog rooge geroogen 2Bafchcn, (6.) wash roajebeft, roafebt roufdj roiifebe geroafdjen 2Beben, s (|0 weave roob robbc gerooben rota) roicbe gerotcben SBetfen, (b.) show roie§ roiejc gerotefen 2Benben, s (b.) turn roanbte roenbete roenbete geroanbt geroenbet 2Berben, (b.) sue roirbft, rotrbt roirb roarb rodrbe rourbe geroorben SBerben, (j.) become rotrft, roirb roarb rourbe rourbe geroorben 2Berfen, (b.) throw roirfft, rotrft roirf roarf roarfc rourfe geroorfen 2Biegen, 6 (b.) weigh roog rooge geroogen 2Binben, (b.) wind roartb rocinbe gerounben 2BtfFett, (b.) know roetfj, roetfet, roeifj roufjte roufjte geroufjt 2BofIen, (b.) will roitt, roWft, roia rooUte rooUte geroollt *tcthcn, (b-) accuse Sieb Jtebe gejieben ;{tcl)cn, (b.) draw (jeucbft, jeucbt) (jeud?) 8«8 joge gejogen Snmtgen, (b.) force jroang jroange gejroungen 1 Often regular. 2 Regular when transitive. 3 Also regular. * Regular in the sense to/ten. 6 Regular in the sense rock* VOCABULARIES. I. GERMAN-ENGLISH VOCABULARY. The Arabic numerals refer to sections, not to pages, unless so indicated. Most of the abbreviations used in the Vocabulary are self-explanatory. Following a noun are the indications for gender (m. for masculine, f. for feminine, «. for neuter), of the formation of the genitive singular, with the exception of feminines (40, 2.), and of the nominative plural, unless it is wanting, thus : Slbettb, m. -i, -e. If the nominative plural has the same form as the singular, it is indicated by a dash (see 5ld)tel). The principal parts of strong and of mixed verbs are given, but not those of weak (or reg- ular) verbs. Intransitive verbs that take fetn as their auxiliary, or sometimes fein and sometimes baben, have an f. (or f). and f.) following "intr." ; the absence of such abbre- viations indicates that the auxiliary is buben alone. Definitions, identical in origin with the German word defined, or closely allied, are printed in hold-face type. Words more remotely related are printed in small capitals. The number of syllables, their quantity, and the place of the principal accent, are indi- cated after each word, thus: abftchrit (^-"X In the case of prefixes that are used sometimes as separable and sometimes as inseparable (232), the accent distinguishes, as the inseparable prefix is never accented. ab (**), adv. and separable prefix, off, down. Ottf UltU ab, up and down. abbe fie den (^ww^ tr. countermand. abbrccbcn (^ vv ), -brad), -gebrod)en, tr. break off, pluck, pick. abbrennen^^-brannte^gebrannt, tr. burn off, intr. f . be burnt down. abbanfen ( ,5vv ), tr. dismiss with thanks; discharge. 5lbenb (- w ), m. -§, -e, evening. (be§) 2Ibenb§, in the evening, jit — effen, sup. -brot ^r-effen, n. supper. — glodE e,_/I cur- few, -lauten, n. peal of evening-bells, vesper-bells. -fonnenfdjein, m. evening sunshine. abenfed (-«), adv. See 3tbenb. aber (- w ), conj. but, however. abfabren (?-"), -fubr, -gefabren, intr. f. drive off, start. 3(« nbfrf)laflcu. abforbern 5 ""), tr. demand. abgeben 5 -"), -gab, -gegeben, tr. give up, leave, a btie hen 5 -"), -gtng, -gegangen, intr. f. go off, start, ab flopten 5 ""), tr. knock off. ablegen 5 -"), tr. lay off, remove. abmad)cn s ""), tr. settle. abnefmteit 5 -")* -nabm, -genommen, tr. take off. abrat(b)en 5 - «), -riet(b), -gerat(b)en, tr. dissuade (one, dat.) from. Slbretfe {*-^),f. departure. abretfen 5 -"), intr. f. set out, leave, de- part, abrcijjen 5 -"), -rtfc, -geriffen, tr. tear off. abfdUatien (*- v ), -fd)Iug, -gefd)lagen, tr. knock off. Those verbs are called mixed that change the radical vowel in certain forms, like strong verbs, but otherwise are conjugated like weak verbs. They try to be on both sides of the fence, like " scurvy politicians." 287 nbitfjvcibcn. 288 Wnucnfen. abfd)reiben (^- u ), -fcbrieb, -gefcbrieben, tr. •write off, transcribe, copy. 2lbfid)t (? v ), f -en, intention, purpose, design, abfprcngcn 0**"*), intr. f. gallop away; tr. break off. abfrcbcn (5u ), proriladj. other, else, differ- ent, unter Slnbern (u. 91.), among others; among other things. anberS O 5 "), adv. otherwise, differently. a it berth a lb ( ,5ww ), indecl. adj. (other or second half, i. e.) one and a half. (244, c 2.) aneirpien (°- u ), tr. take for one's own, appropriate, fid) — , acquire. 5Inerbteten 0* M - W ), «. -§, offer. an fa lien (*»"*), -fiel, -gefallen, /r. fall upon, attack. 5infang («*«), w. -3, -ange, beginning. anfangcit (*««), -frng, -gefangen, /r. begin, commence. 5Infanger (* ww )» w. -§, — (/-in, 113), beginner. angebeu (*-»»), -gab, -gegeben, *r. men- tion, state. angebeu («-«), -fling, -gegangen, tr. go to, concern. 3(na.clegenbctt (* v - u -), y; _en, con* cernrriint, concern, affair. nngcticbm C* w -)i adj. or adv. accepta- ble, agreeable, pleasant. 5lngeftcht ( <5wu ), «. -3, -er, face, coun- tenance. angldiqen (*y v ), tfr. cast a glare or glance on, shine upon. Sttgftfg =» diigftltcb 5 "), adj. or adv. ANXIOUS. an babe ii (^- w ), -batte, -gebabt, *V. have on, wear. anbalteu ( >5 « w ), -bjelt, -gebalten, tr. hold on to, stop. aubaltcub (- uu ), a '/. or adv. continu- ously). aiibangen 5 ""), tr. cause to hang on, attach (to the neck of), append. anflagcn ( v5 - w ), tr. accuse. anfleifcen 5 -"), tr. put clothes upon, dress. aufcmimeit (* ww ), -fam, -gefotmnen, *>o?r. f. arrive, come. aulegcn (^- w ), /r. lay on, put (a gun) to (the shoulder), take aim. cmmctcbcn O 5 "^), tr. kindle. anmafjen (*- v ), tr. assume (unduly), pre- tend. (348). anmelben ( v5uw ), tr. announce, introduce, fid) — , present one's self. 5lnmerfuttg (**»*^J^ -en, remark. aiiucbmeit (<*-«), -nabm, -genommen, /r. take on, accept, assume, receive. anreben (*-*), tr. address. anfrbnaHen 5 ""), tr. buckle on. aufebcit 5 -"), -fab, -gejeben, *r. look on or at, regard, consider. 2Infehen O 5 -^), «. -i, aspect, look. tion — , by sight, auffatr ( wv5 ), /ranberte (•««»»«*»), ber (bie), the emigrant. auSgteften (--«), -gofj, -gegoffen, tr. pour out. auSlaffen (- ww ), -liefj, -gelaffen, *r. let Out, leave out, omit. audltefern (--«), tr. deliver up. ait-M6fd)ett (- ww ), tr. extinguish, put out. niisnmdien (-««), tr. make out; put out. eg macb. t nicbtg au$, never mind. auSrufen (*-"), -rtef, -gerufen, /r. cry OUt, Call OUt, EXCLAIM. auSmben {-- v ), intr. rest out, rest fully, repose. auSfeben (--«), -fab, -gefeben, Mtfr. look, appear, seem. 3lu3febeu (--"), n. -g, appearance. auften (-«), adv. without. auftcr (- w ). 1. Prep with dat. outside of, out of, besides ; 2 -bent, adv. besides, moreover, -fyalb, adv., or prep, with gen. or dat., on the outside of. (317.) a' lifter ft (- w ), adj. or adv. outermost, uttermost, extreme. (199, 2.) SIudfpradK (■ £ - v ), / pronunciation. WuSftcflung. 291 BefjagHd). SluSftellung (-""), / -en, setting out, exposition, exhibition. auStretben (--"), -trteb, -getrieben, tr. drive out, expel. auSroanbern (- ww ), Mr< !• wander out, emigrate. audroeitbig (- uu ), «*#. or adv. outside; by heart. auSrieben (*-«), -jog, -gejogen, /r. draw out, extract, take off; intr. f. march out ; remove (from a house). baav or bar (-), adj. or adv. bare ; pure ; in cash. ba(a)re§ ©elb, ready money, cash. Sad) (<*), m. -e3, -acfie, brook. Sdd)lettt (<*-), «. -§, — , brooklet, bacfen (**'), bu! or batfte, gebaden, *r. bake. Sab 5 ««on. balb balb , now .... now . . . . ; at one time .... at another time. 1. San (>*), m. -e§, -fine, ball. 2. Sail 5 ), w. -e§, -alle, ball, dancing party. Sanb (f), m. -e§, -finbe, volume ; binding. bang(c) (^ w ), «<#". or adv. anxious (347). Sanr (<*),/, -ante, bench. (371.) Sdr (-), m. -en, -en, bear. Sdrenfiihrer (- w - u ), m. -3, — , one who leads a bear. \cf. bear-herd, Shak.] (377.) Sarbier («-), m. -§, -e, barber. batbi(e)ren («- u ), tr. shave. Sart (-), m. -e§, Sarte, beard, ben — fd)e(e)ren, shave. Safe (-"), f. -n, female relative, cousin. batten C* w }j &*. build, r. answer. bebanten ( u<5w ), /r. thank ; reyf. refuse, decline, return thanks (for). bebauern ( w - u ), tr. regret. bebecfen ( w,iu ), 5w ), -bielt,-bebalten, tr. hold on upon, keep. behatipicit ("-"), tr. maintain, affirm. bebelfen £***$. -balf, -bolfen, refi. (with mit) help one's self with; get along, make a shift. bet (-), sep^ bie prefix and adv. near, near by ; prep, with dat. by, by the side of, near ; at, in, with, among, about ; at the house of {French, chez). bie *), adj or adv. known, noted. ©efamite (" ,5v '), ber (bie), acquaintance. 33efanntfchaft ( v * v ), f. -en, acquaint- ance. be fo m men ( u,iu ), -font, -fommen, tr. get, obtain, receive ; intr. f . (with dat.) suit, agree with. — ju feben, get a sight of. (346.) bef timmern 0-" 5 «), zV. afflict, trouble, con- cern, refi. fid) um fid) — , mind one's own business. » belaben ( w - u ), -lub, -laben, tr. load. bcldfrigcn (« <*«"), j?r. trouble, annoy. belaufen ( w - w ), -Hef, -laufen, tr. run over, traverse, visit, refi. fid) — Ctuf, amount to. beltmfchen ( w -°), /*-• listen secretly to, play the spy upon, watch and surprise. 33elgten (*«*»*), n. -§, Belgium. (233.) 33elgter O 5 ^), *«. -§, — , Belgian. (233.) Selgtertn C* V ** W X ./ -nen, Belgian. (233.) belgifd) 5 "), adj. Belgic, Belgian. (233.) belteben («-«), tr. like, be pleased with, wish (347). bclobtten ( v - v ), tr. reward. beliigen (v.**), _j og/ _i og en, tr. belie, de- ceive by lies. be tit deb ti gen («*««), r5w ), /r. use, make use of. bequent ( u -): a^'. 5vw), f. -en, employ- ment, occupation, business. befd)Hef?eit ( u - w ), -Jcblofc, -fd>Ioffert, shut or lock up ; conclude, determine. bcfd)imtl?cit ( w,5u ), tr. soil. befd)ulbtgen p^), *r. accuse of. beftegen ( u - u ), /?-. defeat. bcftijcn ( w,5u ), -faft, -?effen, tr. sit upon; possess, own. 35eft8er ( u,5u ), »«. possessor, owner. 53eft6ertn ( uv5wv/ )>y^ possessor, owner. bcfonberS ( w0w ), «fe. particularly. beforgen ( u,5u ), tr. care for. beforgt ( wv5 ), adj. or adv. anxious. befprengen ( vyiv ), tr. besprinkle, dash with water. beffer 5 "), adj. or adv. (cotnp of gut), better. — baran f ein, be better off. befl (•*), adj. or adv. (superl of gilt), best. jum 93eften baben, make sport of, rally, banter. be ft dnbtg ( v,iv ), adj. or adv. constant* Gy). bcftcfjett. 293 Mo§. beftel)cn( u - w ),-ftanb,-ftanben,*r. stand up to, endure, intr. stand firm, per- sist, insist. beftetgen ( w -«), — ftieg, ftiegen, tr. mount upon, bestride (ba§ giferb). befte licit ( w,5v ), tr. order. ©efiellung ( w<5u ),/ -en, order. beftcnS (*"), adv. in the best manner. (icb) ban! e — , (I) thank you very much. befrtmmeit C" 5 "), tr. appoint, determine. beftimmt ( v *), adj. definite, precise. SBefHntintbeit ("*-), f. -en, definiteness, preciseness. tttit — , positively. beftrafen ( u -°), tr. punish. 33e fuel) ( w -), m.-z%,-t, visit. befucbcn ( w - w ), fr". go to see, visit, call upon, attend. be ten (-"), intr. pray; tr. utter in prayer. betracbtcn (?*"), tr. look at. betreffen ( w,5u ), -traf, -troffen, *r. befall; concern. tt)d§ mid) betrifft, as for my- self. betriiben ("-"), tr. cast down, trouble. betr iigen («* - «), -trog,-trogen, 4r. deceive, cheat. 33etriiger ("-"), #*. ri» — , deceiver, im- postor. SSctrugerin ( u - ww ), /! impostor. 93ett {<*), «. -e§, -en, bed. -bede, f. cov- erlet, blanket. (370, 2.) Settler O 5 "), m. -3, — , beggar. 33ettlertn (* v »),f. -nen, beggar. beoor ( w -), «db« ««<^ sep'ble prefix, before, beforehand : conj. before {same as ebe). bcma(l))ren ( u - w ), tr. keep, guard. bemegen ( w - v ), -roog, -roogen, tr. induce, engage; reg. -megte, -roegt, tr. move, stir. 33c mealing ( u - w ), /, -en, movement, motion. be met) nen ("-"), tr. inhabit. 33cmobucr ( w -°), m. -3, — {/. -in, 113), inhabitant. bemuubern ( u,5u ), tr. regard with won- der, admire. 33cmuiibcrung (?* vs *) t f. admiration. bqcthlen ( w - w ), tr. pay. bqaubcrtt (°- w ), *r. enchant. bcjetcbnen (y £v ), tr. mark, denote, point out 33e}febitng (?-"),/. -en, relation, connec- tion, in btefer — , in this respect. btegen (-«), bog, gebogen, tr. bow, bend, curve, crook. 33ter (-), *. -e§, -e, beer. btctcn (- u ), bot, geboten, tr. bid, offer. 23tlb 5 ), n. -e§, -er, picture, image. btlben 5 "), tr. form, shape, make, fashion, build. 33ilbcvbud) C 5 "-), n. -eS, -biicber, picture- book. 33ttlct(t) («*, bill-yet), n. -eg, -e, billet, note; ticket. biubeu («*«), banb, gebunben, tr. bind, tie, fasten. 93iru(e) (-«), /! -n, pear. 33trnbcmm (--), m. -3, -baume, pear-tree. bid 5 ). i. «dfe as far as, till. — je§t, till now, as yet. — cm, — ctuf, — }U, up to, clear to; 2. prep, as far as to, all the way to, till, until, to, up to; 3. conj. {/or — bctfj), till the time that, till. (314.) bfSber ("-), adv. hitherto. btfc 5 ), itnperf. ind. of betfjen. bitten (^ w ), -bat, -gcbeten, tr. ask, re- quest, beg. — laffen, request (through another), mein SBctter lafjt Sie — , my father requests you (through me), (id)) bitte, please {lit. I beg). bttteilb (*»»), adj. or adv. entreating(ly). bitter 5 "), adj. or adv. bitter, sharp, stinging. blanf if), adj. or adv. shining, bright. blafen (- w ), blie§, geblafett, tr. and intr. blow, play (upon a wind-instrument). 33lrttt if), n. -e§, -fitter, blade, leaf, leaf of a book, com — , at sfcht. 33ld'ttlein {*-), n. -*, leaflet. blau (-), adj. or adv. blue, purple. 331et (-), n. -e§, lead. bteiben (-«), blieb, gebtieben, intr. f. stay, remain, be left. (211, 2.) 23leicbenn (-«"), /• -nen (p. 73, n. 5), bleacher {a woman). 33leifeber (,--«), J. -n, lead-pencil. 33lt$ if), m. -e§, -e, lightning. -fdjneQ, adj. or adv. quick(ly) as lightning. blilKii 5 "), intr. lighten, gleam, glisten, flash; blofl orbioi {-), adj. bare, naked; very freq. as adv. merely, simply, solely, only, sBlumdjen. 294 @ourS. 93liimd)cn (-«), >u -§, — , floweret, Kttle flower. sBlumc (- ^),f. -n, flower, blossom, bloom. 33lum(e)lein (-(")-), n. -3, — , floweret. 331uinengartd)en (- vwu ), n. -§, — , little flower-garden. 33luntcufobl (-"-), *«.-e§,-e, cauliflower. 33(umeuftrauf? (-"-), m. -e§, -aujjer, bouquet, nosegay. (137.) blutcii (-«), intr. bleed. 23lut(b)e (-"),./ -n, blossom, blow, flower. blutt'g (-"), adj. or adv. bloody. Sobcn (- w ), m. -§, — obert, bottom, ground, floor; attic. (367.) 93ogen (-°), m. -<5, — , bow, bend, curve, arc, arch ; sheet of paper. 33 o line (- w ), / -n, bean. Sorb or 33ort (^), w. -eg, -e, board; shelf, an — , on board, aboard, iibev — > overboard. 33orn (*), *«. -e<5, -e, spring, well, fount. [Cf. Scotch burn, a brook.] 335 rfc i-^),/- -», purse ; exchange. bofe' or boi (~ v ), adj. or adv. bad, naughty. 33ofen>id)t (- uw ), m. -<3, -e or -er, villain, rascal. (374.) 38ouquet(r) (-*, boo-ket), n. -§, -e, bou- quet. 33raud> (-), m. -e§, -dud)e, custom, usage. braild)cu (-«), rtr. use, need, want. braun (-), adj. or adv. brown, brao (-), adj. or adv. excellent, worthy, good, brave, braoo (--), inter/, bravo! well done! bred)en (^ w ), brad), gebvodjen, tr. break, brc it (-), adj. or adv. broad, wide. Srcitc (- u ),/ -n, breadth; latitude. SSreitengrao (-«-), nt. -3, -e, degree of latitude. b venue n 5 "), brcmnte, gebrctnnt, tr. or intr. burn. 33rtef (-), m. -e§, -e, letter, charter, brief. 33riefd)en (- w ), n. -3, — , short letter, note. 33rieftafd>e (-""),,/ -n, pocket-book. 23rieftrager (--<■'), m. -§, — , postman, letter-carrier. brtngenO 5 "), brad)te, gebracbt, tr. bring, fetch, take, carry. Srofc or Srobt or 93rot (-), «. -e§, -e, bread. 23rombeere (*- v )^ -n, blackberry. 33rofam (--), m. -e§, -e, > crumb, bit (of Srofame (-- u ), / -n, ) bread). 33rucfe (^^),/. -n, bridge. 93ruber (-«), w. -5, -iiber, brother. (367.) bvitlleu f* w )j /«/r. roar, bellow, low. SBrunnen (•*«), m. -4, — , well, spring, fountain. 33ube (- w ), m. -it, -n, boy, youth. 33ud) (-), n. -e§, -iidjer, book. 33ud)bcmm (--), m. -e3, -aume, beech- tree. 33udK (r v ),/. -n, beech-tree, beech. 93tid)erfd)ranf (- ww ), *«. -§, -dnfe, book- case. bucfen (" 5w ), r^f. bow, bend over. Surg (f), /J —en, stronghold, castle ; forti- fied town. Stirrer ( <5u ), m. -§,— (/ -in, 113), inhab- itant of a town, burgher {cf. Surg), citizen. aSiirgerfrieg (•*«-), **• -*# -«» civil-war. 33urfd) or 33urfd)C f* or *«), m. -en, -e er, roof. (375.) bad)te ("* v )j imp/, ind. of benfen. babnrd) {-^^and-^), adv. therethrough, through or by or by means of it or them or that. bafiir (-- and --), adv. therefor, for it or them or that. (58.) bao.ca.cn (--"), adv. against it or them or that; against or over; on the contrary, on the other hand. (58.) bahctm (--), adv. there at home, at home, bahcr (--)> adv. thence, from there; for that reason, therefore ; hence, ball in (-< and -"), adv. thither, so far; away or along, past, there, bahinctlcn {-^-^), intr. f). or f. hasten away or along. bamatd (--), adv. at that time, then. ftantc (-"),/ -n, lady, dame. Qamenhut (- w -), m. -3, -iite, bonnet, taunt (-« and -^), adv. therewith, with it or that or them ; conj. wherewith (= raomit), in order that, so that. (58.) Stantpf (*), m. -e§, -cimpfe, steam, vapor, damp. 3>ampfboot (*-), n. -e§, -e or -ote, steam-boat, steamer. $ampffd)iff (*"), n. -e§, -c, steam-ship, steamer. banacfo {--or--), thereafter, after it or that or them. (58.) Qane (-<-), m. -n, -n, Dane. (233.) bancbcn (--«), adv. beside it or that or them. (58.) ^anemarf (- uw ), «• -*, Denmark. (233.) bdnifd) (^«), «#. or^rfz;. Danish. (233.) 3>anf 5 ), w. -eg («o //.), thanks. banfbar 5 -), «<^'- or adv. thankful. ban fen (<*«), z«^r. w#A o/«/. thank; *r. owe. bann (f), adv. then. — unb roann, now and then. baran or bran (-* #«s), «<&/. thereabout, around or for or respecting it or that or them ; for that reason, on that account, therefore. (58.) barunten or brunren (-<« and^^), adv. there below, under there, down, below. baruuter or bruntcr (-**» and *»»«#, vs^ aaafe. thereunder, beneath or among it or that or them. bad (<*), ««/. that ; {for fo baft) so that bauerljafr. 296 bidftJtereit. fcaucrftaft (- wu ), adj. or adv. durable, solid. baoon (-< and - v ), adv. thereof, of or from or by or respecting it or that or them ; thence, away, off. baoonlaufen (-*- v X -lief, -gclaufen intr. f . run away, escape. baju (-- ««a? --), adv. thereto* to or for edfe { iyj ) y f -n, covering, coverlet. i. betn {-),poss. adj. thy, thine. 2. betn (-) #r betner (- u ), £-*«. ««£•. ^Z" bu, of thee, thine. (Page 175, n. 1.) betuetnalbcn (- www ), ) adv. on thy ac- betnetroeqeit (- w - u ), / count ron. ber. (218.) berjentge (-- wu ), m. ; bfejcntge (-- uw ), f; baSjetttge (*- MW ), n. : delerm.adj. and pr. that or that one, the one, those. berfelbe (-«*«), m. ; btefelbe {-*"), f; badfelbe ( w,5w ), n.; determ. adj. and pron. the selfsame or same; he, she, it, they. (168.) berfelbt'ge (- ,5ww ), etc., same as berfelbe, etc. bed 5 ). gen. sing, of the art. ber. (S2.) beabalb, befjbalb, beflbalben £-(«), adv. or conj. on that account, therefore. beffen (<*«), £-, «. -e§, -e w-er, thing, btr (-), dat. sing. ofbu. (35.) btotbi(e)ren (-»«-«), ifr. divide. bod). 