mm WESSONS 
 
 N PHOIOGRAPHI 
 
THE LIBRARY 
 
 OF 
 
 THE 
 
 UNIVERSITY 
 CALIFORNIA 
 LOS ANGELES 
 
 OF 
 

SEARCY'S LESSONS 
 
 IN 
 
 PHONOGRAPHY; 
 
 AN EXPOSITION OF THE ART OF 
 
 PHONETIC SHORT-HAND WRITING. 
 
 BY W. E. H. SEARCY, 
 
 OFFICIAL LAW REPORTER. 
 
 " Short-hand, on account of its great and general utility, merits a much higher 
 rank among the arts and sciences than is commonly allotted to it. Its usefulness is 
 not confined to any particular science or profession, but is universal ; it is therefore 
 hy no means unworthy the attention and study of men of genius and erudition." 
 DR. SAMUEL JOHNSON. 
 
 PHILADELPHIA: 
 
 J. B. LIPPINCOTT & CO. 
 
 1879. 
 
Copyright, 1879, b y W. E. H. SEARCY. 
 
PREFACE. 
 
 IN the preparation of these lessons I have endeavored 
 to present the subject of Phonography in such a manner 
 as to bring the art within the comprehension of all who 
 have mastered the elementary principles of the English 
 language. To accomplish this object I have rewritten all 
 of the established principles of the art, leaving out such 
 as were useless, and improving such as needed improve- 
 ment. In this way I have stripped the subject of all unne- 
 cessary machinery and useless Verbiage, and retained only 
 such principles as have been found necessary, with the aid 
 of my improvements, for the work of verbatim reporting. 
 Further than this I do not claim originality. I am will- 
 ing at all times and under all circumstances to ascribe 
 honor and praise to Isaac Pitman, Benn Pitman, James E. 
 Munson, Andrew J. Graham, Elias Longley, Andrew J. 
 Marsh, Henry M. Parkhurst, D. L. Scott Brown, Mrs. 
 Eliza J. Burns, and others, noble reformers) Who have 
 snapped asunder the ties to antiquated dogmas and follies, 
 scattered them to the winds, and become pioneers in this 
 department of human knowledge. I will not detract from 
 their merits, nor undervalue their work, but will try to 
 glean what they have left, and add my mite to what they 
 have done. I commend the books of these several au- 
 thors to my students, believing that the perusal of them, 
 instead of detracting from their progress, will add to their 
 advancement in the end. 
 
 These lessons are but a contribution to the common 
 cause of Phonography, and I trust will lead many into a 
 knowledge of this useful and beautiful art. 
 3 
 
 448406 
 
PREFACE. 
 SPECIAL ACKNOWLEDGMENTS. 
 
 First, to Isaac Pitman, of Bath, England, for the general 
 principles upon which these lessons are founded. To his 
 creative genius belongs all the praise for the discovery of 
 the art'. To him belongs the victor's wreath for its tri- 
 umphant success. 
 
 " Shower on him your sweetest flowers, 
 Let the air resound with his praise." 
 
 Secondly, to Henry M. Parkhurst, author of the " Phono- 
 Stenographer," for many useful and valuable principles, in- 
 corporated by his permission in these lessons. Mr. Park- 
 hurst stands at the head of the profession in America, and 
 "his book abounds in useful and valuable suggestions. 
 
 Thirdly, to D. L. Scott Brown, publisher of the "Pho- 
 nographic Monthly," for the use of valuable material, 
 taken by permission from his indispensable magazine. 
 The marks for objections, etc., used in my law reporting, 
 were contributed to the "Monthly" by D. D. Lathrop; 
 the use of the ST loop, to express the superlative of ad- 
 jectives whose positive ends in S or Z, was suggested 
 by John X. Foley ; and many of the phrases in Plate i 
 of phrase signs were contributed by D. D. Lathrop, 
 Henry Husted, Oscar Meyor, J. G. Adell, Moses H. Grin- 
 nell, Theo. C. Rose, H. C. Henney, Frank Van Pelt, and 
 Melborn H. Ford. I commend the "Monthly" and its 
 able editor and valued contributors to all lovers of the art 
 of Phonography. 
 
 Fourthly, to E. C. Hoyt, one of the most accomplished 
 phonographers in America, for valuable suggestions from 
 his "Synopsis of Improvements in Phonography." 
 
 Fifthly, to P. B. Hoyt, of 737 Broadway, New York, 
 my faithful and accomplished engraver, for the skillful 
 manner in which he has engraved the plates which adorn 
 these pages. Mr. Hoyt is without doubt the best phono- 
 graphic engraver in America, and is destined to play an 
 4 
 
PREFACE. 
 
 important part in this department of the phonographic art 
 in the future. 
 
 COMPARISON. 
 
 For the purpose of comparing the system of short-hand 
 writing taught in these lessons with the systems of other 
 authors, I have used scfme of the same exercises selected 
 by them to illustrate their methods of writing. See "Paul's 
 Defense before King Agrippa," in Munson's Complete 
 Phonographer ; "Sermon on Immortality of the Soul," 
 in Isaac Pitman's Reporter ; extract from David Copper- 
 field, in Benn Pitman's Reporter's Companion; "John 
 Townshen vs. T. Reymert, and Peter Husted," a law 
 case, reported by Henry M. Parkhurst, in vol. ii., Brown's 
 Phonographic Monthly; "The Lord's Prayer," in Scovil's* 
 Short-Hand and Linley's Tackigraphy. 
 
 THE AUTHOR. 
 
 i* 
 
PHONOGRAPHY. 
 
 THE term Phonography (from <pwur), phone, sound, tone, 
 or voice, and vpayr), graphe, writing, drawing, or marking 
 with lines) means, literally, the representation of sounds, 
 tones, or voices by written characters, drawings, or marked 
 lines. It is the title selected to designate the system of 
 short-hand writing in which each of the sounds used in 
 speaking the language are represented by a separate and 
 distinct letter, so as to enable the writer to note the sounds 
 composing the words of the language as they are uttered or 
 spoken. 
 
 The first step in the art, therefore, will be to ascertain 
 what sounds are used in speaking the words of the lan- 
 guage, and, secondly, what characters, or letters, or draw- 
 ings have been selected to represent them. x 
 
 I. The sounds used in speaking the English language 
 are forty-three in number, of which thirty-nine are simple 
 elementary sounds, and four are compound or diphthongal 
 sounds, formed by the close union of certain simple 
 sounds, which it is convenient to treat as elementary. 
 
 These sounds are represented by the letters of the Eng- 
 lish alphabet, singly or combined ; and a complete table of 
 them may be obtained by taking each of these letters and 
 combination of letters, and noting the sound or sounds 
 they represent. The sounds are so noted in the following 
 table. We have, first, the letters in their usual order ; sec- 
 ondly, each sound of each letter and combination of letters, 
 as are heard in the pronunciation of a given word ; thirdly, 
 
 7 
 
LESSONS IN PHONOGRAPHY. 
 
 the sound marked by the letter which represents it in the 
 greatest number of words of the language ; and, fourthly, 
 the sound numbered with ordinary figures, care being 
 taken not to number the same sound more than once. 
 Where the same sound is found again, reference is made 
 back to the place where the sound is first numbered. 
 
 The thorough mastery of the "Table of Sounds" is 
 essential to the student's further progress in the art, as it 
 is the ground-work upon which rests its whole after-struc- 
 ture. The words given to illustrate the sounds of the 
 letters should be thoroughly analyzed, so as to separate 
 the sounds which compose them from one another, that they 
 may be distinguished by the ear, become fixed in the mind, 
 and be accurately noted. The process of this analysis is 
 simple. Pronounce the word very slowly, making a slight 
 pause after each of its sounds are uttered. The sound of 
 each letter may be thus separated and considered apart 
 from the others. 
 
 THE TABLE OF SOUNDS. 
 
 LETTERS. 
 
 THEIR SOUNDS. 
 
 MARKED. 
 
 NUMBER OP 
 SOUNDS. 
 
 A- 
 
 i. The sound of in the word ale 
 
 I 
 
 I 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 4. " " " ' ball 
 
 
 
 
 5. " " " ' fare 
 
 a 
 
 5 
 
 
 6. " " ' what 
 7. " " " ' ask 
 
 6 
 
 6 
 
 B .... 
 
 
 b 
 
 j 
 
 C 
 
 
 
 
 
 2. " " " ' cat 
 
 k 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 sh 
 
 
 D 
 
 
 
 
 
 2. ' " ' hissed 
 
 t 
 
 14 
 
 
 2. ' " met 
 
 i 
 
 '5 
 16 
 
 
 4. " " c " ' there 
 
 a 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 F 
 
 x. " " f " ' leaf 
 
 f 
 
 18 
 
 
 2. " " f " ' Of 
 
 V 
 
 '9 
 
 
 
 i 
 
 20 
 
 
 
 zh 
 
 
 
 
 
 
LESSONS IN PHONOGRAPHY. 
 
 TABLE OF SOUNDS. Concluded. 
 
 LETTERS. 
 
 THBIR SOUNDS. 
 
 MARKED. 
 
 NUMBER OF 
 SOUNDS. 
 
 H 
 
 
 h 
 
 i 
 
 I 
 6 
 
 e 
 j 
 
 E 
 
 i 
 
 m 
 n 
 ng 
 
 
 
 6 
 o 
 
 9 
 u 
 a 
 
 t 
 P 
 
 r 
 
 s 
 z 
 sh 
 zh 
 t 
 sh 
 u 
 u 
 
 e 
 9 
 o 
 
 V 
 
 W 
 
 z 
 
 y 
 
 i 
 I 
 
 e 
 z 
 zh 
 ch 
 sh 
 k 
 th 
 th 
 T 
 
 Diphthong 
 24 
 See E i 
 
 See 5 
 SeeGa 
 
 25 
 SeeC2 
 26 
 27 
 28 
 29 
 
 3 
 See A 6 
 
 3i 
 32 
 33 
 See A 4 
 
 See I 2 
 34 
 
 35 
 SeeCi 
 See 3 
 See C4 
 See 63 
 See D 2 
 SeeC4 
 Diphthong 
 SeeO 5 
 SeeEs 
 SeeO 3 
 See O 4 
 See Fa 
 36 
 SeeC 3 
 See J 2 
 Diphthong 
 See I 2 
 
 SeeEs 
 SeeC3 
 SeeGs 
 
 SeeC 4 
 SeeCa 
 
 38 
 
 See D 2 
 
 I 
 
 
 J 
 K 
 
 
 
 4. " " i " ' virgin 
 i. " " j " ' joy 
 
 ' ;; ". f ;; ; p"* 
 
 L 
 M.. 
 N 
 
 O 
 
 i. " ' o " ' note 
 
 
 
 
 7. " " o " " women 
 
 
 Represents no elementary sound, 
 i. The sound of r in the word roar \ 
 
 ::::::::.:: 
 
 s 
 
 i " " s " ' see 
 
 T 
 
 2. " " s " ' has 
 
 
 i. " t " rat 
 
 U 
 
 
 V 
 
 3. " " u " ' urge 
 
 W 
 X 
 Y 
 
 Z 
 
 i- ' y " yet 
 
 2. y 'hy 
 
 
 i. " " z " " zone 
 
 CH 
 TH .. . . 
 
 
 
 i. " " th " " thin 
 
 
 2 " " th " " thy 
 
 
 
 It will be seen from the foregoing table that some of 
 the sounds of the English language are represented by 
 as many as four different letters, and in some cases one 
 letter represents as many as seven different sounds.- For 
 
 A* Q 
 
LESSONS IN PHONOGRAPHY. 
 
 instance, the sound marked in the table by the letter z, is 
 represented by the letters c, s, x, and z ; and the sounds 
 a; a, a, a, a, 6, and a are all represented in English by 
 the letter A. This irregularity in the representation of 
 sounds renders the English alphabet very difficult to learn, 
 and brings it in striking contrast with the beautiful and 
 more philosophic alphabet of Phonography, in which each 
 of these sounds are represented by a separate and distinct 
 letter. Dividing the sounds of the table into the time- 
 honored division of vowels and consonants, we have : 
 
 Vowel sounds : a, a, a, a, a, 6, a, e, e, e, i, o, o, o, u. 
 
 Consonant sounds : b, s, k, z, sh, d, t, f, v, g, j, zh, h, 
 z, 1, m, n, ng, p, r, w, ch, th, th. 
 
 The Diphthongal Sounds. 
 
 In addition to the thirty-nine elementary sounds, we 
 have seen that there are four compound sounds, the com- 
 posing elements of which, when coming together in the 
 same syllable, are so closely united as to form sounds 
 essentially elementary in their nature. These are called 
 diphthongs, and are as follows : 
 
 TABLE OF DIPHTHONGS. 
 
 I. The sound of i in the word pine, composed of the 
 sounds 1 and e, marked 1. 
 
 II. The sounds of oi in the word oil, composed of the 
 sounds 6 and I, marked oi. 
 
 III. The sound of ow in the word owl, composed of the 
 sounds 6 and o, marked ow. 
 
 IV. The sound of u in the word tube, composed of the 
 sounds e and o, marked u. 
 
 II. The characters selected to represent these sounds con- 
 sist of simple straight and curved lines, dots and dashes. 
 The straight and curved lines represent the consonant 
 sounds, the dots and dashes the vowels and diphthongs. 
 
 10 
 
tt* ffcoupv* SMptabt 
 
 CONSONANTS. 
 
 VOWELS. 
 
 Sounds. 
 
 Phono- 
 graphti. 
 
 Name. 
 
 I. HEAVY DOT VOWELS. 
 
 
 \ 
 
 
 6. Pronounced like e in the word m6. 
 
 
 \ 
 
 pe 
 
 
 B 
 
 \ 
 
 be 
 
 . a. " a " " ale. 
 
 
 
 
 .a. " " a " " tar. 
 
 T 
 
 
 te 
 
 
 D 
 
 
 de 
 
 
 
 
 
 11. LIGHT DOT VOWELS. 
 
 CH 
 J 
 
 / 
 
 cha 
 
 ja 
 
 I. Pronounced like I in the word pin. 
 
 
 
 
 . 6. " " 5 " " pet. 
 
 K 
 
 
 ka 
 
 
 
 
 
 a. " a " " hat. 
 
 G 
 
 
 gs 
 
 
 F 
 
 ) 
 
 Sf 
 
 III. HEAVY DASH VOWELS. 
 
 V 
 
 ) 
 
 ve 
 
 : - a. Pronounced like a in the word ball. 
 
 TH 
 
 ( 
 
 rth 
 
 i . 0. " "0 " " note. 
 
 TH 
 
 ( 
 
 the 
 
 . o. " " o " " move. 
 
 a 
 
 ^v 
 
 g s 
 
 
 Y 
 
 Xn 
 
 
 IV. LIGHT DASH VOWELS. 
 
 L 
 
 r 
 
 a 
 
 - 6. Pronounced like 5 in the word n5t. 
 
 R 
 
 r 
 
 fir 
 
 _ u . " " u " " cut. 
 
 R 
 
 / 
 
 rSy 
 
 - o. " " oo " " book. 
 
 SH 
 
 j 
 
 Ish 
 
 
 Z 
 
 JL 
 
 ze 
 
 V. DOUBLE DOT VOWELS. 
 
 M 
 
 ^ 
 
 ein 
 
 : 6. Pronounced like 8 in the word herb. 
 
 N 
 
 ^ 
 
 6n 
 
 : a. " " a " " fare. 
 
 NG 
 
 ^ ,, 
 
 Ins 
 
 
 H 
 
 ^ 
 
 ha 
 
 DIPHTHONGS. 
 
 W 
 ZH 
 
 \ 
 
 wa 
 
 /.he 
 
 i I. Pronounced like I in the word pine. 
 
 
 
 
 i oi. ' oi oil. 
 
 COMPOUND STEM. 
 
 1 OW. " " OW " " OWl. 
 
 MP 
 
 ^ 
 
 em-p 
 
 i ^ a. Pronounced like u in the word tube. 
 ii 
 
LESSONS IN PHONOGRAPHY. 
 
 The Phonographic Alphabet. 
 
 The easiest made letters are assigned to the most often- 
 recurring sounds, the light letters to the light sounds, 
 the black or heavy letters to the heavy sounds, the curved 
 letters to the flowing sounds, and the straight letters to the 
 inflexible sounds. For the representation of the vowels 
 and diphthongs, upright and dotted lines are used to in- 
 dicate the position they occupy to the consonant letters, 
 that is, whether they belong at the beginning, middle, or 
 end of them. In the above "Phonographic alphabet," 
 the consonant, vowel, and diphthongal sounds, as found in 
 the table of sounds, are rearranged according to the man- 
 ner in which their phonographic representatives are made, 
 so as to bring them in contrast with one another, to assist 
 the memory in retaining their forms. 
 
 Remarks on the Consonants. 
 
 When it becomes necessary to allude to a consonant, 
 the letter representing its sound will be generally used (ex- 
 cept for ray), as being briefer than its name. 
 
 K, g, m, n, ng, and the compound letter em-p, are made 
 from left to right, and are called horizontal letters. The 
 remaining consonants are called upright letters, and are all 
 made downward, except 1, sh, and ray. 
 
 L and sh are made either up or down. L, when written 
 alone, or when it is the only consonant in the word, is 
 written upward. Sh, when alone or when it is the only 
 consonant in the word, is written downward. In other 
 positions 1 and sh are made up or down, according to rules 
 hereafter given. 
 
 Ray is always made upward. It resembles ch somewhat, 
 but differs from it in the degree of its elevation, and the 
 direction in which it is written. Ch is made downward 
 at an angle of sixty degrees, and ray, upward, at an angle 
 of thirty degrees. Ch /^ Ray. 
 
LESSONS IN PHONOGRAPHY. 
 
 The student should note particularly the direction in 
 which all the letters are to be written. 
 
 AR and RAY. In the table of sounds the English letter 
 R represents two sounds, the initial sound, as r in the 
 word roar, and the smooth sound, as r in the word our. 
 While these two sounds are considered as distinct from 
 each other, the distinction will not be carried farther in 
 this work than to provide two letters to represent them in 
 the phonographic alphabet. In the practical workings of 
 the art, no inconvenience results from considering them as 
 a single sound, modified slightly when preceded by another 
 sound in the same syllable. The sound may be represented 
 by either of the characters provided in the alphabet ; but 
 as ray can be most conveniently made, it will be used 
 wherever it can be properly joined, except before the letter 
 m, which will require the downward r. When ray cannot 
 be joined conveniently, the heavy r should be used. 
 
 The sounds s and z are each represented by two char- 
 acters, a stroke and a circle. The circles may be distin- 
 guished from each other by making one side of the z circle 
 black. No such distinction is necessary, however, in rapid 
 reporting, it being left to the context to determine which 
 sound it represents. Where two or more letters are used 
 to represent the same sound, they are each used in different 
 positions and under different circumstances, and therefore 
 amount virtually to a single letter. 
 
 The great principle upon which Phonography is founded, 
 of providing a distinct letter to represent each of the sounds 
 of the spoken language, is not, therefore, strictly speaking, 
 violated by this arrangement. These remarks apply to the 
 w and y letters, which are also represented by more than 
 one character. 
 
 Zhe, when made slowly, should contain two indenta- 
 tions; as, \; but in rapid reporting it is simply a wave 
 line, as \. 
 
 This character at first view may seem to be unsuited to 
 
 2 13 
 
LESSONS IN PHONOGRAPHY. 
 
 rapid reporting ; but its use during several years has dem- 
 onstrated its utility. The original object of its introduc- 
 tion was to secure the sign heretofore used to represent 
 this sound to represent another sound in the reconstruction 
 of the phonographic alphabet. 
 
 The straight letters should be made straight and accurate, 
 great care being used to give them the proper directions. 
 
 The curve letters are parts of circles, and should be well 
 curved and made with great precision. 
 
 The light strokes should be made as light as it is possible 
 to trace them, that they may be readily distinguished from 
 the blacker strokes, which require a heavy shade. 
 
 EXAMPLE. 
 
 P. B. Ch. J. F, T. Th. The. 8. 
 
 The straight letters are shaded uniformly from beginning 
 to end ; but the curve letters only in the centre. 
 
 The phonographic characters should be made about the 
 size in which they appear in the phonographic alphabet. 
 
 Remarks on the Vowels and Diphthongs. 
 
 I. The vowels and diphthongs have no other names than 
 their sounds. 
 
 II. When placed to the consonants in forming words, 
 they will occupy to them the same positions that they 
 occupy to the dotted line in the phonographic alphabet. 
 
 III. They should be written as close to the letters as 
 they can be, without touching them. 
 
 IV. They should be written either at the beginning, 
 middle, or end of letters, as they are found placed to the 
 dotted lines. Those vowels or diphthongs that are written 
 at the beginning of the letters are called first-place vowels 
 or diphthongs ; those at the middle of the letters, second- 
 place vowels or diphthongs ; and those at the end, third-place 
 vowels or diphthongs. 
 
 14 
 
LESSONS IN PHONOGRAPHY. 
 
 The beginning of a letter is always the point at which 
 it is commenced. A letter made from left to right will 
 have its beginning at the extreme left ; if made downwards 
 to the line, its beginning will be its farthest point from the 
 line ; if made upward from the line, its beginning will be 
 its nearest point to the line. Wherever it is commenced 
 is its beginning, and at the beginning of the consonant 
 letters are placed all the first-place vowels and diphthongs. 
 Having the position of the first-place vowels and diph- 
 thongs, the position of the second- and third-place vowels 
 and diphthongs, at the middle and end of the consonant 
 letters, can be readily ascertained. 
 
 EXAMPLE. 
 
 Be. Pay. Bak He. La. Lou. Be. TUy. Rue. She. 
 
 V. A vowel or diphthong coming before an upright con- 
 sonant will be placed to the left of it ; or if after it, to 
 the right of it. If the letter is a horizontal consonant, a 
 vowel or diphthong coming before it will be placed above 
 it ; or if after it, below it. 
 
 EXAMPLE. 
 
 ' ! . 1 * fi i . .!.... ,...i 
 
 Up. Ed. Each. Eke Pay. JJo. Bay. Gay. In. Me. 
 
 VI. The dash vowels are written at right angles to all 
 the consonant letters, their direction being suited to the 
 position of the letters. The dash diphthongs and double- 
 dot vowels occupy a position parallel to that of the con- 
 sonant letters to which they are placed. 
 
 EXAMPLE. 
 *!7. .... 5 .................. x\. ... .WiT. ...* .... 
 
 Do, Go. By. My. Dare. Her. Maw. Paw. 
 
 The vowels a and a are so nearly alike that the letter 
 representing a will be used also to represent a. 
 
LESSONS IN PHONOGRAPHY. 
 
 Joining the Consonants. 
 
 The consonant letters are joined to each other in the 
 following manner : as soon as the first letter is completed, 
 trace the second letter at once, without lifting the pen, just 
 as if no letter preceded or is to follow it. When the sec- 
 ond letter is finished, trace the third, and so on until the 
 desired combination is completed. Make each letter in 
 its proper direction. If its direction is upward, as is the 
 case with Ray, make it upward ; if downward, as is the 
 case with T, make it downward ; if from left to right, as 
 is the case with K, strike it to the right. Between the 
 letters thus joined there will be no other angle than that 
 resulting necessarily from the juncture of the letters. The 
 student is cautioned to make no angle between P and N, 
 B and N, L and N, TH and N, and TH and N ; but to 
 make a distinct angle between W and N, and H and N. 
 When two straight letters are made in the same direction, 
 and one is light and the other black, the shade is made 
 gradually between them. 
 
 The following exercise will illustrate the mode of joining 
 consonants : 
 
 EXERCISE 1. 
 
 L... 2 . ^L 5 .. & ...U .. 
 
 16 
 
LESSONS IN PHONOGRAPHY. 
 
 KEY TO EXERCISE I. 
 
 TK, DK, PP, BB, PB, KK, KG, FV, BK, CH-J, CH-M, 
 DD, DP, KB, TM, HH, MM, NM, M-NG, NN, NM~, MT, 
 NT, PN, BN, HN, WN, CH-N, LN, L-NG, RK, RM, 
 LM, R-ZH, M-ZH, L-ZH, ZN, RP, MLT, FN, NL, KL, 
 HL, HR, MJ, TN, M-CH, F-TH, N-SH, P-SH, BP, VT, 
 L-MP, T-MP, RT. 
 
