Stutients' Series of Hattn Classics 
 
 HORACE 
 ODES AND EPODES 
 
 EDITED, WITH 
 
 INTRODUCTION AND NOTES 
 
 BY 
 
 PAUL SHOKEY, PH.D. 
 
 PBOFESBOB IK THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO 
 
 0V TTOXX' d 
 
 BENJ. H. SANBORN & CO. 
 
 BOSTON, U.S. A. 
 1901
 
 COPTEIGHT, 1898, 
 
 BY PAUL SHOKET. 
 
 yorinooti ISrrss 
 
 J. S. Gushing & Co. - Berwick ft Smith 
 Norwood Mass. U.S.A.
 
 STACK 
 ANNEX 
 
 fA 
 
 2T0 tfjc Alumnae of 
 
 BRYN MAWR COLLEGE 
 18891895 
 
 TaOra
 
 PREFACE. 
 
 FROM some friendly admonitions that have come to me it 
 appears that what is expected of a would-be ' literary ' edition 
 of Horace is commentary of the kind so admirably described by 
 Mr. Sarcey : 1 
 
 ' Ecce autem a Tenedo gemini tranquilla per alta. Ecce autem! 
 Les voila, ce sont eux! A Tenedo; c'est de Tenedos qu'ils arrivent; 
 on les apercoit de loin ; gemini ; ils sont deux ; ils forment un couple ! 
 Ambo serait faible : mais gemini! Tranquilla per alta ; c'est la haute 
 mer; die est tranquille, et les deux monstres s'avancent. Quel 
 tableau ! ' , 
 
 The present edition is less ambitious in its scope. It aims to 
 stimulate the student's appreciation of the Odes as literature 
 by a somewhat fuller illustration than is generally given of 
 Horace's thought, sentiment, and poetic imagery. In order to 
 find space for the parallel passages quoted it has been neces- 
 sary to abbreviate somewhat the expression of the tradi- 
 tional exegesis and to state by implication some of the more 
 obvious things which the student has already met in Vergil. 
 But it is believed that the introductory paraphrases in con- 
 nection with the more explicit notes provide as much aid for 
 the young student as is desirable ; and it is hoped that the 
 
 1 Souvenirs de Jeunesse, p. 180. 
 v
 
 vi PREFACE. 
 
 surplusage, as some may deem it, of references, citations, and 
 illustrations will prove of value not only to teachers and 
 students of literature, but to the beginner when he returns to 
 the most interesting and important part of his task the 
 review. For the Odes are to be assimilated, not merely read 
 through. 
 
 The young student in haste to construe will of course not 
 look up references to other authors. But they will not harm 
 him any more than the critical and grammatical discussions 
 found in all school editions which he always skips. Cross- 
 references to Horace have been designedly multiplied. No 
 intelligent study of an author is possible without them. It 
 would not have been difficult to add indefinitely to the quota- 
 tions from English poetry, and the task of selection was not easy. 
 Some commonplace quotations have been admitted merely for 
 the information they contain ; others as illustrations of the 
 taste of the. age that produced them. I should be sorry to 
 be thought to recommend ' parallel passages ' as a short cut to 
 ' culture.' But Horace especially invites this treatment, and in 
 no other way can the right atmosphere for the enjoyment of 
 the Odes be so easily created. No judicious teacher will impose 
 such work as a task, and when it is voluntarily undertaken 
 the student should be taught to distinguish carefully conscious 
 imitation, interesting coincidences, and the mere common- 
 places of poetical rhetoric and imagery. 
 
 The text of the Odes is for practical purposes settled. This 
 edition was set up from the Teubner text of Miiller with 
 marginal corrections. I fear that I have not attained perfect 
 consistency in some minor matters. All various readings or 
 disputed interpretations that concern the undergraduate or the
 
 PREFACE. Vli 
 
 literary student are briefly discussed in the notes. I have been 
 more careful to indicate the reasons for each of two differing 
 views than to insist strenuously on my own preference. Those 
 who wish to consult critical editions or use the Odes for exer- 
 cises in text criticism will be put on the track of a sufficient 
 preliminary bibliography by the article Horatius, in Harper's 
 Classical Dictionary. 
 
 In the preparation of the notes I have freely used Hirsch- 
 felder-Orelli, Kiessling, and Nauck, and have consulted Wick- 
 ham, Smith, Page, and others. 
 
 Spenser's Fairy Queen is cited as F. Q. ; Herrick, by the 
 numbers of Saintsbury's (Aldine Poets) edition. Lex. = 
 Harper's Latin Lexicon. Otto = Otto's Sprichworter der 
 Rbmer. 
 
 In conclusion I wish to thank Professor Pease, and Professor 
 Arthur T. Walker of the University of Kansas, who have read 
 a large part of the proof and made helpful suggestions. 
 
 Mr. George Norlin, Mr. T. C. Burgess, and Mr. H. M. 
 Burchard, fellows in Greek in the University of Chicago, 
 kindly offered to verify in the proof the references to Greek 
 and Latin authors. To them is mainly due such accuracy as 
 I may have attained in this matter. 
 
 PAUL SHOREY. 
 
 UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO, 
 August, 1898. 
 
 NOTE. A. G. = Allen and Greenough's Latin Grammar ; B. = 
 Bennett ; G. L. = Gildersleeve-Lodge ; H. = Harkness.
 
 INTRODUCTION. 
 
 THERE are many excellent lives of Horace in print, and much 
 good criticism is easily accessible. 1 In order to keep the pres- 
 ent volume within bounds this introduction will be limited to 
 a brief resume of the chief facts known about the poet's life, 
 and a few practical suggestions on (1) syntax, (2) style, 
 (3) meters. 
 
 The student should by all means review the history of Rome 
 for the period of Horace's life and familiarize himself with the 
 topography of Rome and the Campagna, the biographies of 
 Augustus and Maecenas, and the events of the years B.C. 44-20. 2 
 
 The sources for the life of Horace are the allusions in his 
 own writings, and the brief biography attributed to Suetonius. 
 
 Quintus 3 Horatius 4 Flaccus 5 was born on the 8th of Decem- 
 ber, 6 B.C. 65, 7 at Venusia, 8 a Roman colony on the confines of 
 
 1 Milman : Martin, in Blackwood's Ancient Classics for English 
 Readers ; Sellar, Horace and the Elegiac Poets ; Lang, Letters to Dead 
 Authors ; the Histories of Latin literature, Crutwell, Simcox, and es- 
 pecially Mackail ; articles in Encycl. Brit. ; the Classical Dictionaries, 
 and the Library of the World's Best Literature ; Quarterly Review, 
 180. Ill sqq. : 104. 325 sqq. 
 
 2 Merivale's Roman Triumvirates, and Cape's Early Empire, in 
 Epochs of History Series ; Hare's Days near Rome ; Burns' Rome 
 and the Campagna. 
 
 8 Sat. 2. 6. 37. 
 
 4 Odes 4. 6. 44; Epp. 1.14.5. 
 s Sat. 2. 1. 18; Epode 15. 12. 
 6 Suet., sexto idus Decembris. 
 ' Odes 3. 21. 1 ; Epode 13. 6; Epp. 1. 20. 26-28. 
 8 Sat. 2. 1. 35 ; Odes 3. 30. 10, 4. 6. 27, 4. 9. 2. 
 ix
 
 X INTRODUCTION. 
 
 Apulia and Lucania. His father was a iibertinus, or freedman, 1 
 by whom emancipated is not known. Horace was technically 
 ingenuus, having been born after his father's emancipation. 2 
 His mother he never mentions. In the exercise of his profes- 
 sion of coactor, 8 collector of taxes, or perhaps rather of the pro- 
 ceeds of public sales, the father acquired a small estate near 
 Venusia, and a competence that enabled him to give his son 
 the best education that Rome afforded.* To this and to his 
 father's personal supervision and shrewd, homely vein of moral 
 admonition the poet refers with affectionate gratitude. 5 At 
 Rome Horace pursued the usual courses in grammar and rhet- 
 oric, reading the older Latin poets under the famous teacher 
 L. Orbilius Pupillus, whom he has immortalized by the epithet 
 plagosus. 6 He also read Homer at this time, a^id apparently 
 pushed his Greek studies so far as to compose Greek verses, 
 which he wisely destroyed, 7 though he retained throughout life 
 his devotion to Greek models as the one source of literary sal- 
 vation. 8 About the age of twenty he went to study at Athens, 
 at this time virtually a university town and a finishing school 
 for young Romans of the better class. 9 He probably attended 
 the lectures of Cratippus the Peripatetic, and Theomnestus the 
 Academician, the chief figures in the schools at that time, and 
 acquired a superficial knowledge of their doctrines. In later 
 years, after the publication of the first three books of the Odes, 
 the Greek moral philosophers became his favorite reading. 
 
 He was naturally an Epicurean, but the lofty morality and 
 ingenious dialectic of the Stoics attracted him as they did other 
 
 1 Sat. 1. 6. 6 and 45 ; Odes 2. 20. 6. 
 
 2 Sat. 1. 6. 8. 
 
 8 Sat. 1. 6. 86; Suet., coactor exactionum. 
 4 Sat. 1. 6. 71 sqq. ; Epp. 2. 2. 42. 
 e Sat. 1. 4. 105, 1. 6. 71. 
 
 6 Epp. 2. 1. 70. 
 
 7 Epp. 2. 2. 42 ; Sat. 1. 10. 31 sqq. 
 
 8 A. P. 268. 
 
 9 Epp. 2. 2. 43; cf. Harper's Class. Diet. s.v. Education (3), and 
 Cape's University Life in Ancient Athens.
 
 INTRODUCTION. xi 
 
 great Romans, and all his writings abound in allusions to Stoic 
 commonplaces and paradoxes. 
 
 At Athens, too, he probably studied for the first time Archi- 
 lochus, Alcaeus, and the Greek lyric poets who were to be his 
 models in the Odes and Epodes. 
 
 Among his fellow-students were Marcus Cicero, son of the 
 orator, M. Valerius Messalla, and many other sons of distin- 
 guished houses. His studies were interrupted after the assas- 
 sination of Caesar, B.C. 44, by the civil war, in which with 
 others of the young Roman nobility he joined the party of 
 Brutus and Cassius against the triumvirs. Plutarch relates that 
 Brutus, in the intervals of preparation for the campaign, at- 
 tended the lectures of Theomnestus at Athens. He may there 
 have met Horace, to whom, in spite of his youth and humble 
 birth, he gave the position of military tribune. 1 In this capac- 
 ity Horace probably accompanied Brutus in his progress through 
 Thessaly and Macedonia, and in the next year crossed to Asia 
 with him, there to await the gathering of the forces of Cassius. 
 Returning to Macedonia in the autumn of B.C. 42, he took part 
 in the battle of Philippi, from which he escaped to Italy to find 
 his father dead and his little estate confiscated for the use of 
 the veterans of the triumvirs. Many passages of his works 
 may be referred to these experiences of war and travel. 2 
 
 In the epistle to Floras, 8 Horace resumes the early history of 
 his life thus : 
 
 ' I was brought up at Rome, and there was taught 
 What ills to Greece Achilles' anger wrought; 
 Then Athens bettered that dear lore of song ; 
 She taught me to distinguish right from wrong, 
 
 1 Suet., Bella Philippensi excitus a Marco Bruto imperatore tribu- 
 nus militum meruit. 
 
 2 Studies at Athens, Epp. 2. 2. 43-46 ; military tribune, Sat. 1. 6. 48, 
 Epp. 1. 20. 23; campaign of Philippi, Epp. 2. 2. 46, Odes 2. 7, 3. 4. 26; 
 anecdote of Brutus' proconsular court, Sat. 1. 7; scenes of travel: 
 Thessaly and Macedonia in winter, Odes 1. 37. 20, Epp. 1. 3. 3; the 
 Hellespont, Epp. 1. 3. 4; description of Lebedos, Epp. 1. 11. 7. 
 
 3 2. 2. 46 sqq.
 
 xii INTRODUCTION. 
 
 And in the groves of Academe to sound 
 The way to truth, if so she might be found. 
 But from that spot so pleasant and so gay, 
 Hard times and troublous swept my youth away 
 On civil war's tempestuous tide, to fight 
 In ranks unmeet to cope with Caesar's might. 
 Whence when Philippi, with my pinions clipped, 
 Struck to the dust, of land and fortune stripped, 
 Turned me adrift, through poverty grown rash, 
 
 At the versemonger's craft I made a dash.' 
 
 Martin. 
 
 The next few years were the hardest of Horace's life. He 
 supported himself, according to Suetonius, by means of a clerk- 
 ship in the quaestor's office, 1 which he may have bought with 
 borrowed money or obtained through the influence of his 
 father's friends. The period of probation, however, did not 
 last long. His 'dash at the versemonger's craft,' won him 
 the friendship of Vergil and Varius, the rising poets of the 
 age, who, in B.C. 39, introduced him to Maecenas, the great 
 minister of Augustus : 
 
 ' Lucky I will not call myself, as though 
 Thy friendship I to mere good fortune owe. 
 No chance it was secured me thy regards, 
 But Vergil first, that best of men and bards, 
 And then kind Varius mentioned what I was. 
 Before you brought, with many a faltering pause 
 Dropping some few brief words (for bashfulness 
 Robbed me of utterance), I did not profess 
 That I was sprung of lineage old and great, 
 Or used to canter round my own estate 
 On Satureian barb, but what and who 
 I was as plainly told. As usual, you 
 Brief answer make me. I retire, and then, 
 Some nine months after, summoning me again, 
 You bid me 'mongst your friends assume a place ; 
 And proud I feel that thus I won your grace, 
 Not by an ancestry long known to fame, 
 But by my life, and heart devoid of blame.' 
 
 Sat. 1.6, Martin. 
 
 1 Suet., Victisque partibus venia impetrata scriptum quaestorium 
 comparavit.
 
 INTRODUCTION. xill 
 
 The date of this event is plausibly fixed by Sat. 2. 6. 40, 
 written about B.C. 31, in which Horace says that he has 
 enjoyed Maecenas' friendship for nearly eight years. From 
 this time forth Horace's path was made smooth. In B.C. 37 (?) 
 he accompanied Maecenas on the journey to Brundisium, of 
 which he has preserved a record in Sat. 1. 5. 1 About B.C. 35, 
 he published the first book of Satires, 2 and about B.C. 30, the 
 second book of Satires and the Epodes. 8 Some time after the 
 publication of the first book of Satires, and before the publica- 
 tion of the Epodes, Maecenas presented Horace with a small 
 estate beautifully situated about thirty miles from Rome and 
 twelve miles from Tibur, among the Sabine hills the famous 
 Sabine Farm. 4 This gift may, perhaps, be compared to the 
 pension that saved Tennyson for poetry. About ten years 
 later, in B.C. 23, Horace collected and published with a dedica- 
 tion to Maecenas and an epilogue, the first three books of the 
 Odes. The earliest Ode that can be positively dated is 1. 37, 
 written in B.C. 30, but several of the light compliments or 
 sketches from the Greek may be contemporary with the 
 Epodes and Satires. 8 
 
 'Before a volume of which every other line is as familiar as 
 a proverb criticism is almost silenced.' 6 
 
 Three or four years later the first book of the Epistles was 
 published. It consists of twenty little letters of friendship or 
 moral essays varying in length from about twenty to about 
 one hundred lines of hexameter verse. In urbanity, refine- 
 ment, gentle good sense, and genial world wisdom, they are 
 justly deemed the finest flower of Latin literature. 
 
 Horace's fame was now established, and his chief work done. 
 His frank but dignified acceptance of the empire 7 won him the 
 
 1 See Kirkland's notes. 3 See Introduction to Epodes. 
 
 2 See Kirkland's Introduction. 4 Cf. Epode 1. 30-32. n. 
 
 5 For dates of Odes, cf. on 1. 2, 1. 3, 1. 14, 1. 26, 1. 29, 1. 35, 1. 37, 2. 13, 
 3. 1-6, 3. 8, 3. 14. 
 
 6 Maekail, Lat. Lit. p. 112. See the whole chapter. 
 
 7 Cf. on odes, 1. 2, 1. 12, 1. 37, 3. 1-6, 3. 3. 16, 3. 4. 41 sqq., 3. 14, 3. 
 25. 4, 4. 4, 4. 5, 4. 14, 4. 15.
 
 xiv INTRODUCTION. 
 
 favor of Augustus, who, in B.C. 17, commissioned him to write 
 the Carmen Saeculare. 1 The fourth book of odes, too, was 
 composed mainly at the request of the emperor, and largely in 
 celebration of the empire and the imperial family. 2 The list 
 of Horace's works closes with the second book of Epistles, three 
 long essays in hexameter verse on questions of literary criticism 
 and taste. The first, addressed to Augustus, was called forth 
 by the explicit request of the emperor. 3 The third is gener- 
 ally known as the Ars Poetica. 
 
 Horace died at the age of fifty-seven, B.C. 8, a few months after 
 Maecenas, near whom he was buried on the Esquiline. 4 He 
 was never married. In the epilogue to the first book of Epis- 
 tles, he describes himself thus : 
 
 ' Say, that though born a freedman's son, possessed 
 Of slender means, beyond the parent nest 
 I soared on ampler wing ; thus what iu birth 
 I lack, let that be added to my worth. 
 Say, that in war, and also here at home, 
 I stood well with the foremost men of Rome ; 
 That small in stature, prematurely gray, 
 Sunshine was life to me and gladness ; say 
 Besides, though hasty in my temper, I 
 Was just as quick to put my anger by.' 
 
 Elsewhere he hints that when the dark locks clustered over 
 his low forehead he needed no adventitious recommendations 
 to the graces of the fair. 5 But he is already something of a 
 valetudinarian at the time of the journey to Brundisium, and, 
 though he saw enough of the gay life of the capital in his 
 youth to portray it with smiling irony, his own part in it was 
 probably less than his more boisterous admirers would have us 
 believe, and with advancing years his role must have become 
 more and more that of Thackeray's benevolent ' Fogy.' The 
 
 1 Cf. infra, p. 447. 2 cf. infra, pp. 395, 407. 
 
 3 Suet., ' Irasci me tibi scito quod non in plerisque eiusmodi scriptis 
 mecum potissimum loquaris. An vereris ne apudposteros infame tibi 
 sit quod videaris familiaris nobis essef ' 
 
 * Cf. on Odes, 2. 17. Epp. 1. 14. 33.
 
 INTRODUCTION. XV 
 
 attempt to find biographical material in his Lydes and Lydias 
 has long since been abandoned by all intelligent critics. 
 
 The Odes have been a school book, a classic, and a ' Golden 
 Treasury ' for nineteen centuries, and there is no sign of a fail- 
 ure in their perennial charm for the majority of lovers of 
 poetry. 
 
 II. 
 SYNTAX. 
 
 The Syntax of the Odes presents few difficulties. The stu- 
 dent should observe the differences between poetry and normal 
 prose, the most of which he has already met in Vergil. By 
 way of supplement to the notes especial attention is called here 
 to the following constructions : 
 
 1. The free use of the 'complementary' infinitive. 
 
 a) With verbs: A. G. 273. c; B. 328; G. L. 423. n. 2; H. 
 533. 1. II. Cf. 1. 1. 8, 1. 15. 7, 1. 15. 27, 1. 37. 30, 2. 3. 11, 2. 4. 
 23, 2. 12. 28, 2. 16. 39, 2. 18. 21, 2. 18. 40, 1. 34. 12, n., 4. 4. 62, 
 4. 9. 49. These and the countless other cases admit of classifi- 
 cation on a graduated scale beginning with volo cupio possum 
 and the like. 
 
 b) With adjectives and participles : A. G. 273. d ; B. 333 ; G. 
 L. 421. 1. c ; H. 533. II. 3. Cf . 1. 1. 18, 1. 3. 25, 1. 6. 6, 1. 10. 
 7, 1. 12. 26, 1. 12. 11, 1. 19. 8, 1. 24. 17, 1. 35. 2, 1. 37. 10, 2. 2. 
 7, 2. 4. 11, 2. 6. 2, 3. 3. 50, 3. 6. 38, 3. 7. 25, 3. 8. 11, 3. 11. 4, 3. 
 12. 10, 3. 21. 6, 3. 21. 22, 3. 29. 50, 4. 6. 39, 4. 8. 8, 4. 9. 52, 4. 
 12. 19, 20, 4. 13. 7, 4. 14. 23. C. S. 25, etc., etc. 
 
 2. The occasional use of the infinitive of purpose : A. G. 
 273. e; B. 326. n.; G. L. 421. 1. a; H. 533. II. 2. Cf. 1. 2. 8. n.; 
 1. 12. 2. n.; 1. 23. 10; 3. 8. 11 (?), 1. 26. 3 (?). 
 
 3. The various forms of prohibition with present and perfect 
 subjunctive or periphrasis of imperative and infinitive: A. G. 
 266. b, 269. a ; B. 276; G. L. 263, 271. 2 ; H. 489. Cf. 1. 11. 1. 
 n.; 2. 11. 3, 4; in 1. 33. 1, 2. 4. 1, 4. 9. 1 and the like ne with 
 pres. subj. may be taken as purpose of following statements. 
 Cf. also mitte sectari 1. 38. 3 with 1. 9. 13, 3. 29. 11.
 
 xvi INTRODUCTION. 
 
 4. The concrete (and poetic) Latin idiom of db urbe condita: 
 
 A. G. 292. a; B. 337. 5; G. L. 664. 2; H. 549. 5. n. 2. Cf. 2. 4. 
 10. n. ; 3. 24. 24, 42. 
 
 5. The stylistic effect of the future participle : A. G. 293 b ; 
 
 B. 337. 4 ; G. L. 438. n. ; H. 549. 3. Cf. on. 2. 3. 4, and for 
 gerundive, 'fut. pass, part.' 4. 2. 9. n. 
 
 6. The free use of the partitive genitive, and of the genitive 
 of 'reference' or extent of application, etc., with adjectives of 
 plenty, want, knowledge, desire, etc. : A. G. 218. c ; B. 204. 1 ; 
 G. L. 374. 4. 5. 6; H. 399. I. II. III. Cf. (partitive) 1. 9. 14, 
 
 1. 10. 19, 1. 29. 5, 4. 6. 31, 2. 1. 23. n. with 4. 4. 76, 4. 12. 20. 
 
 7. The Greek gen. of separation with verbs: A. G. 243. f, R; 
 B. 212. 3; G. L. 383. 2; H. 410. V. 4. Cf. 3. 27. 69-70. n. with 
 
 2. 9. 18, 3. 17. 16 and 2. 13. 38. n. (?). 
 
 8. The dative of place whither: A. G. 258. n. 1; B. 193; G. 
 L. 358 ; H. 380. II. 4, 385. II. 4. Cf . 1. 2. 1, 1. 28. 10, 3. 23. 1, 4. 
 4. 69. 
 
 9. The dative of the person concerned in its extension, as 
 dative of agent: A. G. 232. a, b; B. 189, Appendix, 308; G. L. 
 354; H. 388. Cf. 1. 1. 24, 1. 21. 4, 1. 32. 5, 2. 1. 31, 3. 25. 3. 
 
 10. The dative with all words of difference and contention : 
 A. G. 229. c; B. 358. 3; G. L. 390. 2. n. 5; H. 385. II. 4. 2. Cf. 
 1. 1. 15, 4. 9. 29. 
 
 11. The dative with misceo, iungo and the like : A. G. 248 a, 
 R; B. 358. 3 ; G. L. 346. n. 6; H. 385. II. 4. 3. Cf. 1. 1. 30. 
 
 12. The various 'Greek,' cognate, adverbial, or specifying 
 accusatives : A. G. 238, 240. a, c ; B. 175. 2. d, 176. 2. b. n. ; G. 
 L. 333. 2, 338; H. 371. II., 378. Cf. 1. 2. 31, 2. 7. 8, 2. 11. 15, 
 4. 8. 33, 1. 32. 1, 4. 9. 9, 2. 11. 24, 2. 13. 38. n., 1. 28. 25, 2. 17. 
 26, 1. 22. 23, 3. 27. 67, 2. 12. 14, 2. 19. 6, 3. 29. 50. 
 
 13. The ablative of place where or whence without a prepo- 
 sition: A. G. 258. a, n. 3. b, n. 5; B. 228. d, 229. 1. c; G. L. 385. 
 n. 1; H. 412. II. 2, 425. II. 2. n. 3. 
 
 14. The ablative after comparatives instead of quam A. G. 
 247. e; G. L. 398; H. 417. n. 1. Cf. 1. 8. 9, 4. 9. 50, 3. 1. 9, 1. 
 13. 20.
 
 INTRODUCTION. XVli 
 
 III. 
 STYLE. 
 
 A study of Horace's style must be mainly an analysis of the 
 art by which he compensates for the slenderness of his own 
 inspiration and the relative poverty of the Latin lyric vocabu- 
 lary. He has no very profound thought or intense emotion to 
 convey. His imagery lacks the imaginative splendor and 
 audacity of the great Greek and English lyrists ; and yet, while 
 literary fashions come and go, his indefectible charm abides. 
 
 Literary critics have repeatedly told us that it is due to his 
 unfailing tact and exquisite felicity in the expression of poetical 
 and moral commonplace, and the special student of the Odes 
 can do little more than verify and illustrate this judgment in 
 detail. 
 
 The chief themes or motifs of the Odes are easily enumerated. 
 There is the Epicurean commonplace, the Stoic commonplace, 
 the verse exercise modeled on the Greek, the praise of poetry, 
 the graceful tribute to friendship, the vers de socie'te, the ' con- 
 solation,' the dignified recognition of Augustus as the restorer, 
 of peace and tranquillity, and the imperial theme of the new 
 empire, heir to the double tradition of the 'glory that was 
 Greece and the grandeur that was Rome.' 
 
 There is no intensity of feeling. The love poetry is in 
 the vein of persiflage, playful admiration, banter or worse; 
 the patriotism with a few noble exceptions fails to thrill the 
 pulses, the conviviality is gracefully moderate, the criticism 
 of life is a blending of Stoic didacticism with gentle Epicurean 
 melancholy in the urbane tone of a man of the world, member 
 of a metropolitan and imperial society. That life is short, that 
 the bloom of the rose is brief, that the bird of time is on the 
 wing, that death comes to pauper and prince alike, that it is 
 pleasant to be young and in love but that you ' know the worth 
 of a lass once you have come to forty year,' that good wine 
 promotes good fellowship but must be used in moderation, that 
 the bow always bent makes Apollo a dull god, that we cannot
 
 Xviii INTRODUCTION. 
 
 escape ourselves, that black care sits behind the horseman, that 
 the golden mean is best, that contentment passes wealth, that 
 he who ruleth his spirit is greater than he who sits on the 
 throne of Cyrus, that patience maketh easy what we cannot 
 alter, that brave men lived before Agamemnon, that 'tis sweet 
 and seemly to die for the fatherland, such are the eternal 
 commonplaces that Horace is ever murmuring in our ears. 
 But then, as he himself says, the difficult thing is so to express 
 commonplaces as to make them your own. If one half of the 
 poet's mission is to sing hymns unbidden till the world is 
 wrought to sympathy with hopes and fears it heeded not, his 
 no less helpful task is to intensify by beautiful expression our 
 realization of those simple and obvious truths the repetition of 
 which somehow calms and soothes our average mood. In this 
 kind Horace is the supreme master. For the expression of an 
 every-day philosophy of life, just sufficiently illuminated with 
 humor, touched with pathos, and heightened by poetic feeling, 
 his phrases replace all others in the minds of those who have 
 once learned them. They are inevitable. We cannot say the 
 thing otherwise. 
 
 in considering the means with which he worked, the first 
 thing that strikes us is the simplicity, not to say poverty, of his 
 poetic vocabulary. In translating Greek lyric, the student must 
 ransack his dictionary for terms rich enough to represent the 
 luxuriance of the Greek compound epithets. In rendering 
 Horace, the problem is to select from the superior wealth of 
 the English poetic vocabulary synonyms which may be intro- 
 duced without dissonance to relieve the monotony or vagueness 
 of his epithets, and so reproduce by compensation the total 
 effect of rhythm, emphasis, and ' artful juncture ' in the original. 
 
 This parsimony may be partly explained by the simpler 
 taste of the ancients, partly by Horace's recognition of the 
 artistic value of restraint, his fondness for moderation and 
 understatement. But it is mainly due, first to the relative 
 poverty of the Latin vocabulary, and, second, to the peculiar 
 difficulty of forcing Latin words into the alien mold of Greek
 
 INTRODUCTION. xix 
 
 lyric measures. Horace at times seems to base his own claims 
 as a poet solely on his achievements in vanquishing this diffi- 
 culty ; and certain it is that while modern scholars have written 
 excellent Latin hexameters and elegiacs, in the course of two 
 thousand years no one after Horace has succeeded in composing 
 Sapphics and Alcaics that give pleasure to any one but the 
 author. Those of Statius, who could improvise fluent and 
 sonorous hexameters, are beneath contempt. A good Sapphic 
 or Alcaic strophe must contain at least one flash of fancy, one 
 felicitous phrase, or one brilliant image that is the part of 
 genius or inspiration. But the associates which this happy 
 find will admit into its company are narrowly limited by the 
 resources of the language and the law of the verse. It was no 
 slight task to round out the measure with harmonious words 
 that should introduce no jarring note or trivial suggestion and 
 yet should not appear too obviously chosen to fill up space. 
 That was the part of the laborious bee to which Horace com- 
 pared himself. 1 These conditions perhaps made inevitable the 
 frequent use of simple, vague, metrically convenient epithets 
 and phrases. Whatever the explanation, the fact remains. 
 
 The wind-blown sand (1. 28. 23), the meandering streams 
 (1. 34. 9), the far-traveled Hercules (3. 3. 9), the overflowing 
 river (1. 2. 18), the wandering birds of the air (3. 27. 16, 4. 4. 2), 
 the straying herd (3. 13. 12), the wind that bloweth where it 
 listeth (3. 29. 24), and the nomad Scythians (3. 24. 10) are all 
 alike vagus. 
 
 Acer must describe the warrior's grim visage (1. 2. 39), the 
 bitter satirist (Epode 6. 14), the keen-scented hound (Epode 
 12. 6), the 'nipping eager' air of winter (1. 4. 1), the ear-pier- 
 cing fife (1. 12. 1), the sharp-tempered girl (1. 33. 15), the cruel 
 force of fate (Epode 7. 13), the petulant coquette (1. 6. 18). 
 Hannibal, the dropsy, hail, necessity, and the curse in the eye 
 of a dying child are alike ' dire.' 
 
 Care, death, the dusking wave, the lowering storm cloud, the 
 
 i 4. 2. 27-31. n.
 
 XX INTRODUCTION. 
 
 venomous viper and his venom, the lurid flames of the funeral 
 pyre, and the ears of Cerberus are equally ater. Igneus includes 
 the parching midsummer heat (1. 17. 2), the fire-breathing Chi- 
 maera (2. 17. 13), and the flaming citadels of aether (3. 3. 10). 
 The furtive tear and the wind-blown spray are alike humor; 
 liquor characterizes the new wine of sacrifice and the frith that 
 parts Europe and Africa. The tall pine (/xa/<pa, tn/^Ads), the 
 mighty-limbed warrior (TreAwptos), the high-heaped piles of mi- 
 ser's gold, and the boundless ocean (aTreipon/) merge their dis- 
 tinctions in ingens. Longus measures eternal punishment, the 
 unawakening, everlasting sleep of death, slow-consuming age, 
 the long wash of the billows, and the wide expanse of the 
 ocean. Pholoe who coquettishly trips away, the years that are 
 gliding swiftly by, the soldier who is forced to retreat, and the 
 coward who runs away are all fugaces. Dives is rich, treasure- 
 laden, and 7roAvxpu(ros. Aquosus must serve for dropsical, 
 many-fountained, and rain-bringing; opacus and niger for eivoo-t- 
 <vAAos and /AeAa/A</>uAAo9, serus for wrepoTroivos, ridens for 
 ^s, brevis for oAtyo^povios or //ivw^aSios, certus for 
 and a<wros, fecunda for 7roAvora<eAos or /Jorpudeis, 
 pinguis for Sacru/xaAAos, edax, for Ov/j<,o(36pos, etc. 
 
 Equally hard-worked are such simple words as bonus, plenus, 
 perftdus, dulcis, gravis, felix, fortis, levis and levis, magnus, novus, 
 ferox, decorus, funera, munera, beatus, chorus, clarus, candidus, 
 iniquus, melior, asper, viridis, gratus, minax, etc. 
 
 Corresponding to this poverty of epithet is a certain vague- 
 ness, impropriety, or indefiniteness of verb or phrase, indubi- 
 table in some cases, though in others hardly to be distinguished 
 from curious felicities of expression. This results partly from 
 the lack of the article in Latin, 1 or the omission of possessive 
 pronouns and defining adjectives or genitives. 2 
 
 1 3. 20. 16, 4. 1. 6. 
 
 2 Cf. cives 1. 2. 21 ; scelus 1. 2. 29; ludo 1. 2. 37; melior fortuna pa- 
 rente 1. 7. 25; virenti (tibi) 1. 9. 17; belli 2. 1. 34; acervos 2. 2. 24; 
 cumbae 2. 3. 28; virtus 2. 7. 11 ; ictus 2. 15. 10; urbes 2. 20. 5; partem 
 animae 2. 17. 5, etc.
 
 INTRODUCTION. XXI 
 
 Other vague or imprecise expressions which illustrate the 
 point even if some of them be thought felicities are: mores 
 funera 1. 15. 10; laborantes in uno 1. 17. 19; remotus in auras 1. 
 28. 8; 2. 3. 15-16; omnis copia nanum 2. 15. 6; fregisse cervicem 
 
 2. 13. 6 ; ter amplum 2. 14. 7 ; maturior vis 2. 17. 6, cf . Epode 7. 
 13 ; stellis honorem, etc. 2. 19. 14; clades . . .fluxit 3. 6. 19-20 ; hoc 
 arte 3. 3. 14; classe releget 3. 11. 48; vectigalia porrigam 3. 16. 
 40; curtae abest rei 3. 24. 64; virtutem incolumem 3, 24. 31 ; medi- 
 asque fraudes 3. 27. 27 ; virginwn culpae 3. 27. 38 ; laedere collum 
 
 3. 27. 60 ; quis deceat status 3. 29. 25 ; redeant in aurum, etc. 4. 2. 
 39 ; placido lumine 4. 3. 2 ; fronde decorus 4. 2. 35 ; mutat terra 
 vices 4. 7. 3 ; quod male barbaras, etc. 4. 12. 7 ; plus vice simplice 
 
 4. 14. 13 ; quantis fatigaret ruinis 4. 14. 19 ; virtule functos 4. 15. 29. 
 Some of these are periphrases of Greek expressions, e.g., spissa 
 ramis 2. 15. 9; ter aevo functus 2. 9. 13; bello furiosa 2. 16. 5; 
 superare pugnis nobilem 1. 12. 26 ; multi nominis 3. 9. 7. 
 
 Under this general head might be brought 
 
 1. Periphrasis with careo, meluo, parum, minus, satis. 
 
 2. A number of ambiguous or extremely complicated pas- 
 sages in which Horace appears to be struggling with the diffi- 
 culties of expression: 1. 16. 13 sqq., 1. 17. 14-16, 1. 20. 9 sqq., 
 
 1. 28, 1. 31. 17 sqq., 1. 35. 21 sqq., 1. 37. 29 sqq., 2. 1. 25, 2. 17 
 17 sqq., 2. 19. 25 sqq., 3. 2. 29 sqq. r 3. 3. 49 sqq., 3. 1. 19, 3. 3. 61 
 sqq., 3. 8. 14-15, 3. 10. 10, 3. 14. 10 sqq., 3. 16. 29 sqq., 3. 19. 11, 
 3. 20. 7-8, 3. 23. 17 sqq., 3. 25. 20, 4. 2. 49 sqq., 4. 8. 17 sqq., 4. 9. 
 35-44, 4. 11. 18-20, 4. 13. 21, 4. 14. 34 sqq., 4. 15. 1-2. 
 
 3. The frequent use of the neuter plural for an abstract 
 noun : 1. 16. 25-26, 1. 18. 3, 1. 29. 16, 1. 34. 12, 1. 34. 14, 2. 1. 23, 
 
 2. 10. 13, 2. 16. 26, 2. 18. 13, 3. 1. 8, 3. 3. 2, 3. 3. 72, 3. 8. 28, 4. 4. 
 76, 4. 7. 7, and passim; cf. also the use of quidquid, 1. 1. 10, 1. 11. 
 
 3. 1. 24. 20, etc. 
 
 4. The repetition of convenient turns of phrase ' tags,' e.g. 
 egregii Caesaris 1. 6. 11, 3. 25. 4 ; munera Liberi 1. 18. 7, 4. 15. 
 26 ; volucris dies 3. 28. 6, 4. 13. 16 ; numine Juppiter 3. 10. 8, 4. 
 
 4. 74 ; centimanus Gyas 2. 17. 14, 3. 4. 69 ; in reducta valle 1. 17. 
 17, Epode 2. 11 ; celerem fugam 2. 7. 9, cf. 4. 8. 15 ; non ego te
 
 xxii INTRODUCTION. 
 
 meis 4. 9. 30, 4. 12. 22; te profugi Scythae 1. 35. 9, cf. 4. 14. 42; 
 et decorae 1. 10. 3, 3. 14. 7; in umttrosis 1. 4. 11, 1. 12. 5; non 
 ego te 1. 18. 11, 1. 23. 9, etc.; mater saeua Cupidinum 1. 19. 1, 4. 
 1. 5 ; quod satis est 3. 1. 25, 3. 16. 44 ; nee certare 2. 12. 18, 4. 1. 
 31; ^3/us nimio 1. 18. 15, 1. 33. 1; non sine 1. 23. 3. n. ; non lenis 
 1. 24. 17, cf . 2. 19. 15 ; sub antro 1. 5. 3, 2. 1. 39 ; grata compede 
 1. 33. 14, 4. 11. 24; torret amor 1. 33. 6, 3. 19. 28; nemorum coma 
 1. 21. 5, cf. 4. 3. 11; in ultimas 1. 35. 29, cf. 3. 3. 45; non secus 
 in 2. 3. 2, 3. 25. 8; nice candidum 1. 9. 1, cf. 3. 25. 10; et ultra 1. 
 22. 10, 2. 18. 24, 4. 11. 29; deorum et 3. 3. 71, 3. 6. 3. So quin et, 
 non ante, non si, non ille, neque tu, etc. 
 
 Another aspect of Horace's plainness is his restraint in the 
 use of metaphor and simile. Not that he abstains from im- 
 agery. On the contrary, his diction is colored throughout by a 
 pleasing vein of metaphor and personification. But the figures 
 employed are so simple and they are introduced so naturally 
 that they hardly detach themselves from the tissue of the style, 
 and they serve rather to entertain the fancy than to exalt the 
 imagination. Horace knows his own limits and does not at- 
 tempt to imitate the cumulative and concentrated metaphor of 
 Aeschylus and Pindar apart from the deeper feeling of which it 
 is the natural expression and the organ music that is its fit- 
 ting accompaniment. The Odes contain little of what Shelley 
 calls the 'peculiar, intense, and comprehensive imagery' of 
 modern English lyric. 
 
 Among the commonplaces of Horatian imagery may be enu- 
 merated the fires, darts, fickle breezes, troublous waters, chains, 
 yoke, and warfare of love; the pathway, step, snares, exile, 
 ferryman, river, wings, urn, lottery, knock, Damocles' sword, 
 fold, and everlasting sleep of death; the antithesis between the 
 green leaf of youth and the sere and yellow leaf of age; the 
 wings of death, care, fortune, love, and fame; the flight of 
 time, the steep path of virtue, eating cares, the horn of plenty, 
 the lash of the tongue, the waves or the hail, the vessel of wit, 
 the bridle of license, the war of win'ds and waves, the wedding 
 of the vine and the elm, the hair of the groves, the tooth of
 
 INTRODUCTION. 
 
 envy, and the ever-recurring antithesis of conviviality, symbol- 
 ized by Falernian wine, Syrian nard, parsley wreaths, Bere- 
 cynthian horns and Neaera, and cares of state or war, the 
 Persian, the Dacian, the quivered Mede, the remotest Briton, 
 the Thracian mad with war. 
 
 A few other images attract attention by reason of their inge- 
 nuity or beauty: 1. 2:3. 5, 3. 15. 6, 2. 1. 7, 2. 13. 32, 3. 4. 14, 3. 
 10. 10, 3. 21. 13, 3. 27. 6, 3. 28. 4, 4. 13. 8, 4. 13. 12, 4. 13. 28. 
 
 Much of Horace's imagery may be classified as allegory, con- 
 tinued metaphor, or paratactic simile : e.g. the ship of state 
 (1. 14), the voyage of life (2. 10. 1-4, 3. 29. 57, 1. 34. 4), the 
 Lesson of Nature (2. 9. 1-9, 3. 29. 21-25, 2. 11. 9), avarice and 
 the dropsy (2. 2. 13), the oak and the reed (2. 10. 8-12), the 
 unripe maid and the unripe grape (2. 5), love a stormy sea (1. 
 5. 6), the mob of passions (2. 16. 8-12), silver in the mine and 
 untried virtue (2. 2. 1-4), poet and swan (2. 20), love a war- 
 fare (3. 26, 4. 1. 2), the lesson of the farm-yard (4. 4. 29-32), 
 degenerate valor and dyed wool (3. 5. 27), the war of the 
 giants (3. 4. 42 sqq.), the vessel of wit (4. 15. 3), the coquette 
 a Chimaera (i. 27. 24), the Icarian flight (4. 2. 1-4), Phaethon 
 and Bellerophon (4. 11. 25), the golden age (Epode 16. 40. 
 sqq.). 
 
 31 any of these differ from simile only in the omission of the 
 formal comparison, and from strict metaphor only by their con- 
 tinuation into allegory. Cf . 4. 4. 50, 2. 1. 7, 1. 27. 19, 1. 35. 14, 
 2. 7. 16, 3. 6. 19-20, Epode 6. 12, etc. 
 
 Formal similes are introduced by ut or uti 1. 8. 13, 3. 15, 10, 
 1. 23. 9, 4. 4. 57, 1. 15. 29 ; Epode 1. 19, 33, 5. 9 ; velut 1. 12. 45, 
 47, 1. 37. 17, 3. 11. 9, 41, 4. 2. 5, 4. 6. 9 ; similis 1. 23. 1, 3. 15. 
 12, 3. 19. 26 ; sic ... ut(i) 2. 5. 18, 4. 14. 25; Epode 5. 81 ; cf. 
 ut . . . sic 1. 7. 15, 4. 5. 9 ; qualis 4. 4. 1 ; cf. Epode 2. 41, 6. 5 ; ceu 
 4. 4. 43; prope qualis 4. 14. 20 ; non secus . . . ac (ut) 3. 25. 8; 
 non aliter . . . quam si 3. 5. 50 ; instar 4. 5. 6 ; more modoque 4. 2. 
 28 ; ritu 3. 14. 1, 3. 29. 34 ; parem 4. 13. 24. 
 
 By mere juxtaposition of the two chief terms, 4. 4. 30 ; and 
 very frequently by the comparative of an adjective or adverb :
 
 xxiv INTRODUCTION. 
 
 1. 19. 6, 1. 24. 13, 1. 36. 20, 2. 7. 26, 2. 15. 2, 2. 16. 23, 3. 7. 21> 
 3. 9. 4, 3. 9. 21, 3. 10. 17, 3. 12. 8, 3. 13. 1, 3. 16. 10, 3. 24. 1, 3. 
 30. 1, 4. 4. 61 with non, 4. 10. 4 ; Epode 3. 18, 17. 54. 
 
 Personification is of the essence of imaginative writing, and 
 a large proportion of metaphors could be brought under that 
 head. We may distinguish, not very rigidly : 
 
 1. Explicit personification, passing into allegory, 1. 18. 1416. 
 
 I. 2. 13 sqq.; 3. 2. 32, 1. 35. 17, 3. 1. 40, 2. 16. 21, 3. 1. 30, 4. 7. 
 
 II, and Epode 2. 17-18. 
 
 2. The capitalized abstraction 1. 24. 6-7 n., 3. 1. 37, 4. 5. 17, 
 20, C. S. 57, etc. 
 
 3. The suggestion of life and personality by the use of 
 epithet or verb, 3. 18. 6-7, 3. 8. 14, 3. 21. 23, 2. 6. 21-22, 3. 10. 
 3-4, 1. 37. 30, 3. 28. 8, 4. 7. 1, 4. 7. 9-11, 4. 11. 7 avet, 4. 15. 18- 
 19, and passim. 
 
 We pass now to the compensations that relieve this plainness 
 or parsimony of vocabulary and imagery. Chief of these is the 
 use of proper names charged with associations of mythology, 
 history, literature, and travel. More than seven hundred dis- 
 tinct proper names or adjectives are employed in the Odes, a 
 sixth of the total vocabulary. The fourth book of the Golden 
 Treasury contains less than two hundred, and an equal amount 
 of Greek lyric presents at the most three or four hundred, 
 mostly persons known to the poet or gods directly invoked. In 
 the learned rhetoric of Lucan and Statius mythological and 
 geographical allusion passes into the conundrum. The tact of 
 Horace selects just those names which will arouse pleasant 
 associations in the mind of the average educated man, and 
 which will adorn without overloading his style. The sea is 
 the Hadrian, Cretic, Icarian, Carpathian, Aegaean, Tyrrhenian, 
 Apulian, or Caspian. Merchandise is Tyrian, Cyprian, or 
 Bithynian. Purple is Laconian, African, or Coan. Marble is 
 Parian, Phrygian, Numidian, or Hymettian. Riches are the 
 wealth of Attalus or Achaemenes, of India or the unspoiled 
 treasures of Araby. The ship is the Pontic pine or the 
 Bithynian keel. A mountain is stark Niphates or black-wooded
 
 INTRODUCTION. XXV 
 
 Erymauthus. Snow is Sithonian, the harrow Sabine, the 
 pruning hook Calenian, the harvest Sardinian or African, the 
 feast Sicilian, the bee Calabrian, the lyric song Aeolian, 
 the dirge Simonidean or Cean, the lute Teian, the buskin 
 Cecropian, the laurel Apolline, Delphic, or Delian, the poison 
 Colchian or Thessalian, the pipe Berecynthian, the curse 
 Thyestean, the sword Norican, the coat of mail Iberian, the 
 lioness Gaetulian, the threshing floor Libyan. A dangerous 
 strait is Bosphorus or the waters that pour between the glitter- 
 ing Cyclades; astrology is Babylonian numbers; ointment is 
 Achaemenian nard or Syrian malabathron ; a storm is the 
 tumult of the Aegaean ; athletics is the Olympic dust, the 
 Isthmian labor or the Elean palm. In this way Horace 
 achieves effects of sensuous concreteness and picturesqueness 
 hardly possible otherwise to the thin, hard, abstract, Latin vo- 
 cabulary. In many cases the Greek proper name is used mainly 
 for its polysyllabic sonority or liquid smoothness. Cf. 1. 3. 20 
 Acroceraunia ; 1. 17. 22 Semeleius Thyoneus ; 1. 34. 11 Atlanteus 
 finis; 2. 1. 39 Dionaeo sub antro ; 2. 12. 21 Phrygiae Mygdonias 
 opes; 2. 14.20 Sisyphus Aeolides ; 2. 20. 13 Daedaleo . . . Icaro, 
 cf. 4. 2. 2 ; 3. '3. 28 Hectoreis; 3. 5. 56 Lacedaemonium Tarentum; 
 3. 16. 34 Laestrygonia amphora; 3. 16. 41 Mygdoniis . . . Aly- 
 attei ; 4. 4. 20 Amazonia securi; 4. 4. 64 Echioniaeve Thebae, etc. 
 Another obvious note of Horace's style is the frequency of the 
 negative. Non neque and nee occur approximately four hun- 
 dred times, at least twice as often as their equivalents in a cor- 
 responding quantity of Greek or English lyric. The negative 
 is sometimes employed by way of litotes to produce an effect of 
 moderation or understatement. More often it takes the place 
 of the privative and negative compounds of Greek and Eng- 
 lish, or serves to diversify the expression and adapt it to the 
 exigencies of the meter. Examples occur on every page. Cf. 
 Non auriga piger 1. 15. 26; non indecoro 2. 1. 22; non usitata 2. 
 20. 1, Epode 5. 73; non sordidus 1. 28. 14; non auspicatos 3. 6. 
 10 ; non sat idoneus 2. 19. 26 ; non mendax 2. 16. 39 ; non clausas 
 3. 5. 23; non paventis funera 4. 14. 49; non timidus mori 3. 19. 2;
 
 XXVI INTRODUCTION. 
 
 non infideles Epode 5. 50; nee rigida, mollior aescula 3. 10. 17; 
 non tangenda 1. 3. 24; non erubescendis 1. 27. 15; non lenis 1. 24. 
 17, 2. 19. 15; non levis 1. 14. 18; non humilis 1. 37. 32; non taci- 
 ttts 4. 1. 14; non semel 4. 2. 50; now unm*- 4. 9. 39; non ante 1. 29. 
 3, 3. 29. 2, 4. 9. 3, 4. 14. 41; non alia 1. 27. 13, 1. 36. 8, 3. 7. 25, 
 3. 9. 5; non sine 1. 23. 3. n. ; non bene 2. 7. 10. Cf. also the neg- 
 ative turn of 1. 3. 15, 1. 6. 5, 1. 16. 5-8, 1. 31. 3-7, 1. 36. 10, 2. 1. 
 29, 2. 18. 1-9, 2. 20. 1-8, 3. 1. 17-24, 3. 3. 1-2, 3. 10. 11, 3. 12. 
 8-9, 3. 15. 14-16, 4. 1. 29-32, 4. 3. 3-6, 4. 7. 23, 4. 8. 13, 4. 15. 
 17 sqq., etc. 
 
 There is little more to be said of the vocabulary of the Odes. 
 Horace rarely resorts to word coinage, he employs almost no 
 poetic compounds, 1 and only now and then wrests a word from 
 its normal meaning or presses its etymological force. 2 Chief 
 among his rarer usages or possible word coinages are : 
 
 dissociabili 1. 3. 22, iterabimus 1. 7. 32, emirabitur 1. 5. 8, debi- 
 litat 1. 11. 5, auritas 1. 12. ll,sublimi (anhelitu) 1. 15. 31,furiare 
 1. 25. 14, cumque I. 32. 15, diffingo 1. 35. 39, 3. 29. 47, reparavit 
 1. 37. 24, adlabores 1. 38. 5. 
 
 decoloravere 2. 1. 35, inretorto 2. 2. 23, redonavit 2. 7. 3, depro- 
 perare 2. 7. 24, iuris peierati 2. 8. 1, inaequales 2. 9. 3, illacrima- 
 bilem 2. 14. 6, cf. 4. 9. 26, enaviganda 2. 14. 11, insons 2. 19. 29, 
 supervacuos 2. 20. 24. 
 
 intaminatis 3. 2. 18, impavidum 3. 3. 8, inrepertum 3. 3. 49, 
 immiserabilis 3. 5. 17, impermissa 3. 6. 27, denatat 3. 7. 28, funera- 
 tus 3. 8. 7, exsultim 3. 11. 10, illaqueant 3. 16. 16, inaudax 3. 20. 3, 
 immeiata 3. 24. 12, postgenitis 3. 24. 30. 
 
 iuvenescit 4. 2. 55, 4. 4. 21 obarmet, 4. 4. 32 progenerant, Faus- 
 titas 4. 5. 18, aeternet 4. 14. 5, tauriformis 4. 14. 25, domabilis 4. 
 14. 41, beluosus 4. 14. 47, inimicat 4. 15. 20, adprecati 4. 15. 28, 
 remixto 4. 15. 30, Genetalis C. S. 16, inemori Epode 5. 34, inomi- 
 nata Epode 16. 38, circumvagus Epode 16. 41. 
 
 In accordance with his own precept 8 it is on phrase coinage 
 rather than on word coinage, that Horace relies for the height- 
 
 1 4. 14. 25. n. 2 4. 4. 65. n. 8 A. P. 46.
 
 INTRODUCTION. XXvii 
 
 ening of Ids style, deriving effects of novelty from the 'cunning 
 juncture ' of ordinary words. His phrasing, as we have seen, 
 may in some cases be regarded as an evasion of difficulties. 
 More often the ' gentle torture ' which he applies to language re- 
 sults in those felicities of expression which have been a part of 
 the lingua franca of educated men for nineteen hundred years: 
 nil mortalibus ardid est ; nil desperandum ; integer vitae scelerisque 
 pur us : dulce et decorum est pro patria mori ; deliberata mortefero- 
 cior ; animaeque magnae prodigutn ; non indecoro puh-ere sordidos ; 
 illi robur et aes triplex ; quis desiderio sit pudor out modus tarn cari 
 capitis? dedecorum pretiosus emptor ; iustum ac tenacem propositi 
 virum ; vultus instantis tyranni ; splendide mendax ; donee virenti 
 canities abest ; matre pulchra jilia pulchrior ; dulce est desipere in 
 loco; carpe diem ; vultus nimium lubricus adspici ; simplex mundi- 
 tiis ; arb'itrio popularis aurae ; plenum opus aleae ; aequam memento 
 rebus in arduis tenere mentem ; poscentis aevi pauca ; spirat adhuc 
 amor; vixere fortes ante Agamemnona; rosa quo locorum sera mo- 
 retur; Persicos odi apparatus; ille mihi angulus ridet ; quis exsul 
 se quoquefugit? post equitem sedet atra cura; but the list is 
 endless. It is hardly worth while to attempt to classify Hora- 
 tian phrases by any abstract or artificial scheme. Many of 
 them are slight variations on technical, legal, colloquial, or pro- 
 verbial expressions : capitis minor 3. 5. 42 ; claudere lustrum 2. 4. 
 24 ; motum ex Metello consule civicum 2. 1. 1 ; adscribi ordinibus, 
 etc., 3. 3. 35 ; opimus triumphus 4. 4. 51 ; prava iubentium 3. 3. 2 ; 
 numeris lege solutis 4. 2. 12 ; Latinum nomen et Italae vires 4. 15. 
 13 ; publicum ludum 4. 2. 42 ; felices ter et amplius 1. 13. 17 ; con- 
 fundet proelia 1. 17. 23 ; consultus sapientiae 1. 34. 3 ; iuris peierati 
 
 2. 8. 1 ; amori dare ludum 3. 12. 1 ; fige modum 3. 15. 2. 
 Others are attempts to reproduce Greek expressions, supra, 
 
 p. xxi, de tenero ungui 3. 6. 24, 3. 10. 10. 
 
 Others resume in brief compass great historic associations, 
 literary reminiscences, memories of travel : quid debeas, Roma, 
 Neronibus 4. 4. 37 ; Tydides melior patre 1. 15. 28 ; vir Macedo 
 
 3. 16. 14; Helene Lacaena 4. 9. 16; saevam Pelopis domum 1. 6. 
 8; Troiae prope victor altae Phtftius Achilles 4. 6. 3; fama Mar-
 
 xxviii INTRODUCTION. 
 
 celli 1. 12. 46 ; Hannibalis minae 4. 8. 16 ; superbos Tarquim 
 fasces 1. 12. 34; Catonis nobile letum 1. 12. 35; longa ferae bella 
 Numantiae 2. 12. 1; cadum Marsi memorem duelli 3. 14. 18; in- 
 fecit aequor sanguine Punico 3. 6. 34 ; mens provida Reguli 3. 5. 
 13; Tibur Aryeo positum colono 2. 6. 5; bimaris Corinthi 1. 7. 2; 
 patiens Lacedaemon 1.' 7. 10 ; dites filycenas 1. 7. 9 ; infames sco 
 pulos Acroceraunia 1. 3. 20; Aeolio carmine nobilem 4. 3. 12; 
 Atlanteus finis 1. 34. 11 ; Calabrae Pierides 4. 8. 20; pede barbaro 
 lustratam Rhodopen 3. 25. 12, etc., etc. 
 
 The effectiveness of Horace's phrases, so far as it can be ana- 
 lyzed, is perhaps due to the combination of Roman directness 
 what Matthew Arnold calls 'the Latins' gift for coming plump 
 upon the fact' with an artfully concealed use of every resource 
 of the rhetoric of the Greeks. For it is to be observed lastly 
 that in spite of his apparent simplicity, the charm, the curious 
 felicity, of Horace result from his skillful use of rhetoric. He 
 is not declamatory like Lucan or Macaulay or Swinburne. 
 But, like Tennyson, he constantly uses what the ancients called 
 figures of thought and figures of diction to diversify, enliven, 
 and elaborate his expression. The monotony of direct cate- 
 gorical statement is everywhere broken up by rhetorical ques- 
 tions, 1 imperatives, 2 apostrophe, 3 personification, and implied 
 dramatic colloquy. 4 When enumeration, exposition, or reflec- 
 tion threatens to grow tedious, it is relieved by an exquisite 
 picture or dainty cameo in verse like those the modern reader 
 finds in Tennyson's Palace of Art, or in Austin Dobson. 5 A 
 
 1 1. 29, 1. 35. 34-7, 2. 1. 29, 2. 3. 9, 2. 7. 3, 2. 7. 23, 2. 11. 18, 3. 4. 53, 
 
 3. 19. 18, 4. 13. 16, etc. 
 
 2 1. 19. 13, 1. 38. 3, 2. 1. 37, etc. 
 
 1. 3. 1-5, 1. 5, 1. 14. 1, 1. 32. 1-4, 2. 13. 1-4, 3. 4. 2, 3. 6. 2, 3. 21. 1-4, etc. 
 
 * 1. 8, 1. 13, 1. 15, 1. 27, 1. 28, 1. 36, 2. 4, 2. 17, 3. 5, 3. 7, 3. 9, 3. 11, 3. 
 14, 3. 19, etc. 
 
 6 1. 12. 27, 1. 31. 7-8, 3. 4. 55-7, 60-64. Cf . 1. 2. 34, 1. 4. 5, 1. 9. 1, 
 1. 9. 21-4, 1. 14. 19-20, 2. 1. 19-20, 2. 8. 15, 2. 11. 23-4, 2. 12. 25, 2. 13. 
 21 sqq., and 3. 11. 16 sqq., 2. 19. 8-4, 3. 4. 60, 3. 6. 41, 3. 12. 6, 3. 13. 
 14-16, 3. 18. 14-16, 3. 20. 11 sqq., 3. 25. 9 sqq., 3. 27. 66-7, 3. 29. 21-4, 
 
 4. 2. 57-60, 4. 12. 9, etc.
 
 INTRODUCTION. 
 
 quiet idyllic close comes to relieve the strain of a too ambitious 
 flight. 1 Emphasis and antithesis are cunningly brought out by 
 juxtaposition or metrical responsion. 2 Litotes or intentional 
 understatement 8 and oxymoron, 4 intentional paradox or con- 
 tradiction in terms, arrest the attention and emphasize the 
 thought. 
 
 Effects of economy and restraint are suggested by zeugma, 5 
 by the limitation to one of two nouns of an epithet felt with 
 both, 6 and by the employment of epithets in such a way as to 
 suggest their complementary opposites. 7 The transferred epi- 
 thet is frequent as in all poetry. 8 Repetition is freely employed 
 as a means of transition, 9 for metrical convenience and for emo- 
 tional effect. 10 Transitions are ingeniously managed without 
 the formal employment of the conjunction. 11 An effective use 
 is made of both polysyndeton 12 and asyndeton, or rather a 
 certain calculated abruptness in transition, especially to the 
 envoi or moral. 13 
 
 The freedom of arrangement possible in an inflected language 
 and required by the exigencies of the meter yields effects of 
 symmetry, parallelism, antithesis, and interlocked order which 
 will be felt by any one who reads the odes familiarly, but can- 
 not be reproduced in English. As many as five words may 
 
 13. 5. 53 sqq., 4. 2. 57-60. n. 
 
 2 Cf. 1. 6. 9. n. 
 
 s 1. 23. 3. n., 2. 1. 22, 2. 12. 17, 2. 19. 15, 4. 1. 35. 
 
 4 3. 11. 35. n. and passim. 
 
 1. 15. 7, 2. 13. 10, 3. 4. 8, 11, 2. 19. 17. 
 
 6 3. 12. 9, C. S. 6. 
 
 f 3. 13. 6-7, 4. 8. 7. 
 
 s 1. 15. 19. n., 1. 37. 7. n., 3. 1. 17, 42, 3. 5. 22. 3. 21. 19, 1. 3. 40, 2. 3. 8, 1. 
 29. 1, 2. 14. 27, 4. 7. 21, 3. 29, 1. n. Epode 10. 12. n. Cf. also 2. 7. 
 21 n., 3. 7. 1. 
 
 1. 2. 4-5 n., 4. 12. 16, 17, 4. 8. 11, 4. 2. 14-15, 2. 8. 18, 3. 4. 65, 1. 19. 
 5-7 and passim. 
 
 10 1. 13. 1, 2. 3. 17, 2. 17. 10, 3. 3. 18, 3. 5. 21, 3. 11. 30, 3. 27. 49, 4. 1. 
 33, 4. 13. 1, 4. 13. 18, Epode 4. 20. n. etc. 
 
 11 3. 2. 6. n. supra n. 9. 
 122. 1. 1. sqq., 4. 1. 13 n. 
 
 " Cf. 1. 14. 17, 1. 15. 33, 4. 4. 73.
 
 XXX INTRODUCTION. 
 
 intervene between a noun and its modifier, and the order within 
 such a group may reproduce or reverse that of the extremes. 
 In this way a thought is suspended, a picture is gradually 
 unfolded, a name is effectively reserved for a climax, etc. 1 
 
 These and other features of Horace's style are illustrated in 
 the notes mainly by citation of similar traits from other poets. 
 The abstract grammatical and rhetorical analysis of poetry is a 
 curious intellectual exercise, but introduced as a means to 
 literary appreciation it is liable to be substituted for the true 
 educational end. 
 
 IV. 
 
 METER. 
 
 Intelligent enjoyment of the Odes is possible only to those 
 who habitually read them aloud. The difference between long 
 and short vowels (heavy and light syllables) should be clearly 
 marked in the reading, and the student should be able to deter- 
 mine instinctively by the movement of the verse the quantities 
 which he does not know. To accomplish this, practice is re- 
 quired rather than much technical knowledge of the theory and 
 terminology of metrical science. There is some difference of 
 opinion among scholars as to the amount of stress that should 
 be given to the verse accent in reading or ' scanning ' Latin 
 poetry. In practice good readers will not be found to differ 
 much. Many teachers find it helpful to exaggerate the sing- 
 song of the rhythm a little at first in order to assist the student's 
 memory of the schemes. 
 
 The elements of Latin prosody and the lyric meters of 
 Horace ars adequately treated in the grammars of Allen and 
 Greenough, Gildersleeve, Harkness, and others. The following 
 notes and tables are intended merely as practical aids. 
 
 The most frequent of Horace's meters is the Alcaic Strophe 
 found in thirty-seven odes. The scheme in longs and shorts is: 
 
 l Cf. 1. 2. 52, 3. 7. 5, 3. 15. 16 n., 4. 5. 9. n., 1. 9. 21-24, 2. 19. 1-2, 3. 6 
 46-8, 4. 4. 1-16, 1. 10. 9-12, 1. 22. 9-12, 3. 4. 9-13, etc.
 
 INTRODUCTION. . XXXI 
 
 Modern theory assumes that the feet of a metrical series, like 
 the bars of a musical strain, are all equal, and to indicate this 
 equality employs conventional signs to denote an extra-rhyth- 
 mical upward beat (anacrusis) at the beginning of a series, for 
 irrational long syllables occurring in the place of short, for 
 lengthened syllables, for rests that fill out a foot, for dactyls 
 read trippingly in about the time of a trochee (cyclic dactyls), 
 etc. Cf. A. G. 355, 356 f., 357, 368. n. ; G. L. 738-744; 
 H. 596-598. 
 Expressed in these symbols the scheme of the Alcaic Strophe 
 
 Odes, L, 9, 16, 17, 26, 27, 29, 31, 34, 35, 37; II., 1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 
 11, 13, 14, 15, 17, 19, 20; III., 1-6, 17, 21, 23, 26, 29; IV., 4, 9, 
 14, 15. 
 
 The last syllable of a verse is indifferent. The combination 
 _ v_, _ d is called a trochaic dipody. Horace restricts himself 
 to the form _ w _ > within the verse which makes his Alcaics 
 and Sapphics weightier than those of the Greek poets, who freely 
 use the form _ \^> _ \j. For convenience of memory the 
 Alcaic Strophe may be said to consist of : (1, 2) an anacrusis 
 (regularly long, always in fourth book) and a trochaic dipody, 
 followed by three trochees the first of which is replaced by a 
 cyclic dactyl, and the third of which is a trochee filled out by 
 a rest; (3) anacrusis and two trochaic dipodies; (4) dipody of 
 two cyclic dactyls, and trochaic dipody. Elision occurs at end 
 of third verse 2. 3. 27, 3. 29. 35. The normal caesura in 1, 2 is
 
 XXxii INTRODUCTION. 
 
 a word-ending after the first trochaic dipody. Tennyson thus 
 reproduces the meter in English : 
 
 ' O mighty-mouth'd inventor of harmonies, 
 O skill'd to sing of Time or Eternity, 
 God-gifted organ- voice of England, 
 Milton, a name to resound for ages.' 
 
 Odes, 2. 14. 13-16 may be thus rendered in the meter of the 
 
 original : 
 
 ' In vain we shun the weltering field of war, 
 In vain the storm-tossed hillows of Hadria, 
 In vain the noxious breath of Autumn, 
 Wafter of death on the wings of south winds.' 
 
 %> ^*-' The Sapphic Strophe occurs in twenty-six odes. , \ 
 
 p-f>P^ -* t c 
 
 Odes, I., 2, 10, 12, 20, 22, 25, 30, 32, 38; II., 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 16; 
 III., 8, 11, 14, 18. 20, 22, 27; IV., 2, 6, 11.; C. S. 
 
 The meter could be described as (1, 2, 3) two trochaic dipo- 
 dies separated by a cyclic (short) dactyl, and (4) a clausula 
 consisting of a dipody of cyclic dactyl and trochee. Unlike the 
 Greek poets, Horace usually breaks the dactyl by a word end- 
 ing after the long syllable. Hence the short dactyl is written 
 _ v^, not \^ \s. But he also employs the so-called feminine 
 caesura ^ II w seven times in the first two books, twenty-two 
 times in the fourth book, and nineteen times in the fifty-seven 
 verses of the Carmen Saeculare. It gives a peculiar soft lilt to 
 the measure. Horace follows the Greeks in running the third 
 and fourth verses together, 1. 2. 19, 1. 25. 11, 2. 16. 7. But he 
 allows hiatus between them, 1. 2. 47, 1. 12. 7, 1. 12. 31, 1. 22. 15. 
 The last syllable of the third line is normally long. Hyper- 
 metron occurs, 2. 2. 18, 2. 16. 34, 4. 2. 22, 23, C. S. 47. Swin- 
 burne reproduces the Sapphic in English thus :
 
 INTRODUCTION. XXXlii 
 
 ' Clothed about with flame and with tears and singing 
 Songs that move the heart of the shaken heaven, 
 Songs, that break the heart of the earth with pity, 
 Hearing, to hear them.' 
 
 Lines 1-4 of 2. 16 may be rendered : 
 
 1 Peace the sailor prays on the wide Aegaean 
 Tempest-tossed, when gathering wracks of storm cloud 
 Hide the bright moon's face, and the stars no longer 
 Shine on his pathway.' 
 
 The beginner, misled by the word-ending after the long of 
 the dactyl, too often reads with the effect of Canning's ' Needy 
 Knife-grinder ' : 
 
 ' Needy knife-grinder whither are you going? 
 Rough is the road, your wheel is out of order, 
 Bleak blows the blast ; your hat has got a hole in it, 
 So have your breeches.' 
 
 After mastering the Sapphic and Alcaic Strophes, the student 
 will be able to read the other meters by ear with an occasional 
 glance at the scheme. He will be very foolish to burden his 
 memory with the names attached to them by the later gram- 
 marians. A table is given for reference. 
 
 1. First Asclepiadean : 
 
 I., 1 ; III., 30 ; IV., 8. Cf. IV., 8. 17. n. 
 
 2. Second Asclepiadean : 
 
 _> |-uw l_w I _< 
 
 t_>| -vr v/ | U. II -^ w | _ v^ | V A 
 
 (repeated in tetrastichs) 
 
 I., 3, 13, 19, 36; III., 9, 15, 19, 24, 25, 28; IV., 1, 3. 
 
 3. Third Asclepiadean : 
 
 .>!-x/w|i_ II -^^ | _ w | ^ A (thrice) 
 _> |-^w |_w|_A 
 I, 6, 15, 24, 33; II., 12; III., 10, 16 ; IV., 5, 12.
 
 XXxiv INTRODUCTION. 
 
 4. Fourth Asclepiadean : 
 
 _ v, | _ A 
 
 I., 5, 14, 21, 23 ; III., 7, 13 ; IV., 13. 
 
 5. Fifth (Greater) Asclepiadean : 
 
 _ > I-X,W|LII^W|L_II-^^!_W|_A 
 
 (four times) 
 I., 11, 18 ; IV., 10. Cf. 1. 11, intr. 
 
 6. Sapphic Strophe. Cf. supra. 
 
 1. (Greater) Sapphic Strophe : 
 -ww |_^ |L_ | _A 
 
 ,- w|_>|-ww|l_||-^w|^-w|l_|_A 
 
 (repeated in tetrastichs) 
 I., 8. 
 
 8. Alcaic Strophe. Cf. supra. 
 
 9. First Archilochian : 
 Dactylic Hexameter, 
 
 _ Ow | _ Ow | || OO | C3O | W W | -- 
 
 _ ^^ | _ ^^y I _ 7\ (repeated by pairs in tetrastichs) 
 IV., 7. 
 
 10. Second Archilochian : 
 Dactylic Hexameter followed by 
 
 d:_w-|_|_^/|_All_w^l v>vy| 
 Epode 13. 
 
 11. Third Archilochian : 
 An Iambic Trimeter,
 
 INTRODUCTION. XXXV 
 
 followed by 
 
 _w^.|_^w|_Alld:_w|_d|_w|_A 
 Epode 11. 
 
 12. Fourth Archilochian : 
 
 /- CXy ^- CX/ j. C7w -^.W V || ^- \J \J _ O 
 
 W W ^J \J WJ^.W 
 
 which is perhaps better read as follows : 
 
 1.4. 
 
 13. Alcmanian Strophe : 
 Dactylic Hexameter followed by 
 
 L. 7, 28 ; Epode 12. 
 
 14. Iambic Trimeter: 
 
 Epode 17. 
 
 1 5. Iambic Strophe : 
 
 Iambic Trimeter (see 14) followed by Iambic Dimeter 
 
 Epodes 1-10. 
 
 16. First Pythiambic : 
 
 A Dactylic Hexameter and an Iambic Dimeter (cf. 15). 
 Epodes 14, 15. 
 
 17. Second Pythiambic: 
 
 A Dactylic Hexameter and an Iambic Trimeter (cf. 14). 
 Epode 16.
 
 XXXVI 
 
 INTRODUCTION. 
 
 18. Trochaic Strophe : 
 
 A Catalectic Trochaic Dimeter and a Catalectic Iambic Tri- 
 meter. , . , 
 
 II., 18. 
 
 19. An Ionic system : ten pure lonici a minore \j \j /_ , 
 
 variously arranged by editors and metrists. III., 12. 
 
 INDEX OF ODES AND METERS. 
 
 BOOK. 
 I. 
 
 ODE. 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 3 
 
 4 
 
 5 
 
 6 
 
 7 
 
 8 
 
 9 
 1Q 
 11 
 12 
 13 
 14 
 15 
 16 
 17 
 18 
 19 
 20 
 21 
 22 
 23 
 24 
 25 
 26 
 27 
 28 
 29 
 30 
 31 
 
 METER. 
 
 1 
 
 6 
 
 2 
 10 
 
 4 
 
 3 
 13 
 
 7 
 
 8 
 
 6 
 
 5 
 
 6 
 
 2 
 
 4 
 
 3 
 
 8 
 
 8 
 
 5 
 
 2 
 
 6 
 
 4 
 
 6 
 
 4 
 
 3 
 
 6 
 
 8 
 
 8 
 13 
 
 8 
 
 6 
 
 8 
 
 BOOK. 
 I. 
 
 II. 
 
 III. 
 
 ODE. 
 32 
 33 
 34 
 35 
 36 
 37 
 38 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 3 
 
 4 
 
 5 
 
 6 
 
 7 
 
 8 
 
 9 
 
 10 
 
 11 
 
 12 
 
 13 
 
 14 
 
 15 
 
 16 
 
 17 
 
 18 
 
 19 
 
 20 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 3 
 
 METEB. 
 6 
 3 
 8 
 8 
 2 
 8 
 6 
 
 8 
 6 
 8 
 6 
 8 
 6 
 8 
 6 
 8 
 6 
 8 
 3 
 8 
 8 
 8 
 6 
 8 
 18 
 8 
 8 
 
 8 
 8 
 8
 
 INTRODUCTION. 
 
 XXXVll 
 
 BOOK. 
 Til. 
 
 ODK. 
 
 METER. 
 
 4 
 
 8 
 
 5 
 
 8 
 
 6 
 
 8 
 
 7 
 
 4 
 
 8 
 
 6 
 
 9 
 
 2 
 
 10 
 
 3 
 
 11 
 
 6 
 
 12 
 
 19 
 
 13 
 
 4 
 
 14 
 
 6 
 
 15 
 
 2 
 
 16 
 
 3 
 
 17 
 
 8 
 
 18 
 
 6 
 
 19 
 
 2 
 
 20 
 
 6 
 
 21 
 
 8 
 
 22 
 
 6 
 
 23 
 
 8 
 
 24 
 
 2 
 
 25 
 
 2 
 
 26 
 
 8 
 
 27 
 
 6 
 
 28 
 
 2 
 
 29 
 
 8 
 
 BOOK. 
 
 Ot>. METEK. 
 
 III. 
 
 30 
 
 1 
 
 IV. 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 
 2 
 
 6 
 
 
 3 
 
 2 
 
 
 4 
 
 8 
 
 
 5 
 
 3 
 
 
 6 
 
 6 
 
 
 7 
 
 9 
 
 
 8 
 
 1 
 
 
 9 
 
 8 
 
 
 10 
 
 5 
 
 
 11 
 
 6 
 
 
 12 
 
 3 
 
 
 13 
 
 4 
 
 
 14 
 
 8 
 
 
 15 
 
 8 
 
 CARMEN 
 
 SAECULARE 
 
 6 
 
 EPODE 
 
 1-10 
 
 15 
 
 
 11 
 
 11 
 
 
 12 
 
 13 
 
 
 13 
 
 10 
 
 
 14 
 
 16 
 
 
 15 
 
 16 
 
 
 16 
 
 17 
 
 
 17 
 
 14 
 
 For minor points of prosody, treated in the notes, see the 
 grammars and the treatises of Christ, and Schmidt (translated 
 by John Williams White). 
 
 Aesthetic criticism of Horace's exquisite metrical art can be 
 addressed only to those who read him aloud precisely as they 
 read English poetry. Such students will observe for them- 
 selves in their favorite passages the reinforcement of the lead- 
 ing thought by the emphasis of the rhythm, the symmetrical 
 responsions and nice interlockings of words and phrases, the 
 dainty but not obtrusive alliteration, the real or fancied adap- 
 tation of sound to sense in softly musical, splendidly sonorous, 
 or picturesquely descriptive lines. This kind of criticism may 
 easily pass into the fantastic. It is better suited to the living 
 voice than to cold print.
 
 Q. HORATII FLACCI 
 
 CARMINUM 
 
 LIBER PRIMUS. 
 
 I. 
 
 Maecenas atavis edite regibus, 
 
 et praesidium et dulce decus meum, 
 
 Sunt quos curriculo pulverem Olympic um 
 
 Collegisse iuvat metaque fervidis 
 
 Evitata rotis palmaque nobilis 5 
 
 Terrarum dominos evehit ad deos ; 
 
 Hunc, si mobilium turba Quiritium 
 
 Certat tergeminis tollere honoribus ; 
 
 Ilium, si proprio condidit horreo, 
 
 Quidquid de Libycis verritur areis. 10 
 
 Gaudentem patrios findere sarculo 
 
 Agros Attalicis condicionibus 
 
 Numquam dimoveas, ut trabe Cypria 
 
 Myrtoum pavidus nauta secet mare. 
 
 Luctantem Icariis fluctibus Africum 15 
 
 Mercator metuens otium et oppidi 
 
 Laudat rura sui ; mox reficit rates 
 
 Quassas, indocilis pauperiem pati. 
 
 Est qui nee veteris pocula Massici 
 
 Nee pattern solido demere de die 20 
 
 Spernit, nunc viridi membra sub arbuto 
 
 B 1
 
 CAEMINUM. 
 
 Stratus nunc ad aquae lene caput sacrae. 
 
 Multos castra iuvant et lituo tubae 
 
 Permixtus sonitus bellaque matribus 
 
 Detestata. Manet sub love frigido 25 
 
 Venator tenerae coniugis immemor, 
 
 Seu visast catulis cerva fidelibus, 
 
 Seu rupit teretes Marsus aper plagas. 
 
 Me doctarum hederae praemia f routium 
 
 Dis miscent superis me, gelidum nemus 30 
 
 Nympharumque leves cum Satyris chori 
 
 Secernunt populo, si neque tibias 
 
 Euterpe cohibet nee Polyhymnia 
 
 Lesboum refugit tendere barbiton. 
 
 Quodsi me lyricis vatibus inseris, 35 
 
 Sublimi feriam sidera vertice. 
 
 II. 
 
 lam satis terris nivis atque dirae 
 Grandinis misit pater et rubente 
 Dextera sacras iaculatus arces 
 Terruit urbem, 
 
 Terruit gentes, grave ne rediret 5 
 
 Saeculum Pyrrhae nova monstra questae, 
 Omne cum Proteus pecus egit altos 
 Visere rnontes, 
 
 Piscium et summa genus haesit ulmo, 
 Nota quae sedes fuerat columbis, 10 
 
 Et superiecto pavidae natarunt 
 Aequore dammae.
 
 LIBER I. 3 
 
 Vidimus flavum Tiberim retortis 
 Litore Etrusco violenter undis 
 Ire deiectum monumenta regis 16 
 
 Templaque Vestae, 
 
 Iliae dum se nimium querenti 
 lactat ultorem, vagus et sinistra 
 Labitur ripa love non probante u- 
 
 xorius anmis. 20 
 
 Audiet cives acuisse ferrum, 
 Quo graves Persae melius perirent, 
 Audiet puguas vitio parentum 
 Kara iuventus. 
 
 Quein.vocet divum populus mentis 25 
 
 Imperi rebus ? Piece qua f atigent 
 Virgines sanctae minus audientem 
 Carmina Vestam ? 
 
 Cui dabit partes scelus expiandi 
 luppiter ? Tandem venias precamur, 30 
 
 Nube candentes umeros amictus, 
 Augur Apollo ; 
 
 Sive tu mavis, Erycina ridens, 
 Quam locus circum volat et Cupido; 
 Sive neglectum genus et nepotes 36 
 
 Eespicis, auctor, 
 
 Heu nimis longo satiate ludo, 
 Quern iuvat clamor galeaeque leves 
 Acer et Mauri peditis cruentum 
 
 Voltus in hostem j 40
 
 CARMINUM. 
 
 Sive mutata iuvenem figura 
 Ales in terris imitaris almae 
 Filius Maiae, patiens vocari 
 Caesaris ultor, 
 
 Serus in caelum redeas, diuque 45 
 
 Laetus intersis populo Quirini, 
 Neve te nostris vitiis iniquum 
 Ocior aura 
 
 Tollat ; hie magnos potius triumphos, 
 Hie ames dici pater atque princeps, 50 
 
 Neu sinas Medos equitare inultos 
 Te duce, Caesar. 
 
 III. 
 
 Sic te diva potens Cypri, 
 
 Sic fratres Helenae, lucida sidera, 
 Ventorumque regat pater 
 
 Obstrictis aliis praeter lapyga, 
 Navis, quae tibi creditum 5 
 
 Debes Vergilium, finibus Atticis 
 Reddas incolumem precor 
 
 Et serves animae dimidium meae. 
 Illi robur et aes triplex 
 
 Circa pectus erat, qui fragilem truci 10 
 
 Commisit pelago ratem 
 
 Primus, nee timuit praecipitem Africum 
 Decertantem Aquilonibus 
 
 Nee tristes Hyadas nee rabiem Noti, 
 Quo non arbiter Hadriae 15 
 
 Maior, tollere seu ponere volt freta.
 
 LIBER I. 5 
 
 Quern mortis timuit gradum, 
 
 Qui siccis oculis monstra natantia, 
 Qui vidit mare turgidum et 
 
 Infames scopulos, Acroceraunia ? 20 
 
 Nequiquam deus abscidit 
 
 Prudens Oceano dissociabili 
 Terras, si tamen impiae 
 
 Non tangenda rates transiliunt vada. 
 Audax omnia perpeti 25 
 
 Gens humana ruit per vetitum nefas. 
 Audax lapeti genus 
 
 Ignem fraude mala gentibus intulit. 
 Post ignem aetheria domo 
 
 Subductum macies et nova febrium 30 
 
 Terris incubuit cohors, 
 
 Semotique prius tarda necessitas 
 Leti corripuit gradum. 
 
 Expertus vacuum Daedalus aera 
 Pennis non homini datis ; 35 
 
 Perrupit Acheronta Herculeus labor. 
 Nil mortalibus arduist ; 
 
 Caelum ipsum petimus stultitia, neque 
 Per nostrum patimur scelus 
 
 Iracunda lovem ponere fulmina. 40 
 
 IV. 
 
 Solvitur acris hiems grata vice veris et Favoni, 
 
 Trahuntque siccas machinae carinas, 
 Ac neque iam stabulis gaudet pecus aut arator igni, 
 
 Nee prata canis albicant pruinis. 
 Iam Cytherea choros ducit Venus imminente luna, 5
 
 6 CARMINUM. 
 
 lunctaeque Nymphis Gratiae decentes 
 Alterno terram quatiunt pede, dum graves Cyclopum 
 
 Volcanus ardens urit officinas. 
 Nunc decet aut viridi nitidum caput impedire ruyrto 
 
 Aut flore terrae quern f erunt solutae ; 10 
 
 Nunc et in umbrosis Fauno decet immolare lucis, 
 
 Seu poscat agna sive malit haedo. 
 Pallida mors aequo pulsat pede pauperum tabernas 
 
 Regumque turres. beate Sesti, 
 Vitae summa brevis spein nos vetat incohare longam. 15 
 
 lam te premet nox, fabulaeque Manes, 
 Et domus exilis Plutonia ; quo simul mearis, 
 
 N"ec regna vini sortiere tails 
 Nee tenerum Lycidan mirabere, quo calet iuventus 
 
 Nunc omnis et mox virgines tepebunt. 20 
 
 V. 
 
 Quis multa gracilis te puer in rosa 
 Perfusus liquidis urget odoribus 
 Grato, Pyrrha, sub antro ? 
 Cui flavam religas coinam, 
 
 Simplex munditiis ? Heu quotiens fidem 6 
 
 Mutatosque deos flebit et aspera 
 Nigris aequora ventis 
 Emirabitur insolens, 
 
 Qui nunc te fruitur credulus aurea, 
 Qui semper vacuam, semper amabilem 10 
 
 Sperat, nescius aurae 
 Fallacis. Miseri, quibus
 
 LIBER I. 
 
 Intemptata nites. Me tabula sacer 
 Votiva paries indicat uvida 
 
 Suspendisse potent! 15 
 
 Vestimenta maris deo. 
 
 VI. 
 
 Scriberis Vario fortis et hostium 
 Victor Maeonii carminis alite, 
 Quam rem cumque ferox navibus aut equis 
 Miles te duce gesserit. 
 
 Kos, Agrippa, neque haec dicere nee gravem 5 
 Pelidae stomachum cedere nescii 
 Nee cursus duplicis per mare Ulixei 
 Nee saevam Pelopis douium 
 
 Conamur, tenues grandia, dum pudor 
 Imbellisque lyrae Musa potens vetat 10 
 
 Laudes egregii Caesaris et tuas 
 Culpa deterere ingeni. 
 
 Quis Martem tunica tectum adamantina 
 Digne scripserit, aut pulvere Troico 
 Nigrum Merionen, aut ope Palladis 16 
 
 Tydiden superis parem ? 
 
 Nos convivia, nos proelia virginum 
 Sectis in iuvenes unguibus acrium 
 Cantamus vacui, sive quid urimur, 
 
 Non praeter solitum leves. 20
 
 CARMINUM. 
 
 VII. 
 
 Laudabunt alii claram Rhodon aut Mytilenen 
 
 Aut Epheson bimarisve Corinthi 
 Moenia vel Baccho Thebas vel Apolline Delphos 
 
 Insignes aut Thessala Tempe. 
 Sunt quibus unum opus est intactae Palladis urbem 5 
 
 Carmine perpetuo celebrare et 
 Undique decerptam fronti praeponere olivam. 
 
 Plurimus in lunonis honorem 
 Aptum dicet equis Argos ditesque Mycenas. 
 
 Me nee tarn patiens Lacedaemon 10 
 
 Nee tarn Larisae percussit campus opimae, 
 
 Quam domus Albuneae resonantis 
 Et praeceps Anio ac Tibtirni lucus et uda 
 
 Mobilibus pomaria rivis. 
 Albus ut obscuro deterget nubila caelo 15 
 
 Saepe Notus neque parturit imbres 
 Perpetuo, sic tu sapiens finire memento 
 
 Tristitiam vitaeque labores 
 Molli, Plance, mero, seu te fulgentia signis 
 
 Castra tenent seu densa tenebit 20 
 
 Tiburis umbra tui. Teucer Salamina patremque 
 
 Cum fugeret, tamen uda Lyaeo 
 Tempora populea fertur vinxisse corona, 
 
 Sic tristes adf atus amicos : 
 ' Quo nos cumque feret melior fortuna parente, 25 
 
 Ibimus, o socii comitesque ! 
 Nil desperandum Teucro duce et auspice Teucro : 
 
 Certus enim promisit Apollo, 
 Ambiguam tellure nova Salamina futuram. 
 
 fortes peioraque passi 30
 
 LIBER I. 9 
 
 Mecum saepe viri, mine vino pellite curas ; 
 Cras ingens iterabimus aequor.' 
 
 VIII. 
 Lydia, die, per omnes 
 
 Te deos oro, Sybarin cur properes amando 
 Perdere ; cur apricum 
 
 Oderit campum, patiens pulveris atque solis ? 
 Cur neque militates 5 
 
 Inter aequales equitat, Gallica nee lupatis 
 Temperat ora frenis ? 
 
 Cur timet flavum Tiberim tangere ? Cur olivum 
 Sanguine viperino 
 
 Cautius vitat, neque iam livida gestat arrnis 10 
 
 Bracchia, saepe disco, 
 
 Saepe trans finem iaculo nobilis expedite ? 
 Quid latet, ut marinae 
 
 Filium dicunt Thetidis sub lacrimosa Troiae 
 Funera, ne virilis 15 
 
 Cultus in caedem et Lycias proriperet catervas ? 
 
 IX. 
 
 Vides ut alta stet nive candidum 
 Soracte, nee iam sustineant onus 
 Silvae laborantes, geluque 
 Flumina constiterint acuto. 
 
 Dissolve frigus ligna super foco 5 
 
 Large reponens atque benignius 
 Deprome quadrimum Sabina, 
 Thaliarche, merum diota.
 
 10 CARMINUM. 
 
 Permitte divis cetera; qui simul 
 Stravere ventos aequore fervido 10 
 
 Deproeliantes, nee cupressi 
 Nee veteres agitantur orni. 
 
 Quid sit futurum eras, fuge quaerere et 
 Quern fors dierum cumque dabit lucro 
 
 Adpone, nee dulces amores 15 
 
 Sperne puer neque tu choreas, 
 
 Donee virenti canities abest 
 Morosa. Nunc et campus et areae 
 Lenesque sub noctem susurri 
 
 Composita repetantur horaj 20 
 
 Nunc et latentis proditor intimo 
 Gratus puellae risus ab angulo 
 Pignusque dereptum lacertis 
 Aut digito male pertinaci. 
 
 X. 
 
 Mercuri, facunde nepos Atlantis, 
 Qui feros cultus hominum recentum 
 Voce formasti catus et decorae 
 More palaestrae, 
 
 Te canam, magni lovis et deorum 5 
 
 Nuntium curvaeque lyrae parentem, 
 Callidum quidquid placuit iocoso 
 Condere furto. 
 
 Te, boves olim nisi reddidisses 
 
 Per dolum amotas, puerum minaci 10
 
 LIBER I. 11 
 
 Voce dum terret, viduus pharetra 
 Risit Apollo. 
 
 Quin et Atridas duce te superbos 
 Ilio dives Friamus relicto 
 Thessalosque ignes et iniqua Troiae 15 
 
 Castra fefellit. 
 
 Tu pias laetis animas reponis 
 Sedibus virgaque levem coerces 
 Aurea turbam, superis deorum 
 
 Gratus et imis. 20 
 
 XI. 
 
 Tu ne quaesieris, scire nefas, quern mini, quern tibi 
 Finem di dederint, Leuconoe, nee Babylonios 
 Temptaris numeros. Ut melius quidquid erit pati, 
 Seu plures hiemes seu tribuit luppiter ultimam, 
 Quae nunc oppositis debilitat pumicibus mare I 
 
 Tyrrhenum : sapias, vina liques, et spatio brevi 
 Spem longam reseces. Dum loquimur, fugerit invida 
 Aetas : carpe diem, quam minimum credula postero. 
 
 XII. 
 
 Quern virum aut heroa lyra vel acri 
 Tibia sumis celebrare, Clio ? 
 Quem deum ? Cuius recinet iocosa 
 Nomen imago
 
 12 CARMINUM. 
 
 Aut in umbrosis Heliconis oris, 5 
 
 Aut super Pindo gelidove in Haemo ? 
 Unde vocalem temere insecutae 
 Orphea silvae, 
 
 Arte materna rapidos m or an tern 
 Fluminum lapsus celeresque ventos, 10 
 
 Blandum et auritas fidibus canoris 
 Ducere quercus. 
 
 Quid prius dicam solitis parentis 
 Laudibus, qui res hominum ac deorum, 
 Qui mare ac terras variisque mundum 15 
 
 Temperat horis ? 
 
 Unde nil maius generatur ipso, 
 
 Nee viget quicquam simile aut secundum : 
 
 Proximos illi tamen occupavit 
 
 Pallas honores. 20 
 
 Proeliis audax neque te silebo, 
 Liber, et saevis inimica virgo 
 Beluis, nee te, metuende certa 
 Phoebe sagitta. 
 
 Dicam et Alciden puerosque Ledae, 25 
 
 Hunc equis, ilium super are pugnis 
 Nobilem ; quorum simul alba nautis 
 Stella refulsit, 
 
 Defluit saxis agitatus humor, 
 Concidunt venti fugiuntque nubes, 30 
 
 Et minax, quod sic voluere, ponto 
 Unda recumbit.
 
 LIBER I. 13 
 
 Romulum post hos prius an quietum 
 Pompili regnum memorem an superbos 
 Tarquini fasces dubito, an Catonis 35 
 
 Nobile letum. 
 
 Regulum et Scauros animaeque magnae 
 Prodigum Paullum superante Poeno 
 Gratus insigni referam camena 
 Fabriciumque. 40 
 
 Hunc, et incomptis Curium capillis 
 Utilem bello tulit, et Camillum 
 Saeva paupertas et avitus apto 
 Cum lare fundus. 
 
 Crescit occulto velut arbor aevo 45 
 
 Fama Marcelli ; micat inter omnes 
 lulium sidus velut inter ignes 
 Luna minores. 
 
 Gentis humanae pater atque custos, 
 Orte Saturno, tibi cura magni 50 
 
 Caesaris fatis data : tu secundo 
 Caesare regnes. 
 
 Ille seu Parthos Latio imminentes 
 Egerit iusto domitos triumpho, 
 Sive subiectos Orientis orae 55 
 
 Seras et Indos, 
 
 Te minor latum reget aequus orbem ; 
 Tu gravi curru quaties Olympum, 
 Tu parum castis inimica mittes 
 Fulmina lucis. 60
 
 14 CAEMINUM. 
 
 XIII. 
 
 Cum tu, Lydia, Telephi 
 
 Cervicem roseam, cerea Telephi 
 Laudas bracchia, vae meum 
 
 Fervens difficili bile tumet iecur. 
 Turn nee mens mihi nee color 5 
 
 Certa sede manet, umor et in genas 
 Furtim labitur, arguens 
 
 Quam lentis penitus inacerer ignibus. 
 Uror, seu tibi candidos 
 
 Turparunt umeros iminodicae mero 10 
 
 Eixae, sive puer furens 
 
 Impressit memorem dente labris notam. 
 Non, si me satis audias, 
 
 Speres perpetuum dulcia barbare 
 Laedentem oscula, quae Venus 16 
 
 Quinta parte sui nectaris imbuit. 
 Felices ter et amplius, 
 
 Quos inrupta tenet copula nee malis 
 Divolsus querimoniis 
 
 Suprema citius solvet amor die. 20 
 
 XIV. 
 
 O navis, referent in mare te novi 
 Fluctus ! quid agis ? Fortiter occupa 
 Portum ! Nonne vides ut 
 Nudum remigio latus 
 
 Et malus celeri saucius Africo 
 Antemnaeque gemant, ac sine funibus
 
 LIBER I. 15 
 
 Vix durare carinae 
 Possint iuiperiosius 
 
 Aequor ? Non tibi sunt Integra lintea, 
 Non di, quos iterum pressa voces malo. 10 
 
 Quaravis Pontica pinus, 
 Silvae filia nobilis, 
 
 lactes et genus et nomen inutile ; 
 Nil pictis timidus navita puppibus 
 
 Fidit. Tu, nisi ventis 16 
 
 Debes ludibrium, cave. 
 
 Nuper sollicitum quae mihi taedium, 
 Nunc desiderium curaque non levis, 
 Interfusa nitentes 
 Vites aequora Cycladas. 20 
 
 XV. 
 
 Pastor cum traheret per freta navibus 
 Idaeis Helenen perfidus. hospitam, 
 Ingrato celeres obruit otio 
 Ventos ut caneret fera 
 
 Nereus fata : ' Mala ducis avi domum, 6 
 
 Quam multo repetet Graecia milite, 
 Coniurata tuas rumpere nuptias 
 Et regnum Priami vetus. 
 
 Heu heu, quantus equis, quantus adest viris 
 Sudor ! quanta moves funera Dardanae 10 
 
 Genti ! lam galeam Pallas et aegida 
 Currusque et rabiem parat.
 
 16 CARMINUM. 
 
 Nequiquam Veneris praesidio ferox 
 Pectes caesariem, grataque feminis 
 Imbelli cithara carmina divides ; 15 
 
 Nequiquam thalamo graves 
 
 Hastas et calami spicula Cnosii 
 Vitabis strepitumque et celerem sequi 
 Aiacem : tamen, heu, serus adulteros 
 
 Crines pulvere collines. 20 
 
 Non Laertiaden, exitium tuae 
 Genti, non Pylium Nestora respicis ? 
 Urgent impavidi te Salaminius 
 Teucer, te Sthenelus, sciens 
 
 Pugnae, sive opus est imperitare equis, 25 
 
 Non auriga piger. Merionen quoque 
 Nosces. Ecce furit te reperire atrox 
 Tydides, melior patre, 
 
 Quem tu, cervus uti vallis in altera 
 Visum parte lupum graminis imniemor 30 
 
 Sublimi fugies mollis anhelitu, 
 Non hoc pollicitus tuae. 
 
 Iracunda diem proferet Ilio 
 Matronisque Phrygum classis Achillei : 
 Post certas hiemes uret Achaicus 35 
 
 Ignis Iliacas domos.' 
 
 XVI. 
 
 matre pulchra fi'lia pulchrior, 
 Quem criminosis cumque voles modum 
 Pones iambis, sive flamma 
 Sive mari libet Hadriano.
 
 LIBER I. 17 
 
 Non Dinclymene, non adytis quatit 5 
 
 Mentem sacerdotum incola Pythius, 
 Non Liber aeque, non acuta 
 Sic geminant Corybantes aera, 
 
 Tristes ut irae, quas neque Noricus 
 Deterret ensis nee mare naufragum 10 
 
 Nee saevus ignis nee tremendo 
 luppiter ipse ruens tumultu. 
 
 Fertur Prometheus addere principi 
 Limo coactus particulam undique 
 
 Desectam et insani leonis 16 
 
 Vim stomacho adposuisse nostro. 
 
 Irae Thyesten exitio gravi 
 Stravere et altis urbibus ultimae 
 Stetere causae cur perirent 
 
 Funditus imprimeretque muris 20 
 
 Hostile aratrum exercitus insolens. 
 Compesce mentem! Me quoque pectoris 
 Temptavit in dulci iuventa 
 Fervor et in celeres iambos 
 
 Misit furentem ; nunc ego mitibus 25 
 
 Mutare quaero tristia, dum mihi 
 Fias recantatis amiea 
 
 Opprobriis animumque reddas. 
 
 XVII. 
 
 Velox amoenum saepe Lucretilem 
 Mutat Lycaeo Faunus et igneam 
 Defendit aestatem capellis 
 
 Usque meis pluviosque ventos. 
 c
 
 18 CARMINUM. 
 
 Impune tutum per nemus arbutos 6 
 
 Quaerunt latentes et thyma deviae 
 Olentis uxores mariti, 
 
 Nee virides inetuunt colubras 
 
 Nee Martiales haediliae lupos, 
 Utcumque dulci, Tyndari, fistula 10 
 
 Valles et Usticae cubantis 
 Levia personuere saxa. 
 
 Di me tuentur, dis pietas mea 
 Et Musa cordist. Hie tibi copia 
 
 Manabit ad plenum benigno 15 
 
 Ruris honorum opulenta cornu. 
 
 Hie in reducta valle Caniculae 
 Vitabis aestus et fide Teia 
 Dices laborantes in uno 
 
 Penelopen vitreamque Circen ; 20 
 
 Hie innocentis pocula Lesbii 
 Duces sub umbra, nee Semeleius 
 Cuin Marte confundet Thyoneus 
 Proelia, nee metues protervum 
 
 Suspecta Cyrum, ne male dispari 26 
 
 Incontinentes iniciat manus 
 Et scindat haerentem coronam 
 Crinibus immeritamque vestem. 
 
 XVIII. 
 
 Nullam, Vare, sacra vite prius severis arborem 
 Circa mite solum Tiburis et moenia Catili. 
 Siccis omnia nam dura deus proposuit neque
 
 LIBER I. 19 
 
 Mordaces aliter diffugiunt sollicitudines. 
 
 Quis post vina gravem militiam aut pauperiem crepat ? 5 
 
 Quis non te potius, Bacche pater, teque, decens Venus ? 
 
 At nequis modici transiliat munera Liberi, 
 
 Centaurea monet cum Lapithis rixa super mero 
 
 Debellata, monet Sithoniis non levis Euhius, 
 
 Cum fas atque nefas exiguo fine libidinum 10 
 
 Discernunt avidi. Noil ego te, candide Bassareu, 
 
 Invitum quatiam nee variis obsita frondibus 
 
 Sub divum rapiam. Saeva tene cum Berecyntio 
 
 Cornu tympana, quae subsequitur caecus amor sui, 
 
 Et tollens vacuum plus nimio gloria verticem 15 
 
 Arcanique fides prodiga, perlucidior vitro. 
 
 XIX. 
 
 Mater saeva Cupidinum 
 
 Thebanaeque iubet me Semelae puer 
 Et lasciva Licentia 
 
 Einitis animum reddere amoribus. 
 Urit me Grlycerae nitor, 6 
 
 Splendentis Pario marmore purius ; 
 Urit grata protervitas 
 
 Et voltus nimium lubricus adspici. 
 In me tota ruens Venus 
 
 Cyprum deseruit, nee patitur Scythas 10 
 
 Et versis animosum equis 
 
 Parthum dicere nee quae nihil attinent. 
 Hie vivum mihi caespitem, hie 
 
 Verbenas, pueri, ponite turaque 
 Bimi cum patera meri : 16 
 
 Mactata veniet lenior hostia.
 
 20 CARMINUM. 
 
 XX. 
 
 Vile potabis modicis Sabinum 
 Cantharis, Graeca quod ego ipse tesfca 
 Conditum levi, datus in theatre 
 Cum tibi plausus, 
 
 Care Maecenas eques, ut paterni 6 
 
 Fluminis ripae simul et iocosa 
 Redderet laudes tibi Vaticani 
 Montis imago. 
 
 Caecubum et prelo domitam Caleno 
 Tu bibes uvam : mea nee Falernae 10 
 
 Temperant vites neque Formiani 
 Pocula colles. 
 
 XXI. 
 
 Dianam tenerae dicite virgines, 
 Intonsum, pueri, dicite Cynthium 
 Latonamque supremo 
 Dilectam penitus lovi. 
 
 Vos laetam fluviis et nemorum coma, 6 
 
 Quaecumque aut gelido prominet Algido, 
 Nigris aut Erymanthi 
 Silvis aut viridis Cragi ; 
 
 Vos Tempe totidem tollite laudibus 
 Natalemque, mares, Delon Apollinis 10 
 
 Insignemque pharetra 
 
 Fraternaque umerum lyra.
 
 LIBER I. 21 
 
 Hie bellum lacrimosum, hie miseram famem 
 Pestemque a populo et principe Caesare in 
 
 Persas atque Britaimos 15 
 
 Vestra motus aget prece. 
 
 XXII. 
 
 Integer vitae scelerisque pnrus 
 Non eget Mauris iaculis neque arcu 
 Nee venenatis gravida sagittis, 
 Fusee, pharetra, 
 
 Sive per Syrtes iter aestuosas, 6 
 
 Sive facturus per inhospitalem 
 Caucasum vel quae loca fabulosus 
 Lambit Hydaspes. 
 
 Namque me silva lupus in Sabina, 
 Dum meam canto Lalagen et ultra 10 
 
 Terminum curis vagor expeditis, 
 Fugit inermem, 
 
 Quale portentum neque militaris 
 Daunias latis alit aesculetis 
 
 Nee lubae tellus generat, leonum 15 
 
 Arida nutrix. 
 
 Pone me pigris ubi nulla campis 
 
 Arbor aestiva recreatur aura, 
 
 Quod latus mundi nebulae malusque 
 
 luppiter urget ; 20 
 
 Pone sub curru nimium propinqui 
 Solis in terra domibus negata :
 
 22 CARMINUM. 
 
 Dulce ridentem Lalagen amabo, 
 Dulce loquentem. 
 
 XXIII. 
 
 Vitas hinuleo me similis, Chloe, 
 Quaerenti pavidam montibus aviis 
 Matrem non sine vano 
 Aurarum et siluae metu. 
 
 Nam seu mobilibus veris inhorruit 6 
 
 Adventus foliis, seu virides rubum 
 Dimovere lacertae, 
 
 Et corde et genibus tremit. 
 
 Atqui non ego te tigris ut aspera 
 Gaetulusve leo frangere persequor : 10 
 
 Tandem desine matrem 
 Tempestiva sequi viro. 
 
 XXIV. 
 
 Quis desiderio sit pudor aut modus 
 Tarn cari capitis ? Praecipe lugubres 
 Cantus, Melpomene, cui liquidam pater 
 Vocem cum cithara dedit. 
 
 Ergo Quintilium perpetuus sopor 5 
 
 Urget ! Cui Pudor et lustitiae soror, 
 Incorrupta Fides, nudaque Veritas 
 Quando ullum inveniet parem ? 
 
 Multis ille bonis flebilis occidit, 
 
 Nulli flebilior quam tibi, Vergili. 10
 
 LIBER I. 23 
 
 Tu frustra plus heu non ita creditum 
 Poscis Quintilium deos. 
 
 Quod si Threicio blandius Orpheo 
 Auditam moderere arboribus fidem, 
 Non vanae redeat sanguis imagini, 15 
 
 Quam virga semel horrida, 
 
 Non lenis precibus fata recludere, 
 Nigro compulerit Mercurius gregi. 
 Durum : sed levius fit patientia, 
 
 Quidquid corrigerest nefas. 20 
 
 XXV. 
 
 Parcius iunctas quatiunt fenestras 
 lactibus crebris iuvenes protervi, 
 Nee tibi soinnos adimunt, amatque 
 lanua limen, 
 
 Quae prius multum facilis movebat 5 
 
 Cardines. Audis minus et minus iam : 
 ' Me tuo longas pereunte noctes, 
 Lydia, dormis ? ' 
 
 Invicem moechos anus arrogantes 
 Flebis in solo levis angiportu, 10 
 
 Thracio bacchante magis sub inter- 
 lunia vento, 
 
 Cum tibi flagrans amor et libido, 
 Quae solet matres furiare equorum, 
 Saeviet circa iecur ulcerosum, 16 
 
 Non sine questu,
 
 24 CARMINUM. 
 
 Laeta quod pubes hedera virenti 
 Gaudeat pulla magis atque myrto, 
 Aridas frondes hiemis sodali 
 
 Dedicet Euro. 20 
 
 XXVI. 
 
 Musis amicus tristitiam et metus 
 Tradam protervis in mare Creticum 
 Portare ventis, quis sub Arcto 
 Rex gelidae metuatur orae, 
 
 Quid Tiridaten terreat," unice 5 
 
 Securus. quae fontibus integris 
 Gaudes, apricos necte flores, 
 Necte meo Lamiae coronam, 
 
 Pimplei dulcis. Nil sine te mei 
 Prosunt honores : hunc fidibus novis, 10 
 
 Hunc Lesbio sacrare plectro 
 Teque tuasque decet sorores. 
 
 XXVII. 
 
 Natis in usum laetitiae scyphis 
 Pugnare Thracumst : tollite barbarum 
 Morem, verecundumque Bacchum 
 Sanguiiieis prohibete rixis. 
 
 Vino et lucernis Medus acinaces 5 
 
 Immane quantum discrepat : impium 
 Lenite clamorem, sodales, 
 Et cubito remauete presso.
 
 LIBER I. 25 
 
 Voltis sever! me quoque sumere 
 Partem Falerui ? Dicat Opuntiae 10 
 
 Frater Megillae quo beatus 
 Volnere, qua pereat sagitta. 
 
 Cessat voluntas ? Non alia bibam 
 Mercede. Quae te cumque domat Venus, 
 
 Non erubescendis adurit 15 
 
 Ignibus ingenuoque semper 
 
 Amore peccas. Quidquid habes, age, 
 Depone tutis auribus. A miser, 
 Quanta laborabas Chary bdi, 
 
 Digne puer meliore flamma ! 20 
 
 Quae saga, quis te solvere Thessalis 
 Magus venenis, quis poterit deus ? 
 Vix inligatum te triformi 
 Pegasus expediet Chimaera. 
 
 XXVIII. 
 
 Te maris et terrae numeroque carentis arenae 
 
 Mensorem cohibent, Archyta, 
 Pulveris exigui prope litus parva Matinum 
 
 Munera, nee quicquam tibi prodest 
 Aerias temptasse domos animoque rotundum 5 
 
 Percurrisse polum morituro. 
 Occidit et Pelopis genitor, conviva deorum, 
 
 Tithonusque remotus in auras 
 Et lovis arcanis Minos admissus, habentque 
 
 Tartara Panthoiden iterum Oreo 10
 
 26 CARMINUM. 
 
 Demissum, quamvis clipeo Troiana refixo 
 
 Tempora testatus nihil ultra 
 Nervos atque cutem morti concesserat atrae, 
 
 ludice te non sordidus auctor 
 Naturae verique. Sed omnes una manet nox 15 
 
 Et calcanda semel via leti. 
 Dant alios Furiae torvo spectacula Marti, 
 
 Exitiost avidum mare nautis ; 
 Mixta senum ac iuvenum densentur f unera ; nullum 
 
 Saeva caput Proserpina fugit : 20 
 
 Me quoque devexi rapidus comes Orionis 
 
 Illyricis Notus obruit undis. 
 At tu, nauta, vagae ne parce malignus areaae 
 
 Ossibus et capiti inhumato 
 Particulam dare : sic, quodcumque minabitur Eurus 25 
 
 Fluctibus Hesperiis, Venusinae 
 Plectantur silvae te sospite, multaque merces, 
 
 Unde potest, tibi defluat aequo 
 Ab love Neptunoque sacri custode Tarenti. 
 
 Neglegis immeritis nocituram 30 
 
 Postmodo te natis f raudem committere ? Fors et 
 
 Debita iura vicesque superbae 
 Te maneant ipsum : precibus non linquar inultis, 
 
 Teque piacula nulla resolvent. 
 Quamquam festinas, non est rnora longa ; licebit 35 
 
 Iniecto ter pulvere curras.
 
 LIBER L 27 
 
 XXIX. 
 
 Icci, beatis nunc Arabum invides 
 Gazis et acreni militiam paras 
 Non ante devictis Sabaeae 
 Regibus, horribilique Medo 
 
 Nectis catenas ? Quae tibi virginum 6 
 
 Sponso necato barbara serviet ? 
 Puer quis ex aula capillis 
 Ad cyathum statuetur unctis, 
 
 Doctus sagittas tendere Sericas 
 Arcu paterno ? Quis neget arduis 10 
 
 Pronos relabi posse rivos 
 Montibus et Tiberim reverti, 
 
 Cum tu coeniptos undique nobilis 
 Libros Panaeti Socraticam et domum 
 
 Mutare loricis Hiberis, 16 
 
 Pollicitus meliora, tendis ? 
 
 XXX. 
 
 O Venus, regina Cnidi Paphique, 
 Sperne dilectam Cypron et vocantis 
 Ture te multo Glycerae decoram 
 Transfer in aedem. 
 
 Fervidus tecum puer et solutis 
 Gratiae zonis properentque Nymphae 
 Et parum comis sine te luventas 
 Mercuriusque.
 
 28 CARMINUM. 
 
 XXXI. 
 
 Quid dedicatum poscit' Apollinem 
 Vates ? Quid orat, de patera novum 
 Fundens liquorem ? Non opimae 
 Sardiniae segetes feraces, 
 
 Non aestuosae grata Calabriae 5 
 
 Aruienta, non aurum aut ebur Indicum, 
 Non rura, quae Liris quieta 
 Mordet aqua taciturnus amnis. 
 
 Premant Galena falce quibus dedit 
 Fortuna vitem, dives et aureis 10 
 
 Mercator exsiccet culullis 
 Viua Syr a reparata merce, 
 
 Dis carus ipsis, quippe ter et quater 
 Anno revisens aequor Atlanticum 
 
 Impune. Me pascunt olivae, 15 
 
 Me cichorea levesque malvae. 
 
 Frui paratis et valido mihi, 
 Latoe, dones et precor integra 
 Cum mente nee turpem senectam 
 
 Degere nee cithara carentem. 20 
 
 XXXII. 
 
 Poscimur. Siquid vacui sub umbra 
 Lusimus tecum, quod et huno in annum 
 Vivat et plures, age die Latinum, 
 Barbite, carmen,
 
 LIBER I. 29 
 
 Lesbio primum modulate civi, 5 
 
 Qui ferox bello taraen inter anna, 
 Sive iactatam religarat udo 
 Litore navim, 
 
 Libernm et Musas Veneremque et illi 
 Semper haerentem pueruni canebat, 10 
 
 Et Lycum nigris oculis nigroque 
 Crine decorum. 
 
 O decus Phoebi et dapibus supremi 
 Grata testudo lovis, o laborum 
 Dulce lenimen, rnihi cumque salve 16 
 
 Kite vocanti! 
 
 XXXIII. 
 
 Albi, ne doleas plus nimio memor 
 Immitis Glycerae, neu miserabiles 
 Decantes elegos, cur tibi iunior 
 Laesa praeniteat fide. 
 
 Insignem tenui fronte Lycorida 5 
 
 Cyri torret amor, Cyrus in asperam 
 Declinat Pholoen ; sed prius Apulis 
 lungentur capreae lupis 
 
 Quam turpi Pholoe peccet adultero. 
 Sic visum Veneri, cui placet impares 10 
 
 Formas atque animos sub iuga aenea 
 Saevo mittere cum ioco. 
 
 Ipsum me melior cum peteret Venus, 
 Grata detinuit compede Myrtale
 
 30 CARMINUM. 
 
 Libertina, fretis acrior Hadriae 16 
 
 Curvantis Calabros sinus. 
 
 XXXIV. 
 
 Parcus deorum cultor et infrequens, 
 Insanientis dum sapientiae 
 
 Consultus erro, nunc retrorsum 
 Vela dare atque iterare cursus 
 
 Cogor relictos. Namque Diespiter, 6 
 
 Igni corusco nubila dividens 
 Plerumque, per purum tonantes 
 Egit equos volucremque currum, 
 
 Quo bruta tellus et vaga flumina, 
 Quo Styx et invisi horrida Taenari 10 
 
 Sedes Atlanteusque finis 
 
 Concutitur. Valet ima summis 
 
 Mutare et insignem attenuat deus, 
 Obscura promens ; hinc apicem rapax 
 
 Fortuna cum stridore acuto 15 
 
 Sustulit, hie posuisse gaudet. 
 