297 imrfen. bod) 5 ), adv. or conj. though, yet, never- theless, however ; after all, surely, doubt- less. I hope, is it not so? Sometimes simply but : to an imperat. or optat. adds a tone of strongt r entreaty (like Engl. do): I) ore — , pray hear, usually follow- ing the verb in an emphatic inverted sentence. Doctor 5 "), ) _ " ' . , , ». * A ), * i **■ -%, -to'ren, doctor, fcoftor 5 "), J ' lonnemO 5 "), intr. thunder. QonnerStag (? vyj or *"-), m. -3, -e, Thursday. Coppe(= (* w ), in compos, double. OoppcIfUnte ( wuv5u ), /• -n, double-bar- relled gun. boppclt O 5 "), adj. or adv. double, dupli- cate, two-fold. $>orf 5 ), n. -e§, -brfer, village. [cf Eng. -thorp, in many names of places, .] bort (**), adv. there, yonder. — often, up there, borttg (-"), adj. or adv. of that place. fc ratten (- w ), [same as broken], threaten. brauf (-), contr'n of barauf. braufl or braufjen (-,-*), adv. outside, out of doors. brehen (-"), tr. turn, cause to revolve; refl. revolve, whirl. bret (-), num. three. bretntal (- w ), adv. three times, thrice. (244, a) bretftig (~ v ), num. thirty. (243, 2.) bretfctgfte (- wu ), num. adj. thirtieth. bretjehn (--), num. thirteen, breijefonte (-- w ), num. adj. thirteenth, bringen 5 "), brang, gebrungen, intr. f., tr. b. press, urge. :^rtngcnb ( v5w ), adj. or adv. urgent(ly). Or tngt id) (" 5u )» «^?'. or adv. urgent. brttt ("*), ber, bie, ba§ britte, k»w, «<#'. third. $>rtttel(<5«), n. -§, — , contr'n of ' SDrits t(b)eil. brittbalb (<*«), ««/«. «^'. (third half, *. *.) two and a half. (244, c.) $ritt(h)dl (<*-), «. -3, -e, third part, third. (244, c.) brohen (-"), *r. or intr faith dat.) threaten. ferollig (<*«) #*//. or adv. droll. !3>roffel ( iJ ),f -n, thrush, brum (<*), contr'n of barum. brunten (? v ), contr'n of barunten. bu (-),pers. pron. thou. (35.) Smft 5 ), w. -e§, -iifte, odor. omifel (**»), <2<#. _ f a §* -feben, 2"r. agfc w. insep. look over, review, revise. burd)fud>en 5 -" ^r w - w ), *r* sep. or insep., seek ^r search through, examine, bitrfen (^ w ), burfte, geburft; intr. modal auxiliary, be permitted or allowed, feel authorized, venture, dare, need ; often to be rendered by may or might. burftig. 298 etnfeljett. fcurftlg {^"),adj. or adv. needy, poor; mean, scanty, shabby. 5)urfl 5 ), m. -e§, thirst. burften or btirfren C 5 "), intr. thirst, be thirsty. burjttg (*«*), adj. or adv. thirsty. TUttjenb (««), n. -3,-e, dozen. <£. (Sbbe (?"),/■ ebb, reflex of the tide, low water. ?Den (~ w ), «^'. even, level, plane, smooth. adv. evenly etc. : usually just, exactly, precisely ; often with negative, — nid)t, prscisely not, i. e. quite the contrary; just now, just then, but just, fo — , just now (only a little while ago). — fo, adv. just as. cbenfaUd (- ww ), adv. likewise, also. (gdfe {^^)f -x\, edge, corner. efcel(- w ), adj. or adv. of noble birth; noble. ©feelmann (- uu ), m. -§ (//. -leute), no- bleman. (Sbuarb {- yjyj ), m. -§, Edward. cbe (- w ), adv. sooner, earlier; conj. before, ere. @hre (- w ),/ -n, honor. Ct (-), interj. why! oh! <5t (-), «. (Ste§, ©ier, egg. • zealous, ardent. eigen (-"), «*#. or adv. own. eigcnftnnig {-^^^),adj. obstinate, wilful. eilen (- v ), z«^. f. or I), or rejl. hasten. clients (-"), adv. hastily. Ctltgft (- u ), adv. hastily. ©inter (- u ), **. -4, — , pail, bucket. 1. Ctn (-), sep'blc frefix. in, into: corre- sponding as prefix to in as preposition. 2. (in (-), num. one ; {same as man,) a person, they, people, one ; indef. art. an, a. efnanber C-" 5 "), indecl. pr. one another, each other. au§ — {or auSeinanber), »on — , from each other, apart, asunder. einat(b)mcn (--«), tr. inhale, inspire, breathe. Ctnbtltcn (- uu ), tr. with rejl. pron. in dal.) form in one's mind, imagine to one's self, conceive, fancy. (348.) cinbrecben ( z *»*»fc -bracfc, -gebrocfjen. intr. f. break in. eiufallen (- wu ), -fiel, -gefallcn, intr. f. fall in ; with dat. occur to ; fall down, sink, go to ruin. etnfd'tttg (- ww ), adj. or adv. silly. etngeboren (* v - v )> «^- inborn, native. Iidj, -gefcfjlidjen, intr. f. creep in ; rejl. insinuate one's self, creep in. etnfebutten (- ww ), tr. pour in. cinfehen (--«), -faty, -gefefcen, intr. or tr. see in or into, understand. einft. 299 dr&ttrmets einft (-), one time, one day, once (in the fast). etnftetfcn (- uu ), *"• stick, put or thrust in (as into the pocket, sheath, etc.). dnftetgen (--«), -fticg, -geftiegen, intr. f. get in, take one's seat (in a car- riage). etnfreflen f/ wv )j tr. put or set in. bie gahlung — , stop payment ; reft, present one's self, appear. eintreffen (* vv ), -tr«f, -getroffen, intr. f. arrive. emroicfeln (- uw ), *% infold, wrap up, envelop, implicate. dnrotlltgen (- wuu ), intr. permit. ©tnrotfltgung (' ), / consent, per- mission. ®tnn>onnev (--"), m. -§, — (f. -in, 113), INHABITANT. etnrig (-«), adj. or adv. Only, single. , «. -3, England. (233.) (Sngldnber (* vw ) f *». -§, — , (/ -in, 113), Englishman. (233.) eitgHf* (*»),«<#. English. (233). •nfelta (* wv ),./ -nen, grand-daughter. entbecfett, ( w * w ), ^.discover, detect. Gnte (* v )»./ -n, duck. entfltegen («•« v ), -flog, -ftogen, intr.\. flyaway (from, <&£), entfltehen ( u - w ), -flofp, -flo&en, intr. f. flee away (from, dat.), run away, escape. cntgegen ( u -°), i. a^. and sep' bie prefix, against, in opposition, forth to meet, toward, in face of ; 2. prep, (with preced- ing dat.) against, contrary to. (315.) entgegenrufcn ( u - w - w ), -rief, -gerufen, intr. (with dat.) call out to. cnrgeben ( u - u ), -ging, -gangen, intr. f. escape. entbalten (»<««), -bielt, -batten, tr. hold away, keep off ; (ent in sense 0/ in) hold within, contain. entlaufen («•***), -lief, -laufen, «rfr. f. run away (from). entrtd)ten ( v " 5w ), tr. pay. entfdjlteflen («-"), -fd)Iofc, -fd&loffen, *r. disclose, unlock; r^f. resolve. entfdmlbtgen C»** vv )i tr. exculpate, excuse. ©ntfdjulbtgung (». beg for. crbltcfcn (***»*), ft*, descry, perceive. Crrbfe {* v ),f, -n, pea. Grfce (- u ),/ -»i earth. (Srbbcere {--"), f -n, strawberry, ^rfculfceit (*"*"), *r. suffer, endure. srfabren ( w - u ), -fubr, -fabren, tr. experi- ence. srfabrcn ( u - w ), «#. experienced. crfrcucit ("-'-'), tr. give pleasure to; *-), ?V. fathom. erbalten ("**), -bielt, -f»alten, tr. re- ceive, get; hold in, restrain ; preserve. erhebcn ("-«), -bob, -boben, tr. heave up, raise, rejl. raise one's self, rise, arise. ertnnerit ( u,5w ), tr. remind; rejl. (-with gen. or an followed by accus.) remem- ber. erf a lien ( w,5u ), rejl. catch cold, (grfaltung («"*«), / -en, catching cold ; cold, eine — betommen, get, catch a cold. erfenncn 0-" 5 "), -fannte, -fannt, tr. un- derstand, appreciate. @r(cr C' 5 *'), m. bow or projection (of a building), balcony. CFrfcrrimmer f* vvv )i »• -i# — i bow- windowed room. ©rfld'rung {y- v ),f. -en, explanation. zrfltngen ( w<5u ), -Hang, -flungen, intr. f. sound forth, ring, resound. erfranfen ( u,5w ), intr. f. be taken ill, be- come ill. erlnubcn ( w - w ), tr. allow, permit. Crrlaubni$(nif3) (y-^),f. -e, permission, leave, erlebtgcn ( wZww )j 6*. set free, release, vacate, erlcfrigt ( u - w ), adj. vacant. crletd)tcrn ( w - w ), rV. alleviate, lighten, make lighter, erletfcen ( w - w ), -litt, -Htten, tr. suffer. ermdebttgen £**wv)y r>. authorize, invest with might or power. ertniiten ( w - w ), tr. tire; z«r>. grow tired. ermiibct ( w - u ), «'. fatigued. ernd'bren ( v - w ), rV. feed, maintain. emfr (t), adj. or adv. earnest, serious, erqutcfeit ( u,5w ), tr. quicken, revive, re- fresh. erqutcflicb ( w,i "), adj. refreshing. crreid)cn ( w -«), //r. f. shine forth, make appearance, appear. erfchlagen ( u - u ), -fcfjtug, -ftfilagen, tr. slay, kill. erjebrecfen ( w,5w ), -fdjraf, -fd)roden, *'«/V. \. be frightened; ?V. <*«ad)en ( w,5w ), intr. \. awake, be aroused. errodbnen { yj - yj ), *>. mention. errocirmen ( uv5v '), *V. make warm, warm up. fid) — , grow warm. crroarten ( u,5w ), ?V. await, expect. OFrnjartnng ( u,5u ),./ -en, expectation. erroctfen ("***)» -nries, -roiefen, /r. show, prove, render (tfd)cn { yj ' 5 * J ), tr. seize, lay hold of. @rj 5 ^r -), «. -e§, -e, ore, metal, cndblcn ( w - w ), tr. relate, tell. (?r;dbluug (y-^),f -en, tale, narrative. e$ (^ ««a£ ( <5u ), indef. pron. indeclinable. something, anything, some, any, some- what {construed in apposition with followmg adj '. or gen'ly, noun. — 9ieue§, some news. — ©uie§, something good) ; often used adverbially , somewhat. eud) {-), pers. pron. dat. or ace. pi. of bit, you, to you. (35.) i. eucr ( x v), pass. adj. your, yours. (54, 2.) 2. citcr ( £v ), ^«. //. of bu, of you, your. (35.) Ctir ... . (-), optional contr^nfor CUCr .... (54, 2.) eitrtg (- w ), (w/M ofc/^ article), poss. pron. yours. Gruropa (-- u ), n. -§, Europe. (?uropaer(---^), ;«. -*, — (/ -in. 113), European. europaifci) (---«), «<#. . distant, far off, re- mote ; ferner . . . thun, continue to do. fertig { isj ), adj. or adv. ready; finished, -e 5lleibcr, ready-made clothes, mit eis item — roerben, get the better of one. ftdj — mac&en, get ready. feft or fefre (<* or^^), adj. or adv. fast, firm, tight. fe fih a (ten 0* vw )t-$ielt| -jehalten, intr. f. hold on, cling ; tr. hold fast, cling to. Scftlanb (<*«), n. -§, continent. ba§ fefte 8anb, the continent, terra firma. feftnehmen (*- v X -na&m, -genommen, tr. take (lay) hold of, arrest. fett (^J, <2^'. 5u ), fanb, gefunben, tr. find, meet with ; deem, think ; refl. be found, be (in health or condition or place). Singer (**»), >«. -4, — , finger. Stngerhut ( ,iw -), «l. -e§, -itte, thimble {lit. finger-hat). $lafd)e. 302 freunfclitf). %laid)t (**"),/ -n, flask, bottle. flcbcn (-"), tr. or intr. with dat. implore. Sletfch (-*), n. -e§, -e, flesh, meat. 3fletfi (-), m. -e§, diligence, ttttt — , with diligence, on purpose. fletfltg (~ w ), adj. or adv. industrious, dili- gent. fMcfeii (° w ), tr. patch, mend. fltcgcn (-«), flog, geflogen, intr. \.orf). flj. fliehcti (-«), flob, gefloben, Mr. f. flee, escape ; tr. flee from, avoid. fltc^cii (-«), flofj, gcfloffen, intr. \. or b. flow. fltC^Cllb (-"), rf^'. or adv. fluent(ly). fltftlf (*), rt^\ or adv. brisk, nimble. t^linte (?^),f. -n, flint-lock, gun, musket. ftlore (*«),/ -n, flute. Slug (-), m. -e§, -iige, act of flying, flight ; flock, swarm, yyliigci (- u ), m. -3, — , wing. Slufc C^ »*• -*** — iiffe, flow ; river. Slut(f)) (-),/ -en, flood, high water. t$clge (^^),f -tt, sequence, consequence, sequel. — leiften, comply, obey. folgcn (**»). «rir. f. {with dat.), follow; obey, folgenb 5 "), /r«. /for/, following, folfl I id) {^ v ), adv. orconj. consequently. forbern ( v5w ), tr. demand. Sorm (?),fi -en, form, fort ( v5 ), aafe. and sep'ole prefix, forth, forward, onward; on and on (in time), continuously ; away, gone, off. fortbiafen 0*- v J. -blte§, -geblafen, tr. blow away or off. intr. continue blow- ing. fortfaiiren (*- w ), -fubr, -gefabren, intr. \. and b., continue, depart (by carriage, boat, etc.). fortlaufen 5 -"), -lief, -gelaufen, intr. f. run off or away, escape. fortnmdiCH 5 ""), intr. f. make haste; r-. f. pursue one's way, go away, move off or away, emigrate. Srage (-"),/. -n, question. fragcn (^") fragte, frug, gefragt, intr. or tr. ask. Sranffurt (*«), «. -*, Frankfort, fraitffurtcr, 5 ""), <*#. of Frankfort. (230, 1). tfrantreid) (*-), «• -*# France. (233.) %van\ if), m. -en(s), Francis, Frank. $ran;ofe ( u - w ), m. -n, -n, Frenchman. (233.) 9ratt}dffa ( w - w ), / -nen, French woman. (Page 73, n. 5.) fraii}ftftfd) ("-«), adj. or adv. French. (233.) 3rrau (-), f. -en, wife, woman, Mrs. (as title) ; often not translated. See ffTtinu letn. ■tfraulctti (--), n. -§, — , young lady; Miss (as title); often not translated: gebort e3 'Sfoxvc grauletn Sd)n>efter (3b* rer grew flutter)? does it belong to your sister (your mother) 1 fret (-), adj. with gen., or adv. free, at liberty ; voluntary. itrcte (- w ), bte or bct§, the open air. 3?retbett (z_) ; y; _ eit/ freedom, liberty. 3fm'tag (-« or --), m. -§, -e, Friday, fremfc (*), a^'. or adv. strange. ijremb 5 ), adj. used as noun, stranger. ber, bie grembe, eiu gvember. Srentfcc ( v5u ), f foreign country, region away from home, in ber (bte) grembe, abroad. freffen (*«), frafj, gefreffen, tr. eat {said of animals, not man). Sceubc (-"),f. -n, joy, pleasure. f re licit (-"), tr. give pleasure to, rejoice; refl. be glad, rejoice, be happy, fid) fiber or<\\\\ etroa3. joyous, gay, merr\ r ro!icsome. ire mitten 5 "), intr. with dat. advance the interest of, benefit, avail. $tvft C*>. **• -**» W^bfte, frost, cold, chill, frigidity. frtib(e) (-0-0, adj or adv. early. 3friihe (- w ), ./. -n, early time, morning time, in ber — be$ aJiorgettS, early in the morning. frtibcr (-"), #^7. or adv. earlier, sooner, formerly). ftruhjabr (--), n. -§, -e, spring. Wruhltng (-«), at. -3, -e, spring. Sfrubftticf (-"), «. -3, (early piece ». -%, — (/. -in, 113), leader, guide. fallen 0* «), tr. fill, fiinf (*), www. five. — tnal, adv. five times, fnttfinal (*-), «^. five times. fitnfte 5 "), ber, bte, ba§ fiinf te, ««>«. flk^/'. fifth, fiinftcbalb (**"), num. adj. (fifth half, i. e. ) four and a half. (244, c. 2.) fiinf {(bit (*-)• «*•»« fifteen, fiinfaebnt O 5 -)} »«**. a^/'. fifteenth, fiinftig or funf}tg {* u ), ««>«. fifty, fiiufiigft (<*"), ber, bic, ba§ funfjigfte, «7<;«. «^'. fiftieth, futtfeln (* w ), *»&*. emit sparks, sparkle, SCINTILLATE. fill* (-), prep, {with ace.) for ; in behalf of ; instead of, in return for; as concerns. nm§ fitr, what sort of. (115, 314.) 3furd)t ifi, f. {no pi) fear, fright. fiird)tctt {*»), tr. fear, dread; reft, be afraid (of something, oor etroae). fiirdjterlid) ( v5uu ), adj. or adv. frightful. fltrd)t(o$ 5 -), adj. fearless. Sfiirft {*), m. -en, -en, prince. (377.) 3f»»f| (-), m. -e§, -iifse, foot, an— , on foot. i?u$boben, (-- w ) w. -8, -oben, floor. fiittern or futtern 5 "), furnish fodder to, feed. ®. ©abel ('-),/. -n, fork. gabneu (- u ), z'«*r. yawn. galop(p)i(e)ren ( uw - w ), z«/r. gallop. ©aug (<*), w. -e§, -tinge, going; gang- way, passage. ©an* 5 ),/. -anfe, goose. (37.) gait J s ), adj. whole; adv. entirely, quite, — roofjt, very well. gar (-), adj {not declined), ready, done; adv. quite, very, exceedingly; frequent with negatives, at all : — nid)t§, nothing at all. ©am (*), n. -3, -e, yarn ; net, snare. ©arten 0* M ), m. -i, -tirten, garden (367) ©arteniaube ( <5u - w ), / -n, arbor. ©artentnauer 0* w - w ), /■ -n, garden- wall. ©artner 5 "), ;«. -», — (/ -in, 113), gardener, ©aft (>*), w. -e§, -afte, gnest. Wafthaud (*-), n. -e3,-aufer, inn, hotel, ©aftbof (* v or *-), w. -§, -ofe, inn, hotel. ©afttt)trt(b) C 15 ^, ««. -§, -e, hotelkeeper. ©attc (* ), m. -n, -n, husband. ©atttn 5 "), ,/ -nen, wife. (Page 73, n 5.) gebabren ( w - u ), rejl. bear one's self. ©cbabrcn ( w - w ), «. ways, manners. ©eboufce. 304 gemiii ©ebaube ( u - u ), n. -•#.— , building. gebeit (-«), gab, gegeben, /r. give, deal (cards). e$ giebt, £fr. {with obj. in ace.) there is or are, *tfc. fid) SJiiibe — , take pains. toaS gtebt'3 ? what's the matter? gcbieten ( v - u ), -bot, -botcn, bid. ©ebirg or ©cbirge ( w<5 ( w ), ». -e§, -c, mountains (chain of). gebiffen ( w,iw )> past part, of betfjen. geblafen ( u - u ), /^^ /ar/. . {following the adj. which it qualifies) enough, ©cographie {gh -««-),/. geography, ©epd'cf (»"*), n. -e3, -e, luggage, bag- gage. g(e)rabe ( w )- w ), «oT?\ straight, erect; adv. directly, straight, just. ©erdufd) («-), n. -e§, -e, noise. gertng(e) ( w,5 ( u ), ««£?'• or adv. small. gertffeu ( w>5w ), /«.?/ A*r^. of reifjen. gern (>*) or gerite {^^),adv. gladly, wil- lingly, id) tnocbte — , I would like, er bat e§ — , he is fond of it, likes it. er bat e§ nicbt — getban, he did not do it on purpose. ©erfte (< w ), f. -tt, barley. ©crftenjucfev (^wv), m. -§, barley- sugar. ©cruel) ( wv5 ), m. -e§, -iicEje, odor. ©criidjt ( u,J ), n. -e§, -e, report. gefaljcn ( w,5w ), past part, o/faljen, salted. ©cfaug ( w,i ), ?«. -3, -ange, singing, song, warbling. ©efcbdft ( u,s ), «. -9, -e, business, ein — abmacben, settle a business. gcfd)eben C wZw )i gefdjab, gefdjeben, /»fr. f. {used only in third pers.), happen, occur, befall, take place. ©efd)cnf ( uv5 ), «. -eft, -e, present, jutn — madden, make a present of. ©cfd)td)tc ( wv5w ), f -It, story, history. ©efd)id)t$tt>erf ( w,5w ), «. -4, -e, histori- cal work. ©cfd)teflid)(ctt ( w,5 «-), / skilfulness, dexterity. gcfd)ieft ( uv5 ), «^'. or adv. clever, skilful. ©efdjmac? (« ^), w. -3, taste. ©ctdjmctbc ( u - w ), «. -*, — , jewels. ©efd)&pf («*), «. -3, -e, creature. gefd)nJtnfc(e) 0-" 5 "), adj. or adv. swift, without delay. ©efdwtfier ( w,5w ), //. brothers and sis- ters, gefehen (y-^), past. part. o/"feben. ©cfdlfd)aft ( w *v), y; -en, company, so- ciety, party. ©efellfdjaftSrimmer (v^www), «. -§, — , drawing-room. ®efid)t C*"*), «• -3, -er, sight, face. (373.) gefotteu ( u>5u ), past part, o/fieben. gefperrt ( u,i ), from fperren, spread apart, gefpt^t ( wv5 ), adj. pointed. ©efprdd) ( u -), n. -e3, -e, conversation. geftern f* v % adv. yesterday. — oor acbt £ageu, a week ago yesterday. gefi(e)rtg (*(?)*) «*#■. or adv. of yester- day, yesterday's. gefuub ( wentanbe§ — trint'en, drink to one's health, ge trail cit ( w - u ), tr. {refl. or with refl. dat.) trust ; dare. ©etreibe ( w - w ), «. -4, grain. gerodhren ("-"), tr. grant. getualttg ( uv5 °), «o^\ or adv. mighty, potent ; big, vast. ©etuehr («■£), n. -§, -e, gun, musket. geioefen iy-^), past part, o/fein. geiut^ ( w °), #^- or adv. certain, sure, gcroo linen ( w - u ), intr. with gen. b. or f. be accustomed, geroobnt fein (an), be used, accustomed (to). gerobhitcn ( u - u ), tr. accustom. ©etnohnhett {"--), f -en, habit, custom, genjolliiltdi ( u - w ), adj. or adv. common- (ly), usual (ly). geroorben ( w,iw ), past part, of roerben. gctuufft f"' 5 ), past part of itnffen. ©id)t (^),/. -en, or n. -e§, -en, gout. gtefceu (*"), go§, gegoffen, tr. pour, sprinkle. ©tpfel ( >5u ), m. -9, — , summit, top, peak. ©lanj (*), w. -e§, brilliance, splendor. gldli^Ctt ( ,5u ), intr. shine, glisten. gldn^cnb («*«), a:^'' brilliant. ©(a* (< or-), n. -e3, -ftfet, glass, glattbcn (- w ), *), m. -e§, -otter, God. (374.) gftttltd) (*«), ao>'. ?r a^z/. godlike, di- vine, godly. ©ouoernanre (- v<,sj \f -en, governess. graben (- w ), grub, gegraben, tr. dig. ©raben (--'), m. -§, -aben, ditch. (367.) ©raf (-), m. -en, -en, count. (377.) ©rammattf ( w,5w ),/ -en, grammar. ©rauatapfel (-- ww ), *". -*, -apfel, poMEgranate. ©ranatbaum (---), »*. -e§, -aume, pomegranate-tree. ©ranatfern (-- u ), *«. -e§, -e, pome- granate-kernel or seed. ©raS (^X «. -e§, -afer, grass. gratnli(e)ren (- u - v '), z«*r. (wz'M <&/■.) congratulate. grau, adj. or adv. gray. ©rauen (- «), «. -*, dread, dismay, horror. greifen ('«), griff, gegriffen, tr. gripe, seize, grasp. ©retS (-), m. -e§, -e, old man. ©renjftafct ( <5w ),/ -abte, frontier-town. ©rtedje (-^), w. -n, -n, Greek. (233.) ©rted)enlanb (- wu ), ». -*8, Greece. grtediifd) (-«), «#>'. o^ a^fo. Grecian, Greek. (233.) ©rtffel f*"), ml -3, — , slate-pencil. grimmtg (* u ), adj. or adv. grim, fierce. ©rofd)en ( iu ), m. -§, — , groschen (a small coin = 2>£ cts.). grofl (-), <*#• ^ a^fe. (grower, grofjt), great, large, big, tall, mit grofeem ®cmf, with many thanks. ©rofcherjog (- wv ), m. -e§, -oge, grand- duke. gro$her$ogltd) (- www ), adj. grand-ducal. grotjnni'dittg (- ww ), adj. high and mighty. Wrofjm utter (~ ww )> f -mutter, grand- mother. ©roflpapo (-"-), m. -§, -5, grandpapa. ©rofcoater (--"), m. -§, -oater, grand- father. (368.) ©rube (- w ) /. -en, mine, pit, hollow, grave. grim (-), green. gr tineu (- w ), intr. grow green. grtinenb (- w ), verdant, growing green. gritngelb (- u ), etter (-««"), «• -*, — , hailstorm. $aftn (-), w. -e§, -en or ^a^rte, cock. reals fdEjcr — , turkey. halb (?) adj. or adv. half. — jroet, — brei, JC, half past one, half past two etc. b albeit (*«) or balbcr ("*«), /r. (w/^ preceding gen.) on account of, for the sake of. balbgebffnet (**>"«), o*#. half-opened. #al3tud> 5 -), «. -e3, -iicber (or -iicbe), neck-cloth, cravat, neck-tie. baltctt (<*«), bielt, gebalten, tr. hold, keep, take for, consider, think, deliver. — fiir, deem, consider, ein ©cfolafcben — , take a short nap. Hamburg (?