 The S and Z circles are joined to other consonants in 
 the following manner: a half-circle is made in such a 
 position as to form, with the letter to which it is joined, a 
 perfect circle. When at the beginning of letters this half- 
 circle is first made, then by a continuous motion of the 
 hand, without lifting the pen, the letter to which it is to be 
 joined is traced, closing up the open part of the circle. 
 At the end of the letters, the half-circle is made after the 
 letter is completed, the half-circle being brought around 
 so as to make, with a part of the letter, the desired circle. 
 
 The following example will show the mode of making 
 the circle : 
 
 V 5 J 
 
 Sb. B* gfc. gnu PS* Sr. Bn. 
 
 RULE. The circles are made on the right-hand side of 
 straight upright letters ; on the upper side of horizontal 
 straight letters ; on the concave side of curve letters ; and 
 on the most convenient side of the angle when made be- 
 tween two letters. 
 
 Where there is no angle at the place of joining, as be- 
 tween K and K, the circle is made in its proper position on 
 the first letter. (Exception : Ray being written invariably 
 upwards, takes the circle on the left side; as, j>, Srs.) 
 
 EXAMPLE. 
 
 2* 
 
LESSONS IN PHONOGRAPHY. 
 
 EXERCISE 2. 
 
 .\0....\>.....0.....0....0 6....Q r. n p J J U L J J b. 
 
 \\fj- 
 
 L_ JS O...\_o 
 
 The W and Y half-circle letters are joined to other con- 
 sonants in such a way as to retain always the proper 
 position of their openings. W may open either to the right 
 or left, and Y above or below. 
 
 EXERCISE 3. 
 
 L\. 
 
 The Process of Writing Words Phonographically. 
 
 I. Pronounce the word very slowly, pausing after each 
 of its sounds are uttered, in order to note with accuracy 
 the elementary sounds of which it is composed. Take, 
 for example, the word all. Begin to utter the word and 
 pause the moment the first sound is completed, and we 
 will have the sound marked in the table of sounds with a. 
 Continue after the pause to pronounce the next sound, 
 18 
 
LESSONS IN PHONOGRAPHY. 
 
 which we find to be that marked in the table of sounds 
 with the letter L. This completes the sounds and gives a 
 written word corresponding with the pronunciation of the 
 word all (al). It will be seen that no note is taken of the 
 silent 1 in the word. Silent letters represent no sounds, 
 and are not expressed in Phonography. 
 
 It should be borne in mind at all times that in Phonog- 
 raphy words are written according to their pronunciation, 
 and not according to the method of writing them in Eng- 
 lish. Example : the English word sleigh is written in 
 Phonography as it is pronounced, sla. 
 
 In the early stage of the student's practice it will be 
 well to write down the sounds of words, and mark them 
 with the letters assigned them in the table of sounds ; but 
 in a short time the necessity for this will disappear. Then, 
 the sounds may be written in phonographic characters at 
 once, as discerned in the mind. 
 
 Beak 
 
 Bake 
 
 Tar 
 
 Kit 
 
 Beck 
 
 Bat 
 
 Ball 
 
 Boll 
 
 EXERCISK 
 
 b-e-k. Move . 
 
 b-a-k. Pot . 
 
 t-a-r. Cut 
 
 k-i-t. 
 b-e-k. 
 b-a-t. 
 
 b-a-l. 
 b-o-l. 
 
 Book . 
 Fare . 
 High. 
 Boy . 
 Cow . 
 
 m-o-v. 
 
 p-6-t. 
 
 k-u-t. 
 
 b-o-k. 
 
 f-a-r. 
 
 h-I. 
 
 b-oi. 
 
 k-ow. 
 
 II. After writing down the sounds of which the word is 
 composed, the next step is to note the consonant sounds 
 found among them. 
 
 Bek consonants, b k. 
 Tar ^" t r. 
 
 Bek " b k. 
 
 EXEECISK 
 
 Bak- 
 
 Kit 
 
 Bat 
 
 :onsonants, b k. 
 " k t. 
 
 " bt. 
 
 '9 
 
LESSONS IN PHONOGRAPHY. 
 
 III. The third step is to trace the consonant outline 
 without lifting the pen from the paper. The outline is 
 traced by making the first consonant, and when that is 
 finished, joining immediately the second consonant to it, 
 and so on, until all the consonants are written, without 
 any regard whatever to the vowels that may intervene. 
 
 EXERCISE. 
 
 Bek consonants, b k ; consonant outline, \_ 
 Bak " bk; " " \_ 
 
 Tar " t r; " " [/ 
 
 Kit " k t; " " "H 
 
 Bek " bk; " " 
 
 Bat " b t; \ 
 
 Bal " b 1; " " 
 
 IV. The fourth step is to note the vowels and diph- 
 thongs of the word, without reference to the intervening 
 consonants, which may be done both by the marks in the 
 table of sounds and the vowel signs in the phonographic 
 alphabet, or either. 
 
 EXERCISE. 
 
 Bek . . vowels, e. 
 
 Tar . . "a. 
 
 Bek . . e. 
 
 Hi . . diphthong I. 
 
 Bak . . . vowels, a. 
 
 Kit ... " I. 
 
 Bat ... " a. 
 
 Boil " oi. 
 
 V. The fifth and last step is to place the phonographic 
 vowels or diphthongs to the consonant outlines and com- 
 plete the word. 
 
 They are placed to the consonants in the following 
 manner : 
 
 i. If they begin a word they are placed before the first 
 consonant, and if they end a word, after the last con- 
 sonant ; as, j/i , Ezra. 
 
 20 
 
LESSONS IN PHONOGRAPHY. 
 
 2. If they come between two consonants they are 
 placed either to the preceding or following of these con- 
 sonants. If the student will write the consonant out- 
 line tk, | , and make a first-place light vowel before K; 
 
 as, [ , and then to the same outline make a third-place 
 
 light vowel after T ; as, [ , it will be seen at a glance 
 
 that the two conflict in such a manner as to render it im- 
 possible to tell whether the vowel is I or a. To prevent 
 this conflict in the angle of words the following rule is 
 provided : 
 
 RULE. Write the first-place vowels and diphthongs 
 after the first consonant, and the third -place vowels and 
 diphthongs before the second consonant; as, [ , tick, 
 | ., tack. 
 
 The second-place vowels and diphthongs can be written 
 either after the first or before the second consonant ; but 
 to distinguish the light dots and dashes from the heavy 
 ones, the following rule is provided : 
 
 RULE. Write second-place heavy vowels and diph- 
 thongs after the first consonant, and the light vowels and 
 
 diphthongs before the second consonant; as, \ , bake, 
 
 \ . . beck. 
 
 Under these rules, e, I, a, 6, and I go after the first con- 
 sonant; a and o go after the first consonant; e, u, e, and 
 oi go before the second consonant ; a, a, o, o, a", ow, and 
 u go before the second consonant. Exceptions : if the 
 second consonant is an S or Z circle, the vowels and diph- 
 thongs first, second, and third place will be placed 
 after the first consonant ; as, J^_ , tusk, Ji_ , desk, etc. 
 
 The reason of this is obvious. The circles are too small 
 to indicate the positions of the vowels and diphthongs that 
 precede the second letter, therefore the vowels and diph- 
 thongs, usually placed before the second consonant, must 
 be placed after the first consonant. 
 
 21 
 
THE PROCESS OF WRITING PIIONOGRAPIIICALLY. 
 
 fiords. 
 
 Sounds. 
 
 Consonants 
 
 Outlines. 
 
 Vowels. Vowel Siyns 
 
 rj honny'pky. 
 
 Beak 
 
 bek 
 
 bk 
 
 V 
 
 8 
 
 r 
 
 \^ 
 
 
 
 
 \ 
 
 a 
 
 
 \. 
 
 Bake 
 
 baic 
 
 bk 
 
 \ 
 
 
 
 V_ 
 
 Tar 
 
 tar 
 
 ti- 
 
 lx 
 
 1 
 
 
 [S 
 
 Kit 
 
 kit 
 
 ki 
 
 ~~| 
 
 I 
 
 * 
 
 n 
 
 Beck 
 
 bik 
 
 .bk 
 
 v_ 
 
 I 
 
 
 v^ 
 
 Bat 
 
 bat 
 
 bt 
 
 \ 
 
 a 
 
 
 \ 
 
 Back 
 
 bak 
 
 bk 
 
 \J 
 
 a 
 
 
 \-l . 
 
 Ball 
 
 bftl 
 
 bl 
 
 V 
 
 ft 
 
 
 V 
 
 Boll 
 
 bol 
 
 bl 
 
 V 
 
 
 
 - 
 
 V 
 
 Move 
 
 niQv 
 
 mv 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 O 
 
 
 
 
 \ 
 
 
 
 ~~ 
 
 . 
 
 Pot 
 
 pot 
 
 pt 
 
 \ 
 
 
 
 'N. 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 u 
 
 
 
 Cut 
 
 kfit 
 
 kt 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 Book 
 
 bok 
 
 bk 
 
 vl 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 3 
 
 
 
 Her 
 
 her 
 
 hr 
 
 S-^ 
 
 
 
 \^ 
 
 Fare 
 
 far 
 
 fr 
 
 ix" 
 
 & 
 
 
 "i^ 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 a 
 
 
 1 
 
 Shako 
 
 shak 
 
 shk 
 
 s. 
 
 a 
 
 
 J* 
 
 Cheek 
 
 chek 
 
 clik 
 
 y 
 
 
 
 Zl 
 
 
 
 
 / 
 
 a 
 
 
 / 
 
 Check 
 
 chgk 
 
 c-hk 
 
 /- 
 
 
 
 i_ 
 
 Make 
 
 mak 
 
 mk 
 
 ^^ 
 
 a 
 
 
 
 ^^ 
 
 Snako 
 
 sna'c 
 
 silk 
 
 ^_^ 
 
 a 
 
 
 
 o^_ 
 
 Dough 
 Task 
 
 do 
 task 
 
 d 
 isk 
 
 1 
 J- 
 
 
 
 a 
 
 DIPHT 
 
 HONGS. 
 
 ' 1- 
 
 High 
 
 lit 
 
 h 
 
 V^ 
 
 I 
 
 i 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 I 
 
 
 "My 
 
 ml 
 
 in 
 
 ^~^ 
 
 I 
 
 
 <~^- 
 
 Oil 
 
 oil 
 
 1 
 
 r 
 
 oi 
 
 i 
 
 r 
 
 Cow 
 
 kow 
 
 k 
 
 ___ 
 
 ow 
 
 I 
 
 
 
 Nude 
 
 nfid 
 
 nd 
 
 **1 
 
 ti 
 
 r, 
 
 ^f 
 
 Height 
 Kite 
 
 Llght 22 
 
 hit 
 
 kit 
 lit 
 
 ht 
 
 kt 
 It 
 
 /in 
 
 I 
 I 
 I 
 
 1 
 1 
 
 /n 
 
WORDS WRITTEN PHONOGRAPHIOALLY. 
 
 ^ , ^ XX L L 
 
 1 L, C_JL C-S...C ( ^... 
 
 Q __^ f v/ -f 'f 
 
 \, Y t JL_ /cs ^ 
 
 -^ A -< : < / - 
 
 ^,...^..1 5 L* 
 
 .^_.-V- i- t- 
 
 .12: ^. ^. .\ I 
 
 i. r v v I- / x* t 
 
 b b \> v^ I l ' Q i >~^ s~T*^s' 
 
 T ' ' 
 
 L 
 
 23 
 
LESSONS IN PHONOGRAPHY. 
 
 KEY TO THE PLATE OF WORDS WRITTEN PHONOGRAPH1CALLY. 
 
 Pot, Paid, Peep, Bake, Beet, Bought, Bat, Bate, Bet, 
 Take, Tack, Time, Tide, Dime, Ditch, Doyal, Doubt, 
 Chick, Check, Chalk, Chip, Jug, Jim, Gem, Joke, Jack, 
 Jennie, Kick, Keg, Catch, Get, Gate, Good, Fame, Fudge, 
 Fair or Fare, Five, Vim, Thick, Thin, Them, Thy, They, 
 East, Yet, Sick, Soak, Skates, Sky, Scheme, Skim, Stay, 
 Such, Seed, Side, Sake, Seem, Same, Psalms, Peace, Base, 
 Baste, Taste, Yoke, Lip, Elm, Lamp, Latch, Room, Ran, 
 Ring, Rung, Shame, Sheep, Shape, Zone, Size, Many, 
 Nine, None, Name, Ink, Bank, Chunk, Ham, Home, 
 Hame, Wait, Wit, Wet, Witch, Erasure, Stamp, Stump, 
 Imp, Simly, Ask, Bask, Task, Tusk, Dust, Sale, Musk, 
 Sallie, Cozy, Rise, Rays, Busy, Sad, Sore, Kneel, Nut, 
 Marry, Money, Boots, Cooks, Rocky, Mummy, Muddy, 
 Look, Pull, Duck, Deck, Dick, Cob, Nib, Pill, Cut, Days, 
 Dice, Boys, Bows, Davis, Cold, Gold, School, His, Maim, 
 Mill, Melt, Male or Mail, Oak, Came, Come, Stick. 
 
 Rules for Reading Phonographic Words. 
 
 I. Begin at the point where the word was commenced. 
 
 II. If the first consonant in the outline of the word is 
 an S or Z circle, or W or Y half-circle letter, it is read 
 first, even if a vowel precedes the entire word outline ; as, 
 
 'f , side, 1 , wit, ^ , yawn. In all other instances, 
 
 when a vowel or diphthong precedes the first consonant, 
 it is read first ; as, -| , ode. 
 
 III. If a vowel or diphthong comes after a consonant, 
 it is read after it ; as, ^-S , gory. 
 
 IV. If two vowels or diphthongs, or a diphthong and 
 vowel, or a vowel and diphthong, come before a letter, the 
 most distant one is read first ; but if they come after a 
 letter, the most distant one is read last ; as, -j , iota. For 
 
 24 
 
LESSONS IN PHONOGRAPHY. 
 
 the representation of such vowels the dissyllabic diph- 
 thongs, explained farther on, may be advantageously used. 
 V. Where a vowel or diphthong comes after the last 
 consonant in the outline, it is read last, unless the last con- 
 sonant is an S or Z circle, then it is read just before these 
 circles ; as, ~~. , cutlass, \^ , abase. 
 
 NOTE. It is a rule in Phonography that no vowel or 
 diphthong can come before S or Z circle at the beginning, 
 or after the S or Z circle at the end, of word outlines. If 
 a vowel or diphthong is required before S or Z at the 
 beginning of a word, or after S or Z at the end of a 
 word, the stroke S and Z must be used ; as, "S^" , assail, 
 \TA , policy. 
 
 Rules for Writing S, Z, W, Y, L, and SH. 
 
 The strokes S and Z ~"\ J ^ will be used in the fol- 
 lowing positions : 
 
 I. Where S or Z is the only consonant in the word ; as, 
 S^, see. 
 
 II. Where the word begins with a vowel, and is imme- 
 diately followed by S or Z; as, j/^-, Ezra. 
 
 III. Where the word ends with a vowel sound and is 
 
 immediately preceded by S or Z ; as, f~~\, lassie. 
 
 IV. Where two vowels come between the S or Z and the 
 next succeeding consonant ; as, ~X_9> science. 
 
 In all other positions the S and Z circles \ } are used ; 
 as, p , stay. 
 
 Y is represented by three letters, a stroke and two half- 
 circles opening upward and downward. 
 
 The stroke Y ("^^ is joined to the upright consonant 
 letters in forming outlines of words ; as, ~"V yacht. It is 
 used: 
 
 B 3 25 
 
LESSONS IN PHONOGRAPHY. 
 
 I. When Y is the only consonant in the word, except 
 for the words ye and you, which may be represented either 
 by the stroke or half-circles ; as, ^ , yew. 
 
 II. When Y is the first consonant in the word and is 
 preceded by a vowel or diphthong ; as, ~^\:/, oyer. 
 
 III. In word outlines where the half-circles cannot be 
 conveniently joined to the preceding or following letter ; as, 
 
 ~>, yes. 
 The half-circle letters '( \ are used before and after 
 
 \ w /> / 
 
 horizontal letters and to the left of curve letters in form- 
 ing outlines of words ; also, after all the upright letters to 
 represent the sound of u, and as a word sign for the word 
 you, as will be hereafter seen ; as, ~ ' , yoke, ^, few. 
 
 W is represented by three letters, a stroke and two 
 half-circles opening to the right and left. The stroke W 
 ^ ^ } is generally used : 
 
 I. When W is the only consonant in the word; as, 
 
 II. When W is the first consonant in the word preceded 
 by a vowel ; as, X; _ , awake. 
 
 III. In forming outlines where the half-circle letters can- 
 not be conveniently made, as when W is preceded or fol- 
 lowed by S or Z ; as, V^, ways. 
 
 IV. When W is to be joined to a hook, as will be seen 
 hereafter. 
 
 L, when alone, and when it is the only consonant in the 
 word, is written upward. When it is the first consonant 
 in the word, preceded by a vowel ; also, when following, 
 and sometimes when it precedes, the letters N and NG, it 
 is made downwards; as, ^, elm, /r, nail. In other 
 positions it is made either up or down, as is most con- 
 venient. 
 
 "SH," when alone, or when it is the only consonant 
 26 
 
LESSONS IN PHONOGRAPHY. 
 
 in the word, is written downwards. After F and V it is 
 written upward; as, \J , fish. In other positions it is 
 made up or down, as is most convenient. 
 
 EXERCISE 4. 
 
 :... ..... L... X 
 
 ...... 1 ....... .4s..f. ....... V: ..... 
 
 - 
 
 KEY TO EXERCISE. 
 
 Aspire, Essence, Lazy, Zenith, Society, Fence, Zion, 
 Escape, Easy, Esau, Seat, Sack, Sole or Soul, Psalms, 
 Joys, Suppose, Lessen, Snow, Noise, Nice, Sales, Yale, Yew, 
 Few, Yoke, Youth, Young, New, Woe, Switch, Wisp, 
 Watch, Wait, Alum, Kneel, Bell, She, Ash, Fishy, Ravish, 
 Shake, Shame, Shawl. 
 
 Dissyllabic Diphthongs and. Treble Vowel Sounds. 
 
 When two vowels, not in the same syllable, come so 
 closely together as to be conveniently represented by a 
 single letter, the two sounds may be called a dissyllabic 
 diphthong. Below is given a table of the most common 
 of these sounds. The student need only refer to this table 
 as he needs these signs or finds them useful in his after- 
 practice. They are scarcely ever used in actual reporting. 
 
 When a vowel comes immediately before or after a 
 proper diphthong, sometimes it is convenient to have a 
 single character to represent the three sounds. See table 
 following for the most important of these. 
 
 27 
 
LESSONS IN PHONOGRAPHY. 
 
 Like the dissyllabic signs, the signs for these treble 
 sounds will be but little used. 
 
 Sounds nearly similar to those represented in the two 
 tables may be represented by the same sign ; as, I a for 
 e a, etc. 
 
 TABLE OF DISSYLLABIC DIPHTHONGS. 
 
 ;v a i :v e i 1> o 
 ; v a i i A p. 
 
 A U 1 
 A Ol 
 
 a 
 
 ^i a 
 
 TABLE OF TREBLE VOWEL SOUNDS. 
 
 *** 
 
 A t*~ B I 
 
 v i s y 
 
 i 01 i i.H e 
 
 it- owe 
 
 EXERCISE. 
 
 ../.& if A * .j 4v..... 
 
 Etadio. Itlea, lota, Ohio* Towel. GeneiL 
 
 WH. 
 
 The compound sound represented by WH in the Eng- 
 lish language is composed of the sounds represented in the 
 table of sounds by the two letters H and W. In the pro- 
 nunciation of words containing this sound, the aspirate H 
 precedes the sound of W, instead of following it, as the 
 English letters WH seem to indicate. Thus, wile with 
 the aspirate preceding, becomes hwile ; and wet, hwet, 
 etc. Mr. Walker, in his "Rhetorical Grammar," says: 
 "This is no more than placing the aspirate in its true 
 position, before the W, as it is in the Saxon, which the 
 words come from ; where, we may observe, that though 
 28 
 
LESSONS IN PHONOGRAPHY. 
 
 we have altered the orthography of our ancestors, we have 
 still preserved their pronunciation." In Phonography this 
 compound sound may be represented by the following 
 letter : X^ . 
 
 EXAMPLE. 
 
 Wk oy- (* > tl 
 
 ... .S ... oV* .. rr^r. ...... .N j7 A^ 
 
 WBeafc. 'Wheel. When- What* Which. Whip- 
 
 ail. 
 
 The compound ?ound usually represented by the letters 
 Qu in the English language is composed of the sounds 
 represented in the table of sounds by the letters K and 
 W ; as, kwen for queen ; kwench for quench, etc. In 
 Phonography this sound is represented by the following 
 character : c _ , kw. 
 
 EXAMPLE. 
 
 Queen. Quad:* Quail, Qua"ke. Quick* Quiet. 
 
 MP or MB. 
 
 The frequently-recurring sounds of MP and MB are 
 represented by the compound stem / s , mp. The sign 
 represents both collection of sounds. The context will 
 determine which is intended to be used. 
 
 EXAMPLE. 
 
 Stamp, Thumb, Lamp, Lamb. 
 
 KEY TO WORDS WRITTEN PHONOGRAPHICALLY. 
 
 Tide, Tile, Toil, Mile, Knife, Ripe, Nice, Noise, Tiny, 
 Boil, Joy, Decoy, Spoil, Out, Our, Vow, Thou, Cow, 
 Mouth, Tube, Duty, Beauty, Pure, Cube, Mule, Less, Sob, 
 3* 29 
 
WORDS WRITTEN PHONOGRAPHIC ALLY. 
 
 LL 
 
 \ 
 
 IL 
 
 ....... s_^. 
 
 )_. ..... 
 
 C^ T ..C-? 
 
 
 30 
 
LESSONS IN PHONOGRAPHY. 
 
 Soap, Slow, Reap, Rip, Rope, Rap, Snap, Snipe, Couch, 
 Foul or Fowl, Decay, Gale, Rush, Rank, Racy, Daisy, 
 Dews, Rash, Ark, Rhyme, Theory, Miry, Faith, Narrow, 
 Charity, Purpose, Jury, July, Terrify, Variety, Health, 
 Wealth, Howl, Heap, Heavy, Holy, Homely, Policy, 
 Folly, Monthly, Mellow, Finely, Link, Length, Lounge, 
 Dash, Fish, Nothing, Admire, Fact, Admonish, Belong, 
 Family, Head, Absurdity, Expensive, Reduce, Research, 
 Lesson, Justice, Succeed, Derange, Zenith, Zinc, Society, 
 Counsel, Rely, Outside, Ride, Pages, Nick-nack, Alma- 
 nac, Hazy, Lizzie, Cask, Chest, Posy, China, Escape, 
 Endow, Guinea, Fig, Space, Opposite, Viceroy, Chosen, 
 Elicit, Business, Bees, Music, Sarah, Widow, Occupy, 
 Wedge, Witchery, Agony, Elbow, Coffee, Lime, Hasty, 
 Hatch, Unseen, Spicy, Uneasy, Six, Sought. 
 
 Contractions. 
 
 The instructions given in the preceding pages, if fully 
 mastered, will enable the student to write the words of 
 the English language in shorter and more simple forms 
 than by the ordinary script of the language; but these 
 forms, short as some of them are, do not come up to the 
 demands of verbatim reporting. It is necessary to greatly 
 contract them, that they may occupy less space, and be 
 more quickly written. 
 
 The forms are contracted : 
 
 I. By means of hooks at the beginning and end of let- 
 ters, to represent other letters and syllables. 
 
 II. By joining the S and Z circles to the hooks. 
 
 III. By doubling the S and Z circles and flattening them 
 into loops, to add other letters or syllables. 
 
 IV. By halving the letters, to add T or D. 
 
 V. By doubling the letters, to add syllables. 
 
 VI. By trebling the letters, to add syllables. 
 
 VII. By dispensing with the signs for vowels and diph- 
 thongs. 
 
 3* 
 
LESSONS IN PHONOGRAPHY. 
 
 VIII. By the omission of a part of the consonant out- 
 line of certain words. 
 
 IX. By using brief signs for common syllables. 
 
 X. By using brief signs for common words. 
 
 XI. By using signs for phrases. 
 
 These will be treated of each in their order. 
 
 Phonographic Hooks. 
 