 XXXV. 
 
 diva, gratum quae regis Antium, 
 Praesens vel inio tollere de gradu 
 Mortale corpus vel superbos 
 Vertere funeribus triumphos,
 
 LIBER I. 31 
 
 Te pauper ambit sollicita prece 6 
 
 Hurls coloiius, te dominain aequoris 
 Quicumque Bithyna lacessit 
 Carpathium pelagus carina. 
 
 Te Dacus asper, te profugi Scythae 
 Urbesque gentesque et Latium ferox 10 
 
 Regumque matres barbarorum et 
 Purpurei metuunt tyranni, 
 
 Iniurioso ne pede proruas 
 Stantem columnam, neu populus frequens 
 Ad arma cessantes, ad arma 16 
 
 Concitet imperiumque frangat. 
 
 Te semper anteit saeva Kecessitas, 
 Clavos trabales et cuneos manu 
 Gestans aena, nee severus 
 
 Uncus abest liquidumque plumbum. 20 
 
 Te Spes et albo rara Fides colit 
 Velata panno, nee coinitem abnegat, 
 Utcumque niutata potentes 
 Veste domos iniinica linquis. 
 
 At volgus infidum et meretrix retro 25 
 
 Periura cedit, diffugiunt cadis 
 Cum faece siccatis amici 
 Ferre iugum pariter dolosi. 
 
 Serves iturum Caesarem in ultimos 
 Orbis Britannos et iuvenum recens 30 
 
 Examen Eois timendum 
 Partibus Oceanoque rubro.
 
 32 CARMINUM. 
 
 Eheu cicatricum et sceleris pudet 
 Fratrumque. Quid nos dura refugimus 
 
 Aetas ? quid intactum nef asti 3tf 
 
 Liquimus ? unde manum iuventus 
 
 Metu deorum continuit ? quibus 
 
 Pepercit aris ? utinam nova 
 
 Incude diffingas retusum in 
 
 Massagetas Arabasque f errum ! 40 
 
 XXXVI. 
 
 Et ture et fidibus iuvat 
 
 Placare et vituli sanguine debito 
 Custodes Numidae deos, 
 
 Qui nunc Hesperia sospes ab ultima 
 Caris multa sodalibus, 5 
 
 Nulli plura tamen dividit oscula 
 Quam dulci Lamiae, memor 
 
 Actae non alio rege puertiae 
 Mutataeque simul togae. 
 
 Cressa ne careat pulchra dies nota, 10 
 
 Neu promptae modus amphorae 
 
 Neu morem in Salium sit requies pedum, 
 Neu multi Damalis meri 
 
 Bassum Threicia vincat amystide, 
 Neu desint epulis rosae 16 
 
 Neu vivax apium neu breve lilium. 
 Omnes in Damalin putres , 
 
 Deponent oculos, nee Damalis novo 
 Divelletur adultero, 
 
 Lascivis hederis ambitiosior. 20
 
 LIBER I. 33 
 
 XXXVII. 
 
 Nunc est bibendum, nunc pede libero 
 Pulsanda tellus, nunc Saliaribus 
 Ornare pulvinar deorum 
 
 Te'mpus erat dapibus, sodales. 
 
 Antehac nefas depromere Caecubum 6 
 
 Cellis avitis, dum Capitolio 
 Eegina dementes ruinas 
 Funus et imperio parabat 
 
 Contaminato cum grege turpium 
 Morbo virorum, quidlibet impotens 10 
 
 Sperare fortunaque dulci 
 Ebria. Sed minuit f urorem 
 
 Vix una sospes navis ab ignibus, 
 Mentemque lymphatam Mareotico 
 
 Redegit in veros timores 16 
 
 Caesar, ab Italia volantem 
 
 Remis adurgens, accipiter velut 
 Molles columbas aut leporem citus 
 Venator in campis nivalis 
 
 Haemoniae, daret ut catenis 20 
 
 Fatale monstrum. Quae generosius 
 Perire quaerens nee muliebriter 
 Expavit ensem nee latentes 
 Classe cita reparavit oras. 
 
 Ausa et iacentem visere regiam 25 
 
 Voltu sereno, fortis et asperas
 
 34 CARMINUM. 
 
 Tractare serpentes, ut atrum 
 Corpore combiberet venenum, 
 
 Deliberata morte ferocior, 
 
 Saevis Liburnis scilicet invidens 30 
 
 Privata deduci superbo 
 
 humilis mulier triumplio. 
 
 XXXVIII. 
 
 Persicos odi, puer, apparatus ; 
 Displicent nexae philyra coronae ; 
 Mitte sectari, rosa quo locorum 
 Sera moretur. 
 
 Simplici myrto nihil adlabores 
 Sedulus euro : neque te rainistrum 
 Dedecet myrtus neque me sub arta 
 Vite bibentem.
 
 OARMINUM 
 
 LIBER SECUNDUS. 
 
 I. 
 
 Motum ex Metello consule civicum 
 Bellique causas et vitia et modos 
 Ludumque Fortunae gravesque 
 Principum amicitias et arma 
 
 Nonduni expiatis uncta cruoribus, 6 
 
 Periculosae plenum opus aleae, 
 Tractas et incedis per ignes 
 Suppositos cineri doloso. 
 
 Paullum severae Musa tragoediae 
 Desit theatris ; mox ubi publicas 10 
 
 Res ordinaris, grande munus 
 Cecropio repetes cothurno, 
 
 Insigne maestis praesidium reis 
 Et consulenti, Pollio, Curiae, 
 
 Cui laurus aeternos honores 15 
 
 Delmatico peperit triumpho. 
 
 lam mine minaci murmure cornuum 
 Perstringis aures, iam litui strepunt, 
 lam fulgor armorum fugaces 
 
 Terret equos equitumque voltus. 20 
 
 35
 
 36 CARMINUM. 
 
 Audire magnos iam videor duces, 
 Non indecoro pulvere sordidos, 
 Et cuncta terrarum subacta 
 
 Praeter atrocem animum Catonis. 
 
 luno et deorum quisquis amicior 25 
 
 Afris inulta cesserat impotens 
 Tellure victomm nepotes 
 Kettulit inferias lugurthae. 
 
 Quis non Latino sanguine pinguior 
 Campus sepulcris impia proelia 30 
 
 Testatur auditumque Medis 
 Hesperiae sonitum ruinae ? 
 
 Qui gurges aut quae flumina lugubris 
 Ignara belli ? quod mare Dauniae 
 
 Non decoloravere caedes ? 35 
 
 Quae caret ora cruore nostro ? 
 
 Sed ne relictis, Musa procax, iocis 
 Ceae retractes munera neniae, 
 Mecum Dionaeo sub antro 
 
 Quaere modos leviore plectro. 40 
 
 II. 
 
 Nullus argento color est avaris 
 Abdito terris, inimice lamiiae 
 Crispe Sallusti, nisi temperato 
 Splendeat usu. 
 
 Vivet extento Proculeius aevo, 
 Notus in fratres animi paterni :
 
 LIBER II. 37 
 
 Ilium aget penna metuente solvi 
 Fama superstes. 
 
 Latins regnes avidum domando 
 Spiritum, quam si Libyam remotis 10 
 
 Gadibus iungas et uterque Poenus 
 Serviat uni. 
 
 Crescit indulgens sibi dirus hydrops 
 Nee sitim pellit, nisi causa morbi 
 Fugerit venis et aquosus albo 16 
 
 Corpore languor. 
 
 Eedditum Cyri solio Phraaten 
 Dissidens plebi numero beatorum 
 Eximit Virtus populumque falsis 
 
 Dedocet uti 20 
 
 Vocibus, regnum et diadema tutum 
 Deferens uni propriamque laurum, 
 Quisquis ingentes oculo inretorto 
 Spectat acervos. 
 
 III. 
 
 Aequam memento rebus in arduis 
 Servare mentem, non secus in bonis 
 Ab insolenti temperatam 
 Laetitia, moriture Delli, 
 
 Seu maestus omni tempore vixeris, 
 Seu te in remoto gramine per dies 
 Festos reclinatum bearis 
 Interiore nota Falerni.
 
 38 CARMINUM. 
 
 Quo pinus ingens albaque populus 
 Umbram hospitalem consociare amant 10 
 
 Ramis ? Quid obliquo laborat 
 Lympha fugax trepidare rivo ? 
 
 Hue vina et unguenta et nimium breves 
 Flores amoenae ferre iube rosae, 
 
 Dura res et aetas et sororum 15 
 
 Fila trium patiuntur atra. 
 
 Cedes coemptis saltibus et domo 
 Villaque, flavus quam Tiberis lavit, 
 Cedes, et exstructis in altum 
 
 Divitiis potietur heres. 20 
 
 Divesne prisco natus ab'Inacho 
 Nil interest an pauper et infima 
 De gente sub divo moreris, 
 Victima nil miserantis Orci. 
 
 Omnes eodem cogimur, omnium 25 
 
 Versatur urna serius ocius 
 
 Sors exitura et nos in aeternum 
 Exsilium impositura cumbae. 
 
 IV. 
 
 Ne sit ancillae tibi amor pudori, 
 Xanthia Phoceu ! Prius insolentem 
 Serva Briseis niveo colore 
 Movit Achillem ; 
 
 Movit Aiacem Telamone natum 6 
 
 Forma captivae dominum Tecmessae ;
 
 LIBER IF. 39 
 
 Arsit Atrides medio in triumpho 
 Virgine rapta, 
 
 Barbarae postquam cecidere turmae 
 Thessalo victore et ademptus Hector 10 
 
 Tradidit fessis leviora tolli 
 Pergama Grais. 
 
 Nescias an te generum beati 
 Phyllidis flavae decorent parentes : 
 Regium certe genus et penates 15 
 
 Maeret iniquos. 
 
 Crede non illam tibi de scelesta 
 Plebe dilectam, neque sic fidelem, 
 Sic lucre- aversam potuisse nasci 
 
 Matre pudenda. 20 
 
 Bracchia et voltum teretesque suras 
 Integer laudo ; fuge suspicari, 
 Cuius octavum trepidavit aetas 
 Claudere lustrum. 
 
 V. 
 
 Nondum subacta ferre iugum valet 
 Cervice, nondum munia comparis 
 Aequare nee tauri mentis 
 In venerem tolerare pondus. 
 
 Circa virentes est animus tuae 
 Campos iuvencae, nunc fluviis gravem 
 Solantis aestum, nunc in udo 
 Ludere cum vitulis salicto
 
 40 CARMINUM. 
 
 Praegestientis. Tolle cupidinem 
 Immitis uvae : iam tibi lividos 10 
 
 Distinguet autumnus racemos 
 Purpureo varius colore. 
 
 Iam te sequetur : currit enim f erox 
 Aetas, et illi, quos tibi dempserit, 
 
 Adpouet annos ; iam proterva 15 
 
 Fronte petet Lalage maiitum, 
 
 Dilecta quantum non Pholoe fugax, 
 Non Chloris, albo sic umero nitens 
 Ut pura nocturno renidet 
 
 Luna mari, Cnidiusve Gyges, 20 
 
 Quern si puellarum insereres choro, 
 Mire sagaces falleret hospites 
 Discrimen obscurum solutis 
 Crinibus ambiguoque voltu. 
 
 VI. 
 
 Septimi, Gades aditure mecum et 
 Cantabrum indoctum iuga ferre nostra et 
 Barbaras Syrtes, ubi Maura semper 
 Aestuat unda : 
 
 Tibur Argeo positum colono 5 
 
 Sit meae sedes utinam senectae, 
 Sit modus lasso maris et viarum 
 Militiaeque. 
 
 Unde si Parcae prohibent iniquae, 
 
 Dulce pellitis ovibus Galaesi 10
 
 LIBER II. 41 
 
 Flumen et regnata petam Laconi 
 Kura Phalantho. 
 
 Ille terrarum mihi praeter oinnes 
 Angulus ridet, ubi non Hymetto 
 Mella decedunt viridique certat 15 
 
 Baca Venafro ; 
 
 Ver ubi longum tepidasque praebet 
 luppiter brumas, et amicus Aulon 
 Fertili Baccho minimum Falernis 
 
 Invidet uvis. 20 
 
 Ille te mecum locus et beatae 
 Postulant arces ; ibi tu calentem 
 Debita sparges lacrima favillam 
 Vatis amici. 
 
 VII. 
 
 saepe mecum tempus in ultimum 
 Deducte Bruto militiae duce, 
 Quis te redonavit Quiritem 
 Dis patriis Italoque caelo, 
 
 Pompei, meorum prime sodalium, 5 
 
 Cum quo morantem saepe diem mero 
 Fregi, coronatus nitentes 
 Malobathro Syrio capillos ? 
 
 Tecum Philippos et celerem fugam 
 Sensi relicta non bene parmula, 10 
 
 Cum fracta virtus et minaces 
 Turpe solum tetigere mento.
 
 42 CARMINUM. 
 
 Sed me per hostes Mercurius celer 
 Denso paventem sustulit aere ; 
 
 Te rursus in bellum resorbens 15 
 
 Unda fretis tulit aestuosis. 
 
 Ergo obligatam redde lovi dapem, 
 Longaque fessum militia latus 
 Depone sub lauru mea nee 
 Parce cadis tibi destinatis. 20 
 
 Oblivioso levia Massico 
 Ciboria exple, funde capacibus 
 Unguenta de conchis. Quis udo 
 Deproperare apio coronas 
 
 Curatve myrto ? Quern Venus arbitrum 25 
 Dicet bibendi ? Non ego sanius 
 Bacchabor Edonis : recepto 
 Dulce mihi furerest amico. 
 
 VIII. 
 
 Ulla si iuris tibi peierati 
 Poena, Barine, nocuisset umquam, 
 Dente si nigro fieres vel uno 
 Turpior ungui, 
 
 Crederem. Sed tu simul obligasti 6 
 
 Perfidum votis caput, enitescis 
 Pulchrior multo, iuvenumque prodis 
 Publica cura. 
 
 Expedit matris cineres opertos 
 
 Fallere et toto taciturna noctis 10
 
 LIBER II. 43 
 
 Signa cum caelo gelidaque divos 
 Morte carentes. 
 
 Kidet hoc, inquam, Venus ipsa, rident 
 Simplices Nymphae ferus et Cupido, 
 Semper ardentes acuens sagittas 15 
 
 Cote cruenta. 
 
 Adde quod pubes tibi crescit omnis, 
 Servitus crescit nova, nee priores 
 . Impiae tectum dominae relinquunt, 
 
 Saepe minati. 20 
 
 Te suis matres metuunt iuvencis, 
 Te senes parci miseraeque nuper 
 Virgines nuptae, tua ne retardet 
 Aura maritos. 
 
 IX. 
 
 Non semper imbres nubibus hispidos 
 Manant in agros aut mare Caspium 
 Vexant inaequales procellae 
 Usque, nee Armeniis in oris, 
 
 Amice Valgi, stat glacies iners 6 
 
 Menses per omnes, aut Aquilonibus 
 Querceta Gargani laborant 
 Et f oliis viduantur orni : 
 
 Tu semper urges flebilibus modis 
 Mysten ademptum, nee tibi Vespero 10 
 
 Surgente decedunt amores 
 Nee rapidum fugiente solem.
 
 44 CARMINUM. 
 
 At non ter aevo functus amabilem 
 Ploravit omnes Antilochum senex 
 
 Annos, nee impubem parentes 15 
 
 Troilon aut Phrygiae sorores 
 
 Flevere semper. Desine mollium 
 Tandem querellarum, et potius nova 
 Contemns August! tropaea 
 
 Caesaris et rigidum Niphaten, 20 
 
 Meduraque flumen gentibus additum . * 
 Victis minores volvere vertices, 
 Intraque praescriptum Gelonos 
 Exiguis equitare campis. 
 
 X. 
 
 Rectius vives, Licini, neque altum 
 Semper urgendo neque, dum procellas 
 Cautus horrescis, nimium preniendo 
 Litus iniquum. 
 
 Auream quisquis mediocritatem 6 
 
 Diligit, tutus caret obsoleti 
 Sordibus tecti, caret invidenda 
 Sobrius aula. 
 
 Saepius ventis agitatur ingens 
 Pinus et celsae graviore casu 10 
 
 Decidunt turres feriuntque summos 
 Fulgura montes. 
 
 Sperat infestis, metuit secundis 
 Alteram sortem bene praeparatum
 
 LIBER II. 45 
 
 Pectus. Informes hiemes reducit 15 
 
 luppiter, idem 
 
 Submovet. Non, si male nunc, et olim 
 Sic erit : quondam cithara tacentem 
 Suscitat Musam neque semper arcum 
 
 Tendit Apollo. 20 
 
 Rebus angustis animosus atque 
 Fortis appare ; sapienter idem 
 Contrahes vento nimium secundo 
 Turgida vela. 
 
 XI. 
 
 Quid bellicosus Cantaber et Scythes, 
 Hirpine Quinti, cogitet Hadria 
 Divisus obiecto, remittas 
 
 Quaerere, nee trepides in usum 
 
 Poscentis aevi pauca. Fugit retro 5 
 
 Levis iuventas et decor, arida 
 Pellente lascivos amores 
 Canitie facilemque sonmum. 
 
 Non semper idem floribus est honor 
 Vernis, neque uno luna rubens nitet 10 
 
 Voltu : quid aeternis minorem 
 Consiliis animum fatigas ? 
 
 Cur non sub alta vel platano vel hac 
 Pinu iacentes sic teme*e et rosa 
 
 Canos odorati capillos, 15 
 
 Dum licet, Assyriaque nardo
 
 46 CARMINUM. 
 
 Potamus uncti ? Dissipat Euhius 
 Curas edaces. Quis puer ocius 
 Restinguet ardentis Falerni 
 
 Pocula praetereunte lympha ? 20 
 
 Quis devium scortum eliciet domo 
 Lyden ? Eburna, die age, cum lyra 
 Maturet, in. comptum Lacaenae 
 More comam religata nodum. 
 
 XII. 
 
 Nolis longa ferae bella Numantiae 
 Nee durum Hannibalem nee Siculum mare 
 Poeuo purpureum sanguine mollibus 
 Aptari citharae modis, 
 
 Nee saevos Lapithas et nimium mero 6 
 
 Hylaeum domitosque Herculea manu 
 Telluris iuvenes, unde periculum 
 Fulgens contremuit domus 
 
 Saturni veteris : tuque pedestribus 
 Dices historiis proelia Caesaris, 10 
 
 Maecenas, melius ductaque per vias 
 Regum colla minacium. 
 
 Me dulces dominae Musa Licymniae 
 Cantus, me voluit dicere lucidum 
 Fulgentes oculos et bene mutuis 15 
 
 Fidum pectus amoribus ; 
 
 Quam nee ferre pedem dedecuit choris 
 Nee certare ioco nee dare bracchia
 
 LIBER II. 47 
 
 Ludentem nitidis virginibus sacro 
 
 Dianae Celebris die. 20 
 
 Num tu quae tenuit dives Achaemenes 
 Aut pinguis Phrygiae Mygdonias opes 
 Permutare velis crine Licymniae, 
 Plenas aut Arabum domos, 
 
 Dum flagrantia detorquet ad oscula 25 
 
 Cervicem, aut facili saevitia negat 
 Quae poscente magis gaudeat eripi, 
 Interdum rapere occupet ? 
 
 XIII. 
 
 Ille et nefasto te posuit die, 
 Quicumque primum, et sacrilega manti 
 Produxit, arbos, in nepotum 
 Perniciem opprobriunique pagi ; 
 
 Ilium et parentis crediderim sui 6 
 
 Fregisse cervicem et penetralia 
 Sparsisse nocturne cruore 
 Hospitis ; ille venena Colcha 
 
 Et quidquid usquam concipitur nefas 
 Tractavit, agro qui statuit meo 10 
 
 Te triste lignum, te caducum 
 In domini caput immerentis. 
 
 Quid quisque vitet, numquam homini satis 
 Cautumst in horas : navita Bosporum 
 
 Poenus perhorrescit neque ultra 16 
 
 Caeca timet aliunde fata;
 
 48 CARMINUM. 
 
 Miles sagittas et celerem fugam 
 Parthi, catenas Parthus et Italum 
 Robur ; sed improvisa leti 
 
 Vis rapuit rapietque gentes. 20 
 
 Quam paene furvae regna Proserpinae 
 Et iudicantem vidimus Aeacum 
 Sedesque discretas pioriim et 
 Aeoliis fidibus querentem 
 
 Sappho puellis de popularibus, 25 
 
 Et te sonantem plenius aureo, 
 Alcaee, plectro dura navis, 
 Dura fugae mala, dura belli. 
 
 Utrumque sacro digna silentio 
 Mirantur umbrae dicere ; sed magis 30 
 
 Pugnas et exactos tyrannos 
 
 Densum umeris bibit aure volgus. 
 
 Quid mirum, ubi illis carminibus stupens 
 Demittit atras belua centiceps 
 
 Aures, et intorti capillis 35 
 
 Eumenidum recreantur angues ? 
 
 Quin et Prometheus et Pelopis parens 
 Dulci laborem decipitur sono, 
 Nee curat Orion leones 
 
 Aut timidos agitare lyncas. 40 
 
 XIV. 
 
 Eheu fugaces, Postume, Postume, 
 Labuntur anni, nee pietas moram 
 Rugis et instanti senectae 
 Adferet indomitaeque morti ;
 
 LIBER II. 49 
 
 si trecenis quotquot eunt dies, 6 
 
 Amice, places inlacrimabilem 
 Plutona tauris, qui ter amplum 
 Geryonen. Tityonque tristi 
 
 Compescit unda, scilicet omnibus, 
 Quicumque terrae rnunere vescimur, 10 
 
 Enaviganda, sive reges 
 Sive inopes erimus coloni. 
 
 Frustra cruento Marte carebirnus 
 Fractisque rauci fluctibus Hadriae, 
 
 Frustra per autnmnos nocentem 15 
 
 Corporibus metuemus austrum : 
 
 Visendus ater flumine languido 
 
 Cocytos errans et Danai genus 
 
 Infame damnatusque longi 
 
 Sisyphus Aeolides laboris. 20 
 
 Linquenda tellus et domus et placens 
 Uxor, neque harum, quas colis, arborum 
 Te praeter invisas cupressos 
 
 Ulla brevem dominum sequetur. 
 
 Absumet heres Caecuba dignior 25 
 
 Servata centum clavibus et mero 
 Tinguet pavimentum superbo, 
 Pontificum potiore cenis. 
 
 XV. 
 
 lam pauca aratro iugera regiae 
 Moles relinquent ; undique latius 
 Extenta visentur Lucrino 
 
 Stagna lacu, platanusque caelebs
 
 50 CARM1NUM. 
 
 Evincet ulmos ; turn violaria et 5 
 
 Myrtus et omnis copia narium 
 Spargent olivetis odorem 
 Fertilibus domino priori ; 
 
 Turn spissa ramis laurea fervidos 
 Excludet ictus. Non ita Romuli 10 
 
 Praescriptum et intonsi Catonis 
 Auspiciis veterumque norma. 
 
 Privatus illis census erat brevis, 
 Commune magnum : nulla decempedis 
 
 Metata privatis opacam 15 
 
 Porticus excipiebat Arcton, 
 
 Nee fortuitum spernere caespitem 
 Leges sinebant, oppida publico 
 Sumptu iubentes et deorum 
 
 Templa novo decorare saxo. 20 
 
 XVI. 
 
 Otium divos rogat in patenti 
 Prensus Aegaeo, simul atra nubes 
 Condidit lunain neque certa fulgent 
 Sidera nautis ; 
 
 Otium bello furiosa Thrace, 5 
 
 Otium Medi pharetra decori, 
 Grosphe, non gemmis neque purpura ve- 
 nale nee auro. 
 
 Non enim gazae neque consularis 
 
 Submovet lictor miseros tumultus 10
 
 LIBER II. 51 
 
 Mentis et curas laqueata circum 
 Tecta volantes. 
 
 Vivitur parvo bene cui paternura 
 Splendet in mensa tenui salinum 
 Nee leves somnos timor aut cupido 16 
 
 Sordidus aufert. 
 
 Quid brevi fortes iaculamur aevo 
 Multa ? Quid terras alio calentes 
 Sole mutamus ? Patriae quis exsul 
 
 Se quoque fugit ? 20 
 
 Scandit aeratas vitiosa naves 
 Cura nee turmas equitum relinquit, 
 Ocior cervis et agente nimbos 
 Ocior Euro. 
 
 Laetus in praesens animus quod ultrast 25 
 
 Oderit curare et amara lento 
 Temperet risu ; nihil est ab omni 
 Parte beatum. 
 
 Abstulit clarum cita mors Achillem, 
 Longa Tithonum minuit senectus, 30 
 
 Et mihi forsan tibi quod negarit 
 Porriget hora. 
 
 Te greges centum Siculaeque circum 
 Mugiunt vaccae, tibi tollit hinnitum 
 Apta quadrigis equa, te bis Afro 35 
 
 Murice tinctae 
 
 Vestiunt lanae ; mihi parva rura et 
 Spiritum Graiae tenuem Camenae 
 Parca non mendax dedit et malignum 
 
 Spernere volgus. 40
 
 CARMINUM. 
 
 XVII. 
 
 Cur me querellis exanimas tuis ? 
 Nee dis amicumst nee mihi te prius 
 Obire, Maecenas, mearum 
 
 Grande decus columenque rerum. 
 
 A, te meae si partem animae rapit 5 
 
 Maturior vis, quid moror altera, 
 Nee carus aeque nee superstes 
 Integer ? Ille dies utramque 
 
 Ducet ruinam. Non ego perfidum 
 Dixi sacramentum : ibimus, ibimus, 10 
 
 Utcumque praecedes, supremum 
 Carpere iter comites parati. 
 
 Me nee Chimaerae spiritus igneae 
 Nee, si resurgat, centimanus Gyas 
 
 Divellet umquam : sic potenti 15 
 
 lustitiae placitumque Parcis. 
 
 Seu Libra seu me Scorpios adspicit 
 Formidolosus pars violentior 
 Natalis horae, seu tyrannus 
 
 Hesperiae Capricornus undae, 20 
 
 Utrumque nostrum incredibili modo 
 Consentit astrum. Te Ipvis impio 
 Tutela Saturno refulgens 
 Eripuit volucrisque Fati 
 
 Tardavit alas, cum populus fre'quens 2& 
 
 Laetum theatris ter crepuit sonum ;
 
 LIBER II. 53 
 
 Me truncus inlapsus cerebro 
 Sustulerat, nisi Faunus ictum 
 
 Dextra levasset, Mercurialium 
 Gustos virorum. Reddere victimas 30 
 
 Aedemque votivam memento ; 
 Nos humilem feriemus agnam. 
 
 XVIII. 
 
 Non ebur neque aureum 
 
 Mea renidet in domo lacunar, 
 Non trabes Hymettiae 
 
 Premunt columnas ultima recisas 
 Africa, neque Attali 5 
 
 Ignotus heres regiarn occupavi, 
 Nee Laconicas mihi 
 
 Trahunt honestae purpuras clientae. 
 At fides et ingeni 
 
 Benigna venast, pauperemque dives 10 
 
 Me petit : nihil supra 
 
 Deos lacesso nee potentem amicum 
 Largiora flagito, 
 
 Satis beatus unicis Sabinis. 
 Truditur dies die, 15 
 
 Novaeque pergunt interire lunae: 
 Tu secanda marmora 
 
 Locas sub ipsum funus, et sepulcri 
 Immemor struis domos, 
 
 Marisque Bais obstrepentis urges 20 
 
 Submovere litora, 
 
 Parum locuples continente ripa.
 
 54 CARMINUM. 
 
 Quid quod usque proximos 
 
 Revellis agri terininos et ultra 
 Limites clientium 25 
 
 Sails avarus ? Pellitur paternos 
 In sinu ferens deos 
 
 Et uxor et vir sordidosque natos. 
 Nulla certior tamen 
 
 Rapacis Orel fine destiuata 30 
 
 Aula divitem manet 
 
 Erum. Quid ultra tendis ? Aequa tellus 
 Pauperi recluditur 
 
 Regumque pueris, nee satelles Orci 
 Callidum Promethea 35 
 
 Bevexit auro captus. Hie superbum 
 Tantalum atque Tantali 
 
 Genus coercet, hie levare functum 
 Pauperem laboribus 
 
 Vocatus atque non vocatus audit. 40 
 
 XIX. 
 
 Bacchum in remotis carmina rupibus 
 Vidi docentem, credite poster!, 
 Nymphasque discentes et aures 
 Capripedum Satyrorum acutas. 
 
 Euhoe, recenti mens trepidat metu, 6 
 
 Plenoque Bacchi pectore turbidum 
 Laetatur. Euhoe, parce Liber, 
 Parce gravi metuende thyrso. 
 
 Fas pervicaces est mihi Thyiadas 
 
 Vinique fonteni lactis et uberes 10
 
 LIBER II. 55 
 
 Cantare rivos atque truncis 
 Lapsa cavis iterare mella ; 
 
 Fas et beatae coniugis additum 
 Stellis honorem tectaque Penthei 
 
 Disiecta non leni ruina 15 
 
 Thracis et exitium Lycurgi. 
 
 Tu flectis amnes, tu mare barbarum, 
 Tu separatis uvidus in iugis 
 Nodo coerces viperino 
 
 Bistonidum sine fraude crines. 20 
 
 Tu, cum parentis regna per arduum 
 Conors Gigantum scanderet impia, 
 Rhoetum retorsisti leonis 
 Unguibus horribilique mala; 
 
 Quamquam choreis aptior et iocis 26 
 
 Ludoque dictus non sat idoneus 
 Pugnae ferebaris ; sed idem 
 Pacis eras mediusque belli. 
 
 Te vidit insons Cerberus aureo 
 Cornu decorum, leniter atterens 30 
 
 Caudam, et recedentis trilingui 
 Ore pedes tetigitque crura. 
 
 XX. 
 
 Non usitata nee tenui ferar 
 Penna biformis per liquidum aethera 
 Vates, neque in terris morabor 
 Longius invidiaque maior
 
 56 CARMINUM. 
 
 Urbes relinquam. Non ego pauperum 5 
 
 Sanguis parentum, non ego, quem vocas, 
 Dilecte Maecenas, obibo 
 Nee Stygia cohibebor unda. 
 
 lam iam residunt cruribus asperae 
 Pelles et album mutor in alitem 10 
 
 Superne, nascunturque leves 
 Per digitos umerosque plumae. 
 
 Iam Daedaleo notior Icaro 
 Visam gementis litora Bospori 
 
 Syrtesque Gaetulas canorus 15 
 
 Ales Hyperboreosque campos. 
 
 Me Colchus et qui dissimulat metum 
 Marsae cohortis Dacus et ultimi 
 Noscent Geloni, me peritus 
 
 Discet Hiber Ehodanique potor. 20 
 
 Absint inani funere neniae 
 Luctusque turpes et querimoniae ; 
 Compesce clamorem ac sepulcri 
 Mitte supervacuos honores.
 
 CARMINTJM 
 
 LIBER TERTIUS. 
 
 I. 
 
 Odi profanum volgus et arceo. 
 Favete linguis : carmina non prius 
 Audita Musarum sacerdos 
 Virginibus puerisque canto. 
 
 Regum timendorum in proprios greges, 6 
 
 Reges in ipsos imperiumst lovis, 
 Clari Giganteo triumpho, 
 Cuncta supercilio moventis. 
 
 Est ut viro vir latius ordinet 
 Arbusta sulcis, hie generosior 10 
 
 Descendat in Campum petitor, 
 Moribus hie meliorque fama 
 
 Contendat, illi turba clientimn 
 Sit maior : aequa lege Necessitas 
 
 Sortitur insignes et imos ; 15 
 
 Omne capax movet urna nomen. 
 
 Destrictus ensis cui super impia 
 Cervice pendet, non Siculae dapes 
 Dulcem elaborabunt saporem, 
 
 Non avium citharaeque cantus 20 
 
 57
 
 58 CARMINUM. 
 
 Somnum reducent. Somnus agrestium 
 Lenis virorum non humiles domos 
 Fastidit umbrosamque ripam,. 
 Non zephyris agitata tempe. 
 
 Desiderantem quod satis est neque 25 
 
 Tumultuosum sollicitat mare 
 Nee saevus Arcturi cadentis 
 Impetus aut orientis Haedi, 
 
 Non verberatae grandine vineae 
 Fundusque mendax, arbore nunc aquas 30 
 
 Culpante, nunc torrentia agros 
 Sidera, nunc hiemes iniquas. 
 
 Contracta pisces aequora sentiunt 
 lactis in altum molibus : hue frequens 
 
 Caementa demittit redernptor 35 
 
 Cum famulis dominusque terrae 
 
 Fastidiosus. Sed Timor et Minae 
 Scandunt eodem quo dominus, neque 
 Decedit aerata triremi et 
 
 Post equitem sedet atra Cura. 40 
 
 Quodsi dolentem nee Phrygius lapis 
 Nee purpurarum sidere clarior 
 Delenit usus nee Falerna 
 
 Vitis Achaemeniumque costum : 
 
 Cur invidendis postibus et novo 45 
 
 Sublime ritu moliar atrium ? 
 Cur valle permutem Sabina 
 Divitias operosiores ?
 
 LIBER HI. 59 
 
 II. 
 
 Angustam amice pauperiem pati 
 Robustus acri militia puer 
 Condiscat et Parthos feroces 
 Vexet eques metuendus hasta, 
 
 Vitamque sub divo et trepidis agat 6 
 
 In rebus. Ilium ex moenibus hosticis 
 Matrona bellantis tyranni 
 Prospiciens et adulta virgo 
 
 Suspiret, eheu, ne rudis agminum 
 Sponsus lacessat regius asperum 10 
 
 Tactu leonem, quern cruenta 
 Per medias rapit ira caedes. 
 
 Dulce et decorumst pro patria mori : 
 Mors et fugacem persequitur virum, 
 
 Nee parcit imbellis iuventae 16 
 
 Poplitibus timidoque tergo. 
 
 Virtus repulsae nescia sordidae, 
 Intamiiiatis fulget honoribus, 
 Nee sumit aut ponit secures 
 
 Arbitrio popularis aurae. 20 
 
 Virtus recludens immeritis mori 
 Caelum negata temptat iter via, 
 Coetusque volgares et udarn 
 Spernit humum fugiente penna. 
 
 Est et fideli tuta silentio 26 
 
 Merces : vetabo qui Cereris sacrum
 
 60 CARMINUM. 
 
 Volgarit arcanae sub isdem 
 Sit trabibus fragilemve mecum 
 
 Solvat phaselon ; saepe Diespiter 
 Neglectus incesto addidit integrum : 30 
 
 Raro antecedentem scelestum 
 Deseruit pede Poena claudo. 
 
 III. 
 
 lustum et tenacem propositi virum 
 Non civium ardor prava iubentium, 
 Non voltus instantis tyranni 
 
 Merite quatit solida, neque Auster, 
 
 Dux inquieti turbidus Hadriae, 6 
 
 Nee fulminantis magna maims lovis ; 
 Si fractus inlabatur orbis, 
 Impavidum ferient ruinae. 
 
 Hac arte Pollux et vagus Hercules 
 Enisus arces attigit igneas, 10 
 
 Quos inter Augustus recumbens 
 Purpureo bibet ore nectar. 
 
 Hac te merenteni, Bacche pater, tuae 
 Vexere tigres, indocili iugum 
 
 Collo trahentes ; hac Quirinus 16 
 
 Martis equis Acheronta fugit, 
 
 Gratum elocuta consiliantibus 
 lunone divis : ' Ilion, Ilion 
 Fatalis incestusque iudex 
 
 Et mulier peregrina vertit 20
 
 LIBER III. 61 
 
 In pulverem, ex quo destituit deos 
 Mercede pacta Laomedon, mihi 
 Castaeque damnatum Minervae 
 Cum populo et duce fraudulento. 
 
 lam nee Lacaenae splendet adulterae 25 
 
 Famosus hospes nee Priami domus 
 Periura pugnaces Achivos 
 Hectoreis opibus refringit, 
 
 Nostrisque ductum seditionibus 
 Bellum resedit. Protinus et graves 30 
 
 Iras et invisum nepotem, 
 
 Troica quem peperit sacerdos, 
 
 Marti redoiiabo ; ilium ego lucidas 
 Inire sedes, ducere nectaris 
 
 Sucos et adscribi quietis 85 
 
 Ordinibus patiar deorum. 
 
 Dum longus inter saeviat Ilion 
 Eomamque pontus, qualibet exsules 
 In parte regnanto beati; 
 
 Dum Priami Paridisque busto 40 
 
 Insultet armentum et catulos ferae 
 Celent inultae, stet Capitolium 
 Fulgens triumphatisque possit 
 Roma ferox dare iura Medis. 
 
 Horrenda late nomen in ultimas 45 
 
 Extendat oras, qua medius liquor 
 Secernit Europen ab Afro, 
 Qua tumidus rigat arva Nilus,
 
 62 CARMINUM. 
 
 Aurum inrepertum et sic melius situm, 
 Cum terra celat, spernere fortior 50 
 
 Quam cogere humanos in usus 
 Omne sacrum rapiente dextra. 
 
 Quicumque mundo terminus obstitit, 
 Hunc tangat armis, visere gestiens, 
 
 Qua parte debacchentur ignes, 56 
 
 Qua nebulae pluviique rores. 
 
 Sed bellicosis fata Quiritibus 
 
 Hac lege dico, ne nimium pii 
 
 Rebusque fidentes avitae 
 
 Tecta velint reparare Troiae. 60 
 
 Troiae renascens alite lugubri 
 Fortuna tristi clade iterabitur, 
 Ducente victrices catervas 
 Coniuge me lovis et sorore. 
 
 Ter si resurgat murus aeneus 66 
 
 Auctore Phoebo, ter pereat meis 
 Excisus Argivis, ter uxor 
 
 Capta virum puerosque ploret.' 
 
 Non hoc iocosae conveniet lyrae : 
 Quo, Musa, tendis ? Desine pervicax 70 
 
 Referre sermones deoruin et 
 Magna modis tenuare parvis. '
 
 LIBER III. 63 
 
 IV. 
 
 Descende caelo et die age tibia 
 Regina longum Calliope inelos, 
 Seu voce nunc mavis acuta, 
 Seu fidibus citharaque Phoebi. 
 
 Auditis, an ine ludit amabilis 6 
 
 Insania? Audire et videor pios 
 Errare per lucos, amoenae 
 
 Quos et aquae subeunt et aurae. 
 
 Me fabulosae Volture in Apulo 
 Altricis extra limen Apuliae 10 
 
 Ludo fatigatumque sonmo 
 
 Fronde nova puerum palumbes 
 
 Texere, mi rum quod foret omnibus, 
 Quicumque celsae nidum Acherontiae 
 
 Saltusque Bantinos et arvum 15 
 
 Pingue tenent humilis Forenti, 
 
 Ut tuto ab atris corpore viperis 
 Dormirem et ursis, ut premerer sacra 
 Lauroque conlataque myrto, 
 
 Non sine dis animosus infans. 20 
 
 Vester, Camenae, vester in arduos 
 Tollor Sabinos, seu mihi frigidum 
 Praeneste seu Tibur supinum 
 Seu liquidae placuere Baiae. 
 
 Vestris amicum fontibus et choris 26 
 
 Non me Philippis versa acies retro, 
 Devota non extinxit arbos, 
 Nee Sicula Paliiiurus unda.
 
 64 CAEMINUM. 
 
 Utcumque mecum vos eritis, libens 
 Insanientem navita Bosporuin 30 
 
 Ternptabo et urentes arenas 
 Litoris Assyrii viator ; 
 
 Visam Britannos hospitibus feros 
 
 Et laetum equino sanguine Concanum ; 
 
 Visam pharetratos Gelonos 35 
 
 Et Scytliicum inviolatus amnem. 
 
 Vos Caesarem altum, militia simul 
 Tessas cohortes abdidit oppidis, 
 Finire quaerentem labores, 
 
 Pierio recreatis antro. 40 
 
 Vos lene consilium et datis et dato 
 Gaudetis, almae. Scimus, ut impios 
 Titanas immanemque turmain 
 Fulmine sustulerit caduco 
 
 Qui terrain inertein, qui mare temperat 45 
 
 Ventosum et urbes regnaque tristia 
 Divosque mortalesque turbas 
 Imperio regit unus aequo. 
 
 Magnum ilia terrorem intulerat lovi 
 Fidens iuventus horrida braccljiis, 50 
 
 Fratresque tendentes opaco 
 Pelion imposuisse Olympo. 
 
 Sed quid Typhoeus et validus Mimas, 
 Aut quid minaci Porphyrion statu, 
 
 Quid Rhoetus evolsisque truncis 55 
 
 Enceladus iaculator audax
 
 LIBER in. 65 
 
 Contra sonantem Palladia aegida 
 Possent ruentes ? Hinc avidus stetit 
 Volcanus, hinc matrona luno et 
 
 Numquam umeris positurus arcum, 60 
 
 Qui rore puro Castaliae lavit 
 Crines solutos, qui Lyciae tenet 
 Dumeta natalemque silvam, 
 Delius et Patareus Apollo. 
 
 Vis consili expers mole ruit sua : 65 
 
 Vim temperatam di quoque provehunt 
 In mains ; idem odere vires 
 Omne nefas animo moventes. 
 
 Testis mearum centimanns Gyas 
 Sententiarnm, notus et integrae 70 
 
 Temptator Orion Dianae, 
 Virginea domitus sagitta. 
 
 Iniecta monstris Terra dolet suis 
 Maeretque partus fuhnine luridum 
 
 Missos ad Orcnm ; nee peredit 75 
 
 Impositam celer ignis Aetnam. 
 
 Incontinentis nee Tityi iecur 
 Keliqnit ales, nequitiae additus 
 Gustos ; amatorem trecentae 
 
 Pirithoum cohibent catenae. 80
 
 66 CARMINUM 
 
 V. 
 
 Caelo tonantem credidimus lovem 
 Regnare ; praesens divus habebitur 
 Augustus adiectis Britannis 
 Imperio gravibusque Persis. 
 
 Milesne Crassi coniuge barbara 6 
 
 Turpis maritus vixit et hostiuin, 
 Pro curia inversique mores ! 
 Consenuit socerorum in armis 
 
 Sub rege Medo Marsus et Apulus, 
 Anciliorum et nominis et togae 10 
 
 Oblitus aeternaeque Vestae, 
 Incolumi love et urbe Roma? 
 
 Hoc caverat mens provida Reguli 
 Dissentientis condicionibus 
 
 Foedis et exemplo trahentis 15 
 
 Perniciem veniens in aevum, 
 
 Si non periret immiserabilis 
 Captiva pubes. ' Signa ego Punicis 
 Adfixa delubris et arma 
 
 Militibus sine caede ' dixit 20 
 
 ' Derepta vidi ; vidi ego civium 
 Retorta tergo bracchia libero 
 Portasque non clausas et arva 
 Marte coli populata nostro. 
 
 Auro repensus scilicet acrior 26 
 
 Miles redibit. Flagitio additis 
 Damnum : neque amissos colores 
 Lana refert niedicata fuco,
 
 LIBER III. 67 
 
 Nec vera virtus, cum semel excidit, 
 Curat reponi deterioribus. 30 
 
 Si pugnat extricata densis 
 Cerva plagis, erit ille fortis, 
 
 Qui perfidis se credidit hostibus, 
 Et marte Poenos proteret altero 
 
 Qui lora restrictis lacertis 36 
 
 Sensit iners tiinuitque mortem. 
 
 Hie, unde vitam sumeret inscius 
 
 Pacem duello miscuit. O pudor ! 
 
 magna Carthago, probrosis 
 
 Altior Italiae ruinis ! ' 40 
 
 Fertur pudicae coniugis osculum 
 Parvosque natos ut capitis minor 
 Ab se removisse et virilem 
 Torvus hunri posuisse voltum, 
 
 Donee labantes consilio patres 46 
 
 Firrnaret auctor numquam alias dato, 
 Interque maerentes amicos 
 Egregius properaret exsul. 
 
 Atqui sciebat quae sibi barbarus 
 Tortor pararet ; non aliter tamen 60" 
 
 Dimovit obstantes propinquos 
 Et populum reditus morantem, 
 
 Quam si clientum longa negotia 
 Diiudicata lite relinqueret, 
 
 Tendens Venafranos in agros 66 
 
 Aut Lacedaemoniuin Tarentum.
 
 68 CARMINUM. 
 
 VI. 
 
 Delicta maiorum immeritus lues, 
 Komane, donee templa refeceris 
 Aedesque labentes deorum et 
 Foeda nigro simulacra fumo. 
 
 Dis te minorem quod geris, imperas : 5 
 
 Hinc omne principium, hue. refer exitum. 
 Di multa neglecti dederunt 
 Hesperiae mala luctuosae. 
 
 lam bis Monaeses et Pacori manus 
 Non auspicates contudit impetus 10 
 
 Nostros et adiecisse praedam 
 Torquibus exiguis renidet. 
 
 Paene occupatam seditionibus 
 Delevit Urbem Dacus et Aethiops, 
 
 Hie classe formidatus, ille 15 
 
 Missilibus melior sagittis. 
 
 Fecunda culpae saecula nuptias 
 Primum inquinavere et genus et domos : 
 Hoc fonte derivata clades 
 
 In patriam populumque fluxit. 20 
 
 Motus doceri gaudet lonicos 
 Matura virgo et fingitur artibus 
 lam nunc et incestos amores 
 De tenero meditatur ungui. 
 
 Mox iuniores quaerit adulteros 25 
 
 Inter mariti vina, neque eligit 
 Cui donet impermissa raptim 
 Gaudia luminibus remotis,
 
 LIBER III. 69 
 
 Sed iussa corara non sine conscio 
 Surgit marito, seu vocat institor 30 
 
 Seu navis Hispanae magister, 
 Dedecorum pretiosus emptor. 
 
 Non his iuventiis orta parentibus 
 In fecit aequor sanguine Punico 
 
 Pyrrhumque et ingentem cecidit 35 
 
 Antiochum Hannibalemque dirum ; 
 
 Sed rusticorurn. mascula militum 
 Proles, Sabellis docta ligonibus 
 Versare glaebas et severae 
 
 Matris ad arbitrium recisos 40 
 
 Portare fustes, sol ubi montium 
 Mutaret umbras et iuga demeret 
 Bobus fatigatis amicum 
 
 Tempus agens abeunte curru. 
 
 Damnosa quid non iimninuit die's ? . 45 
 
 Aetas parentum, peior avis, tulit 
 Nos nequiores, mox daturos 
 Progeniem vitiosiorem. 
 
 VII. 
 
 Quid fles, Asterie, quern tibi candidi 
 Primo restituent vere Favonii 
 Thyna merce beatum, 
 Constantis iuvenem fide, 
 
 Gygen ? Ille Notis actus ad Oricum 5 
 
 Post insana Caprae sidera frigidas 
 Noctes non sine multis 
 Insomnis lacrimis agit.
 
 70 CARMINUM. 
 
 Atqui sollicitae nuntius hospitae, 
 Suspirare Chloen et miseram tuis 10 
 
 Dicens ignibus uri, 
 
 Temptat mille vafer modis. 
 
 Ut Proetum mulier perfida credulum 
 Falsis impulerit criininibus nimis 
 
 Casto Bellerophontae 15 
 
 Maturare necem ref ert ; 
 
 Narrat paene datum Pelea Tartaro, 
 Magnessam Hippolyten dum f ugit abstinens ; 
 Et peccare docentes 
 
 Fallax historias movet. 20 
 
 Frustra : nam scopulis surdior Icari 
 Voces audit adhuc integer. At tibi 
 Ne vicinus Enipeus 
 
 Plus iusto placeat cave ; 
 
 Quamvis non alius flectere equum sciens 25 
 
 Aeque conspicitur gramine Martio, 
 Nee quisquam citus aeque 
 Tusco denatat alveo. 
 
 Prima nocte domum claude neque in vias 
 Sub cantu querulae despice tibiae, 30 
 
 Et te saepe vocanti 
 Duram difficilis mane. 
 
 VIII. 
 
 Martiis caelebs quid agam Kalendis, 
 Quid velint flores et acerra turis 
 Plena miraris positusque carbo in 
 Caespite vivo,
 
 LIBER III. 71 
 
 Docte sermones utriusque linguae? 5 
 
 Voverain dulces epulas et album 
 Libero caprum prope funeratus 
 Arboris ictu. 
 
 Hie dies, anno redeunte festus, 
 Corticem adstrictum pice demovebit 10 
 
 Amphorae fumum bibere institutae 
 Consule Tullo. 
 
 Sume, Maecenas, cyathos amici 
 Sospitis centum et vigiles lucernas 
 Perfer in lucem ; procul omnis esto 15 
 
 Clamor et ira. 
 
 Mitte civiles super urbe curas : 
 Occidit Daci Cotisonis agmen, 
 Medus infestus sibi luctuosis 
 
 Dissidet armis, 20 
 
 Servit Hispanae vetus hostis orae 
 Cantaber sera domitus catena, 
 lam Scythae laxo meditantur arcu 
 Cedere campis. 
 
 Neglegens ne qua populus laboret, 26 
 
 Parce privatus nimium cavere ; 
 Dona praesentis cape laetus horae, 
 Linque severa. 
 
 IX. 
 
 ' Donee gratus eram tibi 
 
 Nee quisquam potior bracchia candidae 
 Cervici iuvenis dabat, 
 
 Persarum vigui rege beatior.'
 
 72 CARMINUM. 
 
 ' Donee non alia magis 5 
 
 Arsisti neque erat Lydia post CMoen, 
 
 Multi Lydia nominis 
 
 Romana vigui clarior Ilia.' 
 
 ' Me nunc Thressa Chloe regit, 
 
 Dulces docta modos et citharae sciens, 10 
 
 Pro qua non metuam mori, 
 
 Si parcent animae fata superstiti.' 
 
 ' Me torret face mutua 
 
 Thurini Calais filius Ornyti, 
 Pro quo bis patiar mori, 15 
 
 Si parcent puero fata superstiti.' 
 
 ' Quid si prisca redit Venus 
 
 Diductosque iugo cogit aeneo ? 
 Si flava excutitur Chloe 
 
 Keiectaeque patet ianua Lydiae ? ' 20 
 
 ' Quamquam sidere pulchrior 
 
 Illest, tu levior cortice et improbo 
 
 Iracundior Hadria, 
 
 Tecum vivere atnem, tecum obeam libens ! ' 
 
 X. 
 
 Extremum Tanain si biberes, Lyce, 
 Saevo nupta viro, me tamen asperas 
 Porrectum ante fores obicere incolis 
 Plorares Aquilonibus. 
 
 Audis, quo strepitu ianua, quo nemus 
 Inter pulchra satum tecta remugiat 
 Ventis, et positas ut glaciet nives 
 Puro nurnine luppiter ?
 
 LIBER III. 73 
 
 Ingratam Veneri pone superbiam, 
 Ne currente retro f unis eat rota : 10 
 
 Non te Penelopen difficilem procis 
 Tyrrhenus genuit parens. 
 
 quamvis neque te munera nee preces 
 Nee tinctus viola pallor amantium 
 
 Nee vir Pieria paelice saucius 16 
 
 Curvat, supplicibus tuis 
 Parcas, nee rigida mollior aescnlo 
 Nee Mauris animnm initior anguibus. 
 Non hoc semper erit liminis aut aquae 
 
 Caelestis patiens latus. 20 
 
 XI. 
 
 Mercuri, nam te docilis magistro 
 Movit Amphion lapides canendo, 
 Tuque testudo resonare septem 
 Callida nervis, 
 
 Nee loquax olim neque grata, nunc et 5 
 
 Divitum mensis et arnica templis, 
 Die modos Lyde quibus obstinatas 
 Adplicet aiires, 
 
 Quae velut latis equa trima campis 
 Ludit exsultim metuitque tangi, 10 
 
 Nuptiarum expers et adhuc protervo 
 Cruda marito. 
 
 Tu potes tigres comitesque silvas 
 Ducere et rivos celeres morari ; 
 Cessit immanis tibi blandienti 15 
 
 Janitor aulae
 
 CARMINUM. 
 
 Cerberus, quamvis furiale centum 
 Muniant angues caput, eius atque 
 Spiritus taeter saniesque manet 
 
 Ore trilingui. 20 
 
 Quin et Ixion Tityosque voltu 
 Bisit invito ; stetit urna paullum 
 Sicca, dum grato Danai puellas 
 Carmine mulces. 
 
 Audiat Lyde scelus atque notas 25 
 
 Virginum poenas et inane lymphae 
 Dolium fundo pereuntis imo, 
 Seraque fata 
 
 Quae manent culpas etiam sub Oreo. 
 Impiae, (nam quid potuere maius ?) 30 
 
 Impiae sponsos potuere duro 
 Perdere ferro. 
 
 Una de multis face nuptiali 
 Digna periurum fuit in parentem 
 Splendide mendax et in omne virgo 35 
 
 Nobilis aevum ; 
 
 ' Surge ' quae dixit iuveni marito, 
 ' Surge, ne longus tibi somnus, unde 
 Non times, detur ; socerum et scelestas 
 
 Falle sorores, 40 
 
 Quae, velut nactae vitulos leaenae, 
 Singulos eheu lacerant. Ego illis 
 Mollior nee te feriam neque intra 
 Claustra tenebo.
 
 LIBER III. 75 
 
 Me pater saevis oneret catenis, 45 
 
 Quod viro clemens misero peperci ; 
 Me vel extremes Nunridaruin in agros 
 Classe releget. 
 
 I pedes quo te rapiunt et aurae, 
 Dum favet nox et Venus, i secundo 60 
 
 Omine et nostri memorem sepulcro 
 Scalpe querellam.' 
 
 XII. 
 
 Miserarumst neque amori dare ludum neque dulci 
 Mala vino lavere, aut exauimari rnetuentes 
 Patruae verbera linguae. 
 
 Tibi qualum Cythereae puer ales, tibi telas 
 Operosaeque Minervae studium aufert, Neobule, 5 
 Liparaei nitor Hebri 
 
 Simul unctos Tiberinis umeros lavit in undis, 
 Eques ipso nielior Bellerophonte, neque pugno 
 Neque segni pede victus ; 
 
 Catus idem per apertum fugientes agitato 10 
 
 Grege cervos iaculari et celer arto latitantem 
 Fruticeto excipere aprum. 
 
 XIII. 
 
 fons Bandusiae, splendidior vitro, 
 Dulci digne mero non sine floribus, 
 Cras donaberis haedo, 
 
 Cui frons turgida cornibus
 
 76 CARMINUM. 
 
 Primis et venerem et proelia destinat ; 5 
 
 Frustra : nam gelidos inficiet tibi 
 Bubro sanguine rivos, 
 Lascivi suboles gregis. 
 
 Te flagrantis atrox hora Caniculae 
 Nescit tangere, tu frigus aniabile 10 
 
 Fessis vomere tauris 
 Praebes et pecori vago. 
 
 Fies nobilium tu quoque fontium, 
 Me dicente cavis impositam ilicem. 
 
 Saxis unde loquaces 15 
 
 Lymphae desiliunt tuae. 
 
 XIV. 
 
 Herculis ritu modo dictus, o plebs, 
 Morte venalem petiisse laurum, 
 Caesar Hispana repetit penates 
 Victor ab ora. 
 
 Unico gaudens mulier marito 5 
 
 Prodeat iustis operata sacris 
 Et soror clari ducis et decorae 
 Supplice vitta 
 
 Virginum matres iuvenumque nuper 
 Sospitum. Vos, o pueri et puellae 10 
 
 lam virum expertae, male ominatis 
 Parcite verbis. 
 
 Hie dies vere mihi festus atras 
 Eximet curas ; ego nee tumultum 
 Nee mori per vim metuam tenente 15 
 
 Caesare terras.
 
 LIBER III. 77 
 
 I, pete unguentum, puer, et coronas 
 Et cadum Marsi meraorem duelli, 
 Spartacum si qua potuit vagantem 
 
 Fallere testa. 20 
 
 Die et argutae properet Neaerae 
 Murreum nodo cohibere crinem ; 
 Si per invisum mora ianitorem 
 Fiet, abito. 
 
 Lenit albescens animos capillus 25 
 
 Litium et rixae cupidos protervae ; 
 Non ego hoc ferrem calidus iuventa 
 Consule Planco. 
 
 XV. 
 
 Uxor pauperis Ibyci, 
 
 Tandein nequitiae fige modtnn tuae 
 Famosisque laboribus : 
 
 Mature propior desine funeri 
 Inter ludere virgines, 5 
 
 Et stellis nebulam spargere candidis. 
 Non, siquid Pholoen satis 
 
 Et te, Chlori, decet : filia rectius 
 Expugnat iuvenum domos, 
 
 Pulso Thyias uti concita tympano. 10 
 
 Illam cogit amor Nothi 
 
 Lascivae similem ludere capreae ; 
 Te lanae prope nobilem 
 
 Tonsae Luceriam, non citharae decent 
 Nee flos purpureus rosae 15 
 
 Nee poti vetulam faece tenus cadi.
 
 78 CAEMINUM. 
 
 XVI. 
 
 I 
 
 Inclusam Danaen turris aenea 
 Robustaeque fores et vigilum canum 
 Tristes excubiae munierant satis 
 Nocturnis ab adulteris, 
 
 Si non Acrisium virginis abditae 5 
 
 Custodem pavidum luppiter et Venus 
 
 Risissent : fore enim tutum iter et patens 
 Converse in pretium deo. 
 
 Aurum per medios ire satellites 
 Et perrumpere amat saxa potentius 10 
 
 Ictu f ulmineo : concidit auguris 
 Argivi domus, ob lucrum 
 
 Demersa exitio ; diffidit urbium 
 Portas vir Macedo et submit aemulos 
 
 Reges muneribus ; munera navium 15 
 
 Saevos inlaqueant duces. 
 
 Crescentem sequitur cura pecuniam 
 Maiorumque fames. lure perhorrui 
 Late conspicuum tollere verticem, 
 
 Maecenas, equitum decus. 20 
 
 Quanto quisque sibi plura negaverit, 
 Ab dis plura feret. Nil cupientium 
 Nudus castra peto et transfuga divitum 
 Partes linquere gestio, 
 
 Contemptae dominus splendidior rei, 25 
 
 Quam si quidquid arat impiger Apulus 
 Occultare meis dicerer horreis, 
 Magnas inter opes inops.
 
 LIBER m. 79 
 
 Purae rivus aquae silvaque iugerum 
 Paucorum et segetis certa fides nieae 30 
 
 Fulgeiitem imperio fertilis Africae 
 Fallit sorte beatior. 
 
 Quamquam nee Calabrae mella ferunt apes, 
 Nee Laestrygonia Bacchus in amphora 
 
 Languescit inihi, nee pinguia Gallicis 36 
 
 Crescunt vellera pascuis ; 
 
 Importuna tamen pauperies abest, 
 Nee si plura velim tu dare deneges. 
 Contracto melius parva cupidine 
 
 Vectigalia porrigam, 40 
 
 Quam si Mygdoniis regnum Alyattei 
 Campis continuem. Multa petentibus 
 Desunt multa : benest, cui deus obtulit 
 Parca quod satis est inanu. 
 
 XVII. 
 
 Aeli vetusto nobilis ab Lamo, 
 Quando et priores hinc Lamias ferunt 
 Denominates et nepotum 
 
 Per memores genus omne fastos ; 
 
 Auctore ab illo ducis originem 6 
 
 Qui Formiaruin moenia dicitur 
 Princeps et innantem'Maricae 
 Litoribus tenuisse Lirim, 
 
 Late tyrannus : eras foliis nemus 
 Multis et alga litus inutili 10 
 
 Demissa tempestas ab Euro 
 Sternet, aquae nisi fallit augur
 
 80 
 
 CARMINUM. 
 
 Annosa comix. Dum potes, aridura 
 Compone lignum : eras Genium mero 
 Curabis et porco bimestri 
 Cuni famulis operum solutis. 
 
 15 
 
 XVIII. 
 
 Faune, Nympharum fugientum amator, 
 Per meos fines et aprica rura 
 Lenis incedas, abeasque parvis 
 Aequus alumnis, 
 
 Si teiier pleno cadit haedus anno, 5 
 
 Larga nee desunt Veneris sodali 
 Vina craterae, vetus ara multo 
 Fumat odore. 
 
 Ludit herboso pecus onine campo, 
 Cum tibi Nonae redeunt Decembres ; 
 Festus in pratis vacat otioso 
 Cum bove pagus ; 
 
 Inter audaces lupus errat agnos ; 
 Spargit agrestes tibi silva frondes ; 
 Gaudet invisam pepulisse fossor 
 Ter pede terrain. 
 
 10 
 
 '4 ** 
 
 15 
 
 XIX. 
 
 Quantum distet ab Inacho 
 
 Codrus pro patria non timidus mori 
 Narras et genus Aeaci 
 
 Et pugnata sacro bella sub Ilio ; 
 Quo Chium pretio cadum
 
 LIBER in. 81 
 
 Mercemur, quis aquara temperet ignibus, 
 Quo praebente domum et quota 
 
 Paelignis caream frigoribus, taces. 
 Da lunae propere novae, 
 
 Da noctis mediae, da, puer, auguris 10 
 
 Murenae : tribus aut novem 
 
 Miscentur cyathis pocula commodis. 
 Qui Musas amat impares, 
 
 Ternos ter cyathos attonitus petet 
 Vates ; tres prohibet supra 15 
 
 Rixarum metuens tangere Gratia 
 Nudis iuncta sororibus. 
 
 Insanire iuvat : cur Berecyntiae 
 Cessant flamina tibiae ? 
 
 Cur pendet tacita fistula cuin lyra ? 20 
 
 Parcentes ego dexteras 
 
 Odi : sparge rosas ; audiat invidus 
 Dementem strepitum Lycus 
 
 Et vicina seni non habilis Lyco. 
 Spissa te nitidum coma, *. 25 
 
 Puro te similem, Telephe, Vesperq 
 Tempestiva petit Rhode ; 
 
 Me lentus Glycerae torret amor meae. 
 
 XX. 
 
 Non vides quanto moveas periclo, 
 Pyrrhe, Gaetulae catulos leaenae ? 
 Dura post paullo fugies inaudax 
 Proelia raptor, 
 
 Cum per obstantes iuvenum catervas 5 
 
 Ibit insignem repetens Nearchum:
 
 82 CARMINUM. 
 
 Grande certain en, tibi praeda cedat 
 Maior an illi. 
 
 Interim, dum tu celeres sagittas 
 Promis, haec dentes acuit tiniendos, 10 
 
 Arbiter pugnae posuisse nudo 
 Sub pede palrnam 
 
 Fertur et leni recreare vento 
 Sparsum odoratis umerum capillis, 
 Qualis aut Nireus fuit aut aquosa 15 
 
 Kaptus ab Ida. 
 
 XXI. 
 
 O nata mecum consule Manlio, 
 Seu tu querellas sive geris iocos 
 Seu rixam et insanos amores 
 Seu facilem, pia testa, somnum, 
 
 Quocumque lectum nomine Massicum 5 
 
 Servas, moveri digna bono die, 
 Descende, Corvino iubente 
 Promere languidiora vina. 
 
 Non ille, quamquam Socraticis madet 
 Sermonibus, te negleget horridus : 10 
 
 Narratur et prisci Catonis 
 Saepe mero caluisse virtus. 
 
 Tu lene tormentum ingenio admoves 
 Plerumque duro ; tu sapientium 
 
 Curas et arcanum iocoso 15 
 
 Consilium retegis Lyaeo;
 
 LIBER III. 83 
 
 Tu spem reducis mentibus anxiis 
 
 Viresque et addis cornua pauperi, 
 
 Post te neque iratos trementi 
 
 Regum apices neque militum arma. 20 
 
 Te Liber et, si laeta aderit, Venus 
 
 Segnesque nodum solvere Gratiae 
 
 Vivaeque producent lucernae, 
 
 Dum rediens f ugat astra Phoebus. 
 
 XXII. 
 
 Montium custos nemoruraque Virgo, 
 Quae laborantes utero puellas 
 Ter vocata audis adimisque leto, 
 Diva triformis, 
 
 Imminens villae tua pinus esto, 
 Quaui per exactos ego laetus annos 
 Verris obliquum meditantis ictum 
 Sanguine donem. 
 
 XXIII. 
 
 Caelo supinas si tuleris manus 
 Nascente luna, rustica Phidyle, 
 Si ture placaris et horna 
 Fruge Lares avidaque porca, 
 
 Nee pestilentem sentiet Africum 
 Fecunda vitis nee sterilem seges 
 Robiginem aut dulces alumni 
 Pomifero grave terapus anno.
 
 84 CARMINUM. 
 
 Nam quae nivali pascitur Algido 
 Devota quercus inter et ilices 10 
 
 Aut crescit Albanis in herbis 
 Victima pontificum secures 
 
 Cervice tinguet : te nihil attinet 
 Temptare multa caede bidentium 
 
 Parvos coronantem marino 15 
 
 Kore deos fragilique myrto. 
 
 Immunis aram si tetigit manus, 
 Non sumptuosa blandior hostia 
 Mollivit aversos Penates 
 
 Farre pio et saliente mica. 20 
 
 XXIV. 
 
 Intactis opulentior 
 
 Thesauris Arabum et divitis Indiae 
 Caementis licet occupes 
 
 Tyrrhenum omne tuis et mare Apulicum, 
 Si figit adamantines 5 
 
 Summis verticibus dira Necessitas 
 Clavos, non animnm metu, 
 
 Non mortis laqueis expedies caput. 
 Campestres melius Scythae, 
 
 Quorum plaustra vagas rite trahunt domos, 10 
 Vivunt et rigidi Getae, 
 
 Immetata quibus iugera liberas 
 Fruges et Cererem ferunt, 
 
 Nee cultura placet longior annua, 
 Defunctumque laboribus 15 
 
 Aequali recreat sorte vicarius.
 
 LIBER III. 85 
 
 Illic matre carentibus 
 
 Privignis mulier temperat innocens, 
 Nee dotata regit virum 
 
 Coniunx nee nitido fidit adultero ; 20 
 
 Dos est magna parentium 
 
 Virtus et metueiis alterius viri 
 Certo foedere castitas, 
 
 Et peccare nefas aut pretiumst mori. 
 quisquis volet impias 25 
 
 Caedes et rabiem tollere civicam, 
 Si quaeret pater urbium 
 
 Subscribi statuis, indomitam audeat 
 Refrenare licentiam, 
 
 Clarus post genitis : quatenus, heu nefas ! 30 
 Virtutem incolumem odiums, 
 
 Sublatam ex oculis quaerimus invidi. 
 Quid tristes querimoniae, 
 
 Si non supplicio culpa reciditur ; 
 Quid leges sine moribus 35 
 
 Vanae profieiunt, si neque fervidis 
 Pars inclusa caloribus 
 
 Mundi nee boreae finitimum latus 
 Durataeque solo nives 
 
 Mercatorem abigunt, horrida callidi 40 
 
 Vincunt aequora navitae, 
 
 Magnum pauperies opprobrium iubet 
 Quidvis et facere et pati, 
 
 Virtutisque viam deserit arduae ? 
 Vel nos in Capitolium, 45 
 
 Quo clamor vocat et turba faventium, 
 Vel nos in mare proximum 
 
 Gemmas et lapides aurum et inutile,
 
 86 CARMINUM. 
 
 Sum mi materiem mail, 
 
 Mittamus, scelerum si bene paenitet. 50 
 
 Eradenda cupidinis 
 
 Pravi sunt elementa et tenerae nimis 
 Mentes asperioribus 
 
 Formandae studiis. Nescit equo rudis 
 Haerere ingenuus puer 65 
 
 Venarique timet, ludere doctior, 
 Sen Graeco iubeas trocho, 
 
 Seu malis vetita legibus alea, 
 Cum periura patris fides 
 
 Consortem socium fallat et hospites, 60 
 
 Indignoque pecuniam 
 
 Heredi properet. Scilicet improbae 
 Crescunt divitiae ; tainen 
 
 Curtae nescio quid semper abest rei. 
 
 XXV. 
 
 Quo me, Bacche, rapis tui 
 
 Plenum ? Quae riemora aut quos agor in specus, 
 Velox mente nova ? Quibus 
 
 Antris egregii Caesaris audiar 
 Aeternum meditans decus 6 
 
 Stellis inserere et consilio lovis ? 
 Dicam insigne, recens, adhuc 
 
 Indictum ore alio. Non secus in iugis 
 Exsomnis stupet Euhias, 
 
 Hebrum prospiciens et nive candidam 10 
 
 Thracen ac pede barbaro 
 
 Lustratam Rhodopen, ut mini devio 
 Eipas et vacuum nemus
 
 LIBER ra. 87 
 
 Mirari libet. O Naiadum potens 
 Baccharumque valentium 15 
 
 Proceras manibus vertere fraxinos, 
 Nil parvum aut huinili modo, 
 
 Nil mortals loquar. Dulce periculumst, 
 Lenaee, sequi deum 
 
 Cingentein viridi tempora pampino. 20 
 
 XXVI. 
 
 Vixi puellis nuper idoneus 
 Et militavi non sine gloria ; 
 
 Nunc arma defunctumque bello 
 Barbiton hie paries habebit, 
 
 Laevum marinae qui Veneris latus 6 
 
 Custodit. Hie, hie ponite lucida 
 Funalia et vectes et arcus 
 Oppositis foribus minaces. 
 
 quae beatam diva tenes Cyprum et 
 Memphin carentem Sithonia nive, 10 
 
 Eegina, sublimi flagello 
 
 Tange Chloen semel arrogaiitem. 
 
 XXVII. 
 
 Impios parrae recinentis omen 
 Ducat et praegnans canis aut ab agro 
 Kava decurrens lupa Lanuvino 
 Fetaque volpes ; 
 
 Rumpat et serpens iter institutum, 6 
 
 Si per obliquum similis sagittae
 
 88 CARMINUM. 
 
 Terruit mannos : ego cui timebo, 
 Providus auspex, 
 
 Antequam stantes repetat paludes 
 Imbrium divina avis imminentum, 10 
 
 Oscinem corvum prece suscitabo 
 Soils ab ortu. 
 
 Sis licet felix, ubicumque mavis, 
 Et memor nostri, Galatea, vivas ; 
 Teque nee laevus vetet ire picus 15 
 
 Nee vaga cornix. 
 
 / 
 
 Sed vides quanto trepidet tumultu 
 Pronus Orion. Ego quid sit ater 
 Hadriae novi sinus et quid albus 
 
 Peccet lapyx. 20 
 
 Hostium uxores puerique caecos 
 Sentiant motus orientis Austri et 
 Aequoris nigri fremitum et trementes 
 Verbere ripas. 
 
 Sic et Europe niveum doloso 25 
 
 Credidit tauro latus et scatentem 
 Beluis pontum mediasque fraudes 
 Palluit audax : 
 
 Nuper in pratis studiosa florum et 
 Debitae Nymphis opifex coronae 30 
 
 Nocte sublustri nihil astra praeter 
 Vidit et undas. 
 
 Quae simul centum tetigit potentem 
 Oppidis Creten, 'Pater, o relictum
 
 LIBER III. 89 
 
 Filiae nomen pietasque ' dixit, 35 
 
 ' Victa furore ! 
 
 Unde quo veni ? Levis una mors est 
 Virginum culpae. Vigilansne ploro 
 Turpe commissum an vitiis carentem 
 
 Ludit imago 40 
 
 Vana quae porta fugiens eburna 
 Somnium ducit ? Meliusne fluctus 
 Ire per longos fuit, an recentes 
 Carpere flores ? 
 
 Siquis infamem mihi nunc iuvencum 45 
 
 Dedat iratae, lacerare ferro et 
 Frangere enitar modo mnltum amati 
 Cornua monstri. 
 
 Impudens liqui patrios Penates, 
 Impudens Orcum moror. deorum 50 
 
 Siquis haec audis, utinam inter errem 
 Nuda leones ! 
 
 Antequam turpis macies decentes 
 Occupet malas teneraeque sucus 
 Defluat praedae, speciosa quaero 55 
 
 Pascere tigres. 
 
 Vilis Europe, pater urget absens : 
 Quid mori cessas ? Potes hac ab orno 
 Pendulum zona bene te secuta 
 
 Laedere collum. 60 
 
 Sive te rupes et acuta leto 
 Saxa delectant, age te procellae
 
 90 CARMINUM. 
 
 Crede veloci, nisi erile mavis 
 Carpere pensu.ni 
 
 Regius sanguis, dominaeque tradi 65 
 
 Barbarae paelex.' Aderat querenti 
 Perfidum ridens Venus et remisso 
 Filius arcu. 
 
 Mox ubi lusit satis, ' abstineto ' 
 Dixit 'irarum calidaeque rixae, 70 
 
 Cum tibi invisus laceranda reddet 
 Cornua taurus. 
 
 Uxor invicti lovis esse nescis. 
 Mitte singultus, bene ferre magnam 
 Disce fortunam ; tua sectus orbis 75 
 
 Nomina ducet.' 
 
 XXVIII. 
 
 Festo quid potius die 
 
 Neptuni faciam ? Prome reconditum, 
 Lyde strenua Caecubum, 
 
 Munitaeque adhibe vim sapientiae. 
 Inclinare meridiem 5 
 
 Sentis et, veluti stet volucris dies, 
 Parcis deripere horreo 
 
 Cessantem Bibuli consulis amphoram. 
 Nos cantabimus invicem 
 
 Neptunum et virides Nereidum comas ; 10 
 Tu curva recines lyra 
 
 Latonam et celeris spicula Cynthiae : 
 Sum mo carmine quae Cnidon
 
 LIBER in. 91 
 
 Fulgentesque tenet Cycladas, et Paphum 
 lunctis visit oloribus ; 15 
 
 Dieetur merita Nox quoque nenia. 
 
 XXIX. 
 
 Tyrrhena regum progenies, tibi 
 Non ante verso lene merum cado 
 Cum flore, Maecenas, rosarum et 
 Pressa tuis balanus capillis 
 
 lamdudum apud mest : eripe te morae, 6 
 
 Ne semper udum Tibur et Aefulae 
 Declive contempleris arvum et 
 Telegoni iuga parricidae. 
 
 Fastidiosam desere copiam et 
 Molem propinquam nubibus arduis, 10 
 
 Oniitte mirari beatae 
 
 Fumum et opes strepitumque Romae. 
 
 Plerumque gratae divitibus vices 
 Mundaeque parvo sub lare pauperum 
 
 Cenae sine aulaeis et ostro 15 
 
 Sollicitam explicuere frontem. 
 
 lam clarus occultum Andromedae pater 
 Ostendit ignem, iam Procyon furit 
 Et stella vesani Leonis, 
 
 Sole dies referente siccos ; 20 
 
 Iam pastor umbras cum grege languido 
 Rivumque fessus quaerit et horridi 
 Dumeta Silvani, caretque 
 Ripa vagis taciturna ventis.
 
 92 CARMINUM. 
 
 Tu civitateui quis deceat status 25 
 
 Curas et Urbi sollicitus times 
 Quid Seres et regnata Cyro 
 
 Bactra parent Tanaisque discors. 
 
 Prudens futuri temporis exitum 
 Caliginosa nocte premit deus, 30 
 
 Kidetque si mortalis ultra 
 
 Fas trepidat. Quod adest memento 
 
 Componere aequus ; cetera fluminis 
 Kitu feruntur, nunc medio alveo 
 
 Cum pace delabentis Etruscum 35 
 
 In mare, nunc lapides adesos 
 
 Stirpesque raptas et pecus et domos 
 Volventis una non sine montiuin 
 Clamore vicinaeque silvae, 
 
 Cum fera diluvies quietos 40 
 
 Inritat amnes. Ille potens sui 
 Laetusque deget, cui licet in diem 
 Dixisse ' Vixi : eras vel atra 
 Nube polum pater occupato 
 
 Vel sole puro ; non tamen inritum 45 
 
 Quodcumque retrost efficiet, neque 
 Diffinget infectumque reddet 
 Quod fugiens semel hora vexit,' 
 
 Fortuna saevo laeta negotio et 
 Ludum insolentem ludere pertinax 50 
 
 Transmutat incertos lion ores, 
 Nune milii nunc alii benigna.
 
 LIBER III. 93 
 
 Laudo manentem ; si celeres quatit 
 Pennas, resigno quae dedit et mea 
 
 Virtute me involvo probamque 55 
 
 Pauperiem sine dote quaero. 
 
 Non est meum, si mugiat Africis 
 Mains procellis, ad miseras preces 
 Decurrere et votis pacisci, 
 
 Ne Cypriae Tyriaeque merces 60 
 
 Addant avaro divitias mari : 
 Tune me biremis praesidio scaphae 
 Tutum per Aegaeos tumultus 
 Aura feret geminusque Pollux. 
 
 XXX. 
 
 Exegi monuuientum aere perennius 
 Kegalique situ pyramidum altius, 
 Quod non imber edax, non Aquilo impotens 
 Possit diruere aut innumerabilis 
 Annorum series et fuga temporum. 5 
 
 Non orrmis moriar, multaque pars mei 
 Vitabit Libitinam : usque ego postera 
 Crescam laude recens, dum Capitolium 
 Scandet cum tacita virgine pontifex. 
 Dicar, qua violens obstrepit Aufidus 10 
 
 Et qua pauper aquae Daunus agrestium 
 Regnavit populorum, ex humili potens 
 Princeps Aeolium carmen ad Italos 
 Deduxisse modos. Sume superbiam 
 Quaesitam meritis et mihi Delphica 15 
 
 Lauro cinge volens, Melpomene, comam.
 
 CABMINUM 
 
 LIBER QUARTUS. 
 
 Intermissa, Venus, diu 
 
 Rursus bella moves ? Parce, precor, precor. 
 Non sum qualis eram bonae 
 
 Sub regno Cinarae. Desine, dulcium 
 Mater saeva Cupidinum, 5 
 
 Circa lustra decem flectere mollibus 
 lam durum imperils : abi, 
 
 Quo blandae iuvenum te revocant preces. 
 Tempestivius iu domum 
 
 Paulli, purpureis ales oloribus, 10 
 
 Comissabere Maximi, 
 
 Si torrere iecur quaeris idoneum. 
 Namque et nobilis et decens 
 
 Et pro sollicitis non tacitus reis 
 Et centum puer artium 16 
 
 Late signa feret militiae tuae, 
 Et quandoque potentior 
 
 Largi muneribus riserit aemuli, 
 Albanos prope te lacus 
 
 Ponet marmoream sub trabe citrea. 20 
 
 Illic plurima naribus 
 
 Duces tura, lyraque et Berecyntia 
 94
 
 LIBER IV. 95 
 
 Delectabere tibia 
 
 Mixtis carniinibus non sine fistula ; 
 Illic bis pueri die 25 
 
 Numen cum teneris virginibus tuum 
 Laudantes pede candido 
 
 In morem Salium ter quatient humum. 
 Me nee femina nee puer 
 
 lam nee spes animi credula mutui, 30 
 
 Nee certare iuvat mero 
 
 Nee vincire novis tempora floribus. 
 Sed cur heu, Ligurine, cur 
 
 Manat rara meas lacrima per genas ? 
 Cur facunda parum decoro 35 
 
 Inter verba cadit lingua silentio ? 
 Nocturnis ego somniis 
 
 lam captuin teneo, iam volucrem sequor 
 Te per gramina Martii 
 
 Campi, te per aquas, dure, volubiles. 40 
 
 II. 
 
 Pindarum quisquis studet aemulari, 
 lule, ceratis ope Daedalea 
 Nititur pennis vitreo daturus 
 Noniina ponto. 
 
 Monte decurrens velut amnis, imbres 6 
 
 Quern super notas aluere ripas, 
 Fervet immensusque ruit profundo . 
 Pindarus ore, 
 
 Laurea donandus Apollinari, 
 
 Seu per audaces nova dithyrambos 10
 
 96 CARMINUM. 
 
 Verba devolvit numerisque fertur 
 Lege solutis, 
 
 Seu deos regesve canit, deorum 
 Sanguinem, per quos cecidere iusta 
 Morte Centauri, cecidit tremendae 15 
 
 Flamma Chimaerae, 
 
 Sive quos Elea domum reducit 
 Palma caelestes pugilemve equumve 
 Dicit et centum potiore signis 
 
 Munere donat, 20 
 
 Flebili sponsae iuvenemve raptum 
 Plorat et vires animumque moresque 
 Aureos educit in astra nigroque 
 Invidet Oreo. 
 
 Multa Dircaeum levat aura cycnmn, 25 
 
 Tendit, Antoni, quotiens in altos 
 Nubium tractus. Ego apis Matinae 
 More modoque 
 
 Grata carpentis thy ma per laborem 
 Plurimum circa nemus uvidique 30 
 
 Tiburis ripas operosa parvus 
 Carinina fingo. 
 
 Concines maiore poeta plectro 
 Caesarem, quandoque trahet feroces 
 Per sacrum clivum merita decorus 35 
 
 Fronde Sygambros ; 
 
 Quo nihil inaius meliusve terris 
 Fata donavere bonique divi
 
 LIBER IV. 97 
 
 Nec dabunt, quamvis redeant in aurum 
 
 Tempora priscum. 40 
 
 Concines laetosque dies et urbis 
 Publicum luduin super impetrato 
 Fortis Augusti reditu forumque 
 Litibus orbum. 
 
 Turn meae, si quid loquar audiendum, 45 
 
 Vocis accedet bona pars, et ' Sol 
 Pulcher, o laudande ! ' canam recepto 
 Caesare felix. 
 
 Teque dum procedis, ( lo Triumphs ! ' 
 Non semel dicemus, ' lo Triumphe ! ' 50 
 
 Civitas omnis dabimusque divis 
 Tura benignis. 
 
 Te decem tauri totidemque vaccae, 
 Me tener solvet vitulus, relicta 
 Matre qui largis iuvenescit herbis 55 
 
 In mea vota, 
 
 Fronte curvatos imitatus ignes 
 Tertium lunae referentis ortum, 
 Qua notam duxit, niveus videri, 
 
 Cetera fulvus. 60 
 
 III. 
 
 Quern tu, Melpomene, semel 
 
 Nascentem placido lumine videris, 
 
 Ilium non labor Isthmius 
 
 Clarabit pugilem, non equus impiger
 
 98 CARMINUM. 
 
 Curru ducet Achaico 5 
 
 Victorem, neque res bellica Deliis 
 Ornatum foliis ducem, 
 
 Quod regum tumidas contuderit minas, 
 Ostendet Capitolio ; 
 
 Sed quae Tibur aquae fertile praefluunt, 10 
 
 Et spissae nemorum comae 
 
 Fingent Aeolio carmine nobilem. 
 Romae principis urbium 
 
 Dignatur suboles inter amabiles 
 Vatum ponere me choros, 15 
 
 Et iam dente minus mordeor invido. 
 testudinis aureae 
 
 Dulcem quae strepitum, Fieri, temperas, 
 mutis quoque piscibus 
 
 Donatura cycni, si libeat, sonum, 20 
 
 Totum muneris hoc tuist, 
 
 Quod monstror digito praetereuntium 
 Romanae fidicen lyrae : 
 
 Quod spiro et placeo, si placeo, tuumst. 
 
 Qualem ministrum fulminis alitem, 
 Cui rex deorum regnum in aves vagas 
 Permisit expertus fidelem 
 luppiter in Ganymede flavo, 
 
 Olim iuventas et patrius vigor 
 Nido laborum propulit inscium, 
 Vernique iam nimbis remotis 
 Insolitos docuere nisus
 
 LIBER IV. 99 
 
 Venti paventem, mox in ovilia 
 Demisit hostem vividus impetus, 10 
 
 Nunc in reluctantes dracones 
 Egit anior dapis atque pugnae ; 
 
 Qualemve laetis caprea pascuis 
 Intenta fulvae matris ab ubere 
 
 lam lacte depulsum leonem 15 
 
 Dente novo peritura vidit : 
 
 Videre Raetis bella sub Alpibus 
 Drusum gerentem Vindelici ; (quibus 
 Mos unde deductus per omne 
 
 Tempus Amazonia securi 20 
 
 Dextras obarmet, quaerere distuli, 
 Nee scire fas est omnia) ; sed diu 
 Lateque victrices catervae 
 Consiliis iuvenis revictae 
 
 Sensere quid mens rite, quid indoles 25 
 
 Nutrita faustis sub penetralibus 
 Posset, quid Augusti paternus 
 In pueros animus Nerones. 
 
 Fortes creantur f ortibus et bonis ; 
 Est in iuvencis, est in equis patrum 30 
 
 Virtus, neque imbellem feroces 
 Progenerant aquilae columbam ; 
 
 Doctrina sed vim promovet insitam, 
 Eectique cultus pectora roborant ; 
 
 Utcumque defecere mores, 36 
 
 Dedecorant bene nata culpae.
 
 100 CARMINUM. 
 
 Quid debeas, o Roma, Neronibus, 
 Testis Metaurum flumen et Hasdrubal 
 Devictus et pulcher fugatis 
 
 Ille dies Latio tenebris, 40 
 
 Qui primus alma risit adorea, 
 Dirus per urbes Afer nt Italas 
 Ceu flamma per taedas vel Eurus 
 Per Siculas equitavit undas. 
 
 Post hoc secundis usque laboribus 45 
 
 Romana pubes crevit, et impio 
 Vastata Poenorum tumultu 
 Fana deos habuere rectos, 
 
 Dixitque tandem perfidus Hannibal : 
 ' Cervi luporum praeda rapacium, 60 
 
 Sectamur ultro, quos opimus 
 Fallere et effngerest triumphus. 
 
 Gens quae cremato fortis ab Ilio 
 lactata Tuscis aequoribus sacra 
 
 Natosque maturosque patres 55 
 
 Pertulit Ausonias ad urbes, 
 
 Duris ut ilex torisa bipennibus 
 Nigrae feraci frondis in Algido, 
 Per damna, per caedes, ab ipso 
 
 Ducit opes animumque ferro. 60 
 
 Non hydra secto corpore firmior 
 Vinci dolentem crevit in Herculem, 
 Monstrumve submisere Colchi 
 Maius Echioniaeve Thebae.
 
 LIBER IV. 101 
 
 Merses profundo, pulchrior evenit ; 65 
 
 Luctere, multa proruet integruni 
 Cum laude victorem geretque 
 Proelia coniugibus loquenda. 
 
 Carthagini iam non ego nuntios 
 Mittam superbos : occidit, occidit 70 
 
 Spes omnis et fortuna nostri 
 Nominis Hasdrubale interempto.' 
 
 Nil Claudiae non perficient manus, 
 Quas et benigno numine luppiter 
 
 Defendit et curae sagaces 75 
 
 Expediunt per acuta belli. 
 
 V. 
 
 Divis orte bonis, optime Romulae 
 Gustos gentis, abes iam nimium diu ; 
 Maturum reditum pollicitus patrum 
 Sancto concilio redi. 
 
 Lucem redde tuae, dux bone, patriae : 5 
 
 Instar veris enim voltus ubi tuus 
 Adf ulsit populo, gratior it dies 
 Et soles melius nitent. 
 
 Ut mater iuvenem, quern Notus invido 
 Flatu Carpathii trans maris aequora 10 
 
 Cunctantem spatio longius annuo 
 Dulci distinct a domo, 
 
 Votis ominibusque et precibus vocat, 
 Curvo nee faeiem litore demovet,
 
 102 CARMINUM. 
 
 Sic desideriis icta fidelibus 15 
 
 Quaerit patria Caesarem. 
 
 Tutus bos etenim rura perambulat, 
 Nutrit rura Ceres almaque Faustitas, 
 Pacatum volitant per rnare navitae, 
 
 Culpari metuit fides, 20 
 
 Nullis polluitur casta domus stupris, 
 Mos et lex maculosum edomuit nefas, 
 Laudantur simili prole puerperae, 
 Culpam poena premit comes. 
 
 Quis Parthum paveat, quis gelidum Scythen, 25 
 Quis Germania quos horrida parturit 
 Fetus incolumi Caesare ? quis ferae 
 Bellum curet Hiberiae ? 
 
 Condit quisque diem collibus in suis, 
 Et vltem viduas ducit ad arbores ; 30 
 
 Hinc ad vina redit laetus et alteris 
 Te mensis adhibet deum ; 
 
 Te multa prece, te prosequitur mero 
 Defuso pateris, et Laribus tuum 
 Miscet numen, uti Graecia Castoris 35 
 
 Et magni memor Herculis. 
 
 ' Longas o utinam, dux bone, ferias 
 Praestes Hesperiae ! ' dicimus integro 
 Sicci mane die, dicimus uvidi, 
 
 Cum Sol Oceaiio subest. 40
 
 LIBER IV. 103 
 
 VI. 
 
 Dive, quern proles Niobea magnae 
 Vindicera linguae Tityosque raptor 
 Sensit et Troiae prope victor altae 
 Phthius Achilles, 
 
 Ceteris niaior, tibi miles impar, 5 
 
 Filius quamvis Thetidis marinae 
 Dardanas turres quateret tremenda 
 Cuspide pugnax. 
 
 Ille mordaci velut icta ferro 
 Pinus aut impulsa cupressus Euro, 10 
 
 Procidit late posuitque collum in 
 Pulvere Teucro. 
 
 Ille non inclusus equo Minervae 
 Sacra mentito male feriatos 
 Troas et laetam Priami choreis 16 
 
 Falleret aulam ; 
 
 Sed palam captis gravis, heu nefas, heu, 
 Nescios fari pueros Achivis 
 Ureret flammis, etiam latenteni 
 
 Matris in alvo, 20 
 
 Ni tuis victus Venerisque gratae 
 Vocibus divum pater adnuisset 
 Rebus Aeneae potiore ductos 
 Alite nruros. 
 
 Doctor Argivae fidicen Thaliae, 25 
 
 Phoebe, qui Xantho lavis amne crines, 
 Dauniae defende decus Camenae, 
 Levis Agyieu.
 
 104 CARMINUM. 
 
 Spiritum Phoebus mihi, Phoebus artem 
 Carminis nomenque dedit poetae. 30 
 
 Virginum primae puerique Claris 
 Patribus orti, 
 
 Deliae tutela deae, fugaces 
 Lyncas et cervos cohibentis arcu, 
 Lesbium servate pedem meique 35 
 
 Pollicis ictum, 
 
 Kite Latoriae puerum canentes, 
 Kite crescentem face Noctilucam, 
 Prosperam frugum celeremque pronos 
 
 Volvere menses. 40 
 
 Nupta iam dices 'Ego dis amicum, 
 Saeculo festas referente luces, 
 Reddidi carmen docilis modorum 
 Vatis Horati.' 
 
 VII. 
 
 Diffugere nives, redeunt iam gramina campis 
 
 Arboribusque comae ; 
 Mutat terra vices et decrescentia ripas 
 
 Flumina praetereunt ; 
 Gratia cum Nymphis geminisque sororibus audet 5 
 
 Ducere nuda choros. 
 Immortalia ne speres, monet annus et a.lmum 
 
 Quae rapit hora diem. 
 Frigora mitescunt Zephyris, ver proterit aestas 
 
 Interitura simul 10 
 
 Pomifer autumnus fruges effuderit, et mox 
 
 Bruma recurrit iners.
 
 LIBER IV. 105 
 
 Damna tamen celeres reparant caelestia lunae : 
 
 Nos ubi decidimus 
 Quo pater Aeneas, quo dives Tullus et Ancus, 15 
 
 Pulvis et umbra sumus. 
 Quis scit an adiciant hodiernae crastina summae 
 
 Tempora di super! ? 
 Cuncta manus avidas fugient heredis, amico 
 
 Quae dederis animo. 20 
 
 Cum semel occideris et de te splendida Minos 
 
 Fecerit arbitria, 
 Non, Torquate, genus, non te facundia, non te 
 
 Restituet pietas. 
 Infernis neque enira tenebris Diana pudicum 25 
 
 Liberat Hippolytum, 
 Nee Lethaea valet Theseus abrumpere caro 
 
 Viucula Pirithoo. 
 
 VIII. 
 
 Donarem pateras grataque commodus, 
 
 Censorine, meis aera sodalibus, 
 
 Donarem tripodas, praemia fortium 
 
 Graiorum, neque tu pessima munerum 
 
 Ferres, divite me scilicet artium, 5 
 
 Quas aut Parrhasius protulit aut Scopas, 
 
 Hie saxo, liquidis ille coloribus 
 
 Sellers nunc hominem ponere, nunc deum. 
 
 Sed non haec mini vis, nee tibi talium 
 
 Res est aut animus deliciarum egens. 10 
 
 Gaudes carminibus ; carmina possumus 
 
 Donare et pretium dicere muneris. 
 
 Non incisa notis mariuora publicis,
 
 106 CARMINUM 
 
 Per quae spiritus et vita redit bonis 
 
 Post mortem ducibus, non celeres fugae 15 
 
 Reiectaeque retrorsum Hannibalis minae, 
 
 Non incendia Carthaginis impiae 
 
 Eius, qui domita nomeii ab Africa 
 
 Lucratus rediit, clarius indicant 
 
 Laudes quam Calabrae Pierides ; neque 20 
 
 Si chartae sileant quod bene feceris 
 
 Mercedem tuleris. Quid foret Iliae 
 
 Mavortisque puer, si taciturnitas 
 
 Obstaret meritis invida Romuli ? 
 
 Ereptum Stygiis fluctibus Aeacum 25 
 
 Virtus et favor et lingua potentium 
 
 Vatum divitibus consecrat insulis. 
 
 Dignum laude virum Musa vetat mori : 
 
 Caelo Musa beat. Sic lovis interest 
 
 Optatis epulis impiger Hercules, -30 
 
 Clarum Tyndaridae sidus ab infimis 
 
 Quassas eripiunt aequoribus rates, 
 
 Ornatus viridi tempora pampino 
 
 Liber vota bonos ducit ad exitus. 
 
 IX. 
 
 Ne forte credas interitura quae 
 Longe sonantem natus ad Aufidum 
 Non ante volgatas per artes 
 Verba loquor socianda chordis : 
 
 Non, si priores Maeonius tenet 5 
 
 Sedes Homerus, Pindaricae latent 
 Ceaeque et Alcaei minaces 
 
 Stesichorique graves Camenae ;
 
 LIBER IV. 107 
 
 Nec si quid olim lusit Anacreon 
 Delevit aetas ; spirat adhuc amor 10 
 
 Vivuntque commissi calores 
 Aeoliae fidibus puellae. 
 
 sola comptos arsit adulteri 
 Crines et aurum vestibus illitum 
 
 Mirata regalesque cultus 16 
 
 Et comites Helene Lacaena, 
 
 Primusve Teucer tela Cydonio 
 Direxit arcu ; non semel Ilios 
 Vexata ; non pugnavit ingens 
 
 Idomeneus Sthenelusve solus 20 
 
 Dicenda Musis proelia ; non f erox 
 Hector vel acer Deiphobus graves 
 Excepit ictus pro pudicis 
 
 Coniugibus puerisque primus. 
 
 Vixere fortes ante Agarnemnona 26 
 
 Multi ; sed omnes inlacrimabiles 
 Urgentur ignotique longa 
 Nocte, carent quia vate sacro. 
 
 Paullum sepultae distat inertiae 
 Celata virtus. Non ego te meis 30 
 
 Chartis inornatum silebo, 
 Totve tuos patiar labores 
 
 Impune, Lolli, carpere lividas 
 Obliviones. Est animus tibi 
 
 Rerumque prudens et secundis 36 
 
 Temporibus dubiisque rectus,
 
 CARMINUM 
 
 Vindex avarae fraudis et abstinens 
 Ducentis ad se cuncta pecuniae, 
 Consulque non unius anni, 
 
 Sed quotiens bonus atque fidus 40 
 
 ludex honestum praetulit utili, 
 Beiecit alto dona nocentium 
 Voltu, per obstantes catervas 
 Explicuit sua victor arma. 
 
 Non possidentem nmlta vocaveris 45 
 
 Recte beatum ; rectius occupat 
 Nomen beati, qui deorum 
 Muneribus sapienter uti 
 
 Duramque callet pauperiem pati 
 Peiusque leto flagitium timet, 60 
 
 Non ille pro caris amicis 
 Aut patria timidus perire. 
 
 X. . 
 
 O crudelis adhuc et Veneris mnneribus potens, 
 Insperata tuae cum veniet pluma superbiae 
 Et, quae mine umeris involitant, deciderint comae, 
 Nunc et qui color est puniceae flore prior rosae 
 Mutatus Ligurinum in faciem verterit hispidam, 
 Dices ' Heu,' quotiens te speculo videris alterum, 
 ' Quae mens est hodie, cur eadem non puero fuit, 
 Vel cur his animis incolumes non redeunt genae ? '
 
 LIBER IV. 109 
 
 XI. 
 
 Est mihi nonum superantis annum 
 Plenus Albani cadus ; est in horto, 
 Phylli, nectendis apium coronis ; 
 Est hederae vis 
 
 Multa, qua crines religata fulges ; 6 
 
 Bidet argento domus ; ara castis 
 Vincta verbenis avet immolato 
 Spargier agno ; 
 
 Cuncta festinat manus, hue et illuc 
 Cursitant mixtae pueris puellae ; 10 
 
 Sordidum flammae trepidant rotantes 
 Vertice fumuin. 
 
 Ut tamen noris quibus advoceris 
 Gaudiis, Idus tibi sunt agendae, 
 Qui dies mensem Veneris marinae 15 
 
 Findit Aprilem, 
 
 lure sollemnis mihi sanctiorque 
 Paene natali proprio, quod ex hac 
 Luce Maecenas meus adfluentes 
 
 Ordinat annos. 20 
 
 Telephum, quern tu petis, occupavit 
 Non tuae sortis iuvenem puella 
 Dives et lasciva, tenetque grata 
 Compede vinctum. 
 
 Terret ambustus Phaethon avaras 25 
 
 Spes, et exemplum grave praebet ales 
 Pegasus tefrenum equitem gravatus 
 Bellerophonten,
 
 110 CAKMINUM 
 
 Semper ut te digna sequare et ultra 
 Quam licet sperare nefas putando 30 
 
 Disparem vites. Age iam, meorum 
 Finis amoruin, 
 
 (Non enim posthac alia calebo 
 Femina) condisce modos, amanda 
 Voce quos reddas : minuentur atrae 35 
 
 Carmine curae. 
 
 XII. 
 
 Iam veris comites, quae mare temperant, 
 Impellunt animae lintea Thraciae ; 
 Iam nee prata rigent nee fluvii strepunt 
 Hiberna nive turgidi. 
 
 Nidum ponit, Ityn flebiliter gemens, 5 
 
 Infelix avis et Cecropiae domus 
 Aeternum opprobrium, quod male barbaras 
 Regumst ulta libidines. 
 
 Dicunt in tenero gramine pinguium 
 Custodes ovium carmina fistula 10 
 
 Delectantque deum cui pecus et nigri 
 Colles Arcadiae placent. 
 
 Adduxere sitim tempora,Vergili ; 
 Sed pressum Calibus ducere Liberum 
 Si gestis, iuvenum nobilium cliens, 16 
 
 Nardo vina mereberis. 
 
 Nardi parvus onyx eliciet cadum, 
 Qui nunc Sulpiciis accubat horreis,
 
 LIBER IV. Ill 
 
 Spes donare novas largus amaraque 
 Curarum eluere efficax. 20 
 
 Ad quae si properas gaudia, cum tua 
 Velox merce veni : non ego te meis 
 Iinmunem meditor tinguere poculis, 
 Plena dives ut in domo. 
 
 Verum pone raoras et studium lucri, 26 
 
 Nigrorumque memor, dum licet, igniuin 
 Misce stultitiam consiliis brevem : 
 Dulcest desipere in loco. 
 
 XIII. 
 
 Audivere, Lyce, di mea vota, di 
 Audivere, Lyce : fis anus, et tamen 
 Vis formosa videri, 
 
 Ludisque et bibis impudens 
 
 Et cantu tremulo pota Cupidinem 6 
 
 Lentum sollicitas. Ille virentis et 
 Doctae psallere Chiae 
 
 Pulchris excubat in genis. 
 
 Importunus enim transvolat aridas 
 Quercus et refugit te, quia luridi 10 
 
 Dentes te, quia rugae 
 Turpant et capitis nives. 
 
 Nee Coae referunt iam tibi purpurae 
 Nee cari lapides tempera, quae semel 
 
 Notis condita fastis 15 
 
 Inclusit volucris dies.
 
 CARMINUM 
 
 Quo fugit venus, heu, quove color ? decens 
 Quo motus ? Quid habes illius, illius, 
 Quae spirabat amores, 
 
 Quae me surpuerat mihi, 20 
 
 Felix post Cinaram notaque et artium 
 Gratarum facies ? Sed Cinarae breves 
 Annos fata dederunt, 
 Servatura diu parem 
 
 Cornicis vetulae temporibus Lycen, 25 
 
 Possent ut iuvenes visere fervidi 
 Multo non sine risu 
 
 Dilapsam in cineres facem. 
 
 XIV. 
 
 Quae cura patrum quaeve Quiritium 
 Plenis honorum muneribus tuas, 
 Auguste, virtutes in aevum. 
 Per titulos memoresque fastos 
 
 Aeternet, o qua sol habitabiles 6 
 
 Inlustrat oras, maxime principum ? 
 Quern legis expertes Latinae 
 Vindelici didicere nuper 
 
 Quid marte posses. Milite nam tuo 
 Drusus Genaunos, implacidum genus, 10 
 
 Breunosque veloces et arces 
 Alpibus impositas tremendis 
 
 Deiecit acer plus vice simplici ; 
 Maior Neronum mox grave proelium
 
 LIBER IV. 113 
 
 Commisit immanesque Raetos 15 
 
 Auspiciis pepulit secundis, 
 
 Spectandus in certamine Martio, 
 Devota morti pectora liberae 
 Quantis fatigaret minis, 
 
 Indomitas prope qualis undag 20 
 
 Exercet Auster, Pleiadum choro 
 Scindente nubes, impiger hostium 
 Vexare turmas et frementem 
 
 Mittere equum medios per ignes. 
 
 Sic tauriformis volvitur Aufidus, 25 
 
 Qui regna Dauni praefluit Apuli, 
 Cum saevit horrendamque cultis 
 Diluviem meditatur agris, 
 
 Ut barbarorum Claudius agmina 
 Ferrata vasto diruit impetu 30 
 
 Primosque et extremes metendo 
 Stravit humum sine clade victor, 
 
 Te copias, te consilium et tuos 
 Praebente divos. Nam tibi, quo die 
 
 Portus Alexandrea supplex 35 
 
 Et vacuam patefecit aulam, 
 
 Fortuna lustro prospera tertio 
 Belli secundos reddidit exitus, 
 Laudemque et optatum peractis 
 
 Imperiis decus adrogavit. 40 
 
 Te Cantaber non ante domabilis 
 Medusque et Indus, te profugus Scythes
 
 114 CARMINUM 
 
 Miratur, o tutela praesens 
 Italiae dominaeque Romae. 
 
 Te fontium qui celat origines 45 
 
 Nilusque et Hister, te rapidus Tigris, 
 Te beluosus qui reinotis 
 
 Obstrepit Oceanus Britannis, 
 
 Te non paventis funera Galliae 
 Duraeque tellus audit Hiberiae, 60 
 
 Te caede gaudentes Sygambri 
 Compositis venerantur armis. 
 
 XV. 
 
 Phoebus volentem proelia me loqui 
 Victas et urbes increpuit lyra, 
 Ne parva Tyrrhenum per aequor 
 Vela darem. Tua, Caesar, aetas 
 
 Fruges et agris rettulit uberes 6 
 
 Et signa nostro restituit lovi 
 Derepta Parthorum superbis 
 Postibus et vacuum duellis 
 
 lanum Quirini clausit et ordinem 
 Rectum evaganti frena licentiae 10 
 
 Iniecit emovitque culpas 
 Et veteres revocavit artes, 
 
 Per quas Latinum nomen et Italae 
 Crevere vires famaque ef imperi 
 Porrecta maiestas ad ortus 15 
 
 Solis ab Hesperio cubili.
 
 LIBER IV. 115 
 
 Custode rerum Caesare non furor 
 Civilis aut vis exiget otium, 
 Non ira, quae procudit enses 
 
 Et miseras inimicat urbes. 20 
 
 Non qui profundum Danuvium bibunt 
 Edicta rum pent lulia, non Getae, 
 Non Seres infidive Persae, 
 
 Non Tanain prope fluinen orti. 
 
 Nosque et prorestis lucibus et sacris 26 
 
 Inter iocosi munera Liberi 
 
 Cum proie matronisque nostris, 
 Eite deos prius adprecati, 
 
 Virtute functos more patrum duces 
 Lydis remixto carmine tibiis 30 
 
 Troiamque et Anchisen et almae 
 Progeniein Veneris canemus.
 
 CABMEN 
 
 SAECULAKE. 
 
 Phoebe silvarumque potens Diana, 
 Lucidum caeli decus ; o colendi 
 Semper et culti, date quae precamur 
 Tempore sacro, 
 
 Quo Sibyllini monuere versus 5 
 
 Virgines lectas puerosque castos 
 Dis quibus septem placuere colles 
 Dicere carmen. 
 
 Alme Sol, curru nitido diem qui 
 Promis et celas aliusque et idem 10 
 
 Nasceris, possis nihil urbe Roma 
 Visere maius ! 
 
 Rite matures aperire partus 
 Lenis, Ilithyia, tuere matres, 
 Sive tu Lucina probas vocari 15 
 
 Seu Genitalis : 
 
 Diva, producas subolem patrumque 
 Prosperes decreta super iugandis 
 Feminis prolisque novae feraci 
 
 Lege marita, 20 
 
 Certus undenos deciens per annos 
 Orbis ut cantus referatque ludos 
 116
 
 CARMEN SAECULARE. 117 
 
 Ter die claro totiensque grata 
 Nocte frequentes. 
 
 Vosque veraces cecinisse, Parcae, 25 
 
 Quod semel dicturast stabilisque rerum 
 Terminus servet, boua iam peractis 
 lungite fata. 
 
 Fertilis frugum pecorisque tellus 
 Spicea donet Cererem corona ; 30 
 
 Nutriant fetus et aquae salubres 
 Et lovis aurae. 
 
 Condito mitis placidusque telo 
 Supplices audi pueros, Apollo ; 
 Siderura regina bicornis, audi, 35 
 
 Luna, puellas : 
 
 Roma si vestrumst opus, Iliaeque 
 Litus Etruscum tenuere turmae, 
 lussa pars mutare Lares et urbem 
 
 Sospite cursu, 40 
 
 Cui per ardentem sine fraude Troiam 
 Castus Aeneas patriae superstes 
 Liberum munivit iter, daturus 
 Plura relictis : 
 
 Di, probos mores docili iuventae, 45 
 
 Di, senectuti placidae quietem, 
 Romulae genti date remque prolemque 
 Et decus omne. 
 
 Quaeque vos bobus veneratur albis 
 Clarus Anchisae Venerisque sanguis, 50 
 
 Impetret, bellante prior, iacentem 
 Lenis in hostem.
 
 118 CARMEN SAECULARE. 
 
 lam mari terraque manus potentes 
 Medus Albanasque timet secures, 
 lam Scythae responsa petunt superbi 55 
 
 Nuper, et Indi. 
 
 lam Fides et Pax et Honor Pudorque 
 Priscus et neglecta redire Virtus 
 Audet, adparetque beata pleno 
 
 Copia cornu. 60 
 
 Augur et fulgente decorus arcu 
 Phoebus acceptusque novem Camenis, 
 Qui salutari levat arte fessos 
 Corporis artus, 
 
 Si Palatinas videt aequus arces, 65 
 
 Remque Romanam Latiumque felix 
 Alterum in. lustrum meliusque semper 
 Prorogat aevum. 
 
 Quaeque Aventinum tenet Algidumque, 
 Quindecim Diana preces virorum 70 
 
 Curat et votis puerorum arnicas 
 Adplicat aures. 
 
 Haec lovem sentire deosque cunctos 
 Spem bonam certamque domum reporto, 
 Doctus et Phoebi chorus et Dianae 75 
 
 Dicere laudes.
 
 EPODON 
 
 LIBER. 
 
 I. 
 
 Ibis Liburnis inter alta navium, 
 
 Amice, propugnacula, 
 Paratus omne Caesaris periculum 
 
 Subire, Maecenas, tuo. 
 Quid nos, quibus te vita si superstite 6 
 
 lucunda, si contra, gravis ? 
 Utrumne iussi persequemur otium 
 
 Non dulce, ni tecum simul, 
 An hunc laborem mente laturi, decet 
 
 Qua ferre non molles viros ? 10 
 
 Feremus, et te vel per Alpium iuga 
 
 Inhospitalem et Caucasum 
 Vel Occidentis usque ad ultimum sinura 
 
 Forti sequemur pectore. 
 Roges tuum labore quid iuvem meo, 16 
 
 Imbellis ac firmus parum ? 
 Comes minore sum futurus in metu, 
 
 Qui maior absentes habet : 
 Ut adsidens implumibus pullis avis 
 
 Serpentium adlapsus timet 20 
 
 Magis relictis, non, ut adsit, auxili 
 
 Latura plus praesentibus. 
 119
 
 120 EPODON 
 
 Libenter hoc et omne militabitur 
 
 Bellum in tuae spem gratiae, 
 Non ut iuvencis inligata pluribus 25 
 
 Aratra -nitantur meis 
 Pecusve Calabris ante sidus fervidum 
 
 Lucana' mutet pascuis, 
 Nee ut superni villa candens Tusculi 
 
 Circaea tan gat moenia. 30 
 
 Satis superque me benignitas tua 
 
 Ditavit : haud paravero, 
 Quod aut avarus ut Chremes terra premam, 
 
 Discinctus aut perdam nepos. 
 
 II. 
 
 ' Beatus ille qui procul negotiis, 
 
 Ut prisca gens mortalium, 
 Paterna rura bobus exercet suis, 
 VI Solutus omni faenore, 
 
 Neque excitatur classico miles truci, 5 
 
 Neque horret iratum mare, 
 Forumqiie vitat et superba civium 
 
 Potentiorum limina. 
 <-, i Ergo aut adulta vitium propagine 
 
 Altas maritat populos, 10 
 
 Aut in reducta valle mugientium 
 
 Prospectat errantes greges, 
 Inutilesve falce ramos amputans 
 t ;; Feliciores inserit, 
 
 Aut pressa puris mella condit amphoris, 15 
 
 Aut tondet infirmas oves ; 
 Vel, cum decorum mitibus pomis caput
 
 LIBER. 121 
 
 Autumnus agris extulit, 
 Ut gaudet insitiva decerpens pira 
 
 Certantem et uvam purpurae, 20 
 
 Qua muneretur te, Priape, et te, pater 
 
 Silvane, tutor finium. 
 Libet iacere modo sub antiqua ilice, 
 
 Modo in tenaci graniine. 
 Labuntur altis interim ripis aquae. 25 
 
 Queruntur in silvis aves, 
 Fontesque lymphis obstrepunt manantibus, 
 
 Somnos quod invitet leves. 
 At cum tonantis annus hibernus lovis 
 
 Imbres nivesque comparat, 30 
 
 Aut trudit acres hinc et hinc multa cane 
 
 Apros in obstantes plagas, 
 Aut amite levi rara tendit retia, 
 
 Turdis edacibus dolos, 
 Pavidumque leporem et advenam laqueo gruem 35 
 
 lucunda captat praemia. 
 Quis non malarum, quas amor curas habet, 
 
 Haec inter obliviscitur ? 
 Quodsi pudica mulier in partem iuvet 
 
 Domum atque dulces liberos, 40 
 
 Sabina qualis aut perusta solibus 
 
 Pernicis uxor Apuli, 
 Sacrum vetustis exstruat lignis focum 
 
 Lassi sub adventum viri, 
 Claudensque textis cratibus laetum pecus 45 
 
 Distenta siccet ubera, 
 Et horna dulci vina promens dolio 
 
 Dapes iuemptas adparet: 
 Non me Lucrina iuverint conchylia
 
 122 EPODON 
 
 Magisve rhombus aut scari, 50 
 
 Si quos Eois intonata fluctibus 
 
 Hiems ad hoc vertat mare ; 
 Non Afra avis descendat in ventrem meum, 
 
 Non attagen lonicus 
 lucundior, quam lecta de pinguissimis 55 
 
 Oliva ramis arborum 
 Aut herba lapathi prata amantis et gravi 
 
 Malvae salubres corpori, 
 Vel agna festis caesa Terminalibus 
 
 Vel haedus ereptus lupo. 60 
 
 Has inter epulas ut iuvat pastas oves 
 
 Videre properantes domum, 
 Videre fessos vomerem inversum boves 
 
 Collo trahentes languido, 
 Positosque vernas, ditis examen domus, 65 
 
 Circum renidentes Lares.' 
 Haec ubi locutus faenerator Alfius, 
 
 lam iam futurus rusticus, 
 Omnem redegit Idibus pecuniam, 
 
 Quaerit Kalendis ponere. 70 
 
 III. 
 
 Parentis olim si quis impia manu 
 
 Senile guttur fregerit, 
 Edit cicutis allium nocentius. 
 
 dura messorum ilia ! 
 Quid hoc veneni saevit in praecordiis ? 6 
 
 Num viperinus his cruor 
 Incoctus herbis me fefellit ? an malas 
 
 Canidia tractavit dapes ?
 
