BSGB O 4^P i'' " — lg h > I ^lujii'^ S'2- 6/*^ J^'-^'-'-t.^^t^ /-^TT^t^^'^O'^'^ A CHINA TRADE. Digitized by the Internet Archive in 2007 with funding from IVIicrosoft Corporation http://www.archive.org/details/chinatradecontaiOObuckrich CHINA TRADE: CONTAINING THE ENTIRE SUBSTANCE OF THE EVIDENCE LAID BEFORE THE HOUSE OF COMMONS, [n the Session op 1830; EXTR ACTED AND CONDENSED, FROM THE REPORT OF THE COMMITTEE: FOR COMMERCIAL AND POLITICAL USES. BY THOMAS JOHN BUCKTON, aoyoRARY aECRRTARy or the hitll committee on the India and china trader. HULL: PRINTED AND PUBLISHED BY I. WILSON, LOWGATE; SOLD ALSO BY MESSRS. SIMPKIN AND MARSHALL, STATIONERS' HALL- COURT, LONDON. 18.3L INTRODUCTION. In the full expectation that Parliament will shortly open the China Trade to British enterprize, the Compiler has been induced to present to the Merchant all the valuable information contained in the evidence laid before the House of Commons, on that important subject, so as to enable him to embark in the trade with that prospect of success which accurate knowledge can alone supply. The Member of Parliament and Politician will find this work a copious index to the Report, containing, in as few words as possible, the entire substance of the evidence, faithfully and im- partially exhibited, on both sides of the question. The valuable index to the Parliamentary Report has been closely followed, where it furnishes the substance, and where it does not, that defect has been supplied. The names refer to the Witnesses, who are described shortly at pp. vii and viii. The figures attached to the names denote the number of the question in the Report ; but the House Printer having, by mistake, repeated the numbers from 3400 to 3999, such of those numbers as are referred to, have annexed to them the page of the printed evidence in which they are recorded. VI INTRODUCTION. The following Acts of Parliament regulate the East India Company : viz., 24 Geo. III., c. 38, usually called the Commu- tation Act ; 53 Geo. III., c. 155 ; 54 Geo. III., c. 34 ; 58 Geo. III., c. 83 ; and 5 Geo. IV., c. 88. Some particulars, omitted in the Commons' Report, are sup- plied from that of the Lords. It will be convenient to bear in mind, that the Chinese price of tea, ofteti tised in the evidence " tales per pecuV is tanta- mount to the English price of " half-pence per lb." : thus, 14 tales per pecul may be expressed 14 half-pence (or 7d.) per lb. (see pp. 6. 8.) A quarter chest contains about 67 lbs. (Maxwell, 3699, p. 246) and a chop is a quantity of tea, grown on one piece of ground by one man ; and of black teas it generally consists of, but sometimes exceeds, 600 chests, and of green, about 400 chests. — Coffin, 1584. NAMES AND DESCRIPTION OF THE WITNESSES. Mr. John Aken, formerly master of the Investigator, a discovery ship, and of the Exmouth, in the trade between India and China. Captain Richard Alsager, in nine voyages an officer, and in five a commander of a ship belonging to the East India Company. William Astell, Esq., M.P., a member of the Committee of the House, on the affairs of the East India Company, and Chairman of the Directors of the Company. Joshua Bates, Esq., an American, and partner in the house of Baring, Brothers, and Co., conversant with the American trade to China. Mr. Hugh Hornby Birley, formerly President of the Chamber of Commerce in Manchester. Abraham Borradaile, Esq , merchant, London, engaged in the trade with the Cape of Good Hope. Wm. Brown, Esq., the head of a mercantile establishment at Liverpool, exten- sively engaged in business with the United States of America. William Cartwright, Esq., i-esident eleven years in Buenos Ayres, as a merchant. Captain Abel Coffin, a citizen in the United States, commander of the ship Liverpool Packet, in the China trade from Boston. John Crawfurd, Esq., Parliamentary Agent, in London, for the inhabitants of Calcutta, formerly in the service of the East India Company. Walter Stevenson Davidson, Esq., a Scotchman, resident for several years in Can- ton, as a merchant and a naturalized Portuguese subject. John Francis Davis, Esq., a member of the select Conimittee of the East India Company at Canton. Mr. John Deans, resident and travelling 20 years in the Eastern Archipelago as a merchant and agent. Mr. Abraham Dixon, Foreign Commission agent, residing at Leeds, and formerly engaged in manufacturing cloths for the East India Company. Mr. Daniel Dixon, resident at the Cape of Good Hope thirteen years. ]VIr. Charles Everett, American agent for the purchase, in England, of goods for the China market. Captain Charles Hutchinson, a commander in the Navy, and master of tie ship Bombay Castle, in the trade between India and China. Vlll NAMES OF WITNESSES. Mr. William Ireland, clothier, London, Aldermanbury, and Chalford, in Glouccj- tershire. Patrick Kelly, LL.D., author of the Universal Cambist. Mr. John Kennedy, cotton manufacturer, Manchester. Mr. James Layton, tea broker, London. William Leach, Esq., accountant to the Board of Commissioners for the affairs of India. Thomas Gore Lloyd, Esq., accountant general of the East India Company. Mr. Alexander Mc. Donald, resident at the Cape of Good Hope 32 years. Captain John Mackie, commander of a Spanish vessel, the St. Sebastian, in the opium trade to China, and resident ten years in India. Charles Marjoribanks, Esq., a servant of the East India Company in their China Factory. Henry William Masterson, Esq. a vice consul and merchant at Rotterdam. Captain William Maxfield, formerly an officer in the military navy of the East India Company, and resident 25 years in India. Mr. John Argyle Maxwell, resident at Sincapore, and travelled to Canton as a commission agent and merchant. James Cosmo Melvill, Esq., auditor of the East India Company. Mr. Richard Milne, many years resident in Philadelphia, and engaged in the trade with India and China. Captain William Langley Pope, commander of the ship Boyne, chartered by government to New South Wales, and from Canton by the East India Com- pany. Robert Rickards, Esq., formerly resident in India 23 years, and, since 1811, em- ployed as an Indian agent in London, partner in the house of Rickards, Mackintosh & Co., engaged as agents in the China trade. Mr. John Simpson, of the firm of Stuart and Simpson, insurance brokers, London. John Stewart, Esq., M.P., member of the Committee of the House on the affairs of the East India Company, and has seven times visited China, and had extensive dealings with the Hong and outside merchants. William James Thompson, Esq., tea broker, London. Charles Poulett Thompson, Esq., M.P., member of the Committee of the House on the affairs of the East India Company. Thomas Thorneley, Esq., merchant, Liverpool. Mr. John Truelock, surveyor of the tea warehouses in the Excise, London, Mr. William Walford, agent for the manufactures of long ells. Mr. William Wybrow, registrar of tea sales in the Excise, I^ndon. II TEA. \. TEA GENERALLY. 7. PROFIT AND LOSS. 2. CONSUMPTION. 8. PURCHASE. 3. DETERIORATION. 0. SALE. 4. GROWTH. 10. SUPPLY. 5. EXPORTS. II. UPSET PRICE. 6. PRIME COST. 1. Tea Generally — The only article traded in by the East India CoHia J>any with China — Marjoribanks, 746. The Company have extended their tea trade considerably — MarJoribanJcs, 546. Bohea, a low description of tea, used as a flooring for the Company's ships — Marjoribanksy 598. Generally as good in America as in England — Milne, 1093 — Rickards, 5200, 5209. The green teas in America as good as could be produced — Milne, 1198. Generally brought from the interior; is not allowed to be brought by sea for fear of loss of duty — Marjoribanks 33:2 — Maxwell 3807, p. 252. Trade stopped in 1814, owing to an imperial edict of the government, which was anxious to monopolize all trade, by dictating prices through, the medium of a Co-Hong. Fismness of the East India Company frustrated the ?i.\.tem^t— Marjoribanks y 189, 191 — Drm*, 484-487 — Davidson, 2625' 2629. Consumed at Pekin is different from that shipped for foreign markets, and much less is consumed by a Chinese family than an English — Davis, 1391. Description of the Chinese manner of using it — Davis, 1405. They use it at all hours of the day ; there is a vessel which stands in the principal apartment of the house, and which is available to all the inmates — Davis, 1407. Loss to the consumer of tea in charging it in the upset price at 6s. 8d. the tale, instead of, 72 tales to 100 dollars, each of 4s. 3,79d. is from 1 8 1 9-20 to 1 822-23 £846,502— Crawfurd, p. 355. Duties oil tea in the United States 63 to 153 per cent, ad valorem; in France 17 to 85 per cent.; and in the Netherlands 5 to 15 per cent, ad valorem, reckoned on the average price of teas at New York, for the ten years ending 1829. — Craivfurd, p. 360. British duty on tea in 1789, 12^ per cent.; 1795, 20 per cent.; 1806, 96 per cent.; and in 1829, 100 per cent, ad valorem — Crawford, p. 362. Taking American prices as the standard, the same revenue might be raised to government with a reduction in the cost to the consumer of from 8,82d. to 3s. 3,96d. per \h.— Craivfurd, p. 369, 370. Opinion as to the value of several samples of tea delivered from the Board of Control to various brokers, as compared with teas sold by the East India Company, proving that the price in America and Europe is much less than the price given at the India sales in London — Lay ton, 5400 — Thompson^ 5505. General quality of tea on the continent. In 1814, tea on the continent was inferior to that of the East India Company — Layton, 5403-5. List of samples of teas from the continent of Europe and America, delivered by the Board of Control as samples — Lay tony 550\* Comparison of duties B on cofTee, cocoa, sugar, spirits and tobacco, with those on tea, calciilateci ad valorem; tea 96 and 100 per cent.; coffee 71 to 3/8 per cent.; cocoa S6 to 583 per cent.; sugar 60 to 233 per cent.; spirits 192 to 900 per cent., and tobacco 64 to 2057 per cent. — Crmvfurd, p. 372. The amount of revenue would not be reduced by levying the same duty only as America does — liickards, 3465, p. 275. 2. Consumption — In Great Britain lib. 7oz. 8dwts. to each person, taking the population at seventeen millions — Craivfurd, p. 3G2. In the United States about 6,000,000 lbs. annually — Brown, 940 ; or 9oz. 4dwts. per head, taking the population at twelve millions — Grmirfurd, p. 362. In Russia 5,000,000 lbs. and the continent of Europe not quite 5,000,000 lbs. and of the civilized world, besides England, is 22,000,000 lbs. — I>«m, 1364. In South America greatly increased, on account of the difficulty of pro- curing it from Paraguay — Carttunght^ 1482. Teas consumed in England arc not the best sorts, as they are not relished in this country — Hidchinson, 2734 ; Crawfurd, ?702, p. 306. Tea finds its way for consumption to Cochin China and Siam, to the Philippine Islands and Japan ; and has been brought in junks to Sincapore, and thence sent to Batavia — Deans, 3658, p. 246. In Holland about 2.700,000 lbs. annually— ikfas^e/ww, 3538, p. 287. Chinese do not consume so much as the English — Davis, 1400. Con- sumption of tea general among the native population of China — Hutchinson, 2701 ; Cratvfurd, 3394, p. 305. Consumed by Chinese at Sincapore — Craw/^r^, 3732, p. 310. Great consumption of, in China, say 28 times that of this country — Ct^awfurd, 3733, p. 310. Has considerably increased on the continent — Laytony 3469. Comparative statement of the con- sumption per head ortea and coffee in Great Britain, France, and America, taken on the average of the four years, ending 1827, on an estimate of the population of those countries. Great Britain, tea, lib. 7oz. 8dwts,; coffee, lOoz. 14dwts. ; France (32 millions of inhabitants), coffee, 9 oz. 13 dwts.; and the United States, tea, 9oz. 4dwts.; coffee, 21bs. loz. lldwts, — Crav>- furd, p. 362. Comparative statement of the consumption and revenue of tea in Great Britain and America, for eleven years, ending 1828 — Crawfiird, p. 366. 3. Detehioration. — Tea deteriorated by keeping; new teas always preferred — Milne, 1051, 1095, 1164, 1172. So much so that teas shipped to Holland indirectly are not liked so much as those which come direct — Masterson,^^d>^,\). 291. Old tea always cheaper than new — Milne, 1099. Old teas have cost 17 tales, when new are worth 22 — Milne, 1 1 13. Black teas injure by keeping — Cofftn, 1617. There is a difference of price between old and new tea of four or five tales — Coffin, 1616. Not deteri- orated if kept in a dry place ; black tea often the better, but green teas Ruffer^ — Dayton, 5432. Black tea improves by keeping, if kept in a proper placB — Thompson, 5521. But green teas get worse — Thompson, 5526, Some Chinese consider tea better for being kept, if properly stopped — Davis, 1421. 4. Exports — 120,000 chests of contract tea annually shipped; total export of tea 200,000 chests — MarjoribanJcs, 587. East India Company export from China 30,000,000 lbs. of tea a year, and the Americans 8,000,000 lbs. — Davis, 1364. Is not allowed to be exported in native vessels to Canton — Marjoribanks, 883; Davidson, 3052. An imperial edict against it — Maxwell^ 3807. Imported into Sincapore and Siara in spite 8 of the government— C#/J, 1876-188G; Hutchinson, 2709-2711. Into M'At^x'vd— Deans, 3518, 3519. Into Siam, Cochin China, Philippine Islands and Japan — Deans, 3658. To Sincapore — Maxwell, 3793-3797. ^ Statement containing a view of the Netherlands tea trade, which gives nn average annual importation of 41,000 quarter chests; duty levied on importation of tea in foreign vessels is a very slight addition to that on native shipping — Mastcrson, 3258, p. 285. The Americans export from Canton about one-third of the quantity of tea exported by the Company, and that proportion does not include the shipments to ports in Europe — Bates, 3237. Which has amounted to 14,000 chests-^Bates, 3239. Exports of tea by the East India Company in 1826-27, Bohea 54,000 peculs; Congo 171,000; Souchong 2,000; Sunchi 1,000; Pecco 500; Tonkay 5,400; Skin 2,000, and of superior Tonkay 2,000 ^iecuh—BateSy 3445. Assortment for the continental markets, Bohea 1,500 peculs; Congo 10,000; Campoi 4,600; Souchong 4,000; Pecco 2,000; Hyson 3,000 ; Skin 2,000 ; Tonkay 3,400 ; Young Hyson 2,300 ; Imperial 500 ; and Gunpowder 500 peculs — Bates, 3447. Cost of Tea in 1829, ;j(?r lb. Winter Contract Hyson Bohea. Congou. sd. Congou, s. d. Campoi Souchong Twankay Skin. Hyson Prime Cost at 6s. id.l 624pertdle > s.d. s. d. s. d. s.d. s.d. s.d. 9M6 11,G70 I 4,15 1 7,738 1 11,022 1 4 1 4,466 2 2,72 Freight jO 4,2 4,2 4,2 4,2 9 4,2 5.25 5,25 5,25 Landing, &c. Charges ,0 ],6 1,6 J,6 1,6 1,6 1,6 i,(\ 1,6 Insurance..., 0,299 0,361 0,499 0,61 0,712 0,495 0,5 0,826 Interest |0 1,287 1.494 1,^755 2,325 2,663 1,992 2,04 3,097 Commission 0,2(51 0,394 1 7,723 0,437 2 O.Sil 0,479 0,598 0,422 2 1,759 0,437 2 2,302 0,826 1 5,313 2 4,952 2 8,795 3 2,319 Llot/d, 3995, p. 334. Excess of the prime cost at Canton of the East India Company's teas over those of the Americans, in 1821-22, is from 18 to 104 per cent. — Crawfurd, p. 354. The proportion of the exports of Great Britain, of tea, to imports was 1 to 65, and 1 to 155, in the years 18,25 to 1828 ; whilst the proportion of American exports, of tea, to imports, in the same years, was 1 to 2jV> and 1 to 3^% — Crawfurd, p. 356. In the year 1827, the Americans exported to Germany, France, Gibraltar, and all other places 1,626,417 lbs. of tea, whilst the East India Company exported only 255,083 lbs. — Crawfurd, p. 359. The power of importing tea would be of great advantage to free-traders. — Kennedy, 5034. Comparative statement of the total importations and re-exportations for the United Kingdom, of the following articles of Chinese and Indian produce, for the six years ending 5th Januar}'', 1829, (see " East India Trade,") ordered by the House of Commons to be printed, from 1824 to 1829. Proportion of Re expor- Re-exportations. tations to Importations. 2,369,703 lbs. as 1^ to 100 791,529 64 to 100 2,230,066 77 to 100 310,463 77 to 100 24,936,527 76 to 100 554,680 cwt. 34 to 100 61,492,222 lbs. 48 to 100 20,381,264 51 to 100 25,127,715 53 to 100 Crawfurd, \}.Zm. Importations, Teas 192,339,840 lbs. Camphor 1 ,230,754 Cassia 2,888,144 Rhubarb 399,495 Coffee 32,717,840 Sugar 1,610,541 cwt. Cottonwool 126,445,870 lbs. Indigo 39,957,624 Pepper 47,302,767 5. Growth — Provinces wliere the tea is cultivated, very populous, and -cultivated by small proprietors, as the Chinese law divides property among descendants — Davis, 49!^. And the Hong are supplied by teamen, who contract for the crops — Davisy 499. The tea-men are persons of generally large capital — Davis, 495. The production of, confined to a few provinces; at Pekin different from those at Canton ; rather inferior; Chinese do not consume so much as the English; very generally used in China — Davis, 1391. A common beverage in China — A/ie7i, 2091. Cul- tivated in most of the provinces of China, in Yanann, the most westerly province, also in Japan, Cochin China, and Tonquin — Crawfurd, 3693-4, p. 305. Attempt to cultivate the tea-plant in Java a failure, the gardens were rooted up — Masterson, 3586, p. 291. All tea grown out of China, is sufficiently bad — Crawfurd, 3695, p. 305. Very inferior large-leaved tea is grown in Cochin China — Cranfurd, 3708, p. 306. Plant takes time to come to maturity — Davis, 1432, 1434. Attempt to transplant it to Brazils an utter failure — Davis, 1409. Tea-plant of Paraguay is quite different from the China tea-plant — Cartturight, 1484. Might be cultivated in India — Crawfurd, '\']^Q,t^.Z\\. Black tea is grown in the province^ of Fokien and Canton ; green tea is all grown in Kiang-nan, Kiang-si, and Che-kiang. Pekoe are the buds, picked in the early part of the spring, before they have burst ; this is the kind said to be sent to Russia ; the different classes are formed by selecting the better from the inferior leaves : after they have been dried, the light leaves, separated by a winnowing- machine from the heavier, form Hyson-skins. Copper never used in making green tea — Marjoribanks, 204; Davis, 1391. Is a very hardy ^\aut— Crawfurd, 3689, p. 305. 6. Prime Cost —How regulated by the Company — Report, xiii. Congou is purchased at 25 to 30 tales the pecul of 133^ lbs. — MayjoribanJcs, 600. Souchong 30 to 40 tales per pecul — Marjoribanks, 606. Price of, remains stationary or nearly so — Davis, 1212, 1231 — MarjoribanJcs, 592. Price of, fixed by a scale of value — Davis, 1230. Company nearly regulate the price — Richards, Mid, p. 271; Davis, J 230. Price of, was reduced in 1825 by the East India Company — Davis, 1256. The history of which arrangements can be found at the India House — Davis, 1258. How funds are provided for in China — Lloyd, 4133. The whole portion of funds required for the purchase of tea in China, remitted from India, amounts to about two-thirds of the whole, including consignments of merchandize from India to China, as well as bills drawn from China upon India — Melvill, 4301 ; Richards, 3516, p. 283; 5262. Shipment of British manufactures to India the worst mode of providing funds for the purchase of teas — Melvill, 4326. How charged with interest — i%(/, 4236; ilfe/n//, 4298, 4883. How affected by the value of the tale as fixed by the Board of Control, and the old mint standard, adopted by the Company— L/oj/rf, 4393 ; Mekill, 5059, 5064, 5066, 5875. Com- pany's method of computing "prime cost" different from that of all merchants — Richards, 5259. The only mode of ascertaining the cost price of any article abroad is by taking the course of exchange into cal- culation — Bates, 3972, p. 331. Price in China of Company's contract Congou tea, including the commission and the charge of shipping, jnisunder stood by Mr. Bates, as to price stated in former evidence—* Melvill, 5874, An account shewing the rate per tale at which funds for the China investment were provided in the seasons 1828-29. Br.li.nce of Cash and avail ible assets in China, end of season 1827 28, cal- culated at the rate per tale of that season, viz. 6s. 7,442rf. per tale Supplies from India and England 1828-29. Bengal — Invoice amount of Cotton, calculated according to the intrinsic value of the Sicca rupee, at the mint price of silver, viz. 5*. 2d. per oz Freight of Cotton by country ships, payable at Bengal, calculated at the sime rate Commnnders' Cotton Bonds, calcu- lated at the same rate Bills drawn on Bengal, c dculated at the same rate Madras. — Invoice amount of Cotton, calculated at the intrinsic value of the Madras rupee, as before Invoice amount of Sandal Wood, Calculated at the s?me rate Bombay. — Invoice amount of Cotton, calculated at the intrinsic value of the Madr s rupee, as before Freight of Cotton by country ships, payable at Bombay, calculated at the eame rate Commanders' Cotton Bonds, calcu- lated at the same rate England. — Invoice amount of Con- sign ments Bills and Certificates drawn on the Court Supra cargoes commission on tho above outward trade, payable in Eng land Freight of Consignments from India to China, as above, by Europe ships, payable in England Total amount of supplies from India and England, including charges pay- able in India and England on account of the same Or at 6s. 4,624d. per tale, or 4s. 7,1 69d. per doWar, —Lloi/d, 3995, p. 333 ; 4232. Estimate of the cost freight and charges of every species of tea, per Ih., imported in the year 1 829. — Lloi/d, 3995, p. 334 fsee above, 4. Exports,) East India Company's prime cost of tea, per lb., at Canton, 1821-22. Bohea 9,43d. Congou Is. 5,34d.; Souchong 2s, 2,44d.; Sonchi Is. 9,1 4d. Twankay Is. 5,20d. Hyson-skin Is. 6, lid. Hyson 2s. 9,2od. Young Hyson 2s. l,32d. J American, prime cost, per lb. same year, — Bohea 5,94d. Congou Is. 2,58d. Souchong Is. 0,95d. Sonchi Is. 0,95d. Twankay ll,88d. Hyson-skin 10,8d. Hyson Is. 9,6d. Young Hyson Is. 4,74d. The tale in the American account is reckoned at the rate of 72 tales for 100 dollars, or 6s. nearly. — Craiifurd, p. 354. £. Tales. .... 81,040 Amount realized in China 1828-29 Tales. 244,827 £. 234,043 ? Produced In China 850,518 20,280 3 98,350 Received ditto.... 326,718 5G2,5i)2 Ditto ditto 1,964,421 103,152 Produced ditto . . 267,980 14,198 Ditto ditto 65,728 94,291 ? Ditto ditto 379,005 1.894 i 53,480 Received ditto.... 1S4,159 717,504 Produced ditto .. 2,164,lo3 135,813 Received ditto,... 484,514 24,772 71,613 2,181,982 Total amount realized in China for supplies of the 6,687,176 Deduct amount paid for interest in Tales.. 6,932,003 411 2,213,022 6.931,592 6 Statement, shewing the prices of the different kinds of Tea, without duty, in London, Halifax, and New York respectively, in 1821), from Price Currents of these respective places : — Teas. London. Halifax. Nov. Nov. S. d. s. d. Bohea 1 8 Congou 2 4A Souchong 4 l^ Hyson. skin 2 IQi Young Hyson 3 11^ Hyson 4 3^ Gunpowder 5 1 New York. Amsterdam July. July. s. d. S. d. 9,83 y,67 none 1 6-,02 1 7,4 1 2,93 1 4,56 I 3,47 2 3,81 none 2 7,05 2 10,04 3 2,55 3 10,91 1 8,52 2 3,36 3 5,04 2 5,07 none 4 7,57 4 7,57 The London prices exceed the New York prices by nearly 75 per cent, and the Amsterdam by 76 per cent. — Crawfurdy p. 355. Statement to show the probable cost of the different qualities of tea, necessary to be imported for the supply of the United Kingdom ; showing also the price at which they could be disposed of in bond, so as to remu- nerate the merchant and shipowner : — lbs. wt. Bohea 3,778,012 Congou 20,112,783 Campoi 284,197 Souchong 601,739 Pekoe 131,281 Twankay 4,101.845 Hyson-skin 213,993 Hyson 1,014,923 Gunpowder 645 Tales. £ Sterling. d. at 14 per pecul 110,191 at 7 per lb. 22 923,215 U 22 13,025 11 28 35,101 14 42 11,487 19 22 188,005 11 24 10,698 12 45 95,119 22i 60 80 30 30,269,418lbs cost ; ^61,386,951 average 11 per lb. Freight 30,000 tons, at 10/. per ton 300,000 Insurance, 3 per Cent 41,608 Commission, 2| per Cent 34,673 Cost, with freight, insurance, and commission, ^1,763,232 or Is. 2d. per lb. Sold by the East India Company, 1828-29, 30,269,508 lbs of tea, at 2s. 3,97d. per lb. in bond is ^£3,527,659 Duty at 100 per Cent... , £3,234,076 Ditto, at 96 per Cent 281,839 3,515,913 Total value of tea (duty paid) in one year £7,043,527 Assumed price taken in this statement : — 30,269,508 lbs. of tea, average price, Is. 6d. per lb. in bond (yielding ample profit to the merchant and ship- owner) is ^2,270,213 Duty, at 100 per Cent £ 136,407 Ditto, at 96 per Cent 2,048,453 2,184,860 Total value (duty paid) by this statement... £4,455,073 Additional amount, paid by the country for tea, in one year, in con- sequence of the East India Company's monopoly ^2,588,499 Taken, however, at 2s. 9,92J. per lb. in bond, being the average price during the present charter, the excess paid by the country is 5^4,09], 107 per annum. The net profit to the merchant, at Is. 6d. per lb. in bond, would be on the above quantity ^317,707 or 18 per cent. — Richards^ 3454, 5 pp. 273-4. Comparison between the Company's Invoice prices of Tea, at the respective rates of 6s. 8d. sterling the tale, and at the rate of 72 tales to 100 dollars, each of 4s. 3,79d. East India Company's Invoice Price at 72 Tales Years. Invoice Price. to 100 Dollars. Difference. 1819-20 ^1,877,402 ^l,66fi,94G ^210,45(5 1820-21 1,896',476 1,683,882 212,594 1821-22 1,852,715 1,645,026 207,689 1822-23 1,924,738 1,708,975 215,763 Crawfurdf p. dob. 7. Profit and Loss. — Profit on the tea trade, supposing all to have been contract Congou, amounted in 1829-30 to 6 per cent, per annum beyond interest — Melvill, 50{>6. Total cost of teas for ten vears was 5^25,681,320, which sold for ^£'35,960,004, leaving a profit of about 40 per cent — Melvill, 5083-86. Profit has considerably declined — Melvill, 50/1, 5087; diminished in common v/ith that of other traders— il/c/m//, 5087. Loss to the country on the quantity of tea consumed in 1828-29, is £],727,9M—T/iornele7/, 3420, p. 2G8. Teas cost the country about ^1,500,000 more annually than they would if bought on private account ^Bates, 3427, p. 230; or even £1,600,000, or £1,700,000 more— Bates, 3968, p. 330. The loss to the country, including duty, is £2,588,499, (see above) — RichardSy 3454, p. 272; 3461, p. 275. This is in consequence of the state of the law, and the exchange is not fairly computed — Melvill, 4359. The Company, judging by the sale price of their teas, should realize J 00 per cent, profit — Aken, 2173. Have ga-'ned in commerce since 1814, upwardsof£12,000,000— ilfe^i^i//, 490. Profit of the Company on the tea imported — Melvill, 5075. The profits of the Company on their China trade could never pay their dividends and interest on bond-debts — Rickards, 3428, p. 269. Their profits in 1820-21, on the China trade was only 5^276,413, to pay £162,938 interest on home bond debt, and £632,251 dividends on stock, leaving a deficiency of 5^518,776 — Rickards, 3435, p. 270. By adding to the proceeds of this trade, a larger sum for tea, also £.236,287 interest earned on the Company's capital, and £44,593 saved by effecting their own insurance, and deducting from the cost of the tea certain charges, there is a surplus (after paying the interest on the bond debt, and the dividends on stock) of £437,585.— -ilie/tji//, p. 391. Com- pany must realize profits to enable them to fulfil the engagements imposed upon them. — Melvill, 5135. Return of teas not generally profitable. — Bates, 3251, p. 220. Merchants have lately given up the idea of import- ing tea to any profit upon the cost prices, unless as remittances for exports. — Masterson, 3568, p. 290. 25 per cent, on the prime cost of tea, would remunerate the shipper to the continent; but 35 per cent, must be charged, to leave a profit of 10 per cent, to the shipper of teas to England. — Bates, 5665. 10 per cent, considered, by the officers of the Company, a very good return. — Alsager, 2306. 8. PuECHASE. — The Company contract in March with the Hong, to deliver, in the ensuing season, most of their tea investment ; the Hong g ertgage with the tea-merchants, and make them advances. When broiigfi! to Canton, the tea is inspected vigilantly by the Company*s inspectors, who have the option of all black tea. — Marjorihank-,, 186, 682; Davis, 120] . The common price of contract congou teas, which forms the bulk of the investment, is 25, 26, 27, 28, and 30 tales per pecul; that is 133f lbs., Marjoribanks, 578. Bohea is from 14 to 17 tales a \iet\.\\—Marioribanks^ 599. Souchong 30, 32, 34, 36, 38, and 40 tales per \)ec\x\—Marjoribanks, 606. Method of arrangement with the Hong merchants — Marjoribanks, 582. How the Hong arrange with the tezLmen— Davis, 498. 120,000 chests of contract tea annually shipped; total exports 200,000 chests — Marjoribanks, 549,6. Company formerly used to barter with the Hong merchants, who are now required to give money \}v\ce%-^ Marjoribanks^ 342. Generally pay for their tea in part by barter of merchandize. — Coffin, 1816. Barter a good de^X.—Aken, 2137. The manner in whioh the Company conduct their trade with the Hong, for tea, resolves itself virtually into a trade of barter. — Rickards, 3796, p. 317; 3842, p. 521. Prices ot tea may be arbitrary and not regulated by the prices in the market — Rickards^ 3843, p. 321. Private trade some- times barter, but generally pay dollars — Aken, 2040. Ships' officers do so likewise — Alsager, 2285. Merchants sometimes exchange goods for — Hutchinson, 2810. Often obliged to barter goods for, or would be unable to find a sale for their goods— ilfa^M;» a 50 do Campoy, if 24 » it 50 do Souchong, » 24 ,> it 50 1. 8 do do » 24 a it 50 1^^ do do » 25 » ft 50 i do Pecco, »» 90 » it 50 ^ do do j> 90 ,) ft 500 i do Hvson Skin, j> 24 »» fi 100 1 do do >» 25 if it 50 do Young Hyson, t) 40 a it 25 do do j> 40 a it 100 I do Hyson, )> GO »» it 25 a do do » 60 a it 50 tV do do j> 60 a it 10 i do Imperial, )> 54 a t* 10 i do do ;> 54 a >» 20 tV do do >> 54 i> tt 10 i do Gunpowder, » 60 a it 10 i do do 60 it it 10 tV do do » 60 a J» Maxwell, 3698, p. 246. s The Company have frequently prevented the rise of the price of tea — Mar- joribanks, 200; Davis, 385, 41(5. In 1825 the Company reduced the price one tale per pecul on Congou tea — Marjoribanks, 603; Davis, 1212. 0[)inion varies as to the Company's influence on the price of tea — Bates, 3403. Company could not provide funds for the purchase of, better than individuals, because China merchants would take bills on London with the greatest ease — A/cen, 2179. Company have option of all the black tea — Marjoribanks, 186. And have a decided preference over all other foreigners — Marjoi'ibanks, 199. On account of being the best consumers — Marjori- banks, 315. Have the first offer of all black teas and of the bulk of the green teas — Davis, 409-41 0. On account of their large capital and regular trade — Davis, \^\2. Would always have the preference, if their trade remained as now — Alsager, 2489-2490. Company have no advantage in purchase of tea except from the magnitude of their operations — Bates, 3448. Company's teas cleaner and better than officers' teas — Layton, bdQh ', Thompson, 5523. Some of the tea of private traders as good as the Company's — Rickards, 3458, p. 274. Private tea not so old by twenty months — Bickards, 5181. Some agents could buy tea as good and cheap as the Company — Aken, 2140. Private trade tea sells belter in England than the Company's — Rickards, 5183. Company have a choice by making contracts the year before, but there is much good tea they never get — Deans, 3577, p. 240. Officers of the Company's ships often sell their tea dearer than the Company — Rickards, 5187-5189. Company have not the first choice of green teas, the Americans buying largely — Cojin, 1600; Brown, d'^^i; Bates, 3276. The Company experience some com- petition with the Americans about green teas — Marjoi'ibanks, 187; Bates, 3276. State of consumption of teas in America — Milne, 1043. Green tea principally consumed in the United States — Bates, 3446. The Americans experience no difficulty in procuring any sort of tea they desire • — Bates, 3287. Black tea purchased by the Company better than that bought for the Americans— Ct^H, 1599. Americans sometimes purchase, from Hong merchants, teas with the Company's mark — Coffin, 1600,1817. Company may obtain better tea than the Americans by making engage- ments in the year previous, and paying a larger price — Hutchinson, 2740. Difference in the price paid for tea here and in America is not solely attributable to the monopoly, but to the quality likewise — Bates, 3409. Company's teas in China generally considered better than other teas — Coffin, 1817- Company can purchase their tea cheaper than others — Aken, 2135-2142. Company buy their tea at great advantage — David- son, 2596. Better bought by being contracted for the year before — Aken, 2138. Should always be purchas^^d, if possible, by previous contract ; the Com* pany derive advantage from their mode of conducting business — Coffin, 1599; Davidson, 2596. Their method o( purchasing winter teas — Davis, price- highly advantageous to the (^ompany — Davidson, d05\. A difference of 6 to 10 per cent, in favour of teas purchased by the Company, over the American trade — Coffi?i, 1599. Company pay more for their teas than c 10 the same quality would cost a private \nd[\idi\?i\— Hutchinson^ 2741; Rickardsy 3453, p. "Zl^^ ; 3796. p. 317. Disadvantageous mode of carrying on the Company's trade — HiitcMnsony 2755; Richards, 3488, p. 278. Purchased by the Company's officers, consists of thnt rejected by the Company, and is therefore a grade lower — Alsage)\ 2301. Account shewing the rate per tale, at which funds for the China investment were provided in season 1828-29, (see above) — Lloyd, 3995, p. 333. Account of the purchase and sale of the East India Company's invest- ments of tea, for the four years 1819-20 to 1822-23. Dr. To prime cost of 11 0,247,443 lbs. te^ i€7,551,331 Salaries and table expenses of7 .j^o loo the Factory _JL j ^^'^^^ Other charges in China ^^^^^.