 Hooks are placed at the beginning and end of letters to 
 represent other letters, or the addition of syllables. Those 
 at the beginning of letters are called " initial hooks," and 
 those at the end, "final hooks." The student will find 
 tables illustrating each of these classes of hooks. As soon 
 as a hook is explained, the student should turn to the 
 table and thoroughly master the forms there given under 
 the name of the hook. The key to each column of hooks 
 is under the several expositions of the hooks in the text. 
 
 I. The Initial Hooks. 
 
 The initial hooks are placed at the beginning of the 
 letters, that is, at the points where they are commenced. 
 Ray and L invariably take the initial hooks at the lower 
 side, or point next to the line ; SH at the top, or point 
 farthest from the line ; the horizontal letters at their 
 extreme left point; and the upright letters at their 
 top. 
 
 i. The L Hook. This is a hook at the beginning, 
 and on the S circle side of all the letters. On the straight 
 letters it is very small, but on curve letters it is very large. 
 This hook represents the letter L, and indicates that L 
 follows the consonant letter to which the hook is placed. 
 Example : \ , pi. The combined stem is pronounced as 
 if written pie, ble, tie, etc. 
 
 Key to line 1, Table of Initial Hooks. -PI, bl, tl, dl, chl, 
 32 
 
LESSONS IN PHONOGRAPHY. 
 
 jl, kl, gl, fl, vl, thl, thl, sl, yl, 11, Rl, rl, shl, zl, ml, nl, ng-1, 
 hi, wl, zhl, mpl or mbl. 
 
 2. The EL Hook. This is a small back hook, made 
 at the beginning and on the S circle side of all the straight 
 letters, except Ray. It represents the letter L, and indi- 
 cates that it precedes the consonant to which it is placed. 
 Example: \, Ip. The combined stem is pronounced as 
 
 if written el-p, el-b, el-t, etc. 
 
 Key to line 2, Table of Initial Hooks. -Lp, Ib, It, Id, 
 Ich, Ij, Ik, lg. 
 
 3. The KL Hook. This is the EL hook made black 
 to represent K. It indicates that KL precedes the con- 
 sonant to which the hook is placed. It is used especially 
 on K and G. The combined stem is pronounced as if 
 written kl-k, kl-g, etc. 
 
 Key to line j, Table of Initial Hooks. Kl-k, kl-g. 
 
 4. The R Hook. This is a small hook at the begin- 
 ning of all the letters. On straight letters it is placed on 
 the side opposite the L hook ; but on curve letters it is on 
 the same side as the L hook, from which it is distinguished 
 by being made very small. This hook represents the letter 
 R, and indicates that R follows the consonant to which it 
 
 is placed. Example : 'X , pr. The combined stem is pro- 
 nounced as if written per, ber, ter, etc. 
 
 Key to line 4, Table of Initial Hooks. Pr, br, tr, dr, 
 chr, jr, kr, gr, fr, vr, thr, thr, sr, yr, Ir, Rr, rr, shr, zr, mr, 
 nr, ngr, hr, wr, zhr, mpr or mbr. 
 
 5. The RK Hook. This is a small back hook at the 
 beginning of all the letters, except M, N, NG, and ZH. 
 It occupies the same position as the R hook on straight 
 letters, and is placed on the back of curve letters. It rep- 
 resents the two letters RK, and indicates that they follow 
 the consonant to which the hook is placed. Example: 
 
 \ , prk. The combined stem is pronounced as if written 
 p-rk, b-rk, etc. 
 
 B* 33 
 
LESSONS IN PHONOGRAPHY. 
 
 Key to line 5, Table of Initial Hooks. Prk, brk, trk, 
 drk, chrk, jrk, krk, grk, frk, vrk, thrk, thrk, srk, yrk, Irk, 
 Rrk, rrk, shrk, zrk, hrk, wrk. 
 
 6. The W Hook. This is a large hook on the circle 
 side of straight letters. It represents W, and indicates 
 that it follows the consonant to which this hook is placed. 
 Example : ^ , pw. The combined stem is pronounced as 
 if written p-w, b-w, t-w, etc. 
 
 Key to line 6, Table of Initial Hooks. P-w, b-w, t-w, 
 d-w, ch-w, j-w, k-w, g-w, r-w. 
 
 7. The Y Hook. This hook is the same size as the 
 W hook, and occupies the opposite side of straight letters. 
 It represents Y, and indicates that it follows the letter to 
 which it is placed. Example : \ , py. The combined 
 stem is pronounced as if written p-y, b-y, t-y, etc. 
 
 Key to line 7, Table of Initial Hooks. Py, by, ty, dy, 
 chy, jy, ky, gy, ry. 
 
 8. The IN Hook. This is a small half-circle like that 
 used to represent Y in the phonographic alphabet. It 
 opens upward or downward, and is joined to any initial 
 hook. In the " table of initial hooks," line 8, it is only 
 attached to the R hook as a representation of its use ; it 
 may be attached in the same manner to other hooks when- 
 ever it is needed, and can be conveniently made. It is only 
 joined to hooks, and therefore does not conflict with the 
 Y half-circle letters, which are never so joined. This hook 
 represents the letter N, or the syllables in, en, un, enter, or 
 inter, and indicates that one of these syllables precedes the 
 remaining part of the word. Example : "\ , inpr. The 
 combined stem is pronounced as if written npr, enpr, unpr, 
 inpr, enterpr, interpr, etc., as the case may be. 
 
 Key to line 8, Table of Initial Hooks. Inpr, inbr, intr, 
 indr, inchr, injr, infr, invr, inthr, inthr, insr, inyr, inshr, 
 in-zr, inwr. 
 
 9. The INS Hook. This is a back hook, always 
 34 
 
LESSONS IN PHONOGRAPHY. 
 
 joined to the S circle at the beginning of letters. It. is 
 made so as to throw the S circle on its proper side of the 
 letters to which it is placed, except on Ray, where it is 
 made in the most convenient manner. It represents the 
 letters N and S, or syllables ins, ens, uns, and indicates that 
 those letters or one of those syllables comes before the re- 
 maining parts of the word. Example : ^, insp. The com- 
 bined stem is pronounced as if written ins-p, ins-b, etc. 
 
 Key to line 9, Table of Initial Hooks. Insp, insb, inst, 
 insd, insch, insj, insk, insg, insf, insv, insth, insth, inss, 
 insy, insl, insR, insr, inssh, insz, insm, insh, insw, inszh. 
 
 10. The INSR Hook. This hook is similar in ap- 
 pearance to the INS hook. It is only used on straight 
 letters, and is made so as to throw the S circle part of the 
 hook on the R hook side. It represents nsr, insr, ensr, 
 unsr. It indicates that ns, ins, ens, or uns comes before 
 the letter to which the hook is placed, and R immediately 
 after it. Example : ^ , ins-p-r. The combined stem is 
 pronounced as if written inspr, isbr, etc. 
 
 Key to line 10, Table of Initial Hooks. Inspr, insbr, 
 instr, insdr, inschr, insjr, inskr, insgr, inszhr. 
 
 35 
 
THE TABLE OF INITIAL HOOKS- Plate 1- 
 
 HOOK 
 
 HOOK 
 
 KL 
 
 HO.OK 
 
 HOOK 
 
 RK 
 
 HOOK 
 
 w 
 
 HOOK 
 
 HOOK 
 
 HOOK 
 
 ./V5 
 HOOK 
 
 IN.SK 
 
 HOOK 
 
 \ 
 
 \ 
 
 
 \ 
 
 \ 
 
 \ 
 
 c\ 
 
 "\ 
 
 \ 
 
 \ 
 
 \ 
 
 \ 
 
 
 \ 
 
 \ 
 
 \ 
 
 f\ 
 
 "N 
 
 \ 
 
 \ 
 
 r 
 
 r 
 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 r 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 T 
 
 1 
 
 r 
 
 r 
 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 r 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 T 
 
 T 
 
 / 
 
 / 
 
 
 / 
 
 7 
 
 /^ 
 
 7 
 
 7 
 
 / 
 
 / 
 
 7 
 
 /- 
 
 
 7 
 
 7 
 
 /~) 
 
 7 
 
 7 
 
 9 
 
 7 
 
 "9 
 
 __ 
 
 *- 
 
 T 
 
 T 
 
 =- 
 
 ^ 
 
 9 
 
 9 
 
 *- 
 
 o 
 
 
 
 3 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 ) 
 
 
 c 
 
 
 
 C 
 
 (s 
 
 
 
 C 
 
 C 
 
 
 c 
 
 C\ 
 
 
 
 C 
 
 /x 
 
 
 
 C 
 
 c 
 
 
 c\ 
 
 c 
 
 
 
 f 
 
 ) 
 
 
 
 -) 
 
 C*v 
 /^) 
 
 
 r 
 
 
 
 r 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 7 
 
 
 x^S 
 
 
 f~\ 
 
 
 
 i 
 
 A 
 ij 
 
 c/ 
 
 
 ? 
 
 w 
 
 3 
 
 
 \i ^/ 
 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 V 
 
 
 
 
 ^p 
 
 v/) 
 
 
 \ 
 
 
 
 \ 
 
 
 
 
 
 vO 
 
 \ 
 
 r^ 
 
 36 
 
 
 =- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
LESSONS IN PHONOGRAPHY. 
 
 II. The Final Hooks. 
 
 The final hooks are placed at the end of the letters, 
 that is, at the point where the letters are completed. 
 
 1. The N Hook. This is a small hook made at the 
 end of all the letters to represent the addition of the letter 
 N to the letter to which it is placed. It is on the left side 
 of all the straight letters, except Ray, which takes the hook 
 on the right side, and on the concave side of all curve 
 letters. Example : N, , pn. The combined stem is pro- 
 nounced as if written p-n, b-n, etc. 
 
 Key to line i, Table of final Hooks. Pn, bn, tn, dn, 
 chn, jn, kn, gn, fn, vn, thn, thn, sn, yn, In, Rn, rn, shn, 
 zn, mn, nn, ngn, hn, wn, zn, mpn or mbn. 
 
 2. The NGK Hook. This is a small back hook in 
 the same position as the N hook. It represents the letters 
 NG-K, and indicates that they follow the consonant letter 
 to which the hook is placed. Example : \ , pngk. The 
 combined stem is pronounced as if written p-ingk-a, b-ingk, 
 t-ing-k, etc. 
 
 Key to line 2, Table of Final Hooks. Pngk, bngk, tngk, 
 dngk, chngk, jngk, kngk, gngk, fngk, vngk, thngk, thngk, 
 sngk, yngk, Ingk, Rngk, rngk, shngk, zngk, mngk, nngk, 
 hngk, wngk, mpngk, or mbngk. 
 
 3. The F or V Hook. This is a hook at the end and 
 on the circle side of all the letters. On the straight let- 
 ters it is small, but on curve letters it is large. It rep- 
 resents either F or V, and indicates that one or the other 
 of these letters follows the consonant to which the hook is 
 placed. Example : \j , pf or pv. The combined stem is 
 pronounced as if written p-f or p-v, b-f or b-v, etc. 
 
 Key to line 3, Table of Final Hooks. Pf or pv, bf or v, 
 tf or v, df or v, chf or v, jf or v, kf or v, gf or v, f-f or v, 
 vf or v, thf or v, thf or v, sf or v, yf or v, If or v, Rf or v, 
 4 37 
 
 448406 
 
LESSONS IN PHONOGRAPHY. 
 
 rf or v, shf or v, zf or v, mf or v, nf or v, ngf or v, hf or v, 
 wf or v, zhf or v, mpf or v, or mbf or v. 
 
 4. The FL or VL Hook. This is a large hook in 
 the position of the F and V hook on straight letters. It 
 indicates that FL or VL follows the letter to which the 
 hook is placed. Example : \j , pfl or pvl. The combined 
 stem is pronounced as if written p-fle or p-vle, b-fle or 
 b-vle. 
 
 Key to line 4, Table of Final Hooks. Pfl or vl, bfl or 
 vl, tfl or vl, dfl or vl, chfl or vl, jfl or vl, kfl or vl, gfl or vl, 
 rfl or vl. 
 
 5. The TIV Hook. This is a deep back hook at the 
 end of letters. It is made in the position of the F and V 
 hook on straight letters, and on the back of curve letters. 
 It represents the syllable tiv, and indicates that it follows 
 the letter to which it is placed. Example : \^, p-tiv. It 
 is made deep to distinguish it from the Y half-circle let- 
 ters ; as, h , du, h > dtiv. The combined stem is pro- 
 nounced as if written p-tive, b-tive, etc. 
 
 Key to line j, Table of Final Hooks. Ptiv, btiv, ttiv, 
 dtiv, chtiv, jtiv, ktiv, gtiv, ftiv, vtiv, thtiv, thtiv, stiv, 
 ytiv, Itiv, Rtiv, rtiv, shtiv, ztiv, mtiv, ntiv, ngtiv, htiv, 
 wtiv, zhtiv, mptiv or mbtiv. 
 
 6. The TER Hook. This is a very large hook on 
 the N hook side of the straight letters. It represents the 
 syllables ter, der, and ther, and indicates that one of them 
 follows the letter to which the hook is placed. Example : 
 
 N^, p-ter, p-der, or p-ther. The combined stem is pro- 
 nounced as if written pter-der or ther, bter-der or ther, 
 etc., as the case may be. 
 
 Key to line 6, Table of Final Hooks. Pter, bter, tter, 
 dter, chter, jter, kter, gter, rter. 
 
 7. The SHUN Hook. This hook is made by con- 
 tinuing the line which forms the S circle to the opposite 
 side of the letter, and forming a hook like the NGK hook. 
 
 38 
 
LESSONS IN PHONOGRAPHY. 
 
 The S circle and the line on the opposite side of the letter 
 constitute the hook and represent the syllables pronounced 
 shun or zhun (such as tion, sion, etc.), and indicate that 
 one of these syllables follows the letter to which the hook 
 is attached. The hook should be made very small. Ex- 
 ample : N^ , pshun. The combined stem is pronounced 
 as if written pshun or pzhun, bshun or bzhun, etc. 
 
 Key to line 7, Table of Final Hooks. Pshun, bshun, 
 tshun, dshun, chshun, jshun, kshun, gshun, fshun, vshun, 
 thshun, thshun, sshun, yshun, Ishun, Rshun, rshun, shshun, 
 zshun, mshun, nshun, ngshun, hshun, wshun, zhshun, 
 mpshun or mbshun. 
 
 8. THE SSHUN Hook. This is the SHUN hook 
 made double size to represent S before Shun. The hook 
 represents SSHUN, and indicates that it follows the letter 
 to which it is placed. Example: ^, psshun. The com- 
 bined stem is pronounced as if written psshun, bsshun, etc. 
 
 Key to line 8, Table of Final Hooks. Psshun, bsshun, 
 tsshun, dsshun, chsshun, jsshun, ksshun, gsshun, fsshun, 
 vsshun, thsshun, thsshun, ssshun, ysshun, Isshun, Rsshun, 
 rsshun, shsshun, zsshun, msshun, nsshun, ngsshun, hsshun, 
 wsshun, mpsshun or mbsshun. 
 
 9. The NSHUN Hook. This is made in the same 
 manner as the SHUN hook on straight letters, with the 
 single exception that it is turned from the N hook side of 
 the letter to the circle side ; as, \ , pnshun. On curve 
 letters it is a hook turned up near the back of the letter. 
 It is only useful on M, V, and H ; as, \ , vnshun. The 
 combined stem is pronounced as if written p-nshun, 
 b-nshun, etc. 
 
 Key to line 9, Table of Final Hooks. Pnshun, bnshun, 
 tnshun, dnshun, chnshun, jnshun, knshun, gnshun, vnshun, 
 rnshun, mnshun. 
 
 10. The NSSHUN Hook. This hook is only used on 
 the straight letters. It is the NSHUN hook made double 
 
 39 
 
LESSONS IN PHONOGRAPHY. 
 
 size to add an S to the hook. It represents NSSHUN, and 
 indicates that it follows the letter to which the hook is 
 placed. Example : V > pnsshun. The combined stem is 
 pronounced as if written pnsshun, bnsshun, etc. 
 
 Key to line 10, Table of Final Hooks. Pnsshun, bnsshun, 
 tnsshun, dnsshun, chnsshun, jnsshun, knsshun, gnsshun, 
 rnsshun. 
 
 It will be seen that we have ten initial and ten final 
 hooks. 
 
 Other letters may precede or follow the hooked letters, in 
 
 the middle or any other part of the word ; as, _rr-s> kml, 
 <^. kvr. 
 
 NOTE When N is required in a form immediately after 
 a hook, it may be represented by a small hook turned on 
 the inside of the preceding hook. It will have all the 
 representative character of the N hook proper. This hook 
 is used in only a few words; as, heaven, enliven, brethren, 
 etc., but in prosing is quite useful. (See Exercise 13, 
 page 89.) 
 
 40 
 
TABLE OF FINAL HOOKS-Plate 2. 
 
 N 
 
 HOOK 
 
 HOOK 
 
 HOOK 
 
 HOOK 
 
 HOOK 
 
 SflVH 
 HOOK 
 
 HQOK 
 
 HOOK 
 
 \ 
 \ 
 J 
 J 
 
 y 
 
 \ 
 \ 
 
 \ 
 \ 
 
 I 
 I 
 
 \> 
 
 I 
 
 v 
 
 V 
 
 c 
 c 
 
 c 
 c 
 
 J 
 
 D 
 
 G 
 C 
 
 n. 
 
 C 
 
 J 
 J 
 
 L 
 
 Va 
 
 X 
 
 \ 
 s 
 
 I 
 I 
 
 V 
 
 4 
 
 Q 
 
 e 
 
 A 
 
 P 
 
 Oi 
 
 \ 
 
 V 
 
 1 
 i, 
 
 6 
 6 
 
 r 
 
 df 
 
 vji- 
 
 \ 
 
LESSONS IN PHONOGRAPHY. 
 
 On Vocalizing the Hooked Letters. 
 
 1. Vowels are placed to the letters containing hooks in 
 the same manner as if the hooks were not used. 
 
 2. In reading such combined letters (except those with 
 the EL and KL hooks) the hooks are read next to the con- 
 sonants to which they are placed ; as, \ , pi. If a vowel or 
 diphthong precedes the combined stem, it is read before 
 it ; as, -\ , able. If the vowel or diphthong comes after 
 the combined stem, it is read after it ; as, ^ , play. The 
 vowels are read as if the combined stem were a single 
 letter. 
 
 3. The EL and KL hooks are read before the letter to 
 which thiy are placed, and also before any vowel that may 
 precede the combined letter; as, '\, lip. 
 
 EXERCISE 5. 
 
 KEY TO EXERaSE 5. 
 
 Play, Bleak, Blake, Flee, Flay, Pray, Bray, Dray, Dry, 
 Cry, Three, Dwell, Meter, Mitre, Leader, Title, Tattle, 
 Maker, Paper, Petal, Total, Smoker, Anchor, Raker, 
 42 
 
LESSONS IN PHONOGRAPHY. 
 
 Tickle, Fickle, Pickle, Ankle, Uncle, Bible, Table, Cloth, 
 Rumor,. Humor, Clamor, Example, Grammar, People, 
 Taper, Viper, Croaker, Piper, Cooler, Plow, Primer, 
 Blight, Flag, Lip, Lap, Lobby, Light, Load, Latch, Ledge, 
 Like, Look, Leek, Lake, Lock, Leg, Lag, Click, Cloak, 
 Clock, Clag. 
 
 Special Vocalization. 
 
 Sometimes it is desirable to introduce a vowel or diph- 
 thong between the letter and its initial hook letter. This 
 may be done in the following manner : 
 
 I. Strike the dash vowels through the stem letter at the 
 point of their respective positions to the letter, except the 
 first-place vowels a and 6, which are written just before 
 the hook to prevent its destruction by the dash. Example : 
 ic__v_ , colony. 
 
 II. By making the dot vowels into small circles (except 
 e and a) and placing the long vowels before the combined 
 letter and the short ones after it. Example: _^, near, 
 *) , fill. The vowels e and a come always before R, and 
 may be made in the usual manner, and will be read between 
 the stem letter and hook. Example : ^. , hair, ^, , her. 
 
 III. By making the diphthongs i, oi, and ow into very 
 small parallel ellipses. Example : ^) , file, J , foil, 
 
 IV. By placing the diphthong u opposite and near the 
 end of the compound letter. Example : \ , pure. 
 
 EXEECISE 6. 
 
LESSONS IN PHONOGRAPHY. 
 
 KEY TO EXERCISE 6. 
 
 Correct, Course, Curse, Till, Tell, More, Moor, Cure, 
 Secure, Dear, Posture, Charm, Farm, Cheerless, Careful, 
 Call, Zeal, Figures, Feature, Nor, Corpse, North, Very, 
 Here, Release, Scarcely, Car, Sheriff, Full. 
 
 Vocalization of the Final Hooks. 
 
 The final hooks are read after their stem letter and ac- 
 companying vowels. Example : \ , pan, V__X-JF, negative, 
 etc. When desired, the SHUN, SSHUN, NSHUN, and 
 NSSHUN hooks may be vocalized by inserting the vowel 
 inside the circle 'part of the hook, in the manner provided 
 for vocalizing the " SES circle," hereafter explained. 
 These hooks are seldom, if ever, vocalized in reporting. 
 
 The final hooks are never used at the end of outlines 
 when a vowel is required after the letter, letters, or syl- 
 lables they represent, as vowels are always read before the 
 hooks. In such cases the stroke letters are used instead 
 of the hooks ; as, ' ) , coffee. 
 
 EXERCISE 7. 
 
 j ..... xuui ..... a: ..... a. ..... a- ....... d ....... vo ..... ^ ....... b 
 
 n .... n x_x~c: . o ....V..4- ..... 
 
 KEY TO EXERCISE 7. 
 
 Pan, Pin, Pine, Pink, Bank, Sank, Drink, Drank, Drunk, 
 Five, Wave, Wove, Devil, Travel, Joyful, Dative, Sedative, 
 Negative, Peter, Passion, Fashion, Physician, Pension, At- 
 tention, Mention, Moon, Run, Shrink, Chink, Man, Men, 
 Nun, Notion, Nation, Motion, Earn. 
 44 
 
LESSONS IN PHONOGRAPHY. 
 
 The S Circle on Hooks. 
 
 1. The R hook on straight letters, when made into a 
 circle, implies the addition of the S circle. Example: 
 \ , spr. In such cases the circle is read first, then the 
 combined stem and hook, as if no S preceded it. This 
 will not conflict with the circle S, which is always on the 
 opposite of the letter. 
 
 2. The N hook on single straight letters, when made into 
 a circle, implies the addition of the " circle S." Example : 
 
 \, pns. When the circle is made between two conso- 
 nants N is not implied, as it is simply circle S. To curve 
 letters, NS is usually joined by the stroke N and the S 
 circle ; as, ^_p , fns. It may also be represented on a curve 
 letter by a circle turned to the rear of the letter; as, ), , fns, 
 or the " circle S" can be turned inside the hook; as, ^), fns. 
 
 3. On all other hooks where the " circle S" can be con- 
 veniently joined, the circle is made inside the hook in such 
 a manner as to be distinct from it ; as, ^ , spl. 
 
 4. The "circle S" is added to the SHUN, SSHUN, 
 NSHUN, and NSSHUN hooks by making a very small 
 circle on the last part of the hook ; as, ^3 , psshuns. 
 
 The general rule of reading word outlines with the S 
 circle is applicable to such forms, namely, if at the be- 
 ginning of an outline, the circle S is read first ; if at the 
 end, last ; as, X , supr, (3 , devls. 
 
 The Double Circles and Loops. 
 
 i. The S and Z circles, made double size, represent the 
 syllables ses, sez, or zez, etc. It is called the SEZ circle. If 
 desired, "SES" and "ZEZ" circles may be distinguished 
 from each other by making one side of the ZEZ circle 
 black; as, ^%, races, J? t roses. This distinction is not 
 necessary in rapid reporting. 
 
 45 
 
LESSONS IN PHONOGRAPHY. 
 
 2. When the " SEZ circle" is made on the N side of 
 straight letters, N is implied, and it becomes nses, etc. Ex- 
 ample : ^ N , bownses. 
 
 3. In the position of the R hook on straight letters, the 
 R hook is implied. Example : C), seztr. 
 
 4. These double circles may be vocalized by placing 
 vowels or diphthongs on the inside of the circle as near the 
 top, middle, or lower side as can be made, to represent the 
 positions of the several vowels. Example : [ , sistr (sister), 
 
 j$> , exercise, ^, suspicion. In reporting, the circles 
 are not often vocalized. Generally, the unvocalized cir- 
 cles, in conjunction with the other part of the outline, will 
 suggest the word. 
 