^), n. -9, Hamburg, hamburger ( ,5uw ), adj. Hamburg, jammer O 5 "), -*, jammer, hammer. (367.) £anb if) x f. -Snbe, hand. (371.) bangen (*«), bj(e)ng, gebangert, intr. hang, be suspended. bangen (^ v ), tr. suspend; intr. (less prop- erly) hang, bart (ty, adj or adv. hard. £afe (-«), m. -n, -n, hare. $afenfug (-«-), m. -e§, -ttfje, hare-foot (a plant); coward, b a frig ('«), a^'. or o^fo. hasty. batten (- w ), E)te6, gebauen, /r. hew, cut. 4?aupt (-), n. -e§, ^aupter, (375), head, chief ; in compounds gen'lly to be transl. principal, capital, main. 4?auptfefcer (--"),/• -n, main-spring. •Sauptmann (- u ), m. -§, -leute, head man, captain (caput). $auptfa$ (-«), w. -e§, -a$e, principal sentence. «£>anS (-), n. -e§, £aufer (375), house, nad) — e, to one's home, home, non — e, from home, ju — e, at home. •$audfuecbt (-«), m. -e3, -e, groom, "boots." •SauSntafcdien (--"), «. -3, — , house- maid. 43audrin3 (*«), w. -e§, -e, house-rent. beben(-«), bob, geboben, tr. heave, lift, raise ; refl. rise. $eer (-), n. -e§, -e, army. $e(e)rbe (-i°), / -n, herd, flock. 4?eft (^) «. or w. -e3, -e ; exercise-book, writing-book, beftig s u ), #^'. or arfz>. violent, furious. -^eibelbeere (- w - w ), ,/ -n, bilberry, whortleberry. bettn (-), adv. home. «£etntat(b) (--),/ -en, home, native place or country. •^ettnfebr (--),/. return home. •Scimroeg (--), m. -(e)3, way home. bet# (-), adj . or adv. hot. beitjen (-«), btefj, gebeifjen, *V. bid, call; intr. be called ; mean. better (- u ), «^'. or adv. clear, serene, cheerful, bright. belfen (> 5 «), balf, gefjolfen, intr. (with dal.) help, aid, assist. bellW, | ,. , . ... adj. or adv. clear, bright. belle ( iv ), bcllgelb ( v5u ), adj. light-yellow. be Kg rim (*-), adj. light-green. #emb (*), n. -e§, -en, shirt. (370, 2.) ber (-), in compos, with following adv. or prep. «*) , adv. and sep'ble prefix, hither, toward the speaker (opposite ^bin). TOO . . . ber (= ttiober), whence. berab (»"*) adv. and sep'ble prefix, down (in the direction of the person speaking). berabfallen («*«»»), intr. fall down, descend. $erabfe$ung ( u,i " w ),y. lowering, de- preciation. berabfpringett (»«*wy^ -[prang, -ge* fprungen, intr. jump down. berauf («-), tfdk'. a«o? sep'ble prefix, up (in the direction of the person speak- ing) beraufgeben ( w -- u ), intr. f. go up. beraufflettern ( w - uu ), /«/r. f. climb up. berauS («-), aofe. and sep'ble prefix, out hither, forth. bcraitfitfcmnnen ( v -w), -tarn, -gefonts men, intr. f. come out, come forth, ap- pear. beraudlaufen ( w -- u ), -lief, -gelaufen, intr. f. run out. beranSncbnten ( w -- u ), -nabm, -genonts men, tr. take out. beranSfcbmeljen ( u - ww ), -fcbmolj, -ge* fcbmoljen, *r. and intr. f. melt out. fyeraugfcfjen. 308 fjtnaug. berauSfehcn («-- v ), -fab, -gefeben, intr. look out. berauSfretgen ( w -- u ), -ftieg, -geftiegen, intr. f. get out. I)eraudjicl)cn ("-- w ), -jog, -gejogen, tr. draw or pull out. I)crbct ("-), «^. and sep'ble prefix, near by hither (from farther off into the vicin- ity of the speaker), ftc rbcim a d)cn («- w «), refl. approach. £erbfl 5 ), nt. -e§, -e, harvest-season, autumn, herein ( u -), <^/w. and Sep" 1 Me prefix, in hither (toward the speaker from with- out). ncrctiilaMfcit ( w -- u ), -lief, -gelaufen, intr. f. run in. hereinrufen ("--"), -rtcf, -gerufen, tr. call in. hereiutoerfeit ( w - w «), -roarf, -geroorfen, tr. throw in. herfoHinicn (- uw ), -lam, -gelommen, intr. f . come along hither, approach. bemtefcer ( w - w ), adv. and sep'ble prefix, down hither (toward the speaker from above). bcrniet , erhaiigen or shangcu ^""^ -bi(e)ng, -gebangen, intr. b. or f. hang down. berme&erfcftn>eben ( w -«- w ), intr. come floating down. £err (<*) >«. -n, -en, Mr. (as title), master, gentleman, ber £err, the Lord. often not to be translated; as, ^br £err Srubcr. See ^rfiuletu. bcrtlld) s w ), adj. or adv. splendid, mag- nificent. herumretfen O" 5 -"), intr. travel about. heruiu;ifhcnb ( uv5 - w ), part, strolling, itinerant. herunter (*"* v )i «a5?. and sep'ble prefix, downward (from above and toward the speaker). hcrtuitcrfnUen (««*«««), -fief, -gefaUen, m/r. f. fall down. hcrmttci'iKbeii ( ui «-«), -ging, -gegan* gen, intr. f. go down. beruiitcrfoniHieii («<), aa'z/. <*«*? *erjog (<• -or^^), m. -e§, -e £>r -oge, duke. -8eu (-), «. -e§, hay. bculcn (- u ), ortir. howl. beut(e) (- («), immel 5 "), *n. -§, — , heaven, sky. l)in (^), adv. and sep 'ble prefix ; opposite to ber, hence, along, away; often implying motion without regard to direction. — unb ber, to and fro, back and forth, too bin ( = roobin), whither. btnatlf («-), adv. and sep'ble prefix up (from the speaker). binaufgeben («--"), -ging, -gegangen, intr. f. go up. binaufflcttcrn ( wXww X intr. climb up. binaufleirrn ("--"), tr. raise by means of a windlass. binaufrocrfen ( v * vw ), -roarf, -gemorfen, tr. throw up. htinuid ("-), adv. and sep'ble prefix, out hence or thither, forth (from (he speaker or point contemplated). fjinctuSfafjren. 309 gufjnerbteu. binauSfabren ("--«), -fubr, -gefabren, tr. and intr. f . drive out, wheel out. btiiauSaeben ("■*-«), -ging, -gegangen, intr. f. go out. binaudfeben ( w -- w ), -fab, -gefeben, intr. look out. binbr iiiqcit 5 ""), -bracbte, -gebracbt, j?r. bring or carry away, spend (as time). ()tne tn ( wZ ), a:^. and sep'ble prefix, into it, in thither (from the speaker), bincinbaucn ( u -- u ), tr. build in. bine tub lafcu ( w -- u ), -blteS, -geblafen, ^r. or intr. blow in. hiiieingcbcu ( vi - w ), -ging, -gegangen, ttrtr, f. go in ., over there. binnnter («« iu ), «*&>. down. binunterfallen («*««*), -fi c [, -gefallen, H*&*. f. fall down, biiuiiitergcbeii («irfcb (<*), w*. -e§, -e, hart, stag. <6irfd)fdnger 5 ""), w. -3, — , cutlass, hanger. 4Sirt ifit m. -en (-eg), -en, | herdsman, 4>irte (***), »*. -n, -n, j shepherd. (377.) bod) (-), adj. or adv. (bober, bod)ft), (as declined bober, bobe, bobe£) high, tall, bobeg filter, advanced age. (p. 54, n. 1.) bod)inut(b)ig (-- u ), adj. proud, arrogant. b&djfi (-), superl. of bod), highest; as adv. in the highest degree. (199, 2.) 4l)Of (- or^), m. -e<3, ^bfe, yard, court. b Off en 5 "), tr. or intr. hope. <$offmtitg {*«), f. -en, hope. boflid) (-"), adj. or adv. polite, courtly. lib did) ft (- w ), adv. most politely. «£ufntcifrer ( x -« «r *- »»X **• _§ / — / tutor. hohe(-«). .SV^bocb. ^6be (-"),/. -n, height, in bie — , on high, aloft, upward, up. in ber — , aloft, above. hoher (^«), compar. of bod). bob! (-), «<#. or adv. hollow. $&l)le (-"), f -n, hole, cavern, den. bolen (-"), tr. fetch, get. — Ictffen, send for. £ollanb (ondn&er ( ,iwu ), -3, — , inhabitant of Holland, Dutchman. (233.) boHanbtfd) ( v5vu ), adj. belonging to Hol- land, Dutch. (233.) «£>olj (*), -e§, -e or ^bljcr, wood. (375.) •^oljfiofl (*-), **. -**i -e, wood-pile. bbren (- w ), /?r. or z'«/r. hear, understand. — ©te einmal, — Sie ! I say! <6ofc (- u ), yi -n, hose, trousers. ^otel (-« } ), «. -§, -§, hotel. -^otclbefiecr (-**'*'yX w - _g / — / hotel- keeper. ^oti'lredmuug (-<* ««),/. -en, bill (at a hotel). bilbfd) (*), adj. or adv. pretty, handsome. ^>nbn (-), n. -e§, §iibner, hen, fowl. (375.) •$ uiuter fcieb (-"-), m. -e§, -e, hen- thief, stealer of poultry. OiiljnerljauS. 310 ^atJnaljl. £iibncrbau3 (-"-), «• -*•# -ciufer, hen- house. (375.) •Cmbnerftafl (- uu ), '«• ^*# -*&*, **»• house, hen-coop. $unb 5 ), *«. -cS, -e, hound, dog. (369.) himfcert 5 "), www. hundred, hunbcrtft 5 ), ««>«. «#". hundredth, hunger ( <5w ), *«. -§, hunger, bungerig (*« -X j adJ „ ^ hnnKry . hungrtgO 5 *), J hiipfen (*v), /«/ r . b. or J. hop. hurttg (^ u ), adj. or adv. quick. hufchen (*«), «»*r. hurry, glide off. £ut (-), w. -e§, £iite, hat, bonnet; guard hiiten (-«), reft, beware. $ufren O 5 "), w. -5, cough. «£utfcftad)tel (* «"»)»./ -n, hat-box. •Srmctntb (- uv5 ), £*#*r ^ £na$intb(- uv5 ), w. -e§,-e, v hyacinth. $9ajfnthe (-«*«), / -n, ) 3. Id) (*),pron. I. (35.) fhm (-), <&*. «'»£•. of ex or c§. (35.) thlt (-), ace. sing. of ex. (35.) tbnen or Sbnen (-«), <£*/. //. of fie adv. ever, always. Smperntio (*»-- or »*-■*), m. -(e)§, -e, imperative mode. Stnperfeft (« w « 5 ), n. -(e)§, -e, imperfect tense. in 5 )) A" warm. \\\i (ty, contraction of in ba§. Snfeft ( wvS ), «. -8, -en, insect. (370, 2.) SnfritUt ( w --), «• -(e)§, -e, boarding- school. turoenbia l" 5 ""), «<#• or adv. inside. irifd) (-«), adj. Irish. (233). Srlanb 5 "), n. -§, Ireland. (233.) Srlonber 5 -"), «. -*, — (/ -in), Irishman. (233). irldnbifd; (•«•), <*#• Irish. (233.) irren ( ,5u ), intr. b. ^ f. err; rejl.be mistaken. 3rrt(b)um (^-X w*. -*, -iimer, error, mis- take. (127, 3.) 3fai (-«-), w. -3, Jesse. Stalten (-^--), «• -8, Italy. (233.) 3taliener (-- U - U X «.'-fi — if- -»")> Italian. (233.) italienifd) (--«■£-), ^".Italian. (233.) ^ (Consonant). ja (- sometimes < 5 ), particle of assent, yes ; tf^. asseverative , adding force Jo the verb, itself very lightly pronounced, in- deed, truly, verily, surely, you know. Sagcr (-")> w. -§, — , hunter. 3abr (-), «• -e§, -e, year. »or Sabren, years ago. (372.) 3abrmarft (--), m. -e§, -drfte, annual fair. Sabrjabl (--),/ -en, date of the year. jammer! id). 311 tferi. jammer ltd) ( v5ww ), adj. or adv. miserable, wretched. jammevn (° w ), intr. feel sorrow, lament, grieve, mourn, cry. Sanuar (y^^- ory-^-), m. -3, Jan- uary. jc (-), adv. always, ever. — .... befto, the .... the. — nacfybem, according as. jeb : ieber (-»), jcbe (-"), jebeS (-«),/*-. each, every. jebcnfalld (- u<5 or - uu ), «^. at all events. jebermann C* wv )i indef.pr. m. -3, «»//. jebeStttal (-"-)> adv. each time. jebod) ( v " 5 ), adv. however, yet. jegltd) (-"),/*". every, each. Sentanb (-"), A*- some orzny one, some- body. jen: jener (-«), jene (-~), jene* (- w ),/r. yon, that, the former. je life it .(* "X I prep, with gen. on that iettfeitft(«-), i side. (317.) 3crcd(cA- w ), «• indecl. sherry. ie$tg O 5 "), «^'« or adv. present. jefct 5 ), adz', at present, now. ftdfer (-«), w. -§, — , beetle. ftaffee 5 - or kah-fay') , w. -3, coffee. ftdfitg (- w ), ?«. -*, -e, cage. ft ah a (-), w- -*•, .Rcibne, boat, skiff. ftatfcr (- w ), *». -*, — , emperor. [cf. Latin, Caesar ; Russian, czar.] ftajiit(t)c ( u,5w ),/ -n, cabin. ftalb (*), «. -e3 ; flatter, calf. (375.) fait 5 ), adj. or adv. (latter, falteft), cold. ftalte OH, / -", cold. I am (-), imperf. indie, of I otrnnen. ftame(e)l ( u -), -§, -e, camel. ftame(l)lt? (<*-eB« el (--), m. (n.) -(e)3, -e, jewel. 3umclier (-«-), m. -3, -e, jeweler. Sutueliertaben (- u -- w ), w -i, — , jew- eler's shop. ftappe 5 "),/ -n, cap. ftarl 5 ), m. -3, Charles. ftaroltuc (- vSv ),f -n§, Caroline. ftarre ( v5u ), /"• -n, ) cart, wheelbar- ftarren 5 "), w. -§, — , ) row. ftarte (* v ),f- -n, card, chart, map. Uartoffel (*****% f -n, potato. ftd'fe (-«), /«. -», — , cheese. (123, 2.) fta$e f*«), / -n, cat. faufen (•*«), i"r. buy. {aitm (-), adv. hardly, scarcely. ftehlc (-"),/ -n, throat. fehren (-'-'), eg(e)3 (- w -( u ), adv. by no means. ftefler (^ u ), m. -§, — , cellar. fteflner (^"), m. -§, — , waiter. Certnen 5 "), fannte, gefannt, tr. know. \cf. English ken.] ftenner ( ,iu ), m. -§, — , connoisseur. ftenntntd (nt^) (<««), / -ffe, knowledge, fid) flenntmffe aneignen, acquire knowl- edge. ftcrl (*), w. -e§, -e, fellow, Sttvn. 312 $negarat(l)). Scm (« 5 ), m. -e§, -e, kernel, seed. Rette (*»*j, ./ -n, chain. SttCcriCt (- u --), »• -5, -§, (also inter/.) cock-a-doodle-doo. Sttnb (>*), n. -H, -er, child. (375^ ft lib Ud) (*"), a<#. or aafo. childlike. Stinberftmi 5 ""), w. -( e ) g » _c **" -en, child-like mind. Ktrd)C (^«), ./ -n, church. \cf. Scottish kirk]. Stirfd)baum 5 -), m. -e§, -aume, cherry- tree. Sttrfdje i^^),f. -n, cherry. fitffen (° u ), ». -3, — , cushion, pillow. Stittel 5 "), w. -§, — , smock-frock. Cifcellt (?"), ^r. tickle. Clagen (- w ), tr. or intr. complain. jit la muter 5 "),./ -n, parenthesis. flat (-), adj. or adv. clear, bright. SilafFe (° u ),/ -n, class. Clatfd) ! (*), inter j. clap ! Clatfd) en (*»*X «■*'• «"" *"■ c ^ a P- i" ki c §anbe — , clap the hands. Klaoterfpieler( w z'-- w ), »*.-§,—, pianist. Stlecfd (>s), w*. -cS, -e, blot. Sttefb (-), «. -e§, -er, dress; (//.) clothes. (375.) Clciben (-"), «•■ -*. -«, conjunctiva or subjunctive (mode). fonneit (*«X fonnte, gefonnt, /r. can, bi able, know. Connie (*«), ««/. zW. ^/"fbnnen. Continent (^^^),m.orn. -3, -e, conti- nent. Stonjert («^), «. -3, -e, concert. ^OPf (^» ft. -eS, topfe, head. ^6pfd)en (^«), «. -§, — , little head. Stopfroeb (*-), n. -e§,-tor-en, headache. Storb ( >5 ), m. -e§, £brbe, basket. 5Uu*bd)eit (^^), «. -§, — -, little basket. Corrtgt'(e)rcn (" u - u ), /r. correct. fofrbar f*-), adj. or adv. costly, precious. Co fie n (<*«), tr. cost. &ourd (f), see J£ur§. Souft'tt (aj M French), m. -&, -6, cousin. SUutftnc (koo-zee'-ne), f. -n, (female) cousin. Crab be lit (^ u ), /«/r. b. or \. crarrl. Crd'd)jen {**), intr. croak. St rage it (-^), m. -3, -agen, throat, col- lar. Craben (-"), intr. crow (like a cock). Slralle ( <5u ), yi -n, claw. Cramer (-"), w;. -§, — , shop-keeper. CranC 5 ), a^'. or adv. (f rtinf er, frauf(e)ft), ill, diseased. Strattfbeit (*-),/. -en, illness, sickness. Straut (-), «. -e§, -auter, herb. Stratttd)eit (-^), «. ) -§, — , a little herb Strdutleitt (--), «. ) or plant. Crcibcroeifj (-"-), adj. as white as chalk. ftrcmer (- w ), w. -§, — , kreuzer (small coin). Cried)cu (- u ), frod), gefrod)en, m^r. b. ^r f . creep, crawl. Strteg (^), m. -(e)3, -e, war. .ftrteg*rat({)) (--), m. -e§, military coun- cil, court-martial ; councilor of war. #rone. 313 left. Orotic (-"),/. -n, crown. [ey). firontbaler (-- w ), m. -§, — , crown (mon- &rumd)en (-«), n. -g, — , little crumb, morsel. Srume (- v ),f. -n, crumb. SiidK (° w ),/ -n, kitchen. .Hiu1)cn (- u ), w. -g, — , cake. Sugel (--),/ -n, bullet, ftub (*),./: flube, cow. (371.) f iib I (-), «^'. f. -n, journey by land. £anbs unb (Scereifeu, travels and voy- ages. lat\g (fit a 4J- or adv - (longer, Ifingft), long. lange 5 "), adv. long, nod) — , for a long time yet. fd)on — , long ago, for a long while. laiifljahrtg (*-»*), adj. for many years. langfam (*-), adj. or adv. slow(ly). fiangroctle (*-"), \f. -n, tediousness, i'amienmle ( ww - w ), ) ennui. langroctlen (^- w ), refi. grow weary. (angmetltg 5 -"), adj. or adv. tedious. laffen (*"), Uefj, gelafjen, *r. leave, let ; often, when used with ittfin., cause, make, effect, bring about; as, mad)en — , have (get) made, bolen — , send for. in imper. let ; as, lafjt ung ge&en, let us go. — ©ie nur ! never mind ! £aft (?),/. -en, load, burden. ftaftiqfeit (f v -),f. burdensomeness, trou- blesomeness. latetntfd) ( w - v ), adj. or adv. Latin. t'aube (-"),/. -n, arbor. fiauf (-), tn. -eg, £aufe, course. laufen (-«). lief, gelaufen, intr. f. or &. run. laut (-), adj. or adv. loud, aloud. I a lite n (-"), intr. ring. leben(- u ), intr. live. lebe roobl! good- bye ! farewell ! 8eben (■*«), «. -g, — , life. Section, see Cettion. fiefcer (- u ), n. -g, — , leather. lebertt (- w ), adj. or adv. leathern, of leather. £efcerfd)iirje (- wv/vj ), f. -n, leather- apron. legen (-"), tr. lay, put, place; fasten. lebrcit (.- w ), tr. teach, instruct. iiebrer (- w ), »z. -g, — , teacher, instructor. fietb (-), tn. -eg, -er, life, body, einem ju Setbe riicfen, attack one. (374.) letd)t (*), adj. or adv. light, easy. Iet& (-), adj. used predicatively, dis- agreeable, eg tbut tttir febr — , I am very sorry. e§ ift mir — g era orb en, I geifc. 314 l"f% have come to regret it or I have changed my mind. fieifc (-), n. -e3 (no pi.), harm, einem tU U»a5 ju — c tbun, do one harm, hurt or wrong one. leifcen (-«), Htt, gelttten, tr. or intr. suffer. — an (with dat.), surfer from. Ictneii (-«), lieb, geltehen, tr. lend. SJethbtbltothcf (<*<-*»• -),/-en, circulating Ubrary. £etnn>anb (- SJ ),f linen. letfe (-"), #<#• 07" o^. soft, slow, imper- ceptible. ktfteii (-«), *r. perform, golge — , fol- low, comply with, obey. Icttcn (-«), ^r. lead, guide, conduct, di- rect, manage. £ iter (-"),/ -n, ladder. gei.ton (ytss (y)-),f. -en, lesson. £en$ (**), w. -e§, -e, spring. £crcbe ( v5w ),/ -en, lark. lerucn 5 "), /r. . last, latter, latest. 2e$t (*), y". («f* f)>f _e "» craft, cunning. Sob (*), n. -e§ (no pi.), praise. Sod) («), n. -H, Cbcber, hole. (375.) locfen (*«), tr. or intr. entice, allure, de- coy. Socomutto, see Sofomotine. fipffel ( v5u ), m. -%, — , spoon. lobnen (•*«*), tr. reward. fiotomottne ( -v»), f -n, locomo- tive. Sonfcon (tv), n. -§, London. lout 1 oner (*«* w ), adj. London, of Lon- don. (230, 1.) £orclci i (- u - or - v -),f indecl. Lore- fiorelet) ; lei, Loreley, Lurley (a fabled nymph). \oi (-), adj. or adv., used predicatively , loose ; with fein or roerben gover?ung accus. rid of. roa§ ift — ? what is the matter? lodgeben (--"), -gtng, -gegangen, intr. f. go furiously, rush. loSlaffru (-""), -Iie§, -gelaffen, tr. let loose, let go. lo3fd)lagen (-«), -fdjlug, -gefcblagen, tr. strike, loosen by striking. Some (-"), m. -n, -n, lion. Sufctntg (- w ), m. -§, Lewis, Louis. £uft s ), / Siifte, air, breeze. (371.) fiuife (-- v ),f -n§, Louise, Louisa. gutfenftrafce (-- w - w ), / -n, Louisa Street. guft (*), f. Siifte, pleasure. — b,aben, have a mind. (371.) lufttq ( ,5u ), «<#. <^* «e§, many a thing. maudmtal {•&-), adv. sometimes. Btattfctl C*V)»^ -n, almond. SOlangel (•**), m. -%, 3JiangeI, want, pov- erty. au% — an, for want of. tttangetn f*»*X intr. with an, be wanting; tr. be in want of. (347). Blontt (?, a*. -e§, banner, man, hus- band. (374.) WtauHl (*«), ■"• " § / aJlantel, cloak. (367.) ?0larie ( u -), /. -n§, Mary. SBfcarft s ), m. -eg, 3Mrfte, market. 