^.^ Charges in England ,,»^^^ Jreight and demurrage ,^^ In teres t v>^,,v~.»^ Insurance Loss sustained by fire, in 1822, at Canton !] 22;},'363 9!;,U44 2,112,0()7 934,2;i7 233,546 380,132 Balance in favor of the Company 12,715,154 2,fi4!,229 i;i.5,3d(>,383 710,824- Cr. By sale of 104,0*4,203 lbs. Tea ^614,645,55? Proportion of costs and charges' on 6,163,240 lbs. Tea, being ( the excess of the purchases ( Lbuve the sales .^-^^^.^^^ Sale price per lb. 2s. 9,77d. But, as per Parliamcniary Paper, No. 42, 2s. 10,0yd. being a difference of 32-lOOths of a penny. £15,356,38;^ The annual profit is therefore ^660,307, from which would have to be disbursed the interest on the bond-debt and the dividends on stock, together ^777,550 per annum, leaving a deficiency of £117,243 — Craw- furd, p. 367. Price paid by Americans for teas in 1822 was, for Souchong 22 to 2.3 tales per pecul, Bohea 12, Congou 21 to 22, Young Hyson 36, Hyson 36, Hyson Skin 35 tales per pecul ; cents are t^o ^^ Spanish dollars ; 22 tales would be about 22^ cents — Coffin, 1 587-8. Estimate of the cost, freight, and charges of each species of tea per lb- imported in 1829 (see above) — Lloyd, 3995, p. 334. Current prices paid by the Americans for tea, in 1829, were, for Bohea 10 to 12 tales per pecul,' Congou 14 to 20, Campoi 14 to 20, Souchong 14 to 25, Pecco none. Hyson Skin 9 to 18, Tonkay and Singlo 15 to 20, Young Hyson 20 to 35, Hyson 30 to 45, Imperial 40 to 50, and Gunpowder 40 to 52 tales per pecul — Bates, 3466. 9. Sale.— The mode in which the Company's sales of, are conducted in England, and the effects of the laws which regulate the trade in that article upon the Company, and upon the public respectively — Report xii. Individuals could purchase at Is. 2d. per lb. the same tea for which the Company pay 2s. ^y^^d.—RicJcards, 3454, p. 273 (see above). 1 ,200,000 lbs. of Bohea are sold every sale by the Company — Layton, 5419. Tea refused at the upset price of the Company — Layton, 5421. Tea imported by officers does not generally sell so well as Company's tea — Layton, 5436; Thomrtson, 5523. Lowest price of Bohea Is. 5d. retailed at 3s. to 3s. 4d. including 96 per cent, duty — Layton, 5442. There has not been a fall of 2d. per lb. in the sale price of tea for ten years — Layton, 5497- In the last twenty years considerable reduction in the sale price — Thomjison, 5549. 11 o o o o o o O ■M +j i ■Hie) .HiM HnHji Hco 'Hio^Hlaj z'L*' 1— 1 1-^ "«' i0 05 >OC5 O rl t^O ■«' '^g=|-«' ©( ^ -^ 05 O « ♦-» *^ ■^ 00 -^ 00 >— , CO «o -^ t>.;o . -Gl^ cot>. ■13 xo> F— 1 - i-i "O '-^ 6C G^CO G^ CO G.x ^ ■^* ^ -« c c^ Gi CO G^CO G^G^ ^ G^ ©J 01 o o o o o o ,-W^V o ^ +-> *i •*-> o •*-• •-l1«J HlisHla^ -^IN H|(M Hn_ 1— < "ts Tt^ G^ 4Gt 00 rj^ •«' 00 t^-T3 ®* '^ ,vi XL^X'J^"e »-i "^ OO ©J C5 ■•-> G< i-'llM-^N ^IM-I« •HlOJ rilOlHlOl , MiOJ H •*J -M ♦J 4-> ■*J ■*-» ^ , Hn ilIOl -HlM r-lt<-i|ej .-(iQJ p^!oi OO ■^ p^ ^ !-< C5 ^ CO '-H ^•oco "^ ©?CO-Q CO to -Q t^ Ts O -< I— 1 —I - O* — G-( ©I rl p-i ^ ^^ 1— « —1 I— < to ©i CO CO CO G< o o O O P o o „_, *■> •M •M t-i •M G^ ■i.^; r^lOjHlM ^loHiM -HiN -Hloj-lir) •^lOJ -^llM QO "« t>,^ CO !>• OOO ^sosco "t; © *i 4-> •w ^ ►^j ->\ii ^hi -ii(M-l|(M Mid •H|!M-.co -e CO?£-e CO "^i -tjt^ -xs 1— t I—" ti CO CO COCO G^Gl Gl ^ ^^•V ' ^•>"V~" ' h » § s^ i C »—< c ) X >M X rr c 12 Paraguay tea, at Buenos Ayres, ^d. to 9d. per lb., whilst China tea there was 2s. to 2s. 6cl. per lb. for black, and 3s., 3s. 6d , to 4s. for green ; the duty 20 per cent, ad valorem — Cartwright, 1^34-38. Retail price of good Souchong tea, in the United States, 2s. or 50 cents, of which 25 cents or 12|d. is duty ; similar tea costs here, retail, 5s. 6d. — Coffin AQ'JA-Q, Gun- powder tea, purchased at Canton, sold at Penang for 76 Spanish dollars per pecul, average profit about 15 per cent — Ahen, 2084. At the Cape of Good Hope, gunpowder tea is 9s. per lb. — Aken, 2087. Price of tea here depends on the quantity the Company put up for sale — Thompson^ 5555. Mode of ascertaining and collecting the duties on tea — Truelock, 5575. Wj/brow, 5579. Demand for supply of, in England, always abundantly provided for by the East India Company, who regulate their sales of, by the previous deliveries — MclvUi, 4368,4941,4902. Company have a view to their own profit in the quantity of tea put up — lliovipson, 5557. The Com- pany never advert to the amount of profit, but only to the demand for tea, and to afford an abundant supply — Melvill, 4947, 5065. Profit on sales of, the result of fair competition — Melvill, 4366. Green tea would sell better if brought into the market on arrival — Laj/ton, 5434. Com- pany not obliged under the Commutation Act, (24 Geo. III. cap. 38), to sell under one penny advance on their upset price, but they nevertheless sell their tea at an advance of one farthing per lb. — Melvill, 5059. If rejected at one sale are often put up at any price — Melvill, 5 1 04. Profit from the sale of Congo tea 6 per cent, per annum — Melvill, 5066. Profit on tea in ten years 40 per cent. — Melvill, 5086. Profit low in late years, 5071. But not more than other traders — Melvill, 5087. Less rise and less fall in the price of tea than other articles in a series of years — Melvill, 5107. Comparative statement of the East India Company*s sale price and bond price of Congou and Hyson Teas, for five years. CONGOU. HYSON. i Company's ( average i Sale Price. Bond Price. Advance Per Cent. 1 Company's aver-Jge Sale Price. Bond Price Advance Per Cent. s. d. S. d. S. d. . d. 1818 2 4,78 3 2,83 34 1818 4 11,83 5 2,62 4i% 1819 1 9,25 3 0,50 71 'I8I9 5 3,66 5 4,25 x% 1820 2 1,88 2 11 35 1820 5 6,04 5 8,33 3tV 1821| 2 5,28 3 22 1821 4 8,53 5 6,33 13 1822 2 5,43 3 1,37 26 1822 4 3,24 4 11,07 15 Crawfurd, p. 357. 13 Btatement shewing the average sale price of the following articles of Indian produce, for the fifteen years ending with 1828-29. Years. Tea per lb. Sugi,r per cwt Black Pepper Cotton Wool Saltpetre per lb. per lb. per cwt. S. d. 5. d d. S. d. S. d. 1814-15 3 4,53 68 8 15i 1 2k 89 6 1815-16 3 J, 23 49 1 101 lU 87 1816-17 2 11,63 52 81 1 1| 57 3 1817-18 3 0,78 49 8f 1 40 6 1818-19 3 0,23 49 10 sk 111 41 3 1819-20 2 9,16 40 7 7 81 36 1820-21 2 9,43 34 6| 6 28 5 1821-22 2 10,19 25 6 7 51 25 7 1 822-23 2 9,94 31 6 / () 26 1223-24 2 10,31 30 (j 61 25 6 1824-25 2 9,94 26 5| 61 21 6 1825-26 o 8,51 35 6^p 61 25 8 1826-27 2 6,40 30 4^ 5^ 22 1827-28 2 4,o6 33 4 4 23 11 1828-29 2 35 3 4i 23 6 Craivfwd, p. 358. Average price of American Teas, exclusive of duties, for ten years, fronn 1820 to 1829 inchisive, taken from the iN^ew York price current, (see ^hove)— Milne, 1062-1064. Average prices of American Teas in 1820, 1822, 1824, 1826, 1828, and 1829, taken from the New York price currents; the American money reduced to sterling, at the rate of 4s, 3|d. per dollar. Teas. Imperial .... Gunpowder . . Hyson Young Hyson. Hyson Skin .. Souchong . . . . Congou Bohea Average of^ all teas for > each year. J Years. s. d. 3 4,10 3 6,69 2 6,01 1 11,28 1 2,74 1 1,97 rja 11,64 1 11,02 1822 *. d. 3 2,81 3 6,69 1824 s. d. 3 5,4 1826 s. d. 3 4,1 3 6,4 i3 4,1 2 6,27 2 10,15 1 2 7,05 1 10,51 2 8,73 2 3,94 1 2,49 . 2 2,91 1 7,14 ! 3 I 1 7,4 1 6,11 7,76 8,79 — 11,12: 10,6 8,28 9,33 2 2,1 2 2,38 1828 s. d. 2 9,63 2 9,63 2 8,34 2 3,16 1 6,59 1 6,63 8.28 2 0.46 1829 s. d. 3 2,55 3 2,55 2 7,05 2 3,81 1 4,56 1 7,4 9,83 2 1,96 Average of each sort for ten years 1820 to 1829 Duty per lb. a. d. «. d. 3 3,74 2 1,87 3 4,64 2 1,87 2 8,18 1 8,7 2 3,83 I 8,7 1 6,8 I 2,49 1 6,69 1 0,93 8,44 1 0,93 9.59 6,21 2 0,36 1 5.46 Ad valorem Duty 65 ^ct. 63,6 64,3 74,3 77 73 153 64 79,14 Cmwfurdy p. 363, ^ O X a^ H ^^ r> o CO r c c '-< v: ^ o p" o o_ 3 O o o 3 3 C3 3 o 3" o 3 3 1. 1 3 s 00 to § o i_i ^4^. p J^ 1— 1 O to X^ Oi to x-< ^ — a> o O o 4^ 4i. ^ S* S *■© vH! 00 v?° vf® 00 i" "is C5 o o 00 • >•■< )_• l_^ OO 00 t— ' •<» ■*Q . g o 00 ^•-^ i^ CO ^1 vl*^ 00 « i+5 E S' 4>» 00 Ol CO *co On 00 to S oo •^J ^2 C)i /^ o- (Ui . ^ On o- 00 •«4 CO 00 00 •o Ci *. to to to to to >—' ^ ? 1 l_l C5 •— 1 oo Cn o JO 00 Oi !X ^^ ^tn • .« o J^ ^ ^to On Ci v?» F^ c' ft: re o o "►Ji. "cn "co OO o Ci *!3 *- •--I 00 oo to •-^ ! U) 1-^ 'Vo t— i oo On 1— • 5' ^ b^ oo oo K>^ f? ^ <-» i^ oo oo oo ^J ^ to i« ?45 E 3- re o l_^ o *!>-> to to to io^ 1 00 00- o CO oo 00 oo n = 2 a. S r • 5= r C5 4^ •^1 Zjx oo CO c^ CO 1 05 C5 CO to o 4^ to o 6 ,1 ft -n l_^ ■>• _ n. o to H 00 ca l_l *^ »«>^ 1— 1 to ►f^ ts H Zj\ 05 1-^ 4^ 00 05 »vj ^ ^ S 2 >• w p a w **. o 1— i •^^ oo to "to ' •-< 03 OO *—> JO to c: •-4 00 c: ■K Zn 4^ 4^ •-a 4^ 4^ o Zfi •^ w w o 15 Sale of the Company's investments of tea, for four years, (see above)— Crawfurd, p. 367' Comparative statement of the average prices of the Company's and private trade teas, imported in the ships Macqueen, George IV., Marquess Huntlv, Lord Lowther, Castle Huntly, Marquess Camden, and Orwell, as sold together at the East India Company's September sale, 1829 : — East India Company. Their Officers' or Privilege Tea. Difference per lb. Difference per cent. S. d. S. d. d. Congou ... 2 2,86 2 3,88 1,02 3t^ Twanka y . . 2 2,67 2 10,14 7,47 28 Hyson 3 10,66 3 11,32 0,66 11% Crawfurd, p. 368. 10. Supply. — Couldjiot be increased to meet an increased demand — Marjoribanks, 208,356. Quantity might increase, but the quality would deteriorate — Davis, 411. Of late years there has been more demand for, than the supply could meet — Marjoribanks, 778. Sometimes difficult to be procured — Davis, ^\A. Fine young Hyson scarce, other kinds abundant — Milne, 1 098. Old Teas cheapest in China — Milne, 1 099. Increased demand would lead to a manufacture of a deteriorated article — Davis, 41 1,446 — Alsager, 2490. Quantity of, could not be materially augmented — Davis, 414; Crawfurd, 3703. Fine teas sent to Russia, by the Chinese, unknown to us — Crawfurd, 3703. Could ba produced in any quantity equal to demand — Hutchinson, 2703,2778 ; Riclcards, 3469, p. 277. Chinese, finding increased demand, have increased the quantity — Milne, 1118. Fluctuating demand for, would be pernicious to the cultivation of — Davis, 380. Plant requires two or three years to come to maturity — Davis, 1432-34. Any quantity could be procured by making engagements the year previous — Hutchinson, 2732. More difficult in green than black — Hutchinson, 2797. Sometimes a difficulty in procuring — Davis, 414; Coffin, 1593. Increased demand for, would enhance the price — Milne, 1141. Supply of tea would be regulated by demand — Alsager, 2A^^; Hutchinson, 2798; Z)aw/5on, 3045, p. 204 ; Richards, 3469, p. 277- Demand for supply in England always abundantly provided for by the Company — Melvill, 4368,5064. Company have always over-supplied the home market — Davis, 41 1 . Quite as much supply as the consumption will take — Dayton, 5419, Company have uni- formly supplied quantities of tea equal to expected consumption— T%om;;- «o», 5555. Complained of by Scotch dealers— L«y^ow, 5420-5455. 16 Provkied for the consumption of the Uaited Kingdom, under the Cotu- hiutj.tion Act, (24 Geo. HI. c. 08) — Melvill, 4297 ; which provides that the Company should always have one year's stock on hand — Melvill, 4392, 488(5, 4937, 5099. A 12-n)onths' consumption must always be kept in the \varc'house--L%r/, 42o0 ; which must deteriorate the quali'ty-Mi/«e, 1174. Supplied cheaper by the Company, than it could be under any other system — Marjoribanks, 208. Costs the country, in consequence of being sup- plied by the Company, £1,500,000 a year more than it would if bought on private contract— i/«/t'«, 3427, p. 230 ; 3968, p. 330. Company's monopoly of tea, an annual tax, estimated on the Quantity consumed in 1828-29, of £1,727,934— 27ior»£'%, 3420, p. 2G8-9.* Additional amount paid by this country for tea, in one year, in consequence of the Company's monopoly, taking the prices from the Canton price-currents, is i€2,588,499 — Richards, 3451, p. 272. In which the duty is included— ^icAarrf^, 3461, p. 275. These statements fallacious, as they are not founded on the principles on which the Company carry on their trade j and the exchange is not fairly computed — Melvill, 4359. Comments on Mr. Melvill's answer to Mr. Rickard's statement of the inadequacy of the profits on the China trade to pay the dividends and interest on the Bond Debt, as required by the Act of Parliament — 7?ic/'- ^ards, 5179,5219.5228. Explanations in reference to statements made by Mr. Melvill, as to the rates of exchange of one year, and the tea-prices of another, being used by the witness in the accounts delivered in by him — Richards, 5247-5248. Imported from China into Buenos Ayres, quite as good as the tea consumed here — Cartwrighl, 1543. At Batavia, is of an inferior sort, suited to the taste of the Chinese settlers; but better can be purchased if desired— Denns, 3598, p. 241. Offered to be supplied at Sincapore, by the Chinese who trade there; plan proposed by them to effect a regular delivery of, fit for the European market — Maxwell, 3805, p. 252. Might be conveyed to the islands of the Chinese coast, and smuggled from thence, in sufficient quantities to supply all Europe — Stewart, 3870, p. 324. Statement to shew what the same quantity of tea, purchased by the East India Company at Canton, might be imported at by private merchants, and the saving which would ensue (see above) ^Richards, 3453, p. 272. This estimated saving does not include the duty — Richards, 3460, p. 275, If trade in, free, the consumption would be increased one-third — Richards, 3467, p. 276. Importations of, at Kiachta, for Russian consumption, amount yearly to 700,000 poods, or 28,000,000 lbs. ; annual value of importations and exportations at Kiachta, ] 50,000,000 paper roubles of about 104d. each ; teas consumed in Russia in all respects superior to those used in England, France, and Germany — Craufurd, 3713-4. 17 Mr. Rickard's statement to shew the apparent result of the Company's Tea T rafle, calculatetl on an average of the fourteen years contained in the Tables Nos. 31, 32, and 33, of " Papers relating to the trade with India and China," 4th June, 1829, or from 1814-15 to 1827-28 inclusive; and taking the charges in China and England at the same amount as in 1820-21. £. Cost of 28,129,230 lbs. Tea, being the average of the quantities exported from CantOE to England for 14 years, as per No. 32 of the papers referred to 1,819,788 Average of the commercial freight and demurrage for the same period, as per No. 31 of the same papers. ... ... 8G7,654< Charges in China and Eng- land, as per No. 6 of the accounts relating to the tea trade, &c. of the Cora- pany, IMi May, 1824:— Salaries, Emoluments, &c. 1820-21 £95,653 Expenses in China... 54,735 Ditto in England...! 73,520 Interest .236,287 Insurance 58,654 618,849 3,306,291 Profit.. 277, 193 3,583,484 Interest on the home- bond debt, average of 15 years, as per No. 21, of " Papers re- lating to the Finances of India," Feb. 1830 177,352 Dividends on Stock, aver- age of 15 years as per ditto 630,572 ^807,924 £. Sale amount of 23,970,764 lbs. Tea, being the average of fourteen years' sales, as per Table No. 33 of the Papers, &c. above referred to 3,383,484 Profit brought down. Deficiency 3,383,484 277,193 330,731 ^807,924 Richards, p. 394. 18 Mr. Rickards statement, as corrected by Mr. Melvill. £. Cost of 28,129,230 lbs. Tea, exported from Canton to England, per annum, upon an average of fourteen years, 1814-15 to 1827-28, as per Papers No. 32 1,819,788 Freight and Demurrage, as per corrected statement, upon that quantity .... . . 578,539 Charges : Salaries, Canton ...^82,114 Ditto, England 173,520 Interest 236,287 Insurance 58,654 550,575 2,948,902 Profit 1,150,367 ^4,099,269 Sale of the quantity pci contra, viz. 27,566,646 lbs. sale-weight 3,81 8,389 To be re-credited: Amount of interest earned on the Com- pany's own capital £236,267 Amount saved by them in the mode of effecting their insurance 4-t,593 280,8i ^64,099,269 Profit brought down £1,150,367 Interest on home bond debt £177,352 Dividends on Stock 630,572 807,924 Surplus o 342,443 Instead of a deficiency of 530,73 1 Difference of : A'873,174 Melvill, p. 395. 11. Upset Price :-^Method of settling, at the India-House, by including profits and losses on the exports to China from England, Bengal, Madras; and Borabay, whereby the tale cost them in 1828-29, 6s. 4,624d.— (see p. h)— Lloyd, 3994, p. 332,3. The Act of 24 Geo. III. c. 38, requires the Company to keep one year's supply, and to put up the whole of their teas at such price as shall not exceed the prime cost. The means of 19 paying for the tea is by'buying cotton in India, and British manufacture* here, for consignment to China. About 1-1 6th of the whole is provided by bills drawn in China upon the Company in London — Melvill, 4297; Bates, 3971, p- 330. Rates of exchange settled by the Board of Control, not used by the Company in regulating the upset price of tea — Lloyd^ 4017; Melvill, 4307 ; Lloyd, 4164. The effect of cotton sales in Canton raises or lowers the upset price as the cotton produces loss or gain — Lloydy 4159. The calculations for the upset price of tea before 1814 were made according to the rate of exchange of the day between China and England — Lloyd, 4178. Two years' interest charged on the upset price of tea by the Company — Lloyd, 4232. The upset price affects the sale price — Melvill, 4953. Prices of Teas in 1823. Bohea. Congou. Congou. Twankay. Hyson Skin. Hyson. s. d. S. d. S. d. S. d. s. d. s. d. Upset Price . , . 1 6 2 2 2 4 2 5 2 6 4 Sale Price . . , 3 6 2 6,5 2 7,8 3 5,5 3 5,3 4 9,8 Melvill, 5075. Tea could be supplied at Is. 6 J. per lb., and leave 18 per cent, profit-— Richards, 3454, p. 273; 5251, TRADE TO CHINA. 1. AMERICAN. 2. AUSTRIAN. 3. BRITISH. 4. BUENOS AYRES AND SOUTH AMERICA. 6. CARRYING TRADE. 6. CHINESE. 7. CONTRABAND TRADE. 8. COUNTRY TRADE, (INDIA TRADE WITH CHINA.) y, DANISH. 10. DUTCH. 11. FREE TRADE, 12. FRENCH. 13. PORTUGUESE. 14. PRIVILEGE 15. RUSSIAN 16. SPANISH. 1. America (United States). — State of trade of the Americans ami oth( foreigners with China, (see below) — Report, xix. Managed by super cargoes and resident agents — Brown, 960 j Milne, 1031,1 105 ; Coffin, 1564. ' Their investnfients to China frequently sold at considerable discount — Marjoribanks, 180,197,212. American agents state that their consign- ments from England have been unprofitable — Davis, 307- Most probably unprofitable, as they now make shipments of bullion — Davis, 510. Have not made large profits, proved by the decrease of their importations — • Davis, 1442. Might have been profitable — Hutchinson, 2681. A Liverpool house which must have made a profit still carries it on — Coffin, 1857. Have themselves said, there was little or nothing made by it — Coffin, 1858. — Ts carried on principally by shipments of goods direct from England — Everett, 2837. Which has been profitable, as the ship- ments have been continued — Everett, 2853. Its continuance proves a satisfactory result — Bates, 3255, 3390. On the whole must have realized a profit, as the investments continue — Kickards, 3806, p. 318. Has not proved profitable — Marjoribanks, 197. Greatly over traded both to con- tinental Europe and the United States — Marjoribanks, 330. Since 1814 greatly increased — Marjoribanks, 328. Has not been so profitable lately as heretofore — Coffin, 1747. British manufactures shipped for the Ame- rican trade to China by one house at Liverpool, in nine years, amounted in value to £744,257 8s. 6d. — Brown, 899. Americans take to China chiefly specie and furs — Coffin, 1558. Trade of America with China in- creased — Bates, 3202. Many merchants lately failed — Bates, 3203. From over-trading — Bates, 3229. Generally a profitable trade — Bates, 3411. Much over-traded — Marjoribanks, 330. Has produced bankruptcy to a very considerable extent — Davis, 394. Of late years very unpro- fitable — Brown, 905. Greatly over-traded — Milne, 1054. Last year paid well ; the year before, a losing concern — Bates, 3253. Fallen off' on account of the East India Company supplying Canada with tea— j?/oii;/j, 906; Milne, 1088; Coffin, 1746. Formerly the Americans 21 shipped to Canada three or four cargoes of 400 tons — Coffin, 1754. By smuggh'ng — Coffin^ 1755. Would be injured by free trade, as they could not compete with the British shipper — Brown, 1014. Amount of British manufactures shipped for China on account of the American houses, by one agent, £744,257 8s. 6d., from 1821 to 1829 — Brown, 899. Has latterly been a losing trade — Brown, 905. Estimate of the total amount of American exports and imports to and from China, and their value from 1804 to lS27—MarJo)'ibanks, 197. Ditto in 1822- 23 to 1827-28 :— Seasons. No. of Ships. Imports. Exports. DOLLARS. DOLLARS. 1822-23 40 «,339,389 7,523,412 1823-24 34 6,315,127 5,677,149 1824-25 43 8,962,045 8,501,119 1825-26 42 7,776,-301 8,949,562 1826-27 26 3,843,717 4,363,788 1827-28 20 6,238,788 6,559,925 MarjoribanJcs, 197. Prices of tea at New York, in each year, from 1820 to 1829, reduced to sterling, (see p. 11) — Milne, 1062. Foreign trade has generally been a losing concern for some time — Milne, 1182. Abstract of shipments, from 1818 to 1829, of manufactures, by one agent, on account of American houses, for the China market :— Cloths. Camlets. Long Ells. Cottons. Sundries, i 'J'otal. £. s. d. £. s. d.\ £. s. d. £. s. d £. s. d.\ £. s. d. 1818 1,809 7 2 ! Oi 1.809 7 2 1819 16.8S8 9 8 729 5 9; 5,168 14 8.662 5 6 \ 26,448 14 1 1 1H2(> 29,228 7 3 63,377 13 1 1 15,605 10 10 5,828 10 4 25,599 2 10 139,639 4 4 1821 3^,927 Ifi 4 18,6-15 17 n 9,716 11 8 24,960 9 4 12,940 1 8,100,190 16 1 1822 1,770 9 6 15,116 5 957 1 6 8,154 17 1 2,469 9 4 1 28 468 2 5 182:^ 14,811 19 4 5,656 9 2 ! 22,8*56 19 8 13,190 19 8 10,421 13 6 67,047 1 4 1824 43,670 3 12,486 12 6 t 11,6()4 13 4 49,585 11 8 8.274 3 3 125,681 3 9 182.') o! 1,047 11 6.361 2 2 7,408 13 2 1820 75,660 10 4 14,655 17 1 4,147 10 6 66.552 3 4 17,229 11 11 -.68,245 13 I 1827 3,219 16 11 8,136 12 1 29,619 16 2 4,720 11 45.696 16 1 1828 10,835 4 14.184 5 1 152,988 16 7 3,347 6 6 13,531 1 9,583 16 2 51.481 11 9 £231.822 3 fi 74,521 19 207,784 9 10 95,000 15 2 762,118 4 1 Everett, 2842. Which shipments, in the course of eleven years, amounted to £762,118 4s. }d.— Everett, 2842,2845. The Americans carry on the China trade to the Sandwich Islands, Manilla, and the north-west coast of America, and the principal trade of the South American States — Bates, 3226. American influence has de- clined at Canton since the departure of Mr. Cushing, who had more influence than any other individual with the Chinese, not excepting the Factory of the Comply— Mclv well, 3716, p. 247. The Company have not the choice of green teas before the Americans, they being great con- sumers — Brown, 930. The Company experience some competition with the Americans about green teas — Marjoribanhs, 187. Consumption of teas in America consists principally of green, but that of black is on the increaae — Milue, 1043. Green tea principally consumed in the United 22 States — Bates, 3446. Company purchased black teas better than the Americans, at least 5 to 10 per cent, difference — Coffin, 1599. And of a better quality — Coffin, 1817- Compaiiy purchase tea cheaper than Ame- ricans — Aken, 2135, 2142. Company obtain better tea, by contracting the previous year, than the Americans can — Hutchinson, 2740. 2. Austrian. — The Austrians formerly traded with a vessel called the Austrian Frigate; no. longer any factory at China — Marjoribajiks, 264. 3. British. — State of the British trade with China, and particularly that in tea, (see below) — Report vii. Condition of British trade and British merchants has decidedly improved of late years — Davis, 370. In 1814, the Chinese Government, in conjunction with the Hong, attempted to gain monopoly of; defeated by the firm conduct of the super-cargoes of the Company — Marjoribanks, 189-191; Davis, 484-487; Davidson, 2625-29. There are advantages and disadvantages which result to the British generally in China, from the existence of the Company under the present regulations — Davidson, 3041. Chinese Government and Hong merchants equally averse to any change in the system of carrying on — Marjoribanks, 1 79. British shipping not allowed to carry on trade between China and foreign Europe— C«ram^/?f, 1500-1501 ; Coffin, 1783; Aken, 2043-2049, 2153- 2154; Deans, 3531, p. 236, 3535, p. 237; Rickards, 3482, p. 278. Stopped in 1814; consequences of the firm conduct of the Company's servants on that occasion — Marjoribanks, 214. Also in 1820 — Marjori- banks, 219. British trade greatly beyond all others in China — Alarjori- banks, 705. Licenses to trade from China to India are granted by the local Governments — Davis, 405, 406; Marjoribanksy Q27. Limited--* Men, 2070, 2072. i 635. Q,,pnour. T Tales. -l"l. 18,689 . 75,954 Lonit 5,982 Won. 1,205 Cam , 96,830 Imj Cotti Beni Per Cott Ditti Pel 1 Ships 1,706 }7,8C0 66 275 61,600 H,000 or 660 Is 119 ; 262 J 5,000 ies 36 DUl; Con Diti Op 2,270 Pat Berh the *^*asury, 8-29. Jollars. /8,201 4i7.143 417,660 Bohea , peculs 28,967 tales 437,652 Congou 161,546 3,936,4-47 Souchonsr 1,605 60,229 Twankay 88,617 1,043,758 Hyson 4,603 236,333 Hyson-Skins 1,611 43,653 309,808 North American Investment, including supra- cargoes commission Cape Stores, teas and sundries 29,168 St. Helena Stores, and Stores to Bengal & Bombay 9,237 Port-charges on 28 Ships (Boyne included) 109,004 Unloading-charges, Canton Factory Expenses,"^ Canton European Establishment, Expenses V * 96,830 of Schooner, &.c J ON PRIVATE ACCOUNT. Congou peculs 6,666 a 21tales^ pec. 118,860 Campoi, Souchong, ) Pouchong J Pekoe Twankay Hyson Hyson-Skins Gunpowder Black Tea Green Tea Raw Silk, Nankin ... Ditto, Canton, oK sorts 3,110 a 32 464 a 38 602 o 26 2,628 a 46 '. 946 a 26 60 a 50 860 a 30 1,736 a 42 , l,&34a460dlrs. 1,736 99,520 17,632 15,652 120,888 24,570 3,000 25,800 72,870 dlrs. 825,300 319,920 ^irrgXown.\'}F^eces396,400a 93dls.^l00pcs. 388,472 NankeenCloth,5 oan Ann i-k m^^ert 2nd sort / 325,400 a 75 „ 244,050 Nankeen C^oth, > 3rd sort small J 36,200 a 48 17.376 Sugar Candy peculs 9,420 a 12 dollars per pecul Soft Sugar 34,139 a 6 „ Cassia lignea 3,648 a 20 ,, Tortoise-shell 66 a 1,000 „ Mother-of-pearl 275 a 16 „ Wrought silk, silk piece-goods, crapes, scarfs, &c. > (estimated value) > Coarse China-ware, (estimated value) Bamboos and Whangee Canes . 241,000 a 15 dlrs. per 100 Musk catties 90 a 80 dlrs. per catty Glass-beads, &c peculs 800 a 20 dlrs. per pecul Table and Floor Mats... . sets 2,320 Vermillion boxes 460 a 44 dlrs. per box Rhubarb ....peculs 262 a 65 dlrs. per pecul Cochineal 147 a 600 „ Damasks pieces 6,000 a 16 dlrs. per piece Writing Paper, Toys, Kitty Sols, Fireworks, Lacquered / Wares, &c. (estimated value) S Seed Coral catties 36 a 30 dollars per catty Brass Foil peculs 266 a 68 dollars per pecul Alum, Aniseed, China-root, Galengal, Gamboge, &c. ... Gold tales weight 300 a 26 dollars per tale Camphor peculs 886 a 30 dollars per pecul Sundrie.", (estimated value) ... Dollars, Sycee and Peruvian Silver Disbursements on 19 regular ships, at 9,000 dollars each; 8 chartered and 39 country ships at 7,000 dollars each measurement of country ships included Balance. •} TALES. 5,756,872 348,213 206,834 6,310,919 8,765,16f 498,792 692,761 DOLLARS. 1,146,220 649,898 113,040 204,834 72,960 66,000 4,125 200,925 49,100 3,615 7,200 16,000 3,684 20.240 17,030 73,600 80,000 38,086 1,080 15,370 16,702 7500 26,560 47,795 6,094,646 8,964,000 500.000 18,921,932 1,442,668 I IMPORTS On account of the Honour- able Company. Imports remaining; over Season 1826-27. Long Ells tales 197,222 Worleys 26,000 Camlets 68,904 Tales.... 292,126 Imported by Country Ships 1826-29. Cotton! Bales. I Peciils I Tales. Bengali 16,642 1 35,251 1 324,559 Per Hon. Company's Ships Cottons, Bengal 34,962 Ditto, Madras 387 Ditto, Bombay 32,046 Peculs.... 67,395 Per Hon. Company's Ships Peculs 14,252 12,574 21,566 1,260 142 665 1,455 1,158 136 3,552 Catties 25 Peculs 4,188 2,084 3,019 70 Dollars 18,000 33,617 8,400 25,627 Opium per Portuguese Ships 1827-28. Dumaun chests 1,988 Company's Patna . . 73 Ditto Mai wah 413 Chests 2'i474 Opium on hand 1st July, 1828. Patna chesU 2,482 Benares 421 Malwah 1,534 Chests 4,435 CORRECTED STATEMENT OF IHE BRITISJ For the Year ending 30th June, 1 Broad Clofh bales 4,154 yards 431,816 Long Ells 5,003 pieces 100,060 Worleys 300 6,000 Camlets 470 4,700 Mohair Camlets 2 15 British Calicoes 612 15,300 Blankets and Scarfs 2 71 British Iron — peculs 30,261 liead — . 30,246 Cottons, Bengal 39,336 86,312 Ditto, Madras . 12,029 27,065 Ditto, Bombay 22,486 62,829 Sandal Wood billets 32,654 1,873 ON PRIVATE ACCOUNT. Cotton, Bengal. ..pec. 41,467 a 9t. 6m. ^ pec. ts. 398,275 Ditto, Madras ... 387 a 9t. 5in. „ 3,676 TALES. 553,650 578,760 39 000 98,136 486 77,112 204 104,430 124,472 798 554 240,917 621,725 16,203 3,253,649 DOLLARS. Ditto, Bombav ... 228,604 a 9t. 2m. 2,103,709 Opium, Malwah, chests 3,080a l,185dlrs. Inchest 3,649,800 Ditto, Patna & Benares 7,191 a 1,056 dlrs.?^ chest 7,593,693 Pepper pecul 14,252 a 7 dlrs.^'pecul Rattans Betel-nut .... Putchuck .... Shark Fins . Olibanum .... Blackwood... Sandal Wood Ivory Saltpetre Cloves Flints 14,614 a 6 31,800 a 2\ 1,334 a 12 2,030 a 18 622 a 5 700 o 6 6,150 a 20 762 a 80 1,200 a 6^ 196 a 60 3,552 a 2 Amber (very inferior) catties 25 o 12 dlrs. ^cat. Iron pecul 4,188 a2i dlrs. F pecul Lead 2,084 a 6 „ Tin 3,019 u 20 „ Speltre 70 a 10 „ Broad Cloth yards 25,725 a 1 & 2 dollars per yard Woollens, various kinds Cotton Goods, British long cloth, &c ♦ Cotton Yarn, peculs 214 (invoice cost) Pearls, (estimated value) , Cornelians, (ditto) Clocks and Machinery, (ditto) Rice, Manilla pecul 3,000 n 2 dlrs. ^ pec. RhinocerosHorns & CovvHorns 36 a 60 „ Fish Maws 210 a 75 „ Myrrh.... 48 a 15 „ Sundries, (estimated value) * This Cotton was returned to Bombay. 2,605,660 DOLLARS. 11,243,496 99,764 73,070 71,550 16,008 36,540 2,610 4,20.) 103,000 60,960 6,600 11,760 7,104 300 10,470 12,504 60,380 700 34,467 25,775 66.487 14000 48,400 51, .500 84,000 6.000 2,160 15,750 720 195,285 4,518,957 3,480,083 12,365.560 20 364,600 H RADE AT THE rK Ui-Marjoribanks, 635. PORT OF CANTON, EXPORTS < accountof the Honour- able Company. Tales, oading Ch irges .... ];^,()8y tory Expenses 7^,'i>hA opean Establishment 5,982 •enses of Schooner .. 1 ,205 * Tules. (s Hon. Company's y Ships to EnglandJL>. ( A Country Ships Hon. Company's Ships Peculs 1,706 Pieces 227,8C0 66 275 Dollars 31,500 241,000 Table 1,660 ..Floor 660 Peculs 119 262 Pieces 5,000 Catties 36 Dollars 2,270 omittances through the Company's Treasur}-, 1827-28 and 1828-29. Dollars. Is on the Hon. Court 78,201 rtificates 447,143 II on Bengal Go- vernment. ;]2,417,J 560 Dollars.... 2.942,904 romand : on Cot-7 dollars, on Bond* J 671,068 Bohea peculs 28,967 tales 437,.'i52 Congou Souchong' ..., Twankay .... Hyson , Hyson- Skins. 161,545 1,605 38,617 4,603 1611 3,935,447 60,229 1,043,758 236,333 43,553 309,808 North American Investment, including supra- cargoes commission Cape Stores, teas and sundries ..... 29,168 St. Helena Stores, and Stores to Bengal & Bombay 9,237 Port-charges on 28 Ships (Boyne included) 109,004 Unloading-charges, Canton Factory Expenses,"^ Canton European Establishment, Expenses V * 96,830 of Schooner, &c J ON PRIVATE ACCOUNT. Congou peculs 5,666 a 21 tales ^ pec. 3,110 a 32 „ Campoi, Souchong, ) Pouchong J Pekoe. Twankay Hyson Hyson-Skins Gunpowder Black Tea Green Tea Raw Silk, Nankin ... Ditto, Canton, of sorts 464 a 38 602 a 26 2,628 a 46 945 a 26 60 a 50 860 a 30 1,735 a 42 , l,&34a450dlrs. 1,736 „ 118,860 99,520 17,6.32 15,652 120,888 24,570 3,000 25,800 72,870 dlrs. 825,300 319,920 ^*"^^^" ^'"^'H pieces 396,400 a 93 dls.