HOW THEY SERVED LONDON
 
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 THE CHIEF STAFF OFFICEE 
 
 COLONEL SIR EDWARD WARD, BART., 
 G.B.E., K.C.B., K.C.V.O.
 
 THE SPECIALS 
 
 HOW THEY SERVED LONDON 
 
 THE STORY OF THE METROPOLITAN 
 SPECIAL CONSTABULARY 
 
 BY 
 
 COLONEL W. T. L REAY 
 
 c:: 
 
 LONDON: WILLIAM HEINEMANN
 
 There is but one task for all 
 
 One life for each to give. 
 Who stands if Freedom fall ? 
 
 Who dies if England live ? 
 
 RCDYARD KIPLING. 
 
 IV
 
 DA 
 
 THIS NARRATIVE IS WRITTEN FOR AND IS 
 
 DC 
 
 DEDICATED TO THAT GREAT 
 
 WAE COMKADESHIP OF LONDON CITIZENS 
 
 g WHO FORMED THE 
 
 2* METROPOLITAN SPECIAL CONSTABULARY 
 
 CO 
 
 r- OF 1914-1919 
 
 o
 
 PREFACE 
 
 By THE VISCOUNT BURNHAM, C.H. 
 
 IN England we always use old forms and old 
 formulas to clothe and surround with the old 
 sanctions new expedients and converted institu- 
 tions. The Special Constabulary established and 
 recruited in 1914 to meet the unexampled strain of 
 the Great War had little in common with the 
 " tithing-men " of the old England, nor even with 
 the special constables enrolled for what are called 
 " occasional emergencies " under the Police Act. 
 Yet the Special Constabulary which did what was 
 literally and truly " yeoman service " during the 
 last five years was all the better liked because of its 
 historic associations with the earliest stages of that 
 local government by which the liberties of the 
 commonwealth have been built up and consoli- 
 dated. 
 
 In their story, as it is pleasantly told in the 
 following pages, one gathers that the instructions 
 and orders were few in number, and framed, all of 
 them, on the lines of civic patriotism; but surely the 
 principles were sufficiently set out, nearly a century 
 ago, in the directions which were issued by the Chief 
 Commissioner to the Metropolitan Police after they 
 were called into being by the Act of 1829. The
 
 viii PREFACE 
 
 constable was exhorted " to be civil and obliging to 
 people of every rank and class," and warned that 
 " he must be particularly anxious not to interfere 
 idly or unnecessarily in order to make a display of 
 authority," but " when required to act he will do 
 so with decision and boldness." Could any rules 
 define better the line of conduct which the " Special " 
 was expected and required to pursue in the per- 
 formance of his responsible duties ? 
 
 Blackstone thought it well that the constable 
 should be kept in ignorance of the extent of his 
 powers. The Home Secretary of our time put his 
 trust not in the ignorance but in the good sense of 
 the " Specials," and that trust was never forfeited. 
 The " Specials " proved themselves an invaluable 
 aid and supplement to the Police Force of the 
 country and enabled a large number of the profes- 
 sional police to enlist in the forces of the Crown for 
 active service, without public danger and even 
 without public inconvenience. It is not, perhaps, 
 for the fine courage which they displayed on the 
 occasions of air raids and bombardments that one 
 feels the greatest debt of national gratitude is due. 
 It is for the constant and continuous fidelity of so 
 many men of middle age, unfit for general service, 
 during successive winters in the worst weather and 
 during the long nights, when the hearts of the people 
 were low and their temper irritable and captious, 
 that the " Specials " deserved best of the State and 
 earned their fairest laurels. In season and out of 
 season they proved themselves " true men."
 
 CONTENTS 
 
 CHAPTER PAOE 
 
 I. THE BLUE-EYED WANDEREB - 1 
 
 II. A SPEEDY PLAN AND A QUICK START - 5 
 
 m. CENTRAL ADMINISTRATION 12 
 
 IV. POLICE DIVISIONS - - 18 
 
 V. THE SOLEMN PLEDGE - - 22 
 
 VI. ELECTION OF OFFICERS - 29 
 
 VII. THE INNER DIVISIONS - - 34 
 
 VIII. THE OUTER DIVISIONS - - 60 
 
 IX. HEADQUARTERS CENTRAL DETACHMENT AND 
 
 A. A. SECTION - 110 
 
 X. AUXILIARY FORCES - 123 
 
 XI. A TRAINING-GROUND FOR THE ARMY - - 130 
 
 XII. THE DISCIPLINE BOARD - 137 
 
 Xm. THE ALERT IN LONDON - 143 
 
 XTV. THE BUGLERS - - 152 
 
 XV. THE ANTI-GERMAN RIOTS - 166 
 
 XVI. OBSERVATION POSTS A RAID - - 167 
 
 XVII. THE AIR-RAIDS - - 181 
 
 XVm. IN THE EARLY ZEPPELIN DAYS - 186 
 
 XIX. FROM DARKNESS TO LIGHT - - 195 
 
 XX. TO THE WHIT-SUNDAY FINISH - - 210 
 
 XXI. THE WORK OF THE SPECIAL CONSTABLES - 219 
 
 , ix
 
 BUCKINGHAM PALACE. 
 
 On the conclusion of your services as Special Constables 
 I desire to express my appreciation of the splendid public 
 spirit which you have evinced in the performance of a high 
 civic duty. 
 
 Your conduct as a body has been exemplary. 
 
 At the commencement of the Great War you, who were 
 unable to join the Colours, loyally came forward in thousands 
 and voluntarily took up the arduous work of the regular Police 
 Force, thereby freeing many of its members to join the 
 fighting ranks. 
 
 By devotion to duty and sacrifice of your own often scanty 
 leisure, you gradually became a most efficient force, on whom 
 your fellow-citizens were proud to rely. 
 
 With steadfastness and courage you carried out the obligations 
 you undertook ; you faced the responsibilities of that Police 
 routine duty necessary for the maintenance of law and order 
 and also the perils of the Air Raids to which London was so 
 constantly subjected. 
 
 Men of the Metropolitan and City Special Constabulary, you 
 have to your credit a clean record of work well done. 
 
 It is in recognition of such efforts throughout the country that 
 I have instituted with much pleasure a Long Service Medal. 
 
 I am glad to inspect you to-day, and personally to assure you 
 of my satisfaction at the way in which, to a man, you have 
 served your Sovereign and helped your Country in her hour of 
 need. 
 
 (JEOltQE It. I. 
 
 l-U/i Juiu, 1919. 
 
 XI
 
 CHAPTER I 
 THE BLUE-EYED VAGKANT 
 
 "So that he wanders not, uncomprehended, without a 
 shelter in the barren world." German Prologue to " Twelfth 
 Night." 
 
 IT was on a lovely afternoon of mid-September in 
 the year of fate, 1914, and the setting sun went to 
 his diurnal doom with a particular reluctance. As 
 he receded, he flung out his final rays with a sort 
 of defiant vigour, and the clear waters of the New 
 River received and threw them back in a spirit of 
 joyous reciprocity. 
 
 A tall, fair man, with light blue eyes and un- 
 trimmed auburn whiskers, strolled slowly along the 
 river-side path, stopping now and then to gaze on 
 the water. He seemed wrapt in contemplation of 
 the joys of the eventide, in a rustic interspace of 
 urban landscape such as one finds so often in the 
 northern stretches of Greater London. A vigorous 
 man, not more than thirty, one would say, yet 
 grave and sad-looking beyond his years. Whether 
 Melancholy had marked him for her own, who can 
 say ? But, given a prize for gentle pensiveness, his 
 was the face for excellence. He sauntered up and 
 down the pathway, revelling in the beauties of 
 
 l
 
 2 THE SPECIALS 
 
 nature, and, as a quiet observer who wore a band 
 of blue- and- white bars on his left coat-sleeve 
 afterwards remarked, he seemed to " sort of take 
 stock of the whole blessed place." 
 
 Suddenly the hum of a motor-car broke the 
 stillness of the peaceful scene. A minute later a 
 brisk-looking man, with short iron-grey moustache, 
 and a business-like, military air, was alongside the 
 observer. 
 
 " Who's that chap ?" was his prompt and direct 
 if somewhat inelegant inquiry, on returning a salute 
 with which he had been received. " Don't quite 
 like him. Have you spoken to him ?" 
 
 " No, sir," was the reply. " I was just thinking 
 that I ought to do so." 
 
 " Has he been there long ?" 
 
 " Oh, perhaps a quarter of an hour, but I knew 
 you were coming round and thought I'd leave him 
 to you." 
 
 " Meanwhile he might have walked off." 
 " Forgive me, sir," replied the sentry for such 
 he was " I should have taken all sorts of care he 
 didn't." 
 
 "No doubt, no doubt," pleasantly assented the 
 officer, for, in addition to an armlet similar to that 
 of the sentry, the new-comer wore a rank distinction 
 on the right sleeve of his close-fitting lounge coat. 
 
 " Good-afternoon, sir," was his polite salutation 
 as he stepped across the roadway and accosted the 
 fair stranger. 
 
 The mild blue eyes opened to the full extent of 
 their capacity for surprise. Ever so gently the
 
 THE BLUE-EYED VAGRANT 3 
 
 roving blonde whiskers fluttered in response to the 
 shade of a quiver on a countenance as guileless 
 and simple as that of a new-born babe. Two white 
 hands, quite unmarked by toil, were raised, as the 
 fair head shook in mute and deprecating protest. 
 
 ' You don't appear to be British," remarked the 
 officer, running his eye over the visitor not un- 
 kindly, yet in something of the fashion which 
 makes Englishmen so beloved abroad. 
 
 More gestures, but no sound. 
 
 " Don't you speak English ?" 
 
 The mouth of the exile it was plain by now that 
 he was an exile on a strange shore twitched con- 
 vulsively, but no sound came from it. 
 
 " Ah, I see," said the officer encouragingly, " vous 
 parlez fran9ais, sans doute, monsieur, n'est-ce pas ?" 
 
 Still no luck, but the questioner never lost heart. 
 
 " Entshuldigen Sie, mein Herr," he murmured 
 gently. " Sie sprechen deutsche; nicht war ?" 
 
 That did it. It was as though the rod of Moses 
 had again smitten vulnerable rock. The fountains 
 of the mighty deep of the sad-faced exile's silence 
 were broken up in a preliminary, " Ja, mein Herr, 
 ja." Then the parts of speech streamed out in 
 a profusion which filled the air with guttural sound 
 and even a good simulation of fury. And the 
 wealth of gesture that accompanied it was like a 
 semaphore gone mad. The sharply challenged and 
 close-pursuing ear of the attentive Englander did 
 its best, but was quite unequal to the task of making 
 what may have been essential distinctions between 
 accusatives and datives, to say nothing of catching
 
 4 THE SPECIALS 
 
 and joining on the spot the far-from-each-other 
 fragments of separable verbs. 
 
 Out of the tumult of it all presently emerged 
 some of the data on which to found a judgment. 
 It seemed to show that the exile was merely out 
 for fresh air and with not the least intention of 
 impairing the water-supply of London; that he had 
 been only two months in this hospitable country; 
 that, although a quasi-professional man in his 
 native land, he had not yet acquired enough of 
 our language for the working purpose of life; that 
 he had been registered as an enemy alien, according 
 to law, but that he had changed his address and 
 had not given the required notification to the proper 
 authority. 
 
 The subsequent examination showed that the 
 man's papers were in order. By those who ulti- 
 mately dealt with the case, it was not thought 
 necessary to do more than regularise the change of 
 address and let " the poor chap "go. 
 
 There was a parting suggestion that persons who 
 said "y an " f r "y es " na d better in the existing 
 circumstances keep away from the waterworks and 
 their adjuncts. Only that, as Edgar Allan Poe 
 would say only that and nothing more. For with 
 all our sad faults, we are really a gentle people to 
 the stranger within our gates.
 
 CHAPTER II 
 
 A SPEEDY PLAN AND A QUICK START 
 
 "Stand not on, the order of your going, but go at once." 
 MACBETH. 
 
 WHAT was the meaning of it all ? Just this : Great 
 Britain was at war with Germany and Austria ; the 
 newly formed Metropolitan Special Constabulary 
 had been charged with the protection of the water- 
 supply of London; and the blonde exile from 
 missionary Moravia he came who went out merely, 
 he averred, to take the air on the bank of the New 
 River, had fallen into the hands of an officer reputed 
 to be " the most trustful of men," but who in the 
 path of duty takes nothing for granted. 
 
 Work more or less similar to that which he and 
 his command were doing in a section of North 
 London was being done by other amateur that 
 seems to be the right word policemen in all parts 
 of the 700 square miles of country forming the 
 Metropolitan Police District. 
 
 We had not yet reached the period at which we 
 put such delightfully inadvertent strollers under 
 the happy duress from which, rumour hath it, some 
 of them were loth to emerge. There is a story that 
 one of them, on being driven from an internment 
 
 5
 
 6 THE SPECIALS 
 
 camp where he had spent happy years, exclaimed: 
 " O Liberty, what crimes are done in thy name ! " 
 Possibly that story is founded on exaggeration. 
 
 Now to supply what the lawyers call " fuller and 
 better particulars " of the meaning of that North 
 London incident. We must crave the reader's 
 attention to some of the precedent conditions, which 
 explain why it was that, not by a party of soldiers, 
 not even by a patrol of Regular Police, was being 
 discharged the public duty of which the incident 
 narrated is only a passing illustration. It was a 
 duty in the hands of citizen volunteers, each dressed 
 after his own customary fashion, and distinguished 
 from the rest of the community by nothing more 
 obtrusive than an armlet, its original brightness 
 ameliorated by previous wear on the brawny arm 
 of some regular policeman. 
 
 There was an historic gathering in one of the big 
 rooms at Scotland House on the afternoon of 
 Saturday, August 8, 1914. 
 
 War had just been declared, many enemy sub- 
 jects were within our gates and were a potential 
 menace to unprotected works of high public utility, 
 such as railways, reservoirs, power-stations, and 
 the like. From the Regular Police Force never 
 kept at a strength beyond the considered actual 
 needs of the most law-abiding metropolis in the 
 world suddenly confronted by an abnormal exten- 
 sion of duties, reserve men were being called to 
 the Army and the Fleet, while hundreds of others 
 spirited, fit to perfection, and brave wanted 
 immediately to range themselves by the side of
 
 A SPEEDY PLAN AND A QUICK START 7 
 
 those scores of thousands civilian Britons who, 
 in response to the call of the blood, had sprung 
 to arms on the challenge of a powerful, impudent, 
 and unscrupulous foe. 
 
 In this concurrence of circumstances the sudden 
 need of very many more police and the prospective 
 departure of large numbers of trained policemen 
 Colonel Sir Edward Ward was asked by the Home 
 Secretary to undertake the organisation and con- 
 trol of a force of Special Constables. He at once 
 accepted. Some early war appointments have not, 
 to put it mildly, quite answered expectations; but 
 if ever a right man was put in a right place it was 
 when that charge was given to the gallant soldier 
 who, after making good in several campaigns, 
 entered our Civil Service at the top, as Permanent 
 Under- Secretary at the War Office a post from 
 which he had retired only a year before war broke 
 out. 
 
 With characteristic energy and speed, went to 
 work the man who in earlier days successfully 
 organised army food and transport supplies, military 
 tournaments all sorts of things which call for 
 brain, initiative, insight, and judgment. Within 
 forty-eight hours of his appointment, his scheme 
 for raising, organising, and managing 20,000 
 honorary Special Constables was in the hands of 
 the Government. Authority to go full-speed ahead 
 was promptly given, and on that Saturday after- 
 noon of August 8, between sixty and seventy men, 
 who had rallied to the Chief Staff Officer, as he 
 was called, so soon as they knew with whom they
 
 8 THE SPECIALS 
 
 had to deal, met at Scotland House to get their 
 appointments and orders. 
 
 Retired Army men a good many of them were, 
 a few with police experience, some who had figured 
 in the Civil Service of this country or of India or 
 an Oversea Dominion, all of them personally known 
 to Sir Edward Ward. With some he had served 
 on campaign, others he had met in official life or 
 in the affairs of the many useful institutions with 
 which his name is inseparably associated. He knew 
 what each could do and how to place him. 
 
 That evening four Commandants were installed 
 at Scotland House. Each of these had charge of 
 one of the four districts into which the spacious 
 Metropolitan Police Area is divided, with duties 
 somewhat akin to those performed in each district 
 by a Chief Constable of the Regular Police. The 
 Commandants were all military men. The first four 
 were Lieutenant-Colonels Stackpole, Maude, Shewin, 
 and Hansard, and on the transfer of two of these 
 to other services they were succeeded by Colonels 
 Leslie and Cooper-Turner. 
 
 That evening, also, twenty-one Commanders 
 introduced themselves to as many Superintendents 
 in the Regular Police Divisions. They were pro- 
 vided with office accommodation, and they and 
 their assistants got to work there and then, for it 
 was no business for the languid. Time pressed and 
 the duty was at hand. 
 
 It is characteristic of Sir Edward Ward's method, 
 applied in this as we believe it has been in other 
 activities under his direction, that * he did not
 
 A SPEEDY PLAN AND A QUICK START 9 
 
 burden the new officers with a mass of instructions. 
 Within the limits of the law under which Special 
 Constables are authorised and made a part not 
 merely an adjunct of the Police Force, and of the 
 plan of procedure devised by the Chief, they were 
 free to take such measures as, in the time, place, 
 and circumstances, they might think expedient and 
 desirable. Before leaving Scotland House each 
 Commander saw and saluted his District Com- 
 mandant, who, like the Chief Staff Officer, refrained 
 from issuing hampering directions. 
 
 " Have you any instructions for me, sir ?" asked 
 one Commander. 
 
 "No," replied the Commandant. "Find your 
 own way and here, wait a moment take my 
 blessing." 
 
 Commandants and Commanders were each handed 
 a copy of a four-page circular, hurriedly drawn up 
 and smartly printed, in which was embodied the 
 Scheme of organisation. A useful and noteworthy 
 document this ; for while, as the Force developed in 
 character and its range of duty extended almost 
 as fast as men could be found and trained for new 
 work it is to the credit of its author that the 
 salient principles of the main scheme set forth in 
 that circular held good under the test of experience, 
 and were still operative when regular duties ceased, 
 in January, 1919. 
 
 Concessionary modifications, such as the reduc- 
 tion of the obligation of individual service from a 
 four-hour duty every day to a like duty once in 
 three days, were indeed made, for a rule of common
 
 10 THE SPECIALS 
 
 sense, not a rule of thumb, has ever governed 
 Scotland House; and, although at the outset the 
 volunteers for service were asked to promise much, 
 strict regard was paid to the value of industrial 
 time, and the claims made upon it never exceeded 
 the actual needs of continually varying situations. 
 
 While many officers of the Force have given 
 continuous daily service much beyond four hours' 
 duration all through, comparatively few of the rank 
 and file were at any time called for every-day duty. 
 At first it was rather duty on alternate days ; later, 
 a tour once in three or four days usually met the 
 demands of the situation. But this was always 
 subject to the needs of the particular time. On 
 the occasion of air-raids, actual or prospective, six 
 to eight hours at a stretch were sometimes given, 
 night after night. This is the more noteworthy 
 because it was the exceptional man amongst those 
 serving who was free from industrial obligation. 
 
 " It's wonderful you give us so much time," said 
 an admiring officer to one of his men who was 
 always volunteering for more than his fair share of 
 duty. 
 
 " Oh, I'm glad to do my bit," was the reply. 
 " Incidentally," he added with a smile, " I earn a 
 living for the missis and the kids." 
 
 " Incidentally !" No word could better have 
 expressed it. Of quite surprising grit, courage, and 
 good-humour were these men, and with a capacity 
 for sacrifice which few understood and outsiders 
 never even suspected. Some shut their shops to 
 do police work; others lost wages and said nothing
 
 A SPEEDY PLAN AND A QUICK START 11 
 
 about it; and they all rubbed along with invulnerable 
 cheerfulness. Somehow, in expensive times, they 
 managed to make ends meet, to win bread such 
 as it was and meat what there was of it for 
 wives and bairns, to say nothing of the nourishment 
 required for the physical frame of a man who elects 
 to take the rough-and-tumble chances of a guardian 
 of the Ipeace.
 
 CHAPTER III 
 CENTRAL ADMINISTRATION 
 
 "For the King, the Law, and the People." Ponsonby 
 Motto. 
 
 ON August 5, 1914, Sir Edward Ward, having been 
 formally appointed Chief Staff Officer of the Metro- 
 politan Special Constabulary, entered into possession 
 of nine empty rooms on the third floor of that part 
 of New Scotland Yard known as Scotland House. 
 
 The rooms were not long vacant. Offers of 
 assistance poured in, and they were of many kinds, 
 ranging from the intimation that a Field Officer 
 was available to command a unit, or a good lady 
 was willing to lend her tricycle. Very soon the 
 third floor of Scotland House became as busy as 
 a hive of bees. 
 
 The first few days were occupied in conferences 
 with Sir Edward Henry, then Commissioner of 
 Police, and other officials of Scotland Yard, in 
 organising the Headquarters Staff and choosing 
 Divisional Officers. 
 
 Perhaps it is as well to explain that while the 
 Special Constabulary was to be a body separate 
 from the Regular Police, with its own officers, its 
 own supplies, and its own records, yet its object, 
 broadly speaking, was to assist and co-operate with 
 the Regular Force. To insure this co-operation, it 
 
 12
 
 CENTRAL ADMINISTRATION 13 
 
 was manifestly desirable that the Force should be 
 organised geographically on the lines of the Metro- 
 politan Police, whose area is divided into four 
 Districts, each of which is again divided into 
 Divisions, in the charge, respectively, of Chief 
 Constables and Superintendents. The Special Con- 
 stabulary was developed according to that pattern. 
 
 In the original allocation of Staff activities 
 certain functions which were not of a very definite 
 nature, but were conveniently covered by the 
 phrase " Special Duties," were assigned to a Direc- 
 torate of Intelligence. The Directorate changed 
 its style at a very early date, and became the 
 Directorate of Vulnerable Points. This was the 
 name given to such places as power-stations, 
 reservoirs, bridges, locks, and other important and 
 unlovely things upon which not merely the life of 
 the metropolis, but even the transport of troops 
 to some extent depends. 
 
 Originally intended to co-operate with H.M. 
 Forces and the Regular Police in counter-espionage 
 and preventive detection of organised sabotage, 
 the Vulnerable Point Directorate had, for head, 
 Lieutenant-Colonel Hawker, a highly experienced 
 official who, though a Colonel in the British Army, 
 had for many years been responsible for the policing 
 of a Balkan capital. With him in the Directorate 
 of Intelligence served Lieutenant-Colonel Thornhill, 
 who was afterwards charged with the inspection 
 of internment camps; Inspector Laughlin, an ex- 
 Scotland-Yard official lost at sea with Lord 
 Kitchener when the Hampshire went down; and two 
 ex-officers of junior rank.
 
 14 THE SPECIALS 
 
 Not many days had elapsed when the amateurish 
 nature of an attempt to blow up the India Office 
 convinced the authorities that no organised sabotage 
 was to be apprehended. For this reason, and 
 perhaps because overlapping was to be anticipated 
 if both Scotland Yard and Scotland House were to 
 play detective, it was decided to confine, for a time 
 at least, the role of the Special Constabulary to 
 mounting guard over vulnerable points. We shall 
 see later how the work developed and expanded. 
 
 A consultation with the Railway Executive was 
 the last important function of the Directorate under 
 its original chief, who was almost immediately after- 
 wards taken away for War-Office service. When 
 it came to selecting his successor, it was decided 
 by Sir Edward Ward that, as the control of the 
 work of guarding vulnerable points was essentially 
 a task calling for organising ability of the highest 
 order, the Director of Organisation, Major Hornby, 
 D.S.O. (now a Brigadier-General), should combine 
 the two Directorates. Meanwhile, his predecessor's 
 staff had dwindled down to two, Lieutenant-Colonel 
 Thornhill, upon whom devolved the work of in- 
 specting and reporting upon such points as were 
 likely, unless specially protected, to attract the 
 enemy's notice, and Mr. H. C. Marks, a barrister, 
 who was selected by the Director as his secretary. 
 The list of vulnerable points, carefully brought up 
 to date, was scrutinised by the Scotland House 
 Directorate, the Commissioner's Staff, and his 
 Superintendents, and on the data collected by this 
 co-ordinated effort was based the estimate of the 
 strength of the Force (20,000).
 
 CENTRAL ADMINISTRATION 15 
 
 Various means of recruiting were utilised posters 
 letters to organisations, notices in clubs, etc.; and 
 all through, the greatest care was taken to impress 
 upon everybody that this was a service for men 
 who could not be active fighters. Part of the first 
 of what has become a long series of Staff Orders 
 may here be quoted for its terseness and originality : 
 
 " 1. When the applicant presents himself at the 
 Police Station his name should be entered on the 
 Enrolment Form. 
 
 " 2. He will then be examined by the Commander 
 (or officer deputed by him not below the rank of 
 Sub-Inspector) when available, who will be advised 
 by a Station Officer of the Metropolitan Police. 
 Discrimination should be observed in regard to : 
 
 " (a) Suitability for Navy, Army, or Territorial 
 Service. 
 
 " (6) Moral character (i.e., liability to drink, etc.). 
 
 " (c) Physical unfitness (very short sight, excessive 
 stoutness, etc.). 
 
 " 3. If passed suitable the applicant should be 
 instructed where to go for attestation." 
 
 Recruiting proceeded apace, with the result that 
 on August 1 7, twelve days after Sir Edward Ward's 
 appointment, very nearly the requisite number of 
 men were enrolled for service, and the Divisions 
 were in possession of lists, if not quite complete,' 
 yet very nearly so, of the points that needed 
 guarding. 
 
 At this time there was one officer on the Head- 
 quarters Staff whose personality was widely felt 
 and remained a strong tradition in the Force. This 
 was the late Major H. F. Wilkinson. From the
 
 16 THE SPECIALS 
 
 very beginning, acting as Sir Edward Ward's chief 
 personal assistant, he was the coordinator of 
 everybody's work, the teacher of those who did 
 not know their business (and who came to him 
 instinctively for advice), and the cautious leader 
 of those who knew their business too well. There 
 was no one on the Staff who knew his Chief's wishes 
 so unerringly or who could act with so much con- 
 fidence ancUpromptitude. 
 
 The Headquarters Staff was soon modified to suit 
 the conditions of a then quite regularised special 
 police service, which within a remarkably brief 
 space of time was found capable of any and all of 
 the rapidly multiplied and diverse efforts required 
 of it. The Directorates at Scotland House fell into 
 single hands, and the administration became more 
 and more concentrated. Very early, Mr. J. F. 
 Hope, M.P., was the Inspector of Vulnerable Points, 
 all of which he visited. His reports are proof of 
 his keen vision and ability. Later came Major 
 Dance to the same task ; and then this feature of the 
 work disappeared from the programme. Following 
 Major Wilkinson as the Chief's Staff Officer, the 
 clever and hard-working Mr. Guy Ridley took that 
 post, and carried on the executive work until his 
 transfer to another public department, in 1918. 
 Then Mr. W. M. Allen, who had been Director of 
 Supplies, assumed the charge, proved a most capable 
 successor, and saw the task out. 
 
 Not the least strenuous work was that done by 
 the Finance Officers, who had to deal with numerous 
 matters incidental to purchases, payment of out- 
 of-pocket expenses, allowances for petrol, com-
 
 CENTRAL ADMINISTRATION 17 
 
 pensation for injuries, etc. Mr. Geoffrey Marks, 
 a prominent actuary, inaugurated the strict system 
 adopted, and when he retired Mr. R. J. Balfour, 
 his successor, carried it on, without impairment to 
 its strictness, and expanded it to suit the varied 
 and extensive additions to the work caused by what 
 may be called the progressive issue of clothing, the 
 entire control of which was put in the hands of 
 the Finance Officer. With the exception of a few 
 cases sent to the Discipline Board -whose functions 
 we shall deal with later the whole of the compensa- 
 tion claims were investigated by the Finance Officer. 
 Mr. Balfour was, therefore, always a busy man, 
 and there were no idle moments in the day for his 
 assistant, Mr. C. T. Pannell. 
 
 Before the end of 1914, the four Commandants 
 surrendered their functions -those of supervision to 
 an Inspector-General of Divisions, those executive 
 to the Staff Officer. The Inspector-General was 
 charged with the duty of continuous scrutiny of 
 Divisional work and records, and he reported on 
 each Division's activity. He was Director of Drill, 
 saw the units on local parades, and acted as a 
 constant reminder that neither the near nor the 
 far-away were ever forgotten by Headquarters. 
 
 Sir Edward Ward himself attended and inspected 
 men on Divisional parades, had the Commanders 
 to Scotland House at monthly conferences, and in 
 these and other ways insured that unity of thought 
 and purpose which ever marked the service given 
 to the public by the Metropolitan Special Con- 
 stabulary.
 
 CHAPTEK IV 
 POLICE DIVISIONS 
 
 " Eus in Urbe." 
 
 FORMERLY place-names as well as letters indicated 
 the Police Divisions. Now they are called by dis- 
 tinguishing letters only, and these convey no topo- 
 graphical information to the uninitiated. The 
 A Division, with headquarters at Cannon Row, 
 New Scotland Yard formerly called Whitehall 
 means Westminster; B is centred at Brompton, 
 and includes artistic Chelsea; C stands for Piccadilly 
 and the Regent Street part of London, but includes 
 Soho and Seven Dials; F for Paddington and Ken- 
 sington; and T, with headquarters at Hammersmith, 
 for a great area of the western metropolis, stretching 
 away to Sunbury and Staines. These form No. 1 
 District. 
 
 In No. 2 District are D Division, Marylebone; 
 E, with its headquarters in famous Bow Street; 
 S, managed from Albany Street, Regent's Park, but 
 stretching north through Hampstead (its former 
 name) to the north boundary of the police area at 
 South Minims, and west to beyond Bushey; X, a 
 big Division managed from Harrow Road and 
 including Harrow and Ruislip; and Y, with head- 
 
 18
 
 POLICE DIVISIONS 19 
 
 quarters at Kentish Town, marching with S to 
 the north border and including both Cuffley and 
 Potters Bar, famed as places where Zeppelins were 
 brought down. 
 
 No. 3 District takes in the Divisions south of the 
 Thames. These are L, meaning Kennington and 
 thereabout; M, which stands for South wark and 
 equally historic Tower Bridge; P, managed from 
 Peckham and extending to the south border below 
 Farnborough; R, with Blackheath Road for head- 
 quarters and including Woolwich, Shooter's Hill, 
 and St. Mary Cray; V, administered from Wands- 
 worth and including Wimbledon; W, the largest 
 south of the river, managed from Brixton and 
 going down, through Croydon-, to the south border 
 below Banstead and Kenley. 
 
 In No. 4 District are G, which stands for the Bong's 
 Cross and City Road; J, which has headquarters 
 at Hackney and goes north through Loughton and 
 the Epping Forest to the boundary; K, governed 
 from politically famous Limehouse and stretching 
 east to the border at Chadwell Heath; N, ad- 
 ministered from Stoke Newington, including Isling- 
 ton (its former name), and marching north between 
 Y and J to the border beyond Waltham Abbey; 
 and intensely urban H, the official centre of which 
 is ever-graphic Whitechapel. 
 
 Readers may here be reminded that the City of 
 London, enveloped by the Metropolitan Police 
 District, preserves her proud excluslveness, manages 
 as she has ever managed her own highly-trained 
 Regular Police, while throughout the war she main-
 
 20 THE SPECIALS 
 
 tained her own very efficient Force of Special 
 Constables. 
 
 Two or three Police Stations adequately do the 
 work required in a few small, although highly 
 important, Divisions; but others have from ten to 
 fifteen, while W has no fewer than seventeen 
 stations. 
 
 With few exceptions, a Special Constabulary 
 Register was opened on August 10, 1914, at each 
 Police Station. The enrolment was commenced 
 under the supervision of a sergeant or expert 
 regular constable; and the prompt way in which 
 the invitation to honorary, onerous, and fatiguing 
 services was responded to in all parts forms a 
 unique testimony to the public spirit of the London 
 people. 
 
 So many offered that it wag impossible to take 
 them all; therefore a good range of selection was 
 possible, and waiting lists were compiled. No man 
 who seemed eligible for military Service was 
 put on the register, and, in the sorting-out process 
 which followed, ages were carefully scanned and 
 the present and potential needs of the Army always 
 kept in mind. The Metropolitan Special Con- 
 stabulary was to be no refuge for men fit to fight 
 the enemy: Sir, Edward Ward and the men he had 
 selected as Commanders guaranteed that. 
 
 To say that all classes were represented in the 
 enrolment is not in this instance merely to use a 
 familiar figure of speech; it is literally true. It 
 may, indeed, be doubted whether, either at the 
 outset or at subsequent stages, when new men came
 
 POLICE DIVISIONS 21 
 
 in to take the place of those sent to the Army, any 
 civilian force created by the war was more repre- 
 sentative of the varied citizenship of London than 
 the Metropolitan Special Constabulary. Peers of 
 the Realm, ex-Governors, Members of the House 
 of Commons, clergymen, soldiers and sailors, 
 lawyers, doctors, artists and actors, merchants and 
 shop-keepers, artisans, labourers, costermongers 
 they all came, these stalwart men of London, too 
 old or otherwise unsuitable for Army or Navy, 
 anxious to help and offering unpaid service to their 
 country in its hour of need. 
 
 Owners of motor-cars or motor-cycles brought 
 their machines, as, also, with great advantage to 
 the service and in response to an official suggestion, 
 did owners of push-bicycles. For the Metropolitan 
 Police District is spacious. Besides its densely 
 populated urban Divisions, it contains long and 
 wide stretches of rural territory. One is as much 
 en pleine compagne in parts of, say, K Division 
 (37 square miles of the east), S Division (82 square 
 miles of the north), or W Division (76 square miles 
 of the south), as one would be in the heart of 
 Devonshire.
 
 CHAPTEE V 
 THE SOLEMN PLEDGE 
 
 " When that their names read were every one 
 That in their number guile was there none." 
 
 CHAUCER. 
 
 ON Monday, August 1 7, commenced the attestations 
 of men accepted for service. All over the Metro- 
 politan District the justices to whom the recruits 
 were presented had a busy week. The attestations 
 were taken at local court-houses, Police Stations, 
 and other convenient places. 
 
 By far the largest and most picturesque attesta- 
 tion was that at the Royal Opera House, Covent 
 Garden, on August 1 7. There, although the strength 
 required locally was fixed at only 400, no fewer 
 than 2,000 citizens came under the paternal guidance 
 of Captain Suart, a fighter in the Boer War, who 
 had also served in South Africa as a Police Officer, 
 and who had been appointed Commander of E Divi- 
 sion, with headquarters at Bow Street. 
 
 This noted Police Station was used as a recruiting 
 centre for the whole of Inner London, and from it 
 men were posted to other Inner Divisions in the 
 numbers locally required. The men who enrolled at 
 Bow Street came from all parts, including localities 
 far outside the Metropolitan Police District some 
 
 22
 
 THE SOLEMN PLEDGE 23 
 
 from as far as Brighton. All along, E and some 
 other Inner Divisions have been manned largely by 
 non-residents, incidental to whose service a by no 
 means inconsiderable sum in travelling and hotel 
 expenses should be remembered to their credit by 
 a grateful country. 
 
 It is no part of our purpose here to offer either 
 a history of England's ancient police methods, or 
 a disquisition on the existing law in relation to 
 Special Constables. But a word or two must be 
 said to indicate an essential difference between the 
 obligations of the Force now under review, and 
 those of any previous body of Special Constables 
 such, for example, as those raised as a provision 
 against riots expected on the announcement of the 
 proposed march of Chartists in 1848 (when Louis 
 Napoleon was amongst the enrolled), or those 
 attested at other periods of disorder, actual or 
 potential, in the great metropolis. 
 
 When the war broke out, the Special Constables 
 Act of 1831, which endows Special Constables with 
 all the powers of Regular Police, governed the 
 London situation. It gives power to two or more 
 Justices to appoint Special Constables " upon the 
 oath of any credible witness that any tumult, riot, 
 or felony has taken place or may be reasonably 
 apprehended " in the locality concerned. It is 
 reasonable to assume that volunteers were con- 
 templated, indeed such were always asked for; but 
 in the last resource the justices had power to call 
 upon others, and to order them to be sworn in for 
 at most two months' service.
 
 24 THE SPECIALS 
 
 Obviously, however, the war created a situation 
 in which duty as Special Constables was sought 
 from citizens in circumstances other than those in 
 which tumults, riots, or felony was feared we beg 
 Parliament's pardon for this paltry synonym of its 
 delightful word " apprehended." To meet the 
 situation, a short Act was passed in 1914. Its 
 salient feature gives justices power to appoint 
 Special Constables " although a tumult, riot, or 
 felony has not taken place or is not immediately 
 apprehended," and also gives the King-in-Council 
 such a fine general authority to make regulations 
 that the little measure is almost a second Dora. 
 Further, it removes all doubts and qualms of (legal) 
 conscience by validating not only the appointments 
 of Special Constables made prior to its passage 
 into law, but also " any other action taken with 
 respect to Special Constables since the commence- 
 ment of the present war." Was ever, in the tide of 
 times, a better drag-net than that ? It was a mercy 
 that Sir Edward Ward had not already ordered 
 somebody to be beheaded that, in fact, there was 
 little save technicalities to validate. 
 
 All the original attestations were under the old 
 Act, for at the outset it was not difficult for a Police 
 Officer, possessed of quite modest imagination, to 
 tell the attesting justices that he " apprehended " 
 tumult, perhaps felony. No great disorder really 
 occurred at that time, for the enemy within our 
 gates proved much more docile than had been 
 expected; and our indignation with the Germans 
 never at the outset went the length of assuming
 
 THE SOLEMN PLEDGE 25 
 
 that such a tjust cause for anger as that which 
 provoked the riots of a later time would have been 
 given the callous murder of the helpless people 
 on the Lusitania. We thought we had to deal with 
 a civilised enemy. 
 
 The amending Act, as we have seen, left no loop- 
 hole, as it ratified all previous proceedings. It is 
 a war measure, this Act of 1914, and the authorisa- 
 tions it gave were, perhaps, only for the period of 
 the war; but, having had experience of the value 
 and utility of a purely civil Force as first reserve 
 to the Regular Police in time of war, even although 
 tumult is not immediately " apprehended," Parlia- 
 ment is unlikely to disregard the experience when 
 making provisions for the abnormal social condi- 
 tions which, in every country, and for a greater or 
 lesser period, are part of t-he inevitable aftermath 
 of war. 
 
 The Chief Magistrate (Sir John Dickinson) pre- 
 sided at the Opera House, Covent Garden, when the 
 attestations commenced, on August 1 7. As we have 
 seen, he had much to do, but he found time to 
 address complimentary and encouraging words to 
 all present. The bulk of them, he understood, 
 were taking up duties of which they knew little or 
 nothing, but to the study and performance of 
 which they meant to devote all the brain, time, and 
 energy they could give. 
 
 There were no fewer than eighty-four other points 
 at which men were sworn in. Commanders and 
 Assistant-Commanders were included. A suggestion 
 that these officers should have commissions, and
 
 26 THE SPECIALS 
 
 be exempt from formal attestation, found no favour 
 with the Scotland House, or any other, authorities ; 
 therefore, in this vital detail, as in other provisions, 
 the practical democracy of the organisation was 
 asserted from the first. 
 
 Simplicity itself marked the attestation pro- 
 cedure. The master of ceremonies on each occasion 
 was an always spick-and-span, courteous but 
 authoritative, and perfectly business-like Inspector 
 of Regular Police. Parties of seven or more were 
 presented in turn to the magistrate. Each took the 
 Bible in his right hand and, with the Police In- 
 spector sharply attentive, to insure that each did 
 his part and missed nothing, declared: "I, A.B., do 
 swear that I will well and truly serve our Sovereign 
 Lord the King in the office of Special Constable for 
 the parish (or township) of Blank, without fear or 
 affection, malice or ill-will, and that I will, to the 
 best of my power, cause the peace to be kept and 
 preserved, and prevent all offences against the 
 persons and properties of His Majesty's subjects; 
 and that while I continue to hold the said office, 
 I will, to the best of my skill and knowledge, dis- 
 charge all the duties thereof faithfully, according 
 to law." 
 