 5. The S circle flattened into a loop represents, in the 
 position of the S circle, the letters ST; as, N^ , pst. If 
 made in the position of the N hook, N is added, and it 
 becomes NST ; as, ^ , pnst. 
 
 The ST loop shaded will represent SD or ZD ; as, 
 S , rzd. 
 
 6. The ST loop lengthened to two-thirds the length of 
 the letter, when placed on the circle side of letters, im- 
 plies the addition of R; as, \^ , pstr. It is called the 
 STER loop. If made on the N hook side of the letters, N 
 is added, and it becomes the NSTER loop ; as, ^ , pnstr. 
 
 7. The SEZ circle and ST loop may be used at the be- 
 ginning or end of letters ; the STER and NSTER loops 
 only at the end of letters. 
 
 8. The circle S may be added to the SEZ circle and the 
 loops, by carrying the line which forms them to the other 
 side of the letter, and forming a circle S ; as, ^> , sfsts. 
 
 N may be added to the loops by carrying the lines 
 which form them to the other side of the letter, and turn- 
 ing it abruptly down; as, ^, fst-n. 
 46 
 
LESSONS IN PHONOGRAPHY. 
 
 NOTE. This principle is sometimes used with the circle 
 S by some reporters for such words as fasten, ^ . If 
 used, it should be with caution, as it conflicts with the 
 SHUN hook. On the loops it does not conflict. It is 
 valuable in a few words. 
 
 All the circles and loops may be used in the middle of 
 words ; as, '^Y > necessity. 
 
 The rules for reading the S and Z circles are applicable 
 to the SEZ circle and the loops, that is, when at the be- 
 ginning of an outline, they are read first ; if at the end, 
 they are read last. 
 
 EXERCISE 8. 
 
 Q K X Q X \ \ \ J J- 9 
 
 A \2> .O.....sJX../^O S.' D D Q:....O>.....0>....0.-...O. O. I 
 
 J 
 
 KEY TO EXERCISE 8. 
 
 Roses, Pieces, Faces, Noses, Moses, Races, Cases, Causes, 
 Pances, Bounces, Pounces, Prances, Dances, Dunces, Sister, 
 Exercise, Pastor, Poster, Roast, Coast, Most, Style, Stole, 
 Steal, Steam, Step, State, Cast, Against, Danced, Punster, 
 Spinster, Coaster, Duster, Register, Posts, Posters, Nests, 
 Coasts, Coasters, Fasts, Necessity, Testify, Distinct, West- 
 ern, Webster, Impost, Success, Suppose, Losses, Chooses, 
 Disposes. 
 
 Halving- the Letters. 
 
 i. Either T or D may be added to any letter by making 
 it half its usual length. The context will determine which 
 is added. Example: _, kt. 
 
 47 
 
LESSONS IN PHONOGRAPHY. 
 
 2. If there is a final hook, the T or D is added after the 
 stem and hook is read ; as, J- , ten, j., tent. 
 
 3. But if there is a final S or Z circle or loop, the T or 
 D is read before them ; as, -o , gets, <^ , midst. 
 
 4. Half-letters may be used at the beginning, middle, or 
 end of words. Example : _J , catalogue, ,-^r > armlet. 
 
 5. Half-length letters are vocalized in the same manner 
 as the whole lengths, the T or D coming after the vowels 
 or final hooks. Example: v, bound. 
 
 Care should be taken not to use the half-length letters 
 where the forms will not be legible, or where a vowel is 
 
 required after the T or D ; as, \. , piety, not ^ . 
 EXERCISE 9. 
 
 ...SL. ...... --- i. 
 
 KEY TO EXERCISE 9. 
 
 Get, About, God, Doubt, Rapid, Wind, Went, Want, 
 Patient, Find, Bend, Art, Need, Night, Feed, Foot, Stu- 
 dent, Esteem, Bottom, Wisdom, Anticipate, Midst, Hated, 
 Noted, Estimate, Sent, Could, Good, Made, That, Mod- 
 erate, Evident, Intend, Forget, Indebted, Freedom, Date, 
 Hurt, Word, Trained, Sprained, Friend, Ancient, Stand. 
 
 Doubling the Letters. 
 
 The syllable "er" may be added to any letter that has 
 no initial R hook, by making it double its proper length. 
 If the letter has an initial R hook, L is added. 
 If there is a final hook to the letter, the ER or L is 
 added after the hook. The final circles, double circles, 
 and loops are added after the ER or L. 
 4 8 
 
LESSONS IN PHONOGRAPHY. 
 
 EXERCISE 10. 
 
 KEY TO EXERCISE IO. 
 
 Abler, Manner, Idler, Flowers, Liberty, Labor, River, 
 Ledger, Hankering, Banker, Tinker, Sinker, Insufferable, 
 Girls, Furl, Pearl, Curl, Trial, Journal, Charles, Parliament, 
 Dinner, Banner, Planer, Trundle-bed, April, Yearling. 
 
 Trebling the Letters. 
 
 The syllables ter, der, and ther may be added to any 
 letter by making it three times its usual length. 
 
 To NG the syllable ger may be added in the same 
 manner. 
 
 Where there is a final hook the syllables are added after 
 the hook. A final circle, double circle, or loop is added 
 after the syllables. 
 
 EXERCISE 11. 
 
 KEY TO EXERCISE II. 
 
 Murder, Render, Surrender, Surrendered, Mother, Fa- 
 ther, Thither, Water, Weather, Matter, Further, Neither. 
 
 KEY TO PL^TE OF CONTRACTED FORMS. 
 
 Plug, Claim, Flame, Ample, Black, Panel, Gleam, 
 Ledge, Prime, Brick, Track, Drake, Creek, Cream, Grieve, 
 Frame, Over, Ever, Three, Owner, Honor, Hammer, Queen 
 c 5 49 
 
CONTRACTED PHONOGRAPHIC FORMS. 
 
 jcA/^JsJLsO: 
 
 f G o) 
 
 (O .rb.-rb 
 
 v ..j, x, ^ 
 
 r 
 
 . . J 
 
LESSONS IN PHONOGRAPHY. 
 
 Entrails, Unsafe, Instruct, Instruction, Instructor, Inscribe, 
 Pin, Ben, Ten, Dine, Dinner, Chin, Gin, Can, Again, Fun, 
 Vine, Thin, Thine, Line, Lone, Shine, Zone, Man, Men, 
 Nine, None, Henry, Wine, Banker, Tinker, Kink, Crank, 
 Think, Thank, Link, Rink, Shank, Zink, Monk, Mink, 
 Hank, Wink, Pave, Beef, Tone, Dinner, Chief, Thief, 
 Love, Live, River, Shave, Move, Never, Knife, Enough, 
 Weave, Imperative, Native, Nativity, Daughter, Gaiter, 
 Writer, Attraction, Auction, Occasion, Suction, Sanc- 
 tion, Selection, Reception, Vision, Section, Session, 
 Caution, Station, Edition, Addition, Useful, Course, Curse, 
 Till, Tell, Cold, Gold, Golden, Court, Court-house, Beau- 
 tiful, Torment, Corrected, Legal, Tolerable, Cheerless, 
 Charm, Moral, Real, Rail, Rule, Railway, Near, Part, Car, 
 Horse, Veer, Told, Call, Cure, Hear, Park, Parker, Bark, 
 Fork, Lark, Shark, Work, Ark, Garment, Mourns, Morn- 
 ing, Turns, Burns, Churns, Learn, Born, Corn, Prove, 
 Brown, Brain, Groove, Drove, Learner, Spring, Sprinkle, 
 Straw, Strive, Strength, Strip, Straddle, Scream, Secure, 
 Succor, Struck, Scrap, Stream, Pens, Pins, Binds, Pines, 
 Shines, Mans, Runs, Bound, Found, Abandon, Refined, 
 Derive, Derived, Renown, Engrave, Engraved, Observe, 
 Cloudy, Reprove, -Measure, Remain, Clothed, Abstain, 
 Labor, Liberty, Entitled, Kindness. 
 
 Dispensing with the Signs for Vowels and Diphthongs. 
 
 Phonographic forms may be still further contracted by 
 leaving off the vowel and diphthongal signs, and using 
 only the consonant outlines of the words to represent 
 them. To prevent ambiguity from this principle of con- 
 traction, these consonant outlines are written in three 
 positions, corresponding with the three positions which 
 the vowels occupy to the letters, for the purpose of imply- 
 ing one of the class of vowels belonging to the position 
 which the outline occupies. 
 
 The first position is above the line of writing. Hori- 
 
 51 
 
READING EXERCISE. 
 
 .Rev 22. 1-3 
 
 ') - v,') C 1* ^ ~') C T') 1 . o o .C' 
 
 i 
 
 ) C* ^^^^J C C f ^L \x" P ") 3 
 
 c 
 
 -? .S ^ 1 ; 
 
 o 
 
 ...^N....SD .<y" > ...s^... .S 
 
 C o .( 
 
 i 
 
 f- , 
 
 Vg X 
 
 ..N_>'. .XT / -^ ... i .. ^- -.. ^--- " 
 
 s, . J .A ..c.'IN C..X?' )..('.. Ax').. C 
 
 > ^- ..N/~TN . X...v_>....>J S 
 
 ,'\ / ^-W^ ^)- /- 
 
 I 
 
 U-\r- 
 
 52 
 
LESSONS IN PHONOGRAPHY. 
 
 zontal letters are written about the height of the letter T 
 above the line, and the upright letters about one-fourth 
 their length above the line. When an outline is written 
 in this position, some one of the first-place vowels and diph- 
 thongs (e, I, a, 6, 1) is implied or understood. Example : 
 
 The second position is on the line of writing. The up- 
 right letters come down to the line, and the horizontal 
 letters rest on it. When an outline is written in this posi- 
 tion, some one of the second-place vowels or diphthongs 
 (a, 6, e, e, u, oi) is implied or understood. Example : 
 _ [ 
 
 The third position is through the line for the upright 
 letters, and immediately below the line for the horizontal 
 letters. When an outline is written in this position, 
 some one of the third-place vowels or diphthongs (a, a, 
 o, o, a, ow, u) is implied or understood. Example : 
 
 i 
 As only one vowel is implied or understood from the 
 
 position of the outline, that vowel will, of course, be the 
 leading one of the word, its accented vowel. 
 
 EXAMPLE. 
 
 K ^ V ( ^ ^ 
 
 . . >> / > > < h f* . . > 
 
 Bepeat. Dally. Kapld Bale. They. May, Know, 
 
 The context, assisted by the memory of the writer, will 
 determine which one of the several vowels belonging to 
 the position the outline occupies is to be implied or under- 
 stood, to make up the most prominent or suggestive part 
 of the word. 
 
 In some rare instances, where several forms are similar 
 and conflict with each other, it is advisable to insert such 
 one of the vowels in the outline as will distinguish them 
 from each other; as, \^, obey. 
 
 5* 53 
 
LESSONS IN PHONOGRAPHY. 
 
 Where two outlines in their proper position conflict with 
 each other, one of them may be written in another posi- 
 tion. Great caution is required in the use of this license. 
 Example: Men, any, their, and there are written in the 
 first position ; man and him in the second position ; though 
 and those in the third position. 
 
 Omission of a Part of the Outline. 
 
 In a few instances parts of the consonant oulines of 
 words, where no signs for the words are provided, may be 
 omitted. These are : 
 
 I. P occurring immediately between M and K, or T, 
 
 or any syllable pronounced shun ; as, [^ , tempt. 
 
 II. T coming after S and followed by another consonant 
 when it cannot be conveniently made; as, s-rf, mostly. 
 
 III. K and G after NG; as, <i_p/, sanction. 
 
 IV. K, sometimes, when preceding the syllables pro- 
 nounced shun or zhun in words of more than two syl- 
 lables; as, ;, instruction. 
 
 V. R from the outline of words containing SKR, except 
 in the words scribe, inscribe, and ascribe ; and N before S 
 in forms where circle S is used between two other conso- 
 nants ; as, -J^ s> , transcript. 
 
 The student will find many examples of these omissions 
 scattered through the pages following. 
 
 Signs for Syllables. 
 
 The form of a word may be contracted by using a brief 
 sign for one or more of its syllables. This sign is gen- 
 erally connected with the remaining part of the word out- 
 line, but when necessary, may be disconnected from it. 
 The syllabic signs used in reporting are quite numerous, 
 but are readily comprehended and easily remembered. 
 The student will find the signs explained in the text, and 
 54 
 
LESSONS IN PHONOGRAPHY. 
 
 many examples introduced to illustrate them. The ex- 
 amples are all beautifully engraved in Phonography on the 
 plate next following the explanation of the sign. Reference 
 should be made to the plates as the syllables are reached, 
 and the phonographic form of each example given be thor- 
 oughly mastered. 
 
 Con, Com, and Cog are not generally expressed by 
 reporters, the most common words containing either of 
 these syllables being written without indicating the syl- 
 lable at all. In some cases they are implied by writing 
 the remaining part of the word very close to or under the 
 preceding word of the sentence. 
 
 In rare cases, where ambiguity might result from the 
 omission, the syllables are represented by a dot imme- 
 diately preceding the remaining part of the outline. 
 
 When either of the syllables come in the middle of the 
 word, the preceding and following part of the outline is 
 disjoined to imply it. 
 
 EXAMPLES. (PLATE i.) 
 
 Combine, Combined, Combination, Comfort, Comfortable, Com- 
 mandment, Commence, Commenced, Commencement, Commences, 
 Commission, Communicate, Communication, Community, Company, 
 Accompany, Comparative, Comparatively, Compel, Complete, Com- 
 pletely, Completion, Comply, Compliance, Compliment, Compliment- 
 ary, Conceive, Comprehensible, Comprehension, Conceal, Concealed, 
 Concentrate, Concentration, Concern, Concerned, Concert, Console, 
 Consolation, Conclude, Conclusion, Conclusive, Condemnation, Con- 
 densation, Condition, Conduct, Conform, Conformable, Congenial, 
 Congeniality, Congratulate, Congratulation, Conjecture, Conjunction, 
 Conscience, Conscientious, Conscientiousness, Conscious, Concisely, 
 Consciousness, Consequent, Consequence, Consequential, Conservative, 
 Consider, Consideration, Consist, Consistent, Consistency, Consistence, 
 Consonant, Conspicuous-ly, Constant, Constituent, Constitute, Constitu- 
 tion, Constitution of the United States, Constitutionally, Construction, 
 Consume, Consumption, Contain, Contained or Contend, Contains, 
 Contaminate, Contamination, Contemplate, Contingency, Contingent, 
 Continue, Continuance, Contract, Contraction, Contrast, Contrary, Con- 
 
 55 
 
LESSONS IN PHONOGRAPHY. 
 
 trived, Convenience or Convenient, Conversation, Conversational, Con- 
 vert, Convict, Conviction, Cognizant, Cognizance, Cognomen, Incom- 
 plete, Misconstrue, Decompose, Recommend, Recommendation, Mis- 
 conduct, Non-conductor, Discompose, Unrecompensed, Incumbent, 
 Encumbered, Disencumbered, Incognito, Cumbersome, Encumbrance. 
 
 In the following examples, where the syllable comes in 
 the middle of the word, the parts are joined without leav- 
 ing the usual space between them : 
 
 Inconsiderable, Inconsiderate, Inconsideration, Inconsistent, Incon- 
 venient, Inconceivable. 
 
 Ing and Ings may be represented by a dot following 
 the preceding part of the word. When desired, it may be 
 made into a small circle or ellipse to represent " Ings." 
 Ing may be represented also by stroke NG ; or, when fol- 
 lowing a final hook, by a small half-circle hook similar to 
 the initial IN hook. Ingly may be represented by a very 
 short light dash in the same position as the ING dot, or 
 by stroke NG with the L hook attached. 
 
 EXAMPLES. (PLATE i.) 
 
 Seeing, Hearing, Doing, Tasting, Adding, Trying, Dying, Living, 
 Loving, Evening, Morning, Doings, Sayings, Meetings, Knowingly, 
 Exceedingly, Accordingly, Understand! ngly, Sneakingly, Provokingly. 
 
 Counter, Contri, Contra, Contro are represented by 
 a sloping tick, either light or black, preceding the remain- 
 ing part of the word. 
 
 EXAMPLES. (PLATE i.) 
 
 Counterfeit, Countersign, Countermand, Counteract, Countervene, 
 Counterbalance, Contradict, Contradiction, Controvert, Contribution, 
 Contradistinct, Contradistinction, Contraband, Contraposition. 
 
 Ble and Bly are represented by B, with the L hook, 
 when it can be conveniently made, otherwise by B alone. 
 
 EXAMPLES. (PLATE i.) 
 
 Admissible, Attainable, Tenable, Impossible, Sensible, Profitable, 
 Humble, Amiable, Stable, Suitable, Noble or Unable, Ennoble, Trem- 
 ble, Crumble. 
 56 
 
LESSONS IN PHONOGRAPHY. 
 
 Ness is represented by stroke N and circle S generally 
 on short outlines, and on longer outlines or short ones, 
 where it can be intelligibly made by the NS circle. Sness 
 is represented by the same signs, with an additional circle 
 S, which may be turned on the other side of the letter 
 when necessary. 
 
 EXAMPLES. (PLATE i.) 
 
 Peaceableness, Profitableness, Irksomeness, Carelessness, Doubtful- 
 ness, Business, Thoughtlessness, Compulsiveness, Cumbersomeness, 
 Kindness, Fondness, Roundness, Inwardness, Gladness, Gluttonous, 
 Sadness, Sacredness, Fervidness, Coldness, Goodness, Rigidness, 
 Blindness. 
 
 Less may be represented by stroke L with circle S. 
 EXAMPLES. (PLATE i.) 
 
 Hopeless, Shameless, Needless, Hairless, Doubtless, Artless, Heart- 
 less, Lawless, Unless, Cheerless, Peerless, Senseless, Useless. 
 
 Cir, Ser, and Sur may be represented by Ray, with the 
 circle S. 
 
 EXAMPLES. (PLATE 2.) 
 
 Circuit, Circles, Circus, Circumvent, Circumference, Service, Serve, 
 Survey, Surpass, Survive, Survivor. 
 
 Cat, Cot, Cut, Cut, and syllables of similar sound, 
 may be represented by a half-length K. 
 
 EXAMPLES. (PLATE 2.) 
 Catalogue, Cottage, Cotton, Cut, Cutlery, Cut-worm. 
 
 Dil, Del, Dol, and Dul may be represented by D, with 
 the L hook. 
 
 EXAMPLES. (PLATE 2.) 
 
 Delicate, Delve or Deliver, Deluge, Diligence, Diligent, Dolphin, 
 Dulcet. 
 
 Per, Fir, Fare, Fair, and Fur may be represented by 
 F, with the R hook. 
 
 EXAMPLES. (PLATE 2.) 
 
 Fervid, Firm, Firmament, Fair or Far, Farewell. 
 
 c* 57 
 
LESSONS IN PHONOGRAPHY. 
 
 Phil, Fil, and Fool may be represented by F, with the 
 L hook. 
 
 EXAMPLES. (PLATE 2.) 
 
 Fill, Philanthropy, Philip, Philharmonic, Filibuster, Full, Fullest, 
 Fool, Foolish. 
 
 Ture may be represented by the TER hook, or by the 
 letter Y a little lengthened, preceded by a half-length 
 letter to add T. Tor may also be represented by the 
 TER hook, when convenient, or by R or Ray preceded 
 by a half-length letter to add T, or when S immediately 
 precedes, by the STER loop. 
 
 EXAMPLES. (PLATE 2.) 
 Creature, Creator, Virtue, Curvature. 
 
 Par, Per, Pur, and Par may be represented by P, with 
 the R hook. 
 
 EXAMPLES. (PLATE 2.) 
 
 Parable, Paradise, Paralyze, Perish, Perishable, Purple, Parch. 
 
 Ted and Ded may be represented respectively by half- 
 length T or D. After a full-length T or D, the half-length 
 T or D may be inclined in the direction of CH, and writ- 
 ten immediately under those letters. 
 
 EXAMPLES. (PLATE 2.) 
 
 Goaded, Freighted, Dated, Traded, Proceeded. 
 
 Ment, when coming after the N hook, on all of the 
 straight letters, except Ray, and on the curve letters F,V, S, 
 SH, may be represented by a black tick made in the direc- 
 tion of B, and so formed as to make the N hook. This 
 tick may be used in other positions if the reporter desires 
 and finds it useful. 
 
 EXAMPLES. (PLATE 2.) 
 
 Abasement, Intendment, Tenement, Contentment, Refinement. 
 
 59 
 
LESSONS IN PHONOGRAPHY. 
 
 Syllabic Word Signs Plate 2. 
 
 Est, the superlative of adjectives, when added to a 
 word in the positive degree which ends in circle S or Z, 
 or their loops, may be represented by the ST loop on the 
 same side of the consonant. 
 
 EXAMPLES. (PLATE 3.) 
 
 Wisest, Basest, Choicest, Loosest, Grossest, Nicest, Grossest, Coarsest, 
 Fastest. 
 
 El, Al, Ul, and Ly may be represented by the stroke 
 L, or a small half-circle hook opening to the left or right 
 perpendicularly to the line ; or when preceded by the 
 letter N, by N and the L hook ; or when preceded by N 
 hook, by lengthening the N hook. 
 
 EXAMPLES. (PLATE 3.) 
 
 Level or Lovely, Novel, Snuffle, Shuffle or Shovel, Finely, Marvel, 
 Maternal, Hovel, Mental, Manly, Lawful, Lawfully, Finally, Love- 
 liness, Manliness, Impanelled, Genial, Daniel, Panel, Channel, Tunnel, 
 Funnel, Greatly, Badly or Battle, Duly, Goodly, Stately, Wisely. 
 
 Full, Fie, or Vel are represented on full-length straight 
 letters by the FL or VL hook ; on curve letters by the F 
 and V hook, with the L half-circle hook attached, or by 
 F or V alone when the hook cannot be attached ; on all 
 half-length letters by the stroke F or V, with the L hook. 
 Fully may be represented by the same sign, or may be 
 added by a stroke L or half-circle L. 
 60 
 
LESSONS IN PHONOGRAPHY. 
 
 EXAMPLES. (PLATE 3.) 
 
 Travel, Devil, Spiteful, Beautiful, Dutiful, Baffle, Trifle, Careful, 
 Grovel, Gravel, Ravel, Unravel, Bevel, Scuffle, Revel, Rifle, Hopeful, 
 Cheerful, Cupful, Youth/ul, Mournful, Painful, Wonderful, Ungrateful, 
 Hopefully, Peacefully, Watchful, Doubtful, Useful, Powerful, Hateful, 
 Unmerciful, Successful, Rightful, Revengeful. 
 
 Tive is represented by the TIV hook on the part of 
 the outline preceding it. 
 
 EXAMPLES. (PLATE 3.) 
 
 Sedative, Motive, Relative, Native, Nativity, Negative, Combative, 
 Operative, Nutritive, Provocative, Consecutive, Active, Attractive, 
 Attractiveness, Subjective, Objective, Communicative, Creative, Ex- 
 ecutive, Derogative, Prerogative, Purgative, Palliative, Talkative, Su- 
 perlative, Legislative, Speculative, Affirmative, Cumulative, Sanative, 
 Imaginative, Comparative, Lucrative, Deliberative, Generative, Cor- 
 roborative, Remunerative, Imperative, Restorative, Narrative, Curative, 
 Figurative, Argumentative, Putative, Inactive, Alterative. 
 
 Une may be represented by the stroke Y, with the N 
 hook in the third position. 
 
 EXAMPLES. (PLATE 3.) 
 
 Union or Commune, Unity or Unite, Uniform, Fortunate, Triune, 
 Communicate, Communication, Misfortune, United States, United 
 States of America. 
 
 Uate and Uation may be represented respectively by 
 a half-length stroke Y (yt), and a full-length stroke Y, 
 with the SHUN hook attached (yshun). 
 
 
 
 EXAMPLES. (PLATE 3.) 
 
 Extenuate, Infatuate, Insinuate, Evacuate, Situate, Graduate, Fluc- 
 tuate, Perpetuate, Extenuation, Infatuation, Insinuation, Evacuation, 
 Situation, Graduation, Fluctuation, Perpetuation, Continuation, Valu- 
 ation, Inextenuation. 
 