3»arftfiraf?e s -"), / -en, Market- Street. SDfcarfd) s ), m. -e§, Warfdje, march. Wt'. on my metnettocgen (- w - w ), [• account or meinertotllen (- wuw ), * behalf, m c i it i g (- u ) , always preceded by def art., poss. pron. mine. (185.) SEJteinung (-"),f -en, opinion. SSJteffter (-«), m. -§, — , master, leader. SBfcelobt'e ( u --), / -n, melody, mengen s "), tr. mingle, ftd) in ettoaS — , meddle. SSJlenfd) ?), m. -e§, -en, man. (377.) 9Q£enfd)l)anb 5 "), f -banbe, human hand, merfen (**»)j rtr. mark, perceive, notice. SWeffer s "), «. -§, — , knife. SSJle^ger (***),«». -3, — , butcher, mid) 5 ), «£•<:. ^/"icf)/ me, myself. 9Qfctet(h)e (•«"),/ -n, rent. miet(h)en ( 4u ), ^r. hire. SSJlild) ("i),/. (no. pi.), milk. mt(b(e) (*("), «^'. or adv. mild(ly). Million ("(^)-),/ -en, million. SOlinifler (-^ u ), »«. -^, — , minister. SSJlinute (--"),/ -n, minute. SDlinutenieiger (-- w - u ), »«. ~t, — , minute-hand, mtr (-), dat. of. id), to me. non — , of mine. mtfd)ett ('*«'), tr. mix. fid) in et:ya§ — , meddle with something. mfffaOcn (^^^ ^r ^^«), -fiel, -gefalten, mtgltngen. 316 Ottufce. imp. disKke. e8 mifcfaUt tttir, I dislike it. miftlingen ( u<5 « or *«"^ imp. f. mis- carry. e8 mtfjlingt mir, I fail. mifttraueit ( u - u w <*-«), z'«/r. mistrust, distrust. lit it (*), «*&>. #«*/ sep'ble prefix, along, along with (something or somebody), in conjunction or company ; prep, with dat. with, along with, by, to. (315.) mitbringen (*»"*), -bradE>te,-gebrad)t, tr. bring (with one). tnitfahren 5 -"), -fuljr, -gefabren, Mr. f. travel along (with somebody). mitgcljcn^-"), -fling, -gcgangcn, ?«*r. f. go along (with one), join one's company. SQRitgefell ( uler (*-"), m. -3, — , fellow-pupil. SDt ittag 5 " or*-), m. -e8, -e, noon, ju — effen, to dine. SflfcittagSeffen (*w»ir#-i»«^ft -§. — , dinner. SDftittel (*v), «. -§, — , means. mittclS 5 "), \Prep. with gen. by means mittclfie-), J of. (317.) 2DIitternad)t O 5 "^), / -nacbte, mid- night. (371.) 2D*itternad)t3ftunbe (^wvw), y. _ n , midnight hour. mitt(h)cilctl ( v5 - u ), fr - . inform, communi- cate. SOftittrood) (tv), m. -8, -e, Wednesday. SBt&bel (*«), n. (/.) -<«), m //. furni- ture. moditc (*«), i7nperf. indie. ., modal auxiliary, must, be obliged. miifHg (-")> adj. or adv. idle. SOtiiftiggd'nger (- wwv ), *«. -8, — , idler. SDfcufrerinfc (•*»»*)» w. -e8, -fafce, model or normal sentence. SDlnt(l)) (-), m. -e8 {no pi.), mood, dispo- sition; courage. SOtuttcr t* v )i/' Gutter, mother. (123, 3.) SOtii^e^"),/. -u, cap. raid). 317 niefccrftfjaucit. »• nod) (-), Prep, with dat. after, behind; according to ; for ; by, at ; to, toward. 9lad)bar (*-), m. -% or -n, -n, neigh- bor. (368.) / Stadybavin 5 -"), / -nen, (female) neighbor. 9?ad)barfd)aft C*- v ),/-ett/ neighbor- hood. nadifcem (--), con/, after. ttad)fo(geit ( £ Y V ), intr. f. with dat. follow. nad)bcr (-- or--), adv. afterwards. n a di 1 o ff i gjr v u ), adj. or adv. careless(ly). naddaufett (--«), -lief, -gelaufen, intr. f . {with dat.) run after. nad)lcfcn (-- w )> *»&*• <"" tr. follow in reading. Otacbntittag (- wu or -«-), w. -§, -c, afternoon. nadjmittagd (*«"* or -«-), «<&. in the afternoon. Stadyvidyt (-«),/ -en, news. nadifeben (-- w ), -fafj, -gefe&en, Artr. look, see. nfid)fr (-), superl. of na&e, adj. next; /r#/* ak/. (na&er, nac&ft), nigh, near. ttabeii (-"), intr. with dat. approach. naber (--), comp. of nafye, nearer. tta'bertt (-"), tr. bring nearer. fidf> — , ap- proach. 9£dbtttafd)fne (-"-"), ./• -n, sewing-ma- chine. 9i aiming (- v ), f. -en, food. Sfcame (>«), w. -n§, -n, 9? a in en (-«), w. -§, — , namentltd) (- vv ), «<#'• by name; adv. particularly. namlid) (***% adv. namely, viz. 9* afe (- u ), / -ii, nose. nafi (")> adf. or adv. (naffer, naffeft), wet. 9taffe 6 s "), ./I (no pi.) wetness, humidity, moisture. 9*atur (--),/ -en, nature. 9?aturgefd)td)te (--^ w ),/ -tt, natural history. itatiirltd) (-- w ), adj. or adv. natural(ly), as a matter of course. n e ben (- w ), tfafo. beside; /r*/». wzV/z dat. or ace. beside, near, at. (316.) 9Zebenfal$ (- uv ), m. -e§, -fa§e, subordi- nate sentence. liebft (-), prep, with dat. together with. 9?effe (*»*X "*• -"/ _n / nephew. neb men (-«), naljm, genommen, tr. take. 9Jetge (-"), _/! -n, point where a thing be- gins to decline or slope, inclination, auf bie — ge&en, decline, wane, give out. net gen (■*"), tr. incline, bow. nein (-), adv. no. «Relf e (^), / -n, pink. nennenO 5 "), nannte, genannt, tr. name. call. 9*eft (>*), n. -e§, -er, nest. (375.) 9*eftd)en (^ v ), «. -4, — , little nest. lieu (-), adj. or adv. new. neuer (- u ), comp. of neu, modern, bie — e Spradje, the modern language. 9teugterfce (-- w ), ,/ -n, curiosity, inquisi- tiveness. tteugtertg (-- u ), aa^\ curious, inquisitive. neulid) (-"), «<&/. newly; recently, the other day. neun (-), num. nine. ncunt (•*), ber. neunte, etc., num. adj. ninth. neunjebn (--), num. nineteen. neunjcbnt(--), num. adj. nineteenth. neu ting (-«), num. ninety. neunjfgftG^), ber neunjigfte, etc., num. adj. ninetieth. ntd)t (t), adv. not. — toa&r? is it not so? 9ttd)te (?"),f. -n, niece. uirbtd (*), ,'fidef. pron. indecl. (sometimes written with capital initial), nothing. Htd)t3fceft0tt>etitger (***--«*»), adv. nev- ertheless. 9?id)t*tbun (?-), n. -§, inaction. ntdfen (^«), intr. nod; doze. nte (-). adv. never. nteberfdiauen (-«-«), intr. look down, gaze downward niebertoerfen. 318 $affibum. niefcertoerfen (- www ), tr. throw down. nteMtd) (- w ), adj. or adv. pretty, nice. ntefcrtg (-"), adj. or adv. low. nicmalS (--), adv. never. 9? tent an fc (- u ), indef. pr. no one. — ans ber(e) -§ or Vfeffer 5 "). **• ~*« pepper. Vfenittg (* v ), *». -i, -e, penny. -e, portrait. Vfcrb (-), n. -e§, -c, horse, ju — , on $)oft (*),/. -en, post-office. horseback. ^oftamt O 5 ^), n. -(e)§, -atnter, post- $>fer6ehdnbler (- uwu ), m. -§, — , horse- office. dealer. ^) often (•«), m. -§, — , item. pfhin?cn (* V X * r - plant. pr iid) tit) (« iw ), ok#. or adv. splendid(ly), spfiicbto 5 ),/ - e «/ dut y- magnificent(ly). pfUicfcn (**»), tr. pluck, pick. pracbtooll s /"), adj. splendid. Plliiqcn (-«), z'«/r. *r/■ -en, prepo- photographer. sition. photographi(e)ren (/-««/-«), ), n. -§, Prussia. (233.) /-"),/■ (no pi.), physics. preufttfch (■*■»), adj. Prussian. (233.) ^Jtanofptekr ( u --- w ), m. -§, — , pian- Vrtnj 5 ), m. -en, -en, prince. (377.) ist. s Vrtn$cMiii ("*")>/• -nen, princess. pttfen (*«), «rfr, or *r. pick. $>robe (- v ),f. -n, proof, sample. Wifiole («-«),/ -n, pistol. probt(e)ren (-- u ), *r. prove, try; taste. 931an (-), m. -e§, -e #r $lane, plan. ^ronomen (--"), n. -3, -mina, pro- 9Ha$ (*), ?«. -e§, spiafce, place, square, noun. seat. prophet («/-), z«. -en, -en, prophet. blunter (*«), w. -§ (no pi.), trash, rub- $>roteftant (- u,s ), *«. -en, -en, Protest- bish. ant. plural (--, sometimes --), -§, — , plu- priifcn (-«), tr. prove, examine. ral. %\\\\l t (t), m. -§, -e, point. — ein Ubr, pluS (<*), adv. plus. exactly at one o'clock. ^MuSquampei tectum, better ) n. -§>, piinft(id) (^ u ), adj. or adv. punctual. ^Juppe (•«), / -n, puppet, doll. pluperfect (tense). purpurfarbtg (* wwv ), adj. purple-col- $>0bagra (---), n. -i or indecl. (no pi.) ored. gout. pufjett ( ,5u ), tr. adorn, fid) — , plume ^olijei («-■*), / (no pi.) police. one's self (of birds). €W quafen (-«), intr. quack (of geese, etc), croak (of frogs). qutiten (- w ), tr. torment, importune, teaze, plague. Qiiaittttat (ww^<7r>5«-), /. -en, quan- tity. Quelt 5 ), m. -e§, -e, ) .. Cuene(^),/-n. }«P™&^. Mabt. 320 rufen. M. Wabe (- w ), m. -n, -n, raven. rdd)Cii O 5 "), /r. revenge, fid) — , revenge one's self, ftdj an etnem radjen, take vengeance on somebody. WabteS (--), m. -e§, -e, radish. WabteSdjen (--«), «. -3, — , little radish. Wanb 5 ), »*. -e§, SRdnber, eJge, rim. (374). rafd) 5 ), adj. or adv. rash, impetuous, rapid. Wat(b) (-), w. -e§, //. 9lat(6)fc&lage, ad- vice. rat(b)en (-«), riet(&), gerat(b,)en, jfr. ad- vise (one, dat.). War(b)fel (-"), «• -», — riddle. raubcn (- u ), *r, rob. Wduber (*»»), w . -§, — , robber. Waud) (-), w. -e§, smoke. raucben (- u ), /r. or imtr. smoke. randjig (-«), «*#". or adv. smoky. Waud)rimmer (- '*»), n. -4, — , smoking- room. raub (-)> adj. or adv. rough, rude, raw. Waupe {-^\f. -n, caterpillar. Waupenet (- w -), n. -e§, -er, caterpillar's egg. raufcben (- w ), «d!r. 6. <^- f. move with a noise like rushing water, rustle. Wedimtng {***),/. -en, reckoning, cal- culation, sum, bill, account. rcd)t 5 ), «<#. or adv. right, really, prop- erly, very. — fiaben, be in the right. rcd)t$ C^i adv - to the right (hand). rcbcn (-«), intr. ortr. speak, talk. rebuciren, better ) k. ., N , , N ( tr. reduce. rebujt(e)ren (— * W X ) Wegel (-*),/. -n, rule. regelntdfltg (- w - w ), <*<#. or adv. regu- lar(ly). Wegen (-^), m. -§, rain. Wegenfd)trm (- wu ), w. -(e)§, -e, umbrella. regnen (- u ), z«^r. im/ers. rain. Web (-), «• -e§, -e, roe, deer. re id) (-), adj. or adv. rich. ret diet i (- w ), /«/r. reach. W*f (~)> **<#• ^ tf^- ripe. Wetgentanj (■ £ « v ), »*. -e3, -tanje, round- dance. Wet be (-«), /• -n, turn. refit (■*), «<#'. or oa/z/. pure, clean. Wetfe (-"), / -n, journey. Wetfegefdbrte (--«--), m . - n , -n, travel- ling companion. retfen {^), intr. f. or &. travel. Weifenbe (ber) (**»*), M . {inflected like adj.) -n, -n, traveller. Wetfetafcfte (■« ), /. -n, carpet-bag, portmanteau. retfteii (-="), rife, geriffen, /r. tear. retten (^), ritt, geritten, intr. b. or f. ride (on horseback). Wettpferb (--), n. -e3, -e, riding- or saddle- horse. Wet* (■*), ;«. -e§, -e, incentive, charm, attraction. re tje lib (-^), <*#. charming. Weft (-5), m. -e§, -e, rest, remainder. retten (« «) , /r. save, fid) — , save one's self. Wbet'n (*), w. -eg, (river) Rhine. Wbeinroet'n (*-), m . -e§, -e, Rhenish wine, hock. WbeuntattSmuS (-—'»*), m. — , rheuma- tism. rid) ten («*«), tr. direct, address, eine ^rage — an, ask a question. Wtd)ter (*"), m. -§, — , judge, magistrate. rtd)ttg ("*«), adj. or adv. right, correct, rtef (-), imperf. indie, of vufett. rtcfeln (^^), intr. trickle, ripple, purl. Winbe (^-),/, -n, rind, crust, bark. ^•"9 Wi ««• -c§, -e, ring, circle. Wt'ppe (^«), / -n, rib. Wocf (<*), w. -e§, SRotfe, coat. Woman (--), w. -e§, -e, romance, novel. Wofe^^.yi-n, rose. Woftne (-- w ),y. -n, raisin. rot(b) (-), adj. or adv. (rot(6)er, rot(b)eft), red. Wot(b)febId)ett (^-«), «. -§, — , red- breast, robin. Wuben* (-«), w., indecl., Rubens, a Dutch painter. Wiicfen (*v^ m . -§, — , back. See £eib. Wiicffebr {*-),/• en, return. Wucfftdjt (*«), yi -en, respect, regard, attention, consideration, rucfrodrt* (**»X ^^ backward. rufen (-«), rtef, gerufen, /'w/r. or/r. cry, call. Me. 321 frf)(ntt)tcn. Wuhe {-"),/. (pi- rare), rest, repose. mbcn (-«), intr. rest. rnbifl (- w ), adj. or adv. quiet, calm, tran- quil. SWubtn (-), m. -e§, fame, celebrity, glory. riibmen (-"), reft, boast of. rub re it (•**»), tr. stir up, move, set in motion. nibvcnfc {-'•'), part, used as adj. touching, pathetic. etroaS 9luE)renbe3, p. 46, n. 4. Ratine ( vSj ),f. -n, ruin, ruins, runb (**), adj. or adv. round. 9Kuffe OH, w. -n, -rt, Russian. (233.) rnffifd) (***), adj. Russian. (233.) Jtuftlanfc (<*«), ». -§, Russia. <2>aal (z-), w. -e§, ©ale, hall, saloon, large room. 3dbcl (z-t), m. -§, — , sabre. 2?ad)e (2^), /. -n, thing. fden (** v ), tr. sow. <2>aft (st 5 ), m. -e§, ©afte, sap, juice. fafttg (** W X adj. or adv. juicy. fagen (z- u ), *V. say, tell, speak. fab (z~)> intperf. ind. of feben. ©alat (««-), *«. -e§, -e, salad. @aIomo(n) (z- w -, more correctly z---), -§ *?r -mo'ntS, Solomon. Salj (2^), «. -e§, -e, salt. famine (it («* M ), a$ (2^), m. -e§, ©ci^e, settlings, sedi- ment; sentence. fauer (z-»), adj. or adv. sour. faufen (**"), ioff, gefoffen, intr. er tr. drink (of ai.imals). Sdjadjt 5 ), w*. -e§, -e tfr©cbad)te, shaft, pit. 2cbad)tel (*"),/. -n, box, bandbox. Sdntt'e (- w ), w. -ns, -n, ) damage. ®d>aben (-«), w.-§, ©cbciben, ) e^iftfeJjr Sd)abe, it is a great pity. (376.) fd)abcn (- w ), /»/r. with dat. injure. fd)dMfd) (-"), adj. or adv. injurious. <2d)af \. A ®d>aafj ( - ) '*-- e§ '- e ' 8heep - 3d) a fie in (--), n. -§, — , little sheep, fd)d'len (-«), tr. shell, peel. 3d)altj[abr (*-), n. -eg, -e, leap-year. fd)d me 11 (- w ), f^- be ashamed of. fd)arf (-*), adj. or adv. (fd)arfer, fdjarfft), sharp. Sdmttcn (<*«), m. -§, — , shade, shadow. fd)auc 11 (- w ), intr. or tr. look, see. fdieeren, see fdjeren. fd)einen (- u ), fd)ien, gefebienen, *«*r. shine, seem or appear (to, dat.). 3d)Clle {*"),/. -n, little bell. <2d)elm (»*), w. -e<§, -e, rogue. fd)elrcn 5 "), fcfjalt, gefdjolten, tr. or intr. scold, revile, call one an insulting name. fd)enfen ( v5w ), tr. pour out for drinking, give. fdjeren (-»), febor, gefd)oren, tr. shear, shave. 3d)cr$ 5 ), m. -e§, -e, joke. — bet ©eite, joking aside. fd)erjen (<**»), z'«^r. joke. fd)tcBen (H, ^r. send. fd)ieflen (- w ), fd)o§, gefdjoffen, »fr. ortr. shoot, fire. @d)tff W, n. -e§, -e, ship, boat. (Sd)tffer {6<->) y m. -9, — , skipper, ma- riner, sailor. 3d)iUtng (* W X m. -e§, -e, shilling. 3d)tiniue( 0***)i w. -§, — , white horse. fd) imp fen ( ,5u ), ^r. insult, call by an in- sulting name. Iief, gefcblafen, intr. sleep. Sdjlafcrt (-«), «. -s, sleep. fd)laf(c)rig (-( u ) w ), <^'. or adv. sleepy. 3d)lafgcmod) (- uu ), «. -{e)s, -madder, sleeping apartment, bedroom. 8d)laffammcr (- ww ), ,/ -n, bed-cham- ber, sleeping-room. fd)Iaftrunfcn (- uw ), adj. heavy with sleep, drowsy. 2dilafummcr (- ww ), »• -3, — , sleeping- chamber. @d)lag (- or <*), m. -es, Sdjldge, blow, stroke; warbling (of a bird), notes, im — , or (abbr.) fcfilag (with numeral), on the stroke of, precisely at. Sdriagbaum (-- or*-), m. -es, -bdume, toll-bar. fdjlagen (-«), fcblug, gefdjlagen, tr. or intr. strike, knock, beat (time). fd)Icd)t (*), adj. or adv. bad. fd)ltef?eit (-«), fcblofe, gefd>Ioffen, *r, or intr. conclude, ^reunbfdjaft — , become (fast) friends; rejl. become closed or shut ; be attached. fd)ltcfHtd) (-«), adv. in the end. fd)Umm (<*), adj. and adv. ill, evil, sad. SdUtttfdnifo (•-), w. -es, -e, skate. — laufen, skate (verb). (369.) 3>d)(ittfdtuhlaufen (*— -*»), «.-§, skating. £d)littfd)uhia'ufer (*-- v ), m. -s, — , skater. Sd)l0|| 5 ), «• -es, ©d)Ioffer, lock, castle. fd) hint merit (*»»fc z«/V. slumber, sleep. fd)lupfcu (*"), intr. f. slip, glide. 2d)litffcl (**), m. -S, — , key. 2d)luffclbluntc C***-**), f. -n, primrose. fdMliatfbaft (<*"), adj. or adv. savory, palatable. fd)mccFctt (*"), intr. or tr. taste, fid) '3 TDOljt (gut) — laffen, enjoy a thing, fdtmeidtcltt (- v ), intr. with dat. flatter. d)opfuttg (*"),/. -en, creation. Zd)0$ (-), m. -es, ottlanb (*"), n. -(e)6, Scotland. 2d)0ttld'ltber (*" v ), m. -5, — , Scotch- man. <2d)raiif (*), m. -es, Sdjranfe, cupboard. fd)red*cn (* KJ ), intr. f. be terrified, fear. Sd)rerfcn ( ,5w ), m. -S, — , terror, fright. fdjrecfltd) (*»*), «^'. £>r a<&/. terrible. 2d)rctbcbud) (-"-), «. -§, -bild)er, writ- ing-book, copy-book. fd)rctben (-«), fd)rieb, gefd;rieben, ^r. write. 2d)rcibnmtertal (---( w )-), «. -(e)§, -alien, writing-material. Sd)rcibftunbc (- ww ), /! -n, writing- lesson. Sdjrcibttfd) (- u ), m. -e3, -e, writing- desk. fdireten (-«), fdjrie, gefdjriecu, Mr. ^r/r. cry, cry out, scream. <2d)rettier (- w ), m. -3, — , joiner. Sdirot (-), «. -co, -e, shot. 2d)iiblabc (-- w or *- v ), f. -», drawer. ®d)itb (-), m. -cs, -e, shoe. (369.) 2d)iif)imid)er (- vw ), w. -s, — , shoe- maker. sdjitto. 323 <§cnf. <2d)ulb (<*),/. -en, debt. fd)ulbtg (*«), d)nrfe 5 "), ?«.,-n, -n, rascal. <3d)iir$c 5 "), / -n, apron. fd) lit tela (***), J?r. shake. fd)utten 5 "), tr. pour. 2d)ttfj 5 ), wz. -e§ {no pi.), shelter. fd)ii$cn ( v5w ), dr. protect. fd)toad) (>*), adj. or adv. (fdiroac&er, fdjroadjft), weak. (Sdjroager (-"), *«. -3, ©djrcager, brother- in-law. amm 5 ), w. -e§, ©djtoamme, sponge. 2diiuammd)cn O 5 *'), n. -8, — , little sponge. anj 5 ), w. -e§, Sdjroanje, tail, fdjroarj if), adj. or adv. (fcbtDarjer, fdjuiarjeft), black. fdjroeben (-«), intr. Ij. or f. sweep (through the air), hover, float. <2>d)n>efee (- u ), m. -n, -n. Swede. <2d)n>eben (-«), n. -§, Sweden. fd)n»cbtfd)(- w ), a^'. Swedish. fd)»t>etgen (-*«), fdnnieg, gefdjrotegen, z«/r. be still. fd)tt>etgenb (- w ), /r. part, in silence. 2d)toetii (-), n. -e§, -e, swine, hog, pig. (372.) fd)roer (-), adj. or adv. sore, heavy; hard, difficult. efter (?"),/. -n, sister. fd)u>immcn O 5 "), fc&rcamm, gefdiroommen, z«rV. fi. or f. swim. fd)n>tnb(e)itg (lid)t) ("*( W ) V X *#> "*" a ^- dizzy. e§ ift mir — , I am (feel) dizzy, fd) id tit be In (*"), intr. or tr. impers. be dizzy. c§ fd)tt>inbelt mir, I feel dizzy. fd)tDtnbelnb {^ v ), pr. part, dizzy, giddy, causing giddiness. fd)n>tnben f**»X fd)nmnb, gefdjnmnben, fctir. f. vanish. fcd)8 {sfikss), num. six. fed) 3 ma I {z*kss-) f aa'z/. six times. fed) fit {z&ksst), num. adj. sixth. 8ed)ftcl {z^ksst^), n. -3, — , sixth part. fed)$jel)n {z^kss-), num. sixteen. fed)8$ebnt {z^kss-), num. adj. sixteenth. fed)$t'g (z^), num. sixty. fed)}tgfr {z 6 *), num. adj. sixtieth. i. See (z-), m. -3, -n, lake. 2. 2>ee (z-), f. -n, sea, ocean. (Sees unb Canbreifen, voyages and travels. feefranf {z-^), adj. sea-sick. <2eefranfl)ett(z-"-),./ -en, sea-sickness. vSecle {z-^),/. -rt, soul, einem an bie — gebeit, go to one's heart. <2eefd)lad)t {z-^), /. -en, sea-fight. feben(z-"), ja&, gefefoen, tr. or intr. see, look. febnen (z-»), rejl. long for. febt* (z-), adv. very, greatly, very much, much. Set be (z- w ), /. -n, silk. fetben (z- w ), adj. made of silk, silken. i. fetn (z-), int?. f. be. {With certain verbs as auxiliary to be translated like fiaben.) e§ ift *c., there is, etc. mir ift, I feel, it seems to me. (381.) 2. fetn (z-), poss. adj. his, its. 3. fetn (z-), old gen. of er or eg. fe t it c til albeit (•*«***«), } adv. on his {or fetnetwegen (z- w -«), Wts) account or fetnetrottlen (z-"" w ), ) behalf. fetnt'g (z- w ), poss. pr., always with def. art. his, its. fett (z-), prep, with dat. since, for. — lange, for a long time ; conj. since. (315.) fettbent (z--), conj. since. <2>ette (z-^), f. -n, side; page, nacf; jeber — rjirt, in every direction. felber (z^ u ), adj. indecl. self (myself, yourself, etc.). felbft (z^), adj. indecl. same as felber ; as noun, con — , of itself, himself, etc. ; freely, without compulsion or effort; adv {preceding tlie word which it em- phasizes), even. felbftgejogen (#*v-^, adj. self-culti- vated, native. felten {z^^),adj. or adv. seldom, rare(ly) fenben (z^), fembte, gefembt, tr. send. <2ettf {zfi), m. -e§, mustard. September. 324 Sopfja. (September (&"*»), m. -§, — , Septem- ber. Seffel (z* v ), m. -§, — , settle, chair. fe$en (z^^), tr. set, put; reft sit down, perch, take up a position, seat one's self, get (into). 