 The language was slightly amended by regulations 
 under the 1914 Act, so as to omit reference to 
 locality; although under either form, it is under- 
 stood, service could be required of an attested man 
 in any part of metropolitan London, while his 
 power to act, particularly when an offence was com- 
 mitted in his presence, extended outside the area.
 
 THE SOLEMN PLEDGE 27 
 
 Some of the justices or their advising clerks 
 took the view that attestation should be for a 
 period of six months, and acted accordingly; others 
 fixed no limit. To meet the situation thus created, 
 when it was evident that the war would not be 
 over in six months, an Order-in-Council was issued 
 under which men sworn in for six months had their 
 service automatically extended. That, however, 
 was subject to their own consent, and it is remark- 
 able that very few and most of these for sufficient 
 reasons declined to continue thtir &ervice. 
 
 Each constable having taken the oath, he was 
 handed a warrant-card bearing the signature of 
 the justices and a number a sort of arithmetical 
 procession like this: 004008 'by which thereafter 
 he was officially known. 
 
 All present having been attested, the justices 
 would say pleasant and very often helpful, things, 
 suitably reminding those who had pledged them- 
 selves that while, as holders of warrant-cards, they 
 were invested with special powers, never should be 
 forgotten the correlated responsibilities; and that, 
 much as the gift of time and effort, high courage 
 and devotion to duty, were appreciated, before all 
 was the exemplification by the Special Constable 
 himself, in his every-day life, of a high standard of 
 personal character and conduct. 
 
 " What did you think of the magistrate's ad- 
 dress ?" was a question asked of a comrade after 
 an attestation at Islington. 
 
 " Well," replied the newly-sworn man, " I am 
 glad I heard it, for to tell you the truth I had not
 
 28 THE SPECIALS 
 
 thought much about the personal side, and had 
 joined because I wanted to do my bit to help, in 
 the absence of Regular Police, to protect the com- 
 munity against criminals; to assist in guarding 
 public works; and to knock Spots excuse my 
 language, sir -out of any damned there, it would 
 slip out ! German who gets in the way. But I 
 see now that it is up to me, to all of us, to set some 
 sort of example. Well, I'm afraid I haven't done 
 much in that line. You know what I mean: I 
 haven't laid myself out to do it. But the country 
 is at war; my own boy is going out, sir, yours too; 
 we have to meet a challenge to the spirit of the 
 race, and I'll just do my best." 
 
 " Yes," was the rejoinder, as the comrades gripped 
 each other's hands, and sealed in Jonathan-and- 
 David fashion their new-made covenant with 
 England. " And I'll try to do mine." 
 
 Valiant and true men both of them, little did 
 either think how long the effort would last, and 
 how much it would require of them, or that in- 
 volved in it was the test of the validity of our claim 
 to be an Empire people. As we chance to know, 
 both have well redeemed the pledge made on that 
 radiant August morning at Islington.
 
 CHAPTER VI 
 ELECTION OF OFFICERS 
 
 " Friend, go up higher." Holy Writ. 
 
 SWIFT on the heels of attestation was the local 
 organisation of the new Force. At each of about 
 180 Police Stations a unit was formed, of a strength 
 ranging from 50 to 500 men, the number being 
 determined by considerations of local needs or 
 those of the Division in which the station was 
 situated. The local organisation was : 
 
 Total. 
 Group : 1 Sergeant, 9 men . . . . . . 10 
 
 Squad: 1 Sub-Inspector and 3 Groups . . 31 
 
 Company: 1 Inspector, 3 squads and 1 Group . . 104 
 
 It was laid down that each group should elect 
 its own Sergeant, each squad its own Sub-Inspector, 
 and each company its Inspector, and as this meant 
 early assemblies of the men and quick settlement 
 of essential and important details, Commanders 
 had the chance of their lives to show what manner 
 of men they were. It may with truth be claimed 
 for them that the test was well sustained. 
 
 The principle of election which, after due con- 
 sideration, it was decided to apply to the choice of 
 station officers, is one about which there was, and 
 
 29
 
 30 THE SPECIALS 
 
 still is, division of opinion. Naturally, for not even 
 Dora could kill the British habit of independent 
 thought, badly as she scotched it during the war. 
 Generally speaking, military men of the new Force 
 were against election, although a few of them 
 favoured it; but, curiously enough, the objections 
 came most strongly from non-military volunteers. 
 These, however, like the rest, accepted the terms 
 of service, and calmly waited to see whether what 
 they predicted would happen. Nothing serious 
 happened and they ceased to worry. 
 
 Obviously, however, there were some initial 
 difficulties in giving intelligent effect to the elective 
 principle. If the men could have worked together 
 for a week or two before making their selection, the 
 situation might we do not say it would have 
 been easier. As it was, what really occurred was 
 rather a series of endorsements than a casting of 
 such votes as are the offspring of grave meditation. 
 
 The method was not quite the same in every 
 Division, but substantially like results were obtained. 
 One Commander found that he had to deal with 
 fourteen stations, all widely separated. He drew 
 up a programme of parades, two or three for each 
 evening of a bugy week, and so timed that he could 
 attend them in turn. 
 
 First there was a division of available men into 
 sections, composed, respectively, of those who could 
 give four hours at any period of the day or night, 
 and of those who could give it at particular periods 
 only. At this stage it was that enrolled citizens 
 suddenly became conscious that a day consists of
 
 ELECTION OF OFFICERS 31 
 
 twenty-four hours, and that in the police day there 
 is no particular bedtime. Provision had to be 
 made for twice round the clock. 
 
 Some men could only do day work, most were 
 free only at night, and in each of these main sections 
 there were those who could give only certain periods 
 of day or night. It was a bit of business, then, 
 that initial classification, and in the end it had to 
 be made almost regardless of a condition that 
 " Special Constables who in their ordinary careers 
 are associated together, should be posted to the 
 same company, squad, or group." 
 
 This was to be done "as far as possible"; but 
 men who meet every day in business may live in 
 different parts of London; and whether those resid- 
 ing in the same street know each other or not is 
 largely temperamental. Even if they do, the time 
 demands of their daily occupations vary. It was 
 found that many near neighbours could not choose 
 the same period of the day for police service. In 
 the end, of course, everything depended on that, 
 and the posting had to be done accordingly. Men 
 available for like times were ultimately got into 
 groups of ten and, the constituent bodies having 
 thus been created, the elections proceeded. 
 
 The Commander was possibly as much a stranger 
 to the voting bodies as the voters were to each 
 other. Yet it was for him to act as returning 
 officer, poll-clerk, and scrutineer. In addition to 
 that, he acted as nominator, and one advantage 
 of accepting his nominee was that it insured in 
 advance for the choice made an approval without
 
 32 THE SPECIALS 
 
 which an election was ineffective. His procedure 
 was something like this : 
 
 " Special Constables of No. 1 Group, you will 
 now choose your Sergeant. It is suggested to me 
 that Special Constable A. might be acceptable to 
 you. What do you say, gentlemen ? Any other 
 nomination ? No. Well, those in favour say ' Aye,' 
 on the contrary ' No.' The ' Ayes ' have it. 
 Gentlemen, I approve of your choice. Mr. A., I 
 congratulate you. Put yourself on the right of 
 your group and take charge of it." 
 
 Thereupon the new Sergeant, who had probably 
 been mentioned to the Commander by an officer 
 of Regular Police, entered upon his duties often 
 much to his own surprise, but usually to his ulti- 
 mate contentment and to that of his group. It 
 was a bit fortuitous, but it worked out all right. 
 
 The groups being all complete, and the Sergeants 
 elected, squads were then formed by the association 
 of three groups capable of working like times, and 
 somebody was suggested by the Commander as 
 a squad's Sub-Inspector. 
 
 " Any other nomination, gentlemen ? No. Well, 
 all in favour of Mr. B. say ' Aye,' contrary ' No.' 
 The ' Ayes ' have it. Mr. B., I congratulate you 
 on being chosen as Sub-Inspector of this squad. 
 Be good enough to take charge of it." 
 
 At no station in one Division, we think, was there 
 any nomination except that of the Commander. 
 He was guided by good advisers, who were nearly 
 always local officers of the Regular Police. At 
 least two Sub-Inspectors thus elected became
 
 STAFF OFFICEES 
 
 MAJOR H. F. WILKINSON, O.B.E. COMMANDER GUY RIDLEY, C.B.E. 
 
 COMMANDER W. M. ALLEN, O.B. E. COMMANDER E. N. J. JACOBSON, 0. B. E. 
 
 (Chairman of Discipline Board.)
 
 ELECTION OF OFFICERS 33 
 
 Division Commanders one held that post for over 
 three years. 
 
 Later on, when the members of a unit came to 
 know each other, vacancies were filled by nomina- 
 tions emanating from the men themselves, often 
 after a contest between two or more nominees. We 
 use that word rather than " candidates," because 
 rarely has any man in the Force put himself for- 
 ward; the rule has rather been for men thought 
 suitable to leave themselves in the hands of their 
 comrades. Still more rarely has any Commander 
 failed to ratify the will of the electors. 
 
 Choice of Inspectors was, under orders from 
 Headquarters, postponed until the squads had 
 obtained some working experience, and was even 
 then preceded by a period during which certain of 
 the squad leaders were made Chief Sub-Inspectors. 
 Perhaps exacting minds will cavil at the idea of a 
 " Sub "-Inspector in a Force without Inspectors, 
 but they may with confidence be referred to the 
 " survey the whole " injunction in Pope's famous 
 essay. As Sir Charles Lucas remarked in a public 
 address the other day, "It is entirely British to 
 use the wrong words and do the right thing." Both 
 Sir Edward Henry and Sir Edward Ward knew 
 exactly what they were doing, and had good reasons 
 for it at every stage. And their policy is justified 
 by results.
 
 CHAPTER VII 
 THE INNER DIVISIONS 
 
 "We will perform all things." SOCKATES. 
 
 IT is fortunate that one is able to take the Divisions 
 in the order of the alphabet, and thus conveniently 
 escape the obligation of putting them in what one 
 might suppose to be their order of merit. For 
 there wag a laudable rivalry in well-doing between 
 them, and no Commander ever admitted that there 
 was, or ever could be, a more important Division 
 than his own. That local pride made for good 
 work all round. 
 
 Historically as well as alphabetically first in the 
 interior Divisions is A, once named Westminster, 
 where the guardianship of the peace, in the times 
 of ecclesiastical police, was managed by the Dean 
 and Chapter. In those cheerful old days they 
 would run you in at least, we suppose that hap- 
 pened if the fine was not paid for not going to 
 church. Perhaps the sad- voiced Jeremiahs of our 
 time, who are always publicly lamenting what they 
 call the hideous iniquity of London, would like to 
 have that right again, and with it the power to 
 punish at will " incontinences, common scolds, 
 inmates, and common annoyances." Any censor 
 who imagines that the expression " common scold " 
 
 34
 
 THE INNER DIVISIONS 35 
 
 is a malicious invention of our own, fraught with 
 nasty insinuation, may be referred to the text of 
 the ancient edict, as quoted in Captain W. L. 
 Melville Lee's valuable work, " A History of the 
 Police in England," to the sound information in 
 which we are much indebted. 
 
 What seems to have puzzled some commentators 
 on the old Westminster ordinances is that the fine 
 for non-attendance at church should have been only 
 fourpence, while allowing a hog to wander cost 
 twelvepence; but, for our part, we do not find in 
 that any undue exaltation of the unclean beast. 
 When you come to think of it, a wandering hog is 
 much more objectionable than the passive sinner 
 who stays in bed over church- time. 
 
 With apologies for this digression, let us say that 
 there was nothing obviously ecclesiastical about 
 the A Division of the Special Constabulary, although 
 its headquarters were in Rochester Row, West- 
 minster unless, indeed, we cite the fact that the 
 men were drilled in Dean's Yard, or that on what 
 proved to be a wet afternoon they were once 
 officially inspected in the Cathedral Cloisters. 
 
 Although small in extent less than two square 
 miles owing to its being the Metropolitan Police 
 centre and including many Government offices in 
 its area, A is of an importance not to be measured 
 in acreage. The strength of the Division at no 
 time exceeded 166, and was only 75 at demobilisa- 
 tion. A good many of the men lived outside the 
 Division area, in or near which, however, most of 
 the non-residents pursued their usual occupations.
 
 36 THE SPECIALS 
 
 The first Commander was Mr. C. Bunbury, and 
 the control passed successively to Captain R. K. 
 Kays, who in June, 1917, died in the Special Con- 
 stabulary harness, and Mr. A. Leslie, who was in 
 charge at demobilisation. As it was so delightfully 
 handy to Scotland Yard itself included in the 
 Division A was always remembered in calls for 
 short-notice special duty, and never failed gener- 
 ously to respond. In street duty and in all the 
 air-raid activities A took its part; and on its final 
 inspection, in November last, its march-past was 
 good enough to justify the claim of Commander 
 Leslie and that drill enthusiast, Assistant-Com- 
 mander Edisbury, that the Division was composed 
 of trained men. From the ranks of A, 1 65 constables 
 passed into the Army. 
 
 ***** 
 
 The five stations of B were situated, respectively, 
 in Walton Street (headquarters), Gerald Road, 
 Chelsea, Walham Green, and North Fulham, the 
 area being rather over five square miles. The 
 greatest number on the roll was 670, and at de- 
 mobilisation it was 584. The initial organisation 
 was put in the hands of Major Parmeter, the 
 first Commander. He was followed in succes- 
 sion by Captain Hicks and Mr. Baker, who in 
 turn was succeeded by Lieutenant-Colonel Cecil 
 Powney. 
 
 One of a famous family of organisers, Mr. J. W. 
 Gollin was Assistant-Commander in B, with Mr. E. 
 Radley as his colleague; and in charge at Gerald 
 Road was Sir R. F. Synge, a distinguished and much-
 
 THE INNER DIVISIONS 37 
 
 decorated Foreign Office man, of ripe knowledge 
 and varied experience. 
 
 The work done in this Division included the 
 initial guarding of vulnerable points, beat-duty, 
 and special work in great variety, such as keeping 
 the streets for processions, regulating food-queues, 
 holding in restraint the anti-German rioters, etc. 
 
 In every department of the work B did its part 
 faithfully, and its experience of air-raid duty 
 includes, of course, that catastrophe, on February 1 7, 
 1918, when Captain Ludlow, Adjutant of Chelsea 
 Hospital, his wife, and his two children were killed 
 by a bomb which fell on their quarters, narrowly 
 escaping the main building close by. A dis- 
 tressing task that massacre of a family set for 
 the Special Constables of B, who carried it out, 
 as they did everything else, with complete satis- 
 faction. 
 
 An inter-station drill competition, held in the 
 Royal Mews last year, showed the high quality of 
 B men on parade, and proved a veritable surprise 
 to two distinguished Army officers who officiated 
 as judges. From B no fewer than 497 men went to 
 the fighting forces. 
 
 ***** 
 
 Residents of the locality formed only about one- 
 fourth of those who served in C Division; the others 
 were drawn from all parts of the West End. The 
 headquarters were first at Vine Street Police Station 
 memorable because of the trouble which arose 
 from the overcrowding there of prisoners taken 
 during the riots caused by Lord Robert Grosvenor's 
 
 388060
 
 38 THE SPECIALS 
 
 notorious Sunday Trading Bill. The attitude of 
 the masses towards that unlucky measure, Captain 
 Lee records, was expressed in the lines : 
 
 " Sublime decree, by which our souls to save 
 No Sunday tankards foam, no barbers shave, 
 And chins unmown and throats unslacked display 
 His Lordship's reverence for the Sabbath Day." 
 
 The rebuilding of the Police Station in Great 
 Marlborough Street having been completed, the 
 C Division office was transferred to the more 
 spacious building. 
 
 Obviously the Division's sphere of action, although 
 within an area of less than a square mile, is the 
 very heart of the West End, although its area 
 includes Bohemian Soho and the notorious Seven 
 Dials. 
 
 (Jolonel Leslie started the organisation, but a few 
 weeks later became a District Commandant, and 
 the work fell into the hands of Commander E. 
 Goldsmith, than whom it would be difficult to 
 imagine one more suitable for the post. A man in 
 easy circumstances and always liberally using his 
 means in the public service, his Division lacked 
 nothing that money could buy, and all ranks under 
 him seem to have been infected with his generous 
 spirit. He had for Assistant-Commander Mr. W. N. 
 Sagar-Musgrave. 
 
 In its personnel, equipment, and all that belonged 
 to it, C was always characteristic of the best West- 
 End form. It had several distinguished men 
 amongst its officers. Prince Meerza >a specialist 
 in drill, by the way was one of its Inspectors.
 
 THE INNER DIVISIONS 39 
 
 Prominent citizens in all ranks and professions were 
 on the roll -artists whose works people thronged the 
 picture-galleries to see, writers whose vivid imagina- 
 tion enabled them to paint word-pictures of en- 
 chanted spots bathed in the brilliant sunshine of 
 the weird and ever-calling East. Such, we assume, 
 were the inspiring impulses of a four hours' patrol 
 in Regent Street. These were amongst the men 
 of C. And when a stiff piece of disagreeable work 
 had to be done within or without the Division area 
 nobody hesitated; it was noblesse oblige. At a 
 period when the duties were many and most exact- 
 ing, all ranks knew that hard as they worked the 
 Commander worked harder, for neither in the 
 outside supervision nor in the details of his 
 well- managed office did he ever spare himself. 
 
 So regularly did the men of C patrol Regent 
 Street, Piccadilly, Bond Street, and socially ornate 
 Park Lane, day and night, that alike the residents 
 and the wonderful floating population of the West 
 End, the indefinable charm and variety of which 
 makes Piccadilly the most fascinating centre of 
 urban life in the whole world, came to recognise 
 them as integral parts of the Police Force. Rarely 
 anyone, perhaps, stopped to think that some of 
 those men, in order to give their honorary service, 
 had shut up their offices, while many more cheer- 
 fully lost fees, salary, or other profit, in order to 
 help keep the King's peace in time of war. They 
 had the time of their lives on Armistice Day. 
 
 The story runs in C that the order for the first 
 duty came late on an August Saturday, soon after
 
 40 THE SPECIALS 
 
 the men, who had just been grouped in squads, 
 had dispersed to their widely-scattered homes. 
 The telegraph and the 'phone played their part in 
 the hurry-scurry, and one Sergeant got his duty 
 warning in a Turkish bath. 
 
 As the Piccadilly and Oxford Circus tube-stations 
 both came within the scope of the C Division's 
 activities on raid nights, it is not difficult to realise 
 what the work meant, as people seeking cover 
 rushed these and the seven other Division shelters. 
 And it was not the fault of the Special Constables 
 that the unfortunate people killed by a bomb 
 which fell in Piccadilly Circus on October 19, 1917, 
 emerged from cover, during a beguiling lull in the 
 gun-fire, before the " All clear." 
 
 C men, always smart on parade or anywhere else, 
 were not only instructed in drill, but were particu- 
 larly well-grounded in knowledge of police duties. 
 Chief Inspector Goddard, of this Division, won 
 such success in conducting their training, that he 
 was transferred to headquarters as official lecturer. 
 C had the distinction also of working for a year as 
 a constable a General Officer who had just relin- 
 quished his first brigade command in the war. 
 At the end of the year, the gallant General got 
 another command and went to fight in France. 
 He is included in the 399 stalwarts sent by C Division 
 to the Army or Navy. 
 
 * * * # # 
 
 The organisation of D Division was commenced 
 by Mr. A. S. Oppenheim, and continued by Captain 
 Hancock. He was soon succeeded by Sir James
 
 THE INNER DIVISIONS 41 
 
 Ritchie, who held charge until demobilisation. The 
 Division Headquarters were at the Marylebone 
 Lane Police Station. Although to the end techni- 
 cally a one-station Division, with an area of less 
 than one and a half square miles, during last year 
 and until the duties ceased it supplied daily details 
 to Tottenham Court Road and Crawford Place 
 (Edgware Road) stations, and did an immense 
 amount of hard street duty, day and night. The 
 number on the roll never exceeded 280, and when 
 duties ceased it had fallen to 226. 
 
 Always a very modest Division, D. We venture 
 to remark without, we hope, being suspected of 
 oblique gibing at any other that its success was 
 none the less marked; that was registered to its 
 credit at ever-observant Scotland House. Sir James 
 Ritchie would be the first to say that much of the 
 success was owing to the persistent enthusiasm and 
 unflagging zeal of Assistant-Commander Purssell, 
 a man suspected of never going to bed. It is 
 remarkable in all ranks of the Special Constabulary 
 what a number of men of his kind there were, men 
 whose almost uncanny energy is a standing re- 
 proach to people who insist on sometimes getting 
 tired. London can never realise how much she 
 owes these men. 
 
 There were eight tube railway stations and 
 forty-two other places used as air-raid shelters in 
 D Division, and they would accommodate, perhaps, 
 100,000 people. There were few men to' spare 
 when these shelters were policed on raid nights. 
 
 A good many of those serving in D lived out of
 
 42 THE SPECIALS 
 
 the Division, and drill instruction difficulties were 
 real; but on inspections and big parades the com- 
 panies were always smartly turned out ; and, if they 
 never got the swing of the Guards, they vied with 
 them in vigour, and the little Division had the 
 honour of sending 265 men into His Majesty's 
 Army. 
 
 * * * * * 
 
 Now we come to E, and lest he should think that 
 it should have been mentioned earlier in this part 
 of our review, let Captain Suart, its able and genial 
 Commander, recollect that E is the fifth letter of 
 the alphabet. For E means Bow-Street, and is not 
 Bow-Street, Captain Suart asks in a way that admits 
 of no denial, the hub of the police universe ? Of 
 course it is ! It was at Bow- Street, in the eighteenth 
 century, that Sir John Fielding 'profiting by the 
 sage counsel of his half-brother Henry Fielding, his 
 predecessor on the local Bench raised the Bow- 
 Street Foot Patrol, which seems to have been the 
 first really organised body of paid police in this 
 country. This is not tjie place to follow the Patrol's 
 development, nor that of the associated Horse 
 Patrol, nor that of the famous Bow-Street Runners, 
 all of which is most admirably done in Captain 
 Lee's book; but we should not be far out in claiming 
 that when Sir Robert Peel did his country the 
 service with which his name is inseparably asso- 
 ciated, the germ of his police scheme was found in 
 the Bow-Street organisation, and the example it 
 had long set to the rest of London, England, and 
 the world at large.
 
 THE INNER DIVISIONS 43 
 
 That Bow- Street is a compound word to conjure 
 with was proved during the war, when Captain 
 Suart visited Paris and sought an interview with 
 M. Lupine, Chief of Police. 
 
 " Attendez, monsieur, attendez !" sternly com- 
 manded an officer marshalling some three hundred 
 people, who had a like intention, when he saw a 
 pushful movement on the part of an exceptionally 
 big Briton. 
 
 " Mais, monsieur," remarked the visitor, ex- 
 hibiting his credentials, " voila: Bow-Street." 
 
 "Comment? Bow- Street ! Montez, monsieur; 
 montez tout de suite." 
 
 And the stairs creaked as the big man from 
 Bow-Street headed the waiting three hundred. 
 
 Having thus handsomely atoned for not mention- 
 ing E out of its alphabetical turn, let us say that 
 from the first, and all through the war, it was a 
 well-organised and effective Division, with an area 
 of almost exactly one square mile. Senior amongst 
 the Commanders, Captain Suart is a travelled and 
 experienced soldier and police officer. He served 
 in the South African War, and resumed civil work 
 (begun in British Guiana) by becoming Chief 
 Superintendent of the Johannesburg Police Force, 
 raised at the close of the war. For an exceptionally 
 big, heavy man his activity is extraordinary, and, 
 when occasion required, he lived laborious days in 
 a cubicle at his headquarters. 
 
 At first the administrative work was done from 
 the lobby of Bow-Street Police Station, for that 
 was the only provision then made for the new Force.
 
 44 THE SPECIALS 
 
 Soon a shift was made to St. Giles' Workhouse, 
 where for the time a number of German prisoners 
 were detained pending removal to concentration 
 camps. To guard these people was the first duty 
 of the E Division. Then, in order to make the 
 building available for a military hospital, the Divi- 
 sion office was moved to a disused maternity 
 hospital in Endell Street, but ultimately it came 
 to the Police Section House in Clark's Buildings. 
 Here, as in the other quarters, sleeping accommoda- 
 tion was provided for men doing duty at awkward 
 periods midnight to 4 a.m., for example. The 
 bulk of the men lived far outside the Division 
 a business rather than residential quarter some 
 travelling from Brighton. Coming off duty at an 
 hour when transport facilities were unobtainable, 
 it was a great advantage to have a bed in a cubicle, 
 within easy pyjama-run of a good shower-bath. 
 
 The work was done in close association with the 
 Bow-Street Regulars, and Special Constables were 
 found for every hour of the day and night. As we 
 have said, E was the great central attestation 
 centre at the inauguration of the Force, and the 
 Commander had his hands full until he got his 
 drafts away to other interior Divisions. On raid 
 nights, E was always very busy. Within its bounds 
 occurred the destruction of a Penny Bank at 
 Holborn, where three people were killed, and the 
 wholesale tragedy caused by the fall of a bomb 
 on Messrs. Odhams' premises. Also within the 
 area of E fell the bomb which wrecked a house and 
 killed the inmates near Charing Cross Hospital,
 
 THE INNER DIVISIONS 45 
 
 and that which, besides killing people, tore up the 
 roadway near the Lyceum Theatre. By a bomb 
 which fell in Kingsway, Special Constable Pinchon 
 was killed and Special Constable Courtney badty 
 injured, as they were hurrying to their duty. 
 
 The strength of E Division never exceeded 363; 
 and, as the military age was raised from time to 
 time, new men were hard to get. The Division 
 always had more work than it could easily find men 
 for, although the assigned duty was always done. 
 The disadvantage under which plain- clothes men do 
 open police work was keenly felt in E from the first, 
 therefore a fund was raised in the Division and 
 each man was supplied with an official cap. This 
 Served its purpose in a way, until the anti-German 
 riots broke out and a few caps were knocked off. 
 Even then the authorities were not ready to do what 
 was done in the end put the men into uniform. 
 
 Mr. E. Laurie, the well-known actor, was for long 
 Assistant-Commander, a post held later by Mr. J. 
 Walker, and the personnel included such learned 
 men as Sir Ernest Wild, K.C., M.P., and Mr. 
 R. F. Schiller, the orator par excellence at E Divi- 
 sion festivals. 
 
 " I have on occasions worked the men very hard," 
 remarked Commander Suart in a talk about his 
 experiences, " much in excess of regulation, I am 
 afraid ; but I have never had a complaint or grumble, 
 except from a few men who came to us from the 
 tribunals." During the war E sent 414 of its 
 trainees into the fighting forces of the Crown.
 
 46 THE SPECIALS 
 
 F Division is an important part of North-West 
 Inner London and has an area of three and a 
 quarter square miles. Special Constabulary head- 
 quarters were at Paddington, and units were 
 also established at Kensington and Notting Hill. 
 Organised by Captain L. Harrison, who was 
 followed by Major G. F. Watson, this Division 
 came, before the end of 1914, under the direc- 
 tion of Commander Reginald Beddington. Like 
 most of the other Division Commanders, he gave 
 to the work practically his whole time and effort, 
 besides contributing not a little of his means to 
 the public service. As Assistant-Commanders, he 
 had good lieutenants in Messrs. C. G. Broadwood 
 and C. J. Ritchie. 
 
 A particularly fine organiser and an industrious 
 student of police work, Commander Beddington 
 early issued an instruction book, and was con- 
 tinually planning and devising. At his own expense, 
 he put his schemes into succinct print and made 
 them plain to all concerned. 
 
 The highest strength point of F was 875, reached 
 in July, 1915. When the work on vulnerable 
 points ceased and patrolling and point duty began, 
 Special Constables of F worked with, and almost 
 precisely in the same way as, their comrades of the 
 Regular Police, sharing to the full their duties and 
 responsibilities, and conforming to their methods, 
 except that the duty tour was four hours (as against 
 eight by the Regulars), and that the Special Con- 
 stable was excused from participation in the pleasant 
 ceremonies of pay-day.
 
 THE INNER DIVISIONS 47 
 
 It was found in F that, besides seeking recruits 
 to fill the places of men who had gone to the Army 
 or had for other reasons retired, replacements were 
 necessary, because men fit for duty on vulnerable 
 points did not always prove suitable for the more 
 exacting patrol work. 
 
 F was always strong in instructional activities. 
 Some of the best of the police lectures to which 
 all Metropolitan Special Constables were invited 
 were given in the Kensington Town Hall, and the 
 standard of drill efficiency was high all through. 
 A particular feature of the F work was the early 
 organisation of engineers and other such experts 
 among the Special Constables into what was called 
 " pioneer " parties, each manning a motor-lorry, 
 fully equipped with all manner of appliances for 
 dealing with the situations created when buildings 
 were wrecked by bombs. Of particular value did 
 these prove both within and without the Division 
 area, for they were always ready for service 
 anywhere. Plenty of work was found for them 
 when a bomb fell which killed several people, and 
 which utterly destroyed four and badly damaged 
 over a hundred houses in Warrington Crescent, in 
 March, 1918. 
 
 Not only was F handy, like A, but, for an inner 
 Division, strong; therefore the calls upon it for 
 special duties, including help to other Divisions, 
 were frequent and were always met. 
 
 In the work -at the air-raid shelters some fine 
 women participated and showed their grit under 
 trial. For example, while on duty at a Paddington
 
 48 THE SPECIALS 
 
 shelter crowded with 2,000 people, Miss Muzzell, of 
 the local division of the British Red Cross Society, 
 got a cut on the hand so severe that the wound 
 had to be stitched up at a hospital. This done, she 
 returned to the shelter and stuck to her work till 
 the raid was over and the people had dispersed. 
 
 It is on record that an attempt was made, with 
 hard cash, to corrupt a wealthy Special Constable 
 of F Division. He had, in the course of duty, 
 rendered a small service to a lady, who handed him 
 a threepenny-piece and implored him not to spend it 
 in drink. An even worse case, perhaps, is that in 
 which a butcher was so grateful for the help given 
 at food-queue duty that he pressed a mutton-chop 
 on the acceptance of an amused Special, and would 
 take no denial. 
 
 F Division sent 437 men to His Majesty's fighting 
 forces. 
 
 ***** 
 
 " Up and down the City Road," in the words of 
 the old song, went the men of G Division; stalwart, 
 hard-working men, amongst the most hardy and 
 gritty of our industrials, and typical in their con- 
 duct and attitude of the British workman's in- 
 eradicable respect for law and order. 
 
 In the early August days of 1914, Colonel R. A. 
 Henderson, assisted by Mr. H. C. Dawkins, under- 
 took to organise the Division, which is rather under 
 two square miles in extent, with headquarters at 
 King's Cross Police Station. The late Major E. E. 
 Dance soon joined the organisers, and, as the out- 
 come of their efforts, and of the public Spirit aroused
 
 THE INNER DIVISIONS 49 
 
 at a war-measures meeting at Finsbury Town Hall, 
 before the end of the month 150 residents in the 
 district were attested. The strength went up to 
 209, and when regular duties ceased the figure 
 was 164. 
 
 Colonel Henderson went to the Army within the 
 first week, and was succeeded in the command by 
 Major Dance, who, before the year was out, became 
 Inspector of Vulnerable Points. Mr. Dawkins then 
 took charge, with Mr. W. H. Erskine as Assistant- 
 Commander. Both are Clerks of the House of 
 Commons, and together they managed the Division 
 until September of last year. Then Mr. Dawkins, 
 on becoming Clerk-Assistant of the House, relin- 
 quished the command to Mr. Guy Repton, who 
 had served in the Division from the first. Being 
 obliged to leave London early this year, he was 
 succeeded by Mr. Harold Baring, with the devoted 
 Mr. Erskine whose professional duties precluded 
 his taking command -still as Assistant-Commander, 
 and Messrs. G. J. Buzzard and L. Krail as Addi- 
 tional Assistant-Commanders. The changes seem 
 numerous, but, it will be noticed, were all at the 
 start or towards the finish. A scion of the great 
 banking family with which his name is identified, 
 Commander Baring was one of the first Sub- 
 Inspectors in N Division, and later filled the post 
 of Staff Officer to the Inspector-General. Just 
 before going to G he was in charge of a Central 
 Service Company, raised for inner service by volun- 
 teers from some outer stations at which work was 
 no longer pressing. The working of this Company 
 
 4
 
 50 THE SPECIALS 
 
 was just being successfully developed when Special 
 Constabulary duties ceased. 
 
 G Division had its full share of work on vulnerable 
 points, and in that was helped in the day-time by 
 men from the Headquarters Company and volunteers 
 from other Divisions. The local men cheerfully 
 gave from their hours of rest, but few had time of 
 their own to offer in the wage-earning periods of the 
 day. Yet, when the vulnerable points were aban- 
 doned, a proportion of G men served in the street 
 patrols by day, while the bulk did duty at night 
 towards the end in close association, on a system 
 similar to that of E, with the Regular Police at 
 King's Cross, Old Street, and City Road. The well- 
 stored warehouses of the district are ever anxiously 
 watched by the local police; and we may hope that 
 the affluent owners of the wares they contained will 
 not readily forget what they owed during the long 
 war to the services of honorary working-men 
 auxiliaries. 
 
 Soon after the Division was formed, its head- 
 quarters were transferred to a vacant shop in the 
 Goswell Road. On December 18, 1917, this shop 
 got the most direct of direct bomb hits and dis- 
 appeared. Happily the Division office had been 
 removed to Old-Street Section House, and there is 
 much local speculation on " what might have been " 
 had the Division command and reserve still have 
 been housed in Goswell Road when that bomb fell. 
 Early in the raids, G, although quite destitute ot 
 " forts," contracted the habit of getting bombed, 
 and became so addicted to it that the Scotland
 
 THE INNER DIVISIONS 51 
 
 House Staff Officer would say with easy confidence : 
 " Ring up G and we'll see where those bombs are 
 dropping" for no fewer than 153 bombs fell within 
 its borders, and it had 169 casualties. G could 
 usually tell. Its services in air-raids when 159 
 shelters, holding 80,000 people, had to be guarded 
 in the anti-German riots, and in all other police 
 activities are so well appreciated that the grateful 
 ratepayers have repeatedly entertained their Special 
 Constables at complimentary festivals. 
 
 It was not easy to maintain the strength required 
 for the work as men went to the Army and others 
 fell out. It is said that amongst those who re- 
 sponded to a local appeal by the Commander was 
 a lady who intimated that her husband would have 
 been glad to join, only he had been dead two years. 
 So does the memory of a good man keep burning 
 the fire of faith; but, alas ! it could not fill a patrol 
 vacancy. No fewer than 130 men went from this 
 plucky little Division into His Majesty's Army. 
 
 ***** 
 All sorts of memories of what has happened in 
 and around that typical part of the East End are 
 suggested when we come to H Division (White- 
 chapel). Organised by Major W. Warner, who soon 
 left for the Army, this Division was commanded 
 until June, 1915, by the late Colonel H. Coningham, 
 and at his death came under the direction of Lieu- 
 tenant-Colonel Chidgey, Alderman and ex-Mayor 
 of Stepney, who carried on to the end. For Assis- 
 tant-Commanders he had Mr. J. C. Parker, an old 
 volunteer officer and assistant town-clerk of Stepney,
 
 52 THE SPECIALS 
 
 and Mr. Merton Barker. This insured a good and 
 in our view -appropriate understanding between 
 the municipal authority and the auxiliary police. 
 In what we have heard euphemistically described as 
 a " hard " part of London, just over two square 
 miles in area and the abode of a considerable number 
 of very poor alien people, four units of Special 
 Constabulary, almost exclusively local residents, 
 composed the Division. The stations were Leman 
 Street, Commercial Street, Stepney, and Shadwell. 
 
 The highest strength was 230, and at demobilisa- 
 tion the figure was 1 94. With hardly an exception, 
 those who served belonged to the poorer and most 
 hard-working sections of the community, and what 
 it meant to them to give police service " on top of 
 a day's work," as we have heard it put, the leisured 
 can hardly imagine. Direct from laborious toil, 
 after a hurried wash-up, change into uniform, and 
 a scamped meal, these men came night after night 
 and reported punctually for duty. If the service 
 brought a man a thousand a year, it could not 
 have been more regularly and faithfully given. The 
 unit at Commercial Street was made up almost 
 wholly of members of the Costermongers' Union, one 
 of whose principal officers (Mr. Raphael) was its 
 particularly capable Inspector. In the narrow 
 streets of the district black-dark they were before 
 the armistice honorary police work was done under 
 conditions that tested the nerve and stamina of the 
 men, and the Division's Superintendent was ever 
 lavish in his recognition of the way in which the 
 Specials helped the war-diminished force of Regulars.
 
 THE INNER DIVISIONS 53 
 
 The vulnerable points guarded at the beginning 
 of the Division's work included an electricity 
 generating-station, a hydraulic power-house, an 
 entrance to Ratcliffe and Rotherhithe Tunnel, and 
 the stair and archway under Tower Bridge. From 
 November, 1915, regular street patrol duty was 
 required, and the men did it with unflinching 
 regularity during the long years that followed, right 
 up to January, 1919. In the food-queue regulation, 
 the work incidental to national registration, and all 
 the other additional police duties put upon a willing 
 Special Constabulary, H Division worthily did its 
 part. Its valour was proved during the anti- 
 German riots, and its activities in preparation for, 
 and on the occasion of, air-raids was always marked 
 by intelligence and efficiency. 
 
 There were no fewer than 148 air-raid shelters 
 within the H boundary; but police were only avail- 
 able for the more important. On 'several occasions 
 their value was demonstrated, for the crowd was 
 often composed of easily excited foreigners. Many 
 a panic was prevented, chiefly by the fine example 
 of cool British courage, and where that failed by 
 the strong, decisive measures promptly employed 
 by both Regular and Special Police. On air-raid 
 nights almost every man was employed at the 
 shelters, yet the best was made of the circumstances ; 
 and when a bomb dropped a sufficient number of men 
 to deal with the situation then created was always 
 forthcoming. 
 
 Police work at other times in the part of London 
 under review often meant a good deal more than
 
 54 THE SPECIALS 
 
 the gift of time and energy everywhere made. 
 H Division had a number of its men injured 
 by malefactors with whom they had to deal. 
 Particularly interesting in this connection is the 
 record of Special Constable J. L. Wilson. Twice, 
 in 1917, was he attacked by disorderly characters. 
 Later he went to the rescue of a Sergeant who, 
 while dealing with an assailant in his front, got 
 from behind a savage blow on the jaw. Wilson 
 seized the cowardly brute who struck this blow and, 
 in a melee that followed, the fellow escaped. He 
 was quickly recaptured, but was immediately rescued 
 by a gang of ruffians, who set \upon the Special 
 Constables with fists and boots, and then fled. The 
 principal miscreant who turned out to be a deserter 
 from the Army was afterwards concerned in an 
 affray with the Regular Police, and a little later 
 was detected and arrested by Special Constable 
 Wilson. He was awarded by the magistrates three 
 months' hard labour, and we cannot help thinking 
 that he had earned more. 
 
 H Division men always took a laudable interest 
 in their local territorial regiment, the 17th County 
 of London Rifles, and those of its members whom 
 the fortune of war threw into the hands of the 
 enemy were not allowed to starve on what passed 
 for " rations " in the detestable conditions under 
 which our soldiers were held prisoners in Germany. 
 At any rate, H Division sent them food, and took 
 its chance of little Willie or some other thief prigging 
 it en route. 
 