 LIBER. 123 
 
 Ut Argonautas praeter omnes candidum 
 
 Medea miratast ducem, 10 
 
 Ignota tauris inligaturuin iuga 
 
 Perunxit hoc lasonem ; 
 Hoc delibutis ulta donis paeliceia, 
 
 Serpente fugit alite. 
 Nee tantus uinquam siderum insedit vapor 15 
 
 Siticulosae Apuliae, 
 Nee munus umeris efficacis Herculis 
 
 Inarsit aestuosius. 
 At si quid umquaru tale concupiveris, 
 
 locose Maecenas, precor 20 
 
 Manum puella savio opponat tuo, 
 
 Extrema et in sponda cubet. 
 
 IV. 
 
 Lupis et agnis quanta sortito obtigit 
 
 Tecuin mihi discordiast, 
 Hibericis peruste funibus latus 
 
 Et crura dura compede. 
 Licet superbus ambules pecunia, 6 
 
 Fortuna non inutat genus. 
 Videsne, Sacram metiente te viam 
 
 Cum bis trium ulnarum toga, 
 Ut ora vertat hue et-huc euntium 
 
 Liberrima indignatio ? 10 
 
 ' Sectus flagellis hie trium viralibus 
 
 Praeconis ad fastidium 
 Arat Falerni mille fundi iugera, 
 
 Et Appiam mannis terit, 
 Sedilibusque magnus in primis eques 16
 
 124 EPODON 
 
 Othone contempto sedet. 
 Quid attinet tot ora navium gravi 
 
 Rostrata duel pondere 
 Contra latrones atque servilem manum, 
 
 Hoc, hoc tribune militum ? ' 20 
 
 V. 
 
 'At, o deorum quidquid in caelo regit 
 
 Terras et humanum genus, 
 Quid iste fert tumultus et quid omnium 
 
 Voltus in unuin me truces ? 
 Per liberos te, si vocata partubus 5 
 
 Lucina veris adfuit, 
 Per hoc inane purpurae decus precor, 
 
 Per improbaturum haec lovem, 
 Quid ut noverca me intueris aut uti 
 
 Petita ferro belua ? ' 10 
 
 Ut haec trementi questus ore constitit 
 
 Insignibus raptis puer, 
 Impube corpus, quale posset impia 
 
 Mollire Thracum pectora ; 
 Canidia, brevibus implicata viperis 15 
 
 Crines et incomptum caput, 
 lubet sepulcris caprificos erutas, 
 
 lubet cupressus funebres 
 Et uncta turpis ova ranae sanguine 
 
 Plumamque nocturnae strigis 20 
 
 Herbasque quas lolcos atque Hiberia 
 
 Mittit venenorum ferax. 
 Et ossa ab ore rapta ieiunae canis 
 
 Flammis aduri Colchicis.
 
 LIBER. 125 
 
 At expedita Sagana, per totam domum 25 
 
 Spargens Avernales aquas, 
 Horret capillis ut marinus asperis 
 
 Echinus aut currens aper. 
 Abacta nulla Veia conscientia 
 
 Ligonibus duris humum 30 
 
 Exhauriebat, ingemens laboribus, 
 
 Quo posset infossus puer 
 Longo die bis terque mutatae dapis 
 
 Inemori spectaculo, 
 Cum promineret ore, quantum exstant aqua 35 
 
 Suspensa mento corpora : 
 Exsecta uti medulla et aridum iecur 
 
 Amoris esset poculum, 
 Interminato cum semel fixae cibo 
 
 Intabuissent pupulae. 40 
 
 Non defuisse masculae libidinis 
 
 Ariminensem Foliam 
 Et otiosa credidit Neapolis 
 
 Et omne vicinum oppidum, 
 Quae sidera excantata voce Thessala 45 
 
 Lunamque caelo deripit. 
 Hie inresectum saeva dente livido 
 
 Canidia rodens pollicem, 
 Quid dixit aut quid tacuit ? ' rebus meis 
 
 Non infideles arbitrae, 50 
 
 Nox et Diana, quae silentium regis, 
 
 Arcana cum fiunt sacra, 
 Nunc nunc adeste, nunc in hostiles domos 
 
 Iram atque numen vertite. 
 Formidolosis dum latent silvis ferae 55 
 
 Dulci sopore languidae,
 
 126 EPODON 
 
 Senem, quod omnes rideant, adulterum 
 
 Latrent Suburanae canes, 
 Nardo perunctum, quale non perfectius 
 
 Meae laborarint manus. 60 
 
 Quid accidit ? Cur dira barbarae minus 
 
 Venena Medeae valent, 
 Quibus superbam fugit ulta paelicem, 
 
 Magni Creontis filiam, 
 Cum palla, tabo munus imbutum, novam 65 
 
 Incendio nuptam abstulit ? 
 Atqui nee herba nee latens in asperis 
 
 Radix fefellit me locis. 
 Indormit unctis omnium cubilibus 
 
 Oblivione paelicum. 70 
 
 A, a, solutus ambulat veneficae 
 
 Scientioris carmine ! 
 Non usitatis, Vare, potionibus, 
 
 O multa fleturum caput, 
 Ad me recurres, nee vocata mens tua 76 
 
 Marsis redibit vocibus. 
 Mains parabo, maius infundam tibi 
 
 Fastidienti poculum, 
 Priusque caelum sidet iiiferius mari 
 
 Tellure porrecta super, 80 
 
 Quam non amore sic meo flagres uti 
 
 Bitumen atris ignibus.' 
 Sub haec puer iam non, ut ante, mollibus, 
 
 Lenire verbis impias, 
 Sed dubius unde rumperet silentium, 85 
 
 Misit Thyesteas preces : 
 ' Venena maga non fas nef asque, non valent 
 
 Convertere humanam vicem.
 
 LIBER. 127 
 
 Diris agam vos ; dira detestatio 
 
 Nulla expiatur victima. 90 
 
 Quin, ubi perire iussus exspiravero, 
 
 Nocturnus occurram Furor, 
 Petamque voltus umbra curvis unguibus, 
 
 Quae vis deorumst Manium, 
 Et inquietis adsidens praecordiis 95 
 
 Pavore somnos auferam. 
 Vos turba vicatira hinc et hinc saxis petens 
 
 Contundet obscenas anus ; 
 Post insepulta membra different lupi 
 
 Et Esquilinae alites, 100 
 
 Neque hoc parentes, heu mihi superstites, 
 
 Effugerit spectaculuin.' 
 
 VI. 
 
 Quid immerentes hospites vexas, canis 
 
 Ignavus adversum lupos ? 
 Quin hue inanes, si potes, vertis minas, 
 
 Et me remorsurum petis ? 
 Nam qualis aut Molossus aut fulvus Lacon, 5 
 
 Arnica vis pastoribus, 
 Agam per altas aure sublata nives, 
 
 Quaecumque praecedet fera ; 
 Tu, cum tiinenda voce complesti nemus, 
 
 Proiectum odoraris cibum. 10 
 
 Cave, cave : namque in malos asperrimus 
 
 Parata tollo cornua, 
 Qualis Lycambae spretus infido gener, 
 
 Aut acer hostis Bupalo. 
 An, si quis atro dente me petiverit, 15 
 
 Inultus ut flebo puer ?
 
 128 EPODON 
 
 VII. 
 
 Quo, quo scelesti ruitis ? aut cur dexteris 
 
 Aptantur enses conditi ? 
 Parumne campis atque Neptuno super 
 
 Fusumst Latini sanguinis, 
 Non ut superbas invidae Cartliaginis 5 
 
 Romanus arces ureret, 
 Intactus aut Britannus ut descenderet 
 
 Sacra catenatus via, 
 Sed ut secundum vota Parthorum sua 
 
 Urbs haec periret dextera ? 10 
 
 Neque hie lupis rnos nee fuit leonibus 
 
 Umquam nisi in dispar feris. 
 Furorne caecus an rapit vis acrior 
 
 An culpa ? Responsum date ! 
 Tacent, et albus ora pallor inficit, 15 
 
 Mentesque perculsae stupent. 
 Sic est : acerba fata Romanes agunt 
 
 Scelusque fraternae necis, 
 Ut immerentis fluxit in terrain Reini 
 
 Sacer nepotibus cruor. 20 
 
 IX. 
 
 Quando repostum Caecubum ad festas dapes, 
 
 Victore laetus Caesare, 
 Tecum sub alta sic lovi gratum domo, 
 
 Beate Maecenas, bibam, 
 Sonante mixtum tibiis carmen lyra, 5 
 
 Hac Dorium, illis barbarum ? 
 Ut riuper, actus cum freto Neptunius
 
 LIBER. 129 
 
 Dux fugit ustis navibus, 
 Minatus Urbi vincla, quae detraxerat 
 
 Servis amicus perfidis. 10 
 
 Romanus eheu poster! negabitis 
 
 Emancipatus feminae 
 Fert vallum et arma miles et spadonibus 
 
 Servire rugosis potest, 
 Interque signa turpe militaria 15 
 
 Sol adspicit conopium. 
 Ad hoc frementes verterunt bis mille equos 
 
 Galli, canentes Caesarem, 
 Hostiliumque navium portu latent 
 
 Puppes sinistrorsum citae. 20 
 
 lo Triumphe, tu moraris aureos 
 
 Currus et intactas boves ? 
 lo Triumphe, nee lugurthino parem 
 
 Bello reportasti ducem, 
 Neque Africanum, cui super Carthaginem 25 
 
 Virtus sepulcrum condidit. 
 Terra marique victus hostis punico 
 
 Lugubre mutavit sagum. 
 Aut ille centum nobilem Cretam urbibus, 
 
 Ventis iturus non suis, 30 
 
 Exercitatas aut petit Syrtes Noto, 
 
 Aut fertur incerto mari. 
 Capaciores adfer hue, puer, scyphos 
 
 Et Chia vina aut Lesbia, 
 Vel quod fluentem nauseam coerceat 35 
 
 Metire nobis Caecubum. 
 Curam metumque Caesaris rerum iuvat 
 
 Dulci Lyaeo solvere.
 
 130 EPODON 
 
 X. 
 
 Mala soluta navis exit alite, 
 
 Ferens olentem Mevium : 
 Ut horridis utrumque verberes latus, 
 
 Auster, memento fluctibus. 
 Niger rudentes Eurus inverse mari 5 
 
 Fractosque remos differat ; 
 Insurgat Aquilo, quantus altis montibus 
 
 Frangit trementes ilices ; 
 Nee sidus atra nocte amicum adpareat, 
 
 Qua tristis Orion cadit ; 10 
 
 Quietiore nee feratur aequore, 
 
 Quam Graia victorum manus, 
 Cum Pallas usto vertit iram ab Ilio 
 
 In impiam Aiacis ratem. 
 quantus instat navitis sudor tuis 15 
 
 Tibique pallor luteus 
 Et ilia non virilis eiulatio 
 
 Preces et aversum ad lovem, 
 lonius udo cum remugiens sinus 
 
 Noto carinam ruperit. 20 
 
 Opima quod si praeda curvo litore 
 
 Porrecta mergos iuverit, 
 Libidinosus immolabitur caper 
 
 Et agna Tempestatibus. 
 
 XIII. 
 
 Horrida tempestas caelum contraxit, et imbres 
 
 Nivesque deducunt lovem ; nunc mare, nunc siluae 
 Threicio Aquilone sonant. Bapiamus, amice,
 
 LIBER. 131 
 
 Occasionem de die, dumque virent genua 
 Et decet, obducta solvatur fronte senectus. 5 
 
 Tu vina Torquato move consule pressa meo. 
 Cetera mitte loqui : deus haec fortasse benigna 
 
 Reducet in sedem vice. Nunc et Achaemenio 
 Perfundi nardo iuvat et fide Cyllenea 
 
 Levare diris pectora sollicitudinibus, 10 
 
 Nobilis ut grandi cecinit Centaurus alumno : 
 
 ' Invicte, mortalis dea nate puer Thetide, 
 Te manet Assaraci tellus, quam frigida parvi 
 
 Findunt Scamandri flumina lubricus et Simois, 
 Unde tibi reditum certo subtemine Parcae 15 
 
 Rupere, nee mater domum caerula te revehet. 
 Illic omne malum vino cantuque levato, 
 
 Deformis aegriraoniae dulcibus adloquiis.' 
 
 XIV. 
 
 Mollis inertia cur tantam diffuderit imis 
 
 Oblivionem sensibus, 
 Pocula Lethaeos ut si ducentia somnos 
 
 Arente fauce traxerim, 
 Candide Maecenas, occidis saepe 'rogando : 6 
 
 Deus, deus nam me vetat 
 Inceptos, olim promissum carmen, iambos 
 
 Ad umbilicum adducere. 
 Non aliter Samio dicunt arsisse Bathyllo 
 
 Anacreonta Teium, 10 
 
 Qui persaepe cava testudine flevit amorem 
 
 IS" on elaboratum ad pedem. 
 Ureris ipse miser : quod si non pulchrior ignis, 
 
 Accendit obsessam Ilion,
 
 132 EPODON 
 
 Gaude sorte tua ; me libertina nee uno 15 
 
 Coutenta Phryne macerat. 
 
 XV. 
 
 Nox erat et caelo fulgebat Luna sereno 
 
 Inter minora sidera, 
 Cum tu, magnorum numen laesura deorum, 
 
 In verba iurabas mea, 
 Artius atque hedera procera adstringitur ilex, 5 
 
 Lentis adhaerens bracchiis, 
 Dum pecori lupus et nautis infestus Orion 
 
 Turbaret hibernum mare, 
 Intonsosque agitaret Apollinis aura capillos, 
 
 Fore hunc amorem mutuum. 10 
 
 dolitura mea multum virtute Neaera ! 
 
 Nam si quid in Flacco virist, 
 Non feret adsiduas potiori te dare noctes, 
 
 Et quaeret iratus parem : 
 Nee semel offensi cedet constantia formae, 15 
 
 Si certus intrarit dolor. 
 Et tu, quicumque's felicior atque meo nunc 
 
 Superbus incedis malo, 
 Sis pecore et multa dives tellure licebit 
 
 Tibique Pactolus fluat, 20 
 
 Nee te Pythagorae fallant arcana renati, 
 
 Formaque vincas Nirea, 
 Eheu, translates alio maerebis amores ; 
 
 Ast ego vicissim risero.
 
 LIBER. 133 
 
 XVI. 
 
 Altera iam teritur bellis civilibus aetas, 
 
 Suis et ipsa Eoma viribus ruit. 
 Quam neque finitimi valuerunt perdere Marsi 
 
 Minacis aut Etrusca Porsenae manus 
 Aemula nee virtus Capuae neo Spartacus acer 6 
 
 Novisque rebus infidelis Allobrox, 
 Nee fera caerulea domuit Germania pube 
 
 Parentibusque abominatus Hannibal, 
 Impia perdemus devoti sanguinis aetas, 
 
 Ferisque rufsus occupabitur solum. 10 
 
 Barbarus heu cineres insistet victor et urbem 
 
 Eques sonante verberabit ungula, 
 Quaeque carent ventis et solibus ossa Quirini, 
 
 Nefas videre ! dissipabit insoleiis. 
 Forte, quid expediat, comumniter aut melior pars 15 
 
 Malis carere quaeritis laboribus. 
 Nulla sit hac potior seutentia : Phocaeorum 
 
 Velut profugit exsecrata civitas 
 Agros atque Lares patrios habitandaque fana 
 
 Apris reliquit et rapacibus lupis, 20 
 
 Ire, pedes quocumque ferent, quocumque per undas 
 
 Notus vocabit aut protervus Africus. 
 Sic placet ? an nielius quis habet suadere ? Secunda 
 
 Ratem occupare quid moramur alite ? 
 Sed iuremus in haec : ' Simul imis saxa renarint 25 
 
 Vadis levata, ne redire sit nefas, 
 Neu conversa doraum pigeat dare lintea, quando 
 
 Padus Matina laverit cacumina, 
 lu mare seu celsus procurrerit Appenninus, 
 
 Novaque monstra iunxerit libidine 30
 
 134 EPODON 
 
 Minis amor, iuvet ut tigres subsidere cervis, 
 
 Adulteretur et columba miluo, 
 Credula nee ravos timeant armenta leones, 
 
 Ametque salsa levis hircus aequora.' 
 Haec et quae poterunt reditus abscindere dulces 35 
 
 Eamus omnis exsecrata civitas, 
 Aut pars indocili melior grege ; mollis et exspes 
 
 Inominata perprimat cubilia. 
 Vos, quibus est virtus, muliebrena tollite luctum, 
 
 Etrusca praeter et volate litora. 40 
 
 Nos raanet Oceanus circum vagus ; arva beata 
 
 Petamus, arva divites et insulas, 
 B-eddit ubi cererem tellus inarata quotannis 
 
 Et imputata floret usque vinea, 
 Germinat et numquam fallentis terrnes olivae, 45 
 
 Suamque pulla ficus ornat arborem, 
 Mella cava manant ex ilice, raontibus altis 
 
 Levis crepante lympha desilit pede. 
 Illic iniussae veniunt ad mulctra capellae, 
 
 Refertque tenta grex amicus ubera, 50 
 
 Nee vespertinus circumgemit ursus ovile, 
 
 Nee intumescit alta viperis humus. 
 Pluraque felices mirabimur, ut neque largis 
 
 Aquosus Eurus arva radat imbribus, 
 Pinguia nee siccis urantur semina glaebis, 55 
 
 Utrumque rege temperante caelitum. 
 Non hue Argoo contendit remige pinus, 
 
 Neque impudica Colchis intulit pedem ; 
 Non hue Sidonii torserunt cornua nautae, 
 
 Laboriosa nee cohors Ulixei. 60 
 
 Nulla nocent pecori contagia, nullius astri 
 
 Gregem aestuosa torret inipotentia.
 
 LIBER. 135 
 
 luppiter ilia piae secrevit litora genti, 
 Ut inquinavit acre tempus aureura ; 
 
 Aere, dehinc ferro duravit saecula, quorum 65 
 Piis secunda vate me datur fuga. 
 
 XVII. 
 
 ' lam iam efficaci do manus scientiae, 
 Supplex et oro regna per Proserpinae, 
 Per et Dianae non movenda numina, 
 Per atque libros carminum valentium 
 Refixa caelo devocare sidera, 6 
 
 Canidia, parce vocibus tandem sacris 
 Citumque retro solve, solve turbinem ! 
 Movit nepotem Telephus Nereium, 
 In quern superbus ordinarat agmina 
 Mysorura et in quern tela acuta torserat. 10 
 
 Unxere matres Iliae addictum feris 
 Alitibus atque canibus homicidam Hectorem, 
 Postquam relictis moenibus rex procidit 
 Heu pervicacis ad pedes Achillei. 
 Saetosa duris exuere pellibus 15 
 
 Laboriosi remiges Ulixei 
 Volente Circa membra ; tune mens et sonus 
 Kelapsus atque notus in voltus honor. 
 Dedi satis superque poenarum tibi, 
 Amata nautis multum et institoribus. 20 
 
 . Fugit iuventas et verecundus color 
 Reliquit ossa pelle amicta lurida, 
 Tuis capillus albus est odoribus ; 
 Nullum ab labore me reclinat otium ; 
 Urget diem nox et dies noctem, nequest 25
 
 136 EPODON 
 
 Levare tenta spiritu praecordia. 
 
 Ergo negatum vincor ut credam miser, 
 
 Sabella pectus increpare carmina 
 
 Caputque Marsa dissilire nenia. 
 
 Quid amplius vis ? mare et terra, ardeo, 30 
 
 Quantum neque atro delibutus Hercules 
 
 Nessi cruore, nee Sicana f ervida 
 
 Virens in Aetna flamma ; tu, donee cinis 
 
 Iniuriosrs aridus ventis ferar, 
 
 Gales venenis officina Colchicis. 35 
 
 Quae finis aut quod me manet stipendium ? 
 
 Effare ; iussas cum fide poenas luam, 
 
 Paratus expiare, seu poposceris 
 
 Centum iuvencos, sive mendaci lyra 
 
 Voles sonari : ' Tu pudica, tu proba 40 
 
 Perambulabis astra sidus aureum.' 
 
 Infamis Helenae Castor offensus vicem 
 
 Fraterque magni Castoris, victi prece, 
 
 Adempta vati reddidere lumina : 
 
 Et tu potes nam solve me dementia, 45 
 
 O nee paternis obsoleta sordibus, 
 
 Nee in sepulcris pauperum prudens anus 
 
 Novendiales dissipare pulveres. 
 
 Tibi hospitale pectus et purae manus 
 
 Tuusque venter Pactumeius, et tuo 50 
 
 Cruore rubros obstetrix pannos lavit, 
 
 Utcumque fortis exsilis puerpera.' 
 
 ' Quid obseratis auribus fundis preces ? 
 
 Non saxa nudis surdiora navitis 
 
 Neptunus alto tundit hibernus salo. 55 
 
 Inultus ut tu riseris Cotyttia 
 
 Volgata, sacrum liberi Cupidinis,
 
 LIBER. 137 
 
 Et Esquilini pontifex venefici 
 
 Impune ut urbeni nomine impleris meo ? 
 
 Quid proderit ditasse Paelignas anus, 60 
 
 Velociusve miscuisse toxicum ? 
 
 Sed tardiora fata te votis manent ; 
 
 Ingrata misero vita ducendast in hoc, 
 
 Novis ut usque suppetas laboribus. 
 
 Optat quietem Pelopis infidi pater, 65 
 
 Egens benignae Tantalus semper dapis, 
 
 Optat Prometheus obligatus aliti, 
 
 Optat supremo collocare Sisyphus 
 
 In rnonte saxum ; sed vetant leges lovis. 
 
 Voles modo altis desilire turribus, 70 
 
 Modo ense pectus Norico recludere, 
 
 Frustraque vincla gutturi nectes tuo, 
 
 Fastidiosa tristis aegrimonia. 
 
 Vectabor umeris tune ego inimicis eques, 
 
 Meaeque terra cedet insolentiae. 75 
 
 An quae movere cereas imagines, 
 
 Ut ipse nosti curiosus, et polo 
 
 Deripere Lunam vocibus possim meis, 
 
 Possim cremates excitare mortuos 
 
 Desideriqxie temperare pocula, 80 
 
 Plorem artis in te nil agentis exitus ? '
 
 NOTES. 
 
 BOOK I., ODE I. 
 
 A dedication of the first three books of the Odes to Maecenas. 
 The first Epode, the first Satire, and the first Epistle are addressed 
 to the same patron and friend. Cf. Class. Diet. ; Gardthausen, 
 Augustus und Seine Zeit, 2. 432 sqq.; Merivale, 3. 214-16. 
 
 Various are the pursuits of men, athletics, politics, agriculture, 
 commerce, epicurean ease, war, the chase. Me the poet's ivy and 
 the muse's cool retreats delight. Rank me with the lyrists of 
 Greece, and I shall indeed ' knock at a star with uiy exalted head.' 
 
 For similar Apology for Poetry, cf. Sat. 2. 1. 24; Propert. 4. 8 ; 
 Verg. G. 2..4T5 sqq.; Pind. fr. 221 ; Solon, fr. 13 (4) 43 sqq. 
 
 Translated by Broome, Johnson's Poets, 12. 18 ; by Boyse, ibid. 
 14. 528 ; imitated by Blacklock, ibid. 18. 183. 
 
 1. regibus: apposition with atavis. The Augustan poets dwell 
 on the contrast between Maecenas' half -royal descent from ' noble 
 Lucumos ' of Arretium and his modesty in remaining a knight and 
 declining promotion to the Senate. Cf. 3. 29. 1; Sat. 1. 6. 1; 
 Propert. 4. 8. 1 ; El. in Maec. 13, Eegis eras Etrusce genus, tu 
 Caesaris almi \ dextera, Romanae tu vigil urbis eras; Martial, 
 12. 4. 2, Maecenas, atavis regibus ortus eques. For Maecenas as 
 typical patron of letters, cf. Laus Pisonis, 235 sqq.; Martial, 1. 
 107. 3-4; 8. 56. 5, sint Maecenates non deerunt, Flacce, Marones; 
 12. 4. 1-4. 
 
 2. O et: for non-elision of 0, cf. 1. 35. 38; 4. 5. 37. prae- 
 sidium : cf. Lucret. 3. 895, tuisque praesidium. dulce: cf. Epist. 
 1. 7. 12, dulcis amice. For alliteration, cf. 3. 2. 13 ; 3. 9. 10; 4. 1. 
 
 139
 
 140 NOTES. 
 
 4; 4. 5. 12; 4. 6. 27. decus: cf. 2. 17. 4; Verg. G. 2. 40. 
 meum : to me. 
 
 3. aunt quos : i.e. aliquos, e<rnv ov:. On est qui, etc., with 
 indie, or subj., cf. Hale, Cum Constructions, p. 112: 'In poetry 
 we may often doubt whether a given variation ... is due to a 
 definite meaning or to a love of the archaic or the unusual ; but in 
 est qui non curat (Epp. 2. 2. 182), and est qui nee spernit (Od. 1. 
 1. 19-21), Horace would seem to have himself in mind. In est ubi 
 peccat (Epp. 2. 1. 63) he must be archaizing.' curriculo : curru, 
 with the chariot, rather than in the course. Olympicum: typical, 
 as labor Isthmius, 4. 3. 3, for Greek games generally. 
 
 4. collegisse : cf. 1. 34. 16 ; 3. 4. 52. The perfect may keep its 
 force, but often in Latin poetry it is a mere trick of style. Cf. 
 Milton, 'He trusted to have equall'd the most High'; Howard, 
 in Harvard Studies, I., p. 111. fervidis: cf. Verg. G. 3. 107, 
 volat vi fervidus axis; Milton, Comus, ' glowing axle.' 
 
 5. evitata : the skillful driver turned the half-way post as closely 
 as possible, to keep the inside track. Cf. II. 23. 334 ; Soph. El. 
 721 ; Ov. Amor. 3. 2. 12 ; Persius, 3. 68 ; Milton, P. L. 2, ' As at the 
 Olympian games, or Pythian fields : | Part curb their fiery steeds or 
 shun the goal | With rapid wheels'; F. Q. 3. 7. 41, 'the marble 
 pillar that is pight | Upon the top of mount Olympus' height, | (a 
 curious confusion of Olympia and Olympus) For the brave youthly 
 champions to assay | With burning charet wheels it nigh to smite ; | 
 But who that smites it mars his joyous play, | And is the spec- 
 tacle of ruinous decay.' palma : a palm branch was placed in 
 the hand of the Olympic victor ; Pausan. 8. 48. The practice was 
 borrowed by the Romans, B.C. 293 (Livy, 10. 47), and palm be- 
 came a symbol of victory. Cf. Epist. 1. 1. 51. nobilis: i.e. 
 ennobling. 
 
 6. evehit : cf . Verg. Aen. 6. 130, evexit ad aethera virtus. The 
 lords of earth are the gods. Others less probably : exalt the lords 
 of earth (i.e. the victors) to very gods. Cf. 4. 2. 17. hunc : 
 sc. iuvat. Others put a period after nobilis, and take hunc and 
 ilium in a sort of partitive apposition to dominos. 
 
 7. mobilium : fickle. Cf . Epist. 1. 19. 37, ventosae plebis suf- 
 fragia; Cic. pro Mur. 35; Tac. Ann. 1. 15. 
 
 9. tergeminis : simply triple ; the curule aedileship, the prae-
 
 BOOK I., ODE I. 141 
 
 torship, and the consulship. honoribus : abl. instr. Cf. TaG 
 Ann. 1. 3. 
 
 9-10. For similar periphrasis for farmer's wealth, cf. 3. 16. 26 ; 
 Sat: 2. 3. 87, frumenti quantum metit Africa; Sen. Thyest. 856, 
 HOH quidquid Libyris terit \ fervens area messibus. For proverbial 
 fertility of Africa, cf. Otto, p. 8. proprio : not as agent or lowly 
 factor for another's gain. Cf. 3. 16. 27, meis. 
 
 10. verritur: Ls swept up from the circular paved threshing 
 floor, after threshing and winnowing. 
 
 11. gaudentem : after the owner of broad estates the humble 
 cultivator of an avitus fundus (1. 12. 43), who lacks enterprise to 
 depart from his father's footsteps. patrios : cf. paterna rura, 
 Epod. 2.3. sarculo : see Lex. s. v. ; hoeing suggests the little field 
 better than ploughing. 
 
 12. Attalicis : see Lex. s.v. Attalus. The Attalids of Pergamon 
 were the Medici of antiquity. Attalus III. made the Romans his 
 heir, B.C. 133. His treasures impressed them somewhat as those 
 of Charles of Burgundy did the rude Swiss who defeated him at 
 Granson and Morat. Cf. 2. 18. 5, Otto, p. 44. condicionibus : 
 terms, conditions of a bargain, offers. Cf. Sat. 2. 8. 65 ; Epp. 1. 
 1. 51. 
 
 13. dimoveas : seduce, lure away, cause to stir. Many editors 
 prefer demoveas. ut : to, so as to. trabe : the metonymy of 
 beam for ship (Verg. Aen. 3. 191 ; Catull. 4. 3 ; Find. Pyth. 4. 27), 
 and the specific Cypria and Myrtoum are more vivid and poetic 
 than vague general terms would be. Cf. 1. 16. 4. n. Cyprian 
 timber and merchandise were famous (3. 29. 60 ; Pliny, N. H. 16. 
 203), and it was "boasted that Cyprus could build a ship from keel to 
 mast top from its own resources (Ammian. Marc. 14. 8. 14). 
 
 14. Myrtoum : the western Aegean, south of Euboea ; from the 
 little island Myrto. The Icarian was east of it (Plin. 4. 61 ; II. 2. 
 144). pavidus : ancient sailors were conventionally 'timid' 
 (1. 14. 14; 1. 3. 12. n. ). The petty farmer turned sailor would 
 be especially so. secet : so rt^eiv. 
 
 15. luctantem . . . fluctibus : Horace construes verbs of differ- 
 ence and strife with dat. For thought, cf. ' As each with other | 
 Wrestle the wind and the unreluctant sea,' Swinb. Mater Tri- 
 umphalis. 'The winds and waves (old wranglers) took a truce,'
 
 142 NOTES. 
 
 Tro. and Cress. 2. 2 ; Ham. 4. 1, Hen. VI. 3. 2. 5 ; Sen. Thyest. 481, 
 cum morte vita cum mart ventus fidem \ foedusque iunyent. 
 Africum : Lex. s.v. Africa, II. 2. 
 
 16. mercator : trader, f/j.iropos. Cf. 3. 24. 41. n. metuens: 
 a temporary mood ; with gen. (3. 19. 16 ; 3. 24. 22), a permanent 
 characteristic. otium : 2. 16. 1. 
 
 17. laudat : sc. as happy. Sat. 1. 1. 3. 9. rura: the fields 
 about, the ager attached to. mox : so with abrupt asyndeton, 
 4. 14. 14. Love of gain, K^pSos ae\\o/j.dxov (Anth. Pal. 7. 586), soon 
 makes him defy the winds. 
 
 18. quassas : 4. 8. 32. indocilis, etc.: Herrick, 106, 'those 
 desp'rate cares, | Th' industrious iMerchant has ; who for to find | 
 Gold runneth to the Western Inde [cf. 3. 24. 41. n.], | And back 
 again, (tortur'd with fears) doth fly, | Untaught to suffer Pov- 
 erty. ' pauperiem pati recurs, 3. 2. 1 ; 4. 9. 49. Cf. 3. 16. 37. n. 
 
 19. est qui : cf. Epp. 2. 2. 182, Sunt qui non habeant (indefi- 
 nite) est qui (pretty plainly pointing to one that shall be name- 
 less) non curat habere. Massici : Horace's wines are all in the 
 lexicon. 
 
 20. solido : what should be the unbroken business hours up to 
 about 3 P.M. Sen. Ep. 83. 2, hodiernus dies solidus est ; nemo 
 ex illo quicquam mihi eripuit. Cf. 2. 7. 6. n. 
 
 21. viridi : (ever) green. membra . . . stratus: cf. G. L. 
 338 ; A. G. 240. c. ; H. 378 ; Lucret. 2. 29, inter se prostrati in 
 gramine molli \propter aquae rivum, etc. ; Tenn. Lucret., 'under 
 plane or pine, | With neighbors laid along the grass,' etc. 
 
 22. lene : Epode 2. 28. n. caput : cf. sacrum caput amnis; 
 Verg. G. 4. 319. For sacrae, cf. also on 3. 13. 
 
 23. lituo : i.e. litni sonitu. The lituus was the cavalry trum- 
 pet curved at the large mouth. See cut in Class. Diet. The tuba 
 of the infantry was straight. 
 
 24. matribus : dat. Cf. Epode 16. 8 ; 2. 1. 31. 
 
 25. manet : all night (cf. Lex. 1. B. 1), like the hunter in Sat. 
 2. 3. 234, In nive Lucana dormis ocreatus ut aprum \ coenem ego. 
 sub love frigido : Zeus, Dyaus, Jupiter go back to a root 
 div or ditt, ' the bright (sky).' A consciousness of this survived 
 in many Greek and Latin phrases, and was revived by pantheistic 
 utterances of the poets. Cf. 1. 34. 5. u. ; 1. 18. 13 ; 1. 22. 20 ; 3. 2. 6,
 
 BOOK I., ODE I. 143 
 
 siih divo ; 3. 10. 8 ; Epode 13. 2 ; Lucret. 4. 209, sub diu ; Ov. Fast. 
 3. 527 ; Verg. Eel. 7. 60 ; II. 5. 91, Aibs fy&pos ; the Athenian prayer, 
 V<TOV, Iffov S> <t>(\f ZeO, Marc. Aurel. 5. 7 ; Ennins, Sat. 41 (ed. 
 Miiller), Istic est is lovi pater quern dico, quern Graeci vacant 
 aerem, etc. ; Aesch. fr. 70. 
 
 27. seu . . . seu: cf. A. G. 315. c; G. L. 496. 2. The result 
 is the same whatever the game. visa est : f<f>dvrj. 
 
 28. plagas : Lex. s.v. 3, Epode 2. 31. For boar-hunting, cf. 3. 
 12. 11 ; Epp. 1. 6. 57. 
 
 29. me : for antithetic emphasis, cf. Milt. P. L. 9, ' Me of 
 these | Nor skill'd nor studious,' etc. ; Tenn. Alcaics, ' Me rather 
 all that bowery loneliness,' etc. Cf. 1. 5. 13 ; 1. 31. 15 ; 1. 7. 10 ; 
 2. 12. 13; 4. 1. 29; 2. 17. 13. doctarum : learned, or lettered, 
 but more especially poetic : cum apud Graecos antiquissimum e doc- 
 tis genus sit poetarum, Cic. Tusc. 1. 3. Early man thinks rather 
 (so Ruskin moralizes) of the knowledge than of the art of the 
 poet. Cf. the comment of Gorgo, Theoc. 15. 145-146. So (ro<f>6s 
 in Pindar; doctus, Tibull. (?) 3. 6. 41, etc. hederae : the ivy 
 of Bacchus as well as the laurel of Phoebus crowned the poet 
 as cliens Bacchi, Epist. 2. 2. 78. Cf. Epist. 1. 3. 25 ; Juv. 7. 29 ; 
 Ben Jonson, ' To come forth worth the ivy or the bays ' ; Propert. 
 2. 5. 25 ; Ov. Trist. 1. 7. 2 ; Verg. Eel. 7. 25. 
 
 30. miscent : cf . Pindar's free use of plyvvnt, Isth. 2. 29. 
 gelidum nemus : the traditional ' green retreats ' of the poet. 
 Cf. 3. 4. 8 ; 3. 25. 13 ; 4. 3. 10 ; Epist. 2. 2. 77 ; Verg. G. 2. 488 ; 
 Tac. Dial. 12, nemora vero et luci et secretum ipsum, etc. 
 
 31. Cf. 2. 19. 3-4. chori: 1.4.5; 2.12.17; 3. 4.25; 4.3.15; 
 4. 7. 6; 4. 14. 21. 
 
 32. secernunt : set apart (se-cernunt), make a dedicated spirit. 
 Cf. Milton's, ' secret top of Horeb ' ; Tenn. Lotus Eaters, ' while 
 they smile in secret.' 1 si: modest condition if only the muse 
 be gracious. tibias : two played together. Cf . Harp. Class. 
 Diet. s.v. ; 1. 12. 1 ; 3. 4. 1. 
 
 33. Euterpe . . . Polyhymnia : the flute and lyre represent all 
 lyric poetry. Cf. 1. 12. 2. n. ; Harp. Class. Diet. s.v. 
 
 34. Lesboum : of Sappho and Alcaeus. Cf . 3. 30. 13. n. ; 4. 3. 
 12. n. tendere : Herrick, 333, ' Aske me, why I do not sing | 
 To the tension of the string.'
 
 144 NOTES. 
 
 35. quod si, etc. : but if you rank me with the nine Greek lyric 
 poets of the canon. Wordsworth, Personal Talk, 4, ' The Poets 
 Oh might my name be numbered among theirs.' inserts : 
 
 2. 5. 21 ; 3. 25. 6. 
 
 36. Proverbial. Cf. Otto, p. 63'; Ov. Met. 7. 61, vertice siclera 
 tangam; Ben Jonson, Sejanus, 5. 1, 'And at each step I feel my 
 advanced head | Knock out a star in heaven ' ; Herrick, ' And 
 once more yet (ere I am laid out dead) | Knock at a star with my 
 exalted head.' 
 
 ODE II. 
 
 The age is weary of storms and portents dire and civil strife. 
 What god may we invoke to iiphold the falling state and expiate 
 our guilt ? Apollo ? Venus ? Mars ? Or is it thou, Mercury, 
 already with us (in the guise of Augustus), Caesar's avenger? 
 Late be thy return to thy native heaven. Long may'st thou dwell 
 amid thy adoring people. The Mede will not ride on his raids 
 while thou art our captain. 
 
 A declaration of adhesion to Octavian, written apparently before 
 the new constitution of the Empire and the bestowal upon him of 
 the title of Augustus in Jan., B.C. 27 (cf. Merivale, 3. 335-336, 
 chap. 30). 
 
 The close resemblance to Vergil, G. 1. 465 sqq. (cf. Merivale, 
 
 3. 239, chap. 28) has led some scholars to date it as early as 
 B.C. 37 or 32. But this is excluded by the allusion (1. 49) to the 
 triumphs celebrated in Aug., B.C. 29. Nor would Horace so 
 early have recognized Octavian as savior of the state. Octavian 
 was princeps Senatus from B.C. 28 to his death. The evidence 
 then points to a date between the return from the East, B:C. 29, 
 and the renewal of the imperinm in Jan., 27, and most probably 
 to the latter part of B.C. 28, when Octavian, having, as he said, 
 fulfilled his pious duty of punishing the assassins of Caesar (cf. 
 on 1. 44), affected to talk of laying down his authority (Dio. 53. 
 
 4. 63. 9 ; Merivale, 3. 331-32) ; which would have been a signal 
 for the renewal of the disturbances of which the age was so weary 
 (cf. 1. 1. iam satis, and on 2. 16. 1). 
 
 The portents that accompanied or followed the death of Caesar 
 (Shaks. Jul. Caes. 1. 3, Hamlet, 1. 1 ; Verg. G. 1. 467 sqq. ; Dio
 
 BOOK I., ODE II. 145 
 
 45. 17 ; Tibull. 2. 5. 71 ; Ov. Met. 15, 782 ; Petronius, 122) and 
 the inundation of the Tiber (cf. on 1. 13) do not date the ode. 
 They are the experience of a generation. 
 
 1. We may, if we please, hear the swish of the storm in the re- 
 peated is. Cf. II. 21. 239 ; Shelley, Alastor, ' The thunder and 
 the hiss of homeless streams'; Liberty, 'Waves Hiss round a 
 drowner's head in their tempestuous play.' terns: dat. i.e. 
 in terras. dirae : strictly ominous, portentous. Cf. insessum 
 dins avibtis Capitolium, Tac. Ann. 12. 43. Snow and hail would 
 be rare in Italy. Milton has ' dire hail. ' 
 
 2. pater : the epic father of gods and men. Cf. on 1. 12. 13 ; 
 3. 29. 44. rubente: in the lightning's glare. Find. O. 9. 6, 
 <f><HviKOffTfp6wav. Milt. P. L. 2, 'Should intermitted vengeance 
 arm again | His red right hand to plague us.' 
 
 3. iaculatus: cf. 3. 12. 11 ; 3. 4. 56 ; Ov. Am. 3. 3. 35, Inppiter 
 igne sitos lucos iaculatur et arces. Tenn. L. and El. ' bolt . . . 
 javelining | With darted spikes and splinters of the wood | The 
 dark earth round.' Milton, 'hurl'd to and fro' with jaculation 
 dire.' arces: the seven temple-crowned hills of Rome; Verg. 
 G. 2. 535. More specifically the two summits of the Capitoline, 
 the tf. or Arx proper, and the S. with the temple of Jupiter, Juno, 
 and Minerva. 
 
 4-5. terruit . . . terruit : cf . 2. 4. 4, 5, for this linking of sen- 
 tences by repetition of the verb. 
 
 5. gentes: 1. 3. 28; 2. 13. 20; Lucret. 5. 1222, non populi 
 gentesque tremunt . . . (ne) poenarum grave sit solvendi tempus 
 adultum ? Psalm 2. 1, quare fremuerunt gentes. 
 
 5-12. Rome and mankind feared a return of the flood of Deu- 
 calion and Pyrrha ingeniously described by Ov. Met. 1. 260 sqq. 
 Cf. Pind. 0. 9. 47 ; Milt. P. L. 11. Horace pauses in the bare 
 list of portents to paint it. Cf. 1. 12. 27 ; 3. 4. 53-57, 60-64. 
 
 6. nova monstra : strange prodigies, or signs. Cf. Epode 16. 
 30, novaque monstra iunxerit libidine. 
 
 1. pecus : for Proteus' herd of phocae seals, cf. Odyss. 4. 405 
 sqq.; Verg. G. 4. 395 sqq.; F. Q. 3. 8. 30, 'Proteus is shepherd of 
 the seas of yore, | And hath the charge of Neptune's mighty herd.' 
 The imaginative origin of the myth is perhaps indicated by Shelley,
 
 146 NOTES. 
 
 Witch of Atlas, 10, ' And every shepherdess of Ocean's flocks | 
 Who drives her white waves over the green sea.' Cf. Lang, Helen 
 of Troy, 3. 23, ' They heard that ancient shepherd Proteus call | 
 His flock from forth the green and tumbling lea.' For Proteus 
 as symbol of mutability ('protean'), of. Sat. 2. 3. 71; Epp. 1. 
 1. 90. 
 
 8. visere : inf. of purpose, archaic, colloquial, poetic. Cf. PI. 
 B. 900, abiit aedem visere Minervae, ' she went away to visit the 
 temple of Minerva' ; G. L. 421. 1. (a) ; 1. 23. 10 ; 3. 8. 11. 
 
 9-12. A topsy-turvy world. Cf. Ov. Met. 1. 296, hie summa 
 piscem deprendit in ulmo. Milton's flood has a touch of Ovid 
 (P. L. 11), ' and in their palaces | Where luxury late reign'd, sea- 
 monsters whelp'd.' Cf. Archil., fr. 74. 6. 
 
 10. nota : cf. 4. 2. 6, ' custom'd.' 
 
 11. superiecto: sc. terris. pavidae: 1.23. 2. 
 
 13. vidimus: i.e. our age has seen. Cf. Verg. G. 1. 472, 
 quotiens . . . vidimus. Livy, Praef . 5, malorum qnae nostra tot per 
 annos vidit aetas. Cf. 1.35. 34. flavum: standing epithet of the 
 Tiber (1. 8. 8 ; 2. 3. 18); muUa flavus arena, Verg. Aen. 7. 31. 
 Cf. Macaulay, Capys, 'The troubled river knew them, | And 
 smoothed his yellow foam'; Arnold, Consolation, 'By yellow 
 Tiber, | They still look fair.' 
 
 13-14. retortis litore (ab) Etrusco : the waters supposed to 
 be heaped up and driven back by winds or tides at the moiith 
 of the river, overflow on the lower left bank, flood the region of 
 the Velabrum between the Palatine and the Capitoline, and spread 
 to the Forum. Cf. Ov. Fast. 6. 401 sqq. ; Propert. 5. 9. 5. For 
 litus Etruscum, cf. C. S. 38 ; Epode 16. 40. Others take it of the 
 high right bank of the Tiber (litns = ripa, Verg. Aen. 3. 389 ; 8. 
 83), from which the foaming flood in freshet is violently hurled on 
 to the opposite low left bank, at the sharp bend below the island 
 (see map). Cf. further Tac. Ann. 1. 76 ; Plin. N. H. 3. 55 ; Dio. 
 45. 17, 53. 20, 54. 1. 
 
 15. deiectum : supine ; to overthrow. The personification of 
 the angry river begins to be felt. monumenta regis. etc. : the 
 establishment of the order of Vestal Virgins was attributed to 
 Numa Pompilius (Livy, 1. 20), and his palace, the official residence 
 of the Pontifex Maximus, adjoining the temple of Vesta at the
 
 BOOK I., ODE II. 147 
 
 N. W. corner of the Palatine, was, with the old house of the Vestals, 
 called the Atrium Vestae. Cf. Ov. Fast. 6. 263, hie locus exiguus, 
 qui sustinet atria Vestae, \ tune erat intonsi regia magna Numae; 
 Trist. 3. 1. 29; Lanciani, Ancient -Rome, p. 159. Even these ven- 
 erable monuments are not spared. Caesar was Pontifex Maximus 
 at the time of his death. 
 
 16-20. Ilia, or Rhea Silvia, the mother of Romulus and Remus 
 by Mars (Livy, 1. 3-4), and, according to the legend followed by 
 Horace, daughter of Aeneas, might be called the bride of the Tiber, 
 into which she was thrown (on one tradition) by order of King 
 Amulius. The wife-doting stream is, by a far-fetched conceit, said 
 to avenge her complaints at the assassination of her great descend- 
 ant Julius Caesar, with an excess of zeal not approved by Jupiter 
 
 /fat vTTfp Aita alffav. 
 
 17-18. dum . . . iactat : for this use of dum equivalent to a 
 pres. part, of cause or circumstance, cf. 1. 6. 9 ; 2. 10. 2 ; 3. 7. 18 ; 
 G. L. 570. n. 2. 
 
 19. ripa : over, by way of. 
 
 19-20. u-xorius: cf. 1. 25. 11 (a compound); 2. 16. 7. The 
 license is avoided in 3d and 4th books. It is frequent in Sappho, 
 who treated the third and fourth verses as one. In English mostly 
 for comic effect : ' Here doomed to starve on water gru | el never 
 shall I see the U | niversity of Gottingen.' Anti-Jacobin. When 
 the cola were printed as separate lines, its apparent frequency in 
 Pindar was a stumbling-block to French critics. 
 
 21-24. audiet . . . iuventus : note position. Our sons will 
 marvel at the crime and folly of this generation. Cf. 1. 35. 35 ; 
 Epode 7.1; 16. 1-9. 
 
 21. cives : emphatic, but the ellipsis of in cives is harsh. 
 
 22. graves : 3. 5. 4. So /3apus. Persae : the empire of the East 
 was Parthian from B.C. 250 to A.D. 226. But Horace uses Oriental 
 names freely, and to a student of Greek literature Eastern was 
 Persian, or Mede. perirent: cf. 3. 14. 27; 4. 6. 16. These im- 
 perfects where We might look for pluperfects have been variously 
 explained as ' potential,' 4 softened assertion in past time,' or as 
 ' future to a past ' arising from an imaginative shifting of the point 
 of view. Metrical convenience probably determined the resort to 
 them. For the general thought here, cf . Lucan, cited on Epode 7. 5.
 
 148 NOTES. 
 
 23. vitio : gives cause of rara. 
 
 24. rara : the thought is rhetorically amplified by Lucan, 7. 398, 
 crimen civile videmus, \ tot vacuas urbes. Cf. ibid. 535 sqq., 1. 
 25 sqq. ; Verg. G. 1. 507. 
 
 25. divum : gen. plur. ; only a god can save. Ten years earlier 
 Vergil prayed Di patrii . . . hunc saltern everso.iuvenem succurrere 
 saedo | ne prohibete. mentis : cf. on 2. 1. 32 ; 3. 3. 8. Thomson, 
 Seasons, ' Tully, whose powerful eloquence a while | Kestrain'd 
 the rapid fate of rushing Rome.' 
 
 26. imperi: almost =' empire.' Cf. 4. 15. 14, and lexicon. 
 fatigent : importune. Cf. Verg. Aen. 1. 280. 
 
 27. Virgines : cf. 3. 5. 11; 3. 30. 9. minus audientern : 
 minus is idiomatic who averts her ear from their chant. Vesta 
 is offended by the assassination of Julius Caesar, the Pontifex 
 Maximus. In Ov. Fast. 3. 699, she says: ne dubita meminisse! 
 meusfuit ille sacerdos. 
 
 28. Carmina : any set form, chant, or litany. Possibly con- 
 trasted with the less formal prece. 
 
 29. partes: office, role. So A. P. 193, 315. It was the favorite 
 r61e of Augustus. Cf. infra, 1. 44. scelus : rb iiyos, 1. 35. 33. 
 expiaiidi : 2. 1. 5. 
 
 31. nube . . . amictus: II. 5. 186, vf<t>t\r) flKv^tvos &fj.ovs. Cf. 
 Milton's 'kerchef'd in a comely cloud.' candentes: Homer's 
 (pa.iSifj.oi &/J.OL Cf. on 2. 5. 18. 
 
 32. augur Apollo : so Verg. Aen. 4. 376. Apollo who helped 
 at Actium (Verg. Aen. 8. 704 ; Propert. 5. 6. 67) is first invoked 
 as Ka6<ip(nos and juofris, Purifier and Prophet. He was Augustus' 
 patron deity. For his new temple, cf. on 1. 31. 
 
 33. Venus is invoked as Aeneadum genetrix. Cf. Preller-Jordan, 
 1. 444 ; Lucret. 1. 1 ; Pervigil. Ven. 70. She had a famous temple 
 on Mt. Eryx in Sicily (Verg. Aen. 5. 759). Cf. John Bartlett, 
 ' The queen of Paphos Erycine | In heart did rose-cheeked Adon 
 love ' ; Thos. Watson, Hekatompathia, ' He praise no starre but 
 Hesperus alone, | Nor any hill but Erycinus mount.' ridens : 
 <j>i\on/j.fi5ris, laughter-loving. Cf. her 'subtle smile' and laugh in 
 Tenn. CEnone. 
 
 34. locus: so Plaut. Bacch. 113. Cf. Milton's 'Jest and 
 youthful Jollity.' circum volat: they hover about her like the
 
 BOOK I., ODE II. 149 
 
 loves in a picture of Albani, making a pretty contrast with the 
 following vision of grim-visaged war. Cf. F. Q. 4. 10. 42. Cu- 
 pido : Verg. Aen. 1. 663, aligerum . . . amorem. Aristoph. Birds, 
 697; Shaks. Rom. and Jul. 2. 5, 'And therefore hath the wind- 
 swift Cupid wings,' etc. 
 
 35. genus et nepotes : cf. 3. 17. 3, nepotum . . . genus. 
 
 36. respicis : regardest, dost care for. auctor : sc. Mars. 
 Cf. 3. 17. 5; Verg. G. 3. 36, Troiae Cynthius auctor; Macau- 
 lay, Capys, 20, 'And such as is the War-God | The author of 
 thy line.' 
 
 37. satiate : the Homeric Ares is insatiate of war ATOS 
 iro\f/j.oto. ludo : cf. 1. 28. 17, spectacula Marti. Cf. Ruskin on 
 ' game of war.' Other gods have other ' games,' 1. 33. 12 ; 3. 29. 50. 
 
 38. iuvat : Maeaulay, Capys, 19, ' But thy father loves the 
 clashing | Of broadsword and of shield : | He loves to drink the 
 steam that reeks | From the fresh battlefield,' etc. Cf. Silius, 9. 664. 
 clamor: cf. strepitutn, 1. 16, 18; cf. 'loud-throated war,' 'the 
 noise of battle hurtled in the air ' ; /cu5oiyu<$s, fytaSos. IS ves : not 
 lews. 
 
 39. acer : the fierce light of battle upon it. Mauri peditis : 
 so the Mss. Marsi is generally read (cf. 2. 20. 18 ; Epode 16. 3 ; 
 Verg. G. 2. 167, genus acre virum ; Appian. B.C. 1. 46). But the 
 Maun were fierce enough, and may well have used foot-soldiers. 
 Or peditis may mean 'unhorsed.' cruentum : whether blood- 
 stained or bleeding, it is close work. 
 
 41. give : or if thou, Mercury, art already with us in mortal 
 disguise. The apodosis is no longer veiiias, but serus redeas, etc. 
 (45). iuvenem : so Sat. 2. 5. 62, iuvenis Parthis horrendus ; 
 Verg. G. 1. 500. Octavian was about thirty -five years old. Men 
 were iuvenes in the age of military service, seventeen to forty-five. 
 
 42. ales : Verg. Aen. 4. 240 ; 1. 10. notes. 
 
 43. filius : the nom. is preferred for euphony. Maiae : cf. on 
 1. 10. 1. patiens : cf. Epp. 1. 16. 30, patens sapiens . . . vocari. 
 
 44. ultor : Augustus dedicated a temple to Mars Ultor, B.C. 2 
 (cf. Merivale, 4. 24. 116; Suet. Oct. 29), and both he (Mon. 
 Ancyr. 1. 8-10) and the contemporary writers dwell complacently 
 on his mission as Caesar's avenger. Cf. Sellar, p. 161 ; Ov. Fasti, 
 3. 709, Hoc opus, haecpietas, hacc prima elementa fuere \ Caesaris,
 
 150 NOTES. 
 
 ulcisci iusta per arina patrem ; ibid. 5. 577 ; Suet. Oct. 10 ; Vel- 
 leius, 2. 87. 
 
 45. serus . . . redeas : cf. Ov. Trist. 5. 2. 52, sic ad pacta tibi 
 sidera tardus eas; Met. 15. 868. Martial, as usual, outbids the 
 Augustan poets in flattery. He prays for the birth of a son to 
 Domitian, cui pater aeternas post saecula tradat habenas (6. 3. 3). 
 Cf. on 3. 3. 11 ; 4. 14. 43. 
 
 46. populo Quirini: so Ov. Met. 15. 572, Fast. 1. 69. 
 
 47. vitiis: cause of iniquum, offended by our faults. ini- 
 quum: cf. 2. 4. 16; 2. 6. 9; 1.28.28, aequo ab love; C. S. 65; 
 Verg. Aen. 6. 129, Fauci, qnos aequus amavit \ Iiqipiter. 
 
 48. ocior : \.Q. untimely, premature. aura: suggested by ales. 
 
 49. triumphos : tres egit, Dalmaticum, Aciiacum Alexandrinum, 
 continuo triduo omnes (Suet. Aug. 22). Cf. Merivale, 3. 314, 
 chap. 30 ; Gardthausen, 2. 257 sqq. Cf. the description in Verg. 
 Aen. 8. 714 ; also Verg. G. 1. 503, lam pridem nobis caeli te regia, 
 Caesar \ Invidet atque hominum queritur curare triumphos. 
 
 50. pater : Augustus was formally saluted as pater patriae by 
 the Senate in B.C. 2. But the poets had long since anticipated the 
 title. Cf. 3. 24. 27. n. ; Juv. 8. 244 (of Cicero); Ov. Trist. 2. 181 ; 
 4. 4. 13 ; Fast. 2. 127 ; as epithet of a god, 1. 18. 6 ; Epode 2. 21. 
 princeps : 4. 14. 6. Technically princeps Senatus was the most 
 dignified Senator first called upon by consul to give his opinion 
 in the absence of the consuls designate. Octavian affected the title 
 princeps, first citizen, because of its freedom from invidious asso- 
 ciations. Cf. Tac. Ann. 1.1. 3, quoted on 2. 16. 1. and 1. 9. 6. 
 Furneaux (Tac. Ann. Vol. I. p. 66) rejects its identification with 
 princeps Senatus. 
 
 51. Medos: cf. on 22. 3. 3. 44. equitare : cf. 2. 9. 24 ; 4. 4. 
 44, ride on their raids ; ride and ride (Gildersleeve). Cf. 1. 19. 11 ; 
 2. 13. 17. inultos: 1. 28. 33; 3. 3. 42; Epode 6. 16; here, un- 
 punished, with impunity. Cf. F. Q. 6. 7. 32, ' But lo ! the gods, 
 that mortal follies view, | Did worthily revenge (punish) this 
 maiden's pride.' The defeat of Carrhae and the shade of Crassus 
 are still unavenged. Lucan, 1. 11, umbraque erraret Crassus 
 inulta. Cf. on 3. 5. 5. 
 
 52. te duce : cf. Epp. 2. 1. 256, et formidatam Parthis te prin- 
 cipe Romam. Propert. 3. 1. 12-18. Caesar: the true name of
 
 BOOK I., ODE m. 151 
 
 our god and savior at last. Caesar = Julius Caesar, supra, 44, and 
 Sat. 1. 9. 18 only. The full title of Augustus (originally Octavian) 
 by adoption and honorary decrees of the Senate was, at the close 
 of his life. ' Imp. Caesar, Divi F. Augustus Pontif. Max. Cos. XIIL 
 Imp. XX. Tribunic. Potestat. XXXVII. P. P.' 
 
 ODE III. 
 
 Propempticon. A prayer for the safety of the vessel that bears 
 Vergil to Greece, followed by reflections on the audacity of man 
 who braves the terrors of the deep, steals fire from heaven, essays 
 to fly though nature has withheld wings, finds out the way to hell, 
 and scales the heavens in defiance of the angry bolts of Jove. 
 
 Vergil visited Greece in B.C. 19, and died at Brundisium on his 
 return. The first three books of the Odes were published in B.C. 23. 
 We must assume another voyage, or another Vergil. Cf. on 4. 12. 
 See Sellar, p. 141. 
 
 For the friendship of Horace and Vergil, see Sellar, Vergil, p. 
 120 sqq., Ode 1. 24, Sat. 1. 5. 41, 1. 6. 54. 
 
 With the Propempticon proper, 1-8, cf. Callim. fr. 114 ; Theoc. 
 7. 52, The diffuse imitation of Statius, Silvae, 3. 2. Epode 10, to 
 an enemy ; Odes, 3. 27. Tenn. In Mem. 9, ' Fair ship, that from 
 the Italian shore | Sailest the placid ocean plains,' etc. ; ibid. 17. 
 Wordsworth's lines to Scott embarking for Naples : ' Be true | Ye 
 winds of ocean and the midland sea, | Wafting your Charge to soft 
 Parthenope ! ' 
 
 For the second part of the ode, cf. Mill (On Nature, p. 22), ' There 
 was always a tendency, though a diminishing one, to regard any 
 attempt to exercise power over nature, beyond a certain degree 
 and a certain admitted range, as an impious effort to usurp divine 
 power, and dare more than was permitted to man. The lines of 
 Horace, in which the familiar arts of shipbuilding and navigation 
 are reprobated as vetitum nefas, indicate even in that sceptical age 
 a still unexhausted vein of the old sentiment.' For further illus- 
 tration of the feeling, cf. 3. 24. 36-41 ; Epode 16. 57-62 ; Tibull. 
 1. 3. 36-37 ; Verg. Eel. 4. 32 ; Ov. Met. 1. 94 ; Hesiod, Works and 
 Days, 236 ; Arat. Phaen. 110 ; Soph. Antig. 332 sqq.
 
 152 NOTES. 
 
 The reflections of Valerius Flaccus, Argonaut. 1. 245, 530-560, 
 are an interesting exception. 
 
 It should be further noted that in the Latin writers the expres- 
 sion of this primitive feeling is combined with a reprobation of the 
 luxurious living to which the audacious enterprise of man panders. 
 See Pliny, N. H. 23 Praef., and the passages cited on Odes, 2. 15. 
 In similar vein Spenser, F. Q. 2. 7. 14-16. Translated by Pryden, 
 Johnson's Poets, 9. 158. 
 
 1-8. sic . . . regat . . . reddas : a petition in Latin (or 
 Greek) is often followed by a promise or blessing conditional on 
 its fulfilment ; the condition being resumed in sic. Cf. Tibull. 2. 
 5. 121, Annue : sic tibi sint intonsi, Phoebe, capilli. Or the sic 
 clause may precede, followed by an explicit condition, Epp. 1. 7. 
 69, sic ignoVisse putato \ me tibi si cenas hodie mecum ; or by an 
 imperative, as Verg. Eel. 9. 30 ; Catull. 17. 5-8. Here the sic 
 clause precedes, followed not by an explicit condition or impera- 
 tive, but by an apparently detached optative or final subjunctive 
 with precor. Cf. G. L. 546. n. 1 ; Odes, 1. 2. 30 ; Epode 3. 20. 
 Some editors express this by calling sic . . . lapyga a parenthe- 
 sis. Cf. Milt. Lye. 19; Song in Comus, 'Tell me but where, . . . 
 so mayst thou be translated to the skies,' etc. Matter-of-fact 
 critics have observed that the expression of the blessing is super- 
 fluous, because it fulfils itself, the safety of the ship and pas- 
 senger being inseparable. 
 
 1. potens: with gen. cf. 1. 5. 15; 1. 6. 10 ; C. S. 1 ; Verg. Aen. 
 1. 80; Homer's ^rvia 6np,v, II. 21. 470; Pind. Pyth. 4. 213; Ov. 
 Am. 3. 10. 35, diva potens frugum. Cypri : cf. on 1. 30. 2. For 
 Venus marina, cf. on 3. 26. 5, 4. 11. 16 ; Solon, fr. 18. 4 ; Pausan. 
 
 1. 1. 3, tvirKoia. 
 
 2. Castor and Pollux ; cf. 1. 12. 27, 3. 29. 64, 4. 8. 31 ; Sen. Here. 
 Fur. 556, non illic geminum Tyndaridae genus \ succurrunt timi- 
 dis sidera navibus ; Propert. 1. 17. 17. Possibly the electrical 
 phenomenon known to sailors as St. Elmo's light is meant. Cf. 
 Lucian, Navig. 9 ; Stat. Silv. 3. 2. 8 ; Pliny, N. H. 2. 101 ; Macau- 
 lay, Kegillus, 40, ' Safe comes the ship to haven, | Through billows 
 and through gales, | If once the Great Twin Brethren | Sit shining 
 on the sails ' ; Camoens, Lusiad. 6. 18, o lume vivo que a maritime*
 
 BOOK I., ODE III. 153 
 
 gente \ Tern por santo em tempo di tormento ; Swinburne, * As those 
 great twins of air | Hailed once with old world prayer | Of all folk 
 alway faring forth by sea.' Cf. Frazer, Pausanias, III., p. 13. 
 
 3. Cf. Odyss. 10. 21 ; Verg. Aen. 1. 52 ; F. Q. 3. 7. 21, 'And all 
 his winds Dun Aeolus did keep | From stirring up their stormy 
 enmity. ' regat : guide. 
 
 4. lapyga : the N.W. wind off the S.E. coast of Italy (lapygia) 
 blowing towards Greece. Cf. Aul. Gell. 2. 22. In 3. 27. 20, albus 
 lapyx is stormy. 
 
 6. debes : sc. to our love. But it is possible to construe finibus 
 as dat. with both debes and reddas. 
 
 1. reddaa : he is a deposit to be duly delivered (cf. reddere epis- 
 tulam) at (or to) the appointed place. Cf. Stat. Silv. 3. 2. 5, 
 grande tuo rarttmque damns, Neptune, profundo \ depositum. 
 incolumem : safe and sound. Cf. 3. 24. 31. 
 
 8. dimidium : cf. on 2. 17. 5. ' Friendship to be two in one ' 
 (Tenn.), the old definition (cf. Ar. Eth. 9. 4. 5, 6 <f>i\os &\\os avrts ; 
 Diog. Laert. 5. 1. 20 ; Cic. Lael. 92), implies that the friend is half 
 yourself (Anth. Pal. 12. 52 ; Callim. Ep. 43). Cf. Otto, Sprich- 
 worter der Romer, p. 26. 
 
 9. Cf. Herrick, 106, ' A heart thrice wall'd with Oke, and brasse, 
 that man | Had, first, durst plow the Ocean ' ; Milton, P. L. 2, or 
 arm th' obdured breast | With stubborn patience as with triple 
 steel'; II. 24. 205, fftifoeiov jrop ; Otto, p. 4. 
 
 10. fragilem : 3. 2. 28. For juxtaposition with truci, cf. on 1. 
 6. 9. truci: Catull. 4. 9, trucemve Ponticum sinum ; 63. 16, tru- 
 culentaque pelagi. 
 
 12. praecipitem : headlong, squally, XajSpoy f*cnylfav. Ov. 
 Met. 2. 184, ut acta \ praecipUi pinus Borea ; Verg. G. 4. 29, prae- 
 ceps . . . Eurus. Africum : 1. 1. 15 ; Epode 16. 22 ; Verg. 
 Aen. 1. 85. 
 
 13. decertantem : ' Auster and Aquilon tilt about the heavens ' 
 (Marlowe). Cf. on 1. 9. 11 ; 1. 1. 15; de intensive, cf. 1. 18. 9; 
 3.3.55. Aquilonibus: dat. Cf. on 1. 1, 16. The plural mftri 
 gratia. But translate blasts of. Cf. Aesch. Prom. 1086-1086 ; 
 Verg. Aen. 1. 102, stridens Aquilone procella. 
 
 14. tristes Hyadas : Epode 10. 10, tristis Orion; Verg. G. 
 3. 279, contristat . . . caelum; Verg. Aen. 3. 516, pluviasque
 
 154 NOTES. 
 
 Hyadas ; Term. Ulysses, ' when | Thro' scudding drifts the rainy 
 Hyades | Vext the dim sea ' ; Ov. Fast. 5. 166, navita quas Hya- 
 das Graecus ab imbre (veiv} vocat. Cf. Lexicon. Cf. 'the moist 
 daughters of huge Atlas = Pleiads' (F. Q. 3. 1. 57). 
 
 15. arbiter : than whom no stronger tyrant rules. Cf. 2. 17. 19, 
 3. 3. 5 ; Arnold, Summer Night, ' Nor doth he know how there pre- 
 vail | Despotic on that sea | Trade winds which cross it from eter- 
 nity ' ; Coleridge, Anc. Mar., 'And now the storm-blast came and 
 he | Was tyrannous and strong.' 
 
 16. (seu) tollere, etc. : for omitted sen, cf. 1. 6. 19 ; Sat. 2. 8. 
 16 ; Aesch. Ag. 1403. For similar omission of first neg., cf. Gil- 
 dersleeve on Find. Pyth. 6. 47. ponere: cf. componere fluctus, 
 Verg. Aen. 1. 135 ; Jebb on Soph. Ajax, 674. 
 
 17. gradum: step, approach, form. Cf. 1. 33; 3.2.14; 'Death's 
 foot,' 1. 4. 13; Shaks. M. for M. 5. 1, 'the swift celerity of his 
 death | Which I did think with slower foot came on' ; Tibull. 1. 
 10. 4, turn brevior dirae mortis aperta via est. 
 
 18. siccis : tearless, fopols (Aesch. Sept. 696). Ancient heroes 
 weep more freely than the ideal of mediaeval chivalry permits to 
 the modern. Cf. Caesar, B. G. 1. 39; Odyss. 20. 349, etc. They 
 were especially afraid of drowning. Cf. Arist. Eth. Nic. 3. 6. 7 ; 
 Verg. Aen. 1. 93; Ov. Met. 11. 539, Fast. 3. 596, etc. ; Horace 
 argues that the titanic audacity which did not fear the perils of the 
 deep would not shrink from defiance of heaven. monstra : cf. 
 on 3. 27. 27 ; 4. 14. 47. 
 
 19. vidit : endured the sight. turgidum : oVS/nan 0tW is per 
 haps more vivid than turbidum (cf. 3. 3. 5), which has about 
 equal authority. 
 
 20. infames : 5v<T<avv/j.ovs, because of shipwrecks. Cf. Livy, 21. 
 31. 8, infames frigoribus Alpes ; Milt. Comus, ' Infamous hills and 
 sandy perilous wilds.' Acroceraunia : a promontory of Epirus 
 at entrance to sheltering gulf of Oricum (cf . 3. 7. 5) ; now il Monte 
 della Chimera. Cf. Byron, 'And in Chimari heard the thunder- 
 hills of fear, | The Acroceraunian mountains of old name.' Alto, 
 Ceraunia, which some read here, occurs, Verg. G. 1. 332. Cf. 
 Propert. 1. 8. 19. See the fine description in Lucan, 2. 267 sqq., 
 imitated by Macaulay, Virginia, ' When raves the Adriatic be- 
 neath an eastern gale, | When the Calabrian sea-marks are lost in
 
 BOOK I., ODE III. 155 
 
 clouds of spume, | And the great Thunder-Cape has donned his 
 veil of inky gloom' ; Tenn., 'The vast Acroceraunian walls.' 
 
 21-22. deus . . . prudens: the providence (foresight) of God. 
 Cf. 3. 29. 29 ; Herod. 3. 108. 
 
 21-23. abscidit . . . terras : a majority of the editors take 
 this of the separation of the elements to make a habitable world, 
 as in Ov. Met. 1. 22, nam caelo terras, et terris abscidit undas; 
 dissociabili will then mean &/J.IKTOS, unmixing, incompatible. So 
 Swinburne, Erechtheus, ' For the sea-marks set to divide of old | 
 The kingdoms to Ocean and Earth assigned, | The hoar sea-fields 
 from the cornfield's gold, | His wine-bright waves from her vine- 
 yard's fold.' But it may well mean divided the lands from each 
 other by ' The unplumb'd, salt, estranging sea,' the ' bond-breaking 
 sea' of Tennyson. Man transgressed this wise decree when 'the 
 echoing oars | Of Argo first | Startled the unknown sea' (Ar- 
 nold, Strayed Reveller). Cf. Sen. Medea, 334, bene dissaepti foe- 
 dera mundi \ traxit in unum Thessala pinus. Contrast the modern 
 feeling of Pope, Windsor Forest, ' Whole nations enter with each 
 swelling tide, | And seas but join the regions they divide.' See 
 also the last stanza of Longfellow's Lighthouse. For -abilis, active, 
 cf. Verg. G. 1. 93, and Munro on Lucret. 1. 11. 
 
 23. impiae: contrast Tenn., 'Fly happy, happy sails, and bear 
 the Press, | Fly happy with the mission of the cross.' 
 
 24. Cf. Dryden's ' invade the inviolable main.' impiae non tan- 
 genda and transiliunt (1. 18. 7) reinforce each other in expressing 
 the idea that man will 'easily transgress.' 
 
 25. omnia: everything and anything. So irav and TrdvTo\fj.os. 
 
 26. ruit : of the headlong recklessness of sin, ' licentious wick- 
 edness | When down the hill he holds his steep career ' (Shaks.). 
 vetitum : i.e. even in defiance of express prohibition. 
 
 27. audax : insistent repetition leading up to the examples. 
 genus: sc. Prometheus. Cf. Danai genus, 2. 14. 18; Uraniae 
 genus, Catull. 61. 2. For his theft of fire, cf. Hes. Op. 60 ; Aeschy- 
 lus, Prometheus; Frazer, Pausanias, III., p. 191. 
 
 28. fraudemala: cf . dolus malus, mali fures, etc. ; or simply of 
 the evil consequences. 
 
 29. domo : cf. Eurip. fr. 491, parodied Aristoph. Frogs. 100. 
 29-30. post ignem . . . subductum : the idiom of ab urbe
 
 156 NOTES. 
 
 condita ; cf. on 2. 4. 10 ; cf. Milton's 'since created man,' and his 
 'Bacchus . . . After the Tuscan mariners transforrn'd ' (Comus). 
 For the legend, cf. Serv. ad Verg. Eel. 6. 42, (ob Promethei furtum} 
 irati di duo mala immiserunt terris, febres et morbos : sicut et 
 Sappho et Hesiodus memorant ; Shelley, Prom. 2. 4, ' for on the 
 race of man | First famine, and then toil, and then disease, | Strife, 
 wounds and ghastly death unseen before | Fell.' 
 
 31. incubuit: cf. Lucret. 6. 1143, (mortifer aestus) incubuit . . . 
 populo ; Aesch. Suppl. 684, vovatav e<r(i.6s. 
 
 32. ' Mild was the slow necessity of death ' (Shelley, Queen 
 Mab). Cf. Hes. Op. 90 sqq. semoti . . . tarda : cumulative, 
 death was distant and drew nigh slowly ; prius with both words. 
 
 32-33. necessitas leti : Homer's Holpa . . . Oavaroto. Kpa.rep^ 
 
 33. corripuit : quickened. Cf. Lucan, 2. 100, quantoque gradu 
 mors saeva cucurrit. 
 
 34. vacuum: cf. Swinburne's 'Waste of the dead void air'; 
 Horn. II. 17. 425; Find. O. 1. 6, ty-finas Si' aWtpos. For Daedalus, 
 cf. 4. 2. 2 ; Verg. Aen. 6. 14 ; Ov. Met. 8. 183. 
 
 36. perrupit : cf. manet (1. 13. 6 ; 2. 6. 14 ; 2. 13. 16 ; 3. 16. 26 ; 
 3. 24. 5), always under verse ictus. There is no instance in the 
 fourth book. Acheronta : into Acheron. Herculeus labor: 
 cf. 2. 12. 6. A little more than the idiom of BIT; 'Hpa'fArjfir; (cf. 
 on 3. 21. 11), or Milton's 'Basks at the fire his hairy strength.' 
 It was a ' Herculean task,' and his twelfth labor. He went down 
 to fetch Cerberus, and released Theseus. Cf. 4. 7. 28. labor: 
 note how ' The line too labours, and the words move slow.' 
 
 37. nil . . . arduist : ardui with nil, too steep, literally of caelum, 
 metaphorically hard. Cf. Camoens, Lusiad, 4. 104. 
 
 38. stultitia : because a proverbial impossibility. Cf. Find. 
 Fyth. 10. 27. 
 
 40. Pull the unwilling thunder down ' (Dryden) . iracunda : 
 Find. Nem. 0. 50, 7x* (dKorov. For the transferred epithet, cf. 
 on 1. 18. 7; 3. 1. 42; 1. 37. 7; Epode 16. 60; 10. 14; Arnold, 
 Sohrab and Itustum, ' Come plant we here in earth our angry 
 spears.' ponere: deponere, lay aside. Cf. 3. 2. 19; 3. 4. 60.
 
 BOOK I., ODE IV. 157 
 
 ODE IV. 
 
 Spring has come, and the zephyrs. Cold winter's chains are 
 loosed. Enjoy the spring flowers while you may. The night of 
 death is nigh. Cf. 4. 7, and Carew's lovely lines on Spring. 
 
 L. Sestius was consul sn/ectus in the second half of the year 
 6.c. 23, the probable date of the publication of the three books of 
 the odes. He is possibly addressed as the consul of the year. 
 
 1 . aolvitur : strictly perhaps of the frozen soil. Cf . solutae, 
 1. 10 ; Verg. G. 2. 331, laxant area sinus. But cf. 1. 9. 5 ; Tibull. (?) 
 3. 5. 4, cum se purpureo vere remittit hiems (hitmus). grata vice : 
 the ' season's difference ' is felt as a welcome change. Cf. 4. 7. 3 ; 
 E. 13. 8 ; 3. 29. 13 ; Milt. P. L. 7, 'To illuminate the earth and rule 
 the day | In their vicissitude.' Favoni : cf. 4. 12. 2; 3. 7. 2; Cat. 
 46. 2, iam caeli furor aequinoctialis \ iucundis zephyri silescit 
 auris ; Milton, Sonnet 20: 'Time will run | On smoother, till 
 Favonius re-inspire | The frozen earth' ; Lucret. 5. 737 sqq. 
 
 2. machinae : rollers (KV\IV$POI) and tackle by which the ships 
 were drawn down and launched at the opening of navigation. 
 Caes. B. C. 2. 10; Anth. Pal. 10. 16. 
 
 3. stabulis : byre. ignl: * ingle-lowe" 1 (Burns). 
 
 . 5. Cythe'rea . . . Venus : the rare tautology, found only in 
 later Greek poets, is perhaps justified by the separation: the god- 
 dess of Cythera . . . Venus. Or perhaps 'in Cythera.' chores: 
 cf. Horn. Hymn Apoll. Pyth. 16 ; Lucret. 5. 737 ; Rossetti, Sonnet 
 on Botticelli's Spring. imminente luna : Milton, P. L. 1. 780, 
 ' while overhead the moon | Sits arbitress.' The Greek divinities, 
 like the modern elves and fairies, dance in the woods, sub nocte 
 silenti \ cum superis terrena placent (Stat. Silv. 1. 1. 95). 
 
 6. Cf. 4. 7. 5 ; Rossetti ut supra, ' The Graces circling near, | 
 'Neath bower-linked arch of white arms glorified' ; F. Q. 6. 10. 15, 
 ' These were the Graces, daughters of delight, | Handmaids of 
 Venus, which are wont to haunt | Upon this hill and dance there 
 day and night.' decentes: comely, 1. 18. 6; 3. 27. 53; Milton, 
 Penseroso, ' And sable stole of Cyprus lawn | Over thy decent 
 shoulders drawn' ; Herrick, 16, ' When I thy parts runne o're, I 
 can't espie j In any one, the least indecensie.'
 
 158 NOTES. 
 
 7. graves : sc. laboriosas, or perhaps ponderous. 
 
 8. Volcanus ardens : sc. in the glow of the forge, or with 
 eagerness ((nrfvSwv, 11. 18. 373 ; Verg. Aen. 2. 529, ardens insequi- 
 tur). Cf. 3. 4. 58-59. n. urit : fires up, kindles. A few Mss. and 
 some editors who object to seeming tautology of ardens urit, read 
 visit, visits. Cf. 3. 28. 15. For the forges of the Cyclopes at 
 Lipara (cf. 3. 12. 6. n.), cf. Verg. Aen. 8. 416 ; Ap. Rhod. 3. 41-; 
 Callim. Hymn 3. 46. In spring they are naturally busy with the 
 summer thunder-bolts. These Hesiodic (Theog. 139) Cyclopes are 
 to be distinguished from the pastoral monsters of Homer, Ody. 
 Bk. 9 ; F. Q. 4. 5. 37, ' He like a monstrous giant seem'd in sight, | 
 Far passing Bronteus or Pyracmon great, | The which in Lipari do 
 day and night | Frame thunder-bolts for Jove's avengeful threat.' 
 
 9. nitidum : with ointment, 2. 7. 7 ; but cf . 3. 19. 25 ; 3. 24. 20 ; 
 
 2. 12. 19. impedire : sc. vincire, 4. 1. 32 ; 1. 7. 23 ; Tibull. 1. 6. 
 67, quamvis non vitta legatos \ impediat crines. Cf. expedies caput, 
 
 3. 24. 8. 
 
 10. aolutae : cf. Verg. G. 1. 44, zephyro putris se glaeba resolvit. 
 Thomson, Spring, 'The well-us'd plough | Lies in the furrow, 
 loosen'd from the frost.' 
 
 11. Fauno : cf. 1. 17 ; 3. 18 ; umbrosis evidently cannot be pressed 
 if the time is the Ides of February (Ov. Fast. 2. 193). But cf. 1. 
 23. 5-6. n. 
 
 12. poscat: sc. immolari sibi. agna: abl. instr., as often 
 with verbs of sacrificing. 
 
 13. Pallida: by association. Cf. Shaks., 'death's pale flag'; 
 Milton, P. L. 10, 'Death . . . not mounted yet | On his pale horse.' 
 ' Where kingly death | Keeps his pale court,' Adonais, 7. Cf. also, 
 white death, yellow death, etc. aequo . . . pede : Cowper, 
 Yearly Bill of Mortality, 1787, ' Pale death with equal foot strikes 
 wide the door | Of royal halls and hovels of the poor.' Dickens, 
 David Copperfield, ch. 28, ' If we failed to hold our own, because 
 that equal foot at all men's doors was heard knocking somewhere, 
 every object in this world would slip from us.' Malherbe, Cons, a 
 M. Du Pe"rier : ' Le pauvre en sa cabane, oil le chaume le couvre, | 
 est sujet & ses lois ; | et le garde qui veille aux barrieres du Louvre | 
 N'en defend point nos rois.' Cf. also 2. 18. 32. n. ; 3. 1. 14. 
 pulsat : cf . Ov. Her. 21. 46, Persephone nostras pulsat acerba fores.
 
 BOOK I., ODE IV. 159 
 
 For knocking with foot, cf. Plaut. Most. 444 ; Callim. Hym. Apoll. 3. 
 Observe alliteration. 
 
 14. regum : 2. 14. 11. n. beate : in the convention<al, if not in 
 the stoic sense. Cf. 3. 7. 3. n. ; 2. 2. 17. n. ; II. 11. 68. 
 
 15. summa: cf. 4. 7. 17. brevis : a commonplace. Cf. Otto 
 s.v. Vita, 2. spem . . . longam: 1. 11. 6. incohare: -life's 
 "brief sum forbids us open (a) long (account icith) hope (Gilder- 
 sleeve). Cf. Seneca, Ep. 101, O quanta dementia est spes longas 
 incohantium. 
 
 16. iam : cf. Tibull. 1. 1. 7, iam veniet tenebris mors adoperta 
 caput. Cf. Lucret. 3. 894, iam iam, etc. premet nox: cf. 4. 9. 
 27. n. ; Verg. Aen. 6. 827. fabulae : cf. Emerson, Montaigne, 
 ' Life is eating us up. We shall be fables presently.' Herrick, 178, 
 ' So when you or I are made | A fable, song, or fleeting shade ; | All 
 love, all liking, all delight | Lies drown'd with us in endless night.' 
 Persius, 5, 152, cinis et manes et fabulafies. For fabula = theme 
 of talk, cf. Epode 11. 8. There is a further Epicurean suggestion 
 that the tales of a future life are fabulae ! nonsense (Ter. Heaut. 
 2. 3. 95). Cf. Sen. Tro. 380, Verum est, an timidos fabula decipit \ 
 umbras corporibus vivere conditis ? Callim. Ep. 15. 4. 
 
 17. exilis: cheerless, barren of comforts (cf. Epp. 1. 6. 45, and 
 plena domo, 4. 12. 24) or unsubstantial (cf. Verg. Aen. 6. 269, 
 domos Ditis vacuas et inania regna, with possible suggestion of the 
 ' thin bat-like shrillings of the dead ' in Homer). Cf. Bacon's ' exile 
 sound.' The house or chamber of death is a commonplace from 
 Homer, the Bible, and Pindar, down. Plutonia : cf. Poe, The 
 Raven, ' the night's Plutonian shore.' simul: 1.9. 9. n. 
 
 18. The arbiter bibendi, symposiarch or master of the revels, was 
 chosen by the dice. Cf. 2. 7. 25. n. For the Epicurean moral, cf. 
 Fletcher, ' Drink to-day and drown all sorrow ' ; Lodge, ' Pluck 
 the fruit and taste the pleasure | Youthful lordlings of delight ' ; 
 Herrick, 541 ; 111, ' Sing o'er Horace ; for ere long | Death will 
 come and mar the song ' ; Theog. 567-570, 973 ; Propert. 3. 7. 23, 
 Dum nos fata sinunt, oculos saliemus amore : \ nox tibi longa venit 
 nee reditura dies.
 
 160 NOTES. 
 
 ODE V. 
 
 What slim lad holds dalliance with thee now, O Pyrrha. He 
 will rue the day that first he tempted the bright and fickle sea. 
 I have long since hung up my dank and dripping weeds to Nep- 
 tune.- 
 
 Milton's version is well known. Imitation by Cowley, Johnson's 
 Poets, 7. 73. 
 
 1. gracilis: i<r\vos, schlank, svelte. Cf. Rossetti's 'gracile 
 spring.' in rosa : probably bed of roses. Marlowe, Passionate 
 Shepherd, 'There will I make thee beds of roses.' But potare in 
 rosa and esse in rosa may refer to garlands. 
 
 2. perfusus : Epode 13. 9. urget : woos. 
 
 3. sub : under (the covert of) - in. Cf. 2. 1. 39 ; 3. 29. 14 ; 
 Epod. 9. 3. 
 
 4. cul : cf. Swinburne, ' Ah, thy beautiful hair ! so was it once 
 braided for me, for me' ; Tibull. 4. 6. 3, Tibi se laetissima comp- 
 sit ; Anth. Pal. 5. 228, flirt rivi TrX^eis %TI poarpvxov; flavam : 
 Pyrrha means flava, the fashionable color. Cf. 2. 4. 14 ; 3. 9. 19 ; 
 4. 4. 4. religaa: 2.11. 24; 4. 11. 5. 
 
 5. simplex munditiis: 'plain in thy neatness' (Milton). Cf. 
 Pliny, N. H. 2. 4, Nam quern KoV/xoc Gfraeci nomine ornamenti 
 appellavere, eum et nos a perfecta absolutaqne elegantia mundum ; 
 Cic. de Off. 1. 36, Adhibenda est munditia non odiosa neque exqnisita. 
 Cf. Ben Jonson's, 'Still to be neat, still to be drest.' heu : cf. 1. 
 15. 19. n. ; 3. 2. 9. fidem : thy faithlessness. Cf. 1. 18. 16; 3. 
 24. 59 ; Ovid's de fide queri. Or supply mutatam. Cf. 3. 5. 7. n. 
 
 6. aspera : cf. horrida, 3. 24. 40 ; Verg. Aen. 3. 285, Et glacia- 
 lis hiems Aquilonibus asperat undas. And for transfer to lady's 
 temper, cf. 1. 33. 15. For the image, cf. Sir Charles Sedley, 
 'Love still has something of the sea, | From whence his mother 
 rose ; | No time his slaves from doubt can free, | Nor give their 
 thoughts repose ' ; Anth. Pal. 5. 1 ; 5. 190 ; 5. 156, ' A <f>t\fpus 
 X.ap'JiTo'is ' AffK \rjTrtas aila Ya.\T)vris \ u/jL/j.a.ffi avfiirtiQei irdvras 4f>(aroir\0fiv ; 
 Plautus Asin. 133; Simonides, fr. 7. 27; Heine, ' Oben Lust, im 
 Busen Tucken, | Strom, du bist der Liebchen Bild : | Die kann auch 
 so freundlich nicken, I Lachelt auch so from und mild.'
 
 BOOK I., ODE VI. 161 
 
 7. Nigrla : effect as epithet of cause. Cf. Epod. 10. 5 ; 3. 7. 1 , 
 candidi, 1. 7. 15; 2. 7. 21. n. For phenomenon, cf. II. 7. 64, 
 /ufAavei Si re ir<Wo$ vir O.VTTJS ; Tenn., 'Little breezes dusk and 
 shiver.' 
 
 8. emirabitur: only here. Cf. 2. 14. 11, enaviganda. in- 
 solens : unwonted to the sight. Cf. 2. 4. 2. n. ; 2. 3. 3 ; 1. 16. 21. 
 
 9. credulus aurea : cf . 1. 6. 9. n. For vague use of aurea, cf. 
 4. 2. 23 ; 2. 10. 5; Theoc. 12. 16 ; Pindar passim; Shaks., 'Golden 
 lads and girls all must | As chimney sweepers come to dust ' ; 
 Barry Cornwall, ' Lucy is a golden girl.' 
 
 10. vacuam : fancy free, and so ready to entertain him. 
 
 11. aurae : cf. 2. 8. 24. n. ; 3. 2. 20. n. 
 
 13. iiites : perhaps keeping up the metaphor. Cf. Lucret. 2. 
 559, Subdola cum ridet placidi pellacia ponti. But cf. Glycerae 
 nitor, 1. 19. 5 ; splendet, 3. 3. 25 ; Catull. 2. 5, desiderio meo 
 nitenti. tabula : for the votive picture, dedicated by shipwrecked 
 sailors to Neptune, or Isis, cf. A. P. 20 ; Verg. Aen. 12. 768 ; F. Q. 
 3. 4. 10, ' Then, when I shall myself in safety see, | A table for 
 eternal monument | Of thy great grace and my great jeopardy, | 
 Great Neptune, I avow to hallow unto thee ' ; Thomas Watson, 
 Hecatompathia, 91, ' Hang up your votive tables in the quyre | Of 
 Cupid's church.' 
 
 15. potent! : with man's. 
 
 ODE VI. 
 
 Varius will chant thy deeds by sea and land, Agrippa. I cannot 
 rise to tragic or epic heights I, the light singer of love. 
 
 M. Vipsanius Agrippa was the right hand of Augustus in war, 
 as Maecenas in peace. He commanded the fleet at Actium, mar- 
 ried the emperor's daughter Julia, adorned Rome with magnificent 
 buildings (the Pantheon), and was for many years virtually joint 
 emperor with Augustus. Gardthausen, 2. 409 sqq. ; Merivale, 
 3. 211-214. 
 
 L. Varius, the intimate friend of Horace and Vergil, and editor 
 of the Aeneid with Plotius Tucca after Vergil's death, wrote epics, 
 tragedies, and elegies. Before the publication of the Aeneid he 
 was regarded as the chief epic poet of the day. Sat. 1. 10. 43,
 
 162 NOTES. 
 
 forte epos acer ut nemo Varius ducit. Cf. also Sat. 1. 5. 40 ; 1. 
 5. 93 ; 1. 9. 23 ; 2. 8. 21 ; 2. 8. 63 ; Epist. 2. 1. 247 ; A. P. 55. 
 
 The Augustan poets and their imitators frequently profess ina- 
 bility to do justice to the achievements of their patrons. Cf. 
 Sellar, p. 134 ; Sat. 2. 1. 12 ; Epist. 2. 1. 250 ; Odes, 4. 2. 28-36 ; 
 Propert. 2. 1. 17 sqq. ; 4. 8. 
 
 1-2. Vario . . . alite : generally taken somewhat harshly, as abl. 
 abs. to save the syntax, tho abl. of agent without ab being thought 
 inadmissible. Others emend aliti, dat. of agent. For bird = bard, 
 cf. 2. 20. 10; 4. 2. 25; Theoc. 7. 47, Moi<rav 8pvi X es ; Thomson, 
 Winter, ' Great Homer too appears of daring wing | Parent of 
 Song ' ; Bacchylides, 5. 19 sqq. 
 
 2. Maeonii : cf. 4. 9. 5. Enthusiastic friendship employed 
 ' Homeric ' then as freely as it does Shakesperian now. Cf. Propert. 
 1. 7. 3 ; 2. 34. 66. 
 
 3. quam . . . cumque : for the tmesis, cf. 1. 7. 25 ; 1. 9. 14 ; 
 1. 16. 2; 1. 27. 14, etc. navibus . . . equis : abl. instr., a 
 variation of conventional terra marique. Agrippa defeated Sex- 
 tus Pompey, B.C. 36, for which navali corona a Caesare donatus 
 est ; qui honos nulli ante eum habitus erat, Livy, Epit. Bk. 129. 
 
 4. gesserit : with scriberis in an extension of the ' I know thee 
 who thou art ' construction. Cf. 4. 14. 19. 
 
 5. nos : cf. 1. 17 and 2. 17. 32, and Epist. passim. In the odes 
 generally ego. neque haec . . . nee: for the paratactic form of 
 parallels, cf. 3. 5. 27-30. dicere : very frequent in the odes for 
 lyric utterance. gravem : Homer's oi>\o[j.fvr)v, II. 1. 2. The 
 Greeks also said, &apvs x^os ; Aesch. Eumen. 800, fiapiiv nfnov. 
 
 6. stomachum : bile, gall, spleen; cf. 1. 16. 16. A homely 
 term, intentionally used for Homer's urivis, the epic theme of the 
 Iliad. The figurative use of the word is not Greek, but is frequent 
 in Cicero. Cf. Lex. s.v. ; F. Q. 2. 8. 23, ' But with stern looks and 
 stomachous disdain.' cedere nescii: cf. Verg. Aen. 12. 527, 
 nescia vinci pectora. Achilles was pervicax (Epod. 17. 14), impiger 
 iracundus inexorabilis acer (A. P. 121), and recalcitrant even to 
 the gods (II. 21. 223 ; Plat. Rep. 391 B). 
 
 7. After the Iliad, the Odyssey. duplicis : iroXvrpoiros, versa- 
 tile lowered to Snr\ovs (Eurip. Rhesus, 395), shifty, double tongued.
 
 BOOK I., ODE VI. 163 
 
 Ulixei : cf. Epode 16. 60 ; 17. 16 ; Achillei, 1. 15. 34 ; Penthei, 2. 
 19. 14 ; Alyattei, 3. 16. 41. 
 
 8. Tragedy : cf. Milton, Penseroso, ' Presenting Thebes, or 
 Pelops' line, | Or the tale of Troy divine.' The Thyestes of 
 Varius was by friendly critics thought equal to any Greek trag- 
 edy. Quint. 10. 1. 98. saevam . . . domum: Tantalus, Pelops, 
 Atreus, Thyestes, Aegisthus, Agamemnon, a family upas-tree 
 (Symonds). 
 
 9. tenues grandia : cf. Ov. Am. 2. 18. 4, et tener ausuros 
 grandia frangit amor. For Horace's favorite device of antithetic 
 juxtaposition of contrasted words, cf. 1. 3. 10 ; 1.5-9; 1. 13. 14 ; 
 
 I. 15. 2 ; 2. 16. 17 ; 2. 18. 10 ; 3. 7. 13 ; 3. 8. 1 ; 3. 11. 46 ; 3. 29. 17 ; 
 3. 29. 49 ; 3. 30. 12 ; 4. 1. 6-7 ; 4. 4. 32 ; 4. 2. 31 ; 4. 4. 53 ; 4. 5. 9 ; 
 and Sellar, p. 193. dum : while, shades into since. Cf. 1. 2. 17 ; 
 3. 11. 50. 
 
 10. potens: with lyrae. Cf. 1. 3. 1 ; 1. 5. 15 ; 3. 29. 41 ; C. S. 
 1 ; Epist. 2. 3. 407, musa lyrae sollers. For thought, cf. Anacre- 
 ontea, 23, fle'Aw \eyetv 'ArpfiSas- ... a BdpfiiTos Se Xp8a7s | fptara. 
 
 flOVVOV T)X f ?- 
 
 11. egregii: cf. 3. 25. 4; 3. 5. 48 ; Marlowe, Tamb. II. 1. 1, 
 ' Egregious viceroys of those Eastern parts.' 
 
 12. deterere : lit. impair, by wearing away. Cf. tenuare, 3. 3. 
 72 ; Epist. 2. 1. 235-237 ; Milton, ' Who can impair thee, mighty 
 king?' Raleigh, Epitaph on Sidney, 'Whose virtues wounded by 
 my worthless rhyme, | Let angels speak, and heaven thy praises 
 tell ' ; F. Q. 3. 2. 3. 
 
 13. quis : who but a Varius? adamantina : Homer's x a ^- 
 Kox'trui'. Cf. 3. 24. 5. n. 
 
 14. scripserit : for syntax, cf . G. L. 259 ; H. 486. The mood 
 of the question is that of the expected answer, nemo scripserit. 
 
 15. nigrum : swart, soiled. Cf. 1. 21. 7. n. ; 2. 1. 22. n. Meri- 
 ones was the charioteer of the Cretan Idomeneus. Cf. 1. 15. 26 ; 
 
 II. 8. 264, 13. 330-336. ope : cf. 4. 2. 2. 
 
 16. parem : cf. impar, 4. 6. 5 ; Tydides, urged on by Pallas, 
 -wounded Ares and Aphrodite, II. 5. 330-340, 846-855. 
 
 17. proelia : e.g. Propert. 4. 7. 5 ; Ov. Am. 1. 5. 15. 
 
 18. sectis : properly manicured nails are not very dreadful 
 weaoons. acrium in iuvenes : cf. 1. 2. 39-40.
 
 164 NOTES. 
 
 19-20. (sive) vacui aive : cf. 1. 3. 16 ; 1. 32. 7 ; 3. 4. 21-22. But 
 sive quid urimur is really an afterthought. Cf. 1. 15. 25 ; 3. 27. 61. 
 urimur : cf. 1. 19. 4. 11011, etc. : as is my wont. 
 
 ODE VII. 
 
 Beautiful are the isles of Greece, and her cities beloved of gods, 
 famed in song and story. But 'Tibur is beautiful, too, and the 
 orchard slopes and the Anio, | Falling, falling yet to the ancient 
 lyrical cadence' (Clough). Thou, Plancus, whether in the shade 
 of thy Tiburtine villa, or in the glittering camp, remember that 
 wine is the best dispeller of care. This Teucer knew when, fleeing 
 to exile from his angry father, he consoled his despondent mates 
 with the promise of a new Salamis in a strange land. 
 
 The loose juncture at 1. 15 led some ancient critics to assume the 
 beginning of a new ode there. Lines 26 sqq. imply acquaintance 
 with Verg. Aen. 1. 195 sqq., and can hardly have been written 
 before B.C. 29. 
 
 L. Munatius Plancus, a political turn-coat (morbo proditor, Veil. 
 2. 83), founded Lyons as governor of Gaul in B.C. 43, was consul 
 in 42, was intrusted by Antony with the government of Syria and 
 Asia, and abandoned him for Octavian on the eve of Actiurn. In 
 B.C. 27 he proposed the decree conferring on Octavian the title of 
 Augustus, and was rewarded by the censorship B.C. 22. In what 
 camp he could have been serving at this time, or what were the 
 cares which Horace advises him to drown in wine, does not appear. 
 
 1. laudabunt alii : cf. excudent alii, Verg. Aen. 6. 847. The 
 antithesis is me, 1. 10. The ' praise ' need not be literary. Cf. 1. 1. 
 17, laudat. claram: so Martial, 4. 55. 6; sunny. Cf. I'liny, N. 
 H. 2. 62 ; Lucan, 8. 248, claramque relinquit \ sole Rhodon. But 
 cf. Catull. 46. 6, ad dams Asiae volemus urbes ; 4. 8, Bhodumque 
 nobilem, that is, renowned for its commerce, its art, and its schools 
 of rhetoric and philosophy. Mytilenen : capital of Lesbos, pul- 
 chritudine in primis nobilis (Cic.). 
 
 2. Ephesus : capital of 'Asia,' called by Florus lumen Asiae. 
 bimaris: so Ov. Met. 5. 407; Trist. 1. 11. 5, bimarem . . . 
 Isthmon; Her. 12. 27; d^aAoj, Find. 0. 13. 40; a./j.<j>iOd\a<roos,
 
 BOOK I., ODE VH. 165 
 
 0. 7. 33. Ai0cUa<rffor, cited by editors, does not seem to have been so 
 used. Cf . Landor, ' Queen of the double sea beloved of him | Who 
 shakes the world's foundations'; Anth. Pal. 7. 218, aXt&voio 
 KopivBov ; Pind. 0. 13. 5. Corinthi : destroyed by Mummius B.C. 
 146. Restored as colony by Julius Caesar. 
 
 4. Tempe : Ov. Met. 1. 568, est nemus Haemoniae (Thessaly), 
 praerupta quod undique claudit \ Silva: vocant Tempe, per quae 
 Peneus, ab imo \ Effusus Pindo, spumosis volvitur undis; Tenn., 
 'The long divine Peneian pass' ; Shelley, Hymn of Pan, 'Liquid 
 Peneus was flowing, | And all dark Tempe lay | In Pelion's (sic) 
 shadow outgrowing | The light of the dying day.' Cf. the descrip- 
 tion in Aelian, V. H. 3. 1 ; Eurip. Troad. 214. 
 
 5. unum opus : their one task, theme. intactae : virgin. 
 Cf. 3. 4. 70, integrae. urbem: Athens. 
 
 6. perpetuo : in continuous epic, not the short swallow-flights 
 of lyric. Cf. Ov. Met. 1. 3, primaque ab origine mundi \ ad mea 
 perpetuum deditcite tempora carmen. 
 
 7. The olive was the gift of Athena and the symbol of Athens. 
 To pluck from every quarter a wreath of olive for the brow, is to 
 gather from all sources of legend and history material for the 
 praise of Athens. Cf. Lucret. 1. 928, iuvatque novos decerpere 
 flores | insignemque meo capiti petere inde coronam, | unde prius 
 nulli velarint tempora musae. 
 
 8. plurimus : many a one. Cf. Martial, 7. 36. 3, plurima 
 . . . tegula; Verg. Aen. 2. 369; Juv. 3. 232. But in all these 
 cases there is a substantive. Hence some deny the use. luno- 
 nis: her three favorite cities were Argos, Sparta, and Mycenae 
 (II. 4. 51). 
 
 9. aptum . . . equis : l-mr6Borov (II. 2. 287). But this version 
 of the Greek is perhaps due to a reminiscence of the words of 
 Telemachus (Odyss. 4. 601) rendered (Epp. 1. 7. 41), ?IOM est 
 aptus equis Ithace locus. dites : iro\vxpv<ros (II. 7. 180 ; Soph. El. 
 9). ' Not yet to tired Cassandra lying low | In rich Mycenae do 
 the fates relent' (Lang). The gold found there by Schliemann 
 amply justifies the epithet. It was prehistoric to Horace as it is 
 to us (Lucian, Contempl. 23 ; Anth. Pal. 9. 103). 
 
 10. me: cf. on 1. 1. 29. patiens: hardy. Cf. Quintil. 3. 7. 
 24 ; Epp. 1. 7. 40, patientis Ulixei; ' Spread on Eurotas' bank . . .
 
 166 NOTES. 
 
 the patient Sparta the sober, hard, | And man-subduing city ' 
 (Thomson, Liberty). 
 
 11. Larisae . . . opimae : Thessaly is still the granary of Greece. 
 Cf. II. 2. 841, lpiftia\a.Ka. percussit : cf. Vergil's ingenti percus- 
 sus amore, G. 2. 476 ; Milton's ' Smit with the love of sacred song.' 
 
 12 sqq. In order to enjoy Horace, the student should read up 
 Tibur in Burn's Rome and the Campagna, or Hare's Days near 
 Rome, 1. 191-207. Cf Sellar, p. 179 ; Clough, Amours de Voyage, 
 3. 11, 'Here as I sit by the stream, as I gaze at the cell of the 
 Sibyl, | Here with Albunea's home and the grove of Tiburnus 
 beside me.' doinus : grotto. Albuneae : this old Italian oracle, 
 described by Verg. Aen. 7. 83, gave its name to the last of the 
 Sibyls. resonantis : from the cataract (Verg. Aen. 7. 84), nemo- 
 rum quae maxima sacro \ fonte sonat ; ' To Anio's roar and Tibur's 
 olive shade' (Thomson, Liberty). 
 
 13. praeceps Anio : the Teverone. Cf. Wordsworth's wish, 
 ' To listen to Anio's precipitous flood | When the stillness of 
 evening hath deepened its roar' ; Macaulay, Regillus, 10, 'From 
 the green steeps whence Anio leaps | In floods of snow-white 
 foam'; Clough, 'Tivoli beautiful is and musical, O Teverone, | 
 Dashing from mountain to plain | Thy parted impetuous waters ' ; 
 Propert. 3. 30. 14 ; Stat. Silv. 1. 5. 25. Tiburni : the Argive broth- 
 ers Tiburnus, Catil(l)us, and Coras were the mythical founders 
 of Tibur. Cf. 1. 18. 2, 2. 6. 5 ; Verg. Aen. 7. 670 ; Stat. Silv. 1. 3. 
 74, ilia recubat Tiburnus in umbra. lucus : i.e. religious (sacred) 
 grove. Cf. 1. 12. 60 ; Lucret. 5. 75 ; Milton, P. L. 1, ' (Moloch) 
 made his grove \ The pleasant valley of Hinnom.' Tradition placed 
 a villa of Horace here, domusque ostenditur circa Tiburni luculum 
 (Suet. Vit. Horat.). uda: 4. 2. 30 ; 3. 29. 6. 
 
 14. pomaria : Macaulay, Regillus, 36, 'From where the apple 
 blossoms wave | On Anio's echoing banks.' Cf. Ov. Am. 3. 6. 
 45 ; Propert. 5. 7. 81, ramosis (pomosis) Anio qua pornifer (spu- 
 mifer') incubat arvis. mobilibus . . . rivis : the branches of 
 the Anio and their rapids, ' cascatelle.' 
 
 15. Horace may have pieced two fragments of verse together at 
 this point, but we cannot separate them. albus : 3. 27. 19 ; 3. 7. 1. 
 The south wind does not always ' rise with black wings' (Milton), 
 as caeli fuscator Eoi (Lucan. 4. 66) . It is often (saepe) the white
 
 BOOK I., ODE VII. 167 
 
 (whitening) \tvit6voTos and scours away the clouds. Cf. Arnold, 
 Empedocles, 'As the sky-brightening south-wind clears the day, | 
 And makes the niass'd clouds roll, | The music of the lyre blows 
 away j The clouds which wrap the soul.' 
 
 16. parturit : 4. 5. 26 ; Lucret. 6. 259, fulminibus gravidam 
 tempestatem; Hymn. Orph. 21. 1, ce^'Aai . . . 6/n.ffpor^Kot. 
 
 17. sapiens : be wise, with the wisdom of 1. 11. 6. 
 
 17-18. finire . . . labores : so 3. 4. 39 ; Sat. 2. 3. 263, finire 
 doJores. 
 
 19. molli : mellow and mellowing. Tristitia is not sadness nor 
 are labores, 'labors.' fulgentia: cf. Tac. Hist. 3. 82, fulgentia 
 per colles vexilla ; They were decorated with bright silver disks, 
 Pliny, N. H. 33. 58. Cf. 2. 1. 19. 
 
 20. tenebit : apparently he is in camp. 
 
 21. Teucer : non receptus a patre Telamone ob segnitiam non 
 vindicatae fratris (Aiacis) iniuriae, ~Cyprum adpulsus cog'nomi- 
 nem patriae suae Salamina constituit (Veil. 1. 1). Cf. Verg. Aen. 
 
 1. 619. Ajax had slain himself because the arms of Achilles were 
 awarded to Ulysses. For Teucer's anticipation of his reception, 
 if he returned without his brother, cf. Soph. Ajax, 1007-1020. 
 For Telamon's passionate invective (a popular scene in the early 
 Roman drama), cf. the fragments of Pacuvius' play; Cic. de Or. 
 
 2. 193 ; Ribbeck, Pacuv. Teucer, fr. 12. Cf. further, Isoc. 3. 28, 
 9. 18. For the details that follow, Horace is our sole authority. 
 Teucri vox, . . . patria est ubicumque est bene (Cic. Tusc. 5. 37. 108) 
 expresses the sentiment of 1. 25. The personal application (if any) 
 of the tale to Plancus is as obscure to us as is that of Pindar's myths. 
 
 22. fugeret : sc. to exile. Cf . on 2. 13. 28 ; Sat. 1. 6. 13. uda : 
 cf. on 2. 19. 18, 4. 5. 39 ; Tibull. 1. 2. 3, multo perfusum tempora 
 Baccho. Lyaeo : Lyaeus (as if from \voa~), the releaser from care 
 and tongue-tied dullness, epithet of Bacchus, because, as Browning 
 (Aristoph. Apol.) puts it, men found 'That wine unlocked the 
 stiff est lip and loosed | The tongue late dry and reticent of joke.' 
 Cf. on 3. 21. 16, 1. 18. 4, 4. 12. 20; Fletcher, 'God Lyaeus ever 
 young.' The god is put for his gift as Ceres for grain (Verg. Aen. 
 1. 177), Venus for love, etc. Cf. Lucret. 2. 652, Bacchi nomine 
 abuti | mavolt quam laticis proprium proferre vocamen. 
 
 23. populea : as sacred to Hercules (Verg. Eel. 7. 61 ; Theoc.
 
 168 NOTES. 
 
 2. 121), the wanderer (vago, 3. 3. 9) and guide, riyf/j.tav (Xen. 
 Anab. 4. 8. 25.) In company with Hercules Telamon had taken 
 Troy and won Hesione, the mother of Teucer. 
 
 25. quo . . . cumque: cf. 1. 6. 3. melior: i.e. kinder. 
 
 2(5-30. o socii . . . peioraque passi (30) : cf. Verg. Aen. 1. 
 199, o socii ... o passi graviora ; Odyss. 12. 208, ' Worse deaths 
 have we faced and fled from, | In the Cyclops' den, | When the 
 floor of his cave ran red from | The blood of men.' Cf. also Tenn. 
 Ulysses, 'My mariners, | Souls that have toil'd and wrought, and 
 thought with me,' etc. ; multo graviora tulisti, Ov. Trist. 5. 11. 7. 
 
 27. Teucro : the name is more inspiring than me. Cf. Macau- 
 lay, Horat. 43, ' But will ye dare to follow, | If Astur clears the 
 way ? ' So in Shaks. Julius Caesar, passim, ' Shall Caesar send 
 a lie?' 2. 2. duce et auspice: suggests the formal ductu et 
 auspiciis. A campaign was under the auspices of the Consul or 
 Imperator (cf. on 4. 14. 33). It might not be under his personal 
 conduct (Suet. Aug. 21). The auspices here are given in the next 
 line. They carry Teucer and his fortunes. 
 
 28. certus: unerring, j^ep-r^s. Cf. Find. Pyth. 9. 46, 3. 29. 
 In 1. 12. 23 certus = &<pvtcros. For the oracle, cf. Eurip. Hel. 146. 
 
 29. ambiguam : cf. 2. 5. 24. So that when Salamis was named 
 men would ask, ' Which Salamis ? ' Hence, Lucan, 3. 183, Manil. 
 5. 50, Sen. Troad. 854, seem to speak of a veram Salamina. 
 
 31. nunc : so. dum licet. Cf. 1. 9. 18. pellite : Tibull. 1. 5. 
 57, saepe ego temptavi curas depellere vino. 
 
 32. ingens : awfipova. In 2. 10. 9 /uaicpd, ; in 4. 9. 19 irt\<S>pios. 
 iterabimus : they had just returned from Troy. Cf. Odyss. 12. 
 293 for the formula. 
 
 ODE VIII. 
 
 Lydia, why wilt thou ruin Sybaris with thy love ? He no longer 
 witches the world with noble horsemanship, nor distinguishes him- 
 self in the manly sports of the campus. Is he hiding in woman's 
 dress like Achilles among the girls of Scyros ? 
 
 The names Lydia and Sybaris are perhaps symbolic of luxury 
 and effeminacy. Trans, by John Evelyn, imitated in Henry 
 Luttrell's Advice to Julia.
 
 BOOK I., ODE VIII. 169 
 
 1-2. per te deoa: the usual order. Cf. G. L. 413. n. 2. 
 2. amando : by love, thine or his not distinguished. Cf. Verg. 
 Eel. 8. 71, rantando rumpitur anguis, by song. 
 
 4. campum : the Campus Martius by the Tiber. Cf. 3. 7. 26 ; 
 Epist. 1. 7. 59 ; 2. 3. 162, aprici gramint: campi ; Sat. 1. 6. 126. 
 patiens : He icho once bore so icell. With gen., as 3. 10. 20 ; Juv. 
 7. 33, pelagi patiens. Cf. Sat. 2. 2. 1 10, metuensque futnri. 
 aolis : so in Greek lit. the hardy man is ^A.jo>/tVos (Plat. Rep. 
 556. D ; Eurip. Bacchae, 457). 
 
 5. militares: among his soldier mates. Others, militaris (nom.), 
 like a soldier. 
 
 6. equitat : the indirect subj. is abandoned for the direct form. 
 6-7. Cf. 3. 7. 25; 3. 12. 8 ; 3. 24. 54 ; F. Q. 1. 7. 37, 'A goodly 
 
 person and could manage fair | His stubborn steed with curbed 
 canon bit'; Stat. Silv. 5. 2. 113 sqq. The Gaulish horses were 
 noted for their spirit. lupatis : jagged like a wolf's teeth. Cf . 
 Lex. s.v. 
 
 8. Tiberim: a swim naturally followed the exercises of the 
 campus. Cf. 3. 7. 27 ; 3. 12. 7 ; Sat. 2. 1. 7, Ter uncti \ Trans- 
 nanto Tiberim somno quibus est optis alto. olivum : the oil 
 used for anointing wrestlers. 
 
 9. sanguine, etc. : brachylogy for quam vital sanguinem. Cf. 
 4. 9. 50. For viper's blood as poison, cf. Epod. 3. 6. 
 
 10-12. He whose discus used to fly clear beyond the mark 
 (vTr(pnTa.To aripaTa iravra, Odyss. 8. 192) no longer displays ('wears,' 
 'sports') his arms black and blue from the bruises of the discus 
 and the javelin (anna campestria, A. P. 379. Cf. Epist. 1. 18. 54). 
 Cf. illust. in Harper's Class. Diet. s.v. Discus. 
 
 14-16. Thetis, aware of the fate that awaited him at Troy, con- 
 cealed Achilles in the garb of a girl among the daughters of 
 Lycomedes, King of Scyros. Odysseus placed arms among gifts 
 offered to the girls, and Achilles betrayed himself by seizing upon 
 them. The tale is post-Homeric. It perhaps originated in the 
 Cypria and Little Iliad, and was treated in a lost play of Sophocles 
 (V 2Kupt<m). Cf. Ov. Met. 13. 162, Praescia venturi genetrix 
 Nereia leti \ dissimulat cultu natum; Bion, Idyll 2. 15; Statius 
 Achill. 1. 325 sqq. ; Sir Thomas Browne, Urn Burial, 'What song 
 the Syrens sang, or what name Achilles assumed when he hid
 
 170 NOTES. 
 
 himself among women, though puzzling questions, are not beyond 
 all conjecture.' Cf. Sueton. Tib. 70, quod Achilli nomen inter 
 virgines fuisset. 
 
 13-14. marinae . . . Thetidis : cf. 4. 6. 6. 
 