2f) an) I (-, pron. like Fr. chdle), m. -e§, -e, shawl. fid) (z* 5 ), refl. pr. third j>ers. dat. or ace. himself, herself, itself; themselves; in recip. sense, one another. flcber (z* 5 "), adj. or adv. sure, certain. fid) tx\ id) (z 5 ""), «^- certainly. fie (z-), /terj. /r. (third sing.) she, it, her ; (third pi.) they, them. (35.) S ie (z-), /terr. /r. (swV */«£-.) you. (35. ) fieben (z-^), www. seven. ft'ebenmal (z-"~), ttfe seven times. fiebentebalb (z^"««), a<#. (seventh half ; i. e.) six and a half. fieb(en)jebn (z-( w )-), m. seventeen. ficb(en);ehnt (z- (")-)> «**«• «<#• seven- teenth. fieb(en)$ig (z-( w ) w ), *«>*• seventy. fieb(en)jtgfl (z* («)«), num. adj. seven- tieth. fieben (z-^), fott, gefotten, *r. or Mr. boil. Sieg (z-), •». -e§, -e, victory. Silber (z 5 "), «• -*, silver. filberbell (z 5 ^), adj. silvery, bright as silver. Silberborn (z*««), «. -(e)3, -borner, sil- ver horn. filbern (z 5 "), «*#. or adv. made of or re- sembling silver. filbermeif? (••*»-)» adj. silvery white. fingen (z* w ), fang, gefungen, intr. or tr. sing. ■Singe n (z5«), «. -§, singing. Singular (z^^-orz^^-), m. -§, -e, sin- gular (number). Singoogel (■*/- w ), «fc -* ( -t)3gcl # song- bird. finfen (z- 5 "), fanf, gefunten, Mr. f. sink, fall. Sinn (z 5 ), m. -e§, -e .or\. thick, meditate, reflect. Sinnen (z*«), «. -8 («o //.), thoughts. fifcen (z*«), fafj, gefeffen, intr. sit. fo (z-), adfo. so, thus, in this or in such manner or degree, when ; as particle of inference, then, fo . . . a!3 (or IDte), as as. — eben, just. — gut, as well as. — immer, however. — tote, just as. Often correlative to a preceding ba, and not necessarily translated ; be- fore an adj. or adv. often i-mplies a IS and itself not to be translated ; as, fo grof} er mar, great as he was ; inter/, indeed! fob alb (z- «*) : — a 13, conj. as soon as. fobafj (z-4)',conj. so that. foebcn (z -- w ), arfz'. just. Sofa (z- w or «•-), «. or m. -§, -§, sofa. fofort(z-^), adv. forthwith. fogar (z- -), *), /rwz. «*#. (foldjer, foldje, foU cbee), such, ein — er, such a. Solbat (z"~), *«. -3 <7r -en, -en, soldier. foUen (z* 5 "), lr., modal auxiliary, shall, should; ought; be to, be intended or destined or expected to ; be said to. er fyat feme 9lufgabe lernen — , he was to have learned (was told to learn) his les- son. Sommer (z^ v ), m. -§, — , summer. fonberbar (z 5 "-), adj. or adv. strange. fonberlid) (z^^^),adj. or adv. specially), peculiarly), particular(ly), remarka- ble, -bly. fonbern (z isj ), conj. but (more adversa- tive than a ber, and usually after a nega- tive). Souuabeub (z 5 -"), m. -3, -e, Saturday (evening before Sunday). Sonne (z 5 "), f. -n, sun. Sonnengtan; (z 5 ""), m. -e§, sunlight. Sonnenfd)irm (z 5 ""), m. -e§, -c, para- sol. Sounenufir (z&"-),f. -en, sun-dial. Sonntag (z^ or z* 5 -), m. -3, -e, Sun- day. 4 fonft (z 5 ), «), intr. or tr. play. Spielpla^ (- u ), m. -e3, -pla^e, play- ground. Spielfacbe (-z wu ),/ -n, plaything. Sptelfacbenlaoen {-z^^-^), m. -§, — or -laben, toy-shop. Spinat (--), m. -e§, -e, spinage. Spi^e (*"), f -It, top, point, peak. fptfcig (^ u ), «^. or adv. pointed, sharp. Spracbe {- v ),f. -n, language; conversa- tion, talk. fprachtoS (-"), adj. speechless. fpred)en (^ u ), fpvad), gefprodjen, intr. or tr. speak, talk, say. fpringcn {^^), f prang, gefprungen, intr. f. or 1). spring, leap, jump; break (open). Stab (-), m. -e3, ©tabe, staff. Stacbelbeere (* w - w ),./ -n, gooseberry. Stabt (*), /. ©tabte, city, town. (371.) Sta'ottben (<*«), n. -§, — , small town. Stabtrirbter (* WM X m - -%> —> municipal judge. Stablfeber {--^),f -n, steel-pen. Stall {?), m. -e§, ©talle, stall, kennel. Stamnt (?), m. -e3, ©tamme, stem, stalk. Stanfc if), m. -eS, ©tanbe, stand, stand- ing; state, situation, im — fetn, be in a condition, be able. ftanMjaft ("•"X a( tj- or adv. firm. flarf if), adj. or adv. (ftarfer, ftarf(e)ft), hard, strong, violent(ly), bad. Stdrfe (?"),/. -tt, strength. Station (-/«(")-), f. -en, station. ftdt$ (-), adv. always. Statt (?),f. {no pi.), place. — t)*), «**/'. tiicf l' 5 ), «. -3, -e or -en, piece. Stucf Cben (•«), «. -3, — , small piece, morsel. Stubcnt (-*), m. -en, -en, student. ftufct(e)rcn (-- v ), intr. or tr. study. StufeiBM (-( W H, n. -4, pi. ©tubien, study. Stub! (^), m. -e3, ©tiifjle, stool, chair. ftuntm (*), adj. or adv. dumb, mute. flumpf (f), adj. or adv. blunt, dull. Stunte («5"), /. -n, time; hour, lesson; league. — n geben, give lessons. — n ne&men in, take lessons in. it iirmcn (**»)> intr ' &• or f. storm, rage. ftiirjen (6»), intr. f. fall headlong, plunge down, tumble. fubtrabi(f)mt (^-i»), tr. subtract. fitd)Cit (z- w ), tr. or intr. seek, look for, try. Siit'cn (z- v ), m. -§ (no pi.), south. fuMtd) (z- v ), adj. or adv. southerly, southern. Siibniiiib (z- v ), m. -e§, -e, southwind. Summe (z^^), f. -n, sum. fiifj (z-), sweet. £♦ Sact, see Saft. Safe I (-"),/. -n, table, slate. Sag (* or -), w. -e§, -e, day. eine§ — e§, once upon a time, once, jroeimal be3 — e3, twice a day. alle brei — e, every third day. (369.) Sagedlidit (-""), n. -e§, -er . deep, profound. Siefe (•**»), / -n, depth, abyss. St(e)ger (- u ), w. -i, — , tiger. $inte {*"),/. -n, ink. Stntenfaft ( >s « u ), «. -eg, -faffer, inkstand. Stnteiiflecr' (*««), #*. -eg, -e or -en, ink- spot. Sintenflecf (^ uu ), *«. -eg, e, ) Stntenf lecf* (iw), m . -eg, -e, J ink " s P ot - Stfdj {>*), w. -eg, -e, table. Sifchler (>*"), ?«. -g, — , joiner, cabinet- maker. Sochtcr (*»»), f.pl. Stocbter, daughter. Sob (-), m. -eg, -e, death. to(b)t (-), adj. or adv. dead ; as noun, £o(b)te, m. or f. dead (person). iibel (-"), adj. or adv. evil, ill, sick. iiben (- w ), /r. practise, train, drill. iiber (- w ), adv. and {generally) insep- arable prefix, over; prep, i. with dat. over, above, at ; 2. w&ft tftr. {generally with implication of motion), across; after, after the lapse of ; about, concern- ing; by way of. beute — acbt Sage, a week from to-day. liberate* (fctcfl) (- uZ ), adv. besides, more- over. to(fc)ten (■*»), tr. kill. Son (-), m. -eg, -e, tune. Sracht (•*), ,/C -en, costume. trdge (- w ), «^'. #r adv. lazy. tragen (- v ), trug, getragert, tr. or intr. carry, bear, wear, sustain. Srd'ghett {--), /. {no pi.), indolence. trdnfen (<*«), tr. give to drink, water. Sratibe (- «), /. -n, bunch of grapes, tranen (- w ), intr. with dat. trust. Sraum (-), m. -eg, £raume, dream, trdumeu (-«), intr. or tr. dream, eg traumt mir, I dream. (347.) Sraitmgeftcbt (- wv ), «. -eg, -e or -er, dream, vision, sight seen in a dream. traui'ig (- w ), adj. or adv. sad. treffen 5 "), traf, getroffen, tr. or intr. find, fid) — , meet. treiben (-«), trieb, gctvieben, tr. drive. SretbhauS (--), -eg, -baufer, hot-house. Sreppe 5 "), /. -n, stairs, bie — btuauf, up stairs. trcten (-«), trat, getveten, intr. f. tread, step, go. treu (-), adj. or adv. faithful, trusty. trtllem (*"), intr. warble. trinfen (^ w ), tranf, getrunfen, drink, trodfen (^ v ), adj. or adv. dry, stale. Srommel (<*"), f. -n, drum. Srompeter ( w - u ), m. -g, — , trumpeter. Srompeierftticfchen f»*»»^ «. -g, — , air for the trumpet. Sropfen (^ w ), m. -g, — , drop. Such (-), n. -eg, £iidber,cloth. tiichtig ( ,5w ), «^'. or adv. capable, — bly, soundly. Sugenc (- u ), / -en, virtue. Sulpe (•"),/ -n, tulip. u. uberbriifFtg (-" ww )» «jn iw «to<" w/VA gen. weary, tired. iiberfahrt (-"-),/ -en, passage. iiberftibren (- u - u ), /r. insep. convict. tibei'baupt (-"-), adv. altogether, gener- ally speaking. ubennoviKii (- wwv ), adv. day after to- morrow. ubernad)ten (- u,5u ), intr. and insep pass the night. iiberrafchen (- w,5w ), tr., insep. surprise. Ubcrrodf. 328 unrcif. Uberrocf (- ww ), m. -e§, -rocfe, overcoat. ilberrumpcln (- wv5u ), tr. andinsep. take by surprise. i. iibcrfcfcnt (- v z* v ), tr. and sep. pass over, cross. 2. itberfegett (- w 2 iu ), /r. andinsep. trans- late. llberfe^ung (-"2^"), ./ -en, translation. itbcrtragen (- u - w ), -trug, -tragen, tr. atid insep. transfer, assign. uber^ahlcit (- wZw ), /r. ««5w ), adv. below, down. Ulltcr 5 "), adv. and seflble or insefble prefix, also prep, with dat. or accus. un- der, among. — anbern, amongst other things. (316; 316, 5.) untcrbred)en (»»*<* v^ -brad), -broken, tr. insep. interrupt. Untcrbcft (-ffen) ^*"*, «*«**»»), adv. in the mean time. untergchen ( ,5w - w ), -ging, -gegangen, z#^r. sep. f. sink, fall, perish, become ruined. ttutcrbalb ( %5uu ), /r*/. with gen. or dat. below. r. uiitcrhaltcn (*"«"), -bielt, -gebalten, tr. sep. hold under. 2. unterhalteu (w^w^ -bielt, -batten, *V. insep. entertain, amuse, fid) — , en- tertain or amuse one's self. UiitcrnebmcM ( v/w - u ), n. -§, — , under- taking. Untcrr id)t (* VV X w - _ 3, -construction, tuition. untcrr tcfoten 0**"* v )i *"• *«•*?/• teach. uutcrftutjen (wv^^ &. t «j^j. support, aid, assist. untcrfud)cn ( vv z- v ),tr. insep. examine. untcrn>cg(c)$ ( w "-( w ), ) adv. on the way, unterni cgcn(3) ( w « - «), J *« rowte. uttoer batil id) (""-"), «<#'. indigestible. unt>crhetrat(h)ct (<••« — «), unmarried. ltm>orfid)tig Pf-v*), improvident. Uittuoiil 5 -), adj. unwell, ill, indisposed. e§ ift mir — , I am (feel) ill. UniVOhlfcin (*--), «. -5, (no pi.), indis- position, illness. unroiirbtg 5 " ), #<#'. o*- «&». unworthy. Utt)ufrtcben (*— «»), «<#". discontented. SB. oacant (w-* 5 ), fe^r ) .. , „ .} ' ( adj. or adv. vacant, oaf ant (z>-*), ' Safe (v-z"),f. -n, vase. aSatcr C/*"i w. -6, Sater, father. (367.) aSatcrlanb (f- vv ), «. -c3, -e or-Ianber, fatherland. 33etld)cn (_/"-"), «. -8, — , violet. ocrdnberlid) (Z" 4 "-), «<#. or adv. changeable. ocranflaltcn (Z" 5 "-), *r. arrange. 33erb (v*), n. -3, -en, verb, ocrbetften (/ k/Zv ), -bifc, -biffen, tr. sup- press, stifle, smother. ocrbeffern (/ w>5u ), *r. improve, oerbtnben (f^" 5 ^), -banb, -bunben, tr. oblige, cinem oerbunben fetn, be obliged to one. ocrbrcttcn (f v - v ), tr. spread abroad. oerbad)tig (/"**$ <*#• ^ «^-, «#* /■(?«. of thing, dat. of person, suspected of. CcrbcdP (/"*), «. -», -e, deck, auf bem — , on deck. oerbcrben (/ w,5v ), -barb, -borben, tr. or intr. f. spoil. oerborben (f v,iv ), Past part, of uerbcrs ben, spoiled, tainted. oerfiigcn (/"-"), tr. or intr. dispose. oergangen (f v,iv ), past part, of ocrges ben, past. — e Sftadjt, last night. SSergangenheft (/ w,5w -), / -en, past (tense). oergeben (/«- w ), -gab, -geben, tr. for- give. oergebenS (f v ~ v ), adv. in vain. oergeffen (/"*«), -ga§, -geffen, *r. forget. 93crgt#mcinntd)t (/«<*-*'), «. -(e)§, -e or -3 ; often indecl., forget-me-not (flower). aScrgniigcn (/«-«), n. -§, — , satisfac- tion, pleasure. — mad) en, give pleasure. ocrgniigt (/«-), adj. or adv. delighted, pleased, satisfied. nergr&fcern (/ u - w ), tr. enlarge. aSerbaltnt^nJort (/^««), «. -e§, -e r preposition or adverb. toerirrcn. 330 tiiermol. ecrtrrctt {f*-" *), refl. lose one's way. SSerfauf (/ w -), m. -e§, -laufe, sale. ocrfaufen {/ v - v ), tr. sell. ©erf cl)r C/ w -), ni. -§, {no pi.), intercourse. oerlangcrn (/ M * v )i 6*. prolong. ocrlaffcn (/«^), -Uefj, -laffen, *r. leave ; refl. {with cwf), depend on. ocrlieren (/"-«), -lor, -loren, tr. lose. aScrluft (/ uv5 ), •»• -e§, -e, loss. 6ei— , on pain of losing. oermctben (/ w - u ), -mieb, -tnteben, tr. avoid. oermict(h)en (/"-«), tr. let. oermifd)Cn {f v<,yj ), tr. mix, mingle. Oerintfd)t {f^^), adj. or part, mingled. oertntttclS, -ft (/ u%iw ), /n?/. with gen. by means of. oernuuicn (/«-»), -mocbte, -mocbt, *r. be able to, can. 23c r mini en (/"-"), «. -§, — , ability; power; property. t>eruad)(af?igen (/ v - uuu ), tr. neglect. turiicnmcn (/ v - u ), -nabm, -notnmen, tr. hear. oernctgen (./"-"), r«f/f. bow. 33crorfcnung (/ v " 5w ), /. -en, order, regulation. ocrpflcgcn (/«-"), -pflog, -pflogen, *r. take care of, provide for, support, feed. ©erfammtung {/" z^^),/. -en, assembly. Dcrfdttmru {f^z-^), tr. neglect. ocrfdjtcben {fl j£ - v ), -fcf»ob, -fdjoben, post- pone. DCrfd)tcben (./"-"), adj. or adv. differ- ent, various, several ; as noun, 33erfcl)tes beneS, different things, miscellany. oerfd)lingen {fl"*"), -fd)lang, -fdjlun* gen, tr. swallow up. oerfd)lud*cn {fl" s,yj ), tr. swallow up, gulp down. ocrfd)&ncrn (/^- v ), tr. embellish. Ocrfd)n)Cnbeu {/ yj ^ yJ ), *r.squander,spend. ocrfd)ttJtnbcn (/*"* v ), -fdjtoanb, -fdjroun* ben, intr. f. disappear. eerfeben {f»z-^), -far), -fe&en, refl. provide, foresee ; with gen. or ace. be aware of, expect. oerftdjern {/ v z^^), tr. assure. oerfiegcn {f^z-^), intr. f. become ex- hausted, dry up. Oerforgen (/"z 4 "), tr. care for, provide. oerfptelen (/"- w ), tr. gamble away. oerfpredjen C/" u,5w ), -fprad), -f proven, tr. promise. 9Serfpred)en (/ w,5w ) ) «. -§, — , promise. oerftcillfcUd) (_/*" %5w ), adj. or adv. intelli- gible, fid} — ntadjen, make one's self understood. aScrftecf (/ w(5 ), m. («.) -§, -e, hiding; hiding-place. SSerftecffpiel (/ uv5 -), n. -§, -e, hide-and- seek. oerfteljen {f"-^), -ftanb, -ftanben, un- derstand, comprehend. oerftetgern {/"-"), fr*. sell by auction. aSerftetgerung C/V*vw), / -en, auc- tion, sale. oerfud)en (/ w z- u ), *r. try. oerttlgen {/^" iu ) ) tr. destroy. Sertrauen (/ u - u ), n. -§, («anbte(r) (y" u,5w ), m. decl. as adj., relation. ocrrof nben (/ w<5u ), -roanbte, -roanbt, tr. turn away, convert, put to use. — auf, devote to. 95crn>trrung (/»"*»*), /■ -en, confusion. oernumbet {f v * v ), adj. wounded. oer^agt {/"-), adj. timid. oerichren (./"-")» tr. consume, devour, eat. oer;cM)en (/ w - v ), -Jtet), -aieben, tr. pardon. ©cr*etl)ung {/ v - v ), f. -en, pardon, eis nen um — bitten, beg one's pardon. ocrjt'eheu (/ w - w ), -jog, -jogen, draw away, distort. ba§ ©efidjt getoaltig — , make a mighty wry face. oerjtereit (/"-"), tr. adorn. ©erjug {/"*), m. -3, -jiige, delay. SBetter (f iv ), »«• -§, -R# cousin, relative. Otel (-), «<#. or adv. much, many, fo — id) roetf}, so far as I know. — ©elb, plenty of money, fo — al3, the same as. t>ic\Uid)t (--), adv. orconj. perhaps. oter (_/"-), num. four. otcrmal {/--), adv. four times. Uteri. 331 tuiiflcu Oicrt (/-), num. adj. fourth. t»tcrt(e)halb (/-( w ) u ), num. adj. three and a half. ©tertd (/-"), n. -§, — , quarter, brci — auf jroei, a quarter to two. oferjehn (/--), fourteen. oter;ebnt (/--), num. adj. fourteenth, oterjig (/- u ), num. forty. oic v^rtft (/- v ), num. adj. fortieth. »tlla (**«),/ Stffett, villa. aSogcI (/ Zw ), >«• -§, SBogel, fowl, bird. aS6gcId)CH (/-""), | «• -*, — little 3Sog(e)Idn (/- (-)-), \ bird. Sogclneft (/- ww ), n. -e3, -er, bird's- nest. Doll (y* 5 ), «<#• or adv. full, complete. ooUbrtngen (/ uv5w ), -oracfyte, -bradfjt, /r. insep. accomplish, perform, effect. OOHer i/* "), adj., indecl. and used in predicate before a noun, and withotit article, full. oongieflenC/^-^X-go^-gofjen^r.fillup. OoUtg if'*"), adj. or adv. full, complete. OoUfommen (f^" 5 ^, adj. or adv. per- fect, complete. 00flfd)Utten if"*^), tr. insep. to fill up. OOUftaubtg (f^w), adj. or adv. com- plete. oom = t>on bent. OOlt (f^), prep, with dat. from, of ; by ; concerning, in respect to, about, con au§, out of. ©or {/-), adv. and sep. prefix, before ; prep, with dat. or ace. before (in place or time), for, on account of, because of, with; from, against, ago (in specifica- tions of time). — Mite, for cold (i. e. on account of). — 8 orn / with anger. — 3eiten, a long time since. Ijeute — adjt lagen, a week ago to-day. oorcmgehen if-*-"), -ging, -gegangen, intr. go or walk before, lead the way. OOl'auSgefcljt (/-- wu ), part, and adj. provided. OOt'bet (./--), adv. and sep" 1 ble prefix , past. oorbinreii (f Ssjv ), -Banb, -gebunben, tr. put on. oorfcrmgen (/- ww ), -brang, -gebrungen, intr. f. press forward. oorfaUcn (/-""), -ftel, -gefalten, intr. f. fall forwards ; happen, occur, take place. oorflcficrn (_/-""), day before yesterday. OOrher (--or--), adv. and sep'' ble pre* fix, beforehand, previously. oorbergebeitc C/--- u ), adj. foregoing, PRECEDING. oorbjn (fi-' i , sometimes /- v ), adv. alittle while ago. oortg (f- v ), adj. former, preceding, last, oortommen C/- ww ), -lam, -gefommen, intr. \. occur, appear. oorlefen (/--"), -la§, -gelefen, read be- fore or for any one, read aloud. SSorlefung (/-- v ),f. -en, lecture. OONt(e) (fi ^), adv. in front, women m (/--), adj. or adv. distin- guished. oornebmen (f-- v ), reflex, -naljm, -ge« nomnten, intend. 93orfa$ (f-z"), m. -e§, -atje, proposal, intention, purpose, mit — , on purpose. 95orfd)lag {/-^ or /--), m. -. foreign, outland- ish. — er §abn, turkey. toal^cti 5 "), fc". cause to roll; ra3, toels d)e *«. -e§: im— e, in case of refusal. aSethnacht (-"),/ gen'ly pi. 2Beibnad> ten, Christmas. tocil (-), a?«/. because. 2Betn (-), m. -e§, -e, wine. toe in en (-"), ^r. tfr intr. weep, cry. SBeinhdnbler (- ww ), m. -3, — , wine- merchant. 2Bctfe (- w ), y! -n, wise, manner, auf roelcbe — e ? in what way ? roetft (-), «^>'. white. toe it (-), adj. or adv. wide; far. bet — em, by far. toetter (- v ), adj. wider, farther, unb fo — , and so forth. 2Beiterretfen (-«-"), «. -§, — , continua- tion of a journey. e<3 ift Qeit junt — , it is time to proceed, go on. 2Betjen (- w ), m. -§, wheat, toe Id) (<*), interrog., rel. or indef. pron. (ioeld)er, roeldje, ioelcbe3), which, fold) meld), such as. 2Belte (*«), / -"/ wave - toelfd) jc.,-fd)cu m toalfd) jc.,-fd)en. 9SBclt (^), f -en, world, earth. rocm (-), dat. of roev. (218.) toen (-), «c<:. ^/" locr. (218.) toeubcii ( ,5w ), manbte, geioaubt, /r. turn. fid) — , turn one's self, address one's self. toetttg (-"), adj. or adv. little, few. ein — , a little. toentger ( Zwu ), adj. or adv. less, minus. roemgften* (- ww ), «^. at least. town. 333 toofjl. rocttii {*), conj. when, if. — autf), though, although. roer (-)» pron., rel. or interrog., who, he who. (218.) roevben (■*«), rourbe, geroorben, intr. f. become, prove, come into existence ; as auxiliary, with infin. forming future, will, shall, should; with past part. forming passive, be, become. (382.) roerfen (**«), toarf, geroorfen, tr. throw. 28ert$eug (*-), n. -e§, -e, tool. roert(ft) ( z ), adj. or adv. with gen. or dat. worth, worthy, valued. nt V^\, x \ sen. of roer, was. (218.) roeffen 5 "), ) roe^halb ( w<5 ), \adv. or conj. where- me%me$tn ( w - u ), > fore. 2Beft 5 ), wz. -e§, west. SBefte (* w ), /. -n, vest, waistcoat. 2Beften (*«), iw. -3, west. rocftlid) (***), a ^'. te (-), adv. {interrog), how? conj. {rel.), as, like, when. — roenn, as if. — nen* nen ©ie btefeS SMng? what do you call this thing? — Diet Ufyv ift e§? what time is it ? roteber (- w ), adv. again. roteberholen (-"-"), tr. insep. repeat. 2Bteberfefor {- v -),f{no pi.), return. roteberfommen (- www ), intr. \. return, roteotelft (--), adj. {with def art), of what number? ber — ift fyeute? what day of the month is to-day ? rot lb 5 ), adj. or adv. wild. 2Btlhelm 0* w fc m. -#, William. milieu 5 "): urn nriUen, a preposi- tional phrase, with genitive interposed, for the sake of. (318.) toilKommen i*" 6 "), <*4j- or adv. wel- come. 2Btnb if), m. -e§, -e, wind, breeze. rotttbig 5 "), adj. or adv. windy. 28 i life 1 (>*«), w. -§, — , (inner) corner, angle. ro tit fen 5 '-'), intr. wink, give a sign or nod. 2Btnter 5 "), m. -§, — , winter. 2BtnterFletb O 5 "-), n. -3, -er, winter- dress. 