 Composed of hard-working men as it was, H was
 
 THE INNER DIVISIONS 55 
 
 in the highest degree convivial. Lord Burnham 
 will not forget that he was principal guest at its 
 first smoking concert, the proceeds of which went 
 to the Police Orphanage. The several stations 
 showed a nice diversity of taste in the choice of 
 entertainments. Commercial Street, for example, 
 gave a supper; Shad well, a "Bohemian" concert; 
 Stepney a dinner; and Leman Street a smoking 
 concert. The Sergeants, as hosts, favoured teas 
 and does not De Quincey tell us that tea will always 
 be the drink of an intellectual man ? Stepney later 
 on gave a dance, but there is no available data on 
 which we can say whether that or Shadwell's ever 
 memorable leg-of-mutton supper was the more 
 appreciated. Lest the reader might suppose that, 
 because these distractions occasionally relieved the 
 monotony of hard bread-and-butter graft and police 
 duty, this section of the Special Constabulary was 
 light-minded, let us hasten to say that no Division 
 surpassed H in the frequency and regularity of its 
 church parades. 
 
 Official commendations won by the Division are 
 by no means so numerous as, we venture to think, 
 the men earned. Sergeant Harry Rose won the 
 Royal Humane Society's medal for a very plucky 
 rescue of a lad who was drowning in the Thames. 
 Busy as the H men were, they found time for drill, 
 and turned out well on all big occasions. Not the 
 least valuable of the Special Constabulary drafts, 
 we should imagine, were the 134 men H Division 
 sent to the fighting services. 
 
 *****
 
 56 THE SPECIALS 
 
 The administrative centre of M whose area is 
 nearly three and a half square miles is Southwark, 
 a name suggesting historic memories, particularly 
 Edward the Third's grant of the town and borough 
 in perpetuo to the citizens of London ; so as to curtail 
 the facility with which certain " undesirables " of 
 those spacious times skipped across the river and 
 found sanctuary. But Southwark became a Metro- 
 politan Borough under the London Government Act 
 of 1889, while in 1905 a See of Southwark was pro- 
 claimed. Based on that, we are in the presence 
 of a claim that this populous and interesting part 
 of London should be made a city. 
 
 To the organisation of the local Special Con- 
 stabulary Mr. C. A. Smith was sent, but both he 
 and Assistant-Commander Greaves went to the 
 Army a month later, and Captain H. Persee, assisted 
 by Mr. Dawson, took their places. There was 
 another change in May, 1916, and this led to the 
 appointment as Commander of Mr. R. Adams, who 
 has been an officer of the British mercantile marine 
 a training-school hard to rival, harder to excel. 
 
 There was a unit at Tower Bridge as well as that 
 at Southwark, and shortly after Mr. Adams took 
 charge the senior officer at each station Mr. A. J. 
 Floyd, at Southwark and Mr. W. Reeve, at Tower 
 Hill -was made an Assistant-Commander. All three 
 appointments were held up to the demobilisation, 
 in a Division whose strength at no time exceeded 
 240, and which had 173 on its books at the finish. 
 
 There are said to be wealthy men in " the 
 Borough," but few, if any, of them live there, and
 
 THE INNER DIVISIONS 57 
 
 the police work was done by residents, most of 
 whom belonged to the class doing hard manual work, 
 while nearly all the remainder were keepers of small 
 shops. It is wonderful how much police duty they 
 managed to do, and, moreover, what a prominent 
 entity the Special Constabulary unit at each of the 
 two administrative centres became in the social life 
 of the place. In no part of London were Special 
 Constables held in higher esteem by the citizens for 
 whose immediate protection the Regular Police were 
 thus reinforced. 
 
 The vulnerable points guarded at the beginning 
 of the war naturally included important river-side 
 works -docks, wharves, etc. and some railway 
 arches. There was a very early call to the men 
 in M for observation-post duty in the fire-station 
 tower, for Southwark is the proud headquarters of 
 the London Fire Brigade. Patrol and point duty 
 followed, and in due course the men were put on 
 the beats and felt that they were at last entrusted 
 with not extraordinary, but quite ordinary, police 
 duty. There was never any variation in the 
 " salary." In all the mutations of work the " re- 
 ward that sweetens labour " had to be found in the 
 pleasant consciousness of well-doing. 
 
 Observation duty at the local fire-station tower 
 was done almost as early as was the guarding of 
 vulnerable points, which in this Division were all 
 of a river-side character docks and wharves, and 
 those immense buildings in which imported sup- 
 plies of foodstuffs are stored on arrival. Much of 
 this protective work was, of course, done by the
 
 58 THE SPECIALS 
 
 employees of the firms concerned. No fewer than 
 856 of these were, during the war, attested in M as 
 Special Constables, in order that they might have 
 police authority in the presence of any menace to 
 the property placed in their care. 
 
 Gradually the work on vulnerable points was 
 relinquished, and M Division men figured in the 
 street almost every evening and sometimes during 
 the day. For example, as a sequel to a destructive 
 fire (at a huge warehouse) which destroyed large 
 stocks of tea -just when it was very scarce a squad 
 of Special Constables maintained a police cordon 
 for over a week all in addition to the men fur- 
 nished for beat duty. 
 
 " The nearer the church the farther from grace " 
 is an old saying, and the inquiry is suggested 
 whether nearness to the Headquarters of the 
 London Fire Brigade has anything to do with the 
 seeming frequency of conflagrations in tHe borough. 
 Perhaps fires are not really more numerous there 
 than they are in any other closely-built localities, 
 but it is rather remarkable that within the small 
 area the Special Constables were called on twenty- 
 nine occasions to assist in fighting fires. Almost as 
 many times, by the way, they attended church 
 parades, thus in religious exercises keeping well 
 abreast of their good neighbour H. 
 
 They had also their share of the work incidental 
 to the anti-German riots. On nine distinct occa- 
 sions people of the borough demonstrated their 
 repugnance to those in their midst who were of the 
 nationality and Some of whom were known to
 
 THE INNER DIVISIONS 59 
 
 share the sentiments of a cruel and unprincipled 
 enemy. 
 
 M would not dispute with anybody the statement 
 that it had its full share of the air-raid horrors. 
 The enemy liked to follow the silver streak of the 
 Thames on his murderous journey. In all, thirty-six 
 bombs fell within the border of M, twenty-seven 
 of its residents were killed, severity others injured, 
 and much damage done to property. It was a 
 hard-pressed Division on those raid-nights, for the 
 work alone of managing the shelters in which 
 some 80,000 citizens could find refuge required 
 practically the whole strength. All of them hard- 
 working wage-earners, these men of M did not 
 hesitate to give gratuitously their time, brains, and 
 effort; and we have reason to know in what high 
 regard they were held by the residents, who through- 
 out the war relied upon their courage and devotion 
 to make good the inadequacies of protection afforded 
 by the reduced force of Regular Police. 
 
 Under its sporting Commander a prominent 
 figure in the boxing world M Division led in all 
 sorts of athletic and other movements, easily rallied 
 a generous public to its purposes, and did much to 
 promote the comfort of our troops at the front and 
 that of war sufferers at home. Throughout it all, M 
 found time for drill, and 146 of its men joined His 
 Majesty's fighting forces.
 
 CHAPTEK VIII 
 
 THE OUTER DIVISIONS 
 
 "Hang out our banners on the outward walls." MACBETH. 
 
 EXTENDING from within half a mile of the City 
 almost to Epping Forest on the north, and to a 
 point about two miles west of Romford on the east, 
 and with an area of over thirty- nine square miles, 
 J Division, like others in the Outer Section, offers 
 interesting contrasts in people and places. 
 
 It had eleven Special Constabulary stations, with 
 Headquarters at Hackney. The other stations 
 were Dalston, Bethnal Green, Leytonstone, Leyton, 
 Wanstead, Barkingside, Woodford, Claybury, 
 Loughton, and Buckhurst Hill. There has been 
 much talk about the need of better housing at 
 Bethnal Green home of some peculiar " sports " 
 in the old days of hand-weavers where hard- 
 working men gave honorary police service all 
 through the war. The place is as typically urban 
 as Loughton is delightfully rural. There was some- 
 thing very pleasant in the spirit of comradeship 
 which their brigading together, as parts of the same 
 Police Division, developed between far-apart places 
 which had previously known little of each other. 
 
 Major G. Manners was entrusted with the duty of 
 60
 
 THE OUTER DIVISIONS 61 
 
 organisation, which he worked hard to accomplish; 
 and he successfully held the command until June, 
 1916. Other public duties called him away, and 
 Mr. H. Yerburgh-Bonsey, the Assistant-Commander, 
 who had been a Sergeant at Hackney in 1914, took 
 charge and carried on to the demobilisation, with 
 Mr. L. G. Vedy, Mr. L. V. Dawe, and Mr. T. E. 
 Copcutt as Assistant-Commanders. A barrister by 
 profession and an excellent manager, Commander 
 Yerburgh-Bonsey never spared himself on police 
 duty. He extended and completed the organisa- 
 tion, and J figured well in the efficiency list. The 
 work of some of its stations particularly that of 
 Hackney and Bethnal Green kept them always 
 amongst those making big demands on the time of 
 available men, and the response was invariably 
 satisfactory. 
 
 At first Woodford, Claybury, Loughton, and 
 Buckhurst Hill were associated, working under 
 direction from Woodford; but later each station 
 became a separate command, directly responsible to 
 Division Headquarters, with all the advantages that 
 this system has everywhere meant in minimising 
 frictions and in promoting a healthy spirit of emula- 
 tion. Of this spirit the Commander took the fullest 
 public advantage. 
 
 As J is a Division of big distances, and as some 
 of the vulnerable points to be guarded were remote 
 from the haunts of men, the earliest duties were a 
 preliminary trial of grit and patience. Travelling 
 facilities are few in the remoter parts. Men detailed 
 to guard reservoirs, pumping-stations, railway
 
 62 THE SPECIALS 
 
 bridges, etc., might have to walk from four to six 
 miles to take up a four hours' tour of duty, and 
 when it was over a like distance separated them 
 from home. Let us give a concrete example. 
 Barkingside station was responsible for guarding 
 two reservoirs on Hog Hill, Chigwell, one of the 
 most elevated spots in Essex. The nearest railway 
 station is two and a half miles and the nearest tram 
 terminus (at Barkingside) four miles away. Part 
 of the work had to be done after ordinary public 
 transport hours. Most of the men came from 
 Ilford; and those on the uncomfortable duty from 
 2 a.m. to 6 a.m. had, unless they were cyclists, to 
 walk the whole way. For two years this work was 
 carried on, without as much as a murmur of dis- 
 content. Let the reader picture what it meant to 
 men earning their bread by daily effort, and then 
 reflect that in all the Outer Divisions parallel, or 
 nearly parallel, service was given just so long as it 
 was considered necessary. 
 
 Following the guarding of vulnerable points, came 
 patrol and beat duty for the men of J Division, 
 and at most stations all were kept quite as busy 
 as they cared to be. When, in 1916, two large 
 aerodromes were established at Barkingside, Special 
 Constable guards were called for on Saturdays and 
 Sundays, because visitors who never stopped to 
 think what it entailed were then apt to be trouble- 
 some and run into danger from the ascending and 
 descending planes. 
 
 The geographical situation of J put it right in 
 the track of the arriving or departing enemy air-
 
 , . THE OUTER DIVISIONS 63 
 
 men when, as often happened, they chose a north- 
 east point of penetration or xit ; therefore J got a 
 good deal of attention. The very first of the raiders 
 dropped bombs in it, and all the resources of the 
 Division in protective, rescue, and ambulance work 
 were called upon. The Division also manned some 
 of the observation posts, and had quite its share 
 of trouble when the anti-German riots occurred. 
 
 Ambulance instruction was well developed, al- 
 though the men had to buy the ambulance equip- 
 ment; for they very seldom received gifts, either 
 from municipalities or private people. In drill also 
 J maintained a good standard of efficiency, and at 
 the big parades always turned out smartly. The 
 Division had the honour of sending 785 of its men 
 into the ranks of the fighting forces. 
 
 * * * * * 
 
 K Division is London's Far East. Its area is 
 over thirty -seven square miles. Lying east and 
 south of J, it extends from Limehouse, its most 
 western station, to Chadwell Heath. For about 
 half the distance, the area is the home of a closely 
 packed working-class population; beyond Barking 
 and up to the eastern border it is largely rural and 
 openly residential. Special constabulary stations 
 were established at Limehouse (headquarters), 
 Poplar, East Ham, West Ham, Forest Gate, 
 Plaistow, Canning Town, North Woolwich, nford, 
 Barking, Chadwell Heath, and on that water-sur- 
 rounded and populous bit of earth, the Isle of Dogs, 
 which a bend of the Thames holds as in a swing, 
 just below West India Dock.
 
 64 THE SPECIALS 
 
 Its greatest strength was reached in 1918, when 
 1,078 men were serving in the Division, and at 
 demobilisation it had 963. That the fine public 
 spirit of the working men who formed the great 
 bulk of those attested in K grew as needs increased, 
 will be understood when we say that at the begin- 
 ning of 1915 the roll showed only 747 names. There 
 was a steady upward tendency till 1918, notwith- 
 standing that, owing to the operation of the military 
 laws and to other causes, there were many retire- 
 ments, which numbered altogether 1,361. 
 
 Colonel Sir Henry Streathfield undertook the 
 initial organisation of K, and had for Assistant the 
 Hon. M. Elphinstone. Both these gentlemen soon 
 went to the Army, and as early as September, 1914, 
 Captain J. R. McLean accepted the charge, which 
 he held with complete success all through the war. 
 A tall handsome Scot, endowed with the pawky 
 humour of his race, and possessed of considerable 
 experience as a Justice of the Peace, Captain 
 McLean has proved a popular Commander. 
 
 He had for Assistant-Commander a particularly 
 able master of detail in Mr. H. W. Castle, another 
 of those sleepless men, with what might be called 
 an intuitive nostril, for he scented raids with an 
 accuracy almost uncanny. He was so sure to get 
 early information when the enemy was stirring that 
 it was almost a habit with an anxious Staff Officer 
 at Scotland House on a likely night to say: " We'll 
 ring up Castle. I'd like to know what he thinks 
 about it." We have heard that there were occasions 
 on which Mr. Castle ventured to go to bed perhaps
 
 TWO COMMANDANTS 
 
 THE INSPECTOR-fJENERAL. 
 
 RIGHT HON. 
 
 LORD CLAUD HAMILTON, M.P. 
 (Commandant H.Q. C.D.) 
 
 TWO COMMANDERS 
 
 CAPTAIN M. W. HUART, O.B.E. COMMANDER R. J. BALFOUR, O.B.E. 
 (Senior Commander.)
 
 . THE OUTER DIVISIONS 65 
 
 about midnight on unlikely nights and then 
 Scotland House would expostulate, reminding him 
 of his special obligation to dispense altogether with 
 repose when there was " just a chance of the beggars 
 being about," as one remonstrant used pleasantly 
 to put it. Assistant -Commanders in K were also 
 Mr. Alfred Dods and Mr. H. R. Wilding. 
 
 Like other Divisions, K began by guarding 
 vulnerable points, which it had in great variety. 
 They included water -works, pumping - stations, 
 power-houses, railway and other bridges, wharves, 
 gas and electrical works, and the spiral staircase 
 giving access, at Poplar, to the great Blackwall 
 Tunnel. Early in its career also K manned observa- 
 tion posts at Forest Gate and Stratford, and these 
 were supplemented by others to which reference 
 is made in another chapter when it became neces- 
 sary to watch the air for and during the enemy's 
 raids. This, as in J, proved particularly exacting 
 work on London's vulnerable frontier, and made 
 continuous demands on the skill and resource as 
 well as on the courage, devotion, and enduring 
 quality of the men engaged. On several occasions 
 K posts were the first to detect the raiders, and these 
 posts were always highly valued by the Central 
 Bureau. 
 
 When relieved of the vulnerable points duty, the 
 men of K got quickly to work on the streets and 
 roads, and well filled the places left vacant by 
 Regular Police who had gone to the Front. Every 
 kind of beat, point, and patrol duty was done, 
 although only on rare occasions in this or other 
 
 5
 
 66 THE SPECIALS 
 
 Divisions did Special Constables undertake the 
 regulation of wheeled traffic at the street inter- 
 sections. Few stations had men available for work 
 in the daylight hours, but at Bow and Limehouse 
 the night duty assigned was sometimes so heavy 
 that men did a tour of it every second night. In 
 addition, these hard-wrought citizens gave largely 
 of their Sunday time. 
 
 Naturally, in such places as Limehouse, Barking, 
 and Bow, the working-class population easily caught 
 the infection produced by the first anti-German 
 riots, and these found plenty of work for K. The 
 first instalment of it proved the disadvantage of 
 employing men in plain clothes on such duty, as 
 several Special Constables were mistaken by the 
 Regular Police for rioters. On one occasion an 
 Assistant-Commander was roughly handled by some 
 of the Regulars before they realised that he was 
 an auxiliary of, and not an opponent to, the cause 
 of law and order. 
 
 Many men were needed for the long food queues 
 which, prior to rationing being adopted, were daily 
 formed in all the more densely populated parts of 
 the Division. There were not enough local Special 
 Constables with day time available to supervise and 
 humour into acceptance of disagreeable situations 
 the tens of thousands of would-be buyers, much as 
 the queue itself could be depended upon to maintain 
 the first -come -first -served principle. For some time, 
 therefore, the Headquarters Central Detachment 
 supplied men for this duty in K, and the insidious 
 arts of politeness skilfully used by the swells from
 
 67 
 
 the West won the hearts of the honest housewives 
 whom the fortunes of war had put into queues in the 
 East. 
 
 Occupying the north-east section of the Metro- 
 politan Police District, K was, like J, in the track 
 the enemy often chose for coming to London, or 
 on which either from choice or a driving necessity 
 established by our airmen he took when lair-ward 
 bound. Sometimes he both came and went by 
 north-eastern London, and the Division would get 
 in bombs both his prologue and his epilogue. A 
 former Special Constable of K Division, Mr. George 
 Chapman, was killed by shrapnel during one raid, 
 and Special Constable Louis Parsons was badly 
 injured by a bomb, while getting women and 
 children under cover, in Morant Street, Poplar. 
 At 10.45 p.m. on May 31, 1915, a bomb was dropped 
 at West Ham, and the local claim is that it was 
 the enemy's first. It is remarkable that what is 
 believed to be his last fell on the Leytonstone Road, 
 within a few hundred yards of where the first fell. 
 In this, the final raid, K suffered severely; a wide 
 bomb-swept area had to be covered, and the in- 
 cessant calls on the men were a severe tax on their 
 strength. The work they did then, and indeed at 
 all times during the raids, has been the subject of 
 many official commendations. 
 
 The shelters were numerous, and on raid nights 
 the policing of these made the first call on the avail- 
 able strength. The reserves were never large at 
 any point, but they were always effective. Held by 
 K was the north end of the great Blackwall Tunnel.
 
 68 THE SPECIALS 
 
 This was a favourite and a perfect shelter, to which 
 people came from great distances. On calm moon- 
 light nights, much of the western world would flow 
 east very early, so as not to miss a place. 
 
 K Division is unenviably distinguished for the 
 number of disastrous explosions which have occurred 
 within its territory. Londoners are not likely to 
 forget the evening of January 19, 1917, when, 
 practically in all parts of the Metropolitan Police 
 District, was heard and felt the explosion which 
 blew up the munition factory at Silvertown. Not 
 the machinations of the enemy, but a pure internal 
 accident, caused the disaster, which startled and, 
 until the truth was known, bewildered London. 
 No fewer than seventy-three persons, thirteen of 
 them women and seventeen children, are known to 
 have perished, and as two others are " missing " 
 they must, we fear, be added to the list of fatalities. 
 In addition, 170 persons were injured, while 550 
 houses were more or less damaged, many families 
 being rendered homeless. 
 
 The nearest Special Constabulary stations to the 
 scene were those at Canning Town and North 
 Woolwich, and their men were quickly on the scene, 
 followed by contingents from East Ham and Forest 
 Gate. Regular Police were withdrawn from Bow, 
 Poplar, Limehouse, and East Ham stations to assist 
 in dealing with the immediate situation, to aid the 
 firemen to fight the flames, to carry out the dead, 
 to minister to the injured and homeless, and to 
 make secure the partly wrecked dwellings. In that 
 and the associated ambulance work all participated
 
 THE OUTER DIVISIONS 69 
 
 on that night of sheer horror. For about sixteen 
 days afterwards Special Constables took the cordon 
 and other essential duty from 2 p.m. to 10 p.m., 
 and to a considerable extent filled the places of the 
 Regular Police drawn from other parts of the 
 Division for service at Silvertown. 
 
 The misery of the homeless people was intensified 
 by the extreme cold which prevailed; but for them 
 kindly hearts and wise heads devised means of 
 amelioration. It was the police on duty Regular 
 and Special who had to bear the full rigour of the 
 icy winter, alike at exposed points of duty and in 
 travelling long distances to and from them. Every 
 station in K found men for the work on the night of 
 the disaster and on the trying day after. H and N, 
 the neighbouring Divisions, promptly sent their 
 quotas, and a section also came from the Head- 
 quarters Central Detachment. In the days follow- 
 ing, too, such far-off Divisions as B, C, E, and L, 
 and even Y away in the north, and P and W in the 
 south, helped. R, an adjoining Division, was kept 
 busy on its own side of the river, in the areas that 
 had been affected by an explosion in respect of 
 which nearly 1,213,000 has been paid in compensa- 
 tion for loss of and damage to property. 
 
 For his able organisation on that memorable 
 night, Commander McLean was specially commended 
 in a Staff Order, which also bore witness to the 
 coolness and energy in the presence of danger shown 
 by Assistant-Commander Castle. 
 
 There had been a previous explosion of the kind, 
 near Barking, in 1916, and a later one at the Ajax
 
 70 THE SPECIALS 
 
 Chemical Works, Barking occurred on August 9, 
 1917. On the latter occasion thirteen women 
 workers were killed; on both occasions the Barking 
 first-aid men, quickly reinforced, by comrades from 
 other stations, did splendid work. Then there was 
 an explosion at a depot in Stratford on September 20, 
 1917. Four Special Constables on duty close by 
 saw the outbreak of a fire which caused the disaster. 
 They smartly called the fire brigade and, in expecta- 
 tion of a blow-up, warned the residents, who on 
 their advice were quick to take cover. When the 
 explosion occurred, Special Constable A. E. Parkins 
 was blown over; Special Constable Abbott had 
 thrown himself on the ground just in time. Both 
 had their clothes burned and, like several others of 
 their comrades, soon busy on the scene, suffered 
 from poisonous gases liberated or caused by the 
 explosion. Undoubtedly there might have been 
 great loss of life but for the vigilance and decisive 
 action of the Special Constables. 
 
 K Division developed its ambulance instruction 
 to such a degree that 158 of its men held first-aid 
 certificates. It turned out smartly for inspection 
 and other parades, as in the midst of the busiest 
 seasons some time was found for drill, and it had 
 the satisfaction of sending from its ranks 625 men 
 to the fighting forces. 
 
 ***** 
 
 Islington was the original name of the N Division, 
 whose headquarters are in the High Street, Stoke 
 Newington. Like those of J and K, the component 
 parts of its area, of over sixty square miles, show
 
 THE OUTER DIVISIONS 71 
 
 a great topographical as well as social and industrial 
 diversity. For, in addition to Stoke Newington, 
 N includes stations at such hives of the industrial 
 population as Islington, Tottenham, and Edmonton; 
 also at St. Ann's Road, Highbury Vale, Waltham- 
 stow, Chingford, Lee Bridge Road, Enfield High- 
 way, famous Waltham Abbey (the history of which, 
 Fuller says, " is the history of the English Church "), 
 and that sylvan retreat, Cheshunt. From the 
 theological college there in the early days of the 
 war young gentlemen destined for the Church came 
 forth, with strength in their hearts and truncheons 
 in their pockets, to help guard the stretches of the 
 " remorseless deep," as that wicked Charles Lamb 
 called the New River. Fourteen stations in all N 
 had, to which were soon added stations, apart from 
 Regular Police centres, at the Gothic Works and 
 the Tottenham Gas Works. 
 
 The organisation was put in the hands of an 
 Australian. By a strange chance, allotted to him 
 as Assistant -Commander was the late Sir John 
 Fuller, who had just relinquished the Governorship 
 of the State (Victoria) from which the Commander 
 came. Sir John was soon in charge (as the Com- 
 mander was called to Headquarters in October of 
 the opening year), and admirably did his part until 
 his lamented death, while still a young man, in 
 September, 1915. Then Mr. Ralph Bullock, who 
 had been Assistant-Commander, assumed the con- 
 trol, and soon demonstrated the advantage he had, 
 from a lifelong association with the Regular Police, 
 of a thorough and far-reaching knowledge of police
 
 72 THE SPECIALS 
 
 work and usage. He proved one of the best in a 
 fine corps of Commanders. His Assistant -Com- 
 mander, Mr. Glover, is an important business man, 
 whose capacity for getting about in his fast car on 
 a foggy night is remarkable. Mr. A. J. Edwards of 
 Waltham Abbey, and Mr. Ernest Knifton of 
 Edmonton, were also Assistant -Commanders. 
 
 Mr. Glover is the head of the Gothic Works, where 
 a unit of Special Constables gave general service 
 much on the same lines as those of one working 
 from a Police Station, although at the outset, being 
 a firm's men, they did not participate in the issue 
 of clothing. A like situation existed at Tottenham 
 Gas Works, where a unit was formed by the em- 
 ployees there and in the Company's offices, under 
 the manager (Mr. Broadberry) as Chief Inspector. 
 This unit was originally put into uniform, and well 
 supplied with everything necessary at the Com- 
 pany's expense, before it passed from the limited 
 sphere of duty done by a firm's men to that of a 
 general service unit, completely and at all times at 
 the disposition of the Chief Staff Officer. 
 
 Tottenham, by the way, is the abode of the genial 
 magistrate who has won fame by settling domestic 
 and other troubles at his private house. Thus 
 and not without some peril in the proceeding, 
 perhaps does he establish the principle of attempt- 
 ing conciliation before having recourse to the sterner 
 arbitrament of law. 
 
 The highest strength that N has attained is 2,009, 
 and when regular duties ceased the figure was 1,574. 
 Such stations as Stoke Newington, Tottenham,
 
 THE OUTER DIVISIONS 73 
 
 Edmonton, and Islington had the bulk of the men; 
 but there was always a fine inter-station under- 
 standing in the Division, and no unit ever lacked 
 the help that another could give. This willingness 
 has often involved much travelling. For a time, 
 indeed, men went regularly from St. Ann's Road 
 to do day duty as far off as the reservoirs in Rose- 
 bery Avenue (G Division), and N can hardly be 
 called conspicuous as the abode of millionaires. A 
 sturdy, self-denying spirit, which made no ado 
 about shutting up shop and forfeiting possible 
 profits while police duty was being done, was found 
 everywhere in the early war days, and N had a full 
 share of it. 
 
 It was at Stoke Newington, we have to admit, 
 that a citizen, protesting at a war -measures meeting 
 against clergymen being put on a managing com- 
 mittee, startled a Bishop present and the audience 
 generally with the blood-curdling remark: "If I 
 had my way I'd exterminate them [the clergy] 
 altogether." In the storm of indignation few, if 
 any, heard the explanation that he had meant to 
 say " eliminate." 
 
 First in the duties of N came the guarding of 
 vulnerable points, of which there were a great many, 
 including important water-works and reservoirs, 
 power-houses and pumping -stations, railway and 
 traffic bridges the Division occasionally handing 
 over some of these to the military and giving thanks ; 
 later, getting them back from the military and 
 receiving thanks. Perilous work it was, and de- 
 cidedly lonely and nerve-trying at the remote
 
 74 THE SPECIALS 
 
 points. Nothing more convenient than a truncheon 
 was allowed to the men, who ought, in our view, to 
 have been armed with good shot-guns. Had some 
 enemy bent on mischief attacked them, he would 
 probably have come equipped with automatic 
 pistols. 
 
 After vulnerable points work came street and 
 road patrol duty, beats, points, everything that the 
 Regular Police wanted, traffic and other ordering, 
 queue -regulating, guarding German prisoners, keep- 
 ing passages for the wounded arriving by train, 
 caring for Belgian refugees, etc. 
 
 Busy nights were those of the air-raids in N, in 
 connection with or in anticipation of which its men 
 were promptly mobilised. Its raid experiences are 
 more particularly referred to in other chapters. 
 There were many shelters to guard and much to 
 be anxious about, but N could always, when asked, 
 find a squad for duty somewhere else. Ambulance 
 training was pursued with vigour and enthusiasm, 
 and 176 of its men held first-class certificates of 
 competency. Its " pioneer " lorries, equipped with 
 rescue and demolition gear and manned by experts 
 in its use, were always ready for either home or 
 outside service. 
 
 From the first days of its career, military drill 
 was taught in N, which knew its parade work. It 
 had long the distinction of being the only Division 
 of Special Constabulary to raise and maintain a 
 brass band of its own one was started at Hackney 
 (J) last year. Those who heard the N Division 
 band at a great church parade in the Marlborough
 
 THE OUTER DIVISIONS 75 
 
 Theatre, in April, 1 91 6, are only amongst the many 
 who can testify to its excellence. The band has 
 played for charitable and public purposes in all 
 parts of London, and all ranks were justly proud 
 and appreciative of it. Of those who learned to form 
 fours on its parade grounds, N Division sent 917 
 men to His Majesty's fighting forces. 
 
 ***** 
 People may delight, as they do, in trips to such 
 pleasant country places as Sydenham and Farn- 
 borough without knowing, or even caring to know, 
 that they are in P Division of the Metropolitan 
 Police District. As far north, however, as Peckham 
 in which there is little room for beds of tulips 
 does the Division extend, so that, as in J, N, S, 
 and Y, there is in P a great diversity of place and 
 people. The Special Constabulary Headquarters 
 were at Peckham, and, in addition to those at the 
 other towns mentioned, there were units at Camber- 
 well, East Dulwich, West Dulwich, Knight's Hill, 
 Gipsy Hill, Penge, Beckenham, Bromley, Catford, 
 Lewisham, Brockley, Downe, and Honor Oak. 
 
 The area covered by the Division is fifty-one and 
 a half square miles. It had 2,008 men serving in 
 1915, the finishing total was 1,478, and the average 
 strength was somewhere between these two aggre- 
 gates. That the original strength was not main- 
 tained must not be taken to imply lack of spirit on 
 the part of the citizens. The fact is that the need 
 for doing certain rural duties was much reduced 
 after the first two years of the war. Recruiting 
 was stopped, and offers to fill vacancies were merely
 
 76 THE SPECIALS 
 
 placed on record to the credit of those who made 
 them. 
 
 The organisation of this spacious Division was 
 carried out by Captain J. Black, who resigned in 1 91 5. 
 Then the charge came into the hands of Mr. W. D. 
 Abercrombie, who held it until February of 1917, 
 when he was succeeded by Captain W. G. Young, 
 who carried on to the end. This officer brought to 
 his work a valuable experience gained in the Royal 
 Irish Constabulary. Distinguished men figured as 
 Assistant-Commanders. General Sir Alexander 
 Montgomery Moore, K.C.B., who died quite lately 
 in the fullness of years, and Lieutenant-Colonel E. G. 
 Bryan, who returned to the Army, held the post, 
 as later did Mr. Norris Frost and Mr. Washbourne. 
 Supporting Captain Young at the finish were Mr. 
 J. G. Dalzell and Mr. A. Hayden. They had plenty 
 to do, all these officers, and they gave lavishly of 
 their time, knowledge, and effort, in all the Division's 
 affairs. 
 
 Vulnerable points, to guard which was the first 
 duty, were numerous and varied. They included 
 reservoirs, pumping-stations,and other water- works, 
 a great many railway and traffic bridges, power- 
 houses, telephone exchanges, etc. At the outset, 
 the work on these was a strong test of the willingness 
 and capacity of the two thousand citizens who had 
 entered the service to help secure the safety of 
 London. Long, toilsome duty it was in P, involving 
 much travelling, and exemplifying to many citizens, 
 who had hitherto got such knowledge from hear- 
 say, how bright the moon can shine at two in
 
 THE OUTER DIVISIONS 77 
 
 the morning, and how cold a man can get without 
 collapsing. 
 
 With the decrease of the work on vulnerable 
 points there was not in all parts of P such develop- 
 ment of point, patrol, and beat duty as made the 
 new work oppressive. The assigned tasks were 
 always faithfully done; and very soon air-raids, anti- 
 German riots, food-queues, etc., proved the value 
 of considerable reserves. 
 
 The provision to meet situations caused by the 
 dropping of enemy bombs was particularly good. 
 First-aid parties were formed by several stations, 
 some of which combined their efforts. Thus West 
 Dulwich and Camberwell found cyclists, and Gipsy 
 Hill and Catford found cars, speedily to circulate 
 the official warning of an air-raid. Catford had 
 what was called a " rescue squad," whose material 
 included a lorry fitted with first-aid appliances and 
 plant suitable for the demolition of buildings 
 damaged to the point of being made dangerous, 
 while squads posted at different points were each 
 equipped with a truck, tools, ropes, and timber. 
 These preparations and the high training of the 
 ambulance men of the Division won strong praise 
 from the Commissioner of Police, for their value 
 was superbly demonstrated in the raid of May 19, 
 1918, when bombs fell and heavy loss of life occurred 
 at Sydenham. On that occasion the rescue party 
 extricated several persons from the debris of two 
 demolished houses. Sydenham, Peckham, and 
 Brockley were also commended for the fine part 
 their men played in that tragic episode.
 
 78 THE SPECIALS 
 
 We have said that the ambulance work was well 
 developed. A great deal of equipment was obtained, 
 and in this regard Knight's Hill station was promi- 
 nent. Not only did it arrange for nurses and St. 
 John Ambulance men to attend at the air-raid 
 shelters, but at the station itself provision was made 
 for the reception of the injured. At Gipsy Hill a 
 very complete first-aid station, provided with 
 several beds, was established in a building close to 
 the Special Constabulary Headquarters. P Division 
 was always forward in aiding the fire brigades. 
 Indeed, at Bromley and Beckenham a number of 
 men volunteered for regular fire brigade duty, which 
 they did in addition to their police work, and to 
 qualify for which they underwent a course of train- 
 ing similar to that given to regular firemen. 
 
 Anti-German riots occurred in several parts of 
 the wide district in May, 1915, and were a severe 
 trial to the patience, endurance, and good-humour 
 of the Special Constables. P furnished useful 
 observation posts, found men for national registra- 
 tion duty, for food queues, and for street-keeping 
 on the occasion of a great ceremonial. 
 
 There were many air-raid shelters within its area, 
 and the policing of these at the more populous 
 places made so large a demand on the local station's 
 strength that there was much satisfaction in the 
 thought that other station reserves were alert and 
 ready to help if bombs fell. 
 
 In drill proficiency there was a good deal of 
 difference between the stations of P. Some of 
 them reached an exceptionally high standard.
 
 THE OUTER DIVISIONS 79 
 
 When the Division turned out for a big parade it 
 always made a brave and creditable show. From 
 its ranks, 1,132 men went to the fighting forces. 
 ***** 
 
 Major Bradford Atkinson was the officer chosen 
 to organise R Division, an area of South London 
 containing over sixty and a half square miles 
 closely packed towns, many villages, and great 
 stretches of smiling countryside. Greenwich is the 
 place-name of the Division, and the famous Obser- 
 vatory and the Woolwich Arsenal come within the 
 territory. Both these are on the north or river 
 side, but R goes gaily down, par monts et par vaux, 
 to the border of the Metropolitan Police District, 
 beyond St. Mary Cray. 
 
 In this wide field of labour the preliminary 
 arrangements were quickly carried through. Head- 
 quarters were established at Blackheath Road Police 
 Station, and units were also formed at W T estcombe 
 Park, \Voolwich, Plumstead, Belvedere, Bexley, 
 Erith, Lee Road, Eltham, Sidcup, Chislehurst, and 
 St. Mary Cray. In November, 1917, a unit was 
 also established at Deptford, and the Blackheath 
 Road men were nominally separated from comrades 
 who lived at or near the centre of the new unit, 
 round about which their police service had generally 
 been given. 
 
 In January, 1915, Major Atkinson went back to 
 the Army and Mr. H. Bennett, who had charge at 
 Chislehurst, succeeded him. Both the first Assis- 
 tant-Commanders, Messrs. C. Baker and Brook- 
 Johnson, had also changed their field of activity,
 
 80 THE SPECIALS 
 
 Mr. Baker going to Scotland House and his comrade 
 to the Army. Within a month Mr. Bennett also 
 joined the fighting forces, and then the leadership 
 devolved upon Mr. R. G. J. Rawlinson, who held 
 the post to the end. 
 
 A Lee Road man, Commander Rawlinson had 
 proved his quality in the management of the local 
 station. Nothing could have been more fortunate 
 for the Division than the translation of this quiet, 
 singularly active, and fearless officer to the chief 
 post in the Division. His administrative ability 
 left nothing to be desired; and on raid-nights, 
 driving his own car at a pace which few dared to go 
 over the broken roads, the way he got about and 
 yet, somehow, always contrived to be within tele- 
 phone call when wanted, is not easily describable. 
 The Division Superintendent soon got to know that 
 nothing could insure his own rapidity of movement 
 like a seat in the Commander's car. First Mr. 
 Renton, and later on Mr. H. A. Ross, as Assistant- 
 Commanders, ably did, in succession, their several 
 parts in the managerial work. 
 
 R had 985 men on its roll in 1915, but finished 
 with only 726, as recruiting at outer stations was 
 stopped in 1918 and possible replacements were 
 not made. Quite half of the men who left went 
 to fight the enemy, and it was not always easy to 
 find recruits in the busier centres ; yet all the duties 
 assigned by the Regular Police were cheerfully 
 accepted and performed. To that end men often 
 went considerable distances from their homes or 
 stations, particularly during the guarding of vulner-
 
 THE OUTER DIVISIONS 81 
 
 able points. A journey of five miles before begin- 
 ning a four-hour tour of duty, with a like journey 
 at the end of the tour, was by no means uncommon. 
 In this connection the service owes much to those 
 who gratuitously found means of transport motor- 
 cars and other vehicles. 
 
 Thirty-two vulnerable points came within the 
 borders of R. They included water-works, railway 
 and traffic bridges, power-stations, railway tunnels 
 and arches, telephone exchanges, and two points on 
 the south side of the Blackwall Tunnel, where the 
 R men met those of K. It needed every man to 
 fill this big bill, and, as we have seen, to the period 
 of the tour of duty had to be added much coming 
 and going time. 
 
 Distance, far from lending an enchantment to the 
 view of the perplexed Commander, set stiff problems 
 for him when the guarding of vulnerable points 
 gave place to patrolling. For example, the patrols 
 at Chislehurst one of those length- without-breadth 
 places had a stretch of nine miles to cover. In 
 other parts the patrol distances were long, roads 
 rather than streets being traversed. It is estimated 
 that in this Division the patrol work of Special 
 Constables expressed in miles gives 2,500,000 as a 
 nice round figure. Yet the death roll of the Division 
 is surprisingly small ! 
 
 In its observation work R was always prominent, 
 not so much by the number of posts as by the 
 special value of one of them, established at Shooter's 
 Hill, where one gets an exceptionally fine view of 
 all London. It is to be assumed that the enemy 
 
 6
 
 82 THE SPECIALS 
 
 on air-raid business never quite forgot the Woolwich 
 Arsenal a valuable feature of the " Fort of 
 London " nor the Academy, the Observatory, the 
 Barracks. R Division got all the disadvantage 
 of his remembering these places. Once he hit a 
 pillar at the entrance to the Academy; on another 
 occasion he partly wrecked a church; on other visits 
 he destroyed many dwelling-houses. Casualties 
 were associated with several of the raids, and the 
 men of R were kept going. From the time of their 
 establishment, such a demand was made on the 
 strength by the need of policing air-raid shelters 
 that, when all was said and done in that regard, 
 few of the fourteen stations had much of a reserve 
 wherewith to meet a bomb situation. 
 
 In the anti-German riots, R men were repeatedly 
 called upon. Ambulance instruction, police lec- 
 tures, rifle-shooting, and even food-production, were 
 amongst the many useful activities of a Division 
 most of whose units were well-drilled and never 
 failed to look well and to march well on a general 
 muster. In all, 597 men went from R Division to 
 His Majesty's Army. 
 