^100 pes. 388,472 large brown Nankeen Cloth, 1 2nd sort J Nan keen C^oth, > 3rd sort small S 325,400 a 75 36.200 a 48 244,050 17.376 Sugar Candy peculs 9,420 a 12 dollars per pecul Soft Sugar 34,139 a 6 „ Cassia lignea 3,648 a 20 ,, Tortoise-shell 56 a 1,000 „ Mother-of-pearl.. 275 a 15 „ Wrought silk, silk piece-goods, crapes, scarfs, &c. } (estimated value) > Coarse China-ware, (estimated value) Hamboos and Whangee Canes . 241,000 a 15 dlrs. per 100 Musk catties 90 a 80 dlrs. per catty Glass-beads, &c. peculs 800 a 20 dlrs. per pecul Table and Floor Mats... . sets 2,320 Vermillion boxes 460 a 44 dlts. per box Rhubarb ....peculs 262 a 65 dlrs. per pecul Cochineal 147 a 500 „ Damasks pieces 5,000 a 16 dlrs. per piece Writing Paper, Toys, Kitty Sols, Fireworks, Lacquered > Wares, &c. (estimated value) ) Seed Coral catties 36 a 30 dollars per catty Brass Foil peculs 265 a 58 dollars per pecul Alum, Aniseed, China-root, Galengal, Gamboge, &c. ... Gold tales weight 300 a 25 dollars per tale Camphor peculs 885 a 30 dollars per pecul Sundrie.^, (estimated value) ... Dollars, Sycee and Peruvian Silver Disbursements on 19 regular ships, at 9,000 dollars each; 8 chartered and 39 country ships at 7,000 dollars each measurement of country ships included !} Balance. 5,756,872 DOLLARS. 348,213 205,834 6,310,919 8,765,165 498,792 692,767 DOLLARS. 1,145,220 649,898 113,040 204,834 72.960 56,000 4,125 200,925 49,100 3,615 7,200 16,000 3,584 20,240 17,030 73,500 80,000 38,086 1,080 15,370 15,702 7500 26,550 47,795 6.094,646 8,964,000 500.000 18,921,932 1,442,668 20,364,600 26 The Britibh were formerly allowed to trade to many ports in Chma, from which they have been excluded since the Tartar dynasty— Davi^, 1308. The trade of the Company is the sole cause of their incumbrances and debts— Rickards, 3509, p. SS'^. Whenever they enter the markets in India, prices rise from 15 to 30 per cent. — Rickards, 3511, p. 283. And their trade is ruinous to private merchants — Rickards, 3515, p. 283. An annual deficiency of ^812,000 would arise on the territorial transac- tions, in exchange, from the commercial pursuits, supposing the Company to cease to exist as a trading company — Melvill, 5754, 5755. Annual deficiency would be about ^€800,000, supposing the Company to be stript of all trading powers — Melvill, 5767. The profit of all the four trades in 1827-28, £421,199, at the Board's rates — Melvill, 5850. Independently of profit upon the trade, there is mercantile profit, viz. interest on the East India annuities, which are grafted upon the public debt, to be repaid at par when the charter ex- pires ; profit from discounting bills and anticipating payments ; interest upon stock in the funds ; and interest on the balance due from the terri- tory to commerce — Melvill, 5853. Account of the whole Net Return yielded by the East India Company's commercial capital in each year from 1814-15 to 1828-29, by investment in merchandise or otherwise ; with the amount of dividends, in the same period, to the proprietors of East India Stocky and the surplus or defi* ciency of such return above or below the amount of the dividends ; also showing the amount applied, in the same ye«rs, from the Home Funds, to payment of interest on the Bond Debt, and as appropriations under the 4th head of the 57th sec. of the 53 Geo. III. c. 15c, to reduction of the principal of that debt, and of the India Debt — Lloyd^ 5875. 1814-15 1815-16 1816 17 1817-18 1818. 19 18)9-20 1820.21 1821-22 1822.23 1823-24 1824 25 1825 26 1826 27 1827-28 1828-29 Total commercial profiis of the Company, or net re turn yield- ed by tlie proprietors Company's of commeicial East India capital, i Stock. Dividends to the Surplus beyond the Dividends. 2,157,203 1,3-13,610 1,274,322 1,850,334 2,070,290 1,030,819 1,315,793 1,744,219 1,020 423 1,099,291 1,485,630 1,084,187 9:*! ,607 917,888 810,385 £. 630,000 630,000 630,000 630,000 630,000 630,000 630,000 630,000 630,000 630,000 630,000 630 000 630,000 630,000 630,000 20,126,001 9,460,000 £. 1,527,203 713,610 644,322 1,220,334 1,440,290 400,819 685,793 1,114.219 390,423 469,291 855,630 4^,187 291,607 287,888 180,385 10,676,001 7,842,766 2,833,2.35 Amount a|)p1ied from the Amount applied from the Home Funds, ui- der the provisions of the 57th clause of the Funds provisionally 53 Geo. III., cap. 155 To reduc- To reduc- to payment fion of tion of of interest principal of principal on the Home of India Bond Debt. BondDebt. Debt. £. £. £. 259,545 196,200 329,704 235,967 136,300 318,382 230.536 477 211.a59 12 200 153,120 1,000,636 157,266 166,302 162,938 _ 6,283 155,161 1,510,576 160,844 1,100 25,500 140,140 75 1,396,&42 135,533 __ __ 111,739 712 _ 159,333 3,950 153,441 ^_ 82,103 158,124 — 82,065 2,5a%346 3.34,399 4,923,021 yond divi- C Excess of t dends. surplus be J Total of tl X payment. le three last head* of rCommercia 1 surplus exceeds the X amount ( jf the foregoing pay- C inent«. 1 Total of the three last heads of payment. £. 785,449 690,649 231,013 211,871 1,163,765 823,563 169,223 1,665,737 187,444 1,537,057 135,533 112,461 163,283 235,544 240,189 7,842,766 26 In an arcount of the profits on sales of merchandize, India and China trade, after re-placing cost and charges of the investment and covering losses by sea, &c. made out at the Board's rate of exchange, from 1814-15 to 18,^8-29, on the whole period, there has been a loss on the Indian trade of i€210,282; upon the China, Canada and Cape trade there has been a profit of ^g"! 5,533,1 56, which, deducting the India loss, leaves a net profit of £15,322,874. Of this profit 5^471,600 was paid in bonds, when they were at a discount, so that the cash receipt was £14,851,274. The otherreceiptsof the Company consist, first, of interest which, including that upon the balance due from the territory to the commerce, is ^€'3,444,602; secondly, of the net profit of managing private trade, which has amounted to £1,497,842; and thirdly, of the profit arising from the Company's own ships, which has been ^332,223. The total of these three heads is £5,274,727, which added to the trade profits, makes a final total of ^€"20, 126,001. The dividends upon India stock for the whole period are £9,450,000, which reduces the amount to £10,676,001. The interest paid upon the bond-debt has been 5€'2,585,346. The sums applied under the Act of Parliament, in the reduction of the bond-debt, have been £334,399, and in the redemption of Indian debt £4,923,021. Those three sums make a total of ^7,842,766, which leaves ^^2,833,235 as the amount of unappropriated commercial profits. Those are the results shown in the foregoing account — Melvill, 5876. Net loss on imports into Europe from India from 1819-20 to 1828-29, j€'2,1 12,941. Net loss on exports from Europe to India from 1818-19 to 1827-28, ^2,009 872, Net profit on imports into Europe from China from 1818-19 to 1827-28. £10,277,659. Net profit on exports from Europe to China ^189,573. Net loss on their trade between India and China from 1818-19 to 1827-28 £423,475. Profit on teas sent to Canada from 1825-26 to 1828-29 ^43,901. Profit on teas sent to Halifax from 1826-27 to 1828-29 £15,647 — LloT^d, appendix, p. 92. 4. Buenos Ayres and South America. — The trade consists in taking out specie, and bringing back the produce of China, consisting of tea, nan- keens, silks, satins, furniture of various sorts, fans, and fancy articles, and is almost universally carried on in American bottoms — Cartwright, 1476-7. And generally profitable — Cartwright, 1478. Vessels proceed from, to Lima and Valparaiso, take in specie, and return by the Cape of Good Hope — Cartwright^ 1480. Consumption of China tea has considerably increased at, as the difficulty of procuring Paraguay tea has increased — Cartwright, 1484. There is a considerable consumption of China silk at — Cartwnght, 1486. As quiet is restored to the South American states, trade with China will increase ; length of the voyage a twelvemonth — Cartwright, 1489. The trade is profitable; high freights are paid — Cartwright, 1493. And British shipping might be employed in the trade were it not unlawful — Cartwright, 1500. Price of Paraguay tea at, 7d. to 9d. per lb. ; drank principally by natives — Cartwright, 1 535. Price of China tea at, 2s. to 2s. 6d. black; 3s. to 4s. green — Cartwright, 1537. The duty on China tea 20 per cent, ad valorem — Cartivnght, 1538. Tea consumed at, as good as in England — Cartwright, 1543. British shipping might be procured from Buenos Ayres to China and back for £S. to 5^10. a ton — Cartwright, 1546. An American ship, the Parnther, was taken up at Buenos Ayres to trade to Canton, on account of no English vessel being allowed by the British law to trade there — Coffm, 1783, S7 5. Carrying Trade.— American, formerly very great, but limited of late years — Marjoribnnks^ ^2b. Dutch ships have displaced them in the supply of Holland — Davis , 519. Export of tea from the United States, by no means so extensive as it was — Broum, 941 ; MUne, 1047- Do not carry on the Dutch trade as they formerly did — Coffin, 1668. Numher of American ships trading to Canton greatly decreased — Coffin, 1745. Owing to foreigners trading for themselves — Coffin, 1746. To Holland, in 1822 and 1823, profitable ; lately only gave freight to shipping, but without loss — Coffin, 1820. Americans still compete with the Dutch — Coffin, 1667. Of the Americans, great during the war — Marjorihanks, 198. Has been destroyed by ships trading direct from the different nations of Europe — Brown, 906. Of the Americjms, from Canton to Europe, has not been profitable lately— i??-ozfw, 959; Baf^ .3251. 6. Chinese. — Native foreign trade of China carried on in junks of from about 120 to 900 tons of dead weight each. Junks. To Japan, ten junks, two voyages , 20 Phillipiue Islands 13 Soo-loo Islands 4 Celebes 2 Borneo 13 Java 7 Sumatra 10 Sincapore 8 Rhio 1 East Coast of Malay Peninsula 6 Siam ... 89 Cochin China 20 Cambodia 9 Tonquin 20 Total 222 Crawfurd, 3676, p. 298. 7. Contraband Trade — Carried on to an enormous extent amongst the islands at the mouth of the Canton River; not in the power of the Chinese to stop it — Marjorihanks, 1 74 ; Davis, 550 ; Maxwell, 3745. The only means of carrying on the trade in the north — Davis, 548. Has increased considerably — Marjorihanks, 664. Has a great tendency to injure the fair iv^der—Maijoribanks, 289. A great injury to the Hong merchants — Davis, 451,480. \\ ho have been severely fined on discovery — Davis, Ab\, A'il. Carried on owing to the facilities afforded by the ships lying at Lintin ; fourteen ships at a time at Lintin carrying on ; all parties except Hong merchants carry it on — Maxwell, 3740, p. 348; 3746, p. 349. Amount of opium annually smuggled immense, to the value of 1 0,000,000 dollars — Davis, 482; Marjorihanks, 290. Carried on, in opium, by Ame- ricans and country (i. e. India) ships — Davis, 428. American ships carry on, principally in opium— Co^«, 1790, 1/96, 1799, 1800. More by English than Americans — Coffin, 1900. Smuggling boats armed come alongside ships, and receive in a moment, through the lower deck port, the opium, which they put into bags and take away, in sight of the Man- E 28 darin boats; an understanding appears to prevail between the «niuggrer* and the Mandarin boats— Aken, 2000,200^; Diwidson, 2576,2585. The opium is principally purchased in India of the Company — Baies, 3356. Generally bearing the Company's marks, sometimes the Portuguese — —Maxwelly 3742. Carried on in saltpetre and broad cloth — Aken, 2006, 2009. Carried On to a larger extent than formerly, and easily managed, the Mandarins being first feed — Hutchinson, 2767, 2820. Carried on to evade high duties — MarJoriban7is,Q\4t. Would not be increased by a free trade — Richards , 3794, p. 316. Chinese government too weak to prevent it — Davis, 55^-b\. Frequently issued edicts for the purpose of preventing, particularly in opium, but in vain — Marjoribanks, 7^5,119. Could not be stopped by the Chinese government — Steiuai't, 3864, p. 323. Chinese government officers connive at — Marjoribanks, 174, 713, 714; Aken, 2001-4; Da- i)idson, 2525. On payment of regular fees — Davidson, 2576. Connived at by the Chinese go\QYnmev\t— Richards, 3795, p. 317. Chinese government have frequently punished illicit traders with con- fiscation and banishment — Davis, 1270. Who frequently bribe the Hong merchants — Davis, 1276. Method of carrying on, with the Chinese, allowed by the authorities at all the ports north-east of Canton — Mackie, 4429. Carried on to a large extent in shipping silver from China — Mar- joribanhs, 765; Rickards, 3496, p. 280 ; Davidson, 2551. If carried on to an enormous extent, would at length destroy all trade — Marjoribanks, 308, 338. A great increase of, would lead to riot and disturbance, which would put a stop to trade altogether — Alsager, 2449. Company never carry on, and are respected by the Chinese on account of their abstinence from it — Davis, 427. 8. Country Trade. — (India Trade with China.) — To China, in- creased of late years ; received much protection from the Company — Ma7Joribanks, 224-227 ; Davis, 458, 465. Company's servants not al- lowed to engage in — Marjoribanks, 284-285 ; Davis, 460. Objected to the arrangements of the Company on the stoppage of the China trade in 1814, and demanded indemnification for losses — Davis, 1466. The Bri- tish trade in China derives advantages and disadvantages from the exist- ence of the Company; they can act with unity and vigour against the Hong monopoly ; without it the price of imports into China would be decreased, and of exports increased f they supported the Hong who were bankrupt, and enabled the British traders to deal with insolvent merchants as well as with solvent ; they afford facility to remitters, through bills on their Indian governments, by which, in Canton, a better exchange is obtained than by remitting merchandise; large sums due to witness by bankrupt merchants have come direct from the Company's Hong to his Hong, being advances obtained from the Company's servants; great diffi- culties in getting ships secured unless by dealing with these insolvents; they give security to persons and property by the 18 or 20 large ships of force at their command. Amongst the disadvantages are, the power of stopping all British trade, by which serious injury is done; and their jealousy respecting woollens and worsteds — Davidson, 3041. Company's Factory instigated the Hong merchants to interdict the trading of shop- men — 'Maxwell, .3749,3750, p. 249. Greatly injured by the stoppage of trade by the Company's Factory in 1807 — Stewart, ^SQ\. Exists under the protection of the Company — Marjoribanks, 1295. Has derived very 29 important advantages from the Company's Factory — Davis, 458-467- Under the protection of the Company, the British trade has been fostered und preserved — Jilarjoribanks, 626. British subjects receive great security from the Company — Davidson, 304]. Protected by the Company from the monopoly of the Hong iiierchants — Davidson, 3040, 3080. Persons engaged in, frequently apply to the Company's Factory for assistance, which has often been granted — Marjoribanks, 226. Never had a wilful or unnecessary impediment thrown in their way by the Factory — Davidson, 3042. Is entirely carried on by free traders, and the Company take no part in it ; but free traders can only go to China by licenses from the Company — Aken, 2050. Forms a very important branch of British trade — Marjoribanks, 184. Would be benefitted by a free trade to Oixm-a— Stewart ^ 3932, p. 328. 9. Danish. — Danes formerly had larger ships in the trade than the Company, but their trade has ceased almost entirely — Marjoribanks, 262. 10. Dutch Trade. — Business conducted by resident agents; Dutch consul permitted to engage in private business ; are not restricted in China as to whom they consign — Marjoribanks, 255. Have had three or four ships in China within the last three or four years; have established a consu- late; have lately only resumed their trade; the Americans supplied Hol- land during the war — Davis, 516. Formerly conducted by a Factory ; has long ceased to be a monopoly ^^Davidson, 2520. Dutch private traders can purchase British manufactures, but cannot compete with the Ameri- cans — Mastcrson, 3627, p. 293. General result of Dutch trade is a loss — Masterson, 3621, p. 293. Carried on with ships of 400 to 500 tons — Masterson, 3597, P- 292. Has not experienced any difficulty with the Chinese authorities — Marjoribanks. 268 ; Davis, 523. Annual average importation of tea into the Netherlands, for the last 12 years, has been 41,000 quarter chests of 66 English lbs. net, or 2,700,000 \\i%.—Master~ son, 3528, p. 285. In 1815 a monopoly was granted to a Dutch Com- pany, which was dissolved in 1817 — Masterson, 3577, p, 290. About a year's consumption of tea kept in Holland, in which there is not 1500 quarter chests from America — Alasterson, 3584, p. 291. 11. Free Trade. — With China, would endanger the security of the trade — Marjoribanks, 178. Would not make the supply of tea cheaper — Marjoribanks, 208. Supply of tea would not be affected by — Alsager, 2489. \^ould injure the American trade; would, for a time, increase the price of tea — Bates, 3393. Would immediately lower the rates of exchange between China and England, as was the case at Bengal — Bates, 3979. If the Company's charter were abolished, and the British were allowed a free trade, the smugglers at Canton would rejoice; the Chinese Government would first view it with jealousy, and when they lost their revenue, with hostility — Davis, 383. Every increased resort of British subjects to Canton would endanger the security of the trade; competition of traders would make the price of Chinese products rise ; they would not submit to the required restrictions — Marjoribanks, J 78. Would endanger the whole trade — Marjoribanks, 338, 829, 841 ; Davidson, 2600. Would cause a war between England and China — Davidson, 3043. Would be attended with very great risk — Alsager, 2443. No securitj ibr good tea under a system of — Marjoribanks, 355. .30 Chinese shipping too insecure and cumbrous to carry on a lar£je tradei —■Afarjoribanks, 353, 883; Davidson, 3052. The luonopoly of the Hong- would be used to oppress the free trader — Marjor'ibanks, 83.9. The Hong^ would gain by dictating prices — Davis, ^t'd. Would embroil the English] with the Chinese — Davidson, 2600. Stoppage of the trade would be very] injurious to the Chinese — Davidson, 2645. But beneficial consequence might result from vigorous conduct on the part of the British — DavidsonA 3065. To carry on, the Hong monopoly must be destroyed — Davidsoi 3072. Would not cause the least interruption or danger to business} how tea would then be supplied — llickards, 3499, p. 281 ; Deans, 3561w p. 239. Should the trade be interrupted in consequence of, tea might be pro*J cured from Siam by means of junks, but perhaps not sufficient for a lars market— Coj^w, 1881; Deans, 3561, p. 239. Might perhaps be still procured at Sincapore — Hutchinson, 2707. The English have strongei means of controlling the Chinese, in regard to the trade, than the Chinese have in regard to the English — Ric/mrds, 3498, p. 281 ; Deans, 3540, p. 237. Would be very beneficial to England to have a free trade with China and Java— ^uow, 2991. Not in cloths, but in long ells — Walford, 4817. Price of, in China, much lower,on account of the American importations — Davis, .505, 1245, 1458. Principal falling off has been in articles made of British wool— 31elvil/y 6128. The consumption of China kept under by their being only ad- mitted to one port — Hutchinson, 2819. Are not much used in the north, where most wanted, on account of the trade being confined to a southern po-t — Marjorihanks, 183, 358; Davis, 1351. Use of, prevented in China, on account of the high duty {e. g. on woollens 12d. to 16d. per yard ; on raw cotton 6s. per cwt.), and the distance (1200 miles) from the port of unloading to the interior, and the usages of the people, which prescribe articles of home manufacture on public occasions — Davis, 388, 1457. Obtain sale as far as the means of carriage will allow; much wanted in the north — Hutchinson, 2805. Much consumed by the Javanese — Dcans^ S544, 3546, p. 238. Subject to heavy internal duties, as well as at the port of discharge — Davis, 470-476. And their passage into the interior impeded for want of means of communication — Davis, 1357. Have been attempted to be introduced through Russia to China, but failed — Walford, 4776-4779. Company have frequently lost money by their imports of, into China — Marjorihanks, 180. Has for some time been a losing trade —Marjorihanks, 298,299 ; Brown, 905. Amount of, imported by the Company to China, £800,000.; by the Americans, 800,000 dollars; the Company have submitted to losses on account of the clamour raised in this country — Davis, 387. Has been a losing trade for a considerable time — Davis, 502-504,1438-1440. Ship- ment of, to India, the worst mode of providing funds for the purchase of teas — Melvill, 4326-4327. American houses have shipped, through one house in England, manufactures to Canton to the amount of 5^744,257. 8s. 6d. in nine years— ^;'oe<;n, 899. But it has been latterly a losing trade — Broivn, 905. Shipment of, persevered in by the Company out of anxiety for the welfare of — Marjorihanks, 182. Out of deference to public opinion — Davis, 507-509. From a feeling of moral obligation, and considered to be expected of them — Melvill, 4327. Have felt them- selves obliged to protect the trade in —Melvill, 5128. Have made fre- quent experiments, with a desire to promote the sale o(-—Walfordf 4765. 34 The C'onipnny formerly biirtered with the Hong for teas; practice discontlnueil — Marjorihanks, 34^. The Company generally pay a part in merchanilise — Coffin, ]816. Arc generally sold in tales — Davis,' bG']. The Company's business at Canton is divider! into 21 shares, which is appor- tioned differently amongst the different Hong merchants; the quantity of teas supplied by them on contract is in proportion to those shares — Marjoribrinks, CIO. When marked with the Company's mark, goods will pass unexamined all over China — Marjoribanks, 206. Company's mark on a bale of, is a passport from one end of China to the other — Davis, 391. Without the Company's mark, would not be received witli- out examination and measurement — Mni-jorihanks, 207. Would not have the same passport without the Company's mark — Davis, 392. Shipments of, to China, by no means generally profitable — Alsager, 2307 ; Maxivell, 3685, p. 245. Demand for, by the Chinese, is on a very small scale — Alsager, 2469. The late investments to China have been more profitable than for some years, which profit is attributable to the great fall in prices hexe—Melvdl, 5126, 5128. 2. Probable Effect of the Abolition of the Company's Charter ON. — Consumption of, rapidly increased with free trade in India — Keii- neclt/, 5016. And further facilities might be advantageously given to their introduction — Kennedji/, 5029. Great consumption of, would follow a system of free trade with China — Aken, 2146. And many articles of, would then find a market, which arc now never shipped — Aketi, 2180. A free trade with China would ultimately increase the consumption of — Hutchinson, 2686. Free trade would cause a considerable increase in the consumption of — Everett, 2852. Free trade would cause a great export of, to C\nx\?i— Bates, 3449, p. 231 ; 3984, p. 332 ; 7)ea;25, 3547, p. 257. The consumption ot, would be increased by free trade, but would take time — Deans, 3644, p. 244. British could carry cheaper than other nations, if freely admitted into the trade — Rickards, 3810, p. 318. The Company's servants use every endeavour to increase the consump- tion of — Mai'joribanks, 182; Davis, 508. Consumption of, would be diminished by a free trade — Davis, 387. The American trade in, has fallen off— Dayi.?, 507,510, 539, 1442. At present, not conclusively fur- nished by the Company — Marjoribanks, 629, 822. The Company's oilicers are allowed to trade in — Marjoribanks, 632; Aken, 2185. Prin- cipal consumption of, confined to the neighbourhood of Canton — Davis, 544. Trade to India in, must have been profitable, from the enormous increase of shipments since 1813 — Rickai-ds, 3820, p. 319. Beneficial to India, although the native weavers, who are at the same time cultivators of the soil, rnight be thrown out of employment ; they might then attend wholly to raising raw produce — Rickards, 3827, p. 320. The Chinese are always in want of — Rickards, 3840, p. 321. An entrepot for, in the Archipelago, would greatly contribute to an increased consumption of, in China — Deans, 3648, p. 244. Are largely consumed in Siam — Crawfurd, 3763, p. 312. 3. Trade in, by the Americans. — British manufactures shipped by the Americans are as good, and are bought upon equally favorable terms, as the Company's investments — Brown, 978. The American trade re- duced the price of, in China — Davis, 1245. Americans carry them now in larger and larger quantities — Riekardsy 5329. Abstracts of shipments a5 fVom 1818 to 1829, of manufactures shipped by one agent, on account of American houses, for the China market, shewing the vakie of each article shipped (seep. 21) — Everatt, 2843. Which, in the course of 11 years, amounted to ^"762,118. 4s. Qi\.-^Everett,2MQ. 4. Nkthkrlands' Company. — The Netherlands' Company export only Belgian manufactures — Masterson, 35(59, p. 290. And would carry on a better trade if, like the Americans, they exported British — Masterson, 3573, p. 290. WOOLLEN CLOTHS. 1. MODE OF PUKCHASING BY THE COMPANY. 2. REJECTED BY THE COMPANY, 3. SALE OF, IN CHINA. 4. CONSUMPTION OF, IN CHINA. 1. Mode of purchasing by the Company. — Purchased for the China market by the Company, by contract — Dixon, 2944. Not an advantageous mode of dealing — Dixon, 2945. Purchased by the Company by tenders from agents ; supplied by this method cheaper than in any other way — Walford, 4769. The Company buy by public tender and contract ; this mode disadvantageous to them ; many houses deterred from offering for, in consequence of rejections and fines; Company accept the lowest tenders for — Dixon, 3100. Object of the Company's conditions for, is to secure a perfect investment oi'— Dixon, 3148. The strictness of these conditions gives theCompany good credit in China — Walford, "^T^^, 4781. Company's form of contract for, necessary for the protection of their interests— /;-c/aH^, 4847-4859. The Company sometimes take goods at an abatement of price, when not according to contract — Dixon, 3119; Ireland, 4852. Company purchase cheaper than others — Walford, 4773. Economical in their arrangements for purchasing woollen cloths — Walford, 4793. Manufac- turers of, would rather sell to the Company than to private merchants — Walford, 4834. Company purchase, under an open competition, at the lowest price — Ireland, 4867- Could always be sold 3 per cent, cheaper than the Company's contract prices — Dixon, 3173. They buy all the different kinds of cloth, viz. superfine or Spanish stripes, white and striped list cloths, medley cloths and kerseymeres — Dixon, 2934. Formerly stouter cloths were purchased by Russians, and now are sent by the Americans^-Z)Jxon, 2935, 2938. 2. Rejected by the Company. — Woollens rejected by the Company often sent to China by private houses — Alsager, 2254-2260; Everett, 2875. A considerable quantity of rejected goods purchased by the private trade — Dixon, 2950, 3129. Sometimes, but not o{ter\— Bates, 3386. Americans frequently buy the rejected cloths — Walford, 4754; Ireland^ 4853. Are made up in packages similar to the Company's, to pass as theirs in C\\\m\—Alsager, 2247, 2253, 2261, 2266. When marked with the Company's mark, goods will pass unexamined all over China— Mar- joribanks, 206. Company's mark a passport from one end of China to the other — Davis, 391. Goods without the Company's mark would not F 36 be received without examination and measurement — Marjoribtinh, 20f. Would not have the same passport without the Company's mark — Davis, 392. 3. Sale of, in China. — Formerly bartered with the Hong by the Company for teas ,• practice d\sconUnu^d—Marjonbanks, 342. Are generally sold in tales to the Hong — Davis, 560. The Company's busi- ness is divided into 21 shares, which is apportioned differently amongst the different Hong merchants ; the quantity of teas supplied by them upon contract is in proportion to those shares; Hong compelled to take woollens — Marjoribanks, 610-624. Prices of teas and woollens are fixed separately, and have no reference to each other— Marjoribanks, 642. Hong merchants sustain loss by the purchase of; but make it up by the profit on tesL— Marjoribanks, 205, 362 ; Davis, 408, 508. Company pur- chase tea of each of the Hong in proportion as he takes woollens — Davis, 574; Marjoribanks, Q\Q. Hong merchants are obliged to purchase at a price unprofitable to them — Bickards, 3799, p. 317. Hong merchants oblige those who bring the tea to take woollens in part payment — Marjo- ribanks, 205 ; Davis, 342. Company have frequently lost money by their imports into China from England — Marjoribanks, 180. Has for some time been a losing trade— Marjoribanks, 298-299. No individuals would submit to the losses in- curred by the Company— Z)a««5, 387. Has been a losing trade for some time — Davis, 1438-1440. Investments of, have not been successful-^ Maxwell, 3679, p. 245. Company have continued to trade in, out of anxiety for the welfare of British manufactures — Marjoribanks, 182; and out of deference to public opinion — Davis, 507-509. Have felt themselves obliged particularly to protect the consumption of articles made of British wool — MelviU, 5128. Quantity of, imported by the Company at China, considerably diminished since 1810 — Matjoribanks, 815. Gradually de- creased — Dixon, 2991. Perhaps not much falling off in cloths; but con- siderable in long ells — Walford, 4817. No material decrease in quantity, although the value is less — MelviU, 5123. Principal decrease has been in articles made of British wool — MelviU, 5128. The coarsest description of cloth, if dyed a proper colour, would be best for the Chinese market — Dixoii, 2936. The Americans obtain their woollens as cheap as the Company — Dixon, 2940. The exportation of British woollens in American bottoms, for the Canton market, commenced in 1817; in 1818-19, 4957 pieces were imported thus into Canton, and in 1826-27, 27,176 pieces — Dixon, 2982. The trade in, is increasing — Dixon, 2989. The exportation of, by the Company, is decreasing — Dixon, 2991. Trade in, through Russia, has been stopped by the tariff, which imposes a high duty on British woollens, of 6s. to 7s. per yard, and allows Prussian manufactures to pass at less than half that amount — Dixon, 2997-2999. British manufactures could not be entered into competition with, in China, by continental woollens — Dixon, ZQ\Q. Russian manufacturers, engaged in the China trade, have not been successful — Dixon, 3024. Lately, British woollens have found their way all over the continent, from the improve- ment in their manufacture at Leeds-^Dixon, 3003. Consoo charges (made by the Hong,) are not levied on British wooWens-^Marjoribanks, 205. The Hanse towns have lately appointed a consul at Canton, to open a market for the consumption of continental woollens — Dixon, 3001. 37 4, Consumption of, in China. — Much worn by the Chinese in the winter — Marjoribanks, 878. All Chinese that can afford it wear woollens -^Coffin, 1701. Could be disposed of along the whole coast of China — Mackie, 4470. Are not much used in the north, where most wanted, on account of the trade being confined to a southern port — Mmjoribanks, 183. Demand for, would be much increased, if the use of, could be introduced into the north of China — Marjoribanks, 358. Use of, prevented in China, on account of the high duty, (of 12d. to 16d. per yard on woollens, and about 6s. per cwt. on raw cotton,) and the distance from the port of unloading to the interior; and to the customs, which prescribe the use of their home manufactures on public occasions — Davis, 388. Not much consumed in China, from want of access to the northern districts — Davis, 1451. They obtain a sale as far as the cost of carriage will allow, and are much wanted in the north — Hutchinson, 2805.. Are subject to heavy internal duties, as well as at the port of discharge — Davis, 47O-476. And their passage into the interior impeded from want of means of communication-^Dam, 1357. Have been attempted to be introduced through Russia to China, but failed, in consequence of the preference given by Russia to Prussian manufactures — IFa//brc?, 4776-4779. Price of, sent out to China, has been reduced one half — Marjoribanks^ 302, 813. Late consignments likely to realise a profit — Davis, 1242-1244, From the very great fall in the invoice cost — Davis, 1437. Late ship- ments of, likely to pay well — Melvill, o\24. A statement, showing the value of Long Cloths, Camlets, and Broad Cloths, at different periods, compared with 1820:— Broad Cloths, suitable for the China trade. Cotton Long Cloths. In 1821, were 2^ to 5^ st.less 1822 „ 5 » n f> 1823 ,, 10 „ 15 )» 1824 ,, 20 „ 25 ,j 1825 „ 12^ „ 15 ;l 1826 „30 „35 1827 „ 35 „ 40 *} 18-28 „ 40 „ 45 }j 1829 „ 45 „ 50 >) 1830 „ 47^ „ 50 It appears, from the above Camlets. 