2Btnterrocf (*»» W X *«. -e§, -rMe, win- ter-coat. rotr (-), nom. pi. of id). (35.) aOBtrfcn (^ w ), «. -§, {no pi.), working, labor. rotrfltd) (^ u ), adj. or adv. actual, real, verily, indeed ! 2Btrtltd)feit (<*»-), / -en, {no pi.), reality. 2Btrt(h) (*), m. -§, -e, host, inn-keeper. 2Btrt(b)tn (*")#,/ -nen, hostess. 28trt(b)$fhtbe 5 -"), / -n, traveller's room (at an inn), public room. rotffen ("•«), roufjte, genuifct, tr. know. roo (-), adv. {interrog.), where ? conj. {relat.), where, when. 2Bud)e 0*")j / -n, week. roofem {-' i ), conj. in case of. roofiir (- -), adv. {interrog. , relat.), where- fore, for what, for which. 2Boge (-"), f. -n, wave. roo I)er (--), adv. {interrog), or conj. {relat.), whither. roohtn (-**)» orfz'. {interrog.), or conj. {rel- ative), whither. roohl (-), adv. well, in good manner or degree ; often {with less distinct enun- ciation) used to make a statement less definite, and to be rendered, indeed, to be sure, perhaps, I presume, I suppose, or $he like, le&en Ste — ! farewell! tooljlan. 334 jerrcifeen. tool) I a It (- ,5 )i inter j. of encouragemejit, well ! come on ! 2Bohlgerud) (- uu ), *«. -e§, -riid^e, per- fume. toohlrtedicitp (--°), «^'. fragrant. 2Boblthater (-i-^), »*. -3, — , (/. -in), benefactor, well-doer, one who ren- ders a service or kindness. roobltbdtig (-- w ), adj. beneficent, charitable. too (men (- w ), intr. dwell, reside. 2B oh tiling (-«), /. -en, dwelling. SBohugimmer (- uw ), «• -§, — , sitting- room. 2Bolf (<*), m. -§, 2B5Ifc, wolf. aBolfe 0* w ),/ -n. cloud. 3Bolle (*«),/ -n, wool. i. tooUcn {?^),adj. woolen. 2. toollett ( <5w ), tr., modal auxiliary •, will, be willing, wish, want, be inclined, pretend, desire, be on the point (of some- thing), be about ; often with the depend- ent verb omitted, and to be rendered will go, wish for, want, or the like. (385.) tt> or (-) = too (used instead of TOO in com- position with prepositions beginning with a vowel). toorauf (--), adv. (interrog.), or conj. (relat.), whereupon. toorilt (-^), adv. (interrog.), or conj. (relat.), wherein, in which. 2Bort (f), n. -e§, -e (words connectedly, as a sentence), or SBot'ter (words discon- nectedly), word. — balten, keep one's word. loom (--), adv. (interrog.), or conj. (relat.), whereto, to what purpose, why. 2Buncer O 5 "), «. -#, — , wonder, miracle. toimperbar (* w -)j adj. or adv. wonder- ful, wondrous, marvellous, strange. toiinfccrjam (* w -)j adj. or adv. = tonn? bevbar. tounoerfd)on {*»*-), adj. most beautiful, very handsome. 2Bunfd) (t), m. -e3, SBiinfcbe, wish. to tin f chen (<•*), tr. wish, want. toiirbe (*"), imperf subj. of toerben. toitrbtg ( v5w ), adj. or adv. worthy (oi,gen.) toiirbtgen (*"»'), tr. consider worthy (of, gen.). 2But(h) (-), / rage. Xerel, see 3ere§. 3e. i 3< gagen (- u ), intr. be afraid, tremble. 3ahl (-),/ -en, number, figure. gtihlen (-«), tr. count, jablretcb (--), adj. numerous. 3ab(ung (- yj ),f -en, payment. SahlungSeinfteUnng (- w - wu ), / -en, suspension of payment. 3abn (-), m. -e§, 3«. adj. tenth. Seidmcn (■ s «), «. -§, (no pi.), drawing. getgen (-«), tr. show, tfetger (- w ), m. -§, — , hand (of a watch). 3eit (-), / -en, time, oor —en, long ago. oor eintger — , some time ago. in ber lefcten — , of late, ju gletdjer — , at the same time. Seitfonn (-"),/ -en, tense-form, tense. 3ettung (-"), / -en, news, newspaper. 3ettoerfd»oenoiing (-/" ww )> / _en ' waste of time. Seitoertreib (- w -), m. -3, -e, pastime. jum — , as a pastime. 3eitroort (-«), n. -e§, -e or -toorter, verb. Sentner (•*•), nt. -§, — , hundred-weight, quintal. jerbredKit C"**'), -brad), -brocfien, tr. or intr. \. break in pieces. jerbrod)cn ( 0>5u ), Part, or adj. broken, jerreiflen (*"*«), -rifc, -riflen, tr. tear in pieces, rend asunder. jerriffett. 335 jtoar. gerriffen {y 6 ^), part, or adv. rent, torn. gerftoren ("■*"), tr. destroy. gerfltreucn ( u - u ), tr. scatter apart, dis- perse. gerftreut («-), adj. absent-minded. 8eug (-), n. {or m.) -e§, -e, material. 3euge (**»), w. -n, -n, witness. gtefoen ('«), jog, gegogen, tr. draw; z'«z?r. f. remove. g tent Itch (- w ), «^\ or adv. tolerable, — bly, quite, rather. — gut, pretty good. Stfferblatt ( iuu ), n. -e3, -blatter, dial- plate. (375.) Simmer (*»), «. -§, — , room, jum — btnau§ ! out of the room ! gfttern 5 "), intr. tremble. gttternb (<* w ), /ar/. or «<#. trembling. gogern (- u ), **/r. linger, hesitate. Singling (-«), w. -§, -e, pupil. i. Soil W, m. -e8, Sottc, toll. 2. Soil (<*), m. -c§, -e, inch. Sollfrethcit (<* — ),./! -en, exemption from toll. Sollncr {*«), m. -8, — , toll-gatherer. goolcgtfd) (- W -^"A«), adj. zoological. gotttg (*"), a^f. shaggy. gU (-), #«?z\ a«rf sep'ble prefix, to ; VfKt an adj. or adv. too ; prep, with dat. to ; in addition to ; at, in ; for ; on ; as sign of the infin. to. (315, 4.) gubriugen (-««), -bmdjte, -gebrad)t, tr. spend (of time). Surfer (**»), w . _g f — # sugar. guerft (--), tfi/z'. first. gufdlltg (- ww ), «<#. accidental; adv. by chance or accident ; accidentally. gufolge (-*"), j*r*g». with gen. or dat. ac- cording to. gufrteben (-- w ), «<#'. or «<&/. content, satisfied, id) bin e§ — , well and good, it is the same to me, I am satisfied with it. gufrteren (■*-«), -fror, -gefroren, intr. f. freeze up or over. 3ug (* or •*), m. -e§, giige, drawing, pull, tug ; lineament, feature, trait ; train. gugeben (--«), -gab, -gegeben, tr. give to, admit. guglct di (-■«), adv. at the same time. gufooren (-- w ), intr. with dat. listen to. gulefct (-<*), adv. at last. gum (*), contraction of JU bem. gumacfocn (- ww ), *r. close, shut. gur (- or ^), contraction of JU ber. gure d)t(e) (-^M, flio. aright, jtd^ — finben, find one's way. gurttd'(e) (-*("X "^ aw ^ sefible Prefix, back. gurueffaforett (-^- w ), -fu^r, -gefabren, ?'«/r. f. drive back, return. guriitffitegen (->*-«), -flog, -geflogen, intr. f. fly back. gurucfgeben (- ,5 - u ), -gab, -gegeben, jfr. give back, restore, gttrttcf feforen (-*-*0l> *■*•« f» return, gurucffommen (-*««), -fam, -getommen, *«/r. f. come back, return. guritcflaufen (-*-»), -lief, -gelaufen, intr. f. run back. gurucffdjtcfen (- ,5wu ), ^r. send back. gurucf gtefoen f-*-*), -jog, -gejogen, tr. retract, withdraw, pull back. gurufen ( z - v ), -rief, -gerufen, intr. with dat. call out to. gufagen (-z- w ), tr. promise; intr. con- sent; impers. suit. gufammen («z^«), <**&/. #«. sometimes. gunuber (- Zv ), /r^>. w*V>& dat. contrary to. gnmngtg (**»), »«>«. twenty, gtoangtgmal 5 "-), a^z/. twenty times. groangtgft (*^X ««*«. a*#. (ber, bie, ba§ jroangigfte), twentieth, gtoar (-), adv. or conj. it is true, indeed, to be sure. gtoecf. 336 Stoblftel. Sroecf (?), m. -e§, -e, aim, end, design. JtDCt (■*), num. two. jroetmal (--), adv. twice. gwett (-), num. adj. (ber, bic, ba§ jtoeite), second. jt©ifd)Ctt (^^yprep. with dat. or ace. be_ tween. StoifdjenjettO 5 «-),./. -en, interval. jn>ttfd)ern O 5 *'-), intr. twitter, chirp. 3>t)ttfd)crn (« 5 «), ». -§, (w //.), twitter- ing. jroolf ( ,i ), ««w. twelve. jro&lft 5 ), »««*. «^'. (ber, bic, ba§ jroolf* tc), twelfth. Swolftd OH, «. -§, — , twelfth part, twelfth. n. ENGLISH-GERMAN VOCABULARY. The purpose of this vocabulary is to enable the student to find German words or idioms that he may be unable to recall. For further help he must refer to the German-English ^Vocabulary, where most of them will be found, and consult the references to the text of the Lessons. a. a, an, ein, eine. able (ably), f titjig. be able, im Stanbe f ein, fomten. about, prep, uttt (314, 3), liber (concern- ing) (316 ; 316, 3). adv. mnljer, ungef Sbr, gcgen (314, 2). — it, bariiber, barum (58). above, adv. oben. prep, iiber (316, 3); oberbalb {with gen.). accept, annebmen. accident, ber Unfall. by accident, %w» fttllig. fatal accident, ber UngliidSfaE. accompany, begleiten. accord : of one's (their) own — , oon felbft. according to, gemafc(3l5), jujolge(3l7). account: on — of, balben, balber (317; 318), roegen (317; 318). on my — , meinetroegen, meinetbalben. on his — , feinetroegen, feinetbalben, etc. on that — , be§n>egen, beSbalb. accuse, cmflagen, befcbulbtgen. accustom, gerooEmen. — one's self to, fid) gerobtinen cm (eine en. make one's — , erfdjeinen. apple, ber 2lpfel. apple-tree, ber 2tpfelbautn. approach, fid) narjern {with dat.). apricot, bie SCprifofe. April, ber 2IpriI. back, ber SRiiden. adv. suruct. bad, fd)led)t, ftarf. ball, ber Sail. bandbox, bie en, aufroadten. away, fort, run — , f ortlaufen. B. baptize, taufen. barber, ber SBarbier. bark (of a tree), bie 9HnbC barley, bie ©erfte. barley-sugar, ber ©erftenauder. base. 339 breathe. base, gemein. basket, ber $orb ; small—, ba3 $orbd)en. bath, ba3 Sab. (375.) bathe, baben. bathing-place, ber Sabeort. battle, bie ©d)Iad)t. be, iein; roerben ; fteden (be thrust in or sticking in ; as, in one's pocket, or a key in a lock) ; fid) befinben, refi. (in respect to health); he is to — , er foil; there is or are, e§ giebt. bean, bie Sobne. bear, tragen. bear, ber 93 or. (377.) beard, ber 93art. beat (flog), burd)»riigeln. beautiful, fd)8n. because, roetl. become, roerben. bed, ba§ 93ett (370,2); go to — , p 93ette geljen. bedroom, ba§ ©djlafsimmer. bee, bie 93tene. beech or beech-tree, bie Sud)e, ber Sudjbaum. beech-forest, ber Sucbroalb. beer, ba§ Sier. beetle, ber flafer. before, prep, nor; conj. beijpr, ebe; adv. uorljer. — that time, friiher. beforehand, oorher. beg, bitten. I — your pardon, lyd) bitte ©ie urn Serjeibung. beggar, ber 93ettler. begin, anfangen. beginner, ber 2lnf anger. beginning, ber Slnfang. behalf: on thy — , beinetbalben. behind, prep, or adv. binter, btnten. being, pres part, of he.; a clause begin- ning ba or roeil (361). the weather — fine, ba ba§ SBetter fcbon roar. Belgian, ber 93elgier ; adj. belgifd). (233.) Belgium, 93elgien (neut.). (233.) believe, glauben. bell, bie ©djelle. belong, gehoren. below, prep, unter (316, 5) ; adv. unten, unterbalb. bench, bie Son!. (371.) berry, bie Seere. beside, prep, neben (316), aufjer (315); adv. aufcer bem, iiber bte§. besides, prep, aufjer. best, beft, am beften (199, 1) ; she had—, e§ rodre am beften roenn fie, etc. better, beffer, roomier (healthier), you had — , ©ie tbaten beffer, e§ rodre beffer roenn ©ie, etc. to be — oft", beffer baran fein. between, betwixt, prep, jroifdjen. (316.) bid good-by(e), £eberoob,I or 2lbteu fagen. bilberry, bie §eibelbeere. bill (account), bie 9ted)nung. bind, binben; (of books) einbinben. bird, ber Sogel. (367.) birthday, ber ©eburtStag. (369.) black, fo)roarj. blackberry, bie Srombeere. blackbird, bie 2lmfel. bloody, bhttig. blow, blafen. — off, blafen »on {with dat.), or fortblafen. blue, blau. blunt, ftumpf. board : on — , an Sorb, over — , iiber Sorb. boarding-school, ba§ 2Snftitut, bag ^enfionat. boast, fid) riibmen. body, ber $brper. boil, fieben, fod)en. bonnet, ber $ut, ber $)amenl)ut. book, baZ Sua). (375.) book-case, ber Sitd)erfd)ranr. boot, ber ©tiefel. (368.) both, adj. or pr. beibe; conj. foroobl. bottle, bie $lafdje. bouquet, ber Slumenftraufj. (370, n. 3.) box, bie ©d>ad)tel. boy, ber £nabe, ber Sube. branch, ber S'rmS/ ber 21ft. bread and butter, bag Sutterbrot. break, bred)en, jerbredjen. — off, abs brecben. breakfast, ba§ ^rUhftiicE; v. intr. frflb* ftiiden. breath, ber 3Jt(b)em. breathe, ot(^)men, emat(bjmen. brilliancy. 6~ c" clean. brilliancy, ber ©lanj. burn, brennen. — down, abbrennen. brilliant, glchtjenb. burning, brennenb. bring, brtttgen. — with, — along with bush, bag ©ebiifcb. one, tnitbringen. business, ba3 ©ejdjaft. some — , eintge broad, breit. ©eftt)afte. do — in, ©efd;afte ntacben in. broken, jerbrocben, gefprungen. busy, befcbcifttgt. brother, ber 23ruber (367). brothers (of but, aber, fonbern, allein. a firm), bic ©ebrttber. brothers and butcher, ber 9J}etjger. sisters, bie ©efdmrifter. butter, bte SJutter. bread and — , ba§ brother-in-law, ber ©cbjoager. (367.) SBtttterbrot. brown, braurt. butterfly, ber <5d)metterltng. build, bauen, erbauen. buy, taufen. building, baS ©ebaube. by, on, auf, mit, urn, non. c. cabin, bte (Sajiit(t)e. cabinet-maker, ber Scbretner. cage, ber Jtafig. cake, ber £ud)en. calculation, bte SRetfmung. calf, ba§ £alb. call, rufen, beifjen, nennen, ernennen. to be — ed, betfjen. what do you — that ? tote nennen 6te ba§ ? — upon one, ©men befudjen, bet ©inem oorfpredjen. — out to, jurufen. — out, auSrufen. — one an insulting name, fd)vmpfen. camellia, bte £amel(l)te. can, fomten. — not, fann nid)t. canary-bird, ber £anarienoogeI. candle, ba3 £icbt. (375, n. 3.) cap, bie aJlii^e, bte £appe. capable, fcibtg. capital, adj. &cwpts. captain, ber ^auptmann. car, ber SEBctgen. card, bie £arte. careful, jorgfaitig, oorfidjttg. careless, unt-orfidbttg. carpet-bag, bie 9tetfetafd)e. carriage (railway or other), ber 2Bagen. carry, bringeu, tragen. — away, fort* tragen. — out, ausfitbren. case : in — , fctUS, roofern. cash, ba§ ©elb. ready — , bctareS ©elb. cask, ba§ ^afe. (375.) castle, ba§ Scblofe (375), bie 93urg. cat, bie $afce. catch, fangen. caterpillar, bie 9iaupe. cauliflower, berSIumenlofil. fjclaffen. cause (to make, to be made, etc.), macben cautious, oorfidjtig. cease, aufboren. celebrated, beriibmt. celebrity, ber 9htbm. cellar, ber teller. certain(ly), geroifj, ficberlid). chain, bte $ette. chair, ber ©tubl. chance : by — , jufaUtg. changeable, oercinberlid). charge, jeredbnen. Charles, £arl. Charley, £arld)en. charm, ber 9*etj. charming, reijenb. cheap, btlltg. cheese, ber $afe. cherry, bte Jtirfcbe. cherry-tree, ber .ftirfcbbaum. chest of drawers, bie ftotttntobe. child, ba3 fttltb. chirp, jrottfcbent. chocolate, bie ©bocolabe. choose, roabjen. christen, taufen. Christmas, bie SBeibnacbten. church, bte £ircbe. cider, ber ^pfelroein. cigar, bie Gigarre. circumference, ber Umfang. city, bte Stabt. class, bie JUaffe. clean, rein. cleyer. 341 cross. clever, gefdjiclt. climate, ba§ 5Uima. climb, flimmen, flettem. — up,rjinaufs flettern. cloak, bcv SWantel. (367.) clock, bic Ubr. what o'— is it ? tt)ie uiel Ubr ift e§ ? close, sumatfjen. cloth, ba3 £udj. (375.) clothe, fleiben. clothes, bie blether. clothes-press, ber ©ajranf. clothes-shop, ber $(eiberlaben. coach, bic Sutfdje. coat, ber 9tod. cock, ber £abn. coffee, ber £affee. cold, adj. fait. n. bie ©rfaltung ; (in the head) ber ©cbnupfen. collar, ber $ragen. Cologne, $oln or ©bin. color, bie ^arbe. come, fommen. — along with, mitfouts men. — out of a room, cm3 einem 3tm* tner berauSfommen. comfortable, bequem. in the most — manner, auf§ bequemfte. (199, 2.) command, ber Sefefil. commander, ber 23efebl3foaber. commence, anfangen. commit to memory, bem ©ebacfitniS einpragen. common, geroobnltrf). communicate, mittbeilen. companion, ber 93egleiter. company, bie ©efetlfdjaft. complete, tjollftoubig, oollfommen. compliments t send one's — , grilfjen lafjen. give him my — , griifcen Sie ibn non mir. composition, ber 2luffa§. conceive, ficb, Dorftetten. concern, cmgeben. concert, ba§ ©ortjert. condition : to be in a—, im Stanbe fetn. confectioner, ber ^onbitor (Sonbttor). confectioner's shop, ber $onbitors lab en. confusion, bie SSerwirrung. congratulate, ©Uitf nmnftt)en, gratus Ii(e)ren. conquer, erobern. consent, bte ©inrailligtmg. consequence, bie ^olge. consequently, folglidt), mitbitt. consider, batten (fiir), anfeben. considerable, bebeutenb. constant, — ly, beftanbig. consume, cerjebren. contain, entbalten. contented, jufrieben. contents, ber !3nt)att. continent, ba§ geftlanb, ber Continent (Sontinent). continue, fortfe^en. contradict, n>iberfpred)en. contrary : on the — , im ©egent(bJeU. — to, entgegen, juraiber. convenient, bequem. convict, itberfiibren. cook, ber ,uod). copy, abfdjreiben. copy-book, ba§ ©djreibebudj. corner, bie @cfe. correct, corrigi(e)ren. correspond, entfpredjen. cost, I often. costly, f oftbor. costume, bie £rad)t. cough, ber §uften. count, v . jdblen. n. ber ©raf. (377.) countenance, ba§ 2lngeftd}t. countermand, abbeftellen. counting-house, ba§ £om(p)totr (©om(p)toir). country, bie ©egenb, ba§ £anb. in the — , auf bem Canbe. into the — , auf ba§ Sanb. country-house, ba§ SanbbauS. countryman, ber Scmbmcmn. courage, ber 2Rut(b). course, ber Sauf. court, ber £of. cousin, ber Setter, bie Confine (©oufine). cover, bebecfen. covered, bebedt. cow, bie #ufi. (371.) coward, adj. feige. n. ber £afenfufj. creature, ba§ ©efcbbpf. creditor, ber ©laubiger. creep in (into), fid) etnfcvleid)en. cross, uberfefcen. crow. 342 divide. crow, v. Irftben. crowd, ba§ ©ebrdnge. crowing, n. ba§ ihaben. crown, bie $rone, ber ^rontfjaler. cup, bie Saffe. cupboard, bcr ©d)ranf. currant, bie 3o*>anni§6eere. custom-house officer, ein 2ftaut(b)be; amter, ber 2Jlaut(b)beamte. cut, fd)neiben. cylinder-watch, bie ©olinberubr. D. damage, ber ©d)aben. dance, v. tanjen. «. ber Sanj. dancer, ber Xanjer, bie Sanjerin. Dane, ber SDane. (233.) dangerous, gefabrlid). Danish, banifd). (233.) dare, fid) getrauen. dark, bunlel. — blue, bunlelblau. — -green, bunlelgriin. brown, bunlels braun. Darmstadt : by our — friend, oon uns ferm barmftdbter greunb. daughter, bie Socbter. day, ber Sag. the other — , neulid). — after to-morrow, iiberntorgeu. all — long, ben gcmjen Sag. — before yester- day, oorgeftem. this — week, fyeute iiber ad)t Sage, or beute oor ad)t Sagcn. dead, adj. to(b)t. n. bie So(b)te. deal : a great — , f ebr oicl. dealer, ber £»anbler. — in vegetables, ber ©emiifepnbler. dear, lieb, t(b)euer. death, ber Sob. debt, bie ©d)ulb. be in — , in ©d)ulb fteden. debtor, ber ©d)ulbner. decamp, fid) fortmad)en. December, ber Sejember (December). deck, ba§ SSerbecf. on — , auf bem SBers bed. defeat, befiegen. degree of latitude, ber Sreitegrab or 33reitengrab. deliberate, fid) berat(b)en. deliver, abgeben (give up), balten (a speech). demand, forbern, abforbern. Denmark, S5dnemart (neut.). dentist, ber gabnarjt. departure, bie 2lbreife. depend upon (on), fid) oerlaffen auf. depose, entfefcen. descend, ftcigen. descry, erblicfen. desist, abfteben (from, non). dessert, ber 5ftad)tifd). destroy, jerftoren, nertilgen. determine, befd)ltef$en. devote to, neriuenben auf. dial-plate, ba§ 3ifferblatt. (375.) die, fterben. different, — ly, t>erfd)ieben, anberS. different things, SBerfd)iebene§. difficult, fdjroer. dig, graben. diligence, ber ^leifj. diligent, — ly, fleifeig. dine, ju SRittag effen. dining-room, ba§ ©dimmer, ba§ ©pei* fejitnmer. dinner, ba3 3Jltttag§effen. direct, — ly, fogteid). dirt, ber ©d)mufc. dirty, fd)mu§ig. disappear, oerfdjnrinben. discontented, unjufrieben. discover, entbecfen. disease, bie jTranlbeit. diseased, Irani. dislike, mifjfallen, e§ mifpllt mir. dismount, abftcigen. disperse, au5einanber geben. displease, mifjfallen. displeased at, ungefjalten iiber. dispose of, cerfiigen iiber. dissuade, (einem non etioas) abrat(b)en. distance : from a — , non fern. distinct, beutlid). distract one's attention, bie. $Iuf* merlfamleit abjicben. distrust, mifetrauen. ditch, ber ©raben. (367.) divide, t(b)eilen. dizzy. 