 ***** 
 
 S Division, with an area of over eighty-two and 
 a half square miles, is the most spacious of all, and 
 its organisation meant much effort and travelling to 
 the officer in charge. To that end continuity of policy 
 was desirable, if not imperative, and it is remarkable 
 how much, at the beginning, the Division underwent 
 in changes of management chiefly owing to com- 
 petent men being called in succession to other duties.
 
 THE OUTER DIVISIONS 83 
 
 Mr. Ducane, the first Commander, was only a few 
 days on the scene; his successor, Colonel R. W. L. 
 Dunlop, went to the Army after a fortnight's police 
 work. Then came Mr. Somers Somerset, who, 
 within three weeks later, gave place to Colonel 
 Beckett, who took charge on September 25, and 
 under whose able direction, with Mr. R. A. Simson 
 as Assistant-Commander, the organisation was 
 completed. 
 
 Colonel Beckett was nothing if not thorough. 
 He was amongst the first of the Commanders to 
 imbue himself with all that he could learn in the 
 theory of police work, and then to teach that work 
 to his men. His lectures on police duty, given at 
 the St. Catherine's schoolroom in the early days of 
 the war, were amongst the best that Special Con- 
 stables have heard. 
 
 In September, 1915, Colonel Beckett went back 
 to the Army and the charge passed to another 
 exceptionally able man, his Assistant-Commander, 
 who had served from the first. Trained in the 
 public service of India, level-headed, and combining 
 with a high courtesy of manner quite invulnerable 
 to circumstance an essentially practical mind, Mr. 
 R. A. Simson managed the Division with satisfaction 
 to everybody. He had an able coadjutor in Assis- 
 tant-Commander C. W. Collard. 
 
 S, as we have seen, is spacious, and a car-round 
 of its fourteen stations, starting from headquarters 
 in Albany Street, had to be quickly run, and com- 
 paratively little time given to station inspection, 
 if packed into the sunlit hours of a single day. That
 
 84 THE SPECIALS 
 
 will be understood when we say, that there were 
 stations at St. John's Wood, Hampstead, West 
 Hampstead, Finchley, Hendon, Whetstone, Golders 
 Green, Barnet, Edgware, Bushey, Elstree, Weald- 
 stone, and Mill Hill. For a time there were also 
 stations at Shenley, and far-off South Mimms, some 
 fifteen miles away from the Albany Street adminis- 
 tration centre. 
 
 The highest strength of the Division was 2,056, 
 but the average was between 1,700 and 1,800. 
 Recruiting at some out-stations was stopped in 
 1918, and when the duties ceased the strength figure 
 was 1,558. Each of the Hampstead units had over 
 300 men, and Finchley and Barnet each over 200, 
 the greater part of the time. The work was as 
 varied as were the needs of the localities served. 
 At Albany Street, for example, and at those smart 
 stations, St. John's W T ood long known as Portland 
 Town and Golders Green, it was typically urban; 
 at such stations as Barnet and Hendon, not to speak 
 of the country village of South Mimms, it was ' ' truly 
 rural"; while at Hampstead and West Hampstead 
 there was a combination of both sorts of duty. 
 
 Every class of strictly police work and the war 
 auxiliaries to it were developed and brought to a 
 high point of efficiency in S Division. Its fifty-four 
 vulnerable points at the outset included fourteen 
 rail way- bridges, guarded day and night; its ambu- 
 lance and its transport service were always strong; 
 it encouraged and excelled in rifle-shooting; and its 
 fire-brigade, rescue and demolition parties were 
 composed of trained men, ready instantly to move
 
 THE OUTER DIVISIONS 85 
 
 anywhere, within or without the Division, to meet 
 an emergency. 
 
 S had many important tube stations to police on 
 raid-nights. How much an observer appreciated 
 the work done at them may be understood when 
 we relate that after one big raid the Commander 
 was sent 5, with a request that he would hand it 
 to a Special Constable who, single-handed, by a 
 tactful and firm exercise of his authority, stopped 
 an ugly rush in a station passage. 
 
 Usually the provision of office accommodation for 
 stations was ample; but it is worthy of mention 
 that the administrative work of a station of over 
 300 men, at West Hampstead, was done, and well 
 done, in a room less than six feet square. 
 
 Military drill was studied and practised at all 
 stations, and some of them reached a high point of 
 proficiency. No fewer than 1,420 men passed from 
 S Division to His Majesty's fighting forces. 
 * * * * * 
 
 T Division is the Far West of the Metropolitan 
 Police District. It is a curiously shaped area of 
 exactly seventy square miles. It is, in fact, a big 
 square of rural country with an urban tongue at 
 its north-east corner, which protrudes into and 
 includes Hammersmith and Shepherd's Bush, Chis- 
 wick and Brentford. In that order one travels in 
 making the westing, and one must go beyond 
 Staines to reach the border. 
 
 At each of the places named, with Hammersmith 
 for headquarters, there were units of Special Con- 
 stabulary; also at Brentford, Isleworth, Hounslow,
 
 86 THE SPECIALS 
 
 Norwood Green, Bedfont, Harlington, Hampton, 
 Twickenham, Teddington, and Sunbury fourteen 
 in all. In 1915, T had 1,373 names on its roll; the 
 strength dropped to 1,039 in 1918, and the finishing 
 figure was 966. About one -fifth of the number were 
 at Chiswick, which long had an average of 250 men 
 serving and finished with over 200. Curiously 
 enough, Shepherd's Bush was never very strong, 
 but always had plenty to do. 
 
 The organisation of T Division was entrusted to 
 Mr. L. M. Irvine, who was early succeeded by Mr. 
 W. C. E. Gibson, as Commander, with Mr. H. W. B. 
 Robinson as Assistant-Commander. These very able 
 associates carried on till well after the armistice 
 was proclaimed, but early in 1 91 9 they both retired, 
 and the charge then devolved upon Mr. G. Gentry 
 (who had been Chief Inspector at Chiswick), with 
 Mr. G. R. Francis and Mr. H. Marley as Assistant- 
 Commanders. Sir William Bull, M.P. for Hammer- 
 smith, was for long an Assistant-Commander, and 
 was on the Division's reserve of officers. 
 
 When the work started, the need of having strong 
 units at the far-off places was demonstrated, because 
 the vulnerable points to be guarded included local 
 reservoirs and water-works and a couple of gun- 
 powder mills. In addition there were, in most parts, 
 bridges, electrical works, motor-making and other 
 engineering establishments, sewage- works, and even 
 a sword factory. A strength which later on was 
 i n excess of the Division's needs was fully employed 
 while this work continued, and duty was always 
 faithfully done.
 
 THE OUTER DIVISIONS 87 
 
 When Special Constables were assigned patrol 
 and beat duty, the pressure was chiefly at the more 
 populous centres; recruiting at the outer stations 
 became unnecessary, and the strength gradually 
 fell, as shown. 
 
 During the food-queue period it was not easy at 
 some points to get the local strength required, and, 
 as public means of transport made reinforcements 
 from outer stations possible only after long and 
 circuitous journeys, willing internal reserves could 
 not easily be made available. It was much the 
 same when the anti-German riots occurred ; but the 
 local men in each locality affected manfully met 
 the situations as they arose, and successfully 
 carried on. 
 
 Situated outside the area in which enemy aircraft 
 usually operated, T Division did not, however, 
 wholly escape raids. It had one tragical visitation. 
 Bombs fell at Brentford, Isleworth, and Chiswick , 
 and destroyed life and property, on the night of 
 January 29, 1918. In very trying conditions the 
 units in these places, assisted by a detachment from 
 Hounslow, gallantly earned the commendation of the 
 Commissioner of Police. Special Constable George 
 P. Bentley (Brentford) was recommended to the 
 trustees of the Carnegie Hero Fund for his devoted 
 service on that night. At great personal risk he 
 endeavoured to rescue people from a partly de- 
 molished building, which was in danger of collapsing, 
 and he only desisted after bringing out the body of 
 one of the killed and satisfying himself that no 
 other victim was still alive.
 
 88 THE SPECIALS 
 
 Of course, T Division did not rely upon its 
 geographical position for immunity from air-raids. 
 Everywhere the customary precautions were taken, 
 and every raid or warning of a raid meant for the 
 Division the policing of thirty- three shelters, a work 
 which employed the bulk of the strength 
 
 Ambulance training was given at nearly all 
 stations, and ninety-four men held first-aid certifi- 
 cates. The Chiswick unit co-operated with the 
 District Council in forming a squad for demolition 
 work. A motor-lorry was kept in readiness, and in 
 this instance it was the Municipal Council that 
 provided tools and necessary material. 
 
 The T Division conformed to the general plan for 
 drill, and some of the units reached a good standard 
 of efficiency. The Division sent 760 of its men to 
 His Majesty's fighting forces. 
 
 ***** 
 Immediately east of F, and lying between it and 
 W, is V Division, an irregularly shaped section, 
 sixty-five square miles in extent, of the south-west 
 Metropolitan Police District. Its regular head- 
 quarters were at Putney, but the Division extends 
 as far north as Lavender Hill (Battersea), and goes 
 to the police district border south of Epsom 
 where, by the way, a very vigorous body of Special 
 Constables was demobilised only two days before 
 Canadian soldiers attacked the local lolice Station, 
 with fatal consequences to Sergeant Green, of the 
 Regular Police. 
 
 Besides those at the three places named, V Divi- 
 sion had Special Constabulary units at Wandsworth,
 
 THE OUTER DIVISIONS 89 
 
 Wimbledon, New Maiden, Richmond, Barnes, Kew, 
 Kingston, Thames Ditton, Surbiton, East Molesey, 
 Earlsfield, and Wandsworth Common. Fifteen 
 units in all, with what was for long Mr. John Burns's 
 working men's constituency of Battersea, joined in 
 comradeship with those beautiful retreats of affluent 
 Londoners, Richmond and Kew. No fewer than 
 2,529 names figured on the active service roll of 
 V Division in 1917; its average strength was about 
 2,300, and at demobilisation it had 2,021. Wimble- 
 don, Lavender Hill, Barnes, and Epsom, in that 
 order, had the stronger units, and particularly at 
 the popular centres there was always plenty of 
 work. 
 
 The organisation was put in the hands of Colonel 
 A. H. P. Turner, who was soon afterwards called 
 to headquarters. He was succeeded in V Division 
 by Major J. D. Casswell. When this officer went 
 to other duty, the Division command passed to Mr. 
 W. C. Hammond, a man of wide experience and 
 sterling capacity, who held the post up to the 
 demobilisation. By way of recognition of a kindly 
 and generous interest ever shown in the affairs of 
 this division, Mr. A. Barclay Walker was made an 
 Honorary Commander. As Assistant-Commanders, 
 V has had a number of distinguished men. Those 
 serving at the finish were Mr. Frank Grove-Powell, 
 Mr. Sydney B. Donkin, and Mr. Frank Taylor, all 
 of whom had experience in the work of a station 
 before being called to help in Division administra- 
 tion. 
 The vulnerable points in V, to protect which was
 
 90 THE SPECIALS 
 
 its first duty, naturally included the reservoirs and 
 other water-works situated in its extensive area. 
 Gas-houses, electric-light works, railway-arches, 
 petroleum depots, power-stations, the Sopwith 
 Aviation Factory, and an aqueduct, had to be 
 guarded; also, as in several other Divisions, those 
 sanitary necessities of gregarious man known as 
 Sewage stations. Has any reader come within 
 nostril-range of such places ? No. Well, we advise 
 him to keep his distance. Not the least of the early 
 sufferings of Special Constables was what they 
 endured when they brought their untrained olfactory 
 organs to a four hours' strain of duty at these 
 useful, but disagreeable, points. 
 
 It required practically the whole strength of V 
 to cover the assigned ground, and when the initial 
 work gave place to patrol, point, and beat duties, 
 there was a very general satisfaction. Of those 
 who had the sewage farms in their care, it may 
 literally be said that they breathed more freely. 
 The newer duties were naturally more numerous 
 and exacting, as well as being more varied, at such 
 populous places as Battersea, and in what may be 
 called the regular routine some units were much 
 harder worked than others. But the Commander 
 knew that in an emergency he could always get the 
 ready service of those at the easier stations who, 
 because they were less frequently called upon, 
 formed the Division's reserves. 
 
 V took its part quite early in the observation 
 work, and maintained it throughout, and was by 
 no means idle when some of the citizens demon-
 
 THE OUTER DIVISIONS 91 
 
 strated their repugnance to the kindred of German 
 murderers by sea and land. In May, 1915, and 
 again in June, 1916, the Wandsworth men joined 
 the Regular Police in saving enemy aliens and their 
 property from public wrath; Lavender Hill and 
 Putney had a like experience, and plenty of stirring 
 adventure. The calls for aid from units at places 
 where the public feeling -although not less intense 
 was held within the restraints of the Taw, were 
 always well responded to. Regulars and Specials 
 stood most loyally together in doing an uncongenial 
 duty. 
 
 V Division lies for the most part outside the 
 range of the enemy's aerial activities, although the 
 eastern portion knows from a fatal experience what 
 it is to be bombed. But in no part was unnecessary 
 risk taken. As soon as it was resolved to give 
 public warnings of air-raids, shelters were estab- 
 lished everywhere and all the machinery of prepara- 
 tion set up. Whenever official warnings were issued 
 the Specials turned out, to man the shelters and to 
 hold themselves in readiness for whatever might 
 befall; and on the likely nights the V units, like 
 those of their comrades of the east, had waiting 
 squads at the stations and, consequently, were 
 never caught napping. A great many people 
 crowded into the shelters at the centres of dense 
 population, and the Special Constables' work at 
 those test points was always arduous. 
 
 Police lectures, ambulance training, and rifle- 
 shooting were amongst the activities of V; and for 
 the maintenance of the spirit of emulation which
 
 92 THE SPECIALS 
 
 animated the Division, it owes much to the muni- 
 ficence of Commander Barclay- Walker. Food- 
 queue regulation, national registration work, policing 
 booths where free and independent citizens came 
 to record their parliamentary votes, the enforce- 
 ment of the lighting regulations all these and 
 many other duties were done. 
 
 The general standard of drill efficiency achieved 
 by V was exceptionally high. And here we must 
 acknowledge its debt to the voluntary service given 
 by Sergeant-Major F. W. Eggleton, champion 
 swordsman of the Army Gymnastic Staff, who was 
 its Divisional Instructor. Soldiers could not better 
 have done the parade work of some of its units, 
 and the others were quite well up to the average 
 standard. At the Divisional musters on Wimbledon 
 Common there were many good exemplifications of 
 the capacity for concerted movements of a large 
 body of men, in the prescribed tactical grouping. 
 No fewer than 1,567 men went from V Division to 
 His Majesty's fighting forces. 
 
 ***** 
 By far the largest in point of numbers, and second 
 only to S in spaciousness, was W Division of Special 
 Constabulary. In August, 1915, it had serving no 
 fewer than 3,452 men; until 1918 it never had less 
 than 3,000; but when recruiting was stopped, it 
 fell to 2,600; its finishing total was 2,655. Its area 
 is nearly seventy-six and a half square miles, and it 
 includes such populous places as Streatham, where 
 alone the strength of the Special Constables em- 
 ployed has been over 700; Croydon, where the
 
 THE OUTER DIVISIONS 93 
 
 maximum was 442; and Brixton, where it was 368. 
 In addition to those at the places named, W had 
 units at Balham, Banstead, Clapham, Carshalton, 
 Coulsdon, Kenley, Mitcham, Purley, Sanderstead, 
 South Norwood, Sutton, Thornton Heath, Tooting, 
 Wellington, and Warlingham. 
 
 Brixton was the administrative centre, and some- 
 thing like an Army brigade command was the 
 management of this large body of men; but while 
 the constituent part of an Army brigade may some- 
 times be separated, the position in VV Division was 
 that they were rarely united, and that in the dis- 
 charge of the everyday work they were always 
 widely separated. 
 
 The organisation of W was put into the hands of 
 Captain W. A. Cuscaden, but he had not been long 
 at the task when he met with an accident, which 
 led to his resignation. The Hon. L. M. St. Clair 
 took charge on October 10, 1914, was confirmed in 
 the command-post less than a month later, and 
 held it to the end. Commander St. Clair is by 
 profession a civil engineer, and has held important 
 Government positions in India. He brought, there- 
 fore, a special ability and experience to the discharge 
 of duties in which his professional knowledge was 
 valuable, first in connection with the guarding of 
 vulnerable posts, and later in dealing with the 
 household and other wrecks caused by air-raids. A 
 splendidly vigorous man in both mind and body, 
 in appearance by no means looking the years he is 
 over the soldier's age, and speaking French as 
 fluently as he does English, he has proved his title
 
 94 THE SPECIALS 
 
 to rank amongst the best of the Commanders. In 
 every part of the Division he was as popular as he 
 was respected. Mr. St. Clair had a number of 
 Assistant-Commanders who left to go to other public 
 employment Captain Persse, for example, became 
 Commander of M Division but since July, 1915, 
 the Assistants have been Mr. F. N. McLeod and 
 T. H. Phillips, both of whom served to the finish. 
 
 Owing to there being no rooms available at 
 Brixton Police Station, the Division Headquarters 
 were established in Canterbury Road, and here the 
 Commander and his Assistants worked practically 
 all day and every day while the duty lasted. 
 Rarely had they an idle moment. 
 
 To make a single motor-car tour around the 
 stations and give half an hour to each occupied 
 nearly thirteen hours. When the work was fairly 
 in train, such tours were not as frequent as they 
 had to be at the start, nor were they made in one 
 day. Every station, however, saw the Commander 
 or one of his Assistant-Commanders once or twice 
 a month. 
 
 W, like other Divisions, began by guarding 
 vulnerable points just one short of a hundred. 
 Water-works, railway bridges, power stations, gas- 
 houses, etc., these were, and most of them were 
 protected day and night. As over 800 men had to 
 be found daily for this work -quite apart from other 
 demands on the strength the whole of the men 
 available were wanted. The chief difficulty was 
 experienced in providing for the day duty. For, 
 as the man acceptable for police service is not often
 
 THE OUTER DIVISIONS 95 
 
 an idler, comparatively few of the three thousand 
 citizens on the W roll had daytime which they could 
 call their own a condition precedent to giving it 
 to the State. Yet, by dint of effort, a great deal 
 of sacrifice, and the skilful management of the 
 Commander and station chiefs, the downright hard 
 work involved was always faithfully done. 
 
 Not all at once, but gradually, guarding of 
 vulnerable points was relaxed before being wholly 
 relinquished, and, concurrently the men were trans- 
 ferred to beat or patrol duties. These were natu- 
 rally more exacting at the populous places. Brixton 
 has the distinction of standing first amongst the 
 180 stations of the Metropolitan Police District in 
 long-sustained individual effort. The expectation, 
 we have seen, was that Special Constables should 
 perform ten four-hour duties in thirty days. 
 Brixton for long, and almost to the finish, did an 
 average of fourteen, finding for local duty close 
 upon 150 men a day. The total for the Division 
 was 782 men a day. 
 
 Of this, as of other outer Divisions, it is proper to 
 say that while the regular work could not be dis- 
 tributed with geometrical accuracy over the whole 
 strength, and men at some stations had more to 
 do than their comrades at others of the same Divi- 
 sion, in the long run it was a common advantage 
 to have large reserves ready for emergency work. 
 Transport facilities were, of course, much reduced 
 during the war; but, so far as the available trans- 
 port made it possible, men for the special duties 
 were drawn from stations best able to spare them
 
 96 THE SPECIALS 
 
 from ordinary work, and W Division could always 
 be relied upon at headquarters to furnish 500 men 
 for duty practically at any time and place. 
 
 Just as the public pulse was stirred by successive 
 experiences of how atrocious was the enemy we had 
 to deal with, anti-German riots occurred in parts of 
 W Division. The most serious manifestations were 
 those of May, 1915, and the value of the reserves 
 was then found. The northern half of the Division, 
 including Battersea, Balham, Brixton, and Tooting, 
 showed a disposition for more than window-break- 
 ing, and the help of the men from Streatham and 
 Mitcham was much prized by the local units. In 
 the worst of the trouble within its own boundaries, 
 W was able, moreover, to send men to Kennington, 
 in aid of hard-pressed L Division. 
 
 The regulation of food- queues also made con- 
 siderable and long-sustained demands upon the 
 strength, and from November, 1915, observation 
 posts were manned at Croydon and Sutton. As the 
 guarding of vulnerable points continued later than 
 was the rule in some parts of VV, there was often 
 a concurrence of duties, making a very full pro- 
 gramme. Busy men, but undaunted, here as else- 
 where the Special Constables simply " found " time 
 for the appointed work. 
 
 Well in the track of the enemy when he elected 
 to come by way of Kent and make his westing 
 south of the river, W, with all its activities, hardly 
 realised how much it could do until the air-raid 
 duties were added. The Division had vivid and 
 terrible experiences of the murder-machines in five
 
 COMMANDEBS 
 
 COMMANDER E. GOLDSMITH. O.B.E. COMMANDER H. K. McLEAN, O.B.E. 
 
 (Capt.) 
 
 COMMANDER SIR .IAS. RITCHIE, COMMANDER V. BEDDINGTON, 
 
 BART. , M.K.E. M.B.E.
 
 THE OUTER DIVISIONS 97 
 
 of the raids, and 149 bombs fell within its boundaries. 
 The tragedy on Streatham Hill on the night of 
 September 24, 1916, when fifteen people were killed 
 and many injured, will live long in history when the 
 last to bear it in memory has gone to his repose. 
 The men of W proved on all such test occasions 
 worthy of their breeding, and of their place in a 
 public service to which they had freely given their 
 stout hearts and their strong and capable hands. 
 
 In 1915, Special Constable Caris brook, of Car- 
 shalton, and Special Constable H. W. Shields King, 
 of Brixton, were killed by bombs while on their 
 way to their respective stations to report for duty. 
 
 It required nearly 500 men to police the Division's 
 138 air-raid shelters, capable of holding 62,000 
 people " most of whom arrived," as an observant 
 Special Constable once expressed it and in W, as 
 elsewhere, machinery for circulating early notice of 
 danger, and as quickly carrying the pleasant message 
 of " All clear " was devised, developed, and per- 
 fected, in a way creditable to all responsible. 
 
 From an early stage the Commander encouraged 
 ambulance training. At all stations interest was 
 shown in this work, and many inter-station com- 
 petitions were held. Stimulated by generous prizes 
 given by Mr. G. L. H. Parsons, then Chief Inspector 
 at Streatham, a Croydon team, after success in an 
 inter-station contest, had the high distinction, in 
 a competition open to the whole Force, of winning a 
 Cup presented by Sir Edward Ward. W had 237 
 certificated men on its roll at demobilisation, and 
 200 others earlier left the service. It possessed a 
 
 7
 
 98 THE SPECIALS 
 
 large quantity of ambulance material. Its rescue 
 gear and its provision for dealing effectively with 
 buildings rendered dangerous, although not de- 
 molished, by bombs were ample and good. Neither 
 for this nor for ambulance material were the Special 
 Constabulary of W much indebted to any but 
 themselves, although here and there the public 
 helped to equip with essential apparatus those who 
 were out to save life and limb. 
 
 Drill was practised in all parts of W Division, 
 and a high standard of all-round efficiency was 
 reached. The large unit at Streatham entered most 
 enthusiastically into this part of the training, and 
 its parade work left nothing to be desired. No fewer 
 than 1,3(58 drill certificates were gained, and the 
 Division had the honour of sending 2,024 men to 
 His Majesty's fighting forces. 
 
 ***** 
 
 X Division, with an area of eighty and a half 
 square miles, is second only to S in its extent. 
 Its eastern end is as urban as it can be, while it 
 stretches far west over verdant fields and the most 
 charming rusticity. The headquarters of the Special 
 Constabulary were at Harrow Road, and there were 
 fifteen other stations: Kilburn, Ealing, Acton, 
 Hanwell, Southall, Uxbridge, Hayes, Ruislip, 
 Harlesden, Willesden Green, Wembley, Harrow, 
 Pinner, Northwood, and Greenford. Here again 
 we have a wide field for a Commander's activity. 
 
 Mr. H. Parkin began the organisation, but soon 
 gave place to Colonel C. M. Ducat, a skilful officer, 
 by whom the work was completed. He had for
 
 THE OUTER DIVISIONS 99 
 
 Assistant-Commander Mr. P. G. Cambray, a brainy 
 man of high organising ability, and amongst their 
 many plans was the altruistic one of keeping the 
 Division in constant readiness for duty in Inner 
 London. St. James's Park was made the rendezvous 
 and, as early as January, 1915, Colonel Ducat had 
 an order out indicating what was to be done on a 
 general call, so that units from all the widely 
 scattered stations might go direct to the assembly- 
 point. A year later, Colonel Ducat having returned 
 to the Army, Mr. Cambray was in charge, and 
 elaborated the assembly scheme. He formed the 
 Division into 64 squads, grouped in companies, and 
 even arranged for special rail transport facilities 
 in a contingency. 
 
 Mr. Cambray retired from the command in 
 August, 1916, and it has since been held by Mr. 
 Arnold Inman, a well-known barrister with a genius 
 for leadership, who has an active and enthusiastic 
 lieutenant in Mr. W. B. Hankins, Assistant-Com- 
 mander. It was part of the business of a Com- 
 mander to visit his stations, and, if he did not own 
 a motor-car, he could usually get one from the 
 transport branch. Commander Inman, who lives 
 at Hatch End, has the distinction of going over a 
 lot of his ground on a push-bicycle, and of taking 
 his chance on long, dark roads for repairs to which, 
 during the war, neither men nor materials were 
 available. If we mistake not, he had one serious 
 spill; but quite undaunted, he still rode on. 
 
 The highest strength -point of X Division was 
 1,505; when relieved of duties, there were 1,403
 
 100 THE SPECIALS 
 
 men on the active list. Of these that always busy 
 centre, Baling where Colonel G. Hawkes, from a 
 six-by-six dug-out at the Police Station, ran the 
 local unit with the precision of a military machine 
 had always from 250 to 270. Harrow had 208 
 almost its highest strength when the work stopped ; 
 Acton had 158; Willesden Green 121 ; and Harlesden 
 107. All these were centres of special police activity 
 on street duty, long after the Division had ceased 
 to guard its forty vulnerable points, which included 
 railway and canal bridges, electrical stations, pump- 
 ing stations and gas-works. Street duty was relin- 
 quished in January, but up to April, 1919, certain 
 station duties were performed at Harrow Road, 
 Kilburn, Baling, Acton, Harlesden, Willesden Green, 
 and Wembley. 
 
 This Division was ever prompt to .respond when 
 assistance was required for other parts of London. 
 Its observation work was extensive, while in other 
 duty and in ambulance training it holds a high place 
 in the Divisions. On air-raid nights there were 
 usually seven of its ambulance cars in attendance 
 at Harrow Road Police Station, while at Kilburn 
 a compact squad of forty stalwart men stood 
 prepared to board a motor-lorry, loaned to the 
 service, and driven by a Special Constable, all 
 ready for duty anywhere. 
 
 Early in the war the Special Constables at Harrow 
 formed a fire squad, at the request of Captain 
 Leader, head of the Harrow Fire Brigade. The 
 men had regular drills, and occasional public dis- 
 plays were given. Later on, a like Squad was
 
 THE OUTER DIVISIONS 101 
 
 formed and did good service at Ruislip. Numerous 
 fires were attended by the Harrow men, and on 
 November 25, 1918, the squad were hard at work 
 from 4.15 p.m. till after midnight assisting to flood, 
 shift, and re-stack 500 tons of coke, which had 
 ignited at the local gas-works. 
 
 Thus diverse have been the duties of Special 
 Constables; but, after all, while handling coke 
 probably involved the consequences said to flow 
 from touching pitch, it was quite a plain task, and 
 strong, willing hands, accustomed to the virtues of 
 soap and water, did it. Quite different it was when 
 the Ruislip church clock insisted on striking all 
 through the night of January 13-14, 1917. Just 
 how to deal with such disorderly conduct on the part 
 of a hitherto well-conducted clock was a puzzle. It 
 was reported; but for the malignant rumour that 
 the matter was referred to a Royal Commission 
 we find no foundation in available records. 
 
 Under the general control of Inspector Ward, of 
 the Regular Police, what was called a Central Air- 
 Raid Relief Party was organised early in 1915. 
 With Regular and Special Constables drawn from 
 various stations were associated in this party men 
 from local ambulance organisations. The party 
 assembled at Harrow Road station on the occasion 
 of an air-raid, ready to go wherever their expert 
 knowledge and skill were needed. Excellent work 
 was repeatedly done by detachments from this 
 useful combination. 
 
 Particularly well-drilled at Kilburn every officer 
 and man held a drill certificate were the units of
 
 102 THE SPECIALS 
 
 X, and to His Majesty's fighting forces the Division 
 sent 985 of its men. 
 
 **'** 
 
 Alphabetically last on the list, but unsurpassed 
 by any in methods, vigour, and efficiency, was Y Divi- 
 sion. Flanked by S and N, from Euston Road, and 
 including St. Pancras Railway Station, Y extends 
 to the Police District northern border. Within its 
 area, of forty-four and a half square miles, Special 
 Constabulary stations were established at Kentish 
 Town (headquarters), Somers Town, Holloway, 
 Upper Holloway, Caledonian Road, Highgate, 
 Hornsey, Muswell Hill, Wood Green, New South- 
 gate, Enfield, Southgate, East Barnet, and Potters 
 Bar. The very names suggest a wide and varied 
 field of action, and such Y was throughout the war. 
 Its highest strength-point was reached in 1917, 
 when there were 1,891 men serving; at demobilisa- 
 tion the number was 1,595. In Y, as in other 
 Divisions, the terminal figure would have been higher 
 but for the stoppage of recruiting early in 1918. 
 
 The organisation work was put into the hands of 
 Mr. S. H. Berkeley, who had served so long in the 
 Police Force of India that when somebody set out 
 to teach him, he was wont to remark, in a singularly 
 mild way he had: "I've been a policeman all my 
 life." Mr. Kenneth Campbell was his Assistant, 
 and both had their path smoothed by the presence 
 of Mr. Roland Powell, the Master of the Boy Scouts, 
 who later became Chief Inspector at Kentish Town. 
 Mr. Joseph Curtis, another able local man, also 
 helped, and to him is owing the fine organisation
 
 THE OUTER DIVISIONS 103 
 
 of the Divisional office, always strong on the 
 statistical side. 
 
 Mr. Campbell joined the Naval Air Service in 
 October of the opening year, and a successor was 
 found in Mr. Alfred Gollin, whose genius for organi- 
 sation is a constant marvel even to other members 
 of the organising family to which he belongs. He 
 was destined to play a leading part in the affairs 
 of the Force, for Mr. Berkeley's health was unequal 
 to the heavy strain, and November saw Mr. Gollin 
 in charge. He quickly got a grip of the situation 
 and its needs, and it was unfortunate that, a month 
 later, he had to relinquish the work, as business 
 necessitated his visiting Australia, where he had 
 long lived and figured prominently alike in com- 
 merce and in Port Philip yachting. Dr. A. S. Scott, 
 Assistant-Commander, was a busy man in his pro- 
 fessional practice, and gladly yielded the command 
 to the next in seniority, Mr. James Forbes, of 
 Potters Bar. An excellent and most genial Com- 
 mander he proved; but he had realised the quality 
 of his predecessor, and made no secret of the fact 
 that he simply held the post until Mr. Gollin re- 
 turned. When he did, about six months later, to 
 the great satisfaction of his amiable locum tenens, 
 he was re-appointed Commander (June 5, 1915), 
 with Mr. Forbes as Assistant-Commander, and Dr. 
 Scott and Mr. Curtis additional Assistant-Com- 
 manders. There was much changing, it will be 
 seen, but always in the happiest and most har- 
 monious of official families, as the Divisional Office 
 of Y may truly be called.
 
 104 THE SPECIALS 
 
 Commander Gollin, who maintained his post to 
 the end, is not merely a man of exceptional business 
 ability. He is wealthy, and his generosity is always 
 as happily exemplified as it is lavish. He is the 
 prince of hosts, a frequent and extensive entertainer, 
 and always finding a reason for giving a prize or 
 a donation ; yet it would be difficult to find a better 
 disciplinarian. In this review he is mentioned last, 
 yet ranks with the best in a corps of Division Com- 
 manders of whom the Force and the public may 
 well be proud. They have all, we may say here, 
 received recognition of their sterling worth, and 
 hold various ranks in the newest but to big- 
 hearted Britons the most attractive of all Orders, 
 the Order of the British Empire. 
 
 Y proved a monopolist in the business of captur- 
 ing Zeppelins. Witness the ever-memorable epi- 
 sodes at Cuffley and Potters Bar. For the rest, 
 its history in most particulars runs on lines parallel 
 to that of other large outer Divisions well within 
 the raid areas. Encouraged much by the munifi- 
 cence of the Commander, it specialised in military 
 drill and in ambulance training, and under the 
 leadership of Dr. Scott, it had the distinction of 
 including in its strength no fewer than 373 holders 
 of first-aid certificates the largest number at 
 demobilisation in any Division. 
 
 At the outset it needed all its men for the forty 
 vulnerable points allotted to its guardianship. 
 These included railway arches, bridges, tunnels, 
 canal locks, reservoirs, pumping stations, electricity 
 stations, and gas-works, Two men lost their lives
 
 JTHE OUTER DIVISIONS 106 
 
 on this duty. Special Constable Quinnell, on a dark 
 night in December, 1914, slipped into the New 
 River and was drowned. A similar fate befell 
 Special Constable Ellis, in September, 1916, while 
 on duty at the Cambridge Street Canal Lock. The 
 Coroner's inquiries demonstrated that these citizens 
 were not victims either of mismanagement or 
 negligence; they had accepted the risks incidental 
 to the perilous work they had undertaken to do, 
 and fell just as soldiers fall in action. The modest 
 official grants made to their widows were supple- 
 mented by contributions from their comrades, and 
 in the case of Mr. Quinnell, by the kindness of an 
 employing firm. 
 
 From the outset, too, Y was called upon to man 
 observation posts, designed to check the possi- 
 bilities of enemy signalling. In commending the 
 service, on its discontinuance, in March, 1915, 
 Commander Holsham, R.N., said: "The work had 
 to be done in all weathers, at night, and entailed 
 considerable exposure, and for its performance 
 demanded great alertness and attention to duty. 
 . . . The results justify the belief that there is no 
 systematic signalling of a kind that would be of 
 use to the enemy in the Metropolitan Police Dis- 
 trict." The test was decidedly useful, as the public 
 had been anxious, not to say querulous. For 
 strange things happened. Take, for example, one 
 episode. Some bulky packages were " left to be 
 called for " at the St. Pancras Station cloak-room. 
 When nobody claimed them and an investigation 
 was made, these packages were found to contain a
 
 106 THE SPECIALS 
 
 complete military field- telegraph apparatus, of 
 German origin. That our chief enemy hoped, 
 perhaps expected, to reach London otherwise than 
 by air need not be doubted. 
 
 When, towards the end of 1915, observation of a 
 different character was rendered necessary by the 
 air assassins, a post was established at Enfield, and 
 a continuous service maintained On the cessation 
 of the vulnerable points work, the men of Y under- 
 took beat, point, and patrol duty in accordance 
 with local needs; they figured conspicuously in the 
 service incidental to the anti-German riots, and 
 their air-raid tasks were hard, extensive, and 
 exacting. Food-queues demanded much time from 
 those who could give daylight hours, for the Division 
 includes a number of suburbs in which there is a 
 dense working-class population. 
 
 Y was not always occupied in capturing Zeppelins. 
 It got a big share of the enemy's bombs, and there 
 was considerable loss of life and property within its 
 area. All the service that knowledge, courage, and 
 technical skill could give was from time to time 
 demanded and was freely rendered, here as else- 
 where, by gallant, well-trained, and efficient men. 
 It is estimated that the air-raid shelters in Y 
 would hold 160,000 people. They included twelve 
 tube stations, that important junction, King's Cross, 
 amongst them. To police these shelters successfully 
 would have been impossible, but for the splendid 
 dispositions in which units were combined for the 
 duty and the willingness of the men to travel long 
 distances to do it.
 
 THE OUTER DIVISIONS 107 
 
 We have said that Y specialised in drill, therefore 
 it is not surprising that from its well-trained ranks 
 617 men enlisted prior to the operation of the 
 Derby Scheme. In all, the Division contributed 
 1,296 men to His Majesty's fighting forces. 
 ***** 
 
 Amongst duties common to all exterior Divisions, 
 and which some of the interior Divisions also per- 
 formed, but which we have not in all cases men- 
 tioned in the foregoing, may be included regulating 
 food, tramway, and omnibus queues; helping to 
 control traffic ; seeing that house, shop, and vehicle 
 lighting conformed to Dora's behests; escorting 
 enemy aliens to places of retirement, and seeing 
 that those of them who were not interned got home 
 betimes; acting as interpreters for the Regular 
 Police; and pursuing confidential inquiries of all 
 sorts. Whether some Sherlock Holmes may yet 
 emerge from all this we do not say. Sufficient to 
 know that the experienced Police Superintendents 
 have been appreciative of and grateful for the brains 
 and effort gratuitously placed at their service by 
 many able men. 
 
 This seems a convenient place to remark that 
 no duty was more trying and tiresome than that 
 done on the vulnerable points. Almost invariably 
 . the men worked in pairs. What did they do in 
 those weary hours of solitude d deux ? Let nobody 
 suppose that they sat upon the ground and told 
 " sad stories of the death of kings." No, they 
 kept moving, pacing and re-pacing the allotted 
 front, maintaining a sharp lookout, and swopping
 
 108 THE SPECIALS 
 
 let us be gentle experiences. The while we may 
 imagine their chiding " the cripple, tardy -gaited 
 night, who like a foul and ugly witch doth limp so 
 tediously away." Let us add that many a mutual 
 confidence and lifelong friendship has been estab- 
 lished on these vigils. 
 
 All the exercise they ever thought was needed did 
 the same men afterwards get on patrol duty. It 
 was then that they felt the paucity of the food 
 ration to which this community was reduced by 
 hostile submarine activity, which we steadfastly 
 refused to ever call by a stronger word than 
 " menace." 
 
 When a Kent postman retired the other day, it 
 was publicly stated that he had in forty-four years' 
 service walked 281,211 miles. Of this calculation 
 the strict accuracy of which that final eleven con- 
 vinces the most sceptical we are glad, because it 
 seems to support a claim made by a Special Con- 
 stable, in a Division nothing would induce us to 
 name, that he had walked 10,000 (duty) miles 
 during his four and a half years of service in the 
 Force. We must, however, go on merely doubting, 
 without seeking to confute, the claim of another 
 who says that his mileage would go round Mars, we 
 think it was but perhaps it was Saturn, or even 
 Jupiter. This narrative, we fear, fails in statistical 
 value to the mind avid for precise figures on the 
 mileage covered by, say, 24,000 citizens on police 
 work in four and a half years ; on the foot-pounds 
 of energy employed; on the set-off value gained in 
 red corpuscles; or on the recuperation of those who
 
 THE OUTER DIVISIONS 109 
 
 prior to the war were only reminded that they had 
 legs when they consulted a specialist on indigestion. 
 Although we are unable to express it in terms of 
 arithmetic, we may safely claim that the march- 
 ing value of the Special Constabulary was both 
 developed and demonstrated, as some of its men 
 found to their profit when they passed into the 
 ranks of His Majesty's Army. 
 
 Everywhere, let us add, Special Constables 
 accepted the humdrum with the heroic in great 
 good-humour ; and with an ever-growing wonder as 
 they realised the versatility of the perfect police- 
 man ready alike to take a stray child tenderly 
 by the hand and guide it home, or to face single- 
 handed some furious ruffian armed with a revolver. 
 One man in a metropolitan village used sometimes 
 to pretend to put the matter remonstratively. " If 
 it is a question of giving service while bombs or 
 shrapnel are in the air, count me always willing, even 
 eager, if I may be allowed to say so," he would 
 plaintively remark. " But mere night-spying lest 
 some too-ardent bird-lover should walk off with his 
 neighbour's fauna is neither amusing nor satisfying."
 