 14. sub: towards (the time of). Cf. sub noctem, 1. 9. 19. 
 lacrimosa : 1. 21. 13. n. 
 
 15-16. funera: cf. Lucret. 5. 326, funera Troiae. For thought 
 that cities die like men, cf. Sulpicius (Cic. Fain. 4. 5), tot oppidum 
 cadavera; Tasso, Ger. Lib. 15. 20, 'muoj6no le citta' ; Gosse, Ballad 
 of Dead Cities; Lucian, Catapl. 23; Anth. Pal. 9. 151, 284; Pausan. 
 8. 33. cultus : garb, 4. 9. 15. The Lycians were the chief allies 
 of the Trojans. 
 
 ODE IX. 
 
 Winter and snow reign without. Let us enjoy a heaped hearth 
 and a jar of Sabine within. Permit the rest to heaven, and rejoice, 
 young man, in thy youth while thou inayest. 
 
 Cf . Epod. 13 ; Alcaeus, fr. 34 : "Yet f*fv 6 Zeuj, tic 8' bpa.vS> fit-yas \ 
 Xeiytt^f, ireirdycKTiv 8' vSarcav poai. . . . K<iB&a\\f rliv x fl ^i'\ &rl M* 1 ' 
 Ttffels | irvp, fv St Ktpvals olvov d(/>ei3a>j, etc. 
 
 Tenn. In Memoriam, 107 : ' Fiercely flies | The blast of North 
 and East, and ice | Makes daggers at the sharpen'd eaves | . . . 
 But fetch the wine, | Arrange the board and brim the glass ; [ Bring 
 in great logs and let them lie, | To make a solid core of heat ; | Be 
 cheerful-minded, talk and treat | Of all things ev'n as he were by.' 
 (Trans, by Dryden and by Cowper, omitting the last stanza.) Cf. 
 also Byron, Childe Harold, 4. 77 ; Victor Hugo, Apropos d' Horace ; 
 Congreve, Johnson's Poets, 10. 278, ' Bless me, 'tis cold, how chill 
 the air' ; ibid. 10. 421 ; Allan Ramsay's paraphrase, 'Look up to 
 Pentland's tow'ring tap.' 
 
 1. stet : stands out, looms up, conspicuous in its robe of white 
 through the clear winter air. Cf. 3. 3. 42 ; Munro on Lucret. 3. 1. 
 81 ; Verg. EC. 7. 53, Slant et iunipcri et castaneae hirsutae ; Aen. 
 6. 471 ; Goethe, 'Die Myrthe still und hoch der Lorbeer steht^ ; 
 Arnold, Obermann, ' The scented pines of Switzerland | Stand dark 
 round thy green grave.' nive candidum : cf. 3. 25. 10.
 
 BOOK I., ODE IX. 171 
 
 2. Soracte: twenty -six miles north of Rome. Byron, Childe 
 Harold, 4. 74, ' Athos, Olympus, Aetna, Atlas, made | These hills 
 seem things of lesser dignity, | All, save the lone Soracte's height, 
 displayed | Not now in snow, which asks the lyric Roman's aid | 
 For our remembrance, and from out the plain | Heaves like a long- 
 swept wave about to break ' ; Macaulay, Regillus, ' White as Mount 
 Soracte | When winter nights are long.' 
 
 3. laborantes : cf. 2. 9. 7 ; there in the wind, here with the 
 load of snow. 
 
 4. constiterint : cf. Epist. 1. 3. 3, nivali compede vinctus ; 
 Thomson, Winter, ' An icy gale . . . arrests the bickering stream ' ; 
 Shelley, Sens. Plant. 3. 24 ; Ov. Trist. 5. 10. 1, Ut sumus in 
 Ponto ter frigore constitit Ister. It was cold in the Sabine hills, 
 but the Tiber rarely froze (Livy, 5. 13), and Horace is probably 
 merely following his Greek model. acuto : Verg. Georg. 1. 93, 
 penetrabile frigus ; Find. Pyth. 1. 20, x^ vos ofias. 
 
 5. dissolve: cf. 1. 4. 1, solvitur ; Shelley to Maria Gisborn, 
 ' And we'll have fires out of the Grand Duke's wood, | To thaw the 
 six weeks' winter in our blood.' super: 1. 12. 6; 3. 8. 17, dif- 
 ferent. foco: Epod. 2. 43. The common fireplace in the atrium, 
 perhaps in the country something like an Adirondack bonfire place. 
 
 6. benignius : a<pfi.5fios, unstintingly. Contra, 1. 28. 23, ma- 
 liynus. 
 
 I. deprome : 1. 37. 5. With abl. unde. Here from the jar 
 rather than the apotheca. quadrimum : about the right age for 
 a cheap wine. Cf. 1. 20. 1 ; Theoc. 14. 16. 
 
 8. Thaliarche : master of the revels ; coined by Horace. It sug- 
 gests 8a\tas rbv apxovTa Or ffvjjiiroa(a.p\os. Cf. 1. 4. 18. 
 
 9. permitte: cf. Milton's, 'Live well, how long or short permit 
 to heaven ' ; Archil, fr. 51, TO?S deo'is n6e't(v~) avavra. cetera : cf. 
 3. 29. 33 ; Epod. 13. 7. simul (ac): so always in Odes. Cf. 1. 4. 
 17 ;. 1. 12. 27. In Satires and Epistles both simul and simul ac 
 occur. Cf. Keats, ' She looked at me as [if] she did love.' 
 
 10. stravere : cf. Tenn. Freedom, ' How long thine ever-grow- 
 ing mind | Hath stilled the blast and strown the wave.' So in 
 Greek, a-ropfwu^t. (Od. 3. 158), etc. 
 
 II. deproeliantes : with one another. Cf. 1. 3. 13 ; Verg. G. 
 1.318, Omnia ventorum concurrere proelia vidi ; Aesch. Prom. 1086.
 
 172 NOTES. 
 
 13. Epicurean and Anacreontic commonplace : rb <rrifj.fpov ^Afi 
 Hot, | rb 8' aKpiov T(S olSev; Cf. 1. 11. 8 ; 2. 10. 25 ; 3. 29. 42 ; 4. 7. 
 17 ; Anth. Pal. 5. 72. fuge : i.e. noli. Cf. 2. 4. 22. 
 
 14. fors: Fors Fortuna. 
 
 14-15. lucro adpone : se< doicn to profit ; the language of book- 
 keeping. Cf. 2. 5. 15; Cat. 28. 8, refero datum lucello ; Ov. Trist. 
 1. 3. 68, in lucro est quae datur hora mihi and for thought, Epist. 
 
 I. 4. 13, Omnem crede diem tibi diluxisse supremum : \ Grata su- 
 perveniet quae non sperabitur hora. 
 
 16. puer : in thy youth. neque tu : recurs 4. 8. 4. Here tu 
 emphatic = <rvyt. Epist. 1. 2. 60 ; Tenn. Love and Duty, ' Should 
 my shadow cross thy thoughts . . . remand it thou." 1 
 
 17. virenti : sc. tibi. Cf. 4. 13. 6 ; Epod. 13. 4 ; Theoc. 14. 70, 
 27. 66 ; Ronsard, ' Antres, je me suis veu chez vous | Avoir jadis 
 verds les genous.' canities: 2. 11. 8 ; crabbed, sullen, eld. 
 
 18. campus et areae : the Campus Martius and the open 
 squares around temples and public buildings. Cf. Pater, Marius, 
 Chap. XI. sub fin., 'And, as the rich, fresh evening came on, there 
 was heard all over Rome, far above a whisper, the whole town 
 seeming hushed to catch it distinctly, the lively reckless call to 
 "play" from the sons and daughters of foolishness, to those in 
 whom their life was still green ' Donee virenti canities abest I 
 
 19. susurri : cf. vv\lois yiOtcav odpois (Anth. Pal. 16. 202. 2); 
 Tennyson's ' low replies ' ; Blandos audire susurros (Propert. 1. 
 
 II. 13). 
 
 20. Composita : of tryst. 
 
 22. risus : sc. repetatur, but the consciousness of the verb need 
 not be explicit. Cf. Pope, ' But feigns a laugh to see me search 
 around, | And by that laugh the willing fair is found.' 
 
 23. pignus : ' Frae her fair finger whop a ring, | As taiken of a 
 future bliss' (Allan Ramsay). lacertis : dat. 
 
 24. male : as neg. in normal prose with sanus only in Cic. G. 
 L. 439. n. 2. Said to intensify words of bad sense, and nullify 
 those of good sense. Cf. 1. 17. 25 ; Sat. 1. 4. 66 ; Cat. 10. 33. 
 Here faintly resisting or mischievously resisting, according to 
 point of view.
 
 BOOK I., ODE X. 173 
 
 ODE X. 
 
 The praise of Mercury as the Greek Hermes, god of eloquence 
 (\6yios, facundus'), of athletics (tvay&vios), messenger of the gods 
 (Sta/cropos), patron of thieves (icAe'n-TTjs), helper (tpiovvios), wielder of 
 the golden wand and shepherd of the shades (xpiWp/ioTm ^"X~ 
 
 TTO^iTTOs). 
 
 On Greek gods in Horace, cf. Sellar, pp. 161-162. 
 
 1. The Pleiads were daughters of Atlas, and 'of the eldest of 
 those stars of spring Maia ... is born the shepherd of the 
 clouds, wing-footed and deceiving, blinding the eyes of Argus, 
 escaping from the grasp of Apollo, restless messenger between 
 the highest sky and topmost earth, the herald Mercury, new 
 lighted on a heaven-kissing hill' (Kuskin). Cf. Alcaeus, fr. 5, 
 \cupt KuAAavas fa /ue'Sets <re yap juoi \ QV/J.OS t/jucrjf, rbv Kopvfyais tv aitrais \ 
 Ma?a ffwa.ro KpoviSa fiiyfura. Simon., fr. 18 (27); Eurip. Ion, 1; 
 Martial, 7. 74. 1 ; Ov. Fast. 5. 663. 
 
 2. feros cultus : cf. Tenn., ' These were the rough ways of the 
 svorld till now.' recentum : early, i.e. ' recent ' from their origin. 
 
 3. voce ; ' I gave man speech, and speech created thought,' says 
 Shelley's Prometheus. Before language men were mutum et turpe 
 pecns (Sat. 1. 3. 100). cat us : an archaic word. Cf. 3. 12. 10. 
 et decorae : cf. 3. 14. 7. Grace and beauty come from gym- 
 nastic exercises. 
 
 4. more : habit, practice. 
 
 6. parentem : cf. ' father of chemistry and cousin of the Earl 
 of Cork.' Cf. on 1. 21. 11 ; 1. 32. 14 ; 3. 11. 3. 
 
 7. callidum . with complementary inf. Cf. 3. 11. 4, and collet, 
 4. 9. 49 ; Epist. 1. 10. 26. iocoso : fj.d\a ySeiai a! K\owal rov Oeov 
 (Philost. Imag. 1. 26). 
 
 8. furto Eurip. (?) Rhesus, 217, <pri\-nTcev &va ; Longfellow, 
 Masque of Pandora, ' by thy winged cap | and winged heels I know 
 thee. Thou art Hermes | captain of thieves.' Cf. Shelley's ex- 
 quisitely funny version of the Homeric Hymn to Hermes. 
 
 9-12. Cf: Dobson, A Case of Cameos, ' Here great Apollo with 
 unbended bow, | His quiver hard by on a laurel tree, | For some 
 new theft was rating Mercury, | Who stood with down-cast eyes
 
 174 NOTES. 
 
 and feigned distress | As daring not for utter guiltiness, | To meet 
 that angry voice and aspect joined. | His very heel-wings drooped ; 
 but yet not less | His backward hand the sun-god's shafts pur- 
 loined.' reddidisses : the threat implied by minaci would run 
 in the direct form nisi reddideris. Dum terret is equivalent to a 
 secondary tense for the sequence. 
 
 11. viduus : i.e. (to see himself) bereft of. Cf. Gk. Lex. s.v. 
 
 12. risit: had to laugh. Cf. 3. 11. 22. 
 
 13. quin et : a rather prosaic transition. Cf. 2. 13. 37 ; 3. 11. 21. 
 Priam's stealthy visit to the Greek camp by night, under the con- 
 duct of Hermes, to kiss the murderous hands of Achilles, and ran- 
 som the body of Hector, is told in one of the most touching episodes 
 of the Iliad, 24. 159 sqq. 
 
 14. dives : perhaps with special reference to the rich ransom 
 he bore (11. 24. 232). 
 
 15. iniqua : a metrically convenient word freely used by Horace 
 in various shades of meaning. Cf. 1. 2. 47 ; 2. 10. 4 ; 2. 4. 16 ; 2. 
 6. 9 ; 3. 1. 32. Troiae : dat. of course. 
 
 17. reponis : bringest to their appointed place. For force of re, 
 cf. 1. 3. 7 ; 1. 9. 6. But cf. Sen. Dial. 6. 19. 5, mors . . . quae 
 nos in illam tranquillitatem in qua antequam nasceremur iacuimus 
 reponit. The idea then would be that pious souls are restored to 
 the Elysium from which they were taken at birth. Cf. Verg. Aen. 
 6. 756 sqq. 
 
 18. sedibus : abl. virga : the caduceus, Kypvufiov, pdBSos 
 (Hym. Herm. 529) ; ' The golden wand that causes sleep to fly | 
 Or in soft slumber seals the wakeful eye ; | That drives the ghosts 
 to realms of night or day, | Points out the long uncomfortable way ' 
 (Pope's Odyssey, 24. 1-4) ; ' His sleepy yerde in hand he bore 
 upright, | And hat he wered upon his haires bright' (Chaucer) ; 
 ' The serpent-wanded power | Draw downward into Hades with 
 his drift | Of flickering spectres ' (Tenn. Demeter) ; Verg. Aen. 
 4. 242. In Find. O. 9. 35, Hades has a similar staff. coerces: 
 as a shepherd his flock. Cf. 1. 24. 18.
 
 BOOK I., ODE XI. 175 
 
 ODE XL 
 
 Have done with unlawful pryings into futurity, Leuconoe. Live 
 while you live. Old time is still a-flying. 
 
 Cf. Dobson's Villanelle, ' Seek not, O maid, to know, | Alas ! 
 unblest the trying, | When thou and I must go ' ; George O. Tre- 
 velyan's amusing parody, ' Matilda, will you ne'er have ceased | 
 Apocalyptic summing, | And left the number of the beast | To 
 puzzle Doctor Gumming?' There is a weak imitation in Dodsley, 
 4. 105, and a poor version by Hamilton, Johnson's Poets, 15. 635. 
 For the beautiful choriambic metre, cf. 1. 18, 4. 10, Catull. 30, 
 Sappho, fr. 68 (19), and Swinburne's metrical experiment, 'Love, 
 what ailed thee to leave life that was made lovely, we thought, 
 with love ? ' 
 
 1. quaesieris : ne with perf. subj. is a more peremptory col- \ /.^U^c 
 loquial prohibition than ne with present subj., or the normal polite ,. ^ 
 periphrasis with noli. Between Terence and Livy it is found only ^ 
 
 in distinctly colloquial passages in Cicero and four times in Horace. 
 Elmer, Latin Prohibitive, pp. 3, 19. scire nefas : cf. Lucan, 
 1. 127 ; Stat. Theb. 3. 563 ; infra, 4. 4. 22 ; Epode 16. 14 ; 3. 29. 
 32. 
 
 2. nee : Elmer, Lat. Prohib. p. 27, says that Horace is the first 
 poet to use nee with perf. subj. in clearly prohibitive sense following 
 ne. Neve or neu was normal. It will be observed that nee temptaris 
 is virtually a mere expansion of ne quaesieris, and adds nothing 
 new; temptaris = temptando. Cf. Munro on Lucret. 5. 891. 
 
 3. numeros : the calculations of Chaldaean astrologers, called 
 mathematici. Cf. on 2. 17, and Tac. Hist. 1. 22. ut melius : 
 how much better. Cf . Sat. 2. 6. 53 ; Verg. Aen. 2. 283. quid- 
 quid erit : cf. Verg. Aen. 5. 710, quidquid erit, superanda omnis 
 fort tin a ferendo est. 
 
 4. hiemes : the years are marked by summers or winters to 
 suit the rhetorical color. Cf. Tenn., 'A hundred winters snowed 
 upon his breast.' tribuit: hasassif/ned; eS<aicei>, tirtK\taafv. 
 
 5. debilitat : breaks the force of. Cf. Lucret. 2. 1155, fluctus 
 plangentis saxa. pumicibus : any wave-eaten stone. Cf. Verg. 
 Aen. 5. 214; Lucret. 1. 326, vesco sale saxa peresa.
 
 176 NOTES. 
 
 6. liques: i.e. strain out the sediment through the colum or 
 colander. spatio brevi : abl. abs. of reason, because of the 
 briefness of our span. 
 
 7. spem longam : cf. 1. 4. 15, the 'long thoughts' of youth; 
 'quittez le long espoir et les vastes pens^es.' Cf. Cowley, Short- 
 ness of Life, ' Horace advises very wisely, and in excellent good 
 words, spatio brevi spem lonyam reseces ; from a short life cut off 
 all hopes that grow too long. They must be pruned away like 
 suckers that choke the mother-plant, and hinder it from bearing 
 fruit.' dum loquimur : cf. Persius, 5. 153, vive memor leti, 
 fugit hora, hoc quod loquor inde e.st; Longfellow, ' Wisely the 
 Hebrews admit no present tense in their language ; | While we 
 are speaking the word, it is already the past'; Boileau, 'Le 
 moment ou je parle est de"ja loin de moi.' fugerit: will be gone. 
 Cf. Lucret. 3. 915, iamfuerit; Milton, 'Fly, envious time, till thou 
 run out thy race ' ; Fitzgerald's Omar Khayyam, 7, ' The Bird of 
 time has but a little way | To nutter and the Bird is on the wing.' 
 invida : that grudges to grant the prayer of happy youth, 'O 
 temps, suspends ton vol,' etc. (Lamartine). 
 
 8. carpe diem : catch as it flies or pluck the flower of. Cf. 
 Martial, 7. 47. 11, vive velut rapto fuyitivaque gaudia carpe; 
 But 3. 27. 44, carpere flores ; Juv. 9. 12(i, flosculus angustae mi- 
 seraeque brevissima vitae Portio. The two points of view blend 
 in Tennyson's ' They lost their weeks ; they vexed the souls of 
 Deans | . . . And caught the blossom of the flying terms.' For 
 the general Epicurean sentiment, cf. Epist. 1. 4. 13 ; 1. 11. 23 ; Eurip. 
 Alcest. 782; Ecclesiastic. 14. 14. credula : cf. Epist. 1. 4. 13; 
 Fitzgerald's Omar Khayyam, ' To-morrow ! why, to-morrow I may 
 be | Myself with yesterday's seven thousand years' ; Trevelyan, 
 'And book me for the fifteenth valse: there just beneath my 
 thumb, | No, not the next to that, my girl ! The next may never 
 come.' 
 
 ODE XII. 
 
 What man, what hero, what god shall we sing, Clio, while 
 echo repeats his name in the fabled haunts of the Muses ? Of gods, 
 the All-father first, then Pallas, Diana. Liber, Phoebus. Of heroes,
 
 BOOK I., ODE XII. 177 
 
 Hercules, Castor, Pollux. Of men, Romulus and the worthies 
 whose virtues and sacrifices built up the Empire of Rome. Bright- 
 est in the constellation of glory shines the Julian star. Augustus, 
 conqueror of the Orient, reigns on earth the vicegerent of Jove in 
 heaven. 
 
 The date seems fixed by 1. 46 to some time between the death 
 of Marcellus, in B.C. 23, and the announcement of his marriage to 
 Julia, which took place B.C. 25. 
 
 Translated by Pitt, Johnson's Poets, 12. 381. 
 
 1. quern virum, etc. : taken from Pindar's riva. 8t6i>, rtv 9ip<aa, 
 riva 8' ai>5pz Ke\a8riffo/j.fi> ; (O. 2. 2). The attempts to trace further 
 a spiritual resemblance between the two odes are fanciful. We 
 might as well compare Sir Charles Williams' poem, The States- 
 man, because of its beginning, ' What Statesman, what hero, what 
 King, | Whose name thro' the island is spread, | Will you choose, 
 oh, my Clio, to sing, | Of all the great living, or dead ? ' heroa : 
 demigod. lyra is Greek, tibia Roman, but we need not press the 
 distinction. acri : Quintil. 8. 2. 9. cites the epithet as aproprium. 
 Cf. ' ear-piercing fife. ' Aryei'j;, II. 9. 186. 
 
 2. sumis : so sumite materiem (A. P. 38 ; Epp. 1. 3. 7). cele- 
 brare : cclebrandum in normal prose. G. L. 421. 1. b. Clio was 
 later the Muse of history. But Horace uses the names of the 
 Muses freely on the principle of the Alexandrian poet, Rhianus, 
 iraffai 5' flcraiovffi, fjnTJs ore r otjvo/j.a Ae|eiy. Cf. On 1. 24. 3. 
 
 3. recinet : 3. 27. 1. 
 
 3-4. iocosa . . . imago : cf. 1. 20. 6. Imago alone may = TJX > 
 Varro, R. R. 3. 16. 12 ; Verg. G. 4. 50, saxa sonant vocisque offensa 
 resnltt imar/a ; Lucret. 4. 571, imagine verbi. Cf. Words. Power 
 of Sound, ' Ye voices and ye shadows and images of voice.' On 
 echo, cf. further, Ov. Met. 3. 356; Eurip. Hec. 1111; Soph. 
 Philoctet. 186; Aristoph. Thesm. 1059; Daniel, 'Echo, daughter 
 of the air, | Babbling guest of rocks and hills' ; Shaks. Twelfth 
 Night, 1. 5, 'And make the babbling gossip of the air | Cry out 
 Olivia ' ; Shelley, Adonais, 15. 
 
 5. oris : cf. 2. 9. 4 ; the hem, border, or edge ' where Helicon 
 breaks down in cliff to the sea.' Horace is thinking of the Boeo- 
 tian or Hesiodic school of poetry, and there are touches that sug- 
 
 N
 
 178 -NOTES. 
 
 gest the vision of the Muses in Hes. Theog. 1-10 sqq., so exquisitely 
 imitated in the last song of Callicles, in Arnold's Empedocles. 
 
 6. Pindo : Verg. Eel. 10. 11. Haemo : the earlier Thracian 
 seat of the worship of the Muses, and the tradition of Orpheus. 
 Cf. Verg. G. 2. 488, 0, qui me gelidis convallibus Ifaemi \ sistat. 
 
 7. temere : blindly, in mad rout; 2. 11. 14. 
 
 8. Orphea : a symbol of the charms of music ' to soothe a sav- 
 age breast, | To soften rocks or bend a knotted oak.' Cf. Simon, 
 fr. 40; Aeschyl. Ag. 1629; Eurip. Bacchae, 562; Iph. Aul. 1211, 
 etc. ; Anth. Pal. 7. 8; Apoll. Rhod. 1. 26; Ov. Met. 11. 44-46; 
 Hor. Epp. 2. 3. 392 ; Shaks. Henry VIII. 3. 1, M. of V. 5. 1 ; 
 Dry den, St.. Cecilia, 'Orpheus could lead the savage race, | And 
 trees unrooted left their place | Sequacious of the lyre' ; Tenn. 
 Amphion ; Dobson, A Case of Cameos, Sardonyx ; Words. Power 
 of Music. Cf. also on 1. 24. 13; 3. 11. 13. 
 
 9. materna : Calliope ; Verg. Eel. 4. 57. Cf. fraterna, 1. 21. 12. 
 morantem : 3, 11, 14, morari. Cf. 'Thyrsis, whose artful strains 
 have oft delayed | The huddling brook to hear his madrigal,' 
 Milton, Comus ; Sen. Here. Fur. 577, ars quae praebuerat flumini- 
 bus moras ; Verg. Eel. 8. 4. 
 
 10. lapsus: cf. Milton's 'liquid lapse of murmuring streams,' 
 and his ' smooth -slid ing Mincius ' ; Horace's labitur et labettir ; 
 Epode 2. 25, labuntur. 
 
 11. blandum: cf. 1. 24. 13 ; 3. 11. 15 ; 4. 1. 8 ; Propert. 1. 8. 40, 
 blandi carminis obsequio. auritas : Tyrrell, Latin Poetry, p. 
 184, says that ' long-eared oaks ' is a ' strange deviation from the 
 lyrical manner.' Cf. Verg. G. 1. 308, auritos lepores. But cf. 
 Plaut. Asin. Prol. 4, face mine iam . . . omnem attrition poplum ; 
 Manilius, 5. 322, et sensus scopulis et silvis addidit anres ; Milton, 
 ' that wild rout that tore the Thracian bard | In Rhodope where 
 woods and rocks had ears | To rapture.' fidibus canoris : Verg. 
 Aen. 6. 120, Threicia fretus cithara fidibusque canoris. 
 
 13. solitis : the customary ab love principium (Verg. Eel. 3. 60), 
 the tK Aibs apx<a/*ftrOa. of Greek poetry ; Arat. Phaen. 1 ; Find. 
 Nem. 2. 1. parentis: 2. 19. 21; Arnold, Empedocles, 'First, 
 hymn they the father | Of all things ; and then, | The rest of 
 immortals, | The action of men' ; Hesiod, Theog. 16-18. Cf. 3. 4. 
 45 ; Verg. Aen. 1. 230.
 
 BOOK I., ODE XII. 179 
 
 15. mundum: the universe, and more specifically the heavens. 
 Cf. Munro on Lucret. 1. 73. 
 
 16. temperat : governs, preserves the harmonious order of. Cf . 
 3. 4. 45 ; Epp. 1. 12. 16 ; Propert. 4. 4. 26, quis deus hanc mundi 
 temperat arte domum; Ovid, cited on 1. 49; Thomson, Spring, 
 'And temper all, thou world-reviving sun, | Into the perfect year' ; 
 Pausan. 1. 40. 4. horis: seasons. Cf. 3. 13. 9; A. P. 302. 
 
 17. unde : ex quo. Cf. 1. 28. 28 ; 2. 12. 7 ; Sat. 1. 6. 12 ; 2. 6. 
 21. So the Deity in Milton, ' For none I know | Second to me or 
 like, equal much less.' 
 
 18. secundum : cf. Quintil. 10. 1. 53, ut plane manifesto 
 apparent quanta sit aliud proximum esse, aliud secundum; i.e. 
 close following (sequor). Cf. Verg. Aen. 5. 320. Hence tamen 
 is to be taken closely with proximus. 
 
 19. occupavit = obtinet. Some read occupabit. 
 
 20. Pallas : she is in Homer second only to Zeus. Hesiod says 
 her power is equal to her sire's, Theog. 896. In Aeschylus 
 (FAimen. 826) she boasts that she alone knows the keys of the 
 chambers of the thunder-bolt. Cf. Callim. Hymn 5. 132-133. 
 
 21. proeliis audax is a possible epithet of Liber conceived as 
 the Greek Bacchus (cf. 2. 19. 28), and balances inimica and 
 metuende if so taken rather than with Pallas. But the position of 
 neque is unusual. 
 
 22. Cf. on cohibentis arc?*, 4. 6. 34 ; Theog. 11, "Apre/ju 8ripo<p6vrj. 
 virgo : voc. 
 
 23-24. certa . . . sagitta : cf. Catull. 68. 113. Byron, Childe 
 Harold, 4. 161, 'The lord of the unerring bow,' with which he 
 slew the Python ; Ov. Met. 1. 438 sqq. 
 
 25. Alciden : Hercules. Cf. Lexicon. So in English poetry, 
 ' Young Alcides when he did redeem | The virgin tribute paid by 
 howling Troy,' Shaks. M. of V. 3. 2. puerosque Ledae: II. 3. 
 
 237, KdiTTOpd 6' iiriroSafj.oi' Kal TTI>{ aya&bv no\vdevKea } Sat. 2. 1. 26, 
 
 Castor gaudet equis, ovo prognatus eodem \ pugnis. 
 
 27. quorum : when their. simul (c) : 1. 9. 9. 
 27-28. alba . . . stella : cf. on 1. 3. 2. 
 
 28. refulsit : cf. on 2. 17. 23. 
 
 29-32. Cf . Theoc. 22. 15 ; note position of verbs : back from the 
 rocks streams down die the winds away flee the clouds. Cf.
 
 180 NOTES. 
 
 Tenn. Locksley Hall, ' Droops the heavy-blossomed bower, hangs 
 the heavy-fruited tree.' agitatus humor : wind-blown spray, or 
 'wind-shaked surge' (Othello, 2. 1). 
 
 30. concidunt: cf. Verg. Aen. 1. 154, sic cunctus pelagi cecidit 
 fragor. 
 
 31. et : joins (29 + 30) to 31, 32. sic voluere : parenthetical 
 formula of submission to or recognition of the inscrutable divine 
 power. Cf. 1. 33. 10 ; II. 1. 5. Some read sic di. 
 
 32. recumbit : Sen. Thyest. 589, mitius stayno pelagus recumbit. 
 
 33. quietum : the peaceful reign of Numa Pompilius established 
 the religious and civil traditions of Rome. Cf. Livy, 1. 21. 6. 
 
 35. Tarquini . . . Catonis : the last king and the last republican. 
 Proud rule of Tarquin = rule of Tarquin the Proud Superbus. 
 Cf. Cic. Phil. 3. 9, Tarquinius . . . non crndelis . . . tied superbus 
 habitus est et dictus. His reign was splendid on the whole, despite 
 its disgraceful close. Macaulay, Virginia, ' He stalked along the 
 Forum like King Tarquin in his pride.' dubito : the throng of 
 great memories crowds on the soul of the bard. Cf. Verg. Aen. 
 6. 842-845 ; Gray, The Bard, ' Visions of glory, spare my aching 
 sight.' 
 
 36. nobile letum : his suicide at Utica, which gave him the 
 epithet Uticensis, and made him the idol of declaimers. Cf. on 
 2. 1. 24. 
 
 37. Regulum : cf . on 3. 5. 13 sqq. Scauroa : Niebuhr says he 
 never could understand why Horace placed Scaurus in this roll of 
 honor. See the character of M. Atinilius Scaurus, Sail. Jug. 15. 
 Cicero often praises him. Cf. Juv. 11. 90. The reference is per- 
 haps to the story of M. Scaurus, lumen ac decus patriae (Valer. 
 Max. 5. 8. 4), whose stern rebuke to his son for joining the rout in 
 the defeat of Catulus by the Cimbri drove the young man to suicide. 
 
 38. L. Aemilius Paullus sought voluntary death on the field of 
 Cannae (B c. 216), lost by the rashness of his colleague in the con- 
 sulship, Terentius Varro. Cf. Livy, 22. 49. For prodigum, cf. 
 Ov. Am. 3. 9. 64, sanguinis atque animae prodige Galle tnae. 
 
 39. gratus: possibly in grateful memory, or merely pleasing. 
 Cf. Martial, 4. 55. 10, grata non pudeat referre versu. insigni : 
 in lofty strain, or quae reddit insignes. Cf. 3. 25. 7, dicam insigne. 
 camena: cf. Lexicon, s.v. ; 2. 16. 38 ; 3. 4. 21 ; 4. 6. 27 ; 4. 9. 8.
 
 BOOK I., ODE XII. 181 
 
 40 sqq. Cf. Milton, P. R. , ' Canst thou not remember | Quin- 
 tus, Fabricius, Curius, Regulus? | For I esteem those names of 
 men so poor, | Who could do mighty things.' The constancy of 
 Fabricius, whom King Pyrrhus' gold could not seduce nor his ' big 
 beast ' terrify, is in all the copy books. Cf . Cic. de Off. 3. 22 ; 
 Plut. Pyrrhus. For M' Curius Dentatus, consul 275, who defeated 
 Pyrrhus at Beneventum, cf. Macaulay, cited on Epode 9. 24. 
 Camillus took Veii and delivered Rome from the Gauls (390). 
 The names of all three were proverbial to point a moral. Cf. Otto, 
 Sprichworter der Homer, s.v. Cf. Martial, 1. 24. 3 ; Juv. 2. 3. 
 
 41. incomptis : Quintil. (9. 3. 18) quotes this line. There were 
 no barbers at Rome till after B.C. 300. intonsis is read. Cf. on 
 2. 15. 11. 
 
 42. utilem : belongs to all these names. Cf. Eurip. Suppl. 887, 
 ir6\fi wapaffx^f <ru>fj.a xp^^ 1 ^ " Of\tt ; Ov. Met. 14. 321, utilium 
 bello . . . equorum ; Soph. Ajax, 410. 
 
 43. paupertas : cf. 3. 2. 1 ; 3. 24. 42. apto : the dwelling 
 matches the modesty of the little ancestral farm. 
 
 45. pcculto . . . aevo: cf. Shakspeare's 'unseen, yet crescive 
 in his faculty ' ; Anth. Pal. 7. 564. 3, aviaia-roio xp^voto ; Ov. Met. 
 10. 519, labitur occulte fallitque volatilis aetas. Nauck, however, 
 takes it of a tree whose roots go back to unknown antiquity, 
 Kiessling of growth towards an unknown future ! For the com- 
 parison of tree and family, cf. Find. Nem. 8. 40. 
 
 46. Horace, like Vergil (Aen. 6. 860), blends the name andfame 
 of M. Claudius Marcellus, who took Syracuse B.C. 212, with that 
 of the young Marcellus, son of Octavia, husband of the emperor's 
 daughter Julia, whose premature death B.C. 23 was so much de- 
 plored. Cf. Propert. 4. 17. 15 ; Gardthausen, 2. 399 sqq. micat : 
 cf. Ov. Trist. 5. 3. 41, sic micet aeternum vicinaque sidera vincat. 
 
 47. luliutn sidus : cf. Verg. Eel. 9. 47, ecce Dionaei processit 
 Caesaris astrum. A comet appeared after the death of Julius 
 Caesar. Cf . Pliny, N. H. 2. 93. Gray, Ode for Music, ' The star of 
 Brunswick smiles serene, | And gilds the horrors of the deep.' 
 ignes : 'Doubt that the stars are fire,' says Hamlet; 'cold fires,' 
 Tennyson calls them. 
 
 48. minores: Epode 15. 2. Cf. Sir H. Wotton, 'You common 
 people of the skies, | What are you, when the moon shall rise ' ?
 
 182 NOTES. 
 
 Cf. Claudian's expansion of the image, In. Prob. et Olybr. Con. 
 22 sqq. ; Sappho, fr. 3 ; Bacchylides, 9. 28. 
 
 49 sqq. Jupiter in heaven, Augustus on earth. Cf. Ov. Met. 
 15. 858, luppiter arces \ temperat aetherias et mundi reyna tri- 
 formis : \ Terra sub Augusta : pater est et rector uterque. custos : 
 4. 5. 2 ; 4. 15. 17. 
 
 53-55. seu . . . sive : marking divers alternatives that lead to 
 one conclusion. Cf. 4. 2. 10 ; 1. 1. 27 ; 1. 4. 12 ; 1. 16. 3 ; 2. 3. 5 ; 
 1. 7. 20 ; 2. 14. 11 ; 2. 17. 17 ; 3. 4. 22 ; 3. 21. 2. 
 
 53. imminent es : cf . on 3. 6. 9. 
 
 54. egerit : the captives preceded the chariot of the triumphator. 
 Cf. on 4. 2. 34. iusto : legitimo, fairly earned. 
 
 55. subiectos . . . orae : beneath the margin of the eastern 
 sky, or simply along the farthest eastern shore. Cf. Tenn. T iresias, 
 'All the lands that lie | Subjected to the Heliconian ridge.' 
 
 56. Cf. 1. 2. 22. n.; 4. 15. 23 ; 3. 29. 27; 4. 14. 42. 
 
 57. minor: 3. 6. 5. 
 
 59. parum castis : desecrated, polluted, by homicide or other 
 crime. The stroke of the lightning was sufficient proof of the fact 
 and required expiation (Preller- Jordan, 1. 193). 
 
 ODE XIII. 
 
 
 
 Jealousy. When thou praisest Telephus, Lydia, I turn pale, 
 I weep, I burn. Deem them not pledges of a lasting love ' the 
 ravenous teeth that have smitten | Through the kisses that blossom 
 and bud.' These violent delights have violent deaths. Blest is the 
 tie that truly binds, unbroken to the end. 
 
 Translated by Blacklock, Johnson's Poets, 18. 216. 
 
 1. Telephi : the angry repetition has the effect of a direct quota- 
 tion of her fond iteration. Cf. on 1. 35. 15, and Plato, Symp. 212. 
 D ; Sat. 1. 6. 45. For name cf. 3. 19. 26 ; 4. 11. 21. 
 
 2. roseam: Verg. Aen. 1. 402, rosea cervice ; Tenn. Princess, 
 'the very nape of her white neck | was rosed,' etc. cerea: ap- 
 parently of the smooth even texture of the flesh. But Ovid uses 
 wax as type of whiteness (A. A. 3. 199; Ex Pont. 1. 10. 28).
 
 BOOK I., ODE XIII. 183 
 
 Lin-tea has been read. Cf. ' faite de cire a l'e"gard des bras,' Me"m. 
 de Grammont (Munro, Eng. J. Phil. 11. 336). 
 
 4. difficili : variously referred to the unpleasantness of the bile, 
 or the moroseness of the bilious person. Perhaps the idea is that 
 of Juvenal's difficili crescente cibo (Sat. 13. 213) and Shakspeare's 
 ' digest the venom of your spleen. 1 tumet iecur : cf. on 4. 1. 12. 
 In Homer, II. 9. 646, olSou'erai KpaMr) x^V> Archil, fr. 131, assigns 
 gall to liver; but in Sat. 2. 3. 213, Hor. writes vitio tumidum est 
 cor. 
 
 5. color: cf. Homer's rpfirfrat xpu*'* Eurip. Alcest. 174; Apoll. 
 Rhod. 3. 297 ; Propert. 1. 15. 39, multos pallere colores. 
 
 6. manet: cf. on 1. 3. 36. Some read manent after nee nee, 
 citing Cic. Fin. 3. 21. 70. in geuas : cf. 4. 1. 34. 
 
 8. quam : with penitiis. Cf. 2. 13.21. leutis: slow-consum- 
 ing. Cf. 3. 19. 28 ; Tibull. 1. 4. 81. 
 
 9. uror resumes iynibus. candidos : cf. on 2. 5. 18. 
 
 10. immodicae : cf. modici, 1. 18. 7. mero : abl. cause. 
 
 11. rixae : cf. on 1. 17. 25 ; Propert. 3. 7. 19. 
 
 12. dente: like Catull. 8. 18, Tibull. 1. 6. 14, and the heroes of 
 Swinburne, Telephus, in Lowell's phrase ' finds refuge from an in- 
 adequate vocabulary in biting.' 
 
 13. satis : idiomatic. Cf. 3. 15. 7. 
 
 14. perpetuum : a constant lover. dulcia barbare: cf. on 
 1. 6. 9. 
 
 15. oscula : kisses and lips need not be distinguished. 
 
 16. quinta parte : p*erhaps merely a goodly portion, as the 
 Greeks said that honey was the ninth part of ambrosia ; possibly 
 an allusion to the quintessence or W^wm) ovala of the Pythagoreans, 
 which, of course, has nothing to do with the essences that ' turn 
 the live air sick ' of the perfumer. 
 
 17. ter et amplius : cf. 1. 31. 13. 
 
 18. inrupta: unbroken = unbreakable for poetry. Cf. 1. 24. 7. 
 copula: the yoke of love an appriKros 5eo>o'y. Cf. on 1. 33. 11. 
 Hence solvet below. 
 
 20. citius . . die: cf. on 1. 8. 9,
 
 184 NOTES. 
 
 ODE XIV. 
 
 The Ship of State : navem pro re publica, fluctus et tempesta- 
 tes pro bellis civilibus, portum pro pace et concordia (Quintil. 
 8. 6. 44). 
 
 Sellar (p. 122) thinks the poem coincident with Epode 7. It 
 might have been written at any time before the final establishment 
 of the empire. It is idle to carry the allegory into every detail of 
 the ode. As Professor Tyrrell wittily says : ' Horace no more had 
 in his mind the Mithridatic wars when he wrote Pontica pinus 
 than Tennyson thought of the Wars of the Roses when he wrote 
 in the Talking Oak "She left the novel half uncut upon the rose- 
 wood shelf." ' 
 
 For image of Ship of State, cf. Alcaeus, fr. 18; Theog. 671; 
 Plato, Rep. 488 A ; Aeschyl. Septem. 1 ; Jebb on Soph. Antig. 16-'! ; 
 Longfellow's Ship of State ; William Everett, Atlantic Monthly, 
 1895; Speech of Maecenas, Dio. 52. 16. 
 
 The ode has been prettily translated by Dobson as a 'Ballade, 1 
 'Ship to the roadstead rolled' ; by Calverly ; Gilbert West, Dods- 
 ley's Poems, 2. 293; paraphrased by Swift, Johnson's Poets, 11. 
 451 ; cf. Ode sur la situation de la Re'publique, 1794, Marie Joseph 
 Che'nier. 
 
 1. in mare : ancient sailors hugged the shore. Cf. 2. 10. 1-4. 
 
 2. occupa : i.e. anticipate, ^flai/eic, the storm. Cf. Epist. 1. 6. 
 32, cave ne portus occupet alter. Cf. Milton's 'like a weather- 
 beaten vessel holds | gladly the port.' 
 
 3. vides ut: 1. 9. 1 ; 3. 10. 5-8. For one verb used of both 
 sight and sound, cf. Verg. Aen. 4. 490 ; Aeschyl. Prom. 21-22. 
 
 4. nudum : we may ' understand ' sit rather than strain gemant 
 by zeugma. remigio : cf. remigioque carens (Ov. Met. 8. 228). 
 
 5. saucius: cf. volnerata navis, Livy, 37. 24. 8; Herod. 8. 18; 
 and Longfellow, Wreck of the Hesperus, ' But the cruel rocks, they 
 gored her side | Like the horns of an angry bull. 1 
 
 6. funibus : uiro^ufj.ara, undergirding (Acts 27. 17; Plato, Rep. 
 616. C). 
 
 7. durare : Verg. Aen. 8. 577, durare laborem. carinae : 
 timbers.
 
 BOOK I., ODE XV. 185 
 
 8. imperiosius : may this have suggested Shakspeare's ' In 
 cradle of the rude imperious surge ' ? 
 
 10. di : images of tutelary divinities at the stern. They have 
 been washed away. Cf. Ov. Trist. 1. 4. 8, et pictos verberat undo, 
 deos; Lucan, 3. 512; Verg. Aen. 10. 171 ; Pers. 6. 30. 
 
 11. Pontica : the Poutus was famed for ship-timber (Catull. 
 4.9-1:}). 
 
 1-2. filia : cf. Catull. 64. 1, Peliaco quondam prognatae vertice 
 pinus ; Martial, 14. 90. 1, silvae filia Maurae (of a table). 
 
 13. inutile : unavailing. Cf. on 3. 24. 48. 
 
 14. pictis : Ov. Met. 0. 511, at simul imposita est pictae Philo- 
 mela carinae. Cf. Verg. Aen. 7. 431, 8. 93; Sen. Ep. 76. 10. 
 navita: 1. 1. 14. 
 
 14-15. Unless thou art destined to be the sport of the winds, 
 beware. Cf. Verg. Aen. 6. 75, rapidis ludibria ventis. 
 
 15. tu: cf. 1. 9. 16. n. 
 
 17. From sheer weariness and disgust at civil strife, Horace has 
 passed to anxious solicitude for the prosperity of the new empire. 
 ' Ship of the State before | A care and now to me | A hope in 
 my heart's core' (Dobson). 
 
 19-20. A pretty picture at the close. Cf. 3. 28. 14, fulgentes 
 Cycladas ; Verg. Aen. 3. 126, sparsasqne per aequor Cycladas ; 
 Browning, Cleon, ' the sprinkled isles, | Lily on lily, that o'erlace 
 the sea ' ; Dyer, The Gods in Greece, p. 365. There is a faint con- 
 trast between their white beauty and the danger. Cf. Wreck of 
 Hesperus, ' She struck where the white and fleecy waves | Looked 
 soft as carded wool. ' 
 
 ODE XV. 
 
 Nereus, the wise old man of the sea (Hes. Theog. 233 ; 
 Pind. Pyth. 3. 92 ; Apoll. Rhod. 4. 771), becalms Paris, re- 
 turning from Sparta with Helen, in order to predict the doom 
 of Troy. 
 
 Cf. F. Q. 4. 11. 19, 'Thereto he was expert in prophecies, | And 
 could the ledden (language) of the Gods unfold ; | Through which, 
 when Paris brought his famous prize, | The fair Tindarid lass, he 
 him foretold | That her all Greece with many a champion bold |
 
 186 NOTES. 
 
 Should fetch again, and finally destroy | Proud Priam's town : so 
 wise is Nereus old.' 
 
 In this, perhaps youthful, experiment, Horace attempts, as 
 Quintilian says of Stesichorus, to support the weight of an epic 
 theme on the lyre. We cannot verify Porphyrio's statement, 
 Hac ode Bacchyliden imitatiir, nam ut 'ille Cassandram facit 
 vaticinari futura belli Troiani, ita hie Proteum (probably a slip 
 for Nerea. Some eds. read Proteus in 1. 5). An extant frag- 
 ment of Bacchylides warns the Trojans of the unfailing justice 
 of Zeus who sitteth on high. Cf. further the imitation of Sta- 
 tins, Achill. 1. 20 sqq. , and the Cassandras of Schiller and George 
 Meredith. For the Voyage of Paris, cf. Hdt. 2. 117 ; II. 6. 290, 
 where he returns by way of Sidon ; Andrew Lang, Helen of 
 Troy, 3. 23 sqq. There is an imitation by Tickell in Dodsley's 
 Poems, 1. 30. With 9 sqq., cf. Campbell, Lochiel's Warning. 
 
 1. pastor: nef/s 6 jSoiWAos- (Eur. Iph. A. 180). Cf. Bion, 2. 
 10 ; Verg. Aen. 7. 363, Phrygius pastor ; Spenser, Shep. Cal. July, 
 4 But nothing such thilk shepherd was, | Whom Ida hill did bear, | 
 That left his flock to fetch a lass | Whose love he bought too dear.' 
 traheret: sc. apw^as (II. 3. 443). 
 
 2. Idaeis : the poets picturesquely treat the pines of Ida of 
 which the ships of Paris were built as the cause of all the woe. 
 Cf . Eurip. Hec. 631 ; Tenn. CEnone, ' They came, they cut away 
 my tallest pines.' perfidus hospitam : cf. 1. 6. 9. n. ; 3. 3. 26, 
 famosus hospes ; Propert. 3. 32. 7, hospes in hospitium Menelao 
 venit adulter ; Eurip. Tro. 866, ^evairdrrts ; Aesch. Ag. 401; II. 
 13. 624. 
 
 3. ingrato : the winds favored the lovers ; or as celeres (1. 12. 
 10) hate otium, ' Like us the Libyan wind delights to roam at large ' 
 (Arnold) ; or the epithet suggests the feelings of Paris. 
 
 4. caneret: of prophecy. Cf. C. S. 25; Sat. 1. 9. 30; Epod. 
 13. 11. 
 
 5. avi : cf. 3. 3. 61 ; 4. 6. 24 ; Epod. 10. 1 ; Cat. 61. 20. So the 
 Greeks, ' An ox or an ass that may happen to pass, | A cry or a 
 word by chance overheard, I If you deem it an omen you call it a 
 bird' (Aristophanes, Birds, 719 sqq. Frere). 
 
 6. repetet : 'fetch again.' In Ov. Her. 15. 369, Paris assures
 
 BOOK I., ODE XV. 187 
 
 Helen, aut igitur nullo belli repetere tumultu, \ aut cedent Marti 
 Dorica castra meo. 
 
 7. coniurata: at Aulis, Verg. Aen. 4. 425; Eurip. I. A. 50. 
 Cf. Ov. Met. 12. 5, qui rapta longmn cum coniuge bellum \ attulit 
 in patriam : coniurataeque seqituntur \ mille rates; Milton, 'The 
 third part of heaven's sons | Conjur'd against the highest.' 
 rumpere : a slight zeugma, dissolve and evertere. Cf. Sen. 
 Here. Fur. 79, Titanas ausos rumpere imperium lovis. 
 
 8. vetus : Priam was the sixth king. Cf. Aesch. Ag. 710, 
 Upiauov ir6\is yepaid ; Verg. Aen. 2. 363, urbs antiqua ruit. 
 
 10. sudor : cf. II. 2. 390, iSpdvf t 8 rtv 'Uwos ; Stat. Theb. 3. 210 ; 
 Val. Flac. 5. 288. quanta : rhetorically stronger than quot. 
 moves : dost stir, begin, cause. Dardanae = Dardaniae ; cf. 
 Romulae, C. S. 47. 
 
 11. aegida: the storm-cloud of Zeus (II. 4. 167) and his shield, 
 explained by popular etymology as the skin of the goat Amalthea 
 (and now again by the whirligig of Science as the skin of the 
 theanthropic goat), and worn with the Gorgon's head attached to it 
 by Athene as shield or breastplate. II. 5. 738 ; Eurip. Ion, 996 ; 
 Verg. Aen. 8. 354, 435 ; Milt. Comus, ' What was that snaky- 
 headed Gorgon shield, | That wise Minerva wore,' etc. 
 
 12. rabiem : for wrath as a weapon, cf. Aristoph. Birds, 401- 
 402, Wasps, 243. For union of abstract and concrete, cf. II. 4. 
 447; Ov. Met. 2. 146 and passim; Tac. Ger. 1, Germania ... a 
 Gallia . . . mutuo metu aut montibus separatur, and passim. 
 
 13. Veneris praesidio : he awarded her the apple. Cf. Tenn. 
 (Enone ; II. 3. 54. 64 sqq. ferox : trusting in. 
 
 14. caesariem : II. 3. 55 ; Odes, 4, 5. 14, crines. 
 
 15. imbelli : 1. 6. 10. divides: does this mean dividing the 
 strain between the voice and the instrument ? or is it simply the 
 division into measured times that belongs to all music ? Cf. Shaks. 
 Hen. IV. 1. 3. 1, ' Sung by a fair queen in a summer bower, | with 
 ravishing division to her lute ' ; Rom. and Jul. 3. 5, ' Some say the 
 lark makes sweet division ' ; Carew, ' For in your sweet dividing 
 throat | She [the nightingale] winters and keeps warm her note ' ; 
 Milton, The Passion, ' My muse with angels did divide to sing ' ; 
 F. Q. 3. 1. 40, ' And all the while sweet music did divide ) Her 
 looser notes with Lydian harmony.' Cf. fne\i(fiv.
 
 188 NOTES. 
 
 16. thalamo : as in II. 3. 382. 
 
 17. spicula : 3.28.12. Cnosii: Cretan archers renowned. Cf. 
 Verg. A en. 5. 306. 
 
 18. strepitum : the din of battle. Cf. 1. 2. 38, clamor. celerem 
 sequi : epexegetic inf. Cf. 11. 14. 520, 'Oi'Arjos TO.XVS vios, as dis- 
 tinguished from Telainonian Ajax. 
 
 19. tamen: resumes ncquiquam, etc. heu: objectively, a sigh 
 for the doom, not of sympathy for the person. serus: adj. for 
 adv. Cf. xfl'Co'y, U- 1- 424. So frequently, serus (1. 2. 45) 
 mututinus, vespertinus, and even hodiernus (Tibull. 1. 7. 53). 
 
 19-20. adulteros crines : for transfer of epithet, cf. Eurip. Tro. 
 881, rrjs [juat<pov<aTa.T-r\s no/Ays fTria"!rd(7avTs ', Tenn. Prin., ' Melissa 
 shook her doubtful curls.' Cf. -1. 37. 7. n. ; 3. 1. 17; 3. 2. 16; 
 
 3. 5. 22. 
 
 20. pulvere collines: cf. II. 3. 55; Find. Nem. 1. 68; Verg. 
 Aen. 12. 99, foedare in pulvere crines \ vibratos calido ferro mur- 
 raque madentes. 
 
 21. Laertiaden : Ulysses' theft of the Palladium determined 
 the fall of Troy. Cf. Epp. 1. 2. 18. 
 
 21-22. exitium . . . genti : so Ka5jueioni/ ij\e6pov (Hes. Theog. 
 326). Cf. Eurip. Troad. 811. Some read yentis. Cf. nostri generis 
 exitium (Sen. Here. Fur. 358). 
 
 22. respicis : expresses both the warrior's furtive glance at the 
 pursuing foe, and the ancient conception of future time overtaking 
 us from behind. Cf. Verg. Aen. 8. 697 ; II. 1. 343, oniaw ; Find. 
 0. 10. 8. 
 
 24. Teucer: 1. 7. 21. te : cf. 1. 35. 5; 3. 21. 13; 4. 1. 39; 
 
 4. 14. 42, etc. Some Mss. read et instead of repeated te. 
 Sthenelus : charioteer of Diomede. He boasts, ' we are better 
 than our sires ' (II. 4. 405). 
 
 24-25. scie.ns pugnae : utixn* e " el8<as. Cf. II. 5. 549 ; 3. 9. 10 ; 
 and rudls agminum, 3. 2. 9. 
 
 25. sive : as if sive had preceded. Cf. 1. 3. 16. But it is really 
 an afterthought, vel si reproducing Homer's Kal Wi xph (Odyss. 
 9. 50). 
 
 26. Merionen: 1. 6. 15. 
 
 27. furit . . . reperire : furit is a strong volt, hence the inf. 
 Cf. Menelaus raging in quest of Paris (II. 3. 449).
 
 BOOK I., ODE XVI. 189 
 
 29. cervus uti : sc. furjit. in altera ; other of two, i.e. on 
 opposite side, across. Cf. Term., 'As the lone hern ... lets 
 down its other leg.' 
 
 31. sublinii . . . anhelitu : transferred from deer to Paris by 
 the usual blending of the comparison and the thing compared. 
 Sublimi may refer to the uplifted head. Cf. in Lady of the Lake, 
 the 'Antler'd monarch of the waste' who 'Toss'd his beam'd 
 frontlet to the sky,' and Landseer's 'Monarch of the Glen.' Or 
 it may mean the 'shallow breathing of fear' (James' Psychology). 
 Cf. Eurip. Here. 1092; Apoll. Rhod. 2. 207, l vTrdroio <rHj0fos 
 ait-n-vtvaas ; O. W. Holmes, ' Fancying that her breathing was 
 somewhat hurried and high or thoracic.' Cf. juere'wpos. 
 
 32. tuae : to thy light o' love. For Paris' boasts of his prowess 
 to Helen, cf. Ov. Her. 15. 355-364. 
 
 33-36. ' The angry fleet of Achilles shall defer ' is the concrete 
 Latin way of saying that the wrath of Achilles prolonged the war. 
 
 33. diem : so ' day' in the prophets (Isa. 13. 6 ; Ps. 87. 7). 
 
 35. post certas : e<rcrerai ?ifj.a.p brav, when the predestined ten 
 years have elapsed. 
 
 36. Note ignis, trochaic instead of spondaic base. Hence some 
 read Pergameas. 
 
 ODE XVI. 
 
 The scholiasts call this poem an imitation of the ira\tva>tiia of 
 Stesichorus to Helen (cf. Epode 17. 42-44), cited in Plato Phaedr. 
 243 A. It is variously inscribed to Tyndaris, Gratidia, or Canidia. 
 The mock-heroic tone is too playful for a serious recantation of the 
 attack on the witch Canidia in Epodes 5 and 17 ; and the whole 
 may be a mere exercise in verse writing. 
 
 Daughter more lovely than thy lovely mother, burn or drown my 
 abusive iambics. No frenzy of Corybant or heat of pale-mouthed 
 prophet so shakes the soul as anger. Prometheus put the fury of 
 the lion in our hearts. By that sin fell Thyestes and many a 
 towered city. I, too, in my sweet youth was led astray by the fever 
 of the blood. But now I recant. Be my friend, and restore me 
 my peace of mind. 
 
 There is a coarse imitation in Johnson's Poets, 11. 457.
 
 190 NOTES. 
 
 1. A familiar quotation. Cf. Ov. Met. 4. 210, quam mater cunctas 
 tarn matrem filia vicit. 
 
 2. modum : cf. 1. 24. 1 ; 3. 15. 2 ; Cic. Verres. 2. 2. 118, modum 
 et finem facere. The phrase seems intentionally ambiguous, ' put 
 an end to,' or ' set bounds to ' the excesses of. 
 
 3. iambis: cf. A. P. 79, 251 ; Epist. 1. 19. 23 ; Quint. 10. 1. 9, 
 scriptores iamborum. Horace calls the Epodes iambi ; but no 
 extant Epode is meant here. pones is a colloquial permissive 
 imperative, so to speak. 
 
 4. Hadriano : poetic specification. Cf. 1. 1. 14 ; 2. 13. 8, 
 etc. 
 
 5-8. Dindymene : Catullus' domina Dindymi (a mountain in 
 Phrygia), the great mother of the gods Cybele or Cybebe, whose 
 orgiastic rites are described in Lucret. 2. 600 sqq. Cf. Swinburne, 
 ' Out of Dindymus heavily laden | Her lions draw bound and un- 
 fed | A mother, a mortal, a maiden, | A queen over death and the 
 dead ' ; Wordsworth, Processions, ' And a deeper dread | Scattered 
 on all sides by the hideous jars | Of Corybantian cymbals, while 
 the head | Of Cybele was seen sublimely turreted ' ; Plato, Symp. 
 215. adytis : felt as a foreign word, as the spelling with y shows ; 
 Caesar, B. C. 3. 105, quo praeter sacerdotes adirefas non est quae 
 Graeci aSura appellant. 
 
 6. incola : with adytis, the god who dwells in his shrine there, 
 the Pythian Apollo. Cf. Verg. Aen. 6. 77 sqq. ; Pind. O. 7. 32, 
 fvudfos e aSvrou ; Catull. 64. 228, incola Itoni, i.e. Athene. 
 
 7. Liber : cf. on 2. 19. 5. 
 
 8. sic geminant : with this reading the clause is parenthetic and 
 out of the main construction ; the Corybantes do not so wildly 
 clash cymbal on cymbal, as angry passions disturb the soul. 
 Reading si with Bentley ; when (if) the Corybants clash, etc. 
 (they do not so shake the soul as angry passions). geminant: 
 cf. Lucret. 2. 636, pulsarent aeribus aera; Stat. Theb. 8. 221, 
 gemina aera sonant. Cf. Southey's, ' And the double double peals 
 of the drum are there | And the startling burst of the trumpets' 
 blare.' Corybantes: priests of Cybele. Cf. on 5; and Plato, 
 Ion, 533 E. Huxley defined the Salvation Army as Corybantic 
 Christianity. 
 
 9. tristes . . . irae : cf . Verg. Eel. 2. 14, tristes Amaryllidis iras.
 
 BOOK I., ODE XVI. 191 
 
 Noricus : cf. Epode 17. 71 ; Ov. Met. 14. 712, durior et ferro quod 
 Noricus excoyuit iynis. 
 
 10. naufragum : cf. navem fregit, was shipwrecked : Verg. Aen. 
 3. 553, navifragum ; Tenn. Maud, 3, ' Listening now to the tide in 
 its broad-flung shipwrecking roar.' 
 
 12. luppiter: cf. on 1. 1. 25. n.; Epode 13. 2. ruens : for the 
 Ciirli ntiiia, cf. 3. 3. 7, and Zevs KaTaiBdrijs. 
 
 12-16. Prometheus is the maker of man in Plato's Protagoras 
 and Lucian's Prometheus. But the fancy that the original clay 
 gave out and that he was forced to take back a portion from every 
 animal in order to finish man is peculiar to Horace. For the moral, 
 cf. Emerson, History, ' Every animal of the barnyard, the field, and 
 the forest . . . has contrived to get a footing, and to leave the print of 
 its features and form in some one or other of these upright, heaven- 
 facing speakers.' Construe fertur coactus (esse) addere et apposu- 
 isse, or possibly, fertur, coactus addere, apposuisse et (= etiam) ; 
 the construction fertur addere et apposuisse would be a dubious 
 coupling of present and perfect. principi limo : Mr. Churton 
 Collins compares Apoll. Rhod. 4. 674, wporepris e| i\vos. Cf. Soph. 
 Pandora, fr. 441, KOI irpHiTov apxov (&pxv?y irri\bt> bpydfeiv x f P^ 1 '- 
 
 14. undique : cf. Epist. 2. 3. 3. 
 
 15. insani leonis : cf. 3. 29. 19 ; Lucret. 3. 296-298. 
 
 16. stomacho : cf. on 1. 6. 6. 
 
 17. irae: cf. Seneca De Ira, 1. 2; Landor, 'Strong are cities: 
 rage o'erthrows 'em, | Rage o'erswells the gallant ship. | Stains it 
 not the cloud-white bosom, | Flaws it not the ruby lip ? ' 
 Thyesten : The banquet of Thyestes, whose own sons were served' 
 up to him by his brother Atreus, was typical of the horrors of Greek 
 tragedy. Cf. on 1. 6. 8 ; Epode 5. 86. 
 
 18. altis : cf . on 4. 6. 3. ultimae : furthest back, and hence 
 first. Cf. Catull. 4. 15, ultima ex origine. 
 
 19. stetere: in prose exstitere, a stronger fuere. Cf. Verg. Aen. 
 7. 553, stnnt belli causae, 
 
 20. funditus : KUT oR-prjs, from turret to foundation stone. 
 
 21. aratrum : Propert. 4. 8. 41, moenia cum Graio Neptunia 
 pressit aratro \ Victor ; Jeremiah 26. 18, ' Zion shall be plowed 
 like a field' ; Young and Burns, 'Ruin's plowshare.' insolens; 
 in the pride of victory. Cf . on 1. 5. 8 ; Epod. 16. 14.
 
 192 NOTES. 
 
 22. compesce mentem : curb your temper. Cf. Odyss. 11. 562, 
 tdfuurov 5e fj.lvos ; Kpist. 1. 2. 63. 
 
 23. temptavit : as a disease. Cf. Epist. 1. 6. 28. dulci : cf. 
 Tennyson's Gama : ' We remember love ourselves iu our sweet 
 youth.' 
 
 24. Cf. on 3 ; A. P. 251, pes citus ; Catull. 36. 5, truces vibrare 
 iambos ; Anth. Pal. 7. 674, es \vfffftavras ld/j.Bovs ; Waller, 'To one 
 who wrote against a fair lady: "Should thy iambics swell into a 
 book | All were confuted with one radiant look." ' 
 
 25. mitibus : either- the abl. as here or the ace. as in 1. 17. 1-2, 
 may be the tiling to which the change is made with mutare. Cf. 
 A. G. 252. c ; G. L. 404. n. 1 ; H. 422. n. 2. 
 
 28. animumque reddas : cf. Ter. Andria, 333, reddidisti ani- 
 mum, my peace of mind. Others, thy heart, favor. Cf. 1. 19. 4. 
 
 ODE XVII. 
 
 Faunus oft exchanges his Lycaean mountain for my Sabine 
 farm. He keeps my flocks from harm. The gods cherish the 
 pious bard. Come, Tyndaris : here while the dog-star rages thou 
 wilt enjoy the cool shade and cups of mild Lesbian, nor fear 
 drunken brawls and the boisterous wooing of jealous Cyrus. 
 
 Translated in Dodsley's Poems, 2. 278. 
 
 1. Lucretilem : monte Gennaro, above the Saline farm, for 
 which, cf. Epode 1. 31. n. 
 
 2. mutat: cf. on 1. 16. 26; 2. 12. 23; 3. 1. 47. Italian Faunus 
 is here the mountain-ranging (opfifltirris) Lycaean Pan. Cf. on 3. 
 18, and Ov. Fast. 2. 424, Faunus in Arcadia templa Lycaeus habet. 
 
 3. capellis : cf . Verg. Eclog. 7. 47, solstitium pecori defendite. 
 
 4. usque: poetic for semper, like ' still ' in English. Cf. 2.9. 4; 
 2. 18. 23 ; 3. 30. 7 ; 4. 4. 45. 
 
 5. impune and tutum are two sides of the same fact, suggested 
 again in deviae : they may venture to stray in quest of pasture. 
 
 6. latentes : amid the thick growth of shrubbery. 
 
 7. 'The harem of the rank spouse,' an 'ill phrase' according to 
 Professor Tyrrell. Cf. Vergil's vir gregis, Eel. 7. 7 ; Theoc. 8. 49 ;
 
 BOOK I., ODE XVII. 193 
 
 Martial, 9. 71. 1-2, pecorisque maritus lanigeri. Milton's cock 
 ' stoutly struts his dames before.' ' There in his feathered seraglio 
 strutted the lordly turkey' (Longfellow). 
 
 8. virides : cf. ' Lo ! the green serpent from his dark abode ' 
 (Thomson, Summer). 
 
 9. Martiales : the wolf is the associate of Mars for Romans. 
 Cf. Verg. Aen. 9. 566 ; Macaulay, Proph. of Capys, 17. haediliae : 
 ' kids ' is the meaning wanted. There is doubt about the form. 
 Some take it as a proper name. Cf. Lex. 
 
 10. utcumque : whensoever, as soon as, when once. Cf. 3.4.29 ; 
 1. 35. 23; 2. 17. 11; 4. 4. 35; Epode 17. 52. fistula: the pipe 
 of Pan (fftptyt; cf. Verg. Eel. 2. 32; Tibull. 2. 5. 31) heard by 
 the imaginative shepherds of Lucretius, 4. 586 : et genus agricolum 
 late sentiscere quom Pan \ . . . unco saepe labro calamos percurrit 
 Mantis \ fistula silvestrem ne cesset fundere musam. Mart. 9. 61. 
 12. Cf. Mrs. Browning's ' What was he doing, the great god 
 Pan ? ' dulci : ' listening to thy sweet pipings ' (Shelley, Hymn 
 of Pan). 
 
 11. cubantis : sloping, if Ustica is a. local hill, as Porphyrio 
 says. Others, low lying, rifitvca iv x^pf (Theoc. 13. 40). 
 
 12. levia : cf. \iaads . . . irfrpz. (Aeschyl. Suppl. 794). 
 14. For the idiom cordi est alicui, cf. Lex. 
 
 14-16. Construe copia opulenta rtiris honorum benigno cornu 
 tibi manabit. For legend of horn of plenty, cf. Class. Diet. s.vv. 
 Achelous and Amalthea ; Ov. Met. 9. 86 ; Fast. 5. 115. Cf. also 
 C. S. 60 ; Epist. 1. 12. 29 ; Otto, p. 94; Tenn. Ode Duke of Well., 
 'and affluent fortune emptied all her horn.' benigno: cf. 1. 
 9. 6. n. 
 
 16. honorum : cf. Sat. 2. 5. 13, et quoscunque feret cultus tibi 
 fundus honores ; Stat. Theb. 10. 788, veris honor; Epode 11. 6; 
 Spenser, Muiopotmos, 'gathered more store | Of the field's honor.' 
 It is a commonplace of 18th century poetry. 
 
 17. reducta valle : cf. Epode 2. 11 ; 2. 3. 6, in remoto gramine; 
 Verg. Aen. 6. 703, in valle reducta; Keats, 'Deep in the shady 
 sadness of a vale.' Caniculae : Procyon, 3. 29. 18 ; but not dis- 
 tinguished from Sinus. Cf. 3. 13. 9 ; Aeschyl. Ag. 967. 
 
 18. fide Teia : abl. instr. ; of Anacreon. Cf. 4. 9. 9 ; Epode 14. 
 10 ; Byron's, ; The Scian and the Teian muse | The hero's harp, the 
 
 o
 
 194 NOTES. 
 
 lover's lute.' For imitations of Anacr. or the Anacreontic tone, 
 cf. 1. 6. 10. 20 ; 1. 23. 1-4 ; 1. 20. 1-2 ; 1. 27 ; 2. 11. 13-24 ; 2. 7. 28 ; 
 3. 19. 18 ; 4. 12. 28. 
 
 19. laborantes in : cf. Catullus' love-sick Ariadne, in flavo 
 saepe hospite suspimntem (64. 98). uno : Odysseus. 
 
 20. The story of the Odyssey (10. 272 sqq.). vitream : cf. 3. 
 28. 10 ; 4. 2. 3 ; 3. 13. 1 ; Stat. Silv. 1. 3. 85, vitreae iuya perfida 
 Circes; Browne, Britannia's Pastorals, 2. 1, 'But of great Thetis' 
 train | Ye mermaids fair | That on the shores do plain | Your sea- 
 green hair ' ; Collins, Ode to Liberty, ' To him who decked with 
 pearly pride | In Adria weds his green-haired bride.' 
 
 22. duces: wilt quaff. Cf. 3. 3. 34; 4. 4. 17. sub umbra: 
 1. 32. 1. Cf. 1. 5. 3, sub antro. 
 
 22-23. Semele and Thyone (0.W, Find. Pyth. 3. 99, Horn. 
 Hymn, Dion. 21) were both names of the mother of Bacchus. 
 The Latin poets loved to use sonorous Greek proper names in a 
 decorative way. Cf. Catull. 27. 7, hie merus est Thyonianus. 
 Cf. Vergil's Phillyrides Chiron Amythaoniusque Melampus ; 
 Georg. 3. 550. 
 
 23-24. confundet . . . proelia : cf. Taparretv ir6\tiu.ov ; miscere 
 proelia ; incendia miscet, Aen. 2. 329 ; Lucret. 5. 439 ; Milton's 
 'there mingle broils.' For such irapoivix, cf. 1. 18. 8 ; 1. 27. 1-2. 
 
 25. Cyrus recurs 1. 33. 6. male here reinforces the adj. Cf. 
 on 1. 9. 24. suspecta : a hint that she may have given him 
 cause for jealousy. 
 
 26. incontinentes : cf. 1. 13. 9-10. The Roman elegists not 
 infrequently express mock repentance at having torn their ladies' 
 dress. Cf. Ov. Am. 1. 7. 3; Propert. 2. 5. 21; Tibull. 1. 10. 56; 
 Lucian, Dial. Mer. 8 init. ; Anth. Pal. 5. 248. 
 
 27. haerentem : Sat. 1. 10. 49, haerentem capiti cum multa 
 laude coronam. 
 
 28. immeritam : unoffending. Cf. 1. 28. 30 ; 2. 13. 12 ; 3. 6. 1 ; 
 Sat. 2. 3. 7 ; Juv. 10. 60 ; Aen. 3. 2. So wdbos. Cf. Rich. III. 2. 1, 
 ' That all without desert have frowned on me.'
 
 BOOK I., ODE XVIH. 195 
 
 ODE XVIII. 
 
 Plant your vines, Varus. Wine is the only dispe^ler of care. 
 But shun the excesses of the Centaurs and the wild Thracians, 
 and the blind self-love and vainglory that follow the abuse of 
 Father Liber's gifts. 
 
 Varus is probably the Quintilius (Varus) of 1. 24, and the 
 Quintilius praised as a faithful literary critic, A. P. 438. For 
 praise of wine, cf. 3. 21. For Bacchus, cf. 2. 19 ; 3. 25. 
 
 1. Modeled on Alcaeus' fr. 44 in same meter, ^Sfv <%\\o <pvTev<rris 
 Trpdrepov StvSpiov a/j.irf\<a. sacra : to Bacchus. severis : cf. on 
 1. 11. 1. 
 
 2. circa: with solum and moenia a slight zeugma. mite: 
 rarum, a light soil adapted to the vine (Verg. G. 2. 227-229). 
 Catili : for Catilli. Cf. on 1. 7. 13 ; 2. 6. 5. 
 
 3. siccis : cf. Epist. 1. 19. 9 ; the opposite of uvidus, 4. 5. 39. 
 dura : predicatively. 
 
 4. mordaces: SaKfOvpoi, 0vfj.oB6poi. Cf. 2. 11. 18 and Milton's 
 'eating cares'; Verg. Aen. 1. 261. aliter: sc. than by use of 
 wine (Eurip. Bacch. 278 sqq.). diffugiunt: Wine is 'The mighty 
 Mahmud, Allah-breathing Lord, | That all the misbelieving and 
 black Horde | Of Fears and Sorrows that infest the soul | Scatters 
 before him with his whirlwind sword ' (Fitzgerald's Rubaiyat, 60). 
 Cf. Alcaeus, dlvov \a0 KoiSea. 
 
 5-6. Cf. on 3. 21. 13-20. ' Wine is a charm, it heats the blood 
 too, | Cowards it will arm if the wine be good too ; | Quickens the 
 wit and makes the back able, | Scorns to submit to the watch or 
 constable' (Dekker and Ford, The Sun's Darling). 
 
 5. post vina : cf. 3. 21. 19, post te. For plural, cf. 4. 5. 31. 
 gravem : i.e. the hardships of. crepat : cf . Sat. 2. 3. 33 ; 
 Epist. 1. 7. 84; 2. 3. 247; prates, rattles on, irarayt'i, understood 
 by a very slight zeugma with the next verse too. 
 
 6. Bacche pater : cf. 3. 3. 13 ; Epist. 2. 1. 5, Liber pater ; Verg. 
 G. 2. 4 ; Ion. Eleg. 1. 13, wdrep Ai6wfft. The Greek Bacchus was 
 ever young, but pater is not an epithet of age. It is a half humor- 
 ous, half reverential recognition of the god's gifts. Cf. Villon, 
 ' Pere Noe" qui plantastes la vigne ' ; Herrick, Hesp. 320, ' Sit
 
 196 NOTES. 
 
 crowned with rosebuds and carouse | Till Liber pater twirles the 
 house.' decens: cf. 1. 4. 6. 
 
 7. at : the other side of the picture. Recent editors generally 
 read ac, and yet, with many Mss. Ac ne is perhaps not sufficiently 
 adversative here. modici : the epithet is transferred from the 
 use of the gift to the giver. transiliat: cf. 1. 3. 24. munera 
 Liberi occurs 4. 15. 26. Cf. Bacchylides' Aiowaioun Swpois ; Verg. 
 G. 2. 5. 
 
 8. Centaurea . . . rixa : the strife arose out of the assault of 
 the drunken Centaurs on the bride Hippodamia at the wedding of 
 Pirithous, king of the Lapithae. Cf. 2. 12. 5 ; Ovid, Met. 12. 219 
 sqq. ; F. Q. 4. 1. 23 : ' And there the relics of the drunken fray, | 
 The which amongst the Lapithees befell : | And of the bloody feast, 
 which sent away | So many Centaurs' drunken souls to hell ; ' 
 Arnold, The Strayed Reveller. It was represented in the 
 metopes of the Parthenon. oJvos nal Kfvravpov (Odyss. 21. 295) 
 was proverbial. Cf. Anth. Pal. 11. 1; Callim. 62. 3. super 
 mero : both Horace and Vergil use this abl. for more usual ace. 
 Cf. 1. 9. 5 ; 1. 12. 6 ; 3. 1. 17 ; Eclog. 1. 80 ; Aen. 6. 203. 
 
 9. Sitboniis: poetic specification for Thracian. Cf. 3. 26. 10; 
 1. 27. 2 ; 1. 36. 14 ; 2. 7. 27. This misuse of wine is imputed to the 
 severity of the god in the harsher northern clime. Cf. Pater, 
 Greek Studies, p. 40. Euhius : from evoT. Cf. on 2. 19. 5, and 
 Lucretius, 5, 743. The orgiastic appellations Euhius and Bassareu 
 are aptly used when the darker side of the deity is emphasized 
 rather than the friendliness of Liber pater. 
 
 10-11. ' When in their greed they distinguish right and wrong 
 only by the narrow line which their desires leave between them.' 
 The line is untranslatable. For the general thought, cf. Arnold's 
 ' whom what they do | Teaches the limits of the just and true ' ; 
 Shaks. Tim. of Athens, 5. 5, ' making your wills the scope of 
 justice ' ; Dyer, ' Some weigh their pleasure by their lust,' etc. 
 
 11. non ego te : recurs 1. 23. 9; 4. 12. 22. candide : 'bright 
 god of the vine' (Martin). Cf. Epode 3. 9; Ov. Fast. 3. 772; 
 Tibull. 3. 6. 1. But cf. Epode 14. 5. n. Bassareu: from the 
 foxskin, Qao-ffdpa, from which the Bassarids = Maenads took their 
 name. Macrobius (Sat. 1. 18. 9) speaks of a bearded Bacchus 
 under this name. Cf. Class. Review, 10. 21.
 
 BOOK I., ODE XIX. 197 
 
 12 sqq. The thought ' I will not abuse the gifts of Bacchus,' is 
 clotht-d in imagery borrowed from his mystic rites. For the con- 
 cealing leaves and the affected mystery of Bacchic orgies, cf. 
 Theoc. 26. 3 ; Catullus, 64. 259, 260 ; Tibull. 1. 7. 48. 
 
 13. sub divum : cf . 1. 1. 25 ; 3. 2. 5 ; 2. 3. 23. saeva : harsh, 
 appalling. Saeva sonoribus anna (Verg. Aen. 9. 651). tene: 
 check, hush. Berecyntio: the Berecynthian horn belonged to 
 the worship of Cybele (Lucret. 2. 619), but was transferred to that 
 of Dionysus also. Cf. Catul. 64. 264 ; Eurip. Bacchae, 78 ; cf. 3. 19. 18. 
 
 14. caecus : Eigeuliebe macht die Augen triibe. Sen. Ep. 109. 
 16, quos amor sui excaecat. 
 
 15. plus nimio : this colloquialism, in Cicero nimio plus, recurs 
 1. 33. 1; Epist. 1. .10. 30. Nimio is abl. of measure. gloria: 
 vainglory. Cf. miles gloriosus, and the famous French epigram, 
 'ci-git le glorieux a c6te de la gloire.' So in older English, 
 'Laughter is a sudden glory' (Hobbes). 
 
 16. fides prodiga : we may say that fides is a vox media, or call 
 it an oxymoron, like Tennyson's ' Faith unfaithful kept him falsely 
 true.' Cf. 3. 24. 59, and 1. 5. 5. per | lucidior : cf. on 2. 12. 25. 
 vitro : cf. 3. 13. 1 ; 1. 17. 20. For the thought, cf. the proverbial olvos 
 KO.I a\r)6fia and Karoirrpav eldovs %aA(cos &TT', olvos 8e vov, Aesch. fr. 
 393 ; Alcaeus, fr. 53, 57. 
 
 ODE XIX. 
 
 I thought passion's reign was ended, but the imperious mother 
 of the loves resumes her sway and suffers me to sing of naught but 
 Glycera, whose bright beauty fires my heart. Quick ! an altar of 
 turf and a victim to propitiate the resistless goddess. 
 
 Imitated by Congreve, Johnson's Poets, 10. 278. 
 
 1. Repeated 4. 1. 5. Cf. Find. fr. 122. 4, parep' 'Vp&rwv. The 
 ' Loves ' as attendants on Venus belong rather to the prettinesses 
 of later Greek poetry and art. But cf. Aeschyl. Suppl. 1043 ; 
 Bion. Epitaph. Adon. 80 sqq. ; Catull. 3. 1 ; Stat. Silv. 1. 2. 61 ; 
 Claud.de Nupt. Honor. 72 ; Tenn. 'a bevy of Eroses apple cheeked.' 
 
 2. Semelae puer : Bacchus, cf. 1. 17. 22. Some read Greek 
 gen. Semeles. 
 
 3. Licentia : vfipis, 'Love's wantonness.'
 
 198 NOTES. 
 
 4. finitis : i.e. as I thought. animum reddere : cf. 1. 16. 28. 
 
 5. urit : cf. Verg. Eclog. 2. 68, urit amor. Glycera recurs, 1. 
 30. 3, 1. 33. 2. nitor : cf. 1. 5. 13 ; 2. 5. 18 ; 3. 12. 6. 
 
 6. Pario marmore : cf. Verg. Aen. 3. 126, niveamque Paron; 
 Ov. Fasti, 4. 135, marmoreo . . . collo ; Theoc. 6. 38; Browning, 
 'great, smooth, marbly limbs.' 
 
 7. grata protervitas : her pretty pertness ; her eye that ' sounds 
 a parley to provocation ' (Meleager, \anvpots o^ao-i ; Anth. Pal. 
 5. 180. 2). 
 
 8. lubricus adspici : i.e. slippery to the eye as ice to the foot. 
 Cf. Tenn. Lucret. 'And here an Oread how the sun delights | 
 To glance and shift about her slippery sides ' ; Dante, Purg. 8. 34, 
 ' ma nelle facce 1' occhio si smarria ' ; Milton, II Pens. ' whose saintly 
 visage is too bright | To hit the sense of human sight,' P. L. ' His 
 countenance too severe to be beheld.' Somewhat differently, Suck- 
 ling, The Bride, ' But, Dick, her eyes so guard her face, | I durst no 
 more upon them gaze | Than on the sun in July.' Cf . also \nrap6rfts 
 o/j./j.drtav ; Tenn. The Day Dream, 'Turn your face | Nor look with 
 that too earnest eye | The rhymes are dazzled from their place.' 
 
 9. ruens : Cf. Eurip. Hippol. 443, Kvwpis yap ov (poprirAs })v TTO\\^ 
 pvf. 
 
 10. Scythas : cf. 2. 11. 1; vaguely like Massagetae, Geloni, 
 Thraces, Dad, Medi, Persae, Parthi. Cyprum : cf. on 1. 30. 2. 
 
 11. versis . . . equis : for proverbial Parthian flight, cf. 2. 13. 
 18 ; Verg. G. 3. 31. animosum makes a slight oxymoron. 
 
 12. quae nihil attinent : not ipsam, but absolutely 'uncon- 
 cerning things.' ' What have we to do | With Kaikobad the 
 Great, or Kaikhosru ? ' As Keats says, ' Juliet weaning tenderly 
 her fancy doth more avail than these.' 
 
 13. vivum . . . caespitem : cf. 3. 8. 4. 
 
 14. verbenas : any herb or green sprig used in religious rites. 
 Cf. 4. 11. 7. tura : 1. 30. 3 ; 1. 36. 1 ; 3. 8. 2, etc. 
 
 15. bimi : new wine was used (cf. 1. 31. 2) unmixed with water, 
 men'. 
 
 16. veniet : cf. supra, 9, ruens; Eurip. Medea, 630, el 5' a\is 
 t\0oi Ki'mpis. mactata . . . hostia is perhaps vaguely used for 
 sacro peracto. Tac. Hist. 2. 3. 5, speaks of sacrifices to the Paphian 
 Venus, but even there the blood was not permitted to defile her altar.
 
 BOOK I., ODE XX. 199 
 
 ODE XX. 
 
 Come, Maecenas, and quaff cheap Sabine ordinaire bottled by me 
 the day the Vatican hill reechoed the plaudits of the people wel- 
 coming you back to the theater after your illness. You may drink 
 Caecuban and Calenian at home. The wines of Falernus and For- 
 miae do not qualify my cups. 
 
 1. modicis : of quality, not size. Cf. Epp. 1. 5. 2, nee modica 
 cenare times olus omne patella. Sabinum : ' le vin du pays,' but 
 not from his own farm (Epp. 1. 14. 23). 
 
 2. Graeca . . . testa : perhaps to give it a smack of the richer 
 Greek wine, perhaps only an allusion to the tasteful Greek jar. 
 
 3. levi: oblevi ; sealed, sc.pice. Cf. 3. 8. 10. 
 
 4. plausus : about B.C. 30. Cf. 2. 17. 25. 
 
 5. care : cf. dilecte, 2. 20. 7 ; amice, Epode 1. 2. paterni : the 
 Etruscan Tiber. Cf. 1.1.1; 3. 7. 28 ; Sat. 2. 2. 32. 
 
 7. The echo of applause from Pompey's theater in the Campus 
 Martins was returned from the Vatican (or adjoining Janiculum) 
 hill on the other side of Tiber. The topographical improbability 
 of such an echo does not require us to pronounce the poem a for- 
 gery. Cf. Shaks. Jul. Caes. 1. 1, ' Have you not made an univer- 
 sal shout, | That Tiber trembled underneath her banks, | To hear 
 the replication of your sounds, | Made in her concave shores ? ' 
 Cf. also Plat. Rep. 492 B ; F. Q. 1. 6. 8, ' far rebounded noise.' 
 Note Vaticani; elsewhere i. 
 
 8. imago : 1. 12. 3. n. 
 
 9-10. For the periphrasis and metonymy, cf. Tenn. ' The foam- 
 ing grape of Eastern France ' = Champagne ; ' Such whose father 
 grape grew fat I On Lusitanian summers ' = Port. 
 
 10. tu bibes : cf . introduction to ode. The passage has been 
 endlessly vexed. Some read turn bibes, i.e. you shall drink better 
 wine after the Sabine, but you must not expect the best (Falernian, 
 etc.) from me. The antithesis is imperfectly expressed, and the 
 ode is not a masterpiece, but there is no real difficulty. Lines 11 
 and 12 repeat the general idea, ' I have no choice wines,' with fresh 
 examples. But cf. Munro, Eng. J. Phil. 3. 349. 
 
 11. temperant: qualify (Epode 17. 80). The wines were mixed 
 with water. The vines and hills that yield the wines are personified.
 
 200 NOTES. 
 
 ODE XXI. 
 
 A song for youths and maidens in honor of Apollo and Diana, 
 as averting deities, a\f'ucaKoi. 
 
 The occasion is unknown. Possibly the first celebration of the 
 Actian games, B.C. 28 ; or the poem may be a sketch of a carmen 
 saecMlare for the proposed earlier celebration of the secular games, 
 B.C. 23. For motif, cf. Cat. 34. 1, Dianae sumus in fide. 
 
 1. Diaiiam : the quantity of the i varies. Cf. 3. 4. 71 ; 2. 12. 20 ; 
 C. S. 70. tenerae . . . virgines : cf. 4. 1. 26. 
 
 2. intonsum: Milton's 'unshorn Apollo,' 'A/cfipe/c^ur/s ; Find. 
 Pyth. 3. 14 ; II. 20. 39 ; levis, 4. 6. 28 ; Tibull. 1. 4. 37, solis ae.ti'rna 
 est Phoebo Bacchoque iuventa, \ nam decet intonsns crinis utrum- 
 que deum. Cf. Epode 15. 9 ; Calliin. Hymn. Apoll. 38. 
 
 3. Latonam : as mother of Apollo and Diana. 
 
 4. dilectatn : so with dat. (2. 4. 18). penitus : x-npSOt. 
 
 5. vos : sc. virgines. laetam, etc.,"ApTe,uis wora/nia and Aipvans ; 
 Diana nemorensis. Cf. Catull. 34. 9, montium domina ut fores \ 
 silvaritmqtte virentium \ saltuumque reconditorum \ amniinnque 
 sonantum ; Milton, Comus, 'And she was queen of the woods.' 
 nemorum coma : cf. 4. 3. 11 ; 4. 7. 2 ; II. 17. 677 ; Odyss. 23. 195, 
 aneKotya K^n-riv ravv<f>v\\ou Aanjs ; Soph. Antig. 419 ; Eurip. Alcest. 
 172; Catull. 4. 10, comata silva ; Tenn., omitted stanza in Am- 
 phion, ' The birch-tree swang her fragrant hair, | The bramble cast 
 her berry ' ; Swinburne, Erechth. 1146, ' Fields aflower with winds 
 and suns, | Woods with shadowing hair' ; Milton, P. L. VII., 'bush 
 with frizzled hair implicit ' ; Ronsard, ' ta forest d'orangers, dont la 
 perruque verte | De cheveux eternels en tout temps est couverte.' 
 
 6-8. Cf. Swinburne, Erechth., 'all wildwood leaves | The wind 
 waves on the hills of all the world '; II. 2. 632, Nrjprroc flvo(riq>v\\nv ; 
 Pind. Pyth. 1. 28, Afrvay tv /j.f\a./LKpv\\ois . . , Kopu<f>dis ; Ar. 
 Clouds, 279-280, ty-r)\Siv o/><W Kopu<f>as fin $ev5poK<i/j.ovs ; Catull. 
 4. 11-12 ; Thomson, Winter, ' forest-rustling mountain.' 
 
 6. gelido : cf. nivali, 3. 23. 9. Algido : a haunt of Diana. 
 Cf. C. S. 69 ; 4. 4. 58. 
 
 7. nigris : 4. 4. 58; 4. 12. 11. So Juv. Sat. 3. 54 renders 
 
 \os by opacus. Cf. 2. 2. 15. n. Erymanthus: rat. in
 
 BOOK I., ODE XXII. 201 
 
 Arcadia ; Artemis there (Odyss. 0. 103) ; 6 SepSpoK^urjs 'Epvnat>0os 
 (Anth. Pal. 5. 19. 5). 
 
 8. viridis : the ligliter green of the oaks and beeches contrasted 
 with the dark green of the lirs and pines. Cragus : nit. in Lycia. 
 
 9. Tempe : 1. 7. 4. n. An early seat of the Apolline religion. 
 totidem: pure prose. Cf. 2. 8. 17 n. ; 4. 4. 29 n. 
 
 10. natalem : cf. 3. 4. 6:]. n. 
 
 11. insignem : sc. Apollinem. pharetra : 3. 4. 60. 
 
 12. fraterna : of Mercury, 1. 10. 6 ; cf. materna, 1. 12. 9 ; Verg. 
 Aen. 5. 72. umerum : ' Greek ' ace. probably, ' as to his shoulder.' 
 
 13. lacrimosum : Verg. Aen. 7. 604, lacrimabile bellum ; H. 
 5. 737 ; Anacr. fr. 31 ; Aeschyl. Suppl. 681, SaKpvoySvov "Apr;, 
 etc. famem: there was a scarcity of grain, B.C. 23. Cf. Veil. 
 2. 94. Famine and pestilence coupled, as Hes. *Epy. 243. 
 
 14. principe : cf . 1. 2. 50. n. ; Epist. 2. 1. 256 ; 3. 14. 15. n. ; 
 4. 15. 17. 
 
 15. Britannos: 1. 25. 39. n. For the antique frankness of 
 this prayer, cf. 3. 27. 21. n. Anth. Pal. 6. 240. 
 
 ODE XXII. 
 
 This famous ode has been translated or imitated by Campion 
 (ed. Bullen, p. 20), Daniel: To Countess of Cumberland; Ros- 
 cotnmon, Johnson's Poets, 8. 268 ; Hughes, ibid. 10. 28 ; Yalden, 
 ibid. 11. 73 ; Pitt, ibid. 12. 381 ; Hamilton, ibid. 15. 635. 
 
 The gods guard the pure in heart. As I strolled all unarmed in 
 the Sabine wood singing of Lalage, a wolf fled from me. Place 
 me in the burning zone or at the frozen pole, still will I love my 
 laughing Lalage. 
 
 There is no real inconsistency between the momentary flush of 
 genuine feeling (1-8) and the mock-heroic continuation and jesting 
 close. ' Vers de socie"te" ... is the poetry ... of solemn thought 
 which, lest it should be too solemn, plunges into laughter' (Preface 
 to Lyra Elegantiarum). We need not, however, with a worthy 
 German editor, speak of a ' heiliger ernst ' ! 
 
 For Horace's witty friend, Aristius Fuscus, cf. Epist. 1. 10 ; Sat 
 1. 9. 61 ; 1. 10. 83.
 
 202 NOTES. 
 
 1-4. ' The man of life upright, I Whose guiltless heart is free | 
 From all dishonest deeds, | Or thought of Vanity ' (Campion). Cf. 
 1. 17. 13 ; 2. 7. 12 ; 3. 4. 25-32. 
 
 1. integer: cf. Milton, ' For such thou art from sin and blame 
 entire ' ; Dante, Purg. 17, ' II giusto Mardocheo | Chi fu al dir ed 
 al far cosi intero' ; Trench, On the Study of Words, 65. vitae is 
 gen. of 'respect' with integer; sceleris. gen. of 'separation' with 
 purus. Cf. Sat. 2. 3. 220 ; A. G. 218. c. ; G. L. 374. n. 6. ; H. 
 399. III. 
 
 2. Mauris: poetic specification. Cf. 1. 16. 4 ; 3. 10. 18. 
 
 6. aestuosas : may refer to the hot sands of the shore or the 
 'boiling' waters. Cf. 1. 31. 5 ; 2. 6. 4 ; 2. 7. 16 ; Epode 9. 31. 
 F. Q. 1. 6. 35, ' Through boiling sands of Araby and Ind.' 
 
 6. inhospitalem Epode 1. 12 ; Aeschyl. Prom. 20, airdvOpcairov. 
 
 7. fabulosus : cf. 3. 4. 9. Storied. From the time of Alex- 
 ander the tales of Indian travelers were proverbial. 
 
 . 10. Lalagen: \a\f^ \x\ayew ; almost = 'Laughing Water.' 
 
 11. termiiium: the bounds of the Sabine farm? Cf. 3. 16. 29. 
 expeditis : the cares themselves are said to be freed (thrown 
 off). Cf. Catull. 31. 7, quid solutis est beatius curis ? Cf. 
 Epode 9. 38. 
 
 13. portentum : the wolf, mock heroically, repots. Cf. 1. 33. 
 7-8 for Apulian wolves. 
 
 14. Daunias: (from Daunus (3. 30. 11 ; 4. 14. 26)), a part of 
 Apulia, Horace's native province, to which he loves to attribute all 
 the old Italian virtues. 
 
 15. lubae tellus : Mauritania. The elder Juba was defeated 
 at Thapsus ; the younger, his son, was made king of Mauritania 
 by Augustus, B.C. 25, by which some date the ode. 
 
 16. arida nutrix : a slight oxymoron. Cf. Homer's ^-rtpa. 
 OnpSiv. 
 
 17-23. For this geographical antithesis, cf. 3. 3. 55 ; 3. 24. 37. 
 
 17. pigris: dull, barren from cold. Cf. iners (2. 9. 5 ; 4. 7. 12); 
 Lucret. 5. 746, bruma nives affert pigrumque rigorem. 
 
 18. recreatur : cf. 3. 20. 13 ; Catull. 62. 41, quern mulcent 
 anrae. 
 
 19. quod: i.e. in eo quod. latus mundi: cf. 3. 24. 38; Sir 
 John Mandeville's ' West syde of the world ' ; Milton's ' back side
 
 BOOK I., ODE XXIII. 203 
 
 of the world ' ; Keats' ' heave his broad shoulder o'er the edge of 
 the world.' 
 
 19-20. malus luppiter : an unkind Jove = sullen sky. Cf. 
 1. 1. 25. 
 
 20. urget: lowers, oppresses, broods, wie^tva (Hdt. 1. 142). 
 
 21. Vergil's plaga solis iniqui (Aen. 7. 227). 
 
 22. domibus : to the abodes of men. 
 
 23. dulce : cf. on perfidum ridens (3. 26. 67). Cf. aira\bv yt\dffai 
 (Odyss. 14. 465), and Sappho's &du Quvticras, already imitated by 
 Catull. 51. 5. Roscommon's conceited rendering of these untrans- 
 latable lines is a curiosity : ' All cold but in her breast I will 
 despise, | And dare all heat but that in Caelia's eyes.' 
 
 ODE XXIII. 
 
 Cf. Dobson's roundel : ' You shun me, Chloe, wild and shy, | As 
 some stray fawn that seeks its mother.' For difference between 
 ancient and modern feeling, cf. Lander's exquisite ' Gracefully shy 
 is yon Gazelle.' For the comparison of the girl to a fawn, cf. 
 Anacreon, fr. 51. 
 
 Spenser, F. Q. 3. 7. 1 : ' Like as an hind forth singled from the 
 herd, | That hath escaped from a ravenous beast, | Yet flies away 
 of her own feet afeard ; | And every leaf, that shaketh with the 
 least | Murmur of wind, her terror hath increased.' 
 
 Poor translation by Hamilton, Johnson's Poets, 15. 635. 
 
 1. vitas: many Mss. read vitat, probably because of tremit 
 below. 
 
 2. pavidam: cf. 1. 2. 11. 
 
 3. non sine : for this favorite Horatian litotes, cf. 1. 25. 16 ; 3. 
 4. 20 ; 3. 6. 29 ; 3. 7. 7 ; 3. 13. 2 ; 3. 26. 2 ; 3. 29. 38 ; 4. 1. 24 ; 4. 
 13. 27. 
 
 4. siluae : trisyllabic. Epode 13. 2. 
 
 5-6. veris . . . adventus : so the Mss. To this bold and 
 beautiful expression it has been objected that at the coming of 
 spring the trees have no leaves (but cf. umbrosis, 1. 4. 10) and the 
 does no fawns, and many editors print, after Bentley, vepris . . .
 
 204 NOTES. 
 
 ad ventum, which is ingenious and smoothly parallel with rubum 
 dimovere below. Cf. Rossetti, Love's Nocturne, ' Where in groves 
 the gracile spring | Trembles ' ; Swinburne, Atalanta, ' When the 
 hounds of spring are on winter's traces | The mother of months in 
 meadow or plain, | Fills the shadows and windy places, | With lisp 
 of leaves and ripple of rain.' For adventus, cf. Milton's 'Far off 
 his coming shone.' 
 
 6. virides: cf. Verg. EC. 2. 9, Nunc virides etiain occultant spi- 
 neta lacertos. Cf. XAcopo-<raC/>o. 
 
 9. atqui: 3. 5. 49 ; 3. 7. 9 ; Epode 5. 07. non ego te : 1. 18. 
 11 ; 4. 9. 30. aspera : cf. 1. 37. 26 ; 3. 2. 10. 
 
 10. Gaetulus : 3. 20. 2. frangere : epexegetic, to crush with 
 teeth. II. 11. 113-14. 
 
 12. tempestiva: with viro. Cf. 3. 19. 27 ; .4. 1. 9; Verg. Aen. 
 7. 53, lam matura viro plenis iam nubilis annis. sequi : with 
 matrem. Cf. Eugene Field's amusing ' Chaucerian paraphrase,' 
 ' Your moder ben well enow so farre she goeth, | But that ben not 
 farre enow, God knoweth.' Cf- also his ' But, Chloe, you're no in- 
 fant thing | That should esteem a man an ogre : | Let go your 
 mother's apron-string [ And pin your faith upon a toga.' But we 
 must not forget in our amusement that free-and-easy English mis- 
 represents Horace's exquisite ease quite as grossly as the pseudo- 
 classic eighteenth century pedantry which tempts us less. 
 
 ODE XXIV. 
 
 A poetic ' consolation.' Cf. on 2. 9. Consolatur Vergilium impa- 
 tienter amid sui mortem lugentem (pseudo-Acron). For (Quin- 
 tilius) Varus, cf. 1. 18. The date is given, by entry in Jerome's 
 (Eusebius') Chronicon, B.C. 24. Quintilius Cremonensis Veryilii 
 et Horatii familiaris moritur. 
 
 The sentiment is that of Malherbe's Consolation A Monsieur du 
 Pe"rier : ' La Mort a des rigueurs a nulle autre pareilles ; | On a 
 beau la prier, | La cruelle qu'elle est se bouche les oreilles, | Et 
 nous laisse crier. . . . De murmurer contre elle, et perdre pa- 
 tience, | II est mal a propos ; | Vouloir ce que Uieu veut, est la 
 seule science | Qui nous met en repos.' Cf. 'Arnold, Scholar-
 
 BOOK I., ODE XXIV. 205 
 
 Gipsy, ' and tiy to bear ; | With close-lipp'd patience for our 
 only friend.' Vergil himself wrote, superanda omnis r fortuna 
 ferendo est (Aen. 5. 710), and, according to Donatus (Life of 
 Vergil, chap. 18), praised patience as the chief virtue of our 
 mortal state : sulitus erat dicere : nullam virtutem commodiorem 
 homini esse patienlia; ac nullam adeo asperam esse fortunam 
 qnam prudenter patiendo vir fortis non vincat. Cf. Sellar, 
 p. 189 ; Lang, Letters to Dead Authors, Horace, init. 
 
 The Ode has been a favorite with poets. Cf., however, the 
 petulant criticism which Landor puts in the mouth of Boccaccio 
 (Pentameron): 'What man immersed in grief cares a quattrino 
 about Melpomene, or her father's fairing of an artificial cuckoo 
 and a gilt guitar ? What man on such an occasion is at leisure 
 to amuse himself with the little plaster images of Pudor and 
 Fides, of Justitia and Veritas, or disposed to make a comparison 
 of Virgil and Orpheus ? ' 
 
 There is a translation by Hamilton, Johnson's Poets, 15. 637. 
 
 1. quis, etc. : cf. Swinburne, Erechth. 757, Who shall put a bridle 
 in the mourner's lips to chasten them, | Or seal up the fountains of 
 his tears for shame ' ; Tenn. In Mem., ' Let grief be her own mis- 
 tress still.' For modus, cf. 1. 16. 2, 1. 36. 11, 3. 15. 2; with 
 pudor, Martial, 8. 64. 15, sit tandem pudor et modus rapinis. 
 
 2. cari capitis : Shelley, Adonais, ' Oh weep for Adonais, 
 though our tears | Thaw not the frost which binds so dear a 
 head ! ' This use of caput is warm with feeling, whether of love 
 or hate. Cf . Epode 5. 74 ; Verg. Aen. 4. 354 ; Martial, 9. 68. 2 ; 
 Jebb on Soph. Antig. 1 ; II. 18. 114 ; Od. 1. 343, -roiijv yap Kp\^v 
 irofleo!. praecipe : teach, begin, start. 
 
 3. Melpomene: strictly the muse of tragedy; but see 1. 12. 
 2. n. Cf . 3. 30. 16 ; 4. 3. 1 ; George Peele, Aenone's (sic) Com- 
 plaint, ' Melpomene, the muse of tragic songs, | With mournful 
 tunes in stole of dismal hue, | Assist a silly nymph to wail her 
 woe ' ; Keats, Isabella, 56, ' Moan hither all ye syllables of woe | 
 From the deep throat of sad Melpomene' ; Tenn. In Mem., 'And 
 my Melpomene replies.' liquidam: Lucret. 2. 145, volucres . . . 
 liquidis loca vocibus opplent ; Ov. Am. 1. 13. 8; Tenn. Geraint and 
 Enid, 'the liquid note beloved of men' (= the nightingale).
 
 206 NOTES. 
 
 pater : both father of the muses (Hes. Theog. 52) and All-father 
 (1. 2. 2X- 
 
 5. ergo : a conclusion forced upon the reluctant heart. Cf. G. L. 
 502. n. 1 ; Sat. 2. 5. 101, ergo nunc Dama sodalis nusquam est ; 
 Ov. Trist. 3. 2. 1, Ergo erat in fatis Scythiam quoque visere nostris. 
 Differently used, 2. 7. 17. Many critics think the poem ought to 
 have begun here, which would meet most of Landor's strictures. 
 perpetuus sopor: Catull. 5. 5, Nobis cum semel occidit brevis 
 lux, | nox est perpetua una dormienda ; Moschus, 3. Ill, arep^oi'a 
 vtiyperoi> vtrvov ; Arnold, Thyrsis, ' For there thine earth-forgetting 
 eyelids keep | The morningless and unawakening sleep ' ; Job 14. 
 12, ' till the heavens be no more, they shall not awake, nor be 
 raised out of their sleep ' ; Shelley, Adonais, 8, ' He will awake 
 no more, Oh never more ! ' 
 
 6. urget: lie heavy on, weigh down (his eyelids). Cf. 4. 9. 27 ; 
 premet, 1. 4. 16 ; Verg. Aen. 10. 745, dura quies oculos et fcrreus 
 urget \ somnus, etc. ; Lucret. 3. 893, urgerive superne obtritum 
 pondere terras. cui: his peer. The emphasis of the introductory 
 relative italicizes the English demonstrative that must take its 
 place. Pudor: Ai8ws. The Greek and Roman religion made 
 these capitalized abstractions more real to the ancients than they 
 can be -to us, disgusted with their rhetorical use in eighteenth cen- 
 tury poetry. Cf. C. S. 57. Cf. Preller-Jordan, 1. 250, for Fides; 
 Gaston Boissier, Relig. Rom. 1. 8. soror : so Find. O. 13. 6. 
 
 7. nuda Veritas : Ov. Amor. 1. 3. 14, has nuda simplicitas. 
 Shaks. ' naked truth ' (Hen. VI. 2. 4) ; L. L. L. 5. 2 ; Chapman, All 
 Fools, 4. 1, ' Time will strip truth into her nakedness.' 
 
 8. inveniet: for sing, verb with pi. subject, cf. I. 2. 38 ; 1. 3.3; 
 1. 4. 16 ; 1. 6. 10 ; 1. 35. 21, etc. parem : ' For Lycidas is dead, 
 dead ere his prime, | Young Lycidas, and hath not left his peer.' 
 Verg. Aen. 6. 878, of Marcellus, Heu pietas, heu prisca fides, etc. 
 
 9. multis . . . flebilis : cf. 4. 2. 21 ; G. L. 355 n. ; H. 391. I. ; 
 cf. Solon's wish, fr. 19. 
 
 11. frustra piua : cf. 2. 14. 2. n. ; Ovid's vive pius moriere pins ; 
 Verg. Aen. 2. 428, dis aliter visum ; 11. 157; Tenn. In Mem. 6, 
 ' O mother, praying God will save | Thy sailor, while thy head is 
 bow'd | His heavy-shotted hammock shroud | Drops in his vast and 
 wandering grave.' See Lang's comment: 'Ah, not frustra pius
 
 BOOK I., ODE XXIV. 207 
 
 was Vergil, as you say, Horace, in your melancholy song. In him, 
 we fancy, there was a happier mood than your melancholy pa- 
 tience.' non ita creditum : not thus (i.e. to this sad end) com- 
 mended (in thy prayers) to their keeping. Cf. 1. 3. 5; 1. 36. 3; 
 custudes Numidae deos. It has been taken, ' not lent to thee on 
 such terms ' that thou couldst rightfully demand him when with- 
 drawn. That is rather a Christian thought. Yet cf. Cic. Tusc. 1. 
 93; Sen. Dial. 11. 10. 4. 
 
 13-15. quod si ... non: modern editors mostly read, with a 
 majority of the Mss., quid si . . . num, with interrogation point 
 after gregi (18). But the conclusion durum, etc., follows less 
 aptly so ; and the long trailing question spoils the rhythmic effect, 
 and is not justified by the example of 2. 12. 21, nor by Pindar's 
 swift, splendid rhetorical questions. O. 13. 18 ; Pyth. 4. 70 ; Isth. 
 4.39. 
 
 13. blandius: 3. 11. 15. n. ; 4. 1.8. Orpheo: cf. 1. 12. 7. n. 
 For his descent into Hades in quest of Eurydice, cf. further Eurip. 
 Alcest. 357 ; Ov. Met. 10. 1-77 ; Verg. G. 4. 453-627, Aen. 6. 119 ; 
 Milton, II Penseroso, ' Or bid the soul of Orpheus sing | Such notes 
 as warbled to the string, | Drew iron tears down Pluto's cheek, | 
 And made Hell grant what love did seek ' ; L' Allegro sub finem ; 
 Spenser, Vergil's Gnat, 55 ; Ruins of Time, 392 ; Arnold, Thyrsis, 
 1 And flute his friend like Orpheus from the dead ' ; Pope, Ode on 
 St. Cecilia's Day. 
 
 14. moderere : so 4. 3. 18, temperas. Milton, P. L. 7, ' All 
 sounds on fret by string or golden wire, | Tempered soft tunings.' 
 
 15. vanae . . . imagini : hollow wraith, empty shade. Verg. 
 Aen. 6. 293, temies sine corpore vitas . . . volitare cava sub ima- 
 gine formae. Wordsworth, Laodamia, ' But .unsubstantial form 
 eludes her grasp,' etc. Homer's vfxvcov ttSte\a Ka^vriav ; Verg. 
 Aen. 2. 785-95. sanguis : the blood is the life. Cf. the revival 
 of the dead by draughts of blood (Odyss. 11. 98). 
 
 16-18. virga . . . gregi : cf. 1. 10. 18. n. 
 
 16. semel : 4. 7. 21, once for all, irrevocably, eva. xp&vov (II. 
 15. 511) ; &ra| (Odyss. 12. 350) ; Aesch. Ag. 1019 ; Eumen. 648 ; 
 ffj oira| (Prom. 750); Teun. Two Voices, ' "This is more vile," he 
 made reply, | "To breathe and loathe, to live and sigh, | Than 
 once from dread of pain to die " ' ; Verg. Aen. 11. 418.
 
 208 NOTES. 
 
 17. non lenis : -with inf. as lenis, C. S. 14; non leni occurs 2. 
 19. 15. precibus : perhaps abl. cause. But cf. Propert. 5. 11. 2, 
 panditur ad nullas ianua nigra preces. For recludere in literal 
 sense with dat. of person, cf. 2. 18. 33; 3. 2. 21. Valer. Flaccus, 
 4. 231, has reclusaque ianua leti of the gate opened to admit the 
 dead. The gates and gate-keeper of Hades and of death are com- 
 monplaces. Cf. 3. 11. 16. n. ; 11. 8. 367. 
 
 18. nigro : death and all that suggests death is niger or ater. 
 Cf. 4. 2. 24 ; 4. 12. 26. compulerit : cf. coercet (1. 10. 18); cogi- 
 mur (2. 3. 25); egerit Oreo (Sat. 2. 5. 49); 'AtSrjs aynffi\aos (Aesch. 
 
 . fr. 406), 
 
 19. patientia, etc. : ' but patience lighteneth what heaven for- 
 bids us to undo ' (Lang). Cf. Otto, p. 134 ; Archil, fr. 9. 5. 
 
 20. nefaa: 1. 11. 1. 
 
 ODE XXV. 
 
 The old age of the courtesan. Cf. 3. 15 ; 4. 13 ; Ov. A. A. 3. 69. 
 
 1. iunctas . . . fenestras : the closed (by a bar, sera) wooden 
 shutters of the window opening on the second floor. 
 
 2. iactibus : more appropriate than ictibus for stones thrown 
 against upper windows. protervi: cf. 2. 5. 15. 
 
 3. amat : cf. Verg. Aen. 5. 163, litus ama. 
 
 5. multum : by caesura is separated from facilis, and so, per- 
 haps, is better taken with movebat. 
 
 7-8. The words of the serenade, or rather TrapzK\a.vcridupoi>. Cf. 
 3. 10. and Aiith. Pal. 5. 23. tuo : thy slave, thy lover. 
 
 9. invicem : now in your turn. arrogantes : the pride, the 
 disdain of. Cf. on 2. 4. 10. 
 
 10. levis : lightly esteemed, i.e. despised. The lonely alley, the 
 howling winds, the moonless night, heighten the sense of deso- 
 lation. 
 
 11. Thracio: Epode 13. 3. bacchante : cf. 3. 3. 55, and 
 Sargent, 'A life on the ocean wave! | A home on the rolling 
 deep, | Where the scattered waters rave, | And the winds their 
 revels keep.' magis: i.e. ever louder and louder. sub: cf. on 
 1. 8. 14. interlunia the time of the new moon was proverbially
 
 BOOK I., ODE XXVI. 209 
 
 windy. For meter, cf. 1. 2. 19. For word, cf. Milton's ' hid in her 
 vacant interlunar cave.' 
 
 14-15. Cf.Verg.G.3.266. iecur: the seat of passion. Of. 4. 1.12. 
 
 15-20. Her plaint is that youth prefers youth to age. 
 
 17. pubes: cf. 2. 8. 17. virenti: 1. 9. 17, the green (bloom- 
 ing) leaf is the symbol of youth, as the sere and yellow leaf of age. 
 Archil, fr. 100 ; Aeschyl. Ag. 79. 
 
 18. pulla serves to contrast the darker and lighter green. Cf. 
 Tenn., 'That like a purple beech among the greens | Looks out of 
 place.' The myrtle is viridis, 1. 4. 9. 
 
 19. aridas : 4. 13. 9. sodali : cf. 3. 18. 6 ; cf. comes, 1. 28. 21 ; 
 4. 12. 1. Eurus was a winter wind (Verg. G. 2. 339). The Mss. 
 read Hebro. But why the dry leaves shall be consigned to the 
 Hebrus is not clear. Cf. Shelley, Ode to West Wind, 1. 
 
 ODE XXVI. 
 
 Dear to the Muses, I give my cares to the winds, and ' what the 
 Mede intends and what the Dacian.' Help me, sweet nymph of 
 Pimplea, to twine a fresh chaplet of song for my Lamia. 
 
 Tiridates (5) was king of Parthia in place of Phraates, expelled 
 for tyranny. Phraates sought aid of the Scythians to recover his 
 throne, and Tiridates fled to Augustus in Syria (B.C. 30), accord- 
 ing to Dio. 51. 18 ; in Spain (B.C. 25), according to Justin, 42. 5. 5. 
 The usually accepted date for the ode is B.C. 30-29. Phraates' res- 
 toration is referred to in 2. 2. 17, and there is an allusion to the 
 dissensions of the ' Medes ' in 3. 8. 19, in the ode written on the 
 (first ?) anniversary of Horace's escape from the falling tree (2. 13 ; 
 3. 4. 27). Those who adopt the later date reconcile Dio. and Justin 
 by the hypothesis that Tiridates merely appealed to Augustus for 
 aid in Syria (B.C. 30), and took refuge with him in person in 
 Spain (B.C. 25). For Aelius Lamia, cf. on 3. 17. The poem has 
 been thought Horace's first attempt in the Alcaic measure ; cf. 
 novis (10) and the metrical awkwardness of 7 and 11. 
 