 Sure and similar syllables, when pronounced zhe, may 
 be represented by the stroke ZH. 
 
 6 61 
 
SYLLABIC WORD SIGNS-Plate 3. 
 
 ^V / 
 
 N> .../....^.. 
 
 ..O). 
 
 u 
 
 V, 
 
 "*-= 
 
 V 
 
 ^-<> 
 
 P V^J V_fi_^ .X 
 
 -H *-> 
 
 V>A Vt 
 
 AS...^...^ ro.. 
 
 1 
 
 11 
 
 . cr 
 
LESSONS IN PHONOGRAPHY. 
 
 EXAMPLES. (PLATE 3.) 
 
 Treasure, Rasure, Composure, Exposure, Casual, Incisure, Closure, 
 Hoosier, Enclosure, Disclosure, Discomposure, Ambrosia. 
 
 Sion, Tion, Cion, Cian, and all syllables pronounced 
 shun or zhun may be represented by the SHUN hook. 
 
 EXAMPLES. (PLATE 3.) 
 
 Option, Compassion, Passion, Perfection, Operation, Oppression, 
 Suspicion, Completion, Expression, Separation, Suppression, Objec- 
 tion, Station, Satisfaction, Constitution, Construction, Instruction or In 
 the Construction, Edition, Condition, Addition, Derision, Duration, 
 Consideration, Inconsideration, Caution, Occasion, Action, Conclusion, 
 Seclusion, Creation, Description, Glorification, Signification, Confes- 
 sion, Fashion, Confusion, Vision, Revelation, Revolution, Oration, 
 Mission, Motion. 
 
 EXAMPLES OF SYLLABLES SION, TION, ETC. (PLATE 4.) 
 Information, Nation and Notion, Sanction, Exception, Section, At- 
 traction, Inspection, Fiction, Affection, Faction, Reduction, Retraction. 
 
 These syllables, when their next preceding consonant is 
 S, are represented by the SSHUN hook. 
 
 EXAMPLES. (PLATE 4.) 
 
 Physician, Opposition, Position, Possession, Jurisdiction, Justification, 
 Acquisition, Accession, Accusation, Secession, Cessation, Decision, 
 Precision, Administration, Proposition, Supposition. 
 
 The syllables pronounced Shun and Zhun, when com- 
 bined with the next preceding consonant N, are represented 
 by the NSHUN hook, and when S intervenes between the 
 consonant N and those syllables, the combination is rep- 
 resented by the NSSHUN hook. 
 
 EXAMPLES. (PLATE 4.) 
 
 Tention or Contention, Attention, Detention, Retention, Intention, 
 Inattention, Distention, Apprehension, Transition, Condensation, In- 
 vention, Convention, Dimension, Damnation, Admonition, Mention, 
 Prevention, Intervention, Circumvention, Supervention, Contravention, 
 Suspension, Generation, Organization. 
 
 63 
 
SYLLABIC WORD SIGNS-Plate 4. 
 
 :-Q>-V 
 
 q^p, 
 
 <? ..... 
 
 
 c^ ^ 
 
 VI. 
 
 J l 
 
 A I 
 
 C7> ..... ...... <7> 
 
 ^~1 I \ 
 
 4-V&-* 
 
 (j\ <t> 1 
 
 l u U 
 
 V 
 
 ^ 
 
 * \o O O O 
 r /^ " N 
 
 P ^ Q P 
 
 1 ^-\- E 
 
 )_ 
 
 ../. 
 
 ^s> ..... i 
 
 ^ 
 
 
LESSONS IN PHONOGRAPHY. 
 
 Ter, Der, Ther, There, and Their may be repre- 
 sented on straight letters by the TER hook, and on curve 
 letters by making them triple their usual length. There 
 and Their may also be represented by a black tick made 
 in the direction of J. Its position is above the line. It 
 may be joined to any outline. Ter and Der may be also 
 represented by R or Ray, preceded by a half-length con- 
 sonant to imply T or D. 
 
 EXAMPLES. (PLATE 4.) 
 
 Cater, Eater, Repeater, Crater or Character, Equator, Director, 
 Scatter, Bitter, Better, Batter, Writer or Rider, Brighter or Broader, 
 Brother, Gather or Gaiter or Go there, Brethren, Wither, Weather or 
 Whether, Render, Mother, Father, Murder, Further, Thither, Where 
 there, Entire or Neither or In their, Any other or Enter, No other, 
 Wander or Winter, Wonder, Wonderful, Heater, Hater, Hunter, 
 Kinder, Lighter, Since there, Been there, Went there, Upon their, 
 With their, By there, Up there. 
 
 Sus may be represented by the circle SEZ. The lead- 
 ing vowel in the other part of the word will determine the 
 position the word is to occupy. 
 
 EXAMPLES. (PLATE 4.) 
 
 Suspicion, Suspicious-ly, Suspend, Suspender, Suspension, Suspense, 
 Sustain, Susceptive, Susceptible, Suscitate, Sustainable, Sustenance. 
 
 Exas is represented by the circle SEZ in the third 
 position. 
 
 EXAMPLES. (PLATE 4.) 
 
 Exasperate, Exasperation, Exasperator. 
 
 Rel may be represented by Ray, with the L hook at- 
 tached. 
 
 EXAMPLES. (PLATE 4.) 
 
 Relate-ed, Relator, Relative, Relation, Relinquish, Barrel, Relax- 
 ation, Relevant-ancy-ance, Relish, Relieve, Relic, Reliable, Reliance, 
 Relief, Reluct-ancy-ant-ly, Real, Rule. 
 
 As is represented by the stroke S in the third position. 
 
 EXAMPLES. (PLATE 4.) 
 
 Ascend-ed-ency, Ascendent, Assist-ant-ancy, Assembly-blage, Ascer- 
 tain, Ascribe. 
 
 6* 65 
 
LESSONS IN PHONOGRAPHY. 
 
 Null is represented by N, with the L hook. 
 EXAMPLES. (PLATE 4.) 
 
 Null, Nullity, Nullify, Nullification, Nullifiers, Nullified, Nulteil- 
 record, Nulla-'Bona. 
 
 Self, when beginning a word, may be represented by 
 stroke S, with S circle prefixed. This sign is unphonetic 
 and arbitrary, but will be found useful. 
 
 EXAMPLES. (PLATE 4.) 
 
 Self, Self-abasement, Self-abhorrent, Self-conceit, Self-denial, Self- 
 defense, Self-evident, Self-existent, Self-interest, Selfish, Selfishness, 
 Self-love, Self-possession, Self-reproach, Self-righteousness, Self-suffi- 
 cient, Self-will, Self-same, Unselfish, Unselfishly. 
 
 Self as a final syllable may be represented by the S 
 circle joined to the preceding part of the outline. Where 
 a hook immediately precedes, the circle may be turned in- 
 side the hook ; and where there is already an S circle 
 turned inside of the hook, the stroke S may be used. 
 
 EXAMPLES. (PLATE 4.) 
 
 Myself, Himself, Thyself, Ourself, Yourself, Herself, Itself, Our- 
 selves, Yourselves, Our own selves, Themselves, Man's self, One's self, 
 One's own self. 
 
 Ler is represented by the stroke L with the R hook ; 
 or by the stroke L made double length when the hook 
 cannot be conveniently made. 
 
 EXAMPLES. (PLATE 4.) 
 
 Learn, Learned, Learner, Unlearned, Color, Colored, Cooler, Roller, 
 Intolerable, Parlor, Scholar, Feeler, Jailer, Hostler. 
 
 Mai, Mel, Mil, Mol, Mul may be represented by M, 
 with the L hook, and Nail, Nell, Nill, Noll, Null by 
 N, with the L hook. 
 
 EXAMPLES. . (PLATE 5.) 
 
 Family, Enamel, Melancholy, Camel, Promulgate, Promulgation, 
 Promulgated, Only or Null, Phrenology, Chronology, Funnel, Canal. 
 
 When the last preceding consonant of the outline con- 
 tains an R hook, nell, nill, noil, etc., may be represented 
 66 
 
LESSONS IN PHONOGRAPHY. 
 
 by adding the N hook, and making the consonant double 
 length to add L. Example (Plate 5) : Journal. In short 
 words, noil, nell, nill, etc., may be represented also by 
 the N hook made longer than usual to imply the L. Exam- 
 ple. (Plate 5) : Daniel. 
 
 Ology, Ological, Ologically may be represented by 
 stroke J, joined or disjoined, *when not convenient to write 
 the outline. To add ST, as in the termination Ologist, 
 the ST loop may be used. 
 
 EXAMPLES. (PLATE 5.) 
 
 Geology or Geological, Theology or Theological, Osteology or Os- 
 teological, Pathology or Pathological, Mythology or Mythological, 
 Physiology or Physiological, Astrology or Astrological, Zoology or 
 Zoological. 
 
 Ography, Ographer, Ographic, Ographical, 
 graphically may be represented by stroke G, with the 
 R hook, when it can be made, or by G alone. 
 EXAMPLES. (PLATE 5.) 
 
 Geography ographer, ographic, ographical, ographically. 
 Biography ographer, ographic, ographical, ographically. 
 Chirography ographer, ographic, ographical, ographically. 
 Zoography ographer, ographic, ographical, ographically. 
 Autography ographer, ographic, ographical, ographically. 
 Typography ographer, ographic, ographical, ographically. 
 
 Fore, Afore, and Form may be represented by stroke 
 F, or by stroke F with the R hook when it can be conve- 
 niently made ; also by the F hook alone, in a few words; 
 or by the entire word outline. 
 
 EXAMPLES. (PLATE 5.) 
 
 Wherefore, Before, Heretofore, Deform, Deiform, Reform, Uniform, 
 Inform, Formation, Aforetime, Aforethought, Afortiori. 
 
 Ever may be represented by the V hook on the pre- 
 ceding consonant of the outline, or by stroke V, or stroke 
 V with the R hook. For Soever the circle S is prefixed 
 to the stroke V. 
 
 EXAMPLES. (PLATE- 5.) 
 
 Ever, Never, Whatever, Wherever, Whoever, Whichever, It ever, 
 
 67 
 
LESSONS IN PHONOGRAPHY. 
 
 However, Whosoever, Whatsoever, Wheresoever, Whichsoever, How- 
 soever. 
 
 Ship may be represented by the stroke SH, joined or 
 disjoined. 
 
 EXAMPLES. (PLATE 5.) 
 
 Lordship, Friendship, Hardship, Stewardship, Flagship, Kingship. 
 Ty and Ity may be represented by making the last pre- 
 ceding consonant of the outline half-length. 
 
 EXAMPLES. (PLATE 5.) 
 
 Formality, Popularity, Prosperity, Penalty, Regularity, Peculiarity, 
 Barbarity, Probability, Loyalty. 
 
 Ir and Re, when joined (irre) to give a negative mean- 
 ing to words, may be represented by Ray with the R hook. 
 
 EXAMPLES. (PLATE 5.) 
 
 Irreconcilable, Irreconcilableness, Irrecoverable, Irregular, Irreg- 
 ularity, Irrefutable, Irreligion, Irreligious, Irreparable, Irreproachable, 
 Irresistible, Irresolute, Irrespective, Irresponsible, Irretrieve, Irrev- 
 erent, Irrevocable, Irrigate, Irritable, Irritation, Irruption. 
 
 Inter and Intro may be represented by a half-length 
 N stroke, joined or disjoined to the succeeding part of the 
 word. They may also be represented by the IN hook, 
 when followed by a consonant with an initial hook. 
 
 EXAMPLES. (PLATE 5.) 
 
 Interchange, Introduce, Introduction, Intercourse, Interdict, Interest, 
 Intersect, Interweave. 
 
 Mental and Mentality may be represented by a half- 
 length M, with N hook, joined to the preceding part of 
 the outline. The half-circle L hook may be added for al, 
 if desired. Where Ment follows an N hook in the out- 
 line and cannot be conveniently joined, it may either be 
 disjoined or the tick for Ment used in its stead. 
 
 EXAMPLES. (PLATE 5.) 
 
 Instrumental or Instrumentality, Ornamental, Regimental, Rudi- 
 mental, Sacramental, Sentimental. 
 
 Amb, Emb, Umb, and Amp, Emp, Imp, Ump, 
 68 
 
LESSONS IN PHONOGRAPHY. 
 
 Omp, etc., may be represented by the compound letter 
 
 EM-P. 
 
 EXAMPLES. (PLATE 5.) 
 
 Ambition, Ambitious, Imbecile, Embellish, Perambulate, Impare or 
 Impair, Ample, Amplify, Amplitude, Amply, Imperative, Impartial. 
 
 Er may be represented by R or Ray, or may be added 
 to a consonant that has no initial R hook, by making it 
 double its usual length. 
 
 EXAMPLES. (PLATE 5.) 
 
 Chamber, September, Lumber, Cumber, Amber, Slumber, Timber. 
 In, Un, En, when coming before S in an outline, are 
 represented by the initial INS hook. When preceding S 
 and R in an outline, they are represented by the initial 
 INSR hook ; or when followed by a letter represented by a 
 hook, by the IN hook. 
 
 EXAMPLES. (PLATE 5.) 
 
 Instruct, Instructor, Instruction, Unscrew, Unstrung, Inscription, 
 Unstrained, Entrails, Unhurt, Untold, Unsettled, Involved, Interpret, 
 Interpretation, Unfeeling, Unwell, Insure. 
 
 Magni, Magne, Magna, Magnan are represented by 
 the letter M immediately at the beginning of the other 
 part of the word. 
 
 EXAMPLES. (PLATE 5.) 
 
 Magna Charta, Magnitude, Magnify, Magnanimous, Magnesia, Mag- 
 netic. 
 
 Antial and Ential may be represented by the N hook 
 on the preceding consonant, or in short forms by N hook 
 and stroke SH. 
 
 EXAMPLES. (PLATE 5.) 
 
 Substantial, Unsubstantial, Supersubstantial, Circumstantial, Cre- 
 dential, Prudential, Sciential, Essential, Pestilential. 
 
 Val, Vill, Voll, Vull may be represented by stroke V 
 with the L hook. 
 
 EXAMPLES. (PLATE 5.) 
 
 Valve, Involve, Vulnerable, Village, Vulgar, Vulture, Value, Val- 
 uable, Invaluable. 
 
 Cal, Cul, Kill or Kell are represented by stroke K with 
 the L hook. 
 
 69 
 
SYLLABIC WORD SIGNS-Plate 5. 
 
LESSONS IN PHONOGRAPHY. 
 
 EXAMPLES. (PLATE 5.) 
 
 Calico, Calamity, Calcine, Calculate, Calculation, Calender, Culture, 
 Culminate, Culmination, Culprit, Kill or Kiln, Killed, Kildee, Killer, 
 Kiln-dry, Kilogramme. 
 
 Car, Cor, Cur, Chr may be represented by K, with the 
 R hook. 
 
 EXAMPLES. (PLATE 5.) 
 
 Carpet, Carbon, Connect, Corner, Currency, Chronic, Chromatic, 
 Correspond, Correspondent, Correction, Corporation. 
 
 Brief Signs for Words or Word Signs. 
 
 There are two classes of word signs : 
 
 I. Small characters agreed upon to represent arbitrarily 
 a few common and often-recurring words. 
 
 II. Word signs proper, which consist of such parts of 
 the consonant outline as will most readily suggest the word 
 which the full outline represents. 
 
 Word signs are written in one of the three positions 
 prescribed for the consonant outlines, each word sign being 
 written in the same position the full outline would occupy. 
 The vowels and diphthongs are implied in the same man- 
 ner as for the full outlines. See chapter " On dispensing 
 with the signs for vowels and diphthongs." 
 
 The "circle S" may be added to the sign of any word 
 to express its plural number or possessive case. 
 
 The student should memorize each word sign, and write 
 it and rewrite it, until it can be accurately written without 
 a moment's hesitation. 
 
 Additional word signs may be formed as needed, under 
 the second section of this chapter. Those given in the 
 following pages will be found adequate for general pur- 
 poses. Sometimes, however, it is necessary to make a re- 
 port upon a particular subject which abounds in new or 
 difficult words, and then it will be found advantageous to 
 form contracted signs for their representation. 
 

 Signs for Common Words. 
 
 Is or His, As O 
 or Has O .. 
 
 Passage, Pos- >. \ 
 sible \o ~ 
 
 December, i C 
 Ark d^ f 
 
 
 Possess, Pa- r\^ 
 tient /O ..)o ... 
 
 Disadvantage L 
 
 I But 1 
 
 Propose, 01 
 Proposition \j ' )o 
 Prepare, <\ , *\ 
 Proper v \" 
 Probable, Pro- \ ^ . 
 tect \ "" '. "" 
 
 Now, New ^. V __ A/ 
 
 He On / 
 
 Special Es- 
 pecial \ \ 
 Speech, 9 <T> 
 Speaker ... . i ___ 
 Superintend o. 
 -ed-ent-cy " -^- 
 Perpetual, <\ -- \ 
 Product V ""J 
 Preponderate. \ 
 
 All, Too or \ 
 Two N -. 
 
 Or, Oh 1 
 Who.Thereor . / 
 Their ' 
 
 Particular, \ 
 Obtain V \ J 
 Above, Being. \ ^^ 
 Beyond, Chil- n > /> 
 
 The, A or An 
 
 How, Ah 
 
 Child, Child-/" ../* 
 hood .. ^ 
 
 Practicable . if" 
 -hlv \ 
 
 Whom, About ^_ 
 Do, Should.... 1 J 
 
 Applicable, \ 
 Platform > ,^ 
 Favor, Wis- jS/"^^. 
 
 <y 
 
 Mind, Mend s~$ 
 
 With, Were... c 
 
 Opportunity, - c. 
 Quite * 
 
 History, In- ^J v 
 
 We, Would.... ' a 
 In or Any, It.. 
 
 Toward, Un- n 
 der ' N -' 
 
 toxicate ^o v^ 
 Anticipate, 7^ Vr 
 Inhabit 6\ c _x-~N 
 Civil, Crim- f. -.<-__ 
 inal d~> 
 
 Without, * 
 
 Be, To be \ \ 
 
 Word, Ac- r^_c-x^ 
 
 \ 
 
 You, Was n J 
 
 cordance..._ % ^- > ^ 
 Always, Also. .No~_.A.._ 
 America, -^ 
 Moderate.... tr ~ N 
 Article, Be- , \<, 
 
 Sympathetic... v ii -^r 
 Mortal, Im- <^s^-<~^ ^ 
 
 If For ) ) 
 
 Mortality, So- 7^ 
 ciety 9 I | 
 Subject, Dust. Y.. D.J 
 Circum- 
 
 This, Have... t> / 
 
 Which, They. / ( 
 Are, Our or 
 Hour. / s 
 
 tween 
 Beautiful, V\. .>/... 
 
 Country 'f~^f *-*-' 
 Certainly, In- r { 
 tend < v-v 
 
 Circumstance P 
 
 Of Will . ~ /"" 
 
 No, At or Out v_x i 
 What, My or v ^ 1 " 
 Me V 
 
 Indebted, In- 'rj 
 dividual f^' ., 
 Return, Until f ' 
 Nothing, On- ^^ ~^- 
 
 Gentleman i/ 
 
 Signify, Swear <1 ~' P__ 
 Swore, Re- "V^ 
 member V^_/-~ ^ 
 Member, iv ./ 
 
 Upon, Been... o J 
 
 
 Length, Social """^ 
 Statement, P <S~*S~ 
 Simple '' 
 
 Not, Nature... v_x 
 
 Had, One 1 Vo 
 See or Saw, 1 "v ^. 
 Say or So ? > ... 
 Paid, Pay- \ \ 
 
 Property, ex. l \ 
 Proportion.. \} \J 
 Unless, Some- ^- ^-& 
 
 Honest, Next. ^^ ^^ 
 Proceed, Pur- . ^ p ~~ 
 sued VY'f 
 Pertain, Ap- j-' ' 
 
 North, South. ../!~T .. .(*.. 
 
 Paper, People \J \.... 
 Public, Pub- v\ \ 
 lication \ . .\ . 
 Petition, Pe->A\ V) 
 
 East, West.... ~\ i V 
 Northern, V) 
 Southern. .... ^^f. ^ 
 Eastern, \. "" 
 Western.... \ !^L 
 Sunday, Mon- \ 
 day.. ft-4.,/r>.H 
 
 Prosecute, (\ J 
 Persecute.... ^~.,'\/~" 
 Oppressor, if\ /v /-. 
 Pursuer v .\/V^ 
 Birth, Breath. V\ . ..'\... 
 Guide, Grad- -t 
 ual 1 c ~\ 
 
 Purpose, Pe- V\,\/| 
 
 riod 
 Party, Part... \ 
 President, rA <\^ 
 Present p Ao_/ . 
 J<\ \ 
 Print, Printer r 
 
 Tuesday, 1 1 l 
 Wednesday P N> - 
 Thursday, 1(1 H 
 Friday n 1 1 ' 
 
 Ruined, Re- s^^ 1 
 
 Invasion, In- ' Qi -^j 
 novation ' _rv '"* 
 Labored, ^ f N 
 
 Saturday, ' / ' 
 
 Principle-al, r\ 
 That \~. 
 Tell or Till, P r < 
 Told ' ' 
 
 January 1 ^ L^, 
 Febmary, ) c~~> 
 March \ / 
 
 Elaborate... i i 
 Diseased, De- _ A ... L^. 
 
 April, May.... A. ..-<T>. 
 June, July . . 
 August, Sep- J ~js^ 
 tember ^^ 
 October, No--^^^ 
 vember * ^~^ 
 
 When, Went.. ._. V?-^... 
 What, Him, VA , 
 Where -> ~-\r 
 
 Duty, Did 1 ' 
 Oppose, Op- f \_ \ 
 posite ... ; _.f . 
 
 Up, Under- \ ^n 
 
 Owing, Owes._i b' 
 
 stood l 
 
 72 
 
 
WORD SIQNS-Plate 6. 
 
 \~v\ 
 
 J 
 
 / 
 
 .... 
 
 C 
 
 Qr 
 
 i 'IT 
 
 L 
 
 r 
 
 
 73 
 
LESSONS IN PHONOGRAPHY. 
 
 List of General Word Signs. 
 
 The word signs of the list of words following will be 
 found on the engraved plates, as referred to in the text. 
 The figures before the words show the position of the word 
 sign to represent the word before which it is placed. Thus, 
 P in the first position represents the word weep ; in the 
 second position, the word up ; and in the third position 
 either of the three words (hope), happy, or party, the 
 context determining which word it is intended to rep- 
 resent. The first position is indicated with the figure i ; 
 the second with the figure 2 ; the third with the figure 3. 
 As already hinted, when the figure stands before more 
 than one word, it represents either of the words following, 
 the sense of what is written being sufficient to determine 
 which one of the words it was intended to represent by 
 the sign. 
 
 When one of the words is in parenthesis, it shows that 
 it may be represented by that sign, if preferred, or written 
 in full, or further contracted. 
 
 Where a word is followed by a hyphen and its termina- 
 tions ; as, glory-fy-ied, the word sign represents the word 
 and the word with each of its terminations, the context 
 determining which it represents. The sign of any word 
 may represent the word and also any of its terminations, 
 though sometimes the sign of the terminations is expressed, 
 for greater perspicuity. 
 
 Whole-Length Strokes as Word Signs. (Plate 6.) 
 
 p_ If Weep; 2, Up; 3, (Hope), Happy, Party. B i, By; 2, Be, 
 Object; 3. To be. T I, Time; 2, It; 3, At, Out. D I, Dollar; 
 
 2, Day, Do; 3, Had, Due, Advertisement. CH I, Each; 2, Which; 
 
 3, Much. J I, Joy; 2, Advantage; 3, Large, Jew. K I, King- 
 dom, Common; 2, Come, Company; 3, Can. G I, Give-n ; 2, Go, 
 Ago; 3, Together. F I, If, Off; 2, For; 3, Few. V I, Ever; 
 2, Have; 3, However, View. TH I, Thigh; 2, Think; 3, Thank, 
 Thousand-th. TH i, The, Thy ; 2, They, Them ; 3, Thou, Though. 
 
 74 
 
LESSONS IN PHONOGRAPHY. 
 