5^-01. 10 „ less 5 to 7i ^ct.less n ,.10 — „10 i'^.^ „15 5 „10 35 „40 40 „42 42 „45 45 „47 45 „50 12£tol5 „ 15 „20 „ 10 „12i „ 17i„20 „ 25 „30 „ 30 „33 „ 371 „ 40 „ 42 „45 „ from the above, that nearly double the quantity of good* may be bought, at the present prices, for the sum paid in 1820^ Long ells are 55 per cent, lower than in \S20—Everett, 2849. Account of the value of foreign and domestic woollens, cottons, and metals, exported from the United States in the years 1827 and 1828, printed bv order of Congress : — 1827. 1828. Woollens Cottons, white and coloured. . Cotton twist Iron in pigs, bars and bolts ... Copper in pigs and sheets . . . . Tin plates Lead Dollars... Foreign. AHserican. Foreign. American 19,264 ... 7,210 ... 76,274 9,388 304,789 14,981 ... ... 3,574 ... . 3,398 4,250 14,885 ... 4,114 ... 11,819 ... 3,570 ... 2,056 ... . 178,131 ... 69,051 284,751 13,638 313,384 14,981 Everc //, 2864. 38 Cmn^an^^^^ ^' '""'' woollens imported into Canton by the East In* PIECES. ^^!5r^- r i^j;:; ;£;;:::;:;SS! -"K- -r 1IU2 !li? ;::::::: 'ill Decrease in 9 years . . 236, 1 Bro4d Cloths, from 1811 to 1819 7I,,Sr)6 Uo. „ 1820 to 1828. .. 124, 611 Increase in 9 years . . 53,25") Long Ells, from 1811 to 1819 1,511,288 Do. „ 1820 to 1828 1,248,420 Decrease in 9 years.. 2(>2,8i>8 ) Increase in 9 years . . 25,040 CAMLiiis, from 1811 to 1819 160,140 Do. „ 1820tol828 120,170 Decrease in 9 years. . ^7970 Dixon, 2993. Quantity of British woollens imported into Canton by the Americans ; 1818-19. 18::.M-5. 1825-6. 1826'-7. PIECES. PIECES. PTECKS. PIECES. Broad Cloths 769 10,257 12,067 14,064 Lonj;Ells 7.842 10,620 8,040 Bombazets 672 ... 1,800 4,957 23,159 26,977 27,176 In 1826-7 27.176 pieces. „ 1818-19 ... 4,957 » Increase... 22,2 19 Dixon, 2993. The consumption of British woollens in China has, however, increased, on average of the three last years (1825-6 to 1827-8), as compared with the 5 or 11 previous years — Dixon, 3197. Quantity of, exported to the four open ports of India by free traders, exceeds that of the Company to the whole of India and China, in 1828, by 50 per cqiM.— Dixon, 3095. English woollens superior to German — Maxwell, 3681, p. 245. Woollens would always sell well on the China coast — Mackie, 4470. English blankets are now generally purchased by every one, in China, that can afford to buy them — Alackie, 4539. English, would speedily supersede the use of native cloths — Mackie, 4533. COTTON. The Company, having no active circulating capital of their own, are obliged to be supplied with funds for the purchase of their teas in China, from their Indian revenue, (one half the gross produce of the soil being taken as a land tax,) a large portion of which revenue is taken in cotton ; they also take the other half, at a price fixed by the Company's servants, and often below what they could get from private merchants — Rickards, 3488, p. 278. Although the Company lose by it, they nevertheless •ealize the tale at a lower rate than they could by bills — Jlfelvill, 5114, The Company's revenue in Bombay, is principally collected in — liickards, 3519, p. 283. When the Company purchased, in 1821, at twenty-five rupees per maund, private merchants could procure it at fifteen rupees — Rickards, 3520, p. 283. Trade in, to China, has not been profitable of late years, ex- cept us freight tu ships, whereby the tale in China is realized at a lower rat9 3^ —MelvUlj 5114-5118. Is a less profitable remittance to China tlian that of bills — Melvill, 432"2. Sold by the Company to their officers — Lloydy 4133. The Company place the tale in China, at 6s. 4d., their officers at b's. Id., and the free trade, by bills, at 5s. 7d.—Lloj/d, 4137-4149. Trade in, to China, by private merchants, formerly profitable — Hutchinson, 2Q^Q. Considerably less profitable than formerly — Davidson, 3081 ; Hutchinson, 2794. Is the chief raw material exported from India, and sold by the Company in China — Marjoribanks, 184. Considerable quantity of, grown in China — Mcajoribanks, 253. Where a much greater quantity is grown than formerly — Hutchinson, 2794. Cotton yarns have lately been attempteti to be introduced into China, with some prospect of success — Brown, 1007. White cotton goods, manufactured in the United States, are shipped in considerable quantities to China — Cojfin, 186». Cotton, at Bengal, is purchased for the Company in the market, through their commercial residents — Lloyd, 4154. Ona spinner by machinery, in Britain, will produce yarn at one-fourth the price that it costs for the same quantity of workmanship in India, supposing the wages of the former to be Is. 8d. and of the latter 2d. per day — Kennedy, 4992. Comparison of the cost of labour in producing yarns in Britain and India, for one pound weight, from No. 40 to 250, and likewise of the value of the labour and material combined. Hanks spun per clay in British. Indian. "N /•' "~"~ No. both per Cotton. Labour. Cost. Cotton. Labour. Cost. spindle. s. d. s. d. s. d. d. s. d. s. d. 40 2,00 1 6 1 2 6 3 3 4 3 7 60 1,75 2 1 6 3 6 3^ 5 8i 6 80 1,50 2 2 2 2 4 4 4i 8 lOi 9 3 100 1,40 2 4 2 10 5 2 5 11 11 12 4 120 1,25 2 3 6 6 5 16 16 5 150 1,00 2 10 6 6 9 4 6 25 25 6 200 0,75 3 4 16 8 20 6 44 7 45 1 250 0,50 4 31 35 8 83 4 84 Kennedy, 4992. Comparative prices of English and Indian Cotton Yarns, in the years 1812 and 1830, per thread of one mile, equal tq about two hanks of yarn. English Prices. Indian Prices. 1812 and 1830. d. 3 V^ H 8 Kennedy, 4097. No. 1812. 1830 d. d. 40 u 0| 60 n 0^ 80 1t% Of 100 u otl 120 ItV ^H 150 u ] 200 2f If 250 3} n 40 There has been little or no improvement in the Cotton exported from India since 1812 — Kennedy, 5005. Many orders are now executing in Manchester, from Chinese patterns, for the China market — Kennedy, 5041. India Cotton susceptible of improvement ; Egyptian and other cotton competes with it — Melvill, 5175. Account of cottons and cotton twists exported from the Unitied States, in 1827 and 1828 (see p. 37)^^vcretfy 2864. EXPORTS AND IMPORTS Tea is the only article exported by the Company from China — Marjori' banks, 746. The Company have extended their trade in tea very much — Mai'joribanks, 546. The difference in value between the imports into, and the tea exported from China, by the Company, is made up by drawing annually about 2,000,000 dollars on their Bengal treasury — Marjoribanks^ 349, 754. In 1827-28 the imports of the Company into China were 4,500,000, and the exports thence 7,800,000 dollars — Marjoribanks, 754. A large contraband exportation of silver, to the extent of 6,094,000 tales, made by the private trade — Marjoribanks, 762. The export from England to China is greatly affected by the Company being obliged to remit 5^^4,000,000 annually— 4^e/t;i//, 4338, 4892. Estimate of American exports and imports at Canton (see p. 21) — Marjoribanks, 197. Exports and imports of the Americans to Canton, about 6,500,000 dollars each way< — Davis, 1459. Shipments, from 1818 to 1829, of manufactures shipped by an agent on account of American houses for the China market (see p. 21) — Everett, 2842. Value of long cloths, camlets and broad cloths, at different periods, compared with 1820 (see p. 37) — Everett, 2849. Value of foreign and domestic woollens, &c. exported from the United States in 1827 and J 828 (see p. 37)— Everett, 2864. Value of American imports and exports to and from China. Exports from China, Imports. Dollars. Dollars. 1H20-21 4,000,000 4,000,000 1826-27 4,300,000 4,200,000 Bates, 32] 9, The exports from Java to China in 1825 (which was one of the worst years of the trade) exceeded 2,700,000 guilders or £225,000; including 5^54,000 in specie, 56'40,000 in birds' nests, £4,250 of Netherlands' woollens, also pepper, betel-nut, ratans, tripang (a sea slug), &c. — Deans,3b\4-]6, p. 235. Imports into Batavia from China were s£^75,000, of which £7,800 were teas — Deans, 3519, p. 236. 41 Account of the trade (totaf import and export) of the Americans and of the Company with China, for six years ending 1 826-27. American Trade. East India Company's Trade. 1821-22 ^3,306,004 ^€2,678,422 1822-23 3,436,960 2,630,002 1823-24 2,597,893 2,805,428 1824-25 3,783,686 2,500,898 I825-2G 3,576,862 2,538,932 1826-27 1,778,293 3,029,144 ^18,479,698 Average ,.. 3,079,949 £16,182,826 2,697,137 Difference .€382,812. Papers relating to India and China, printed 4th June, 1 829, No. 20 and 2b ,■ Maxwelly 3764, p. 249. Imports and Exports, at Sincapore, 1826-27 and 1827-28. IMPORTS. EXPORTS. 1826-27. 1827-28. 1826-27. 1827-28. Sicca Rupees. Sicca Rupees. Sicca Rupees. Sicca Rupees. Calcutta ...1,953,120^ 2,310,466^ 2,039,7Gii 1,631,3m Madras 403,001^ 414,697f 278,928* 1,138,099 Bombay 255,700i 376,889i 526,1881 188,012 England 2,835,477 1,920,126'^ 2,115,118 2,789,513^ Foreign Europe 5^1,676 574,457^ 272,230^ America 369,959 China 1,513,555 1,792,674| 2,464,815 1,519,897 Prince of Wales Island 672,523 883,015i Malacca . . ^ 306,438| 278,627^ 438,356| 480,556 Tenang :... 369,777i 646,122 Java ... 1, 178,675| 2,284,6.371 826,965| 1,026,379 Mauritius 82,122} 155,951 59,9004 119,122| Ceylon 10,525 19,355i Siam 461,006i 275,819| 341,333^ 457,713^ Cochin China 322,790| 108,449| 289,856^ 85,576 Acheen 100,932| 2,896^ 26,219| Othernative Ports .. 3,153,9581 3,514,7201 3,531,384 3,517,438^ Sicca Rupees.. 13,619,786 14,885,999^ 13,883,062 13,872,010 Increase of Imports 1,266,213^ Sicca Rupees. Decrease of Exports .... 11,052 ditto. Crawfurd, 3730; p. 309. Profit and loss on exports from England to India in each year, from 1814-15 to 1828-29, (see Revenues)— iWe/yi//, 5875. Profit or loss in each year from 1818-19 to 1827-28, (see Revenues)— Appendix, p. 92. Profit or loss from England to China from 1818-19 to 1827-28, (see Revenues)— Appendix, p. 94, 4^ O P T U M. A consideral'le contraband trade in, is carried on from the islands at the month of the Canton river — Marjuribanks^ 174. By the Americans — Coffin, 1790-1796. All that is sold in China belongs originally to the Company — Davis, 443; Aken, 2012. The annual importation of, into China, is 10,000,000 dollars— i)«m, 482; Alarjoriban/cs, 290. Princi- pally purchased at the Company's siAes—Marjoribanks, 840. Chinese must be aware that it is shipped under the Company's license — Davis, 444. Is easily smuggled when in the Chinese river — Aken, 1991-2004 ; Davidson, 2576. Is smuggled both by Americans and country ships — Davis, 428. And is carried on openly — Mackie, 4441. At Amoy the price of, is higher than at Canton — Alackie, 4448. Is smuggled more by the English than by the Americans — Coffin, 1900. Great quantities of, are sent from India to China — Alelvill, 4965. All of it is bought at the Company's sales in India — Bales, 3356. Princi- pally bearing the Company's mark ; there is some from the Portuguese territories— Jf^/j;ii;e//, 3742, p. 249; 3744, p. 249. The Chinese Govern- ment too weak to prevent the trade in — Davis, 550, 551. Frequently issued, in vain, edicts to prevent it — Marjoribanks, 715-719. Trade in opium connived at, by the under Chinese authorities — Marjoribanks, 174, 713, 714; ^A-c«,' 2001; Davidson, 2525, 2.526, 2533, *2534. Easily managed, by paying an established fee to the Mandarins — Davidson, 2576. Is connived at by the Government — Rickards, 3795, p. 317- The country trade (i. e. that between India and China) is greatly increased by the enormous consumption of, in China- — A4arjoribanks, 225 ; Davidson, 2552. The Company are interested in this illicit trade as reganls their Indian revenue — AIa)jorihanks,29]. The Company's servants are not allowed to deal in — Marjoribanks, 706-709 ; Davidson, 2516. Purchases of, in India, avowedly for the Chinese market, w'th the con- nivance of government; sold in China with the Company's mark — Aken, 2020-2027- Turkish opium, which is of late introduction, is fast super- seding the use of Bengal opium in the China market, on account of its cheapness— J/tf7i, 2014. 10,000,000 to 12,000,000 dollars annually paid by the Chinese for — Marjoribanks, 224, 225. A great quantity of, smug- gled, principally by British country ships — Marjoribanks, 3.39. Both by theAmericansandcountrytrade— i)ayi.9, 428; Co^«, 1795,1796,1 899,1900; Bates, 3357, 3358. But not by the Company's ships — Bates, 3359. The consumption of opium is so great, that the Chinese cannot make returns in tea and other merchandise for all they take, and therefore they export specie from Canton to India to the extent, in 1827-28, of 5 to 6,000,000 Spanish dollars — Melvill, 51 48. The prices of, always given in the Canton Register, a public newspaper — Marjoribanks, 708 It is used in all parts of Ciiina ; and the consumption of it is rapidly increasing; the importation of opium annually, has been 13,000 to 14,000 chests; is even used in the imperial Palace at Pekin — Marjoribanks, 721. Is sometimes shipped from Turkey — Marjoribanks, 732. The consumption of, is rapidly increasing, and cannot be dispensed with by those who arc habituated to li—Dcans^ 3540, p. 237. 4^ Statement of the consumption and value of Indian Opium in China. I'ATNA AND hF.NAHl2S. Malwah. rOTAL. Chests, i Value. Chests. Value. Chests. Value. Dollars. Dollars. Dollars. 1818-19 3050 3,050,000 1530 1,109,250 4580 4,159,250 J 81 9-20 2970 3,667,950 1630 1,915,250 4600 5,583,200 1820-21 3050 5,795,000 1720 2,605.800 4770 8,400,800 1821-22 2910 6,038,250 1718 2,276,350 4628 8,314,600 1822-23 1822 2,828,930 4000 5,160,000 5822 7,988,930 1823-24 2910 4,656,000 4172 3,859,100 7082 8,515,100 1824-25 2655 \ 3,119,625 6U00 4.500,000 8655 7,619,625 1825-26 3442 i 3,141,755 6179 4,466,450 9621 7,608,205 1826-27 3661 3,668,565 6308 5,941,520 9969 9,610,085 1827-28 5114 5,105,073 4361 5,251,760 9475 10,356,833 MarjoribankSf 730. 2,000,000 lbs. weight of opium, exceeding £2,500,000 sterling, are annually imported into China — JDeans, 3542, p. 237- Opium is indis- pensable to the Chinese, and would be imported in spite of prohibition — Rickards, 3794, p. 316. Rate per Cent, at which the revenue of Customs upon opium was col- lected from 1809-10 to 1827-28:— 1809-10. .,3.796 1810-11. ..3.616 1811-12 ..3.624 1812-1 3. ..4.31 4 1813-14. ..3.488 1814-15. ..2.865 1815-1 6. ..3.268 181 6-17. ..4.458 181 7-1 8. ...3.764 1818-19. ..3.507 1819-20...4.537 1820-21 ...2.808 1821-22...4.020 1822-23... 2.983 1823^24. ..4.195 1824-25... 4.424 1825-26... 10.365 1826-27... 6.475 1827-28... 4.940 Appendix^ p. 84. SHIPPING. 1. MEASUREMENT FOR DUTIES. 2. BRITISH. 3. COUNTRY, (INDIA.) 4. CHINESE. f>. EAST INDIA COMPANY. 6. FOREIGN. 1. Measurement for Duties. — The Chinese measure the vessels from the centre of the mizenmast to the centre of the foremast, and they take the extreme breadth close behind the mainmast, and multiply them together, and divide the product by ten to give the measurement ; and nearly all charges are made in proportion to this measurement^.4/c^n, 1941. The total amount of duties on a vessel at Canton, including Cumshaw and Compradore duties, is 9000 dollars — Akcn, 1951. The Chinese method of measuring shipping for the purpose of charging duty, is very favourable to large ships — Alsager, 2485 j Maxjield, 4638. • 2. British. — Excluded from carrying on any trade between China and foreign Europe — Hutchinson, 2668. The Americans are likely to super- sede British bottoms in the carrying trade — Cartwright, 1500, 1501. Would be employed but for the restrictions — Coffin, 1783. A Prussian merchant offered to freight a British ship from Canton to Hamburg, but the Company's supercargoes refused permission — Aken, 2043-2049. The Americans engross a trade from Nootka Sound and Cook's Inlet to Canton, 44 with furs and fine oil, from which the British are exduded by the Com- pany — Aken^ 2153, 2154. Foreign ships employed by necessity, merchant* not being able to avail themselves of British tonnage restricted from the trade— Z)^fln5, 3531, p. 236; 3535, p. 237. Ther crews of, in Canton, are managed by a local police, which could not exist under a system of free trade — I>avis, 400. Could not sail so cheaply as American, from the great cost of them, and the high price of provisions — Bates, 3330. Might be employed in the trade from Buenos Ayres to Canton, if it were lawful; and they could be procured for £S. to £\0. a ton — Cartwright, 1500, 1546. English shipping could be sent to sea cheaper, if allowed to victual from the Continent, or from bonded warehouses — Bates, 3338. Necessity compels traders to employ any kind of vessels at Canton, although they would gladly avail themselves of the unemployed British shipping lying there — Deans, 3529-3531, p. 236. 12,000 tons of, annually return from China to Sincapore, in ballast — Maxwell, 3812, p. 252. Vessels of 600 tons are the best for the China trade, and will carry as much cargo, in comparison, as 1200- ton ships, and deliver it in as good condition— Pojoe, 3868, p. 255. 3. Country (India). — Are allowed to trade with China by license* granted by the local governments — Davis, 405, 406. The Company grant licenses to, to carry teas for consumption to ports in Asia, and to New South Wales — Ma^joribanks, 627. The Cape of Good Hope is not in- cluded in the licenses ; the licenses authorise them " to take tea to any Hitermediate port between Canton and Calcutta" — Aken, 2076-2082. Trade of, to China, has increased of late years ; and is protected by the Company — Marjoribanks, 224-227; Davis, 458, 465. The Company's servants are not allowed to be agents for — Marjoribanks, 284, 285/ Davis, 460. Tonnage of, at Canton, equal to the Company's — Davis, 455. Often leave China in ballast — Stenra?'t, 3923, p. 328. Have proceeded to several ports in China on trading voyages, and have been well received by the natives— Maxwell, 3768, 3778,' p. 250. 4?. Chinese. — Chinese junks might be employed to supply the market with tea, should the Grovernment prevent intercourse through Siam, &c. — Coffin, 1881 / Deans, 3523, p. 236. It is contrary to the Chinese law to bring teas in junks — Marjoribanks, 332. Very great difficulties would arise in carrying on trade by means of — Marjoribanks, 353. Chinese shipping too cumbrous and insecure to carry on any large trade — Mar- joribanks, 354, 883. The Chinese junks are precarious and insecure— Davidson, 3052. And in the event of an interruption of trade, could not bring tea in any quantities to the islands of the Archipelago — David- son, 3052. Few junks trade from Canton, though the coasting trade is considerable; are as large as 600 tons, but by no means seaworthy — Marjonbanks, 867. They trade largely to Siam, varying in size from 200 to 800 tons, which bring tea, earthenware, and sweetmeats, and take back sugar, horn, and hides- -Coffin, 1 877- Trade considerably from China and Cochin China to Sincapore — Hutchinson, 2705 ; Maxwell, 3793, p. 250. Are of a rude and primitive construction, and unfit for the purposes of general trade — Hutchinson, 2813. Could not be found in sufficient number immediately to fill up the want of British shipping, if the Chinese trade were stopped j but a number of junks could supply the British market with tea, through Sincapore — Hutchinson, 2832 ; Stewart, 3870, p. 324. Any trade carried 45 t)n with, would be very 'irregular— -Bates, 3463. From four to eight junks trade from China to'Java— Deans, 3511, p. 235. The average tonnage of which is 300 tons— Beans, 3513, p. 235. Generally leave China with the favorable monsoon, and return with it, and are seldom lost — Deans^ 3650, p. 244. The largest come from Canton,; the most valuable from Fokien to Sincapore — Maxwell, 3793, p. 251. 222 junks trade annually from China, to Japan, the Phillipines, Soc-loo Islands, Celebes, the Moluccas, Borneo, Java, Sumatra, Sincapore, Rhio, the east coast of the Malayan Peninsula, Siam, Cochin China, Cambodia and Tonquin, (see p. 27.)—Crawfurd, 3676, p. 298. Cost of a junk of 8000 peculs or 476 tons burthen, is at Siam, 7400, at Chang-lin, 16,000, and at Amoy, 21,000 dollars ; are exempt from several duties — Crawfurdf 3676, p. 298. The rate oi^ freight in junks, in 1821, from Saigun, in Cambodia, to Sincapore, was for fine goods, such as cotton and silk manufactures, 10 in 100; for tea, 10 in 100; sugar, 20 in 100 ; rice, 40 in 100; from Amoy and Fokein to Sincapore, the freight on black tea is 1 dollar 40 cents per pecul, equal to between |d. and f d. per lb. — Craw-' Jurd, 3849, p. 321.' Particulars of the cargo of a junk from Amoy to Sincapore, January, 1824, after a voyage of 13 days; buithen 200 to 250 tons: — earthenware of 32 diiferent sizes and patterns, 660,250 pieces; flooring tiles, 10,000 ; coping stones, 200 ; black varnished paper umbrel- las, 12,000; variegated ditto, 3000 ; pastry, 50 boxes; confectionery, 166 boxes; dried fruit, 60 boxes; kin-chin, a kind of esculent plant, 12 bun- dles ; dried fungus, esculent, 6 boxes; dried mushrooms, 6 boxes; dried fruit, 40 baskets ; sugar candy, 50 boxes ; vermicelli, 8 boxes ; salt fish, 5 baskets ; kanlan, a fruit resembling an olive, and pickled in salt, 100 jars; medicines, 10 bags; silk shoes, 10 boxes; cloth ditto, 10 boxes; stravr ditto, 5 boxes ; incense rods, 20 boxes; lamp oil, 10 casks; tobacco, (for the Celebes,) 350 boxes ; ditto, (for the Chinese residents,) 220 boxes ; combs, 10 boxes; hair pencils,! box; dry salted vegetables, 40 jars; pickled ditto, 400 jars; nankeens, 100 bales; ditto, 20 boxes; gold lace thread, 20 boxes; tea, 110 boxes. The total value of this cargo was 60,000 Spanish dollars, or near £\^,Om.—Cratvfurd, 3849, p. 322. Par- ticulars of the cargo of a Siamese junk, which arrived at Sincapore, in 1824: — white sugar, 1350 peculs, value 8775 dollars; coarse sugar, 80 peculs, 212 dollars; fine rice, 20 koyans, 1360 dollars; coarse rice, 25 koyans, 1375 dollars; salt, 20 koyans, 540 dollars; oil, cocoa-nut, 150 peculs, 849 dollars; stic lac, 150 peculs, 1850 dollars; nankeens, large, 1000 pieces, 600 dollars; tobacco, 25 peculs, 400 dollars ; salt fish, 50 peculs, 250 dollars; total, 16,212 AoWars—Crawfiird, 3849, p. 322. The junks evade both duties and port charges in Chm?t.— Crawfurd, 4291. A large trade carried on with, from Amoy to Manilla and Sincapore — Mackie, 4606. Some of which are as large as 600 tons — Mackie, 4607. 5. East India Company. — They pay less tonnage at Canton ; are bet- ter adapted for stowing teas; stow more; in 17 years, out of 400, not a single homeward bound ship has been lost; independent of convoy in time of war — Davis, 373 ; Alsager, 2223. Being large, the tea is stowed away at once, and not moved again — Alsager, 2238. The Barkworth delivered ft damaged cargo, and entailed serious loss — Davis, 138c. Carry more in proportion than small vessels — Davis, 1387* There is greater capacity of hold, and of such immense extent, that there is less breakage and damage —Alsager, 2230. And stow more rapidly— yi/sager, 2230; Pope, 3922, p- 257. Stow more according to their tonnage— Co^», 1 832. Crews of. 46 held in complete command by the factory — Dam, 400; Stewart, 3883, p,325. Large ships do not carry more in comparison to their tonnage than smaller vessels— Po;?^, 3868, p/25o; Stewart, 390), p. 326. If the Com- pany were not compelled by law to have ships for warfare as well as trade, they could engage them on as good terms as individuals — Melvill, 4373. Have several times distinguished themselves as ships of war — Alsager, 2227. Since the 58 Geo. IH., passed in 1818, the Company are not required by law to equip their ships for war — Maxfield, 4681. And in case of war, merchantmen are as safe as the Company's shipping — Max- jieldy 4681. Five hundred tea ships have been freighted by the Company since 1806 — Alsager,2235. In loading with tea, nine hundred weight go to the ton — Alsager, 227 \ . Damage from breakage is very great in a small ship — Alsager, 2342. Are more abundantly equipped and manned than other ships — Alsager, 2372. Different classes of ships are taken up by the Company — Alsager, 2373. The Company's ships are most abundantly stored — Alsager, 2401. They are not overmanned; in war they could repel the attack of a thirt^'-two gun frigate, and set privateers of a small class at defiance — Alsager, 2423. The stores of a Company's ship are kept where tea could not be stowed for fear of damage — Alsager, 2482, The Chinese method of measuring ships, for the purpose of charging duty, is very favourable to large ships — Alsager, 2485; Maxjield, 4638. Smaller vessels are now used in the China trade, on account of the expense of fitting out large ships, and from the large ones being inapplicable to other trades — Stewart, 3922, p. 328; Maxjield, 4691. The present mode of chartering their ships is not econo- mical ; some of them are taken up as high as £26. per ton, subject to an additional £1. 10s. if sent to any intermediate port in India; whilst they take others for a single voyage at £\2. 5s. — Maxjield, 4663-4. If instead of taking them up for six or three voyages, they had been engaged for one voyage at a? 10. to ^10. 10s. per ton, which they might be, a saving would be effected of upwards of ^857,823, on the whole of the ships upon one voyage each — Maxjield, 4667. Several Indiamen have been captured — Maxjield, 4645. Capture of the Kent by the Confiance — Maxjield, 4646. Of the Triton by a pilot schooner — Maxjield, 4656. Loss of the Devonshire, in the River Hoogley, by having her ports opened and heeling over — Maxjield, 4659. The Company would be greatly benefited by taking up ships for one voyage only — Maxjield, 4724. Ships unladen at the docks in the presence of officers of the revenue — Truelock, 5575. The Company's trade at Canton used to be 20,000 tons, and the country trade about 20,000 tons; in 1827 the Company's was 37,700 tons, and was beyond the country trade— Marjoribanks, 224. Profit on the Company's own ships from 1820-21 to 1828-29. 1820-21 ....... ^49,198 1821-22 21,044 1822-23 28,742 1823-24 46,925 1824-25 29,024 1825-26 41,386 1826-27 26,921 1827-28 56,336 1828-29 32,647 £332,223 Melvill, 5^7 o. 47 A Statement exhibiting the names, number, and tonnage of Ships now, 27th January, 18^2(3, chartered by the East India Company, of every de- scription, the rates of tonnage, and number of voyages for which they are engaged, as also the names of the ouners of such ships, and the time or date when they were engaged. Ships' Names, Herefordshire ,«v-v. Vansittdrt General Kyd ^..^ Minerva Thomas Coutts ,,^^ Duke of York Orwell Dunira „r^^ Windsor ^,^ Kellie Castle Koyal George ,»^— Repulse ...^^ Farquliarson ,^^^ Tliames . — . Macqueen ^,^^ "William Fairlie Sir David Scott Berwickshire Hythe ,- — . Duchess of Athol Bombay ,>rv^ Ciiarles Grant ,,wv. Lowther Castle Abcrcrombie Koblnson Edinburgh .«^ Lord Lowther , — . Rosa ^ — Prince Regent Asia „. — . ,~-^. Marchioness of Ely Marquis of Huntly Inglis ,^wv. »~-v. Atlas ~— Bridgwater ^^.r^ Warren Hastings Princess Charlotte ? of Wales ,_ / Marquis Wellington Warren Hastings Coldstream ,.w- Guildford .r^^^ Albion ,»^^ Childe Harold .-^^ Bussorah Merchant Malcolm ..^^^ Lord Hungerford Berwick ,-^-s. Commodore Hayes Broxbornebury Java ,^wv. ~v^ Cumbridge .^.-^ Lady Kennaway James Sibbald „ — . Maillard -^ Orient ,~~ ~.~>- Roxburgh Castle Rates of Tonnage. Tonnage. 1200 £2] IS 9 1200 20 18 9 Number of Voyages. 978 a 961 rt 1000 o 599 Java ...v-^ Broxbornebury 1175 720 Owners. John Locke Joseph Hare . J.-imes Walker . Gei)rge Palmer^ Time or Date when engaged. 1811, Jan. II. — July 10. 1812, Sept. 2. Stewart Marjoribanks 1810, Mar. 29. Do. _ Matthew Isaake — George Pahner,,^^ — June 5. George Clay ,,^^ — Dec. 24. Stewart Erskine 1817, Mar. 18, John Fam. Timins 1818, Oct. 14. Do. — John Christ. L^ckner — Henry Blanshard — . John Campbell,,.^ 1819, Sept. 15. Joseph Hare ,^ — Do. . _ Stewart Marjoribanks — Do. _ W. E. Ferrers . Henry Templar,^,^ Wm. Moff'et ^.^ John Crosthwait Henry Bonham Do. Henry Blanshard Thos. Milroy ,^^^ Henry Bonliam Do. Octavius Wigram John M'Taggart Richard Borradaile Chas. Otway Mayne James Sims ,~^^ Wra. Sims Chas. B. Gribble 1822, Nov. 13. 1823, July 2. — Sept. 3. 1824, Aug.l3. Henry Bonham JohnL. Miret John Daws(.'n .r^^ Jas. Mangle.; .^ Chas. Weller Robert Granger Chas. Stewart — Sept. 8. 1825, Mar. 30. /cnas. .'Stewar R. W. Eyles J. L. Heaiho - — James Grcig ,^ \ Geo. F. Young,^ \ Alfred Chapman \Joiej)h Kare .^ [These waids for the , James Grcig voyage to Ben ?S. Mar 5 Wigr. Countess of Harcourt 617 15 10 18 11 8 T These ships were f fieo. Palmer ( cng ged for the 3 Geo. Jood ..^..^ f voyage outwards y Henry Blanshard 3 to Bombay. CFraser Living & Co, r For one voyage •< to China and C. Quebec. ( For one voyage ") < to China and > H. Blanshard i Hahfax. S /To bring cargoes^ I from China, af- \ I ter performing 'Joseph Hare — » the service for ' Alfred Chapman I wliich they were I Vengaged, Mar.30/ rjoribanks & Co. — May 4. m & Green — May 25. 48 Rates of Number of Time or Date Ships' Names. Tonnage. Tonnagfe. Voyages. Owneri. when engaged. Marquis Hastings 452 £10 19 J To bring cargoes ? George Lyall . 1825, May 25. Henrv Porcher 600 10 19 0| from China, f S. Marjoribanks & Co. — In ro6m of the Kent 1300 a 21 6 Do. — June 22. Clyde 451 6 19 6 f To carry cargoes ? Joseph Hare — July 15. Eliza ,-w. 511 6 15 0( to Bengal. f W. Abercrombie — Marquis Camden 1286 a 18 18 3 Thomas Liirkins — Aug. 17. Lady Melville . . 1257 a 18 19 3 Octavius Wigram — Castle Huntly „^ 1311a 18 19 6 3 J. H. Gledstancs — General Harris 1280 a 18 19 3 James Sims ^.^ — Aug. 24 The ships marked thus (o) are entitled to an extra freight of £]. 10s. per ton, if sent to the Island of Bombay, or to the Continent of India, and from either of those places to Cliina. Maxjield, 4685. 6. Foreign. — Employed in the China trade are from 300 to 500 tons, which is the most convenient size — Brown, 931; Milne, 1148; BateSy 3310. The Americans discontinued sending vessels of 900 to 1200 tons burthen — Coffin, 1765. And the American trade at Canton has fallen off considerably— Cr#«, 1646. Cheaper than W\th\\— Bates, 3329. The Dutch employ vessels of 400 to 500 tons— Masterson, 3597, p. 292. The Liverpool packet performed the voyage, from America to China and back, in eight months and twenty-eight days— Coffin, 1577- The trade from Buenos Ayres to Canton carried on in American bottoms — Cartwright, 1475; Coffin, 1783. In 1822, there were 42 American ships at Canton— Coffin, 1645. And only one Boston vessel has been lost in 14 years — Coffin, 1647. The Company retook the Lion, an American ship, from mutineers — Alsager,2^9Q. The Americans carry on the China trade with the Sandwich Islands, Manilla, and the north-west coast of America, and the principal trade of the South American States — Bates, 3226. Are employed in the trade to continental Europe, and call at Cowes for orders, directing them to the best market — Bales, 3246. FREIGHT. 1. AMERICA, NOIITH. 6. CAPE OF GOOD HOPE. 2. UNITED STATES. 7. COMPANY'S SHIPS. 3. BENGAL. 8. SINCAPORE. 4. BRITISH SHIPS. 9. TEA. 6. BUENOS AYRES. 1. America, North. — Freight to the North American Colonies, from Canton, .£9. to £10. a ton— Davis, 377. The freight of tea from China to Canada is about Id. per lb.; that to England 4d per lb. which arises from the vessels in the latter trade being of a superior class — Davis, 434. 2. America, United States. — From the United States, to China and back, was ^£9 to £10 a ton, for the measurement tonnage of 40 cubic feet, and is now much lower — Brown, 933, Freighters from Philadelphia to Canton and back, paid, in China, 10 per cent, on the amount shipped, and were entitled to 2| tons measurement for every 1,000 dollars shipped — Milne, 1134. Freight between Boston and Canton, has been 40 dollars a ton measurement, out and home; a ship-owner will carry out specie and take home goods at that rate ; or on nankeens, 9 per cent, on the ship; on silk goods, 6^ percent., including all charges — Coffin, 1713. Can be procured out and home at 30 dollars a ton — Bates, 3301. 