 1. musis amicua : cf. 2. 6. 18 ; 3. 4. 25 ; Verg. Aen. 9. 774, ami- 
 cum Crethea musis; Hes. Theog. 96 ; Theocr. 1. 141. tristitiam: 
 1. 7. 18. 
 
 p
 
 210 NOTES. 
 
 2. protervis : Epode 16. 22 ; Verg. Aen. 1. 536, procacibns aus- 
 tris ; Lucret. 6. Ill, petulantibus anris ; 1. 14. 16, ludibrium ventis; 
 Shakspeare's 'the air, a chartered libertine.' Creticum : indi- 
 vidualizing ; cf. on 1. 16. 4. But the Cretan sea was stormy. 
 (Soph. Trach. 117.) 
 
 3. portare: epexegetic inf. For thought, cf. Epode 11. 16; 
 Homer, Odyss. 8. 408 ; Eurip. Troad. 419 ; Theoc. 22. 167 ; Apoll. 
 Rhod. 1. 1334 ; Otto, Sprichwb'rter der Romer, p. 364 ; Catull. 30. 
 10 ; Anacreontea, 41. 13, rb 5' &x os "'e^eu-ye mx^fv \ avffj.orp6<ptf 
 
 6ue\\r) ; ibid. 39. 7 ; 2. 8. Cf. also Heine, ' Ich wollt', meine 
 Schmerzen ergossen | Sich all' in ein einziges wort, | Das gab' 
 ich den lustigen Winden, | Die triigen es lustig fort.' quis : 
 nom. parallel with quid (5) rather than dat. ; a form not used in 
 odes. Cf. Epode 11. 9. 
 
 4. rex : of the Scythians perhaps, or possibly Phraates himself, 
 or, if the reference is not mainly to the fears of Tiridates, the king 
 of the Dacians. Cf. on 3. 8. 18. gelidae . . . orae : cf. Lucan, 
 5. 55. 
 
 5-6. unice . . . securus : quite (solely) unconcerned, se-curus. 
 Cf. Ronsard, ' Celuy n'a soucy quel roy | Tyrannise sous sa loy | 
 Ou la Perse ou la Syrie.' 
 
 6. fontibus integris : d/cijparois, cf. Eurip. Hippol. 73, Lucret. 
 1. 927 ; Verg. G. 2. 175 ; Sellar, p. 147. 
 
 7. necte : So in Greek ir\fK(a and v<f>aivw (Find. 0. 6. 86 ; Nem. 
 4. 44, fr. 179). Shelley, Alastor, 'woven hymns.' flores : sc. 
 yiovffeoiv &6ea. 
 
 9. Pimplei: cf. Lexicon, s.v. 
 
 9-10. mei . . . honores : of my bestowing. Cf. Lucan, 9. 983, 
 quantum Smyrnaei durabunt vatis honores. So n^ais (Find. 
 Nem. 9. 10). 
 
 10. novis : For Horace's claim to originality, cf. on 3. 30. 13 and 
 Epist. 1. 19. 21. But he strikes the new chords Lesbio plectra, and 
 his boast is that he ' tuned the Ausonian lyre | To sweeter sounds 
 and tempered Pindar's fire : | Pleased with Alcaeus' manly rage to 
 infuse | The softer spirit of the Sapphic Muse ' (Pope). 
 
 11. Lesbio : cf. 1. 1. 34. sacrare : consecrate. So Stat. Silv. 
 4. 7. 7. Cf. 4. 9. 25, vate sacro. plectro : see Lex.
 
 BOOK I., ODE XXVH. 211 
 
 ODE XXVII. 
 
 Far be the barbarous Thracian dissonance and the Persian dirk 
 from our sober revels. And if I am to crush a cup with you, the 
 brother of pretty Opuntian Megilla must reveal to us the lady of 
 his secret thoughts. Surely he need not blush to name her. 
 Ah, poor fellow ! with what a Charybdis were you struggling ! 
 No Thessalian witch will deliver you from that monster. 
 
 A verse exercise. The details are Greek, except Falerni (10). 
 Cf. Auacreon, fr. 63. 
 
 1. Natis. born for, made for, meant for. Cf. A. P. 82, natum 
 rebus agendis. scyphis: abl. of weapon. Cf. Lucian, Symp. 
 14 and 44. 
 
 2. Thracum : cf. on 1. 18. 9. tollite : away with. Cf. 2. 5. 9. 
 
 3. morem . in bad sense. Cf. Livy, 34. 2. 9, qui hie mos 
 obsidendi vias. verecundum : proleptic. Bacchus is in himself 
 inverecundus deus. Cf. Epode 11. 13. But the idea of the god and 
 the use of his gifts blends. Cf. 1. 18. 7 ; and, for whole passage, 
 3. 8. 15. 
 
 4. prohibete : so, with seeming reversal of natural syntax, 
 corpus prohibere cheragra (Epist. 1. 1. 31). 
 
 5. vino: dat. Horace said 'different to.' Cf. 2. 2. 18; 4. 9. 
 29. acinaces : has a distinguished foreign sound. Cf. Lex. 
 
 6. immane quantum : cf. mirum quantum, a^xavov ovov, and 
 Milton's 'incredible how swift.' 
 
 8. cubito . . . presso : with left arm pressed into cushion of 
 couch by weight of body. In Petron. Sat. 27, hie est apud quern 
 cubitum ponetis means 'this is your entertainer.' 
 
 9. seven : dpi/j.eos ; they were drinking dry, not sweet, Faler- 
 nian. Cf. Athen. 1. 26. c. Strong as contrasted with the innocentis 
 Lesbii of 1. 17. 21. Cf. Catull. 27. 2, calices amariores. 
 
 10. dicat : challenges to name a toast were common at ban- 
 quets. Cf. Theoc. 14. 18 ; Martial, 1. 71. 
 
 10-11. the details individualize. Cf. on 3. 9. 14 ; 2. 4. 2 ; 2. 5. 
 20 ; 3. 12. 6 ; 3. 9. 9. 
 
 11-12. beatus . . . pereat: the poets abuse oxymoron in de- 
 scribing what Thomson calls ' the charming agonies of love.' Cf.
 
 212 NOTES. 
 
 Romeo and Juliet, 1.1, '0 heavy lightness, serious vanity,' etc, 
 pereat is technical in the lover's dialect. Cf. Catull. 45. 5 ; Propert. 
 1. 4. 12. Volnere, sagitta, ignibus (15) are all worn-out metaphors 
 of love. Cf. Lucret. 1. 34; Verg. Aen. 4. 2; Eurip. Medea, 530. 
 632; Odes 3. 7. 11. n. ; 2. 8. 15. 
 
 13. mercede : i.e. condition. cessat voluntas ? he won't? 
 his will pauses, halts, flags. For force of cesso, cf. Verg. Aen. 
 6. 52, cessas in vota precesqne ; Odes 3. 27. 58 ; 3. 28. 8 ; Marvell, 
 Ode on Cromwell, ' So restless Cromwell could not cease | In the 
 inglorious arts of peace.' 
 
 14. Venus: cf. on 1. 33. 13. 
 
 15. erubescendis : cf . 2. 4. 20, pudenda. 
 
 16. ingenuo : banteringly ; she is no servant maid like the flam 
 Phyllis of 2. 4. 
 
 17. peccas : technical. Cf. on 3. 7. 19. quidquid habes: 
 cf. Catull. 6. 15, quare quidquid habes boni malique \ die nobis. 
 
 18. depone : in Sat. 2. 6. 46, Horace modestly says that his 
 great friend Maecenas confides to him only those secrets, quae 
 rimosa bene deponuntur in aure. a miser ; after a pause in 
 which the name is told. 
 
 19. laborabas : all the while, though we knew it not ; the effect 
 of &pa of surprised recognition with impf . in Greek. Charybdi : 
 the comparison of a ruthless coquette to a gulf, abyss, or whirlpool 
 was as familiar to the Athens of the new comedy as it is to modern 
 Paris. Cf. Anaxilas apud Athen. 13. 558 A. 
 
 20. flamma : dangerously like the images to which Quintilian 
 objects that begin with a storm and wind up with a conflagration. 
 
 21. Thessalia : Thessaly was the land of brewed enchantments. 
 Cf. Propert. 1.5. 6, et bibere e tola toxica Thessalia ; Epode 5. 45. 
 
 22. venenis : potions, philters, not necessarily poisons. So 
 <(>dpfj.aKa. in Greek. 
 
 23. triform! : II. 6. 181; Lucret. 5. 902, prima leo, postrema 
 draco, media ipsa, Chimaera. 
 
 23-24. Bellerophon mounted on the winged steed Pegasus slew 
 the Chimaera (Find. 0. 13. 90), but from the toils of this Chimaera 
 of a flirt even Pegasus could not free you. 
 
 24. Chimaera : with both illigatum and expediet. For Pegasus, 
 cf. 4. 11. 28. n.
 
 BOOK I., ODE XXVIH. 213 
 
 ODE XXVIII. 
 
 Apparently the dramatic monologue of the ghost of one who has 
 been shipwrecked near the tomb of the philosopher Archytas on 
 the shore near Venusia. In lines 1-6 the shade of Archytas is 
 directly apostrophized in the manner of the Greek sepulchral epi- 
 gram. Lines 0-20 moralize on the universality of death. In lines 
 20-36 very loosely, if at all, connected with the preceding, a ghost 
 that met shipwreck in the Illyrian waves implores with mingled 
 entreaties and imprecations a passing sailor to give it the formal 
 rites of burial three handfuls of earth. Attempts have been 
 made to interpret the poem as a dialogue with change of speaker 
 at 17 or 21. Cf. Sellar, p. 182. 
 
 Archytas of Tarentum, the Pythagorean philosopher and mathe- 
 matician, was a contemporary of Plato. Cf. Cic. Cato M. 12-41. 
 
 1. arenae: cf. Catull. 7. 3; Otto, p. 159; Pind. O. 2. 108; the 
 comic word ifa^a^fTia ; Milton, ' unnumbered as the sands | Of 
 Barca or Gyrene's torrid soil. ' Archimedes wrote a treatise entitled 
 
 ^a/UjlUTTJS. 
 
 2. mensorem (terrae) : ytta/j.fTpris. cohibent : cf. 2. 20. 8 ; 
 3. 4. 80 ; 4. 0. :J4. 
 
 3. pulveris exigui : Verg. G. 4. 87, in exquisite symbolism. 
 So Lucan of Pompey, Pharsal. 8. 867, pulveris exigui sparget non 
 longa vetustas \ congeriem. It is the familiar contrast between the 
 full-blown pride of living man and the ' two handfuls of white dust 
 shut in an urn of brass.' Those who make Archytas himself the 
 unburied speaker (22-23 ; 35-36) render the boon of a little dust 
 (withheld). Matinum: cf. 4. 2. 27; Epode 16. 27, Matina 
 cacumina; glossed variously by Porphyrio as mons Apuliae and 
 mons Calabriae. Whether or how the tomb of Archytas was there 
 does not appear. 
 
 4. munera: Lex. II. B. 2. 
 
 4-5. nee . . . prodest . . . temptasae : cf. Milton's ' nor aught 
 availed him now | To have built in heaven high towers.' Temptasse 
 suggests the audacity of the attempt. Cf. 3. 4. 31 ; 1.11.3; Verg. 
 Eclog. 4. 32, temptare Thetim ratibus ; cf . also Lucretius of Epicurus, 
 1. 73, atque omnem immensum peragravit mente animoque. Whence
 
 214 NOTES. 
 
 Swinburne, ' Past the wall unsurmounted that bars out our vision 
 with iron and fire | He has sent forth his soul for the stars to 
 comply with and suns to conspire.' Cf. Plato, Thesetet. 173. e. 
 
 6. morituro : with tibi, since thou wast doomed to die, despite 
 thy immortal thoughts. Cf. on 2. 3. 4. 
 
 7. Pelopis genitor, cf. 2. 13. 37. In Ov. Met. 6. 172, Pelops 
 says, mihi Tantalus auctor \ cui licuit soli superorum tangere 
 mensas. Cf. Pind. 0. 1. 55 ; Od. 11. 587 ; Goethe, Iph. 4. 5. 
 
 8. Tithonus : was translated to the skies, removed to the airs, 
 by Aurora who loved him. Cf. on 2. 16. 30 ; Eurip. Tro. 855. 
 
 9. Minos- Aibs fj.eyd\ov oapiffrrfs ; Odyss. 19. 179. Cf. Plato's 
 Minos. 
 
 10-14. The son of Panthous (Euphorbus, II. 16. 808) had to die 
 a second time, although in his reincarnation as Pythagoras he, to 
 prove his metempsychosis, entered the temple of Hera in Argos 
 and took down the shield which he wore in his first sojourn on 
 earth as Euphorbus. Cf. Ov. Met. 15. 160. ff ; Max. Tyr. 16. 2. . 
 
 10. Oreo : cf . Verg. Aen. 2. 398, multos Danaum dimittimus 
 Oreo. 
 
 13. concesserat : i.e. he had yielded only the body, not the 
 soul, to death. atrae : cf. on 2. 3. 16. 
 
 14. iudice te : Pythagoras would be no mean authority (litotes) 
 to a Pythagorean. Cf. Verg. Aen. 11. 339, non futilis auctor; 
 Livy, 30. 45, hand . . . spernendus auctor. 
 
 15. Una : Simon, fr. 38 (52), irdvra yap fj.lav iKve7rai Sao-TrArjra 
 XdpuBSiv. 'All that we are or know is darkly driven | Towards 
 one gulf (Shelley, Revolt of Is. 9. 35). 
 
 16. calcanda . . . via : 2. 17. 12, iter, ' the way to dusty death.' 
 Cf. Propert. 4. 17. 22, est mala sed cunctis ista terenda via est. 
 semel : 1. 24. 16. n. 
 
 17. spectacula: cf. on 1. 2. 37. torvo: 'he smiles a smile 
 more dreadful | Than his own dreadful frown,' etc. 
 
 18. exitiost : G. L. 356 ; A. and G. 233. a. avidum : cf. 3. 29. 
 61, but here for lives, not wealth ; cf. 2. 18. 30. 
 
 19. mixta : as in Verg. Aen. 6. 306-308. 
 
 20. saeva: imperiosa (Sat. 2. 5. 110), tiraivi). Proserpina: 
 cf. on Verg. Aen. 4. 698 ; Eurip. Alcest. 74. For quant. 2. 13. 21. n. 
 fugit : aoristic (cf. 3. 2. 32), shuns, neglects. But it is probably
 
 BOOK I., ODE XXIX. 215 
 
 a reversal of the normal mode of expression (Proserpinam fugit), 
 such as Jebb, J. H. S. 3. 168, notes in Pindar, O. 1. 53, etc. 
 
 21. Orion was a proverbially stormy sign. Cf. 3. 27. 18 ; Epode 
 10. 10 ; 15. 7 ; Milton, ' When with fierce winds Orion armed | 
 Hath vexed the red seacoast' ; Apoll. Khod. 1. 1202, tvre fiA\iara 
 | Xfi/aepiri o\oo1o Si/vis irf\fi 'npiiavos ', Antll. Pal. 7. 273 ; Hes. Op. 
 619; Verg. Aen. 4. 52. comes: 4. 12. 1. 
 
 23. vagae : wind-blown. malignus: cf. on benignius, 1.9.6. 
 
 24. Note the rare and harsh hiatus. 
 
 25. sic : i.e. if you grant my prayer. Cf. on 1. 3. 1. 
 
 25-27. May the threats of the east wind spend themselves on 
 the forests of Venusia while thou remainest safe. plectantur : 
 be lashed, mulcted. 
 
 28. uiide potest : sc. defluere, parenthetic. For unde, cf. on 
 1. 12. 17. 
 
 29. custode : TroAtoGxos. Taras, son of Neptune, was the epony- 
 mous founder of Tarentum. 
 
 30. neglegis : dost thou count it a light thing ? Cf. Catull. 
 30. 5. The sailor seems to be about to refuse. 
 
 31. te : ace. with committere rather than abl. with natis. 
 ncglegis committere would probably mean neglect to commit. 
 fraudem: wrong. Cf. Odyss. 11. 72 sqq. fors et: seems to be 
 a phraseological equivalent of fortasse with a tone of confidence. 
 ' It may be too.' Editors cite Verg. Aen. 2. 139 ; 11. 50. 
 
 32. due punishment and stern requital. debita iura has also 
 been interpreted 'rites and justments of the dead' (sc. withheld). 
 
 33. precibus : i.e. the denial of my prayers. inultis : cf . 
 1. 2. 51. linquar : left (in the lurch); cf. Sat. 1. 9. 74. 
 
 36. ter : the consecrated number. Verg. Aen. 6. 229. 506 ; 
 Soph. Antig. 431. 
 
 ODE XXIX. 
 
 Iccius the scholar s'en va-t-en guerre to spoil the treasures of 
 Araby the blest, and win a fair barbarian for his bride. Streams 
 may run uphill when Iccius sells his library for a coat of mail. 
 
 Cf. Epp. 1. 12, a complimentary letter written about five years 
 later to Iccius as steward of Agrippa's Sicilian estates. The expe-
 
 216 NOTES. 
 
 dition referred to is the unsuccessful campaign of Aelius Gallus in 
 the year 25 B.C. Cf. Strabo. 16. 22 ; Augustus, Mon. Ancyr. 5. 
 
 13, In Arabiam usque in fines Sabaeorum processit exercitus ad 
 Oppidum Mariba ; Plin. N. H. 6. 160. 
 
 For bantering tone, cf. Cicero's playful letters to his friend Tre- 
 batius, who went to seek his fortune in the camp of Caesar. 
 
 1. beatis : for transferred epithet, cf. 'perfumes of price] 
 Eobb'd from the happy shrubs of Araby ' (William Browne, Book 
 2. Song 3). iiuuc : i.e. after a life of study . The position italicizes 
 in Latin. Cf. Arnold, Obermann Once More: 'And from the 
 world, with heart opprest, | Choosest thou noio to turn ? ' 
 Arabum : Arabia is alluded to as a sort of California by the 
 Augustan poets. Cf. 2. 12. 24 ; 3. 24. 1 ; Ep. 1. 7. 36 ; Propert. 1. 
 
 14. 19; 3. 1. 15, India quin Augusts, tuo dat colla triumpho \ ef, 
 domus intactae te tremit Arabiae. Cf . also, 'the gold of Arabia' 
 (Ps. 72. 15) ; Otto, p. 33, 34. 
 
 2. gazis: oriental coloring. acrem militiam : 3.2.2. 
 
 3. non ante: 4. 14. 41. Sabaeae : Sheba. Cf. 1 Kings 10. 1, 
 and Milton's ' Sabaean odors from the spicy shore | Of Araby the 
 blest.' 
 
 4. Medo : Iccius will subdue the entire Orient. Cf . 1. 9, Sericas. 
 horribili : cf. Cat. 11. 11, horribiles Britannos. The tone is 
 that of Falstaff to Prince Hal, Hen. IV. 1. 1. 2. 4, ' Could the world 
 pick thee out three such enemies again . . . Art thou not horribly 
 afraid ? doth not thy blood thrill at it ? ' 
 
 5. catenas : cf . the anecdotes of armies so confident of victory 
 that they took more chains than arms into battle (Flor. 3. 7). 
 
 6. Avoid the ambiguity of a recent English version, ' What 
 savage maiden having slain her lover ? ' 
 
 7. ex aula : Aulicus, regius, page. Cf. Livy, 45. 6. capillis : 
 cf. Fitzgerald cited at 1. 38. 6, and Tenn. 'long-hair'd page.' 
 
 8. ad cyathum : as cup-bearer to dip the wine from the cratera. 
 Cf. Sueton. Caes. 49 ; Juv. Sat. 5. 66, flos Asiae ante ipsum ; 
 13. 43, nee puer lliacus, formosa nee Herculis uxor \ ad cyathos ; 
 Jebb on Soph. Philoct. 197 ; Daniel, 1. 3. 
 
 9. doctus : Persian youth were taught rpta povva, linrevcti>, 
 TociW Kal a\ri6iCeff0ai (Hdt. 1. 136). Cf. Strabo. 15. 3. 18.
 
 BOOK I., ODE XXX. 217 
 
 teadere : strictly applicable to the bow. Cf. Verg. Aen. 9. 606, 
 sp>cula tendere cornu ; 5. 507. Sericas : cf. 1. 12. 56. n. 
 
 10-12. Proverbial expression for reversal of order of nature. 
 
 Cf. Eurip. Med. 410, a.v<a Trora^lav iepSiv xiapovo-t irajai ; Suppl. 520 ; 
 Cic. ad Att. 15. 4. 1 ; Propert. 3. 7. 33 ; 4. 18. 6 ; Verg. Aen. 11. 
 405 ; Ov. Trist. 1. 8. 1 ; Her. 5. 27, cum Paris Oenone poterit 
 spirare relicta, \ Ad fontem Xnnthi versa recurret aqua ; ex Pont. 
 4. 5. 43 ; 4. 6. 45 ; Claudian. Eutrop. 1. 353 ; in. Rufin. 1. 159 ; infra. 
 Ep. 16. 28 ; Otto, p. 139; Scott, Lay of Last Minstrel, 1. 18, ' Your 
 mountains shall bend and your streams ascend | Ere Margaret be 
 our foeman's bride ' ; Tenn., ' Against its fountain upward runs | 
 The current of my days.' 
 
 11. pronos : by nature. Cf. 3. 27. 18 ; 4. 6. 39 ; Shelley, Witch 
 of Atlas, 41, ' and ever down the prone vale . . . the pinnace 
 went' ; Manil. 4. 415, et pronis fugientia flumina ripis; Verg. G. 
 1. 203. 
 
 12. montibus : dat. -whither, or possibly abl. abs. 
 
 13. coemptos: 2.3.17. nobilis : preferably with Pa naeti. 
 
 14. Panaetius, a Stoic philosopher of Rhodes, friend of the 
 younger Scipio, and author of a treatise irtpl TOV KaffijKovTos, fol- 
 lowed by Cicero in his De Officiis. Socraticam domum : the 
 writings of Plato, Xenophon, and the other Socratics. Cf. Peri- 
 pateticorum familia (Cic. de Divin. 2. 1) ; Hor. Epist. 1. 1. 13, quo 
 me duce quo lore tuter ; Sen. Ep. 29 ; Julian, p. 259 B, KO\ ri> 
 ^caxpdrovs Sufj-aTiov ; cf. Milt. P. R. 4, ' Socrates . . . from whose 
 mouth issued forth | Mellifluous streams that water'd all the 
 schools,' etc. 
 
 15. mutare: cf. 1. 16. 26. n. Hibeiis: cf. Shak. Othello, 5. 2, 
 ' It is a sword of Spain, the ice-brook's temper.' 
 
 16. pollicitus : cf . 1. 15. 32. tendis : cf . Epp. 1. 19. 16, tenditque 
 disertus haberi. 
 
 ODE XXX. 
 
 Come, Queen of Love, with thy joyous train, abandon Cyprus 
 and betake thee to the dainty shrine whither Glycera woos thee. 
 
 A so-called K\T/]TIK^ vpvos. Cf. Alcm. fr. 21. 
 Sappho, fr. 7 ; Pindar, fr. 122. 14.
 
 218 NOTES. 
 
 1. regina : cf. Cat. 64. 96, quaeque regis Golgos, etc. ; Theoc. 
 15. 100; John Bartlett, 'The Queen of Paphos Erycine.' Cnidus: 
 Dorian town in Caria. Contained Venus of Praxiteles, of which 
 the Medicean Venus is supposed to be an imitation. Paphos : in 
 Cyprus. Cf. Odyss. 8. 362 ; Verg. Aen. 1. 415 ; Tac. Hist. 2. 2 ; 
 Lucan, 8. 456. 
 
 2. sperne : cf. 1. 9. 16 ; 1. 19. 10 ; 3. 2. 24. 
 
 4. aedem : temple, shrine, chapel ; pi. house. The distinction 
 may or may not be observed here. 
 
 5. puer : Cupid. Cf. 1. 2. 34, and Aesch. Suppl. 1039-1040. 
 solutis : Sen. de Ben. 1. 3. 2; Schiller, die Erwartung, 'Der 
 Giirtel ist von jedem Reiz gelost. ' 
 
 6. gratiae : cf. 1. 4. 6. n. properentque : cf. for free position 
 of que and ve, 2. 7. 25 ; 2. 17. 16 ; 3. 2. 28 ; 3. 4. 11 ; 3. 3. 43 ; 3. 
 4. 55 ; 3. 1. 12. 
 
 7. luventas : 3jj8ij. The bloom of youth that charms not unless 
 it is also ' the bloom of young desire and purple light of love.' For 
 9i&n and Aphrodite, cf. Horn. Hymn Apoll. 195. 
 
 8. Mercurius : as god of speech and persuasion. So TlttOu and 
 Aphrodite constantly associated in Greek poetry. Cf. Plut. 
 Coniug. Praec. init. Cf. ' \Vill when speaking well can't win her, 
 | Saying nothing do 't ' ? 
 
 ODE XXXI. 
 
 The bard's prayer on the dedication of the temple on the Palatine 
 to Actian Apollo, B.C. 28. For an account of the temple and the 
 adjoining library, cf. Epp. 1. 3. 17 ; 2. 1. 216 ; 2. 2. 93 ; Suet. August. 
 29 ; Dio Cass. 53. 1 ; Propert. 3. 29. 
 
 Lanciani, Ancient Rome, p. Ill ; Duruy, History of Rome, 4. 1. 
 p. 127 ; Merivale, 4. 24 ; Gardthausen, 2. 574. 
 
 Horace prays neither for cornlands, vineyards, nor fat herds. 
 He envies not the adventurous trader's gains. He asks only for a 
 sound mind in a sound body and 'not to be tuneless in old age.' 
 
 Cf. Pindar's prayer, Nem. 8. 37. 
 
 1. dedicatum : used both of the deity and his temple ; perhaps 
 because the god and his statue were confounded. Cf. Theog. 11 ;
 
 BOOK I., ODE XXXI. 219 
 
 Ov. Fast. 6. 637, te qiioque magnified, Concordia, dedicat aede. 
 Apollinem : for Apollo Palatinus, the work of Scopas, brought to 
 Rome by Augustus, cf. Pliny, N. H. 36. 28; Baumeister, 1. p. 99. 
 The statue stood between Praxiteles' Latona and Timotheus' 
 Diana. Cf. Propert. 3. 29. 15. 
 
 2. vates : the poet in his higher religious aspect as sacred bard. 
 Cf. Verg. Aen. 6. 662, qnique pii vates et Phoebo digna locuti ; 
 Epode 16. 66. In his prosaic mood he sneers at the old-fashioned 
 word rehabilitated by Vergil. CY Epist. 2. 1. 26, annosa volumina 
 valum. novum : new wine used in religious rites. Cf. 1. 19. 15. 
 
 3. f undens . . . de : cf. 4. 5. 34, defttso. opimae : cf. 1. 7. 
 11 ; Verg. Aen. 1. 621, opimam Cyprum. 
 
 4. Sardiniae : with Sicily and Africa the granary of Rome. 
 segetes : the harvest and the harvest field are virtually one. Cf. 
 Epist. 2. 2. 161. 
 
 5. aestuosae : hot, sunny. Cf. 1. 22. 5 ; Epode 1. 27. 
 grata : a prosperous herd is a pleasing sight, especially to the 
 owner. 
 
 6. For ivory and gold, cf. 2. 18. 1. Indicum : cf. Tenn., 'La- 
 borious Orient ivory.' The prehistoric Indian trade in ivory, silks, 
 and gems impressed the imagination of the Romans. Cf. Lucret. 
 2. 537, India . . . vallo munitur eburno. Cf. 3. 24. 2, divitis 
 Indiae. 
 
 7. rura : the home of Falernian and Massic. Liris : between 
 Latium and Campania, 3. 17. 8. 
 
 7-8. quieta, of motion ; taciturnus, of sound. Contra : longe 
 sonantem . . . Aufidum (4. 9. 2 ; 3. 30. 10) ; loquaces (3. 13. 15). 
 Cf. Longfellow, Monte Cassino, ' Beautiful valley ! through whose 
 verdant meads | Unheard the Garigliano glides along ; | The Liris, 
 nurse of rushes and of reeds ; | The river taciturn of classic song.' 
 
 8. mordet: cf. Lucret. 5. 256, et ripas radentia flumina rodunt; 
 Callim. Ep. 45. 3. 
 
 9. premant : i.e. putvnt, amputantes coerceant. Cf. Verg. G. 
 1. 157 ; like arat, Epode 4. 13, it is a poetic expression of owner- 
 ship. Calena : cf. 1. 20. 9; for transfer of ep'ithet from vitem to 
 falce, cf. 3. 6. 38, Sabellis ligonibus; Cat. 17. 19, Liguri securi. 
 
 10. vitem : with both dedit (in thought) and premant, or better 
 dedit (premere).
 
 220 NOTES. 
 
 11. exsiccet : drain (greedily). Cf. 1. 35. 27. culullis : cf. 
 Lex. s.v. and A. P. 434. 
 
 12. Syra : eastern trade by way of Syria was greatly increased 
 in the Augustan age. Cf . 3. 29. 60. reparata : apparently bartered 
 for, taken in exchange for. Cf. 1. 37. 24. 
 
 13. carus : ironical : he must needs be dear to heaven to run 
 such risks with impunity. ter et quater : cf. 1. 13. 17. 
 
 13-14. quippe . . . revisens : i.e. quippe qui revisat (G. L. 
 626. n. 1 ; A. G. 320. e. n. 1 ; H. 517. 3). Cf. use of lire with 
 part. 
 
 15. me : cf. 1. 1. 29. n. olivae, etc. : a diet of herbs, the stand- 
 ing antithesis to cloying luxury. So already Hesiod, Works, 41. 
 
 16. leves malvae : regarded as laxative. Cf. Epode 2. 58, yravi 
 salubres corpori. 
 
 17-20. The expression is embarrassed. Perhaps the simplest 
 way is to construe: (1) frui . . . dones . . . et valido . . . et 
 inteyra cum mente, and (2) degere . . . (dones}, etc., extracting 
 the ' and ' that connects the two prayers from the first nee. Or 
 we may take the prayer for unimpaired faculties as part of the 
 senectam clause, in which case the first et is left without a sym- 
 metrical correspondent. The Mss. generally read at (1. 18), which 
 is still harsher, and rejected by most editors. 
 
 17. paratis : i.e. partis, what I have, TO. eT-ot/ta. 
 
 18. Latoe : AIJT^ . For sentiment, cf. Juv. Sat. 10. 356, Oran- 
 dum est, ut sit mens sana in corpore sano ; Theog. 789 ; Eurip. 
 Here. Fur. 676; Fr. Erechth. 369 (Nauck). And Austin Dob- 
 son's graceful tribute to Longfellow, ' Not to be tuneless in old 
 age, | Ah surely blest his pilgrimage,' etc. Lines 19-20 appear on 
 the title-page of Longfellow's Ultima Thule. 
 
 ODE XXXII. 
 
 A song is called for. Oh, my Lesbian lyre, we too have played 
 with junketing and love. Now help me to a Latin strain thai 
 shall sound through the ages like the spirit-stirring note thou didst 
 yield 'when the live chords Alcaeus smote.' He sang of war 
 and wine and love. Oh ' sovereign of the willing soul, enchanting 
 shell,' be propitious to me also, if I invoke thee aright.
 
 BOOK I., ODE XXXII. 221 
 
 The poem reads like a discarded prelude to one of the great 
 patriotic odes in Alcaic measure. Translation by Hamilton, 
 Johnson's Poets, 15. 637. 
 
 On Alcaeus as Horace's prototype, cf. Sellar, p. 135 ; 2. 13. 27 ; 
 4. 9. 7 ; Epp. 1. 19. 29 ; 2. 2. 99. See also notes on 1. 37. 1 ; 1. 9 ; 
 1. 14; 1. 18; 2. 7.9-10; 3. 12. 1. 
 
 1. poscimur : so Ov. Met. 2. 143 ; 4. 274. Poscimus, the read- 
 ing of some Mss., enfeebles age die below. si : for pro forma 
 condition in prayer, cf. 3. 18. 5 ; C. S. 37 ; II. 1. 39. vacui : 
 sc. operum. Cf. 1. 6. 19, vacui, sc. amore; Verg. G. 3. 3, quae 
 vacuas tenuissent carmine mentes. sub umbra : Epist. 2. 2. 78 ; 
 Mart. 9. 84. 3, Haec ego Pieria ludebam tutus in umbra ; Swinb. 
 Pref . Songs before Sunrise, ' Play then and sing ; we too have 
 played, | We likewise in that subtle shade.' 
 
 2. lusimus : lyric verse was trifling to a Roman. Cf. 4. 9. 9 ; 
 Epist. 1. 1. 10 ; Cat. 50. 2 ; 68. a. 17. But cf. Find. 0. 1. 16, 
 Tra.ifrfj.ei> ; Verg. Eel. 1. 10. Here the reference is to the lighter 
 odes and studies from the Greek. 
 
 2-3. quod . . . vivat : characterizing carmen rather than quid. 
 Cf. Cat. 1. 10, quod, patrona virgo, plus uno maneat perenne 
 saeclo. Vivat : ' Something so written to after times as they 
 should not willingly let it die.' Cf. Epist. 1. 19. 2, vivere car- 
 mina. 
 
 3. age die : cf. die age, 3. 4. 1 ; 2. 11. 22. Latinum : Horace 
 feels himself both imitator and rival of the Greeks. Cf. 4. 6. 27 ; 
 4. 3. 23 ; 3. 30. 13. 
 
 5. modulate : passive as detestata (1. 1. 25) ; abominatus 
 (Epode 16. 8). Dative, because the chords attuned by him 
 yielded music to him. civi : Alcaeus in his a-TaauariKa, his 
 attacks on the tyrant Myrsilus, and ' Ship of State,' was emphati- 
 cally a citizen and political poet. Cf. 4. 9. 7 ; 2. 13. 27 ; Dion. Hal., 
 de iinitat., Usener, p. 20, Tro\\a.\ov yovv rb nerpov ris trfpif\oi, 
 prjropeia.i' &j tvpoi iru\iri,K^v. 
 
 6. Construe : qui (quamquam} ferox bello tamen (sire) inter 
 arma, etc. 
 
 7. Cf. Ov. Met. 14. 445, herboso religatus ab aggere funis; 
 Verg. Aen. 7. 106 ; Cat. 64. 174, in Greta religasset navita funem.
 
 222 NOTES. 
 
 udo : wave-washed, a\i'/cA.i/o"ros ; so Stat. Silv. 2. 2. 15. Note pov- 
 erty of Latin vocabulary. In 1. 7. 13, udus = Siepfa ; in 1. 7. 22, 
 0eftpeyfj.fi> os ; in 2. 5. 7, lAaSSrjy, t\e60pfirTos ; in 2. 7. 23, uyp6s, 
 jro\vyvafj.irTos ; in 3. 29. 6, tSuSpos ; in Epode 10. 19, HcpvSpos ; in 3. 
 2. 23, ^prfeis. Cf. 2. 2. 15. n. 
 
 10. puer : cf. 1. 30. 5. For haerere alicui+ cf. Verg. Aen. 10. 
 780, haeserat Euandro. 
 
 11. Lycum: The name is found fr. 58, Bgk. Cf. Cic. De Nat. 
 Deor. 1. 79. nig-ris . . . ni-gro : The variation in quantity is 
 intentional. Cf. II. 5. 31; Theoc. 6. 19; Callim. Artemis, 110; 
 Lucret. 4. 1259; Verg. Aen. 2. 663; Eel. 3. 79; F. Q. 3.2. 51, 
 ' Thrice she her turned contrary and returned | All cdntrary.' For 
 black eyes and hair, cf. A. P. 37, spectandum nigris oculis nigro- 
 que capillo. 
 
 14. testudo : cf. 3. 11. 3. n. ; 1. 10. 6. n. ; Arnold, Merope, 
 ' Surprised in the glens | The basking tortoises, whose striped 
 shell founded | In the hand of Hermes the glory of the lyre.' 
 
 15. mini : cf. x '/* 6 ' A""? ' Sei inir gegnisst.' So Verg. Aen. 
 11. 97. 
 
 15-16. cumque . . . vocanti : i.e. quotienscumque te vocavero. 
 No precedent is cited for this use of cumque, but the reading of the 
 Mss. must stand till some happier emendation than Lachmann's 
 medicumque is proposed. 
 
 ODE XXXIII. 
 
 Albius, do not ever be chanting doleful elegies for Glycera's 
 faithlessness. 'Tis the cruel sport of love to make lis all follow 
 her that flees and flee her that follows, and mismate us strangely. 
 
 Trans., Hamilton, Johnson's Poets, 15, p. 637. Cf. Dobson, 
 A Story from a Dictionary, 'Love mocks us all, as Horace said 
 of old : | From sheer perversity that arch offender | Still yokes 
 unequally the hot and cold | The short and tall, the hardened 
 and the tender.' 
 
 1. Albi: the Albius Tibullus of Epp. 1. 4, but no Glycera is 
 mentioned in his extant elegies, the tender sentimentality of which 
 might well seem lachrymose to Horace. Cf. e.g. 1. 5. 38, Saepe
 
 BOOK I., ODE XXXIII. 223 
 
 ego temptavi curas depellere vino : \ At dolor in lacrimas verterat 
 omne merum, for which the ' Shepherd ' in Pickwick offers the 
 only parallel. ne doleas: cf. 1. 11. 1. n. It is also taken as 
 purpose of following statements. Cf. 4. 9. 1. plus nimio : cf. 
 
 1. 18. 15. 
 
 2. immitis : litotes with slight oxymoron, since Glycera = 
 sweet. 
 
 3. elegos: A. P. 75-78; Jebb, Greek Poetry, p. 95. cur: 
 suggests the querulous direct question more vividly than quod. 
 Cf. Epp. 1. 8. 10; Fronton, et Aur. Epist., p. 116, Naber, equidem 
 multum fratrem meum obiurgavi cur me non revocavit (revocarit). 
 See Hale, Cum Constr., p. 106. iunior: Tibullus was probably 
 about thirty. He died B.C. 19. 
 
 5. tenui fronte : a low forehead was thought a mark of youth 
 and beauty ; Epp. 1. 7. 26, nigros angusta fronte capillos. The 
 beauty in Petron. Sat. 126 has frons minima et quae radices capil- 
 lorum retro flexerat. 
 
 6. torret amor: recurs 3. 19. 28. Cf. also 4. 1. 12; 3. 9. 13; 
 Sappho, fr. 115, oirreus S/uM'- For Cyrus, cf. 1. 17. 25; Pholoe, 
 
 2. 5. 17; 3. 15. 7. asperam : possibly proleptic, 'and to him 
 she'll have nothing to say ' (Martin). But cf. Tibull. 1. 5. 1, asper 
 eram, 'I was cross, ill-natured, petulant.' 
 
 7. declinat : declinat cursus aurumque volubile tollit, says 
 Ovid of Atalanta, swerving to pick up the golden apple. Cf. 
 Tenn. Locksley Hall, ' Having known me to decline \ On a range 
 of lower feelings and a narrower heart than mine ' ; Hamlet, 1. 5, 
 ' and to decline | Upon a wretch whose natural gifts were poor | 
 To those of mine. ' 
 
 8. Cf. Epode 16. 30 ; Verg. Eel. 8. 27, iungentur iam grypes 
 eqnis. 
 
 9. turpi : unhandsome, mean (in her eyes). peccet: 3. 7. 
 19. n. adultero = paramo ur. Cf. 1. 36. 19; 3. 16. 4, and for 
 case, 1. 27. 17 ; 3. 9. 5-6. 
 
 10. sic visum : cf. Ov. Met. 1. 366, sic visum superis. 
 
 11. iuga aenea : cf. 3. 9. 18. n. ; 3. 16. 1. n. ; Otto, p. 6. 
 
 12. saevo : 1. 19. 1. ioco : Soph. Antig. 799, fyiraiCei Ofbs 
 'AfpoS'iTa. Cf. 3. 27. 69. 
 
 13. nielior : i.e. higher in the world. Venus: 'love.' 1.27. 14.
 
 224 NOTES. 
 
 14. grata . . . compede : recurs 4. 11. 23. The singular first 
 in Horace, perhaps metri causa. Cf. Epode 4. 4 ; Epp. 1. 3. 3 ; 1. 
 16. 77 (plural). Cf. ' Willing chains and sweet captivity' (Milt.). 
 
 15. libertina : Epode 14. 15. fretis acrior Hadriae : cf. 3. 
 9. 23 ; Tarn, of Shrew, 1.2,' Were she as rough | As are the swell- 
 ing Adriatic seas' ; Victor Hugo, Apropos d' Horace, 'Tu courti- 
 sais ta belle esclave quelquefois | Myrtale aux blonds cheveux, qui 
 s'irrite et se cabre | Coinme la mer creusant les golfes de Calabre ' ; 
 Tenn. Audley Court, ' I woo'd a woman once, | But she was sharper 
 than an eastern wind.' 
 
 16. Curvantis: cf. 4. 5. 14; Ov. Met. 11. 229, sinus . . . 
 falcatus in arcus. 
 
 ODE XXXIV. 
 
 A thunder clap in a clear sky (which the Epicureans say is im- 
 possible, Lucret. 6. 400) has converted Horace from his youthful 
 belief that the gods ' lie beside their nectar careless of mankind.' 
 (Cf. Sat. 1. 5. 101, deos didici securum agere aevum.) He has felt 
 ' the steadfast empyrean shake throughout ' beneath the winged 
 car of Zeus, and knows now that ' The Lord rnaketh poor and 
 maketh rich : he bringeth low and lifteth up' (1 Sam. 2. 7). 
 
 For the religion of the Odes, cf. on 3. 18 ; 3. 23 ; and Sellar, 
 p. 159. Dryden, Preface to Odes, observes, 'Let his Dutch com- 
 mentators say what they will, his philosophy was Epicurean, and 
 he made use of gods and Providence only to serve a turn in 
 poetry.' Leasing (Rettungen des Horaz) discusses this ode, and 
 sensibly decides that it is the half playful record of a poetical 
 mood which it would be sheer pedantry to interpret as a serious 
 recantation. He points out that Augustus, according to Suetonius 
 (Aug. 90), was so sensitive to thunder that he would shut himself 
 up in a dark chamber on the approach of a storm. 
 
 1. parcus . . . infrequens: his offerings had been scant and 
 niggardly, his presence at the altar rare. Cf. parca superstitio in 
 the beautiful lines of Statius on the worship of Pity (Theb. 12. 
 481 ff.). 
 
 2. insanientis . . . sapientiae : ' Because, though it cannot 
 be denied that the Democritic hypothesis doth much more hand-
 
 BOOK I., ODE XXXIV. 225 
 
 somely and intelligibly solve the corporal phenomena, yet in all 
 other things which are of far greater moment, it is rather a mad- 
 ness than a philosophy' (Cudworth, Intellect. System, 1. 1. 46). 
 Cf. Byron, Childe Harold, 2. 8, ' Yet if, as holiest men have 
 deemed, there be | A land of souls beyond that sable shore | To 
 shame the doctrine of the Sadducee | And sophists madly vain 
 of dubious lore.' For the oxymoron, cf. on 3. 11. 35. It is con- 
 tinued by the antithesis of consultus erro, wandered, strayed from 
 the path of truth, (though) an adept. Lucret. (5. 10, etc.) calls 
 the Epicurean doctrine sapientia par excellence. 
 
 3. consultus : this use is an extension of the expression iuris 
 consultus. Livy, 10. 22, has iuris atque eloquentiae consultus. 
 Cf. Sat. 1. 1. 17 ; Epist. 2. 3. 369. mine : makes the contrasted 
 reference to the past in dum erro unambiguous. 
 
 4. iterare : cf. 1. 7. 32 ; 2. 19. 12. 
 
 5. relictos : the forsaken course is the naive faith of childhood. 
 Bentley's relectos, retraced, is idiomatically cumulative with iterare. 
 Horace perhaps could not have told us himself whether he meant 
 simply 'turn back,' or more specifically 'sail back to the point 
 where I started on the wrong tack and then enter on the right.' 
 
 Diespiter : an archaic word for Jupiter as Lord of light and 
 God of day. Cf. 3. 2. 29; 1. 1. 25. n.; Lex. s.v. ; Preller-Jordan, 
 1. 189. 
 
 6-7. nubila: emphatic. dividens: cf. 'Saw God divide the 
 night with flying fire ' (Tenn. Dr. of Fair Women) ; Psalms 29. 7. 
 
 plerumque : with dividens in preceding line. Cf. 1. 1. 23 ; 1. 31. 
 2 ; 1. 35. 10. 
 
 8. egit: he has this time driven across a clear sky, which is 
 the marvel. Cf. Homer, Odyss. 20. 112-114; Lucan, 1. 525; 
 Verg. Aen. 8. 524; Georg. 1. 487. currum: cf. 1. 12. 58; the 
 irrnvbv apua of Plato (Phaedr. 246 E) ; Find. O. 4. 1. 
 
 9. bruta : cf. mers, 3. 4. 45, contrasted with gliding streams ; 
 Milton's ' brute earth would lend her nerves and shake ' ; and 
 Tenn. In Mem. 127, "The brute earth lightens to the sky.* 
 vaga : cf. 1. 2. 18; Pseudo-Tibull. 4. 1. 143, vago . . . Araxe ; 
 Petron. Sat. 122, nee vaga passim flumina. The river as symbol 
 of man's life is repeatedly called the Wanderer in Wordsworth 
 and Arnold. 
 
 Q
 
 226 NOTES. - 
 
 10. invisi : hateful as all associations of death. Cf. on 2. 14. 23 ; 
 and Verg. Aen. 8. 245. Lessing prefers to take it as imitation of 
 the Greek ai8r)s, the unseen world, on the ground that otherwise 
 horrida is tautologous. Taeuari : a rift in the rocks at Taenarum 
 (Cape Matapan) was deemed the mouth of hell, "A<5a cro/ua (Find. 
 Pyth. 4. 44). Cf. Verg. Georg. 4. 467, Taenarias etiam fauces 
 alta ostia ditis ; Sen. Her. Fur. 667 ; Milton, Comus, ' rifted rocks 
 whose entrance leads to hell.' 
 
 11. Atlanteus finis : ' Where Atlas flings his shadow | Far o'er 
 the western foam' (Macanlay, Proph. of Capys). Cf. reproves 
 'AT\O.VTIKOI, Eurip. Hippol. 3 ; 747; 1053; Milton's 'Atlantean 
 shoulders.' 
 
 12. valet : for syntax, cf. 2. 5. 1 ; 3. 25. 15 ; 4. 7. 27 ; Epode 16.' 
 3. For sentiment, cf. Job 5. 11 ; Horn. Odyss. 16. 211 ; Hesiod, 
 Op. 6 ; Archil, fr. 56 ; Aesop, apud Diog. Laert. 1. 3 ; Find. Fyth. 
 2. 89 ; Eurip. Tro. 608 ; Tac. Hist. 4. 47 ; Aristoph. Lysist. 772 ; 
 F. Q. 5. 2. 41, ' He pulleth down, He setteth up on high ; | He gives 
 to this, from that He takes away ; | For all we have is His : what 
 He list do He may.' ima summis: Tac. Hist. 4. 47; Otto, p. 335. 
 
 14. apicem : properly the pileus or conical cap of a flamen. 
 Here tiara; cf. 3. 21. 20. But Horace may be thinking of the 
 legend of Tarquin, Livy, 1. 34. rapax : participial or adverbial 
 in effect. Vi.pugnax, 4. 6. 8. 
 
 15. Fortuna : cf. next ode and 3. 29. 49. Fortuna and Deus 
 shift as Nature and God in Seneca and Emerson. Cf. the Homeric 
 fi.o'tpa Ai&s, and Find. Ol. 12. 1, ira.1 Zrjvbs . . . rvxa. Or she is con- 
 ceived as God's minister, as in the beautiful description of Dante, 
 Inferno, vii. Cf. Sir R. Fanshawe, "Tis he does all, he does it. 
 all : Yet this blind mortals fortune call.' So Sir Thomas Browne, 
 
 ' The Romans that erected a temple to Fortune acknowledged . . . 
 though in a blinder way, somewhat of divinity' (Relig. Med.). 
 stridore: of her wings. Cf. 3. 29. 54; Verg. Aen. 1. 397, stri- 
 dentibus alis ; Ov. Trist. 1. 1. 75, pennae stridore, ; Milton, P. L. 1, 
 'and in the air, | Brush'd with the hiss of rustling wings' ; Swinb. 
 ' resounds through the wind of her wings.' 
 
 16. sustulit : gnomic. posuisse: cf. on 1. 1. 4 ; 3. 4. 52.
 
 BOOK I., ODE XXXV. 227 
 
 ODE XXXV. 
 
 To FORTUNE. 
 
 Queen of Antium, ruler of the vicissitudes of mortal lots, sup- 
 plicated by pauper and feared by prince : before thee stalks 
 Destiny with symbolic wedge and clamp. With thee abide 
 "pure-eyed Faith, white-handed Hope." But Folly's brood, the 
 summer friend, and the flatterer disperse at thy frown. Guard 
 Caesar in his expedition against Britain ; guard our young sol- 
 diers, the terror of the Orient. So may we forget our impious 
 fratricidal strife, and whet our blunted swords against the Scyth- 
 ian and the Arab. 
 
 Augustus contemplated an expedition to Britain B.C. 27 (Dio. 
 53. 22), but was detained in Gaul. The Arabian campaign of 
 Aelius Callus (see on 1. 29) was preparing B.C. 26, the probable 
 date of the Ode. 
 
 The introductory prayer to Fortune is suggested by Find. O. 12. 
 1-6. Wordsworth says of his Ode to Duty, ' This ode is on the 
 model of Gray's Ode to Adversity, which is copied from Horace's 
 Ode to Fortune.' A comparative study of the four odes illustrates 
 in a very interesting way the transformations and various moral 
 applications of a single literary motif. 
 
 On Fortune cf. 1. 34. 15. n.; 3. 29. 49. n. ; Hes. Theog. 360, 
 where Tuxi is an Ocean nymph; Hymn. Cer. 421; Theogn. 130; 
 Pausan. 7. 26. 8; Pliny, N. H. 2. 22; Lucret. 5. 107; Plautus, 
 Pseud. 2. 3. 14 ; Pacuvius, fr. incert. 14 ; Menander, fr. incert. 
 594 (Kock); Philem. fr. incert. 137 (Kock); Anth. Pal. 9. 74; 10. 
 70 ; Dante, Inferno, 7 ; Shaks. Henry V. 3. 6 ; Fronto, p. 157, 
 Naber. 
 
 Schmidt, Ethik der Griechen, 2. 68 ; Lehrs Aufsatze, p. 176. 
 
 Etc., etc. As Shaks. says, ' Fortune is an excellent moral.' 
 
 1. diva . . . regis : cf. 1. 30. 1. The divinity is pleased by the 
 mention of her favorite abode. gratum : sc. tibi; cf. 1. 30. 2. 
 But Cicero says of Antium nihil amoe.nius, ad Att. 4. 8. a. It was 
 the capital of the Volsci, and at this time a seaside resort ; Strabo, 
 5, p. 232. At the old oracle and temple of Fortune there the 
 Fortunae Antiates, two images, were'consulted by lots, per sortes,
 
 228 NOTES. 
 
 and as late as Theodosius were supposed to give responses by their 
 movements. Cf. Mart. 5. 1. 3 ; Macrob. Sat. 1. 23. 13. 
 
 2. praesens, a 'very present help' (cf. 3. 5. 2) is also potens or 
 valens, which may take inf. For thought, cf. Praed, Chaunt of the 
 Brazen Head, ' I think one nod of Mistress Chance | Makes credi- 
 tors of debtors, | And shifts the funeral for the dance, | The sceptre 
 for the fetters : | I think that Fortune's favored guest | May live to 
 gnaw the platters, | And he that wears the purple vest | May wear 
 the rags and tatters.' imo : cf. on 1. 34. 12; Tac. Hist. 4. 47, 
 Magna documenta instabilis Fortunae summaque et ima miscentis. 
 
 3. Mortale corpus : our frail dust; ' Dust are our frames ; and 
 gilded dust, our pride,' etc. (Tenn. Aylmer's Field). Cf. Livy, 
 22. 22, unum vile atque infame corpus. But cf. Epode 5. 13, impube 
 corpus; Verg. Aen. 1. 70; 2. 18; Lucret. 1. 258, where corpus is a 
 mere periphrasis. 
 
 4. funeribus : vertere has construction of mutare, 1. 16. 26. Cf. 
 A. P. 226. The death of tlje two sons of Aemilius Paullus on the 
 eve of his triumph may have occurred to Horace (Livy, 45, 41). 
 
 5-6. te . . . te : cf. 4. 1. 39. 
 
 5. ambit : courts, like a canvassing candidate. Cf. Lex. s.v. and 
 Shaks. Cor. 2. 3. sollicita: he is anxious for his crops (3. 1. 29). 
 
 6. colonus : cf. on 2. 14. 12. dominam aequoris : she is 
 sometimes represented with rudder (Fortuna gubernans, Lucret. 
 5. 107 ; Pind. fr. 40) and a horn of plenty. Cf. Find. O. 12. 3 ; 
 Aesch. Ag. 664. Fortuna is still a seaman's term for storm on the 
 Mediterranean. 
 
 7. Bithyna: poetic specification. Cf. 1. 1. 13; 1. 16. 4. But 
 cf. on 3. 7. 3. lacessit : challenges, braves. For thought, cf. 1. 
 3. 11 sqq. 
 
 8. Carpathium: 4. 5. 10. 
 
 9. Dacus : 1. 26. 4. n. ; Verg. G. 2. 497, descendens Dacus ab 
 Istro. _ asper : 1 . 23. 9 ; 1. 37. 26 ; 3. 2. 10. te profugi Scythae : 
 a tag ; cf. 4. 14. 42 ; nomad, cf. 3. 24. 9. n. 
 
 10. urbes : 2. 20. 5 ; 3. 4. 46 ; 4. 15. 20. gentes: 1. 2. 5. n. 
 Latium : so 1. 12. 53; 4. 4. 40. ferox: Eoma ferox, 3. 3. 44. 
 Cf. 1. 6. 3; 1.32.6. 
 
 11. matres : cf. 3. 2. 7. Atossa, the mother of Xerxes (Aesch. 
 Persae, 163); Judges, 5. 28, the mother of Sisera.
 
 BOOK I., ODE XXXV. 229 
 
 12. purpurei : ' And purple tyrants vainly groan ' (Gray, Hymn 
 to Adversity) ; Verg. G. 2. 495, purpura regum. 
 
 13. iniurioso : cf. Epode 17. 34. v&pia-riKif, insulting, contume- 
 lious. pede : Aesch. Persae, 163. 
 
 14. columnam : of their power. Cf. Lowell, Com. Ode, 
 4 Shakes all the pillared state with shock of men.' 
 
 15. ad arma : the repetition quotes their cry. Cf. Plato, Symp. 
 212 D, 'Aydetai* . . . 'AydScava ; Ov. Met. 11. 377 ; 12. 241 ; Tac. 
 Ann. 1. 59 ; Verg. Aen. 2. 314 ; 7. 460 ; 11. 453 ; Tass. Ger. Lib. 12. 
 44, ' onde la guarda | all' arme, all' arine in alto suon raddop- 
 pia' ; Pope, St. Cecilia, 'And seas and skies and rocks rebound | 
 To arms, to arms, to arms.' cessantes: those who timidly or 
 prudently hold back. On cesso cf. 3. 27. 68 ; 1. 27. 13 ; 3. 28. 8 ; 
 3. 19. 19 ; Verg. Aen. 6. 51. 
 
 17. anteit : like a Roman lictor before the magistrate. saeva : 
 Some Mss. read serva, as thy handmaiden. necessitas : necessity, 
 fate, and fortune are allied conceptions. Cf. Ruskin, Fors Clavigera, 
 2, ' "Fortune" means the necessary fate of a man, the ordinance 
 of his life which cannot be changed.' Dante makes Fortune one 
 of God's ministers, and says of her: 'Le sue permutazion non 
 hanno triegue, | Neeessita la fa esser veloce ' (Inf. 7). The nails, 
 the tightening wedge, the inexorable clamp, the molten lead, are 
 symbols of necessity. Cf . on 3. 24. 6 ; Aesch. Suppl. 945 ; Gilder- 
 sleeve on Find. Pyth. 4. 71. with Shaks. Ham. 1. 3. 'Grapple them 
 to thy soul with hooks of steel,' Much Ado, 4. 1, ' O, that is stronger 
 made | Which was before barred up with hoops of iron ' ; Webster, 
 White Devil, 1. 2, ' 'Tis fixed with nails of diamond to inevitable 
 necessity.' Lessing's hostile criticism of this strophe (Laocoon, 
 10. n. e.) assumes that these cumulative symbols must form an 
 image. Horace may "have had some picture in mind, but the brazen 
 (iron) hand is already beyond the limits of painting. Cf. Burke's 
 observations on the emotional as distinguished from the pictorial 
 use of words, Subl. and Beaut. 5. 5, ' The picturesque connexion 
 is not demanded, because no real picture is formed, nor is the 
 effect of the description at all the less upon this account.' It is 
 sheer pedantry to work out an exact image of Fortune as a builder 
 and Necessitas as an assistant carrying her tools. 
 
 18. clavo trabali figere was proverbial. Cf. Otto, p. 85. In the
 
 230 NOTES. 
 
 monuments clam appear as attributes of the Fortuna of Antium 
 and the Etruscan Athrpa or Atropos. 
 
 20. Molten lead was used to fix the iron clamps that held the 
 stones together. Cf. Vitruv. 2. 8 ; Eurip. Andr. 267. 
 
 21-28. Te Spes. etc: cf. Sellar, p. 183. The imagery wavers 
 between the idea of this universal power (Fortune) and the Roman 
 personified fortune or luck of a family or institution, as Fortuna 
 populi Romani, Fortuna Tulliana, the fortune of the house of 
 Barca, 4. 4. 71. Hope and white-robed faith 'follow the fortunes 
 of a fallen lord,' and withhold not their companionship even when 
 Fortune (the great divinity) grows hostile (inimica}, and his per- 
 sonal Fortune puts on mourning and leaves the once lordly home. 
 Perfect consistency is not attained, but the meaning is clear. With 
 the moral sentiment of the whole, cf. Gray's imitation, Hymn to 
 Adversity, stanzas 3 and 4. 
 
 21. rara : cf. 1. 24. 7-8. 
 
 22. velata: transferred to Fides from the priest who by the 
 institution of Numa (Livy, 1. 21) worshiped her manu(que) ad 
 digitos usque involuta. The cloth was white (Serv. ad Verg. 
 Aen. 1. 292). But cf. Preller-Jordan, 1. 253; Hes. Works, 198. 
 comitem : sc. se (Ov. A. A. 1. 127). 
 
 23. utcumque : 1. 17. 10 ; 4. 4. 36. 
 
 25. volgus infidum : contrasted with Fides. Cf. Sen. Phaedra, 
 496, volgus infidum bonis ; Otto, p. 378. For the faithlessness of 
 fair-weather friends, cf. poor Ovid's plaint, Trist. 1. 5. 33, vix 
 duo tresve mihi de tot superestis amid : \ cetera Fortunae non mea 
 turbafuit. 
 
 27. cum faece : to the lees, dregs and all. Cf. 3. 15. 16; Theog. 
 643. For the thought, cf. the proverb ej x^P a Cfl <' A ' a 5 Shaks. 
 Timon of Athens, 2. 2, 'Feast-won, fast-lost.' 
 
 28. Not loyal to bear the yoke of either fortune, to share the 
 evil as the good. For the image, cf. on 1. 33. 11 ; 2. 5. 1 ; Theoc. 
 12. 15; Pliny, Ep. 3. 9. 8, cum uterque pariiugo . . . pro causa 
 niteretur ; Ov. Trist. 5. 2. 40 ; Propert. 3. 25. 8. 
 
 29. ultimos: 4. 14. 47; Catull. 11. 12; Verg. Eel. 1. 67, et 
 penitus toto divisos orbe Britannos. 
 
 .31. examen: etymologically exagmen, swarm, levy. Cf . Aesch. 
 Pers. 126.
 
 BOOK I., ODE- XXXVI. 231 
 
 32. rubro : the Indian Ocean including the Persian Gulf and 
 the Red Sea. 
 
 34-38. Cf. 1. 2. 21 ; 2. 1. 29-36 ; Epodes 7 and 16. 
 
 34. fratrum : cf. Verg. G. 2. 510 ; Liv. Epit. 79 (the story of 
 a brother slain by a brother in the civil war) ; two epigrams, 
 Le Maire, Poetae Minores, 2. 258 ; Lucan, 2. 148. 
 
 35. nefasti : gen. with quid. 
 
 38. O utinam : 4. 5. 37. 
 
 39. diffingas : only here and 3. 29. 47. Here apparently recast, 
 forge anew. Cf. Verg. Aen. 7. 630, and Al<ra <patryavovpy6s (Aesch. 
 Choeph. 647). in: with diffingas, against. 
 
 40. Massagetas : Scythians east of the Caspian. 
 
 ODE XXXVI. 
 
 A welcome to Plotius Numida (unknown) returned from the 
 west, possibly from the Spanish campaign of Augustus, B.C. 27- 
 25. Cf. 3. 14. For similar theme, cf. 2. 7. 
 
 1. fidibus : fidicines as well as tibicines were employed at sac- 
 rifices (Schol.). Cf. 4. 1. 21-23. 
 
 2. placare : does not imply that the gods were offended. Cf. 
 Pater, Marius, Chap. I., 'In a faith sincere but half-suspicious, he 
 would fain have those Powers at least not against him.' Cf . pacem 
 deorem exposcere. debito : cf. obligatam, 2. 7. 17. 
 
 3. custodes: cf. 1. 24. 11. n. 
 
 4. Hesperia : Italy for the East, Spain for Italy. Cf. 2. 1. 32 ; 
 3. 6. 8. sospes : of safe home-coming, cf. 3. 14. 10 ; Gk. 0-<6W0ai 
 (Plat. Gorg. 511. D). 
 
 6. dividit : cf. Lex. s.v. I. A. 2. a. 
 
 7. Lamiae : cf. Ode 26. 
 
 8. actae : cf. A. P. 173, temporis acti se puero. non alio rege : 
 under the same (f e)rule. Cf . rectores imperatoriae iuventae of Nero's 
 teachers (Tac. Ann. 13. 2). Or rex may mean king of the boys' 
 games (Epp. 1. 1. 59). puertiae: syncope, cf. 2. 2. 2. n. ; 4. 13. 20. 
 
 9. mutatae . . . togae : cf. Pater, Marius, Chap. IV., 'At a 
 somewhat earlier age than usual he had formally assumed the 
 dress of manhood, going into the Forum for that purpose, accoin-
 
 232 NOTES. 
 
 panied by his friends in festal array. ' The toga virilis was assumed 
 in place of the toga praetexta about the age of sixteen. For Latin 
 idiom here, cf. 2. 4. 10. n. 
 
 10. Cressa : ter,ra creta (cernere'), or chalk, found in abundance 
 at the island Kimolos near Crete, seems to have been called ' Cre- 
 tan earth ' by a popular etymology. Lucky days were proverbially 
 marked with a white line or stone. Cf. Cat. 68. 148 ; Pers. 2. 1 ; 
 Otto, s.v. calculus. 
 
 11. promptae : cf. 2. 4. 10. n. ; 3. 28. 2. modus: cf. 1. 16. 2. 
 
 12. Salium : for saliarem, cf. 4. 1. 28. Others take it as gen. 
 plur. The Salii, or jumpers, were, so to speak, the dancing Der- 
 vishes of Mars. Cf. Livy, 1. 20 ; Ov. Fast. 3. 387 ; see their rude 
 chant (Epist. 2. 1. 86, Saliare Numae carmen) ; Mommsen, Hist., 
 Eng. Tr. 1, p. 294. The luxury of their banquets was proverbial. 
 Cf. 1. 37. 2 ; 2. 14. 28. 
 
 13. multi . . . meri : TTO^OIVOS. Cf. 3. 9. 7 ; 3. 7. 4 ; 4. 1. 15. 
 Cf. Cic. Fam. 9. 26, non multi cibi hospitem. Damalis : frequent 
 name of girls of her class, evidently from 8ayua\(s, a heifer. Cf. on 
 2. 5. 6. For women and wine-drinking, cf. Catull. 27. 3. 
 
 14. Bassum : unknown. amystide : a^vyri Trtvetv, draining 
 the cup at a gulp was attributed to the Thracians. The noun 
 DHOTIS (Anacr. fr. 63. 2). 
 
 15. Cf. 3. 19. 22. 
 
 16. vivax : rhetorically contrasted with breve! Cf. 2. 3. 14. n. 
 
 17. putres : cf. Lex. s.v. II. ' But Enid feared his eyes, | Moist 
 as they were, wine-heated from the feast' (Tenn.). 
 
 19. adultero: 1.33. 9. 
 
 20. ambitiosior : etymologically, clinging and climbing. Cf. 
 Catull. 61. 33. 106 ; Epode 15. 5. Cf . 4. 4. 65. n. 
 
 ODE XXXVII. 
 
 Song of triumph over the fall of Antony and Cleopatra. Written 
 apparently in the autumn of B.C. 30, when the news of Cleopatra's 
 suicide reached Rome. 
 
 Cf. on Epodes 1 and 9; Dio. 51. 6-15; Merivale, 3. 270-276; 
 Propert. 4. 10. 30 sqq. ; 5. 6. 63 sqq. ; Verg. Aen. 8. 675.
 
 BOOK I., ODE XXXVII. 233 
 
 The name of Antony is ignored, as it was in the declaration of 
 war against Aegypt and in the triumph. 
 
 The first two lines imitate Alcaeus' song over the death of the 
 tyrant Myrsilus : v\>v xp^l fJ-eOvvdriv Kal nva irpbs &iav \ irivr\v tirnS}) 
 Ka.rda.vf Mupai\os ; fr. 20. One of the earliest poems in Alcaic meter, 
 as shown perhaps by metrical harshness of 5 and 14. 
 
 1. pede libero: cf. 3. 18. 15; 1. 4. 7; Catull. 61. 14, pelle 
 humum pedibus. But libero also suggests liberation from fear of 
 the enemy. Cf. Hector's KprirTjpa i\ev9epov, 11. 6. 528 ; Aesch. Ag. 
 328. 
 
 2. Saliaribua: proverbial, as 2. 14. 28, pontificum. Cf. 1. 36. 
 12 ; Otto, p. 306. 
 
 3. pulvinar : see Lex. s.v., and s.v. lectisternium. 
 
 4. erat : variously taken (1) as Greek imperfect of surprise or 
 recognition (cf. on 1. 27. 19), or (2) more simply as rebuke of 
 delay. Cf.'Ov. Am. 3. 1. 23, tempus erat, thyrso pulsum yraviore 
 moveri, \ cessatum satis est, incipe mains opus ; Livy, 8. 5, tempus 
 erat . . . tandem iam vos nobiscum nihil pro impe.no agere; Ov. 
 Trist. 4 8. 24, me quoque donari iam rude tempus erat, \ tempus 
 erat nee me peregrinum ducere caelum; Her. 6. 4 ; Tibull. 3. 6. 64 ; 
 Arist. Eccles. 877. Logically this is somewhat inconsistent with 
 antehac nefas, which favors (1), but in the rapid movement of the 
 ode the exclamatory first strophe may be forgotten. A. and G. 
 311 ; III. c. R., interpret, it would be time (if it were for us to do 
 it, but it is a public act)*. 
 
 5. depromere : cf. 1. 9. 7. antehac: dissyllable. Caecu- 
 bum : cf . Epode 9. 1. 
 
 6. Capitolio the symbol of Roman empire (cf. on 3. 30. 8 ; 
 3. 3. 42) menaced by the foul Egyptian. Cf. Ov. Met. 15. 827, 
 frustraque erit ilia minata, \ servitura suo Capitolia nostra Canopo ; 
 Lucan, 10. 63, terruit ilia sno, si fas, Capitolia sistro. 
 
 7. regina : a doubly invidious title to Roman ears. ' There was 
 a Brutus once that would have brooked | The eternal devil to keep 
 his state in Rome | As easily as a king' (Shaks. Jul. Caes.). Cf. 
 3. 5. 9, sttb rege Medo; Epode 9. 12, emancipatus feminae; 
 Propert. 4. 10. 39, scilicet incesti meretrix regina Canopi. . . . Ausa 
 lovi nostro latrantem opponere Anubin. ; El. in Maec. 53. She is
 
 234 NOTES. 
 
 called Regina or Qaaixwaa. on extant coins. Cf. Floras, 4. 11 ; Dio. 
 50. 5. dementes : transferred epithet. Cf. 3. 1. 42; 1. 12.34; 
 
 1. 15. 33, etc. Virgil's sceleratas poenas (Aen. 2. 576). 
 8. et : loosely placed as 1. 2. 18 and passim. 
 
 9-10. The Eunuchs, etc. Cf. Epode 9. 13 ; Shaks. Ant. and 
 Cleop. 1. 2 ; Propert. 4. 10. 30 ; Tac. Ann. 15. 37. 
 
 10. virorum: with emphatic scorn. morbo : like i/Jtroy, of 
 base passions. impotens : with sperare, frenzied enough to. 
 There is no equivalent in modern English. It denotes the weak- 
 ness of uncontrolled passion. Cf. Shaks. ' As some fierce thing 
 replete with inmost rage | Whose strength's abundance weakens 
 its own heart ' ; Tenn. ' Impotence of fancied power ' ; Milton, 
 ' Will he, so wise, let loose at once his ire, | Belike through im- 
 potence or unaware ? ' Cf . avpar-hs and impotentia, Epode 16. 62 ; 
 and Trench, Study of Words, 70 ; F. Q. 5. 12. 1, ' sacred hun- 
 ger of ambitious minds | And impotent desire of men to reign.' 
 
 12. ebria: so n<6veiv, Demosth. Phil. 1. 49. Tenn. lias 'drunk 
 with loss.' Cf. ' If, drunk with sight of power, we loose j Wild 
 tongues that have not Thee in awe' (Rudyard Kipling, Reces- 
 sional) . 
 
 13. Vix una sospes: the escape of barely one ship. Cf. pn 
 
 2. 4. 10. It was the fleet of Antony that was thus destroyed. 
 Cleopatra fled early in the action, and Antony followed her. Cf. 
 Ant. and Cleopat. 3. 9 ; Propert. 3. 8. 39, hunc insanus amor versis 
 dare terga carinis \ iussit; and Tenn. 's youthful poem, 'Then when 
 the shriekings of the dying | Were heard" along the wave, | Soul 
 of my soul I saw thee flying, | I followed thee to save. | The 
 thunder of the brazen prows | O'er Actium's ocean rung ; | Fame's 
 garland faded from my brows, | Her wreath away I flung. | I 
 sought, I saw, I heard but thee, | For what to love was victory ? ' 
 
 14. lymphatam : her panic is attributed to Bacchus, author of 
 panic fear, no less than Pan, or rather to her deep potations of 
 sweet Egyptian wine. ' Now no more | The juice of Aegypt's 
 grape shall moist this lip,' she says, in her death hour (Ant. and 
 Cleop. 5. 2). The superstition that the sight of a nymph (lymphae, 
 water-nymphs) caused madness is preserved in the word nympho- 
 lepsy. 
 
 15. veros: as contrasted with the panic alarms of 14. Cf.
 
 BOOK I., ODE XXXVII. 235 
 
 Epist. 2. 1. 212, falsis terroribus ; Lucan, 1. 469, Vana quoque ad 
 veros accessit fama timores. 
 
 16. ab Italia : she had come against Italy, if she had not 
 reached it. volantem : sc. Cleopatra. Cf. Vergil's pelagoque 
 volamus. The imaginative transition is easy to the image of the 
 fleeing (flying) dove in the next strophe. 
 
 17. adurgens : as a matter of fact, Octavian returned to Italy 
 to quiet a mutiny of the veterans, wintered at Samos, and entered 
 Aegypt only in the following spring. accipiter : cf. H. 22. 139 ; 
 Aeschyl. Prom. 856 ; Verg. Aen. 11. 721 ; Ov. Met. 5. 606. For 
 Cleopatra's flight, cf. Verg. Aen. 8. 707-712 ; Propert. 4. 10. 51, 
 fitgisti tamen in timidi vagaflumina Nili; El. in Maec. 47. 
 
 19. Horace may have seen the plains of Thessaly white with 
 snow in his travels with Brutus. Winter was the hunting season 
 (Epode 2. 30. n.). 
 
 20. daret: sc. Caesar, who was eager to exhibit Cleopatra in 
 his triumph. Cf. Plut. Ant. 78. 
 
 21. monstrum : sc. Cleopatram. Cf. Lucan's dedecus Aegypti, 
 Latii fernlis Erinnys (10. 58). quae : synesis. generosius : 
 'fitting for a princess descended of so many royal kings' (Ant. 
 and Cleo. 5. 2). 
 
 22. quaerens : with inf. Cf. 3. 4. 39 ; 3. 24. 27 ; 3. 27. 55 ; 4. 1. 12 ; 
 Epode 2. 70 ; 16. 16. So Lucret. and Vergil, not, it seems, Cicero. 
 
 muliebriter : Velleius, 2. 87. 1, Cleopatra . . . expers mulie- 
 bris metus spiritum reddidit ; Ant. and Cleo. 5. 2, ' My resolution's 
 placed, and I have nothing | Of woman in me.' 
 
 23. ensem : she first attempted suicide with a dagger (Plut. 
 Ant. 79). 
 
 24. reparavit : Perhaps ' procured by exchange a place of 
 hiding by her swift fleet ' a tortuous expression for ' sought 
 refuge in remote lands.' Cf. 1. 31. 12. Penetravit, properavit, 
 repe.tivit, etc., have been proposed. Dio. 51. 6 and Plut. Ant. 69, 
 speak of schemes for taking refuge beyond the Red Sea, etc. 
 
 25-32. The construction is awkward. Ausa (participle) fortis 
 and ferocior, with their modifiers, expand the thought of 21-25. 
 
 Deliberata morte (abl. abs.) motivates ferocior, fiercely defi- 
 ant in (by) her resolve to die. (Non) humilis mulier effectively 
 contrasted by juxtaposition with superbo . . . triumpho belongs
 
 236 NOTES. 
 
 with invidens, and the consummation of her defeat in the triumph, 
 privcftu deduci triumpho, is the thing Cleopatra grudges to the cruel 
 Liburnian galleys of Caesar. 
 
 25. iacentem : metaphorically. Cf . 4. 14. 36. 
 
 26. asperas : cf. 1. 23. 9 ; 3. 2. 10. 
 
 27. serpentes : the asps. Cf. Verg. Aen. 8. 697 ; Ant. and 
 Cleo. 6. 2. atrum : cf. 3. 4. 17. n. 
 
 30. Liburnis ; cf. on Epode 1. 1-2. 
 
 31-32. Cf. the cry attributed to her in Livy, Apud Porphyr. 
 ov Opia^evffo^ai ; Shak. Ant. and Cleo. 5. 1, ' her life in Rome | 
 Would be eternal in our triumph' ; 5. 2. ' Shall they hoist me up, | 
 And show me to the shouting varletry | Of censuring Rome ? ' 
 Tenn. Dr. of Fair Women, ' I died a queen ' ; F. Q. 1. 6. 60, ' High- 
 minded Cleopatra that with stroke | Of aspes sting herself did 
 stoutly kill.' Her effigy was borne in the triumph. Cf. Propert. 
 4. 10. 63, Bracchia spectavi sacris admorsa colubris. privata : 
 discrowned queen. Superbo (1. 35. 3). non humilia : Martial, 
 7. 40. 2, pectore non humili. 
 
 ODE XXXVIII. 
 
 This pretty trifle is intended to relieve the severity of the thirty- 
 fifth and thirty-seventh Odes (Sellar, p. 137). Translated by 
 Hartley Coleridge, and in two forms by Cowper. Austin Dobson's 
 rendering in Triolets is well known : ' Davus, I detest Orient dis- 
 play.' Cf. Thackeray's amusing, ' Dear Lucy, you know what my 
 wish is, | I hate all your Frenchified fuss, | Your silly entries and 
 made dishes | Were never intended for us ' ; and the irreverent 
 ' Persicos odi, puer apparatus, | Bring me a chop and a couple of 
 potatoes.' 
 
 1. Persicos: e.g. Achaemeninm costum (3. 1. 44). The ad 
 of apparatus and adlabores (5) marks the unnecessary additions 
 to the simple requirements of nature which the wiser Epicurean 
 rejects. Cf. Lucret. 2. 20 sqq. puer: cf. 2. 11. 18; 1. 19. 14. 
 Anacr. fr. 64. 
 
 2. philyra : ready-made coronae sutiles, garlands sewn on lin- 
 den bark, were bought at the shops. Cf. Ov. Fast. 5. 336.
 
 BOOK II., ODE I. 237 
 
 3. mitte: cf. 3. 8. 17 ; Epode 13. 7 ; and omitte, 3. 29. 11. quo 
 locorum : cf. 1. 29. 5, quae viryinnm. 
 
 4. sera : the rose is a spring flower in Italy ; sub arta viie (7) 
 suggests midsummer heat. 
 
 6. sedulus: originally se dulo (?) malo, i.e. sine dolomalo. Here 
 with adlabores of the servant's officiousness, cf. A. P. 116, sedula 
 nutrix, and Delia serving Messalla in Tibull. 1. 5. 32, et tantum 
 venerata virum hunc sedula curet. euro: with adlabores. Cf. 
 Sat. 2. 6. 38, imprimat his, cnra, Maecenas signa tabellis. minis- 
 trum: cf. Cat. 27. 1, minister vetuli puer Falerni; Fitzgerald, 
 Omar Khayyam, ' And lose your fingers in the tresses of | The 
 cypress-slender minister of wine' ; Mart. 8. 67. 5. 
 
 7. arta: thick-pleached, trellised. 
 
 BOOK II., ODE I. 
 
 Pollio, forsaking the tragic stage and the triumphs of the Forum, 
 undertakes the history of our civil wars setting his feet ' on the 
 thin crust of ashes beneath which the lava is still glowing.' 
 (Macaulay, Hist. Eng. c. 6. ) Methinks even now I hear the trum- 
 pet's blare. Again ' our Italy shines o'er with civil swords.' 
 Again the tale is told of great captains soiled with noble dust, and 
 all the world subdued save Cato's indomitable soul. Now, Jugur- 
 tha, thou art avenged. Our blood has fertilized every field, crim- 
 soned every pool, and the crash of ruin in Italy rejoiced the ears of 
 our enemy the Mede. But hush ! my light muse. So high a 
 strain is not for thee. 
 
 C. Asinius Pollio had been a friend of Cicero and member of the 
 circle of Calvus and Catullus in his youth (Catull. 12. 8), had studied 
 at Athens a few years before Horace's sojourn there, and fought 
 under Caesar at Pharsalus. After his consulate B.C. 40 (cf. Verg. 
 Eel. 4) he was sent against the Parthini, a Dalmatian tribe, by 
 Antony, and celebrated a triumph over them B.C. 39 (cf. 1. 16; 
 Verg. Eel. 8 ; Dio, 48. 41). From the spoils he established the first 
 public library at Rome (Pliny N. H. 7. 115, 35. 10). Octavian 
 allowed his plea that self-respect required him to be neutral in the 
 conflict with Antony (Veil. 2. 86), and the remainder of his life
 
 238 NOTES. 
 
 was devoted to letters and oratory. (Verg. Eel. 8. 10; Hor. Sat. 
 1. 10, 43, 85 ; Quintil. 12. 11. 28.) As literary critic he detected 
 faults in Cicero (Sen. Suas. 6. 15), Livy, and Sallust. His history of 
 the civil wars in seventeen books is mentioned by Tacitus (Ann. 
 4. 34), Suetonius (Caes. 30), and others. He first introduced at 
 Rome the custom of authors' readings from advance she*ets of their 
 own works (recitatio, cf. Sen. Contr. 4 praef.), which became such 
 a nuisance under the empire. (Cf. Mayor on Juv. 1. 1-4, 3. 9.) 
 The present Ode may well have been suggested by such a reading. 
 It also testifies to Horace's independence, for Pollio had not pre- 
 sented himself at court. Cf. Sellar, p. 152. 
 
 1. motum ex Metello : the war began with Caesar's passage of 
 the Rubicon B.C. 49, but the turmoil in the State dates from the 
 consulship of Q. Caecilius Metellus Celer, B.C. 60, when Caesar, 
 Pompey, and Crassus formed the private league known as the first 
 triumvirate : inita potentiae socie.tas, quae urbi orbique terrarum 
 nee minus . . . ipsis exitiabilis fuit (Veil. 2. 44). Cf. Suet. Caes. 
 19, Floras 4. 2. civicum : archaic and poetic for civile, cf. civica 
 corona ; hosticus, 3. 2. 6, 3. 24. 26 ; Sat. 1. 9. 31 ; civica iura (Epp. 
 1. 3. 23) ; civica bella (Ov. Pont. 1. 2. 124). But Lucan 1. 1, bella 
 per Emathios plusquam civilia campos. 
 
 2. causas : enumerated by Lucan 1. 67 sqq., e.g. among the 
 proximate causes the death of Crassus at Carrhae B.C. 53, nam 
 sola futuri \ Crassus erat belli medius mora (Lucan 1. 99) ; and 
 the death of Julia, the wife of Pompey and daughter of Caesar 
 (ibid. 112). vitia : blunders, mistakes, vitia ducum, Nep. Alt. 16. 
 4, but suggesting more. modos : phases, turns, vicissitudes. 
 
 3. ludum: 3. 29. 50; 1. 2. 37 ; 1. 34. 16; Plato Laws, 709 A; 
 Juv. 3. 40, quotiens voluit Fortuna iocari. Lucan moralizing on 
 the death of Pompey invokes Fortuna six times (Phars. 8. 686, 
 701, 708, 730, 767, 793). Cf. also 1. 84. Crassus and Caesar 
 were in the end equally conspicuous examples of the sport of 
 fortune. 
 
 3-4. graves . . . amicitias : weighty, ruinous, fateful alliances. 
 Cf. Lucan, 1. 84 the first triumvirate. 
 
 5. nondum expiatis : cf. 1. 2. 29; Epode 7. 3, 20. uncta : 
 stained, smeared, a stronger tincta (Epode, 5. 19). Cf. Silius, 9. 13,
 
 BOOK II., ODE I. 239 
 
 unrjucre . . . tela cruorc. cruoribus: pi. mainly metri causa. 
 Cf. 3. 27. 76. But cf. Aescll. Suppl. 265, aipdrtav nia.apa.cnv. 
 
 6. opus: app. with sentence. Cf. 3. 20. 7. alea : proverbial 
 of war. Cf. Aesch. Sept. 414; Eurip. (?) Rhesus. 183; F. Q. 
 1. 2. 36, ' In which his harder fortune was to fall | Under my spear ; 
 such is the die of war' ; Swinb. Erechth., ' Now the stakes of war 
 are set, | For land or sea to win by throw and wear ' ; Lucan. 6. 7, 
 placet alea fati \ alterutrum mersura caput ; Petron. 122, 1. 174. 
 Caesar's famous iccta alea est, Suet. 32. Cf. Otto, p. 12. But 
 Horace is thinking rather of the risks of the historian, 11. 7, 8. 
 
 7. per igues. etc., per, over. Cf. 1. 6. 7 ; Propert. 1. 5. 5, et 
 miser ignotos vestigia ferre per ignes. Cf . Prov. irvp vtrb TJJ <riro5ia ; 
 Callim. Ep. 45. 2 ; Macaulay, supra (Page) ; Tyrrell, Latin Poetry, 
 p. 203, censures the image. 
 
 9. severae: solemn, stately ; Milton's ' gorgeous tragedy in scep- 
 tred pall ' ; Plato's rj <re/j.vi] avrrj Kal 0ai/yua<rr^ ; Gorg. 502 B ; Ov. 
 Amor. 3. 1. 11, ingenti violenta tragoedia passu. But possibly of 
 some new severity of method in Pollio's closet tragedies. Cf. Verg. 
 Eel. 3. 86, nova carmina, ibid. 8. 10 ; fidibus . . . sevens, A. P. 216. 
 
 1 0. desit : complimentary they will be missed. theatris : 
 cf. 2. 17. 26. There was but one (permanent), and Pollio's plays 
 were probably not acted. mox ubi : 3. 27. 69, i.e. simul ac. 
 
 11. ordinaris : set forth in order; Luke, 1. 1. Cf. componere, 
 avvTa.TTtiv, and the usage by which the poet is said to do what he 
 describes. munus: function, task, high themes. 
 
 12. repetes : resume, return to, ' And the Cecropian buskin don 
 anew,' Martin. Cecropio: Attico, 4. 12. 6. Cf. A. P. 275 sqq. 
 for Athens as home of tragedy. coturno : A. P. 280, nitique 
 coturno; Milton's 'buskin'd stage' as distinguished from the low 
 sock (soccus) of comedy ; Mrs. Browning, Wine of Cyprus : ' How 
 the cothurns trod majestic | Down the deep iambic lines ' ; Sat. 
 1. 5. 64 ; Mart. 5. 30. 1 ; Propert. 3. 32. 41. 
 
 13. praesidium : eight of the nine titles of his speeches known 
 to us are for the defense. For the turn of the compliment, cf. 4. 1. 
 14;'Ov. Fast. 1. 22, civica pro trepidis cum tulit arma reis ; Laus 
 Pisonis, 39, cum tua maestos \ defensura reos vocem facundia misit ; 
 Cornel. Severus on Cicero, 12 : unica sollicitis quondam tutela 
 salusque.
 
 240 NOTES. 
 
 14. consulenti : i.e. consilianti, 3. 3. 17, in its counsels, with a 
 complimentary suggestion that it consults him. Curiae: the 
 Senate, the House. Cf. 3. 5. 7. 
 
 17. iam nunc, etc., complimentary anticipation of the vividness 
 of Pollio's descriptions of which the poet lias perhaps heard a 
 specimen. Cf . Petron. Sat. 120. minaci murmure : ' With harsh- 
 resounding trumpets' dreaded bray ' ; Shaks. Rich. II. 1. 3. 
 
 18. perstringis : see lexicon. Used of anything that dazzles, 
 deafens, or confounds the sense. Cf. acies praestringitur; and 
 gelidai stringor aquai (Lucret. 3. 687) ; Quintil. 10. 1. 30, qualis 
 est ferri fulgor quo mens simul visusque praestringitur. litui : 
 1. 1. 23, like the cornu it was used by cavalry. 
 
 19-20. The scene is the defeat of Pompey's cavalry by Caesar's 
 foot-soldiers at Pharsalia. 
 
 19. fulgor armorum : cf. on 1. 7. 19; Homer's XO.\KOV arfpoirh', 
 Shaks. Ant. and C. 1. 3, ' shines o'er with civil swords ' ; Othello, 
 1.2, 'keep up your bright swords; Job, 29. 33, 'the glittering 
 spear and the shield.' fugaces : proleptic. 
 
 20. equos equitumque : ' The horse and rider reel,' Tenn. Sir 
 Gal. ; 'While horse and hero fell,' Charge of the Light Brigade. 
 voltus : We see the fright of battle on their faces as in a picture 
 of Delacroix. But there may be an allusion to Caesar's command, 
 ' miles faciem feri ' (Floras, 4. 2. 50), or to the principle stated 
 by Tacitus, Ger. 43, primi in omnibus proeliis oculi vincuntur, 
 rendered by Herrick, 291, ' 'Tis a known principle in war, | That 
 eies be first, that conquered are ' ; Plut. Caes. 45, oi>5' (TO\/*COV eV 
 o(f>0a\iJ.o7s rbv albypov op&vrts. 
 
 21. audire : he hears the clamor (1. 2. 38) and the strepitits 
 (I. 15. 18), and sees, hears of, or feels as a living reality the rest. 
 Cf. on 1. 14. 3 ; 3. 10. 5. There is a possible reference in audire to 
 the recitations. videor: 3. 4. 6. 
 
 22. non indecoro : cf. Tenn. Two Voices, ' When, soil'd with 
 noble dust, he hears | His country's war song thrill his ears.' Cf. 
 nigrum, 1. 6. 15 ; Verg. Aen. 2. 272. Contrast 1. 15. 20. 
 
 23. cuncta terrarum : cf. Veil. 2. 56, Caesar omnium victor 
 regressus in urbem. For the idiom, cf. on 4. 12. 19, 4. 4. 76. 
 
 24. atrocem: here stubborn. So in good sense, Juv. 2. 12, 
 Hispida membra . . . promittunt atrocem animum. Catonis:
 
 BOOK II., ODE I. 241 
 
 already the idol of Stoics and declaimers. Cf. 1. 12. 36 ; Sen. 
 Suas. 6. 2, M. Cato solus maximum Vivendi moriendique exemplum 
 muri maluit quam rorjare. Florus, 4. 2. 70, and Plut. Cat. 59-70, 
 describe his suicide at Utica on hearing of the defeat of the Pom- 
 peians at Thapsus. Cf. Sir Thos. Browne, Urne Burial, ' And 
 Cato, before he durst give the fatal stroke, spent part of the night 
 in reading the Immortality of Plato, thereby confirming his waver- 
 ing hand unto the animosity of that attempt'; Lucan. 1. 128, 
 victrix causa deis plaruit sed victa Catoni ; Id. 2. 315-320, 380 sqq. ; 
 Manil. 4. 87, et invicta devictum mete Catonem ; Sen. de Prov. 2, 
 et passim; Cic. ad Fain. 9. 18; Val. Max. 2. 10. 8; Sen. de 
 Tranq. An. 15 ; Martial, 1. 8. Verg. Aen. 8. 670, makes him 
 judge of the blessed, secretosque pios ; his dantem iura Catonem. 
 Cf. Dante, Purg. I. Julius Caesar found time to compose an Anti- 
 Cato in reply to Cicero's encomium. Augustus stole the opposition 
 thunder by praising Cato himself (Macrob. Sat. 2. 4. 18). In Eng- 
 lish, see the literature that has gathered about Addison's Cato, 
 especially Pope's Prologue, 1. 21, 'A brave man struggling in the 
 storms of fate, | And greatly falling, with a falling state.' 
 
 25 sqq. Cato suggests Thapsus. Sallust's Jugurtha had recently 
 been published. Juno, in the legend, was the opponent of Aeneas 
 and the patron of Carthage, and so of Africa against Italy. So 
 Horace says in his complicated way that the gods who had with- 
 drawn from the Africa they were helpless to save or avenge have 
 now (by the terrible slaughter of Thapsus, B.C. 46) offered up the 
 grandsons of the former victors to the shades of Jugurtha. Metel- 
 lus Scipio, commander of the Pompeians, was the grandson of the 
 Metellus Numidicus who subdued Jugurtha. 
 
 26. cesserat : for the belief that its gods abandoned a doomed 
 city, cf. Verg. Aen. 2. 351 ; Aesch. Sept. 218 ; Herod. 8. 41 ; Eurip. 
 Tro. 25; Tac. Hist. 5. 13. The Romans had rites to draw away 
 the enemies' gods (Macrob. Sat. 3. 9, evocatio ; Serv. on Verg. 
 Aen. 12. 841). The Aztecs shut up in one great temple the gods 
 of conquered tribes to prevent their returning (Re"ville, Hibb. Lec- 
 tures, 1884, p. 31). impotens: etymologically (cf. on 4. 4. 65), 
 not in the usual secondary sense of 1. 37. 10. 
 
 29. Latino sanguine: Epode 7. 4. pinguior: Shaks. Rich. 
 II. 4. 1, 'The blood of English shall manure the ground' ; Aesch. 
 
 R
 
 242 NOTES. 
 
 Sept. 587. In Persae, 806, cited by editors, iriacr/na refers to the 
 river Asopus, and not to the corpses. Verg. G. 1. 491, bis san- 
 guine nostro \ Emathiam et latos Haemi pinyuescere compos. 
 
 30. impia: cf. on 1. 35. 34 ; Epode 16. 9. 
 
 31. Medis: cf. on 1. 2. 22, 51. For case, cf. 1. 21. 4 ; 3. 25. 3. 
 So a Frenchman,, in 1871, might have spoken of the Germans 
 listening to Versailles bombarding the Commune of Paris. 
 
 32. Hesperiae : western, here Italian. Cf. 3. 6. 8 ; 4. 5. 38 ; 
 Verg. Aen. 2. 781. In 1. 36. 4, Spain. ruinae : crash, downfall 
 (of a building, Juv. 3. 196). Cf. 1. 2. 25 ; 3. 3. 8. n. See in 
 Florus, 4. 2. 6, the list of lands over which the civil war raged. 
 
 33-36. cf. 3. 6. 34 ; 2. 12. 3 ; Macaulay, Regillus, 'And how the 
 Lake Regillus | Bubbled with crimson foam, | What time the thirty 
 cities | Came forth to war with Rome ' ; Tenn. Princ. ' Or by denial 
 flush her babbling wells | With her own people's life.' 
 
 34. Dauniae = Apulian = Italian. 1. 22. 14; 3. 5. 9. Specific, 
 metrically convenient, helps alliteration. 
 
 35. decoloravere : de intensive. Cf. 1. 3. 13; 1. 9. 11. 
 
 36. caret : 2. 10. 7 ; 3. 29. 23 ; 4. 9. 28. 
 
 37. ne : cf. on 1. 6. 10 ; 1. 33. 1. The sudden check is Pindaric. 
 Cf. Ol. 9. 38, 3. 3. 72. n., 1. 6. 10 ; Sellar, p. 134. 
 
 38. Ceae : Simonides of Ceos, who wrote the Epitaphs on the 
 heroes of Thermopylae and Salamis, was noted for his pathos 
 (Quintil. 10. 1. 64). Cf. Catull. 38. 8, maestius lacrimis Simoni- 
 deis ; Swinb. 'High from his throne in heaven Simonides | Crowned 
 with mild aureole of perpetual tears ' ; Words. ' or unroll | One 
 precious tender-hearted scroll | Of pure Simonides.' neniae : 
 dirge, ^vos, possibly with a disparaging suggestion of the droning 
 monotony of the last three strophes. Cf. 3. 28. 16 ; Epode 17. 29 ; 
 Epp. 1. 1. 63. 
 
 39. Dionaeo: Dione was mother of Venus "(Horn. II. 5. 370; 
 Theoc. 15. 106, Kvwpi Aicorata). But Dione is used for Venus (Ov. 
 Fast. 2. 461, Pervigil. Ven.). Dionaean is a sonorous Greek adj. 
 for Latin poetry. Cf. on 1. 17. 22-23; Verg. Eel. 9. 47. sub 
 antro : 1. 5. 3 ; 3. 4. 40. 
 
 40. leviore plectro: cf. on 4. 2. 33; 2. 13. 27 ; 1. 26. 11 ; Ov. 
 Met. 10. 150. Cecini plectro graviore gigantas, nunc opus est 
 leviore lyra.
 
 BOOK II., ODE II. 243 
 
 ODE II. 
 
 Silver shines only in use. Generous use of wealth makes Pro- 
 culeius immortal. He that ruleth his spirit is better than he that 
 taketh a city. Hydroptic immoderate desire is a disease curable 
 only by removal of its cause. The true king sits^not on the throne 
 of Cyrus. 'Tis he who is not the slave of greed. 
 
 Translated by Cotton in Johnson's Poets, 18, p. 16. For similar 
 'barren scraps, to say the least, of Stoic commonplaces' (Dobson), 
 cf. 1. 16. 17 ; 3. 2. 17 ; 4. 9. 39 ; Sat. 1. 3. 125 ; Epp. 1. 1. 106. 
 
 1-4. The parallel : silver has no lustre in the mine, wealth is 
 worthless except for noble uses, is given a personal application by 
 the substitution of the condition for its second member. All edi- 
 tors since Bentley warn the student that inimice is the apodosis of 
 nisi . . . splendeat. But the construction nullus . . . color est . . . 
 nisi . . . splendeat is perfectly possible despite the verbal contra- 
 diction, and is quite in Horace's pregnant, subtle manner. Cf. 
 Milton's ' for what peace will be given | To us enslaved, but custody 
 severe ? ' Jebb on Soph. Ajax, 100. 
 
 1. color : cf. OVK Hffr' v avrpots \fvic6s, & |eV, &pyvpos, Anon, apud 
 Plut. wepl dufftoirias 10. avaris: either as 1. 28. 18; 3. 29. 61; 
 or by association with miser's greed. 
 
 2. terris : preferably abl., if the ore of the mine is meant (CMM 
 terra celat, 3. 3. 50), dat. perhaps, if the reference is to the miser's 
 hoards (Sat. 1. 8. 43, abdiderint furt im terris). lamiiae : for syn- 
 cope, cf. 1. 36. 8 ; Epode 9. 1 ; Kirkland, p. xv. Bullion, bar silver \ 
 with implied contempt for the 'pale and common drudge 'tween 
 man and man.' 
 
 3. Crispe Sallusti : there is, perhaps, a touch of familiarity 
 in putting the family name before the gentile. Cf. Hirpini Quinti 
 2. 11. 2 ; Fusctis Aristius, Sat. 1. 9. 61. Sallustius was the grand- 
 nephew and adopted son of the historian, and the fortunate owner 
 of the famous Horti Sallustiani and of rich copper mines. Origi- 
 nally an adherent of Antony, he was in later life a confident of 
 Augustus and a signal example of his clemency. (Sen. de Clem. 
 1. 10 ; Tac. Ann. 3. 30.) An epigram of the contemporary poet 
 Krinagoras celebrates his liberality, Anth. Pal. 16. 40.
 
 244 NOTES. 
 
 4. usu : that to shine in use is the test of true metal, both in 
 physics and morals, is a favorite commonplace of Greek poetry. 
 Cf. Theog. 417, 449-450 ; Aeschyl. Ag. 390 ; Soph. Fr. 780, \dprrei 
 yap fv \plitU9ir &<rirep fKirpfir^s xaA.K<s. 
 
 5. vivet: sc. the 'life of fame in others' breath.' Cf. Ov. Met. 
 15. 878, perque omnia saecula fama, \ siquid habent veri vatum 
 praesagia, vivam. extento aevo: abl. as occulto aevo, 1. 12. 45. 
 Cf. 3. 11. 35 and Verg. Aen. 6. 806, virtutem extendere factis; 
 10. 468, famam extendere factis. Proculeius : C. Proculeius, 
 the brother of Maecenas' wife Terentia and of L. Licinius Murena 
 (2. 10) shared his estate, Porphyry tells us, with his brothers, who 
 lost their property in the civil wars. Cf. Cotton's naive expansion 
 of the passage, ' Soon as this generous Roman saw | His father's 
 sons proscribed by law, | The knight discharged a parent's part, | 
 They shared his fortune and his heart. | Hence stands consigned a 
 brother's name | To immortality and fame.' 
 
 6. in: cf. 4. 4. 28. animi : gen. of 'reference' with notus. 
 Page, holding this impossible, construes notus with vivet and animi 
 as gen. of qual. with Proculeius. 
 
 7. aget: bear aloft, upbear, cf. levat, 4. 2. 25. penna: cf. pin- 
 nata fama (Verg. Aen. 9. 473). Cf. ibid. 4. 181 ; Spenser, Ruins 
 of Time, ' But Fame with golden wings aloft doth fly,' etc. ; and 
 Matthew Arnold, ' Hither to come and to sleep | Under the wings of 
 Renown' (Heine's Grave). metuente solvi: unflagging, with 
 a possible glance at the wax-joined wings of Icarus. Indissolubilis 
 would be unpoetical and impracticable here. Periphrasis with 
 metuo ekes out the slender resources of Latin as does periphrasis 
 with careo. Cf. 3. 11. 10; 3. 24. 22; 4. 5. 20; Verg. G. 1. 246, 
 arctos . . . metuentes aequore tingui. Cf. also 3. 26. 10. n. 
 
 8. Cf. Ov. Trist. 3. 7. 50, me tamen extincto fama superstes erit. 
 9 sqq. The Stoic paradox, dives qui sapiens est . . . et solus 
 
 formosus et est rex, Sat. 1. 3. 125. Cf. Cic. Paradox. 6, on fj.6vos 6 
 ffotybs Tr\ov<nos, which goes back to Socrates' prayer, irKowiov 5e 
 voniCoitu rbv o-o(f>6i>, Plat. Phaedr. 279 C. regnes : cf . ' Yet he 
 who reigns within himself, and rules | Passions, desires, and fears 
 is more a king' (Milton, P. R. 2). 
 
 11. Tyrrell (Latin Poetry, p. 197) says somewhat captiously, 
 ' What is the meaning of to "join Libya to the distant Gades" ?
 
 BOOK II., ODE H. 245 
 
 Surely to unite Africa to Spain by a bridge.' But cf. the millionaire 
 in Petron. 48, mine coniungere agellis Siciliam volo ut cum Africam 
 Ubuerit ire per meos fines navigem. et: and (so). uterque 
 Poenus : sc. of Carthage and of her Spanish colonies, where rem- 
 nants of the old Phoenician population doubtless still lingered. 
 
 12. Serviat : perhaps literally, since the latifundia were culti- 
 vated by chain-gangs of slaves. With whole passage cf. 3. 16. 
 31-41. uni : sc. tibi. 
 
 13-16. The dropsy, symbol of greed, is personified and substi- 
 tuted for the thing it signifies. SSp<a^ is both the sick man and the 
 malady. The image is a commonplace. Cf. Polyb. 13. 2 ; Lucil. 
 28. 27, aquam te in animo habere intercutem; Donne, 'the worst 
 voluptuousness, an hydroptic immoderate desire of human learning 
 and languages.' For thirst of dropsy, cf. Ov. Fast. 1. 215. 
 
 15-16. aquosus . . . languor : lassitude caused by the water. 
 A Greek poet would have had his choice between vdardiSris, vSfp-ijs, 
 vtiardxpoos, A.eiwJxP* an( i a dozen other convenient derivatives in 
 this connection. The poorer Latin has only the vague aquosus for 
 all these, for 6/j.Bpotp6pos, Epode 16. 54, and Homer's iroAuu-rSaf as 
 well. Cf. on 3. 20. 15. fugerit: cf. Epp. 1. 6. 29, quaere fugam 
 morbi. 
 
 17. redditum : despite his restoration. Cyri : typical, cf. 
 Plut. Alex. 30, and Milton's ' won Asia and the throne of Cyrus 
 held | At his dispose.' Phraaten: for his restitution to throne of 
 Parthia, cf. on 1. 26. 5. 
 
 18. beatorum : cf. 2. 3. 27, 3. 29. 35, for hypermetron, and 
 4. 9, 46, and Epp. 1. 16. 18-20 for thought. 
 
 19. Virtus : the Stoic sage, spokesman of the Stoic Virtue 
 (3. 2. 17), uses the porticoes of the people but not their estimates 
 of good and evil (dissidens plebi, cf. Epp. 1. 1. 71), like Socrates 
 (Plato, Gorg. 470 e), refuses to count even the Great King happy 
 without knowing how he stands in respect of culture and virtue, 
 defines real kingship as ' a truer mental and higher moral state ' 
 (Ruskin), and assigns the safer diadem and the inalienable laurel 
 to him who can pass by heaps of treasure with unreverting eye. 
 falsis : cf. Sal. Cat. 52, iam pridem . . . nos vera vocabula'rerum 
 amisimus. 
 
 21. regnum : for sage as king cf. Sat. 1. 3. 133 ; Epp. 1. 1. 59 ;
 
 246 NOTES. 
 
 1. 1. 107; Sen. Thyest. 389 sqq. tutum : which the tiara of 
 Phraates was not. 
 
 22. propriam : cf. Sat. 2. 6. 5, propria haec mihi munera fa-sis ; 
 Verg. Aen. 3. 85. 
 
 23. inretorto : Cic. in Cat. 2. 1. 2 says of Catiline leaving 
 Rome, retorqnet oculos profecto saepe ad hanc urbem.. For same 
 idea in different image cf. Pers. Sat. v. 110-112. 
 
 24. acervos: sc. aeris acervos et auri, Epp. 1. 2. 47; cf. Sat. 
 1. 1. 44 ; 2. 2. 105 ; Epp. 1. 6. 35 ; Tenn. The Golden Year : ' When 
 wealth shall rest no more in mounded heaps.' Milt. Comus : 
 'unsunn'd heaps | Of miser's treasure.' 
 
 ODE III. 
 
 Temper thy joy and sorrow, Dellius, with the thought of death. 
 Gather the roses of life while you may. For Dives and Laza- 
 rus alike is drawn the inevitable lot that dooms us to Charon's 
 bark and everlasting exile from the warm precincts of the cheer- 
 ful day. 
 
 Quintus Dellius, the boon companion of Antony, was wittily 
 nicknamed by Messalla desultor bellorum civiliitm, the desultor 
 being the circus rider who leaps from horse to horse. His last 
 change of front was his desertion of Antony for Octavian through 
 fear of Cleopatra. He stood high in the favor of Augustus, and 
 was the author of memoirs of the Parthian wars and scurrilous 
 letters ostensibly addressed to Cleopatra. Veil. 2. 84 ; Sen. Suas. 
 1. 7 ; Plut. Ant. 59 ; Sen. de Clem. 1. 10. 
 
 1. Aequam . . . arduis : the verbal antithesis faintly suggests 
 a latent image : a level head a steep and rugged path. For 
 animus aequus cf. Epp. 1. 18. 112; 1. 11. 30; Plaut. Rud. 402; 
 Lucret. 5. 1117 ; Aequanimitas was the last watchword given out 
 by the Emperor Antoninus Pius on the eve of his death ; metis aequa 
 in arduis, the motto of Warren Hastings. 
 
 2-4. non secus . . . laetitia: parenthetic parallel to leading 
 idea, non secus : and likewise, nor less. Cf. 3. 25. 8. 
 
 3. insolent! : joy need not be overweening or extravagant, but 
 some men ' ont le bonheur insolent.' temperatam : cf. 3. 4. 6(3,
 
 BOOK ii., ODE in. 247 
 
 and Sen. de Prov. 4. 10 : cum omnia qnae excesserunt modum 
 noceunt, periculosissima felicitat is intemperantia est. 
 
 4. moriture : the inevitable conclusion to the alternative con- 
 ditions moestus vixeris and bearis. For neat use of future parti- 
 ciple to express any future contingency or probability, cf. 1. 22. 6 ; 
 1. 28. 6 ; 2. 6. 1 ; 3. 4. 60 ; 4. 3. 20 ; 4. 4. 16 ; 4. 13. 24 ; 4. 2. 3. 
 Belli : some Mss. read ' Gelli.' 
 
 6. remoto gramine : cf. 1. 17. 17, in reducta valle; Epode 2. 23- 
 27 ; Tennyson's ' banquet in the distant woods,' In Mem. 89. 
 per : for distributive force, cf. 2. 14. 15 ; 3. 22. 6 ; C. S. 21 ; Epp. 2. 
 1. 147. 
 
 7. reclinatum : cf. 2. 11. 14; Term. Lucretius: 'No larger 
 feast than under plane or pine | With neighbors laid along the 
 grass to take | Only such cups as left us friendly warm ' (Lucret. 
 5. 1392-93) ; Milt. P. L., ' as they sat recline | On the soft downy 
 bank damask'd with flowers.' 
 
 8. interiore nota : inner brand for brand of inner-(most), i.e. 
 oldest and best. For nota cf. Sat. 1. 10. 24; Catull. 68. 28, de 
 meliore nota. The names of the consuls of the year were 
 stamped on or attached to the cadus. Cf. 3. 8. 12 ; 3. 21. 1. 
 
 9-12. Cf. Milton, Comus, ' Wherefore did nature pour her 
 bounties forth | With such a full and un withdrawing hand ? ' 
 quo : qua and quid have been read. Cf. Epp. 1. 5. 12, quo mihi 
 fortunam si non conceditnr uti ? This use of quo is made clearer 
 by the following quid. Cf. Ov. Met. 13. 516, quo ferrea resto ? 
 quidve moror ? Cf. quo . . . cur, Verg. Aen. 12. 879. 
 
 9. ingens piiius : cf. 2. 10. 9. The pine is dark by implied con- 
 trast with albus, as well as tall. Cf. on 3. 13. 6-7. 
 
 10. hospitalem : cf. ' Under the hospitable covert nigh | Of 
 trees thick interwoven ' (Milt. P. R.); ' But now to form a shade | 
 For thee green alders have together wound | Their foliage ' (Words. 
 River Duddon, 5). Cf. Plat. Phaedr. 230 B. and Verg. G. 4. 24, 
 obviaque hospitiis teneat frondentibus arbos. amant wavers be- 
 tween poetic personification and (pi\ov<it, are wont. 
 
 11-12. ' Why does the huddling brook strive to bicker down its 
 winding way ?' Cf. Epp. 1. 10. 21, quae per pronum trepidat cum 
 murmure rivum ; Ov. Met. 1. 39, fluminaque obliquis cinxit declivia 
 ripis.
 
 248 NOTES. 
 
 13. hue: hither bid bring. vina : ace. plur. always in odes, 
 but vini 1. 4. 18; vino, 1. 27. 6. 
 
 14. flores . . . rosae : cf. on 3. 29. 3. The rose has always 
 been the symbol of the brief ' bloom of beauty in the south ' 
 'Et rose elle a ve'cu ce que vivent les roses, | L'espace d'un matin.' 
 Cf. breve lilium (1. 36. 16); cf. F. Q. 2. 12. 74-75; Waller's 'Go 
 lovely rose ' ; Ronsard's ' Mignonne, aliens voir si la rose ' ; Auson, 
 Idyll. 14 ; Herrick, 208 ; Anth. Pal. 11. 53. 
 
 15. res : like ratio and causa, a blank check to be filled out by 
 the context. aetas : thy youth. Cf. 1. 9. 17 ; 4. 12. 26, dum licet. 
 sororum : sc. Parcarum, the Greek fates. Cf. Lowell, 'Spin, 
 spin, Clotho, spin, Lachesis twist and Atropos sever'; Milton, 
 Arcades, 'those that hold the vital shears' ; Lycidas, 'comes the 
 blind Fury with the abhorred shears | And slits the thin-spun life' ; 
 Plato Rep. 617 c. ; F. Q. 4. 2. 48, '. . . most wretched men whose 
 days depend on threads so vain'; Boileau, Epitre VI., 'inon 
 esprit tranquille | Met a profit les jours que la Parque me file.' 
 
 16. atra: darkened by association with death. Cf. nigrorum 
 (4. 12. 26) ; Stamina pulla (Martial, 4. 73. 4) ; but aurea in com- 
 pliment to Domitian (6. 3. 5) ; 'whitest wool' (Herrick, 149. 17). 
 
 17. coemptis : cf. 1. 29. 13 ; and for the laying of field to field, 
 cf. Epp. 2. 2. 177; saltibus : hill pastures (Epp. 2. 2. 178); the 
 'high lawns' of Milton's Lycidas. domo is the city house. 
 
 18. villa: for villa by Tiber, cf. Propert. 1. 14. flavus : 
 cf. 1. 2. 13. lavit : 'laves,' not lavat, ' washes,' is the form used 
 in the odes. 
 
 19. cedes : pathetic anaphora. Cf. 3. 3. 18 ; 4. 4. 70, and for 
 sentiment, 2. 14. 21. extructis : cf. Epode 2. 43 ; Sat. 2. 3. 96, 
 divitiis . . . quas qni construxerit. 
 
 20. heres : cf. on 2. 14. 25. 
 
 21-24. It matters not whether rich and sprung from ancient 
 Inachus, or poor and of the lowliest lineage, thou lingerest in the 
 light of day (doomed) victim (that thou art) of unpitying Orcus. 
 Other renderings assume that sub divo must mean ' without a roof 
 to cover your head,' and can apply only to the pauper. Cf. Corio- 
 lanus, 4. 5, 'Where dwellest thou? Cor., Under the canopy.' 
 Inacho : eponym of river and first mythical king of Argos. 
 Cf. 3. 19. 1. n. ; Verg. Aen. 7. 372.
 
 BOOK II., ODE IV. 249 
 
 23. sub divo : cf . 1. 18. 13 ; 3. 2. 5 ; vv a!8tpi, Aesch. Eumen. 
 368. moreris : life is only a mora mortis, this world, 'this bat- 
 tered cai'avanserai | Whose portals are alternate night and 
 day,' is, as Epictetus and the Imitation tell us, an inn, not a 
 home. ' 'Tis but a tent where takes his one day's rest | A Sultan 
 to the realm of death addrest ' (Omar- Khayyam) ; irapfinSruula ris 
 e(mv i> j8/os (Pseudo-Plat. Axiochus, 365 B) ; Commorandi enim 
 natnra deversorium nobis, non habitandi dedit (Cic. Cat. Maior, 
 23. 84) ; Paulumque morati \ serins aut citius sedem properamus 
 ad unam (Ov. Met. 10. 32). For commonplace of impartiality of 
 death, cf. 1. 4. 12 ; 2. 18. 32 ; 4. 7. 23 ; Job, 3. 19 ; Pind. Nem. 7. 
 19 ; Simon. Fr. 38. 
 
 24. nil miserantis: vr]\es tfrop fx wv (Hes. Theog. 456). Cf. 2. 
 14. 6, and Ronsard, A Son Laquais, 'que nous sert 1'estudier, | 
 Sinon de nous ennuyer, | Et soin dessus soin accrestre, | A nous 
 qui serons peut-etre, | Ou ce matin, ou ce soir | Victime de 1'Orque 
 noir ? | De 1'Orque qui ne pardonne, | Tant il est fier, a personne ? ' 
 
 25. cogimur : as by a shepherd. So coerces, 1. 10. 18; com- 
 pulerit, 1. 24. 18. 
 