 S I, See, Saw; 2, So, Sty; 3, Us. Y I, Ye, Year; 2, Your; 3, You. 
 (Ye, Year, and Years may also be represented by little Y above the 
 line, and You by little Y on the line.) L I, Low, 111 ; 2, Will ; 3, Al- 
 low. R 2, Are; 3, Our, Hour. R f i, Ear; 2, Remember; 3, 
 Air. SH I, Wish, She; 2, Shall; 3, Should. Z I, Eyes, Ease, 
 Israel, Easy; 2, Was; 3, Ooze. M I, Me, My; 2, May, Am, Mil- 
 lion; 3 (Home). N I, In, Any; 2, Know, No; 3, When. NG I, 
 Thing, England, English; 2, Language, Young; 3, Long. H I, 
 
 2, What; Him; 3, Where. W I, Why; 2, Weigh, Way ; 3, Away. 
 ZH I, Pleasure; 2, Usual; 3, Measure. 
 
 Half-Length Strokes as Word Signs. (Plate 6.) 
 
 Pt-d r, Pit; 2, Pet, Pate; 3, Put, Pat or Pad. Bt-d I, Bid, 
 Bought; 2, Bed, Bet; 3, Bad, Bat. Tt-d I, Ought it; 2, It ought; 
 
 3, At it, It had. Dt-d I, Did; 2, Dead; 3, Had had. CHt-d I, 
 Which ought; 2, Which it; 3, Which had, Which would. Kt-d I, 
 Kite ; 2, Could ; 3, Act. Gt-d I, God; 2, Get; 3, Good. Ft-d i, 
 Feature, If it; 2, After, For it; 3, Future. Vt-d I, Void; 2, Have 
 it, Vote, Evidence; 3, Have had, Viewed. THt-d I, Thought; 2, 
 Think it. THt-d I, They ought; 2, They would ; 3, That. St-d 
 
 1, Astonish-ed-ment ; 2, Establishment. Yt-d I, You did; 2, You 
 do; 3, You had. Rt-d I, Read; 2, Art; 3, Rood. SHt-d I, 
 Wished, Wish it, She ought; 2, Shall it; 3, Should it.. Zt-d I, Is it; 
 
 2, As it; 3, Was it. Mt-d I, Might, Immediately, Meeting; 2, Made; 
 
 3, Mad, Mood. Nt-d I, Not, Night, In it; 2, Note, Nature; 3, 
 When it. Ht-d I, Hit, When it; 2, Head, Hoed; 3, Where it, 
 Hot. Wt-d I, Wide; 2, Weighed, Wait; 3, Without. ZHt-d 3, 
 Measured. 
 
 Word Signs containing the L Hook. (Plate 6.) 
 
 PI I, Comply, Plea; 2, People, Play; 3, Apply, Plough. Bl I, 
 Belong-ed; 2, Able; 3, Blew, Blue. Tl I, Tall; 2, Tell, Till, It 
 will; 3, At all. Dl I, Idle, Idol; 2, Delivery-ed, Dull, Do all; 3, 
 Had all. CHI I, Each will; 2, Which will, Children; 3, Much 
 will. Jl 2, Angel. Kl I, Call; 2, Difficulty; 3, Clew. Gl I, 
 Glee; 2, Glory-fy-ied ; 3, Glue. Fl I, Follow-ing, Awful, Fall, Fill; 
 2, Full-y; 3, Flew. VI I, Evil; 2, Oval; 3, Value. TH1 I, Thy 
 will; 2, They will. SHI I, Shawl, She will; 2, Shoal, Shell; 3, 
 Should all. Zl i, Zeal ; 2, Was all. Rl 2, Early. Ray-1 I, Real, 
 Rely; 2, Rail, Roll; 3, Rule. M-l I, Miles, Maul, Mill, Meal; 2, 
 Male, Family ; 3, Mule. Nl I, Kneel, In all ; 2, Knell, Knoll. Ngl 
 
 75 
 
LESSONS IN PHONOGRAPHY. 
 
 .3, Angle, Long will. HI I, Hill, Heal, "Haul; 2, Whole, Hale, 
 Hell, Hail ; 3, Where will. Wl I, While ; 2, Wail, Well ; 3, Wool. 
 
 Word Signs containing the Hook. (Plate 6.) 
 
 Pr I, Appear; 2, Principal-le-ly, Pray; 3, Practice, Practical-ly, 
 Br r, By our; 2, Bray, Member, Be our; 3, Number, To be our. 
 Tr I, Try, Tree; 2, Truth; 3, True, At our. Dr I, Doctor; 2, 
 Dear, Do our; 3, During, Had our. CHr I, Cheer; 2, Which are; 
 3, Which were. Jr 2, Danger; 3, Larger, Jury. Kr I, Christian; 
 
 2, Care, Core, Occur; 3, Cure, Can, Our. Gr i, Degree, Agree; 2, 
 Grow; 3, Grew. Fr i, Fear, Free, Offer, If our; 2, Four, For our; 
 
 3, Fair, Far. Vr i, Over; 2, Every, Very; 3, View our. Thr I, 
 Author, Ether ; 2, Think our, Three ; 3, Through. THr I, Either; 
 2, Other. Yr I, Ye were; 2, Ye are; (3, You were.) You were is 
 also represented by another sign. See " Lesson on Phrasing." Shr 
 
 1, Wisher, issue; 2, Shore, Shall our; 3, Sure-ly, Assure, Share, 
 Should our. Zr I, Easier; 2, Was our; 3, Zar. Lr i, Liar; 2, 
 Lower, Lore; 3, Lure, Allure. Ray-r I, Rear; 2, Roar; 3, Rare. 
 Mr i, Mister, Mire, Mere; 2, More, May our; 3, Mar.' Nr I, 
 Near, Ne'er, Honor, In our; 2, Nor; 3, When our. NGr i, Linger; 
 
 2, Hunger; 3, Longer, Anger-y. Hr I, Higher, Hire, Here; 2, 
 Her, Hoar; 3, Hair. Wr I, Wire, Why are; 2, Wore; 3, War, 
 Wear. (NOTE. Why are may be represented by W and R, or by W 
 and Ray.) Zhr 2, Ozier; 3, Azure. 
 
 Word Signs with the EL and KL Hooks. (Plate 6.) 
 
 El-p I, Lip; 2, Lope; 3, Lap. El-b I, Liberty; 2, Labor. 
 Elch 3, Latch. El-g 2, Ledger. Elk I, Like; 2, Lake, Elect; 
 
 3, Look. Elk and Elkt 3, Look like it. Elg I, Log; 2, Leg; 3, 
 Lag. Klk I, Clock; 2, Cloak; 3, Clack. Klg I, Clog. 
 
 Word Signs with the RK Hook. (Plate 6.) 
 
 Prk 3, Park. Brk 2, Burke ; 3, Bark. Trk 2, Turk. Drk 2, 
 Dirk; 3, Dark. Jrk 2, Jerk. Krk I, Cork; (2, Kirkwood ; 3, 
 Carcass). Grkns 2, Gherkins. Frk I, Fork; (2, Firkin). Yrk I, 
 York; 2, Yirk. Shrk 3, Shark. Lrk 2, Lurk; 3, Lark. Rrk 3, 
 Ark. Hrk 3, Hark ; (3, Hearken.) 
 
 Word Signs with the RK Hook. (Plate 7.) 
 
 Wrk 2, Work ; 2, Work-house ; 2, Workman ; 2, Workmanship. 
 76 
 
WORD SIGNS-Plate 7. 
 
 ...... Lc ....... 
 
 r ...... n ..... P. 
 
 S 
 
 No 
 
 L L L , 
 
 ...... L -L- ............ ..... t 
 
 L 
 
 G 
 
 ..7N, 
 
 
 X \^ 
 
 I L/r > 
 
 > i 5 
 
 l 1 \JL 
 
 .^., 
 
 ..... La 
 
 t: 
 
 a, 
 
 *=f- 
 
 \ 
 
 A 
 
 77 
 
LESSONS IN PHONOGRAPHY. 
 
 Word Signs with the W Hook. (Plate 7.) 
 
 Pnw 2, Upon what. Bw I, By what. Tws i, Twice; 2, It was. 
 Tw 3, At what. Twt 3, At what time. Dw i, Did we; 2, Do 
 we ; 3, Had we. DWS 2, Dwelling house. Chw 2, Which we. 
 Kw i, Equally; 3, Can we. Kwn 2, Question. Gw I, Give 
 what ; 3, Together with. Ray-w 2, Are we. 
 
 Word Signs with the Y Hook. (Plate 7.) 
 
 Pny 2, Upon your. By I, By your; 2, Be your; 3, To be your. 
 Ty 3, At your. Dy I, Did you; 2, Do you; 3, Had you. Chy 
 I, Each your; 2, Which your. Ky 3, Can you. Gyw 2, Go your 
 way. Ray-y 2, Are you. 
 
 Word Signs with the INS Hook. (Plate 7.) 
 
 Insp-bl 2, In-separable. Insbstns 2, In-substance. Inst-d 2, In- 
 ^stead; 2, Interest. Insd 2, In his day. Insch 2, In such; 3, In 
 as much. Insv 3, In his view. Insth 3, In the South. Insthn 2, 
 In the Southern. Unss 2, Unselfish. Inslvnt I, Insolvent. Unsrtn 
 2, Uncertain. Insyd I, In his yard. Insyer 3, Insure. Insray 
 3, In his hour. Unsml i, Unseemly. Insht 2, In his head; 3, In 
 his hat. Insw 2, In his way. Inszhe 2, In his usual. 
 
 Word Signs with the INSR Hook. (Plate 7.) 
 
 Insprt I, In the spirit. Insprt 2, In support. Insprshun 2, In 
 suppression. Insbrdnshun I, In subordination. Instr 2, Instruct. 
 Instrshun 2, Instruction. Instrtor 2, Instructor. Instrment 2, In- 
 strument. Insferb 2, Insufferable. Inskr I, Inscribe. Inskrs,hun 
 
 1, Inscription. Insgrt 2, In his great. Insgrnd 2, In his ground. 
 
 
 
 Word Signs with the N Hook. (Plate 7.) 
 
 Pn I, Opinion, Pine; 2, Upon, Pen, Open; 3, Happen, Punish- 
 ment. Bn i, Combine; 2, Been, Bone; 3, Boon. Tn i,Tin; 2, 
 Contain, Tone, Ten, Attain; 3, Town, Atone, Tune. Dn I, Denom- 
 ination, Dine ; 2, Done ; 3, Down, Had not. Chn I, Each one, Chin ; 
 
 2, Which one, Chain ; 3, Much in. In I, Religion, Join, John ; 2, Jane, 
 Generally; 3, Imagine-ary-ation, June, Junior. Kn I, Coin, Kin ; 2, 
 Cone, Cane ; 3, Coon. Gn I, Begin-ning ; 2, Again ; 3, Gan. Fn I, 
 Fine; 2, Phonography, Fun. Vn I, Even; 2, Have been. Thn I, 
 Thin. Thn I, Thine, Within ; 2, Then ; 3, Than. Sn 2, Essential. 
 Yn 2, Your name, Your own ; 3, Union, Communion. Shn I, Shine, 
 Sheen ; 2, Shown, Ocean. Zn 2, Zone, Was not. Ln I, Line, Lean; 
 2, Alone, Lane. Rn 2, Earn ; 3, Around. Ray-n 2, Are not, Rain, 
 
 78 
 
LESSONS IN PHONOGRAPHY. 
 
 Ran; 3, Our own. Mn I, Mine, My own, Mean, Men; 2, Man, 
 Moan, May not; 3, Human, Moon. Nn I, Nine; 2, None; 3, Noun, 
 Noon, When not. Ngn 3, Long have you been, Long have you 
 known. Hn i, What in; 2, Hen; 3, Where in. Wn I, Wine, 
 Win ; 2, One, Won, Wane. 
 
 Word Signs with the NGK Hook. (Plate 7.) 
 
 Pngk I, Pink. Spngk 3, Spank. Bngk 2, Bunk ; 3, Bank-er-ed. 
 Tngk 3, Tank. Dngki 2, Donkey. Drngk I, Drink; 2, Drunk; 
 3, Drank. Chngk I, Chink; 2, Chunk. Jngk 2, Junk. Kngk 
 I, Kink, (Kinky-headed). Gngk. 3, Gank. Fngk 2, Funk. Frngk 
 3, Frank. Sngk I, Sink; 2, Sunk; 3, Sank. Yngk 3, Yankee. 
 Lngk I, Link; 2, Lank. Ray-ngk I, Rink; 3, Rank. Srngk 
 I, Shrink. Shngk 3, Shank. Mngk I, Mink; 2, Munk. Nngl^ 
 Prtngk 2, Nunc-pro-tunc. Hngk 3, Hank. Hngker 3, Hanker. 
 Wngk i, Wink. ( 
 
 Word Signs with the F and V Hooks. (Plate 7.) 
 
 Pf-v 2, Poverty, Pave; (3, Hope to have). Bf-v 2, Before. Tf-v 
 I, Ought to have; 2, It ever; 3, It would have. Df-v I, Divine, 
 Did have ; 2, Do have, Differ-ent-ence ; 3, Advance-ment. Chf-v 
 I, Each have; 2, Which have, Which ever; 3, Which would have. 
 Jf-v i, Jehovah; 2, Jove; 3, Juvenile. Kf-v I, Cough; 2, Cave; 
 3, Can have. Klf-v 2, Call forth. Gf-v 2, Govern-ment, Govern. 
 Ff-v i, Five. Thf-v I, Thief; 2, Think of. Thf-v 2, They have. 
 Yf-'v 3, You have. Lf-v i, Leaf, Leave, Life, Live; 2, Love, 
 Loaf. Rayf-v 2, Rove, Rave. Rayf-v-er i, River. Mf-v 3, Move. 
 Mrf-v-1 3, Marvel. Nf-v I, Knife; 2, Enough. Hf-v i, What 
 ever; 3, Wherever. Wf-v I, Wife, Weave; 2, Wave; 3, Woof. . 
 
 Word Signs with the EM-P Stroke. (Plate 7.) 
 
 Mp-l 3, Ample. Mp-r 3, Impair. Mp-n-1 3, Impanel. Nsmpl 
 3, Ensample. Mp I, Importance; 3 Improvement. Mps I, 
 Impossible. 
 
 Intersected Word Signs. (Plate 7.) 
 
 NOTE. Official titles, names of companies, and other words or 
 phrases that do not admit of easily written forms, and which may be 
 recalled by certain portions of their forms intersected, may be so rep- 
 resented. 
 
 2, Capital punishment. 2, Notwithstanding. 2, Nevertheless. 2, 
 Aurora borealis. 2, Temperance society. 2, Phonetic society. 2, Co- 
 defendant. i.Nisiprius. 2, Quo warranto. 2, Colonel Johnson. 2, 
 Capt. Dickson. 
 
 79 
 
LESSONS IN PHONOGRAPHY. 
 
 Where not convenient to intersect, the title may be written near to 
 the name and above it ; as, 3, Capt. Carson. 
 
 Word Signs without Hooks. (Plates 7 and 8.) 
 
 2, Acknowledge. 2, Acknowledged. 2, Afterwards. I, Anything; 
 
 2, Among. 2, Bake. 2, Superior. (Continued to Plate 8) : I, Pick, 
 Peak, Pike; 2, Polk, Poke, Peck, Peculiar; 3, Pack. I, Beek, Beak, 
 Balk; 2, Beck, Bake, Buck; 3, Back. I, Tick, Talk; 2, Take; 3, 
 Tack, Took. (NOTE. Take and Took may be represented by T in 
 second and third position respectively, if the reporter prefer.) I, Dick, 
 Dyke, Dock; 2, Deck, Duck. 2, Check. 2, Jake, Joke. I, Kick. 
 ,1, Calk; 3, Cook. I, Cog; 2, Keg. I, Fig, Fog; 3, Fag. i, Con- 
 vict. 3, Duty. 2, Yoke. (NOTE. Little Y may be used where 
 convenient, instead of stroke Y. At the end of letters it should be 
 very small, to distinguish it from the TIVE hook, which is larger and 
 deeper.) 2, Yoke. 2, You may. 2, You know. 2, Will you. 2, You 
 will. I, See you, Saw you ; 2, Say you. 2, You are. I, If you ; 2, 
 Have you. 2, Shake, Shuck. 3, Zach. 2, Rake. I, Mike, Meek, 
 Mock. 2, Make, Muck. I, Nick, Knock; 2, Neck; 3, Nook, Nack. 
 
 3, Nag. I, Ink. I, Hog. 2, Hack. I, Week, Walk; 2, Wake, 
 Woke. (NOTE. Small W may be used instead of the stroke W when 
 it is convenient to do so.) I, Wipe. 2, Web. i, Wit; 2, Wet. I, 
 Weed, Wide or Wad; 2, Wade; 3, Wood. (NOTE. WD and WT 
 may also be represented by a half-length stroke W.) I, Week, Weak ; 
 2, Wake, Woke ; 3, Wag. (NOTE. On K and G the small W should 
 be made very shallow, to prevent a conflict with the EL hook.) I, 
 Watch, Witch. I, Pig; 2, Peg. I, Big, Bog; 2, Bug; 3, Bag. 2, 
 Ketch ; 3, Catch. 3, Cob. 3, Cash, i, Heated. 2, Came (Come). 
 
 1, King. 3, Gap. 3, Gash. 2, Game. I, Fib, Fob. 2, Fetch. 2, 
 Fudge. 2, Faith. I, Peal, Appeal, Pill, Pillow, Pall, Pile. 2, Pale, 
 Pail, Pole or Opal. 3, Pull, Fully, Pool or Happily. (NOTE. Write 
 the word haply with H-PL.) I, Ball, Bawl, Belie, Bill, Bile, Billow; 
 
 2, Below, Bale, Bail, Bowl, Boll, Bell ; 3, Bull, Bully. I, Till, Tall; 
 2, Toil, Toll, Tale; 3, Tool, Outlaw, Outlay, Tallow. I, Deal, Doll, 
 Oddly; 2, Daily, Dale, Dull, Delay; 3, Duly, Dooly, Dual. I, Chill, 
 Chilly. I, Gill; 2, Jail, Jelly, Jole; 3, Jewel, July. I, Keel, Chyle; 
 2, Coal, Coil, Kale; 3, Cool, Cowl. I, Guile, Gall, Gill; 2, Gale, 
 Gayly, Goal; 3, Galla. I, Fall, Feel, File, Folly; 2, Fail, Fell, Full, 
 Fellow; 3, Fool, Foul, Fuel. I, Villa, Vi6la; 2, Vale, Vail; 3, Val- 
 ley, i, Mile, Maul, Meal, Mill; 2, Male, Mail, Mellow, Mole; 3, 
 Mule. I, Kneel; 2, Nail, Annual, Newly. (NOTE. The last two 
 
 80 
 
WORD SIGNS-Plate 8. 
 
 L 
 
 Ll 
 
 L, 
 
 r 
 
 )_ JL 
 
 V 
 
 JU 
 
 Y 
 
 \ 
 
 \ 
 
 \ 
 
 r\ -, 
 
 ......... >-> 
 
 ^ 
 
 / 
 
 <A 
 
 A 
 
 D* 
 
 fs, 
 
LESSONS IN PHONOGRAPHY. 
 
 words belong to the third position, but may be written in second.) i, 
 Lily ; 2, Lowly ; 3, Hourly. I, Wily, Willow; 2, Waylay ; 3, Woolly. 
 I, Highly, What will, Heel, Haul, Hall; 2, Halo; 3, Halloo, Howl. 
 
 1, Pyre, Peer; 2, Payer, Pore, Pour; 3, Pear, Pare, Poor. I, Opera; 
 
 2, Pery, Up our, Pay our; 3, Pure, Power, i, By our, Borrow; 2, 
 Berry, Borough, Bureau, Bury; 3, Bowry, To be our, Barrow; I, Beer 
 or Bier; 2, Boar, Bore, Burr; 3, Bear, Bare, Bower. I, Tear, Tire; 
 2, Tore; 3, Tare, Tower, Outer. I, Tyro. 3, At our. I, Dire, Dyer; 
 2, Adore, Door, Doer; 3, Dower. I, Diary; 2, Dairy; 3, Dowry, 
 Dare, Had our. 2, Cherry." 3, Adjure. 2, Curry, i, Gear, Augur. 
 2, Gory, i, Fire or Fiery; 2, Ferry, Furrow; 3, Fewer, i, Ivory; 
 2, Vary; 3, Viewer, Avowry. 2, Sherry; 3, Showery. I, Miry; 2, 
 Morrow, Mary; 3, Marry, Marrow. I, Nigher; 2, Annoyer; 3, Imire, 
 Newer. 2, Narrow. 2, Error, Arrear. i, Higher, Hire; 2, Hoar. 
 2, Fame, Foam. 2, Forever. 2, Knowledge, In large. 2, Never. 2, 
 Refer-ence. 2, Regular. 2, Represent. 2, Being. I, Anything. 2, 
 Among, i, Ring, Wring, Wrong; 2, Rung, Wrung; 3, Rang. 3, 
 Gang, i, Pipe; 3, Pap. I, Bob. 2, Judge. 2, Maim. 2, Many. 
 2, Name. 2, Mope. 2, Much. 2, Mouth. 3, Nash. 3, Nab. I, 
 Notch. I, Hitch; 3, Hatch. 2, Say so. 2, Wing. 2, Church. 2, 
 Change. I, Erasure. 2, Public. i.Pith; 3, Path. 2, Both; 3, Bath, 
 2, Length. 3, Room. 3, Argue-ment. I, Deny. 2, Ample. 3, Jan- 
 uary. 2, Month. I, In any way. 2, Death. 2, Temple. 
 
 Word Signs containing the Circle, Double Circles, and 
 Loops. 
 
 I, Peace, Peas, Possible ; 2, Pays, Oppose, Pass, (Hopes.) I, Buys, 
 By his; 2, Abase, Boys, Objects; 3, Abuse, Bows. I, Times, Ties, 
 Teas, Tease, Toss; 2, It is, Its, 'Tis; 3, Itself, At his. I, Dies, Odds; 
 2, Days, Does, Dose, Doze; 3, Adds, Dews, Dues. I, Cheese, Each 
 is, Each has; 2, Chess, Chase, Choice, Which is; 3, Chose, Much as. 
 
 1, Religious, Joys; 2, Advantages, Jews. I, Because, Kingdoms; 2, 
 Comes, Companies ; 3, Acts. I, Gives ; 2, Goes ; 3, Goose. I, Fees, 
 Office, If his; 2, Face, Efface, Foes; 3, Fuse. I, Eaves, Vies, Vice; 
 
 2, Vase, Voice ; 3, Vows, Views. I, Thighs; 2, Thinks. I, These, 
 Thyself; 2, This ; 3, Thus, Those. I, Sees, Saws; 2, Says, Sows; 
 
 3, Sues. I, Years; 2, Yours, Yes or Yes sir; 3, Use. I, Laws, 
 Loss, Lease, Lice; 2, Less, Lace; 3, Allows, Loose, Louse. I, Ears, 
 
 1, Arise; 2, Race, Arose, Rose; 3, Ours, Hour, Ourself. I, Wishes; 
 
 2, Shows, Chaise; 3, Shoes, Should his. I, Myself, Miss, Mice; 
 2, Mess, Muss, Mace, Millions; 3, Amuse, Mouse, Mass. I, 
 Influence, Nice, In his; 2, Knows, Commence; 3, When his, 
 
 82 
 
WORD SIGNS-Plate 9. 
 
 
 // 
 
 'J 
 
 \ 
 
 ^ ^ O e 
 '^s-^J.j- 
 
 
 , ^ 
 
 V 
 F Jj.. f 
 
 ,.[..r Lf. 
 
 v Lp.. 
 
 kk 
 
 \ V 
 
 \D ...... 0. 
 
 83 
 
LESSONS IN PHONOGRAPHY. 
 
 Noose. I, Things; 2, Languages; 3, Long as. I, Hiss, Horse, 
 What is; 2, His, Hymns; 3, Where is, House. I, Why is; 2, 
 Weighs, Ways, Woes; 3, Wooes. I, Pleasures; 3, Measures. I, 
 Speech, Speak, Spy; 2, Special, Spoke, Sup, Soap; 3, Sap, Soup. 2, 
 Subject. I, City, Sit, Seat, Sight; 2, Stay, Set; 3, Sat, Soot, Suit. I, 
 Seed, Side, Sod; 2, Said; 3, Sad, Has had. I, As or Is each ; 2, Such ; 
 3, As much. I, Siege; 2, Suggest; 3, As large. I, Seek, Sick, Sky; 
 2, Sake, Soak, Suck; 3, Sack. I, Signify-ied, Significant-ance. I, As 
 if; 2, Safe, Is or As for; 3, As few. I, Sieve, Is or As ever, Conceive; 
 2, Save, As have, Savior, Several ; 3, Salve. 2, Saith, Sayeth ; 3, South. 
 I, Scythe, Is thy ; 2, As they ; 3, Soothe, As though, As thou. I, Says. 
 