 CHAPTER IX 
 
 HEADQUARTERS CENTRAL DETACHMENT 
 AND A.A. SECTION 
 
 " It ia not enough to will; we must also do." GOETHE. 
 
 THE most important and powerful of the units 
 established at Scotland House was the Headquarters 
 Central Detachment. Sir Edward Ward realised, 
 soon after he had his police machinery going, that 
 it would be highly expedient to relieve the Divisions 
 of such regular levies on their strength for outside 
 work as rapidly accumulating duties seemed likely 
 to require. He decided, therefore, to form at 
 headquarters a detachment for general rather than 
 local service, and, as early as the end of August, 
 1914, he asked for volunteers from the Divisions. 
 
 The response was prompt but not very large, 
 and the new company had hardly started work, 
 under Colonel J. G. Adamson, its first Commander, 
 before there was a call upon the Special Constables 
 who formed it to take up duty at anti-aircraft gun 
 stations. This a great many of them were as 
 willing to answer as they were when the call to the 
 Divisions came from Scotland House. 
 
 In these circumstances, and as the Divisions were 
 110
 
 HEADQUARTERS DETACHMENT 111 
 
 not offering more men, Sir Edward Ward turned 
 for help to the London clubs. No thought could 
 have been happier nor have produced better results. 
 All the leading clubs sent men -some a considerable 
 number and within a few months the Head- 
 quarters Central Detachment was alike one of the 
 most compact, adaptable, and socially distinguished 
 bodies of war- workers that this or any other country 
 has ever seen. Earls, Viscounts, Barons and 
 Baronets, Knights of every Excellent Order, men 
 high in all the great professions, bankers and 
 merchants, men from the Stock Exchange and from 
 every other department of speculative finance, 
 sportsmen, artists and journalists, came from the 
 " rapture of repose " in clubland into the stirring 
 activities, the discipline, and the perils of a Special 
 Police Force charged with big duties and grave 
 responsibilities. All were eager to help Head- 
 quarters and the spirited citizens serving in the 
 Divisions. Quite a number of the entrants brought 
 motor-cars into the service. When the owner was 
 not himself the customary driver, he brought his 
 chauffeur as well, both being sworn-in and starting 
 in the same rank. Further, all ranks bought their 
 own uniforms and did everything suggested as 
 necessary to make successful the work of the Head- 
 quarters Central Detachment. 
 
 Prior to this, the Detachment had consisted of 
 less than 200 men; on New Year's Day, 1915, the 
 figure stood at 704. As the original intention was 
 to enrol not more than 600, recruiting was stopped 
 at different periods; but, notwithstanding retire-
 
 112 THE SPECIALS 
 
 merits, the strength stood always at over 650 until 
 the beginning of 1919. What may be called the 
 finishing total was 572. 
 
 Lord Claud Hamilton, M.P., succeeded Colonel 
 Adamson as Commander, in November of the open- 
 ing year ; in the following January, when the organi- 
 sation scheme was further developed, he became 
 Commandant of the Detachment a post he held, 
 with perfect satisfaction to everybody concerned, 
 up to the end. As Commanders under him there 
 were, in succession, three men who went to other 
 public employments in a time calling for brains 
 and energy. These were Mr. W. Dalton, Mr. W. P. 
 Jay, and Lieutenant-Colonel D. A. Morris. So dis- 
 tinguished a military officer as General Sir C. 
 Mansfield Clarke, Bart., took the post in October, 
 1915. He gave the Detachment the full benefit of 
 his soldierly ability and great experience up to 
 January, 1917. Mr. A. C. Miles was Commander 
 until the following June, retired owing to ill-health, 
 and was succeeded by Mr. W. St. John Fox, in 
 whose particularly strong and capable hands the 
 Detachment worked to the end. His Assistant- 
 Commanders at the finish were Mr. Cecil Brown 
 and Mr. Morgan Williams. 
 
 The original intention was that the Headquarters 
 Central Detachment should be a mobile body, to be 
 used chiefly for the purpose of reinforcing the 
 Divisions in times of particular strain, but also to 
 do such emergency duties as might " from day to 
 day be found necessary." As we have said, new 
 obligations were continually being presented to Sir
 
 HEADQUARTERS DETACHMENT 113 
 
 Edward Ward, and he never said " No " to a useful 
 proposition. 
 
 In order readily to meet calls for contingents to 
 go where men chanced to be needed, and there to 
 act as compact units, the organisation plan differed 
 somewhat from that of the Divisions. In addition 
 to the Commandant and Commander, there were 
 two Assistant-Commanders and two Chief In- 
 spectors on the administrative roll; and the general 
 strength was divided into sixteen Sections, each 
 under an Inspector, with two Sub-Inspectors and 
 two Sergeants. The average strength of a Section 
 was about 40, and besides the emergency work, 
 each Section soon found itself charged with certain 
 specific recurring duties. The first of these was 
 provided when a night guard was ordered for 
 Buckingham Palace. This was as early as Novem- 
 ber, 1914, and the service was maintained until 
 January, 1919. The guard mounted at 9 p.m. and 
 the duty lasted till 5 a.m. The Sections performed 
 this work in rotation, two of them each night, thus 
 dividing the obligation of furnishing the forty men 
 required for it. Beat and point duties were done 
 within the grounds, on two tours of three and 
 five hours respectively. A comfortable guard-room 
 was established at the Palace, and the atmosphere 
 was such that men off sentry duty are known to 
 have written poems in it. 
 
 We have heard much of the malign doings of the 
 Hidden Hand; although why anything painfully 
 obvious should be described as " hidden " is one 
 of the mysteries of the war. Permit us, with due 
 
 8
 
 114 THE SPECIALS 
 
 gravity and proper severity of tone, to inquire: 
 What about the Hidden Tongue ? An instrument 
 easily more mischievous than a hand. It is respon- 
 sible, we think, for the story that one Sultry night 
 the Headquarters Central Detachment arrested the 
 King in his own garden and brought him, flaming 
 cigar and all, to the guard-room. The story is 
 baseless, but the intention obvious. Thus by 
 " knavish tricks " would evil persons try to sow 
 the seeds of dissension between His gracious Majesty 
 and the most loyal of his subjects, the Metropolitan 
 Special Constabulary. 
 
 When the air-raids started, the Headquarters 
 Central Detachments Sections had to take turns 
 for what was chiefly waiting-duty at Scotland 
 House. Twenty-six men, all ranks, were usually 
 employed. They came on at dark, and, if there 
 was no raid, were dismissed when the Staff Officer, 
 either on the information of higher authority, or, 
 in default of information, because his own instincts, 
 agreeably fortified by an analysis of the weather- 
 report, told him that there was not likely to be 
 anything doing that night. He was rarely wrong. 
 
 On one memorable occasion, however, the warning 
 bell unexpectedly tinkled just before midnight, 
 while the dismissed Section, homeward bound, was 
 still hurriedly crowding itself into the lift and on 
 to the stairs. The flank movement by which the 
 Section was caught in the main doorway and 
 headed back to its guard-room is always considered 
 by that Staff Officer to be one of his triumphs. On 
 another night the tinkle came just too late, for the
 
 HEADQUARTERS DETACHMENT 115 
 
 officer in pursuit of the retiring Section arrived on 
 the Westminster Station only in time to see the 
 stern lights of the fleeting last train. These are 
 amongst the vicissitudes of police work in which, 
 to use the Miltonic phrase, " they also serve who 
 only stand and wait," although sometimes they 
 may not wait long enough. 
 
 But, in addition to the men at Scotland House, 
 one half, in turn, of the remaining strength of the 
 Headquarters Central Detachment were, during the 
 whole raid period, on what was called " duty at 
 home " that is to say, every man concerned was 
 in uniform from dark till midnight and at the end 
 of a telephone. This arrangement, made by Com- 
 mander Fox, insured the speedy muster when 
 required of a large body of emergency men. 
 
 It was a fine, splendidly-sustained, and valuable 
 service that given by the Headquarters Central 
 Detachment, night in and night out, through the 
 years of raiding, and a great and important part 
 in it was that played by Commander St. John Fox. 
 This most able and sleepless officer seemed to live 
 in the place, and was never by any chance out of 
 it when the conditions seemed favourable for enemy 
 enterprise. 
 
 On a warning message, the Section on duty 
 furnished men for several of the shelters, and, if the 
 order to mobilise was given, the whole strength, 
 or as much of it as could then find means of reaching 
 the rendezvous, gathered at Scotland House, ready 
 for duty in any part of the Metropolitan District, 
 whether in air-raids, explosions, conflagrations or
 
 116 THE SPECIALS 
 
 other disturbances. In practically all of these the 
 Headquarters Central Detachment had a part. 
 Each Division did its local work and very frequently 
 helped another on a raid night; the Headquarters 
 Central Detachment went all round. Helping in 
 the seating of wounded soldiers and nurses at public 
 entertainments also became one of the regular 
 duties of the Detachment ; while its emergency 
 work included assisting Divisions in regulating 
 food-queues and several participations in the duty 
 incidental to the anti-German riots. Further, we 
 must not omit to say that for some time, when 
 people were complaining about the " goings on " 
 in Hyde Park, the Headquarters Central Detachment 
 found patrols for a class of work which in France 
 is done by the Police de Moeurs. Such duty requires 
 much tact and discretion, and nobody likes it. 
 
 On all ceremonial occasions the Detachment was 
 very much to the fore, and one wonders whether a 
 Royal Investiture in the open is now quite complete 
 without one of its Sections on duty in the Palace 
 quadrangle. Ambulance training was undergone 
 as part of the business of this Detachment, and 126 
 of its members held first-aid certificates. 
 
 The Detachment found time to become particu- 
 larly well drilled, as it demonstrated at the big 
 parades of the Force, and it had the honour of 
 sending 194 men to His Majesty's fighting services. 
 * * * * * 
 
 In the early part of 1915 we were still experi- 
 menting with our defence against the enemy within 
 our gates still, as we have heard an acrid critic
 
 A. A. SECTION 117 
 
 put it, " green and tender." Instead of at once 
 resorting to the more effective measures later used, 
 we set up what were called " barricades " on the 
 roads leading to London, the object being to scruti- 
 nise all passing vehicles and their occupants. It 
 is said that the men on this duty might, if they 
 were not the discreet beings they are, tell strange 
 tales of the passers-by, but we do not believe it. 
 The lady in the car was always, we are certain, the 
 wife, the daughter, or at least the aunt, of the dis- 
 tinguished military or other person she accompanied. 
 
 There were sixty of these " barricades " that is 
 to say, points held by Special Constables detailed 
 from the Headquarters Central Detachment, with 
 whom were presently to co-operate one of the most 
 useful units of the Force, officially as well as popu- 
 larly known as the A. A. Section, the A's being 
 indicative of the Automobile Association. 
 
 The immediate purpose in raising this Section 
 which was at first a part of the Headquarters Central 
 Detachment was to provide transport for men 
 detailed for " barricade " duty, but Sir Edward 
 Ward " builded better than he knew," as the 
 A.A. Section developed a power for general useful- 
 ness which probably reached its highest point when 
 the " barricades " became debris of a dead past. 
 
 The formation of the unit was decided upon at 
 a meeting, on January 6, 1915, at Scotland House, 
 where the authorities of the London Military Com- 
 mand met those of the Special Constabulary and 
 officials of the Automobile Association. It was 
 resolved that the Section should consist of 250
 
 118 THE SPECIALS 
 
 motor-cars and motor-cycles. The Association 
 undertook to raise the Section from amongst its 
 members ; and for a considerable time it provided 
 all the organisation and managerial funds, and 
 placed some of the leading members of its staff 
 at the service of the Section. The effort was 
 meritoriously sustained, and the strength in 1917 
 was 248 only two short of the establishment. When 
 regular duties ceased, the strength stood at 206. 
 
 The Section was made a unit separate from the 
 Headquarters Central Detachment in September, 
 1915. Commander C. Temperley, who was one of 
 the founders of the Section, held at the start joint 
 charge with Lieutenant-Colonel James Jarrott, but 
 the Colonel was soon transferred to War Office 
 service and Commander Temperley ruled alone till 
 the end. Possessed of ample means, and being one 
 of the most generous and public-spirited of war- 
 workers, his methods at all times reflected his 
 character; his success, then, offers no cause for 
 surprise. He was splendidly supported by Assis- 
 tant-Commander Perkins, who, after the termination 
 of regular duties, was transferred to the Scotland 
 House Staff, his place being taken by Assistant- 
 Commander Wigan, with whom was associated 
 Assistant-Commander G. Monro. 
 
 Officers and men of this Section were for the 
 most part owners as well as drivers of their cars 
 or motor-cycles ; in a few cases they were the drivers 
 of cars loaned for the public service, and they have 
 all done, at great cost to themselves, an immense 
 amount of public service.
 
 A. A. SECTION 119 
 
 It was the duty of the Section not merely to 
 transport Headquarters Central Detachment Special 
 Constables to the " barricade " points, but there 
 to assist in the technical inspection of all vehicles 
 passing. The Section also provided transport for 
 inspecting officers and motor-cycle despatch-riders 
 for each post. About 150 vehicles, running a total 
 of about 4,500 miles, were nightly employed in this 
 work. The drivers, whose strength was never 
 beyond 248, could not have had many nights off. 
 
 The " barricade " duty was hardly over when 
 air-raids became a feature of London life, and the 
 A. A. Section found a new and very exacting sphere 
 of operations. In May, 1915, members were 
 directed to keep well in touch with their homes 
 after 6 p.m., and this order held good to the end. 
 For, like other Special Constables, when they were 
 wanted the want was immediate. From all parts 
 of London they came, therefore the calling-up 
 machinery was the subject of anxious study and of 
 such revision as changing circumstances necessitated. 
 
 The Automobile Association provided quarters 
 for the Section at Fanum House, and there was 
 established an associated organisation of motor- 
 cyclists to summon members not reachable by 
 telephone. A squad of these cyclists stood by 
 every night. When a call came, each man would 
 have a round involving from sixteen to twenty 
 miles' riding, over the darkened streets and roads 
 and sometimes under fire. In connection with 
 daylight raids the telephone service proved suffi- 
 cient for the assembly as, of course, many men
 
 120 THE SPECIALS 
 
 whose residences were not connected with the 
 service lived their daily business lives always within 
 telephone-call. 
 
 The activities of the Section outgrew the accom- 
 modation at Fanum House, and again public spirit 
 met the situation, one of the members placing 
 quarters in Long Acre at the service of the 
 Commander. From August, 1917, to the end 
 these were the rendezvous and the administrative 
 centre. 
 
 There was a difficulty about petrol, as supplies 
 became short, and once more public spirit asserted 
 itself. One of the members constructed and pro- 
 vided a suitable store, the Section obtained its own 
 licence, and carried on. Every man bought his 
 uniform, ran and maintained his machine, and bore 
 his own incidental expenses. There were no grants 
 of any kind. 
 
 When public warnings were instituted, the A.A. 
 Section entered upon another new and valuable 
 phase of its work. The telephone service had 
 improved, therefore the motor-cycle callers were 
 dispensed with; a strong squad stood by nightly at 
 Long Acre from dusk until 1 a.m., and the Section 
 was ready for circulating the warning in Central 
 London. 
 
 " Readiness " 'phoned from Scotland House im- 
 mediately brought the waiting squad into the open 
 space at New Scotland Yard, each vehicle equipped 
 with the. device "Take Cover," not yet, however, 
 disclosed. The officer in charge reported to the 
 Staff Officer, who, on receipt of the Commissioner's
 
 A. A. SECTION 121 
 
 order, gave the necessary word. Within half a 
 minute the cars were out, each on its round, the 
 " Take Cover " warning now showing luminously 
 in the darkness. The. public learned that the time 
 had come for finding such shelter as they could 
 from bombs and shrapnel, personal experience of 
 both of which the drivers often had before, after 
 finishing the assigned rounds, they were back at 
 Scotland House, there to find reinforcements of 
 their comrades arriving and all ready for any trans- 
 port duty that waited or might arise. 
 
 Cars for conveying Admiralty inspectors to listen- 
 ing and observation stations, cars for military 
 officers on duty, cars for Regular Police Superin- 
 tendents, cars for officers sent out by Sir Edward 
 Ward, all these and many more were supplied by 
 the A.A. Section on those momentous occasions 
 when death was in the air. Never did a man fail 
 in nerve or speed or anything that was required 
 of him or his car, be the heat and peril of the raid 
 what they might. 
 
 May we here remark, in passing, that we are 
 not writing of soldiers, but of the work of peaceful 
 civilians at home, in war-time, on test occasions. 
 And it is something for London to be proud of. 
 
 The worst troubles came to an end. Sometimes 
 soon after the warning, at others very long after, 
 the order was " All clear." Into the waiting cars 
 sprang the gallant little buglers of whom we shall 
 have something to say later and, the warning 
 device having given place to an equally illuminated 
 message of comfort, off the cars sped, to the accom-
 
 122 THE SPECIALS 
 
 paniment of the "All Clear'' music, on their now 
 glad way. 
 
 The cars and motor-cycles made available to the 
 public by the A. A. Section represented a capital value 
 of 45,000, exclusive of insurance and depreciation, 
 both borne by the owners. A handsome present; 
 but the most valuable features of the Section's 
 service surely were the public spirit, the resolute 
 courage, the real grit of the men who in the way 
 we have tried to describe did honour to themselves 
 and their City.
 
 CHAPTER X 
 
 AUXILIARY FORCES 
 
 " My certificate of birth is old-rot !" FAUK. 
 
 IT was suggested to the late Major Wilkinson, early 
 in August, 1914, that the London General Omnibus 
 Company should enrol some of its officers, garage 
 staffs, and others of its personnel, as Special Con- 
 stables, to protect the property of a company engaged 
 in a great public service, and also to provide a couple 
 of hundred men for general use in an emergency. The 
 idea was approved, and the organisation was put 
 into the hands of the Company's engineer, Mr. C. J. 
 Shave, with Mr. G. Harding as drill instructor. It 
 was at first more or less independent work at each 
 local garage, the superintendent of which became 
 a Sergeant; but in December, 1915, there was a 
 consolidation. What was tantamount to a Division 
 was formed, with Mr. W. F. Rainforth as Com- 
 mander. 
 
 A few months later the command passed to 
 Mr. Shave. How worthily he had held the post 
 was proclaimed when, on the demobilisation, he was 
 presented by his admiring officers and men with 
 a painted portrait of himself. In Assistant-Com- 
 mander Thomas, Commander Shave had a singu- 
 larly able right-hand man, and, in October of 
 1917, Mr. W. E. Mandelick, Chairman of Directors, 
 
 123
 
 124 THE SPECIALS 
 
 became his helpful police colleague as Honorary 
 Commander. 
 
 In August, 1 91 7, this fine Division had an effective 
 strength of 450, and all through the war it figured 
 as a valuable factor in the Special Constabulary 
 organisation. The senior officers provided their 
 own uniforms ; but a like outfit for the whole of the 
 others was found by the Company. Full advantage 
 was taken of the favouring circumstance that men 
 associated in the same employ formed the whole 
 strength, and ample time was ungrudgingly given 
 sometimes by the Company, sometimes by the 
 men themselves for all kinds of training. 
 
 The garage was the unit, groups of garages made 
 up a company, and there were four companies in 
 the Division. The garage exercise was supplemented 
 by a good deal of company drill. When a manual 
 of concerted movement was issued, the L.G.O.C. 
 Division was one of the first in the Force to acquire 
 knowledge and proficiency in the work by suitable 
 field training. Those who saw the Division on its 
 march past the King, on June 14, 1919, will easily 
 yield its claim to be one of the best drilled on parade 
 that day. From its ranks forty-nine men passed 
 to the Army. 
 
 In addition, activity in ambulance work was in 
 this Division constant and fruitful. Two motor- 
 ambulances, on the most modern lines and perfectly 
 equipped, were provided by the Company, and 
 seventy-five of the officers and men serving held 
 first-aid certificates. 
 
 While the L.G.O.C. Division was not available
 
 AUXILIARY FORCES 125 
 
 for everyday duty, and was primarily a force for 
 emergency use, it gave a most useful every-night 
 service. A detachment, under an officer, mounted 
 at dusk at the Company's premises, Grosvenor 
 Road, and was on duty until dismissed by a Staff 
 Officer at Scotland House. On an air-raid warning 
 being received, squads from the waiting detachment 
 at once manned shelters and sent men to reinforce 
 A Division, at Cannon Row. On " Mobilise," 
 practically the whole Division turned out, each 
 unit at its garage. The local police knew that at 
 each of these centres of seven tactical groups there 
 were drilled and willing men standing by, and that 
 all the garage appliances such as motor-lorries, 
 tools, ropes, etc. were available for local public 
 use, provided that men or material had not already 
 been requisitioned by Scotland House. For Sir 
 Edward Ward, on his part, knew that he coulcj 
 summon a couple of hundred well-trained officers 
 and men whose mobility was assured by their own 
 unrivalled transport. Their motor-cars and buses 
 were always at hand, and would go by the shortest 
 route and in the quickest time to wherever the 
 need of service had arisen. 
 
 One of the Company motor ambulances was 
 ordered to Bow Street during the big raid of 
 January 28, 1918, when there were many casualties; 
 and seventeen of the injured were conveyed by the 
 L.G.O.C. party to the Charing Cross Hospital. The 
 next night, when a bomb smashed a gas-main near 
 Kew Bridge and the escaping gas was aflare, the 
 Turnham Green Garage bagged up and loaded five
 
 126 THE SPECIALS 
 
 tons of sand, took it by motor-lorry to the scene, 
 and thus materially helped to stay what threatened 
 to be a serious conflagration. It may well be said, 
 then, that the L.G.O.C. men were ubiquitous, and 
 we may add that they were everywhere effective. 
 It is as well here to remind readers that we are 
 referring only to men whose service has cost no 
 public fund a single shilling not deemed suitable 
 for the field. No fewer than 9, 968 of the Company's 
 employees were found fit, and 810 of these made the 
 supreme sacrifice while serving in the Army or 
 Navy. From a fund to which the Company's 
 Special Constables and other industrial comrades 
 regularly subscribed, and to which the Company 
 gives a pound-for-pound subsidy, 1,000 a week 
 has for many years been distributed amongst the 
 poorer dependants of those who went to the front. 
 ***** 
 
 Close upon two thousand of the staff were enrolled 
 in the General Post Office Detachment of Special 
 Constables, which was under the charge of Com- 
 mander C. W. Masters Paterson, with Mr. E. A. 
 Martin as Assistant-Commander. Both are capable 
 men and were enthusiasts in the work. They had 
 during the war an administrative office in Victoria 
 Street, and day and night there was in attendance 
 an Inspector who, in a night emergency, took up 
 the general direction of the Detachment until the 
 arrival of a senior officer. 
 
 The largest unit was that formed at the adminis- 
 trative office (at Kensington) of the Post Office 
 Savings Bank. The strength ranged from 150 to
 
 AUXILIARY FORCES 127 
 
 200; the men were well organised and well drilled, 
 and, although primarily their police duty was de- 
 partmental, they were ready for outside work at 
 a pinch. In the engineering and stores branches, 
 at the District Post Offices and at some of the 
 Telephone Exchanges, units -forty-eight in all 
 were formed. The Exchanges were very vulnerable 
 points, and, of course, of incalculable value in all 
 schemes for the defence of London. In anticipation 
 of and during raids, the work they did was of the 
 first importance. On the rare occasions when an 
 Exchange had, during the heat of a raid, temporarily 
 to suspend activities, it made all the difference in 
 the world to the men charged with defence and 
 associated responsibility. 
 
 To insure police protection for the Exchanges 
 when it was most needed was the privilege of the 
 local body of Special Constables, and their work 
 was marked by zeal, skill, and courage. Mean- 
 while, the other units did their parts at the more 
 or less extensive establishments of the branches of 
 the service to which they respectively belonged. 
 Some of the District Post Office Detachments were 
 very well drilled. 
 
 The principal officers and a few of the men 
 provided themselves with uniforms; but the great 
 bulk were distinguished only by police armlets, 
 supplemented in the case of officers by additional 
 vari-coloured armlets indicative of rank, such as all 
 officers of the Force wore before general service men 
 were put into uniform. The Commander and his 
 Assistant frequently inspected the units at their
 
 128 THE SPECIALS 
 
 own respective centres, and on three occasions the 
 General Post Office Detachment turned out for a 
 general inspection parade. The Detachment won 
 the praise of successive Postmasters-General, that 
 of the permanent chiefs of the service, and that of 
 all who saw them. At the valedictory parade of 
 the Special Constabulary, the Detachment marched 
 past the King and, in default of uniform clothing, 
 all appeared in straw hats. 
 
 ***** 
 Another public department which enrolled a con- 
 siderable number of its staff as Special Constables 
 was His Majesty's Office of Works. Sir Arthur 
 Durrant was Commander, with Mr. J. W. Curry as 
 Assistant-Commander. The police work was wholly 
 departmental, and the 623 men who figured on the 
 roll made few appearances in public. 
 
 ***** 
 At the demobilisation, 2,323 names still remained 
 on the roll of what were called Firms' Own Men, 
 who at the outset numbered about 8,000. These 
 men formed units at the manufactory, gas-works, 
 warehouse, or other place of business where they 
 worked. Their enrolment was sanctioned so as 
 to make self-contained the policing of large establish- 
 ments of public utility. Quite willingly workmen 
 gave part of their own time every week to guard 
 their employers' premises. The knowledge that 
 they were doing so, and had full authority to act 
 as constables in an emergency, was an appreciable 
 relief to the Commissioner of Police at a period 
 when, with a reduced Regular Force, it was difficult
 
 AUXILIARY FORCES 129 
 
 to give the peace-time police protection upon which 
 industries, great and small, usually rely. 
 
 The Firms' Own Men units were organised in 
 accordance with the general plan, had their own 
 officers, and were partly equipped. Some of them 
 were regularly drilled, and all gave useful service. 
 There were occasional inspections, but Sir Edward 
 Ward's policy was one which combined a broad, 
 general oversight of men carrying police warrant 
 cards with the least amount of interference in 
 a firm's day-by-day arrangements with its own 
 employees.
 
 CHAPTER XI 
 
 A TRAINING-GROUND FOR THE ARMY 
 
 " New occasions teach new duties." LOWELJL. 
 
 FEW British people escaped drilling of some sort 
 during the war. Those who did not go into the 
 Army or Navy were Volunteers or National Guards, 
 or something else actually or potentially useful, 
 often irrespective of accumulated years or con- 
 sequent physical decadence. It would have been 
 an anomaly had the Special Constables physically 
 fit men although over the age or under the standard 
 for the Army remained undrilled, Yet here and 
 there a remonstrant was saying that the police 
 were not soldiers. 
 
 The importance of insuring that the metropolitan 
 units should be able to move about as organised 
 bodies under word of command was seen at the 
 outset. That this was indeed prescient was demon- 
 strated times without number as the duty developed. 
 It is true that ordinary police duty is individual, 
 as distinct from the collective operations of soldiers, 
 but in practice it was found that Special Constables 
 might be called upon as Regulars occasionally are 
 for both kinds of effort. It proved, therefore, a 
 
 130
 
 A TRAINING-GROUND FOR THE ARMY 131 
 
 great after-advantage that, immediately the units 
 were formed, they set about learning some drill. 
 The permanent impress which the Volunteer move- 
 ments of this country have made on the community 
 became at once evident. In almost every unit 
 were found men who, at some time in their lives, 
 had undergone training, as engineers, artillery, yeo- 
 manry, or foot-sloggers. Where such were available 
 as a cadre, the start was all the more advantageous. 
 
 Here and there instructors were not readily found ; 
 for naturally the men who counted for most were 
 busy getting their fellows ready to fight Germany. 
 In the end, however, Commanders some because 
 they had put their hands in their pockets to insure 
 it had the satisfaction of seeing all their men 
 under regular and systematic drill instruction. 
 
 Officers and Sergeants of the Regular Police 
 volunteered to take the drill parades, and a few 
 acted as instructors all through a most valuable 
 and appreciated service, by zealous and capable men, 
 which will never be forgotten. Retired Army or 
 Volunteer officers or non-commissioned officers, 
 some from within the Force, others offering for the 
 duty from without it, undertook to work at the 
 other stations; and if certain of these were a bit 
 old-fashioned, what did it matter ? Before long 
 they all put themselves abreast of the 1914 "In- 
 fantry Training," with the result that the drill every- 
 where was in accord with the latest edicts on the 
 subject some of which, we may here add, the 
 veteran instructors accepted with contemptuous 
 shrugs of their broad shoulders.
 
 132 THE SPECIALS 
 
 " The idea of left tip-toeing instead of drawing 
 the right foot back for a right turn !" exclaimed a 
 veteran. " But it is just what you might expect 
 from a lot of gilt-capped panjandrums at the War 
 Office, who think they improve things by altering 
 them. Never mind, we've got to do it." 
 
 And they did it. With this most valuable result, 
 that, as the soldier-age was raised by successive 
 Acts of Parliament and Special Constables went 
 into the Army, they entered as men who in squad, 
 and sometimes even in company, drill had little or 
 nothing to learn. When we say that no fewer than 
 16,700 men passed from it into the Army, the readers 
 will appreciate to what an extent, and how profit- 
 ably, was the Metropolitan Special Constabulary a 
 veritable training for soldiers of an Army which has, 
 with splendid skill as well as valour, carried British 
 arms to victory over a powerful and highly-trained 
 foe. 
 
 Squad drill was quickly taught, and, in order to 
 facilitate knowledge of essential company drill, a 
 little Manual was issued by Sir Edward Ward. 
 This happily applied the platoon principle of modern 
 infantry movement to the three-squad companies of 
 special police, each squad acting as a platoon. 
 
 The work went merrily on, and soon the mark 
 of military drill was laid upon all. Some of the 
 officers, the old sergeants-major, and others who 
 had taken in hand the drill instruction, now had the 
 time of their lives. With a fine enthusiasm they 
 set to work on the lines of the " little book," as the 
 Manual was called, and one of the last duties of the
 
 A TRAINING-GROUND FOR THE ARMY 133 
 
 Inspector-General who was Director of Drill for 
 the Force before the regular work ceased, was to 
 award a prize given by Commander Gollin, in 
 Y Division, for an inter-station competition in 
 company drill. It was no light task, for in this 
 competition, as in the general parade work done at 
 stations of other Divisions, the standard of drill 
 proficiency reached was often high. It varied, of 
 course, in accordance with variations in the character 
 and locale of the unit. For while the great parks 
 and other open spaces of the rural Divisions offered 
 room for exercise, the units of, say, H Division 
 (Whitechapel) had generally to do the best they 
 could in the narrow confines of a police-station yard. 
 
 So high, indeed, was the standard sometimes 
 attained, that an experienced and much-decorated 
 officer who had watched a number of squads en- 
 gaged in a drill competition remarked: "Well, I 
 have often seen soldiers do much worse ; rarely have 
 I seen any who could do better than those squads." 
 
 Do not let it be supposed that the training was 
 confined to the rank and file. On the contrary, 
 quite early went out a gentle hint that the Chief 
 Staff Officer expected every officer and sergeant in 
 the Force to be able to lead his men on parade as 
 well as on any other occasion. Quickly responsive, 
 the men of these ranks who had not already done 
 so got to work. They developed a very good 
 average, and in some cases a first-rate, command 
 capacity. In fact, some of the best officers were 
 men who got all their training in the Special Con- 
 stabulary. With command capacity was found, in a
 
 134 THE SPECIALS 
 
 good many instances, real instructional power. 
 While command is comparatively easy to a man 
 who learns and practises his work and is not afraid 
 of his own voice it was good to hear one inspecting 
 officer dilate upon the charms of voice-culture ours 
 is not the audacity which would for an instant 
 challenge the truth of the old service maxim that 
 a drill-instructor is born, not made. 
 
 The issue of certificates for competency in drill 
 was not the least of the encouragements offered by 
 Sir Edward Ward for proficiency in this part of the 
 work, and led to the appointment in each Division 
 of an officer known as the Divisional Drill Instructor. 
 Before him candidates for the certificates were 
 paraded by anxiously-expectant local instructors, 
 for on his verdict, after a practical test, the certi- 
 ficate depended. 
 
 That the Metropolitan Special Constables in the 
 Great War were a force of drilled men will always be 
 remembered by those who saw them turn out for the 
 big Church Parade at the Albert Hall on April 30, 
 1916; or by those who saw them marching to 
 their appointed places on the several occasions 
 on which they had allotted to them the duty 
 previously done by soldiers of keeping the route 
 of His Majesty from Buckingham Palace to West- 
 minster, when the King opened Parliament. It was 
 a very new Force which did the duty for the first 
 time. This was in November, 1914, when the men 
 were still in plain clothes; but they turned out 
 4,600 strong, shaped well, and won the commenda- 
 tion of Sir Edward Henry, then Commissioner of
 
 A TRAINING-GROUND FOR THE ARMY 135 
 
 Police. In February, 1917, when they did like 
 duty, the King expressed his appreciation. ' The 
 route was efficiently kept; the appearance of the 
 constables was admirable," are His Majesty's words. 
 Like duty was equally well done in 1 91 8, and at the 
 opening of the new Parliament this year. 
 
 Still less will the parade standard of the Force 
 be forgotten by any who saw one of the four parades 
 on Sunday, May 26, 1918, at Victoria Park, Regent's 
 Park, Battersea Park, and Wimbledon Common 
 respectively, when Sir Edward Ward bestowed on 
 all who had served from the opening year the much- 
 prized 1914 Star. Eight thousand men were on 
 parade that day. And twice that number marched 
 past the King on June 14, 1919, when, just prior 
 to demobilisation, the Special Constabulary were 
 inspected by His Majesty. 
 
 There have also been first-rate and well-organised 
 Division parades in all parts of London. Not 
 merely public men and spectators generally have 
 been impressed, but keen-eyed military officers 
 back from the Front, some of them have been 
 frank and lavish in their expression of surprise and 
 satisfaction that on what, after all, was not hard 
 training -rarely were drills more frequent than 
 weekly such splendid results had been obtained. 
 
 The need of being ready for organised movement 
 and that need occasionally occurred may not 
 have been so forward in the minds of officers keenest 
 about drill as the knowledge, born of experience, 
 of how much drill develops in every man an alert- 
 ness of mind as well as of body, the spirit of einula-
 
 136 THE SPECIALS 
 
 tion, a useful sense of personal proficiency and 
 power, an equally useful self-knowledge of short- 
 comings, and a spirit of comradeship which we 
 are not psychologists enough to know why is 
 brought to its very highest point when a body of 
 men regularly meet each other on parade and, 
 shoulder to shoulder, with ears attentive for the 
 order, feel the charm as well as the strength of 
 union.
 
 CHAPTER XII 
 THE DISCIPLINE BOARD 
 
 " The law the protector, and not the tyrant." GOLD- 
 SMITH. 
 
 FINE as was the public spirit which induced men 
 to give unpaid service to the country in time of 
 war, it would hardly be in human nature if friction 
 did not occur in the course of over four and a half 
 years' work by a body of men the active service 
 total of whom averaged just about 20,000, while 
 the personnel underwent so much change that the 
 names of over 63,000 men appear on the rolls. The 
 surprise is not that there were occasional differences 
 between spirited men, but rather that disputes 
 were so few and instances of indiscipline so 
 rare. 
 
 On August 27, 1914, the first Discipline Board 
 was created. It was composed of Major M. L. 
 Hornby, D.S.O., and Mr. H. C. Marks, with whom 
 was to sit one of the four Commandants. But this 
 Board gave place, on October 2 of the same year, 
 to one of which Mr. E. N. J. Jacobson, a well- 
 known solicitor, was made Chairman (with the rank 
 of Commander), and which included several other 
 members of the legal profession, while the Staff 
 
 137
 
 138 THE SPECIALS 
 
 Officer and the four Commandants were made ex- 
 officio members. Later, when the other Com- 
 mandants retired, one, as Inspector-General of 
 Divisions, remained on the Board, to which, from 
 time to time, notable additions of barristers and 
 solicitors were made, making it a powerful legal 
 tribunal. 
 
 That word is used advisedly, for it was practically 
 as a court of law that the Board sat. The pro- 
 cedure was simple, but effective. Any Special 
 Constable below the rank of Assistant Commander 
 might be required to attend before the Board, to 
 answer a complaint made against him by his Divi- 
 sion Commander, a subordinate officer, another 
 Special Constable, or >as occurred on two or three 
 occasions -by the Regular Police. In the first 
 instance every such complaint went to the Chief 
 Staff Officer, who, as a matter of course, referred it 
 to the Discipline Board. To its inquiry com- 
 plainant and defendant, and such police witnesses 
 as either chose to call, were summoned. Assistance 
 was given to secure also the attendance of witnesses 
 not within the summoning authority of the Board, 
 and in practice no difficulty arose in that regard. 
 The hearing was private and neither side was 
 allowed professional help, the Board itself under- 
 taking to see that the rights of all parties were 
 assured; that the laws and usages governing the 
 reception of evidence and the examinations and 
 cross-examinations in courts of law were followed, 
 so that everybody got what one member of the 
 Board was wont to call a " square deal."
 
 THE DISCIPLINE BOARD 139 
 
 There was no power to administer an oath, but 
 nobody worried about that, for the word of honour 
 of any man deemed suitable to serve as a Special 
 Constable should supply -in practice did supply as 
 sound a basis for judgment as the word of a witness 
 who, perhaps, is held on the path of truth less by 
 the solemnity of the oath than by fear of the penalties 
 for perjury. 
 
 Nothing could exceed the care and patience which 
 the Discipline Board gave to the hearing of every 
 complaint brought before it. And the alert lawyer 
 minds, ever prompt to assist an examiner or a 
 witness, and throughout sedulously guarding the 
 accused from disadvantage arising from his ignor- 
 ance of procedure or any other cause, insured a 
 strict and fair investigation. There were no short- 
 cuts that, is, none to anybody's hurt. Com- 
 plainant and defendant addressed the Board if they 
 thought proper, and the inquiry was closed. 
 
 No finding in a disputed matter was given at the 
 time. What that finding was to be was usually 
 left for a while as subject for anxious thought by 
 each member of the Board, which only then entered 
 upon a corporate consideration of verdict and 
 recommendation. In the case of a Special Constable 
 against whom a charge of indiscipline or unworthy 
 conduct was held to have been proved, the Board 
 might recommend that he be dismissed, that his 
 services be determined, that he be suspended, 
 reprimanded, cautioned, or admonished, or " that 
 he be ordered or allowed to resign, or alternatively, 
 on failure so to do, that his services be determined."
 
 140 THE SPECIALS 
 
 If the Chief Staff Officer, to whom the recom- 
 mendation of the Board went, endorsed it, he sent 
 it on to the Commissioner of Police, who alone 
 possessed the power of punishing a Special Con- 
 stable, in the manner indicated by what were the 
 only allowable recommendations. 
 
 It is convenient here to add that if a Special 
 Constable were charged with an offence against the 
 laws of the country, he went to the appointed 
 tribunal like any other citizen. A conviction by 
 civil authority automatically determined his police 
 service; and the departmental Discipline Board 
 kept itself well aloof from the investigation of any 
 phase of a matter which had, or seemed to have, in 
 it the elements of a criminal prosecution. 
 
 It was by this machinery, then, that the dis- 
 cipline of the Metropolitan Special Constabulary 
 was upheld against irregularities; that the Com- 
 mander or other complaining officer was supported 
 in his proper authority; that, moreover, a Special 
 Constable against whom a charge was made was 
 assured of a fair, full, and independent hearing of 
 the complaint, was helped to present his defence in 
 the most effective way, and suffered no penalty at 
 the bidding of anybody, however influential, unless 
 the complaint was held to be proved beyond reason- 
 able doubt. That is what Sir Edward Ward always 
 expected from his Discipline Board ; and it fulfilled 
 the expectation. 
 