 26. urna : so Verg. Aen. 6. 432, quaesitor Minos urnam movet. 
 Cf. 3. 1. 16 and Sen. Here. Fur. 193, recipit populos urna citatos. 
 27-28 : ' When our lot leaps out it will put us on board Charon's 
 boat for everlasting exile.' 
 
 27. aeternum : note the suggestive hypermetron. Cf. 3. 29. 35. 
 
 28. exsilium : cf . Longfellow, Cemetery at Newport, * The long 
 mysterious exodus of death'; Dante, Infern. 23. 117, 'disteso in 
 croce | Tanto vilmente nel eterno esilio. ' cumbae : cf . Transla- 
 tions from Lucian, Emily J. Smith, p. 119; Propert. 4. 17. 24, 
 torvi publica cumba senis; Verg. Aen. 6. 303 j S*en. Here. Fur. 779, 
 cumba populorum capax; Juv. Sat. 2. 151. 
 
 ODE IV. 
 
 Horace banters with heroic precedents a gentleman who has 
 fallen in love with a serving-maid. Xanthias of Phocis is as real 
 or unreal as Gyges of Cnidus (2. 5. 20) ; or Hebrus of Lipara (3. 12. 
 6) ; or Calais, the son of Ornytus of Thurium (3. 9. 14) ; or the
 
 250 NOTES. 
 
 brother of Opuntian Megilla (1. 27. 10). For theme, cf. Ov. 
 Am. 2. 8. 9. Translations by Duke, Johnson's Poets, 9. 215 ; by 
 Hamilton, ibid., 15. 638. Imitations, by Howe, ibid., 9. 471; by 
 Smart, ibid., 16. 76. Cf. also Ronsard's pretty ode, ' Si j'aime 
 depuis naguiere | Une belle chambriere.' 
 
 1. ne sit: don't blush or lest you blush. Cf. 1. 33. 1 ; 4. 9. 1. 
 
 2. prius : you are not the first. Cf. Theoc. 13. 1-3. inso- 
 lentem : stern, proud, as portrayed, A. P. 122, lura neget sibi 
 nata nihil non arroyet armis. Possibly insolentem here = albeit 
 unused to love. Cf. 1. 5. 8. 
 
 3. Briseis : Horn. 11. 1. 346, 9. 343. Cf. Landor, ' And never 
 night or day could be his | Dignity hurt by dear Briseis.' niveo 
 colore: abl. instr. with movit. Cf. Theoc. 11. 20, \evKorepa 
 iro/craj ; Supra, 1. 19. 5, Pario marmore purius. vi<p6t<rffa 'E\fvr) 
 is quoted from Ion. Cf . also ' Her brow is like the snawdrift ' ; 
 Shakspeare's ' Hide, oh, hide those hills of snow' ; 'nor scar that 
 whiter skin of hers than snow' (Othello, 5. 2); and F. Q. 2. 1. 11, 
 ' Snowy breast ' ; and ' The daisies . . . looked dark against her 
 feet; the girl was so white' (Aucassin and Nicolette); Anth. Pal. 
 5. 84. 
 
 5. movit: cf. 1. 2. 5. Telamone natum: TeAa^nos Afas. 
 Cf. on 1. 7. 21 and 1. 15. 19. 
 
 6. captivae : app. with Tecmessae. Antithetic juxtaposition 
 with dominum. Tecmessae : note Greek prosody. On her, cf. 
 Soph. Ajax, 211. 
 
 8. virgine rapta: Cassandra, from altar of Athena, by Ajax 
 Oileus, Verg. Aen. 2. 404. The syntax wavers between abl. abs. 
 and that of 3. 9. 6 and 4. 11. 33. 
 
 9. barbarae : Phrygiae : so frequently in Euripides and in Latin 
 tragedy. Cf. Epp.. 1. 2. 7, Graecia barbariae lento collisa duello. 
 
 10. Thessalo victore: abl. abs., before their Thessalian con- 
 queror. Achilles, Neoptolemus, or the Thessalians collectively, 
 according to the point of view. Achilles' slaughter of the Trojans, 
 in the later books of the Iliad, is probably meant. ademptus 
 Hector : the removal of Hector. The concrete Latin reserves the 
 noun for the real thing or person, and denotes relations or aspects 
 by limiting adjectives or participles, thus avoiding the abstract
 
 BOOK II., ODE IV. 251 
 
 verbals of English idiom. Cf. 1. 3. 29-30, ignem . . . subductum; 
 
 1. 18. 9 ; 1. 36. 9 ; 1. 37. 13 ; 2. 9. 10; 3. 7. 17 ; 3. 8. 14 ; 4. 4. 38-39 ; 
 Hasdrubal devictus, 4. 11. 7. Cf. also n. on 3. 24. 42. 
 
 11. leviora tolli : cf. II. 24. 243 ; Anony. Apud Sen. Suas, 
 
 2. 19, Ite triumphantes, belli mora concidit Hector, and Verg. 
 Aen. 9. 155. 
 
 12. Grais : with both tradidit and leviora tolli (epexegetic). 
 
 13. nescias an : Thou mayst think it likely, thou canst not 
 know but that. Contra 4. 7. 17, Quis scit an, who can feel sure 
 that ? generum : Horace playfully asks when he is to offer con- 
 gratulations. beati: well-to-do, rich. Cf. 3. 7. 3. 
 
 14. flavae : cf. on 1. 5. 4. The fine lady in Juvenal Sat. 6. 354 
 \\a.sflavam cui det mandata puellam. 
 
 15. regium : as who should say her sires were kings in the 
 Emerald Isle. genus : with maeret, no need to supply est. She 
 mourns her (lost) royal rank and the unkindness of the household 
 gods. 
 
 17-18. ' Rest assured that in her thou hast not chosen a love 
 from the base plebeian throng.' 
 
 17. scelesta : cf. infidum, profanum, malignum, volgus. 
 
 18. dilectam : with dat. 1. 21. 4. 
 
 19. aversam : perhaps playful, as the rapacity of her class was 
 proverbial. 
 
 20. pudenda : cf. 1. 27. 15, erubescendis. 
 
 21. teretes : shapely. 
 
 22. integer : heartwhole ; Contactus nullis cupidinibus, Propert. 
 1. 1. 2. Cf. 3. 7. 22. fuge: cf. 1. 9. 13. 
 
 23-24. octavum : Horace was forty years old B.C. 25. Cf. 
 4. 1. 6, about ten years later, circa lustra decem. The technical 
 phrase suggested and avoided is condere lustrum. Cf. condere 
 diem, 4. 5. 29. For thought, cf. Thackeray's Age of Reason : 
 ' Then you know the worth of a lass | Once you have come to 
 forty year.' Landor lowers the danger line by eight years : ' I 
 know those ankles small and round | Are standing on forbidden 
 ground ; | So fear no rivalry to you | In gentlemen of thirty-two.' 
 trepidavit : ' has all too quickly reached ' or ' is hovering on the (j \, 
 verge of.' A favorite word v Cf. 2. 11. 4 ; 2. 3. 12 ; 2. 19. 5 ; 
 
 3. 27. 17; 3. 29. 32; 4. 11. 11.
 
 252 NOTES. 
 
 ODE V. 
 
 Lalage is not yet ripe for love. Cf. 3. 11. 9-12. The elaboration 
 of the metaphors of the heifer and the unripe grape is displeasing 
 to modern taste. Cf. Anth. Pal. 6. 124. 
 
 1. valet: with inf., cf. on 1. 34. 12. 
 
 2. aequare : sc. in drawing the plow. Cf. 1. 35. 28. 
 
 5. circa : cf. 1. 18. 2 ; in this sense with animus, first in 
 Horace, G. L. 416. 5. 
 
 5-7 : So Silvia's pet deer alternates between the stream and the 
 bank (Verg. Aen. 7. 494-495). 
 
 6. iuvencae : for metaphor, cf. Judges, 14. 18; Theoc. 11. 21 ; 
 Soph. Trach. 529. 
 
 9. praegestientis : so praetrepidans (Cat. 46. 7). tolle : cf. 
 1. 27. 2 and Epp. 1. 12. 3, tolle querelas. 
 
 10. immitis : cf. contra, mitibus pornis, ripe apples (Epode 2. 17). 
 uvae: cf. -rtptiv oiriapa 5' evtt>v\a.KTos ov5a.fj.us (Aeschyl. Suppl. 
 998) ; o/x0a (Anth. Pal. 5. 20) ; ' no grape that's kindly ripe could 
 be | So round, so plump, so soft as she, | Nor half so full of juice ' 
 (Sir John Suckling). lividos : the curious distinguish three 
 grades of ripeness marked by livor, purpureus color, and niger. 
 Cf. one of the rare poetic lines in Juv. (Sat. 2. 81), uvaque con- 
 specta livorem ducit ab uva ; Ov. Met. 3. 484, ut variis solet uva 
 racemis \ ducere pnrpureum, nnndum matura, colorem; Cat. 17. 
 16, puella . . . adservanda nigerrimis diligentius uvis. 
 
 12: varius: epithet of effect transferred to cause. Cf. Tenny- 
 son's ' Autumn laying here and there | A fiery finger on the leaves ' 
 (In Mem. 99). 
 
 13. sequetur : sc. Lalage. currit : i] 8' &pr) \a/j.vdd' t\ovffa 
 rpt X t (Anth. Pal. 12. 29. 2; cf. 10. 81. 4). ferox: ruthless. 
 Cf. invida aetas (1. 11. 7). 
 
 14. dempserit : cf. Ovid's deme meis annis et demptos adde 
 parenti (Met. 7. 168). It is not strictly logical here since the years 
 added to Lalage are not taken from the lover ; but they are in a 
 sense taken from his prime as anni recedentes (A. P. 176). Cf. 
 Soph. Trach. 547 ; and Sir Charles Sedley, To Chloris : ' Age from 
 no face took more away | Than youth concealed in thine.'
 
 BOOK II., ODE VI. 253 
 
 15. adponet: cf. 1. 9. 15 and Persius, Sat. 2. 1-2, Hunc, Ma- 
 crine, diem numera meliore lapillo \ qui tibi labentes apponit can- 
 didus annos. proterva : possibly continuing the image of the 
 heifer, but cf. 3. 11. 11. n. 
 
 17. Fholoe: cf. 1. 33. 7. fugax: cf. Pope, 'The sprightly 
 Sylvia trips along the green | She runs, but hopes she does not run 
 unseen ' ; and inter vino, fugam Cinarae maerere protervae (Epp. 
 
 I. 7. 28). 
 
 18. humero nitens: cf. 'Though my arms and shoulders | 
 Dazzle beholders' (Rossetti, A Last Confession). Cf. 1. 2. 31. 
 
 19. pura: in cloudless sky. Cf. 1. 34. 7. renldet: 2. 18.2; 
 3. 6. 12 ; Epode 2. 66. 
 
 20. luna mari : cf. Herrick, 105, ' More white than are the whitest 
 creams, | Or moonlight tinselling the streames.' ' A hand as 
 white as ocean foam in the moon' (Tenn. Maud, 25. 2). 
 
 22. mire : with falleret rather than with sagaces, though mire 
 novus occurs (Sat. 2. 3. 28). 
 
 23. obscurum : i.e. obscuratum. solutis : cf . 3. 4. 62 ; Epode 
 
 II. 28. Cf. long hair of boy in Juv. 16. 137. 
 
 24. So Statius, Achill. 1. 336, of Achilles hiding among the girls 
 at Scyros, says, fallitque tuentes \ ambiguus tenuique latens dis- 
 crimine sexus. Cf. 1. 8. 16. Lalage is forgotten. Of this pretty 
 picture Tyrrell (Latin Poetry, p. 109) severely says, 'The runnel 
 is exquisitely smooth, but its shallow waters flow where they will 
 from their natural channel and end in a puddle.' 
 
 ODE VI. 
 
 Septimius, ready if need be to go with me to the ends of the world, 
 may Tibur be the haven of repose for my old age, or, failing that, 
 Tarentum, loveliest nook of earth, in the land of the olive and the 
 vine. There, when the end comes, thou shall drop the tear thou 
 owest on the ashes of thy poet friend. Cf. Sellar, p. 147. 
 
 A Septimius is recommended to the good offices of Tiberius 
 (Epist. 1. 9); and the name recurs in a letter of Augustus cited in 
 Suetonius' life. 
 
 Imitation in Dodsley, vol. 4, p. 280.
 
 254 NOTES. 
 
 1. Gades: i.e. the pillars of Hercules, the proverbial limit of 
 the known world (2. 2. 11 ; Find. Nem. 4. 69, and passim). Cf. 
 1. 34. 11, Atlanteus finis. aditure : sc. si opus sit. Cf. 4. 3. 20, 
 donatura ... si libeat, and 2. 3. 4. n. ' Where thou goest I will 
 go ' was the conventional expression of friendship from the time 
 of Pylades and Orestes. Cf. Cat. 11. 1, Furi et Aureli comites 
 Catulli | Sive in extremes penetrabit Indos. 
 
 2. Cantabrum : tribe of N. W. Spain attacked by Romans circa 
 B.C. 29, rebelled and repressed by Augustus 27-25, finally subdued 
 by Agrippa 19. Cf. 3. 8. 21 ; 4. 14. 41 ; Justin, 44. 5. 8 ; Flor. 4. 12. 
 47. These facts hardly date the ode. iuga : the image is from 
 oxen or horses. Cf. 2. 5. 1 ; 1. 33. 11 ; Find. Pyth. 2. 93 ; Soph. 
 Antig. 291. It has become a literary commonplace. Shaks. Henry 
 VI. 3. 3. 1, 'Yield not thy neck to fortune's yoke ' 5 Macaulay, 
 Proph. of Capys, 22, ' Beneath thy yoke the Volscian | Shall veil 
 his lofty brow ' ; Lucan, 1. 19, sub iuga iam Seres iam barbarus 
 isset Araxes. Perhaps there is a hint, too, of the 'passing the 
 enemy under the yoke,' sub iugum mittere (Caes. B. G. 1. 12). 
 
 3. Syrtes : 1. 22. 5; Verg. Aen. 4. 41, inhospita Syrtis. 
 Maura : is accurate enough for poetry. 
 
 5. Cf. 1. 7 ; 1. 18. 2. Argeo : 'Apyeiy. Cf. 3. 16. 12 ; 3. 3. 67 ; 
 4. 6. 25. positum : Verg. Aen. 4. 211-212, urbem . . . posuit. 
 colono : colonist, not ruris colono (1. 35. 6 ; 2. 14. 12). 
 
 6. utinam: 'A melancholy utinam of my own,' in Sir T. 
 Browne's phrase. Cf. 1. 35. 38. senectae : the dative is warmer. 
 For sentiment, cf. Martial, 4. 25. 7, vos eritis nostrae requies por- 
 tusque senectae. 
 
 7. sit: cf. 1. 2. 5. n. modus is felt first absolutely and then 
 with the genitives. lasso maris : cf. fessi rerum (Verg. Aen. 1. 
 178) ; peregrino labore fessi (Cat. 31. 8); odio maris atque viarum 
 (Epp. 1. 11. 6). oAi'/c/iT/Toj. Cf. Anth. Pal. 9. 7. 5. 
 
 9-12. Tibur and Tarentum similarly coupled Epp. 1. 7. 45. 
 
 9. unde : sc. Tibure. Parcae . . . iniquae : the unkindness 
 of destiny. Cf. 2. 4. 10. u., and for iniquae, 2. 4. 16. prohibent : 
 1. 27. 4. 
 
 10. pellitis : covered with skins to protect their fine fleece, ne 
 lana inquinetur (Varro, R. R. 2. 2. 18). Hence the breed some- 
 times called tectae oves. Cf. Plin. N. H. 8. 189. For quality of
 
 BOOK H.. ODE VI. 255 
 
 their wool, cf . Martial, 2. 43. 3 ; 5. 37. 2 ; 8. 28. 4. ovibus : dat. 
 with dulce. Galaesi : the river near Tarentum (Verg. G. 4. 126). 
 The region was praised already by Archilochus as na\6s and 
 f<pi/*epos . 
 
 11. petam : subj. perhaps, putting conclusion as wish. 
 
 12. Phalantho : the Spartan Phalanthus was said to have 
 founded Tarentum circa B.C. 707. Cf. Paus. 10. 10. 6 ; Strabo, 6. 
 278. For syntax, cf. 3. 29. 27, regnata Gyro Bactra, and Verg. 
 Aen. 6. 794. 
 
 14. angulus : with terrarum. Cf. angulus iste, of his Sabine 
 farm (Epp. 1. 14. 23). Sainte-Beuve wrote on the margin of his 
 Horace, " Heureux Horace ! quel n'a pas e"te" son destin ! quoi ! 
 parce qu'il a une fois exprime" en quelques vers.charmants son bon- 
 heur champetre et decrit son coin de terre prefere, voila que les vers 
 faits a plaisir pour lui seul et pour 1'ami auquel il les adressait, se 
 sont depuis empare"s de toutes les me"moires, et s'y sont si bien 
 logo's qu'on n'en conceit plus d'autres, et qu'on ne trouve que 
 ceux-la des qu'il s'agit pour chacun de ce"le"brer sa propre retraite 
 che"rie." ridet : note quantity. Hymetto : "T>T/TTIOI/ /xe'A* (Sui- 
 das) was proverbial (Otto, p. 169). Cf. 'And still his honied 
 wealth Hymettus yields.' For the comparatio compendiaria, cf. 
 2. 14. 28. 
 
 15. decedunt : personifies. viridi: cf. 'Thine olive green as 
 when Minerva smiled' (Byron); 'it is gray-green' (Ruskin) ; 
 y\auK6xpoos (Pindar). 
 
 16. Venafro : dat. (1. 1. 15. n.). Cf. Varro, R. R. 1. 2. 6, quod 
 vinum (conferam) Falerno? quod oleum Venafro? Cf. 3. 5. 55 ; 
 Sat. 2. 4. 69. 
 
 17-18. Cf. 'Smooth life had flock and shepherd in old time, | 
 Long springs and tepid winters on the banks | Of delicate Galaesus ' 
 (Words. Prelude). 
 
 17. tepidas: cf. Epist. 1. 10. 15, est ubi plus tepeant hiemes? 
 Pers. Sat. 6. 6, mihi nunc Ligus ora \ intepet. 
 
 18. luppiter : cf. Epode 16. 66. Aulon : apparently a vale 
 (channel, av\iav), but cf. Verg. Aen. 3. 553 (C ?) Aulonisque 
 arces. amicus : i.e. dilectus. Cf. 1. 26. 1. Bentley reads apri- 
 cus, Heinsius amictits, i.e. clad with fertile vines. But forfertilis = 
 giver of fertility, cf. Ov. Met. 5. 642, deafertilis. Cf. also Martial,
 
 256 NOTES. 
 
 13. 125, and Statius, Silv. 2. 2. 4, qua Bromio dilectus ager, colles- 
 que per altos \ uritur etprelis non invidet uva Falernis. 
 
 22. arces : heights (cf. 1. 2. 3), but with a hint of the Epicurean 
 sapientum templa serena (Lucret. 2. 8). Cf. Wordsworth, 'Stu- 
 dents with their pensive citadels.' calentem : cf. Verg. Aen. 6. 
 212-228; Munro on Lucret. 3. 906-907; Stat. Silv. ,2. 1. 2, et 
 adhuc vivente faiilla. 
 
 23. debita : cf. Shaks. Julius Caes. 5. 3, ' Friends, I owe more 
 tears | To this dead man than you shall see me pay ' : Cowper, 
 Loss of Royal George, ' And mingle with the cup | The tear that 
 England owes.' 
 
 24. vatis : cf. 4. 6. 44 ; 1. 31. 2. n. 
 
 ODE VII. 
 
 Welcome home at last, dear old companion of my tent and table, 
 Pompeius ! Together we made the campaign of Philippi. when I 
 lost my shield. Then Mercury snatched me away in a Homeric 
 cloud, while the withdrawing wave swept thee back again to war. 
 Come then and share the cask I have kept for thee ! I cannot 
 drink too deep to thy home-coming. 
 
 Pompeius is unknown. The ode tells its own story. 
 
 1. tempus in ultimum : extremest peril. Cf. Cat. 64. 151, 109, 
 supremo in tempore. 
 
 2. deducte . . . duce : note verbal play. Brutus was captain 
 of the war in the campaign of Philippi, B.C. 43-42. 
 
 3. quis : no answer is needed, but the Jove of 1. 17 is meant not 
 without complimentary allusion to the clemency of his vicegerent 
 on earth (1. 12. 51), Augustus, who says of himself, Mon. Ancyr. 
 1. 14, Victor omnibus superstitibus civibus pepercit. Cf. Verg. 
 Eel. 1. 19. redonavit : cf. 3. 3. 33, where force of re is different. 
 Quiritem : (the plural only, in normal prose) (1) burgher in 
 antithesis to miles; (2) to full citizenship, i.e. not capite deminu- 
 tus (3. 5. 42. n.). Cf. 'Apyelos a^p <x50(s (Aeschyl. Euin. 727). 
 
 4. Italo: cf. 2. 13. 18 ; 3. 30. 13 ; 4. 4. 42 ; 4. 15. 13. 
 
 5. Pompei : dissyllabic. Cf. Epp. 1. 7. 91. prime: earliest, 
 or perhaps, in the enthusiasm of the hour, first and foremost. So
 
 BOOK ii., ODE vn. 257 
 
 Catullus (9. 1) is not thinking of Calvus when he welcomes Veranius 
 back from Spain, Verani omnibus e meis amicis \ antistans. 
 
 6. morantem : cf . ' The better part now of the lingering day | 
 They travell'd had'(F. Q. 1. 6. 34). 
 
 7. fregi : cf. Tenn. In Mem. 79, ' And break the livelong sum- 
 mer day | With banquet in the distant woods.' 
 
 8. malobathro : see lexicon. Construe with nitentes. Syrio : 
 Antioch was the emporium of Oriental trade. Cf. 1. 31. 12 ; 
 2. 11. 16, Assyria; Cat. 6. 8, sertis ac Syrio fragrans olivo ; 
 Tibull. 3. 6. 63. 
 
 9. et celerem fugam: recurs 2. 13. 17. 
 
 10. sensi : emphatic, ' they must take it in sense that feel it.' 
 Cf. 3. 27. 22 ; 3. 5. 36 ; 4. 4. 25 ; 4. 6. 3. relicta . . . parmula : 
 Alcaeus (fr. 32, Herod. 5. 95), Anacreon (fr. 26), and Archilochus 
 (fr. 6). The jest to an ancient lay in the contrast between the 
 awful severity of Spartan feeling towards the f>tya<nris [' return 
 with this or on it,' said the Spartan mother] and the ingenuous 
 avowal of Archilochus, 'Some Thracian strutteth with my shield,] 
 For, being somewhat flurried, | I left it by a wayside bush, | As 
 from the field I hurried ; | A right good targe, but I got off, | The 
 deuce may take the shield ; | I'll get another just as good | When 
 next I go afield.' The kind of folk that have no horror of a 
 joke will decline to discuss Horace's courage in this connection. 
 Cf. De Quincey's amusing diatribe, Works, Masson, Vol. XL, 
 p. 121. 
 
 10-11. The headlong rout, the loss of the shield, and the down- 
 fall of those who were so bold before the battle, are so many 
 indirect compliments to the prowess of Augustus. Horace is 
 ' reconstructed ' and can afford to laugh at the ' terrible whipping 
 we got.' fracta virtus: cf. Cic. ad Fam. 7. 3. 3, integri . . . 
 fractos. 
 
 12. solum : simply, were overthrown, or bit the dust. Cf. II. 
 
 2. 418. To take it as an allusion to the pitiful supplications of the 
 defeated (Caes. B. C. 3. 98) would make Horace indeed the ' valet- 
 souled varlet of Venusia ' of Swinburne. 
 
 13. Mercurius: the guardian of poets, 2. 17. 29. 
 
 14. sustulit aere : mock-heroic imitation of Iliad, 20. 444 ; 
 
 3. 381. Cf. Verg. Aen. 1. 411. 
 
 8
 
 258 NOTES. 
 
 15. in bellum : with both resorbens and tulit. Cf. Epp. 2. 2. 47, 
 civilisque rudem belli tulit aestus in anna. The image is perhaps 
 primarily that of a shipwrecked sailor. Cf. avapui&Se? (Odyss. 
 12. 105). But there is a suggestion of the commonplace wave of 
 war. Cf. Tyrt. 12. 22 Kv/^a /j.d^-ns ; Lucret. 5. 1288, 1433 ; Aeschyl. 
 Septem, 64 ; Arnold, Palladium, ' Backward and forward roll'd the 
 waves of fight.' 
 
 17. ergo: the conclusion of the whole matter, all's well that 
 ends well". With different force, 1. 24. 5. obligatam : here of 
 the thing vowed and due, in 2. 8. 5 of the person bound and 
 due to penalties. dapem: technical for feast accompanying 
 sacrifice. 
 
 18. longa: B.C. 44-31? latus: cf. 3. 27. 26 and corpora depo- 
 nunt for se deponunt (Lucret.). 
 
 19. lauiu: a shade tree, 2. 15. 9. 'Peace has its laurels,' 
 Horace slyly says. 
 
 21-28. Orders for the imaginary banquet. Cf. 2. 3. 13 ; 3. 19. 10. 
 On difference of treatment of wine in Greek and Latin poetry, cf. 
 interesting remarks of Sellar, p. 126. 
 
 21. oblivioso : effect as epithet of cause. Cf. Alcaeus, fr. 41, 
 olvov . . . \a0iKr)5fa ; Shakspeare's ' insane root ' ; ' sweet oblivious 
 antidote ' ; 'all the drowsy syrups of the world ' ; Milton's ' sleepy 
 drench ' and ' oblivious pool ' ; Chaucer's ' sleepy yerde ' (the Cadu- 
 ceus of Mercury); Tennyson's ' The sound of that forgetful shore ' 
 (In Mem. 35). 
 
 22. ciboria : in this rare word Biicheler sees an allusion to 
 Pompeius' service with Antony in Aegypt. Cf. ra. Alyinrna Ki0wpia 
 (Ath. 11, p. 477). exple : cf. Till high the bowl with Samian 
 wine.' funde : sc. on your hair. 
 
 23. quis : rhetorical questions to work up a Bacchanalian frenzy. 
 Cf. 3. 19. 18; 3. 28. 1-4; 2. 11. 18-21. Mrs. Browning, Wine of 
 Cyprus, 6, ' Who will fetch from garden closes | Some new gar- 
 lands while I speak, | That the forehead, crowned with roses, | 
 May strike scarlet down the cheek ? ' udo : soft, lithe, rather 
 than dewy. Cf. vyp6s and Theoc. 7. 68, iroKvyi'a.n.Tnui re <re\(vc?. 
 
 24. deproperare : prepare with speed. Cf. properet, 3. 24. 62. 
 For intensifying de, cf. 3. 3. 55 ; 1. 18. 9 ; 2. 1. 35. 
 
 25. curatve:-cf. 1. 30. 6. n. Venus arbitrum: cf. 1. 4. 18.
 
 BOOK ii., ODE vra. 259 
 
 Venus, the best throw of the four tali, showed four faces all differ- 
 ent; Canis, the worst, showed all four alike. 
 
 27. Edonis: i.e. Thracians. Cf. 1. 27. 2. A lost play of 
 Aesch., the Edoni, may have suggested the comparison. re- 
 cepto : 4. 2. 47. 
 
 28. furere : cf. 3. 19. 18. n. 
 
 ODE VIII. 
 
 A SONNET TO A COQUETTE. 
 
 Fair and faithless I might trust thee yet, had the gods punished 
 thy false oaths by marring one ivory finger nail or tarnishing one 
 tooth of pearl. But at lovers' perjuries they only laugh. Thy 
 beauty and the number of thy victims increase day by day. 
 
 Cf. Sellar, p. 169. For theme, cf. Ov. Amor. 2. 8. There is an 
 excellent translation by Sir Charles Sedley. Cf., also, Duke, 
 Johnson's Poets, 9. 216. The origin of name Barine is uncertain. 
 Some think it ' the maid of Bari ' (Barium). 
 
 1. iuria . . . peierati : perhaps a new coinage after analogy of 
 ius iurandum. pe is the pejorative per of perperqn\ and peior. 
 
 3. dente : is perhaps strictly abl. of qual. with fieres, ungui 
 abl. of deg. or cause with turpior, but this is to consider it too L 
 curiously. For superstition that perjury entailed bodily blemish, 
 cf . Theoc. 9. 30 ; 12. 24, and Ovid's ingenious elaboration of the 
 idea (Am. 3. 3. 1. sqq.). 
 
 6. votis: .dative, preferably, cf. Epode 17. 67 ; she has forfeited 
 her head to the penalties (devotiunculis') invoked if she lie. Cf. 
 Tennyson's Vivien, ' May yon just heaven that darkens o'er me 
 send [ One flash that, missing all things else, may make | My 
 scheming brain a cinder if I lie.' enitescis : cf. 1. 5. 13; 1. 19. 
 5 ; Cat. 2. 5. 
 
 7. prodis: walkest abroad, the cynosure of all eyes. Cf. 3. 
 14. 6 ; Tibull. 3. 1. 3. So procedere, Propert. 1. 2. 1. So irpoifvat. 
 
 8. cura : technical in love's vocabulary. Verg. Eel. 10. 22, tua 
 euro, Lycoris. Propert. 3. 32. 9, Coventry Patmore, Angel in the 
 House. 'And in the records of my breast, | Red-lettered, emi-
 
 260 NOTES. 
 
 nently fair | Stood sixteen, who beyond the rest | By turns tn\ 
 then had been my care.' 
 
 9. expedit : you actually thrive on it. matris : cf . Propert. 
 3. 13. 15. Ossa tibi iuro per matris et ossa parentis \ Sifallo cinis, 
 heu, sit mihi uterque grams. opertos: i.e. sepultos (Verg. Aen. 
 4. 34). 
 
 10. fallere : swear falsely by. Cf. Verg. Aen. 6. 324. taci- 
 tujna : the eternal poetic contrast between the severa silentia noctis, 
 'The silence that is in the starry skies,' and the agitation of the 
 human breast 'wherein no nightly calm can be.' Cf. Theoc. 2. 
 38-39; Epode 15. 1; Catull. 7. 7, Aut quatn sidera multa cum 
 tacet nox \ furtivos hominum vident amores ; O. W. Holmes, ' But 
 when the patient stars look down | On all their light discovers, | 
 The traitor's smile, the murderer's frown, | The lips of lying 
 lovers ' ; and Heine : ' Wenn junge Herzen brechen, | So lachen 
 drob die Sterne.' 
 
 11. gelida : 'Death lays his icy hand on kings' (Shirley). 
 'Barren rage of death's eternal cold' (Shak., Sonnet 13). 
 
 12. carentes : cf. 3. 26. 10. n. 
 
 13. ridet : cf. Rom. and Jul. 2. 2, ' Yet if thou swear'st | Thou 
 mayst prove false ; At lovers' perjuries, | They say Jove laughs ' ; 
 Pseudo-Tibull. 3. 6. 49, periuria ridet amantum; Plato, Symp. 
 183 B; Callim. Epig. 27. 3; Anth. Pal. 5. 6. inquam : ridet 
 repeats thought of expedit. 
 
 14. simplices : guileless or easy going, et>;0s, faciles (Verg. 
 Eel. 3. 9). 
 
 14-16. Cf. the representation in ancient gems of Cupid turning 
 the cos versatilis; the little loves sharpening their darts in the 
 corner of Correggio's Danae, and Thorwaldsen's Vulcan forging 
 arms for Cupid. Cruel Cupid bears irvp'nrvoa r6a, and his shafts 
 are ai^ar^t/pra, dripping with hearts' blood. Cf. Anth. Pal. 5. 
 180. 1. 
 
 16. cruenta: is transferred to cote_from sagittas. 
 
 17. adde quod : the hue accedit quod of prose. Latin poetry 
 can hardly avoid an occasional prosaically explicit logical juncture. 
 Cf. 2. 18. 23; 3. 1. 41 ; 3. 11. 21 ; Ovid. Pont. 2. 9. 47 ; Lucret. 
 4. 1121-1122 bis. tibi crescit : cf. Sen. Here. Fur. 874, tibi (sc. 
 morti) crescit omne \ et quod occasus videt et quod ortus.
 
 BOOK II., ODE EX. 261 
 
 18. aervitus : to be thy slaves. Cf. Propert. 1. 6. 19. Turn 
 grave servitium nostrae cogere puellae \ discere. 
 
 19. Impiae : not necessarily because of her perjuries, but because 
 ' the slight coquette she cannot love.' Cf. Propert. 2. 9. 20 ; Ov. 
 Met. 13. 301. Me pia detinuit coniux, pia mater Achillem. 
 domiiiae : cf. 2. 12. 13. n. 
 
 20. minati : the lover's inability to execute such threats was 
 a commonplace of comedy. Cf. Ter. Eunuch. 1. 1 ; Hor. Sat. 
 
 2. 3. 262 ; Pers. Sat. 5. 161 ; Tibull. 2. 6. 13 ; Anth. Pal. 5. 254, 
 256. 5. 
 
 21. iuvencis : for their sons, the image of 2. 6. 6. Cf. Lucret. 
 5. 1073. 
 
 22. miserae : from fear of Barine. 
 
 23. Virgines: so puellae (3. 14. 11). 
 
 24. aura: cf. the popularis aura (3.2. 20; 1. 5. 11); Propert. 
 
 3. 23. 15, si modo damnatum revocaverit aura puellae; Ov. Am. 2. 
 9. 33, incerta Cupidinis aura ; Eurip. Iph. Aul. 69, wvoia.1 . . . 'A#po- 
 SJTTJS ; Sir Robert Ay ton, ' Thy favors are but like the wind | That 
 kisses everything it meets.' ' The young girls that 'brought an aura 
 of infinity ' (James, Psychol. 1. 233). There is no need to continue 
 the metaphor of iuvencis with the aid of Verg. G. 3. 251. 
 
 ODE IX. 
 
 A poetic ' Consolation.' Nature shows not always her wintry 
 face, but thou, Valgius, art still mourning the loss of thy Mystes. 
 Even Nestor, the father of Antilochus, and the sisters of Troilus 
 were consoled at last. Leave thy womanish laments and let us 
 sing the triumphs of Caesar. 
 
 There is a translation by Dr. Johnson. Cf. Ronsard, A Mr. 
 Mellin, 'Toujours ne tempeste enrage"e | Centre ses bords la mer 
 Eg6e . . . Toujours 1'hiver de neiges blanches | Des pins n'eufarine 
 les branches,' etc. 
 
 C. Valgius Ruf us, consul suffectus, B.C. 12, wrote elegies said to be 
 alluded to by Verg. (Eel. 7. 22), medical and rhetorical works, and 
 an epic which Tibullus (?) thought ' Homeric.' Valgius: aetemo 
 propior non alter Hornero (Tibull. 4. 1. 181). Verses 19 and 20
 
 262 NOTES. 
 
 have been thought an allusion to the Eastern embassy of Tiberius, 
 B.C. 20, but may refer to the Oriental envoys sent to Augustus in 
 Spain B.C. 27-25. Mon. Ancyr. 5. 51. 
 
 1. non semper: so 2. 11. 9. Cf. Otto, p. 113. For sentiment 
 and imagery, cf. Plut. Cons, ad Apoll. 5 ; Southwell, Time goes by 
 Turns, Ward's Poets, 1. 482 ; Herrick, Hesper. 726, ' Clouds will 
 noffever poure down rain ; | A sullen day will cleere again. | First, 
 peales of thunder we must heare, | Then lutes and harpes shall 
 stroke the eare ' ; Theoc. 4. 43; Sen. Ep. 107, 108. hispidos: 
 possibly proleptic of the effect of the rain, or suggestive of the 
 barren stubble of a wintry field, or of the neglected beard and hair 
 (hispida fades, cf. 4. 10. 5) of grief. 
 
 2. Caspium : a stormy sea. Cf. Milton, P. L. II. : ' As when 
 two black clouds, | With heaven's artillery fraught, come rattling 
 on | Over the Caspian.' But cf. 1. 1. 14. n. ; 1. 26. 2. 
 
 3. inaequales procellae: either fitful blasts, Milton's 'gusty 
 flaws,' or on analogy of inaequali tonsore, Epp. 1. 1. 94, roughen- 
 ing gales. Cf. Shelley's ' curdling winds,' and Shaks. Sonnet, 6 : 
 'winter's ragged hand.' 'Ruffling winds,' Herrick, 721. 
 
 4. usque: cf. 1. 17. 4. Armeniis: i.e. on Mount Taurus. Cf. 
 Xen. Anab. 4. 4. 
 
 5. stat: cf. 1. 9. 1. iners: cf. 3. 4. 45; 4. 7. 12; 1. 22. 17, 
 pigris . . . campis. 
 
 7. Garganus is an exposed sea-girt promontory of Apulia. Cf. 
 Epp. 2. 1. 202, Garganum mugire putes nemus. laborant : cf. 
 1. 9. 3. Arnold, The New Sirens, 'saw the hoarse boughs labor in 
 the wind' ; Shaks. M. of V. 4. 1, 'forbid the mountain pines | To 
 wag their high tops and to make no noise | When they are fretted 
 with the gusts of heaven ' ; Sappho, fr. 42, fatsos tear' tpos Spvcrlv 
 tjurtffwv* 
 
 8. viduantur: observe the cumulative touches that complete 
 the picture of desolation. Cf. Tenn. Lady of Shalott, Part IV. 
 init. 
 
 9. tu semper : emphasizing his disregard of the lesson of nature, 
 non semper. Cf. 2. 18. 17 ; 3.29. 25. urges : dwellest on, insistest 
 on. Cf. Propert. 5. 11. 1, desine Paulle meum lacrimis urgere 
 sepulcrum.
 
 BOOK II., ODE IX. 263 
 
 10. ademptum : cf. 2. 4. 10. n. 
 
 11. surgente : cf. Verg. G. 1. 440 ; Aen. 4. 352 ; Vesper of course 
 does not 'rise,' but becomes visible in the west after sunset. The 
 same planet (Venus) as Phosphorus, the morning star, at other 
 times flees (vanishes in the light of) the swift rising sun. Cf. Cat. 
 62. 35. Cf. Tenn. In Mem. 121, ' Sweet Hesper-Phospher, double 
 name | For what is one, the first, the last.' Cf. Plato's exquisite 
 epigram, 'AvTJip irplv /j.fv e\a/j.ires fvl faoifftv 'Eqpos, | vvv df Qaviav 
 \d/j.wfts a E<rvfpos ft> tydtpfvois. ' Star of the morning shinedst thou, | 
 Ere life was fled, | Star of the evening art thou now, | Among the 
 dead.' decedunt amores: cf. Tenn. Mariana, 'Her tears fell 
 with the dews at even, | Her tears fell ere the dews were dried ; 
 Verg. G. 4. 465, te veniente die te decedente canebat; Helvius 
 Cinna's lovely lines : Te matutinus flentem conspexit Eous, \ et 
 flentem paullo vulit post Hesperus idem,- Tasso, G. L. xii. 90, 
 ' Lei nel partir, lei nel tornar del sole | chiama con voce stanca, e 
 prega e plora.' 
 
 12. rapidum : standing epithet of sol (Verg. G. 1. 424 ; 2. 321. 
 Cf. Eel. 2. 10), perhaps from swift hot rays, or his rapid movement 
 among the constellations, or the swift sunsets and sunrises of 
 southern climes where twilight is short. Cf. Homer's 60^1 ct/|, and 
 Coleridge, ' At one stride comes the dark,' Anc. Mar. 
 
 13. ter aevo functus : Nestor, tertiam iam aetatem hominum 
 vivebat, Cic. Cat. Mai. 31 ; II. 1. 250 ; rpiyepwv, Odyss. 3. 245. 
 
 14. Antilochum : son of Nestor, often mentioned in Iliad. 
 Alluded to in Odyss. 3. 112 ; 4. 187. Saves his father's life, Find. 
 Pyth. 6. 28. Nestor at his funeral pyre, Juv. Sat. 10. 253 ; Propert. 
 3. 5. 46-50. 
 
 14-15. omnes . . . annos: the Homeric ij^ara -navra. 
 
 15-16. impubem . . . Troilon: Verg. Aen. 1. 475, infelix puer 
 atque impar congressus Achilli. Like Antilochus a stock example 
 in the literature of consolations ; Plut. Cons, ad Apoll. 24 ; Cic. 
 Tusc. 1. 93. 
 
 16. sorores : Polyxena, Cassandra, etc. The wailing of 
 Phrygian women was proverbial ; yet even they were consoled. 
 
 17. desine : with gen. as A^yi/, iratW0ai. Cf. 3. 27. 69. n. ; 
 2. 13. 38. 
 
 19. Canternus takes three objects, Niphaten, flumen . . . volvere,
 
 264 NOTES. 
 
 and Gelonos . . . equitare. tropaea : for date, cf. Intr. and 
 Sellar, p. 143. 
 
 20. rlgidum : ice-bound, or rock-bound. Niphates : was a 
 mountain in Armenia. Cf. Verg. G. 3. 30, addam urbes Asiae 
 domitas pulsumque Niphaten. Cf. Milton, P. L. III. in fine, 
 ' Nor stay'd till on Niphates' top he lights ' ; Lucan, 3. 245 ; 
 Juv. Sat. 6. 409 ; Claudian and Silius speak of it as a river. 
 Hence Johnson's translation has, ' Niphates .rolls an humbler 
 wave.' 
 
 21. medum flumen : cf. 3. 4. 36, Scythicus amnis ; 4. 4. 38, 
 Metaiirum flumen. Cf. Verg. Aen. 8. 726, Euphrates ibat iam 
 mollior undis. 
 
 22. Cf. R. C. Trench, 'Alma, roll thy waters proudly, | Proudly 
 roll them to the sea ' (Page) . 
 
 23. Gelonos : a Sarmatian or Scythian tribe. Cf. Herod. 
 4. 108 ; Verg. Aen. 8. 725 ; infra, 2. 20. 19 ; 3. 4. 35. praescrip- 
 tum : the limits set them. 
 
 24. exiguis : narrowed in comparison with their former liberty. 
 equitare: 1. 2. 51. 
 
 ODE X. . 
 
 Of the mean and sure estate : A string of sententiae in praise of 
 the golden mean and philosophic acceptance of the vicissitudes of 
 fortune, frequently imitated. Cf. Sellar, p. 175 ; Surrey, Praise 
 of Meane and Constante estate, Tottel's Miscellany, Arber, p. 27 ; 
 ibid., p. 157; Cowper, Johnson's Poets, 18. 659; Cotton, ibid. 18. 
 17 ; Beattie, ibid. 18. 558. 
 
 L. Licinius Murena, probably the son of the Murena of Cicero's 
 Pro Murena, was adopted into the Terentian gens by Terentius 
 Varro, and so became the adopted brother of Proculeius (2. 2. 2) 
 and of Terentia, the wife of Maecenas ; 3. 19 is apparently written 
 to celebrate his cooptation into the college of augurs. He appears 
 in the Consular fasti for the year 23. In the same year he was 
 put to death for conspiring against Augustus. Cf. Veil. Paterc. 
 2. 91 ; Dion. Cass. 64. 3 ; Suet. Tib. 8. It seems unlikely that 
 Horace would have published the first three books of the Odes with 
 these poems after that date. Cf. on 1. 3 and 2. 9.
 
 BOOK II., ODE X. 265 
 
 1-4, 22-24. Life a Voyage. Cf. 1. 34. 3 ; 3. 29. 57 ; Epist. 2. 2. 
 201 ; Plato, Laws, 803 B, Sta ro>~i n\ov TOVTOV rfjs (wijs ; Swinb. Pre- 
 lude to Songs Before Sunrise, 10 ; Tenn. Crossing the Bar, etc. ; 
 Anth. Pal. 10. 65 ; Marc. Aurel. 3. 3 ; Plato, Phaedo, 85. d. 
 
 1. rectius : i.e. more wisely, sagely. 
 
 2. urgendo : cf . 2. 9. 9. 
 
 2-3. duni . . . horrescis : would be rendered in Greek by pres. 
 part. Cf. Epist. 2. 3. 465 ; A. and G. 290. c, n. 
 
 3. premendo : hugging. Cf. radere, legere, amare, litus. Cf. 
 Epist. 2. 3. 28, tutus nimium timidusque procellae. 
 
 4. Iniquum : cf. on 1. 10. 15 ; 1. 2. 47 ; 2. 4. 16 ; 2. 6. 9 ; 3. 1. 32. 
 
 5. mediocritatem : cf. Cic. de Off. 1. 25, mediocritatem illam . . . 
 quae est inter nimium et parum the peaov or ^trpiov of the Greek 
 gnomic poets and tragedians, which Plato and Aristotle developed 
 into the formal ethical doctrine that virtue ' is seated in the mean.' 
 Cf. iravrl /j.(ffcp r~6 Kpdros Otbs Snrafffv, Aeschyl. Eumen. 529 ; Arist. 
 Pol. 4. 11, rbv ptffov . . . Biov . . . 0f\rt<TTOV ; Otto, p. 216. 
 
 6. diligit tutus : discreetly affects; chooses for his safety. Cf. 
 A. P. 28 ; meter and concinnity favor this punctuation ; but many 
 take tutus with caret, is safe and eschews. 
 
 1. sordibus : the squalor of a mean hovel. invidenda : cf. 3. 
 1. 45. It suggests the (p96vos of the Greeks (9-12). 
 
 9-12. ingens, celsae, summos are emphatic. For the senti- 
 ment, cf. Herod. 7. 10 ; Lucretius, 5. 1126, invidia quoniam ceu 
 fulmine summa vaporant; Ovid. Trist. 3. 4. 6 ; Otto, 148. 352; 
 Diimler, Acadeinica, p. 3 sqq. ; Lucillius in Anth. Pal. 10. 122, ov 
 ffpvov ov /uoAa^Tjv &i>fu.6s irore ras Se ueyiffras \ tj dpvas T) ir\a-ravovs oiSf 
 xafj.a.1 Kardyf iv ; Maecenas apud Sen. Epist. 19. 9, ipsa enim altitude 
 attonat, summa; Wordsworth, The Oak and the Broom; Lord 
 Vaux, of the Mean Estate, ' The higher that the cedar tree | Into 
 the heavens doth grow | The more in danger is the top, | When 
 stormy winds gan blow ' ; Campion, Ed. Bullen, p. 32, ' The higher 
 trees the more storms they endure ' ; Dante, Paradise, 18, ' come 
 vento | che le piu alte cime piii percote ; Shaks. M. for M. 2. 2 ; 
 Herrick. Hesp. 484 ; 'My mind to me a Kingdom is,' 3 ; Spenser 
 Shep. Cal., July ; Victor Hugo, Feuilles d'Automne, 4. The 
 commonplace is often amplified in Seneca's Tragedies (Ag. 93 sqq., 
 etc.); Seneca was imitated by Boethius, and hence, perhaps, rather
 
 266 NOTES. 
 
 than from Aristotle's Poetics, arose the notion in mediaeval and 
 renaissance literature that the one theme of tragedy is the sudden 
 fall of the great. Cf. Chaucer, Monke's Tale, ' I will bewail in 
 manner of Tragedie | The harm of them that fell from high de- 
 gree.' And see the choruses of Gamier, and Ferrex and Porrex 
 passim. 
 
 11. turres: cf. 1. 4. 14; Juv. 10. 105. 
 
 12. fulgura =fulmina. 
 
 13-20 : cf. Herrick, Hesp. 726, ' In all thy need, be thou possest | 
 Still with a well-prepared brest : | . . . And this for comfort thou 
 must know, | Times that are ill wo'nt still be so. | Clouds will not 
 ever poure down raine (cf. 2. 9. 1) ; | A sullen day will cleere again.' 
 
 13. infestis . . . secundis : dat. rather than the abl. abs. 
 
 14. alteram : a change of lot, i.e. the other of two. Cf. 1. 15. 
 29. n. 
 
 15. informes : beauty was ' form ' to the ancients. Cf. Dobson, 
 1 A dream of form in days of thought' ; Mimnermus, and Theog. 
 1021, &/j.op<f>ov 7%> ; Verg. G. 3. 354, aggeribus niveis informis terra; 
 Juv. 4, 56, Stridebat deformis liiems ; Wither, 'Walks and ways 
 which winter marred ' ; Shaks. Son. 5, ' For never-resting time 
 leads summer on | To hideous winter a'nd confounds him there ' ; 
 Lucian, Kp6vos 9, ol Aeiyuw^ts &/*.op<j>oi. reducit : for re-, cf. 1. 3. 7 ; 
 3. 1. 21 ; 3. 8. 9. 
 
 16. luppiter: cf. on 1. 1. 25 and Theoc. 4. 43; Theog. 25. 
 idem : idiomatic, and likewise ; cf. 22 ; 2. 19. 27 ; 3. 4. 07. 
 
 17. non denies the inference from nunc to olirn. male: cf. 
 3. 16. 43, bene est ; Catull. 38. 1, male est Cornifici tuo Catullo. 
 et : cf. Munro on Lucret. 3. 412. olim : yon time, past or future. 
 Cf. on 4. 4. 5. 
 
 18. quondam: sometimes; cf. Verg. Aen. 2. 367. 
 
 19. suscitat: cf. Gray, Progress of Poesy, 'Awake, Aeolian 
 lyre, awake ' ; Pind. O. 9. 51 ; Nem. 10. 21 ; Lucret. 2. 413, experge- 
 facta. 
 
 19-20. A familiar quotation generally employed in the sense, 
 ' All work and no play,' etc. Here it points the moral of compen- 
 sations the god who sends the shafts of pestilence is also the 
 god of music. Cf. C. S. 33. For a hint of the proverbial use, cf. 
 Cic. de Senect. 11, intentum enim animum tamquam arcum habe-
 
 BOOK II., ODE XI. 267 
 
 bat; Plut. de Ed. Plier. 13, /cal -yap ra r6%a. Kal ras \vpas avie/Mev 
 iVo fVtrelVat 5vvr]0(a^ev ; nee semper Gnosius arcum Destinat, Laiis 
 Pisonis, 142. Cf. the habitual misapplication of Shakspeare's 
 'One touch of nature.' 
 21. angustis : cf. on 3. 2. 1. 
 
 23. contrahe : a frequent image in Greek drama. Cf. AT. Ran. 
 1220, vffffOai yuoj Sox(?s ; Soph. El. 335 ; Cic. ad Att. 1. 16. 2, con- 
 traxi vela. Propert. 3. 19. 30 ; Ovid. Trist. 3. 4. 32, propositiqne, 
 precor, contrahe vela tui. secundo : from sequi, ' A wind that 
 follows fast' ; Homer's i-iftevos ovpos. nimium : i.e. 'too fresh.' 
 
 24. turgida: cf. Epist. 2. 2. 201, tumidis velis aquilone secundo; 
 Verg. Aen. 3. 357, tumido austro ; Pind. Pyth. 1. 92, 'urriov avf^tv; 
 Midsummer Night's Dreain, 2. 1. 
 
 ODE XL 
 
 Forget the cares of state, friend Quintius. Man wants but little 
 here below. Old age will soon have us in his clutch. The chang- 
 ing face of nature warns us that nothing endures. Let us drink 
 and sport with Lyde while we may. 
 
 Cf. 3. 8. 17-27. Feeble imitation in Dodsley, 6. 255. Date 
 apparently B.C. 26-24 ; cf. 1. 1. Quintius Hirpinus is unknown. 
 Epp. 1. 16 is addressed to a Quintius. 
 
 1. Cantaber : cf. 2. 6. 2. n. Scythes : cf. 2. 9. 23. 
 
 2-3. Hirpine Quinti: cf. 2. 2. 3. n. Hadria . . . obiecto : 
 like a shield the barrier of the Adriatic (cf. 2. 4. 10. n.) often 
 checked barbarian incursions in later times. 
 
 3. remittas : as mitte, 1. 38. 3; omitte, 3. 29. 11, with further 
 suggestion of relaxing the mental strain ; cf. also Ter. Andr. 827, 
 nam si cogites remittas iam me onerare iniuriis. For thought cf. 
 3. 8. 17-20 ; Theog. 763-764. 
 
 4. trepides in usum : worry about (take anxious thought for) 
 the icants. For force of trepidare cf. 3. 29. 32 ; Verg. Aen. 9. 114, 
 ne trepidate meas, Teucri, defendere naves ; where the complemen- 
 tary inf. takes the place of the prepositional phrase in usum here. 
 For in, cf. ds, Soph. O. R. 980. 
 
 5. pauca: cf. for thought Lucret. 2. 20, ergo corpoream ad
 
 268 NOTES. 
 
 naturam pauca videmus \ Esse opus omniuo; Mauil. 4. 8. sqq. 
 fugit: cf. the anni recedentes, A. P. 170. 
 
 6. levis : unshorn, smooth-cheeked, cf. 4. 6. 28, and contra, 
 hispidam, 4. 10. 5. arida: cf. 4. 13. 9; Sliaks. As You Like It, 
 4. 3 : ' High top bald with dry antiquity,' Much Ado, 4. 1 : ' Time 
 hath not yet so dried this blood of mine.' Plut. an Sen. ger. rep. 
 9 ; aa\eip yjjpq, wizened. 
 
 7. lascivos: 1. 19. 3; 3. 15. 12 ; 4. 11, 23. 
 
 8. canitie: 1. 9. 17. facilem: 3. 21. 4. 
 
 9. non semper : So. 2. 9. 1. Nature herself teaches muta- 
 bility. Cf. 4. 7. 7. honor: beauty's bloom. Cf. Epode 11. 0; 
 17. 18 ; cf. Martial, 6. 80. 5, tantus veris honos et odorae gratia 
 florae ; cf. 1. 17. 16. n. 
 
 10. rubens : This blush is as conventional as that which 
 'paints' earth, flowers, berries, and dawn in Pope's pastorals. 
 But rubens may be simply bright, ayKibs. Cf. Claudian, 29. 7, 
 aeterno sed veris honors rubentes. Propert. 1. 10. 8, Et mediis 
 caelo Luna ruberet equis. Verg. G. 1. 431, Vento semper rubet 
 aurea Phoebe is not to the point. 
 
 Por moon as type of change, cf. Juliet's ' swear not by the 
 moon, the inconstant moon | That monthly changes in her circled 
 orb.' Ov. Met. 15. 196, 'nee par aut eadem nocturnae forma 
 Dianae \ Esse potest umquam.' 1 Hence Spenser, Mutability, 7. 
 50, 'Besides, her face and countenance every day | We changed 
 see and sundry forms partake | Now horned, now round, now 
 bright, now brown and gray ; | So that, as changeful as the moon 
 men used to say.' 'This Worlde's blisse | That changeth as 
 the moon.' Nutbrowne Maid. 
 
 11-12. aeternis . . . consiliis : ' long thoughts ' (cf. 1. 11. 6 ; 
 4. 7. 7), 'thoughts that wander through eternity,' or ceaseless 
 anxieties. 
 
 12. consiliis : with both fatigas and minorem {unequal to them'). 
 
 13. cur non : abrupt transition in imagination to a simple Anac- 
 reontic carouse in application of these principles of ' sober sweet 
 Epicurean life.' vel . . . vel : the choice is indifferent. pla- 
 tano : 2. 15. 4. 
 
 14. pinu : 2.3.9; cf. Tenn. ' under plane or pine.' Fitzgerald, 
 Rubaiyat, 12, ' A book of verses underneath the bough, | A jug
 
 BOOK II., ODE XL 269 
 
 of wine, a loaf of bread and thou.' sic temere: oSrtas f'Krj, 
 Plat. Gorg. 506 D. ; cf. Plat. Syinp. 176 E ; Verg. Aen. 9. 329, te- 
 mere inter teJa iacentes. Munro on Lucret. 5. 970 ; supra, 1. 12. 7. 
 The careless easy-going phrase contrasts with Quintius's strenuous 
 mood. Cf. Thomson, Summer, ' on the dark-green grass . . . lie 
 at large.' rosa: cf. 1. 38. 3. ; Herrick, 583, 'Bring me my rose- 
 buds, drawer, come ; | So, while I thus sit, crowned ; | He drink 
 the aged Cecubum, untill the roofe turne round.' 
 
 15. Canos : Horace was praecamts. Cf. Epp. 1. 20. 24 ; Ode, 
 3. 14. 25. The Pseudo-Anacreon frequently alludes to his K^UJJ 
 \evKij. Cf. further Lovelace, ' When flowing cups run swiftly 
 
 -round, | With no allaying Thames, | Our careless heads with roses 
 crowned, | Our hearts with loyal flames.' 
 
 16. dura licet : ' Gather ye rose-buds while ye may," 1 Herrick, 
 208 ; cf. 4. 12. 26 ; 2. 3. 15. Assyria : cf. 2. 7. 8 ; 1. 31. 12 ; 3. 1. 44. 
 Martial, 8. 77. 3, si sapis Assyrio semper tibi crinis amomo \ splen- 
 deat, et cingant florea serta caput. 
 
 17. dissipat: cf. 1. 18.4; 3.21. 16. n. ; 4. 12. 20; Theog. 883, 
 rov iriviav dirb /Afv xaAeTrus (r/ceSaireis /j.e\efia>vas, Eurip. Bacch. 280. 
 Euhius: cf. 1. 18. 9. n. 
 
 18. edaces : cf. 1. 18. 4. n. quis : cf. 2. 7. 23. puer : (slave) 
 boy : cf . 4>f'p' v8up 0p' olvov S> ircu, Anacr. fr. 63, 64. 
 
 19. restinguet: cf. Shaks. Cor. 1. 1, ' A cup of hot wine with 
 not a drop of allaying Tiber in't.' ardentis: cf. Juv. Sat. 4. 
 138, cum pulmo Falerno arderet; 10. 27, et lato Setinum ardebit 
 in auro. Eurip. Ale. 758, <f>\6% otvov. Plato, Laws, 666 A. 
 
 21. devium: coy(?), way-ward, or dwelling apart, with eliciet 
 softens the bluntness of scortum : lure the icayward wench. 
 
 22-23. eburna : inlaid with ivory, t\f<f>avT65eros. Ar. Aves, 218. 
 die age : 3. 4. 1. die . . . maturet : 3. 14. 21. 
 
 23. in comptum : her hair bound back in(to~) a neat knot in 
 the manner of a Spartan girl. Bentley, followed by several editors, 
 reads incomptam . . . comam . . . nodo, which does just as well, 
 but is unnecessary. For Spartan coiffure, cf. Propert. 4. 13. 28, 
 est neque odoratae cura molesta comae. Ar. Lysist. 1316 ; Ov. 
 Met. 8. 318 (Atalanta). For motif, cf. 3. 14. 21. 
 
 Ronsard a son Page : ' Et dy k Barbe qu'elle vienne | Les che- 
 veux tors & la fagon | D'une folatre Italienne.'
 
 270 NOTES. 
 
 ODE XII. 
 
 You would not have me adapt to the lyre's strains the wars of 
 Rome and the mythical combats of Greece, O Maecenas. You 
 yourself will more fitly narrate in prose story the exploits of 
 Caesar. Me the muse bids sing of my lady Licymnia, her bright 
 eyes, her singing, her dancing, her kisses dearer to thee than all 
 the unspoiled treasures of Araby. 
 
 Licymnia is said to stand for the capricious wife of Maecenas, 
 Terentia (Schol. Sat. 1. 2. 64), as Clodia for Lesbia in Catullus, 
 Delia for Plania in Tibullus, Cynthia for Hostia in Propertius. 
 Cf. Apuleius Apol. 10; Prior, ' Euphelia serves to grace my 
 measure, | But Chloe is my real flame.' But the Latin poets used 
 metrical equivalents, as Pope did when he substituted Atticus for 
 Addison. 
 
 There is a translation in Dodsley's Poets, 4. 281. 
 
 1. longa . . . Numantiae: 141-133 B.C., ended by Scipio 
 Africanus Minor. For their desperate defense and final suicide 
 en masse, cf. Floras, 2. 18. 15 ; Cervantes's play ; and Schopen- 
 hauer's epigram. 
 
 2. durum : so Mss.'; note antithesis with mollibus. Many read 
 dirum. Cf. 3. 6. 36 ; 4. 4. 42 ; and Quintil. 8. 2. 9. 
 
 3. Poeno . . . sanguine: In first Punic war at Mylae, B.C. 260, 
 and Aegates Insulae, B.C. 242. Cf. 3. 6. 34. mollibus: cf. 1. 6. 
 10, imbellisque lyrae. 
 
 5-8. Cf. Spenser's Vergil's Gnat, 5-6, 'For not these leaves do 
 sing that dreadful stound, | When giants' blood did stain Phlegraean 
 ground, | Nor how th' half horsey people, Centaurs bight, | Fought 
 with the bloody Lapithaes at board.' 
 
 5. Lapithas : cf. on 1. 18. 8. nimium mero : cf. Tac. Hist. 
 1. 35, nimii verbis ; 4. 23, rebus secundis nimii ; 1. 13. 10 ; 1. 36. 13. 
 
 6. Hylaeus: cf. Verg. G. 2. 457, ct magno Hylaeum Lapithis 
 cratere minantem. Herculea manu: cf. 1. 3. 36. The oracle 
 had declared that the gods could subdue the earthborn giants 
 (ynyevfTs) only with the aid of a mortal. Cf. on 3. 4. 42 sqq. 
 
 7. unde : whence = from whom. Cf. 1. 12. 17 ; 2. 13. 16, 
 aliunde; Sat. 1. 6. 12.
 
 BOOK II., ODE XII. 271 
 
 8. fulgens . . . domus : cf. on 1. 3. 29 ; 3. 3. 33 ; Verg. Aen. 
 10. 101 ; Munro on Lucret. 2. 1110; F. Q. 1. 5. 19, 'That shining 
 lamps in Jove's high house were light.' contremuit : cf. 3. 4. 49; 
 2. 19. 21 sqq. 
 
 9. tuques emphatic, and thou virtually = but thou rather. 
 Cf. que in 2. 20. 4. pedestribus : irffa \6yy. Cf. Plato, 
 Sophist. 237 A. Horace is said to be the earliest Latin author 
 to borrow the expression. Cf. Sat. 2. 6. 17, satiris musaque 
 pedextri. 
 
 10. proelia Caesaris: cf. Sat. 2. 1. 10; Epist. 2. 1. 250 sqq. 
 We cannot infer that Maecenas actually treated these themes 
 which Horace's modesty declines. 
 
 11. ducta: in triumph. Cf. 1. 12. 54; 1. 2. 49; 4. 2. 50. 
 
 12. colla : cf . Cons, ad Liviain, 273, aspiaam regum liventia 
 colla catenis; Propert. 2. 1. 34, aut regum auratis circuindata colla 
 catenis, | Actiaque in Swra currere rostra via. The whole passage 
 is in the vein of this ode. minacium : sc. before the battle. 
 Cf. 2. 7. 11 ; 4. 3. 8, quod regum tumidas contiiderit minas. 
 
 13. me: cf. on 1. 1. 29; 4. 1. 29. dominae: domina under 
 the empire came to = Mrs., madam, my lady. It also belonged to 
 the lover's vocabulary 'my queen.' A self-respecting Roman 
 could use the term where dominus would have been servile. 
 Licymniae : Terentia, if she is meant, was the half-sister of L. 
 Licinius Murena. Cf. on 2. 10. Maecenas is apparently a bache- 
 lor in the Epodes, but was married at the time of Murena' s fall. 
 Cf. Sueton. Aug. 66. A modern gentleman would hardly write in 
 this style of his friend's wife. But Terentia's coquetry was com- 
 mon gossip. Cf. Dio. 54. 19 ; Sen. de Prov. 3. 10, morosae uxoris 
 cotidiana repudia. 
 
 14. lucidum: adverbial. Cf. 1. 22. 23; 2. 19. 6; 3. 27. 67. 
 So Homer, II. 2. 269. 
 
 15. bene : preferably with fidum. Cf. Cicero ad Att. 14. 7, 
 litterae bene longae. So in French bien long. Verg. Aen. 2. 23. 
 has male fida. 
 
 17. ferrepedem: cf. Verg. G. 1. \\, fertesimul Faunique pedem 
 Dryadesque puellae. dedecuit : litotes ; it became her well (Ov. 
 Am. 1. 7. 12). A Roman lady might so condescend at a religious 
 solemnity. Cf. A. P. 232, ut festis matrona moveri iussa diebus.
 
 272 NOTES. 
 
 Or she may have danced and sung in private in the relaxation of 
 the old Roman severity. Cf. on. 3. 6. 21 sqq. 
 
 18. nee certare: recurs, 4. 1. 31. ioco: in light talk. dare 
 bracchia : the arms were the chief feature in ancient dancing. 
 
 19. ludentem : ira(ov<Ta.v. Cf. Verg. Eel. 6. 28. nitidis: in 
 holiday attire. Cf. Tibull. 2. 5. 7, sed nitidus pulcherque veni. 
 virginibus : dat. with dare. 
 
 20. Dianae Celebris: lit. of thronged Diana. Cf. Tibull. 4. 4. 
 21, iam celeber iam laetus eris ; Ov. Met. 1. 446; Lucret. 5. 1166, 
 delubra deum . . . festis celebrare diebus. 
 
 21. Achaemenes: eponymous ancestor of kings of Persia 
 (Herod. 7. 11). Cf. 3. 1. 44. Cf. on 3. 9. 4. 
 
 22. Mygdonias: a sonorous tautology for Phrygian. Cf. on 
 1. 17. 22 ; 3. 16. 41 ; Homer, II. 3. 186. Midas, whose touch turned 
 all to gold, was king of Phrygia. 
 
 23. permutare veils : cf . Sappho, fr. 85 ; an old French poem 
 in Moliere, Le Misanthrope, 1. 2, ' Si le roi m'avoit donne | Paris, 
 sa grand' ville,' etc.; Aristaen. 1. 10; Catull. 45. 22. crine : 
 ' Beauty draws us with a single hair,' but the singular is probably 
 collective here. Cf. 1. 32. 12. 
 
 24. Arabum : cf. 1. 29. 1-3 ; Verg. G. 2. 115 ; Propert. 3. 1. 16, 
 et domus intactae te tremit Arabiae. plenas : cf. 4. 12. 24. 
 
 25. detorquet ad: so that they fall on her neck (Kiesslinp,), 
 or on her mouth (Orelli) non nostrum inter vos. For caesura, 
 cf. 1. 18. 16; 1. 37. 5. 
 
 26. facili saevitia: playful cruelty; oxymoron. Cf. on 
 3. 11. 35. 
 
 27. poscente : Epist. 1. 17. 4.1, pins poscente ferent. gaudeat: 
 subj. as giving reason for facili saevitia. 
 
 28. rapere: snatch. occupet: cf. on 1. 14. 2. 
 
 ODE XIII. 
 
 Humorously exaggerated imprecations on a tree of the Sabine 
 farm that barely missed the owner's head in its fall (1-12). Death 
 comes when least expected, and no man knows the shape he will 
 take (12-20). Narrowly has the poet escaped the dark realm of
 
 BOOK II., ODE XIII. 273 
 
 Proserpina, where Aeacus sits in judgment, and Sappho and Alcaeus 
 sing strains that charm the shades to silence and 'stay the rolling 
 Ixionian wheel, and numb the furies' ringlet snake ' (20-40). 
 
 For the incident, cf. 2. 17. 27 ; 3. 4. 27 ; 3. 8. 7. The probable date 
 is B.C. 30. Cf. on 1. 26. There is a translation by Richard Crashaw. 
 
 1-4. ille . . . ilium : guide the curse. ' He both planted thee 
 on an unlucky day, whoever it was that planted thee in the begin- 
 ning, and with a wicked hand reared thee for the destruction of 
 posterity and the shame of the village.' 
 
 1 . lief asto : for technical and popular meanings of the word, cf. 
 Lex. s.v. 
 
 2. sacrilega : in vague abusive sense. 
 
 3. in : cf. 4. 2. 56. 
 
 5. ilium et : the effect is, he, too, I am ready to believe, rather 
 than, et . . . et, both . . . and. crediderim : perf. subj. of 
 cautious assertion. 
 
 6. fregisse cervicem : strangled. Cf. Epode 3. 1-2 ; Sail. Cat. 
 55, frangere gulam laqueo. 
 
 6-8. penetralia . . . nocturne . . . hospites : aggravate the 
 horror. 
 
 8. Colcha : i.e. Colchica, which some read. We have to choose 
 between an exceptional hiatus, or an exceptional elision. Medea 
 was the typical venefica. Cf. Epode 3. 10 ; 17. 35. 
 
 10. tractavit: handled, dealt in (1. 37. 27). A slight zeugma. 
 Cf. Epode 3. 8 ; Shaks. As You Like It, 5. 1, ' I will deal in poison 
 with thee, or in bastinado, or in steel.' 
 
 11. triste lignum: sorry log. Cf. 3. 4. 27, devota arbor. ca- 
 ducum : ready or destined to fall. Cf . 3. 4. 44. 
 
 12. immerentis: cf. on 1. 17. 28; Epode 6. 1. 
 
 13. The special danger he should shun is never sufficiently 
 guarded against for man from hour to hour. quid . . . vitet : 
 represents the direct quid vitem. quisque : by Latin idiom keeps 
 close to the relative. 
 
 14. in boras : after analogy of in dies. The general proposition 
 is followed by particular examples the sailor, the soldier, the 
 Parthian. Bosporum : a typical dangerous strait. Cf. 3.4. 30; 
 2. 20. 14. 
 
 T
 
 274 NOTES. 
 
 15. Poenus : a typical navigator ; but Thoenus = Thynus has 
 been conjectured. 
 
 15-16. ultra and aliunde: may be loosely pleonastic, or we 
 may explicitly distinguish, that past . . . from any other quarter. 
 The latter is facilitated by Lachman's timetve, which removes the 
 irregular quantity timet, for which see 1. 3. 36 ; 2. 6. 14. 
 
 16. caeca: like caeca saxa, not caeca fortuna. Cf. 3. 27. 21. 
 
 17. miles: sc. Italus, Romanics. sagittas: cf. Catull. 11.6, 
 sagittiferosve Parthos Shakspeare's 'darting Parthia.' celerem 
 fugam: cf. 2. 7. 9, 4. 8. 15 for the phrase, and 1. 19. 11 for the 
 thought. 
 
 19. robur : the dungeon of the Tullianum (cf. Lex. s.v. II. A 2), 
 or possibly the strength of the Italian youth. improvisa: em- 
 phatic, when they least expect it. 
 
 19-20. The conclusion in general terms. 
 
 20. rapuit rapiet : so it has been and so it will be. 
 
 21. quam paene: cf. Martial, 1. 12. 6 ; 6. 58. 3, quam paene 
 tibi Stygias ego raptus ad undas. furvae: a transferred epithet. 
 Cf. Propert. 5. 11. 5, fuscae deus audiat aulae. regna: cf. 3. 4. 
 46. PrSserpinae: so Sen. Here. Fur. 549, vidisti Siculae regna 
 Proserpinae. Elsewhere Proserpina. Cf. 1. 28. 20. 
 
 22. For Aeacus (son of Zeus and Aegina and Eponym of the 
 Aeacidae) as judge of the dead, cf. Plato, Gorg. 524 A. 
 
 23. discriptas: appointed, allotted; others prefer discretas, 
 the blest seclusion of the good. Cf. Verg. Aen. 8. 670, secretosque 
 pios. In the following picture of the world below, Horace blends 
 suggestions from many passages in Greek literature from Pindar 
 and Plato (Apol. 41) down. 
 
 24. Aeoliis : the dialect of Lesbos. querentem : Sappho, fr. 
 41, and Swinburne's Sappho, 'singing | Songs that move the heart 
 of the shaken heaven, | Songs that break the heart of the earth 
 with pity, | Hearing to hear them.' 
 
 25. Sappho : Greek accus. 
 
 25-28. Cf. Ronsard, ' De 1'election de son Sepulchre ; | La 1& 
 j'oirray d'Alcee | La lyre courroucee, | Et Sapphon qui sur tous | 
 Sonne plus doux.' 
 
 26. aonantem: so Ovid (?), Heroid. 15. 30, quamvis grandius 
 ille sonet.
 
 BOOK II., ODE XIII. 275 
 
 26-27. atireo . . . plectro : Find. Nem. 5. 24, xP vff *V v\d^rpai ; 
 Quintil. 10. 1. 63, Alcaeus in parte operis aureo plectro merito dona- 
 tur. Cf. on 1. 26. 11, and for Alcaeus, 1. 32. 5. n. 
 
 28. fugae: exile; but Herod. 5. 95 mentions his flight from 
 battle. 
 
 29. silentio : cf. Milton's ' Worthy of sacred silence to be 
 heard.' Cf. 3. 1. 2. 
 
 30. dicere : the infinitive of direct perception, for which the 
 participle is more usual. magis : the multitude prefers the 
 themes of Alcaeus, his invective against the tyrants in his trra- 
 
 fflUTtKO.. 
 
 31. exactos : cf. on 2. 4. 10. 
 
 32. densum : cf. spissa ramis, 2. 15. 9 ; spissae . . . coronae 
 ('ring'), A. P. 381 ; Tenn. Morte D' Arthur, 'That all the decks 
 were dense with stately forms.' umeris : cf. ' a press | Of snowy 
 shoulders thick as herded ewes '(Tenn. Prin.). bibit: cf. Propert. 
 4. 5. 8, suspenses auribus ista bibam; Ov. Trist. 3. 5. 14; and 
 Rosalind's ' I prythee take the cork out of thy mouth that I may 
 drink thy tidings' ; Othello, 1. 3, ' with a greedy ear | Devour up 
 my discourse ' ; Verg. Aen. 4. 359. 
 
 33. stupens : spell-bound. 
 
 34. demittit : droops, cf. xa*<*|a'* of the plumage of the eagle 
 (Pindar, Pyth. 1. 6). centiceps: Cerberus has three heads gen- 
 erally, fifty in Hesiod, one hundred in Pindar. Possibly Horace is 
 thinking of the hundred snakes that enwreathe his head, 3. 11. 17. 
 
 35-36. intorti . . . angues: cf. Aeschyl. Choeph. 1048; Catull. 
 64. 193 ; Verg. Georg. 4. 481, quin ipsae stupuere domus atque intima 
 Lett | Tartara caeruleosque implexae crinibus anguis \ Eumenides, 
 tenuitque inhians tria Cerberus ora; Pope, Ode on St. Cecilia's 
 Day, IV., 'But hark ! he strikes the golden lyre ; j And see ! the 
 tortured ghosts respire ! | See shady forms advance ! | Thy stone, 
 O Sisyphus, stands still, | Ixion rests upon his wheel, | And the 
 pale spectres dance. | The Furies sink upon their iron beds, | And 
 snakes uncurled hang listening round their heads ' ; Dryden, ' Hear 
 ye sullen powers below,' ' Music for a while | Shall your cares 
 beguile | . . . Till Alecto free the dead | From their eternal 
 bands ; | Till the snakes drop from her head, | And whip from out 
 her hands' ; Green: Dyce, Vol. II., p. 237.
 
 276 NOTES. 
 
 37. quin et : cf. 1. 10. 13; 3. 11. 21. Prometheus : Horace 
 here as 2. 18. 35; Epode 17. 67 represents Prometheus as de- 
 tained in Tartarus, contrary to all other versions of the myth. 
 Felopis parens: cf. 1. 28. 7; Epode 17. 65; Ody. 11. 582; 
 Sat. 1. 1. 68. 
 
 38. laborem decipitur: apparently a passive of decipere, fallere 
 laborem. Many read laborum, beguiled out of, away from, K\fTrre- 
 T0(. Cf. on 2. 9. 17. 
 
 39. curat : cf. Verg. Aen. 6. 654, quae euro, nitentes | pascere 
 equos, eadem sequitur tellure repostos. Orion: the Greek Nim- 
 rod. In Ody. 11. 573 he hunts over the meadow of Asphodel the 
 shades of the beasts he slew in the upper world. 
 
 40. lyncas : cf. 4. 6. 34. 
 
 ODE XIV. 
 
 ' For of all gods death only loves not gifts ; | Nor with burnt offer- 
 ing nor blood sacrifice | Shalt thou do aught to get thee grace of 
 him ; | He will have naught of altar and altar-song, | And from him 
 only of all the lords in 'heaven | Persuasion turns a sweet averted 
 mouth' (Swinb. after Aesch., fr. Niobe). 
 
 In vain we shun the battlefield, the storm-tossed Adriatic, and 
 the fever-laden autumn breeze. ' Cocytos named of lamentation 
 loud ' we all shall see at last. One day thou must bid farewell to 
 earth and the wife so dear, and of all the trees whose growth thou 
 watchest, only the ' Cypress funeral,' shall go with thee to the 
 grave. Then shall the 'hard heir stride about thy lands,' and the 
 spilth of thy hoarded Caecuban stain thy marble floors. 
 
 Postumus is unknown : perhaps merely typical. Cf. Martial, 
 2. 23, non dicam, licet usque me rogetis, quis sit Postumus in meo 
 libello ; Juv. Sat. 6. 28, uxorem, Postume, duds; Pro pert. 4. 11, 
 is addressed to a Postumus. 
 
 This ode with 4. 7 is Horace's consummate expression of the 
 eternal commonplace of death. Cf. 1. 4. 13; 1. 9. 17 ; 1. 11. 7 ; 
 1. 24. 15 ; 1. 28. 15 ; 2. 3. 5 ; 2. 3. 20 ; 2. 13. 20 ; 2. 18. 31 ; 3. 24. 
 8 ; 4. 7 ; 4. 12. 26 ; 3. 2. 15. 
 
 Students may choose between the admiration of Matthew Arnold, 
 who shortly before his death selected this as one of his tw favorite 
 poems, and the censure of Buecheler (Rhein. Mas. N. F. 37, p. 234),
 
 BOOK II., ODE XIV. 277 
 
 who thinks it is proved a youthful effort by ' den krass mythologi- 
 schen Ton, die breiten griechischen Reminiscenzen, die Neigung 
 zum Hyperbolischen, einige Sprachliche Harten oder Verwe- 
 genheiten ' (inlacrimabilis, enaviganda, carebimus, merum potius 
 cents). One would like to hear his opinion of Gray's Elegy. 
 
 There is a translation by Edwin Arnold. Imitated by Congreve, 
 Johnson's Poets, 10. 278, and by Sir Wm. Jones, ibid. 18. 445. 
 Cf., also, Austin Uobson's amusing skit, 'Ah ! Postumus, we all 
 must go'; Villon's, 'mort, j'appelle de ta rigueur' ; Herrick, 
 337. 1-2, ' Ah Posthumus ! our yeares hence flye, | And leave no 
 sound ; nor piety, | Or prayers or vow | Can keepe the wrinkle from 
 the brow : | But we must on,' etc. ; Locker, To My Old Friend 
 Postumus, ' Ay, all too vainly are we screen'd | From peril day and 
 night ; | Those awful rapids must be shot, | Our shallop will be 
 slight,' etc. 
 
 1. Postume, Postume : emotional repetition. Cf. on 3. 3. 18 ; 
 4. 4. 70. 
 
 2. labuntur : Ov. Fast. 6. 771, tempora labuntur tacitisque 
 senescimus annis. ' Le temps s'en va, le temps s'en va, ma dame 1 
 Las! le temps non ; mais nous, nous en allons.' The 'gliding' 
 and the flight of time do not make a mixed metaphor 'my days 
 are gliding swiftly by | And I ... would not detain them as 
 they fly !' pietas, etc. : cf. on 1. 24. IV; 4. 7. 24^ Omar Khay- \ 
 yam, 71, 'The moving finger writes ; and having writ, | Moves on : 
 nor all your Piety nor Wit | Shall lure it back to cancel half a 
 Line, | Nor all your Tears wash out a Word of it.' 
 
 3. instant! : cf. on 3. 3. 3; Mimnermus, 5. 6, r%>ar . . . virtpitpf- 
 nerai ; Sen. Praef. Q. Nat. L. 3, premit a tergo (premat ergo ?} 
 senectus; Hamlet, 5. 1, 'But age, with his stealing steps, | Hath 
 caught me in his clutch.' 
 
 4. indomitae : i.e. indomabili. Cf. 1. 24. 7, incorrupta; the 
 ending -bilis is avoided. 'ASa/xaen-os (II. 9. 158), &\\UTTOS (Anth. 
 Pal. 7. 643) ; inexorable, the Conqueror Death. Cf. nemo potest 
 impetrare a Papa bullam numquam moriendi (Imitat. Christi). 
 
 5. The meaning is three hecatombs a day. We need hot apply 
 mathematics to the hyperbole. eunt : 4. 5. 7 ; Epp. 2. 2. 55, 
 anni . . . euntes.
 
 278 NOTES. 
 
 6. amice : 2. 9. 5. places : conative. inlacrimabilem . 
 active; 4. 9. 26 passive. Cf. aSaxpuros, flebilis, 4. 2. 21 and 
 1. 24. 9; tutela, 4. 14. 43 and 4. 6. 33. For thought, cf. Milt. 
 II Pens., 'drew iron tears down Pluto's cheek;' Sen. Here. Fur. 
 582, deflent et lacrimis dijficiles dei. 
 
 I. ter amplum : Tpurt&naTov (Eur. Here. Fur. 423); Lucret. 5. 
 28, tripectora tergemini vis Geryonai ; Verg. 6. 289, forma tricor- 
 poris umbrae. 
 
 8. Geryonen : see Lex. and Verg. Aen. 8. 201 sqq. Heywood, 
 Love's Mistress, ' Wert thou more strong than Spanish Geryon | 
 That had three heads upon one man.' Tityon : cf. 3. 4. 77; 
 3. 11. 21 ; 4. 6. 2 ; Odyss. 11. 576 ; Verg. Aen. 6. 595 sqq. ; Tibull. 
 
 1. 3. 75, porrectusque novem Tityos per iugera terrae. They were 
 big and burly, but death was stronger. Lucret. 3. 1030 sqq. points 
 a similar moral with Xerxes, the Scipios, and Homer. tristi : 
 Verg. G. 4. 479, inamabilis unda. 
 
 9. compescit : Verg. G. 4. 480, navies Styx interfvsa coercet ; 
 Lucan, 9. 2, nee cinis exiguus tantam compescuit umbram. 
 unda : 2. 20. 8. scilicet : the wave which must in very deed. 
 omnibus : 3. 1. 16 ; 1. 28. 15 ; 2. 3. 25. 
 
 10. munere : the bounty of (mother) earth. Cf. II. 6. 142 ; 
 Simon, f r. 5 ; ' The gods do not eat grain nor drink the ruddy wine, 
 wherefore also they are immortal,' says Homer. For idea in 
 munus, cf . Comus, ' Wherefore did Nature pour her bounties forth | 
 With such a full and unwithdrawing hand ? ' 
 
 II. enaviganda : an Horatian innovation e, to the further 
 shore. 
 
 11-12. sive . . . sive: 2. 3. 5, 6. 
 
 11. reges : lords of lands, lords and masters, not necessarily 
 kings. (Cf. 1.4. 14; Juv. Sat. 1. 135; 7. 45.) Contrasted with 
 coloni, tenant farmers (1. 35. 6). Cf. 2. 18. 33-4. 
 
 13. frustra : cf. 2. 13. 13 sqq. carebimus : cf. on 2. 1. 36; 
 
 2. 10. 7. 
 
 14. fractis : 'the breaking waves dashed high.' rauci : cf. 
 Arnold, 'saw the hoarse boughs labor in the wind.' 'Hoarse 
 torrent. ' 
 
 15. autumnos : still dangerous at Rome, 3. 23. 8 ; Sat. 2. 6. 19 ; 
 Epp. 1. 7. 5 sqq. ; 1. 16. 16.
 
 BOOK II., ODE XIV. 279 
 
 16. corporibus : with both nocentem and metuemus. au- 
 strum : the Sirocco from the Sahara. Cf. Shelley's ' wind-walking 
 pestilence.' 
 
 17. ater: cf. on 2. 3. 16; 2. 13. 34; 1. 28. 13; 4. 12. 26. 
 flumiiie, etc. : meandering with sluggish flow. Cf. Verg. G. 4. 
 478 ; Aen. 6. 131. Find. fr. 107, 0\nxp3i . . . irora/xoi. 
 
 18. Danai genus : cf. on 3. 11. 23 sqq. 
 
 19. longi : gen. of the sentence. G. L. 378. 3. For the word, 
 cf. on 3. 11. 38 ; 2. 16. 30. Eccles. 12. 5, ' Man goeth to his long 
 home.' 
 
 20. Sisyphus: Epode 17. 68. The crafty king of Corinth. 
 Odyss. 11. 593 sqq. ; F. Q. 1. 5. 35, 'And Sisyphus an huge round 
 stone did reel | Against an hill, ne might from labor lin ' ; Long- 
 fellow, Masque of Pandora, chorus of Eumenides ; Pseudo-Plat. 
 Axiochus,371 E. Variously moralized, Lucret. 3. 995 sqq. ; Morris, 
 Epic of Hades ; Ruskin, Queen of Air, 29. Aeolides : II. 6. 154. 
 
 21. liuquenda tellus : cf. the exquisite dirge in Lucret. 3. 894 
 sqq. ; the Earth Song in Hamatreya, Emerson. Nero, 4, 7, 
 ' Hither you must and leave your purchased houses, | Your new- 
 made garden and your black-browed wife : | And of the trees 
 thou hast so quaintly set | No one but the displeasant Cypress 
 shall | Go with thee.' Gray, ' Left the warm precincts of the cheer- 
 ful day.' placens. 3. 7. 24 ; Ov. A. A. 1. 42, elige cui dicas l tu 
 mihi sola places. 1 
 
 22. colis : Petronius about to end his life changed the position 
 of his funeral pyre that it might not injure a favorite tree (Tac. 
 Ann. 11. 3). 
 
 23. invisas: by association with death (1. 34. 10). Cf. Verg. 
 Aen. 6. 216 ; Epode 5. 18 ; Lucan, 3. 442 ; Ov. Met. 10. 141 ; F. Q. 
 1.1.8; Browning, Up in a Villa, ' Except yon Cypress that points 
 like death's lean lifted forefinger.' ' They brought a bier and hung 
 it | With many a Cypress crown ' (Macaulay, Virginia). 
 
 24. brevem : 6\iyoxpviov, Lucian, Nigr. 33. Cf. 1. 36. 16 ; 1. 4. 
 15; 2. 3. 13; Macbeth, 5. 5, 'Out, out, brief candle'; Shelley, 
 Liberty, 19, ' As a brief insect dies with dying day' ; Tenn. 'Our 
 brief humanities.' Man is ' sick for the stubborn hardihood ' of the 
 tree that outlives him. See Tenn. In Mem. 2. 
 
 25. absumet : cf. Epp. 1. 15. 27. heres : Ecclesiastes 2. 18,
 
 280 NOTES. 
 
 ' Yea, I hated all my labor which I had taken under the sun : be- 
 cause I should leave it unto the man that shall be after me.' For 
 the perpetual moral of the 'heir,' cf. on 4. 7. 19 ; 3. 24. 62 ; 2. 3. 
 20 ; Epp. 1. 5. 13 ; 2. 2. 175 ; 2. 2. 191 ; Pers. Sat. 6. 60-65. - 
 dignior : ironically pointing the Epicurean moral he knows the 
 use of wealth. Cf. 3. 24. 61. n. 
 
 26. centum : so 2. 16. 33 ; 3. 8. 14. 
 
 27. tinguet: Timon of Ath. 2. 2, 'when our vaults have wept| 
 With drunken spilth of wine ' ; Cic. Phil. 2. 105, natabant pavi- 
 menta vino madebant parietcs ; Petron. 38. superbo : we speak 
 of a generous liquor ; but it is conceivably an hypallage for super- 
 bus. The wine, too, outlasts the man. Hortensius left 10,000 
 casks of Chian in his cellars. Cf. Petron. 34, complosit Tri- 
 malchio manus et ' eheu ' inquit ' ergo diutius vivit vinurn quam 
 homuncio.' 1 
 
 28. pontificum : their banquets proverbially splendid, 1. 37. 2 ; 
 Martial, 12. 48. 12. potiore cents: comparatio compendiaria. 
 Cf. 2. 6. 14 ; II. 17. 51, 'Locks like the Graces.' 
 
 ODE XV. 
 
 One of those diatribes against luxury which were a standing 
 commonplace in the rhetorical literature of the Romans. Cf . Odes 
 3. 6 ; Sail. Cat. 12. 13 and 20; Petron. Sat. 119 ; Manilius, 5. 374; 
 Gratius Cyneget. 312 sqq. ; Lucan, 1. 170 ; Tac. Ann. 3. 53 ; 
 Martial, 3. 47. 58 ; Sen. Contr. 5. 5. 
 
 It was a cherished object of Augustus' policy to foster Italian 
 agriculture, ruined by latifundia, slave labor, the decay of the 
 peasantry, and the competition of Sicily and Africa. Cf. Vergil's 
 complaint, squalent abditctis arva colonis (G. 1. 507), and his allur- 
 ing picture of the delights of the farmer's life (ibid. 2. 457-510). 
 Horace is less successful in this perfunctory, impersonal ode ; 
 but he can do better. Cf. 3. 1-6. 
 
 Palaces and fish ponds, useless shade trees, and flowery parterres 
 are displacing the vine and olive. Our fathers roofed their homes 
 with turf and built their temples of marble. But we have changed 
 all that.
 
 BOOK II., ODE XV. 281 
 
 1. iam : soon. Cf. 1:4. 16. regiae: regales, royal. 
 
 2. moles : piles. Cf . 3. 29. 10 ; The Deserted Village, ' Along 
 the lawn where scattered hamlets rose | Unwieldy wealth and 
 cumbrous pomp repose.' 
 
 3. visentur : cf. 1. 37. 25 ; will meet the gaze, visere is often 
 more convenient metrically than vldere. 
 
 4. stagna: fish ponds, piscinae. Horace says they are larger 
 than the Lucrine Lake (near Baiae) connected with Lake Avernus 
 and converted into an artificial harbor, the Portus Julius, by Agrippa. 
 Cf. A. P. 63. So Sen. Controv. 5. 5, naviyabilium piscinarnm freta. 
 Cicero (ad Att. 1. 19. 6) uses piscinarios as a nickname for the 
 degenerate nobles. platanus: 2. 11. 13; it was a shade tree, 
 d,u<piAa4>T?s. Tennyson's ' broad-leaved platan.' Cf. Nux Elegeia, 
 17, at postquam platanis sterilem praebentibus umbram \ uberior 
 quavis arbore venit honos. Quintus Hortensius was said to water 
 a favorite plane-tree with wine. caelebs : as contrasted with the 
 ulmi maritatae, the ' vine-prop elm ' (Epode 2. 10). Cf. on 4. 5. 30, 
 and Martial, 3. 58. 3, vidua; Ov. Met. 10. 92, 95, 100; Quintil. 
 8.3. 8, sterilem piatanum . . . maritam ulmum. Cf. 2. 11. 13. 
 
 5-8. Cambridge's version of this strophe (Johns. Poets, 18. 244) 
 is a curiosity of literature : ' Now flowers disposed in various 
 groups [ Dislodge those honors of your soups, | The tasteful rich 
 legumes.' 
 
 6. copia narium : store of (all that delights) the nostrils. Cf. 
 Aelian's o^OaAju&ic iravfiyupts and his avOtcav . . . fls toprriv tyews 
 (V. H. 13. 1); Wordsworth's 'cups the darlings of the eye'; 
 Milton's ' Flora's earliest smells ' and his ' flowers that open now 
 their choicest-bosomed smells kept for thee in store ' ; Juvenal, 
 gustits elemcnta (11. 14). 
 
 7. olivetis : abl. of place, or possibly personifying dative. Cf. 
 3. 18. 14. The meaning perhaps is not that the trees are destroyed, 
 but that the interspaces are sown with flowers and not with useful 
 crops. 
 
 9. spissa ramis : cf. densum humeris (2. 13. 32); umbrae 
 enormes . . . lauris (Pliny). laurea : (arbor) = laurus. 
 
 10. ictus : the strokes, arrows, darts of the sun. Cf . Lucretius' 
 lucida tela din; Bo\a1s i)\lov (Eurip. Phoen. 169). 
 
 11. praescriptum : sc. est. intonsi: cf. on 1. 12. 41; Tibull.
 
 282 NOTES. 
 
 2. 1. 34, intonsis . . . avis. Catonis: the elder Cato the Censor, 
 the type of old Roman austerity. Cf. 3. 21. 11. 
 
 12. auspiciis: i.e. example; lit. chief command, guidance. 
 13-14. Now it is just the reverse. Sail. Cat. 52, publice egesta- 
 
 tem, privatim opulentiam. 
 
 13. census: see Lex. brevis: i.e. the inventory is short. 
 Cf. exiguus (Epist. 1. 1. 43); tennis (Epist. 1. 7. 56). 
 
 14-16. No colonnade measured with ten-foot rods wooed (took, 
 lay in wait for, 3. 12. 12) the cool (shady) north (ern breeze) for 
 private (citizens') pleasaunce. Or privatis may be construed with 
 decempedis. Cf. Verg. Eel. 1. 52, frigus captabis opacum ; Juv. 7. 
 183, et algentem rapiat cenatio solem. For similar complaints and 
 contrasts, cf. Demosth. Olyn. 3. 25 ; Cic. pro Flacco, 28, pro Mu- 
 rena, 76, odit populus Romanus privatam luxuriam, publicam 
 magnijicentiam diligit. 
 
 17. fortuitum : the first that came to hand, die erste bests, 
 wporux^v (Find. Pyth. 4. 35). caespitem : cf. Verg. Eel. 1.68, 
 congestum caespite culmen; or perhaps the reference is to altars. 
 Cf. on 1. 19. 13 ; Tibull. 2. 5. 100, caespitibus mensas caespiti- 
 busque torum. 
 
 18. leges : Horace could hardly have cited chapter and verse. 
 
 19. iubentes : the laws which bade. 
 
 20. novo: 3.1.45. Possibly fresh-hewn ; more probably of the 
 marble, new and strange then, but familiar to modern luxury. 
 Cf. on 2. 18. 3. Possibly a compliment to Augustus, the restorer of 
 temples. Cf. on 3. 6. 2 ; ' " Brickwork I found thee and marble I 
 left thee," their emperor vaunted ; | " Marble I thought thee, and 
 brickwork I find thee!" the tourist may answer' (Clough); cf. 
 Suet. Aug. 28. 
 
 ODE XVI. 
 
 Peace is the prayer of the storm-tossed sailor and of the Thracian 
 mad with battle peace whose price is above purple and fine gold. 
 For the consul's lictor cannot dispel the mob of passions that beset 
 the soul. He only lives well who has 'the art to live on little with 
 a cheerful heart.' Vainly we strive to forget 'in action's dizzying 
 eddy whirled, the something that infects the world.' We cannot 
 escape ourselves nor the cares that pursue us swifter than the east
 
 BOOK II., ODE XVI. 283 
 
 wind. When happy, borrow no troubles of to-morrow, and temper 
 adversity with slow, patient smile. There is a law of compensa- 
 tion. Achilles had glory and an early death. Long-lived Titho- 
 nus withered slowly in the arms of Aurora. A hundred herds 
 low for thee, me fate hath dowered with my Sabine farm, a 
 breath of the inspiration of the Greek, and the poet's scorn of 
 scorn. 
 
 Translated by Otway, Cowper, Hamilton, Johnson's Poets, 15. 
 638, imitated by Jenyns, ibid. 17. 607, and Hughes, 10. 28. 
 
 Poinpeius Grosphus is known only from Epistle 1. 12. 22-24, a 
 letter of introduction to the Iccius of Odes, 1. 29. 
 
 There was fighting in Thrace about B.C. 30. A plausible date for 
 the ode is 29 or 28. 
 
 1. otium : the Roman world was very tired and ready to accept 
 arapa^ia as the chief good in life and politics. Seneca says of 
 Augustus, de Brev. Vit. 5, omnis eius sermo ad hoc semper revolutus 
 est ut speraret otium. l Deus nobis haec otia fecit,' 1 says the 
 Vergilian shepherd of the firm ruler, qui cuncta discordiis civilibus 
 fessa nomine principis sub imperium accepit ; Tac. Ann. 1.1. Cf. 
 Renan, First Hibbert Lecture, Introd. Pax was the sailor's word. 
 Cf. Plaut. Trinum. 837 ; Lucret. 5. 1229, non divum pacem votis adit 
 ac prece quaesit \ ventorum pauidus paces animasque secundas ? 
 patent! : alto, the open. 
 
 2. prensus: i.e. deprensus. Cf. Verg. G. 4. 421 ; Lucret. 6. 429 ; 
 Catull. 25. 13, deprensa navis in man vesaniente vento. 
 
 3. condidit : so Verg. Aen. 6. 271, ubi caelum condidit umbra. 
 certa: cf. Tibull. 1. 9. 10, ducunt instabiles sidera certa rates. 
 Milton, Comus, ' Unmuffle, ye faint stars ' ; Tenn. Choric Song, 
 'Eyes grown dim with gazing on the pilot stars.' 
 
 5. bello furiosa : apfi/j.avijs, Sopi^vfis. Thrace was Mavortia 
 terra (Verg. Aen. 3. 13). Cf. Gray, Progress of Poesy, 'On 
 Thracia's hills the Lord of War | Has curb'd the fury of his car.' 
 
 6. pharetra : cf. 3. 4. 35, pharetratus. decori : 3. 14. 7. 
 7-8. venale : cf. 3. 14. 2, and for meter, 1. 2. 19. 
 
 ft. nee : is read for neque to remove the only case of elision in 
 the Adonic verse. 
 
 9-12. A favorite moral of Latin poetry. Cf. Munro on Lucret. 
 2. 25-50 ; Lucan, 4. 378 ; Sellar, p. 165.
 
 284 NOTES. 
 
 10. summovet: technical of clearing a path through a mob. 
 tumultus : the mob of passions ; mentis is emphatic. 
 
 11. laqueata : 2. 18. 2, paneled. 
 
 12. volaiites : like bats or obscene birds. Cf. Theog. 729, for 
 wings of care. 
 
 13. vivitur: passive (cf. the vivere parvo of Sat. 2. 2. 1), ab eo 
 vivitur cui. Cf. Juv. 8-9, coram Le.pidis male vivitur. parvo : 
 cf. Lucret. 5. 1118; Cic. de Fin. 2. 28 ; Lucan, 4. 377 ; Claud, in 
 Rufin. 1. 215; Tibull. 1. 1. 25, contentus vivere parvo. 
 
 14. salinum : almost proverbial. Cf. Pers. 3. 25, purum et sine 
 labe salinum; Valer. Max. 4. 4. 3 ; Sen. de Tranq. An. 1. The 
 family salt-cellar brightly polished is the one piece of silver on 
 the frugal board of the man who knows, ' What and how great the 
 virtue and the art | To live on little with a cheerful heart ' (Pope). 
 splendet : cf. Epist. 1. 5. 23. tenui : cf. Epist. 1. 20. 20 ; Herrick 
 337. 7, ' If we can meet, and so conferre, | Both by a shining salt- 
 seller.' 
 
 16. leves somnos: 2. 11. 8, facilem ; 3. 1. 22, lenis; Gray, 
 Ode on Eton College, ' The slumbers light that fly the approach of 
 morn.' cupido : always masc. in Horace. 
 
 17. For sentiment, cf. Find. Nem. 11. 43; Bion. Idyll. 7. 8; 
 Eurip. Bacchae, 395 ; Arnold, A Southern Night, ' We who pur- 
 sue | Our business with unslackening stride, . . . and see all 
 sights from pole to pole, | And glance, and nod, and bustle by ;| 
 And never once possess our soul | Before we die.' brevi fortes : 
 cf. on 1. 6. 9 ; but aevo goes with iaculamur. iaculamur : aim 
 at, attempt. So ro^fvdv. 
 
 19. sole cf. Verg. G. 2. 513, atque alio quaerunt patriam sub 
 sole iacentem. Tenn. The Brook, ' Katie walks | Far off and holds 
 her head to other stars. ' mutamus: sc. patria; cf. on 1.17.2. 
 For moralizing on vain restlessness of travel, cf. Sen. de Tranq. 
 An. 2; Emerson. Patriae: cf. Ovid Met. 9. 409, exul mentisque 
 domusque, and Milton's 'Heaven's fugitives.' Theoc. 24. 127, 
 (f>vyas Apyeos. 
 
 20. ae quoque: cf. Epist. 1. 11. 27, caelum non animum mu- 
 tant qui trans mare currunt. Sat. 2. 7. 112-110 ; Lucret. 3. lOtiO- 
 1070 ; Sen. Dial. 9. 2. 14, sequitur se ipse et urget gravissimus 
 comes. Epist. 28, tecum fuyis. Milton, ' nor from hell | One step
 
 BOOK II., ODE XVI. 285 
 
 no more than from himself can fly | By change of place.' Byron, 
 To Inez, ' What exile from himself can flee ? ' Emerson, Self- 
 Keliance, ' I pack my trunk . . . and at last wake up in Naples, 
 and there beside me is the stern fact, the sad self, unrelenting, 
 identical, that I fled from.' fugit : gnomic. 
 
 21-22. Cf. 3. 1. 39; Lucret. 2. 48 sqq. vitiosa : corking, fell ; 
 strictly, morbid; cf. Epist. 1. 1. 85, vitiosa libido. nee . . . 
 relinquit: i.e. ke.eps up with. 
 
 23. Cf. Sen. Phaedra, 745, odor nubes glomerante Coro. Odor 
 Euro, etc. Proverbial. Cf. Otto, p. 366 ; Burger, Lied vom braven 
 Mamie, ' Die Wolken flogen vor ihm her, | Wie wann der Wolf die 
 Herde scheucht.' 
 
 25. laetus in praesens is, as it were, the condition of oderit, 
 an emphatic nolit. Cf . 3. 8. 27. quod ultra eat, TO. xdppw, 
 futura. 
 
 26. lento: cf. lenteferre, etc., pladd, quiet. 
 
 27-28. The commonplace of Emerson's Essay on Compensation, 
 to be illustrated in 29 sqq. ab omni parti : cf. Quintil. 1. 2. 15, 
 nam quid fere undique placet ? Bacchyl. 5. 54. 
 
 29. clarum cita : Achilles says, II. 9. 412, ' If I abide here 
 . . . then my returning home is taken from me, but my fame shall 
 be imperishable.' Cf. II. 1. 505, wKu/moptaTarov &\\a>v. 
 
 30. Tithonum : cf. 1. 28. 8 ; Mimnermus, fr. 4 ; Horn. Hymn 
 in Ven. 220. As type of old age, Aristoph. Acharn. 688 ; Otto, 
 p. 349. minuit : cf. Tenn. Tithonus, ' I wither slowly in thine 
 arms.' Gray, 'slow-consuming age.' But longa here = unending, 
 as 3. 11. 38; 2. 14. 19. 
 
 31. et: and so. 
 
 32. porriget: half personifies the glad hour (iro\vyr)9ijs, 11.21. 
 450) ' that in a gracious hand appears to bear a gift for mortals 
 old or young.' Cf. on 3. 29. 48 and 3. 8. 27. 
 
 33-34. greges . . . vaccae : virtually a hendiadys. 
 
 34. tibi tollit hinnitum: picturesque periphrasis for est tibi. 
 Cf. 2. 15. 15. For elision at end of line, cf. 2. 2. 18. 
 
 35. equa: mares were preferred for racing. Cf. Find. Pyth. 
 2. 8 ; Verg. G. 1. 59 ; and if any one will try to write this strophe 
 with equns, he will find them metrically preferable. te : cf. 
 Martial, 2. 43. 3, Te Lacedaemonio velat toga lota Galaeso. bis :
 
 286 NOTES. 
 
 SiBoHpa. Cf. Epode 12. 21, muricibus Tyriis iteratae vellera lanae', 
 Epist. 2. 2. 181 ; Spenser, Vergil's Gnat, ' Ne cares he if the fleece 
 which him arrays | Be not twice steeped in Assyrian dye.' For the 
 murex, cf. Class. Diet, and 2. 18. 7. n. 
 
 37. parva rura : the Sabine farm. Cf . Bacchylides, fr. 28. 
 
 38. tenuem : as a term of literary criticism would mean ' re- 
 fined,' ' delicate ' (Epist. 2. 1. 225) ; but it seems to be used in 
 modest deprecation here. Cf. Burns, Epist. to James Smith, 
 ' The star that rules my luckless lot | Has fated me the russet 
 coat, | And damned my fortune to the groat; | But in requit, | 
 Has blest me wi' a random shot | O' countra wit.' 
 
 39. non mendax: cf. C. S. 25, vosque veraces cecinisse Parcae. 
 Persius, 5. 48, Parca tenax veri. Buecheler fancifully takes it 
 'rightly named,' because sparing (parca) of her gifts. 
 
 40. spernere : the scorn of scorn. He is invidia maior. 
 
 ODE XVII. 
 
 Maecenas, though a valetudinarian tormented by fever and 
 insomnia, clung desperately to life (Pliny, N. H. 7. 172 ; Seneca, 
 Epist. 101). Horace, toying with the astrological superstitions of 
 the age to which Augustus and Maecenas were devoted (Sueton. 
 Aug. 94 ; Dio. 52. 36), assures his friend that their horoscopes 
 coincide, and that it is the will of Heaven that they be not divided 
 in their death. The poet's prayer, ' that we may die the selfsame 
 day,' was, in substance, granted. He died B.C. 8, not long after 
 Maecenas, who in his last days wrote- to Augustus, Horatii Flacci 
 ut mei memor esto. The allusion to the fall of the tree (27, cf. 
 on 2. 13) makes it probable that the ode was written soon after 
 B.C. 30. 
 
 Cf. Tennyson's unfulfilled prayer (In Mem. 84): 'Thy spirit 
 should fail from off the globe | What time mine own might also 
 flee, | As linked with thine in love and fate.' 
 
 1. exanimas : so occidis saepe rogando (Epode 14. 5); Enicas 
 (Ter. And. 660); awoKrdvfiv (Eur. Hipp. 1064). Quintil. 8. 3. 32 
 seems to object to the word which is used by Cic. pro Mil. 93. Cf.
 
 BOOK ii., ODE xvn. 287 
 
 1 Carcasses exanimate ' (F. Q. 2. 12. 7); 'Be heir to those who are 
 now exanimate ' (Sonnets from Port. 33). 
 
 2. amicum : the Homeric <pi\oi> elvai their pleasure, their will. 
 
 3. 8bire: cf. 3. 29. 11. 
 
 4. decus: cf. 1. 1. 2. columen: cf. Tenn., 'the pillar of a 
 people's hope' ; the 'pillar apostles'; Ter. Phorm. 287, columen 
 vero familiae ; Catull. 64. 26 ; Homer's 'ipKos 'Axaitav ; Callinus, 20, 
 irvpyov ; Archil, fr. 17, Na|ou . . . xlovas ; Alcaeus, fr. 23; Theognis, 
 233 ; Pind. O. 2. 7 ; Eurip. Alcest. 311, etc. 
 
 5. partem : cf. 1. 3. 8 ; Tenn. In Mem. 85, ' I, the divided half 
 of such | A friendship as had master'd time ' ; Minuc. Felix, 1. 3, 
 crederes unam mentem duobusfuisse divisam ; Tickell on death of 
 Addison, ' Can I forget the dismal night that gave | My soul's best 
 part forever to the grave ? ' ; and Villon's ' Deux estions et n'avions 
 qu'ung coeur ; | S'il est mort, force est que devie.' rapit : 2. 13. 20. 
 
 6. maturior : premature,, untimely. Cf. 1. 2. 48, odor. vis: 
 2. 13. 20. 
 
 7. cams: sc. mihi ipsi. Cf. Epist. 1. 3. 29, si patriae volumus 
 si nobis vivere cari; Plato, Rep. 621 C, fifnv avroh <pi\oi, wrongly 
 rendered by Jowett, ' dear to one another.' aeque : i.e. as before. 
 So in Greek dfnoius. superstes: 3. 9. 12, Epode 1. 5, with both 
 cams and integer. 
 
 8. integer: because 'the divided half.' utramque : of both 
 of us. 
 
 9. ducet : not adducet, but dabit, faciet. Cf. Verg. Aen. 2. 466, 
 trahere ruiiiam. non ego : cf. on 2. 7. 26. But non here is gen- 
 erally taken with perfidum. 
 
 10. dixi sacramentum : the technical term for soldier's oath 
 (Caes. B.C. 1. 23). 
 
 11. Utcumque : cf. on 1. 17. 10. supremum : TV vearav 68bv 
 (Soph. Antig. 807). 
 
 12. carpere: Sat. 1. 5. 95, carpentes iter; Verg. Georg. 3. 142, 
 carpere prata fuga. 
 
 13. Chimaerae: 1. 27. 24; 4. 2. 16; Verg. Aen. 6. 288. 
 igneae : irvpTrvtovaav (Eurip. Ion, 203). Cf. 1. 17. 2; 3. 3. 10. 
 
 14. si resurgat : were he to rise up to confront me from under 
 the superincumbent mountains. Cf. 3. 4. 69-73. Gyas : the 
 spelling of the Mss. varies. Editors generally read rvijr, not
 
 288 NOTES. 
 
 in Hes. Theog. 149. Cf. 3. 4. 69, and Ov. Trist. 4. 7. 18, centi- 
 manumque Gyan. 
 15-16. sic ... placitum : cf. 1. 33. 10. 
 
 16. iustitiae : cf. 1. 24. 6. AI'KTJ and Elptfvri are sisters of the 
 Fates in lies. Theog. 902-904. But Horace is thinking also of 
 Themis and of Sophocles' VVOIKOS ruv Kdria OeS>v AIKTJ (Antig. 451). 
 
 17-22: whether Libra or the Scorpio, shape of fear, or Capri- 
 cornus, tyrant of the western wave, be the predominant aspect of 
 my natal hour, the stars of us twain consent in wondrous wise. 
 
 17. Scorpios : lighters were born under this sign (Manil. 4. 220). 
 For Libra, a propitious sign, cf. Manil. 4. 548. adspicit: the 
 influence is present through life. The astrologers seem to have 
 spoken technically of the stars aspecting each other at the birth ; 
 but the notion of the star looking down on the birth like a deity 
 was a natural development of this way of speaking. Cf. on 4. 3. 2. 
 
 18. pars violentior : it is not quite clear whether this means 
 simply 'as the predominant,' or more specifically 'as the malign' 
 which may be counteracted by the more auspicious stars, such as 
 Libra and Jupiter. 
 
 19. tyrannus : cf. 1. 3. 15. But here the reference is to the 
 assignment of particular constellations to particular quarters of 
 the globe. Cf. Manil. 4. 791, tu, Capricorne, regis quidquid sub 
 sole cadente \ expositum; Propert. 5. 1. 86. 
 
 21. nostrum : gen. plur. For caesura, cf. on 2. 12. 25. 
 
 22. consentit : cf . Persius' imitation, 5. 45, non eqnidem hoc 
 dubites amborum foedere certo \ consentire dies et ab uno sidere 
 duci Shaks. Hen. VI. 1. 1, 'the bad revolting stars | That have con- 
 sented unto Henry's death ' ; Herrick, Hesp. 106, ' stars consenting 
 with thy fate.' Hence, probably, Wordsworth's 'Twice seven 
 consenting years. 1 astrum : cf. Epist. 2. 2. 187, scit genius natale 
 comes qui temperat astrum. But Horace obviously does not take 
 it seriously. 
 
 23. tutelar of a deity. Cf. on 4. 14. 43; Tibull. 2. 5. 113. 
 Technically of a constellation (Manil. 2. 334 ; 4. 698 et passim). 
 Saturno : with both refulgens (cf. 1. 12. 28) and eripuit. Saturn 
 a malign star ; Propert. 5. 1. 84, et grave Saturni sidus in omne 
 caput. 
 
 24. volucris : with alas. Fati : death.
 
 BOOK II., ODE XVIH. 289 
 
 25. alas: cf. Sat. 2. 1. 58, sen Mors atris circumvolat alis; 
 Eurip. Alcest. 260, -n-Ttpwrbs "Aidas ; Schol. Ale. 843 ; Gratius, 
 Cyneg. 343 ; Byron, ' The angel of death spread his wings on the 
 blast ' ; Matthew Arnold, ' death's winnowing wings ' ; Lessing, 
 ' Wie die Alten den Tod gebildet.' 
 
 25-26. Cf. on 1. 20 ; Propert. 4. 9. 4, et manibus faustos ter 
 crepnere sonos. 
 
 26. crepuere : cf. on 1. 18. 6. 
 
 27. truncus: cf. on 2. 13. inlapus : cf. 'The swift illapse | 
 Of accident disastrous ' (Thomson, Summer). 
 
 28. sustulerat: cf. on 3. 16. 3. Faunus : cf. 1. 17. 2. In 
 3. 4. 27 it is the Muses, in 3. 8. 7 Liber, that saves the poet. 
 
 29. Mercurialium : cf. 1. 10 and 2. 7. 13. Horace playfully 
 wrests the word from its meaning of devotees of Mercury, god of 
 gain (Sat. 2. 3. 25). 
 
 30. reddere : cf. on 2. 7. 17. 
 
 32. nos humilem : for similar contrast, cf. 4. 2. 53 and Ov. 
 Trist. 1. 10. 43, nonfacit ad nostras hostia maior opes. 
 
 ODE XVIII. 
 
 Rape, congere, aufer, posside : relinquendum est. 
 
 Martial, 8.44. 9. 
 