 1, As ye; 2, Is your; 3, As your. I, Seal, Saul; 2, Sell, Sale, 
 Soil, Soul; 3, Salvation, Sal. I, Sore; 2, Serge; 3, Sash. I, Seize, 
 Size; 2, As was. I, Seem, Similar-ity; 2, Same, Some; 3, Sam, Con- 
 sume. 3, Psalms. I, Seen, Sin, Sign, Is in; 2, Sun, Sane, Is or As 
 no; 3, Soon, Is or As when. I, Sing, Song; 2, Sung; 3, Sang, As 
 long. 3, As long as. 2, Sway. I, Leisure. I, Simple, Is important; 
 
 2, As may be; 3, Example. 2, Postage. 3, Bask; 3, Task. 2, Desk. 
 I, Disk. 2, Chosen. 2, Jason. 3, Cask. 3, Gasp. 2, Vessel. 2, 
 Respect. 3, Rasp. 2, Mason. 2, Messeth. 2, Noisome. 2, Mask, 
 I, Listen. I, Risen. I, Receive. 2, Husk. 2, Hasten. 2, Westly. 
 I, Wisely. l.Weepest; 2, Post; 3, Passed, Past, Happiest. 2, Best, 
 Bust. I, Tost; 2, Toast, Taste, Test ; 3, At first. 2, Dust. 2, Chest. 
 I. Cost, Kissed, Commonest; 2, Coast, Cased; 3, Cast. 2, Guessed, 
 Guest, Gazed. I, First; 2, Foist. 2, Vest. 2, Assessed. 2, Shalst. I, 
 List, Least, Lost; 2, Lest, Lust; 3, Last, Loosed. 2, Rest, Rust. I, 
 Mist; 2, Most. I, Commenced. 2, Next, Nest. 2, West. I, Yeast. 
 I, Pieces ; 2, Possesses. 2, Possessor. 2, Bases. 2, Doses. 2, Chooses. 
 
 1, Causes. 3, Gases. 2, Assess. 2, Themselves. 2, Yourselves. 3, 
 Lasses. I, Rises; 2, Races. 2, Moses; 3, Masses. I. Influences. 2, 
 Commences. I, Hisses. 2, Poster. 2, Boaster. I, Teaster. 3, Ad- 
 minister. 2, Just. 3, Faster. 2, Fester. I, Foster. 2, Yesterday. 
 
 2, Lester. 2, Muster; 3, Master. I, Minister. 2, Hester. 2, West- 
 erly. I, Impostor. 2, Step by step. 3, Stab. 2, State; 3, Stout. 
 
 1, Steed; 2, Stead; 3, Stood. I, Stitch. 2, Stage. I, Style, Steal, 
 Still; 2, Stole, Stale; 3, Stool. 2, Store; 3, Star. 2, Stenography. 
 
 2, Consist. 2, Is said; 3, Has said. I, Season. 3, As soon as. 2, 
 Texas. 2, Laces. 2, This is. 3, Soon as is. 2, Rinses, Rain is as. 
 2, It is as. 2, It is said. 2, Necessary. 2, Necessity. 2, Noises. 
 2, Tastes. 2, Boasts. I, Costs. 2, Nests, Fasts. 2, Boasters. 2, Dust- 
 ers. 3, Masters. 3, Pastors. 3, Casters. 2, Testify. 2, Distinct. 
 2, Justify. 2, Postal. 
 
 84 
 
LESSONS IN PHONOGRAPHY. 
 
 Positive and Negative Words. 
 
 Negative word signs are formed by prefixing to the sign 
 of the positive word the outline of the syllable, which im- 
 plies the negation. 
 
 EXAMPLE. 
 
 Legal* Illegal. Moral* Tmmorql Moderate* Immoderate. 
 
 Consonant and Vowel Initials. 
 
 The initials of names, when consonants (except C, X, 
 and Q, which should be written in long-hand), may be 
 expressed with phonographic characters. The character 
 should be the representative of the English initial; as, 
 _ x V^ x Co*, for G. W. Wells. If the name is written 
 in full, however, it should be written phonographically, 
 that is, as it is pronounced, and without any regard what- 
 ever to the English mode of writing it; as, / <^. ,, * Qo 
 George Washington Wells. 
 
 When it is desired to write a vowel apart from a con- 
 sonant, either as an initial or otherwise, the following 
 character is provided as a mark to indicate the vowel's 
 position : J_ ; as, J_\ e. 
 
 Numbers. 
 
 The numbers, one, two, six, seven, ten, hundred, thou- 
 sand, million, and the higher numbers, are generally ex- 
 pressed with phonographic characters. The remaining 
 numbers are written with the ordinary numerals. 
 
 EXAMPLE. 
 
 V* % ** 3 4 L / ^ fc 
 
 ---.<...... ... > < I 
 
 One. Two. Six Seven. Ten, Hundred. Thousand. Million. 
 
 Punctuation Marks. 
 
 The ordinary punctuation marks, except the marks for a 
 period, a dash, an exclamation, and an interrogation, are 
 
 8 85 
 
LESSONS IN PHONOGRAPHY. 
 
 used in Phonography. The period is represented by a 
 small cross ; the dash by a horizontal wave-line ; the ex- 
 clamation and interrogation points by the ordinary marks, 
 with a small cross beneath them. Example : x , period ; 
 J,, exclamation; ^^, dash. 
 
 Accent and Emphasis. 
 
 When it is desired to mark an accented vowel, it may 
 be done by writing a dot close to and on line with the ac- 
 cented letters, so as to have the two signs at right angles 
 to the consonant letter to which they are placed ; as, 
 , arrows. 
 
 To indicate that a word is specially emphasized, the 
 phonographic dash is drawn under it ; as, J^, the. 
 
 Other Marks. 
 
 The reporter may make any marks among the phono- 
 graphic notes that will assist in recording the full purport 
 of an address, or of any event transpiring during its de- 
 livery, such as applause, hisses, cheers, laughter, etc. These 
 marks may consist of the whole or any part of the phono- 
 graphic outline of such word or words, followed closely 
 by a sloping curve in the direction of SH, as in the ex- 
 ample following : 
 
 ,\}, ,\ ( I ./. i . . ,y. mm p ?/. . . !../ yi /^/ 
 
 Irony. Oriel. Doubt. Pleasantry Cheers. Applause, Laughter. 
 
 When words, phrases, clauses, or sentences are spoken 
 and immediately repeated, the following mark may be used 
 to represent the repeated word, clause, or sentence : ^ . Ex- 
 ample: "I say in all candor, fa earnestness" = "I say 
 in all candor; I say in all earnestness." 
 
 Signs for Phrases. 
 
 The ordinary phrases of the English language may be 
 represented by a single sign when the sign can be conve- 
 86 
 
LESSONS IN PHONOGRAPHY. 
 
 niently made and does not extend too far below the 
 line. 
 
 These phrase signs consist of word signs joined together ; 
 as, '~j^, My friend ; or of word signs to which are attached 
 hooks, circles, or loops to represent other words of the 
 phrase ; as, ^ > I do not ; or of word signs made half-length to 
 add by an implied T or D such words in the phrase as T or D 
 represents ; as, s^, Ought it to be ; or by new signs arbi- 
 trarily formed, to represent the phrase; as, n, You were. 
 
 The process of constructing a phrase sign by joining 
 together the signs of the words composing the phrase is 
 very simple. The sign of the first word, with a few ex- 
 ceptions, is made in its proper position, and the sign of 
 the other words of the phrase is joined to it without lift- 
 ing the pen, just as consonants are joined in the outlines 
 of words ; as, * , In that. 
 
 EXCEPTIONS. To prevent conflict with a similar sign of 
 another word, the first word sign is sometimes written in 
 the position of the sign of the next following word of the 
 phrase; as, , I did; '], I do; ']-, I had. 
 
 EXERCISE 12. 
 
 f **-/ ) *\ ^V ^J T NX >< V"""" 1 * *1 ' *f -fl * 
 
 i.Ly ..I...J-. C_, o 1 1.1..1..-,.:.. 
 
 ~^yr ^ 
 
 KEY TO EXERCISE 12. 
 
 Of the, In the, It is, To be, That the, For the, By the, 
 With the, Of this, And the, From the, Has been, I do, I 
 am, Of a, I think, There is, And I, Of his, Upon the, Is 
 the, Is a, As the, As a, All the, All of, Will be, You will 
 
 87 
 
LESSONS IN PHONOGRAPHY. 
 
 be, To me, I will, There are, May be, On the, That is, That 
 time, That way, Of that, As well as, Has not, Is not, It is 
 not, It is said, I said, He said, She said, They said, Of 
 course, Shall be, Should be, So that, This is, We are, Who 
 are they, We have seen, You can, You cannot, You must 
 be, What would, What were. 
 
 The construction of phrase signs by the representation 
 of some of the words in the phrase by hooks, circles, and 
 loops, is much more difficult than the construction of 
 phrase signs by the simple joining of word signs. It is 
 equal to the adoption of new signs for such words. 
 
 I. The Representation of Words in Phrase Signs by Hooks. 
 
 The L hook in phrase signs may represent the words will 
 and all; as, f, It will. 
 
 The EL hook in phrase signs may represent the word 
 will, preceding the word represented by the letter upon 
 
 p 
 
 which it is placed; as, [^ , Will it make. 
 
 The R hook in phrase signs may represent the "words 
 are, our, and were ; as, ^ , Which are. 
 
 The W hook in phrase signs may represent the words 
 
 we and what ; as, -\-, At what. 
 
 The Y hook in phrase signs may represent the words 
 you and your; as, ^ Do you. 
 
 The IN hook in phrase signs may represent the words 
 in, in the, umler, under the ; as, fc, In the direction. 
 
 The INS hook and the INS of the INSR hook in 
 phrase signs may represent the words in his and in the ; 
 and when the S goes with the words of the other part of 
 the phrase, it may represent the words in and in the ; as, 
 ^, In consideration. 
 
 The N hook in phrase signs may represent the words 
 in, on, not, own, one, known, been, then, and than; as, 
 J, I do not. (See note on page 40.) 
 
LESSONS IN PHONOGRAPHY. 
 
 The F hook, in a very few phrase signs, may represent 
 the words for and forth ; as, C_D, Call forth. 
 
 The V hook in phrase signs may represent the words of, 
 have, and ever; as, *X , Did you ever. 
 
 The W hook attachment on H in phrase signs may rep- 
 resent the words we and will; as,*C_, What will. 
 
 Only a few phrase signs should be constructed under 
 this section ; and these few should be thoroughly mas- 
 tered, so as to be quickly made and easily read. 
 
 EXERCISE 13. 
 
 KEY TO EXERCISE 13. 
 
 It was, I have, I have, I have been, I have been, Have 
 been, They have, They have been, You have, You have 
 been, Do not, I do not, I do not know, I do not think, 
 Where do you, There are not, On the part of the, Would 
 have been, I would have been, I may not, I may not be, 
 Longer than, No longer than, Which are, Which were, She 
 will be, Should our, Give your opinion about it, All con- 
 sideration, Which were to have been there, We are not, 
 We are not ready, And which have, Or not, But not, Each 
 will, Should not, They will, They will not, Other than, 
 More than, It will have, Which will have, We have, By 
 your consent, By all means, Which you can see, It will 
 not do, At what place, What we said, Will each of you go, 
 Will it be that, Until then, At all, At all events, By what 
 time, What will. 
 
 8* 89 
 
LESSONS IN PHONOGRAPHY. 
 
 II. The Representation of Words in Phrase Signs by 
 Circles and Loops. 
 
 The circle S may be used in phrase signs to represent the 
 words is, his, as, has, and, in a few instances, the word us. 
 
 The "SEZ" circle may represent in phrase signs the 
 words is as, his has, as is, and has his ; or, when one of 
 the S's go with the following word, it may represent the 
 same words as the " circle S." 
 
 Where the "SEZ" circle is used, and there is still, im- 
 mediately following, an additional word in the phrase that 
 can be represented by S, it may be indicated by a small cir- 
 cle at the top of and within the SEZ circle ; as, 0, As is his. 
 
 The ST loop on the letter T may represent, with the 
 letter T, the phrase at first. 
 
 The STER loop in phrase signs may represent the word 
 store, and the STER loop, with an added S, the words 
 stairs and store-house ; as, ^y Up stairs, ^^ , Any store- 
 house. 
 
 EXERCISE 14. 
 
 _o o . 
 
 V <J>- 
 
 ex.! o 6* 
 
 KEY TO EXERCISE 14. 
 
 In his way, On his head, Tell us, Tell us his, Is his or 
 Is as, Is as his or Is his as, As has or As is or As his, As his 
 is or As is his, Give us this, As long as is necessary, For his 
 sake, Such is his, His is the or Is his the, As is the or Has 
 his the, As soon as, At first, Down stairs, By the store-house, 
 By the store, At the store-house, At the store, Through the 
 store, It is said, As has been, It is, It is as, She is as, 
 Which is as. 
 
 III. The Representation of Words in Phrase Signs by an 
 Implied T or D. 
 
 To construct phrase signs by representing some of the 
 words in the phrase by an implied T or D, it is necessary 
 90 
 
LESSONS IN PHONOGRAPHY. 
 
 to make the sign of the preceding word in the phrase half 
 its usual length, to imply those letters. If the letter so 
 halved is in the first position, the words it, to, or ought are 
 added ; in the second position, it, had, to, or ought are 
 added; in the third position, it, had, or would are added. 
 
 EXERCISE 15. 
 
 < r , 
 
 \ U v_..._ \ 
 
 1 
 
 KEY TO EXERCISE 15. 
 
 If it be so, It ought to be, It ought not to be, Ought it 
 not, Ought it not to be, Will it make it, Have had or Have 
 it, They would, It would not be ready, Able to make it, 
 Had it, Had not been, In order to, In order to see him, 
 Look like it. 
 
 IV. The Representation of Words in Phrases by New 
 Signs Arbitrarily Formed. 
 
 To represent phrases by new arbitrary signs is a danger- 
 ous license, and yet, in the following instances, the student 
 will find that it may be used to advantage : 
 
 I. In frequent recurring phrases, where phonographic 
 
 joinings cannot be made ; as, the phrase We were, ^ 
 
 II. In long phrases of frequent occurrence, by repre- 
 senting the phrases with such parts of its full phrase sign as 
 will readily suggest it. This is useful in constructing signs 
 to represent names of railroads, other companies, etc. ; as, 
 
 V. Jones, Dumright & Co. 
 
 EXERCISE 16. 
 
 . ..unox^-^ , M^.% 
 
 .I- U... t/ D o :O ./.....^ \....t- ^L ^Z 
 
 KEY TO EXERCISE 1 6. 
 
 You were, Were you, With you, You with, We were, 
 Were we, We would, Would we, Would you, You would, 
 Ing the, Ing a, Doing the, Doing a, New York Central Rail- 
 
 91 
 
LESSONS IN PHONOGRAPHY. 
 
 road Company, Savannah, Griffin, and North Alabama 
 Railroad Company. 
 
 General Rules for Writing Phrases. 
 
 In law reporting a few extended phrase signs may be 
 used for often-recurring phrases. Plate i, Phonographic 
 Phrase Signs, contains a number of such signs. 
 
 Generally, phrase signs should be brief and simple, so 
 that they may be quickly made and easily read. To secure 
 this end and establish uniformity, phrase signs should gen- 
 erally begin with words of one of the following parts of 
 speech : 
 
 (1) Nouns in the nominative case ; as, </, John went. 
 
 (2) The personal pronouns I, my, mine, we, our, thy, 
 thine, you; in the nominative case, your, they, their, he, 
 she, and /// as, , I am. These pronouns, in the ob- 
 jective case, may be joined also to a preceding verb or 
 preposition. 
 
 (3) The relative pronouns who, which, what, and that, 
 and the interrogative pronouns who, which, and what, and 
 adjective pronouns each, every, either, this, that, these, 
 those, any, all, such, some, one, other, and another; as, 
 j , Who was. 
 
 (4) Verbs and auxiliary verbs with or without the word 
 not, when it is not convenient to join them with their 
 
 nominatives ; as, (^ ^, Does not know. 
 
 (5) The prepositions; as, ., Around the. 
 
 (6) The conjunctions and, as, because, but, so, though, for 
 
 if, neither, or, since, than, that, and whether; as, X If you. 
 
 (7) Adverbs well, where, there, how, why, when, very; as, 
 
 S, Why did. 
 
 (8) The articles a and an; as, -r-*""^, A great man. 
 
 NOTE. The article the, when alone, is represented by a 
 92 
 
LESSONS IN PHONOGRAPHY. 
 
 single dot above the line. When used in phrasing, it is 
 never joined initially, except to the sign for the word first ; 
 but is joined to the end of letters whenever desired. When 
 the is prefixed or affixed to the sign of another word, it is rep- 
 resented by a short light tick made in the direction of CH. 
 On curve letters having their concave side opening to the 
 right or upward, it is made downward. On curve letters 
 having their concave side opening to the left or downward, 
 it is made upward. On straight letters it is made up or 
 down, as is most convenient. The tick sign for the, when 
 joined to another word in phrases, may be made also in 
 the direction of b if necessary. 
 
 The articles a, an, and the conjunction and, when alone, 
 are expressed by a dot on the line. When prefixed or 
 affixed to the sign of another word, they are represented 
 by a tick made in direction of the letters T or K, as is 
 most convenient. 
 
 (9) Adjectives ; as, /\ red bird. 
 
 EXERCISE 17. 
 
LESSONS IN PHONOGRAPHY. 
 
 KEY TO EXERCISE 17. 
 
 (i) Mary did not go, Peter saw him, (2) I am, My name, 
 Mine own, We have, Our own, Thine is the, Thy name, 
 You will be, Your property, They were, He was, Their 
 business, She said, It is said, (3) Who was, Which was as, 
 What part of it, That was, Who was it, Which is the, What 
 was it, Each of your, Every one, Other than, This book, 
 That sort, These books, Those hats, Anybody, All men, 
 Such of persons, Somewhere, One man, Other days, Another 
 time, (4) Does not know, Shall not be, (5) Around the, In 
 the, (6) And you, As we, Because he was, But could not 
 see, So as to see, For it was, If you will, Neither rank, Nor 
 possessions, Since there, (7) Well known, Where did he, 
 How many, Why was it, When was it, Very likely, (8) An 
 apple, Do a, In a, By a, (9) Black hog, Bad man. 
 
 Omission of Signs for Words in Phrase Signs. 
 
 In constructing a phrase sign it is allowable, in a few 
 instances, to leave unexpressed in the sign any word or 
 words that may be readily supplied. 
 
 The sign for the word to may be omitted before you, 
 whom, and have by writing the signs for these words be- 
 low the line ; and the sign for the word the when following 
 the word to may be omitted. Where ambiguity may result, 
 the sign for to may be dropped below the line, to imply 
 the omitted word. 
 
 EXERCISE 18. 
 
 KEY TO EXERCISE 1 8. 
 
 In the way, One of the most, Kingdom of heaven, In 
 the world, Day to day, Night to night, Time to time, 
 94 
 
LESSONS IN PHONOGRAPHY. 
 
 Hand to hand, City to city, House to house, To you, To 
 the, To whom, To have, To be, How long have you known 
 the, How long have you been in the city, Where do you 
 live, What is your occupation, What is your name, More 
 and more, Less and less, Gentlemen of the jury, Ladies 
 and gentlemen, May it please your honor, By the way. 
 
 KEY TO PLATE I OF PHRASE SIGNS. 
 
 Which are to be, Which were to be, Out the bills, Any 
 other notice, Caused to be, Only public, How long have 
 you known, This note, State to the jury, This day, Had 
 some legal knowledge, That it could not be, Before the 
 railroad, Of this railroad, Because the train, Upon which 
 the, As near as I can recollect, Said he hadn't time, To 
 write the note, And that he would, Send it, In my own 
 name, Less than I supposed, In regard to the payment, In 
 the morning, It is only, In this paper, Since there (or 
 their), Than this, Step by step, In this way, During the 
 last, Will you, Will you state, Week before last, You may 
 state, Because it is not cross-examination, How many, On 
 which side of the street, How long have you practiced 
 medicine and surgery, Do not know, A little later than 
 this, I will ask you, With this mill-property, A minute, 
 Before that time, In the property, It may not have been so 
 late, Do you know the defendant, Have you any deed, At 
 what date, Post-mortem examination, Common conversa- 
 tion, Who gave you the information, Called and sworn, It 
 looked like it, About that time, Its house, At your house, 
 You and he, Other than to, Washing the banks, Along 
 what street, How long were you bound, Over his body, In 
 his lifetime, What is your name, What is your occupation, 
 What else, What next, Which has been taking place, In 
 the course of business, What would they bring, With him, 
 Did he say anything about it, What is your best recollec- 
 tion, What is the reason, In this matter, Have legal notice, 
 Your place of business, Make some other arrangements, 
 
 95 
 
PHRASE SIGNS -Plate 1, 
 
LESSONS IN PHONOGRAPHY. 
 
 Your commercial paper, Water powers, In the middle, From 
 reports, Cannot say positively, What is the, Timber land, 
 Somewhere near about it, What it was, Exactly, sir, Was 
 there any conversation, In this case, On this occasion, 
 When you went there, I ascertained, As though he was, 
 Besides yourself, What was the, One hundred acres, Upon 
 him, When the property, It was near the first of April, 
 No, sir, Answer, Faster than, Where were you going, 
 Where do you live, I could not say, I do not know, sir, 
 As fast as, In what county, In what way, Just as, He came 
 pretty soon afterwards, In what direction, Point him out 
 to the jury, How many times have you seen him lately, 
 You did not know him before, You do not know him now, 
 You had not been there, Get out of the way, You have 
 been, Where did you get him, What kind of a hog was it, 
 And when was it, White and black spotted, As long as, 
 As many as possible, About what time, When did you go 
 up there, Can you, Did you measure the tracks, As far 
 as, What were they, Which were many, Give us this 
 day, Our daily bread, Did you find him there, Has been 
 received, How far did you live from her, Absolutely 
 necessary, It must certainly, In the first instance, In the 
 first place, It has been suggested, In this instance, He 
 could not have been, Which cannot be, He has not been 
 there, Would not be satisfied, You will have been, In re- 
 gard, In reference, You were probably, You are certain 
 about that, I am certain of it, Should be able to, Ladies 
 and gentlemen, My friends, Mr. Chairman, Mr. President, 
 Fellow-citizens, Gentlemen of the jury, I am sure, I am 
 glad, Surely not. 
 
 Law Reporting. 
 
 In the trials of causes in courts of justice, where life, 
 liberty, or property are at stake, reporters are required to 
 make a verbatim report of the entire proceedings, except 
 the argument of counsel. The report will consist of: 
 E 9 97 
 
LESSONS IN PHONOGRAPHY. 
 
 1. The title of the case as sounded by the presiding 
 judge, with appearances, etc. ; as, 
 
 The State of Georgia ~\ 
 
 vs. > Murder. 
 
 John Green. j 
 
 F. D. Dismuke, Solicitor-General for the State. 
 Steward & Hall, for the defendant. 
 
 2. The name of the judge who tries the case, the name of 
 the court in which it is tried, and the date of the trial ; as, 
 
 Tried before Judge Alex. M. Speer, at the February Term, Spald- 
 ing Superior Court, 1879. 
 
 3. If a jury is impaneled in the case, it should be so 
 noted. If impaneled in the usual manner, without any 
 objections or challenges, it is only necessary to say : 
 
 The following jury was regularly impaneled to try the case. (Give 
 the names of the jurors.) 
 
 If objection is raised to the competency of any juror, or 
 to any part of the proceeding of impaneling a jury, or any 
 special challenge is made, the objection or challenge 
 should be noted, and also the rulings of the court upon 
 the same. 
 
 4. Any preliminary motion concerning the case should 
 be noted, also the ruling of the court upon the motion. 
 
 5. The opening statement of counsel in submitting the 
 case to the jury should be recorded, but need not be trans- 
 cribed, unless required by the court. These statements 
 comprise generally the substance of the whole case, and 
 will apprise the reporter of the nature of the testimony to 
 be offered. 
 