343 European. dizzy: I feel — , e§ fcbnriubelt mir. (347.) dreadful, fcbrecflid). do, tf)lM, madjen (often not translated ; dream, trdumen. I — , e§ traumt mir. as, do you know, do they learn, etc.). (347.) entph. do ! (pray) tfju' e§ bod) (bod) ein= dress, v. fleiben, anlleiben, anjteben. «. mal) ! — one's hair, fid) bag $aar mas ba§ flleib. d)en. drink, trinf en ; fauf en (said of animals). doctor, ber SDoftor. drive, v. fabren. — back, jurudfaljrett. dog, ber §unb. (369.) n. bie ©pajterfabrt, bie gabrt. doll, bie $uppe. droll, broltig. door, bie SE&iir(e). drown, ertrinfen. down, unten, ab, btmmter. burn — , dry, trocfen. abbrennen. — the Rhine, ben 9tbetn duck, bie 6nte. bimmter. duke, ber &erjog. dozen, ba§ $)ufcenb. during, roabrenb. (317.) draw out, auSjieben. Dutch, adj. bollanbijd). n. ber ^ollans drawer, bie <3d)ublabe. ber. drawing, ba§ getdmen duty, bie qjflid)t. drawing-room, ba§ ©efeafd)aft§sim 5 dwell, roobnen. mer. E. each, each one, 3 e b er - — other, eins anber. eagle, ber 2tbler. ear, ba§ Dbr. (370, 2.) early, friib, friitje. — in the morning, in ber $riilje be§ 3Jlorgen§. east, n. ber Often, to the — , nad) Dften. — wind, Dftroinb. adj. bftltdj. Easter, bie Dftern. easterly, oftlid). easy, leidjt. easy-chair, ber ©effel, ber 2lrmftubl. eat, effen; freffen (said of animals). Edward, (Sbuarb. effect, ooUbringen. egg, ba§ ©i. (375.) eight, ad)t. eighteen, adjtjeEjn. eighteenth, adjtjebnt. eighth, ad)t (ber 2tdjte, etc.). elastic, elaftifdj. eldest, dlteft. elegant, — ly, elegant. elephant, ber (Slepbant. eleven, elf, eilf. eleventh, elft, eilft (ber Slfte, etc.). Elizabeth, ©lifabetb. else, f ouft. no one — , 9Uemanb anber(e)3. for somebody — , (dat.) $emanb anberem. Eniily, ©milte. Einina, @mma. empire, ba§ Keid). (372.) employ, n. bie 93efd»aftigung, bie 3ln? ftellnng. employed, befdjaftigt. employment, bie SSefdjaftigung, bie Slnftetluug. end, ba3 (Snbe. in the — , am ©nbe. (purpose) ber 3n>ecf. enemy, ber ^einb, bie ^einbin. engage, fid) einlaffen {with auf or in). engine, bie 9Jtafd)hte, bie Sofomotine. England, ©nglanb (neut.). (233.) English, adj. englifd). the — , bie @ngs lanber. (233.) Englishman, ber (Snglanber. (233.) enjoy, fid) erfreuen. — something, fid) etroag gut (roobl) fcbmecfen laffen. enlarge, oergrbfjern. enough, genug. entertain, unterbalten. entertaining, unterbaltenb. envelope, ba§ Sourjert. error, ber 3rrt(f))um. (127, 2.) escape, entgeben. —(from) entflieben (with dat.). et csetera, etc., unb fo wetter, u. f. to. Europe, 6uropa (neut.). (233.) European, adj. europaifd). n. ber ©Us ropaer. (233.) evade. 344 for. evade, umgeben. exchange : rate of—, ber £ur3. even, felbft, nod). excursion, ber 5luSfIug. evening, ber 2lbenb. in the — , bc§ excuse, entfcfiulbigen. SttbenbS. excuse, bie Gntfd)ulbigung. ever, je, jemalS. exercise, bie Ubung, bie Stufgobe, ba* every, jeber, jebe, jebe§, alle. —body, ©jeriitium. jebermamt. — thing, 2IQe§. — where, exercise-book, ba§ ^eft. (372.) allentfialben. exhibition, bie 2tu§ftellung. evident, — ly, augenfdjeinlid). expect, erroarten. evil, ba§ libel. experienced, erfabren. exactly at one o'clock, $untt ein Ubr. experiment, ber SSerfud). try the — , examine, priifen, unterfudjen, burd)ju; ben SBerfud) tnacfien. cben. extensive, auSgebebnt. example : for — , jum S3eifpiel. extract, auSjieben. excellent, rjorrrefflia). ' eye, ba§ 2luge. (370, 2.) F. face (of a clock), ba§ 3ifferblatt. fail, mifjlingcn. I — , e§ miftlingt mir (ift mifjlungen). (347.) fair, ber ^o^martt. faithful, treu. fall, fallen. — asleep, einfcblafen. — to pieces, j erf alien. fame, ber 3lubm. familiar language, bie Umgang§s fpradje. family, bie $amilie. fancy, fid) einbilben. (348.) far, roeit. by — , bei SBeitetn. as — as bi§ an, biS. fast, fcbnell. fat, adj. fett. n. ba§ fjctt. father, ber 33ater. (367.) fathom, ergriinben. fear, n. bie §urd)t, baS (Srauen ; v. fttra> ten, ficb, fiircbten. feather, bie ^eber. February, ber^ebruar. feel, fiiblen, fid) fiiblen. feeler, ba§ ^-iiblboru. fellow, ber Jterl, ber 93urfdje. — pupil, ber 3Jiitfd)UIer. — student, ber 2JUtftus bent. fetch, boten. few, roenig, roenige, ein $aar. in a — days, in ein %aax £agen. field, ba§ gelb. — of battle, ba§ ©cblacbtfelb. fifteen, filnfje^n. fifteenth, fiinfjebnt. fifth, funft (ber Pnfte). fill, fullen. — up, oollgtefjen, ooQjdjiitten find, finben. fine, fdjon. the — st of all, ber, bie, ba§ SJUerfcbonfte. finish, beenbigen. finished, fertig. fir, or fir-tree, bie £anne. fire, bag geuer. fir-forest, ber £annemualb. firm, — ly, feft. first, erft, juerft. in a class carriage, in einem Soupe" erfter Piaffe. fit, paffen. — up, einrid)ten. five, funf. flatter, fd)tneid)eln. flee, entflieben. flight, ber $lug. floor, ber 23oben (367), bie @rbe. florin, ber ©ulben. flow, fliefjen. flower, bie 23lume. fluent, — ly, fliefjenb. fl.V» ffiegen. — away from, entfliegen. — back, juriidfliegen. follow, folgen, befolgen. following, folgenb. fond : be — of, lieben, gem fiaben. food, bie 9tabrung. foot, ber ftufj. on — , ju ftufje. for, conj. benn ; prep, {often expressed by dative), fiir, urn, nad), ju. — what, too* forest. 345 grand -duke. fur ? — four hours, feit trier Stunbett. France, ^ranfreid) {neut). (233.) — shame ! fd)cime bid) ! Frankfort, ^ranffurt {neut.). of — , forest, ber 2Balb. (374.) franffurter {adj.). (230, 1.) forget, oergeffen. Fred, Frederic, gfrifc. forgive, oergeben, oerjeiben. French, frartjoftfd). (233.) fork, bie ©abel. Frenchman, ber ^ranjofe. form, n. bie $orm. v. bilben. frequently, bSuftg. former, fritter, the — , fetter, fene, fresh, frifd). jene§. Friday, ber fSfreitag. forthwith, fofort. friend, ber $reunb, bie ^reunbin. fortnight, trierjebn £age. a- — since or friendship, bie §reunbfd)aft. ago, oor trierjefjn £agen. in a • — (hence), frightened : be — , erfdjrecten. beuteiiber rrierjeljn £age. from, »on, au§, oor. suffer — headache, fortunately, gliicflid)em)eife. leiben an itopfroel). fortune, ba3 aSermogen. front : in the — , corn. forty, oierjig. frontier town, bie ©renj(e)ftabt. four, trier. fruit, ba§ Dbft. fourteen, trierjebtt. fulfil, erfiiEen. fourteenth, trierjebnt. full, coll, uoller {with. gen). fourth, triert. fun : make — of, fid) luftig mad)en liber. fowl, bag §ubn. (375.) furnish, Uefern. fragrant, mofyIried)enb. furniture, bie QJtbbel. G. gain, genrinnen. gallop, gaiop(p)i(e)ren. gamble away, nerfpielett. gape at, angaffen. garden, ber ©arten. (367.) gardener, ber ©cirtner, bie ©artnerm. general, allgemein. generally, gett)ob,nIid). Geneva, adj. genfer. (230, 1.) gentleman, £err. (377.) geography, bie ©eograpbie. German, beutfd). in — , auf beutfd). Germany, Seutfcblanb {neut.). get, befommen, fontmen. to — my meas- ure taken, urn mir ba3 9)?af$ nebmen ju laffen. to — made, mad)en laffen. to — anything plucked, etroa§ pfliicf en lafs fen. I should like to — dinner served, 3d) roiirbe ba§ SKittagSeffen gern auftra* gen laffen. — away, fid) fortmad)en. — in, pinein lommen. — into, fe$en Sie fid) in. — up, auffteljen. girl, ba§ Tlabdjen. give, geben, fdbenfen, reid)en, madden. — as a present, jum ©efcbeuf mad>en. — pleasure, 33ergnugen ntad)en. — back, juriicigeben. — up, aufgeben. glad: be — , fid) fr men. glass, ba§ ©Ia§. (375.) go, geben, fabren. be just — ing to, elen molten (with infin.). — away, fortges ben, binge^en. — down, brinunters, ber» untergeb.en. to — in, bjnein ju geben. — a roundabout way, untgeljen. — to see, befudjen. — out, auSgeljen. God, ©ott. (374.) golden, golben. gone : they were to have — , fie baben ge^en fallen. good, gut. (198.) good-by(e), interj. lebe rooljl ! leben @ie roobj ! abieu ! 3d) etnpfeble mid) $bnen. n. ba§ 2eberooI)t. bid — , Seberoob,! of 2lbieu fagen. good-will, bie ©unft. goose, bie ®an%. (371.) gooseberry, bie ©tacbelbeere. gout, bie ©id)t, ba§ ^obagra. governess, bie ©ouoernante. grain, ba§ ©etreibe. grammar, bie ©rammatil. grand-daughter, bie ©nlelin. grand-ducal, grofjber^oglid). grand-duke, ber ©rofjljerjog. grandfather. 346 Holland. grandfather, ber ©rofstmter. grandmother, bie ©rofjmutter. grandpapa, ber ©rofspapa. grape, bic £raube. grass, ba§ ©ra§. (375.) grateful, banlbar. gray, grau. grease-spot, ber ^ettflecfen. great, grofj. a — deal, febr oiel. greatly, f ebr. Grecian, griecbtfeb. (233.) Greece, ©riecbeulanb {neat.). Greek, «. ber ©riecbe. (233.) green, griitt. green-grocer, ber ©emiifebanbler. grocer's shop, ber ©pejeretlaben. groom, ber §au§fnecbt. grow, roaebfen. grumble, murren. guilty, fcbulbig. H. habit, bie ©emobnbett. hail, bageln. hair, ba§ §aar. (372.) do one's — , fid) ba3 $aar tttacben. half, balb. — an hour, eine balbe Stuns be. past eight, balb neun. this — hour, fd)on eine balbe ©tunbe. hammer, ber jammer. hand, bie §anb. on the other — , bages gen, bingegen. (371.) handkerchief, ba§ £afd)entud). handsome, febon. hang, bftngen, bangen: — around (on) the neck of, anbangen. happy : be — , ficb freuen. I shall be very — , tcb roerbe mid) febr freuen. hard, bart. hare, ber §afe. haste : make — , eilen. hastily, eiligft. hat, ber £iut. silk — , ber ©nlinberbut. hat-box, bie §utfcbacbtel. have, b^ben. he was to — learned his lesson, er bat feine Slufgabe lernen follcn. — made, macben laffen. they had to telegraph, fte mufjten telegrapbi(e)ren. hay, ba§ £ieu. hazardous, gefctbtlicb. he, er. (35.) head, ber £opf. headache, ba§ .Ropfroeb. health, bie ©efunbbeit. be in better — , fidb roobler beftnben. drink his — , auf feine Sefunbbeit trinlen. healthy, getynb. hear, boren. heart, ba§ £erj. ty — , au§roenbig. (370, 2.) oon jefct (nun) an. heartily, berjlid) (see most). heaven, ber £immel. heir, ber @rbe. help, I) elf en. I cannot — remarking, id) faun nid)t umbin ju bemerfen. helping, adj. bilfreicb. hen, ba§ §ubn. (375.) hen-house, ba3 §iibnerbau§, ber ^iibs nerftall. henceforth, ) henceforward, Henry, .geinricb. her, (obj.) fte, ifjr ; possess, ibr, ibre. , herb, ba§ tfraut. (375.) herdsman, ber §irt. (377.) here, bier, bieftg. hers, ber, bie, ba§ ibre or ibrige. a friend of — , ein ^rcunb won ibr. (185.) herself, fte felbft, ficb (felbft). hesitation, ba§ Stocfen, ba3 gogern. high, bod), (p. 54, n. 1.) him, ibn, tbm. himself : he — , er felbft. hire, imc'(b)eu. his, jein ; ber, bie, ba§ feinige or feine. a friend of — , einer feiner greunbe, ein i^reunb UOlt ibm. Sometimes expressed by tJie def. art. ; as, ber $nabe bat ben 2lrm gebrod)en. (185.) historical work, baS ©efcbidjtStDerf. history, bie ©efebicbte. hock, ber Dtbeimoein. hold, balten. — fast, feftbalten. —back, juriictbalten. — under, unterbalten. lay — of, feftnebmen. hole, ba§ Socb. (375.) holiday, ber Jeiertag. Holland, £ollanb (neut.). home. 347 ivory. home : go — , nad) §aufe geljen. at — , ju §aufe. honest, ebrltd), brao. honey, ber £>onig. honor, bie*@bre. hope, Ejoffert. In sentences implying a question, bod) ; as, I — you will come ? Sic fotnmen bod)? horror, ba§ ©rauen. horse, ba3 $ferb. horsedealer, ber Spferbebanbler. host, ber SBirt(Ij). hostess, bie 2Birt(b)in. hot, £)eifj. hotel, ber ©aftbof, baS ©aftbau§, ba§ §otel. hotel-keeper, ber ©aftnrirt(b), ber £o* telbefi$er. I. I, id). (35.) ice, ba3 @i§. idle, faul. idleness, bie £ragl)eit, bie ^aulbeit. idler, ber SJUtfjigganger, ber ^autenjer. if, roenn, ob. as — , a!3 ob. ill, frant. become — , erfranten, Irani toerben. illness, bie $rantbett. recover from an — , genefen. illustrated, iUuftri(e)rt. image, ba§ Silb. (375.) imagine, fid) einbilben. (348.) immediate, augenbltdlid), jogleid). imperative mood, ber 3jt*peratio. impossible, nnmbglid). improve, oerbeffern. in, in, auf, an, berein. — it, barin. inclined : be — , toollen. indeed, adv. in ber £bat, jroar. interj. n)ir!lid) ! fo ! indigestible, unDerbaulid). indisposition, ba§ Unrooblfein. indolence, bie Sragbeit. induce, ceranlaffen. industrious, fleifcig. inform, mitt(b)eilen. inhabit, beroobnen. inhabitant, ber Seioobner. inherit, erben. injure, jd)aben. (345.) hothouse, ba§ SEreibbauS. hour, bie ©tunbe. house, ba§ §ie triel audi). hundred, bunbert. (243, 3.) hungry, bnngrig. hunt after, nadjftetten. hurt, web, tfyun, r>eriet>en. husband, ber 3Jlann, ber ©atte. hyacinth, bie ^najintbe, ber £oacint&. injurious, fd)ablid). ink, bie £inte CDinte). ink-spot, ber SCtntenfledS. inkstand, ba§ £intenfafj. (375.) inmate, ber 33eroobner. innkeeper, ber 2Birt(b). innocently, nufd)ulbig. inquisitive, neugierig. inquisitiveness, bie 5Jleugier(be'). insect, ba§ Qnfeft (inject). (370, 2.) inside, inroenbtg. insist, auf etrca§ befteben. instead, anftatt, ftatt. instruction, ber Unterrid)t. intend, beabfid)tigen, gebenfen, fid) oor* nefymen. intention, bie 2lbfid)t. intercourse, ber Umgang, ber SBerfebr. into, in, auf. get — , fytneinfommen. invitation, bie ©inlabung. invite, einlaben. Ireland, ^rlanb (neut.). (233.) Irish, irifd), irlanbifd). (233.) Irishman, ber 3>rlanber. (233.) it, e§, ifjtt, er, fie. of—, bacon. Italian,^', italieuifd) ; n. ber ^taliener. Italy, gtalien (neut.). (233.) item, ber ^often. its, fein, feiner, beffen. itself, e§ felbft, felbft, fid). ivory, ba§ (Slfenbein. January. 348 library. J. January, ber ^anuar. jewel, ber (bag) ^uroel. jeweller, ber guroelier. — 's shop, ber gutoelierlaben. John, ^ofjann. joiner, ber £ifd)Ier. joke, n. ber ftcbter. magnificent, prad)ttg, tyerrlid). mahogany, ba§ 2Jiaf)agom. maid-servant, bie 2Jiagb. (371.) mainspring, bie ^auptfeber. maintain, beb,aupten. majesty, bie Sftajeftat. make, madden, get made, madjen laffen. — one's appearance, erfdjeinen. — use of, (&tbvauUttemad)t. milk, bie aJiilct). mind : «. to have a — , Suft baben. v. never — ! e3 tfjut ntd)t§ ! e3 ntad)t md;t3 au3 ! laffen ©ie nur ! — one's own business, fid) urn fid) befiimmern. mindful, eingebenf. mine, ber, bie, ba§ meinige, a friend of — , ein § r ennb oon mir. (185.) minute. 350 notwithstanding. minute, bie SJHnute. minute-hand, ber 9Winutenjeiger. miss, Jraulein. mistake, ber ^ebler. without a — , obne $ebler. mister, ber §err. (377.) mistress, bie %xan. modern, neu. — languages, bie neu* eren ©pradjen. moment, ber 2Iugenbltcf. Monday, ber SJJontag. money, baS ©elb. ready—, bactreS @elb. monkey, ber 2lffe. month, ber 2)tonat. moon, ber 3Jionb. more, tnefyr, (also expressed by comp. ending) ; a few — , nod) ein ^Saar. no — , not any — , nid)t tnebr. moreover, uberbieS. morning, ber 3Jlorgen. in the — , be§ 3Jtorgen§. moss, ba3 2Jloo3. most : — scantily, auf§ armlid)fte. heartily, berjlicbft or aufZ berjlidifte. mother, bie abutter. mountain, ber 23erg. mouse, bie -Dtau§. move, beroegen, riicfen. Mr., see mister. Mrs., see mistress. much, oiel. — obliged, id) banle fdibn, id) banf e befteuS, id) bin S^nen febr »er* bunben. very — , febr. museum, ba§ -Hiufeuttt. music, bie 9)Jufif. must, tnilffen, biirfen. mustard, ber <5enf. mute, ftumtn. my, tnein. (53.) myself, felbft, mid), tnir. N. nail, ber 5TCctgeI. name, ber 5Rame. (376.) namely, nntnentlid), namlid). nap : take a — , ein Sdjlafcben bctlten. narrow, enge. native, n. ber Gingeborene. natural(ly), nctturlid). natural history, bie 9tatr.rgejd)id)te. naughty, bb\t, UlMrtig. near, nabe, neben, bet, beinabe, faft. necessary, not(b)roenbig. neckerchief, ba§ &al$tud). (375.) need, braudjen. neglect, Dernacblafiigen, oerfaumen. neighbor, ber 5flacbbar, bie 9lacbbarin. neighborhood, bie 9iad)barfd)aft, bie ©egenb. neither, unb .... aud) md)t. neither .... nor, n>eber....nod). nephew, ber Sfteffe. nest, ba§ STCeft. never, nie, niemal§. — yet, nod) nie. nevertheless, nid)t§befton>emger. new, neu, frifdb. newly arrived, neu cmgefomtnen. news, bie ^eitung. newspaper, bie ^eitung. next, next to, nadjft. niece, bie 9Hd)te. night, bie 5ftad)t, ber 2lbenb. last — , geftern 3tbenb, nergangene 9tadE>t. nightingale, bie iftacbttgaU. nine, neun. nineteen, neunjebn. nineteenth, ber neunjebnte. ninth, neunt (ber neunte, etc.), no, nein ; fein. — one, 9ttemanb. — longer, nid)t tttebr. — more than, nid)t mebr ctl§. nobody, 9Hemanb. noise, ba§ ©eraufd). none, tetner, teine, feine§. nor, nod) ; aud) .... nid»t. neither nor, roeber . . . .nod). north, ber 9torb(en). northerly, norblid). not. nicbt. — yet, nod) ntd)t. — till, erft. — a, — any, tetn. — any more, — any longer, md)t mel)r. — at all, gar nid)t. — anything, md)t§. is it — ? nid)t roobr? nothing, nid)t§. — but, md)t3 al§. notwithstanding, ungeadjtet, obgleid), bennod), befjenungeadjtet. noyel. 