 I have no marble halls and train of prosperous clients. I am 
 content with my kindly poetic vein and my dear little Sabine 
 estate. You, with one foot in the grave, continue to rear your 
 seaside villas and evict your pauper tenants. But there is one 
 ' who builds stronger than a mason, a shipwright, or a carpenter,' 
 the builder of the house of death. The impartial earth opens 
 for pauper and prince alike. 
 
 For the sentiments, cf. 1. 31. 2-6 ; 2. 16. 33-40 ; 3. 1. 40-47 ; 
 3. 16. 17-43 ; 3. 29. 9-16 ; Bacehylides, fr. 28 ; Verg. Georg. 2. 461 
 sqq. ; Tibull. 3. 3. 12 sqq. ; Propert. 4. 1. 49 sqq., etc. For free 
 imitation of lines, 1-8, see Crashaw, Description of a Religious 
 House, Ward's Poets, 2. 208. 
 
 1. ebur : of the eburnum and aureum lacnnar (cf. 2. 16. 11) 
 rather than of ivory tables. Cf. Propert. 4. 1. 50, nee camera 
 u
 
 290 NOTES. 
 
 auratas inter eburna trabes ; Bacchylides, fr. 27. 8, xP vffc i> 8> faffavn 
 re fj.ap/j.aipoicnt> olKoi ; Lucret. 2. 27, nee domus argento fidget auroque 
 renidet. 
 
 3-4. No architraves of bluish-white marble of Mt. Hymettus rest 
 on columns of Numidian giallo antico in my atrium. Cf. Martial, 
 5. 13. 5 ; 9. 75. 7-9. 
 
 3. Hymettiae : cf. ' Where with bright marbles big and future 
 pomp, | Hymettus spread, amid the scented sky, | His thy my treas- 
 ures to the labouring bee' (Thomson, Liberty). 
 
 5. Attali : cf. 1. 1. 12. 
 
 6. ignotus expresses the surprise of the windfall, occupavi the 
 greedy haste of the heir. 
 
 7. Laconicas : ' Vast heaps of the shells of the murex brandaris 
 in Cythera and on the neighboring Laconian coast . . . demonstrate 
 to this day the importance of the sea to Phoenician industry ' 
 (Holm, Hist, of Greece}. Cf. on 2. 16. 36 ; Aeschyl. Ag. 958 ; Juv. 
 8. 101, Spartana chlamys. 
 
 8. trahunt has been understood of trailing robes (l^a-ri(av f\fis, 
 <rvpfti>, traxitque per pulpita western, A. P. 215), and more simply 
 spin, lanam trahere. The meaning is, ' I am not so high that my 
 very clients are rich.' purpuras : cf. 3. 1. 42. 
 
 9. at : the other side of the medal. Cf. 3. 7. 22. 
 
 10. vena : probably a vein of ore. Cf. sine divite vena, Epist. 
 
 2. 3. 409. But the Roman poets also thought of vena aquae. Cf. 
 Ovid. Trist. 3. 14. 33 ; Auson. Mosella, 448, ast ego quanta met 
 dederit se vena liquoris. For benigna, cf. Tenn. Edwin Morris, 
 'But you can talk, yours is a kindly vein.' Cf. "Ercles' vein,' 
 etc. pauperemque dives: cf. on 1. 6. 9; Sellar, p. 176. The 
 Greeks rang the changes on the saying about the wise man going 
 to the doors of the rich. For me petit, cf. on 2. 20. 6. 
 
 12. amicum : Maecenas. Cf. nil amplius oro; Sat. 2. 6. 4. 
 
 14. satis beatus: cf. Catull. 23. 27; .Epode 1. 31; Odes, 
 
 3. 7. 3. uiiicis: cf. 3. 14. 5. Sabinis : sc. praediis. Cf. 3. 4. 22. 
 Cf. Martial, 4. 77, numquam divitias deos rogavi. 
 
 15. truditur: cf. onproterit, 4. 7. 9 ; urget, Epode 17. 25; sic 
 vita truditur, Petron. Sat. 45 ; Otto, p. 112. 
 
 16. And still (pergunt) the new moons only wax to wane. Cf. 
 
 4. 7. 7.
 
 BOOK II., ODE XVIH. 291 
 
 17. tu : cf. on 2. 9. 9. 
 
 17-18. secanda . . . locas : allot to be cut let the contract 
 for cutting (sc. to the redemptor, 3. 1. 35). The Romans affected 
 to regard as a reprehensible luxury the use of cut marble slabs for 
 paneling and wainscoting. Cf. Pliny, N. H. 36. 50. 
 
 20. Bais : a famous Campanian watering-place near Naples. 
 Cf. 3. 4. 24; Epist. 1. 1. 83. For villas built out into the water, 
 cf. 3. 1. 33-38 ; Martial, 10. 30 ; Hare's Days near Rome. obstre- 
 pentis : cf. 3. 30. 10. 
 
 20-2 1 . urges submovere : (cf . urgere opus) press on to push 
 out the shore line. 
 
 22. continent!: prob. abl. abs. Variously taken as the 'con- 
 fining,' the 'continuous,' and 'of the mainland.' Cf. Livy, 44. 28, 
 continenti litore; Marlowe, Tamburlaine, 1. 1. 1, 'Africa and Europe 
 bordering on your land, | And continent to your dominion.' 
 
 23. quid quod : nay more, a prosaic transition. Cf. on adde 
 quod, 2. 8. 17 ; 3. 1. 41 ; 3. 11. 21. usque : 'still.' Cf. 1. 17. 4. 
 
 24. revellis : a picturesquely strong moves. The sanctity of 
 landmarks in primitive times is well known. Cf. Proverbs 22. 10, 
 11, 'Remove not the old landmarks, and enter not into the field 
 of the fatherless ' ; Plato, Laws, 843 A. In Roman inscriptions 
 curses are invoked on those who disturb the landmark. Terminus 
 was a god. et ultra : so 4. 11. 29. 
 
 25. clieiitiuin : fraus innexa clienti was the most heinous of 
 crimes in Roman eyes. Patronus si clienti fraudem fecerit sacer 
 esto (Twelve Tables). 
 
 26. sails : cf. on revellis, supra. 
 26-28. A picture of an eviction. 
 
 27. in sinu : cf. Tac. Ann. 1. 40, incedebat . . . perfuga duds 
 uxor parmilum sinujilium gerens. 
 
 29-31. But no hall awaits the rich lord more surely than the 
 appointed bourne of greedy Orcus. Fine (fern. Epode 17. 36) is a 
 virtual synonym of aula which could not well be repeated, with 
 the further implication that ' the vasty hall of death ' (cf. 3. 11. 16 ; 
 Eurip. Alcest. 259) is our final home, mors ultima linea rerum est, 
 Epist. 1. 16. 79 ; 0Wrojo TeAeu-Hj. It is quite unnecessary to con- 
 strue destinata with aula, or with aula understood, and to inter- 
 pret fine ' by the limit set by ' or ' in the confines of.' For the
 
 292 NOTES. 
 
 thought, cf . Butler, ' Our noblest piles and stateliest rooms | Are 
 but outhouses to our tombs ' ; Longfellow, ' For thee was a house 
 built | Ere thou wast born.' 
 
 30. rapacis : Tibull. 1. 3. 4 ; Catull. 3. 13, malae tenebrae \ 
 Orci quae omnia bella devoratis ; Callim. Ep. 2, ap-n-axrrip. 
 
 32. ultra: cf. 3. 29. 31, 'beyond the finis orci' ; beyond the 
 little that life requires ; more generally, why strive to ' pass beyond 
 the goal of ordinance ? ' aequa : cf. on 1. 4. 13. 
 
 33. recluditur: 1. 24. 17. n. 
 
 34. pueris . the resolution que pue in lyric iambics has been 
 questioned. Dogmatism is out of place. satelles : 3. 16. 9, 
 Charon. The force of nee, is felt with auro cap/us as well as with 
 revexit. Cf. Epist. 2. 2. 178, si metit Orcus \ grandia cum parvis 
 non exorabilis auro ; Theog. 727-728. 
 
 35. Promethea ; cf. on 1. 16. 13; 2. 13. 37. callidum: 
 
 JTOIKlAofJ.'/ITril'. 
 
 36. hie is Orcus or Charon = death = Orcus. revexit: sc. 
 across 'the unpermitted ferry's flow.' 
 
 37-38. Tantali genus: Pelops, etc. Cf. 1. 28. 7; 1. 6. 8; 
 2. 14. 18, Danai genus. 
 
 38. coercet : cf. 2. 14. 9 ; Verg. Aen. 6. 439, noviens Styx inter- 
 fusa coercet. levare : the zeugma of non vocatus audit is soft- 
 ened by construing levare with audit = consents. functum : cf . 
 2. 9. 13; 4. 15. 29; Epist. 2. 1. 22, suisque temporibus defuncta ; 
 abs. Tac. Agric. 1, narraturo vitam defuncti hominis. 
 
 39. For sentiment, cf. Aeschyl. fr. 255 ; Soph. O. C. 1220 ; 
 Burns, 'Man was made to mourn': '0 Death, the poor man's 
 dearest friend ' ; Praed, The Chant of the Brazen Head : ' I think 
 poor beggars court St. Giles | Rich beggars court St. Stephen ; | 
 And Death looks down with nods and smiles, | And makes the 
 odds all even' ; F. Q. 2. 1. 59, ' "Palmer," quoth he, "death is 
 an equal doonr| To good and bad, the common inn of rest." ' 
 
 40. vocatus . . . audit: hearkens to the prayer. Cf. Shaks., 
 'hearkens my brother's suit.'
 
 BOOK II., ODE XIX. 293 
 
 ODE XIX. 
 
 Horace pretends to have caught sight of Bacchus and his train 
 on the lonely hillside. He affects the poetic frenzy of the dithy- 
 ramb, and, with many allusions to Greek poetry and legend, 
 affirms his right and inspiration to sing the attributes and exploits 
 of the God of wine and song. 
 
 Cf. 3. 25 ; Ovid. Met. 4. 17 sqq.; Propert. 4. 16 ; Ovid. Trist. 5. 3 ; 
 and Fletcher's ' God Lyaeus ever young.' 
 
 1. remotis : cf. 2. 3. 6. Bacchus and his train haunted solitary 
 mountain tops. Cf. Soph. O. T. 1105, Antig. 1126; Dyer, Gods 
 in Greece, pp. 112, 113 ; Anacreon, 2. 
 
 2. docentem : even as Apollo teaches his choir the nine Muses. 
 Cf. Pater, Study of Dionysus, pp. 10-11. credite poster!: 
 Epode 9. \\,posteri negabitis. 
 
 3. nymphaa : his nurses and playmates in Greek poetry. Cf . 
 1. 1. 31 ; Soph. O. C. 678 ; Anacr. fr. 2. 
 
 4. capripedum : cf. Lucret. 4. 580, haec loca capripedes Satyros 
 nymphasque tenere \ finitimi fingunt ; Tenn. Lucretius, 'Catch her, 
 goatfoot.' Pan is rpay6irovs, Simon, fr. 133, and the attribute is 
 transferred by Roman poets from the Panisci to the Satyrs. Cf. 
 Pater, Study of Dionysus, pp. 9-10. acutas : perhaps 'pricked 
 up to. listen ' ; but cf. the question of the pointed ears in Haw- 
 thorne's Marble Faun. 
 
 5. euhoe: i.e. efiot Cf. 1. 18. 9, euhius; Juv. Sat. 7. 62, Satur 
 est cum dicit Horatius euoe; Shelley, Prom., ' Like Maenads who 
 cry loud euoe, euoe ' ; Verg. Aen. 7. 389, euoe Bacche fremens. 
 trepidat : with the excitement of the vision. Cf. II. 20. 131 ; 
 Verg. Aen. 4. 279 sqq. 
 
 6. pleno : cf. 3. 25. 2; Ovid. Fasti, 6. 537. turbidum: TI&O- 
 Xta^vov. Cf. on 2. 12. 14 ; 3. 27. 67. 
 
 7. parce : the enthusiast at once courted and dreaded the mad- 
 dening presence of the god. Cf. Catull. 63. 91-93 ; Verg. Aen. 6. 
 77 sqq. 
 
 8. metuende: cf. 1. 12. 23. thyrso: 'and our fingers must 
 beware of the thyrsus, tossed about so wantonly by himself and 
 his chorus. The pine-cone at its top does but cover a spear-point !
 
 294 NOTES. 
 
 and the thing is a weapon the sharp spear of the hunter Zagreus ' 
 (Pater, Greek Studies, p. 60). Cf. Eurip. Ion, 216. But gram 
 may refer to the madness caused by its touch. 
 
 9. fas: the vision brings authentic inspiration. Cf. Ov. Fasti, 
 6. 7, Fas mihi praecipue voltus vidisse deorum, etc. pervicaces : 
 untiring, persistent. Cf. 3. 3. 70 ; Epode 17. 14. Thyiadas : 
 from 0v<a, to rave, a synonym of Maenad, Bacchante, Bassarid, 
 Euiad, etc. 
 
 10-12. For similar miracles of Bacchus, cf. Eurip. Bacchae, 141. 
 708 ; Plato, Ion, 534 A ; Propert. 4. 16. 20 sqq. ; Fletcher, ' From 
 thy plenteous hand divine | Let a river run with wine.' Cf. Exod. 
 3. 8 ; Hesiod, Works, 232 ; Verg. Eclog. 4. 30. 
 
 12. iterare : rehearse, tell, renew the fact in speech. 
 
 13. beatae : deified. coniugis : Ariadne. Cf . Apoll. Rhod. 
 
 3. 1002, a.ffTfp6ets tTTftyavos T^V re K\fiovcr' 'ApidSvTjs ', Mrs. Brown- 
 ing's How Bacchus comforts Ariadne (from Nonnus), ' But I will 
 wreathe thee, sweet, an astral crown | And as my queen and spouse 
 thou shalt be known'; Ov. Fasti, 3. 459; Heroides, 6. 115; Sen. 
 Here. Fur. 18 ; Propert. 4. 16. 8 ; Ov. Met. 8. 176 ; Verg. G 1. 222. 
 
 14. honorem : Verg. Aen. 7. 814, regius . , . honos. Penthei : 
 the Bacchae of Euripides describes the punishment of King Pen- 
 theus of Thebes for his impious resistance to the introduction of 
 the worship of the new god. His palace was thrown down by an 
 earthquake (633), and he was torn in pieces by his mother and 
 sisters in their Bacchic frenzy (Theoc. 26). Cf. Pater, Greek 
 Studies, pp. 68, 74. Horace moralizes the tale (Epistle 1. 16. 73). 
 Cf. Ov. Met. 3. 511. 
 
 15. nonleni: 1. 24. 17; 1. 18. 9. 
 
 16. Lycurgi: Homer, II. 6. 130 sqq., 'Nay moreover even 
 Dryas' son mighty Lykurgos was not for long when he strove 
 with heavenly gods, he that erst chased through the goodly land 
 of Nysa the nursing-mothers of frenzied Dionysos. . . . Then 
 IMonysos fled and plunged beneath the salt sea-wave. . . . But 
 with Lykurgos the gods that live at ease were wroth, and Kronos' 
 son made him blind, and he was not for long, because he was 
 hated of all the immortal gods.' Cf. Soph. Antig. 955; Propert. 
 
 4. 16. 23. Aeschylus wrote a play on the theme. 
 
 17. flectia : tamest avoids zeugma with mare. amnes : he
 
 BOOK II., ODE XIX. 295 
 
 dried the Hydaspes and the Orontes, by the touch of his thyrsus, 
 in the expedition to India. mare : cf. Sen. Here. Fur. 907, 
 adsit Lycurgi domitor et rubri marts (the Indian Ocean). 
 
 18. separatis = remotis. uvidus: cf. 1. 7. 22; 4. 5. 39; 
 Eurip. El. 326, 0pf X 0(is- 
 
 19. viperino : cf. Catull. 64. 258, pars sese tortis serpentibus 
 incinytbant. 
 
 20. sine fraude: i.e. without harming them. Cf. C. S. 41; 
 an archaism found in Twelve Tables (se fraude) and in Livy 
 (1. 24. 5), and imitated by Milton several times; e.g. 'To draw 
 the proud king Ahab into fraud.' 
 
 21-32. His defense of heaven against the giants (a post-Homeric 
 legend), and his descent into hell to fetch his mother Semele. 
 
 21. parentis: 1. 12. 13. regna : the plural magnifies (1. 4. 
 18 ; 2. 13. 21 ; 3. 4. 46), but is resorted to largely metri gratia 
 (4. 14. 26). 
 
 22. scanderet : Pindar, fr. 162, actually speaks of a ladder. 
 Cf. on 2. 12. 7 and 3. 4. 42 sqq. 
 
 23. Rhoetum : a giant whose name is selected for alliterative 
 effect. Cf. 3. 4. 55. 
 
 24-25. He assumed the form of a lion, as in Hymn. Horn. 7. 44. 
 25. quamquam : with ferebaris, of which aptior dictus gives the 
 reason. For Liber fit for war, cf. 1. 12. 21. n. 
 27. sed idem : if idem is used idiomatically, as in 2. 10. 22 and 
 
 3. 12. 10, medius must = arbiter, minister, or equally adapted to. 
 If idem is the predicate, we construe, ' but thou wast the same in 
 the midst of peace and of war. ' 
 
 29. iiisons : harmless to thee. 
 
 30. cornu : the reference is rather to the golden horn of wine 
 with which he propitiates Cerberus and the beasts than to the 
 horns often attributed to him by the poets (Tibull. 2. 1. 3 ; Propert. 
 
 4. 16. 19 ; Orphic Hymn 52. 2). 
 
 30-31. atterens caudam: <raiv<av, adulans, 'wagging.' Cf. 
 Gildersleeve on Find. O. 4. 4 ; Theoc. 6. 30. 
 
 31. trilingui: triple-beaded and triple- tongued is all one reck 
 oning, 'save the phrase is a little variations.' 
 
 32. tetigitque : for que, cf . on 1. 30. 6.
 
 296 NOTES. 
 
 ODE XX. 
 
 Horace prophesies in a somewhat artificial poetic frenzy his own 
 immortality. He is to be translated into a ' tempest-cleaving swan 
 of ' Italy, and will be known to all the peoples of the earth. Let 
 no one weep for him or celebrate vain obsequies. 
 
 For motif, cf. 3. 30 ; 4. 3 ; Alcman, fr. 118. For transformation 
 of poet to swan, cf. Plato's Repub. 020 a; Eurip. fr. 911. For 
 bard = bird, cf. 1.6.2; Find. 01. 2. 96 ; Theoc. 7. 47 ; Verg. Eel. 
 9. 35, and 4. 2. 25. n. Ben Jonson's ' Sweet swan of Avon.' 
 
 1. non usitata : cf. Epode 5. 73. Cf. Milton's 'adventurous 
 song, | That with no middle flight intends to soar.' For the boast 
 of originality, cf. 3. 1. 2 ; 3. 30. 10 sqq. n. 
 
 2. biformis : swan and poet is the obvious meaning, but Por- 
 phyrio says quod et lyrica scribat et hexametros, and some moderns 
 follow him on the ground that Horace would be wholly trans- 
 formed into the bird. But this is to consider it too curiously. 
 liquidum : cf. Verg. G. 1. 404. Clear as contrasted with udam 
 . . . humum, 3. 2. 23, or yielding as Milton's ' buxom air ' ; Pind. 
 Nem. 8. 41, irpbs vypbv \ aiOtpa. 
 
 3. vates : cf. on 1. 31. 2. 
 
 4. invidia maior : cf. Tac. Agr. 8. 3, extra invidiam ; Callim. 
 Ep. 23, ttptiffffova BavKavtiis. Cf. on 4. 3. 16 and 3. 24. 32. 
 
 5. urbes : concretely picturesque. Cf. 1. 35. 10 ; 3. 4. 46. 
 5-6. pauperum . . . sanguia : Horace never disavows his 
 
 humble birth. Cf. 2. 18. 10 ; 3. 30. 12 ; Sat. 1. 6. 46, quern rodnnt 
 omnes libertino patre natum. 
 
 6. vocas : invitest (to thy board, or simply companionship). 
 Cf. Catull. 44. 21, qui turn voc.at me. If any dignity is lost, it is 
 recovered by dilecte. Cf. Gildersleeve on Pindar's ^I'AOS addressed 
 to Hieron (Pyth. 1. 92). In 2. 18. 11, he says dives me petit. The 
 interpretation of ' dilecte ' as direct quotation of Maecenas' words 
 is generally abandoned. 
 
 8. unda : cf . 2. 14. 9. 
 
 9-12. Tyrrell, Latin Poetry, p. 198, comments on the bad taste 
 of these details. 
 
 9. iam iam : Epode 17. 1. He begins to feel the ' feathery
 
 BOOK II., ODE XX. 297 
 
 change ' come over him like Arnold's Philomela. cruribus : 
 usually taken as abl. of place ; conceivably dat. Cf. residunt in 
 partem (Verg. Aen. 9. 539). asperae : the skin wrinkles and 
 roughens as it shrinks and settles into place. 
 
 11. superng : so Lucret. 2. 1153, 6. 544, 597 ; A. P. 4. leves : 
 antithesis with asperae. 
 
 13. Daedaleo : cf. 1. 17. 22. n. notior : many Mss. read odor 
 with harsh hiatus. Cf. Ov. Amor. 1. 9. 40, notior in caelo fabula 
 mtlla fuit. Bentley proposed tutior, which H. doubtless meant, 
 but perhaps did not need to say. Cf. on 4. 2. 2 ; cf. Martial, 1. 1. 2, 
 Toto notus in orbe Martialis. 
 
 14-20. Cf. Sargeant's lines, ' But on strong wing, through upper 
 air, | Two worlds beneath, the old and new, | The Roman swan is 
 wafted where | The Roman eagles never flew.' 
 
 14. Visam: cf. 2. 14. 17. gementis: cf. Iliad, 16. 391,23. 
 330 ; Ody. 12, 97, aydurrovos ; Aeschyl. Prom. 712 ; Soph. Ajax, 674, 
 (TTfvovra irAvTov ; Tennyson, ' the inoanings of the homeless sea ' (In 
 Mem.); 'The deep | Moans round with many voices' (Ulysses); 
 Christina Rossetti, ' Why does the sea moan evermore ? ' Bos- 
 pori : 3. 4. 30. 
 
 15. Syrtes : 1. 22. 5 ; 2. 6. 3. canorus : of Swan Song, Verg. 
 Aen. 7. 700 ; cf. 4. 3. 20. n. 
 
 16. Hyperboreos : cf. Swinb. r ' Beyond the north wind lay the 
 land of old, | Where men dwelt blithe and flawless clothed and fed 
 | With joy's bright raiment and with love's sweet bread, | The hap- 
 piest flock of earth's maternal fold.' Cf . Pind. 01. 3. 16 ; Pyth. 10. 
 30-44 ; Aeschyl. Choeph. 373 ; Pliny, N. H. 4. 89 ; Bacchyl. 3. 59. 
 
 17. dissimulat : ' masks his fear. ' 
 
 19. Geloni: 2. 9. 23. peritus: the learned Spaniard may 
 have sounded like a jest to Roman ears, though the next genera- 
 tion gave the Senecas and Quintilian to Rome. Or possibly a dis- 
 tinction is drawn between the ' culture ' of the province that shall 
 learn the poet, and the outer barbarians that shall come to know 
 of him. Cf. Statius, Theb. 12. 814, lam te (sc. his poem) mag- 
 nanimus dignatur noscere Caesar, \ Itala iam studio discit memo- 
 ratque iuventus. 
 
 20. potor : vivid for accola. Cf. 3. 10. 1 ; 4. 15. 21 ; Horn. 11. 2. 
 825 ; Pind. Ol. 6. 85 ; Verg. Eclog. 1. 63.
 
 298 NOTES. 
 
 21-24. Cf. Epitaph of Ennius, Cic. Tusc. 1. 34, nemo me lacru- 
 mis decoret nee funera fletu \ faxit ! cur? Volito vivus per ora 
 virum. 
 
 21. inani : a cenotaph sine corpore funus. neniae : properly 
 the hired mourner's wailing dirge. 
 
 22. turpes : disfiguring : the gashing of cheeks and beating of 
 breast. querimoniae : of friends and kin. 
 
 23. clamorem : the conclamatio or clamor supremus (Lucan, 
 2. 20 ; Verg. Aen. 4. 665, 674). 
 
 24. mitte : 3. 8. 17. supervacuos : the Ciceronian superva- 
 caneus would be unmanageable in Horace's verse. Maecenas had 
 written cynically, nee tumulum euro, sepelit natura relictos. But 
 Horace means that his monument is his poetry. 
 
 BOOK III. 
 
 The first six odes of the third book were read by Porphyrio as an 
 cpd$) multiplex per varios deducta sensus an ode sequence whose 
 unity, like that of the sonnet sequences of modern poetry, depends 
 on identity of metre and general similarity of moral purpose and 
 aesthetic effect subsisting amid much diversity of detail. 
 
 Like 2. 15, 2. 18, and 3. 24, these odes are addressed not to any 
 individual, but to all patriotic citizens. The first, beginning with 
 an unusually solemn proclamation of the poet's mission, proceeds 
 to preach the familiar doctrine that power, wealth, and the curious 
 inventions of modern luxury cannot restore lost sleep or free us 
 from the black care that sits behind the horseman. The Sabine 
 farm is better than burdensome riches. 
 
 In the second the Roman youth are admonished to preserve 
 their vigor in the stern schools of poverty and war. Death for the 
 fatherland is sweet. Virtue opens the veiy heavens to those who 
 have merited such immortality. Fidelity, discretion, silence, also 
 have their sure reward. 
 
 The third opens with the famous picture of the upright and 
 dauntless man, firm of purpose type of the old Roman virtues 
 that won apotheosis for Romulus and Augustus, and world-wide
 
 BOOK III. 299 
 
 empire for Rome. The glories of that empire are prophesied by 
 Juno urging upon the gods in council assembled the final destruction 
 of Troy. Troy shall become a lair of wild beasts it shall never 
 be restored. But in the West a greater than Troy shall rise. 
 
 The first half of the fourth ode is an address to the Muses who 
 watched over Horace's infancy when he strayed a poetic babe in 
 the woods of Mt. Voltur, who rescued him from the rout at 
 Philippi, from the fall' of the accursed tree, and from shipwreck in 
 Sicilian seas. They will keep him safe though he visit the fierce 
 tribes of Britain, or those of Spain that yet engage Caesar's arms. 
 When Caesar himself dismisses his war-worn legions and seeks 
 refreshment from cares of state, 'tis to them he turns. They give 
 him counsels of gentleness, and delight in his magnanimity. Then, 
 with seemingly abrupt transition, the poet passes to a covert warn- 
 ing against the folly and wickedness of rebellion against Caesar's 
 gentle rule. The second half of the ode depicts in flattering alle- 
 gory the warfare of the giants against Jupiter, Apollo, and the bright 
 Olympian deities, their defeat and final overthrow. 
 
 The parallel, Jove in heaven, Augustus on earth, is made explicit 
 in the fifth ode. Augustus will be a very present god when he 
 shall have added the Britons and the Persians (Parthians) to our 
 empire. Ah, the shame of it ! The defeat of Crassus is still un- 
 avenged, and his soldiers have taken barbarian brides and serve in 
 the ranks of our foes, forgetful of the name of Rome and the eternal 
 fire that burns on Vesta's hearth. Not such the temper of the men 
 who made Rome great of Regulus, for example, whose story 
 occupies the remainder of the ode. 
 
 It is the decay of religion, the sixth ode continues, that has 
 brought this disgrace upon us and almost delivered us as a spoil 
 to the Dacian and the Aethiopian amid our dissensions. The 
 sanctity of the family has been polluted too. 'The maiden fan- 
 cies wallow in the trough ' of Ionian licentiousness. Not from 
 such mothers as these sprang the youths who struck down Pyr- 
 rhus, and Antiochus, and Hannibal. They were a hardy yeomen 
 soldiery inured to toil by the severe discipline of stern Sabine 
 matrons. 
 
 On these odes, cf. further, Sellar, p. 153 sqq. ; Pliiss, Horaz 
 Studien, p. 185 sqq.
 
 300 NOTES. 
 
 They seem to have been written in the years 28-24. The title 
 Augustus in 3. 11 probably dates that ode after Jan., B.C. 27. Cf. 
 on 1. 2. Ode 6 appears to have been written under the still fresh 
 impression of the war of Actium, and while the restoration of the 
 temples and the moral reforms undertaken in the year 28 were 
 still in contemplation or progress. 
 
 ODE I. 
 
 1-4. ' Hence, ye profane ; I hate you all ; | Both the great vulgar 
 and the small. | To virgin minds, which yet their native whiteness 
 hold . . . these truths I tell ' (Cowley's Paraphrase (Of Greatness)). 
 
 Cf. Verg. Aen. 6. 258 ; Aristoph. Frogs. 353 sqq. ; Callim. Hymn. 
 Apoll. 2. 2. 
 
 2. favete linguis : Verg. Aen. 5. 71, ore favete ; Ov. Am. 3. 13. 
 29 ; Propert. 5. 6. 1 ; Tibull. 2. 2. 1 ; ev^/j.f'tre, Aristoph. Frogs, 
 354, Thesm. 39; Acharn. 237. Ill-omened words could be surely 
 avoided only by silence. Cf. Pater, Marius, Cap. 1. ' There was 
 a devout effort to complete this impressive outward silence by that 
 inward tacitness of mind, esteemed so important by religious 
 Romans in the performance of their sacred functions.' Quintil. 
 Decl., Templum in quo verbis parcimus, in quo animos componi- 
 TOMS, in quo tacitam etiam mentem custodimus ; Sen. Dial. 7, hoc, 
 verbum no, ut plerique existimant, a favore trahitur, sed impera- 
 tur silentium, ut rite peragi possit sacrum nulla voce mala obstre- 
 pente. non prius : it is perhaps over-curious to make the novelty 
 consist in the employment of Alcaics for the admonitory themes of 
 Old Roman precept and Greek Elegiac. But cf. 2. 20. 1. n. ; 3. 30. 
 13. n. ; Epp. 1. 19. 23. 32. 
 
 3. sacerdos: cf. Vergil's pii vates and Musae quarum sacra 
 fero (G. 2. 475) ; Milt., ' Smit with the love of Sacred Song ' ; Ov. 
 Am. 3. 8. 23, ille ego Musarum purus Phoebique sacerdos ; Theoc. 
 16. 29. Ancient critics thought of the poet as a teacher ; Epp. 2. 
 1. 126 sqq. ; Aristoph. Frogs, 1054 ; Jebb, Gk. Poetry, p. 226. 
 
 4. virginibus puerisque : a formula and familiar quotation ; 
 Ov. Trist. 2. 369, Fabula iucundi nulla est sine amore Menandri, \ 
 Et solet hie pueris virginibusque legi ; Martial, 9, 68. 2, calls a
 
 BOOK HI., ODE I. 301 
 
 schoolmaster, invisum pueris virginibxsque caput. Cf. 3. 69. 7 ; 
 Horace sings to the unspoiled ' jeunesse des e"coles.' 
 
 5. regum, etc. : ' 'Twixt kings and subjects ther's this mighty 
 odds, 1 Subjects are taught by men ; kings by the Gods' (Herrick, 
 25) ; ' But hear ye this, ye sons of men ! | They that bear rule and 
 are obey'd, | Unto a rule more strong than theirs | Are in their 
 turn obedient made' (Arnold, The Sick King in Bokhara); 'And 
 kings sat still with awful eye, | As if they knew their sov'reign 
 Lord was by ' (Milt. Nativ.) ; Sov\ot &affi\f<av fia-iv 6 /Sao-iAeus Otiav, 
 Philemon; Suet. Caes. 6 ; Sen. Thyest. 607 sqq. in: the authority 
 and awe go out to. Cf. 4. 4. 2, regnum in aves ; Plaut. Men. 1030, 
 siquid imperist in te mihi ; Propert. 4. 10. 18, inque meum semper 
 stent tua regna caput ; Ov. Fast. 3. 316. greges : in the tone 
 rather of Seneca's ignoti servorum domino greges (Contr. 2. 1. 26) 
 than of Homer's kindly woi/ueVes Aoic, shepherds of the people. 
 
 7. Giganteo : 2. 12. 7 ; 2. 19. 22 ; 3. 4. 50 ; rryoKToAeTwp (Lucian, 
 Tim. 4). 
 
 8. supercilio moventis : the phrase is a development from the 
 Olympus-shaking nod of Zeus in Homer, II. 1. 528-30 ; Verg. Aen. 
 9. 106 ; Catull. 64. 204 ; Ov. Met. 1. 180 ; ' His black eyebrow whose 
 doomful dreaded beck | Is wont to wield the world unto his will ' 
 (Spencer, Mutability, 6. 22); Dion. Orat. 12. 383 E., TOV 5Hj<rairoj 
 
 o\iy<p vtv/j.a.Ti -riav b<ppv<av rbv ffv^iravra Ohvfiirov ; Mart. 1. 4. 2, ter- 
 
 rarum dominum pone supercilium ; Tenn., Princess, ' The lifting 
 of whose eyelash is my lord.' 
 
 9-17. Men differ in wealth, birth, and honor, but the necessity 
 of death makes the odds all even. 
 
 9. estut: (it) is (indeed the case, true) that; A. G. 332. a. 3; 
 G. L. 553. 3. 4 ; H. 501 ; Ter. Phor. 925, sine est ut velis manere 
 illam apud te; Epp. 1. 12. 2, non est ut; Epp. 1. 1. 81, esto aliis 
 alias rebus studiisque teneri. viro vir : frequent juxtaposition. 
 latius: 2. 2. 9 ; 2. 15. 2. ordinet: cf. Quiutilian's directi in 
 quincuncem ordines, and Pope's ' rank my vines.' 
 
 10. arbusta : the vines or the trees to which they were wedded ; 
 Verg. Eel. 3. 10 ; G. 2. 416 ; 2. 289, ausim vel tenui vitem commit- 
 tere sulco. 
 
 11. descendat : literally from the heights on which the palaces 
 of the nobility stood ; metaphorically as competitor into the politi-
 
 302 NOTES. 
 
 cal arena. Campum : the voting booths, saepta, were in the Cam- 
 pus Martins. The forms of popular election were preserved by 
 the policy of Augustus; Tac. Ann. 1. 15, Turn primum (at acces- 
 sion of Tiberius) e Campo contitia ad patres translata sunt. 
 
 13. turba : in his anteroom at the Salutatio (Epode 2. 7, 8. n.) 
 or in his train at the Forum, a point of honor with ambitious 
 Romans. Cf. Martial, 11. 24. 11, ut tibi tuontm \ Sit maior nume- 
 rus toyatulorum, and passim ; Cic. Muren. 34 (70). 
 
 14. aequa : impartial. 1. 4. 13 ; 2. 18. 32. n., ' Sceptre and 
 crown | Must tumble down, | And in the dust be equal made 
 With the poor crooked scythe and spade' (Shirley). Neces- 
 sitas : 1. 3. 32 ; 1. 35. 17 ; 3. 24. 6. 
 
 15. sortitur : Lex. s.v. II.; Verg. Aen. 3. 375, sie fata deum 
 rex | Sortitur. insignes: 1. 34. 13. 
 
 16. urna : 2. 3. 26. n. 
 
 17. destiictus eiisis : for the story of the proverbial hair- 
 suspended sword of Damocles, see Cic. Tusc. 5. 61 ; Pers. 3. 40. 
 Here it symbolizes the terrors of conscience. Cf. Ronsard, Au Sieur 
 Bertrand, ' Celuy qui sur la teste sienne | Voit l'espe"e sicilienne, | 
 Des douces tables 1'appareil | N'irrite sa faim, ny la noise | Du 
 rossignol qui se desgoise | Ne luy rameine le sommeil ' ; Shelley, 
 Prom. 1, 'Like the Sicilian's hair-suspended sword | Which 
 trembles o'er his crown.' cui : (ei) cui = cuius. impia : trans- 
 ferred, 1. 37. 7. n. 
 
 18. cervice : Cic. uses plural. Siculae : proverbially luxurious. 
 Otto, s.v. ; Athenae. 12.3 ; Plat. Rep. 404 D. 
 
 19. elaborabunt: force appetite, give artificial savor to the 
 viands. 
 
 20. avium. etc. : for aviaries in Roman palaces, see Pliny, N. H. 
 10. 72, 17. 6 ; Rutil. 1. Ill ; Varro, R. R. 3. 5. Maecenas suffered 
 from insomnia and was said to seek sleep, per symphoniarum can- 
 turn ex longinquo lene resonantium ; Sen. Dial. 1. 3. But Horace 
 would hardly allude to that. Cf. further Epode 2. 28. n. ; Epp. 1. 2. 
 31 ; Tibull. 1.2. 77 ; Tenn. Choric Song, ' Music that brings sweet 
 sleep down from the blissful skies.' 
 
 21-22. reduceut: re, his (lost, due) sleep. agrestium . . . 
 virorum : felt with domos, though the position of non . . . non 
 would seem to construe it with somnus. For the thought, cf. Epp.
 
 BOOK HI., ODE I. 303 
 
 1. 7. 35, somnmn plebis laudo ; Eccles. 5. 12 ; Anacr. fr. 88 ; Teles 
 in Stob. 93. 31 ; King Henry's Soliloquy ; Hen. IV. 2. 3. 1 ; Dekker, 
 ' Art thou poor, yet hast thou golden slumbers ? | O sweet content ! ' 
 Greene, ' The homely house that harbors quiet rest.' Sir John 
 Denhaui, ' Morpheus the humble god that dwells | In cottages and 
 smoky cells." See also Statius' beautiful invocation to Somnus, 
 Silv. 5. 4. 
 
 24. tempe : 1. 7. 4. n. ; here generalized for any beautiful valley ; 
 Verg. G. 2. 469 ; Catull. 64. 35 ; Theoc. 1. 67. 
 
 25. desiderantem, etc. : on the concrete effect of the participle, 
 cf. Sellar, p. 194. The golden slumbers of sweet content serve as a 
 transition to moralizing on the blessedness of content generally. 
 quod satis est: recurs 3. 16. 44; Epp. 1. 2. 46; Publ. Syr. 677, 
 quod volt habet, qui velle quod satis est potest. 
 
 . 26. sollicitat : cf. 3. 29. 26 ; Epode 2. 6, and the expansion of 
 the thought in Merchant of Venice, 1.1,' Your mind is tossing on 
 the ocean,' etc. 
 
 27. Arcturi. etc. : the season of equinoctial storms ; Anth. Pal. 
 7. 495 ; Plaut. Kudens, Prol. 70, Nam Arcturus signum sum 
 omnium unum acerrimum. \ Vehemens sum exoriens quom occido 
 vehementior. 
 
 28. Haedi : Theoc. 7. 53 ; Verg. Aen. 9. 668, pluvialibus Haedis ; 
 Ov. Trist. 1. 11. 13. 
 
 29. verberatae : cf. 3. 12. 3. n., 3. 27. 24. n. ; Shelley, The Cloud, 
 ' I wield the./?i7 | Of the (f)lashing hail. grandine : Epp. 1. 8.4, 
 haud quid grando \ contuderit vites ; Herrick's Christian Militant 
 (324), who is more Horatian than Christian, is a man that Teares 
 not the fierce sedition (tumultus!} of the Seas: | That's counter- 
 proofe against the Farm's mishaps.' 
 
 30. niendax : slightly personifies. But the thought was a com- 
 monplace. Cf. 3. 16. 30; Epp. 1. 7. 87, spem mentita seges ; Verg. 
 G. 2! 460, iustissima tfllus ; Ov. Met. 5. 480, arvaque iussit \ fallere 
 depositum; Cic.de Offic. 1. 15; Pliny, Letters, 9. 37; Philemon, 
 -rrj yrj $av(iftv KpfiTrdv effnv ^ Bporols; Tibull. 2. 3. 61 ; Ov. Fast. 
 
 4. 645 ; Hosea 9. 2 (Vulgate), et vinum mentietur eis ; Habakkuk 
 3. 17, mentietur opus olivae. The feigned millionnaire in Petron. 
 117 talks of aurum et argentum, fundosque mendaces et perpetuam 
 terrarum sterilitatem.
 
 304 NOTES. 
 
 30-31. arbore . . . culpante : keeps up the personification. 
 
 30. aquas : sc. caelestes, 3. 10. 20. 11. 
 
 31. torrentia: Epode 16. 62. 
 
 32. sidera : cf. aarpa^^ra . . . <pvrd ; Theophrast. C. P. 5. 9. 1. 
 iniquas : Arnold, Strayed Reveller, ' Worms | In the unkind spring 
 have knawn | Their melon harvest to the heart 1 ; cursum mutavit 
 iniquum frugibus amnis, A. P. 67. 
 
 33. contracta, etc. : cf. 2. 18. 21. n. ; 3. 24. 3. n. ; Manil. 4. 
 262 ; Petron. Bell. Civ. 88, expelluntnr aquae saxis ; Lucan, 2. 677, 
 sic ora profundi \ arctantur casu nemorum. The hyperbole is per- 
 haps more in Lucan's manner than in that of Horace. 
 
 34. iactis : the technical word ; Sen. Thyest. 459, retro mare \ 
 iacta fugamus mole; Verg. Aen. 9. 710-12. molibus : the massive 
 foundations of stone. frequens : probably frequens . . . cum . . . 
 famulis, with or amid a throng of laborers rather than frequens 
 redemptor, many a contractor. Cf. Shelley, Alastor, ' Halls | Fre- 
 quent with crystal column.' Cf. Verg. Aen. 6. 359, cum veste 
 gravatum ; Ter. Andr. 1. 1. 80, cum illis . . . aderat frequens; 
 
 Soph. 0. R. 750, e'x^ei /Sato's. 
 
 35. Caementa : cut (up) stones to fill interstices. redemptor : 
 cf. Lex. s.v. and 2. 18. 18. n. 
 
 36. terrae: with fastidiosus (2. 18. 22; Sen. Epist. 89. 21, nee 
 contenti solo, etc.). 
 
 37. minae: threatening shapes conjured up by his anxious fore- 
 bodings. 
 
 38. scandunt: 2. 16. 21. neque: so at end of line, 1. 3. 38; 
 1. 18. 3; 2. 7. 19, nee; 3. 29. 46. 
 
 39. aerata: 2. 16. 21; Tenn., 'The thunder of the brazen 
 prows | O'er Actium's Ocean rung.' But this is a priva triremis 
 (Epp. 1. 1. 93), and not a ship of war. 
 
 40. atra Cura: 3. 14. 13; 4. 11. 35; 'Old Dives there rolls in 
 his chariot, but mind | Atra Cura is up with the lackeys behind ' 
 (Locker, Vanity Fair; cf. Thackeray passim) ; 'Jove, what a day, 
 black care upon the crupper | Nods at his post and slumbers in the 
 sun' (Dobson) ; 'Sorge sie steiget mit dir zu Ross, sie steiget zu 
 Schiffe' (Goethe, Vier Jahreszeiten. Sommer) ; 'Le chagrin monte 
 en croupe et galope avec lui' (Boileau, Epitre 5). 
 
 41. quodsi: 1. 24. 13. n. dolentem: i.e. me, i.e. (my) pain
 
 BOOK III., ODE II. 305 
 
 Latin concreteness. For the thought, cf. Lucret. 2. 48, where 
 quodsi is more suitable, summing up a long impassioned argument. 
 
 Phrygius lapis: colored marble of Synnada, pavonazetto, used 
 in some of the columns of the Pantheon. Cf. 2. 18. 3 ; Stat. Silv. 
 
 1. 5. 36; Martial, 6. 42. 13. 
 
 42. purpurarum: 2. 18. 8; 2. 16. 36. aidere clarior: II. 
 6. 295, aff-rfyp 8' us a.irf\a/j.irv (the ireirAoy). 
 
 4.3. usus: for periphrasis, cf. Verg. G. 2. 466, nee casia liquidi 
 corrumpitur usus olivi. Clarior is transferred. Cf. 1. 37. 7. n. 
 
 44. Achaemenium : 2. 12. 21 ; Epode 13. 8. costum: 2. 3. 
 13; 2. 7. 23; 2. 11. 16. 
 
 45. invidendis: 2. 10. 7; Tibull. 3. 3. 20 ; Martial, Liber Spect. 
 
 2. 3, invidiosa feri radiabant atria regis (of Nero's Golden 
 House); Shaks. Tim. of Athens, 3. 4, 'Who can speak broader 
 than he that hath no house to put his head in ? Such may rail 
 against great buildings.' Does this explain Milton's 'th' Almighty 
 hath not built | Here for his envy,' which puzzles editors ? 
 
 46. sublime: Ov. Met. 2. 1, regia solis erat sublimibus alta 
 colnmnis. Novo ritu while adverbial with moliar is by position 
 felt rather with sublime. For meaning cf. 2. 15. 20.n. moliar: it 
 is a moles to build a moles, 2. 15. 2 ; 3. 29. 10 ; Verg. Aen. 1. 33. 
 
 atrium: luxury still displays itself in the large hall, correspond- 
 ing to the Roman atrium, 2, 18. 1-4 ; cf. Herrick, ' Low is my 
 porch as is my fate ; | Both void of state. ' 
 
 47. permutem: 1. 16. 26. n. ; 1. 17. 2. Sabina : cf. Epode, 
 1. 32. n. 
 
 ODE II. 
 
 There is an imitation in Dodsley, 6. 159. Paraphrase by Pitt, 
 Johnson's Poets, 12. 388. Lines 13 to end translated by Swift, 
 ibid. 11. 402. 
 
 1. angustam : straitened; 2. 10. 21; Epp. 1. 5. 20, contracta 
 . . . panpertate ; Juv. 3. 165, res angusta domi ; Milt. P. R. 2, 'bred 
 up in poverty and straits at home.' amice . . . pati : take kindly 
 to, endure gladly, almost welcome as a friend. Cf. lente ferre, 
 aegre ferre, ayairijTus <pepnv, and the like. pauperiem pati : the 
 x
 
 306 NOTES. 
 
 phrase recurs 1. 1. 18 ; 4. 9. 49. Horace passes from the vanity of 
 riches (3. 1. 41-48) to the fostering of the old Roman virtues in 
 the stern but salutary school of poverty. Cf. 1. 12. 43 ; 3. 24. 42- 
 63 ; 4. 9. 45-52. For praise of poverty, cf . further 3. 29. 55. n. ; 
 Eurip. fr. Alex. 55 ; Aristoph. Plut. 510, 558 ; Theoc. 21. 1 ; Dante, 
 Paradiso, 11. 
 
 2-4. robustus, and eques metuendus : are felt predicatively 
 as coordinate parts of the wish, and not as mere attributes. 
 
 2. acri: 1. 29. 2; ou/ "Apr] a (II. 2. 440); saevam (Epp. 1. 18. 
 54). militia : with robustus probably. Cf. Cic. Cat. 2. 20, genus 
 exercitatione robustum. puer : 1. 2. 41. n. 
 
 3. condiscat: 4. 11. 34. Cf. con-, 1. 37. 28; 4. 2. 33. Far- 
 thos: 1. 2. 22. n.; 1. 2. 51. 
 
 4. vexet : so 4. 14. 23. eques : as a knight. Augustus re- 
 established and fostered Roman cavalry. Hence perhaps the 
 allusions of Horace and Vergil to horsemanship (Verg. Aen. 5. 
 519-602 ; Odes 1. 8. 6 ; 3. 7. 25 ; 3. 24. 54). 
 
 5,6. subdivo: 1. 1.25; 2.3.23 ; 1. 18. 13. trepidis in rebus ; 
 cf. 2. 19. 5; 3. 27. 17; 4. 11. 11 ; amid alarums (all' artne). Cf. 
 Verg. Aen. 9. 14 ; Livy, 4. 17. 8 ; Tibull. 2. 3. 21, saepe (luces 
 trepidis petiere oracula rebus. 
 
 6. ilium : emphatic, and saves formal transition. Cf. 2. 2. 7 ; 
 2. 13. 5 ; 3. 3. 33 ; 4. 3. 3 ; illam (3. 15. 11) ; non ille (3. 21. 9), etc. 
 ex moenibus hosticis, etc.: cf. II. 3. 154, and 22. 463, where 
 Andromache sees Hector trailed in the dust from Achilles' chariot ; 
 Verg. Aen. 11. 475; Hesiod, Scut. Her. 242; Eurip. Phoeniss. 88; 
 Stat. Theb. 7. 240 ; Tenn. Oriana, ' She stood upon the castle wall, 
 Oriana : She watched my crest among them all, Oriana ' ; Andrew 
 Lang, ' The daughter of the Lesbian king | Within her bower she 
 watched the war,' etc. The bellans tyrannus is the besieged king 
 (e.g. Priam); the sponsus regius perhaps a young allied prince, to 
 whom he has promised his daughter's hand (e.g. Coroebus, Verg. 
 Aen. 2. 343). The position of matrona makes suspiret ne, etc., felt 
 only with adulta (nubias') virgo. 
 
 9, 10. ne . . . lacessat : depends on suggestion of fear in sus- 
 piret, or, what amounts to the same thing, is an imitation of the 
 Homeric half-independent wish with ^77. 
 
 9. rudis agmiimm : cf. rudem belli (Epp. 2. 2. 47) ; Verg. Aeu.
 
 BOOK III., ODE II. 307 
 
 11. 151, belli . . . dura rudimenta (cruel initiation) ; Milton's Lat- 
 inism, ' lay down the rudiments \ Of his great warfare ' (P. R.). 
 
 10. 11. lacessat : i.e. needlessly, recklessly challenge. Cf. 1. 
 35. 7. asperum tactu: 1. 37. 26, asperas . . . tractare. Cf. 
 1. 23. 9. The Greeks say of the dead Hector (11. 22. 373) that he 
 is softer to handle, juoAo/coirepos 01^0^000-601, than when he hurled 
 fire on their ships. 
 
 11. leonem : so often of warrior in Homer (II. 5. 136 ; 20. 164). 
 cruenta : transferred from leonem, which has its epithet. 
 
 12. per medias: cf. 4. 14. 24. rapit ira : 0ep 6TO " /*"' ( u - 
 20. 172). 
 
 13. dulce. etc. : and if he (the young Roman lion) dies, why 
 ' how can man die better ? ' Cf. 4. 9. 52 ; Tyrt. fr. 10 ; Eurip. Tro. 
 380; Cic. Phil. 14. 31, O fortunata mors, qtiae naturae debita pro 
 patria est potissimum reddita 1 
 
 14. mors : emphatically resumes mori, and spares formal tran- 
 sition. et : also ; persequitur qui non desinit sequi (Donatus). 
 fugacem : <pvy6fj.axoi', as 2. 1. 19. For the thought, cf. Simon, fr. 
 65, 6 5' av Odvaros KI'X Kal rbi> <pv-y6naxov \ Callin. fr. 1. 13-15; Cur- 
 tius, 4. 14 ; Otto, p. 229. 
 
 16. poplitibus, etc.: Livy, 22. 48. 4, tergaque ferientes ac popli- 
 tes caedentes. For the shame of wound in the back, cf. II. 8. 95 ; 
 Tyrt. fr. 11. 19, 20; Find. Nem. 9. 26; Macaulay, 'And in the 
 back false Sextus | Felt the good Roman steel.' 
 
 17. virtus : 2. 2. 19. n. Horace takes for his text the Stoic para- 
 dox that only the virtuous sage is praetor, consul, or king in the 
 truest sense. Cf. 4. 9. 39. n. ; Epp. 1. 1. 107 ; Sat. 1. 3. 136. re- 
 pulsae : technical for defeat of candidate for office. (Epp. 1. 1. 43, 
 turpemque repulsam.) nescia: perhaps suggests a soul too lofty 
 even to be aware of vulgar losses. Cf. Seneca, on Cato ignoring 
 an injury, maiore animo non agnovit quam ignovisset. sordidae : 
 disgraceful, humiliating, in popular esteem. ' And it would be a 
 poor tale indeed . . . that a gentleman like you, to say nothing 
 of the good of the country, should have gone to the expense and 
 trouble of a canvass for nothing but to find himself out of Parlia- 
 ment at the end of it ... it looks bad in the cleverest man to 
 have to sing small' (George Eliot, Felix Holt). Cf. the conduct 
 of Cato (Sen. Ep. 104), and Cicero's remarks (Tusc. 5. 54).
 
 308 NOTES. 
 
 18. intaminatis : as if from tamino. i.e. incontaminatis. Politi- 
 cal honors (1. 1. 8) are not always unsullied. fulget : 3. 16. 31. 
 Virtue 'by her own radiant light' shines brighter than the ' bright 
 honor ' of Lucretius (3. 76, c.laro qui incedit honore) and Hotspur, 
 Hen. IV. 1. 1. 3. Cf. Cic. pro Sest. 60, Splendetque per sese semper, 
 etc. 
 
 19. secures : the fasces of the lictors. Macaulay, Virginia, 
 ' He stalked along the Forum like King Tarquin in his pride : | 
 Twelve axes waited on him, six marching on a side ' ; ibid., ' The 
 axes and the curule chair, the car, and laurel crown.' 
 
 20. aurae: 1. 5. 11 ; 2. 8. 24; 1. 1. 7, mobilium ; Epp. 1. 19. 
 37, ventosae plebis suffragia; Verg. Aen. 6. 817, nimium gaudens 
 popularibus auris; Cic. harusp. resp. 43; pro Cluent. 130, ventus 
 popularis. 
 
 21. recludens : but for the multitude aequa tellus recluditur, 
 
 2. 18. 32, immeritis mori: ou5 -rtQvaai 6av6vrfs, Auth. Pal. 7. 
 251, of the heroes of Thermopylae. ' Some few who ne'er shall 
 be forgot, | Shall burst the bondage of the grave.' It is the 'sub- 
 jective ' immortality of 3. 3. 9-16, the only one known to Horace. 
 
 22. negata : 1. 22. 22 ; Sen. Phaedr. 229, solus negatas invenit 
 Theseus vias (to Hades). Virtus as subject of temptat = the 
 virtuous man by a natural shift. Cf. Lowell, Cominem. Ode 25, 
 'Virtue treads paths that end not in the grave.' For temptat, cf. 
 
 3. 4. 31. 
 
 23. udam : dank, misty, in contrast with the liquidnm aethera 
 (2. 20. 2. n.), 'Regions mild of calm and serene air | Above the 
 smoke and stir of this dim spot, | Which men call earth ' (Milt. 
 Comus). 
 
 24. sperait : ' Soaring the air sublime | With clang despised the 
 ground' (Milt. P. L. 7). 
 
 25-32. The virtues of silence and discretion which Horace would 
 wish to claim for Maecenas as counsellor of Augustus, and for him- 
 self as confidant of Maecenas. Let not the revealer of holy mys- 
 teries share my hearth or ship. For the divine judgment oft con- 
 founds the innocent with the guilty, and Justice, though she limps, 
 comes up with the wicked at last. 
 
 25. est, etc. : a translation of Simon, fr. 66, said to have been a 
 favorite maxim of Augustus, iWt /col aiyas cucivSwov yfyas (Plut.
 
 BOOK III., ODE II. 309 
 
 Moral. 207 D). Cf. Aesch. fr. 188; Soph. fr. 78; Verg. Aen. 3. 
 112, fida silentia sacris ; Sat. 1. 3. 95 ; 1. 4. 84, commissa tacere \ 
 qui nequit : hie niger est ; Odes 1. 18. 16. An allusion to Mae- 
 cenas' betrayal to his wife Terentia of the discovery of the con- 
 spiracy of Murena is extremely improbable ; Suet. Aug. 66. Horace 
 shows his own discretion by stoutly asseverating that Maecenas 
 confides to him only trifles, qiiae rimosa bene deponuntur in aure 
 (Sat. 2. 6. 46). So Swift of himself and Harley. 
 
 26-28. vetabo ... sit : Lex. s.v. veto, 1. b. 
 
 ' 26. Cereris sacrum : the Eleusinian mysteries, or secret Roman 
 rites of Ceres -and Liber, or any mysteries; Cic. in Verr. 5. 187; 
 Soph O. C. 1051. 
 
 27-28. sub isdem . . . trabibus : 6ncap6(t>ios (Antiphon. 5. 11); 
 irapianos (Soph. Antig. 372); It^oroixos (Callim. Cer. 113). 
 
 28. fragilem : conventional epithet, 1. 3. 10 ; but emphasizes 
 the risk. Cf. Spenser, 1. 27. 19. n. 
 
 29. solvat: Epode 10. 1, soluta navis; 1. 32. 7, religarat . . . 
 navem. For the naive notion that the guilty facilitated the divine 
 vengeance when they exposed themselves at sea, cf. Ov. Her. 7. 57, 
 nee violasse fidem temptantibus aequora predest ; Book of Jonah, 
 1. 7-8; Aesch. Sept. 602; Eurip. Elect. 1354, fr. 852; Xen. Cyr. 
 8.1.25; Schmidt, Ethik der Griechen^ 1 . 66. Diespiter : 1 . 34. 5. 
 
 30. neglectus : a vague word covering a multitude of sins. So 
 Di . . . neglecti, 3. 6. 7 ; integrum : 1. 22. 1. n. For the idea that 
 the gods destroy the innocent in the company of the guilty, cf. 
 supra on 29 ; Aesch. Eumen. 285. 
 
 31-32. 'The thought itself of these lines is familiar enough to 
 Homer and Hesiod ; but neither Homer nor Hesiod . . . could pos- 
 sibly have so complicated its expression as Horace complicates it, 
 and purposely complicates it, by his use of deseruit ' (Arnold, On 
 Trans. Homer, p. 208). This complication misled the legendary 
 fourth-form boy into the rendering : ' Rarely has a Carthaginian 
 lady abandoned her criminal antecedent.' 
 
 32. Poena : in 4. 5. 24, Culpam Poena premit comes. The 
 image of her lame pursuit may have been suggested by the parable 
 of the Litae in Homer, II. 9. 503, or by the v<TTfp6irovs NfV<m or 
 oTrt<r66irovs AIKIJ of the Greeks. The thought is a commonplace. 
 Cf. Plutarch. De sera numinum vindicta; Solon, fr. 4. 16, 13. 25
 
 310 NOTES. 
 
 sqq. ; Aesch. Ag. 58 ; Choeph. 383 ; Eurip. fr. 969 ; II. 4. 162 ; 
 Tibull. 1. 9. 4, sera tamen tacitis Poena venit pedibus ; Juv. 13. 
 100, ut sit magna tamen certe lenta ira deorum est ; Sen. Here. 
 Fur. 389 ; Gratius, Cyn. 455 ; George Herbeit, ' God's mill grinds 
 slow but sure ' ; Milt. P. L. 10, ' Justice divine mends not her slowest 
 pace | For prayers or cries ' ; Browning, Cenciaja, ' God's justice 
 tardy though it prove perchance | Rests never on the track,' etc. ; 
 Swinb., ' I am the queen of Rephaim. | God, that some while refrain- 
 eth him, I Made in the end a spoil of me,' etc. 
 
 ODE JII. 
 
 Imitated by Walsh, Johnson's Poets, 8. 417. Translated by 
 Addison, ibid. 9. 544 ; by Hughes, ibid. 10. 25 ; by Fenton, ibid. 
 10. 422. 
 
 1-4. 'No wrath of Men or rage of Seas | Can shake a just man's 
 purposes : | No threats of Tyrants, or the Grim | Visage of them 
 can alter him ; | But what he doth at first entend, | That he holds 
 firmly to the end' (Herrick, 616). These lines were recited by 
 Cornelius de Witte on the rack, and their repetition nerved Fred- 
 erick the Great in his desperate struggle with all Europe (Ste.- 
 Beuve, Causeries, 3. 202). Socrates, who withstood the ardor 
 civium in the trial of the generals of Arginousae, and ignored the 
 threats of the instans tyrannus under the Thirty (Plato, Apol. 
 c. 20), is the perfect type of that virtue of 'constancy' which 
 Horace here celebrates as the tradition of the makers of Rome. 
 
 propositi : Epp. 1. 13. 11, victor propositi. Caesar, Bell. Civ. 
 1. 83, has tenere propositum. 
 
 2. iubentium : suggesting the technical use, senatus decrevit 
 populusque iussit. 
 
 3. voltus : cf . ri> ffbv Selects irp6ffa>irov (Soph. O. T. 448) , where 
 Jebb comments, 'the blind man (Teiresias) speaks as though he 
 saw the vultus instantis tyrannV Cf. Gray, The Bard, her 'awe- 
 commanding face' (of Elizabeth), and the biblical use of 'face.' 
 Instans Tyrannus is the title of one of Browning's poems. For 
 the urgency of instans, cf. 2. 14. 3, and Sat. 2. 6. 39, ' Si vis, 
 
 addit et instat.
 
 BOOK III., ODE III. 311 
 
 4. mente : is abl. of respect or specification (A. G. 253 ; B. 226 ; 
 G. L. 397 ; H. 424), but the analogy of <?/cirA^TTt', Aesch. Prom. 
 360, suggests excutit, shakes, dislodges from. 
 
 4. solida : at least an incipient image, which is developed, Sen. 
 de Const. Sap. 3, quemadmodum proiecti in altum scopuli mare 
 frangunt, ita sapientis animus solidus est. So Herrick felt it, 390, 
 ' A just man's like a Rock that turns the wroth | Of all the raging 
 Waves into a froth.' Cf. Tenn., Princess, ' The roar that breaks the 
 Pharos from his base | Had left us rock.' See also Tenn., Will. L 
 
 5. dux . . . Hadriae : 1. 3. 15. n. ; 2. 17. 19. 
 
 6. fulminantis : when he thunders = his thunderbolts ; not so 
 nearly a mere epithet as tonantem, 3. 5. 1. 
 
 7-8. Should the whole frame of Nature round him break, | In 
 ruin and confusion hurled, | He, unconcerned, would hear the 
 mighty crack, | And stand secure amidst a falling world ' (Addison). 
 ' If (though) the heavens fall ' is proverbial. Cf. Theogn. 869, 
 and the boast of the Celts to Alexander that they feared naught 
 else; Ter. Heaut. 719. See Otto, p. 61. Heywood's 'When the 
 skie faith we shall have Larkes' is matched in French and German 
 proverbs. Fiat iustitia mat caelum is modern. 
 
 8. impavidum : 1. 15. 23. ruinae : 1. 16. 12, ruens; Verg. 
 Aen. 1. 129, caelique niina; Milt. P. L. 6, 'hell saw | Heav'n 
 ruining from heaven.' 
 
 9. hac arte : sc. constantia. But cf. 4. 15. 12, artes ; ars is 
 as vague as res, ratio, causa, status. Cf. Ter. Andr. 32, nil istac 
 opus est arte ad hanc rem quam paro, \ sed eis quas semper in 
 te intellexi sitas, \ fide et taciturnitate ; Marvell, Horatian Ode 
 on Cromwell, ' The same arts that did gain | A power must it 
 maintain.' Pollux: as an ideal type, Aristotle, fr. 6. 9, Bgk. ; 
 Find. Nem. 10. 65-90 ; Epp. 2. 1. 5, cum Castore Pollux, etc. Cf. 
 1. 12. 25; 3. 29. 64. vagus: iro\inr\ayKTos, of his travels in the 
 service of man (Verg. Aen. 6. 801, nee vero Alcides tantum telluris 
 obivit; Eurip. Here. Fur. 1196 ; Pind. Isth. 4. 55). For Hercules, 
 as theme of Stoic moralizing and servant of humanity, see Munro 
 on Lucret. 5. 22 ; Sen. de Const. Sap. 2 ; Dio Chrys. Orat. 1, in 
 fine; Browning, Balaustion. The whole passage interprets the 
 apotheosis of the ancient religion in the sense of a conception of 
 "subjective immortality " akin to that expressed in George Eliot's
 
 312 NOTES. 
 
 'Choir Invisible '; cf. Epp. 2. 1. 5-12. Pliny, N. H. 2. 7, Deus est 
 mortali iuvare mortalem ; et haec ad acternam gloriam via. hac 
 proceres iere Bomani. This is the thought that underlies the con- 
 ventional imagery of compliment. 
 
 10. enisus: struggling up and on ; Tac. Ann. 1. 70, in editiora 
 enisus. igneas : starry or of the aether. Cf. Ov. Met. 15. 858, 
 arces . . . aetherias; Trist, 5. 3. 19. But ignes = stars, 1. 12. 47. 
 Cf. Ovid's siderea arx, Am. 3. 10. 21. Statius to Domitian, Silv. 
 
 4. 3. 155, ibis qua vagus Hercules et Eultan (Bacchus) \ ultra 
 sidera flammeumque solem. On the "stars" in the conventional 
 rhetoric of immortality, cf. Cic. Somn. Scip. 16 sqq. ; Rohde, 
 Psyche, p. 672. 
 
 11. Augustus : he received the title B.C. 27, which seems to 
 date the ode; cf. on 1. 2. recumbens: at tahle, Epp. 1. 5. 1 ; 
 cf. Verg. Eel. 1. 1, recubans sub tegmine fagi. 
 
 12. purpureo: we may choose between the 'purple light' of 
 youth, the halo of apotheosis, and a 'purple-stained mouth' from 
 a beaker full of the true, the blushful Hippocrene. Catull. 45. 12, 
 illo purpureo ore saviata. Verg. Aen. 1. 590 ; 2. 593, roseo . . . ore. 
 bibet: the reading of some Mss. predicts, as does Verg. G. 
 1. 24-42, and may be thought to save Horace from sinking to the 
 level of Martial, 4. 8. 9, et bonus aetherio laxatur nectare Caesar. 
 bibit visualizes. On the imperial apotheosis and this form of 
 flattery, cf. 4. 5. 35. n. ; 4. 15. Gaston Boissier, Relig. Rom. 
 1. 109 sqq. 
 
 13. hac : with merentem, sc. caelum, such honor ; cf . Ov. Trist. 
 
 5. 3. 19, to Bacchus:- ipse qnoque aetherias mentis invectus es 
 arces. His travels and labors follow, ibid. 20-24. Bacche pater : 
 1. 18. 6. n. 
 
 14. vexere: sc. ad caelum. tigres: the Roman poets seem to 
 have substituted the Armenian tiger for the panther of Bacchus. 
 Verg. Aen. 6. 805. Ov. Am. 1. 2. 48. Ars Am. 1. 550. But 
 Propert. 4. 16. 8 has lyncibus ad caelum vecta Ariadna tuis; cf. 
 Keats, 'not charioted by Bacchus and his pards.' The tamed 
 tigers may symbolize his civilizing power. 
 
 15. hac : it is perhaps painfully explicit to construe hac Quiri- 
 nus (merens caelum') fugit. For the disappearance of Romulus 
 (Quirinus) in a storm, and the legend of his translation to
 
 BOOK III., ODE III. 313 
 
 heaven in the chariot of Mars, cf. Livy, 1. 16. Plut. Rom. 28. Ov. 
 Fast. 2. 496, Hinc tonat, hinc missis abrumpitur ignibus aether: \ 
 fit fuya. rex patriis astro, petebat equis. Met. 14. 820. 
 
 16. Acheronta fugit : Find. fr. 120, iropd^v irt>evy6Tes 'AX- 
 povros. Theoc. 17. 46. 
 
 17-68. The Roman instance provides Horace with a transition 
 to his central theme, the destiny of the Roman State foretold by 
 Juno in a speech addressed to the assembled gods deliberating on 
 the reception of Romulus among the immortals. The treatment 
 of the myth gives the ode a Pindaric cast (cf. 3. 11 ; 3. 5; 4. 4; 
 1. 12; 3. 27). 
 
 The vehemence of Juno's protest against any attempt to rebuild 
 Ilium has been taken as an allusion to some design of the Emperor 
 to remove the Capitol to an Eastern site (cf. Sueton. Jul. Caes. 
 79). Others fantastically interpret it as an allegory of the rule of 
 the Optimates which passed away forever at Pharsalia and Actium, 
 or of the vices and luxury of the old. Empires of the East which 
 must not be permitted to corrupt Rome. It is more simply taken 
 as a dramatic keeping up the character of Juno. In accepting 
 Romulus and consenting to join with Jupiter in cherishing the 
 people of the toga (Verg. Aen. 1. 280), she still remembers the 
 spretae iniuria formae, and is careful to explain that she abates 
 not one jot or tittle of her just hatred for perjured Troy. Cf. Verg. 
 Aen. 12. 824 sqq. 
 
 The motif of the deorum concilium was borrowed from Ennius, 
 who represents Jupiter as promising Mars before the foundation of 
 Rome the apotheosis of Romulus ; unus erit quern tu tolles in 
 caerula caeli \ templa; cf. Verg. Aen. 1. 254 sqq. In Eurip. Hel. 
 878, there is an allusion to a similar consultation. 
 
 17. gratuni : they were pleased at her yielding to the general 
 desire. 
 
 18. Ilion. Ilion : anadiplosis of strong feeling. Cf. Dante's 
 St. Peter, Paradis. 27. 22, 'quegli chi usurpa in terra il loco mio \ 
 il loco mio, il loco mio ' ; Aesch. in Ctes. 133, Brjffai Se, TjBai- 
 
 19. fatalis : Hecuba, the mother of Paris, dreamed that she had 
 brought forth a fireband (Eurip. Tro. 919 ; Verg. Aen. 7. 319 sqq. ; also 
 AwTTrcrpis AiVoTrapis). incestus : not of his lust (cf. 3. 2. 30), though 
 that was his bribe. (II. 24. 30, nax^oo-vvtiv ; Teiin. CEnone, ' I prom-
 
 314 NOTES. 
 
 ise thee | The fairest and most loving wife in Greece.') index : 
 Catull. 61. 18, venit ad Phrygium Venus \ iudicem ; Verg. Aen. 1. 
 27, indicium Paridis ; Tenn., 'Hear all, and see thy Paris judge 
 of gods.' The judgment of Paris, first mentioned II. 24. 28-30 (if 
 genuine), was told in the Cypria, and is frequently alluded to by 
 Euripides (Hec. 629 ; Iph. Aul. 1300 ; Troad. 925 ; Hel. 23 ; Andr. 
 281) and often represented on vases. In Eng. lit. it is the theme 
 of poems by Greene, Beattie, Parnell, Tennyson, etc. (Lang, Helen 
 of Troy, 1. 49-57). 
 
 20, 21. mulier : Juno disdains to name Helen. Cf. 'the strange 
 woman ' of the Bible. vertit in pulverem : duaflui/ei. ex quo : 
 from the day when, with damnatum forfeited, addictum, abandoned 
 to our vengeance. deos : Apollo and Poseidon served a year 
 with King Laomedon, and one or both (the legend varies) built 
 the walls of Troy. ' But when the joyous seasons were accomplish- 
 ing the time of hire, the redoubtable Laomedon robbed us of all hire 
 and sent us off with threats' (II. 21. 450 (Lang)). Cf. II. 7. 453 ; 
 Verg. G. 3. 36, Troiae Cynthius auctor ; Tenn., 'Like that strange 
 song I heard Apollo sing | When I lion like a mist rose into towers.' 
 
 22. mini: for dat., cf. dassis Teucro damnata Quirino (Propert. 
 
 5. 6. 21--24). 
 
 23. castae: 1. 7. 5. 
 
 24. fraudulento : Verg. Aen. 4. 541, necdum \ Laomedonteae 
 sentis periuria gentis? Pind. Isth. 5. 29, Aao/ueSoi/Teiav vxep a/nir\^- 
 Kinv ; Aen. 5. 811. 
 
 25. splendet : 1. 15. 13 ; 4. 9. 13-15 ; II. 3. 392, <(ti\\ei re ff ri\&tai> 
 ical e'tuaffi ; Eurip. Tro. 991 ; Iph. Aul. 74. adulterae: prefera- 
 bly dat. Cf. 1. 5. 12. For death of Paris, cf. Quint. Smyr. 10. 235 ; 
 Term., Death of CEnone ; Lang, Helen of Troy, 5. 54-68. 
 
 26. famosus hospes : he was the notorious and infamous ex- 
 ample of violated hospitality (1. 15. 2. n. ; II. 13. 626). 
 
 27. periura: perhaps alluding also to the violation of the oath 
 (II. 4. 157 sqq.). pugnaces: 4. 6. 8. n. 
 
 28. Hectoreis: 2.4. 10, 11. n. opibus : vague word. Cf. 1. 
 
 6. 15 ; 4. 4. 60. refringit: Lex. s.v. B. II., beats (hurls) broken 
 back. 
 
 29. ductum : protracted (trahere bellum, Sail.) by our divided 
 partisanship (se(d)itionibus}. Cf. Ov. Trist. 1. 2. 5, Mulciber in
 
 BOOK 111., ODE III. 315 
 
 Troiam, pro Troia stabat Apollo : \ Aequa Venus Teucris, Pallas 
 iniqua fitit. 
 
 30. resedit: from resido ; the storm of war has abated, the 
 winds and waves subside. Cf. 2. 7. 15, 16. n.; Verg. Aen. 7. 27; 
 6. 407 ; Tenn., 'Sea was her wrath, yet working after storm.' 
 protinus: So noir, henceforth (since Troy is punished), Juno re- 
 nounces her wrath and her hatred of her grandson Romulus, the 
 son of Mars and Rhea Silvia or Ilia (1. 2. 15. n.; Verg. Aen. 1. 
 273, 274). 
 
 33. redonabo : 2. 7. 3. n. Here virtually = condonabo. There 
 is a slight zeugma in its use with both iras and nepotem. In Pe- 
 tron. 31 the angry master, pardoning a slave at intercession of 
 friends, says, 'do/to vobis eum." 1 ilium: 3. 2. 6. n. lucidas : 
 1. 10. n. ; 'O\I/HTTOU napnapoeaffav aiy\av. Soph. Antig. 610. 
 
 34. ducere: quaff (1. 17.22 ; 4.12.14). ManyMss. read discere, 
 grow wonted to the strange draught. 
 
 35. 36. adscribi . . . ordinibus : almost technical, be listed, 
 enrolled. 
 
 35. quietis: the gods who live at ease. Cf. on 1. 34 ; Sat. 1. 5. 
 101 ; Verg. Aen. 4. 379, ea cura quietos \ sollicitat ; Tenn., Lucret., 
 'aught they fable of the quiet gods' ; Arnold, Emped., 'The rest 
 of immortals, | The action of men.' The rhythm of quietis here 
 seems to match the sense. Cf. 1. 31. 7. 
 
 36-68. Rome may grow great beyond the seas and become a 
 dreaded name, but Troy must not revive : occidit occideritque 
 sinas cum nomine Troia (Verg. Aen. 12. 828) ; ' It shall never be 
 inhabited. . . . But wild beasts of the desert shall lie there ; and 
 their houses shall be full of doleful creatures : and owls shall dwell 
 there,' etc. (Isaiah 13. 20, 21) ; 'But where I sought for Ilium's 
 walls | The quiet sheep feeds and the tortoise crawls' (Byron, Don 
 Juan, 4. 77) ; Lucan, 9. 969, etiam periere ruinae. 
 
 37. inter saeviat : the position produces the illusion of a com- 
 pound. Cf. 3. 27. 5. This may have suggested to Herrick his 
 quaint 'intertalkt' (264) and 'superlast' (406). 
 
 38. exsules : slightly spiteful, and with beati a faint oxymoron. 
 
 40. busto : Vergil's iacet ingens litore truncus, etc. (Aen. 2. 
 557) was not yet published to preoccupy the imagination. 
 
 41. insultet, etc. : Tvufy firiOpuffKiav, II. 4. 177; Eurip. El. 327 :
 
 316 NOTES. 
 
 'They say the Lion and the Lizard keep | The Courts where 
 Jamshyd gloried and drank deep ; | And Bahrain, that great Hunter 
 the Wild Ass | Stamps o'er his Head, but cannot break his sleep ' 
 (Omar Khayyam, 18); ' et les tombeaux des rois sont des trous 
 a panthere ' (Victor Hugo, Zim-Zisimi) ; Lamartine, Le Lizard sur 
 les Ruines de Rome ; Pope, Windsor Forest, ' The fox obscene to 
 gaping tombs retires. [ And savage howlings fill the sacred quires.' 
 
 42. inultae: 1. 2. 51. n. stet: 1. 9. 1. n. Capitolium: 1. 
 37. 6 ; 3. 30. 8. n. ; 3. 24. 45 ; 4. 3. 9. 
 
 43. fulgens : with stet predicatively. It had been gilded when 
 rebuilt by Catulus after the conflagration of B.C. 83. Cf. fastiyatis 
 supra tectis auro puro fuhjens praelucet Capitolium (Sen. Contr. 
 1. 6. 4). Cf. Verg. Aen. 8. 347, Capitolin . . . \ aurea nunc, olim 
 silvestribus horrida dumis. triumphatisque : Lex. s.v. II. Eng- 
 lish prose idiom "would turn the participle by a clause coordinate 
 with dare iura. 'Subdue and impose her laws upon.' possit : 
 in her might. 
 
 44. ferox : 1. 35. 10. dare iura : i.e. exercise sovereignty over. 
 Cf. 4. 15. 22 ; Verg. Aen. 3. 137 ; Liv. 1. 8. 1. Media: 1. 2. 22. 
 51. n. 
 
 45. horrenda late : horreat Aeneadas et primus et ultimus 
 orbis (Ov. Fast. 1. 717) ; Macaulay, Capys, 31, '. . . Where Atlas 
 flings his shadow | Far o'er the western foam, | Shall be great fear 
 on all who hear | The mighty name of Rome ' ; Tibull. 2. 5. 57-60. 
 But nomen is q^asi-technical ; 4. 15. 13. 
 
 46. medius liquor : at Straits of Gibraltar. For medius, cf. 
 Verg. Aen. 3. 417. 
 
 47. secernit: Europam Libyamque rapax ubi dividit unda, 
 cited Cic. Nat. D. 3. 24. ' The narrow seas, whose rapid inter- 
 val | Parts Afric from green Europe' (Tenn., Timbuctoo). Afro = 
 Afris = Africa. 
 
 48. qua . . . Nilus : Macaulay, ' Where Nile reflects the endless 
 length | Of dark-red colonnades.' tumidus rigat, 'As when old 
 father Nilus gins to swell \ With timely pride above the Egyptian 
 vale, | His fatty waves do fertile slime outwell, | And overflow each 
 plain and lowly dale ' (F. Q. 1. 1. 21) ; Verg. G. 4. 292 ; ' The higher 
 Nilus swells, \ The more it promises' (Ant. and Cleop. 2. 7). 
 
 49-56. aurum, etc. : Horace here is speaking through Juno.
 
 BOOK III., ODE III. 317 
 
 sic melius situm, etc. : a well-worn moral ; Sen. Nat. Quaest. 
 5. 15. 3 ; Manil. 5. 276 ; Tac. Ger. 5; Boeth. Cona. Phil. 2. 5, pretiosa 
 pericula foclit ; Ov. Met. 1. 140 ; F. Q. 2. 7. 17 ; Milt. P. L. 1, ' with 
 impious hands | Rifled the bowels of their mother earth | For 
 treasures better hid ' ; Vaughan, The Golden Age, ' Alas ! who was 
 it that first found | Gold hid of purpose underground | That 
 sought out pearls and dived to find | Such precious perils for man- 
 kind ' (an unavowed translation of Boethius) ; Pope, Epist. 3, 
 ' Opine that Nature, as in duty bound, | Deep hid the shining 
 mischief underground.' 
 
 50. spernere : it is pettifogging to object that the gold cannot 
 be spurned while yet inrepertum. We need not rush to the Klon- 
 dike for it. fortior: courage is displayed in resisting cupidity as 
 well as in confronting danger (Plato, Laches, 191 D ; Verg. Aen. 
 8. 364, aude hospes contemnere opes; F. Q. 2. 6. 1). 
 
 51. cogere : 2. 3. 25. humanos in usus : with rapiente 
 primarily. According as the period is placed after Nilus ordextra, 
 fortior may be made a condition of the prophecy tanget, or a 
 limitation on the concession horrenda . . . extendat. Either is some- 
 what awkward, and the strophe is in effect a parenthesis. Cf. 4. 
 4. 18-22. 
 
 52. omne : 1. 3. 25. n. sacrum: generally, and also more 
 specifically ' the hid treasures in her sacred tomb | With sacrilege 
 to dig' (F. Q. 2. 7. 17). 
 
 53. obstitit = oppositus est ; obstitisse (obsisto) = obstare. 
 
 54. visere : 1. 2. 8 ; 1. 37. 25 ; 4. 13. 26 ; 2. 15. 3. 
 
 55. debacchentur : revel unchecked (1. 25. 11. n.) ; 'Like us 
 the lightning-fires | Love to have scope and play ' (Arnold, 
 Emped.). For de, cf. 1. 3. 13; 1. 9. 11 ; 1. 18. 9 ; 2. 1. 35. For 
 the whole, cf. 1. 22. 17-22 ; Verg. G. 1. 234-236. 
 
 56. pluviique rores : mist and rain. So dpfoos. 
 
 57. fata . . . dico : cf. fatidicus; fatum (fari) = quod semel 
 dictum est (C. S. 26); in declaring their destinies she ratifies them. 
 Quiritibus : i.e. men of the spear; Ov. Fast. 2. 477, sive quod 
 hasta curis priscis est dicta Sabinis. 
 
 58. lege: condition, namely, ne . . . velint. pii: the piety 
 of a colony towards the Metropolis, and ancestral home (avitae). 
 In an old Roniaj* poet the soldiers of Scipio Asiaticus on first
 
 318 NOTES. 
 
 beholding Troy exclaim, patria, divom damns Ilium et incluta 
 bello | Pergama. 
 
 59. tidentes : -3. 4. 50. 
 
 61. Troiae: 'Should Troy revive in evil hour, her star again 
 should set in gore ' (after Conington). English cannot reproduce 
 the transference of renascens to fortuna, and the double applica- 
 tion offortuna to the new city and the old. alite : 1. 15. 5. n. 
 
 63. ducente: as in Verg. Aen. 2. 612-614. 
 
 64. Verg. Aen. 1. 47; II. 16. 432. 
 
 65. ter: the conventional number (Verg. G. 1. 281).- murus 
 aeneus : II 21. 447, Spprj/cros. The phrase is conventional (Epp. 
 1. 1. 60). So ffiSdpeov Te?x os aSapavTivov rtl'X.os. Cf. 1. 33. 11, 
 iuga aenea. 
 
 66. auctore Phoebo : cf. 1. 21-22. n. ; Find. 0. 8. 31. meis : 
 1. 7. 8. n. 
 
 67. excisus : exscissus, which some read (cf. Verg. Aen. 2. 
 177), would be cacophonous. 
 
 Argivia : the agent is an instrument. Cf. Juv. 10. 155, Poeno 
 milite portas \ francjimus (which, however, is conceivably abl. 
 abs.). Others take it dat. agent. 
 
 69. non hoc, etc. : for the sudden check, cf. 2. 1. 37. n. and 
 1. 6. 10. iocosae : forgets the claim of musarum sacerdos (3. 
 1. 3). So Tennyson affects to rebuke his muse for darkening 
 'sanctities with song' (In Mem. 3. 7). Cf. Herrick, 2, To his 
 Muse, 'Whither, mad maiden, wilt thou roame ? ' Ronsard, Au 
 Sieur Bertraud, ' Taisez-vous, ma lyre mignarde, | Taisez-vous, 
 ma lyre jazarde, | un si haut chant n'est pas pour vous.' 
 
 70. pervicax : 2. 19. 9. 
 
 72. tenuare : cf. 1. 6. 12, and Milton's 'Who can extenuate 
 thee?' parvis: modestly ; cf. 4. 2. 31, petrous; 3. 25. 17. Per- 
 haps also contrasting the Alcaic with the versus longi of Epic. 
 
 ODE IV. 
 
 1 . descends caelo : the Muses dwell in heaven (II. 2. 484, 
 491). But Porphyrio fancifully understands it as a descent from 
 the sermones deorum (3. 3. 71). So perhaps Milton, P. L. 7 init.,
 
 BOOK III., ODE IV. 319 
 
 'Descend from heav'n, Urania ... Up led by thee | Into the 
 heav'n of heav'ns I have presumed.' Cf. Tenn. In Mem. 37, 'Go 
 down beside thy native rill,' etc. die age : 1. 32. 3 ; 2. 11. 22. 
 tibia: 1. 1. 32; 1. 12. 2. 
 
 2. regina : as revered goddess (3. 26. 11) and for the time ruler 
 of his soul. longum : this is in fact the longest of the Odes, but 
 we need not take it so literally. Calliope: Tenn. Lucretius, 'Poet- 
 like, as the great Sicilian called | Calliope to grace his golden verse' ; 
 Lucret. 6. 94 ; Emped. 383 ; Hes. Theog. 79 ; Alcman, fr. 45 ; Au- 
 son. Idyll 20. 7, carmina Calliope libris heroica mandat. But cf. 
 
 I. 12. 2. ii.; 1. 1. 33 ; 1. 24. 3 ; 3. 30. 16 ; and the simple Musa (1. 
 17. 14; 2. 1. 9; 2. 12. 13; 3. 3. 70). 
 
 3, 4. seu . . . seu : 1. 4. 12. The expression is confused. The 
 option seems to be song or recitative to the accompaniment of pipe 
 or string. The Mss. mostly read citharave, but fidibus w> uld hardly 
 distinguish the lyre of Mercury from the cithara of Ph >ebus, and 
 Vergil's hendiadys, Threicia fretus cithara fidibusque can<>ris (Aen. 
 6. 120), favors que. Any stringed instrument will do. Cf. \vpr> 
 KiQapifav (Hymn Merc. 423). 
 
 5. auditia : i.e. is it real, or does the poet's ecstasy ' Pipe to the 
 spirit ditties of no tone ' ? 
 
 6, 7. insania : the 0eia pavta (Plat. Phaedr. 245) of 'the lunatic, 
 the lover, and the poet.' videor : sc. mihi. Cf. 2. 1. 21 ; 'I seem 
 through consecrated walks to rove, | I hear soft music die along 
 the grove : | Led by the sound, I roam from shade to shade | By 
 godlike poets venerable made' (Pope, Windsor Forest, 267-270). 
 pios . . . lucos : Movtrtov vdwai (Plato, Ion, 534 A). Cf. 1. 1. 
 30. n. 
 
 8. aubeunt : lit. enter, approach ; but more etymologically here, 
 beneath whose covert glide. Slight zeugma with aurae. 
 
 9-12. me : i.e. for I have been the Muse's prote"ge" from the 
 cradle. fabulosae . . . palumbes : the storied doves that 
 carry ambrosia to Zeus (Odyss. 12. 62), and fed Semiramis. 
 Similar tales were told of Pindar, Stesichorus, Aeschylus, Plato, 
 and others. Cf. Tenn. Eleanore, 2; Pind._O. 6. .54; Pliny, N. II. 
 10. 82; Aelian, V. H. 10. 21, 12. 45. Apulo . . . Apuliae. 
 we may assume an intentional variation of the quantities (cf. 1. 32. 
 
 II. n.; 3. 24. 4); or we may read limina Pulliae with an ingenious
 
 320 NOTES. 
 
 German, who thinks fabulosa Pullia, the story-telling nurse Pullia, 
 a good pendant to playosus Orbilius (Epp. 2. 1. 71), the birch-loving 
 pedagogue. If the text is kept, Mt. Voltur must be supposed to 
 bestride the boundaries of Apulia and Lucania. Horace speaks 
 of himself as Lucanas an Apulus anceps (Sat. 2. 1. 34). Emenda- 
 tions are countless : altricis limina villulae ; patriae ; limina . . . 
 sedulae ; Volture in avio, abdito, arduo, etc. 
 
 11. fatigatumque : the trajection of que (1. 30. 6. n.) brings out, 
 if not intended to mark, the slight zeugma : Spent with play and 
 (overcome by, buried in) sleep. Cf. II. 10. 98 ; Pausan. 9. 23. 2, 
 
 I(6TTOS Kdl VTTVOS, 6tC. 
 
 12. nova: 4. 1. 32. n. 
 
 13-20. mirum quod foret (quod = ut id, tendency, characteris- 
 tic, or result of me . . . texere (Epode 2. 28)) ... ut ... dor- 
 mirem . . . ut premerer : epexegetic of quod mirum, and so of 
 me ... texerc, in form of indirect question. Cf. Epode 16. 53, 
 pluraque . . . mirabimnr : ut ; 1. 9. 1. 
 
 14. quicumque : i.e. all the dwellers round about, picturesquely 
 amplified by the Homeric descriptive epithets applied to the little 
 (modern) towns, Acerenza, Banzi, and Forenza. celsae . . . 
 nidum : Cic. de Or. 1. 19G ; Macaulay, Horat. 3, 'From many a 
 lonely hamlet, | Which, hid by beech and pine, | Like an eagle's 
 nest, hangs on the crest | Of purple Apennine ' ; Browning, Sor- 
 dello, 'The hamlets nestled on the Tyrol's brow.' 
 
 15,16. saltus : the 'high lawns' (Milt.). arvum pingue : 
 the fat ' well-tilled lowland.' 
 
 17. atris: deadly (1. 37. 27; Verg. G. 1. 129, ille malum virus 
 serpentibus addidit atris'). Cf. 1. 17. 8. n. But the viper was 
 black. 
 
 18. premerer : Epode 1. 33. For the picture, cf. Swinburne's 
 imitation of Pindar, O. 6. 54, 'Violets | fair as those that in far 
 years . . . hid the limbs of lamus' ; Wordsworth, The Brownie's 
 Cell, ' Where bud and bloom and fruitage glowed | Close-crowding 
 round the infant-god ' ; Arnold, Merope ; Tenn. Eleanore, 2 ; 
 Philostv. Imag. 2. 12. sacra : the laurel to Apollo, the myrtle to 
 Venus. 
 
 20. non sine dis: oi M**; (Ody. 18. 353). Cf. II. 5. 185. 
 animosus : the high-souled babe was confirmed in the ' animosity
 
 BOOK III., ODE IV. 321 
 
 of that attempt,' as Sir Thomas Browne would say, by the spe- 
 cial favor of heaven. 
 
 21. vester . . . vaster : since he is a dedicated spirit and Moi^ 
 ad.uv BfpzTraiv from the cradle, he is theirs everywhere. 
 
 22. tollor : climb, with a faint hint of ' soar ' ; 2. 7. 14 ; 2. 20. 1. 
 He is eV Moiffatffi iroTavbs in every sense (Find. Pyth. 5. 114). 
 
 22-23. frigidum Fraeneste : it was high and cool. Verg. Aen. 
 7. 682 ; Juv. 3. 190 ; Horace is there, Epp. 1. 2. 2, with Homer for 
 summer reading. 
 
 23. Tibur: 1. 7. 13 ; 2. 6. 5. supinum : the slopes of. Juv. 
 3. 192, proni Tibur is. 
 
 24. liquidae : cf. 2. 20. 2. n. ; Verg. G. 4. 59, per aestatem 
 liquidam ; Gray, Ode on Spring, ' And float amid the liquid noon ' ; 
 Kiessling takes it of the waters. Baiae : 2. 18. 20. n. Horace 
 there, Epp. 1. 15. 2 sqq. 
 
 25. amicum: because I was dear to (1. 26. 1. n.). fontibus : 
 
 1. 26. 6 ; Hes. Theog. 3 ; 3. 13. 13. 
 
 26. Philippis : 2. 7. 9. Abl., whence with versa, or place with 
 extinxit. 
 
 27. devota: sc. dis inferis, accursed (Epode 16. 9), 'To de- 
 struction sacred and devote' (Milt.). arbos : cf. on 2. 13; 
 
 2. 17. 27. 
 
 28. Nothing is known of Horace's escape from shipwreck near 
 the Lucanian promontory of Palinurus named from Aeneas's pilot 
 (Verg. Aen. 6. 381). 
 
 29. utcumque : if only you be with me. Cf. 1. 17. 10. n. 
 
 30. insanientem : cf . 3 7. 6. n. ; Tibull. 2. 4. 9, insanis . . . ven- 
 tis; Propert. 1. 8. 5 ; 4. 6. 6 ; Arnold, Scholar-Gipsy, ' Where the 
 Atlantic raves | Outside the western straits ' ; Verg. Eel. 9. 43. 
 Bosporum: 2. 13. 14. navita : opposed to viator, 32. 
 
 31. temptabo : 1. 28. 5. ^-urentes: cf. 1. 22. 5. n. Some 
 read arentes. 
 
 32. Assyrii = Syrii - Eastern. Cf. 2. 11. 16. 
 
 33. Britannos: 1.35.30; Catull. 11. 11, ultimosque Britannos; 
 Verg. Eel. 1. 66 ; Tac. -Ann. 14. 30, represents them as savages. 
 
 34. Concanum : a Cantabrian tribe. See on 2. 6. 2 ; Verg. 
 G. 3. 461, attributes the drinking of horse's blood and inilk to the 
 Geloni. 
 
 T
 
 322 NOTES. 
 
 35. Gelonos: 2. 9. 23; 2. 20. 19. pharetratos : cf. Milton's 
 ' quiver' d nymph ' (Comus). 
 
 36. Scythicum . . . amnem : the Don, Tanais. Cf. 3. 10. 1 ; 
 3. 29. 28, and, for the periphrasis, 2. 9. 21. 
 
 37. vos : returning to the leading thought, the muses and their 
 gracious influence. 
 
 38. abdidit : i.e. withdrew from public view the vast armies. 
 Cf. Epp. 1. 1. 5, latet abditus agro. The Mss. vary reddidit 
 assigned to, and addidit, apparently the technical term for enlarg- 
 ing a colony by a settlement of veterans (Tac. Ann. 13. 31), 
 are read. The disposition of. the 120,000 veterans cost Augustus 
 enormous sums (Mon. Ancyr. 3. 22), necessitated widespread con- 
 fiscations, and led to the founding of new towns whose names 
 indicate their origin, as Aosta Merida (Emerita Augusta), Sara- 
 gossa (Caesar Augusta). Cf. Merivale, 4. 65. 
 
 39. finite: 1. 7. 17; Sat. 2. 3. 263. labores : his own and 
 those of the Roman world. Cf. 2. 16. Intr. ; also 4. 15. 9. 
 
 40. Cf. Herrick, 1124, 'After thy labour take thine ease, | Here 
 with the sweet Pierides ' ; Find. Pyth. 6. 49, V /ni/xoio-t UifpiSwv ; 
 Martial, 12. 11. 3, Pimpleo . . . antro. For Augustus' literary 
 studie's, cf. Suet. Aug. 84. 85, and the lives of Horace and Vergil. 
 
 41. lene : the gentle muses are /j.fi\ix6&ov\oi, and Augustus, 
 who accepts the counsel they rejoice to give, is iacentem \ lenis 
 in hostem; C. S. 52. consilium: trisyllabic. Cf. 3. 6. 6. 
 
 42. scimus : the drift seems to be : Augustus is a benign ruler, 
 but those who rebel against his easy yoke and attempt to throw 
 the Roman world back into the chaos of civil war, will meet the 
 well-known fate of the blind Titanic powers that sought to over- 
 throw the fairer order established by Zeus and the bright Olympian 
 deities. Horace blends the various Greek legends in one composite 
 picture. 
 
 44. sustulerit: overthrew, crushed; the subj. is (I'ZZe) qui, 45. 
 Keep the Latin order: were struck down by the bolt (from the 
 hands) of him who, etc. caduco : 2. 13. 11 ; (swift) descending ; 
 Ko.Ta.iRa.Tns (Aesch. Prom. 359). 
 
 45-47. All-embracing antitheses: the brute earth (1. 34. 9), the 
 heaving wind-swept sea, the cities of the living and the dolorous 
 realm of death, the (quiet) gods, and the agitations of man.
 
 BOOK III., ODE IV. 323 
 
 45. temperat : 1. 12. 16. n. 
 
 46. regna : 2. 13. 21. tristia: Milton's 'dolorous mansions' 
 (Nativity, 14). Cf. II. 20. 64 ; Verg. Aen. 8. 245. 
 
 49. terrorem : cf. 2. 12. 7 ; F. Q. 7. 6. 15. It is inconsistent 
 with the calm omnipotence of 45-48 ; but even in Aeschylus and 
 Milton the mythology is sometimes imperfectly harmonized with 
 the religion. 
 
 50. fideiis : presumptuous. horrida: i.e. horrens bracchiis, 
 TTf<(>piKuia. iuventus: the Hecatoncheires (Centimanus, 69), Bri- 
 areus (II. 1. 402), Gyas, and Cottus, the first brood of Uranus and 
 Gaea (Apollod. 1. 1 ; Hes. Theog. 149). In Hesiod Uranus confines 
 them beneath the earth. Zeus releases them, and they help him to 
 defeat the Titans, whom they afterwards guard in Tartarus (Theog. 
 617 sqq. ; 730 sqq.). 
 
 51. fratres : the Aloidae, Otus and Ephialtes. Odys. 11. 308; 
 Verg. G. 1. 280 ; Aen. 6. 582 ; Find. Pyth. 4. 89 ; not in Hesiod. 
 opaco: Homer's elvo<ri<j>u\\ov (cf. 1. 21. 6-7. n.), which Vergil, 
 G. 1. 282, renders frondosum. So Juvenal's opaci Tagi (Sat. 3. 
 55) is put back into Greek by Jebb (Bologna Ode), as /ueAa/iupuA.- 
 AOIO TdyoLo. Homer picturesquely puts the ' forest-rustling moun- 
 tain ' on top ; but the metre often places Horace's epithets. With 
 the whole cf. Ov. Met. 1. 151-155. 
 
 52. imposuisse : cf. 1. 1. 4. n. ; 3. 18. 15. 
 
 53. Typhoeus : in Hesiod, Theog. 820, the latest born monstrous 
 offspring of earth, who, after the defeat of the Titans, wages war alone 
 against Zeus; cf. also II. 2. 782 ; Verg. Aen. 9. 716 ; Aesch. Prom. 
 354; Find. Pyth. 1. 16, with Arnold's imitation in ' Empedocles.' 
 Milt. Nativity, 25, 'Typhon huge ending in snaky twine.' P. L. 1, 
 'As whom the fables name of monstrous size, | Titanian, or Earth- 
 born, that warred on Jove, | Briareus, or Typhon, whom the den | 
 By ancient Tarsus held.' Mimas: in Hes. Scut. Her. 186, a cen- 
 taur (?). In Eurip. Ion, 214, a giant repelled by Pallas. Apoll. 
 Khod. 3. 1227. 
 
 54. Porphyrion : king of the giants, Pind. Pyth. 8. 17 ; cf . 
 Aristoph. Birds, 1252 ; cf. Keats's list, Hyper. 2 ; ' Coeus, and 
 Gyges, and Briareus, | Typhon, and Dolor, and Porphyrion.' 
 
 55. Rhoetus : 2. 19. 23. truncis : ' thrower with ' by analogy 
 of ' throw with.'
 
 324 NOTES. 
 
 56. Enceladus : Verg. Aen. 3. 578 ; Eurip. Ion, 209. 
 
 57-58. contra . . . (possent) ruentes : cf. ruit, 65 ; Pallas, 
 the type of heavenly wisdom, is put first. sonantem : II. 17. 595, 
 Zeus thunders and shakes the Aegis. Or it may be vaguely con- 
 ceived as a ringing shield; cf. 1. 15. 11. n. 
 
 58. nine, etc.: cf. dough, Amours de Voyage, 1. 8; ' Eager for 
 battle here | Stood Vulcan, here matronal Juno, | And with the 
 bow to his shoulder faithful | He who with pure dew laveth of 
 Castaly | His flowing locks, who holdeth of Lycia | The oak forest 
 and the wood that bore him, | Delos' and Patara's own Apollo.' 
 The monotonous enumeration is relieved by a picture ; cf. on 
 
 1. 12. 29 sqq. avidus : both as devouring element (cf. Lucret. 
 
 2. 1066, Milton's 'huge convex of fire | Outrageous to devour') 
 and \i\ia6/j.evos iro\ftj.oio ; cf. Verg. Aen. 9. 661, avidnm pugnae. 
 Tac. Hist. 4. 71 ; % Ann. 1. 51 ; F. Q. 1. 8. 6, 'And at him fiercely 
 flew, with courage fill'd, | And eager greediness through every 
 member thrill'd.' 
 
 60. arcum: cf. 1. 21. 11 ; Eurip. Alcest. 40. 
 
 61. Castaliae: Pind. Pyth. 1. 39; 'O Phoibos, lord of Lykia 
 and of Delos, who lovest the Spring of Castaly on thy Parnassos ' 
 (Myers). lavit: cf. 4. 6. 26; 2. 3. 18. n. 
 
 63. natalemque: cf. 1. 21. 10. 
 
 64. Patareus : of Patara in Lycia, where he spent the six win- 
 ter months. Serv. on Verg. Aen. 4. 143-4. Ov. Met. 1. 516. 
 
 65. vis, etc. : the moral of the myth in a Pindaric Sententia ; 
 cf. Pyth. 8. 15; Euenus, fr. 4; F. Q. 3. 10. 2, 'Might wanting 
 measure moveth surquedry ' (presumption, u/3pis); Eurip. fr. 732; 
 Milton, Samson Ag. 53. 
 
 66. temperatam : cf. Milton's 'temper'd awe,' Comus. 
 
 67. idem odere : but they likewise hate. Cf. 2. 10. 15, 22 ; 3. 
 12. 10 ; Eurip. Hel. 903. 
 
 68. omne : cf . 3. 3. 52. n. 
 
 69. testis : in Pindar's manner ; cf. fr. 146, rfKnalpoft.au. 0. 2. 
 24; 9. 105; cf. juapTi/pe? 5e in tragedy. Gyas : 2. 17. 14. n. 
 
 70. integrae : 1. 7. 5, intactae. 
 
 71. temptator : only here ; a rendering of weipav (not wfipdfciv 
 as eds. say). Pind. Nem. 5. 30 ; ' In part she is to blame that has 
 been tried, 11 Lady Mary Montagu ; cf. F. Q. 1. 5. 35, ' tempt the
 
 BOOK III., ODE V. 325 
 
 queen of heaven,' etc. Orion: 2. 13. 39. The legends varied. 
 Horace follows that found in Cic. Arat. 420. Hygin. astr. 2. 34. 
 
 72. domitus sagitta : Solely biary. Cf. Find. Pyth. 4. 90, 
 ' moreover, Tityos was the quarry of Artemis' swift arrow sped 
 from her invincible quiver' (Myers). 
 
 73. iniecta : vasta giganteis iniecta est insula membris, Ov. 
 Met. 5. 346. The material earth groans with physical oppression 
 ((TTovax'C T ffTeivoufvri, Hes. Theog. 160), the poetically per- 
 sonified earth mourns her offspring, as she does in the Pergamene 
 frieze. 
 
 74. luridum : the realm of ' flickering spectres lighted from 
 below | By the red race of fiery Phlegethon' (Tenn.). 
 
 75. nee peredit : his punishment endures. Fire eats already 
 in II. 23. 182. It 'devours with angry jaws,' Aesch. Prom. 368. 
 
 76. impositam . . . Aetnam : the legends varied. Cf. Claud, 
 de R. Pros. 1. 152, Aetna giganteos (over the giants, cf. 3. 1. 7) 
 numquam tacitura triumphos; Verg. Aen. 3. 578, Callim. Hymn. 
 Del. 141-143 ; Arnold, Empedocles, ' Typho only, the rebel o'er- 
 thrown, | Through whose heart Etna drives her roots of stone.' 
 
 77. incontinentis : lustful. Tityi : cf. 2. 14. 8. n. ; Find. 
 Pyth. 4. 90; Spenser, Vergil's Gnat, 48, 'And there is mournful 
 Tityus mindful yet | Of thy displeasure, O Latona fair.' 
 
 78. ales : the vulture that preyed on his liver (Verg. Aen. 6, 
 597). nequitiae : technical, like peccare. Cf. 3. 15. 2 ; Ov. Am. 
 2. 1. 2, Ille ego nequitiae Naso poeta meae. additus: a guard 
 that can't be shaken off. Cf. Vergil's Teucris addita luno (Aen. 
 6. 90) ; so vpooKtiiJitvos, Plato, Apol. 30 E. 
 
 79. amatorem : ironical ; not amantem. Cf. the jealous wife 
 in Plautus, surge, amator, i domum; some detect a hint of 
 Antony, who 'kissed away kingdoms.' trecentae: 2. 14. 5, 26. 
 
 80. Pirithoum : cf. 4. 7. 28. n. ; with Theseus he attempted to 
 carry, off Proserpina. 
 
 ODE V. 
 
 Of this poem Landor (Pentameron) says, ' in competition with 
 which ode, the finest in the Greek language itself has to my ear 
 too many low notes and somewhat of a wooden sound.'
 
 326 NOTES. 
 
 See, also, Lang, Letters to Dead Authors, p. 209, ' We talk of 
 the Greeks as your teachers. Your teachers they were, but that 
 poem could only have been written by a Roman ! The strength, 
 the tenderness, the noble and monumental resolution and resig- 
 nation, these are the gifts of the lords of human things, the 
 masters of the world.' 
 
 1. caelo: with regnare. Cf. 1. 12. 57-58. tonantem : both 
 epithet (Lex. s.v. II. B), and cause of credidimus Lucret. 5. 
 1187-93. 
 
 2. praesens: cf. 1. 35. 2; 4. 14. 43; Epp. 2. 1. 15; Ov. Trist. 
 2. 54, per te praeseutem conspicuumque deum; Veget. R. M. 2. 5, 
 imperator . . . tamquam praesenti et corpora?! deo. 
 
 3. adiectis : i.e. cum adiecerit. Britannia: 1. 35. 30. n. 
 
 4. imperio : 1. 2. 26. n. gravibus: 1. 2. 22. 
 
 5. Crassi : cf. Intr. 3. 1-6. coniuge barbara : abl. abs. 
 motivating turpis maritus. But ' husband by a wife ' = ' husband 
 of a wife ' is a possible construction. For the shame cf. Vergil's 
 nefas, Aegyptia coniux (Aen. 8. 688). 
 
 6. vixit : closely with maritus, endured to live as. curia, that 
 Senate (house) which the envoy of Pyrrhus pronounced an assem- 
 bly of kings, whose elders, refusing to abandon Rome, had awaited, 
 each on his curule chair, the approach of the victorious Gauls 
 (Livy, 5. 41). Cf. Cic. pro Plancio, 71, stante urbe et curia. 
 
 8. socerorum : avoid father-in-law. Cf. 3. 11. 39. n. For pi., 
 cf. II. 3. 49. in armis : Bentley would read, with some Mss., 
 in arvisj the Parthians enlisted captives and slaves (Justin. 41. 
 2. 5). 
 
 9. The good old Italian names in invidious juxtaposition with 
 the hateful name of king and Mede. Cf. 1. 37. 7. n. 
 
 10. Cf. Macaulay, Regillus, 38, ' Hail to the great Asylum ! 
 Hail to the hill-tops seven ! Hail to the fire that burns for aye, | 
 And the shield that fell from heaven.' Anciliorum : cf. Lex. 
 s.v. and Harper's Class. Diet. s.v. fialii. nominis : civis Eoma- 
 nussum! togae : Verg. Aen. 1. 282, Romanos, rerum dominos 
 gentemque togatam. 
 
 11. Vestae: Macaulay, Capys, 15, 'And there, unquenched 
 through ages, | Like Vesta's sacred fire, | Shall live the spirit of
 
 BOOK HI., ODE V. 327 
 
 thy nurse, | The spirit of thy sire.' Virginesque Vestales in 
 urbe custodiunto ignem foci publici sempiteruum (Cic. de. leg. 
 2. 20). 
 
 12. Incolumi love: i.e. Salvo Capitolio. Cf. 3. 30. 8. n. 
 
 13. hoc : note effective Latin order, ' 'twas just this ... he 
 guarded against ... in his forethought . . . did Regulus when he,' 
 etc. "Twas this that Regulus foresaw, | What time he spurn'd' 
 (Conington). Reguli : Consul, 256, captured in Africa by Car- 
 thaginians, 255 (Polyb. 1. 34). Sent by them to Roman Senate, 
 250, to treat for peace, or, failing that, for an exchange of pris- 
 oners, he advised the Senate (auctor . . . fuit) to reject both propo- 
 sitions (Livy, Epit. XVIII). A favorite text ; cf. Cic. de Or. 3. 
 109; deOff. 1. 39; 3. 99. 
 
 14. condicionibus : the terms of peace ; dative. 
 
 15. exemplo : the precedent of ransoming soldiers that had not 
 known how to die. Cf. Livy, 22. 60. trahentis: so Mss. ; with 
 Beguli ; drawing from such precedent (a presage of) ruin for 
 future time. The precedent is defined by si non periret. Ovid 
 has traxit in exemplitm, Met. 8. 245. Eds. generally read trahenti 
 with exemplo, which they construe.with dissentientis. 
 
 16. veniens : Lucan, 7. 390, populos aevi venientis. Cf. Vavenir, 
 and the ' To-come ' in Tenn. and Shelley. 
 
 17. periret: cf. 1. 3. 36. n. But the ictus does not fall on 
 the lengthened syllable here, and some read perires or perirent. 
 Or we may say that Horace permits himself the Greek form 
 \j w- 
 
 18. signa : Horace wishes the reader to think of the standards 
 of Crassus in Parthia. Cf . 4. 15. 6. ego : his own eyes have 
 seen the shame during his five years' captivity. 
 
 20-21. militibus sine caede . . . derepta: with cumulative 
 irony. Cf. Arnold, Culture and Anarchy, chap. 2, ' If he had 
 allowed his soldiers to interfere their rifles (might have been) 
 taken from them . . . with bloodshed' ; Verg. Aen. 11. 193, spolia 
 occisis derepta Latinis. 
 
 21. civium: yes, civium Romanorum. 
 
 22. retorta (u) tergo: cf. Epp. 2. 1, max trahitur manibus 
 regum fortunn retortis. An ingenious commentator has recently 
 taken it not of the Roman captives but of the Carthaginians strolling
 
 328 NOTES. 
 
 peacefully with hands clasped behind their backs! libero: a 
 liberty they had not known how to guard like the freeman. Cf. 
 4. 14. 18. For the transfer, cf. 3. 2. 10, timido teryo. 
 
 23. portas: of Carthage no longer fearing the Romans, cf. 
 A. P. 199, apertis otia portis. Cf. Lang, Helen of Troy, 6. 9. 
 
 23-24. arva . . . coli: for syntax, cf. 2. 9. 19-22. n. 
 
 25. Cf. Livy, 22. 60, speech of T. Manlius Torquatus against 
 ransoming the captives of Cannae, pretio redituri estis eo unde 
 iynavia ac neqiiitia abiistis? 
 
 26. flagitio : the disgrace of their cowardice. 
 
 27. damnum: the injury to the morale of the Roman army 
 hinted at in scilicet acrior, and explained in 26-3G. Others take 
 it naively of the ' damnation of the expense,' a satiric (Sat. 2. 2. 
 96) but hardly an heroic thought. Cf. The Tempest, 4. 1, 'There 
 is not only disgrace and dishonor in that, monster, but an infinite 
 loss 1 ; Eurip.(?) Rhes. 102. 
 
 27-32. neque . . . nee ... si ... erit : two allegorical parallels 
 illustrating the thought that valor, like chastity, is irrecoverably 
 forfeited by a single lapse. For this scheme of expression by para- 
 tactic simile, cf. Aesch. Sept. 564 ; Suppl. 226, 443 sqq. ; Ag. 322 ; 
 Eumen. 694 ; Choeph. 258 ; Find. 0. 10. 13, etc. 
 
 27. colores: i.e. its native hues, the simplex ille candor of 
 Quintil. 1. 1. 5. 
 
 28. medicata : dyed with false hues. So <f>ap/j.d<T<Teii>. 
 
 29. semel: 1. 24. 16. n. 
 
 30. curat: with inf. 2. 13. 39. deterioribus : dat., the loss 
 (excidit) makes them so. Homer could never have so complicated 
 his simple, ' Whatever day | Makes man a slave, takes half his 
 worth away' ; Od. 17. 302 (Pope). 
 
 33. perfidis: cf. 4. 4. 49. n. ; with credidit, cf. 3. 7. 13; 3. 
 27. 25. 
 
 34. marte : as in 24, war; cf. 1. 7. 22. n. altero: a second 
 = another = some future. 
 
 36. iners : helpless, submissively, tamely. Cf . inertiae, 4. 0. 
 29 ; Epp. 1. 5. 17, ad proelia trudit inertem. 
 
 37. unde . . . sumeret : represents dubitative unde sumam. 
 Forgetting that the soldier must keep his life with the sword, he 
 confounds war with peace (and tries to buy it ?).
 
 BOOK III , ODE V. 329 
 
 40. minis: 'by the,' instr. abl., but virtually 'above the.' 
 
 41. fertur : ' sti'.l is the story told ' how, etc. Note the modula- 
 tion from the passion of Rcgu'.us' peroratiori to the quiet, awestruck 
 description of his heroic sel. -sacrifice. Lines 41-56 are translated 
 by Thomson, Liberty, 3, ' Hence Regulus the wavering fathers 
 firmed | By dreadful counsel never given before ; (45, 46) . . . On 
 earth his manly look | Relentless fix'd, he from a last embrace, | 
 By chains polluted, put his wife aside,' etc. pudicae : 4. 9. 23. 
 
 42. capitis minor : caput is status ; capitis deminutio is total or 
 partial loss of civic rights. Cf. Livy, 22. 60, sero mine desideratis, 
 deminuti capite, abalienati iure civium, servi Carthaginiensium 
 facti. With heroic Roman pedantry Regulus, applying this tech- 
 nicality to himself, declined to speak from his place in the Senate 
 (Cic. de Off. 3. 27) or to claim the rights of a paterfamilias. 
 