 6. The testimony, with name of witness testifying, etc. ; 
 as, 
 
 John D. Alexander, called by the State, sworn and examined by the 
 Solicitor-General, testifies. 
 
 If the testimony is written, as interrogatories, the fact 
 should be so stated ; as, 
 
 Interrogatories of A. B. Niles were offered and admitted in evidence. 
 98 
 
LESSONS IN PHONOGRAPHY. 
 
 If objection is made to the admission of written evi- 
 dence, the objection and the ruling of the court thereon 
 should be noted in the same manner as for objections to 
 oral testimony, as hereafter explained. If the reporter is 
 required to copy written evidence in his report, it can be 
 done after the trial, directly from the original writings. 
 No report need be made of it in Phonography during the 
 trial. 
 
 7. The objections of the counsel and rulings of the 
 court should be carefully noted as they arise in the oral 
 testimony. The principal objections raised are, i. Be- 
 cause the question is leading. 2. Because the testimony 
 is irrelevant. 3. Because the evidence is in writing. 4. 
 Because the witness is incompetent to testify to the special 
 fact. Other objections are sometimes raised ; these are the 
 most common. All objections should be accurately noted. 
 The following mark is used to represent the words n ob- 
 jected to' ' : < ^ /s - This will precede all the objections made. 
 After an objection is made, the court will rule upon it. 
 This ruling is preceded by the letter C, and must be reported 
 verbatim. It is not necessary, however, to give in full the 
 often wordy sayings of the counsel ; it is sufficient to state, 
 in the reporter's own language, the gist of the objection. 
 
 EXAMPLE. 
 
 C I y ^ ^ U 1 x 
 
 Objected to irrelevant. Court : I think the evidence is relevant. 
 I will admit it. 
 
 8. The first examination of the witness by the party in 
 whose behalf he is called is known as the direct examina- 
 tion. No mark is used to indicate it. 
 
 When the direct examination closes, the witness is turned 
 'over to the opposite party for cross-examination. This ex- 
 
 99 
 
LESSONS IN PHONOGRAPHY. 
 
 animation is indicated by writing in the middle of the line, 
 preceding its beginning, a large cross ; as, ^><(. 
 
 After the cross-examination follows the re-direct examina- 
 tion, in rebuttal, indicated by the following mark on the 
 line preceding: / r } r ^- 
 
 At the close of the re-direct examination, if the witness 
 is examined further by the defendant's counsel, it is known 
 as the re-cross-examination, and is preceded by the follow- 
 ing mark : / y^. 
 
 9. When the plaintiff closes his evidence, it should be 
 noted: "The plaintiff rests." And at the close of the 
 defendant's evidence it should be stated : "The defendant 
 closed." 
 
 10. In criminal cases, if the defendant is allowed to 
 make a statement, as is the case in Georgia, it should be 
 accurately reported. 
 
 11. The charge of the court to the jury, which closes 
 the trial so far as the reporter is concerned, is the most 
 difficult of the reportorial work in court. It should be re- 
 ported with scrupulous fidelity as to accuracy. 
 
 Transcriptions. 
 
 In transcribing notes in criminal cases, the questions 
 propounded by counsel and answers of witnesses must be 
 written; but in civil cases, if desired, the questions and an- 
 swers may be combined, so as to give the report in what is 
 called the narrative form. The report should always in- 
 clude questions and answers ; and transcriptions be made 
 either in full or the narrative form, as counsel may direct. 
 
 Questions and Answers. 
 
 In law reporting, no mark is required between the ques- 
 tion and the answer, the two being distinguished simply 
 by leaving more than usual space between the close of the 
 question and the beginning of the answer. Law reports" 
 
LESSONS IN PHONOGRAPHY. 
 
 should be written upon foolscap paper, ruled perpendic- 
 ularly into four equal parts. The notes are written down 
 each column, the answer being commenced about the mid- 
 dle of the line next below the line upon which the ques- 
 tion ends. And so on with succeeding questions and 
 answers. 
 
 Material. 
 
 Procure unglazed or uncalendered, white, foolscap paper, 
 and ink that makes an instantaneous black mark, and, if 
 possible, a good fountain-holder and gold pen. This 
 material is recommended for all kinds of reporting. 
 
 KEY TO PLATE OF LAW REPORTING. 
 
 John Townshend "| 
 
 vs. \ 
 
 T. Reymert and Peter Husted. J 
 New York Superior Court, Part 2. Before Judge Sanford 
 
 and a jury, April 4, 1874. 
 Appearances : 
 
 For plaintiff, Mr. Townshend. 
 For defendant, J. D. Reymert. 
 A jury was regularly impaneled. 
 
 Mr. Townshend opened the case for the plaintiff, and 
 admitted that the painting in question belonged to one or 
 the other of the defendants. 
 Plaintiff rested. 
 
 Mr. Reymert opened the case for the defendants, and 
 introduced the following testimony : 
 
 Hanson Balling, called by the defendants, sworn and 
 examined, testifies : 
 
 What is your business? Artist. Do you know the 
 painting called "Grant and his Generals"? Yes, sir. 
 By whom was that picture painted? It was painted by 
 me. When? I commenced it in 1864 and finished it in 
 a year after. Where was it when it was finished? It was 
 in my studio. New York ? Yes, sir. Did you sell that 
 
 9* 101 
 
LAW REPORTING. 
 
 John Tow ns?\ end 
 
 'm eri 
 
 8c 
 
 j. 
 
 IV. 
 
 ii 
 
 JJlansonBaJling 
 
 \r^ 
 
 \ " 
 
 V 
 
 t 
 
 To C.'.^. 
 
 .-y 
 
 A 
 
 1 iVl 
 
 6 
 
 .a...fffi..\. 
 
 .!.: 
 
 ^. 
 
LESSONS IN PHONOGRAPHY. 
 
 picture ? Yes, sir. To whom ? To J. D. Reymert. What 
 did Mr. Reymert pay you for it ? Five thousand dollars. 
 When was that ? That was just before finishing, it was 
 very late in November. Will you please look at that 
 memorandum and agreement and see if that is the paper 
 made at the time between you? Yes, sir. (The agree- 
 ment put in evidence, marked Exhibit A.) At the time 
 of this, did you deliver the painting to Mr. Reymert? 
 Yes, sir, that is to say, he did not take it out of the room. 
 It remained on exhibition ; I had it on exhibition. Did 
 you own that picture then ? Certainly. Anybody else 
 had any right to it? No. Did you know what become 
 of this picture? Yes, sir. You afterwards made an agree- 
 ment with Mr. Howard for the exhibition of it? For the 
 exhibition of it ; yes, sir. Is that the agreement ? (Shown 
 witness.) Yes, sir. Is that your signature, and his? Yes, 
 sir. (The agreement, dated January first, 1866, put in evi- 
 dence, and marked Exhibit B.) When did you say this 
 large picture was painted ? In 1864 or 1865. 
 
 General Reporting. 
 
 Sermons, addresses, speeches, lectures, etc., are generally 
 reported verbatim, and afterwards any desired portion or 
 the whole of them may be transcribed at pleasure. Where 
 it can be procured, the same material recommended to 
 law reporters should be used in general reporting. Divide 
 the pages into four columns each, and write the notes down 
 each column, beginning each sentence about the middle of 
 the line next to the one upon which the preceding sentence 
 was closed. This rule is not observed in the exercises of 
 this book, on account of the space it requires. The ob- 
 ject of the exercises is to give as much phonographic re- 
 porting forms as possible, without regard to the manner in 
 which the forms will appear upon the written sheets. 
 
 In writing sermons, addresses, speeches, and lectures for 
 delivery, the paper should not be divided into columns. 
 
 103 
 
SERMON REPORTING. 
 
 The Immortality of the Soul. 
 
 'XT 
 
 A" 
 
 P./...V 
 
 _r\ 
 
 t 
 ^Jt 
 
 <N^- 
 
 "(' 
 
 104 
 
 
 V 
 
 L 
 
 
 
 Lr.BlAir 
 
LESSONS IN PHONOGRAPHY. 
 
 The writing should be across the entire breadth of the 
 paper. 
 
 KEY TO PLATE OF SERMON REPORTING. 
 
 The Immortality of the Soul. 
 
 For we know that if our earthly house (of this tabernacle) were dis- 
 solved, we have a building of God, a house not made with hands, 
 eternal in the heavens. 2 CORINTHIANS, v. I. 
 
 This passage presents to us, in one view, the nature of 
 our present earthly state, and the future object of the 
 Christian's hope. The style is figurative ; but the figures 
 employed are both obvious and expressive. The body is 
 represented as a house inhabited by the soul, or the think- 
 ing part of man. But it is an "earthly house," a "taber- 
 nacle" erected only for passing accommodation, and "to 
 be dissolved;" to which is to succeed the future dwelling 
 of the just in "a building of God, a house not made with 
 hands, eternal in the heavens." Here then are three great 
 objects presented to our consideration. First, the nature 
 of our present condition. Secondly, that succeeding state 
 which is the object of good men's hope. Thirdly, the 
 certain foundation of their hope ; " we know, that if our 
 earthly house be dissolved, we have a building of God." 
 
 First. The text gives a full description of our present 
 embodied state, as an "earthly house," an "earthly house 
 of this tabernacle," and a tabernacle which is to be " dis- 
 solved." 
 
 We dwell in an " earthly house." Within this cottage 
 of earth is lodged that spiritual, immortal substance, into 
 which God breathed the breath of life. So we are elsewhere 
 said in Scripture to have "our foundation irr the dust," 
 and to " dwell in houses of clay." During its continuance 
 in this humble abode, the soul may be justly considered as 
 Confined and imprisoned. It is restrained from the full 
 exertion of its powers by many obstructions. It can per- 
 ceive and act only by very imperfect organs. It looks 
 E* 105 
 
REPORTING EXERCISE- 
 
 Extract from auid @opperfield. 
 
 r 
 
 P 
 
 ,,->.._, i[ 
 
 'i 
 
 ^-,^0-^-f r\ 'p -) 
 
 t -) 3*-~>p.x.|l..> T **-'lw?3t 
 
LESSONS IN PHONOGRAPHY. 
 
 abroad as through the windows of the senses ; and beholds 
 truth as "through a glass, darkly." It is beset with a 
 numerous train of temptations to evil, which arise from 
 bodily appetites. It is obliged to sympathize with the 
 body in its wants ; and it is depressed with infirmities not 
 its own. For it suffers from the frailty of those materials 
 of which its earthly house is compacted. Dr. Blair. 
 
 KEY TO PLATE OF REPORTING EXERCISE. 
 
 Extract from David Copperfield. 
 
 The first subject on which I had to consult Traddles was 
 this; I had heard that many men distinguished in various 
 pursuits had begun life by reporting the debates in Parlia- 
 ment. Traddles having mentioned newspapers to me as 
 one of his hopes, I had put the two together, and told 
 Traddles in my letter that I wished to know how I could 
 qualify myself in this pursuit. Traddles now informed me, 
 as the result of his inquiries, that the mechanical acqui- 
 sition necessary (except in rare cases) for thorough excel- 
 lence in it that is to say, a perfect and entire command 
 of the mystery of short-hand writing and reading was 
 about equal in difficulty to the mastery of six languages ; 
 and that perhaps it might be attained, by dint of perse- 
 verance, in the course of a few years. Traddles reasonably 
 supposed that this would settle the business ; but I, only 
 feeling that here indeed were a few tall trees to be hewn 
 down, immediately resolved to work my way on to Dora 
 through this thicket, axe in hand. "I am much obliged 
 to you, my dear Traddles," said I; "I'll begin to-mor- 
 row." Traddles looked astonished, as he well might; 
 but he had no notion as yet of my rapturous condition. 
 "I'll buy a book," said I, "with a good scheme of this 
 art in it, and work at it at the (Doctors') Commons, where 
 I haven't half enough to do. I'll take down the speeches 
 of our court for practice. Traddles, my dear fellow, I'll 
 master it." 
 
 107 
 
REPORTING EXERCISE. 
 
 C\ y v_o ~- fV 
 ../L ^=LJ, 
 
 'H 
 
 / 
 
 ,\ 
 
LESSONS IN PHONOGRAPHY. 
 
 I did not allow my resolution with respect to Parliament- 
 ary debates to cool. It was one of the irons I had begun 
 to heat immediately, and one of the irons I kept hot and 
 hammered at with a perseverance I may honestly admire. 
 I bought an improved scheme of the noble art and mystery 
 of stenography (which cost me ten and sixpence), and 
 plunged into a sea of perplexity that brought me in a few 
 weeks to the confines of distraction. The changes that 
 were wrung upon dots, which in such a position meant 
 such a thing, and in such another position something else 
 entirely different ; the wonderful vagaries that were played 
 by circles, the unaccountable consequences that resulted 
 from marks like flies' legs, the tremendous effects of a 
 curve in the wrong place, not only troubled my waking 
 hours, but reappeared before me in my sleep. 
 
 When I had groped my way blindly through these diffi- 
 culties and had mastered the alphabet, which was an Egyp- 
 tian temple itself, there then appeared a procession of new 
 horrors, called arbitrary characters, the most despotic of 
 characters I have ever known, who insisted, for instance, 
 that a thing like the beginning of a cobweb meant expecta- 
 tion, and a pen-and-ink sky-rocket stood for advantageous. 
 When I had fixed these wretches in my mind, I found that 
 they had driven everything else out of it ; then beginning 
 again, I forgot them ; while I was picking them up I 
 dropped the other fragments of the system ; in fact, it was 
 almost heart-breaking. It might have been quite heart- 
 breaking but for Dora, who was the stay and anchor of my 
 tempest-driven bark. Each scratch in the scheme was a 
 gnarled oak in the forest of difficulty, and I went on cut- 
 ting them down, one after another, with such vigor that in 
 three or four months I was in a condition to make an ex- 
 periment on one of our crack speakers in the (Doctors') 
 Commons. 
 
 Shall I ever forget how the crack speaker walked off 
 from me before I began, and left my imbecile pencil stag- 
 
 10 109 
 
REPORTING EXERCISE. 
 
 \ ^t-^ 9^ c/jyv 
 -i? ' f'- x ' ^' 
 
 ** \ ' x 
 
 '\ ; " v ^ A-,\'f 
 
 
 C. 
 
 
 ^i 
 
 no 
 
LESSONS IN PHONOGRAPHY. 
 
 gering about the paper as if it were in a fit? This would 
 not do, it was quite clear. I was flying too high, and 
 should never get on so. I resorted to Traddles for ad- 
 vice, who suggested -he should dictate speeches to me at a 
 pace and with occasional stoppages adapted to my weak- 
 ness. Very grateful for this friendly aid, I accepted the 
 proposal, and, night after night almost every night 
 for a long time we had a sort of private parliament in 
 Buckingham Street, after I came home from the Doctors'. 
 I should like to see such a parliament anywhere else ! My 
 aunt and Mr. Dick represented the government or the oppo- 
 sition (as the case might be), and Traddles, with the assist- 
 ance of Enfield's " Speaker," or a volume of "Parliament- 
 ary Orations," thundered astonishing invectives against 
 them. Standing by the table, with his finger on the page 
 to keep the place, and his right arm flourished above his 
 head, Traddles, as Mr. Pitt, Mr. Fox, Mr. Sheridan, Mr. 
 Burke, Lord Castlereagh, Viscount Sidmouth, or Mr. 
 Canning, would work himself into the most violent heats, 
 and deliver the most withering denunciations of profligacy 
 and corruption of my aunt and Mr. Dick, while I used to 
 sit at a little distance with my note-book on my knee, 
 fagging after him with all my might and main. 
 
 The inconsistency and recklessness of Traddles were not 
 to be exceeded by any real politician. He was for any 
 description of policy in the compass of a week, and nailed 
 all sorts of colors to every denomination of masts. My 
 aunt, looking like an immovable chancellor of the ex- 
 chequer, would occasionally throw in an interruption or 
 two, as " hear," or "no," or "oh," when the text seemed 
 to require it, which was always a signal to Mr. Dick (a per- 
 fect country gentleman) to follow lustily with the same cry. 
 But Mr. Dick got taxed with such things in the course of 
 his parliamentary career, and was made responsible for 
 such awful consequences that he become uncomfortable in 
 his mind ; sometimes, I believe, he actually began to be 
 
LESSONS IN PHONOGRAPHY. 
 
 afraid he had been doing something tending to the an- 
 nihilation of the British Constitution and the ruin of the 
 country. Often and often we pursued these debates until 
 the clock pointed to midnight, and the candles were burn- 
 ing down. The result of so much good practice was that, 
 by and by, I began to keep pace with Traddles pretty well, 
 and should have been triumphant quite had I had the least 
 idea of what my notes were about. But as to reading 
 them after I got them, I might as well have copied the 
 Chinese inscriptions on an immense collection of tea- 
 chests, or the golden characters on all the great green and 
 red bottles in the chemists' shops. There was nothing for 
 it but to turn back and begin all over again. It was very 
 hard, but I turned back, though with a heavy heart, and 
 began laboriously and methodically to plod over the same 
 tedious ground at a snail's pace, stopping to examine mi- 
 nutely every speck on the way on all sides, and making 
 the most desperate efforts to know those illusive charac- 
 ters whenever I met them. 
 
 112 
 
REPORTING EXERCISE. 
 
 ( 
 
 ( ' '"&" ""'"^ -*(>* 
 
 ^^^L^ 
 
 l.i..\. 
 
 Y "V 
 
 r - f...:.j:.., JL 
 
 ^ ' 
 
 ^ i j ( i' x x 
 
 o iv 
 V. N ' \ 
 
 t 
 .X 
 
 X^jrrrD..x 
 
 114 
 
REPORTING EXERCISE. 
 
 farting Words with the Student. 
 
 P 
 
 V 
 
 i 
 
 . -Jv-V-i 
 
 "i 
 
 N | _ 
 
 if.;, 
 ("C- 
 ^ 
 
 LT 
 \ / 
 
 ^ 1 
 
 ...^H- 
 
 ' 
 
 \ 
 
 Vx 
 
 \ 
 
 / 
 
YOUNG AND MIDDLE-AGED MEN 
 
 Of the South, who expect to make their mark in the Commercial World, 
 should prepare themselves at once. This can be done by attending 
 
 FRANK GOODMAN & CO.'S 
 
 |ashrille |ryant & |tralton iusiness |ol 
 
 COLLEQE DEPARTMENTS. 
 
 BOOK-KEEPING. This department is under the direct supervision of 
 Prof. FRANK GOODMAN, the Principal, who has been acknowledged by 
 members of the Bryant & Stratton Business College Association to be the 
 best young teacher in the Chain of Colleges. He has just published, for 
 the use of this College, a treatise on Single and Double Entry Book-keep- 
 ing, as applied to the simplest as well as the most complicated kind of busi- 
 ness. Therefore, this part of the course has been greatly improved, and is 
 thorough and entirely practical. He devotes his entire time to this De- 
 partment, and is assisted by able Teachers. 
 
 PENMANSHIP. A person seldom witnesses as much interest and im- 
 provement in the writing department of any College as is manifested by 
 the Students of this College, who receive daily drills without extra charge. 
 No department of the College is more efficient than this. Prof. GOODMAN, 
 the Teacher in this department, received the only Grand Gold Medal 
 awarded by the Nashville State Exposition in 1874, for the best Specimens 
 of Plain and Ornamental Penmanship in the State. Their aim is to have 
 every Student write a good business hand before leaving the College. 
 
 COMMERCIAL CALCULATIONS. Short and abbreviated methods of 
 calculations, useful to business men, taught by Prof. H. C. JAMESON, of 
 Hickman, Ky. 
 
 COMMEECIAL LAW. This College does not expect to make Lawyers 
 out of their Students, but in order the Student may become properly posted, 
 even in accounts, it is necessary that he should have some knowledge of 
 Negotiable Paper, Partnerships, Contracts, Common Carriers, etc. ROB'T 
 L. MORRIS. Esq. (for ten years, and at present, a member of the Nashville 
 Bar), to whom they have intrusted their classes, is a faithful and pleasant 
 Teacher as well as practical lawyer. 
 
 BUSINESS CORRESPONDENCE. This includes instruction in the use 
 of capitals, the rules of punctuation, orthography, correct expressions, 
 forms, folding, and the general customs that pertain to all correspondence 
 of a business nature. 
 
 BUSINESS PRACTICE. By means of practical work, arranged so the 
 Student works the business practically, having banks, cash, merchandise, 
 etc. The Students trade with each other buy, sell, ship, and receive 
 goods, make their own invoices, notes, drafts, deposit in, and check from, 
 the bank, and keep their accounts as in actual business. 
 
 Board, Books, and Tuition 3 mos., $100; 4 mos,, $125. 
 
 All communications will be promptly answered if sent to 
 
 FRANK GOODMAN & CO., Nashville, Tenn. 
 
% PATENTED 
 
 AMERICAN GRAPHITE PENCILS, 
 
 Specially Adapted for Reporters. 
 
 FIVE GRADES FOR OFFICE USE. TEN GRADES FOR ARTISTS. 
 
 FINE, SMOOTH, STRONG, PERFECT. 
 
 Samples different grades, by mail, for TWENTY-FIVE Cents, 
 
 The J. DIXON CRUCIBLE CO., 
 
 Established 1827. JERSEY CITY. 
 
 THE ENGRAVERS' MODEL CABINET. 
 
 The most Useful and Instructive Present. 
 
 ENCOTJRA.C3-E HOME INDUSTRIES. 
 
 This Cabinet contains all the necessary Tools, Shade, Pad, Pre- 
 pared Blocks, and easy studies. Also, a beautiful Book of Instructions, 
 Illustrated. 
 
 Price, complete, No. 1, $5.00 ; No. 2, $3.75. 
 
 ggf A handsomely-illustrated paper, entitled " Engravers' Model 
 Cabinet," showing progress of Amateurs, and other valuable informa- 
 tion, sent to any address for stamp. 
 
 C. C. LOWENTHAL, 
 
 722 Siinsom Street, Vhiladn., Pa, 
 
 A. SERIES 
 
 TEXT-BOOKS T H N E ENGLISH LANGUAGE. 
 
 By JOHN S. HART, L.L..D., 
 
 Late Professor of Rhetoric and of the English Language in the College of New Jersey. 
 
 The Series comprises the following volumes, viz. : PRICE. 
 
 LANGUAGE LESSONS FOR BEGINNERS ..... $0 25 
 
 ELEMENTARY ENGLISH GRAMMAR ...... 40 
 
 ENGLISH GRAMMAR AND ANALYSIS ..... 80 
 
 FIRST LESSONS IN COMPOSITION ...... 80 
 
 COMPOSITION AND RHETORIC ....... 1 35 
 
 A SHORT COURSE IN LITERATURE ...... 1 35 
 
 A CLASS-BOOK OF POETRY ........ 135 
 
 A MANUAL OF AMERICAN LITERATURE . ; . . 2 20 
 
 A MANUAL OF ENGLISH LITERATURE ..... 2 20 
 
 Sent by mail, postpaid, on receipt of advertised price. Send for Our Catalogue. 
 
 Please address ELDREDCE & BROTHER, 
 
 17 A". Seventh fit,, Philadelphia, 
 
LAW REPORTER 
 
 f I ^HIS book contains an entire law case, reported in full in phonog- 
 -A- raphy, from its beginning to its termination, except argument 
 of counsel. The objections of counsel and the rulings of the court 
 will appear as made in the proceedings. The case will begin with the 
 indictment which brought the defendant into court, and will end with 
 the verdict of the jury impanelled to try the cause. 
 
 The book will abound in costly plates of engraved phonography, 
 and will surpass anything yet published on the subject of short-hand. 
 It will be published as soon as 
 
 THREE HUNDRED BONA FIDE SUBSCRIBERS 
 
 are obtained. The book of subscription is now open. Price of book, 
 $3.00. When the requisite number is obtained, the entire list of sub- 
 scribers will be notified and the book issued. In this book the young 
 reporter will see exactly the work he is required to do in court, as well 
 as the manner in which it is done. 
 
 Send name at once, pledging yourself to take a copy, to 
 
 W. E. H. SEARCY, 
 
 Grriffin, G!-a. 
 
 N.B. As soon as the LAW REPORTER is published, THE BOOK OF 
 PSALMS and other phonographic books will be issued. 
 
UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA LIBRARY 
 
 Los Angeles 
 This book is DUE on the last date stamped below. 
 
 IAR 1 4 1986 
 
 Form L9-25m-9,'47(A5618)444 
 
SU39 1