 It is worthy of note that in the history of the 
 Metropolitan Special Constabulary there is no 
 record of any case in which the Commissioner of
 
 THE DISCIPLINE BOARD 141 
 
 Police used a legal power he holds " at his pleasure ' ' 
 to dismiss or to determine the service of a regularly 
 enrolled Special Constable, except after an investi- 
 gation and on the recommendation of the Discipline 
 Board. 
 
 The whole duty of the Discipline Board is not, 
 however, stated when we say that it investigated 
 and recommended in complaints involving dis- 
 cipline. If any Special Constable in the Force 
 considered himself aggrieved, he had the right to 
 make a representation, which he sent, through his 
 Commander, to the Chief Staff Officer, and the 
 investigation of that was also undertaken by the 
 Discipline Board. 
 
 Further, the Board had what is closely allied to 
 administrative functions in connection with retire- 
 ments. Once in the Force, a man could only leave 
 it with the consent of the Commissioner of Police, 
 who required satisfactory reasons . To the Discipline 
 Board all applications for release were in the first 
 instance sent, so that the reasons might be examined, 
 and it was on the Board's recommendation that the 
 " Yea " or " Nay " of the Commissioner was based. 
 
 Again, the Board acted as legal adviser in the 
 daily affairs of the Force, and the " references " as 
 they were called to it included inquiries into a 
 variety of matters, some of which were not dis- 
 ciplinary at all. But what does that matter ? The 
 Force and the community got, throughout the 
 whole period of the war, the legal services of 
 some of our best lawyers, just as it got the brains 
 and muscles of Special Constables doing duty in
 
 142 THE SPECIALS 
 
 the street " free, gratis, and for nothing," as an 
 old figure of speech graphically, if redundantly, 
 expresses it. These " references " included in- 
 quiries into cases often difficult where compensa- 
 tion was payable under the Police Act to Special 
 Constables killed or injured on duty. In one of 
 these cases, we recollect, the Board had, as a pre- 
 liminary, to determine whether a Special Constable 
 killed in one of the early raids, by a bomb which 
 fell on Finsbury Pavement, was legally " on duty " 
 at the time. It was shown that when the gunfire 
 started he was engaged giving lessons in shorthand 
 to a college evening class. The principal begged 
 of him not to leave the good cover of a substantial 
 building. 
 
 " My duty," he replied, " is to report immediately 
 at the nearest Police Station whenever there is a 
 raid, and I'm going to do so." With that he 
 hurried out and was fatally hit a few minutes later. 
 
 The Discipline Board did not take long to deter- 
 mine that this heroic man, in thus responding to 
 the gunfire summons, was " on duty " from the time 
 he started for the station, and, therefore, when he 
 fell a victim to the Potsdam assassins.
 
 CHAPTER XIII 
 THE ALERT IN LONDON 
 
 " The foe ! They come, they come !" BYRON. 
 
 THE last feeble rays of a winter sun had relin- 
 quished in despair what had been a gradually 
 weakening effort to illumine the great board room 
 at Scotland House, therefore the blinds were drawn 
 and the electric light switched on. 
 
 Sir Edward Ward, presiding over a meeting of 
 his Commanders, was about to give a decision, after 
 having heard a variety of views on what was liter- 
 ally a burning question, since it related to the 
 supply and use of oil-lamps for constables on duty 
 in war-time Darkest London. 
 
 He had scarcely said ten words when an orderly 
 who did not stop to knock hurried into the room 
 and handed the Chief a slip of paper. 
 
 " Gentlemen," said Sir Edward, instantly rising, 
 " this is from the telephone room, and the numbers 
 and colours are such that you will lose not an 
 instant in joining your Divisions." 
 
 There was a fine scamper for the lifts and stairs, 
 and the display of activity afforded by a score of 
 middle-aged men would have done credit to a 
 gymnasium. In less than an hour later the guns 
 
 143
 
 144 THE SPECIALS 
 
 were going, and London was in the throes of a 
 first-class air-raid. 
 
 Not, however, before the Headquarters mobili- 
 sation machinery and that of the 180 stations had 
 done the prescribed work, and about 24,000 Special 
 Constables were at their appointed posts, ready for 
 any and every service. 
 
 The firt stage on these momentous occasions 
 testing as they did alike the character of the organi- 
 sation and the smartness of all ranks concerned 
 was the Chief Commissioner's order " Readiness," 
 given by him when the " competent military 
 authority " was able, as it almost invariably was, 
 to intimate that the Boche was moving our way. 
 On " Readiness," certain preliminary measures 
 were taken to insure that, if the need for mustering 
 police arose, no time would be lost. Sometimes, as 
 we know, the enemy was turned back before he 
 reached England; on others he got to the coast 
 before he underwent what devout people call a 
 " change of heart " or it may be merely change 
 of purpose. Thereupon he had his usual fling at 
 Dover or Margate, or wherever he chanced to be, 
 and scurried back to his sauerkraut. When he was 
 able to penetrate the coastal barrier, the order was 
 " Mobilise," and events then moved quickly. 
 
 At Scotland House they went, with clockwork 
 regularity, over a similar field of activity every 
 time. Sub-Inspector Thomas between 9 p.m. and 
 9 a.m., Miss Gooch or Miss Griffiths at other times, 
 worked the telephone switch-board, and the Staff 
 Officer got things going, calling up the Headquarters
 
 COMMANDERS 
 
 COMMANDER A. GOLLIN, 
 O.B.E. 
 
 COMMANDER HON. W. ST. CLAIR, 
 O.B.E. 
 
 COMMANDER W. C. HAMMOND, 
 M.B.E. 
 
 COMMANDER R. RAWUNSON, 
 O.B.E.
 
 THE ALERT IN LONDON 145 
 
 Central Detachment, the A.A. Section and other 
 transport, the while reeling off " grave warnings " 
 with the ease and certainty of a statesman or an 
 editor who deals in such things every day. But he 
 was none the less an anxious man, this Staff Officer. 
 For years Commander Guy Ridley had the task; 
 then came Commander Allen, both being relieved 
 at times by a n'ght Staff Officer, who might sleep 
 on the premises. Neither rest nor happiness came 
 to the responsible man, whoever he might be, until 
 the whole machine was set at the air-raid point of 
 high activity with, from the inauguration of public 
 warnings, the motorists in waiting to circulate the 
 ; ' Take Cover," and the bugler-boys snugly en- 
 sconced before the streets were made disagreeable 
 by enemy bombs or our own expansive shrapnel. 
 
 Prior to that also, except on the few occasions 
 that the enemy escaped early detection and moved 
 very fast, squads from the Headquarters Central 
 Detachment, and some from the unit of the London 
 General Omnibus Company, took up duty at certain 
 assigned shelters or strategic points, and the ordinary 
 transport was reinforced by a couple of omnibuses, 
 which stood ready to transport Headquarters men to 
 any point where assistance might be required. For 
 it was from Scotland House that the first help to 
 a bomb-afflicted and hard-pressed Division went, 
 although a Commander far afield did not seek out- 
 side help so long as he could reinforce his strength 
 in a troubled locality by sending men from other 
 stations in his own area. 
 
 Concurrent with the several movements at Scot- 
 
 10
 
 146 THE SPECIALS 
 
 land House were the necessary and in some respects 
 parallel movements in Divisions. The first essential 
 was readiness for prompt and speedy promulgation 
 of the " Take Cover " warning, given to all stations 
 simultaneously through the Regular Police. As 
 London people know, the warning was carried by 
 police cars, in the front of which " Take Cover " 
 appeared as an illuminated device, and by cyclists 
 and men on foot blowing police whistles. At Wool- 
 wich and a few other places syrens or steam- whistles 
 were used, and the bad news always travelled 
 quickly. 
 
 Further, each station was, from the date of its 
 establishment, responsible for policing the approved 
 shelters, and it was desirable that men for this work 
 should get a start of the occupying crowds. It 
 can hardly be claimed that they always succeeded, 
 for on likely nights hundreds of thousands made 
 their own arrangements in advance of, sometimes 
 despite, official information. Generally at first, 
 always at an early stage, the Specials got control, 
 and it would be difficult to over-estimate the value 
 of their work, both in its immediate and ultimate 
 effects. For they gave to crowds mostly com- 
 posed of women and children just that lead in cool, 
 quiet, and always cheerful courage which the condi- 
 tions demanded when German frightfulness un- 
 successfully pitted itself against the indomitable grit 
 of British people. 
 
 There are folks who tell you that this or that 
 wisehead in high political place won the war ; others 
 that pur soldiers and the sailors won it; others,
 
 THE ALERT IN LONDON 147 
 
 again, that it was the achievement of the munition- 
 makers. To say that all had their part in winning 
 it is not to detract from the glorious valour of the 
 fighting forces, the first and foremost of the victors ; 
 but if you think it out, you may agree that not the 
 least useful of their auxiliaries were the men whose 
 business it was to stand between the enemy and 
 his purpose when he sought to plunge London into 
 panic and, by making their metropolis unlivable, 
 bring Britons to heel. The moral effect of the ser- 
 vice given by our level-headed police Regulars and 
 Specials on those test occasions who can gauge ? 
 
 It was always a race to Scotland House on a raid- 
 night between Sir Edward Ward and members of 
 his entourage. He was the first man called when 
 the officer on duty at the telephone got the warning, 
 but other calls followed quickly, and the Chief 
 admits that rarely, if ever, has he beaten in the 
 race for Scotland House Commander St. John Fox, 
 of the Headquarters Central Detachment. Con- 
 cerning him the story is that when a boy he angered 
 a fairy and has never since been allowed to sleep. 
 We do not vouch for the truth of the story, but 
 easily believe it. 
 
 "Nature's soft nurse" is delightful, of course; 
 but she was never treated as a lady ought to be 
 on those raid-nights when the telephones were going 
 and the callers were proving the metal that's the 
 word of sleeping Specials' door-knockers. When 
 a response tarried, words have been used the repro- 
 duction of which would not ornament this sedate 
 narrative.
 
 148 THE SPECIALS 
 
 No man is less likely than is Sir Edward Ward to 
 adopt the role we have known quite respectable 
 military chiefs to assume, and want to be sergeant- 
 major as well as Commanding Officer. At Scotland 
 House on a raid night nobody had any illusion as 
 to who was in charge; but it was " Carry on " for 
 all departments, until a new situation had to be 
 met, new plans made on the spot, new orders issued. 
 Then there was neither hesitation nor delay. Like 
 the centurion of old, the Chief said " Go," and those 
 who heard went. Into the hottest part of London 
 it usually was, and through the bombs and shrapnel- 
 swept zones to reach it, for naturally there it was 
 that help would be required help for human beings 
 still in the debris of a wrecked building, help for 
 the firemen fighting a conflagration, help for the 
 nerve- tried people of the neighbourhood ; help from 
 skilled pioneer squads, from the smart ambulance 
 men, working independently or in co-operation with 
 regular ambulance units, and from those useful 
 general-utility men, who carried out the dead, safe- 
 guarded the injured, and found shelter for homeless 
 and afflicted men, women, and children. Whether 
 it was the " Go " of the Chief Staff Officer at Scot- 
 land house, or that of a Division or Station Com- 
 mander, and whatever it involved, the order was 
 simply a release to the leashed energy of eager, 
 competent, and brave men. 
 
 During the process of a raid, telephone reports 
 kept Headquarters posted as to what was happening 
 in all parts of metropolitan London. Sometimes an 
 Exchange would get out of action for a time; but
 
 THE ALERT IN LONDON 149 
 
 that did not often occur. With a nerve and pluck 
 which cannot be too highly praised -please recollect 
 it, if you have occasional dissatisfaction with the 
 telephone service the girls, as well as the men, 
 stuck to the switch-boards, nearly always in buildings 
 affording poor protection. They kept informed 
 alike the Home Forces, who were fighting the aerial 
 invader, and the police, fire-brigades, and others 
 who were dealing with the results of his devilry. 
 
 Sir Edward Ward, while always in close associa- 
 tion with the Commissioner of Police for Scotland 
 House is an integral part of Scotland Yard was 
 equally in touch with all parts of the metropolitan 
 police area. Not infrequently it was a question 
 of reinforcing particular stations or Divisions by 
 sending men from other Divisions always sparingly 
 done while the raid lasted, since nobody could 
 predict where the next bombs would fall and, per- 
 haps, create an even more urgent need than that 
 which it was necessary immediately to relieve. 
 Never precipitate, but with the cool, calculating 
 judgment of the skilled and widely experienced 
 soldier, carefully husbanding his forces, Sir Edward 
 Ward watched and acted in the varying situations. 
 And somehow, without denuding any station of 
 men whom the fortune of war might at any moment 
 require for local effort, every requisition for help 
 made by a Superintendent of Police or a hard- 
 pressed Commander was promptly honoured. It 
 was on these occasions that the value of having 
 a strong Headquarters Central Detachment was 
 demonstrated.
 
 150 THE 'SPECIALS 
 
 Once the raid was over, the whole strength of the 
 localities which had escaped was available for use 
 in those less fortunate. Sometimes the entail 
 was continuous special service for days, or even 
 as in connection with the Warrington Crescent 
 situation, in 1917 weeks. And there are quite 
 good-humoured Special Constables who say that 
 work on a raid night was at worst much less 
 troublesome than were the pushful sightseers who 
 crowded into the bombed area on the succeeding 
 days. 
 
 " No," was the quite decisive answer of the Chief 
 Staff Officer on one occasion when a terrific gunfire 
 seemed to shake the very foundations of Scotland 
 House, and one of the Staff proposed a short round 
 of inspection. " No," he repeated with a smile, 
 " for I have not forgotten the Army teaching that 
 men should not be unnecessarily sacrificed." 
 
 A little later, following a terrific explosion, which 
 did damage elsewhere, the report reached Scotland 
 House that the Abbey had been hit and was on 
 fire. 
 
 " Come on, men," called the Chief, as he person- 
 ally headed all of the Central Detachment then 
 left in the building. " We must not let the old 
 Abbey burn." 
 
 " But surely, sir, you are not going ?" ventured 
 Major Wilkinson, running after him. 
 
 " Why, it's my job," claimed another member of 
 the Staff. 
 
 But by this time the Chief was in the street, and 
 in a few minutes he and the Detachment were at
 
 THE ALERT IN LONDON 151 
 
 the Abbey, which, happily, was quite safe. And 
 by good fortune nobody was hit, either on the 
 passage there or back, although one officer, known 
 to have a propensity for dining at the American 
 Officers' Club, remarked that there was " some " 
 shrapnel that night.
 
 CHAPTER XIV 
 THE BUGLERS 
 
 " A proud though child-like form." Caaabianca. 
 
 DE QUINCE Y, Dickens, Anatole France, and a few 
 others, have won varying degrees of success in the 
 perplexing art of picturing the mind and thought 
 of a child. 
 
 Their combined power would be necessary fittingly 
 to describe the emotions of every London boy who 
 could blow a note when it was made known that 
 buglers were wanted to help the police on raid- 
 nights. Scotland House and every Police Centre 
 in Greater London were rushed by eager applicants. 
 To Headquarters not merely those accepted and 
 put on the register, but also scores of other gallant 
 lads, with bugles in their hands and proud desire 
 in their hearts, presented themselves on every 
 warning, and Sir Edward Ward, vanquished by their 
 sheer enthusiasm, could not find it in his heart to 
 drive the surplus away. 
 
 Forming a little corps of their own, they were 
 put under separate, and what proved very effective, 
 management. Commander Jacobson undertook to 
 provide for that ; and so it came about that each of 
 
 152
 
 THE BUGLERS 163 
 
 the distinguished lawyers who formed the Discipline 
 Board became, ex officio, a Bugler Officer. 
 
 It may be doubted whether any of them could 
 blow a call, although some were reputed to speak 
 trumpet-tongued in the great courts. We do not 
 suggest that they were unmusical. We have in 
 mind one who had hardly got quit of his buglers 
 after a protracted raid when it was time to appear 
 in the House of Lords, there soothingly to lead 
 in an important appeal ; wm'le it is well known 
 of another, a learned K.C., that not the least 
 factor of his success in Court is the charm of his 
 voice. 
 
 Scotland House martinets, it is true, argued that 
 a Bugler Officer, if he could not play things at sight, 
 ought at least to have an ear for music; but Sir 
 Edward Ward replied that it really didn't matter 
 that his own ear was good enough. Then he signi- 
 ficantly intimated that he would measure the beauty 
 of the bugling by the rapidity with which it fol- 
 lowed the official declaration of " All Clear." That 
 is what no Bugler Officer was ever allowed to forget, 
 even had he been inclined to. He remembered 
 what he had often argued, that time was " of the 
 essence of the contract." 
 
 In practice, it was the function of the Bugler 
 Officer of the night to take duty with the Night 
 Staff Officer, with whom he kept close touch, so that, 
 if they were called, he might be at hand to take 
 charge of the buglers, keep them in order, see that 
 they remained in good cover while bombs were 
 falling, and were well stoked for robust bugling
 
 154 THE SPECIALS 
 
 with coffee and cakes. Ultimately, when the 
 authorising word was shouted, it was his duty 
 smartly to get the lads (in pairs) into the waiting 
 cars, each of which sped forth on its appointed round, 
 while Westminster echoed and re-echoed the glad 
 notes of the " All Clear." 
 
 To a considerable part of Inner London was the 
 message thus carried from Scotland House; but 
 almost identical in character were the proceedings 
 at every Metropolitan Police Station, therefore the 
 welcome news was everywhere known in a few 
 minutes. Two or three stations preferred to work 
 with men; and first-rate buglers were found both 
 amongst the Regulars and Specials, some of the 
 latter being stationed by their Commander in Fire 
 Brigade Towers and other high places, whence the 
 " All Clear " came to the ears of many an anxious 
 mother with bairns clustering around her as the 
 sweetest, the most comforting music she had ever 
 heard. 
 
 When it was all over, the bugler-boys were driven 
 to their respective homes, and restored, in all the 
 exuberant joy of their gallant young souls, to their 
 proud, but none the less anxious, parents. 
 
 All sorts and conditions of boys took part in 
 this service cadets, scouts, shop-boys, messengers, 
 schoolboys, any who could blow a bugle. A pro- 
 portion came in uniform, the bulk in plain clothes. 
 It is to the credit of the British school system that 
 they all appeared to know some drill. That was 
 demonstrated one night at Scotland House when, 
 the Bugler Officer being temporarily absent, the
 
 THE BUGLERS 155 
 
 lads got a bit noisy, and a Staff Officer suddenly 
 appeared in the doorway. 
 
 ' 'Shon !" shouted the acting-sergeant a veteran 
 of fourteen in a fashion that would have done 
 credit to a Guards' Sergeant-Major, and there was 
 a quite professional click of heels as the lads came 
 to "Attention." 
 
 Some very little chaps were amongst those who 
 gave this service. One squad was wholly composed 
 of pupils at the Newport Military Training Schools, 
 Westminster, who were regularly turned out of their 
 beds on a " Readiness," and, under the command of 
 a Special Constable, marched to Scotland House. 
 They were there in ten minutes, and the Night Staff 
 Officer breathed more freely when he knew that 
 they had reached the best cover that the building 
 afforded. 
 
 Very little boys, we have said, some of them were. 
 But never was one of them known to funk. Not 
 even when the murder-machines were directly over- 
 head or, as happened in several of the Divisions, 
 when the crash of exploding bombs and falling 
 buildings filled the air around them. 
 
 Association with men of other services who did 
 brave work on these test occasions has won for 
 them from the Special Constables an undying 
 .respect; but first in their affections will ever be 
 the buglers. We hope that all those brave British 
 boys may have the proud satisfaction of telling the 
 stirring story to their own children.
 
 CHAPTER XV 
 THE ANTI-GERMAN RIOTS 
 
 " Laws are not masters, but servants, and he rules them 
 who obeys them." W. H. BEECHER. 
 
 OVER twenty years ago the conditions established 
 by a dispute in an important antipodean city were 
 such that the Government of the day was afflicted 
 with what a critic at the time called a " calculated 
 panic." It got, or affected to get, what in the 
 Boer War was called the " jumps," but what in the 
 greater conflagration of which the embers are still 
 hot came to be described as " getting the wind 
 up." There had been no rioting, the police held 
 the situation well in hand, but the Government 
 thought proper to call out the military i.e., citizen 
 troops. 
 
 " What about your men ?" one company leader 
 was asked when, after a journey by train from the 
 country, he reported at the headquarters barracks. 
 " Practically all present, sir," was the reply. 
 " So I see by the numbers. You can rely upon 
 them ?" 
 
 "As much as I can on myself, sir." 
 " What precisely do you mean by that ?" 
 " Simply, sir, that we don't like the duty. We 
 156
 
 THE ANTI-GERMAN RIOTS 157 
 
 are ordered for it and we are here. If the police 
 can't manage it, we shall keep order." 
 
 To a somewhat similar test were the Special 
 Constables of London subjected when the anti- 
 German riots broke out. 
 
 It is important to recollect that prior to the 
 Lusitania crime there was no such rioting. If the 
 people of London did not suffer the Germans gladly, 
 at least they did not interfere with them or their 
 property. Indeed, these enemy aliens were treated 
 with a consideration amounting in many cases to a 
 chivalrous compassion and tenderness which 
 judging by the reports of those lately liberated 
 from Ruhleben was in marked contrast with the 
 treatment of British citizens whom the war caught in 
 that home of kultur, Berlin. Germans here carried 
 on business as bakers, barbers, and what not, without 
 let or hindrance, and found more profitable than 
 ever a field from which British trade rivals had 
 removed themselves by volunteering for the fighting 
 services. It was an anomalous state of things; 
 but, as we heard one greatly tickled and cynical 
 German express it, " so like the English !" That 
 is how the Teuton regards kindness. With him it 
 is the sign either of weakness or stupidity. 
 
 When, however, London read the newspaper 
 posters announcing the cruel fate of the Lusitania 
 and her helpless passengers, the horror of it went 
 deep into the souls of our people, and some of them 
 broke bounds. For the time, indignant impulse 
 instead of the customary judgment and chivalry 
 governed, with what result we know. Not merely
 
 158 THE SPECIALS 
 
 in the East End, but in parts of London which 
 would be offended if you described them as the 
 abode of the proletariat, the manifestations took 
 place. 
 
 This was the first real test of the loyalty of 
 Special Constables to the high police principle which 
 stands consistently for law and order, which refuses 
 to admit that in any circumstances these should 
 give place to mob-rule. For it may well-be doubted 
 whether amongst the thousands of Special Con- 
 stables who did their duty so splendidly, who com- 
 bated the fury of the crowds and protected the 
 assailed Germans and their property, it would have 
 been possible to find a man who did not heartily share 
 the wholesome anger which provoked these riots. 
 
 Happily the Specials all knew better than the 
 crowds. They knew that if business or private 
 premises were wrecked the sufferers were entitled 
 to compensation out of a fund to which the wreckers 
 themselves, as ratepayers, contributed; they under- 
 stood, therefore, that the mob's way of expressing 
 resentment was a sort of scratching the nose to 
 spite the face. This was a helpful knowledge, which 
 the officers of the Force were careful to emphasise 
 in exhortations to their men. 
 
 The determination founded upon it was, however, 
 greatly reinforced by another circumstance. As the 
 rioting proceeded, looters showed their ugly faces- 
 It became evident that some of the crowd were out, 
 not so much to punish the Germans, as to lay hands 
 on their goods and chattels. The invigorating 
 effect on police action produced by , this ^ made
 
 THE ANTI-GERMAN RIOTS 159 
 
 assurance doubly sure. As indignant themselves as 
 those whose lawless and wasteful methods they held 
 in check, the Special Constables did their duty at 
 all points, against both honest demonstrators and 
 flagrant thieves, and they accepted a good deal of 
 knocking about in the effort. The riots were every- 
 where either suppressed or adequately circum- 
 scribed till they burned themselves out. Few 
 Germans if our memory serve us suffered any 
 personal injury, although the " casualties " were 
 257, and 866 persons were arrested. Indeed, there 
 were more broken heads, bruised bodies, and torn 
 clothes amongst the Special Constabulary who 
 worked under the disadvantage of being in plain 
 clothes than amongst the rioters. 
 
 With the exception of A and C, all Divisions had 
 local experience of riots. There were some trying 
 situations in B, as demonstrations took place in 
 1915 at Fulham, Chelsea, and Walham Green, and 
 continued daily from May 12 to 17. D had like 
 situations to deal with, in Edgware Road and other 
 parts. One Special who was knocked over 
 attributes his downfall wholly to his being in 
 plain clothes. The rescue by his officers would not 
 have been easy had they not worn " a sort of 
 uniform." E and F had a share of the general 
 trouble, but no Division was called upon more 
 frequently or more strenuously than G. Within its 
 area there were daily manifestations, from May 12 
 to 14, 1916. There was another outbreak on 
 June 8, 1916, and three more days of rioting, from 
 July 7 to 9, 1917. The citizens of G are a deep-
 
 160 THE SPECIALS 
 
 feeling people, and there is good local cause for the 
 dislike with which a malodorous section of the 
 foreign residents is regarded. We are inclined to 
 imagine that many of the Special Constables shared 
 that dislike; but they did not for an instant falter 
 in their police duty. Side by side with the Regular 
 Police, they worked loyally for law and order, and 
 did their best to prevent the damage done by angry 
 people to over a hundred houses. 
 
 There is a large foreign element in the population 
 of H Division, and the anti-German feeling mani- 
 fested itself strongly at various points in May, 1915. 
 From the 12th to the 17th strong bodies of Special 
 Constables were employed in restoring order for 
 dwellings believed to be occupied by Germans were 
 attacked or as a reserve force, which stood by 
 day and night so long as the Division Superin- 
 tendent thought it necessary. 
 
 Owing to the confusion caused by the Auxiliary 
 police being in plain clothes, some of the men of J, 
 during the riots, "moved" on to a party of their 
 own comrades. The error was discovered in time 
 and there was no actual conflict. The incident 
 served to accentuate the need of uniform. At 
 Bethnal Green the anti-German feeling was pro- 
 found and the rioting serious. A number of arrests 
 had to be made there before order could be restored. 
 
 The demonstrations in K Division were marked 
 by an energy which was wonderfully maintained 
 day after day while the trouble lasted. Practically 
 all parts were affected, and the shop -wrecking was 
 particularly marked at Poplar, Limehouse, and
 
 COMMANDERS 
 
 COMMANDER H. T. A. CHIDGEY COMMANDER R. A. SIM80N, O.B.B. 
 
 (Lt.-Col.) 
 
 COMMANDER C. TEMT'KRLEY, M. B.E. 
 
 COMMANDER R. BULLOCK, O.B.E. COMMANDER C. W. MASTERS PATERSON.
 
 THE ANTI-GERMAN RIOTS 161 
 
 West Ham. Plaistow, East Ham, Forest Gate, 
 Ilford, and Isle of Dogs also had their emeutes, and 
 the task of the Special Constables was a severe test 
 of their physical endurance as well as of their fidelity 
 to the principles of law. There were a good many 
 stiff tussles; but, if we mistake not, none of the 
 Specials were injured. 
 
 L Division got a big share of the work, for in L 
 foreigners of all sorts are unpopular. There were 
 conflicts in Lambeth Walk, Blackfriars Road, and 
 Garden Row (London Road), and the Specials did 
 not come out scatheless. One was so severely injured 
 by a cowardly kick that he had to undergo an 
 operation and to relinquish his police work for six 
 months. Then, with great pluck, he returned to it. 
 On May 4, 1916, Chief Inspector Keys, single- 
 handed, restrained a crowd who were attacking a 
 shop in China Walk, Lambeth. There was rioting 
 in New Cut and in Walworth Road, where a small 
 party of Special Constables faced and kept in check 
 a crowd of about 3,000 angry people. 
 
 Public feeling ran high in the Borough, and it 
 will not surprise the reader to know that on nine 
 separate occasions Special Constables of populous 
 M Division were called out when public demon- 
 strations were made against river-side Germans. A 
 very disagreeable duty was most conscientiously 
 and effectively performed. 
 
 Stirring days and even more stirring nights did 
 the anti -German riots bring to N. Many of the 
 citizens of Stoke Newington, Islington, Tottenham, 
 Edmonton, Walthamstow, and St. Ann's Road 
 
 11
 
 162 THE SPECIALS 
 
 demonstrated, and it took all the Police Force, 
 Regular and Auxiliary, in the Division to meet the 
 situations. They did it, and that the measures 
 were not half-hearted may be gathered from the 
 fact that on one night at Tottenham alone twenty- 
 seven rioters were arrested. 
 
 Peckham, New Cross, East Dulwich, Camberwell, 
 and Deptford were centres of activity during the 
 riots, and Special Constables came from all parts 
 of P Division to help much -tried comrades. When 
 local rioters went to bed, some of the volunteer 
 police who had held them in restraint were a long 
 way from home often after the ordinary transport 
 services had stopped and this involved weary 
 tramps of several miles. On one occasion Knight's 
 Hill men came on duty at Peckham at 4 p.m., and 
 got home at 2 a.m. next day. 
 
 In R Division the chief troubles were at Deptford, 
 Greenwich, Woolwich, and Plumstead. The Specials 
 at each place co-operated cheerfully with the 
 Regulars, furnished patrols, insured the maintenance 
 of strong reserves, and stemmed the angry rushes. 
 Several constables were injured by stones thrown 
 at the windows of the attacked buildings. 
 
 There was also rioting in S Division. The 
 Specials sent to assist the Regular Police had a 
 sufficiently strenuous and wearisome time. Between 
 Albany Street Police Station and Euston Railway 
 Station there were big and excited crowds, mostly 
 composed of women and boys. Shop-windows were 
 broken and there was some looting. Demonstra- 
 tions also occurred at Chiswick, Hammersmith, and
 
 THE ANTI-GERMAN RIOTS 163 
 
 Shepherd's Bush (T Division), but in no cases were 
 they very serious, and good-humour rather than 
 force had the effect of restoring normal conditions. 
 
 At Battersea (Lavender Hill), Putney, and 
 Wands worth there were more or less serious dis- 
 turbances in V Division in May, 1915, and like 
 manifestations again at Wands worth in June, 1916. 
 At Kingston nothing more serious happened than 
 the breaking of a German baker's shop-window, but 
 the local unit was alert and ready during the period 
 of anxiety. In both 1915 and 1916 serious trouble 
 arose at Tooting Broadway, on the borders of V 
 and W, and both Divisions had plenty to do while it 
 lasted. 
 
 From May 12 to 17, 1915, W Division had to 
 face anti-German riots. But for the effective help 
 rendered by Special Constables the disturbances 
 would have been much more serious and the damage 
 more excessive. Battersea Park, Balham, Brixton, 
 Tooting, Clapham, Thornton Heath, and Kenley 
 were the localities affected. Over 160 shops or 
 dwellings of enemy aliens, or of foreigners supposed 
 to be such, were attacked. Windows were broken, 
 but those who thought to use the opportunity for 
 plunder were, thanks to the police, disappointed. 
 It is estimated that 160 would cover the whole of 
 the material damage done in this large area, and 
 as no aliens suffered personal injury the Special 
 Constables did not wholly escape it the efficiency 
 of the police arrangements and efforts during the 
 five or six days of popular excitement may be 
 gauged. Perhaps the most ugly -looking riot was
 
 164 THE SPECIALS 
 
 one which occurred on Balham High Road, Clapham, 
 where- a crowd which seemed as resolute as it was 
 angry tried to wreck a baker's shop. The local 
 (Battersea Park) men were quickly reinforced from 
 Tooting and Balham. When the assailants saw 
 what a very strong hand the presence of Special 
 Constables with the Regulars enabled the law to 
 take, they admitted the power of organisation and 
 dispersed to their homes. 
 
 There were sinister indications in the more 
 populous parts of Y before the first outbreak, on 
 May 13, 1915, for the people were exasperated 
 by seeing Germans carrying on retail businesses 
 rendered all the more profitable because many of 
 their competitors had gone into the Army. Cale- 
 donian Road, Upper Hollo way, Highgate, and 
 Wood Green each got a good share of the trouble. 
 As in other Divisions, there were many trying 
 situations, but the Special Constables stood valiantly 
 beside their comrades of the Regular Police, and the 
 disorders were either repressed or their spread 
 prevented. It was just a little flow of humour 
 when an officer at Camden Town was " pleased to 
 report that a good many windows of premises 
 occupied by Germans were broken, in spite of the 
 efforts of the Special Constabulary to prevent 
 damage to property." On the 9th and 10th of the 
 following September an outbreak was feared, but 
 nothing serious happened. It was different in July 
 of 1917, when, moved to anger by the murderous 
 effects of air -raids, there was, first open talk of 
 taking reprisal measures against an internment
 
 THE ANTI-GERMAN RIOTS 165 
 
 camp in Comwallis Road, Hollo way, and next a 
 hostile move on the camp. It is fortunate for the 
 Germans there that the police were not caught 
 napping. The angry crowd found themselves op- 
 posed by a strong force of Regular and Special 
 Constables. There was some stone-throwing 
 amongst those hit on the head being Superintendent 
 Evans but no German suffered damage. Four 
 evenings in succession the police protected the 
 camp, and it was then left to its usual military 
 guard. This duty well tested the mobility of Y, 
 for the number of Special Constables employed 
 during the danger period was considerable, and 
 they came from all parts of the Division. 
 
 The Commissioner of Police (Sir Edward Henry) 
 put his appreciation of the good service rendered 
 in the following terms : " The Commissioner desires 
 to express his grateful thanks to all ranks of the 
 Special Constabulary, of whom about 11,000 were 
 detailed daily for duty, for the efficient and valuable 
 aid rendered by them to the Regular Constabulary 
 on the occasion of the recent disturbances. In all 
 instances their response to the call on their services 
 was immediate, and they remained on duty as long 
 as they were needed. The Superintendents of every 
 Division in the Metropolitan Area are enthusiastic 
 in their appreciation of the help they received, of 
 the manner in which Special Constables performed 
 their duty, and of their general deportment." 
 
 This narrative would not be complete if we 
 wholly ignored another test incidental to that 
 regrettable episode, the short-lived police strike
 
 166 THE SPECIALS 
 
 of 1918. On the other hand, to discuss it here in 
 detail would serve no useful purpose, and in such 
 a discussion there are obviously mischievous possi- 
 bilities. It is enough to say that when it was a 
 question of leaving or not leaving London to the 
 tender mercy of the joyous criminal, the Special 
 Constables did not hesitate. They carried on 
 until the Regulars were ready to resume in no 
 spirit of hostility to their comrades of the stipendiary 
 service, with whom in the anti-German riots and 
 the air-raids they worked side by side, but in 
 response to the promptings of the same sense of 
 duty which originally induced them to accept police 
 warrant cards and in fulfilment of the solemn 
 covenant they had made with the community.
 
 CHAPTER XVI 
 OBSERVATION POSTS A RAID 
 
 " Watchman, what of the night ?" ISAIAH. 
 
 THERE are stages in the development of every 
 healthy boy in which, successively, he keeps silk- 
 worms, breeds rabbits or white mice, collects 
 postage -stamps, or does something else equally 
 ephemeral. 
 
 The boy is father of the man, and when man goes 
 to war he also has stages of enthusiasm and abandon- 
 ment. Of this in the Great War we had many 
 illustrations, but for the moment are concerned only 
 with one the " suspicious light " stage. Happily 
 the " suspicious light " was a light that soon failed. 
 
 We passed with merciful speed from the period 
 when the flicker caused by the dropping of a Venetian 
 blind in a lighted room or as actually occurred in 
 North London the coruscation produced by a lady 
 standing between a mirror and a partly-closed blind 
 and there combing her beautiful hair before going 
 to bed, was proclaimed by an outside observer to 
 be a message, in the Morse or some other code, to 
 the enemy at sea, on a far hill, in another dwelling, 
 up in a balloon, where you will. 
 
 167
 
 168 THE SPECIALS 
 
 Be the ground sufficient or insufficient, there un- 
 doubtedly was for a time a strong public impression 
 that the enemy in our midst used lights in the 
 hours of darkness in order to let his friends know 
 something to our disadvantage. 
 
 It need not be pretended that War Office authorities 
 had overlooked the likelihood of signals at a time 
 when it was part of their business to provide against 
 the possibility of a German invasion. On the 
 contrary, suitable measures, on the coast and in 
 London, had been taken; but the public was un- 
 easy and insistent ; and everybody that is, every- 
 body who is anybody was nightly seeing " sus- 
 picious lights." Quite an elaborate scheme was 
 ultimately made to detect and identify such lights, 
 and to bring those responsible to their proper place 
 vis-d-vis with a firing party in the Tower. 
 
 As may be imagined, an honorary and enthusiastic 
 Force of Special Constables furnished precisely the 
 kind of men a Government anxious to oblige and 
 to keep down expenses needed. Observation 
 stations were established all over London. Ever 
 willing to help, Sir Edward Ward agreed to man 
 them, and with great good-humour the men detailed 
 or who had volunteered for them started upon 
 their tasks. At these, for weary months they put 
 in long evenings, watching the stars twinkling and 
 wondering whether they were "suspicious lights." 
 Many uncanny flickerings were reported suggest- 
 ing that the fairies are still about London but we 
 do not recollect that other than " kindly lights " 
 were seen that any enemy lights were located. If
 
 OBSERVATION POSTS A RAID 169 
 
 they were, the authorities kept secret alike that 
 fact and the fate of the evil-doers. 
 
 We do not want, however, even to suggest that 
 the effort was useless. The reason the enemy here 
 did not send light signals to his friends coming 
 our way by sea or air may be found in his 
 knowledge that every movement of the sort was 
 carefully watched and in his wholesome fear of 
 the consequences. Meanwhile, the whole obser- 
 vation scheme was soon to demonstrate a new 
 value. 
 
 As Mark Twain makes one of his characters say: 
 " Providence don't fire no blank cartridges, boys." 
 There was a prescience may we call it ? in the 
 lights -detection project. Those engaged in it had 
 just about reached the point of demonstrating that 
 no enemy signalling was being done when the air- 
 raids started. Thereafter, greatly developed and 
 perfected, the organisation proved of indispensable 
 value in the scheme of home defence. 
 
 " They'll get to London all right," was the 
 prediction of Superintendent Evans, Y Division, 
 when the Zeppelin activity began. He is amongst 
 the rare prophets justified and honoured in his own 
 time and country. 
 
 When the enemy showed that his arm was long 
 enough to reach us, it became the chief duty of an 
 observation station to look out for his approach 
 and, once hostile aircraft were seen, to determine 
 and report their position, for the information and 
 guidance of those in charge at our aerodromes 
 and at gun and searchlight stations. Sound and
 
 170 THE SPECIALS 
 
 important business this was. Nothing imaginative 
 about it, and it was welcomed with patriotic fervour 
 by the Special Constabulary. 
 
 A skilful naval officer, Lieutenant Restler, came 
 to Scotland House one afternoon, met the Division 
 Commanders, explained a scheme of development, 
 accepted suggestions, and quickly established an 
 essential concurrence of observers' efforts. With 
 Lieutenant Restler in the plans then made was 
 associated Commander Sladen, the able Chief of the 
 London Fire Brigade, rightly anxious to use the 
 developed organisation to insure the speedy report- 
 ing of fires. All over the metropolitan district 
 observation stations were established, a few only 
 in the west, but many in east, north-east, and south- 
 east London. 
 
 Suitable high places were found, such as fire- 
 brigade towers, belfries, and the roofs of high 
 buildings. Constables picked from volunteers for 
 their special knowledge or presumed aptitude for 
 such duty were detailed to man them. What these 
 men do not know about the joys of high -altitude 
 fresh air is not worth learning. On winter nights 
 particularly those nights in the Zeppelin days 
 when " the moon shone clear and cold " they felt 
 their position keenly. Warm coats and woollen 
 gloves did their part, but there never was much 
 fat in a coupon, and it was something like the 
 stomachic provision of an Arctic explorer that these 
 men really needed. 
 
 " I used to be thankful when I got up," said the 
 Headquarters Inspecting Officer, an active man who
 
 OBSERVATION POSTS A RAID 171 
 
 dolefully admits his years, " but even more thankful 
 when I got down." 
 
 Splendidly did the Special Constables stand it, 
 and assiduity in the study of their work soon pro- 
 duced a corps of experts. 
 