3. Bengal. — From Bengal to London is now £2 a ton— Hutchinson, 2794. 49 4. British Ships. — Freight paid on the ship Boyne, from Cliina f^ England, 5^1 0. ISs., whilst the Company's ships were £18. to £2A., and the Company's officers got from private individuals ^£40. — Pope, 3875, p. 255. Ships could go from London to Canton, and back, for ^13. a ton — Pope, 3911, p. 257. Good shipping could be had by the Company, out and home, at £9. a ton of 50 cubic feet — Pope, 3925, p. 257. But not including all the charges at Canton — Pope, 3927, P- 257. The Com- pany pay a higher freight on account of the manner in which they have their ships stored, and their owners making large profits — Pope, 3947, p. 258. A high freight (£2b. a tonj has been offered for chartering a British vessel from Canton to Europe, but the Company would not grant a license — Aken^ 2043. 5. Buenos Ayres. — From Buenos Ayres to China, and back, ^620. to £22 — Carfiuright, 1493. And British shipping could be procured for £S* to £10. the voyage — Cartwright, 1546. Freight on the voyage performed by the American ship Parnther very high — Orffin, 1784. 6. Cape of Good Hope. — To the Cape of Good Hope, from London^ £2., and back, £3.— Borradaile, 4073. 7. Company's Ships. — How regulated by the Company (see below)^ Rep. xiv. The superior class of shipping employed by the Company, entails on them a higher freight — Davis, 1415. The Company's freight is higher than can be got by free traders — Aketi, 2097- Could fit a ship out cheaper by 40 per cent, than the Company do at present — Aken, 2175. Much smaller ships would be cheaper — Alsager, 2241. In the Company's ships, 56 tons of, are allowed to captains, and 47 among inferior officers — Alsage7\ 22S\ . The captains generally purchase the allowance of the under offiicers — Alsager, 2287. The price of tonnage allowed to officers of the Company's ships varies from ^45 to £60 — Hutchinson, 2775. Could sail a ship to Canton and back for £13. a ton, and pay the port- dues for £2.— Pope, 3941, p. 258. Generally understood that the freight of the Company's large ships costs from £2{), to £2b. a ton ; the present rate of freight is lower — RicJcards, 3803, p. 317; Alsager, 2239. No doubt it may be done at j€12.a ton— i?i67m?A '^805, p. 318; StewaH,Zmi, p. 326. Company's mode of chartering certainly not the best mode; occasions a loss in one season of £857,823— Ma^e-W, 4663, 4667- The ships, being required for both trade and warfare (by 38 Geo. III. c. 89), cannot be obtained cheaper — Melvill, 4372. High freight of, partly owing to unexpired contracts entered into when shipping cost more — Pope, 3956, p. 259. Taking up ships for war equipment renders freight higher — Melvill, 4384. And their being obliged to convey troops — Melvill, 4388. Being used for political purposes must make a difference, but not so great as is at present paid by the Company — Pope, 3961, p. 259. High price partly occasioned by superior equipment — Maxjield, 4696. The exorbitant freight paid by the Company increases the territorial charges of India — Maxfield, 4746. 8. Singapore. — Last quotations from Sincapore, of freight to Canton, were, for tin, as dead weight, 25s. ; sugar, 60s. ; coffee, 70s.; measurement goods, 80s. — Maxwell, 3814, p. 252. Rates of, by junks between Sin- capore and China, &c. (see p. 45.) — Crawfurd, 3849, p. 322. 9. Tea.— Freight on, from China to the United States, 2^d. per lb. — Cojfin, 1915. Freight paid by the Dutch Trading Company, 310 guilders 6o per last of 21 quarter chests, or about 5cl. per lb. English — Masferson^ 3579, p. ^91. Amount of, falling on tea in England, 4id. per lb. on black, and S^d. on green — Lloyd, 4205. 3d. per lb. sufficient— i?^;^*, 3989, p. 332. 2d. or 2_id. per lb. high enough to fix the freight- Bates, 5629. Estimate of the cost, freight, and charges of each species of tea per lb., imported in 1829, (see p. 3.)— L/oj/rf, 3995, p. 334. The rate of freight affects the price of tea to the conswrner-^Melvill, 5059. The Company charge Id. per lb. freight for tea they convey from China to Canada, and 4d. for that to England— Z)aw, 3/6, 379, 434, 436. MARINE INSURANCE. How regulated by the Company (see below) — Report xvi. The Company run their own risks — Melvill, A^lb'-> Lloi/d, 4A00. Are their own insurers in all cases — Melvill, 5132. In the statement of profit on teas, (p. 18.) the sum of ^£44,593 should be carried to the credit of the underwriting account, having no business here— Richards, 5339. In the upset price of tea three per cent, insurance is charged — Lloyd, 4206. \Vas formerly four per cent. — Melvill, 4330. Three per cent, out, and three per cent, home, is the premium at Lloyds — Melvill, 5]29. On a ship to Calcutta three to three and a half per cent. — Aken, 2100. £Q per cent, out and home, on the double voyage — Alsager, 2242, 2414. On ships or goods to Canton and back to England, £h. — Simjjson, 3982, p. 260. American ships which go direct to China might be done at £2 per cent, the difference between this and the Company's charge too great — Bates, 3314. Has been effected at thirty shillings out, and three to three and a half per cent, out and home from America to Canton and back — Bates, 3318. Two and a half per cent, out at Uoyds— Bates, 3312. Fifty shillings outward bound — Simpson, 3982. At Lloyds six per cent, out and home, never lower — Simpso7i, 3996, p. 261. Six guineas per cent, is paid on Dutch East Indiamen out to China and home — Mastersoii, 3600, p. 292* Should be inckided in the charges upon the profit and loss account on the tea trade — Rickards, 5338. Wrongly credited by Mr. Melvill to the tea trade instead of the underwriting ?iCCOv\\\t — Rickards, 5262, 5359. Actual loss on, by the Company not above three quarters per cent. — Melvill, b\^Q. Upon first class ships, insurances have been effected from Liverpool to India and back, at £4. — Simpson, 3401, p. 261. From London to China or Calcutta fifty shillings — Simpson, 3982, p. 206. Losses at sea, including jettisons, salvages, &c. and other losses in the India trade, ^€1 86,765; and in the China trade, ^752,812. from 1814-15 to 1828-29— A/e/z^i//, 5875. On American ships from Canton to America, has been as high as six, and is now about four and a half to five per cent.; effected in the United States —Brown, 973; Cojin, 1644. CONTRACTS. 1. FOR MANUFACTURES. 2. FOR TEA. 1. For Manufactures. — The Company purchase all cloth by contract — Ireland, 4843. Not an advantageous mode of dealing — Dixon, 2944, 2963 ; Bates, 3387 ; Everett, 287S. The Company's practice is to purchase 51 by tender from agents, by open competition for the contract ; are supplied cheaper by this method than any other — Walford, 4769, 4773. The mode of contract by tender and fines is disadvantageous to the Com- pany ; many houses deterred from offering contracts in consequence of rejections and fines ; the Company accept the lowest tender — Dixoiiy 3100-3119. The fines charged upon rejected goods increase the price j they are intended to secure a perfect investment — DixoUy 3148. The Company's credit is worth one per cent, above private orders — Dixon^ 3191. The strictness of the conditions of, give the Company great credit in China — Walford^ 4780. The Company's form of, essential to protect them from imposition — Ireland, 4847. Individuals could purchase better than the Company, in consequence of the objectionable clauses in their contracts which increase the price three or four per cent. — Dixon, 3007-9. There is no more trouble in selling to the Company than to individuals — trelandy 4859. The Company are economical in — Walford, 4793. They contract on the same or better terms than private individuals — Walford, 4834. And under an open competition at the lowest possible price — Ireland, 4867. Copy of a notice of tender for 2,000 whole pieces of white list cloths, used for the army in India — Dixon, 3159. Private individuals buy, on contract, six or seven per cent, better than the Company — Bates, 3383. The contracts of the Company are not vexatious or difficult to fulfil — Walford, 4S22. Not more so than those of private merchants — Walford, 4S31. 2. For Tea. — The contracts for tea are made in February, for the ensuing season, to the extent of about two-thirds of the investment ; the prices are fixed for certain teas and qualities of teas — Davis, 408, 1210 — Marjoribanks, 1 86, 586. By agreement between the factory and the Hong — Marjoribanks, 585. The prices vary according as the season produces a good or inferior supply — Mat-Joribanks, 5S9. 120,000 chests of contract tea annually shipped by the Company ; total export of tea 200,000 — Mar- joribanks, 594. Teas which are not contract teas are called winter teas, which are purchased lower than others in reference to their quality — Davis, 1218. Tea is better purchased by contracting for it the year before — Aken,2l3S. Should always be purchased if possible by previous con- tract — Davidson, 2593-96. Better purchased according to the fluctuations of the markets than by contract — Bates, 3269-3272. The contract for tea and the price of woollens have no reference to each other; the woollens are disposed of to the Hong in proportion to the shares in which they supply tea — Marjoribanks, 610, 641. SPECIE. Dollars are more acceptable to the Chinese than manufactures — Davis, 639, 1252, 1443; Brown, 994; Milne, 1025; Cojjln, 1558; Bates, 5647. The Chinese like the American trade, on account of the quantity of specie they bring— Cq^«, 1693, 1853, 1854. Business is transacted with the Chinese on far better terms with dollars than merchandise — Hutchinson, 2764, 2815, Dollars are the most to be depended on for the purposes of purchasing commodities in the China market — Rickards, 3815, p. 319. Dollars constitute the principal exports of the Americans to China — Melvill, 5094. Dollars, Sycee and Peruvian silver, exported by the H 52 Company from China, in 1 828, to the value of 6,094,646 dollars— Mrr- jnribanksy 635. Dollars allowed by the Cliinese to be exported — Marjo-' ribanks, 763. Sycee silver and metals prohibited — Marjcribanles^ 763. The Company export doWors—^Marjoribanks, 762-6. And have exported bullion under a license— 'Z>at;w, 440. Value received for dollars in China, for bills on Bengal, has varied from below 4s. to above 6s. — Marjoribanks, 759. From 3s. lid. to 5s. lOd.— ^/sager, 2436. The great bulk of the American importations into Canton have been in bullion — Davis, 510. Generally specie — Brown, 994. Almost always Spanish dollars — Milne, 1025. Proportion of specie to manufactures, five oi* six to one — Davis, 1443. Specie for the owners of witness's ship — Coffin, 1.558. Two- thirds of the American trade carried on with — Bates, 5647. There is a large export of bullion to India, from China, to pay for opium — MelvUl, 5148. FACTORY AT CANTON Consists of twenty supercargoes and writers, who reside six or severe months in the year at Canton— Marjoribanks, 272. Are confined to a small suburb — Marjoribanks, 277* The firmness of, prevented the Chinese, in 1814, from making the monopoly in China still closer, by means of two or three merchants called a Co-Hong; the conduct of the Factory is beneficial to all parties trading to China — Marjoribanks, 189, 192, 784 ; Davis, 484-487 ; Davidson, 2625-2629. Have the power of sending any of the British from China— Maijoribanks, 280-283. For this purpose, their powers are very ample — Stetuart, 3884, p. 325. A local police established by, to control their ships' crews at Canton — Davis, 400. Possess a for greater influence than other foreigners ; from the method of conducting the late embassy, that influence has been maintained un- impaired ; caused partly by a knowledge of the Company's power in India, which perhaps increases the jealousy and apprehension of the Government — Marjoribanks, 175-177. That influence has increased — Marjoribanks, 192. Chinese Government entertain a far greater respect for, than for any other Europeans — Davis, 386. Chinese have the highest confidence in the Company, and think them superior to any other power that they have intercourse with — Alsager, 2450. Have great influence with the Hong merchants — Maxwell, 3825. Have a right to address the Chinese Government in their own language ; have had frequent interviews with officers of the highest rank, on various occasions — Marjonbanks, 193, 228. Are the only foreigners who have a right to address the Chinese in their own language, which is denied to other nations — Davis, 384, 385. Have been admitted to personal con- ferences with the Mandarins — Davis, 386. Gained the advantage from the stand made to the insolence of the Mandarins — Davis, 488. Have the privilege of communicating with the Canton Government in Chinese — Davidson, 2604. All nations (except the Factory) are obliged to ad- dress the Government in their own language — Marjoribanks, 193. Americans are obliged to communicate through the Hong merchants, who translate their memorials — Davis, 461, 554. The Hong come to the Factory to deal for tea ; the Factory deals with none else — Marjoribanks, 181. Their large dealings give them great influence with the Chinese 53 Government and Hong merchants — Marjoribanksy 188. As well as their abstaining from smuggling — T>avis, 372. Influence of, arises solely from the magnitude of their commercial transactions — Bates, 3360; Maxwell, 3714, p. 247. The result of their withdrawal from China would produce a war with England — Davidson, 3043. Are better able to temporise than agents direct from the Crown — Davidson, 2638. No representatives of the King could temporise as the Company's servants can — Davidson, 2650. A British consul could not control the Chinese, or the British residents, as the Factory does — Marjoribanks, 203, 787. The extinction of the Factory would make no difference to the Ame- ricans, who receive no protection from it — Broiun, 1003, 1041 ; Coffin, 1690, 1691. Neither impede nor protect the free trade — Aken, 2143, 21 57-21 o9; Hutchinson, 2784-2786. Trade may be more steady owing to the Company's Factory, but receives no additional security — Bates, 3469, p. 239. The country trade were anxious not to be mixed up, by the Factory, with the Company's disputes and stoppage of business in 1814 — Marjoribanks, 218. Americans, by the temptation, of higher prices, diverted from the Company's investment a portion of the teas which were contracted for by the Hong, which caused the stoppage — Marjoribanks, 826. Americans remonstrated against being included in any arrangements of the Company in China — Davis, 1290-1299. The country trade objected to the arrangements of the East India Company, on the stoppage of the trade in 1814, and demanded indemnification for losses — Davis, 1466. Witness suffered from the stoppages in 1814 and 1821 — Davidson, 3041. The Company's Factory instigated the Hong merchants to interdict the shopmen from conducting business — Maxwell, 3749, p. 249. The Ame- ricans remonstrated — Maxivdl, 3755-3757, p. 249. Assistance of, never required by the free traders — Stewart, 3892, p. 326. The country trade exists under the protection of the Company — Marjoribanks, 295. The stoppage in 1814 benefitted all foreigners — Davis, 458-467. Under the protection of the Company, the British trade has originated, and has been preserved — Marjoribanks, 626. British subjects derive security from the presence of the Company's ships at Canton — Davidson, 3041. The tea trade protected by the Factory from the monopoly of the Hong — Davidson, 3046, 3080. Never throw difficulties or impediments unnecessarily in the way of British trade — Davidson, 3042. Have pre- servetl foreigners from the degradation to which they would have been reduced by the haughtiness of the Chinese Government; and have kept down the prices of teas — Davis, 416; Davidson, 3041. Witness wrote a petition for an American in 1825 — Davis, 1301. Afford great facilities to trade, by privileges obtained by the Factory, in favour of themselves and all other foreigners — Davidson, 2612-14,3047. Presented a petition for redress against the inferior Mandarins, who had interfered with the con- veyance of letters, and the landing of passengers' luggage at Macao-^ Maxivell, 3732, p. 248. Should the Factory be converted into King's representatives, business could not be transacted so securely as at present — Marjoribanks, 889. On the interruption to trade, occasioned by an affray between the crew of the Topaze and the Chinese, the latter offered to trade with the Com- pany's commander, if they would withdraw from the Factory — Alsager, 247o. 54 HONG MERCHANTS Are responsible for the acts of all Europeans ; are security for the ships ; have been fined heavily on detection of smuggling in any ship for which they had given security — Davis, 423, 424, 478 ; Marjoribanks, Qdd, 680 ; Brown, 925, 1 004. The legal trade with China can only be carried on by — Marjoribayiks, 171, 686; Davis, 424. Formerly ten in number; now only seven, being reduced by bankruptcy — Marjoribanks, 669-671. The Company's business divided amongst, in 21 shares, of which the chief Hong merchant has 4, the four next 3, and the two last 2^ each — Marjoribanks, 613; Davis, 1201. Often unwilling to become security for private ships — Davis, 424. Prefer the Company's ships — Marjori- banks, 679. The Americans have difficulty in getting security from, unless they trade with those that give the security — Marjoribanks, 679-681. Have some indisposition to give security for the country trade — Marjori- banks, 691. And have required indemnity-bonds from the country trade and American agents — Marjoribanks, 692. The supercargoes choose their Kong merchants according to their interests — Milne, 1151-1161. On arriving at Whampoa, arrangements easily made with them — Milne, 1111; Cojffin, 1570. No difficulty in trading with — Marjoribanks, 311. Easily agreed with — Coffin, 1562; Aken, 1932-1937. There is no difficulty in finding security for American ships; Canton is the most easy place in the world to transact business at — Coffin, 1562, 1573; Bates, 3257-3263. They remit a revenue of 2,000,000 dollars annually to the Chinese Government, from the foreign trade — Marjoribanks, 801. Of 2,000,000 icdei— Davis, 1328. Which sum in- cludes the port-charges at Canton — Davis, 1331. And 3d. per lb. on the export of tea — Davis, 1334. Have legally a monopoly of the trade from Canton, in staples — Davis, 1278. But not prohibited from dealing in other articles — Davis, 1303. If free trade should take place, the Hong monopoly ought to cease — Davidson, 3072. Would perhaps be benefitted, in a pecuniary point of view, by a free trade — Davis, 423. The Hong merchants have no objec- tion to a free trade — Rickards, 381 3, p. 319. Would dictate prices should free trade to the British be allowed — Davis, 423; Marjoribanks, 839. In 1817, the outside trade (shopmen) abstracted teas of which the factory used to have the first choice, and the Company interfered with the govern- ment in favour of the shopmen, but the application failed, and 200 shops were shut up by the government — Davis, 1203. But the Court of Directors thought it better to let things take their natural course — Davis, 1268. They are responsible for the duties to government of the outside dealers — Davis, 1472. And would be greatly injured by free trade — Davis, 480. Have suffered severely from smuggling — Davis, 451, 477. The junior Hongs have sometimes formed connections with shopmen, (outside men) which have hurt themselves and the trade generally — Marjoribanks, 683. The Co-Hong are responsible for the debts owing to Europeans by any Hong merchant failing, to the amount of 100,000 tales — Marjoribanks, 701. Are responsible to Europeans for each other's debts — Brown, 937- Responsible for the failure of one of their own body — Maxwell, 3727, p. 248. They sometimes deal in opium — David- son, 2539. In case of delivering damaged tea, they return two chests for ^WG— Brown, Mb; Milne, IWd. Only a voluntary act, and has often 65 been declined — Davis, 1370. Five chests of tea, shipped in the Liverpool packet proving bad, ten chests were given by the Hong for them — Calfin, ]583. Fair in their dealings — Milne, 1120. Trustworthy as merchants in any other part of the world — Coffin, J 586. Liberal in their dealings ; cautious in their bargains ; and it is seldom any loss occurs from dealing with — Aken, 1970-1973. Are exclusively dealt with on all occasions by the Company — Marjoribmiks, 181, 623 ; Davis, 1204. The Company's business is divided into 21 shares, and apportioned amongst the Hong merchants — MarjoribanJcs, 610 ; Davis, 1201. Some- times give credit to free traders to a large amount — Milne, 1122; Coffin, 1605. And have suffered greatly from giving credits — Milne, 1124. They conduct the most respectable part of the American business — Marjoribanks, 782. Are generally preferred by all traders — Bi^own, 924. The Company's officers generally deal with them — Aken, 2055 ; Alsager, 2283-2285. Are preferred to outside dealers — AJcen, 1977. For large operations the Hong are preferable to outside dealers — Bates, 3259. SHOPMEN, OR OUTSIDE DEALERS Are allowed to trade with foreigners ; the Americans obtained a pro., clamation from the government in 1814, allowing dealing with, in certain articles — Davis, 468- Formerly allowed to deal in retail articles; now in manufactured silks — Marjoribanks, 324, 833 ; Davis, 1280. Are allowed by the government to trade in all articles except the following, which are confined to the Hong : — Export 24 articles, teas, raw silk from Oakwong, silk prepared for weaving. Canton raw silk, cloth, native cassia, cassia buds, sugarcandy, sugar, tutenague, alum, cloves, nutmegs (mace), quick- silver, China camphor, rhubarb, galengal, China root, vermilion, [gamboge, damar, star aniseed, pearl shells, cochineal. Import 53 articles ; worleys, Dutch camlets, camlets, long ells, broadcloths, cuttings of cloth, sorts of camlets, fiorentines, ginseng, sandalwood, birds' nests, cloves, nutmegs, putchuck, olibanum, Malay camphor, elephants' teeth, pepper, foreign tin, ditto lead, ditto copper, ditto steel, cotton, rattans, betel-nut, smalts, Prussian blue, bicho-do mar, fish-maws, shark's fins, materials for glass, ebony, Sapan wood, cochineal, gum kine, myrrh, physic, assafoetida, physic oil, quicksilver, foreign iron, wax, cutch, pearl shells, sago, undressed nuts, an article the name of which is not translated, flints, borax, amber, gold and siver thread, all sorts of skins, mace — Davis, 1300. Still held traitorous for shopmen to deal in certain staple articles — Davis, 1269. This kind of treason is punished by confiscation of goods or banishment — Davis, 1270- 1274. The Hong merchants are security for the duties, but not for the debts of outside dealers — Davis, 1472. Chinese government do not guarantee the debts of, to foreigners — Davis, 1470, 1471. Are generally fair in their dealings — Milne, 1120. Very little to be trusted — • Davis, 1469. Foreigners more liable to be imposed on by, than by Hong merchants — Coffin, 1581 , Some of doubtful character, others quite safe to deal with — A'ken, 1974-1978. The Americans deal partly with them — Milne, 1101. In 1817 the Company interfered with the government in favor of, in consequence of which application 200 were compelled by the government to shut up their shops — Davis, 1263. Interdicted by the Hoppo from carrying ou 56 foreign trade by connections with the Honfr, iintler a pretence of super- intending the affairs of the Hong — Davis, 1260. Their trade enlarged on the Americans memoriahzing the Chinese government — Davis, 1290-99. Extension of their trade granted by a proclamation — Davis, 1300. The Americans carry on much of their trade with them — Davis, 1467; Bates, 3258. The private trade is frequently carried on \x\i\\— Coffin, 1580. The Company's officers frequently deal with — Aken, 2056. Often sell inferior tea — Alsager, 2294. The Hong merchants are preferable to — Aken, 1977. The factory interfered to prevent the connection of the junior Hong with — Marjoribanks, 826. The factory instigated the Hong to interdict all dealings with the shopmen, in which they succeeded for a time — Maxwell, 3749-3753. The Americans suffered in consequence, and remonstrated to the viceroy — Maxwell, 3755, p. 249. Sell as good tea as the Hong— ^A-e«, 2034-2037. CHINESE. 1. CHINESE GENERALLY. 3. CHINESE CtOVERNMENT. 2. IN THE ARCHIPELAGO. 4. LANGUAGE. 1. Chinese Generally. — Disposition of, in respect to foreign trade, and the mode in which their transactions with foreigners are conducted at Canton, (see below,) — BejJ.'iv. Population computed at 140,000,000. Southern provinces of the empire the most populous — Marjoribanks, 336. Are a perfectly commercial people — Rickards, 3492, p. 279 ; 3834, p. 320. Are eminently intelligent, active and commercial — Crawfurd, 3670, p. 296. Of very great commercial enterprize — Stewart, 3852. A highly intelligent people — Marjoribanks, 297. Always inclined for the extension of com- merce — Mackie, 4487. Attach a value to foreign trade, but no people are so independent of it — Marjoribanks, 296, 795, 800. No people are so independent of foreign trade, and have decided objections to increased intercourse with foreigners, which they diminish as much as possible by laying heavy duties upon foreign manufactures — Davis, ^'J]. If left to themselves they would be the most industrious people in the world — Davis, 1358 ; Ahager, 2444, 2462. Are very much disposed to cultivate foreign trade — Brown, 922, 934. Friendly to commercial intercourse — Milne, 1129' Aware of the advan- tages of foreign trade — Coffin, 1870. They consider that if all the ports were thrown open, it would be a great advantage to themselves; but the Government is too arbitrary — Aken, 2208. Extremely desirous to carry on trade with Europeans — Davidson, 2640. Are more eager to trade with foreigners than with any other people — Hutchinson, 2671. Not an anti- commercial people; very fond of foreign trade — Bates, 3424; Deans, 3538, p. 237. Th6ir commercial propensities are stronger than those of any other people — Maxwell, ^l^'^, p. 251. Greater facilities in transact- ing business in Canton, then in any part of India — Poj^e, 3852, p. 254. Chinese are inclined to buy any thing at all useful of any description — ikfacArie, 4487. Peculiarly a commercial people — Maxfield, A7^9. De- cidedly anti-commercial — Davis, 369. Not the people, but the govern- jiient — Davis, 1315, 1413. Government founded on the principles of Confucius, who taught them " to des|)ise foreign commodities" — DaviSy 1315. The government does not favour commerce — Davidson, 2641; Hvichinson, 2689; Deans, 3627, p. 243. 57 Ti*ade largely with Siam, in vessels varying in size from 200 to 800 tons^ and are keen merchants — Coffin^ 1876. They also trade with Java — » Deans, 3511, p 235; 3538, p. 237. Their foreign commerce very exten- sive ; exceeds £] 2,000,000 sterling, and although not strictly legal, the government derive a very considerable revenue from it — Deans, 3539, p. 237. Are anxious to keep all trade in their own hands—Marjo7'ibanl':Sf 662. Are chiefly prevented by the Company from monopolizing the trade and dictating prices — Matjoribanks, IS9, 191 ; Z)«uis, 484-487 ; Davidson^ 2625-2629. Their government jealous and apprehensive of the Company, from a knowledge of their power in India — Marjoribaiiks, 177- Are jealous of the English, from their political influence in Nepaul and Ava — Davisy 426, 529. Think the Company superior to any other power that they have intercourse with, and reluctantly acknowledge that they are aware of the vicinity of the Company's territory — Alsager, 2450-51. Their government is jealous of the English, knowing what they have done in India, and apprehensive of their intrusion — Hutchinson, 2689. Have excluded the British from several ports to which they formerly had access —Davis, 1308. The foreign trade very beneficial to the Chinese, who derive a revenue of 2,000,000 tales, or about £650,000 a year from it— Davis, 1328j Deans, 3539, p. 237. The Canton appointments are more valuable than any other of the Chinese government, in consequence of the foreign trade — Afof-Tzt'c//, 3787, p. 251. And are sold for very high prices, and generally to the best bidder — Davies, 1285; Davidson, 2542; Hutchinson^ 2691. The tea provinces owe their great prosperity to the foreign trade — Marjoribanks, 173. Carry on an extensive trade with all the surrounding countries, except the island of Formosa (see p. 27) — Crawfurd, 3676, p. 298. 2. Chinese in the Archipelago. — Are keen, enterprising traders, extremely expert in their deahngs, and understand the nature of the trade in those countries where they are settled better than any other people — Deans, 3479, p. 233. Have no indisposition, but a growing taste for articles of European produce — Deans, 3492, p. 234. The Chinese, in Java, are clothed almost exclusively in European manufactures — Deansy 3495, 3497, p. 234. Are very sensible to the advantages of commerce — Deans, 3484, p. 234; 3538, p. 237. There are 20,000 Chinese in Batavia, and twice that number throughout Java and the Archipelago — Deans, 3477, p. 233. In 1813 the consumption of British manufactures in Java was 300 cases, and in 1826 the importation of cottons there was 6,000 cases — Deans, 3498, p. 234. The Chinese population, settled in the various countries adjacent to China, is roughly estimated as follows : The Phillippine Islands 15,000 Borneo 120,000 Java 45,000 The Dutch settlement of Rhio, Straits of Malacca 18,000 Sincapore 6,200 Malacca 2,000 Penang 8,500 Malayan Peninsula 40,000 Siam 440,000 Cochin China 15,000 Tonquin ... 25,000 Craw/Mrc?, 3669, p. 296. Total 734,700 58 They emigrate, although contrary to law, to Sincapore and nearly all the islands of the Eastern Archipelago, and form there the most industrious portion of the population — Mai-joribanks, 87o. The Chinese, in the Islands of Banca and Borneo, carry on almost all the operations connected with the gold mines there — Craivfurd, 4274-4284. And work them exclu- sively on their own account — Crawfurd, 4281. Bring gold in,larg6 quantities to Sincapore — Crawfurd^ 4285. 3. Chinese Government. — The law of China divides property equally amonjr descendants — Davis, 492; Will not recognize foreign dignities and authorities — Davis, 396 ; Coffin, 1 742-3. Would not consent to receive a British consul — Marjoribanks, 787. Refused to receive or acknowledge a British admiral — Marjoribanks, 794. Treated Admiral Drury with con- tempt — Marjoribanks, 248; Davis, 397. Not gaining a large revenue from the tea trade, have no distinct interest in it — Marjoribanks, 296. Do not favour commerce — Davison, 2641 j Hutchinson, 2689; JDeans, 3627, p. 242. Jealous of the British power, from its neighbourhood in Nepaul and Ava — Davis, 530. Will not allow traders to pay their own duties — Marjoribanks, 655. Receive a revenue of 2,000,000 dollars from the foreign tvdde— Mai joribanks, 801. Of 2,000,000 tales— Davis, 1328. Have no marine force capable of putting down smuggling — Marjoribanks, 862. On the occasion of a serious fire at Canton, the Chinese government made good the losses of the Americans and other nations — Brown, 934, 935. Many persons, however, sustained severe loss without any relief- Dam, 1414. Have a decided disposition to encroach — Davidson, 2643. No threats, unaccompanied by force, would have any effect on, in procuring better treatment for British subjects — Davidson, 3086, 3087. But it was always considered at Canton that 20,000 British subjects might march from Canton to Pekin at any moment without hindrance or molestation— Davidson, 3089. Are averse to foreign trade — Stewart, 3874, p. 324. Think the Christians a mercenary gain-scheming set of adventurers, in- fluenced only by the dread of not making money, and ignorance of justice, truth and eqmiy—Maxiuell, 3712, p. 247. 4. Chinese Language. — No foreigners allowed to communicate with the Chinese government in, except the Company's factory —Davis, 384, 461, 554. The Company have the privilege, obtained by negotiation long ago, of addressing the government in Chinese — Davidson, 2604; Marjoribanks, 193, 228 ; Davis, 384. Petition presented by the Americans to theChinese government, in the Chinese language^ returned — I>ari5,130L CANTON. 