351 papa. novel, ber 9Joman. November, ber -Jiooember. now, nun, je^t. — and then, bann unb mann. now .... now, balb .... balb. number, bie 3abl, bie Slnjabl. numerous, jal)lreid). nut, bie Sfhifc. (371.) nut-tree, ber 9lu$baum. o. oak, bie ®id)e. oak-forest, ber ©idjroalb. oats, ber §afer. obey, fofgen, befolgen. oblige, tier binben. be obliged, miiffen and follen. he was obliged to learn it, er bat e§ lernen miiffen. to be much obliged to one, einer. febr oerbunben (banf bar) fein. obstinate, eigenftnntg. occupy (live in), beroofynen. occupied, befdjaftigt. occur, uortommen, einf alien. ocean, bo§ 2)1 eer. October, ber Oftober (October). odious, »erb,apt. of, von, au§, an. the battle — Leipsic, bie Sd)lad)t bei Seipjig. fear — , §urd)t OOr ; often translated by the gen., and sometimes untranslated. off, con. offer, v. bieten, barbieten, anbieten. — up prayers, beten. n. ba3 9lnerbieten. officer, ber Officer. oft, often, oft. ob ! ob ! ad) ! old, alt. on, auf, an, ju, bei. — Thursday, am ©onnerStag. once, eintnal. — more, nod) einmal (ein 3ftal). — a week, einmal bie 2Bodje. at — , jogleid), fofort, auf ber ©telle. one, man. the — , berjenige. only, allein, blo§, nur, erft (if time is implied); as, erft geftern, e§ ift erft 12 Ubr. — think, benlen ©ie nur. open, v. Bffnen, aufmad)en. adj. offen. opera, bie Dper. opinion, bie s JJleinung. opportunity, bie ©elegenbeit. oppose, fid) roiberfefcen. opposite, gegeniibcr (with. dat.). or, ooer, fonft. orally, miinblid). orange, bie Drange. order, n. bie 93eftellung. in — that, bas mit. in — to, urn ... ju ; v. bef eblen, be* ftellen. — to be made, madjen laffen. organ, ba§ Drgan. ostrich, ber ©traujj. (370.) other, anber; ber, bie, ba3 anbere. the — day, neulid). on the — hand, bagegen. — wise, fonft. ought, follte. our, ours, unfer ; ber unfrige. a friend of—, ein ftrcunb oon un§. (185.) ourselves, uu§ felbft. out, au%, braufjen. out of, auZ. outside, auSroenbig. on the — , aufjers l)alb. over, iiber. — it, bariiber. overcoat, ber iiberrocf. overtake, einljolen. owe, fcbulbig fein, fdmlben. it is not altogether owing to . . ., e§ tommt nid)t ganj unb gar baoon, bafc . . . own, adj. eigen. owner, ber 93efh)er. ox, ber Dd)§. (377.) P. page, bie ©eite. pain, ber Sd>merj. painful, fdjmersbaft. pains : take — , fid) HJliibe geben. paint, malen. have one's picture — ed, fid) malen laffen. painter, ber2J?aler. painting, ba$ ©emalbe. pair, ba3 tyaav. palace, ber ^alaft. palatable, fdjmadbaft. papa, ber $apa, Stater. (367.) paper. *>< )J pound. paper, bag papier, bie geitung. piece, bag Stiicf. — of money, bag parasol, ber ©onnenfdjirm. ©elbftud. — of poetry, bag ©ebidjt. pardon, v. rerjeiben ; — me, idj bitte urn tear in — s, jerreifjen. break to — s, jer* SSerjeiljung. n. bie SSerjei^ung. bredjen. parents, bie ©Item.; pig, bag Sdjroein. Paris, adj. parifer. pigeon, bie £aube. park, ber Sparl. pillow, ba§ $iffen. parrot, ber ^3apagei. pin, bie ©tednabel. part, ber £(lj)eil. for the most — , for the pineapple, bie 2Inanag. greater — of the time, tneiftent(b)eil3. pink, bie 9Mfe. particularly, befonberg, namentlid). pistol, bie SjBiftoIe. partly, t(b>ilg. pity, bag 2flitleib, bag grbarmen. take — party, bie ©efeUfd)aft. on, fid) erbarmen. it is a great — , eg ift pass : — over, iiberf e$en. — away, ner* fcbr <5cb,abe. tretben. — by, ooriibergeben. place, n. ber $la§, ber Drt, bie ©telle. passage, bie iiberfabrt. take — , ftatt finben, ftatt baben, nor? past, nad). five minutes — six, fiinf 3Jlts fallen, in this — , bier. v. ftellen, bins nuten nad) fed)g ; a quarter — eight, ein ftellen, fe^en, legen. SSievtel auf neun. half — three, balb plant, pflanjen, fefcen, ftecEen. trier, etc. plate, ber Seller. patience, bie ©ebulb. play, v. fpielen ; n. bag ©piel, bag Stilcf pay, bejabjen, entricbten. — a visit, einen (&rama). Sefucb, madden. playground, ber ©pielpla^. pea, bie ©rbfe. plaything, bie Spieljadje. pear, bie 93irne. pleasant,angenebnt. peasant, ber SBcwer. (368.) please, gefallen {with dot.), bebagen, be* peel, fd)alen. lieben. if you — , or si?n/>ly please, bitte, peg, ber £oI$nageI. bod), gefatligft. pen, bie geber. pleasure, bag SSergniigen. to give one penny, ber pfennig. — , einem SSergniigen mad) en. what is people, bie 2eute. your — , mag beliebt Sbnen ? pepper, ber Spfeffer. plenty of money, triel ©elb. perceive, erblicfen, bemertcn. plough, pfliigen. perform, uollbringen. pluck, pfliiden, abbred)en. perhaps, xrieHeidjt, ctma. pocket, bie £afa)e. permission, bie ©rlaubnig, bie (Sin? pocket-hook, bie 2Jrieftafd)e. nriUigung. poetry, piece of, bao ©ebid)t. permit, erlanben, einnrilligen. pointed, gefpifct. personal, perjonlid). policeman, ber ^olijeibiener photograph, pb,otograpbi(c)ren. have police-office, bag ^?olijeiamt. one's — taken, fid) pbotograbi(e)ren polite(ly), boflicb. most—, boflicbft. laffen. pony, ber Sponn. photographer, ber ^pbotogropb. poor, arm. the — , bie 2Irmen. phrase, bie spbraje. portrait, bag portrait. physician, ber Slrgt. possession : take — of, fid) bemadjtigen, physics, bie $b«ftf. possessor, ber 23efifcer. pianist, ber SJManofpieler, ^laoierfpieler. possible, moglia), etroaig. pick up, auflefen. postman, ber Srieftrager. picture, bao ©emalbe, bag SBilb. (375.) post-office, bie spoft, bag ^ofiamt. picture-hook, bag SSilberbud). potato, bie flartoffel. picture-gallery, bie ©emalbegallerie. pound, bag ^Jfunb. pour. 353 raven. pour, giefeen, fdjiitten. —out, auSgtefeen, einfd)en!en. — in, btneinfdjutten (giefjen) or einfd^iitten (giefjen). practise, v. iiben. pray, interj. bitte ! v. beten. prayer : offer up — s, betert. precaution, bie 23orfid)t. preceding, oorbergebenb. precious, foftbar. precise, beftimmt, gertau. the — time, bie beftimmte 3ett (Stunbe). prefer, norjieben. prepare, bereiten. preposition, bie 5J3rapofition. presence of mind, bie ©eifteSgegens roart. present, adj. anroefenb, jefcig ; «. ba5 ©efcfjenf. to make a — of, jum ©efdjent matfjen. at—, b,eutig, jefct ; v. prafen? ti(e)ren, barbieten. preserve, erljalten. — from, befiiiten, beroafyren (nor). pretend, roollen, fidt> amnafjen. pretty, biibfd). — well, siemlicb, gut (roobl). prevent, (oer)binbem. previous, i norbergebenb, oorber. previously, ) price, ber Spret3. prinirose, bie ©cbluffelblutne. prince, ber 'ftuxft. (377.) princess, bie ^rinjeffin, bie $iirfttn. principal, ber 23orfteb,er. probably, roatirfcbeinlicb. proceed, fortfabrert. progress, ber fjortfdjritt. make — , ^ortftfjritte tnadjen. promise, n. bo§ 33erfprecben ; v. oers jpredjen. pronunciation, bie 2lu§fprad)e. proper, reajt. property, ba3 93ermogen. proposal, ber 23orfd)lag. protect, fcfyiifcen (from, gegen), beroabren (nor). Protestant, ber ^roteftant. proud, ftolj, Ijodjmuttbjig. provide, nerfeljen, nerforgen. provided, conj. t>orauen. reduce, rebu$i(e)ren (rebuciren). refuse, fid) wcigern. regret, bebauem. regulation, bie 93erorbnung. rejoice, fid) freuen. relate, erjabjen. relation, ber SSertoanbte. remain, bleiben. remainder, ber SReft. remember, fid} erirmerrt (with gen.'). remind, erinnern (of, an). remove, jieben, au§jief)en. repeat, nrieberbolen. replace, erfe$en. reply, erroiebern. report, ba§ ©eriidji. represent, barftellen. request, bitten, erfudjen, bitten laffen. resemble, gleidjen, abnlid) fein. reside, roobnen, fid) aufljalten. resist, trnberfteben, fid; nriberfefcen. resound, ertonen. respect : in this — , in biefer Sejiebung. retinue, bas ©efolge. return, v. juriidfommen, juritrffebren, nrieberfommen, juriidgeben ; n. bie 9HUt» febr. revile, jcbimpfen, fcbelten. reward, lofynen, beloljnen. rewarded, belobnt. Rhenish wine, ber Kbeinroein. rheumatism, ber SKbeumati§mu§. Rhine, ber 9tljein. rich, retd). rid : get — of, Io§ roerben. ride, n. ber Diitt ; v. reiten or faljren (in a carriage). right, red)t. be in the — , 9ted>t baben. ring, ber 9iing. ripe, reif. river, ber ^h\%. rob, berauben, rauben, robber, ber Siauber. roof, ba§ %ad). room, ba§ 3i mm ^ r « rose, bie SRofe. rough, unruljig. royal, foniglid). rubbish, ber $Iunber. ruin, bie Dtuine. f rule, bie Dtegel. run, rennen, laufen. — off or away (from), entflietjen, entlaufen, fortlaufen, fortrennen, burd/laufen, burdj'geben. — in, bjneinlaufen. — through, burdj? laufen. — after, mdjlaufen. — about, umberlaufen. Russia, SRuftfanb (neut.). Russian «. ber 9tuffe; adj. rufftfdj. s. sabre, ber ©fibel. sad, traurig. saddle-bag, bie Satteltafdje. safe, fitter. sage, tneife. sake : for the — of, urn . . . roiQen. for my — , um meinetroiUen, nteinetbalben. salad, ber (Salat. sale, ber SBerfauf, bie 33erfteigerung. salt, ba§ Salj. salted, gefaljen. salute, griifjen. same : the — , berfelbe. the— as, gerabe fo toie. at the — time, ju gleidjer 3eit. sample, bie SjBrobe. satisfied, jufrieben. Saturday, ber ©onnabenb, ber 6am§* tag. save, retten, fparen. savory, fcbtnactbaft. say. 355 slowly. say, fagen, fpredjen. are said, follen. I — ! £oren Sie eirtmol, — <3ie! scuntily, armlid). scarcely, faum. scatter about, umberftreuen. school, bie Sdmle. Scotch, fdjottifd^. Scotchman, ber ©djottlanber, bcr ©djotte. Scotland, ©cfjottlanb {neut.). sea, bie See, ba§ 2Jteer. seasick, feefranl. seasickness, bie ©eefrcmfbeit. seat, v. tr. fetjen. take a — , einfteigen. second, jroeit. sediment, ber <5atj. see, feber, nacbjefyen, befud)en. — again, roieberfeben. seek, fudjen. seem, fdjeinen, oorfommen. seize, ergreifen. seldom, felten. self: one's — , fid), fidj felbft. self-cultivated, felbft gegogen. sell, oerfaufen. — by auction, oerfteigern. send, fettben, fcbjden. — alongwith, mits fd;iden. — for, bolen Ictffen. sentence, ber arf. shave, bctrbi(e)ren, ben 93art fd>e(e)ren. shawl, ber ; v. etd)gefod)t. soil, befdjnuujen. soldier, ber ©olbat. solid, gebiegen, bauerbaft. some, irgenb em, etn>a§, fein, einige, n)eld)e§ (sometimes not translated). — other, anbere§. somebody, !yemanb. something, etroa§. sometimes, jinoeilen, mand)mal. son, ber ©obit. song, ber ©efang, ba§ 2ieb. soon, balb. as — as, fo balb al§. sooner, friiber. sorry : I am very — , e3 tbut mir f ebr leib. sort, bie ©orte, bie 2lrt. of all — s, aller 2lrt. what — of a, too.3 fiir ein. sour, fauer. south, ber ©ilben. southerly, — rn, fiiblid). south-wind, ber ©ubtoinb. sow, faen. speak, fpred)en. speculation, bie Spefulatton. spend, jubringen, hinbringen. spinach, -age, ber ©pinat. splendid,* prdd)tig, Ijcrrlid). spoil, oerberben. sponge, ber ©d)n>amtn. spoon, ber So ff el. spring, ber ^riibling, ba§ grubjabr. square, ber $pia§. stable, ber ©tall. stairs, bie Xreppe. stale, trocfen. stand, fteben. start (for), abge&en or abfabren (nad)). State, v. angeben. station (railway), ber 23abnl>of. stay, v. bleiben, fid) aufbalten ; n. ber Slufentbalt. steal, fteblen. stealthily, oerftoblen. steamer, ba$ 2)ampfboot, ba§ Sampfs fd)iff, by—, mit bem Sampfboot. stick, «. ber Stocf ; v. ftecfen. still, adv. nod) ; conj. bod), bennod).. gleicbroobl. sting, v. ftecben ; «. ber ©tad)el. stock (a plant), bie Seofoje. stocking, ber ©trumpf. stop, anljalten. — payment, bie 3a&Iung einftellen. story, bie ©efd)id)te. stove, ber Dfen. strange, frentb, fonberbar. stranger, ber ^rembe. Strasburg, n. ©trafjburg (neul.); adj. ftrafjburger. strawberry, bie Grbbeere. street, bie ©trafje. strike, fd)Iagen. strong, ftarf. stronghold, bie Surg. student, ber ©tubent. study, n. ba§ ©tubium; v. ftubi(e)ren. succeed {used impersonally) , gelingen, gliicfen. he — s in it, es gliitft ibm. I — ed completely, e§ gelang mir uolls fommen. such, fold), fo. suffer, leiben, erleiben. — from, leiben an. suit, jufagen, be^agen. sum, bie Summe, bie 9*ed)nung. summer, ber Somtner. sun, bie ©oune. Sunday, ber ©onntag. sun-dial, bie ©onnenu^r. sup, ju 2lbenb effen. supper, ba3 Slbenbeffen. suppose : I — , roobt. sure (ly), genrife, fid)erlid). be — to do it, tbue e§ ja (ja bod)). surprise, iiberrafd)eit. be — ed at, fid) unmbern. surrender, fid) ergeben. surround, umgeben. suspected of, ucrbad)tig. suspend. 357 thrice. suspend, bangen. Swedish, fcbroebifcb. swallow, bie ©dfjroalbe. sweet, fiifj. Swede, ber ©cbroebe, bie ©cbroebin. swift-footed, fcbnellfttfjig. Sweden, ©cbroeben (neut.). swiiri, fcbtmmmen. T. table, ber £ifcb. table-spoon, ber ©fpffel. tail, ber ©djroanj. tailor, ber Scbneiber. tainted, nerborben. take, nebnten. — to, bringen. — a short nap, ein ©cblafcben balten. —out, ber* auSnebmen. — along with one, mits nebmen. — a seat, einfteigen. — away, roegneljmett. — a walk, einen Spajiers gang tnacben, fpajieren geben. — for, batten. — lessons in, Stunben nebmen in. — pains, ficb SDliibe geben. — place, ftattfinben, ftattbaben, rjorfatten. —a ride (on horseback), einen Spajierritt ntadjen. — a drive (in a carriage), eitte (Spajierfabrt tnacben. — off, auSjieben, abnebmen, abjieben. — up, aufnebmen. it has — en me a great deal of time, e§ bat tnir triel geit genommen (gefoftet). tale, bie ©rjdbhmg. talk, fprecben. tall, bod). task, bie Strafaufgabe. taste, fcbmeden, probi(e)ren. tea, ber SEbee. tea-spoon, ber £bee!offeI. teacher, ber Sebrer. tear, n. bie SCbrane. tear, v. jerreifcen. — off, abretfcen. — up, jerreijjen. tedious, langroeiltg. telegram, ba§ £efegramm. telegraph, v. telegrapbi(e)ren ; n. ber £elegrapb. tell, fagen, nennen. ten, jebn. tenth, jebnt (ber jebnte). termination, bie (Snbung. terrible, fcbredticb. terrify, erfcbreden. than, al i o. thank, banfen. I — you, banfe ! or, id) banfe 3>bnen. that, adj. or dent. pron. jener ; rel. ) pron. berjenige, ber ; conj. bag, bamit. so — , fo bag. the, ber, bie, ba§. — . . . — , jje . . . befto. theater, ba3 Sweater. thee, bir, bicb. theft, ber 2)iebftabl. their, tbr, ibre. theirs, tbrer, ibre, ibre§ ; ber ibrige, etc. them, fte, ibnen. theme, ba§ £bema. themselves, fid). then, adv. bann, barauf ; conj. benn. there {often not translated ), ba, bort, babin. — is, are, e§ gi(e)bt (ift). therefore, barum, beSroegen, beSbalb, baber, alfo. thereupon, barauf. these, biefe (sometimes = biefe§). they, fie, man, e§. thick, bid. thief, ber 2)ieb. thimble, ber gmgerbut. thin, biinn. thine, bein, ber beinige, etc. a friend of—, ein ^reunb oon bir. thing, ba3 S)ing. not any — , nid)t§. think, benfen, glauben, finben, batten. — of, gebenfen. third, britt (ber britte etc.). one — , ein SDritt(b)eiI. thirsty, burftig. thirteen, bretgebn. thirteenth, breijebnt (ber breijebnte etc.) thirty, breifjig. this, bie§ (biefer etc.), ber (bie, ba§). — morning, afternoon, beute-Uiorgen, iiftacbs mittag. upon — , barauf. those (//. ^/"that), jjene. thou, bu. thousand, taufenb. thrash, burdjpriigeln. threaten, broken (dat.), bebroben (ace). three, brei. thrice, breimal (brei 3Jial). through. 358 usual. through, burcfe. throw, roerfen. — in, bineinroerfen. — down, nieberroerfen. — off, abroerfen. thrush, bie Sroffel. Thursday, ber 3>onner§tag. thy, bcin (beine, bein). thyself, bir. ticket, ba§ SiUet(t). tiger, ber £i(e)ger. tight, enge. till, bis. time, bie geit, ba§ Wlai. each—, jebeSs mal. this — , biefe§ SJJal. a short — ago, fiirjlid). it will be a long — before, e§ rcirb lange bauern ebe. what — is it ? jute oiel U^r ift e§ ? for the first — , jtmn erften SJlal. in good — , ju renter 3eit. time-piece, bie Ubr. time-table, ber gabrplan. tired, miibe. to, often expressed by the dat. or infin. ju, an, in, nadj, mit, nor, bi§ auf; gegen ; urn ju (= in order to). — and fro, bin unb ber. to-day, l)eute. together with, fammt, nebft. toll, ber 3°tf- exemption from — , bie Sollfreibeit. toll-bar, ber ©cblagbaum. to-niorrow, morgen. — morning, mors gen friib. to-night, beute 9lbenb. too, ju, aud) (also). tooth, ber 3 a &n. toothache, ba§ gabmoelj. towards, gegen. town, bie Stabt. toy-shop, ber ©pielfadbenlaben. train, ber3ug. 4 o'clock—, ber 4 Ubr 3»9- trait, ber 3ug. translate, iiberfe^en. translation, bie Uberfe^ung. travel, reifen, geben, roanbern. voyages and — s, Sees unb Sanbreifen. traveler, ber SRetfenbe, etn SReifenber. tree, ber 33aum. trouble, v. belaftigen. troublesome, laftig. trousers, bie SBeinfleiber, bie §ofen. true, roabr. it is — , jroar. trust, trauen. try, oerfudben, einen SBerfucb. mad;en. Tuesday, ber 2>ien§tag. tulip, bie £ulpe. Turkey (country), bie £iirfei. turkey (fowl), ber roelfdbe £abn. turn round, umfebren.' twelfth, jroolft (ber jroolfte, etc.). twelve, jroblf. twentieth, jroanjigft. twenty, jtoanjig. twice, sraeimal (jroet 3Ral). twitter, jnritfdjern. two, jroet, fceibe. — and a half, brittbalb. u. umbrella, ber 9legenfd)irm. unacquainted with, unfunbtg. uncle, ber Dnfel. uncomfortable, unbequem. uncourteous, — ly, unbbflid). under, unter. — it, barunter. understand, nerfteben. make one's self understood, ficb oerftanblid) macben. undertaking, ba§ llnternebmen. unfortunately, unglitcflicberroeife. unhealthy, ungefunb. unmarried, unoertyeirat(b)ei. unmindful of, uneingebenf. unpleasant, unangenebm. unripe, unretf. unwell, unroobl. unwholesome, ungefunb. unworthy (of), unnnirbtg. up : — to, bi§ an, bi§ auf. he came — to us, er f am auf un$ ju. upholsterer, ber £apeaier(er). upon, auf. — this, barauf. upset, umroerfen. us, un§. of—, unfer. use, n. ber 9iufcen. be of—, oon 5Ru$cn fein. make — of, ©ebraud) madden oon, benu^en. v. benufcen, niifcen. useful, nii^lidj. usual, gerob^nlidj. vacation. 359 wholesome* V. vacation, bie ^erien. valley, ba§ £bal. various, nerjd)ieben. vegetable-garden, ber ©emiifegarten. vegetables, ba§ ©emiife. venomous, giftig. verb, ba§ 33erb, ba3 SSerbum, ba% 3ett= rcort. verily, tnirEIidj. very, feftr. vexation, ber $rger. wagon, ber SBagen. waistcoat, bie 2Befte. wait, marten. — for, roarten ouf. waiter, ber £ettner. wake, roadjen. walk, v. ju %u% geben, fpajieren geben, etnen ©pajiergang mad)en. — about, umbergeben. n. ber ©pajiergang. wall, bie SSanb (of partition), bie SJiauer. wallflower, ber ©olblacf. want, v. braud)en, niiinfcben, roollen. n. be in — of, bebiirfttg fein. I am in — of, e§ feblt mir an (dat.), e§ mangelt ntir an. warble, trittem. warbling, n. ber ©d)Iag. warm, inarm. wash, roafd)en. wash stand, ber 2Bafd)ttfd). wasp, bie 2Be§pe. waste, nerfdjroenben. wasting, n. ba§ 23erfd)roenben. watch, bie Ubr. watcb-key, ber Ubrfdjliiffel. watchmaker, ber Ubrmadjer. water, ba3 2Baffer. high — , bie glut(b). low — , bie @bbe. way, ber 2Beg. — home, ber ^eimroeg. on the — , auf bem 2Bege, unterroeg§. for the — , fiir unterroegS. by — of, iiber. weak, fdjroad). wear, tragen. weary, iiberbriiffig. weather, baS 2Better. Wednesday, ber 2JHttrood). on — , am 3JUttrood?. vice versa, umgefehrt. villa, bie SSiEa. village, ba§ 35orf. violent, -ly, heftig. violet, bas> 3Seild)en. visit, v. befud)en ; «. ber SBefud). viz. {for videlicet), namlid). volume, ber 33anb. voyage, bie ©eereife. vulture, ber ©eier. w. week, bie 2Bod)e, ad)t Sage, a — ago, nor ad)t £agen. welcome, roillfommen. well, adj. or adv. mob I, gut ; interj\ nun. as — as, fo roobl al§. well-known, rooblbefannt. West, ber SSeften. to the—, nad)2Beften. — wind, ber SBeftroinb. western, roeftlid), nad) SBeflen. wet, adj. nafj; n. bie SJciffe; v. — through, burdjnaffen. completely — through, gang burd)naffen. what, roa§, roa§ fiir. — sort of a ? what a! ma§ fiir ein, eine. — o'clock is it? mie rriel Ubr, etc. ? — beautiful, etc., n>a§ fiir fdjone etc. — a deal of good! mie trie! @ute3 ! — do you call this ? mie nennen ©ie biefeS? — papers have you ? roa§ fiir 3eitungen haben ©ie ? wheat, ber SBeijen. when, rcann, menn ; al§. whenever, fo oft al§. where, mo, mohin. wherefore, roeSroegen, roe§balb. whether, ob. which, ber, bie, ba§; roelcber, meld)e f roeldjeS; roa§. while, adv. inbem, roafjrenb ; n. a little — ago, norbin, nor einem SSeilcben ; v. meilen. — away one's time, fid) bie geit oertreiben. whilst, rodhrenb. white, meifj. whither, roobin. who, raeld)er, roeld)e; ber, bie; roer. whole, adj. aan% ; n. ba§ ©anje. wholesome, gefunb. whom. 360 zoological-garden. whom, roem; tt>eld;etn, -n; bent, ben. whose, toeffen; beffen, beren. why, roarunt; ei. wife, bic j$frau, bie ©attin. will, toollen ; {auxiliary) roerben. William, 2Bilb>lm. willing: to be — , rooHen. wind, ber 2Binb. wind up, aufjieljen. window, ba§ ^enftcr. windy, TDinbtg. wine, ber 2Bein. wine-merchant, ber SOBeinbiinbler. wing, ber ^liigel. winter, ber 2Binter. winter-dress, ba§ SSintertletb. wish, v. roiinfdien, rooflen ; n. ber 2Bunfd). with {sometimes expressed by dot.), mit, nebft; bet. within, innerbalb. without, obne. woman, bie %vau. wonder, v. nriffen mogen ; «. bo§ 2Bun« ber. wood, ba3 £o!j. yard, ber §of. year, ba§ 3abr. yellow, gelb. yes, ja. yesterday, geftern. of — , geftrig. yet, nod), bod), jebod), bennod;, gleid>s toobl, iubeffen, inbe§. as — , bi§ jeljt. not — , nod) nid)t. you, ibr, end; ; bu, bid;, bir ; ©ie, S^nen. wool, bie SBoDe. woolen, njoQett. word, ba§ SBort. keep one's — , SBort batten. work, arbeiten ; n. bie Slrbeit, ba3 SBerf. they will have easy — to get into the room, bre, Sbrige. yourself, fid; ; Qbr, bu, ©ie felbft. you keep for — , ©ie bebatten fiir ficb. youth, bie ^ugenb. youthful, jugenblid). Z. zoological-garden, ber £biergarten. 14 DAY USE RETURN TO DESK FROM WHICH BORROWED LOAN DEPT. This book is due on the last date stamped below, or on the date to which renewed. Renewed books are subject to immediate recall. c'D LD MA Y 24 I960 J AIM JUL 2 6 1961 IV,.., .J 1-U> JUL 1 5 1 961 flP»\* w** WAR 2 1 RFfl ) LD 21A-50m-4, , 60 (A9562sl0)476B LD 21-100m-6, , 56 (B9311sl0)476 General Library University of California Berkeley V v vn *€neral Library University of California Berkeley I YB 38901 *f?J-- ™v\\jUsc£ 1 M292446 u si y- THE UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA LIBRARY . , ... . . — » i i . m il ». ' i h - **'/• b ' i r