 The direction came from a Central Bureau, 
 established in Spring Gardens. The first work of 
 the Bureau was, like that of the exterior posts, 
 to look out for " suspicious lights," but it quickly 
 adapted itself to the more important later work 
 and achieved a high standard of efficiency. Care- 
 fully selected Special Constables from Headquarters 
 Central Detachment, and some also from the several 
 Divisions, were seconded from their units and formed 
 a corps of their own at Spring Gardens, where the 
 London County Council made three or four large 
 rooms available. The Bureau was placed under 
 the charge of Lieutenant-Commander Paget, who 
 had the assistance of a number of skilled men, 
 including Mr. W. G. Coles, a senior officer of the 
 London Fire Brigade. 
 
 Suitable material and maps were obtained, and an 
 extensive telephone system installed. The out- 
 lying observation stations were fitted with range - 
 finding instruments. Bearings and angles of alti- 
 tude were telephoned through to the Central 
 Bureau; by the cross -readings thus obtained, and 
 with the aid of plotting instruments, the Bureau 
 was able to report in a very few seconds the position 
 occupied by an enemy machine, and the height at 
 which it was flying. These records were immediately 
 transmitted to the headquarters of the London Air-
 
 172 THE SPECIALS 
 
 craft Defence Area, and also to the Central Sub- 
 Command. Conflagration reports were sent to the 
 headquarters of the Fire Brigade. 
 
 Every night the outer stations were called up for 
 drill, and the exercise then done proved of great 
 service when the enemy came. These drills were 
 elaborated by the post officers, on lines suitable to 
 local conditions. Those directed from headquarters 
 were in the nature of a full-dress rehearsal of a 
 Zeppelin raid. Two observing stations were selected 
 and each gave reports of the movements of a 
 phantom Zeppelin. With the aid of their instru- 
 ments, the crew as they were called at the obser- 
 vation room plotted out on their maps the course 
 of the raider, giving the exact position and height 
 in feet, and reporting these readings to the Centra? 
 Headquarters, with the frequent result that the 
 phantom airship was " brought down in flames." 
 This was amongst the pleasures of imagination in a 
 not very amusing time. 
 
 To illustrate the practical usefulness of these 
 drills, it may be mentioned that on many occasions 
 when the Zeppelins came and their movements were 
 reported by the stations, their altitude and position 
 were ascertained in the observation room and at 
 once passed on to General Headquarters. Notably 
 was this the case in regard to the airships brought 
 down at Cuffley and Potters Bar. In both instances 
 the observing stations' reports enabled those charged 
 with the defence to trace the exact course of the 
 ships for many miles. 
 
 In June, 1917, His Majesty the King visited and
 
 OBSERVATION POSTS A RAID 173 
 
 saw the working of the Bureau, in which he showed 
 a profound interest. Other distinguished visitors 
 included the Earl of Crewe, Lord JeUicoe, Admiral 
 Wemyss, Sir Percy Scott, Admiral Parry, and 
 Admiral Farquhar. 
 
 Some of the men at the observation posts became 
 very clever hearers. One afternoon, while an officer 
 was inspecting a post at Hainault observation 
 station, Chadwell Heath (K), a Special Constable, 
 famed for his alertness, suddenly exclaimed: 
 " What's that ? Why, there's a German aeroplane 
 overhead." 
 
 All were instantly attentive, if a bit incredulous ; 
 but only the discoverer could identify the far-up 
 noise, which all now heard, as the distinctive hum 
 of the German. As no bombs were dropped then 
 or during the night, it was assumed that the Special 
 Constable was mistaken. 
 
 As a matter of fact he was not. The explanation 
 came a few days later. It seems that a French 
 pilot had brought over a captured German machine, 
 and that, owing to some misunderstanding, the 
 customary notice had not been given. It was this 
 plane which the Special Constable heard and 
 identified. 
 
 The value of the work done by the observation 
 posts one can hardly put too high. The officer 
 commanding one of our important anti-aircraft 
 gun stations was frank in his praise when, on a 
 visit to his station, we asked him whether he found 
 it of practical service. 
 
 Quite regularly the observation posts in R, J,
 
 174 THE SPECIALS 
 
 and K Divisions were the first to sight the aerial 
 enemy. Once thus caught, in a few minutes he 
 was over gunfire, for the observers 1 reports, with 
 correct bearings and a good shot at the altitude, 
 went with lightning speed, via the Central Bureau, 
 to the guns and searchlights. 
 
 An observation post established at Westminster 
 was abandoned before the end of 1914, and A Divi- 
 sion had no further work of that kind. In B there 
 was a post in the Fire Tower, Fulham, and the 
 Division supplied some men for Spring Gardens. 
 At the Great Central Hotel, the Langham, and the 
 Polytechnic, D had posts, while G manned a Fire 
 Brigade Tower in Tabernacle Square and the Broad 
 Street Station Water Tower. 
 
 At Buckhurst Hill, J Division, there was a useful 
 post on the local Chapel Tower. At the outset 
 there was only an evening service; but after the 
 first daylight raid, on June 13, 1917, the post was 
 manned continuously. During raids the six men 
 on the open top took their chance of being hit by 
 shrapnel, which repeatedly fell upon and damaged 
 the chapel roof. The watchers here were amongst 
 the most ardent in welcoming the issue of steel 
 helmets. At Claybury there was a post in the 
 Asylum Tower, which is nearly 500 feet above 
 sea-level, and from which one gets a fine view of 
 the Thames flats and the neighbourhood of Wool- 
 wich. Here also a day-and-night service was given, 
 and the post was specially commended on several 
 occasions for its smart detection of enemy craft. 
 
 The work of the Hainault post in K Division
 
 OBSERVATION POSTS A RAID 175 
 
 kept 34 officers and men employed. Mr. Robert 
 Stroud made available a tower at his residence, 
 Ilford, for this work, and the whole service proved 
 most useful, as Hainault is on a route often used 
 by enemy aircraft bound for London. .The post 
 was manned night and day. At East Ham Palace 
 and at Messrs. Bryant and May's, Bow, there were 
 like posts, and the local stations insured that they 
 were kept manned by suitable observers. Both 
 did work of great public value when the enemy was 
 in the air, and the same remark applies to a post 
 at North Woolwich, installed on the roof of a 
 building of the Western Electric Company. 
 
 In N Division there were many observation posts 
 at the "suspicious lights " stage; but later the work 
 was centred at High Beech and Edmonton, two 
 stations where a continuous look-out was maintained. 
 Men came from as far as Chingford to help man 
 the High Beech post, associated with which was 
 an important unit of the Air Force. 
 
 At Honor Oak, P Division, 23 officers and men 
 manned a tower in the grounds of Tewkesbury 
 Lodge, and the duty here was also valuable and 
 well done. The observers attended only in the 
 evening, but their eyrie was on the point of becoming 
 a continuous service post when the armistice happily 
 intervened. There was also a well-managed obser- 
 vation post at Bromley. 
 
 In R Division posts were established on the Royal 
 Observatory, Greenwich, also at Falcon's Wood, 
 and at Severn Droog Castle, both on Shooter's Hill. 
 Only the last-named was continued throughout the
 
 176 THE SPECIALS 
 
 whole period of the war. Owing alike to position 
 and to the splendid look-out it afforded, as from it 
 one can see Windsor Castle and Epsom Racecourse, 
 Severn Droog Castle which by the way is a resi- 
 dence hardly amounting to a castle was one of the 
 posts most valued by the central and all other 
 authorities charged with the defence of the city 
 against enemy aircraft. The post, on a tower in 
 the grounds, was manned at night from Eltham 
 Station by men in whose training and practice no 
 break was allowed ; while at Lee Road Station there 
 was a well-drilled squad, ready to reinforce and 
 more particularly to provide for sustained observa- 
 tion should an air-raid occur in the daytime. When, 
 during 1917, a strong and unbroken day-and-night 
 service was asked for, Westcombe Park joined the 
 others in holding the fort. During several of the 
 enemy visitations, the work of this post was done 
 at great peril. Not merely occasionally, but quite 
 often, the top of the tower was hit by shrapnel or 
 by flying splinters of shell, yet the men on it escaped. 
 One night, during what was obviously an attack 
 on Woolwich, a Zeppelin passed at a low altitude 
 directly over the tower and dropped a bomb on 
 either side. No great damage was done, and there 
 was no break in the service. The Special Constables 
 coolly stuck to their work, and continued faithfully 
 to telephone the results of their scrutiny to the 
 Central Observation Station at Spring Gardens. 
 
 In S Division there were observation posts at 
 Hampstead, Elstree, and Barnet, and all but the 
 first-named were maintained up to the armistice.
 
 COMMANDERS 
 
 COMMANDER W. E. YOUNG, M.IJ.K. 
 
 (Capt.) 
 
 COMMANDER W. ST. JOHN FOX, M.B.E. 
 
 COMMANDER G. J. SHAVE. 
 
 COMMANDER H. YERBURGH-BONSEY, M.B.E. 
 
 COMMANDER R. ADAMS, M.B.E.
 
 OBSERVATION POSTS A RAID 177 
 
 An excellent service was maintained and useful 
 reports supplied to Spring Gardens. 
 
 Early in 1915, V Division established like posts. 
 These were at Wandsworth, Wimbledon, Kingston, 
 Thames Ditton, Epsom, and East Molesey. They 
 underwent the customary development, beginning 
 as stations looking for " suspicious lights," and 
 some of them going on to the more serious business 
 of watching for hostile aircraft and reporting move- 
 ments of those seen. In this connection particularly 
 good work was done by a station on the racecourse 
 at Epsom. 
 
 At Croydon, in W Division, an observation post 
 was established at the Water Tower, in 1916, and 
 from June, 1917, it was manned continuously, the 
 men being supplied by the local station. At Sutton, 
 in the same Division, like work was done at Langley 
 Park reservoir, from the end of 1917. Both these 
 posts were maintained up to the armistice. 
 
 In October, 1914, X Division organised lookout 
 stations at high points within its area, and before 
 the end of the year this service kept 72 men daily 
 employed. Those early points included the Ellerslie 
 Towers (at the reservoir), Ealing's Museum Terrace, 
 and Church Terrace, Harrow; and the Maria Grey 
 Training College, Kilburn. Similar posts were 
 manned at the Gramophone Works, Hayes, and at 
 Ruislip the following year, and the number of 
 men daily employed rose to 287. There were 
 alternate discontinuations and resumptions of work 
 at the same or near-by points; but whenever and 
 wherever it was thought necessary by the Admiralty 
 
 12
 
 178 THE SPECIALS 
 
 or other controlling authority, Special Constables 
 were found for the work, and all concerned developed 
 a fine capacity in its performance. Rear- Admiral 
 Parry paid an official visit, in November, 1917, to 
 a post at the Church Tower, Harrow, and his 
 recorded comment included the words, " Great 
 ingenuity displayed in fittings. A case of unavoid- 
 able material difficulties circumvented successfully." 
 In November, 1915, an observation post was set 
 up in the tower at the house of Dr. Moore, Windmill 
 Hill, Enfield, Y Division, and duty from 8 p.m. till 
 midnight was done until June, 1917, when the 
 watch was made continuous. Enfield station found 
 the men and well maintained a service the day 
 portion of which was only dispensed with a few 
 weeks before the armistice. 
 
 ^e s)c * * * * 
 
 How do you think a raid looks from an observa- 
 tion post ? The answer is given in the following 
 extracts from an account written at the time by 
 Special Constable Hunter, one of the squad at 
 Severn Droog Castle Tower, Shooter's Hill: 
 
 " At ten o'clock our Sergeant pays us a visit. He 
 brings the latest war-news and checks the entries 
 in our log-book. As we chat in a dreamy sort of 
 way, we hear a shout from the man on duty at 
 the top, ' Aerodrome lights up.' He has seen the 
 landing lights of the aerodrome across the valley, 
 and he knows it to be a bad sign. Before we can 
 report, the telephone bell is ringing and O.R. 
 (Central Observation Station) is saying that hostile 
 aircraft have crossed the coast.
 
 OBSERVATION POSTS A RAID 179 
 
 "Warning maroons are soon bursting high over 
 London, and our eyes are searching the sky. Very 
 soon, too, we see a vivid flash away to the north- 
 east, quickly followed by other flashes, and by the 
 time that elapses before the sound reaches us we 
 know that it is gunfire twenty miles away. . . . 
 Soon this is succeeded by flashes nearer us, and we 
 realise that the enemy has broken through the 
 outer ring of London's defences. 
 
 " Now hostile machines are approaching the city, 
 and line after line of guns open fire. The noise and 
 the flashes are nearing the river. Suddenly the 
 searchlight near our tower breaks out, and the gun 
 close by comes into action. The firing becomes 
 more and more intense. Shrapnel is falling on the 
 trees around us, and we are glad of the comfort of 
 our tin-hats, although we know that only our heads 
 are protected. 
 
 " Our gun follows the enemy up the river, and 
 presently it is firing directly overhead. We can 
 feel the old tower shake at every report, and the 
 shells scream over us. We watch the heavens above 
 the bursting point, in the hope of seeing the enemy. 
 
 " Now the searchlights for miles around are 
 centred over the great city. There evidently the 
 Gothas are. A great V-shaped flash comes up from 
 the ground, followed by a crash, and we report, 
 ' Bomb dropped 2791.' In a few seconds we know 
 the fire brigade will be on the spot where the bomb 
 fell. 
 
 " The guns are silent, more bombs drop, and we 
 report them. Then a fire breaks out and that is
 
 180 THE SPECIALS 
 
 notified. (We heard afterwards that in eight 
 seconds the brigade was warned. ) 
 
 " The 'phone rings just at midnight and the 
 Station Inspector asks if he shall send up the relief. 
 ' No/ we say, ' we'll stick it out.' While the In- 
 spector is talking the guns begin to speak again. 
 Away to the south-east the enemy is making his 
 escape. 
 
 " Shells are bursting high in the sky. Once more 
 the shrapnel is falling around us. Occasionally 
 there is a shriek, as a large piece of shell crashes 
 and clatters among the trees. 
 
 "There is an interval of quiet, and two of our 
 comrades who had been caught in the barrage on 
 their way to the tower join us, smilingly remarking 
 upon the perfect beauty of the night. Then there 
 is joyous music in the air. The buglers are sounding 
 the 'All Clear.'"
 
 CHAPTER XVII 
 THE AIR-RAIDS 
 
 "What would be the security of the good if the bad 
 could at pleasure invade them from the sky f . . . A 
 flight of northern savages might hover in the wind and 
 light with irresistible violence upon the capital of a fruitful 
 region." Easselas. 
 
 IN the fulness of time a period not to be mistaken, 
 we hope, for the Greek Kalends the authorities of 
 the Department whose business it is may, in an 
 adequate official publication, tell Londoners the 
 full story of the air-raids. So far the only details 
 vouchsafed, beside an official statement of figures, 
 are those contained in the admirable review of the 
 works of units under his command, written by 
 Lieutenant-Commander S. Sladen, R.N., who lately 
 retired from the control of the London Fire Brigade. 
 Even this document is not in print for public 
 purchase or circulation; but the newspapers have 
 given extracts from it, to the enlightenment of 
 citizens. For the people were kept in ignorance 
 during the war, lest publication would prove guiding 
 knowledge to an enemy anxious to correct his 
 mistakes and thus reach objectives which he almost 
 invariably missed. 
 
 181
 
 182 THE SPECIALS 
 
 Good reasons are given by Commander Sladen 
 for the view that it was the purpose of the enemy 
 to burn London. Not for worlds would we put it 
 past him. We may all agree with the Commander 
 and still think that the enemy's design was also to 
 kill for the sake of the killing in which his cultured 
 soul delighted; and, of course, to create panic. To 
 make the British capital untenable for its own 
 people, to keep the population in a continuous state 
 of alarm, to dislocate its industry, and to establish 
 in these concurrent circumstances the conditions 
 under which the scourged and beaten Briton would 
 graciously ask permission to kiss the chastening 
 hand of the awful Kaiser may one not assume this 
 to be a rough outline of the pleasant Potsdam 
 programme ? Of the tragic events incidental to the 
 endeavour to carry it out our citizens would, we 
 think, like to hear much more than has yet been 
 told, softly irradiated as that has been by the news- 
 paper reports of certain rent questions raised and 
 of compensation suits which followed the destruc- 
 tion of house and other property. 
 
 The Special Constabulary of London Metro- 
 politan and City joined loyally in the work -had 
 the much-prized honour of standing between the 
 enemy and some of his purposes. While the 
 soldier at his gun or in the air faced the invader, 
 checked him at the nation's gateways, and beat 
 him off if he got through into its home; while the 
 gallant firemen guaranteed that our savage foe 
 would not be permitted to burn us out to both 
 efforts, we have seen, the Special Constabulary
 
 THE AIR-RAIDS 183 
 
 observation posts valuably contributed and while 
 the ambulance service did its noble work of saving 
 life and ameliorating pain, the Police Force, Regular 
 and Auxiliary, in every nook and corner of the 
 700 square miles of the Metropolitan District, gave 
 to the citizens just that help, assurance, and com- 
 fort which the circumstances called for gave it 
 at all costs, and regardless of personal peril from 
 bombs or shrapnel, when the call was to the blood 
 of the race, quite in the same spirit as the soldier 
 gave service and faced death on the field of battle. 
 
 We have already indicated what the work meant 
 at the air-raid shelters, and do not, we think, make 
 too high a claim for the value of the moral influence 
 which that quiet lead in sterling courage meant to 
 crowds, in which particularly when largely com- 
 posed of persons whose limbs were not " made in 
 England " there were always the elements of 
 panic. Further than that, wherever bombs fell, 
 amongst the first on the scene were the Special 
 Constables, often with complete ambulance or 
 rescue equipment; and no service to the dead, the 
 injured, the imprisoned, or the homeless which the 
 heartless business called for but was freely and 
 capably rendered. 
 
 There were in all thirty-two actual raids on 
 London; but the enemy's aircraft crossed the south 
 or south-east coast over eighty times. Eighty -six 
 official warnings went out, and on a number of other 
 occasions Commanders and station chiefs were 
 called to their posts, for the portents were adverse 
 and the need for speedy mobilisation was considered
 
 184 THE SPECIALS 
 
 probable. Mobilisation meant, in anticipation of 
 the "Take Cover " order, manning the shelters, the 
 aggregate of which, in the Metropolitan Police Area, 
 we estimate at about 1,700, while the approximate 
 number of people they would hold we may safely 
 put at 1,500,000. One would not be far out in 
 assuming that on a raid night something like a 
 million of people used these shelters. There were 
 warnings (first stage), and mobilisation (second 
 stage), on nights when no "Take Cover" order 
 (third stage) was found necessary, the enemy having 
 been driven off. But if we reached the third stage, 
 then from 22,000 to 24,000 Special Constables would 
 be on duty; for, in addition to the men of the 
 Divisions and the Headquarters units, the L.G.O. 
 Detachment mustered its full strength, while some 
 1,800 men of the General Post Office Detachment, 
 over 600 serving in the Office of Works, and almost 
 the whole strength (about 2,500) of the private 
 firms' attested men, were at their posts. In point 
 of numbers, then, it will be seen that on this service 
 was engaged no mean section of London's manhood, 
 robust as it was willing, although not of the age 
 thought fit for the trenches. A grateful London will 
 never forget that. 
 
 The enemy, we have said, got through to London 
 on thirty -two occasions, but he was in the coastal 
 counties probably twice as often. To the strain 
 of the necessary activity when he was actually here 
 must be added that of expectancy and preparation 
 when he was on our side of a sea which, since flying 
 became possible, no longer completely " served
 
 THE AIR-RAIDS 185 
 
 (England) in the office of a wall." When the enemy's 
 arrival in London seemed imminent, or even when 
 it was known that he was stirring in his lair on a 
 likely night for a crossing, our defensive and auxiliary 
 services " got busy," as the Americans say. As all 
 know, dark nights were the likely ones for the 
 Zeppelins, while moonlight favoured the aeroplanes. 
 Given fair weather, then, once the enemy got going 
 with both classes of machines, neither darkness nor 
 light was in itself security against his coming. On 
 fifty-eight of the eighty-six occasions when official 
 warnings went to the Special Constabulary there was 
 a general order to mobilise. 
 
 That wicked satirist, Sydney Smith, in reviewing 
 Madame de StaeTs " Delphine," remarked that the 
 " last two volumes are redundant and drag their 
 wounded length." Fearful of incurring some such 
 rebuke, we are compelled to be brief in here giving 
 some details of each raid. We shall, however, record 
 the salient facts as to dates, localities, casualties, 
 and material damage, so far as we have been able 
 to obtain them. We do not think that there are 
 many errors; we know that there are omissions, for 
 the ground covered is vast, the records scanty, and 
 such as they are not always procurable. We 
 shall meekly accept criticism that the narrative, 
 although based on singularly lurid material, is 
 insufficiently picturesque, if only it be conceded 
 that we present nothing gruesome, If for no other 
 reason, a decent reserve is befitting for the sake of 
 those who weep.
 
 CHAPTER XVIII 
 IN THE EARLY ZEPPELIN DAYS 
 
 " An ill-favoured thing, sir ; but mine own." TOUCH- 
 STONE (for Count Zeppelin). 
 
 THE enemy had on seven occasions dropped bombs 
 in England before any of the Zeppelins with which 
 he opened his campaign penetrated into the Metro- 
 politan Police District. 
 
 On the dark night of May 31 June 1, 1915, from 
 the north-east, the first airship came through. 
 Seven people were killed and thirty -five injured in 
 this raid, which damaged the railway goods depot 
 at Bishopsgate (City). The Divisions more directly 
 affected were H, J, K, and N. Two bombs fell at 
 Leytonstone (J), without doing serious damage. 
 (On two later occasions the little town had a similar 
 experience.) No fewer than twenty -five bombs fell 
 between High Street, Shoreditch, and Christian and 
 Ducket Streets, Stepney (H), where two people were 
 killed and ten injured. Much damage was done 
 to property. In seven thoroughfares of Stoke 
 Newington (N), the enemy left his mark. Three of 
 the ten bombs which exploded in the locality landed 
 in Cowper road, killed two people, and damaged 
 three dwellings. In other streets of Stoke Newing- 
 
 186
 
 IN THE EARLY ZEPPELIN DAYS 187 
 
 ton five citizens were injured and house property 
 was damaged. 
 
 Kent and Essex were visited on the nights of 
 June 4-5 and eight people were injured; and on 
 August 12-13 Essex got some bombs, in a raid 
 which killed six and injured twenty -four people. 
 
 On the night of August 17-18, Kent, Essex, and 
 London suffered. Ten persons were killed and 
 forty -eight injured. In this raid Leyton (J Division) 
 fared ill. There was spirited local work to be done, 
 and how well it was accomplished is indicated by 
 the fact that Special Constable W. A. Goodman, 
 of Leyton, was awarded the certificate of the 
 Carnegie Heroes' Fund for his brave conduct that 
 night. Walthamstow and Lea Bridge Road (N) 
 were also bombed, ten people being injured and no 
 fewer than 326 houses damaged. 
 
 A raid on the night of September 7-8 was a bad 
 one for the Mid-London district. Eighteen people 
 were killed and thirty-eight injured, while a good 
 deal of house property was destroyed. The hall of 
 the Worshipful Company of Butchers, in Bartholo- 
 mew Close, was wrecked, and amongst the places 
 damaged were the Examination Hall of the Royal 
 College of Physicians and Surgeons, Holborn; the 
 Benchers' Buildings, Gray's Inn Road; and Farring- 
 don Street Railway Station. Bombs were dis- 
 tributed over the northern portions of R and P Divi- 
 sions, the localities directly affected being Wool- 
 wich, Greenwich, and Deptford (where damage was 
 done to the Council Chamber and the L.C.C. School), 
 Blackheath, Clifton Hill, Bermondsey, and New
 
 188 THE SPECIALS 
 
 Cross (where a section of the permanent way on the 
 line to Brighton was broken up). In getting away, 
 the raiders seem to have hurriedly unloaded, as 
 fifty-one bombs were thrown in the north-border 
 district, at Enfield Highway and Cheshunt. Twelve 
 of the green-houses fitting outposts of the " Fort 
 of London " in this lovely part of the metropolis 
 were damaged, and ninety small houses; but the 
 residents escaped personal injury. 
 
 The raiders had merely said " Au Revoir," for they 
 were back at ten o'clock the same night (Septem- 
 ber 8), when they dropped twenty-eight incendiary 
 and twenty-one explosive bombs, killed twenty-six 
 people, injured ninety-four others, and damaged 
 336 sets of premises. The City of London got it 
 badly that night. Material damage estimated at 
 not less than a million and a half sterling was done, 
 as the incendiary bombs caused several fires and 
 rich warehouses were burnt out. A motor-bus was 
 struck in Liverpool Street and three men killed. 
 Three little girls and two boys were killed in Clerken- 
 well Road. An explosive bomb fell near the 
 Alexandra Hospital for Children, Queen's Square, 
 Bloomsbury, and shattered the doors, window- 
 frames, and windows of the institution. The 
 children were unhurt. The National Hospital for 
 the Paralysed and Epileptic was damaged. The 
 Royal General Dispensary, Bartholomew Close, got 
 some of the force of a bomb which fell in this 
 locality, both the building and its contents being 
 damaged. At St. Bartholomew's Hospital close 
 by 1,200 squares of glass were shattered. Four
 
 IN THE EARLY ZEPPELIN DAYS 189 
 
 bombs fell within E Division. The Penny Bank 
 at Holborn was hit and three people killed. A 
 bomb passed through the roof of a baker's shop and 
 buried itself in sacks of flour in the basement, 
 without exploding. Another fell in High Street, 
 Shoreditch (H), wrecked an omnibus, and killed six 
 and injured twelve people. This missile did con- 
 siderable damage to the water, gas, and electric 
 mains, and to adjacent buildings. 
 
 The raiders got to Essex on the nights of Septem- 
 ber 11-12 and 12-13. There were no casualties. 
 
 Then the moon checked the Zeppelin depredations, 
 and it was not until the dark night of October 13-14 
 that enemy air-machines were again heard over 
 London. No fewer than seventy-one people were 
 killed in this raid, while the injured numbered 128. 
 E Division got the full force of the enemy's venom. 
 Seventeen persons were killed and twenty-one 
 injured in Wellington Street; three were killed and 
 fifteen injured outside the Strand Theatre. Bombs 
 fell round about the island on which stands the 
 office of the Morning Post, Strand. The Lyceum 
 Theatre, the Strand Theatre, and the Victoria Club 
 were all damaged. The enemy's hatred of the law 
 appeared to be exemplified in this raid, for the Law 
 Courts were damaged on the west front and the 
 new extension. Lincoln's Inn suffered even more 
 severely than did Gray's Inn in a previous raid, as 
 fourteen of its buildings, including the Chapel, were 
 damaged. On the other side of the river thirteen 
 bombs fell at Woolwich (R Division). The officers' 
 quarters and other buildings at the Royal Artillery
 
 190 THE SPECIALS 
 
 and Grand Depot Barracks were a good deal knocked 
 about. An explosive bomb fell on the Queen 
 Elizabeth Cottage Almshouses, Greenwich Road, 
 badly damaging the chapel and some buildings 
 where the poor were housed. A house was de- 
 molished at Blackheath, and a woman seventy 
 years of age was amongst the severely injured. 
 Two incendiary bombs fell on Creek Bridge wharf, 
 Greenwich. H Division got three bombs, which 
 injured seven people in Leman Street and Prince's 
 Square. 
 
 There were no more visits that year, but early 
 in 1916 the enemy was back in England. He 
 reached Kent on March 5-6 and Essex on March 31, 
 but there were not, we think, any casualties. 
 
 On April 2-3 Zeppelins again got to London. In 
 that raid the Germans killed thirteen and injured 
 twenty-four of our people, the victims falling at 
 widely-separated points in a murderous progress 
 from the coast. It might easily have been worse, 
 but no fewer than ninety of the bombs fell on open 
 ground at Waltham Holy Cross (N Division). A 
 farmhouse there was slightly damaged and some 
 gratuitous ploughing done. 
 
 The Midland Counties had several visits before, 
 on April 25-26, London was again reached in a raid 
 which did personal injury to only one citizen. On 
 the next night the enemy was in Kent, and unloaded 
 his stuff with his accustomed glee, without, however, 
 killing or injuring anybody. Then followed a 
 succession of raids in the Northern Counties and 
 in Scotland before, on August 1, and again on the
 
 IN THE EARLY ZEPPELIN DAYS 191 
 
 following night, the raiders were back in Kent, 
 neither visit being marked by a casualty. 
 
 In the small hours of August 25 the enemy scored 
 against us. He killed twenty-four and injured forty 
 people, besides doing much damage to property. 
 His first missile was dropped in London at 1.30 a.m., 
 and he threw altogether eleven explosive and forty- 
 two incendiary bombs, damaging 1 63 sets of premises 
 in the south and south-eastern parts of the Metro- 
 politan District. R Division had by far the worst 
 of this. Bombs fell at Greenwich, Blackheath 
 (where two persons were killed), Plumstead, 
 Eltham, and Deptford. Greenwich Road Railway 
 Station was completely demolished. Among the 
 killed were fifteen soldiers in an Army Service Depot 
 at Deptford. At Mill Hill four persons were killed. 
 In one of the dwellings destroyed at Eltham the five 
 occupants, including a father and mother and their 
 little daughter (aged ten), were killed. A number 
 of Eltham people were badly hurt and were taken 
 to the hospital. An explosive bomb damaged a 
 residence at Shooter's Hill. Some Deptford Green 
 buildings were affected, amongst those hit being 
 St. Nicholas' Church. 
 
 On September 2-3 the enemy again reached 
 London. Four people were killed and twelve 
 injured, but it proved a costly adventure for the 
 invader, as one of the machines was brought down 
 at Cuffley. Y Division will always be specially 
 remembered because of the Zeppelins destroyed 
 within its territory one at Cuffley, another at 
 Potters Bar. Each was a very big occasion in the
 
 192 THE SPECIALS 
 
 Division's history, and on each a prompt and spirited 
 service, precisely of the kind required, was given. 
 There is no unit at Cuffley, but the Enfield, Potters 
 Bar and East Barnet men were quicklyontheground, 
 and comrades from other stations were at their 
 heels, for the whole Division strength was on duty. 
 Rarely has there been such a night in London, which 
 went wellnigh mad with joy and satisfaction at the 
 complete success of the intrepid Captain Leefe 
 Robinson's attack on the huge airship. She carried 
 a crew of sixteen, all of whom were killed. 
 
 The police work at Cuffley itself was strenuous 
 enough on the spot and lasted long after a military 
 detachment had taken local charge. It needed all 
 the rest of the available men of Y, reinforced by the 
 Headquarters Central Detachment, and by detach- 
 ments from other Divisions, to keep the thorough- 
 fares. For that night all roads led to a scene which 
 had an irresistible attraction for the whole London 
 world and all the vehicles that world could muster. 
 For days -perhaps we should say for weeks it was 
 much the same, long after the dead Germans had 
 been buried and the ghastly debris got out of sight. 
 
 Colonel H. de Watteville is the authority for saying 
 that ten other raiders saw the burning airship drop- 
 ping to earth, and that the sight was too much for 
 them. In that raid N Division got twenty-three 
 bombs. Seventeen of them fell at Enfield, where 
 forty buildings were damaged. Edmonton got the 
 remainder, and gave them appropriate reception 
 and sepulchre in a sewage farm. 
 
 Disastrous to us was the Zeppelin raid on Sunday
 
 IN THE EARLY ZEPPELIN DAYS 193 
 
 morning, September 24, when forty lives were lost 
 and injury done to 130 people. On that occasion 
 forty-two incendiary and twenty-five explosive 
 bombs were dropped within the metropolitan area, 
 and damage was done to 219 sets of premises. The 
 enemy came from the south, and W Division 
 suffered most. A bomb wrecked a tramcar, laden 
 with passengers, which was standing outside 
 Streatham Hill Station. Five men were instantly 
 killed and two were injured. The booking-office, 
 the cloak-room, and the waiting-room at the station 
 were destroyed. The house of Inspector Ward, of 
 the Criminal Investigation Department, in Beech- 
 croft Road, Streatham Hill, was struck. The 
 Inspector was so badly injured that he died in the 
 hospital to which he was taken; his daughter was 
 killed on the spot, and his wife was seriously injured. 
 Damage was done to property in Streatham and 
 Brixton roads as far north as Kennington L Divi- 
 sion and the Kennington Theatre was rattled by 
 a bomb which fell in the local park. Lairway 
 bound, the raiders unloaded in N Division. Two 
 people were killed and five injured near Ley ton, 
 where nearly two hundred buildings (including the 
 Police Station) were damaged. Islington also 
 received unwelcome attention, but nobody was 
 injured. 
 
 The Zeppelins were over London again on the 
 night of October 1-2, and once more a machine 
 navigated by the German expert Matthi was 
 brought down in Y Division, this time at Potters 
 Bar. Matthi and his crew of eighteen all perished. 
 
 13
 
 194 THE SPECIALS 
 
 Somewhat similar were the duties and experiences 
 of Special Constables to those of a month previously 
 at Cuffley. At Potters Bar, however, we had a 
 unit of Special Constables who, to their great satis- 
 faction, found work brought right to their doors. 
 Indeed, the Zeppelin narrowly missed falling on the 
 house of their Inspector. Again there was a public 
 rush to the scene through the fog, followed by rain, 
 of a most disagreeable morning. The men of Y, 
 helped by a unit of the Headquarters Central Detach- 
 ment and detachments from other Divisions, were 
 particularly busy. Wet, muddy, and bedraggled 
 men they were for long weary hours. Cheshunt (N) 
 again suffered in this raid. Fifty bombs were flung 
 into the flower-growing area, forty greenhouses and 
 352 dwellings were damaged, but, as in the like 
 visitation of the previous year, no injury was done 
 to life or limb. 
 
 That the enemy could, in conditions favouring 
 him, reach London in an aeroplane by daylight he 
 demonstrated on November 28. Only one machine 
 came. It dropped bombs near Victoria Station 
 (A Division), and got away scatheless. Little damage 
 was done, and we had no further visits that year.
 
 CHAPTER XIX 
 
 FROM DARKNESS TO LIGHT 
 
 " The moon shines bright. On such a night as this " 
 
 Merchant of Venice. 
 
 UP to this point London rejoiced most when the 
 moon was brightest; henceforth it had good reason 
 to regard the moon as an ally of our murderous 
 foe. For we had reached the period of the aero- 
 plane, which loved the light. 
 
 The 1 91 7 aerial campaign against England opened 
 on March 1, when aeroplanes came as far as Kent, 
 into which county they again penetrated on the 
 16th and 17th of the same month, and again on 
 April 5, with slight injury to us. 
 
 On May 7 they got to London, and it was the 
 turn of the N and Y Divisions. Explosive bombs 
 fell in Stoke Newington Road and in Holloway 
 Road. At Newington Green Mansions a citizen 
 was killed and two other people injured. A water- 
 main was smashed in Highbury Fields. In both 
 Divisions the police, Regular and Auxiliary, had 
 an anxious and laborious night. 
 
 On May 23 Zeppelins were again over Essex, and 
 a man was killed. On the 25th of the same month 
 no fewer than ninety-five people, including eighteen 
 
 195
 
 196 THE SPECIALS 
 
 soldiers, were killed, and many others injured in an 
 aeroplane raid on Kent, in which the enemy spent 
 his fury at Folkestone. He did not come to London. 
 Essex and Kent were invaded on June 5, when 
 thirteen people were killed and thirty-four injured. 
 
 Then the murder-masters scored heavily. The 
 ever-memorable daylight raid took place on June 13, 
 when Margate, Essex, and London were attacked 
 by aeroplanes. Our death-roll bore no fewer than 
 162 names, while 432 people were injured. The 
 City suffered again. Four explosive bombs fell on 
 Liverpool Street Station, where sixteen people were 
 killed and thirteen injured. Twelve railway carriages 
 were wrecked and 100 feet of platform demolished. 
 H Division was called upon under very pathetic 
 circumstances, for a bomb struck the L.C.C. School 
 in Upper North Street, Stepney, and killed sixteen 
 children nine boys and seven girls besides in- 
 juring thirty-one others. The Royal Mint was hit 
 and damaged by a bomb which killed four and 
 injured thirty people. The Division acknowledges 
 the fine help received on that dreadful occasion 
 from a squad of the Headquarters' Central Detach- 
 ment under Inspector now Commander T. Mor- 
 daunt Snagge. In all seventeen bombs fell in 
 H that day. Twenty-two of its residents are in- 
 cluded amongst the killed, while ninety-eight 
 others were injured. Extensive damage was done 
 to property indeed, forty- three houses were com- 
 pletely demolished. While hurrying to his duty, 
 Special Constable Stevens, of Leman Street, saw 
 a badly injured man lying on the pavement.
 
 FROM DARKNESS TO LIGHT 197 
 
 When he had safely lodged the sufferer in the 
 hospital and informed the man's relations, Mr. 
 Stevens hastened to his station, there to give 
 meritorious explanation of his late arrival, and 
 without further ado join in the work in hand. In 
 like spirit did the Special Constable everywhere 
 give service under fire. An incipient panic in the 
 air-shelter at the London, Tilbury, and Southend 
 Railway Depot was promptly met and suppressed 
 on the same occasion by a party of H Special Con- 
 stables under Inspector Pearson. 
 
 On June 1 6 to 1 7 Zeppelins were again in Kent, and 
 five lives were lost. On July 4 the enemy got as far 
 as Essex, and the casualty list shows seventeen killed. 
 
 We now come to the sensational daylight raid 
 of July 7 when, as one commentator bluntly puts 
 it, " the German fighting planes caught the defence 
 napping." Between twenty and thirty enormous 
 Gothas were engaged in this expedition, appeared 
 to come via Margate as they liked and to do as 
 they liked. They left only after getting rid of their 
 death-dealing missiles, consisting of 3 tons of 
 bombs sixty-six incendiary and forty-one ex- 
 plosive and, to quote again the same commentator, 
 " the wonder is that not more damage was done." 
 The raiders did not hurry, and the one gallant 
 British aviator who met them in the air died 
 heroically in an unequal fight. In all, fifty-eight 
 people were killed and 193 injured, while 903 sets of 
 premises were damaged. The first bomb fell at 
 10.36 a.m., and we owe much to the fact that a 
 number of the bombs did not explode.
 
 198 THE SPECIALS 
 
 Right over Central London, every part of which 
 in the broad daylight was easily distinguishable, 
 the enemy came and the City suffered badly. On 
 this occasion the General Post Office was hit, the 
 upper floors of the Central Telegraph Office being 
 demolished. The military sentry was killed. 
 Damage was again done to the Butchers' Hall, also 
 (in St. Pancras Road) to the London Volunteer 
 Headquarters which was hit by one of our shells 
 three months later Leadenhall Market, The Iron- 
 mongers' Hall, and the Custom House. 
 
 The Divisions directly affected were E, G, H, J, 
 K, N, and Y, on the north side of the Thames, and 
 P on the other side, as bombs fell as far south as 
 Peckham. The extent of the area over which the 
 invaders operated may be realised when we mention 
 that damage was done in St. Bartholomew's Close, 
 Cox's Court, Little Britain, Aldersgate Street, Golden 
 Lane, Finsbury, Bread Street, Cheapside, White- 
 cross Street, St. Pancras Road, Euston Road, Stoke 
 Newington, Tottenham, Edmonton, Chingford, 
 Shoreditch, Tooley Street, Fenchurch Street, Leaden- 
 hall Street, Lime Street, Bermondsey, Hollo way, 
 Peckham, Limehouse, Holborn, Old Street,City Road, 
 Hackney, Haggerston, Bow, South wark, and Hoxton. 
 