1, TRADE AT. 2. COMPANY'S CHARGES AT. 8. PORT CHARGES AT. 1. Trade at. — The Russians are excluded from — Davis, 1308. Foreigners are interdicted from eniQv'mg— Marjoribanks, 274-277- Navi- gation to, very easy — Aken, 1979. Greater facilities generally for trans- acting business at, than in most other ports ; Liverpool, which is one of the most expeditious ports for commerce in England, is not to be compared with Canton for its facility — Brown, 952 ; Hutchinson, 2673. Than in any port in India — Coffin, 1573-1574. Than in India or England, from having only one man to deal with for a cargo, and which are speedily 59 loaded and unloaded — JA-^w, 1962-1969. Greater than in any port irt the world — Davidson, 2592. Easiest place to transact business at, in the world — Bates, 3263. A ship, the Howqua, of 400 tons, arrived at, unloaded, loaded and sailed from, in eleven days — Bates, 3417-3421, p. 229. There is no place where business is so easily conducted as at Canton — Maxwell, 3/65, p. 250. Business better conducted at, than in any of the Indian presidencies — Pope^ 3850, p. 254. Facilities afforded for commercial transactions greater at, than any port in the world— Stewart, 3854, p. 322. (lovernment appointments of the Chinese at, very valuable — Maxwell, 3787, p. 250. And are sold at a high price, and generally to the best bidder — Davis, 1285; Davidson, 2542; Hutchinson, 2691. TheCompany's trade at, used to be about 20,000 tons,andthe country trade the same ; in 1 827 the Company's trade had incrciised to 37,700 tons, which was beyond the country trade — Marjoribanks, 224. Company's and privilege trade at, for the year ending June 30, 1828, was 20,364,600 dollars (see p. 23) — Marjoribanks, Q'ib. Estimated list of duties charged by the Horig merchants on goods imported into Canton. t, m. 1 3 Cotton Sandalwood Blackwood or Ebony Japan wood ... Camphor, 1st sort t. tn. c. c. i 5 per pecul is — , 2nd sort Olibanum Putchuck Myrrh Ciitch Tortoise-shell Elephants' Teeth ... Rhinoceros' Horns IJuffaio ditto Mother-of-pearl Shells Birds' Nests, 1st sort ■ 2nd sort Bicho do Mar .». Shark- fins Fish-maws ., Rattans Pepper l^etei-nut Cloves Nutmegs Tin Iron Copper Lead Steel Quicksilver ... Amber, large , small Coral Beads Coral Branch, 1st sort , 2nd sort , Srd sort - — , 4ih sort or .. 2 .. .. ..109 .. 1 .. 1 .. 2 .. 2 .. .. 7 .. 5 .. 21 .. 12 .. 1 4 9 6 3 2 3 9 7 2 1 24 1 4 5 .. .. I .. .. .. 1 .. 13 .. 6 .132 132 79 13 1 3 4 b 8 4 4 1 6 2 2 6 2 3 6 9 8 3 3 9 6 1 9 8 8 9 8 4 1 8 5 £. 8. d. > 8 8@10s. 14 3 3,2 4 2,4 36 8 2.66 13 1.6 8 14 14 10,72 5 7,6 2 6 8 I 19 0,88 8 1,68 4 6 0,96 2 10,83 8 10,56 1 10 4 9,44 7 3,23 8 9,6 2 10.88 6 6,64 2 7,68 1 18 8,8 1 9 4,72 11 3,12 I 10,4 8 7,2 4 6,88 4 8,16 9 7,52 4 9 5,01 2 5 2,64 44 6 24 44 3 5,04 J6 11 5,04 4 9 5,04 fragmcutik 7 8 S — S a S.64 fperl33Jlbs. t avoirdupois do do do do do do do do do do do do do do do do do do do do do do do do do do 6o do do do • do do 6o do do do do 60 t. in. c. o. £. I. d. Cotton Handkerchiefs, large S each is 2,4 each .small 1 5 ditto 1,2 do Long Cloths, 1st sort ... 6 7 per piece -i 6,6 per piece 2nd sort ... 2 9 ditto 1 11,2 do Broad Cloth .,^ 6 7 8 per 10 covids 4 6,24 per 10 ft. 5 in. Kerseymere .v^ .^wv. 4 6 ditto 2 8,48 do Camlet, English — 8 4 ditto 5 7,2 do , Dutch 14 7 6 ditto 9 10,08 do Long Ells — 2 7 ditto I 9,6 do Scarlet- Cuttings .*^ — 6 7 per pecul 2 6,6 per 133§ lbs. Bees-Wax „-« 17 9 ditto 11 11,2 do Land-otter Skins „-<* 1 8 1 2 per hundred 12 0,96 per hundred Sea-otter Skins 13 15 ditto 8 9,2 do Rabbit Skins ,~^ 4 6 2 ditto 3 0,96 do Beaver Skins „^ .«- 6 1 2 ditto 2 9,6 do Ginseng ,.^ 48 9 per pecul 16 6 per 133^ lbs. Cudbear 2 8 ditto 1 10,4 do Cochineal 19 2 9 ditto 12 10,32 do N. B. The China rates are reduced into sterling at 6s. 6d. per tale. The covid is equal to 12^ inches; and the pecul to 133J pounds avoirdupois. MarjoribanJcs, 653. y/^ An Italian sailor was executed at Canton, in 1821, by the Chinese, for a murder or homicide he was charged with ; being delivered up by the Americans against the strong individual remonstrances of members of the ¥i^ciory—Marjonbanks,2Q2; Davis, 552; Coffin, 1726, 1847. Provisions are allowed to enter the port of, free of duty — Maxwell, 3720, p. 248. i^' — On the occasion of a severe fire at, the Chinese government made good the losses of the Americans and other nations — Brown, 934. Many persons sustained severe loss without receiving any relief— J)az;w, 1414. The indemnity given on the occasion must have been out of the Consoo fund ; which is a peculiar and varying tax for temporary purposes, and levied on the foreign trade — Davidson, 3054. A voyage to, and back to London might be performed in nine months at any time of the year, whilst the Company*s ships are twelve to fourteen months, and must wait for the change of the monsoon — Pope, 3904-7, p. 257. The Liverpool packet performed the voyage from America to Canton and back in eight months and twenty-eight days — Coffin, 1577. Mr. Cushing, the American agent, y' ~ possessed more influence with the chief Hong merchant than the select committee of the Company'^s factory or any one else — Maxwell, 3717-19. 2. Company's Charges at. — Consist of the expenses for the establish- ment of the factory, the factory rent, the wages of Chinese in the Com- pany's employ, certain charges on merchandize, boat hire to carry teas to the ships, linguists' fees, marking the Company's chests, &c. j generally amount to about 100,000 dollars in one year — MarjoribanJcs, 608, 609. 3. Port Charges at. — Port charges at Canton are less, in proportion, on large than on small ships — Marjoribanks, 319; Davis, 373. Is a ton- nage tTuty, calculated by measuring from the centre of the foremast to the centre of the mizenmast and from outside to outside; in large ships there is a large space between the foremast and the bows, and between the mizenraa&t and stern — Coffin, 1706; Alsager, 2277. Charged in three different classes, and are larger in proportion on small vessels than large — Coffin, 1834. Are proportioned to the size of the ship — Aken, 1942; Po/je, 3901, p. 256. Not according to the value of the cargo— Aken, 1960. On large ships they come to about 20s. per ton, and on thos« 61 of 500 tons, toabont £2. per ton, arising from the mode of measurement — A/sager, 2224, .2277. Are light in proportion to the tonnage — Stewart, S900, p. 326. The port charges on vessels of 350 to 400 tons are about 7,000 dollars, and used to be 8,000 dollars— ikf//??^, 1 148. The Exmouth of 725 tons paid about 9,000 dollars, including all charges at—Aken, 1939, 1951. The Lady East of 651 tons paid the Cumshaw and measurement, 4,436 dollars and 80 cents; Linguist and Compradore 477 dollars ; commission on the above sums 122 dollars and 4 cents, add to which 167 dollars paid by the ship for pilotaj;e, bar-boats, and outside pilot; making the total port charges 5,202 dollars and 84 cents— Pojo^, 3842, 3843, p. 253. No port charges are paid at the ports on the coast of China — Mackie, 447J- CAPITAL AND COMMERCIAL FUNDS. The fixed and floating commercial capital of the Company on the 1st May, 1828, as to England, and 1st May, 1827, as to India, was ^621,731,869 Melvill, 4914. The Company have no capital but money borrowed from the revenues of India— Richards, 3488, p. 278, 5262. Mr. Cartwright, the late accountant general of the Company, on examination before a committee of the House of Commons, stated, that he had been forty years in their service, and he never could find out that they had any capital at all — Rickards, 5262. The trade of the Company is supplied by their revenues; and so far from the commerce being of the slightest aid to the territorial revenues, it is the territory that alone supports and upholds their commerce — Rickards, 3508, p. 282. The commerce of the Company is the sole cause of their incumbrances and debts — Rickards, 3509, p. 282. The debt of India had its origin entirely in territorial causes; the total territorial deficit since 1814-15 is £[9,825,027— Melvill, 5671, 5680. The total amount of benefit which has accrued to the territory from the commercial branch during the present charter is £12,110,198 — Melvill, 5681. The territorial branch derives a benefit of 70,07,497 rupees or £812,169 annually from effecting its remittances through the commercial branch — Melvill, 5706. The amount of surplus profits under the fourth head of appropriation, under the fifty-seventh section of the act of 1813, paid in discharge of the territorial debt of India since 1814 is £4,923,020. And in the same period ^334,399 in reduction of the bond debt in Eng- land which is now £805,999 less than it was the 1st May, 1814; the total amount paid out of surplus commercial profits to registered debt and bond debt is £5,257 ,'^2{)—Melvill, 5707-5713. The territorial branch has also derived, since 1814, a benefit of £7,187,170, from the difference between the Board's rates of exchange and the mercantile rates — Melvill, 5715, 5716. The total amount of commercial funds which have passed into the Com- pany's treasury since 1814 is £193,299,826, which includes ^£"50,184,1 13 of tea duties received for the crown, and the commercial payments made thereout have been ^155,311,931, including the tea duties; and the excess of commercial receipts has been £37,987,895 — Melvill, 5717-5720. The territory has repaid the commercial branch since 1814 ^8,516,331, principally by remittances in goods direct from India through China — Melvill, 5722. The balance in favour of the commercial branch is £21,731,869— iliie/ri//, 5728. The amount now due to the commerce for advances in respect of territorial charges since Ist May, 1814, exclusiv« of interest is £3,]S^ JOO—Melvill, o731 , 5870. The rate per cent, which the dividends bear to the capital of ^21,731,800 is £2. \Ss.—Afelvi/l, 5733, 5782. Buildings and subjects of that description called dead capital are included in the commercial assets at a valuation — Melvill^ 5751. If there should be no war, and the reductions proposed should be carried into effect, and if the Company's trade were to cease, the territorial^branch would lose an annual benefit of 36^812,000 in the rates of exchange — Melvill, 5754. The Board of Control are agreed that the territorial branch ought to be charged with interest upon the debt which it still owes to the com- mercial branch^ Melvillf 5799. And in the commercial accounts the Company credit the interest at the rate paid on their bond-debt — Melvill^ 5800. Total receipts and payments of the East India Company 1st Mav, 1814, to 1st May, 1829. TERRITORIAL Receipts as per No. 21, of Accounts £ ordered to be printed by the House of Commons, Feb. !), 1830 . — 8,516,331 Territorial Receii^ts deficient.vw<,.^^~ 37,775,l.i4 ^6,2yl,485 Payment? as per No. 21 , of Accounts £ ordered to be printed by the House of Commons, f eb. 9, 1830 46,291,485 ii46,29l,485 COMMERCIAL. Receipts as per No. 21 ! Payments as per No. 21 : Company's £96,516,263 j Company's .£58,239,228 Private Trade, Cus-7 Private Trade, CusO toms, and Freight >■ 46,599,450 toms, and Freight >■ 46,715,628 3 on ditto.,«»-...^«.,^^^j I on ditto ..,~w«.,~v^) £143.115,713 1 £104.954,856 Tea Duties „^,^.„,,,^„ ^ ^, — „^. 50,184,113 1 Tea Duties «,-v~«v- 50.357,0/6 I £155,311,931 ' Surplus Commercial Receipts ,».»» 37,987,895 £193,299.826 1 £193,299,826 Territorial Receipts in England deficient .,.«.,vw^,„w,^37,775,154 Surplus Commercial Receipts in Sngland,^,.^^,,^..,^.. 37.987,895 Diffe rence £212.741 Melvill, 5819. If a rate of exchange had been adopted more favourable to commerce, so as to avoid the loss of ^7,187,000 which the commerce has sustained in its transactions with the territory, the amount applicable under the fourth head of appropriation to the redemption of the bond-debt in Eng- land, or of the registered debt in India would have been increased by the same sum of £7, \S7 MO— Melvill, 5830, 5831. There is great difficulty in separating the territorial and commercial accounts, and a third head was introduced, entitled "doubtful as to the part territorial or commer- cial," which amounted to £5,950,000 — Melvill, 5832. The expense of the factory at Canton is a commercial charge, arising principally from commission — Melvill, 5838. Net return yielded by the Company's com- mercial capital in each year from 1814-15 to 1828-29, by investment in merchandize or otherwise ^^20,126,001 (see p. 25) — Z./oy, 5875. Amount applied from the commercial funds provisionally to payment of interest on bond-debt in the same period j€2,585,346, (see p. 25.)— -L/oj^c?, *875, ()3 TERRITORIAL FUNDS AND CHARGES. The territorial charges comprise the re-imbursement to the public of that portion of the expenditure of Great Britain which is incurred in respect of His Majesty's troops serving in India ; they also embrace the furlough, and retired allowances of officers in the Company's army, the cost of territorial stores sent to India, political freight and demurrage, and also a portion of the interest of the Indian debt. The aggregate of these charges average £3,000,000 per annum, which is remitted by the Com- pany principally through their India and China trade ; and the territory has the important benefit of remitting this amount at the Board-rate of ex- change, 2s. 3,84d. per Sicca Rupee, instead of Is. lid. which is the market- rate — Melvill, 4312-4316. The territorial charges are increased by the exorbitant charges for freight of the Company's ships — Alaxfield, 4746. The trade of the Company is supplied with funds from their territorial revenues, which solely support their conmierce — Riclcards, 3508, p. 282. The government of India would be maintained better by the Company not being traders, for their commerce is the sole cause of all their in- cumbrances and debts — Bickards, 3509, p. 282. The debt of India had its origin entirely in territorial causes, and ^12,044,934 was due from the territorial to the commercial branch in 1814; the aggregate deficit from 1814-15 to 1827-28 inclusive is £]9,8'i5,027 — 3Ieivill, 5671-5673. The territorial branch has derived a benefit from the use of the Board-rates of exchange of 5^7,187,178 since 1814 — Mel- villy 5676. The amount of the registered territorial debt of India, at interest, at the commencement of the present charter was £27,002,439, 3nd on the 30th April, 1828, it was £39,606,353— ilfe/yi//, 5678, 5679. The increase of debt has amounted to £12,603,914 j surplus commer- cial profits have been applied to territorial purposes, to the extent of £4,923,000, and the commercial has lent to the territorial branch £3,184,000. Those three sums make a total of j^20,70 1,934 ; the terri- torial deficiency is £19,825,027, the difference between these sums £885,907, is an increase to the territorial assets since 1814 — Melvi/l, 5680. A balance of upwards of £"5,000,000 is due from the territory to the commerce — L/oj/d, 158. The total amount of benefit which has accrued to the territory from the commercial branch during the present charter is £12,1 10,198 — Melvill, 5681. The Company have, during the present charter, provided for the whole amount of territorial deficiency — Melvill, hQ6(J. Have paid the public a debt due of ^2,500,0')0,lent in 1812, the payments on which for principal were 56?2,01 7,172 and for interest £790,813 — M6/i;i//, 5687-5689. A payment of £1,201,200 to the Nizam in discharge of a debt is included in the territorial charges — Alel- vill, 5691. The largest deficit is in the years succeeding 1823-24 and is attributable to the augmentation of the military expenditure of India, caused by the Burmese war, by the operations against Bhurtpoor, and by an increase in the King's and Company's regiments in India ; also to extraordinary embassies and missions ; some of them consequent on a state of war, the payments of some arrears to the King of Persia, the institution of an annuity fund for retired civil officers, increase of the 64 provincial battalions in India, increase in the judicial and revenue estab- lishments in Bengal, and increased interest caused by augmentation of debt — Melvilly 5693. Deficit in the territorial branch in future years will be £1,478,200, if the charges continue at the estimated amount — Melville .5695. Annual benefit to the territorial branch from effecting its remittances through the commercial branch at the Board-rates instead of the mercan- tile rates of exchange j£'812,169 — Melvill, 5706. Territorial payments have been made from excess of commercial receipts over commercial pay- ments — Melvill, '5717- The territory repays these advances principally by remittances in goods direct from India to China — Melvill^ 5722. The amount due from the territory to commerce for advances, since 1st May, 1814, exclusive of interest, is £3,\S4,700— Melvill, 5731. Were the Company to cease to exist as a trading company, there would arise in territorial transactions a deficiency of ^6^812,000 per year from the diffengnce in the Board-rates and the mercantile rates of exchange — Melvill, 5754. Cash in the treasury in England is considered as belonging to commerce, and all the cash in India, excepting only what had been received for com- mercial imports, as belonging to the territory — Melvill, 5793. The Board of Control admit that the territorial branch ought to be charged with interest upon the debt which it owes to the commercial branch — Melvill, 5799. Payments made in discharge of the loan from the public in 1812 was charged (by 52 Geo. hi. c. 135) upon the territorial revenues — Mel- vill, 5805. But the Company having advanced it as cash out of "their treasury, debited it to the King's government, whose debt became, therefore, like all other debits to the King's government, a territorial asset — Melvill, 5808-5811. Difficulty of carrying back the separation between the terri- torial and commercial accounts previous to 1765, much less than formerly, because a plan of separation has since been prescribed — Melvill, 5832. Territorial receipts and pavments of the Company 1st May, 1814, to 1st May, 1829, deficient ^37,775,154 (see p. 62.)— Melvill, 5819. REVENUES. 1. OF INDIA. 3. DERIVED FROM TEA IN ENGLAND. 2. OF CHINA. 4. DERIVED FROM TEA IN AMERICA. 1. Of India. — The Revenues of Bengal are arranged under the follow- ing heads: — The General Department, which comprehends the .Mint, Post- Office, and Stamps ; the Judicial Department, which merely comprehends a few fees and fines; the Land Revenue Department, which comprehends the Land Revenue; the Customs, which comprehends land and sea cus- toms ; the Salt, which comprehends the gross receipt from the sales of salt ; the Opium, which comprehends the gross receipt from the sale of opium. There is a new head of account, of the Territories ceded during the present charter to the Nerbuddah ; there is, finally, the head of Marine Receipts, which comprehends river dues— JTic/w7/, 16. Have been bene- fitted by the difference of nearly 5d. per rupee being the difference between the exchange of Bengal upon England, and the rate of 2s. 3,84d. ; J 65 which the Company pay for the Bills drawn on Bengal — Lloyd, 401^, 4016. The Revenue and other accounts at Madras are kept in Madras rupees, made in the Parliamentary accounts to be worth 2s. 3,408d., but are only of the value of is. ll,04d. — Melvil/, 78, 79. Bombay accounts are kept in Bombay rupees, of 2s. 3d. (board rate) in a similar way ; at Benares, Oude, and the conquered provinces, they are kept in Ferrucka- bad rupees, and are converted into sicca rupees 23. 3,48d. (board rate) at 4i per Cent, worse than the sicca — Melvill, 81-86. At Prince of Wales's Island, in Sanaut rupees — Melvill, 87. From 1814-15 to 1827-28 inclusive, a period of fourteen years, the revenues of India have amounted in the aggregate to ^284,804,085, and the charges to 5£?304, 188,859 ; the aggregate deficit has been ^19,384,774, to which must be added ^£"349,307 for sums written off) and £90,946 for sums expended on dead stock, thus augmenting the total territorial deficit since 1814-15 to ^£"1 9,825,027, exclusive of interest, the rate of which re- mains still unsettled by the Board of Control and the Court of Directors ; these computations are made at the Board's rate of exchange — Melvill, 5673, 5674. The portion of Indian revenues expended in England on the territorial account, is upon the average £3,000,000 annually — Melvill, 6706. The falling off in the revenue of Bombay is caused by the extreme poverty of the new country in the Deccan — Melvill, 5738. Total Territorial Receipts, 1st May, 1814, to) nQr^cioo^ 1st May, 1829 5 £8,516,331 Ditto payments ditto ditto 46,291,485 Territorial receipts in England deficient £37,775,154 Total Commercial receipts 1st May, 1814, to ) , qo ooo qoi. 1st May, 1829 5 ^^'^y-^^*^'^^ Ditto Payments ditto ditto 155,311,931 Surplus Commercial receipts in England — 37,987,895 Difference 5^212,741 (See p. 62)^Melvill, 5819. Supposing the Company to be entirely stript of all trading powers, witness would greatly hesitate before he advised the undertaking of the Company's affairs for sg'SOOjOOO per annum, independently of trade — Melvill, 5767- The territorial possessions are never drawn on by the Company for com- mercial purposes— Z>/oj/c?, 156, 157. There is now a balance due from the territory to the commerce of £5.000,000 — Lloyd, 158. The Com- pany have no circulating capital, and are supplied with funds for the purchase of teas from the Indian revenues — Rickards, 3488, p. 278, 5262, 5263. The Company's revenue at Bombay is principally collected in cotton — Rickards, 3519, p. 283. The deficiency in the territorial revenue is made up by profit on trade — Melvill, 4899. The fact is not established that the trade supports the Indian revenue, but the reverse — Rickards, 3508, p. 282, 5274, 5358. An account of the per-centage at which the several heads of the revenue in India were collected for the years included in the papers presented on the 9th February, 1830. Land Revenue from 3 to 12 per cent. ; Customs 3 to 30 per cent, ; Salt 6 to 52 per cent, (see for Opium, p. 43) — Appendix, p. 82. ee An account of the arrears of Land Revenue left outstanding annually at the close of the official year, at each of the Presidencies in India, from 1809-10 to 1827-28 inclusive. Years. Bengal. Madra.". Bnmbav. WIio1e of Indh. 30thApril,1810 £1,640,596 ^€1,232,182 ^62,415 £2,935,193 1811 1,596,065 1,302,589 46,605 2,955,259 1812 1,643,320 1,405,377 41,451 3,090,148 1813 1,851,623 1,402,100 57,591 3,311,314 1814 1,776,827 1,470,960 55,827 3,303,614 1815 1,964,685 1,524,102 54,908 3,543,695 1816 2,053,667 1,765,426 73,048 3,892,141 1817 2,073,731 1,861,281 76,877 4,011,889 1818 2,387,784 1,954,168 112,140 4,454,092 1819 2,240,061 2,022,711 137,225 4,399,997 1820 2,055,067 2,223,717 288.120 4,566.904 1821 2,066,156 2,305,707 390,050 4,761,913 1822 2,025,637 1,813,602 430,944 4,270,183 1823 2,101,563 1,682,251 523,141 4,306,955 1824 2.081,531 1,686,127 454,085 4,221,743 1825 2,182,054 1,674,989 389,637 4,246,680 1826 2,372,193 1,220,136 381,270 3,973,599 1827 2,352,666 1,185,199 383,780 3,921,645 1828 2,349,934 1,263,863 374,969 3,988,766 Melvill, (Appendix,) p. 91. Account of the profit or loss upon the trade of the Company, between Europe and India, Europe and China, India and China, China and the North American Colonies, for the last ten years. Imports from India to Europe. Exports to India from Europe. Profit. Loss. Profit. Loss. 1819-20 ^40,523 1818-19 :£'39,128 1820-21 ^165,556 1819-20 £Q,Qm 1821-22 83,259 1820-21 10,150 1822-23 118,549 1821-22 49,740 1823-24 365,875 1822-23 35,749 1824-25 44,192 1823-24 39,457 1825-26 119,172 1824-25 21,942 1826-27 401,174 1825-26 3,334 1827-28 348,060 1826-27 13,565 1828-29 607,627 1827-28 18,835 Imports from China to Europe. Exports to China from Europe. Profit. Profit. Loss. 1818-19 £l,O2O,«70 £80,077 — 1819-20 1,052,417 104,«10 — 1820-21 1,246,786 9,752 -— 1821-22 1,116,387 — i&92,0lS l822-2:i 1,145,383 10,924 — 1823-24 1,141,454 — 2,424 1824-25 1,067,166 21,261 — 1825-26 935,868 60,551 — 1826-27 788,094 18,024 ?2,084 1827-28 763,434 — — 67 Oij the Trade between India and China. On the Trade between China and Canada. 1818 1819 18-20. 1821 1822- 1823- 1824- 1825- 1826. 1827- Profit. ^24,310 ^e 1 0,608 1825-26 Prqfit. £18,557 i 0,r>56 1826-27 7,237 71,094 18(3,337 1827-28 9,220 1828-29 8,887 45,838 40,460 Oo the Trade between China and Halifax 3,678 Prcfit. — 1826-27 .... £4,988 8,7 i4 1827-28 .... 4,576 70,470 1828-29 6,083 Lloyd^ App, p. 92. Territorial Revenues and Charges of the Presidency of Bengal in 1827-28 REVENUES. Mint Post-Office Stamps ...... ...... Judicial Customs .... Land Revenue in the lowei Provinces . ^£32,1 76 91,833 . 238,546 85,442 367,355 X 3,862,258 Benares 778,533 Ceded provinces in Oude 1,813,561 Conquered provinces 2,398,104 Ceded territory on the ? JNerbuddah J 508,293 Ceded provinces in Burmah 87,487 Ava indemnification .. . . 186,010 Salt .. . . 2,382,277 Opium. . .... 2,051,621 Marine .... 38,486 CHARGES. Mint Post-Office Civil charges .. Stamps Judicial ... Judder & Zillah Courts, &c. Customs Revenue (lower provinces) Charges on ceded provinces Do. of the conquered do. Ceded territory on the \ ><'erbuddah. S Ceded provinces in Burmah Salt Opium advances & charges Benares ...... Military Batta to troops employed } in the Burmese war... . S Portion of sums ordered for T distribution to the Dec- f ' can Captors, credited in T the rev. of former years J Buildings .... Marine Grand total of charges 11,774,627 Interest on debts .... 1 ,7 1 2,253 Total of Charges & Interest 13,486,880 Melvill, App. p. 98-107. Territorial revenues and charges of the Indian presidencies in 1809-10, 1817-18 and 1827-28. Revenues, Charges and Interest. 1809.10. 1817 18. 1827-28. 1809-10. 1817-18. 1827-18. Bengal £10,232,917 £11,621,511 £14,921,982 £8,813,641 £10,1:^6,376 £18,486,880 Madras 5,51,'j,187 ."J.SSI.yOe 5,a»8,637 5,323,469 5,602,272 6,186,620 Bombay 685,548 I,.%2,445 2,542,328 2,079,690 1.912,314 4,060,70(5 Prince of Wales' Island? ^0 372 56,585 45,079 131,797 100,262 209,855 Sincapore and Mai oca f » » > Saint Helena 1,432 1,438 8,398 85,253 257,007 122,969 Mdvilly App, ^. ^^'V27 , Total Revenues ... 1 4 ,92 1 ,982 ^37,989 89,075 1,102,824 81,690 51,179 626,698 65,794 664,517 506,223 836,825 87,298 82,907 808,322 658,254 2.32,360 4,484,299 91,231 600,905 548,492 117,745 / 6S An account, in detail, of t}ts revenues and charges of the ceded* and conquered provinces under the Presidencies of Bengal, Madras, and Bombay, from 1809-10 to 1827-28 inclusive— yijjpendix, p. 130-144. An account of the quantity and value of military stores exported to India during each of the last ten years (1819-20 to 1828-29 inclusive) ipecifying the average rate of freight per ton at which they were sent out in each year. Average freight Average freight Value. per ton. Value. per toil. 1819-20 £294,974 £4 1 6 1824-25 £294,960 £3 8 ] 820-21 271,979 4 13 2 1825-26 613,352 3 1 9 1821-22 241,653 4 8 1 1826-27 935,235 3 3 11 1822-23 274,675 4 18 9 1827-28 655,200 2 14 10 1823-24 260,096 4 17 3 1828-29 337,710 2 7 9 Llot/d, Ajjp. p. 150-153. 2. Of CniNA.~The revenue of China is £1 1,649,912. The area of China proper is 1,372,450 English square miles, the total population 141,470,005, rate of population to the square mile 103, rate of taxation per head Is. 7,76cl. army 1,182,000, and the rate of military force to the population as 1 to IW—Craufurd, 3686, p. 301. 3. Derived prom Tea in England. — The revenue derived from tea has amounted to more than ^3,300,000, which is about the average sum — Wyebrow, 5603, 5608. Collected with the greatest ease — WyehroWt 6618. And is paid to the government a fortnight after the prompt day— Wyebrow, 5591. Is collected at an expense of ^'10,000 a year — IVj/cbroiv, 5596. That is without the establishment of stocking officers super- intending the dealers' stocks — Trueloc/c, 5606. 4. Derived from Tea in America. — Principal defalcation in the Ame- rican revenue has arisen in the department of the customs from the bank- ruptcies of those engaged in the Eastern trade — Davis, 394. On tea, amounts to 2,000,000 dollars in the United States— Co^w, 1770. DEBT. The intere5.t of the bond-debt of the Company is paid out of their home" funds — Melvill, 4376. Statement to shew the apparent deficiency of means to pay the interest on the bond-debt and the dividends out of the profits of the China trade, prepared from official documents for the year 1820-21 (seep. 17)— 3435, p. 270; 3438, p. 271. Which profits are inadequate for the purpose — Richards, 3444, p. 271 ; 3449, p. 2/2; 3508, p. 282. Three statements to shew the deficiency of means to meet, by the profits of the tea trade, the charges of dividends on India stock and interest on the home bond-debt (see p. 17) — Rickards, 3764, p. 312. Corrected statements — Rickards, 5370. Is now paid by borrowed money or by the territorial revenues in India — Rickards, 3770, p. 314, 5263, 5278, 5303. Corrections of accounts handed in by Mr. Riekards, tending to prove that the China trade was not sufficient to meet those expenses which it is said to cover — Melvill, 4375. The above statements defended — RickardSy 5259, 6315, 5330, 5338. The debt of the Company arises entirely from I I losses on trade, and would not have arisen from any transactions wt iovereigns in India — Richards, 5293. The sum applied in reduction of t\ie bond-debt in England during the present charter is £'334,399 — Melvill, 5710, 5875. The debt of India had its origin entirely in territorial causes — MelvUly 5671. The registered territorial debt of India at the commencement of the present charter was i 27,002,439, and on the 30th April, 1828, it was ^39,606,353^ilfai»w, 451, 477. Frequent proclamations are made against, by the Hoppo — Davis, 1261. But it is carried on notwithstanding — Davis, 1263. The smugglers in China are a very powerful body, and move in considerable numbers, and set the government at defiance when they have sea-room ; the Chinese possess no marine force strong enough to suppress them — Marjorihanks, 860. They transact their business with the greatest regularity in the most valuable commodities — Marjorihanks, 884. Will fight desperately for a valuable cargo, if they receive any interruption — Davidson, 2584. MEMORIAL, Presented by the Americans to the Chinese government, in the Chinese language, refused to be received — Davis, 1301. DUTIES. Estimated list of, charged by the Hong merchants on goods imported into Canton (see p. b9)^- Marjorihanks, 653. The Chinese govern- ment will not allow traders to pay their own duties — Marjorihanks, 655. The Chinese government, by foreign trade, acquire a revenue of 2,000,000 dollars — Marjorihanks, 80J . The amount of tea duties received hy the Company for the crown, since 1814, is ^50,184,11 3- ilfd-ZDi//, 5718. Specific duties on teas in the United States, France, and the Netherlands, 81 >vith tlie ad vahrem duty, reckoned on the average price of teas at Ncvr York, for the 10 years ending with 1829. UNITED STATES. FRANCE. NETHERLANDS Price. Duty. Adva- Duty. Ad va- Duty. Ad va- TEAS. peril). per lb. lorem. per lb. lorem. per lb. lorein. Bohea 9,59 o' 6,21 64 7,25 75 1,27 13 Congo 8,14 1 0,93 153 7,25 85 1,27 15 Souchong 1 5,69 1 0,93 73 7,25 40 2,19 12 Hyson-Skin ..1 6,8 1 2,49 77 7,25 38 2,19 11 Young Hyson 2 3,^3 1 8,7 74 7,25 26 2.19 7 Hyson 2 8,18 1 8,7 64 7,25 22 2,19 6 Gunpowder ..3 4,64 2 1,87 6:i 7,25 17 2,19 5 Imperial 3 3,74 2 1,87 65 7,25 18 2,19 5^ Crawfurd, p. 360. Specific duties on coffee in America, France, and the Netherlands, with the ad valorem duty, calculated on the bond price at New York in 1829— Craivfurd, p. 361. On tea, in 1 789, 12i per cent., in 1 795, 20 per cent., in 1806, 96 per cent., and in 1829, 100 per cent— Craivfurd, p. 362. Under a system of free trade, the consumption and revenue of the king- dom in tea, might be augmented by above 40 per cent. — Craivfurd, p. 369-371. In the duties from 1826 to 1828, as compared with 1823 to 1825, there has been a decrease in tea of 7 pei' cent., whilst on cloves, mace, &c. there has been an mcrease of 9 per cent., on coffee 35 per cent., and on sugar of 70 per cent., all from the East Indies — Craivfurd, p. 372. Comparison of the duties on coffee, cocoa, sugar, spirits, tobacco, and tea calculated ad valorem — (see p. 1, 2) — Craivfurd, p. 372. If the quantity of tea required for the consumption of England were imported by private merchants, the community might receive 40,000,000 lbs. of tea for £6,000,000 sterling, instead of paying ^7,000,000, as they now do, for 30,000,000 lbs. of tea; and the government might receive, at the same time, the same amount of duty as before — Richards, 3466-7, p. 275. Netherland goods imported into Java from the Netherlands are duty free, whilst British goods direct from Britain, that is woollen and cotton manufactures, pay 25 per cent, advw lorem, and coming by way of British India they pay 35 per cent, ad valorem ^Deans, 3628, p. 2'43. FURS Have been imported into China, both by the Company and Americans — Davis, 1417. A trade in, is carried on from the West coast of America to Canton — Cartivright, 1481. The fur trade has diminished as the sea otter has become scarce — Coffin, 1697. Are in great request among the Chinese ^Coffin, 1701. ' WARS. The commercial funds expended in the wars which preceded the acquisi- tion of the Dewannie, amounted, exclusive of interest, to ^63,61 6,000 — Melvill,bQ1\. COMMISSION. Five per cent, is charged by private houses as agency for conducting busi- ness in Chma^Marjoribanks, 366. Two per cent, is charged by the Com- pany's agents— ikffl;>n6a«A:5, 343. About 3 per cent, is charged by the 82 ngent or supercargo— -Browny 961, 1032; Mihe, 1105. Two to 2i pef cent, will coverall commission charges- Broivn, 989. Two to 2^ percent.iipon the invoice pr\ce^ Cojiji, 1717. Charge of English residents is 5 per cent — Coffin, 1719. 3i per cent, on the sale price at Canton — Ahen, 1937. Formerly higher, now considerably reduced — Davidson, 2544^ 2586. Five per cent, on sales, 2^ on remittances in produce — Maxivell, 3709, p. 247; 3789, p. 251. There is no commission on an outward investment of dollars — Milne, 1109. The American agents receive 1^ per cent, commission on purchases made in England — Everett, 2913. The Com- pany allow the supercargoes 2 per cent, both on the gross sales in China and England — MarjoribanJcs, 343 ; who pay various expenses connected with their establishment out of it — Marjoribanks, 350* DYEING Is much cheaper at Leeds than in London, which gives foreigners an advantage over the Company in the purchase of their manufactures — Dixon, 2942, 2964. The difference in expense being 15 per cent, on an average — Dixon, 3010. Comparison of prices of dyeing in London and Yorkshire. IN LONDON. IN YORKSHIRE, s. d. s. d. Dyeing Spanish striped Clothes purple 2 4 16 Black 7 4 Scarlet 2 1 1 5 Mazarine blue 1 6 8 Dixon, 2966. The Americans have their clothes dyed cheaper than the Company — Wnlford, 4784. The Company no longer dye their purples with cochineal, which is a great saving to them — Walford, 4794. In Yorkshire is cheaper, but not so well done as in London — Walford, 4814. Certain colours cheaper in Gloucestershire than in Yorkshire — Ireland, 4875. Cheaper coals, lower rents and wages, enable the Yorkshire dyer to charge less than in London — Dixon, 3139. Various statements of dyeing prices — Ireland, 4882 ; Astell, p. 425, SINGAPORE. There is a large import and export of gold every year — Crawfiird, 4280, Consignments to the amount of 56*30,000 have been sent from Hamburg to, and disposed of at C'Anion— Maxwell, 3671, p. 245. The principal portion was woollens; sales in China not always successful — Maxwell, 3672, p. 245. The Chinese have manufactories at, of pearl, sago, and gambler, and have been desirous of procuring a steam engine to carry on this trade with — Maxwell, 3817, p. 252. A considerable trade carried on to Siam, Cochin China, &c., through the medium of, from England — Crawfurd, 3748, p. 311. The Chinese, from the provinces which conduct foreign trade, viz. Canton, Fokein, Checkien, and Kiaunan, emigrate to, and 6,200 are settled at— Crawfurd, 3673, p. 296. A large trade might be carried on through Sincapore, should the trade of Canton be stopped — Crawfurd, 3682, p. 301. The population of, was in 1824, 10,683; 1825, 11,851; 1826, 12,905; 1827, 13,732; and in 1828, 14, SSd^Craufurd, 83 S723, p. 308. The harbour of, is an open road, quite secure, and a free- port without duties or port charges — Crawfurdy 3726, p. 308. A com- parative statement of the imports and exports of, in 1826-7 and 1827-8 — (see p. 41} — Crawfurd, 3730, p. 308. Description of the trade in junks at, (see p. ^h)— Crawfurd, 3849, p. 322. In 1809, before the arrival of Sir Stamford Raffles, Sincapore was only a small fishing village — Maxfield, 4735. The population rapidly increased — Maxfield, 4736. SAINT HELENA. ^27,440 is the estimated amount of saving in the charges at, as com- pared with 1828-29— Me/t;i//, b1Q\—(App. No. 6.) The expenses of, have been charged to the territory — Melvill, 5837. Apprehends that St. Helena is the property of the Company; if they lost their trade, the expenses could only be paid out of the territorial revenue — Melvill, 5878. — Charges at, increased in consequence of its being the residence of Buonaparte — Melvill, 5859. A falling off in the receipts in consequence of the repeal of the tonnage duty ^t— Melvill, 5861. In 1827-28 the revenues at, were £3,398, the civil charges ^€'45,808, military charges £75,172, and buildings and fortifications £\,9S9^Melvill—fApp. p. 128.) DIVIDENDS. Amount of, payable to the proprietors of East India Stock, is £630,000 — Melvill, 5732-3. The rate per cent, on their commercial capital of £2 1 ,73 1 ,800 is £2 1 8s.— Melvill, 5733, 5782. The Company have availed themselves of the full power of the 57th clause of the Act 53 Geo. Ill, to pay a dividend of 10^ per cent, upon the subscribed capital — Melvill, 5779. From 1814-15 to 1828-29 the amount of dividends paid to the proprietors of East India Stock is £9,450,000, and the amount of surplus beyond the dividends £10,676,001— ikr«?/t;i//, 5875. ACCOUNTS. All Indian accounts audited in England; the system at present prevailing is a good one— Melvill, 57. The revenue accounts at Madras are kept in Madras rupees — Melvill, 79. At Bombay, in rupees converted at 2s. 3d. ; at Benares, in Furruckabad rupees, which are converted at the Presidency into Sicca rupees, at 4^ per cent, worse than the Sicca rupee — Melvill, 84. At Oude, in Furruckabad rupees — Melvill, 85. At the conquered provinces, in Furruckabad rupees— ikfe/m//, 86. At Prince of Wales' Island, in Sanaut vu^ee?,- Melvill, 87. Explanation of the different heads under which particular items are charged — Melvill, 90^ Description of the mode of keeping the accounts of the pecuniary transactions of the Indian government, and nature of the revision that takes place in England; revenue and charge accounts are laid annually before Parliament ; a detailed review of all the revenues and charges taken annually by the Court of Directors, who communicate to the Indian governments the views and directions of the home authorities as to the general financial administration of India — Melvill, 5668. The separation of the commercial from the territorial accounts was first prescribed at the close of the last ch^vteY— Melvill, 567 1 , 579 1 . Accounts presented to the House by the King's command, differ from the true M S4 accounts, and were not matle up at the India House — Melvill, 5673. Accounts between the public and the Company are settled annually — Melvill, 5690. The Board of Control agree with the Company on the detailed accounts, but reserve to themselves the right of hereafter exa- mining the details— Me^/ri//, 5777- 'i'here is an omission in the accounts made up at the India Board — Meloi/l, 5813. The Board of Control do not keep any accounts, but are furnished with statements from the India House, comprising all the information it is supposed the Board requires — Melvill, 5814. The difficulty of carrying back the separation between the territorial and commercial accounts, previous to 1765, is much less than formerly, because a plan of separation has since been prescribed — Melvill, 5832. An account of bad debts is kept— Melvill, 5843. ADMIRAL DRURY. The Chinese government refused to hold intercourse with, acknowledging no authority but that of the Company— Matj or ibaiiks, 248. Was treated with the greatest contempt as a public functionary — Davis, 397. When in China, the Chinese refused to acknowledge, and would not receive him — Marjoribanks, 794. Not received because it was supposed by the Chinese that he was deputed by a governor or servant of the Company, who were only a body of merchants — Stewart, 3886, p. 325. Took pos- session of the island of Macao ; in consequence of which, the Chinese stopped the trade — Stewart, 3856, p. 322. LOANS. Mode of payment of interest thereon— (see p. 69) — Melvill, 5684. The payments on account of the public loan of 1812, were charged to the territorial re\ennes— Melvill, 5805. Doubtful whether it is right so to charge them— Melvill, 5808. EAST INDIANS. Certain parties in Calcutta, who have been called Eurasians, Anglo- Indians, Indo-Britons, half-castes, &c., but have latterly selected the name of " East Indians * for themselves — Rickctts. 5880. They are the descendants of European British subjects and European foreigners by native mothers, legitimate and illegitimate, as well 'as their offspring by intermarriages — Bieketts, 5881. There are 20,000 of this description, about two-thirds of whom live in Calcutta — Ricketts, 5886. 10,000 more live in the Presidencies of Madras and Bombay — Ricketts, 5891. The general practice of the King's troops serving in India, is to have native wives — Ricketts, 5888. Religion of these wives in Bengal is chiefly Mahomedan — Ricketts, 5892. East Indians follow the religion of their fathers, who are chiefly Protestants ; generally speak English j and when educated are entirely European in their habits, feelings, dress, language, $ic. — Ricketts, 5893, 5899. Many officers of high rank marry with these females, but not with any of unmixed Indian race ; and their offspring legally belong to the class of the father — Ricketts, 5900, 5904. Are subject, if residing in Calcutta, to the supreme court; if in the Provinces, to the Mofussil courts, whose proceedings are regulated by the Mahomedan court, modified by the Company's regulations — Ricketts, 85 6005. Are married by a Protestant chaplain — Ric/cetts, 5910. Are deprived of the protection of the Habeas Corpus Act, liable to be taken up on suspicion and confined as state prisoners, and dealt with in all respects as natives, without the right of appeal to the supreme court ; are fined, imprisoned, and corporally punished at the discretion of the judge, without the intervention of a jury, and are excluded from the regular service of the Company, civil and military — RicJcetts, 5917. Are generally employed as clerks, and in no other capacity — Ricketts, 5932. If they embraced the Mahomedan religion, they would be f.t once eligible to those offices which are now confined entirely to the natives — Ricketts, 5933. Civil and military service was open to the East Indians prior to 1791 — Ricketts, 5934. Several East Indians are distinguished officers in the Company's service — Ricketts, 5937. Have generally been considered gal- lant officers — Ricketts, 5938. These officers are exempt from summary jurisdiction, as being employed in the Company's service — Ricketts, 5942. — Many are eminent in the medical profession — Ricketts, 5947. Are indigo planters, schoolmasters, architects, printers, carvers and gilders, and undertakers — Ricketts, 5950. Children are educated in the upper and lower military orphan schools — Ricketts, 5959. 1 here are other chari- table institutions for educating the poorer classes — Ricketts, 5962. East Indians have been admitted as attornies in the supreme courts — Ricketts, 5969. Their usual salaries as writers is from 50 to 100 rupees a month — Ricketts, 5970. Might perform the duties of a collector or a judge, for one-third of the salary that a European would — Ricketts, 5794. They have no idea of amassing a large fortune to return to a distant land — Ricketts, b^i^Jb. Are as much respected as Europeans would be in similar situations; no distinction is made between East Indians and Europeans, on the part of the natives; the distinction emanates from the authorities at home — Ricketts, 5977. A more liberal policy is adopted towards this class of per- sons by other powers, and also at Ceylon — Ricketts, 5982. Some hold land to a considerable extent — Ricketts, 5985. Are not liable to any restrictions upon holding lands — Ricketts, 6074. Europeans, though nominally pro- hibited from holding lands, do in fact hold them — Ricketts, 6081. But their holding is not recognized by law — Ricketts, 6082. None are in the condition of manual labourers — Ricketts, 5990. Are taught reatling, writing, arithmetic, geography, the use of the globes, English grammar, &c., but not Latin or Greek, in the upper militarv orphan school — Ricketts^ 59D5. Children of East Indian parents on both sides, are now admissible into all stations, civil or military — Ricketts, 5998. The children are subject to all the legal disabilities of the father — Ricketts^ 6000. Have never been recruited as private soldiers — Ricketts, 6004. There are no christians among the native troops; some of the East Indians are drummers and fifers — Ricketts, 6006. Is not aware of any East Indians having been tried according to the criminal law of Mahomet, but this is owing to their own good conduct — Ricketts, 6008. No distinction made between the trial of, and Hritish subjects — Ricketts, 6011. Being employed as clerks in public offices does not exempt them from the jurisdiction of the Mofussil courts — Ricketts, 6020. The main grievance of the East Indians is, that as soon as they pass beyond the jurisdiction of the supreme court of Calcutta to reside in the interior, 86 they are placed beyond the pale of all civil law, whether British, Hindoo, or Mahomedan — Ricketts, 6025. There is no law on the subject of the bequest of property — Ricketis, 6026 ; or on the subject of marriage — Ricketts, 6030. Are not admissible to any offices to which natives could be admitted — Ricketts, 6045. Owing to the correctness of their own con- duct, they have not been brought under the lash of the law — RickettSy 6047. Are held in great respect by the natives — Ricketts, 6049. The prejudice existing against them is not founded on the inadequacy of their education — Ricketts, 6030. Education is going on rapidly — Ricketts, 6055. They have served on juries since 1827 — Ricketts, 6057. Of 20,000 in Bengal, about 500 are qualified to hold high situations, and 1,500 to hold subordinate ones — Ricketts, 6060. About 1,000 are actually so employed — Ricketts, 6061 . The Mahomedan code of law has been modified, by the Company's regulations, from time to time — Ricketts, 6063. The East Indians, as christians, object to the principle of having any thing to do with the Mahomedan code — Ricketts, 6065. ^i'here are some Hindoo mothers, but the Mahomedan preponderate —Ricketts, 6072, Are not restricted from holding land ; are not liable to deportation, which Europeans are — Ricketts, 6076. The condition of that class would be improved by their being placed on a footing with British-born subjects not in the King's or Company's service — Ricketts, 6079. If public employ- ments were open to them, their qualifications for office would considerably increase — Ricketts, 6085. British-born subjects are not amenable to the Mahomedan law —Ricketts^ 6088. AGENTS. — English agents are not allowed by the Company to reside in Canton ; there are agents, but they reside under a foreign flag — Ake7i, 2129; Davidson, 2500. Some British houses of great respectability are established there — Marjoribanks, 278. Whom the Company have allowed to remain in China with and without the diplomas of foreign consuls — Marjoribanks, 626. Have said that they could buy tea as well and as good as the Company — Aken, 2140. AMOY. — The Spaniards still enjoy the right of trade to, but it is almost a nominal privilege — Marjoribanks, 170 ; Davis, 389 ; Mackie, 4490. But they would not, it is supposed, be admitted there now — Davis, 1310; Mackie, 4490. Is a very large town ; there are nearly as many junks about there as about the port of Canton — Mackie, 4601. A large foreign trade is carried on with, from Manilla and Sincapore, in junks of 500 or 600 tons — Mackie, 4607. ANNUITY FUND. — A long correspondence commenced in 1822, and was continued to 1829, between the Court of Directors and the Govern- ments of Bengal, Madras, and Bombay, respecting the formation of an annuity fund for the civil servants of those establishments — A2Jp. p. 51-81. "Which ensued in an arrangement for the institution of an annuity fund for the retirement of civil servants; the Company contributing to that fund an annual subscription equal to the aggregate of the subscriptions of their servants — Melvill, 5762. The expense of this fund to the Company is between five and six lacs of rupees annually — Melvill, 5764. The Bengal annuity fund was instituted in 1824 — Melvill, 5867. But annuity funds existed in many parts of India before that period — Melvill, 5868. ARMY. — The augmentation of the military expenditure of India has 87 been caused by the Burmese war, by the operations against Bhurtpoor, and b}' an increase in the number of King's and Company's regiments in India — Melv'iU, 5693. Orders have been issued, by the Court of Directors, for retrenchment, and for a specific reduction of the army, which will not much exceed its strength before the Nepaul war in 1813, notwithstanding the extension of territory which has taken place since that period — Melvill, 5697. Reduction of the charges civil and military of India, as compared with 1828-29, is estimated for 1829-30, at ^604,121 ; 1830-31, at >^ 1,1 03,043; 1831-32, at ^1,271,943; and for 1832-33, at ^1,430,264 ^Melvill, 570]— fApp. Nos. 1, 2, 3.) The sum of ^60,000 is paid annually by the Company on account of retired pensions to soldiers, and half-pay to officers of King's troops serving in India — Melvill, 6776. Advances are made to officers, and the balance is paid with interest when the accounts are finally closed — Melvill^ 5815. It is the practice of King's troops, serving in India, to have native wives — liicketts, 5888. The religion of these wives is chiefly Mahomednn— liicketts, 5892. The descendants (East Indians), follow the religion, language, and customs, of their European fathers — Ricketts, 5893-5899. The females of this class marry officers of high rank — Ricketts, 5900-5904. East Indians are now exclu- ded from the military service — Ricketts, 5926. Officers, admitted into the service before 1791, have generally been considered men of gallantry — Ricketts, 5937. These officers are exempt from summary jurisdictions, as being employed in the Company's service — Ricketts, 5942. East Indians have never been recruited in the Company's army as private soldiers — Ricketts, 6004. There are no christians among the native troops ; they are composed entirely of Hindoos and xMahomedans ; some of the East Indians are drummers and fifers — Ricketts, 6006. BORNEO. — If a free trade were permitted to China, much traffic might be carried on with — Aken, 248. BURMESE WAR augmented the military expenditure of India — Melvill, 5693. The whole expenses computed at i£'l 1,000,000 or i 12,000,000 sterVmg— Melvill, 5744. BUONAPARTE. — The charges at St. Helena were increased in conse- quence of its being the residence of Buonaparte — Melvill, 5859. FORTS IN CHINA are in a state of dilapidation ; the guns honey- combed, and, being laid between two pieces of wood, could only be fired in a straight line — Mackie, 4527. CASSIA forms part of a general cargo from Canton to America — Coffin, 1560, 1831. CLOVES are purchased by the Chinese— ^^ew, 1928. COCHIN CHINA. — Attempt of the Americans to trade with, an utter failure — Davis, 525. An attempt was made by the British Factory, which also proved a failure — Davis, 526; Maijoribanks, 882. The jealousy of the government of, and the King's requiring the right of pre-emption of all commodities, render all attempts at trade abortive — Marjoribanks, 882. The Cochin Chinese are averse to free trade — Aken, 2194, 2202. COCHINEAL is no longer used in dyeing purples — Walford, 4794. Is entirely excluded by lac dye — Walford, 4802. COCOA. — Duty on, calculated ad valorem, varies from 86 to 583 per cent. — Crawfurd, p. 372. 88 COFFEE. — Comparative statement of the consumption of Great Britain, the United States of America, and France, in Coffee, for 11 years. Years. Great Britain. United States. France. lbs. lbs. lbs. 1818 7,967,S57 19,199,403 14,951,684 J 81 9 7,429,352 20,825,869 14,583,707 1820 6,896,286 13,291,875 3 7,868,991 1821 7,327,283 15,965,237 16,085,775 1822 7,404,204 14,282,982 20,127,465 1823 8,209,245 18,603,330 18,059,734 1824 7,993,040 20,368,450 22,604,456 1825 10,766,112 22,357,721 16,451,410 1826 12,724,139 26,449,356 17,589,800 1827 14,974,378 31,895,217 22,060,713 1828 16,522,423 37,258,879 20,521,883 Average of the first five years 7,404,996 16,713,073 16,723,524 Ditto of the last six years 11,864,889 26,155,492 19,547,982 Increase 60 per Cent. 56 per Cent. 16 per Cent. — Crawjurd^ p. 361. Duty on Coffee in England varies from 71 to 378 per cent, ad valorem — Crawfurd, p. 372. COMMITTEE, or officer deputed by the King, would be attended to, by the Chinese government, more than the select committee from the Com- pany are now — Stewart, 3885-3887, p. 325. COMMUTATION ACT (24 Geo. III., c. 38.)— The Company exact no profit but that which it authorizes — Lloyd^ 4164 ; Melvill, 5059. The quantity of tea, and the time it is kept in the Company's warehouses is regulated by this act— Melvill, 5099. The consumption of tea in the United Kingdom is provided for under it — Melvill, 4297. It requires that the Company should always have a year's stock in hand — Melvill, 4392, 4886, 4937, 5099 ; Lloyd, 4230. Before the passing of this act, three fourths of the tea used in England was smuggled — Layton, 5485. COMPRADORE DUTIES, on ships at Canton, amount to 2,000 dol- lars— ^^e«, 1949. CONSOO CHARGES are not levied on British woollens— iliar/oH- banks, 205. Is a tax levied on manufactures, of the most anti-commercial and oppressive nature ; laid on by the Viceroy and Hong merchants— DavidsoTiy 3054. CONSUL, BRITISH. — A person possessing that office, unless his power was backed by some other influence, would not be successful in controll- ing his countrymen in China, or regulating intercourse with the Chinese — Marjoribanks, 203. The Ctiinese government would never acknowledge him — Marjoribanks, 787- A committee appointed by the King would be attended to more than the select committee of the Company — Stewart^ 3885, 3887, p. 325. CONSUL, AMERICAN. — Hardly recognized by the Chinese govern- ment — Davis, ^^dQ. Not recognized by the Chinese — Coffin, 1742. No consuls recognized, Coffin, 1743. Is personally engaged in trade, and 89 receives no salary — Davis, 450. Has very little power — Marjorihanhs^ 202. The Americans are obliged by their laws to deposit their ships' papers with him ; he signs the landing certificate for such goods as they get a debenture on ; it is sworn before him ; when piece goods are shipped from Canton that pay an ad valorem duty, the invoice is sworn before him — Coffin, 1738. Has no power over the shipping — Hutchinson, 2700. CONSUL, HANSE TOWNS.— Have lately appointed a consul at Can- ton, in order to open a market for the consumption of continental wool- lens — Dixon, 'dQi)\. CREWS OF SHIPS.— A system of police is established by the Factory to control them — Stewart, 3883, p. 325 ; Davis, 400. Several ships, with entire English crews, have been at Canton without creating any difficulty — Maxwell, 3768, p. 250. No difficulty whatever in managing European crews at Canton — Pope, 3856, p. 254. The crews of vessels trading up the coast of China are frequently ashore, and never create any disturbance with the natives — Mackie, 4515. CUMSHAW DLTY, at Canton, is the same on all ships ; about 1950 dollars — Coffin, 1710; Aken, 1943. Is charged according to a measure- ment between the mainmast and foremast for the length, and from the centre to the side of the ship for the breadth ; a vessel with two masts is measured from the end of the tiller to the foremast — Coffin, J 712. DEAD CAPITAL.— In the amount of commercial assets (£2],731,869) the dead capital of the Companv is included at a valuation — Melvill, 5728,5751. EARTHENWARE is carried by the Chinese to Siam, for the purpose of trade— Cq^^i, 1906. EMBASSY. — The situation of British residents in China has been materially improved by the conduct of the late — Marjoribanks, 176. Of Lords Macartney and Amherst were compHmentary, and had they stated their purpose to be commercial, would not have been more likely to be received into the Imperial presence — Davidson, 3084. The aug- mentation of the civil charges of India has been caused by extraordinary embassies and missions of the Company, some of them consequent on a state of war — Melvill, 5693. Expenses of the China embassy, from 1815-16 to 1817-18, were £m,bm—Melvill, 5875. EXCISE DUTY levied on tea, has amounted to more than 5^3,300,000, which is about the average sum — Wybrow, 5603, 5608. Is paid to the Crown a fortnight after the prompt day — Wybroiv, 559 J . The expense of the tea establishment, for the excise in London, is ^10,000 a year — Wybrow, 5596. That is, without the establishment of stocking officers — Truelock, 5604. FOREIGNERS.— The acknowledged authority of the Company is beneficial to foreigners, both politically and commercially; and all advan- tages which result from their present position would cease with the with- drawal of their power — Davis, 416; Davidson, 3041. Have gained by privileges which have been obtained by the Company's factory ; they have been gained at the cost of Great Britain — Davidson, 2612, 3047- The trade carried on between Continental Europe and China has, in some instances, been unsuccessful, in others ruinous — Davidson, 3050, 90 FRIGATES built at Bombay ; the Trincomalee, of 1065 tons, was built for £29 8s. 2cl. per ton ; these are built of teak. The Cornwallis, 74, of 1809 tons, was built at ^30 14s. a ton ; the Victor, of 382 tons, was built at £23 9s. 7d. a ton ; the Zebra, of 385 tons, was built at 5^24 6s. 7cl. a ton ; the Sphinx, of 239 tons, was built at £24 6s. 6d. a ton ; the Camden, of 240 tons, was built at <^25 3s. lOd. a ion— Ma.vfield, 4675. GINSENG has been shipped, but in small quantities, from Liverpool, by the Americans, for the Chinese markets — Brown, 992. Is brought from America, and also grown in India, but held by the Chinese in very low estimation compared with that grown in Tartary — Davis, 1423. GOLD. — There is a large import and export of, every year, from Sinca- pore, amounting to as much as 1 000 lbs. weight troy — Crawfurd, 4286. The Chinese work the gold mines in Batavia on their own account — Crawfurd, 4281. HIDES are largely traded in, by the Chinese, from Sincapore — Coffin^ 1897. HOME ESTABLISHMENTS.— The expected savings from reduc- tions on, is 5^20,000 annually— Me/i;f//, 5864. HOOGLY RIVER. — There is less danger attending a voyage to Can- ton than Calcutta, on account of — Aken, 2059. HOPPO is the third civil officer at Canton; receives no salary, but pays himself out of the duties — Davis, 1284. The edict of Hoppo Wan- Ta-jin to the linguists, Achow and others, forbids illicit dealings with shopmen — Davis, 1260. HORN. — The Chinese junks take back, from Siam and Sincapore — Coffiji, 1896. INDEMNITY BONDS.— The Hong merchants have, on some occa- sions, required them from the country trade, and from American agents, to protect themselves against exactions from the government — Marjon- ba7i/cs,69l. INDIGO has been run up in the Calcutta market, when the Company have been purchasers, from 190 to 240 rupees a maund — Ric/cards, 3511, p. 283. The East Indians not employed in the service of the government, are usually indigo planters, schoolmasters, architects, Sic. — Ricketts, 5950. From 1823 to 1829, the quantity of indigo imported into the united king- dom, was 39,957,624 lbs., of which 20,381,264 was re-exported, the pro- portion of re-exportations to importations being as 51 to 100 — Craivfurd, p. 360. JAPANESE distrust the Chinese on account of their proximity — Marjoribanks, 881. KESIAK is a large town, with a considerable trade, within 150 miles of Ciinton—Mackie, 4482. LAC DYE, first used in England in 1812; since which time a con- siderable improvement has taken place in the colour produced from it, and it is now generally preferred for military purposes ; great quantities are exported to Flanders, and the Dutch use it in preparing their cloths for the China raarketr— I>«>ow, 2972. For the last three or four years. 91 there has been an importation of 2000 to 2500 chests annually — Wal- forcly 4796. Which has excluded cochineal entirely — Walfordy 4802. LADY FLORA. — In the case respecting this ship, before the King in council, it was decided that the Cape of Good Hope was not ," an inter- mediate port between Canton and Calcutta" — Aken, 2078. LAW OF CHINA divides property equally among descendants — Davis, 492. LEATHER is much used in China ; even the skins of the opium chests are readily bought — Alackie, 4620. LICENCES — To trade to China from India, are granted by the local governments — Davis, 405. Tea licences are granted to country ships — Majjoribanks, 627. Are not granted for a larger amount than 400 chests — Aken, 2070. The Cape of Good Hope is not included in the licences; the licences run thus — " you can take 400 chests of tea in at Canton, to dispose of it at any intermediate ports between this and Calcutta" — Aken, 2076. LINENS — There were shipments of, to China, but not latterly, as they did not answer well — Brown, 1011. MACAO — Admiral Drewry took possession of this island, and the Chi- nese stopped the British trade until the troops were withdrawn — Stewart, 3856, p. 322. MARKET, CONTINENTAL.— In 1829, a great many ships were con- signed from Canton, which came to Cowes for orders to what market to proceed ; they were sent to Rotterdam, Amsterdam, and Hamburgh ; the trade last year paid well, but has not been generally profitable — Bates, 3247. MARKETS, INDIAN.— ^^'henever the Company enter the markets in India, the price of goods is immediately run up 15 to 30 per cent. — Rickards,^b\\, p. 283. MAURITIUS— Deemed, at the Cape of Good Hope, in the case of the Lady Flora, not to be an intermediate port between Canton and Calcutta ; the ship was seized in consequence, but afterwards liberated on appeal to the King in council — Aken, 2078. MERCHANDIZE, CHARGES ON--Calculated in the Indian and China trades at 5 per cent, on the sale price of the goods, amounting from 1814- 15 to 1828-29 to 5^1, 355,483— ilfe/t;i//, 5875. MISSIONARIES. — A French bishop and his suite have been lately landed at Macao, to proceed to the interior of China as — Aken, 2189. NANKEENS — The Company do not trade in ; their officers and com- manders, as also the Americans, do trade in — Marjoribanks, 746 ; Coffin, 1560,1831. NETHERLANDS' CHINA COMPANY AND TRADE— Established for conducting the China trade — Davis, 516 ; which is, however, open to all persons to form a similar one — Davis, 522. Was formed to encourage the export of Dutch manufactures — Masterson, 3573, p. 290. The estab- lishment of the Dutch Company was offensive to the whole people of Hol- land — Masterson, 3608, p. 292. The trade in tea is a favourite object of N 92 the King of the Netherlands ; but, since 1825, they have lost by if £.^0(),00(> on 100,000 quarter chests, the quantity imported — Masterson, 3564^ p. 289. Are restricted to the exportation of their own manufactures — Maslerson, 3570, p. 290. The speculations of the Dutch Company have been attended with considerable -oss — Coffin, 1669. Private Dutch traders may load with British manufactures for China — Masterson, 3627, p- 293. The Dutch Company cannot buy Eni^lish manufactures — Master son, 3629, p. 294. The King of the Netherlands is a large shareholder in this Com- pany, on his private account — Masterson, 3613, p. 293. The general result of the Dutch private adventures is a loss — Masterson, 3621, p. 293. The Dutch have not had, of late years, any difficulty with the Chinese authorities — Mafjoribanks, 268 ; Davis, 523. Shares in the Dutch Com- pany have been as high as 105, and as low as 75, and are now at 94| per cent. — Masterson, S607, p. -92. The Dutch Company inflicts injuries on the private trade, from the government favouring them, giving them the preference of government freights, and the preference of their contracts, and, from their great command of capital, coming into the market with such large quantities of goods, and telling the trade that there will be such sales at regular times, in autumn and spring, so that the private merchants have little chance with the buyers in the mean time, and the Company also trading at a loss to themselves — Masterson, 3633, p. 294. NEW SOUTH WALES is supplied with tea by licences from the select committee in China — Ma)joribanks, 652. NUTMEGS are bought and traded in by the Chinese— J^e?z, 1928. OVERLOOKERS of cloths and woollens, delivered according to the Company's contracts, are excessively strict, and from their decision there is no appeal — Dixon, 2946 ; which is a great drawback to manufacturers' transactions with the Company — Dixon, 3180. But there is seldom any occasion to complain — Dixon, 3182. The Company, in their inspection of cloths, are never severe or unreasonable — Watford, 4792. Cloths are inspected by — Ireland, 4849 ; who never reject improperly — Ireland, 4So2. PARAGUAY — Tea of, used to be consumed largely by the South Americans, but latterly they have not been able to procure it in sufficient quantity — Cai^twright, 1482. The tea plant of, is quite a diflferent plant from the Chinese — Cartwright, 1484. Price of, at Buenos Ayres, 7d. to 9d. per lb., and is drank principally by natives — Cartwrigld, 1535. PECUL is reckoned, commercially, to weigh 1337lbs. ; its true weight is 1321bs. ^oz.