 One man was killed and several injured in St. 
 Bartholomew's Close; two men were killed and 
 several injured in Golden Lane ; a woman was killed in 
 Weston Street, Bermondsey; a man was killed and 
 three injured at St. Pancras Road; six men and a 
 woman were killed in Boleyn Road, Stoke Newing- 
 ton N Division where over fifty buildings were
 
 FROM DARKNESS TO LIGHT 199 
 
 wrecked. At Somers Town, Y Division, great damage 
 was done to a railway goods station, while a railway 
 depot at Battle Bridge Road also suffered. The 
 windows at Guy's Hospital Medical School were 
 broken and the patients had a narrow escape. Six 
 people were killed and nine injured by two bombs 
 which fell on the roadway at Tower Hill. 
 
 This was one of the occasions on which Scotland 
 House direction of mobile Special Constables had 
 to be strictly controlled by the realisation that, 
 bad as the situation was at the moment at any 
 given point, ten minutes later it might be worse at 
 another. Sir Edward Ward had probably the 
 stiffest task set to him during the war ; but, as was 
 remarked at the time, the Special Constable was 
 ubiquitous. And he was always smart, plucky, 
 practical, and resourceful. 
 
 On July 22 aeroplanes were in Essex and thirteen 
 people were killed. On August 13 the same county 
 was again visited, the enemy coming via Margate. 
 The death-roll bears thirty -four names. On 
 August 28 and September 3 Kent was invaded; on 
 the first occasion twelve people were killed. 
 
 On September 4-5 the enemy was once more 
 over London, and E Division knew it. An enemy 
 machine which had come from the south crossed the 
 river, and was plainly seen as it passed the Strand. 
 Flying directly over the Law Courts, it went towards 
 the north-west, dropping bombs all the way ; nineteen 
 people were killed and seventy-one injured in this 
 raid. The enemy unloaded thirty- three explosive 
 bombs and damaged 405 sets of premises. Charing
 
 200 THE SPECIALS 
 
 Cross Hospital Medical School was badly damaged by 
 an explosive bomb which fell in Agar Street; the 
 missile killed two men and a woman, and seriously 
 in j ured ten other persons . The Little Theatre (in the 
 Adelphi) was hit, 270 feet of the Embankment torn 
 up, a tramcar wrecked, and three statues demolished. 
 Close to Cleopatra's Needle endangered by several 
 raids a bomb fell that night and damaged the base 
 of the obelisk. The buildings affected in and around 
 the Strand included the Hotel Cecil, the Savage 
 Club, and the Ministry of Munitions. E Division 
 had its hands full. 
 
 By a bomb which fell in Tichborne Street (F Divi- 
 sion) a woman was killed outright and a man so 
 badly injured that he died two days later. On his 
 way home the Zeppelin unloaded in S Division. 
 Several persons were injured in Ainger Road, 
 Primrose Hill, and a number of houses damaged. 
 B Division had earlier got some of the trouble. 
 Three Gotha bombs damaged War Office property 
 in Hatton Road, Woolwich Common, and another 
 damaged the West Lodge at the Royal Military 
 Academy and ten dwellings. Seven other bombs 
 fell in the Woolwich District, injuring several 
 persons. Five bombs dropped at Blackheath, 
 where a woman was killed and 124 houses damaged. 
 What a strange piece of fortune it was that on the 
 morning of September 4 the last German was 
 removed from the Prisoners of War Concentration 
 Camp, K Division, and that on the night of that 
 day a bomb demolished the camp ! 
 
 An extensive area was covered by the raiders
 
 FROM DARKNESS TO LIGHT 201 
 
 when they opened what is called their Harvest 
 Moon aeroplane attack on September 24-25. The 
 murderers killed twenty -one people, badly injured 
 many others, and damaged 317 sets of premises. 
 In Southampton Row (E Division) an explosive 
 bomb fell opposite the Bedford Hotel, with appalling 
 consequences, for twelve people one of them a 
 woman were killed. No. 9 Gallery of the Royal 
 Academy was much damaged, and also, although less 
 seriously, were other galleries and the Anatomical 
 School. The Royal Society, Burlington House, the 
 Civil Service Commission, the Royal Thames Yacht 
 Club, the Turf Club, and the Berkeley Hotel 
 (C Division) all suffered. So also, in the Piccadilly 
 area, did the houses of high-placed people, including 
 the Duke of Devonshire, Lady Wernher, Mr. H. 
 Burdett-Coutts, M.P., Lord Wimborne, the Marquis 
 of Salisbury, the Marquis of Zetland, Lord Faring- 
 don, the Earl of Yarborough, the Duke of Rutland, 
 Lord Hillingdon, Lord Northcliffe, Lord Leith, Sir 
 R. W. B. Jardine, Lady Northcote, Lord Wolverton, 
 Earl Spencer, Lady Francis Sharp Powell, and Mr. 
 Horatio Bottomley, M.P. 
 
 C Division was very busy that night. In its 
 Soho area (Edward Street) three houses were 
 smashed and others badly damaged. Thither the 
 Commander made his way, and found an aged man, 
 covered with fragments of plaster, seated in a ruined 
 building, what was left of its roof lying across a settee. 
 " What are you doing here ?" asked the astonished 
 officer. " Oh, I'm the caretaker," was the rueful 
 reply, " and I thought it my duty to stay."
 
 202 THE SPECIALS 
 
 L Division had a terrible time in this raid. A 
 man and a woman were killed in Coburg Road and 
 three persons injured. In Marcia Road two men 
 were killed outright and ten other persons had to be 
 taken to a hospital, where two succumbed. A 4-inch 
 gas main was smashed, and extensive damage done 
 to surrounding property. Sergeant Carlisle was 
 the first to give aid in Marcia Road. On his arrival 
 he saw a man lying on the doorstep, examined him, 
 and found him dead. Close by was another, 
 bleeding badly. After applying first-aid treatment, 
 which probably saved the sufferer's life, the Sergeant 
 took him to a hospital. In Coburg Road a woman 
 was killed and a man so terribly injured that he 
 died soon afterwards. Bombs were also dropped 
 in the Old Kent Road, Odell Street, and Mina Road, 
 same Division. At New Cross (P) a man and a 
 woman were killed. Ten incendiary bombs fell at 
 Deptford (R) and burnt themselves out without 
 causing conflagration. Eleven persons were more 
 or less seriously injured by a bomb which fell in 
 Millwall (K Division). Islington and Canonbury 
 (N) were also bombed, but no damage was done. 
 On this occasion also the Westminster Abbey Choir 
 House, Little Dean's Yard (A Division), was 
 damaged by a bomb. 
 
 Next night, in the brilliant moonlight, the enemy 
 returned to Kent and London, and the casualties 
 en route were nine killed and twenty- three injured. 
 There was little damage to property. Four nights 
 later (September 28) the Home Counties were 
 visited, but nobody was hurt.
 
 FROM DARKNESS TO LIGHT 203 
 
 On the following a Saturday night the enemy 
 arrived in force at half-past nine and spent several 
 hours here. He killed fourteen and injured eighty- 
 seven people. Twenty-two explosive bombs were 
 dropped and damage was done to 92 9 sets of London 
 premises. L Division had an excess of the raiders' 
 attention. It got the first bomb near Lambeth Police 
 Stationat 9.36p.m., and at 12. 52 a.m. (Sunday) a bomb 
 fell on the north siding at Waterloo Station, wreck- 
 ing four floors of offices and stores and over twenty 
 pieces of rolling stock. Another bomb fell on the 
 south side of the main line, damaging the permanent 
 way, a signal-box, and the roofs of platforms. It 
 is remarkable that there were no casualties at the 
 great railway centre. Bethlehem Hospital for the 
 Insane, Lambeth Road, had a narrow escape, for 
 a bomb fell on the lawn and did a good deal of 
 damage. The building was damaged again on 
 December 19 of the same year. Houses were 
 wrecked in Mead Row, Westminster Bridge Road, 
 and Renfrew Road. Kennington Police Station 
 was amongst the buildings damaged. L Division 
 Special Constables and their ambulance coadjutors 
 had to work through four exciting hours under gun- 
 fire, and Chief Inspector (later Commander) Morton 
 did fine work conveying rescue parties in his car. 
 
 In Y Division, the Eaglet public-house, Seven 
 Sisters Road, was hit, and demolished ; three persons 
 were killed and twenty-eight injured. In K the 
 Poplar General Hospital was damaged. N got bombs 
 at Canonbury. Other places damaged in this raid 
 were H.M. Office of Works, Horse Guards Parade,
 
 204 THE SPECIALS 
 
 Whitehall; St. Pancras Infirmary, Dartmouth Park 
 Hill, and King's College for Women, Kensington. 
 Several of those killed in this raid met their cruel 
 fate in Albany Road, Camberwell (P Division), 
 where a number of bombs fell. In the same Division 
 damage was done in Glenview Road, Lewisham. 
 As far west as Putney (V Division) the raiders got. 
 Two bombs fell on the Lower Common and two 
 persons were killed. 
 
 All this was on Saturday night and Sunday morn- 
 ing. On the evening of the Sunday (September 30), 
 aided by a perfect moon in a cloudless sky, the raiders 
 were over us at 8 o'clock. This time fourteen people 
 were killed and thirty-eight injured. Within the 
 London district thirteen explosive bombs were 
 dropped, damaging 495 sets of premises. The 
 barrage fire was terrific, and our shells hit a number 
 of buildings, including the Bang's College Hospital 
 for Women, Campden Hill Road, Kensington; the 
 Harold Fink Private Hospital, Park Lane; the 
 Royal Hospital for Incurables, West Hill, Putney; 
 and the Third London Military Hospital, Trinity 
 Road, Wandsworth. A bomb fell at Edmonton 
 (N) but did no harm ; but by one dropped at Wool- 
 wich (R) twenty houses were damaged. 
 
 On the last of the Harvest Moon series of five raid 
 nights (October 1-2), eleven persons were killed, 
 and the occasion was marked by the damage done 
 by anti-aircraft shells. The buildings affected 
 included Middle Temple Hall, two wards of the 
 Military Hospital at Shooter's Hill (R Division), 
 and St. Joseph's Retreat on Highgate Hill (Y Divi-
 
 FROM DARKNESS TO LIGHT 205 
 
 sion). A citizen was killed and many houses 
 damaged at Highbury (N). That night the energies 
 of V Division were called upon under remarkable 
 circumstances. An anti-aircraft shell struck the 
 Grosvenor Road railway-bridge at Queen's Road, 
 Battersea, and caused an explosion and fire. Three 
 gas-mains blew up, one after another, and the 
 escaping gas took fire. About 100 feet of the bridge 
 was badly damaged, and ten cars were burnt in 
 an arch under the bridge. In P Division twenty 
 houses were damaged by a bomb, and there were 
 casualties in Pimlico (B Division). 
 
 In these ever memorable September October days 
 and nights the greatest strain they were ever asked 
 to bear was put alike upon the nerves of London 
 and upon the capacity of the police, both Regular 
 and Auxiliary. Just recall what it was, readers 
 who went through it. Five raids in eight nights. 
 Active duty, long and fatiguing, on each of the 
 raid nights this meant for Special Constables, and 
 also hard work on the following days at places 
 where damage had been done -work performed by 
 the local men and their comrades gathered from all 
 round. In addition, there were fatiguing duties 
 incidental to preparatory measures on the other 
 days and nights that this most unwelcome Harvest 
 Moon lasted. All done by men who, whether as 
 principals or employees, were putting in strenuous 
 industrial days; while, as husbands and fathers 
 many were weighted with concern for wives and 
 bairns they had left to their own resources while their 
 natural protectors went forth to do public service.
 
 206 THE SPECIALS 
 
 On October 19 to 20 occurred what is known as 
 the Silent Raid, chiefly because of a long and 
 beguiling interval between some opening gunfire 
 and its resumption when the enemy again made his 
 presence felt. It was the last of the Zeppelin 
 attacks on London, although airships visited the 
 provinces on three later occasions. In all the later 
 raids on London aeroplanes were used. The adven- 
 ture of October 19 to 20 was a disastrous one for 
 the enemy, for the Zeppelins lost their way when 
 trying to reach their base. Several were brought 
 down in France and others were lost as far south 
 as the Mediterranean Sea. 
 
 Thirty-six people were killed in the raid. Some 
 rolling-stock and part of the permanent way were 
 damaged at Cannon Street Station (City). This 
 was the occasion when a bomb fell in Piccadilly 
 Circus (C Division) ; seven people -some of whom had 
 left shelters during the lull in the gunfire were 
 killed and eighteen others injured. Just a quarter 
 of an hour before midnight, premises in Albany 
 Road, Camberwell, (L) were hit; five men and five 
 women were instantly killed and twenty-two other 
 persons were injured. The great area over which 
 property was damaged by this bomb proves that 
 it must have been a remarkably powerful one. 
 Lewisham (P) was also bombed in the Silent 
 Raid. 
 
 Enemy machines visited Essex on October 29-30, 
 and the following night were over Dover and 
 other parts of Kent, without on either occasion 
 doing personal injury. Bombs were dropped in
 
 FROM DARKNESS TO LIGHT 207 
 
 Ossulton Street and at the Hampden Club, Phoenix 
 Street, Y Division. 
 
 On October 31 November 1 Kent, Essex, and 
 London were bombed ; eight people were killed and 
 twenty-eight injured. A Post Office in Norwood 
 Road, W Division, was demolished, and bombs fell at 
 Upper Tooting. Millwall in K Division was again 
 unfortunate. Several bombs fell, and many of the 
 houses in Maria Street were wrecked. Most of the 
 residents had taken cover in the shelters and nobody 
 was hurt. The damage to property was such that 
 Special Constables were on duty continuously in 
 the affected locality for ten days after the raid. 
 Over the Greenwich, Erith, and Crayford district 
 (R) thirty-one incendiary and twenty-three ex- 
 plosive bombs were dropped ; two persons were killed, 
 eight inj ured. A store was burnt out and a number of 
 houses damaged. On this night also three persons 
 were killed by a bomb which fell on Wandsworth 
 Common, V Division. Men of this Division worked 
 with those of Balham station (W) in dealing with 
 casualties caused by a bomb which fell on the 
 W side of its western boundary. 
 
 On December 6, eight people were killed and 
 twenty-two injured by a 5 o'clock-in-the-morning 
 raid, of which B and P Divisions bore the brunt. 
 Bombs fell at Chelsea and at Kennington on the 
 north side of the Thames, while on the premises of 
 the Red Cross Society on Dulwich Common two 
 women were killed. In this raid the War Office was 
 damaged and New Scotland Yard did not wholly 
 escape. Part of the roof of the Board of Inland
 
 208 THE SPECIALS 
 
 Revenue, Somerset House, was demolished, and 
 two incendiary bombs set on fire and badly 
 burned the Great Assembly Hall, Mile End Road, 
 K Division. H Division got twenty-one of the 
 bombs; they wrecked much property, but did no 
 personal injuries. At Vauxhall and Lambeth (L) 
 and at Brockley and Peckham (P) houses were 
 damaged by incendiary bombs. In all 276 of these 
 things were dropped within the London district 
 obviously in pursuance of the enemy's cheerful 
 design to burn the city. Besides those already 
 named, places directly affected included South 
 Kensington, Whitechapel, Spitalfields, Clapham, 
 Knightsbridge, Pimlico, Battersea, Hackney, Hox- 
 ton, Shoreditch, Upper Sydenham, Westminster, 
 Pall Mall, Chancery Lane, Farringdon Street, 
 Blackheath, and Stockwell, so that one sees over 
 what a wide area the enemy operated. 
 
 The last raid of the year, the nineteenth on the 
 London record, took place on December 18. The enemy 
 dropped twenty- two incendiary and twenty-nine ex- 
 plosive bombs, killed fourteen people, injured eighty- 
 three, and damaged 673 sets of premises. The City 
 of London was unfortunate, and bombs also fell in 
 the King's Cross Section of G Division. Bethlehem 
 Royal Hospital for the Insane -L Division was 
 again damaged, and the unfortunate patients 
 terrorised, but none of them were hurt. At Isling- 
 ton (N) seventy-five dwellings were damaged, and 
 some damage was also done at Lewisham (P). 
 Again the raid extended over a spacious area as, 
 in addition to those named, places directly affected
 
 COMMANDERS 
 
 COMMANDER W. J. MORTON. 
 
 COMMANDER GEORGE GENTRY, O.B.E. 
 
 COMMANDER CECIL 1'OWNEY, M.B.E. 
 (Lt.-Col.) 
 
 COMMANDER GUY 11E1TON. 
 
 COMMANDER A. LESLIE, M.B.E.
 
 FROM DARKNESS TO LIGHT 209 
 
 were Farringdon Road, Clerkenwell, Aldersgate, 
 Pentonville Road, Clerkenwell Close, Holborn, 
 Kentish Town, Eaton Square, and Sloane Square. 
 Fourteen persons were injured at the Surplus 
 Baggage Store of the Canadian Military Force, Spa 
 Road, Bermondsey. 
 
 14
 
 CHAPTER XX 
 TO THE WHIT-SUNDAY FINISH 
 
 "Last scene of all, that ends this strange eventful 
 history." As You Like It. 
 
 IN the year 1918, destined to see the end of this 
 murderous business, there were eight raids, and on 
 seven occasions the enemy got to London. He 
 opened on the night of January 28 to 29, and the 
 bill of mortality was a heavy one. No fewer than 
 sixty-seven people were killed, while the injured 
 numbered 166. Again E Division suffered badly, 
 for it was in this visitation that a heart-breaking 
 tragedy was enacted within its borders. A bomb fell 
 on a shelter at Messrs. Odhams' printing-house in 
 Long Acre, and thirty-one people were there killed. 
 The victims included the Rev. James Moss, Vicar of 
 Covent Garden Church, who was bravely helping 
 to soothe the fears of frightened women and children. 
 Ninety-eight others of those on the casualties list 
 were injured by the bomb which struck the build- 
 ing. This was the only time when the Admiralty 
 was hit. The Floral Hall, Covent Garden, was 
 amongst the buildings damaged. 
 
 Several houses were damaged in the vicinity of 
 West Hampstead Police Station (S Division). 
 
 210
 
 TO THE WHIT-SUNDAY FINISH 211 
 
 Six bombs fell in H, where two persons were killed 
 and two injured, and where nine houses were de- 
 molished. For the first and only time the far west 
 T Division suffered. Fourteen bombs fell in Isle- 
 worth, Brentford, and Chiswick, within six minutes. 
 A house in White Star Road (Brentford) was hit 
 and smashed to pieces, while two adjoining houses 
 were damaged. Eight residents were killed at 
 Brentford water- works. Three bombs which fell 
 on Chiswick High Road injured five people and 
 smashed the gas-main and two water-mains, with 
 consequent damage to surrounding property. The 
 other bombs did no personal injury, but damaged 
 some house property. In L Division, the gas- 
 works in Upper Kennington Lane were struck and 
 damaged. 
 
 The enemy came again the following night and 
 ten people were killed, four of them in Brick Lane 
 (H Division), in which locality also 14 citizens were 
 injured and eighty- five houses damaged. 
 
 On February 16-17 there were twelve fatalities in 
 a night raid, during which a bomb fell at Chelsea 
 Hospital (B Division), killing Captain Ludlow, the 
 adjutant, his wife and two children in a cottage close 
 by, and damaging the main building. Artillery 
 Place, opposite the Garrison Church, Woolwich (R 
 Division), was bombed on that same night, and two 
 persons were killed. Bombs also fell at Woolwich. 
 
 The raid opened on a Saturday night and ex- 
 tended into the small hours of Sunday as L Division 
 knew. At 12.46 a.m. a man was killed in the Old 
 Kent Road and three persons injured; at 2. 18 a.m.
 
 212 THE SPECIALS 
 
 several houses were shattered by an explosive 
 bomb in Tredegar Road, Camberwell. All that 
 morning and all next day were the Specials of L 
 engaged in dealing with the aftermath of the raid. 
 
 On the same night (17th) there was another 
 tragic raid, and this time Y Division got the worst 
 of it. Five bombs fell in the Euston Road, and 
 one of them hit the Midland Grand Hotel at St. 
 Pancras Station. Twenty people were either killed 
 on the spot or died soon afterwards from their 
 cruel injuries, and the personal details are full of 
 pathos. There was a profound general interest 
 shown in this tragedy, in respect of which the Fire 
 Brigade official report says: "A building of four, 
 seven, and nine floors, covering an area of about 
 550 feet by 300 feet (used as commercial hotel, 
 booking-offices, covered-in carriage-way and stores); 
 two ornamental spires of the west tower demolished, 
 and about one-fourth of the buildings severely 
 damaged by the explosion, rest of the building 
 damaged by breakage and dirt; St. Pancras Railway 
 Station (adjoining and communicating) and the 
 surrounding property damaged, and window glass 
 wrecked." 
 
 A raid on the following night damaged some 
 property, but was unmarked by casualties. 
 
 Particularly virulent was the raid of March 8. 
 Bombs fell over a wide area in the City, in north 
 and in south London, and as far west as Maida 
 Vale ; twenty-three people were killed. A number 
 of explosive bombs were dropped and 632 sets of 
 premises were damaged.
 
 TO THE WHIT-SUNDAY FINISH 213 
 
 At Maida Vale only one bomb fell, and the amount 
 of damage it did to houses in Warrington Crescent 
 and in parts of Sutherland Avenue, and even in 
 Portsdown Road, is so extensive and widespread 
 that to this day some people insist that no one 
 bomb could do it. Several people were killed, 
 including Mrs. Ford, who wrote the popular war- 
 song, " Keep the Home Fires Burning." Hard as 
 the well-equipped rescue parties of F and X Divisions 
 worked, it took days to get people out of the ruins, 
 and there were some astonishing recoveries from 
 injuries and air-poisoning. Warrington Crescent is 
 the dividing-line between F and X Divisions. The 
 chief damage and the fatalities occurred on the 
 east (F) side. The men of both Divisions co-oper- 
 ated splendidly in the immediate and consequent 
 work, and were reinforced as occasion required. 
 The rescue gear in the hands of expert engineers 
 and others supplied by F was of particular ser- 
 vice, and the value of the organisation known 
 as the Central Air-Raid Relief Party was demon- 
 strated by the Regular and Special Constables 
 of X. 
 
 In this raid the Auxiliary Hospital at Rosslyn 
 Lodge, Hampstead (S Division), was damaged. In 
 the same Division a bomb dropped on a house in 
 New Street, St. John's Wood, and killed the five 
 occupants husband, wife, and three children. Not 
 far away, and within the border of D Division, 
 another fell, just outside the gate at Lords' Cricket 
 Ground, and killed two soldiers. Considerable damage 
 was done to property at Hampf-tead and \\ hetstone.
 
 214 THE SPECIALS 
 
 Lewisham and Peckham (P) were also bombed in 
 this raid. 
 
 On May 19-20 we had the memorable Whit- 
 Sunday raid, destined to be the last. In it forty-nine 
 people were killed and 177 were injured. Twenty- 
 nine explosive bombs were dropped, and no fewer 
 than 3,010 sets of premises damaged. Again the 
 area covered by the enemy planes was extensive, 
 as east, south-east, and north-west London were 
 all included. The Metropolitan Hospital, Kings- 
 land Road (north-east), was the last hospital in the 
 Metropolitan Area to suffer damage; but by a 
 remarkable fortune, neither there nor at any other 
 metropolitan hospital was a patient killed or injured. 
 
 During this raid a large bomb, which did not 
 explode, fell at 11.30 p.m. on a public-house in 
 Carlton Vale, X Division, whose men were quickly 
 on the spot. The house was completely destroyed 
 and several persons were known to be buried under 
 the ruins. Detachments from the Central Air-Raid 
 Relief Party worked continuously for many hours, 
 until everyone had been got out the last at 
 7 o'clock in the morning. One victim was dead 
 when found, and three were extricated alive, but 
 of these one died soon afterwards. The work of 
 the Police Relief Party was rendered more difficult 
 and dangerous by the fact that the gas-pipes had 
 been broken. All the men were more or less affected 
 by the escaping gas. 
 
 In East London K Division suffered severely. 
 Most of the people were in shelters, or the casualties 
 at Stratford would have been much heavier, as
 
 TO THE WHIT-SUNDAY FINISH 215 
 
 three hundred houses there were badly knocked 
 about by bombs and as many more slightly damaged. 
 As it was, two persons were killed and seven seriously 
 injured. At Poplar no fewer than 695 houses were 
 damaged, and here again the value of the shelters 
 was proved, as the casualty list sho #ed only four 
 persons injured. It was very different at Manor 
 Park, where five people were killed and eight injured 
 in Seventh Avenue, where four houses were wrecked 
 and ten damaged. Three killed and several injured 
 at Plaistow where also there was considerable 
 damage to property and some damage at Poplar, 
 completed the tale of trouble for K Division, 
 twenty-four of whose Special Constables were com- 
 mended for the good service they gave amidst the 
 horrors of that night. 
 
 In Packington Street, Islington (N), there was a 
 dreadful tragedy, seven persons being killed and three 
 injured by one of the enemy's missiles. Tottenham 
 and Walthamstow have also cause to recollect that 
 Whit Sunday, because of the damage done to 
 property, as also have Peckham (P) and Rotherhithe 
 (M). On this night a bomb which fell in King 
 Street, St. James's, badly damaged Willis's Rooms. 
 
 In R Division, Hither Green, Chislehurst, Sidcup, 
 and Bexley were bombed; two persons were killed 
 and fifteen injured. The last bomb dropped in 
 Y Division fell at Kentish Town, and a crowded 
 refuge narrowly escaped a tragical test of the degree 
 to which it would, under a direct hit, have proved 
 a " shelter." 
 
 This, we repeat, was the enemy's final aerial
 
 216 THE SPECIALS 
 
 visit to London, although he came as far as Kent 
 in the following June and scudded home without 
 doing any personal damage. 
 
 The casualties given in the foregoing scanty 
 review of raids on London are the official totals, 
 and did not all occur within the Metropolitan Police 
 District. 
 
 We have given so many of the records that, to 
 those who take the trouble to read them, the totals 
 may be of interest. The figures for the United 
 Kingdom show that the Germans by air-raids 
 killed 1,413 of our people. Of these, 296 were 
 soldiers or sailors, but 618 were women and children. 
 The injured number 3,407, of whom 521 were 
 soldiers or sailors; but 1,558 (almost one half the 
 total) were women and children. 
 
 Take the best view that the enemy can present, 
 and he has killed in this country 1,117 people and 
 injured 2,886 others quite outside the naval and 
 military services, and has, therefore, made per- 
 nicious and savage war on the civilian population. 
 
 Within the London County Council Area, which 
 is smaller than the Metropolitan Police Area, 859 
 bombs fell '372 incendiary and 487 explosive. The 
 killed are stated at 473, but some >we fear many 
 of the 1,105 returned as injured died from the 
 effects of the injuries after the first total had been 
 arrived at. 
 
 Within the lesser area mentioned 11,194 premises 
 were damaged by bombs, and it is necessary to add 
 the very considerable damage done by our own 
 shells aimed at the invader, but falling intact or
 
 TO THE WHIT-SUNDAY FINISH 217 
 
 in fragments here, there, and everywhere, just as 
 the gravitation pull of Mother Earth caught them. 
 
 Eighty-nine districts were bombed, and in this 
 connection the following published summary shows 
 the number of attacks on the places named : 
 
 Twelve : The City of London. 
 
 Nine : Holborn and Poplar. 
 
 Eight: Islington. v 
 
 Seven: Hackney, Hoxton, Houndsditoh, Black- 
 heath. 
 
 Six : Old Ford, Millwall,Woolwich, Bethnal Green, 
 Camberwell, HampsteacL 
 
 Five : Stoke Newington, Spitalfields, Whitechapel, 
 Stepney, Peckham, St. Pancras, South- 
 wark. 
 
 Four : Kennington, Kingsland, Rotherhithe, 
 Bermondsey, Clerkenwell, Chelsea, Hol- 
 loway, Finsbury, Sydenham, Bow, Kentish 
 Town. 
 
 Three: Strand, Bromley -by-Bow, Stockwell, 
 Greenwich, Charlton, Old Kent Road, 
 Bloomsbury, Pimlico, Belgravia, Highbury, 
 Soho, Marylebone. 
 
 Two : Aldgate, Plumstead, Streatham, New Cross, 
 Hatton Garden, Clapton, Homerton, Hornsey, 
 Haggerston, Regent's Park, Hyde Park, 
 Paddington, Highgate. 
 
 One : Mildmay Park, Eltham, Hackney Wick, 
 Brixton, Brompton, Stoke Newington, Cat- 
 ford, Peckham, Piccadilly, Ratcliff, Batter- 
 sea, Brockley, Clapham, Covent Garden, 
 Dalston, Dulwich, Forest Hill, Finsbury Park, 
 Hackney Wick, Houndsditch, Hyde Park, 
 Kensington, Maida Vale, Notting Hill, 
 Putney, Regent's Park, Tulse Hill, Tooting, 
 Wands worth.
 
 218 THE SPECIALS 
 
 It is astonishing what a considerable number of 
 schools were hit, and the frequency with which 
 those of the London County Council suffered almost 
 suggests that Potsdam had no love for that dis- 
 tinguished feature of our municipal life. Nor did 
 the enemy seem to like our financial institutions, 
 since no fewer than fifteen banks were damaged 
 and in two cases there was loss of life. 
 
 The police duties incidental to the state of things 
 created by the air-raid feature of the enemy's un- 
 worthy enterprises were, we cannot too often affirm, 
 amongst the most arduous and trying performed 
 by the Special Constabulary. That it was work 
 demanding cool courage and resolution is obvious; 
 that it was of high value just when it was wanted 
 is not likely to be forgotten by a just and appre- 
 ciative people. 
 
 Renter's correspondent recently described a visit 
 he paid to the aircraft sheds at Cognelle, in the 
 Namur area. As this was one of the starting-places 
 for the raids on England, we have a melancholy 
 interest in the fact that each of the three hangars 
 was 200 metres (about 650 feet) long and 80 wide, 
 and that they contained about a hundred abandoned 
 aeroplanes. It is good to feel that the interest is 
 reminiscent rather than current.
 
 CHAPTER XXI 
 
 THE WORK OF THE SPECIAL CONSTABLES 
 
 " "Tis in war that the knot of fellowship is closest drawn; 
 'tis in war that mutual succour is most given, mutual 
 danger run, and common affection most exerted and em- 
 ployed." SHAFTESBUKT. 
 
 WHAT specifically did the Metropolitan Special Con- 
 stabulary do during the war ? This narrative has 
 been ineffectively written if it has not proved that 
 the answer is this : 
 
 1. At a time when police work was doubled or 
 trebled, they made it possible for about 4,350 of the 
 Regular Metropolitan Police first-rate fighting men 
 in the pink of condition to join the colours and 
 splendidly prove " the mettle of their pasture." 
 
 2. They helped to insure that, in the absence of so 
 many of its customary trained guardians, the King's 
 Peace was preserved by the maintenance of the 
 usual preventive services in the great Metropolis, 
 and that the potential criminal was held in the 
 check of the law. 
 
 3. They insured, therefore, the unbroken con- 
 tinuity of the great city's industrial activities, to 
 the financial and other material help of the armies 
 in the field. 
 
 219
 
 220 THE SPECIALS 
 
 4. They provided, almost exclusively, for the 
 manning of the observation posts, the work of 
 which was a salient feature of the protection of 
 London against aerial murderers. 
 
 5. They accepted and did the greater part of the 
 huge volume of extraordinary police work caused 
 by the war, such as, amongst other things, protect- 
 ing the vulnerable points, helping to guard German 
 prisoners, keeping the routes of official and other 
 processions, insuring order at public gatherings, 
 enforcing the lighting orders, regulating the food- 
 queues, and giving the inestimable service which it 
 has been our endeavour to show was incidental to 
 air-raids. 
 
 6. In days of profiteering they were prominent 
 amongst those who set an example of devotion to 
 and self-sacrifice for the sacred cause of country, 
 performing all these tasks without fee or other 
 material reward, thus saving the ratepayers of the 
 Metropolis an uncalculated, but unquestionably 
 large, sum which, had it not been for the public 
 spirit of Special Constables, would have been 
 required for a paid temporary police force. 
 
 On this record we venture to claim that included, 
 although not specifically mentioned, are the Special 
 Constables of the Metropolis and elsewhere, in the 
 thanks which Sir Douglas Haig, in his last despatch, 
 gives to " our kinsmen and kinswomen of the 
 British Empire for the unfailing support they have 
 given us by their thoughts, their prayers, and their 
 work, throughout the long years of war." " In all 
 these years," he adds, " their trust and confidence
 
 WORK OF THE SPECIAL CONSTABLES 221 
 
 never wavered, their labours never ceased, and no 
 sacrifices, hardships, or privations were too great 
 to be borne, provided that thereby the needs of 
 the troops might adequately be supplied. The 
 dauntless spirit of the people at home strength- 
 ened and sustained the invincible spirit of the 
 Army." 
 
 There is, however, a debtor as well as a creditor 
 side of the account with the community. We have 
 not disguised our view that the men who served as 
 Special Constables have well earned the thanks of 
 their fellow- citizens. On their part these men are 
 the first to acknowledge their gratitude for having 
 been given the opportunity for service when their 
 country was at war. Theirs was not the smug and 
 unenviable placidity of the shirker. Nor did they 
 hold, in those terrible days of anguish, when it was 
 no mere figure of speech to say that " never morning 
 wore to evening, but some heart did break," that 
 it was sufficient for the non-combatant to give his 
 tongue to the currency of unctuous moral sentiment. 
 Mingled to-day with the proud satisfaction that 
 they " did the State some service " is their clear 
 recognition of the fact that the Force organised and 
 managed by Sir Edward Ward furnished them with 
 a field and enabled them to do real work. For 
 merely to bask in the sunny appearances of an 
 agitated idleness held no charm for such men. 
 The call which the war made to the citizenship 
 was in the police, as in other useful services 
 alike in the more important and the less important 
 call to England's higher patriotic sense. Some
 
 222 THE SPECIALS 
 
 think that before this call that sense was in 
 peril of the atrophy which is ever the penalty of 
 disuse. 
 
 " Before the war," remarked the other day one 
 of those concerned, " I suppose I figured amongst 
 the people who, while discharging professional and 
 family obligations, did little or nothing for the 
 community. I came into the Special Constabulary, 
 and it gave me more than I could ever give it in 
 knowledge, breadth of vision, real experience, 
 neighbourly association with other men of all 
 classes, and the ever-resultant admiration for them 
 and a worth in them I had not previously known. 
 So if I'm not a better man as the result of this 
 service, I ought to be." 
 
 Listening and understanding, the words of 
 Tennyson came home to us with a new strength : 
 
 " I hold it truth with him who sings 
 To one clear harp in divers tones, 
 That men may rise on stepping-stones 
 Of their dead selves to higher things." 
 
 Now as to the future. When we began to write, 
 some of the Divisions were forming " Old Comrades 
 Associations," and the official question still was: 
 In what form might there be preserved an organisa- 
 tion created by war which has developed in those 
 who composed it a capacity for emergency public 
 service valuable at any time ? It is now claimed 
 that the authorities have found a suitable answer 
 in the establishment of a Metropolitan Special 
 Constabulary Reserve.
 
 WORK OF THE SPECIAL CONSTABLES 223 
 
 Since the armistice we have met people whose 
 speech and attitude recall Byron's lines, 
 
 Ci The last to bid the cry of warfare cease, 
 The first to make a malady of peace." 
 
 But those words suggest war salaries; they have 
 no application whatever to an honorary Force of 
 Special Constabulary, who were the first to welcome 
 peace alike for its own sake and for the relief it 
 brought. 
 
 "Now I can get back to the growing of sweet- 
 peas," exclaimed one jubilant man when the 
 armistice was announced. 
 
 But there is not merely a great willingness 
 amongst all ranks to remain an organised stand-by 
 Force, parading occasionally to prevent the rust 
 of ease; but also a very comprehensible reluctance 
 to destroy a comradeship born in a common con- 
 sciousness of public duty, and developed and 
 cemented by fraternal association in hard work, 
 perils, and personal sacrifice. 
 
 BILLING AMD IONS, LTD., PRINTKRH, OUILDFORD, ENGLAND
 
 A SELECTION FROM 
 
 Mr. William Heinemann's Catalogue 
 
 Books actually in print, AUTUMN, 1919. 
 
 NAME OF BOOK Pri List 
 
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 Abbott, Eleanor. Molly Make-Believe 2 
 
 Love and Mrs. Kendrue 2 
 
 Adam, Mme. Edmond (Juliette Lamber). The 
 
 Romance of My Childhood and Youth 7 fi 
 
 The Schemes of the Kaiser 3 
 
 Adam, Villiers de L'lsle. His Life and Work ... 10 8 
 Adams, H. Isabel. Wild Flowers of th British 
 
 Isles 2vols. Each vol. 30 
 
 Adams, W. Dacres. A Book of Beggars 3 6 
 
 Agnew, Georgette. The Bread upon the Waters. 6 
 
 The Night that brings out Stars 6 
 
 Aldia, Cecil. A Gay Dog 5 
 
 Alexander, Major H. M. On Two Fronts 3 6 
 
 Aliemandy, V. H. Elementary Business Training 3 
 
 Anderson, W. M. Rhymes of a Rouseabout 3 6 
 
 Andrews, Cyril Bruyn. An Introduction to the 
 
 Study of Adolescent Education 5 
 
 Angel!. Norman. The Foundations of Inter- 
 national Polity '. 3 6 
 
 Peace Theories and the Balkan War 2 
 
 Prussiauism and its Destruction 1 
 
 The Great Illusion 2s. 6d. Limp Leather 5 
 
 Anon. As Others saw Him : A Retrospect A..D. 54 6 
 
 From Dartmouth to the Dardanelles 2 
 
 From Snotty to Sub. (By the Author of 
 
 " From Dartmouth to the Dardanelles ") 2 
 
 He Who Passed. To M. L. G. 6e. Cheaper Ed. 8 8 
 
 The Life Mask 6 
 
 Roses and How to Grow Them 2 6 
 
 The Russian Diary of an Englishman 12 
 
 Anstey, F. The Brass Bottle. Paper, Is. 6d. Cloth 2 6 
 
 The Pocket Ibsen. Paper, 2s. fid Cloth 
 
 Anthon, Rose. Stories of India 6 
 
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 Archer, A. B., M.A. A Secondary School Course 
 
 in Geography. Vol.1 2 6 
 
 Archer. William. Real Conversations 6
 
 William Heinemann's List 
 
 Aristotle. (See " Illustrated Cameos of Literature") 
 
 Arlen, Michael. The London Venture 3 6 
 
 Armstrong, Sir Walter. Art in Great Britain 
 
 and Ireland 10 
 
 Gainsborough and his Place in English Art ... 15 
 
 Sir Joshua Reynolds -. 15s. and 550 
 
 Armstrong, W. N. Around the World with a 
 
 King (Kalagua, King of the Hawaiian Islands) 7 6 
 
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 Art in Spain and Portugal. By Marcel 
 
 Dieulafoy. 
 
 Art in France. By Louis Hourticq. 
 Art in Egypt. By Sir Gaston Maspero. 
 Art in Northern Italy. By Commendatore 
 
 Corraco Ricci 
 Art in Flanders. By Max Rosses. 
 
 Aston, W. Q. Japanese Literature 6 
 
 Atherton, Gertrude. An Idyll of the Redwoods 2 
 
 Backhouse, E. (See "Bland.") 
 
 Baddeley, St. Clair. Charles III of Naples and 
 
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 Bagnold, Enid. The Sailing Ships 5 
 
 A Diary Without Dates 2 6 
 
 Bailey, L. H. The Nature Study Idea 5 
 
 Bak, Outrageous Fortune 4 
 
 Balestier, Wolcott. The Average Woman 3 6 
 
 Benefits Forgot 6 
 
 Barrett. Frank. The Justification of Andrew 
 
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 Kitty's Father 1 6 
 
 Barthou, Louis. Mirabeau 10 
 
 Bartlett, Ellis Ashmead. With the Turks in 
 
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 Beerbohm, Max. A Christmas Garland 5 
 
 Fifty Caricatures 6 
 
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 Seven Men 7 
 
 Behn, Aphra. The Works of Aphra Behn. Set of 
 
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 Bell, Alured Gray. The Beautiful Rio d'e Janeiro 220 
 
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 William Heinemanris List 
 
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