— Kelly, 5570. F'ENANG. — The estimated ultimate reduction which will be effected in the expenses of Penang, Malacca, and Sincapore. is 4,30,000 Sa. Rs. or 5^49,880— Me/m7/, 5701, {App. No. 5.) The government of Bengal suggested, simultaneously with the court of directors, the reduction of this establishment— Melvill, 5736. PENSIONS. — Annual payment by the Company, on account of retired pensions to soldiers, and half-pav to officers of King's troops serving in India, is ^60,000— ikfc/w//, 5776. PEPPER— Is traded in, by the Chinese, from Sincapore— Cf)^n, 1896. Comparative statement of the proportion of re-exportations to importa- tions, from 1823 to 1829, is as 53 to 100 (see p. 3.)— -Craw/Mrrf, p. 360. 93 Average sale-price per lb., of black-pepper, in 1814-15, was 15id ; 1817- 38,8^d. ; 1820-21, 6id.; 1823-24, 6cl. ; 1826-27, 4id. ; and in 1828-29, 3d. — Craivfurdy p. 358. PERSIA — The pavments made to, were in part of subsidy — Melvilly 5745. In 1827 or 1828 there' was a payment made of £124,000, to ex- onerate the British government from the obligations of the treaty which compelled them to subsidize Persia during war — Melv'di, 5747. PESHCUSH.— An annual payment of i; 72,072 was made by the Com- panv as peshcush or tribute to the Nizam, which was redeemed by paying £1^201,200— Alelvill, 5691. PHILIPPINE ISLANDS— If a free trade were permitted to China, much traffic might be carried on with the — A/cen, 2148. PILOT ESTABLISHMENT.— The Court of Directors, with a view to reduce the expenditure, have ordered an inquiry into the constitution and details of the Pilot Establishment at Calcutta— Melvill, 5697- PIRATES— No Company's ship ever captured by — Alsager, 2388. Small vessels may have been taken by them off Banca — Alsager, 2396. POLICE.— The crews of vessels, at Canton, are managed by— Davis, 400. PRINCE OF WALES'S ISLAND.— The charge of this settlement in- creased from ^26,563, in 1819-20, to £104,125 in 1825-26, which arose,ia a great measure, from the operations in the Ava territory and the transfer of a number of servants from Bencoolen to Prince of Wales's Island — Melvill, 5862. PROVISIONS are allowed to enter Canton free of duty^Majiwclly 3720, p. 248. PUTCHUCK is a species of dye, used by the Chinese for dyeing nankeen —A/ce7i, 1926. QUICKSILVER has been shipped for China, from Liverpool, by the Americans, but in small quantities — Broivn, 992. And a small quantity of quicksilver is also sold at Canton — Davis, 1 465. RATTANS are traded in, by the Chinese, from Sincapore— Coy9?« 1896 From India— Ake7i, 1928. ' i ^ » "• RAW PRODUCE finds the best market in China, from the anxiety of the Chinese government to protect their own manufactures — Marjoribanks 040. RESIDENCIES.- The Court of Directors have issued orders for the reduction of some of the political residencies in India — Melvill, 5697. RETRENCHMENT.— Instructions have been issued by the Court o^ Directors for retrenchment, and for a specific reduction of the army— Melvill, 5697. Committees have been appointed with a view to retrench- ment— ilfe/yi//, 5698. Estimate of the amount in which the charges of India are expected to be diminished, by the various reductions of establish- ments military and civil, as compared with 1828-29 is for ]8''^9 30 ^604,121; 1830-31, ^'1,103,043; 1831-32,^.1,271,943'; and for 1 832-33* £1,439,264— ilfc/i;i//, 5701, (B.) The estimated military reductions, as compared with 1828-29, are, for the year 1832-33, at Bengal, j€'431,436- 94 Madras, £272,34^; and at Bombay, £184,601— Me/m//, 5701— fApp. Nos. 1, 2, 3.) The ultimate annual saving, in the civil and military depart- ments, will be, at Bengal, ot 140,812; Madras, ^^"37,486; Bombay, s€30,330 ; there will also be a saving of £11,600 per annum for the military pay of officers holding civil appointments, making a totiJ of £220,228 — Melvill, 5701 — (App. No. 4.) The ultimate annual reduction in the expenses of Penang, Malacca, and Sincapore, will be £49,880, and of St. Helena will be £27M0—Melvill, 5701— (^^p/). Nos. 5, Q.J A reduction in the civil establishments is contemplated, and is going forward both in numbers and salaries — Melvilly 5758. A reduction of about 5^9000 was effected in 1828, in the charges of the home establishment — Melvill, 5773. The expected saving, from reductions on the home establishment, is £20,000 annually — Melvilly 5864. RICE — American ships at Canton frequently run to the Philippine Islands, and return with — Coffin^ 1705. RIVERS. — The number of those who live on rivers, in China, is greatly exaggerated — Davis, 1356. The river which brings the teas to ('anton is a mere trout-stream, and frequcHtly has not water enough to float the vessels on — Davis, 1357-' SALTPETRE is traded in by the Chinese— ^^ew, 1928. A contraband trade is carried on with China, on account of the government duties being high — Akeiiy 2006. The Chinese law forbids the sale of, to any person except the government — Aken, 2219. Average sale-price of, per cwt. in 1814-15, 89s. 6d.; 1817-18, 40s. 6d. j 1820-21, 28s. 5d.; 1823-24, 25s. 6d. ; 1826-27, 22s. ; and in 1828-29, 23s. Qd.—Crawfurd, p. 358. SANDALWOOD would be traded in from the Eastern Archipelago, in small vessels, if the ports of China were not closed— Ake7i, 2197- SANDWICH ISLANDS— The Americans carry on some China trade yi\i\i— Bates, 3228. SICCA RUPEE, as valued by the Company in their rate of exchange, is equal to 2s. 3,84d. — Leach, 72. SILK. — Raw silk is no longer traded in by the Company ; is exported from China; goes principally to America; and some to Sincapore — Mar- jorihanks, 746-750. Is generally bought of outside dealers — Coffin, 1580. Is a principal return from China to the United States — jB?'own, 921, 1027; Coffin, 1560. The American trade, in China, is greatly directed to silk piece goods — Davis, I4GS; Coffin, 1831. Is a more profitable investment than tea — Milne, 1191. Last year the trade in manufactured silk was not profitable — Bates, 3235, p. 219. Silk piece-goods are excepted from the monopoly of the Hong merchants — Davis, 1280. There is a large consumption of Chinese silk in South America — Cartwright, 1 476, 1 486. SILVER. — Sycee silver is not allowed to be exported from China — Marjoribanks, 764,765. Other silver may be regularly shipped by licence — Hutchinson, 2769. Is an article of trade prohibited by the Chinese government— Z)«ujV5ow, 2551. A contraband trade in, is carried on to a large extent from CWin^— Marjoribanks, 765; Rickards, 3496, p. 281. In taking the value of silver, the Company use the old mint-price— Lloyd, 4147. 6,094,000 talcs of Sycee silver is exported from Canton annually-- Marjoribanks, 7^2. In one season to the value of half a million sterling — 95 MarjoribankSy'JQS. But never by the Company — Davis, 437. See also Specie, p. 5 1 . SKIN.— The Company exported 2,000 peculs of skin tea, in 1826-27— Bate;,; 3445, p. 231. SMUGGLERS IN CHINA are a very powerful body, and move in considerable numbers, and set the government at defiance when they have sea-room ; the Chinese possess no marine force strong enough to suppress them — Marjo7'ibanks, 860. They transact their business with the greatest regularity in the most valuable commodities — Mai-joribanks, 884. Will fight desperately for a valuable cargo, if they receive any interruption — Davidson, 2o84. SOLDIERS, in China, not numerous nor well armed — Mackie, 4522. SOUCHONG TEA is purchased at 30 to 40 tales per pecul— ikfar/on- banks,Qi)Q. The Company exported 2,000 peculs of souchong in 1826- 27— Bates, 3445, p. 231. STEEL J cast and blistered; are articles of trade with the Chinese— Aken, 1929. In small bars, is imported from England — Aken, 1930. SUGAR is traded in, by the Chinese junks, at Siam — Coffin, 1896. Comparison of duties on, with tea (see p. 2.) — Crawfurd, p. 372. Im- portations and re-exportations of, (see p. 3) — Craiufurd, p. 360. Aver- age sale-price of, per cwt. in 1814-15, 58s 8d.; 1817-18, 49s.,- 1820-21, 34s.; 1823-24, 30s.; 1826-27, 30s.; and in 1828-29, ^bs.— Crawfurd, p. 358. SUNCHL— The Company exported 1,000 peculs of Sunchi in 1826-27 ^Bates,ZUb, p. 231. SUPERANNUATIONS, connected with the India Board, amounted to je5,532 6s. 8d. on the 1st April, 1830— ^jo^x p. 154. SUPERCARGOES, AMERICAN, almost always accompanied tlieir , ships — Milne, 1031. Frequently more than one to a cargo — Coffin, 1759. I Not always used — Brown, 964; Coffin, 1910. The direct trade from' America is generally carried on by — Brown, 960. But through England, by resident agents — Brown, 960. Their Commission is matter of contract, and is about 3 per cent. — Brown, 961 ; Milne, 1 105. They do not employ a merchant in China or divide their commission with the Hong — Brown, 967. And have no commission on the outward cargo — Milne, 1109 — (see Factory, p. 52, Commission, p. 82.) SWEETMEATS are carried to Siam, for the purposes of trade, by the C\\mese— Coffin, 1906. SWEDES formerly had large ships frequenting China; the trade has ceased almost entirely — Marjoribanks, 263. TIN has been shipped for China, from Liverpool, but not in large quan- tities — Broiun, 992. Shipped from the United States, in 1827 and 1828 —(see p. 37)— Everett, 2864. TOPAZE FRIGATE.— The Chinese stopped the trade on account of an affray between the crew of, and the Chinese, in which some of the Chinese were killed and wounded — Alsager, 2475 ; Davidson, 2631. TREPANG. — A large trade might be carried on in, from the Eastern i\rchipelago to China, if the Chinese ports were open, by small vessels — 96 Aken^ 2196. Is a sea-sing, fished in the Eastern Archipelago, and is much esteemed by the Chinese — Deans^ 3516, p. 235. Supply of, to the Chinese, has never equalled the demand ; the supply is about 14,000 peculs —Deans, 3559, p. 239. TYPHONES. — Great advantage during, from the superior equipment of the Company's ship's,— Alsager^ 2410. VAKEELS or PLEADERS, in India, are of the Hindoo or Mahomedan persuasion — Ricketts, 6040. WAREHOUSES of the Company are peculiarly adapted for preserving teas — Thompson, 5530. In the amount of stock they are valued at what it is computed they would fetch — Melvill, 5848. WEIGHTS OF CHINA.— The tale is generally considered the unit, 16 of which make the catty, and 100 catties the pecul. The tale is subdivided into 10 mace, 100 candareens, and 1000 cash, and equals 580 grains troy, 24 tales are equal to 29 ounces troy — Kelly, 5570. WOOL, COTTON. — Importation and re-exportation, into and from the United Kingdom, from 1823 to 1829 — (see p. 3) — Crawfurd, p. 360. Average sale price of, per lb. in 1814-15, Is. 2^d.; 1817-18, Is.; 1820-21, 6d.; 1823-24, 6^-d.; 1826-27, 5^d. ; 1828-29, 4id.—CVa^y/wrcf, p. 358. SALARIES & EMOLUMENTS OF SERVANTS, And other Expenses of the Factory at Canton, in the year 1828- Sir James Brabazon Urmston, Knt ^7,407 Sir William Eraser, Bart 2,113 Francis Henry Toone, Esq , 1,852 William Henry Chicheley Plowden, Esq 8,888 William Baynes, Esq 7,318 Charles Millett, Esq 6,790 James Bannerman, Esq ^,834 Charles Marjoribanks, Esq 5,169 John Francis Davis, Esq 4,488 James Frederick Nugent Daniell, Esq 3,262 Thomas Charles Smith, Esq 2,181 John Jackson, Esq 2,503 George Best Robinson, Esq 1,490 Robert Burland Huddleston, Esq 1,353 Hugh Hamilton Lindsay, Esq 900 John Harvey Astell, Esq 400 Henry Matthew Clark, Esq 500 John Bensley Thornhill, Esq 400 Henry Thomas Ravenshaw, Esq 400 Frederick John Morris, Esq 99 Rev. George Henry Vachell, chaplain 561 Mr. Alexander Pearson, surgeon 1,540 Mr. John Livingstone, do 500 Mr. Thomas Colledge, do 1,240 Carried vp £67,188 97 Avwunt brought up ^£67,1 88 . Mr. John Reeves, inspector of teas 2,000 Mr, John Russell Reeves, assistant ditto 500 Rev. Dr. Morrison, interpreter and translator 1,000 Copying Writers, occasionally employed 613 Steward, Butler, domestic Servants, &c 1,003 ^72,304 Cost of maintenance, comprising Rent, Repairs of pri- 1 vate apartments, as well as Furniture supplied thereto, > 16,782 and the Expense of the public Table kept at the Factory ) ^€89,086 Lloydy App. p. 102. Statement of advance on Teas, sold at the June Sale, 1830, above the average cost prices of 1828-29, at Canton, as stated in Returns made by the East India Company, dated 17th March, 1830. Average cost Putting up Selling Prices, Advance per Cent. Description. Price at Can- Price, June June Sale, on average cost ton, 1828-2y. Sale, 1830. 1830. Price at Canton. s. d. 8. d. s, d- about Bohca q';i2 1 -i fLowest 1 614 92 per Cent. 91 86 ^°"^^ " ^'^^^ ^ '' IHighest 1 10^ 140 139 17 f'nn.Tnii 1 9 ^187 18 j Lowest 2 1 J4 75 74 81 ^°"Sou 1 2,587 1 8 j Highest 2 5 99 98 80 Congou 1 2,587 2 1 5 Lowest 2 2 78 78 24 ^ ' 1 Highest 3 7 195 194 78 Twankay 1 3,81 2 2 5 Lowest 2 2¥ 66 66 03 (Highest 3 4 153 153 — Hyson 2 2,263 3s. and Ss. 9d. \ Lowest 3 1 1 79 78 96 ' ' 1 Highest 5 3J^ 141 141 40 Thomas Mills, Tea Dealer , Lords' Report, p. 687. Calculation of the advance on Teas, sold at the East India Company** Sale in June, 1830, above the Putting-up -Price. On Bohea Teas, put up at Is. 5d. per lb £15,S59 15 9 On Conpou Teas, put up at Is. 8d. per lb £40,353 18 7 On Congou Teas, put up at 2s. Id. per lb 43,289 7 1 On Cainpoi Teas, put up at 2r. 4d. per lb 117 16 8 On Twankay Teas, put up at 2s. 2d. per lb 11,080 16 I On H3^son Skin Teas, put up at 2s. 3d. per lb 749 14 4 On Hyson Teas, put up at 3s. per lb 3301 11 2 On Hyson Teas, put up at 3s. 9d. per lb 6184 18 5 £105,078 2 4 Lot Money 1,240 106,318 2 4 Profit to the East India Company, above the Putting-up Price £122,177 18 1 Add 96 per Cent Duty on Bohea Teas 15,225 7 7 Ad valorem Duty on the other sorts of Teas 105,078 2 4" Cost to the Coasunaers, above the Putting-up Price....£242,481 8 Mills, Lords' Report, p. 687. 98 A STATEMENT, SHEWING THE COST PER POUND, OF THE SAMPLES OF TEA, Received by the Commissioners for the affairs of India from His Majesty's Consuls, and the value affixed to the respective samples by the London Tea Brokers. The wholesale prices are adopted, exclusive of government duties, the foreign weights are converted to English avoirdupois, and the foreign monies reduced to sterling, according to the intrinsic par of exchange, computed in silver at 5s. 2d. per oz. British standard. HAMBURGH. Twenty-six Samples, Consul's Number. Number affixed at the India Board. Cost Price abroad. Value of, fixed by the London Brokers. s. d. q. dec. s. d. Bohea, 1 1 7 k ,54 1 4 Do. 2 2 9 i ,81 1 H Congou, 3 3 1 ^ ,42 2 li Do. 4 4 1 4 1 ,3 2 6 Campoi, 5 6 1 i ,42 2 1 Do. 6 6 1 3 1 ,08 XT ^ • ^^ Souchong, 7 7 8 1 ,76 No price, unfit for use. Do. 8 8 1 ,54 2 Oi Do. 9 9 1 8 ,85 2 3 Pecco, JO 10 3 Of ,7 3 10 Do. 11 11 4 7 1 ,66 4 Do. \2 12 5 11 i ,96 5 6 Hyson Skin, 13 13 7 k M 2 1 Do. 14 14 11 h ,42 2 2| Do. 15 15 1 3 i ,19 2 3 Twankay, 16 16 10 i ,2 2 4 Do. 17 17 1 3| ,3 2 11 Do. 18 18 1 4 1 ,52 2 9 Youiig Hyson, 19 19 1 1 ,64 3 Do. 20 20 1 10 ,6 3 11 Hvson, 21 21 2 3 1 ,96 3 10 Do. 22 22 2 7 i ,6 4 2 Do. 23 23 3 1 ,92 5 Imperial, 24 24 2 Jl ,48 4 10 Gunpowder, 25 25 3 3 ,14 5 3 Do. 26 26 3 8^ ,24 5 8 ROTTERDAM. Thirty .five Samples. Bohea, 1 27 9 1 ,55 1 oh Do. 2 28 11 I ,56 1 5 Congou, 3 29 1 7 k ,11 2 Ik Do. 4 30 1 9 1 ,62 2 Ik Do. 5 31 2 2 ^ ,15 2 2k Kampoi, 6 32 1 5 i ,1 2 4 Do. 7 33 1 8 ,61 2 1 Do. 8 34 2 11 ,2 3 4 99 ROTTERDAM. {continued.) Consul's Number. Number i-ffixed at the India Board Cost Price abroad. Value of, fixed by the London Brokers. 8. d. q. dec. 6. d. Souchong, 9 35 1 7* ,1 2 0^ Do. 10 36 2 7 1,1 2 3 Do. 11 37 3 3^ ,72 3 8 Do. 12 38 4 2 f ,29 4 2 Pecco, 13 39 6 6 f ,45 5 3 Do. 14 40 7 ,48 5 2 Singlo, 15 41 1 7 i ,11 3 Do. 16 42 1 8 ,61 2 2 Do. 17 43 1 9 ,12 2 5 Tonkay, 18 44 1 5i ,1 2 li Do. 19 45 1 7 k »n 2 2 Do. 20 46 1 9 ,12 2 11 Hyson Skin, 21 47 1 3 1 ,04 2 1 Do. 22 48 1 7 1,11 2 n Do. 23 49 1 10 f ,13 2 2 Hyson, 24 50 2 9 i ,19 3 7 Do. 25 51 3 1 i ,71 3 8 Do. 20 52 3 6 ,24 3 10 Young Hyson, 27 53 2 2 1 ,15 3 7 Do. 28 54 2 9 k ,19 3 9 Do. 29 55 3 2 A ,22 4 1 Imperial, 30 56 3 7 1 ,25 4 6 Do. 31 57 4 2 1 ,29 5 2 Do. 32 58 5 1 i ,35 5 6 Gunpowder, 33 59 4 4 i ,3 4 9 Do. 34 60 4 11 i ,34 5 4 Do. 35 61 5 6i ,38 6 FRANKFORT, Ten Samples. Hyson Skin, 1 62 1 3 ^ ,41 2 1 Singlo, 2 63 1 8 i ,78 2 3 Hyson, 3 64 2 11 1 ,29 3 8 Imperial, 4 65 3 4 1 ,76 4 8 Gunpowder, 5 66 5 1 i ,64 5 4 Bohea, 6 67 1 4 1,5 1 11 Kempoy, 7 68 2 11 1 ,29 3 1 Souchong, 8 69 2 6 i ,82 2 3 Do. 9 70 3 10 ,23 3 10 Pecco, 10 71 5 1 k ,64 4 2 PETERSBURGH. Six Samples. Black Flower Tea, 1 72 11 11 ,28 5 3 Do. 2 73 7 3 i ,15 4 9 Black Family Tea, 3 74 5 10 ,37 3 8 Do, 4 75 3 i ,51 2 li Green, Do. 5 6 76 77 11 6 n ,28^ 2 ,13 C Not import- ed for sale in England. 100 NEW YORK. Fourteen Samples. Consul's Number. Number affixed at the India Board. Cost Price abroad. $. d. q. dec. Value of, fixed by the London Brokers. 8. d. Hyson, 1 78 1 n 1 ,22 4 4 Do. 2 79 2 3 ^ ,71 3 9 Do. 3 80 2 0^ ,29 3 7 Young Hyson, 4 81 2 7 ,2 3 9 Do. 5 82 1 11 ,15 3 7 Hyson Skin, 6 83 1 7 i ,65 2 8 Do. 7 84 1 1 ,75 2 1 Souchong, 8 85 2 7 ^ ,27 2 2 Do. 9 86 2 i ,29 2 Do. 10 87 1 2 ^ ,96 1 10 Pouchong, 11 88 2 8 i ,41 2 Do. 12 89 1 4 ^ ,24 2 Gunpowder, 13 90 3 4 ^ ,46 5 2 Do. 14 91 2 9 ,48 5 BOSTON. Twelve Samples. Tonkay Hyson, 1 92 11^ ,,54 2 2 Souchong, 2 93 2 1 1 ,35 3 4 Do. 3 94 11 ^ M 2 0| Hyson Skin, 4 95 1 1 1 ,9 2 3 Do. 5 96 10 1 ,47 2 2' Young Hyson, Tonkay Do. 6 97 1 8 i ,8 3 8 7 98 1 2 1 ,96 2 2 Hyson, 8 99 2 4 ^ ,86 3 8 Do. 9 100 2 i ,32 3 9 Do. 10 101 1 8 i ,8 3 8 Do. 11 102 1 11 I .15 3 9 Po. 12 103 2 1 1 ,5 3 9 Lords' Report, p. 509-511. INDEX. Page Abkai-ee — see Revenues 64 Accountants, General see Ac- counts 83 Accounts 83 Advantages of the Monopoly — see Trade to China. 28 Agents 86 Agriculture — see India 73 Allowances — see India Board 73 see Salaries at Canton 96 American Colonies— see Freight.. 50 see Tea 6 Americans — see Trade to China, 20,26, and 27 . see Tea 10 Amoy 86 Anglo Indians — see East Indians 84 Annuity Fund 86 Appropriations — see Trade toChina 25 Army 86 Assortment ot Tea for Continent — see Tea 8 Attorneys — see East Indians 85 Audit of Accounts — see Accounts 83 Augmentation of Military Expendi- ture — see Army 86 Austrians— see Trade to China ... 22 Ava — see Prince of Wales's Island. 93 Bankruptcy— see Trade to China 30 Barter — see Tea 8 see British Manufactures.,, 32 Batta— see Revenues 67 Batavia — see Tea ., 16 Beche-le-mer 79 Benares — see Accounts 83 Bencoolen — see Prince of Wales's Island..... 93 Bengal — see Revenues 64 Bequest of Property see East Indians 86 Bhurtpoor— see Army 87 Bills of Exchange 70 Birds'Nests -seeExports &Imports 40 Black Tea— see Tea , 2 Board of Control — see India Board 73 ■ seeSampIesof Tea 98 Board's Rates of Exchange — see Rates of Exchange 70 Bohea — see Tea 1 Bombay — see Revenues *... 65 Bonds— see Debt 68 Bond Debt— see Debt ,.,.. 69 Bond Price of Tea— see Tea 12 Borneo 87 Boston 100 Brazils — see Trade to China .... 26 British Manufactures 33 Brokers, London 98 Buenos Ayres — see Trade to China 26 Bullion— see Specie 51 Buonaparte , 87 Burmah — see Army 87 Burmese War 87 Calicoes — see British Manufactures 33 Cambodia — see Trade to China ... 27 Camlets — see Woollen Cloths 37 Canada — see Freight 50 see Trade to China. ♦ 26 ■ see Revenues 67 Candareen — see Weights of China 96 Cannon — see Forts in China ... 87 Canton 58 ]. Trade at 58 2. Company's Charges at 60 3. Port Charges at 60 see Factory at Canton 52 Cape of Good Hope 76 Capital and Commercial Funds .. 61 Carnatic. — see Debt 69 Carrying Trade — seeTrade toChiua 27 Cash Transactions — see Ac(rounts 83 Cassia 87 Catty — see Weights of China.. .. 96 Ceded and conquered Provinces — see Revenues 64 Celebes— see Trade to China 27 Charges — see Territorial Funds and Charges , 63 102 Page Charges by Agents — see Commis- sion 81 Charter of the Company 74 Chartering Vessels — see Freight... 48 ' see Shipping. . 4<3 China — see Chinese 56 China Embassy — see Embassy .... 89 Chinese 56 1. Chinese generally .. . 56 '-— — — 2. in the Archi- pelago 57 «— _— . 3. — — — Government. . 58 4. Language .. 58 see Trade to China 27 Civil Establishments see Re- trenchment 93 Cloths— see Woollen Cloths 35 Cloths, Spanish stripe — see Dyeing 82 Cloves , 87 Cochin China 87 Cochineal 87 Cocoa 87 Coffee 88 Collection of Revenue — see Reve- nues 65 Colonies, No. American — see Reve- nues 66 Commerce — see Trade to China.. 20 Commercial Accounts— —see Ac- counts 83 Commercial Funds 61 Commission 81 Committee 88 Commutation Act. 88 Company, East India (passim) Compradore Duties 88 Congou Tea — see Tea 12 Conquered Provinces — seeRevenues 64 Consignments — see Remittances.. 72 Consoo Charges 88 Consul, American... .. .* 88 British 88 — — Dutch— see trade to China 29 — Hanse Towns 89 Consumption of Tea — see Tea.. . 2, 16 Continent, assortment of Tea for — see Tea 3, 8 Contraband Trade — see Trade to China 27 Contracts 50 ■ ■ . — 1. for Manufactures ... . 50 2. for Tea 51 Control, Board of — see India Board 73 Copper 37 Cotton 38 Cotton Wool. 96 Pagi' Country Ships — see Shipping 44 Trade — see Trade to China 28 Credit on Duties in America — see Cus'oras 79 Crews of Ships 89 Cumshaw Duty 89 Cushing, Mr — see Trade to China 21 — —_ — see Canton 60 Customs 79 Cusfom-House Officers, Chinese, — see Trade to China 28 Danes — see Trade to China 29 Dead Capital 89 Dealers, outside 55 Debt 68 Deccan — see Revenues 65 Deficiencies in Revenue — see Re- venues 65 Demurrage — see Freight 48 Deterioration of Tea— see Tea .... 2 Disadvantages of the Monopoly — see Trade to China 28 Dividends S.'i see Trade to China. . . . 25 Dollars — see Specie 51 Drury, Admiral 84 Dutch Factory — see Trade to China 29 Dutch Trade — see Netherlands' China Company and Trade 91 see Tea 14 see Trade to China 27, 29 Duties 80 see Canton , 59 Dyeing 82 Earthenware 89 East India Company .... (passim) East Indians ,.. 84 East India Stock and Dividends — see Dividends 83 see Tea 17, 18 see Trade to China 25 see Debt 69 see Capital 61 Edict of Chinese— see Trade to China 28 Education — see East Indians 84 Embassy 89 Emigration— see Chinese 56 Establishments — see India Board 73 Eurasians — see East Indians .... 84 European Female Asylum — see do. 84 Exchange, Bills of 70 Rates of 70 Excise Duty 89 103 Page Expenditure — see Territorial Funds and Charges 63 Exports and Imports 40 see Trade to China 23 of Tea— see Tea 2 Factory at Canton 52 Finances — see Revenues 64 see Debt 68 Flooring-r-see Tea 1 Foreigners 89 Forts in China 87 France, Isle of— see Mauritius 91 Frankfort 99 Free Trade— see Trade to China... 29 Freight, 48 — 1. America, North 48 II 2. United States 48 3. Bengal 48 4. British Ships 49 5. Buenos Ay res 49 6. Cape of Good Hope . . 49 7. Company's Ships 49 8. Sincapore 49 9. Tea French— see Trade to China. Frigates Furs Furruckabad — see Accounts Ginseng 90 Gloucestershire Dyers — see Dyeing 82 Gold 90 Good Hope, Cape of 76 Goods— see British Manufactures.. 33 see Woollen Cloths 35 see Cotton 38 Government 79 Green Tea — see Tea 1 Gunpowder Tea — see Cape of Good Hope 76 . see Samples of Tea .. 98 Growth of the Tea Plant— see I'ea 4 Halifax — see Tea 6 — — ^— see Revenues 67 see Trade to China 26 Half-Castes — see East Indians 84 Hamburgh 98 see Tea 8 Hanse Towns — see Consul 89 Helena, St 83 Hides 90 Holland — see Netherlands' China Company and Trade 91 see Tea 14 Page Holland— see Trade to China . 27, 29 Home Establishments 90 Hong Merchants 54 Hoogly River 90 Hoppo 90 Horn 90 Hyson — see Tea 12 Imports 40 see Trade to China , . . 23 Indemnity Bonds. 90 India 73 — — see Markets, Indian 91 Board 73, 98 Debt— see Debt 68 Indo-Britons — see East Indians 84 Indigo , 90 Insurance, Marine 50 Interest 75 Investment — see Tea 10 see British Manufactures 33 see Woollen Cloths 35 see Cotton 38 Invoice prices of Teas — see Tea . . 7 Iron 78 Isle of France — see Mauritius 91 Japan 78 see Trade to China 27 Japanese 90 Java , 79 see Trade to China 27,30 Jettisons — see Marine Insurance. . 50 Junks — see Shipping.... 44 Juries — see East Indians 84 Kiachta — see Tea 16 see Trade to China .... 32 Kesiak go King's Troops — see Array 86 Labour, Indian — see Cotton j 39 LacDye 90 Lady Flora. 91 Land in India — see East Indians... 84 Land Revenue — see Revenues 64^ Law— see East Indians 84 of China 91 Lead 37 Leather 91 Leeds Manufactures — see Dyeing . 82 see Woollen Cloths 35 Licences 91 Lima — see Trade to China 26 Linens. 91 104 . Page Lintin — see Ttade to China 27 Lion, the — see Shipping 48 Liverpool — see Trade to China. . .. 20 Liverpool Packet — see Canton .... 60 Loans 84 London Tea Brokers 98 Long Ells — see Woollen Cloths 35 Lords, Extracts from the Report of 97 Loss — see Trade 26 see Revenues 66 Losses at Sea — seeMarinelnsurance 66 Macao 91 Mace — see Bills of Exchange 70 Machinery — see Cotton 39 Madras — see Revennes 64 Mahomedan Code of Law — see East Indians 84 Malacca — see Penang 92 Malay Peninsula — see Trade to China 27 Malwa Opium — see Opium. 42 Mandarins — sec Trade to China... 27 Manilla— see 'i'rade to China .... 21 Manufactures, British 33 . 1. Trade of thfe East India Company to China, in 33 — 2. Probable effect of Abolition of Com- pany's Charter on 34 ' — 3. Trade in, by Ame- ricans 34j -^— — — — 4. Netherlands' Com- pany 35 Marine Department — see Revenues 64 Establishment — see ditto... 64 ■ Insurance.. 50 Marks, Company's — see British Manufactures 34 Market, Continental 91 Markets, Indian 91 Marking Goods — see British Manu- factures 34 Marriages— see East Indians 84< Maund — see Cotton 38 ■ see Indigo 90 Mauritius 91 Measurement of Shipping — - — see Shipping ... 43 Medical Profession — see East In- dians 84 Melvill's, Mr., statement — see Tea 18 Memorial to Chinese Government 80 Mercantile Bills— see Bills of Ex- change 70 Page Merchandize, Charges on.... yi • ■' ■ Profits on — see Trade to China 26 •^— — Profits on — see Reve- nues 66 Metals — see Woollen Cloths 37 Military force of China— see Reve- nues 68 Military Orphan Schools — see East Indians » 84 Military Stores — see Revenues 68 Mofussil Courts — see East Indians 84 Mining 58 Missionaries 91 Monopoly 74. Moonsiffs — see East Indians 84 Moturpha — sec Customs 80 Nankeens .* 91 Natives — see East Indians ........ 84 see Debt ..* 69 Nerbuddah — see Revenues 64 Netherlands' China Comp.& Trade 91 New South Wales 92 New York 100 see Tea 6,11, 13 Nizam ».... 63 Nutmegs 92 Offences — see East Indians 84 Offices — see East Indians 84 Officers— see Army 87 ^ of the East India Com- pany's ships — see Freight 49 see Trade to China 31 Opium 42 see Trade to China 27 Orphan Schools — see East Indians 84 Oude — see Accounts ,.... 83 Overlookers 92 Outside Dealers 55 Overtrading — see Trade to China SO Owners of Ships — see Shij)ping ... 47 Paraguay Tea 92 Parnther, ship — see Trade to China 26 Patna Opium — see Opium 42 Peeul 92 Pecuniary Transactions — see Ac- counts 83 Penang 92 Pensions 92 Pepper 92 Persia 93 Peshcush 93 Pctersburgh 99 105 Page Philippine Islands ., 93 Pilot Establishment 93 Pirates 93 Places — see India Board 73 see Salaries at Canton . . 96 Police 93 Population 78 ■ see Chinese 57 Port Charges — see Canton 60 Portuguese — see Trade to China 28, 31 Possessions — see Revenues 64 -, — ■ see Customs, 80 Price of Tea— see Tea 4, 8 Prime Cost of Tea — see Tea 4 Prince of Wales's Island 93 Privilege Tea — see Tea 8 Profits— see Trade to China ... 25 see Revenues 66 Profit & Loss— see Trade to China 25 — — see Revenues 66 ■■ • see Tea 7 Provinces — see Revenues 64 Provisions 93 Purchase of Tea — see Tea 7 Purchases — see Contracts 50 PutcUuck „ 93 Quicksilver 93 Raffles,SirStamford — see Sincapore 82 Rates of Exchange 70 Rattans 93 Raw Produce 93 Raw Silk— see Silk 94 Reductions — see Retrenchment ... 93 Rejected Goods — s.ee Woollen Cloths 35 Remittances 72 Residencies ,. 93 Retrenehment , 93 Returns — see Remittances 72 Rickard's, Mr. , statemen t — see Tea 17 Revision of Accounts — seeAccounts 83 Revenues 64 1. of India 64 2. of China 68 ■ — 3. derived from. Tea in England 68 — — 4. derived from Tea in America , 68 Rhio— see Trade to China 27 Rhubarb — see Tea 3 Rice 94 Rivers 94 Rotterdam .., 98 Rupee 73 Russians— see Tea ^ 16 Page Russians — see Trade to China 31 Ryots — see India 73 Saint Helena .,. 83 Salaries at Canton 96 see East Indians 85 — see India Board 73 Sale of Tea— see Tea 10, 19 Salt — see Revenues '*•• 65 see Customs 80 Saltpetre 94 Salvage— see Marine Insurance ... 50 Samples of Tea 98 see Tea 1 Sandal-wood 94 Sandwich Islands , 94 Sayer — see Customs 80 Seamen — see Crews of Ships 89 Security — see Hong Merchants . . 54 Separation of Accounts — see Ac- counts 83 Servants at Canton — see Salaries.. 96 Shipping 43 — — 1. Measurement for Duties 43 . 2, British 43 3. Country (India) 44 . 4. Chinese 44 5. East India Company .. 45 .- . . . 6. Foreign 48 Shopmen in China 55 Siam 77 Sicca Rupee 94 see Rupee 73 Silk 94 Silver 94 Sincapore 82 see Tea 16, 27 Skin ., , 95 Smugglers in China 95 Smuggling 80 see Trade to China 27 Soldiers 95 Souchong Tea 95 : — : see Tea 1 Sooloo Islands — see Trade to China 27 South America — seeTrade to China 26 Spaniards — see Trade to China . . 32 Spanish stripe Cloths — see Dyeing 82 Specie 51 Spirits — see Tea 2 Stamps — see Customs 80 Steel 95 Stocks of Tea — see Tea 16 Stoppage of Trade with China — see Factory at Canton 52 Stores — see Shipping 46i lOCi Page I Stores — see Revenues 68 Sugar 95 Sumatra — see Tea 27 Suuchi 95 Superannuations 95 Supercargoes American 95 of the East India Company — sec Factory in China 52 see Commission .... 82 Supply of Tea — see Tea 15 Surplus Profits — see Trade lo China 25 see Revenues 66 — Commercial — see Trade to China 25 Sweetmeats 95 Swedes 95 Sycee Silver — see Silver 94 Syer — see Revenues 6i< — — see Customs 80 Tale 72 Tartar Dynasty — seeTrade toChina 25 Taxation — see Revenues 64 — see Cotton 38 Tea 1, 97 1. Tea generally 1 2. Consumption 2 3. Deterioration 2 4. Growth 4 5. Exports 2 6. Prime Cost 4 7. Profit and Loss 7 ■ 8. Purchase 7 9. Sale . 10 10^ Supply .., 15 11. Upset Price 18 — — see also Trade to China .... 20 Tea Samples procured by the Board of Control 98 Tender— see Contracts 50 Territorial Accounts — seeAccounts 83 Territorial Funds and Charges... . . 63 Tin 95 Tobacco — see Tea , ., 2 Tonnage — see Shipping 43 Tonquin — see Trade to China. . . , 27 Topaze, Frigate , . 95 Trade to China -- 20 ' - 1. American (U.S.) 20 2. Austrian 22 3. British 22 » 4, Buenos Ayres & South America 20 Page TradetoChina-5. Carrying Trade. 27 ■ 6. Chinese 27 . 7. ContrabandTrade27 8. Country Trade, (India Trade with China)... 28 9. Danish 29 10. Dutch 29 1 1 . Free Trade 29 12. French 31 ■ 13. Portuguese 31 14. Privilege Trade 31 15. Rus5ian 31 : 16. Spanish ..; 32 Trepang 95 Troops — see Army ,. ... 8G Turkish Opium — see Opium 42 Typbones 96 Underwriting — see Marine Insur- ance 50 United States— see Tea 12, 13 see Trade to China.. 20, 27 Upsetprieeof Tea— seeTea 18 Vakeels or Pleadei's 96~ Valparaiso — see Trade to China... 26 Vessels — see Shipping 43 Wales, New South — see New South Wales 92 Wars 81 seeTrade to China. 29 Warehouses. 96 Wastage 77 Weights of China 96 Winter Teas — see Contracts 51 Wharapoa — sec Canton.. 58 Wills — see East Indians 86 Wool, Cotton... 96 Woollen Cloths 35 - ■ 1. Mode of Purchasing by the Company... 35 2. Rejected by tbeCorap. 35 3. Sale of, in China 36 . — 4. Consumption of, in China 37 Yarns — see Cotton 38 Yanann — see Tea 4 Yorkshire Manufactures— see Dye- ing 82 see Woollen Cloths 35 ISAAC WILSON, rniNTKii, HULL. 14 DAY USE RETURN TO DESK FROM WHICH BORROWED LOAN DEPT. This book is due on the last date stamped below, or on the date to which renewed. Renewed books are subject to immediate recall. 230cl58pc REC'D LD JAN 11 1959 '.^MAR50FG REC. CIR. JUN 2 1 76 m%^ E£C, CIS. ::c 5 .gj UPU1990 ,^^ ^^ iQ ko'm0 3 2000 «e g ^gf# ^ AUG 1 6 1963 i HHt xz\m Z B MAV 1 M9/4 ^ REC'D ^"^'^ ^^rr APB t5'/4 3 3 •'i ^^"T^*'^ SEP 1 1 2001 OCT 1 3 2003 FEB 2 2006 T LD 21A-50m-9,'58 (6889sl0)476B General Library University of California Berkeley m w U.C. BERKELEY LIBRARIES III CDEMBESbSE .%.^^' !i^