 44. torvus : sternly, grimly. 
 
 45-46. donee . . . firmaret: may be taken as determined by 
 the dependence on fertur ; but ' while he was ' blends with ' until 
 he could' (get through with the hard duty). Cf. Verg. Aen. 1. 5. 
 
 46. auctor : by the weight of his authority ; but cf. Livy, cited 
 on 1. 13. alias : before or after. 
 
 48-51. egregius . . . exsul: cf.' 3. 3. 38. n. ; 3. 11. 35. n. 
 properaret and dimovit may express the alacrity of duty done, or 
 his impatience of distressing importunity, and desire to 'have it 
 over. ' 
 
 49. atqui : and yet, /ecu'. Cf. 3. 7. 9 ; 1. 23. 9 ; Cic. Off. 3. 27, 
 neque vero turn ignorabat he knew all the while. 
 
 50. tortor: completes the legend (Cic. Off. 3. 27; Gell. 7. 4), 
 but has no historical authority. The whole story is unknown to 
 Polybius. 
 
 50-53. non aliter . . . quam si: with like unconcern as 
 though, Con. 
 
 52. reditus : -um -um -em would have been cacophonous. Cf . 
 Epode 16. 35. 
 
 53. longa : tedious. For this burdensome duty of a great Roman 
 towards his clients, cf. Epp. 2. 1. 104 ; 1. 5. 31. 
 
 54. diiudicata : it does not appear whether he is conceived 
 as counsel or judge (arbitrator) . relinqueret : had been or 
 were leaving ; rura subnrbana indu-tis . . . ire Latinis, Epp.
 
 330 NOTES. 
 
 1. 7. 76 is an anachronism for the age of Regulus ; but the 
 picture is timeless. 
 
 55. Venafranos : 2. 6. 16. 
 
 56. Lacedaemonium : 2. 6. 12-13. n. Note the quiet, idyllic 
 close. Cf. Sellar, p. 184. 
 
 ODE VI. 
 
 Horace apparently sets out to celebrate the moral and religious 
 reforms of Augustus, but lapses into pessimistic reflections on 
 modern degeneracy, from which he fails to return to the more 
 cheerful theme. 
 
 Cf. on 3. 24 ; 2. 15 ; 4. 5. 20-25 ; 4. 15. 10-15 ; C. S. 17-20, 45. 
 
 Translation in Dodsley, 3. 18 ; by Roscommon, Johnson's Poets, 
 8. 271. 
 
 1. maiorum : especially the generation of the civil wars, 8831. 
 immeritus : cf. 1. 17. 28. n. ; here not generally guiltless, but 
 innocent of the ' sins of the fathers,' which are visited upon them. 
 Cf. Solon, fr. 13. 29-32 ; Eurip. fr. 980 ; Exod. 20. 5 ; Ezek. 18. 2. 
 
 2. Romane : so sing, Sat. 1. 4. 85 ; Verg. Aen. 6. 851 ; Macaul., 
 ' Thine, Roman, is the pilum.' refeceris, etc. ; aedas sacras vetns- 
 tate conlapsas aut incendio absumptas refecit (Suet. Aug. 30). Cf. 
 Mon. Ancyr. 4. 17 ; Ov. Fast. 2. 63, templorum sancte repostor. 
 
 3. deorum et : 3. 3. 71. 
 
 5. 6. dis, etc. : even Greek sceptics commended the Roman 
 religion as a social and political safeguard (Polyb. 6. 56 ; Gaston 
 Boissier, Relig. Rom. 1. 28-36). Cf. Propert. 4. 10. 64, haec di 
 condiderunt, haec di quoque moenia servant; Cic. N. D. 3. 5. 
 minorem : 1. 12. 57 ; ' walkest humbly with thy gods.' 
 
 6. nine : a verb corresponding to refer is felt, but not ' supplied.' 
 Cf. hinc illae lacrimae. principium : as 3. 4. 41. Cf. Liv. 45. 
 39, maiores vestri omnium magnarum rerum et principia exorsi ab 
 dis sunt et finem statuerunt. 
 
 7. neglect! : 3. 2. 30; Liv. 3. 20, sed nondum haec quae nunc 
 tenet saeculum neglegentia deorum venerat. 
 
 8. Hesperiae: 2. 1. 32; 1. 36. 4. 
 
 9. ' Let Crassus' ghost and Labienus' tell | How twice in Par-
 
 BOOK III., ODE VI. 331 
 
 thian plains their legions fell. | Since Rome hath been so jealous of 
 her fame, | That few know Pacorus' or Monaeses' name ' (Ros- 
 common, Essay on Translated Verse). bis: three defeats are 
 known : that of Crassus at Carrhae, B.C. 53 ; that of Decidius Saxa 
 by Pacorus, B.C. 40 ; avenged by Ventidius, B.C. 38 (cf. Ant. and 
 Cle. 3. 1); the disastrous repulse of Antony, B.C. 36. A Monaeses 
 is mentioned (Dio, 49. 23. 24) as an exiled pretendant to the 
 Parthian throne, supported by Antony. Horace cared as little for 
 the historical details as we do. mantis : 4. 11. 9 ; Epode 16. 4. 
 
 10. non auspicatos : may refer vaguely to the dire auspices 
 under which Crassus set out (Veil. 2. 46; Cic. Div. 1. 29), or to 
 neglect of auspices in some other campaign, or to the general dis- 
 
 - pleasure of heaven. contudit : 4. 3. 8. 
 
 11. adiecisse: 1. 1.4. n. praedam : our rich spoils, contrasted 
 with exiyuis. 
 
 12. torquibus : cf. the a-rptirTol and tyt\ia mentioned as insignia 
 of honor (Xen. Anab. 1. 2. 27 ; Cyrop. 8. 2. 8). renidet : 2. 18. 2 ; 
 yrins with delight, beams with joy, = gaudet, hence inf. 
 
 13. paene : with delevit. 
 
 14. Dacus : i.e. the tribes of the north with Antony (Dio, 51. 
 22; Verg. G. 2. 497, descendens Dacus ab Histro). Aethiops: 
 the Egyptian fleet of Cleopatra (Verg. Aen. 8. 687 sqq.). 
 
 17 sqq. The fountain-head of evil is the corruption of the pure 
 family life of old Rome. Cf. 3. 24. 20-24 ; 4. 5. 21-24 ; C. S. 17 ; 
 Juv. Sat. 2. 126, pater nrbis \ unde nefastantum Latiis pastoribus? 
 
 18. inquinavere : Epode 16. 64. 
 
 21. motus . . . lonicos : ' skirt-dances ' will serve. Cf. Athen. 
 14. 629 E ; Plaut. Pseud. 1274 ; Stich. 767. With motus cf. Epp. 
 2. 2. 125, movetur ; A. P. 232, moveri. Roman moralists were as 
 severe censors of dancing as Byron. Cf. Sail. Cat. 25, psallere et 
 saltare elegantius quam necesse est probae. 
 
 22. matura : 'the rare ripe maid' (Gildersleeve). artibus : 
 of the coquette. 
 
 23. iam nunc : before marriage. Cf. mox, 25. 
 
 24. de tenero . . . ungui : e'| aira\uv ovvxtav, i.e. from the quick, 
 means in every fibre, with all her soul, through every nerve, to the 
 finger-tips. Cf. Anth. Pal. 5. 129 ; 5. 14 ; Plut. de lib. educ. 5 ; 
 Plaut. Stich. 759, usque ex unguiculis. It is apparently also used
 
 332 NOTES. 
 
 in the sense 'from infancy' (Lyd. de Magg. 2. 26; Cic. ad Fam. 
 1.6). 
 
 33. non his : not from such fathers and mothers sprang the 
 youth who, etc. 
 
 34. infecit aequor : 2. 12. 3 ; sc. in the great naval battles of 
 the first Punic war. 
 
 35. Pyrrhum: at Beneventum, B.C. 275. Of. 1. 12. 41. n. 
 ingentem : i.e. magnum, Antiochus the Great, defeated at Mag- 
 nesia, B.C. 190. 
 
 36. dirum : 2. 12. 2. n. ; 4. 4. 42 ; ' the dreaded name of 
 Hannibal ' (Martin) ; ' Forced even dire Hannibal to yield, | 
 And won the long-disputed world at Zama's fatal field ' (Ros- 
 common). , 
 
 37. 'The hardy offspring of a yeoman soldiery.' 
 
 38. Sabellis : cf. 1. 31. 9. The Sabines type the old Italian 
 virtue (Verg. G. 2. 532, hanc olim veteres vitam coluere Sabini). 
 Cf. Livy, 1. 18. 4. 
 
 39. severae : cf. Lucret. 5. 1357, agricolae . . . severi. 
 41-44. portare fustes : after field work was done they must 
 
 still hew and fetch fagots, at the command and to the content- 
 ment of (ad arbitrium} the stern matron. sol . . . curru: a 
 quiet evening idyll. Cf. Tenn. In Mem. 121, ' The team is loosened 
 from the wain, |"The boat is drawn upon the shore,' etc. 
 
 41-42. ubi . . . mutaret : probably subj. of repeated action (cf. 
 Catull. 63. 67), though ^t may be taken in subordination to the 
 implied command (arbitrium). In the cases of the plupf. indie, 
 cited from Horace, the ubi clause is more distinctly prior in time, 
 and the subj. would be metrically inconvenient. Epp. 1. 15. 34. 
 39 ; Epode 11. 13. 
 
 42. umbras : Verg. Eel. 1. 84, maioresque cadunt altis de monti- 
 bus umbrae. iuga demeret: cf. 0ov\vr6s; Verg. Eel. 2. 66, 
 aspice, aratra iugo refemnt suspensa iuvenci. In Hesiod, Op. 581, 
 dawn TTO\\O'IITI 5' twl vya /3ov<rl Tidrfffi ; El. in Maec. 99-100. 
 
 43. amicum : welcome ; ' Oh Hesperus, thou bringest all things 
 good.' 
 
 44. agens abeunte : faint oxymoron. For agens, cf. Verg. 
 Eel. 8. 17. curru: Epp. 1. 16. 6, sol . . . discedens curru fugi- 
 ente. Cf. Car. Saec. 9-10. n.
 
 BOOK III., ODE VII. 333 
 
 45. damnosa : note effective position : alas ! the ravages of 
 time. imminuit : has and does. 
 
 46. peior avis : cf. 2. 14. 28. n. 
 
 47. daturos : cf. 2. 3. 4. n. Without this fut. part. Horace 
 could hardly have packed four generations in three lines. Cf. 
 Arat. Phaen. 123. 
 
 ODE VII. 
 
 The best commentary on this pretty idyl which comes to relieve 
 the severity of the preceding odes is Austin Dobson's charming 
 imitation, 'Outwai'd Bound.' Cf. also Sellar, p. 170. 
 
 There is a coarse imitation by Stepney, Johnson's Poets, 8. 360. 
 
 Weep not, Asterie, for thy absent lover Gyges. He will remain 
 constant despite the arts of his hostess Chloe and the naughty mytho- 
 logical precedents quoted by her emissaries. But thou 'On thy 
 side forbear | To greet with too impressed an air,' the gallant 
 Enipeus who witches the world with noble horsemanship on the 
 Campus Martius. 
 
 ' Without a trace | Of acquiescence in your face | Hear in the 
 waltz's breathing space | His airy chatter. | If when you sing you 
 find his look | Grow tender, close your music book, | And end the 
 matter.' 
 
 1. Asterie: the name is significant. Cf. on sidere pulchrior, 
 
 3. 9. 21 ; Anacreon's 'Acrrepis and Plato's 'Ayr-ftp. candidi : i.e. 
 brightening. Epithet, fr. effect. . Cf. on 1. 5. 7 ; 1. 7. 15 ; 2. 9. 3. 
 Swinburne, 'Rolls under the whitening wind | Of the future the 
 wave of the world.' 
 
 2. Favonii : cf. on 1. 4. 1 ; 4. 12. 2. 
 
 3. Thyna = Bithyna here. Cf. Claud. Eutrop. 2. 247 ; Thyni 
 Thraces arant qnae nunc Bithynia fertur. merce: cf. 1. 35. 7; 
 Epp. 1. 6. 33, Bithyna negotia. beatum: cf. on 1. 4. 14; Manil. 
 
 4. 758, Bithynia dives; Catull. 31. 5. 
 
 4. fide: archaic gen. 
 
 5. Gygen : note position. For the name, cf. Tvyns 6 Tro\i>xpvtros 
 (Archil, fr. 25). Oiicum . Gyges has been driven into the harbor 
 of Oricum in Epirus by autumn storms, and there impatiently 
 awaits the opening of the next season's navigation to cross the 
 Adriatic to Italy. Cf. Propert. 1. 8. 19, Ut tefelicipost laeta Ce~
 
 334 NOTES. 
 
 raunia (cf. on 1. 3. 20) remo \ accipiat placidis Oricos aequoribus 
 cf. on 4. 5. 9-12. 
 
 6. insana: cf. on 3. 4. 30 ; 3. 29. 19. Caprae : its rising was 
 end q Sept., its setting end of Dec., signum pluviale Capellae (Ov. 
 Fast. 5. 113). 
 
 7. non sine : cf. on 1. 23. 3. 
 
 9. atqui: 1. 23. 9; 3. 5. 49 ; Epode 5. 67. sollicitae : sc. 
 amore, as in Sat. 2. 3. 253. hospitae : i.e. Chloe, at whose house 
 he lodges. 
 
 10-11. tuis . . . ignibus uri: subtly blends Gyye and Gyyis 
 amore. Chloe burns for Asterie's ' flame ' with a fire of love such 
 as Asterie feels. Cf. Ov. Am. 3. 9. 56, vixisti dum tuus ignis eram ; 
 cf. 1. 27. 20. And for the internal 'flame,' cf. 1. 19. 5; 4. 1. 12; 
 3. 19. 28. In this sense meis ignihus is like meos sentire furores 
 (Propert. 1. 5. 3); tuis of course is the indirect report of the poet. 
 
 12. temptat: cf. on tentntor, 3. 4. 71. mille vafer modis : 
 in a thousand artful ways (Martin). 
 
 12-20. Chloe's messenger tells of the Josephs of antiquity, Bel- 
 lerophon (II. 6. 155 sqq.) and Peleus (Pind. Nem. 4. 56 ; Plato, Rep. 
 391 C; Aristoph. Clouds, 1063), each falsely accused by a woman 
 scorned, and almost done to death by the too credulous husband. 
 
 13. perfida credulum : cf. on 1. 6. 9. 
 
 16. maturare : note force of verb ; inflict untimely death. 
 
 17. datum . . . Tartaro : cf. leto dare. datum Pelea : cf. on 
 2. 4. 10. 
 
 18. Magnessam : as distinguished from the Amazon Hippolyte. 
 
 19. peccare: technical. Cf. 1. 27. 17; Propert. 3. 30. 51, quam 
 facere ut nostrae nolint peccare puellae. 
 
 20. movet: starts. Cf. mentionem movere. Some read monet. 
 21-22. frustra: cf. 3. 13. 6. 'In vain. Let doubts assail the 
 
 weak. | Unmoved and calm as "Adam's Peak" | Your "blame- 
 less Arthur" hears them speak' (Dobson). scopulis surdior 
 . . . audit : cf. Epode 17. 54 ; Verg. Aen. 6. 471 ; and for the oxy- 
 moron Eurip. Medea, 28. Icari : probably the island, cf. 1. 1. 15. 
 
 22. integer: 2. 4. 22. at: 'But Laura, on your side, forbear' 
 (Dobson). Cf. on 2. 18. 9 ; Epode 2. 29. 
 
 23. Enipeus : the name of a Thessalian river, the chider, 
 brawler. Cf. Hebri, 3. 12. 6.
 
 BOOK III., ODE VIII. 335 
 
 24. plus iusto : so plus aequo in Ovid's cur mihi plus aequo 
 fl'i.i-l pliit-nere capilU f 
 
 25. flectere equum : cf. Tac. Ger. 6, variare gyros, ghaks. 
 Hen. IV. 1, 'Turn and wind a fiery Pegasus'; F. Q., 'and under 
 him a gray steed he did wield.' Verg. Aen. 9. 606, flectere ludus 
 equos. 
 
 2(3. gramine Martio : cf. Epp. 2. 3. 162, gramlne Campi. 
 
 28. Tusco: 1. 20. 6. n. denatat : for the swiui in Tiber, cf. 
 1. 8. 8. n. ; 3. 12. 7. The word is found only here. 
 
 29-30. Cf. Ov. Am. 2. 19. 38, Incipe iam prima claudere nocte 
 forem; and Shylock's admonition to Jessica, M. of V. 2. 6, 
 ' Lock up my doors, and when you hear the drum | And the vile 
 squealing of the wrynecked fife, | Clamber not you up to the case- 
 ments then.' sub cantu, i.e. during the serenade ; contrast sub 
 with ace. 1.9. 19. querulae: plaining. despice : not despise, 
 but look down. 
 
 32. duram: cruel; Catull. 30.2; Verg. Aen. 4. 428. diffi- 
 cilis : obdurate ; cf. 3. 10. 11. 
 
 ODE VIII. 
 
 You are puzzled, learned friend Maecenas, by a bachelor's sacri- 
 ficing on the ladies' Kalends. 'Tis the day of my escape from the 
 falling tree. Come, quaff a hundred cups to the preservation of 
 your friend. Dismiss your cares of state, ' and what the Mede 
 intends and what the Dacian.' Our foes have yielded to Roman 
 prowess or are wrangling among themselves. Forget for once that 
 you are a public personage, cease to borrow trouble, and enjoy the 
 gifts of the passing hour. 
 
 The date is fixed by 17-23. Maecenas is in fact, if not in title, 
 iirbis cuslodiis praepositus (Veil. 2. 88. 2 ; cf. Tac. Ann. 6. 11), in 
 the absence of Octavian, who returned to Rome in the summer of 
 B.C. 29. There was fighting against the Dacians, who had helped 
 Antony, in B.C. 30-28. Rome perhaps heard of the contest between 
 Phraates and Tirklates for the throne of Parthia in January, B.C. 29. 
 Cf. on 1. 26. The dramatic date, then, is March 1st, 29, and the fall 
 of the tree occurred March 1st, B.C. 30. Cf. on 2. 13. But Friedrich, 
 Horatius, p. 74, argues for date of March, B.C. 26.
 
 336 NOTES. 
 
 1. Martiia . . . Kalendis: the femineae Kalendae of Juvenal 
 (9. 53), on which the Matronalia were celebrated near Maecenas' 
 house on the Esquiline in honor of Juno Lucina. Cf. Ov. Fast. 
 3. 245 sqq. ; Martial, 5. 84. 10. 
 
 2. velint: mean. flores: Ov. 1. 1. 253, ferte cleae flores. 
 
 4. caespite: 1. 19. 13. n. 
 
 5. docte: Epp. 1. 19. 1, Maecenas docte. sermones: in the lore, 
 the literature. utriusque : only Greek and Latin count. Cf . utrius- 
 que linguae auctoribus, Suet. Aug. 89 ; Plut. Lucull. 1 ; Cic. Off. 1. 
 1 ; Plin. N. H. 12. 11 ; Stat. Silv. 5. 3. 90, gemina . . . lingua. Fried- 
 rich, Op. 1. p. 75, thinks Latin and Etruscan are the two tongues. 
 
 6. voveram : sc. prior to these preparations and your wonder. 
 album : black victims were offered dis inferis. 
 
 I. Libero : the poet's protector, though Faunus warded off the 
 blow, 2. 17. 28. capiuni : the enemy of the vine was appro- 
 priately sacrificed to the vine god. Verg. G. 2. 380 ; Ov. Fast. 
 1. 357 = Anth. Pal. 9. 75 ; 9. 99. 5-6 ; Mart. 3. 24. 2. 
 
 9. anno redeunte : with the returning season. Cf. Sat. 2. 2. 
 83, Sive diem festum rediens advexerit annus 3. 18. 10; 3. 22. 6. 
 festus : 3. 14. 13. 
 
 10-12. In order to mellow the wine, the Apotheca was placed so 
 as to receive the smoke of the furnaces. This necessitated careful 
 sealing (with pitch). Cf. Columell. 1. 6. 20 ; Ov. Fast. 5. 518, 
 promit fumoso condita vina cado. 
 
 II. bibere : to smoke is viveiv Kaw6v in modern Greek. 
 institutae : set or placed (so as) to ; others ' taught. ' 
 
 12. Consule Tullo: a Tullus was consul in B.C. 66 and in 33. 
 Horace probably served something better than Sabine Ordinaire 
 on this occasion. Cf. 3. 21. 1. n. ; Tibull. 2. 1. 27. 
 
 13-14. amici sospitis : gen. of the toast. Cf. 3. 19. 9. n. 
 
 14. vigiles : cf. Anth. Pal. 5. 197, <f>i\d-ypvTrvov \i>xvov. Cf. 3. 
 21. 23-24. 
 
 15. perfer : Tyrrell, Lat. Poetry, 197, says this can only mean 
 ' endure the smoke of the lamps till dawn.' But vigiles is a trans- 
 ferred epithet, and to ' wake with the lamps till dawn ' would try 
 the nerves of the valetudinarian Maecenas. procul, etc. : it is 
 to be verecundus Bacchus, 1. 27. 3, not a noisy revel. Cf. Ody. 1. 
 
 369, /UTjSe &Or)TVS | fffTW.
 
 BOOK III., ODE IX. 337 
 
 17. mitte, etc. Cf. the defense of Maecenas' Epicureanism in 
 El. in Maec. 93, sic est, victor amet, victor potiatur in umbra, \ 
 victor odorata dormiat inque rosa. The victors of Actium had 
 earned the right to take their ease. But Horace does not mention 
 Actium. super : 1. 9. 5; 1. 12. 6. 
 
 18. occidit: 1. 28. 7 ; 4. 4. 70. Cotisonis : cf. Introd. and 
 Suet. Aug. 63. 
 
 19. infestus; sc. Romanis, our enemy the Mede. sibi: best 
 taken primarily with luctuosis, but felt with infestus and perhaps 
 with dissidet, which, however, may be used absolutely. 
 
 22. Cantaber : 2. 6. 2. n. Spain was the first province entered 
 by the Romans, but the last to be finally subdued (Livy, 28. 12). 
 domitua : referring to the successes of Statilius Taurus and Cal- 
 visius Sabinus, B.C. 29-28. 
 
 23. Scythae : 2. 9. 23 ; 4. 14. 42. 
 
 25. neglegens ne : as if nee . . . legens, not taking anxious 
 thought lest. 
 
 26. parce : i.e. noli. 
 
 27. dona . . . horae : cf . 2. 16. 32 ; 3. 29. 48. n. Cf. Milton to 
 Cyriac Skinner, 'For other things mild Heav'n a time ordains, | 
 And disapproves that care, though wise in show, | That with 
 superfluous burden loads the day, | And, when God sends a cheer- 
 ful hour, refrains.' 
 
 ODE IX. 
 
 Horace (?) and Lydia, or the lovers' quarrel. Amantium irae 
 amoris integratio est (Ter. Andr. 555; cf. Plaut. Amphitr. 940- 
 944). 'And little quarrels often prove | To be but new recruits 
 of love' (Butler). 'Blessings on the falling out, which all the 
 more endears ' (Tenn.). 
 
 A general favorite. Translations or imitations, by Ben Jonson, 
 Herrick (181), Austin Dobson, Edwin Arnold, Alfred de Musset, 
 Ponsard (who expands it into a charming little drama), etc. 
 
 Cf. also Rowe, Johnson's Poets, 9. 472 ; Somervile, ibid. 11. 
 206; Boyse, ibid. 14. 542; Jenyns, ibid. 17. 616; Cambridge, 
 ibid. 18. 294 ; Dodsley's Poems, 2. 49 ; Davidson's Poetical Rhap- 
 sody (ed. Sullen), Vol. 1, p. 87 ; ibid. Vol. 2, p. 181.
 
 338 NOTES. 
 
 2. potior: i.e. preferred, favored. Cf. Tibull. 1. 5. 69, At tu, 
 qui potior nunc es, meafata timeto. 
 
 3. dabat: i.e. circumdabat. 
 
 4. Persarum rege : proverbial for happiness (2. 2. 17 ; 2. 12. 
 21); in Elizabethan version, ' King of Spain.' 
 
 5-6. alia . . . arsisti : burn with love for another. Cf. 2. 4. 7. 
 
 6. Lydia : cf. 1. 8. 1 ; 1. 13. 1 ; 1. 25. 8. Chloe : cf. 1. 23. 1 ; 
 3. 7. 10 ; 3. 26. 12. 
 
 7. multi nominis : lit. of much name ; gen. of quality ; iro\v<e- 
 W/J.OS, [ieya.\(ai>ufj.os ; his verses spread her name and fame abroad. 
 Cf. 1. 36. 13 ; r, VijS^Tos (Anth. Pal. 5. 150; 7. 345). 
 
 8. Ilia : 1. 2. 17 ; 3. 3. 32. 
 
 10. docta . . . modos : cf. docte sermones (3. 8. 5). Cf. 4. 
 6. 43; 3. 11. 7; 4. 11. 34. citharae sciens : 1. 15. 24. 
 
 12. animae : animast arnica amanti (Plaut. Bacch. 191); 'Soul 
 of my soul,' Ant. to Cleopatra (Term.); 'HAio5a>/>ac | i^X??" "}* 
 ^"X^ s (Anth. Pal. 5. 155). superstiti : proleptic, to survive ine. 
 
 13. mutua: 4. 1. 30. 
 
 14. Thurini, etc. : the details lend verisimilitude. Cf. 1. 27. 
 10-11 ; 3. 12. 6. There may be a hint of the luxury of Thurii on 
 the site of old Sybaris. 
 
 15. bis : so in Vergil's eclogues the respondent strives to outbid 
 the expression of the first singer; 51 y Qavftv (Eurip. Orest. 1116). 
 
 17. redit Venus : cf. Dobson, ' Love comes back to his vacant 
 dwelling, | The old old love that we knew of yore.' 
 
 18. cogit: 2.3.25; 3. 3. 51. iugo. . . aeneo : 1. 33. 11 ; 1. 13. 
 18. Merchant of V. 3. 4, 'whose souls do bear an equal yoke of 
 love.' 
 
 19. flava: 1. 5. 4 ; 2. 4. 14. excutitur faintly suggests excu- 
 tere collo iugum ; 'Admit I Chloe put away | And love again love- 
 cast-off Lydia ' ( Herri ck). 
 
 20. ianua : metaphorical if Lydiae is dative, literal if genitive. 
 To cite 3. 15. 9 is to insult Lydia. But cf. Anth. Pal. 5. 164. For 
 metaphor, cf. Much Ado, 4. 1, ' For thee I'll lock up all the gates 
 of love.' 
 
 21. sidere pulchrior : cf . 3. 19. 26 ; II. 6. 401 ; ' And like a star 
 upon her bosom lay | His beautiful and shining golden head ' 
 (Hobbes) ; ' Fair as a star when only one | Is shining in the sky '
 
 BOOK in., ODE x. 339 
 
 (Wordsworth); 'Whereon the lily maid of Astolat | Lay smiling 
 like a star in blackest night' (Tenn. Lan. and Elaine). 
 
 22. levior : lighter, i.e. unstable, fickle. improbo : 3. 24. 62. n. 
 
 23. iracundior : Horace says of himself, irasci celerem, tamen 
 ut placabilis essem. Hadria : 1. 33. 15. 
 
 24. tecum, etc.: Tibull. 1. 1. 59, Te spectem, suprema mihi 
 cum venerit hora, \ Te teneam moriens deficiente manu ; 'Then 
 finish, dear Chloe, this pastoral war ; | And let us, like Horace and 
 Lydia, agree : | For thou art a girl as much brighter than her, | As 
 he was a poet subliiner than me' (Prior, A Better Answer). 
 
 ODE X. 
 
 An imitation of the vapaK\avffiOvpov, or lament of the excluded 
 lover before the door of his mistress. Cf. 1. 25. 7 ; Anth. Pal. 5. 
 23 ; Propert. 1. 16 ; Ov. Am. 2. 19. 21 ; Burns, ' O Lassie, art thou 
 sleeping yet ? ' 
 
 Rendered as Rondeau by Austin Dobson, ' Not Don's barbarian 
 maids I trow | Would treat their luckless lovers so.' 
 
 A Lyce grown old is addressed in 4. 13. 
 
 1. Tanain . . . biberes : cf . on 2. 20. 20 ; 4. 15. 21. 
 
 2. saevo : a part of the supposition, for Scythians punished 
 infidelity with death, 3. 24. 24. asperas : cf. Epode 11. 21, non 
 amicos . . . pastes. 
 
 3. porrectum: stretched out, prone; Epode 10. 22. incolis: 
 native there. Cf. 1. 16. 6. 
 
 5. nemus: probably the trees of the inner court. Cf. Epp. 1. 
 10. 22, nempe inter varias nutritur silva columnas. This implies a 
 large mansion. 
 
 6. remugiat : cf. 3. 29. 57 ; Epp. 2. 1. 202 ; Verg. Aen. 12. 722; 
 Martial, 1. 49. 20. 
 
 7. ventis : abl. cause, or more prettily dat. with remugiat. 
 ut : so 1. 9. 1. The zeugma audis . . . remugiat . . . glaciet (hear- 
 ing for seeing) is too common to need further illustration. Cf . on 
 1. 14. 3-6; Aeschyl. Prom. 22. glaciet nives : the clear cold 
 glasses with ice the fallen snow.
 
 340 NOTES. 
 
 8. luppiter is in a sense the sky. Cf. on 1. 1. 25. numine 
 is the divinity and ' operation ' of a god, Verg. Aen. 4. 2(>9 ; puro 
 numine combines as no English phrase can the ideas of cloudless 
 sky and divine power. Cf., however, Tennyson's 'Once more the 
 Heavenly Power makes all things new | And domes the red- 
 ploughed hills | With loving blue ' ; numine luppiter recurs 4. 
 4. 74. 
 
 9. superbiam : cf. 3. 26. 12 ; Anth. Pal. 5. 280. 8 ; and the 
 Hippolytus of Euripides, which turns wholly on Venus' displeasure 
 at this kind of ' pride.' 
 
 10. ne, etc. : an overstrained virtue will break, and great will be 
 the fall. ' Lest the wheel fly back with the rope ' seems to be a 
 Greek proverb (Lucian, Dial. Mer. 3; Aristid. Panath. 118, Jebb) 
 taken from the sudden breaking or slipping of a windlass. retro : 
 with both currente and eat. 
 
 11. Penelopen: the type of wifely virtue. difficilem : 3.7.32. 
 
 12. Tyrrhenus : individualizing, with a suggestion of Tuscan 
 luxury. She is anything but an austere Scythian. 
 
 13. quamvis : in 3. 11. 18, with subj. 
 
 14. tinctus viola pallor: the lover is proverbially pale and 
 wan ; Sappho, fr. 2, x*&>poTe'pa iroias ; Shelley's 'Naiad like Lily of 
 the Vale | Whom youth makes so fair and passion so pale ' ; Tibull. 
 1. 8. 52 ; Verg. Eel. 2. 47, pallentes violas of the pale yellow violet 
 \euic6iov. 
 
 15. Pieria: cf. Thressa Chloe, 3. 9. 9. saucius: 1. 14. 5; sc. 
 volnere amoris. Cf. Lucret. 1. 34; Verg. Aen. 4. 1. The lover 
 urges the husband's infidelity as in a ' scrofulous French novel.' 
 
 16. curvat: flectit; the image is continued in rigida. sup- 
 plicibus : i.e. if human motives fail to move thee, spare thy suppli- 
 cant as a goddess. 
 
 18. Mauris: cf. 1. 22. 2. For the snakes of the Libyan desert, 
 cf. Lucan, 9. 700 sqq. ; pestiferos ardens facit Africa, ibid. 729. 
 19-20. aquae caelestis : so Epp. 2. 1. 135, of rain. 
 20. latus: he is lying on the doorstep ; Epode 2. 11. 22.
 
 BOOK III., ODE XI. 341 
 
 ODE XI. 
 
 Yield me a strain, O my lyre, to which obdurate Lyde, shy as 
 any colt, may lend an ear. Thon canst charm tigers and Cerberus, 
 keeper of the gate of hell ; thou didst soothe the anguish of the 
 damned and madest the daughters of Danaus forget to fill their 
 leaky urns. Let my Lyde mark the tale of their crime and the 
 late punishment that awaits girls who sin against love. They slew 
 their husbands, all save one who nobly false to her perjured sire 
 said to her young lord: Arise and escape from my wicked sisters. 
 Me my father may punish as he will ; but thou depart night and 
 Venus be thy speed and carve a plaint for me upon an empty 
 tomb. 
 
 Lyde (the name, 2. 11. 22; 3. 28. 3) merely supplies a motive 
 and setting for Horace's pretty treatment of the more pleasing side 
 of the myth. 
 
 Danaus, descendant of lo the daughter of Inachus, returned with 
 fifty daughters from Aegypt to his ancestral home, Argos. Con- 
 strained to marry his daughters to their cousins, who had pursued 
 them from Aegypt, he bound the girls to assassinate their husbands 
 on the bridal night. Hypermnestra alone spared her husband 
 Lynceus, and became the ancestress of the line of Danae, Perseus, 
 and Hercules. 
 
 Cf. Find. Nem. 10. 6 ; Aesch. Prom. 853-869 ; Supplices passim, 
 and the lost play the Danaids ; Apollod. 2. 1. 5; Ovid, Heroides, 
 14, an Epistle from Hypermnestra to Lynceus, should be compared 
 throughout. Also Chaucer, Legend of Good Women. 
 
 Horace's readers were familiar with the statues of .the Danaids 
 that stood in the intercolumniations of the temple and library of 
 Palatine Apollo. Cf. on 1. 31. 1 ; Propert. 3. 29. 3, Tola erat in 
 speciem Poenis digesta columnis, \ inter quas Danai femina turba 
 senisj Ov. Trist. 3. 1. 61, si$na peregrinis ubi sunt alterna 
 columnis \ Belides et stricto barbarus ense pater. 
 
 1. nam : motivates invocation of Mercury, the author of the 
 lyre (1. 10. 6). Cf. Epode 17. 45 ; Horn. II. 24. 334 ; Od. 1. 337 ; 
 Verg. Aen. 1. 65, Aeole namque tibi; 1. 731 ; Milton, P. L. 3, 
 'Uriel, for thou,' etc. docilia : with te magistro^ teachable and 
 taught an apt pupil.
 
 342 NOTES. 
 
 2. Amphion : he reared ' the song-built towers and gates ' 
 (Tenn. Teires.) of Thebes. Cf. A. P. 394, Dictus et Amphion 
 Thebanae conditor arcis \ saxa movere sono testudinis; Tenn. 
 Amphion. See on 1. 12. 12. 
 
 3. testudo: cf. on 1. 32. 14 ; 4. 3. 17, ' Upon an empty tortoise 
 shell | He stretched some chords and drew | Music that made men's 
 bosom swell | Fearless, or brimmed their eyes with dew,' Lowell, 
 The Shepherd of King Admetus ; Gray, ' enchanting shell ' ; 
 Shelley, Trans. Hymn to Mercury, 5. 6. 7-9. septem : Hymn 
 Merc. 51 ; Pind. Pyth. 2. 70 ; Nem. 5. 24 ; Terpander, fr. 5, boasted 
 that he first rejected the four-stringed lyre for that of seven strings ; 
 Ion, fr. 3, boasts a lyre of eleven strings. 
 
 4. callida: cf. on 1. 10. 7. 
 
 5. loquax : Sappho, fr. 45, "Aye (8))) x& v 8 "* M' | ^ovdtaaa 
 yevoio ; Shelley, ubi supra, ' I know you will sing sweetly when 
 you're dead' ; Odyss. 17. 270, rjirvft. Note Latin poverty (3. 13. 15, 
 loquaces). Cf. AoAos, \d\ios. mine et: cf. 4. 13. 6. Elsewhere 
 Horace elides final et. Cf. 1. 7. 6 ; 1. 3. 19 ; 1. 9. 13 ; 1. 35. 11 ; 
 
 2. 6. 1, 2 ; 2. 13. 23 ; 2. 15. 5 ; 2. 16. 37 ; 3. 1. 39 ; 3. 3. 71 ; 3. 4. 
 59 ; 3. 6. 3 ; 3. 8. 27 ; 3. 26. 9 ; 3. 27. 29 ; 3. 27. 46 ; 3. 27. 22 ; 
 
 3. 29. 3 ; 3. 29. 7 ; 3. 29. 9 ; 3. 29. 49. He avoids it in the fourth 
 book. Cf. on 4. 6. 11. 
 
 6. mensis : 1. 32. 13 ; Odyss. 17. 270 ; Shelley, ut supra, ' King 
 of the dance, companion of the feast ' ; Ronsard, A Sa Lyre, 
 ' Toy qui jadis des grands rois les viandes | Faisois trouver plus 
 douces et friandes.' The nurse in Eurip. Medea, 201-203, cen- 
 sures the custom, but II Trovatore still sweetens the viands at 
 the 'Grand Hotel.' templis: cf. on 1. 36. 1 ; 4. 1. 23; Dionys. 
 Hal. 7. 32. 
 
 9, 10. Cf. Anacr. fr. 75 ; Theog. 257 ; Eurip. Hippol. 547 ; Aris- 
 toph. Lysistr. 1308 ; Lucil. 30, 61 ; Ronsard, Amours de Marie, 
 'Mais tout ainsi qu'un beau poulain farouche,' etc. ; Tenn. Talk- 
 ing Oak, ' Then ran she gamesome as the colt,' etc. Cf. also on 
 1. 23. 1 ; 2. 5. 6 ; 3. 15. 12. 
 
 9. trima : colts were broken in fourth year (Verg. G. 3. 190). 
 
 10. exsultim : only here. Cf. exultare of horses, and Anacre- 
 on's ffKipTwira Troi'Cfu. metuit . . . tangi : cf. on 2. 2. 7 ; 4. 5. 20 ; 
 Catull. 62. 45, sic virgo, dum intacta manet.
 
 BOOK III., ODE XI. 343 
 
 11. protervo ; cf. on 2. 5. 15 ; 'And he may be rude, and yet 
 I may forgive' (Lady Mary W. Montagu). 
 
 12. cruda : 2. 5. 10 ; 3. 6. 22, matura. 
 
 13. 14. Cf. on 1. 2 and 1. 12. 7 sqq. que: cf. on 1. 30. 6. 
 
 15-24. Cf. on 1. 24. 13; 2. 13. 33-40; Verg. G. 4. 510, mulcen- 
 
 tem tigres. 
 
 15. immanis : 3. 4. 43; 4. 14. 15; preferably with aulae, iani- 
 tor being sufficiently characterized in next strophe. Cf. Sil. 2. 
 552, insomnis lacrimosae ianitor anlae. For aulae, cf. on 2. 
 18. 31. Verg. Aen. 6. 400 has ingens ianitor; 6. 417-418, Cer- 
 berus . . . recubans immanis in antro. blandienti: 1. 12. 11; 
 1. 24. 13. 
 
 17-20. Cerberus, etc. : cf. on 2. 13. 34, belua centiceps. 
 
 17. furiale: fury-like. Cf. 2. 13. 36. 
 
 18. angues : F. Q. 1. 5. 34, ' Before the threshold dreadful Cer- 
 berus | His three deformed heads did lay along, | Curled with 
 thousand adders venomous'; Verg. Aen. 6. 419, horrere videns 
 iam colla colubris; Callim.fr. 161, ^x'^a'O" SaKer6v. eius: 
 may be made emphatically demonstrative by a comma after caput. 
 Cf. 4. 8. 18. But Vergil avoids the word altogether, Ovid uses it 
 about twice, and so some critics reject the strophe as unworthy 
 of Horace. 
 
 20. trilingui : 2. 19. 31 ; Verg. Aen. 6. 417, trifauci. 
 
 21. quin et: 2. 13. 37. Ixion: F. Q. 1. 5. 35, 'There was 
 Ixion turned on a wheel, | For daring tempt the queen of heaven 
 to sin' ; Find. Pyth. 2. 21 ; Soph. Philoct. 671 ; Sen. Here. Fur. 
 752 ; Verg. G. 4. 484, Atque Ixionii vento (cantu f) rota constitit 
 orbis ; Ov. Met. 10. 42, stupuitque Ixionis orbis; Tenn., 'And 
 stay'd the rolling Ixionian wheel'; 'Onstept the bard. Ixion's 
 wheel stood still' (Landor, Orpheus and Eurydice); Browning, 
 Ixion in Jocoseria. He is not found with Tantalus (2. 13. 37), 
 Sisyphus (2. 14. 20), and Tityos (2. 14. 8; 3. 4. 77; 4. 6. 2), in 
 Homer's Hades. 
 
 22. risit: cf. 1. 10. 12. urna: Phaedr. App. 1. 5. 10, Urnis 
 scelestae Danaides portant aquas \ Pertnsa nee complere possunt 
 dolia ; F. Q. 1. 5. 35, ' And fifty sisters water in leak vessels draw.' 
 This form of punishment, alluded to by Plato (Gorg. 493 B) and 
 Bion (Diog. Laert. 4. 7. 50), is first specifically appropriated to the
 
 344 NOTES. 
 
 Danaids in Pseudo-Plat. Axiochus, 371 E. It appears on Italian 
 vases of the 3d century B.C. Moralized, Lucret. 3. 1007-1010. 
 
 25. notas : the scelus also is notum, of course. 
 
 26. lymphae : with inane, gen. 'plenty and want.' 
 
 27. dolium : Horace puts the leak in the larger jar. Cf. supra, 
 on urna, and the illustration hi Harper's Class. Diet. s.v. fundo : 
 by (way of). pereuntis: etymologically, running out by. Cf. 
 on 4. 4. 65. But cf. Odyss. 11. 686 (in diff. connection), vSwp CLTTU- 
 \eaK(To ; Lucret. 1. 250, pereunt imbres. 
 
 28. sera : cf. on 3. 2. 32 ; Verg. Aeii. 6. 569, distulit in seram 
 commisscC piacula mortem. 
 
 29. sub Oreo : sc. rege, editors say, citing 3. 5. 9, 2. 18. 30, on 
 the doubtful ground that Horace always personifies Orcus. Cf. 1. 
 28. 10 ; 2. 3. 24 ; 3. 4. 75 ; 3. 27. 50 ; 4. 2. 24 ; Epp. 2. 2. 178. But 
 virb xOov)>s, KaTet 705 (Pind. O. 2. 65) is the meaning wanted. Cf. 
 Aesch. Eum. 175, vn6 re yav (pvylav ov TTOT' f\evBfpovrai. 
 
 30. 31. impiae: cf. 3. 27. 49, 50. potuere : in 30 of physical 
 or logical, in 31 of moral, possibility er\-ri(ra.v, 'had the heart to.' 
 duro : Homer's /IJA. x^^v- Cf . saevis, 1. 45. 
 
 33. una : one only. Cf. Aesch. Prom. 865, piav Se TraiSwv ; Pind. 
 Nem. 10. 6, novAtyaQov . . . |i<pos. face: of Hymen. Cf. Milt. 
 L' Allegro, ' There let Hymen oft appear | In saffron robe with 
 taper clear.' 
 
 34. periurum : the betrothal involved a plighted faith. 
 
 35. splendide mendax : cf . Tac. Hist. 4. 50, egregio mendacio ; 
 Cic. pro Mil. 72, mentiri gloriose ; Aesch. fr. 301, airdrris StKaias; 
 Soph. Antig. 74 ; Eurip. Hel. 1633 ; Sen. Ep. 95. 30, gloriosum sce- 
 lus ; Tasso, Ger. Lib. 2. 22, magnanima menzogna ; Ruskin, 'splen- 
 did avarice' ; Tenn., 'Bright dishonour' ; 'His honour rooted in 
 dishonour stood,' etc. For oxymoron in Horace, cf. 1. 18. 16 ; 1. 
 33. 2 ; 1. 34. 2 ; 1. 22. 16 ; 1. 33. 14 ; 2. 12. 26 ; 3. 4. 5-6 ; 3. 20. 3 ; 
 3. 24. 59 ; 3. 5. 48 ; 3. 27. 28 ; 3. 3. 38 ; 3. 6. 44 ; 3. 8. 1 ; 3. 16. 28 ; 
 3. 25. 18 ; 3. 27. 25-26, etc. On the ethical question, cf. Jacobi, 
 cited by Coleridge ; the quaint ' Christian Horace,' published for 
 young Catholics at Lyons, eliminates the dangerous suggestion, 
 reading : digna crudelisfera iussa patris \ iure contempsit. 
 
 37. surge : Ov. Her. 14. 73, surge age, Belide, de tot modo free- 
 tribus unus : \ nox, tibi niproperas, ista perennis erit.
 
 BOOK III., ODE XI. 345 
 
 38. longus somnus : cf. 1. 24. 5,perpetnns sopor; the passage 
 is parodied by Ausonius (Ephemeris, 18-19). For poverty of 
 vocab., note use of longus, 2. 14. 19 ; 4. 9. 27 ; 3. 3. 37 ; 2. 16. 30 ; 
 3. 27. 43 ; 3. 5. 53, etc. Or is it restraint ? 
 
 39. socerum : my father; avoid -in-iaw. 
 
 40. falle : Aa0e ; 1. 10. 16 ; postico falle clientem, Epp. 1. 5. 31, 
 elude. sorores : may mean cousins. Here perhaps ' the sisters,' 
 without, distinction of meum and tuum. 
 
 41. leaenae : as in II. 5. 161. 
 
 42. singulos : suum quaeque maritum; Aesch. Prom. 862, yw)i 
 yap i>5p' e/caoTov. lacerant : the lions, blending image and thing 
 compared as usual. For the details, cf. Ov. Her. 14. 35. 
 
 44. tenebo = retinebo. 
 
 45. In Ov. Her. 14. 3, she writes, clausa domo teneor gravibus- 
 que coercita vinclis. Cf. Pausan. 2. 19. 6, for her trial ! 
 
 46. clemens misero : cf. on 1. 6. 9. 
 
 47. me : ' as for me, he may do his worst, I will not regret hav- 
 ing spared thee' ; Ov. Her. 14. 13-4, non tamen ut dicant morientia 
 'paenitet' 1 ora, \efficiet. extremes: 3. 10. 1; Epp. 1. 1. 45; 
 Catull. 11. 2. 
 
 48. classe : vyvalv &yav, II. 21. 41. releget : suggesting the 
 technical rclegatio, banishment. 
 
 49. pedes et aurae : an all-including formula. Cf. Epode 16. 
 21. Those who choose may take it literally, to the coast on foot 
 and then back to Aegypt by sea. 
 
 50. Venus: who prompted her to spare him (Aesch. Prom. 
 865), and by whose intervention she was saved in Aeschylus' lost 
 Dan aids, fr. 43. 
 
 51. nostri : i.e. mei, of me, as 3. 27. 14 ; TibuU. 3. 5. 31 ; 3. 2. 25. 
 
 52. querellam : in Ov. Her. 14. 128, she composes it, exul 
 Hypermnestra, pretium pietatis iniquum, \ quam mortem fratri 
 (cousin) depulit, ipsa tulit. In the age of Trajan, a Cook's 
 tourist, who knew her Horace, scrawled on the Pyramid of 
 Gizeh : et nostri memorem luctus hanc sculpo querelam. 
 
 Unlike Pindar, Horace closes with the myth, and Lyde is 
 forgotten.
 
 346 NOTES. 
 
 ODE XII. 
 
 Monologue of love-lorn Neobule (the name is from Archilochus), 
 who cannot spin for thinking on the bright beauty of young 
 Hebrus, horseman, athlete, hunter. 
 
 The pure Ionic meter, one of Horace's 'metrical experiments,' 
 is identical with that of a line of Alcaeus preserved by Hephaes- 
 tion : %fi.e 5ei\av epe itaaav KO.Kord.r<av irtf\oiaav (Fr. 59). 
 
 For the theme, cf. Sappho (Fr. 90) y\vicfia fnarep oUrot 5vva.fj.ai 
 KpfKyv rbv larov ir69cfi Sojuetua iraiSos fipaSlvav 8i" 'A((>p65iTav ; also 
 Lander's pretty imitation, ' Mother, I cannot mind my wheel, | My 
 fingers ache, my lips are dry.' Seneca, Hippol. 104. 
 
 1. miserarum : not that she herself desires the solace of the 
 wine cup. She merely contrasts the narrow lot of woman with the 
 distractions open to men. Cf. the soliloquy of a girl in Agathias, 
 Anth. Pal. 5. 297. dare ludum : faintly suggests dare operam. 
 But dare ludum is used by Plautus in sense of humor, give free 
 play to, Bacch. 1082. Cf. hidere, 3. 15. 12. 
 
 2. lavere : cf. on 2. 3. 18, and eluere, 4. 12. 20. aut : or else ; 
 on pain of. Cf. 3. 24. 24. So ^, Plat. Theaetet. 205 A and often. 
 exanimari : 2. 17. 1. metuentes : the shift from the gen. to 
 the ace. with inf. is natural. 
 
 3. patruae : the proverbial cruel paternal uncle of the ancients. 
 Cf . Sat. 2. 3. 88, ne sis patruus mihi. verbera : cf. 3. 1. 29 ; 
 3. 27. 24. Verba and verbera were easily associated. Cf. Ter. 
 Heaut. 2. 3. 115, tibi erunt parata verba huic hornini verbera. But 
 the metaphor is a commonplace. Cf. verberari convicio. Shaks. 
 King John, 2. 2, 'He gives the bastinado with his tongue; | Our 
 ears are cudgelled.' Tarn. Shrew, 1. 2, 'And do you tell me of a 
 woman's tongue, That gives not half so great a blow to the ear ? ' 
 
 4. tibi: she addresses herself, as often in monologue. Cf. 
 Catull. 8. 1, and examples in Orelli. Some less aptly make the 
 poet the speaker throughout. ales: i.e. alatus; Love is so 
 represented in the oldest works of art. Cf. ' The first born love 
 out of his cradle leapt | And clove dun chaos with his wings of 
 gold' (Shelley, Witch of Atlas, 32, after Aristoph. Birds, 697). 
 
 5. Operosae Minervae : Athena tpyavri. ' But farther : Athena
 
 BOOK III., ODE XIII. 347 
 
 presides over industry as well as battle ; typically over women's 
 industry, that brings comfort with pleasantness.' Ruskin, Queen 
 of the Air. Cf. Moore, ' Thus, girls, would you keep quiet hearts, | 
 Your snowy fingers must be nimble : | The safest shield against 
 the darts | Of Cupid is Minerva's thimble.' 
 
 6. Liparaei : the specific local epithet merely individualizes. Cf. 
 on 1. 27. 10. Lipara was a small volcanic island off the north 
 coast of Sicily. Cf. Arnold, ' To Aetna's Liparaean sister fires.' 
 There is a possible suggestion of \nrap6s, sleek, shining. nitor 
 Hebri : with puer the subject of aufert. Love, the lover, and the 
 lover's bright beauty are 'all one reckoning.' nitor: 1. 19. 5; 
 Anth. Pal. 16. 77, /jiapnapvyfiv. Hebrus is a river in Thrace. 
 
 7. simul (ac) . . . lavit: closely with nitor rather than with 
 eques, which is better taken in opposition with nitor Hebri = 
 Hebrus. unctos : cf. 1. 8. 8. Sat. 2. 1. 7, ter uncti \ transnanto 
 Tiberim somno quibus est opus alto. Cf. the trr-tiffta <n'i\$ovra. 
 which took the maiden's eyes in Theoc. 2. 79 ; note lavit. Tibe- 
 rinis : Roman details with Greek names, as often. 
 
 8. eques: cf. on 3. 7. 25. Bellerophonte : from n. Bellero- 
 phontes. Cf. 3. 7. 15. 
 
 9. segni pede i.e. because of sloth of foot. Cf. nulla . . . fuga 
 segnis equorum ; Verg. Aen. 10. 592. Some equivalent of segni is 
 implied with pugno. 
 
 10-11. catus: 1. 10. 3. idem: 2. 10. 22; 2. 19. 27.-^per 
 apertum : across the open. agitato . . . grege : with fu gient es. 
 celer : with inf. 1. 15. 18. 
 
 11-12. arto . . . fruticeto: deep covert. Homer's $v AC*XMJ 
 Ttvxivri. Odyss. 19. 439. 
 
 12. excipere : sc. venabulo, or absolutely of lying in wait to 
 take something. Cf. Epp. 1. 1. 79; Verg. Eel. 3. 18. 
 
 ODE XIII. 
 
 A mediaeval document mentions a fans Bandusinus near Hor- 
 ace's birthplace, Venusia, and tradition or Horace himself may 
 have transferred the name to the fons rivo dare nomen idoneus 
 (Epp. 1. 16. 12 ; cf. Sat. 2. 6. 2) on his Sabine estate.
 
 348 NOTES. 
 
 There is an interesting description of the locality, together with 
 an account of the theories of antiquarians, in Ancient Classics for 
 English Readers, 'Horace.' Of. Epode 1. 31, 32. n. 
 
 The occasion of the poem may have been the festival of the Fon- 
 tanalia, October 13, when, according to Varro, L. L. 6. 22, et in 
 fontes coronas iaciunt et puteos coronant. Cf. Ruskin, Aratra. 
 Pentel. 88, for this feeling of the ancients; also 1. 1. 22. It has 
 been a general favorite. Cf. Sellar, p. 187. Cf. Dobson's version 
 as a Rondeau ; Ronsard, A la Fontaine Bellerie ; Warton in John- 
 son's Poets, 18. 99; ibid. 167 ; Beattie, ibid. 18. 559; Wordsworth, 
 River Duddon, 1, ' Not envying Latian shades if yet they throw | 
 A grateful coolness round that crystal spring, | Blandusia, prattling 
 as when long ago | The Sabiiie Bard was moved her praise to sing.' 
 
 1. Bandusiae : possibly a corruption of navdotrla. Nymph and 
 fount blend as in Pindar. vitro: cf. on 1. 18. 16; 4. 2. 3. Ov. 
 Met. 13. 791 has splendidior vitro of Galatea. Cf. Verg. Aen. 7. 
 759. Lucret. 4. 211 has splendor aquai. 
 
 2. The wine was poured into the fountain with the flowers. 
 Cf. Varro, supra. non sine : 1. 23. 3. 
 
 4. cui irons : 'A qui 1'une et 1'autre corne | Sortent du front 
 nouvelet' (Ronsard). For the description of the victim, cf. 3. 22. 
 7 ; 4. 2. 55. 
 
 5. destinat : marks him for, presages. 
 
 6. 7. frustra : cf . 3. 7. 21 ; the nequicquam of ruthless destiny 
 in Lucretius and Vergil. gelidos and rubro : suggest as ' com- 
 plementary colors ' calido and limpidos. Cf. 2. 3. 9. 
 
 6. inficiet: cf. 3. 6. 34. For the practice, cf. II. 23. 148, ts 
 7r)7as ; Ov. Fast. 3. 300 ; Martial, 6. 47, where a porca is offered. 
 
 8. lascivi: 3. 15. 12. 
 
 9-12. Cf. Wordsworth, Near the spring of the Hermitage, ' Parch- 
 ing Summer hath no warrant | To consume this crystal well ' ; Proc- 
 tor, Inscript. for a Fount., 'Whosoe'er shall wander near | When 
 the Syrian heat is worst, | Let him hither come nor fear | Lest he 
 may not slake his thirst' ; Ronsard, 'Ton ombre est espaisse ei 
 drue | Aux pasteurs venans des pares, | Aux boeufs las de la char- 
 rue, | Et au bestial espars' ; cf. Anth. Pal. 16. 228. 
 
 9. bora: season (Epp. 1. 16. 16); A. P. 302, sub verni temporis
 
 BOOK III., ODE XIV. 349 
 
 horarn. Caniculae: cf. on 1. 17. 17 ; 3. 29. 18 ; ' L'ardeur de la 
 canicule | Tou verd rivage ne brule' (Ronsard). 
 
 10. frigus: i.e. cool shade. Cf. 3. 29. 21 ; Verg. Eel. 1. 52, hie, 
 inter flumina nota \ etfontis sacros, frigus captabis opacum. 
 
 11, 12. fessis . . . vago : cf. Ronsard, supra. 
 
 13. nobilium : one 'of those we read about.' 'Such,' says 
 Nauck naively, ' were Arethusa, Castalia, Dirce, Hippocrene, and 
 is now near Schulpforte die Klopstocksquelle.' 
 
 14. me: et me fecere poetam \ Pierides is Horace's feeling. 
 impositam : 4. 14. 12. For the picture, cf. on 3. 25. 10. 
 
 15. unde : cf. II. 2. 307, Sflec, etc. loquacea: Anth. Pal. 16. 
 13. 3, Kax\dovffiv . . . va^aai. Cf. Leigh Hunt, Rimini, 'There 
 gushed a rill | Whose low sweet talking seemed as if it said | Some- 
 thing eternal to that happy shade ' ; Words., ' Or when the prattle 
 of Blandusia's spring j Haunted his ear, he only listening' ; Ron- 
 sard, ' L'eau de ta source jazarde | Qui trepillante se suit.' The 
 ' prattle ' is perhaps suggested by the repeated i's. Contrast taci- 
 turnus amnis (1. 31. 8). 
 
 16. desiliunt : cf. Epode 16. 48. 
 
 ODE XIV. 
 
 The conquering hero returns. Go forth to greet him, Livia, 
 Octavia, and ye mothers and brides of our young soldiers. I too 
 will celebrate the glad day, fearing nought while Caesar rules the 
 world. Go, page. Fetch chaplets and old wine and bid Neaera 
 join me. If the surly'porter will not admit you give it up. Yet 
 I had not been so patient in my hot youth when Plancus was consul. 
 
 In honor of the return of Augustus, B.C. 24, from an absence of 
 three years in the West, where he had been engaged in subduing 
 the Cantabrians and settling the affairs of the Provinces. For 
 some months before his return he had been ill at Tarraco, and 
 much anxiety had been felt at Rome (Dio, 53. 25). He declined a 
 formal triumph (Justin. 2. 53). For the theme, cf. 4. 2 and 4. 5. 
 
 1. Herculis : cf. 3. 3. 9. n. For the comparison with Augustus, 
 cf. 3. 3. 9 ; 4. 5. 36 ; Verg. Aen. 6. 802. Hercules too had re- 
 turned victor from Spain. plebs : the people generally ; not in 
 its special political sense.
 
 350 NOTES. 
 
 2. morte venalem : cf. emit morte immortalitatem, Quintil. 9. 
 3. 71; Aesch. in Ctes. 160; Isoc. 6. 109; Verg. Aen. 5. 230; 9. 
 206 ; Find. Pyth. 6. 39 ; ' He came and bought with price of purest 
 breath | A grave among the eternal ' (Shelley, Adonais, 7); Hen. VI., 
 
 2. 3. 1, ' Or sell my title for a glorious grave.' venalem . 2. 16. 7. 
 3-4. Hispana . . . ora : the west coast of Spain. Cf. 3. 8. 21. 
 
 5. unico: cf. 1. 26. 5 ; 2. 18. 14. It suggests unice amare, etc. 
 He is her all in all. Others take it peerless, comparing Catull. 29. 
 11, unice imperator. mulier: the empress Livia. See Merivale, 
 
 3. 218 ; 4. 124. 
 
 6. operata : the present and past force of this part, need hardly 
 be distinguished. She has been and is engaged in the religious 
 offices of the day. Cf. Lex. s.v. Some read divis for sacris. 
 
 1. soror: Octavia. et decorae : cf. 1. 10. 3; 2. 16. 6. 
 
 8. supplice vitta : there was probably a supplicatio in place of 
 the declined triumph. This special vitta may have been something 
 more elaborate than that ordinarily worn by free-born women. 
 
 9-12. The stanza seems to be either carelessly composed or cor- 
 rupt. If virginum and puellae both refer to the wives of the 
 young soldiers, as by linguistic usage they may (cf. 3. 22. 2 ; 2. 8. 
 23), the emphatic repetition and antithesis with matres are awk- 
 ward. Moreover, pueri et puellae is the standing phrase for un- 
 wedded youth. Bentley reads non virum expertae, which gives 
 three classes : the matrons, the young soldiers and their wives, 
 and the boys and girls. 
 
 10. aospitum : 1. 36. 4. It is felt with virginum also. 
 
 11-12. male ominatis : to cure the hiatus nominatis a sup- 
 posed equivalent of Suffcavi/nots is read in some Mss. Bentley con- 
 jectured inominatis (Epode 16. 38), male being intensive (1. 9. 24). 
 parcite : cf. Ep. 17. 6. The meaning is favete linguis (3. 1. 2). 
 
 13 sqq. The poet shares the public rejoicing. Cf. 1. 37 ; 4. 2. 
 45; Epode 9. 1. vere : with/esiws, which is taken predicatively. 
 Cf. 3. 8. 9. atras : 3. 1. 40 ; 4. 11. 35. 
 
 14. tumultum : cf. on 4. 4. 47. 
 
 15. metuam: with inf. 2. 2. 7; 4. 5. 20. tenente : 3. 17. 8. 
 For the thought, cf. 4. 15. 17, and Nux Elegeia, 143, sed neque 
 tolluntur nee dum regit omnia Caesar, \ incolumis tanto praeside 
 raptor erit.
 
 BOOK III., ODE XV. 351 
 
 17 sqq. Cf. the sudden orders for the carouse in 2. 3. 13 ; 
 2. 11. 17; 3. 19. 9. puer: cf. 1. 19. 14. 
 
 18. cadum: 3. 29. 2 ; 4. 11. 2. Marsi: the Marsic or Social 
 War, B.C. 90-89. Spartacus and his gladiators (Epode 1G. 5) 
 plundered Italy in 73-71. Cf. Juv. 5. 31, calcatamque tenet bellis 
 socialibus uvam (dives'). Sir Thomas Browne, Urne Burial, 'The 
 draughts of consulary date were but crude unto these ' ; Tenn. 
 ' Whether the vintage, yet unkept, | Had relish fiery-new, | Or, 
 elbow-deep in sawdust, slept, | As old as Waterloo.' Cf. also 
 Martial, 3. 62. 2 ; 7. 79. 1. 
 
 19. si qua : if haply. Cf. Verg. Aen. 1. 18, si qua fata sinunt. 
 
 21. die . . . properet: cf. Epp. 1. 7. 60, die \ ad coenam 
 veniat. argutae : \iyia, 4. 6. 25. n. Neaerae : borrowed per- 
 haps from Parthenius. Cf. Gildersleeve, A. J. P. 18. 1, p. 122. 
 Cf. Milton, Lycidas, 'Or with the tangles of Neaera's hair.' For 
 the motif, cf. 2. 11. 21. 
 
 22. murreum : as fragrant as myrrh, rather than chestnut. Cf. 
 Lex. 
 
 25. lenit: cf. Epp. 2. 2. 211, lenior et melior fis accedente 
 senecta ? The line was quoted by Fox on a famous occasion. 
 albescens: Horace was forty-one, but prematurely gray, prae- 
 canus; Epp. 1. 20. 24. Cf. Anth. Pal. 11. 25, -fi owrH) Kpor<i<t>tav 
 
 awTfTai rifierfpcav. 
 
 26. protervae : 2.5.15. 
 
 27. nonego: 2. 7. 26; 2. 17. 9; 2. 20. 5. ferrem: for tense, 
 cf. on 1. 2. 22 ; Ennius, Medea, nam numquam era errans mea 
 domo ecferret pedem. 
 
 28. L. Munatius Plancus was consul in B.C. 42, the year of the 
 campaign of Philippi. The fever in Horace's blood has cooled with 
 that in the body politic. 
 
 ODE XV. 
 
 The unpleasant theme of 1.25; 4. 13 ; Epode 8: Turpe senilis 
 (still more anilis) amor. 
 
 2. nequitiae: technical. Cf. 3. 4. 78 ; Propert. 1. 6. 26. fige 
 modum : the forcible word fige suits the impatience of tandem. 
 Cf. 1. 16. 2 ; 1. 24. 1.
 
 352 NOTES. 
 
 3. famosis : in bad sense. Cf . Epp. 2. 3. 469, where it is neutral 
 or ironical. laboribus : love is 'sweating labor' for her as it 
 was for Cleopatra, Anth. and Cle. 1. .3. 
 
 4. maturo : her death would not be immatura. 
 
 6. inter: cf. 3. 3. 37 ; 3. 27. 51. ludere : 4. 13. 4. So irai^v. 
 
 6. nebulam: 'Nor fling thy hideous shadow o'er | Their pure 
 and starry graces' (Martin). 
 
 7. non si: cf. 4. 9. 5 ; 2. 10. 17. Pholoen: 2. 5. 17 ; 1. 33. 7. 
 satis: 1. 13. 13. She may more fitly sport, hers is the lasciva 
 decentius aetas ; Epp. 2. 2. 216. 
 
 8. filia: i.e. Pholoe. 
 
 9. expugnat: in the revel or comus, reversing the relation of 
 
 3. 26. 7. To prove it possible editors quote Sen. Praef. Nat. Quaest. 
 
 4. 6. They might as well quote Congreve, Double-Dealer, 1.1. 
 
 10. pulso: cf. on 2. 4. 10. Thyias: cf. on 2. 19. 9; Horn. 
 Hym. Cer. 387. tympano : 1. 18. 14. 
 
 12. lascivae: cf. 3. 13. 8, and Epp. 2. 2. 216, cited on line 7. 
 similem : so 1. 23. 1. 
 
 13-14. Spinning is the fit occupation of the old woman. Cf. 
 Tibull. 1. 6. 77. The wool of Luceria in Apulia was celebrated 
 (nobilis). Cf. Plin. N. H. 8. 190. 
 
 15. flos rosae : cf. 3. 29. 3; 4. 10. 4. purpureus : cf. on 
 4. 1. 10. 
 
 16. poti : pass, with cadi ; 4. 13. 5, active. vetulam : with te. 
 Cf. 4. 13. 25. Note the effectiveness of reserving it to the end. 
 faece terms: anb rpvybs, h rpv-ya, cumfaece, 1. 35. 27. 
 
 ODE XVI. 
 
 The myth of Danae as a symbol of the power of gold and a 
 preface to moralizing on the superior happiness of contented com- 
 petency. Cf. 2. 2 ; 2. 16 ; 3. 1. 
 
 Acrisius, king of Argos, fearing the fulfillment of an oracle that 
 his grandson should slay him, shut up his daughter Danae from all 
 suitors. But Jupiter found access to her in a shower of gold, and 
 she became the mother of Perseus. 
 
 Cf. 11. 14. 319 (where there is no brazen tower) ; Apollod. 2. 4 ;
 
 BOOK III., ODE XVI. 353 
 
 Pausan. 2. 23. 7 ; Simon, fr. 37 (the exquisite lament of Danae); 
 Find. Pyth. 12. 16 ; Is. 6. (7) 5 ; Jebb on Soph. Antig. 945 ; The 
 fragments of Naevius' Danae ; Ter. Eun. 585-590 ; Spenser, F. Q. 
 
 3. 11. 31 ; Herrick, 284, 15; 298, etc. ; John Fletcher, ' Danae in 
 a brazen tower | Where no love was loved a shower ' ; Prior, An 
 English Padlock, ' Miss Danae when fair and young | (As Horace 
 has divinely sung) | Could not be kept from Jove's embrace | By 
 doors of steel and walls of brass.' 
 
 Cf. also Correggio's Danae, and Tennyson's beautiful line, ' Now 
 lies the earth all Danae to the stars.' The conceits of Cowley's 
 quaint and subtle paraphrase of this ode are interesting (Essays, 
 Of Avarice). 
 
 Horace's cynical interpretation of the myth seems to have been 
 a commonplace. Cf . Anth. Pal. 5. 31. 6 ; 5. 33 ; 5. 217 ; Ovid, 
 Amores, 3. 8. 33 ; Petronius, Le Maire Poetae Minores, 2. 120 ; 
 Find. fr. 2G9. 
 
 1. inclusam : ichen Danae was shut. turrisaenea: foraenea, 
 cf. on 3. 3. 65. But the prehistoric (Mycenaean) bronze-plated 
 walls may be meant. Cf. Soph. Antig. 946, tv x x ' )5e ' Ta '* av\ais ; 
 Ov. Am. 2. 19. 27, si numquam Danaen habuisset aenea turris; 
 Herrick, 298, ' Rosamund was in a bower | Kept as Danae in a 
 tower ' ; id. 284, ' It be with Rock, or Walles of Brass | Ye Towre 
 her up, as Danae was.' 
 
 2. robustae: of oak. Cf. 1. 3. 9; 2. 13. 19 (?). 
 
 3. tristes : surly, grim. Cf. Propert. 2. 6. 39 ; Ov. A. A. 3. 601, 
 trirtis ciistodia servi. excubiae : 4. 13. 8 ; Verg. Aen. 9. 159. 
 munierant : cf. on 2. 17. 28, they had and would still have si non. 
 
 4. adulteris : 1. 33. 9. n. 
 
 5. si non : 3. 24. 34. 
 
 6. pavidum : he feared the oracle, like Pelias in Find. Pyth. 
 
 4. 97. 
 
 7-8. risissent : ' But Venus laughed to see and hear him sleep ! ' 
 (Cowley). fore enim. etc. : their thought in indirect disc. Cf. 
 Verg. Aen. 1. 444 ; F. Q. 3. 11. 31, 'Vain was the watch, and bootless 
 all the ward, | Whenas the god to golden hue himself transfar'd.' 
 The unpicturesque pretntm, perhaps the best word his vocabulary 
 supplied (cf. 3. 19. 5 ; 3. 24. 24 ; 4. 8. 12), serves Horace to intro- 
 
 2A
 
 354 NOTES. 
 
 duce the rationalization of the myth. Cf. Ov. Am. 3. 8. 33 ; 
 Marlowe, Ed. 2. 3. 3, 'like the guard | That suffered Jove 
 to pass in showers of gold | To Danae.' deo: probably 
 dative. 
 
 9. aurum, etc. : that ' every door is barred with gold and opens 
 but to golden keys ' has always been a commonplace. Cf. Pind. 
 fr. 222; Shaks., 'saint-seducing gold'; Menander's, xP uff bs 5' 
 avoiyei na.vra. Kal adov irv\as. satellites : Cf. 2. 18. 34. 
 
 10. amat: gaudet and solet. Cf. 2. 3. 10. n. perrumpere: 
 cf. on 1. 3. 36. saxa : walls of stone ? 
 
 11-12. ictu : cf. on 1. 8. 9. auguris Argivi : Amphiaraus, 
 whose wife Eriphyle was bribed by Polynices with the necklace of 
 Harmonia to constrain her husband to join the expedition of the 
 Seven against Thebes, in which he met a foreseen death. Their 
 son, Alcmaeon, slew Eriphyle to avenge his father, and was 
 haunted by the furies of his mother, like Orestes. The ' house ' 
 was thus like that of Pelops (1. 6. 8), a theme of tragedy. Cf. 
 Ody. 11. 326-327; Plato, Rep. 590 A; Apollod. 3. 6; Ov. Met. 
 9. 406; Stat. Theb. 2. 267; Arnold, Frag, of an Antigone, 'nor 
 ... his beloved Argive seer would Zeus retain \ From his ap- 
 pointed end ' ; Frazer, Pausanias, III. 608, 5. 30. 
 
 13. demersa : possibly a hint of Amphiaraus' end, swallowed 
 up by the earth (Pind. O. 6. 16). exitio: 1. 16. 17. diftidit: 
 with bribes, as with the cleaving ax or thunder-bolt. urbium : 
 as Potidaea, Olynthus, Amphipolis. 
 
 14. vir Macedo : Milton's 'Macedonian Philip'; Demosthe- 
 nes' MaKfS&v avfy (Phil. 1. 10). For his briberies, cf. Plut. 
 Aem. Paul. 12; Juv. 12. 47, callidus emptor Olynthi; his saying 
 that any fortress could be taken that could be reached by an ass 
 laden with gold, Cic. ad Alt. 1. 16. The oracle of Delphi bade him 
 'fight with silver spears.' submit: undermined. 
 
 14, 15. aemulos . . . reges: his rivals for the throne of Mace- 
 don (Diodor. 16. 3), and others. 
 
 15. munera : Ov. A. A. 3. 653, munera, crede mihi, capiunt 
 hominesque deosque. Hence Spenser, F. Q. 5. 2. 9, quaintly per- 
 sonifies munera (as if fern, sing.) as daughter of Pollente, ' Her 
 name is Munera, agreeing with her deeds.' Note resumption of 
 aurum (1. 10) by lucrum, munera, and pecuniam.
 
 BOOK III., ODE XVI. 355 
 
 15, 16. navium . . . duces : possibly an allusion to Menodorus 
 or Menas, the faithless admiral of Sextus Pompey. Cf. Dio, 48. 
 45 ; Suet. Oct. 74 ; Epode 4 ; Shaks. Ant. and Cle. 2. 7. With the 
 whole, cf. Andrew Lang's Ballade of Worldly Wealth, ' Money 
 taketh town and wall | Fort and ramp without a blow.' 
 
 17. crescentem, etc.: but for all its power, the sage will desire 
 it in moderation. Cf. 2. 2 ; 2. 16. 9-12 ; 2. 18. 12 ; 3. 1. 47 ; 3. 24. 
 1-5 ; 3. 29. 56-60. 
 
 18. maiorum : neuter. fames: cf. Epp. 1. 18. 23; Vergil's 
 aim sacra fames (Aen. 3. 57); Odes 2. 2. 13; 3. 24. 63; Juv. 14. 
 139, crescit amor nummi quantum ipsa pecunia crevit; Theoc. 16. 
 64. perhorrui: airtpptya. So Emerson often states his counsels 
 of perfection in the first person indie. 
 
 19. conspicuum : proleptic. tollere verticem: 1. 18. 15. 
 
 20. Maecenas: an example of sage restraint. Cf. on 1. 1. 1, 
 1. 20. 5, and Propert. 4. 8. 2. 
 
 21-22. plura : in worldly goods. plura: in real goods. 
 
 23. castra, etc. : the image of the two camps may have been 
 suggested by Grantor's famous comparison of wealth and virtue. 
 Cowley ingeniously expands, ' From towns and courts, camps of 
 the rich and great, | The vast Xerxean army, I retreat, | And to 
 the small Laconic forces fly | Which hold the straits of poverty.' 
 nudus: i.e. unincumbered by the impedimenta of riches. Cf. 
 the philosopher's boast, omnia mea mecum porto ; Job 1. 21, 
 ' Naked came I out of my mother's womb, and naked shall I return 
 thither.' 
 
 25. contemptae : despised by the millionnaire. Cf. Cic. Para- 
 dox, 6. 47, meam pecuniam contemnis, etc. splendidior : in the 
 eyes of the sage who uses words rightly (2. 2. 19). 
 
 26. arat : i.e. the produce of the plow. For quantity, cf. 1.3. 
 36. n. impiger: cf. Epode 2. 42. For fertility of Apulia see 
 Strabo, 6. 284. But any other name would serve. 
 
 27. occultare : i.e. condere, 1. 1. 9. meis: so proprio, 1. 1. 9. 
 Cf. mea in the periphrasis for riches, Epode 1. 26. dicerer : 
 wealth so great as to be a theme of rumor. 
 
 28. inter opes inops : oxymoron arising from the contrast of 
 the popular and the philosophic point of view. Cf. Epp. 2. 18. 98, 
 semper inops . . . cupido ; 1. 2. 56, semper avarus eget ; Claud, in
 
 356 NOTES. 
 
 Ruf. 1. 200, semper inops quicumque mpit; Herrick, 106, 'Those 
 who have the itch | Of craving more are never rich.' 
 
 29. rivus, etc. : see the descriptions of his own farm, Epp. 1. 
 16. 12 ; 1. 18. 104 ; 1. 14. 1 ; and Odes, 1. 22. 9. 
 
 30. fides: cf. 3. 1. 30. n. ; Lucan, 1. 647. 
 
 31. 32. 7s a truer happiness than the glittering lot of the lord of 
 fertile Africa, though he knows it not; lit., escapes him (his notice) 
 (being) happier in lot, in imitation of the Greek \av6dfti bx&uLrfpov 
 *ov. The want of bv makes the Latin awkward. The great procon- 
 sul of Africa may be meant. Cf. sors Asiae, the proconsulship of 
 Asia (Tac. Ann. 3. 58). But fertilis and the context make 'lord 
 of great African estates ' more probable. Cf . Sat. 2. 3. 87 ; Odes, 
 2. 2. 10-12 ; Anth. Pal. 5. 31. 6. 
 
 33-36. Cf. 1. 31. 5. n. ; 2. 16. 33 sqq. n. 
 
 33. Calabrae . . . apes : 2. 6. 14 ; 4. 2. 27(?). 
 
 34. Laestrygoiiia : Formian. Cf. on 3. 17 and 1. 20. 11. 
 
 35. languescit: mellows (3. 21. 8, languidiora vinci). pin- 
 guia : the Greek could say 5affufj.a\\ot. Gallicis : Cisalpine Gaul, 
 renowned for fine white wool (Pliny, N. H. 8. 190). 
 
 37. importuiia : (4. 13. 9) the pinch of poverty, distressful pov- 
 erty. Cf. Epp. 2. 2. 199, immunda pauperies. Not the 8ei\}] or 
 ouAojUfVrj irevii) of Theogn. 351, Hes. Theog. 593. Poverty in itself 
 Horace commends (1. 12. 43 ; 3. 2. 1 ; 3. 29. 56). 
 
 38. Cf. 2. 18. 12 ; Epode 1. 31. 
 
 39. contracto, etc. : cf. 2. 2. 9 ; Plato, Laws, 736 E ; Lucret. 
 5. 1118 ; Cowley, 'The most gentlemanly manner of obliging him, 
 which is not to add anything to his estate, but to take something 
 from his desires ' (after Epicurus); Sen. Epist. 21. 7; Min. Felix, 
 36. 5, omnia si non concupiscimus possidemus. 
 
 40. vectigalia : Sat. 2. 2. 100, ego vectigalia magna divitiasque 
 habeo ; Cic. Paradox. 6. 49, qitam magnum vectlgal sit parsimonia. 
 Cf. Hamlet's use of ' revenues.' porrigam: Sen. Epist. 89. 20, 
 quousque arationes vestras porrigetis. 
 
 41. quam si: 2. 2. 10. Mygdoniis: Phrygian, 2. 12. 22. 
 Alyattei : Bentley's reading of the hopelessly confused Mss. 
 Horace's readers would think of Croesus, recalling Herod. 1. 6 : 
 'Croesus was a Lydian and son of Alyattes.' Cf. Croesi regia 
 Sardes (Epp. 1. 11. 2). The longer sonorous name helps the
 
 BOOK HI., ODE XVII. 357 
 
 meter. Cf. on 1. 17. 22-23. Bacchyl. 5. 40, 'A\v<i[r]Ta. SJ/w. 
 For form of gen., cf. 1. 6. 7. 
 
 42. campis : preferably dat. continuem : Livy, 34. 4 has 
 ingens cupido agros continuandi ; Isaiah 5. 8, 'Woe unto them 
 that join house to house, that lay field to field.' 
 
 43. bene est : almost colloquial. Cf. Epist. 1. 1. 89 ; Catull. 
 14. 10 ; 38. 1, male est; Cowley, ' Thrice happy he | To whom the 
 wise indulgency of Heaven, | With sparing hand but just enough 
 has given.' 
 
 44. quod satis est : 3. 1. 25. 
 
 ODE XVII. 
 
 To L. Aelius Lamia, the friend of 1. 26, and probably the con- 
 sul of A.D. 2. Under the empire the Lamiae became types of 
 ancient nobility. Cf. Juv. Sat. 4. 154 ; 6. 385. Lamia appar- 
 ently is at his seaside villa. Horace playfully traces his friend's 
 pedigree back to Homer's cannibal king Lamos, and bids him, since 
 a storm is brewing, get in his firewood and prepare to ' loaf and 
 invite his soul.' 
 
 2. quando motivates duds. Since all the Lamiae are descended 
 from Lamos, you too must derive your lineage from the founder 
 of Formiae (which Cicero, ad Att. 2. 13, identifies with Homer's 
 Laestrygonia ; Odyss. 10. 82); the parenthesis ends with tyrannus, 
 
 1. 9. hinc: cf. unde (1. 12. 17); hinc (Verg. Aen. 1. 21). 
 
 4-5. fastos : cf. on 4. 14. 4. Here (family) records. They do 
 not appear in the consular fasti till A.D. 2. auctore: cf. 1. 
 
 2. 36. n. 
 
 7. innantem : the quiet Liris (1. 31. 7) near its mouth over- 
 flows in marshes at Minturnae, where the Italian nymph Marica 
 (sometimes identified with Circe) was worshiped. 
 
 9. late tyrannus : tvpvKpfiwv. Cf. Verg. Aen. 1. 21, late regem; 
 Epp. 1. 11. 26 ; Pliny, Epp. 3. 5, latissime victor. 
 
 10. inutlli : cf. on 3. 24. 48. Here proverbially worthless. Cf. 
 vilior alga (Sat. 2. 5. 8 ; Verg. Eel. 7. 42). 
 
 12. aquae . . . augur : vfro^avr^. Cf. 3. 27. 10 ; Lucret. 5. 
 1086 = Verg. G. 1. 388. ster.iit: bestrew. Cf. 4. 14. 32.
 
 358 NOTES. 
 
 13. annosa: cf. 4. 13. 25; lies. fr. 183; A rat. Phaen. 1022; 
 Lucret. 5. 1084. Tennyson's ' many-wintered crow ' ; Bryant's 
 ' century -living crow.' 
 
 14. geiiium : the ghost, spiritual double, inner animistic self, 
 birth-spirit, or guardian angel of anything. Under the influence 
 of the Platonic doctrine of the Daimon or Guardian Angel and 
 higher self, this conception of the popular Roman religion was 
 deeply moralized in later literature and poetry. Cf. Plato, Tim. 
 90 A; Rep. 619 E ; Boissier, Religion Romaine, Vol. II., p. 145; 
 Schmidt, Ethik der Griechen, 1. 153; Hor. Kpp. 1. 7. 94 ; 2. 2. 187 ; 
 2. 1. 144 ; 2. 3. 210 ; Petron. 62 ; Ter. Phorm. 44 ; Pers. Sat. 2. 3 ; 
 F. Q. 2. 12. 47-48; Shaks. Jul. Caes. 2. 1, 'The genius and the 
 mortal instruments ' ; Ant. and Cleop. 2. 3, with Macbeth, 3. 1 ; 
 Matthew Arnold, Palladium, Scholar-Gipsy, ' To the just-pausing 
 genius we remit | Our well-worn life, and are what we have been ' ; 
 Mrs. Browning, Son. fr. Port. 42, 'my ministering life-angel.' Phrases 
 like indulge, care for, propitiate your genius, etc., were used collo- 
 quially like our ' be good to yourself,' ' invite your soul,' etc. 
 
 15. bimestri : see Lex. ; bimenstri is perhaps better. 
 
 16. operum solutis : cf. on 2. 9. 17 ; 3. 27. 69. For solutus 
 with abl., cf. Sat. 1. 6. 129. 
 
 ODE XVIII. 
 
 To Faunus, guardian of the flocks. The Faunalia occurred on 
 the 13th of February (Ov. Fast. 2. 193). Horace here seems to 
 speak of a local festival in December. Cf. 1. 17. 1-8. 
 
 There is a charm in the Epicurean poet's kindly affectation of 
 sympathy with the rustic faith of his neighbors. Cf. on 3. 23 ; also 
 the beautiful lines of Lucret. 4. 580 sqq. ; Probus ad Verg. G. 
 1. 10, Eusticis persuasum est incolentibus earn partem Italiae quae 
 suburbana est saepe eos (sc. Faunos) in ayris conspici ; Herrick, 
 Hesp. 106, ' While Faunus in the Vision comes to keep, | From 
 rav'ning wolves the fleecie sheep ' ; Ronsard, Pour Helene : ' Faunes, 
 qui habitez ma terre paternelle, | Qui menez sur le Loir vos dances 
 et vos tours, | Favorisez la plante et lui donnez secours, | Que 1'este" 
 ne la brusle et 1'hyver ne la gelle.' 
 
 There is a translation by Warton, Johnson's Poets, 18. 99.
 
 BOOK III., ODE XVIII. 359 
 
 1. amator : by identification with the Greek Pan (1. 17. 2). Cf. 
 Ov. Met. 1. 701 sqq. ; Shelley's Pan, ' Singing how down the vale 
 of Maenalus I pursued a maiden ' ; Thomas Warton, Hecatom- 
 pathia, ' If country Pan might follow nymphs in chase ' ; Brown- 
 ing, The Bishop orders his Tomb : ' Those Pans and nymphs ye 
 wot of.' For ' Dan Faunus ' as lover of the nymphs, cf. F. Q. 2. 2. 7. 
 
 3. Note chiastic order. lends : Pan's wrath was dreaded 
 (Theoc. 1. 16). 
 
 4. alumnis : yeanlings, tender young. Cf. 3. 23. 7. 
 
 5. si : the purely formal condition in prayers. pleno : exacto 
 (3. 22. 6) ; redeunte (3. 8. 9). cadit : as a victim, sc. tibi. 
 
 6. Veneris sodali : Pan is often associated with Aphrodite in 
 Gk. art. But to separate sodali from craterae would be very 
 harsh, and the bowl may be personified as Venus' mate on the 
 principle Sine Libe.ro et Cerere friget Venus. Cf. Aristoph. fr. 
 490, oii/os "AcppoS/TTjy yd\a. 
 
 7-8. vetus : possibly an old altar which Horace found on the 
 estate. Note the asyndeton. multo . . . odore : cf. 1. 30. 3, 
 multo ture. 
 
 9-16. The suggested image of the festival develops into a descrip- 
 tion. Cf. the festival of Anna Perenna (Ov. Fast. 3. 523 sqq.). 
 
 10. tibi : emphatic ; thy. 
 
 12. pagus : Mandela, now Bandela. Cf. Ov. Fast. 1. 669, pagus 
 agat festum. 
 
 13. audaces : Shelley's ' dreadless kid.' Faunus is conceived 
 as Lupercus qui lupos arcet. 
 
 14. spargit : the December 'fall of the leaf (Epode 11. 5, 
 December . . . silvis honorem decutit) is by a pretty personifica- 
 tion taken as a <pv\\o&o\ia, in honor of the god. Cf. Pind. Pyth. 
 9. 134, 'Many the leaves and wreaths they showered on him ' ; 
 Verg. Eel. 5.' oO ; Tenn. Princess, ' Shall strip a hundred hollows 
 bare of spring | To rain an April of ovation round.' 
 
 15. invisam : because of the toil she exacts. pepulisse : cf. 
 1. 4. 7 ; 1. 37. 2; and, for the tense, 1. 1. 4 ; 3. 4. 52. fossor: 
 delver, slave working in chains on great estates (Martial, 9. 22. 4). 
 Here, generally, peasant. 
 
 16. Note the adaptation of sound to sense, and cf. the rustic 
 jollity in Lucret. 5. 1401-2, atque extra numerum procedere
 
 360 NOTES. 
 
 membra moventes \ duriter et duro terrain pede pellere matrem. 
 ter : cf. tripudinm. Cf. 4. 1. 28 ; sen cantare iuvat sen ter pede 
 laeta ferire \ gramina (carmina?) nullus obest sings the shepherd 
 in Calpuruius, Eclog. 4. 128. 
 
 ODE XIX. 
 
 ' You prate of Inachus and ancient history,' Horace cries to a 
 learned prosy friend, ' when the question is what brand of Chian 
 shall we procure, and at whose house shall we dine together to- 
 night.' Then, transferring himself in imagination to the carouse, 
 he takes the chair as arbiter bibendi, gives out toasts, orders the 
 mixing of the wine and water, and bids them wake the echoes till 
 envious old January, ill-mated with beauteous May next door, 
 hears their revelry. 
 
 Or we may conceive the whole scene, the inopportune antiquarian 
 talk and the jovial interruption, to take place at the banquet. 
 
 If the Murena of 1. 11 is the Murena of 2. 10, the date can hardly 
 be later than his conspiracy against Augustus, B.C. 23 (Veil. 2. 91 ; 
 Suet. Octav. 19. 66 ; Sen. de Clem. 9 ; Dio, 54. 3). 
 
 1. distet: chronologically. Inacho : cf. on 2. 3. 21; F. Q. 2. 
 9. 56, ' The wars he well remembered of King Nine, | Of old As- 
 saracus and Inachus divine.' 
 
 2. Codrus : semi-mythical last king of Athens. In war with 
 Dorians he provoked his own death because of prophecy that the 
 enemy would win if they spared the life of the Athenian king (Cic. 
 Tusc. 1. 116). timidus: so 4. 9. 52. 
 
 3. narras : colloquial, almost slangy, like French 'Qu'est-ce que 
 tu chantes ? ' The lexicons do not bring this out. Cf. Sat. 1. 9. 
 52 ; 2. 7. 5 ; Martial, 3. 46. 7 ; 4. 61. 16 ; 3. 63. 13 ; 4. 37. 6 ; 8. 17. 3, 
 etc.; Propert. 3. 7. 3 ; Petron. Sat. 44 ; Sen. de Morte Cl. 6 ; Per- 
 sius, 1. 81, quid dia poemata narrent, where this force is necessary 
 to the point. genus Aeaci : Zeus, Aeacus, Peleus, Achilles, Ne- 
 optolemus, Telamon, Ajax, and Teucer. 
 
 4. pugnata . . . bella: cf. on 4. 9. 19; Epp. 1. 16. 25, beUa tibi 
 terra pugnata mariqne. sacro: *IA<OS Irf. For gender, see 1. 10. 14. 
 . 6-7. Apparently the feast is to be a ffvfj.Bo\-fi, where each con-
 
 BOOK III., ODE XIX. 361 
 
 tributes his part and one lends his house and. provides the hot water. 
 A Chian cask = a cask of Chian. Cf. Sabina diota, 1.9.7. The 
 Chian was prized. Cf. Epode 9. 34 ; Mrs. Browning, Wine of Cy- 
 prus, 7, ' Go ! let others praise the Chian.' 
 
 6. aquam temperet : perhaps for the bath ; perhaps, since it 
 is cold, for the wine. Sat. 1. 4. 88, qui praebet aquam is the host. 
 
 7. praebente domum : in Sat. 2. 8. 36 he is playfully called 
 parochus, the purveyor. quota: sc. hora. 
 
 8. Paelignis : the Paeligni, high in the Apennines, were prover- 
 bially cold (Ov. Fast. 4. 81). taces : what you speak-of you can 
 be-silent^of. Cf. 4. 9. 31. 
 
 9. da: sc. cyathos, vinum. lunae : gen. of toast. Cf. 3.8. 
 13; Anth. Pal. 3. 136; 5. 110; 5. 137; Theoc. 14. 18. novae: 
 the month was originally lunar, and the Kalends would be conven- 
 tionally the new moon. Cf. 3. 23. 2. 
 
 10. noctis : 3.28.16. mediae: they won't go home till morn- 
 ing. auguris : apparently Murena has recently been chosen into 
 the college of augurs. 
 
 11. 12. The cups shall be mingled with 3 or 9 cyathi (of wine) 
 at your choice. Fractions were reckoned in twelfths of the as or 
 the sextanus by unciae and cyathi respectively. Anacreon drank 
 10 water to 5 wine (fr. 64). Cf. Athenae, 10. 426 sqq. Page takes 
 3 and 9 of the quantity the number of ladles to a bumper. 
 
 12. commodis : cf. 4. 8. 1. Others render 'just,' or 'full.' 
 
 13. impares : they were nine. 
 
 14. ternos ter : T 9 ^ wine, the stronger mixture. attonitus : 
 cf. Lex. s.v. B; otvtf ffvyKpavi'<a6e\s (pptvas (Archil, fr. 74). 
 
 15. tres . . . supra : probably above three (the weaker mix- 
 ture), suited to him who sacrifices to the graces! It has been 
 taken the three beyond (9) ; that would make it unmixed wine. Cf . 
 Ov. Fast. 3. 813, altera tresque super. 
 
 16-17. metuens: with gen. (3. 24. 22). Gratia, etc. : cf. on 
 1. 4. 6 ; 4. 7. 5. nudis : until the third century B.C. art showed 
 them clothed. Cf. P>azer on Pausan. 9. 35. 6. 
 
 18. insanire iuvat: cf. on 2. 7. 28. Berecyntiae : cf. 1. 18. 
 13 ; 4. 1. 22 ; Epode 9. 5. 6. The tibia was orgiastic. 
 
 19. cessant : cf. on 1. 27. 13 ; 3. 27. 58. flamina : \urov 
 na.ro. (Eurip. Phoen. 788).
 
 362 NOTES. 
 
 20. pendet . harps and lyres conventionally hang when not in 
 use (Odyss. 8. 671 ; Pind. O. 1. 17 ; Scott, Prelude, L. of L., ' Harp 
 of the north! that mouldering long hast hung,' etc.). fistula: 
 4. 1. 24 ; 1. 17. 10. Tacita with both nouns. 
 
 22. sparge rosas : cf. 1. 36. 15 ; Epp. 1. 5. 14, potare et spargere 
 flores Herrick's and Martial's ' Now raignes (regnat) the rose.' 
 The hand that scattered winter roses would not be niggardly. Cf. 
 Martial, 4. 29. 3 ; 6. 80 ; Lucian, Nigrin. 31 ; Pater, Marius, Chap. 
 
 12, sub fin., ' And at no time had the winter roses from Carthage 
 seemed more lustrously yellow and red.' audiat, etc. : Propert. 
 4. 8. 9, dulciaqne ingratos adimant convivia somnos. \ publica 
 vicinae perstrepat aura viae. 
 
 23-24. Lycus . . . Lyco : cf. on 1. 13. 1-2 for invidious repe- 
 tition. There is a neighbor AUKOS in Theoc. 14. 24. 
 
 24. non habilis : not tempestiva (27). 
 
 25. spissa : no 'thin and icy crown.' nitidum : cf. on 2. 12. 
 19, 'well-groomed.' But cf. Pind. Nem. 1. 68, <}>ai8i/4av . . . tcS^ar. 
 Tenn. El., ' Her bright hair blown about the serious face.' 
 
 26. puro: i.e. in a clear sky. Cf. 2. 5. 19; 3. 10. 8; 3. 29. 45. 
 similem . . . vespero: cf. on 3. 7. 1; 3. 9.21. Telephe : 1. 
 
 13. 1; 4. 11.21. 
 
 27. tempestiva : cf. 1. 23. 12; 4. 1. 9, supra, non habilis. 
 petit: 1. 33. 13. Rhode : ' whose name and fame are of roses' 
 (Symonds). 
 
 28. me: Epode 14. 15. lentus: 1. 13. 8; Tibull. 1. 4. 81, 
 lento me torquet amore. Glycerae: 1. 19. 5; 1. 30. 3 ; 1. 33. 2. 
 torret : 1. 33. 6 ; 4. 1. 12. It is a smoldering fire. Theoc. 3. 
 17, os (it Karafffivxtav. 
 
 ODE XX. 
 
 Have a care, Pyrrhus. Thy furious rival will rush upon thee as 
 the Homeric lioness robbed of her whelps charges the hunt. Mean- 
 while Nearchus, the object of your strife, stands unconcerned, the 
 breeze fanning his perfumed locks, a Greek marble, fair as Nireus 
 or Ganymede. 
 
 1. non vides : you don't see? nonne vides (1. 14. 3); don't you 
 sesf moveas : Kivttv, disturb. 
 
 2. Gaetulae: 1. 23. 10.
 
 BOOK III., ODE XXI. 363 
 
 3. post paullo : so Epist. 1. 6. 43. The usual paullo post 
 would be intolerably prosaic. iiiaudax : apparently an Horatian 
 coinage for oroAjuos ; with raptor it forms a slight oxymoron. 
 
 5-10. The imagery is Homeric. Cf. II. 18. 318 ; per obstantes 
 catenas recurs in a martial setting, 4. 9. 43 ; here the expression 
 is a mock heroic equivalent of the 0aAepoi al^rjoi, the lusty war- 
 riors of the Homeric hunt. 
 
 6. insignem : he is easily known by his beauty. Cf. 1. 33. 5 ; 
 Verg. Aen. 7. 762, Virbius insignem quern mater Aricia misit. 
 
 7. grande certamen : apposition with sentence. Cf. Verg. 
 Aeu. 6. 223, and Shaks. 'Hangs one that gathers samphire 
 dreadful trade.' 
 
 8. illi : so the Mss. ; maior must then be rendered rather. Of 
 course, strictly speaking, the prize falls to one or the other, and 
 there is no greater or less portion. But provided the meaning be 
 clear, poets are quite ready to sacrifice this kind of logic to the 
 rhythm or the desired turn of phrase. Modern editors generally 
 read ilia and render maior superior, i.e. victorious. 
 
 10. dentes acuit : still Homeric. Cf. II. 13. 474 ; 11. 416, of 
 the boar. 
 
 11. arbiter : he is prize and judge in one. posuisse : his foot 
 is planted on it. nudo: helps the picture. Cf. Tenn. CEnone, 
 ' From the violets her light foot | Shone rosy white' ; cf. 4. 1. 27. 
 
 12. palmam : of victory, 1. 1. 5. 
 
 13. recreare : 1. 22. 18. 
 
 14. umerum : cf. on 4. 10. 3. 
 
 15. Nireus : ' Nireus was the fairest man that to fair Ilion 
 came' (Chapman), II. 2. 672. aquosa: cf. on 2. 2. 15; Tenny- 
 son's ' many-fountained Ida' ; cf. II. 11. 183. 
 
 16. raptus : Latin has no article. For Ganymede, cf. 4. 4. 4 ; 
 II. 20. 233. 
 
 ODE XXL 
 
 To a wine-jar born with Horace in the year 65, and now to be 
 opened in honor of (M. Valerius Messala) Corvinus. 
 
 Messala was a student at Athens, B.C. 42, with Horace and 
 Marcus Cicero. After Philippi, he declined the leadership of the 
 remnant of the republican party and joined the triumvirs. At
 
 364 NOTES. 
 
 
 
 the time of the peace of Brundisium, he left the service of Antony 
 for that of Octavian, on whose side he was found at Actium. He 
 was consul B.C. 31, and was granted a triumph for victories over 
 the Aquitanians B.C. 27. Henceforth he devoted himself to his 
 law practice and lettered ease. His eloquence is praised and com- 
 pared with that of Asinius Pollio by Quintil., 10. 1. 113. He was 
 the Maecenas of the circle of Tibullus. Servius (on Verg. Aen. 
 8. 310) reports a symposium graced by the presence of Maecenas, 
 Horace, and Vergil, cum ex persona Messallaede vi vini loqueretur 
 the theme of this ode. 
 Paraphrase by Rowe, Johnson's Poets, 9. 472. 
 
 1. L. Manlius Torquatus was consul B.C. 65. Cf. Epode 13. 6. 
 
 2. queiellas . . . geris: some men ont le vin triste; others, 
 gai. For the fancy that the bottle contains its effects, cf. Heine, 
 Buch Le Grand, V., 'Gestern bei Tische horte ich jemand eine 
 Thorheit sprechen die anno 1811 in einer Weintraube gesessen, 
 welche ich damals selbst auf dem Johannisberge wachsen sah.' 
 So Emerson, ' there is much eloquence in a cup of tea.' 
 
 3. 1. 13. 10-11 ; 1. 17. 25. Or cf. 1. 27. 4 ; 1. 18. 8. 
 
 4. facilem . . . somnum: cf. 2. 11. 8 ; 3. 1. 20-21. n. pia : 
 the position emphasizes the preferable alternative. Or it may 
 be felt merely as a half-humorous fondling epithet of the ' dive 
 bouteille.' Others explain, faithful to its charge (servas,!). 
 testa : 1. 20. 2 ; 3. 14. 20 ; Epp. 1. 2. 70. 
 
 5. quocumque . . . nomine : strictly a figure from book- 
 keeping, on whatever account. lectum . . . Massicum : gath- 
 ered (grapes of) Massic, i.e. Massic vintage. Or, choice Massic. 
 
 6. moveri : cf. Epode 13. 6, tu vina . . . move. For inf. pass, 
 with dignus, cf. Sat. 1. 3. 24. It is common in silver prose. 
 
 7. descende : from the apotheca. Cf. 3. 8. 11. n. ; 3. 28. 7. 
 
 8. promere : cf. 1. 36. 11 ; 1. 37. 5. languidiora : cf. 3. 16. 35. 
 
 9. non ille : cf. 4. 9. 51; non ego, I. 18. 11. madet : he is 
 steeped in Socratic discourse, but has no churlish (horridus) 
 aversion to other steepings. Cf. madidus homo, uvidi, 4. 5. 39, 
 ' a wet night,' and the like. For the metaphor, cf. Martial, 7. 51. 
 6, iure madens ; 1. 39. 3,' si quis Cecropiae madidus Latiaeque 
 Minervae.
 
 BOOK III., ODE XXI. 365 
 
 11-12. prisci : stern old, good old. Cf. 2. 3. 21 ; 4. 2. 40 ; Epode 
 2. 2 ; Catull. 64. 159, saevaquod horrcbas prisci praecepta parentis ; 
 Epp. 2. 2. 117, priscis . . . Catonibtts atque Cethegis. Catonis : 
 cf. 2. 15. 11. n., and for the periphrasis with virtus, cf. 1. 3. 36. 
 n. ; Sat. 2. 1. 72, virtus Scipiadae et mitis sapientia Laeli. 
 
 13-20. For similar praises of wine, cf. 1. 18. 3-6. n. ; 4. 12. 
 19-20 ; Epp. 1. 5. 19 ; Bacchylides, fr. 27 ; Ovid, A. A. 1. 237-242, 
 an imitation of this passage ; Cotton, Ode upon Winter ; Herrick, 
 197, 'The Welcome to Sack' ; 773, A Hymn to Bacchus ; Burns, 
 'Scotch drink,' John Barleycorn, sub fin., The Holy Fair, 'Leeze 
 me on drink ! it gies us mair | Than either school or college : It 
 kindles wit, it waukens lair, | It pangs us fu' o' knowledge' ; Agnes 
 Repplier, Atlantic Monthly, Oct., 1896. 
 
 13. tormentum : rack, spur, pressure. Cf. Lex. s.v. III. A. ; 
 Bacchyl. fr. 27, y\vK*i' avdyKa ; Epp. 2. 3. 435, torquere mero; with 
 lene an oxymoron. 
 
 14. plerumque : cf. 1. 34. 7. 
 
 14-16. Cf. Odyss. 14. 463-466, ' Wildering wine that sets even a 
 wise man on to sing aloud, and to laugh merrily, and uttereth a 
 word that were better left unsaid.' iocoso : cf. 4. 15. 26. Lyaeo : 
 cf. 1. 7. 22. n. The Romans associated Liber (Aei/Sa ?) with liber, 
 free. Cf. Sen. Dial. 9. 17. 8, Liberque non ob licentiam linguae dictus 
 est inventor vini, sed quid liberal servitio curarum animum, etc. 
 
 17. spem, etc. : cf. 4. 12. 19 ; Epp. 1. 5. 17 ; 1. 15. 19. 
 
 18. viresque : que connects reduc.is and addis. cornua : cf. 
 2. 19. 30. n., Lex. s.v. II. ; Coleridge, Biographia Literaria, p. 208 ; 
 1 Sam. 2. 1. 
 
 19-20. ' Inspiring, bold John Barleycorn ! | What dangers thou 
 canst mak' us scorn' (Burns, Tarn o' Shanter). 
 
 19. post te : cf. 1. 18. 5, post vina. iratos : transferred epithet 
 or hypallage. Cf. 3. 1. 42-43. 
 
 20. apices : cf. 1. 34. 14. 
 
 22. segues . . . solvere : loath to loose. nodum : of twining 
 arms. Cf. 1. 4. 6. n. ; 3. 19. 17. 
 
 23. vivae : cf. 3. 8. 14. producent : prolong, keep up. So 
 cenam producimus (Sat. 1. 5. 70); noctem producere vino (Martial, 
 2. 89. 1); Tibull. 1. 4. 5. lucemae : the lamps are personified 
 with the rest.
 
 366 NOTES. 
 
 24. dum . . . fugat : (all the) while he is doing it virtually = 
 until he can get it done. Cf. Lucret. 1. 949, dum perspicis omnem \ 
 naturam rerum. For image, cf. ' And Phoebus in his chair | En- 
 saffroning sea and air | Makes vanish every star' (Drurmnond of 
 Hawthornden) ; ' Wake ! For the Sun who scatter'd into flight | The 
 Stars before him from the Field of Night,' etc. (Omar Khayyam, I.). 
 
 ODE XXII. 
 
 Dedication of a pine, at the poet's villa, to Diana Nemorensis. 
 
 1. For Diana, Queen of the Woods, etc., cf. on 1. 21. 5; Catull. 
 34. 9. 
 
 2. In this function, "Apre/as Diana was identified with Juno 
 Lucina. Cf. Catull. 34. 9, Tu Lucina dolentibus \ luno dicta puer- 
 peris, | tu potens trivia et notho es \ dicta lumine luna. puellas: 
 so Ov. Am. 2. 13. 19, tuque laborantes utero miserata puellas. 
 
 3. ter : 1. 28. 36. 
 
 4. Diva triformis : as Luna, Diana, Hecate. Cf . Catull., supra ; 
 Verg. Aen. 4. 511, tergeminamque Hecaten, tria virginis or a Dia- 
 nae; Ov. Met. 7. 94, per sacra triformis \ ille deae. Her image at 
 the crossways had three faces. Ov. Fast. 1. 141, or a vides Hecates 
 in tres vertentia partes, \ servet ut in ternas compita secta vias. 
 Modern poetry variously symbolizes it : ' Goddess whom all gods 
 love with threefold heart, | Being treble in thy divided deity ' 
 (Swinb. Atalanta, init.}; 'Thro' Heaven I roll my lucid moon 
 along; | I shed in Hell o'er my pale people peace, | On Earth,' etc. 
 (Browning, Artemis Prologuizes) ; ' Goddess triform I own thy 
 triple spell : | Queen of my earth, Queen too of my heaven and 
 hell ' (Lowell) ; ' With borrowed light her countenance triform | 
 Hence fills,' etc. (Milton). Cf. the quaint old Latin distich, 
 Terret, lustrat, agit, Proserpina, luna, Diana, \ ima, suprema, 
 feras, sceptro, fulgore, sagitta. 
 
 5. tua : sacred to thee. Cf. Verg. Aen. 10. 423, tua quercus. 
 6-8. quam . . . doiiem : that I may, etc. 
 
 6. per: 2. 3. 6. exactos : 3. 18. 5; Verg. Aen. 5. 46, annuus 
 exactis completur mensibus orbis. laetus: the libens merito of 
 votive inscriptions.
 
 BOOK III., ODE XXIII. 367 
 
 7. obliquum : Homer's \tKpifls eu'|as (Od. 19. 451 ; H. 12. 148). 
 Cf. Ov. Her. 4. 104, obliquo dente timendus aper ; Met. 8. 344, et 
 olliqno latrantes (the dogs) dissipat ictu. For the periphrastic 
 description of the victim, cf. 3. 13. 4; 4. 2. 54. 
 
 ODE XXIII. 
 
 Horace, Epicurean and Student of Greek Philosophy, "tells the 
 farmer's little girl that the Gods will love her, though she has only 
 a handful of salt arid meal to give them " (Ruskin, Queen of the 
 Air, 48). 
 
 Translated, as a sonnet, by Austin Dobson. Cf. Lang, Letters to 
 Dead Authors, p. 210. For Horace's religion, cf. on 1. 34, 3. 18 ; 
 Sellar, pp. 159-160. 
 
 1. caelo : dat. Cf. manusque susum ad caelum sustulit suas 
 rex; avarftvats ovpavy x f *p* (Find. Is. 5. 41). supinas : like 
 SJTTIOJ, of upturned palms (Aesch. Prom. 1005; Verg. Aen. 4. 205). 
 
 2. nascente luna : on the first day of each (lunar) month. Cf. 
 3. 19. 9. Phidyle : <t>eiSo/j.ai, the sparing, thrifty one. 
 
 3. ture : Tibull. 1. 3. 34, reddereqite antiquo menstrua turn Lari ; 
 Herrick, 334, To Larr. horna : Epode 2. 47 ; a sheaf or garland 
 of the new grain as first fruits. Tibull. 1. 10. 22, sen dederat sanc- 
 tae spicea serta comae. 
 
 8. Lares: cf. Harper's Class. Diet. s.v. avida : the homely 
 proprium lends a touch of intimacy. Cf. Keats' ' small gnats,' 
 Vergil's exiguus TOMS. porca: Tibull. 1. 10. 26. Cf. 3. 17. 15; 
 Sat. 2. 3. 165, porcum Laribus. Servius, on Verg. Aen. 8. 641, says 
 that female victims are more efficacious. Quintilian, 8. 3. 19, thinks 
 that the form porco would have destroyed the Vergilian elegance of 
 caesa iungebat foedera porca. 
 
 5. Africum : 'sirocco.' 'Africbane' (Dobson). 
 
 6. fecunda : /Jorpuo'eis, thick-clustered. sterilem : active, as 
 sterilis Sirius (Verg. Aen. 3. 141). 
 
 7. Robigo : blight was regularly worshiped as a deity to be 
 propitiated (Ov. Fast. 4. 907). alumni : 3. 18. 4. 
 
 8. Pomifer autumnus (4. 7. 11) is 'season of mists and mellow 
 fruitfulness,' as well as of the nocentem Austrum (2. 14. 15).
 
 368 NOTES. 
 
 grave tempus : Liv. 3. 6, grave tempus et . . . pestilens annus. 
 anno : season ; P^pode 2. 29. ' The sick apple-tide '(Dobson). 
 
 9. Algido : 1. 21. 6; 4. 4. 58 ; Macaulay, Herat., ' When round 
 the lonely cottage | Roars loud the tempest's din, | And the good 
 logs of Algidus | Roar louder yet within.' 
 
 10. devota . . . victima : Milton has ' to death devote.' Cf. 
 4. 14. 18. 
 
 11. crescit : cf. 4. 2. 55. Albania: in the pastures assigned to 
 the temples for the purpose (Dionys. 3. 29). 
 
 13. te : for similar contrast, cf. 4. 2. 53. attinet : it concerns 
 thee not, thou hast no need. 
 
 14. temptare : try, besiege, importune. Cf. 1. 2. 26, fatigare ; 
 2. 18. 12, lacesso. bidentium : see Lex. s.v. B, first explanation. 
 
 15-16. parvos . . . decs : Ov. Fast. 5. 130, signaque parva deum ; 
 the little images of the Lares ; in her case of wood. 
 
 17-20. immunis, etc. : ' If there is no guilt in the hand that 
 touches the altar, it could not (hath not, doth not, gnomic) more 
 acceptably with costly sacrifice appease the estranged Penates (than 
 it doth) with pious grain and crackling salt.' The gnomic perfect 
 mollivit does double duty, and is a somewhat harsh expression of 
 the conditional idea (others make non . . . hostia a parenthesis, 
 and blandior = blandior futura). Immunis, in Horace, usually 
 means without a gift. Cf. 4. 12. 23 ; Epp. 1. 14. 33. In the sense 
 immunis scelerum it would seem to require a genitive. Cf. Ovid's 
 immunes caedis habere manus. But the absolute use is no harsher 
 than that of acervos in 2. 2. 24. In any case, the thought is the 
 religious commonplace that Heaven prefers innocence and the 
 pauper's mite to the splendid offerings of the rich. Immunis is 
 the emphatic word ; the rendering without a gift merely says that 
 the small offering is as acceptable as the great, and misses the 
 main point of the utterance. Cf. Gildersleeve, on Persius, 2. 75 ; 
 Psalms 69. 31 ; Eurip., frs. 946, 327, Nauck; Isoc. 2. 20. 
 
 18. sumptuosa : if we could read sumptuosa blandior, assum- 
 ing that Horace allowed the form w w , hostia could be the 
 
 subject of mollivit, and the sentence would run smoothly enough. 
 
 19. aversos : cf . Epode 10. 18. But they are not positively 
 hostile in Phidyle's case. Cf. 1. 36. 2. n. 
 
 20. Cf. Pliny, N. H. Praef., mola tantum salsa litant qui non
 
 BOOK III., ODE XXIV. 369 
 
 habent tura ; Lev. 2. 13, 'with all thine offerings thou shalt offer 
 salt' ; Herrick, 106, ' Making thy peace with heav'n, for some late 
 fault, | With Holy-meale, and spirting-salt ' ; Swinb. At Eleusis, 
 ' Faint grape-flowers and cloven honey-cake | And the just grain 
 with dues of the shed salt'; Tibull. 3. 4. 10, Et natum in curas 
 hominum genus omina noctis \ Farre pio placant et saliente sale. 
 saliente : ' that crackles in the blaze.' 
 
 ODE XXIV. 
 
 Villas by the sea and all the wealth of Araby or Ind cannot 
 deliver thee from death or the fear of death. Better the rude 
 virtues of the nomad Scythian than our luxury and vice. Who 
 will prove the true father of his country and curb this license ? 
 Posterity will give him the honors that envious contemporaries 
 grudge. But of what avail are laws or complaints when our 
 manners recognize no disgrace save poverty ? Away with our 
 gems and pernicious gold. Our youths must be trained in a 
 sterner school. What marvel if the son cannot keep his saddle 
 and prefers dicing to the hunt, when his perjured sire defrauds 
 his associate and still piles up gold for an \xnworthy heir ? 
 
 The moralizing is in the vein of 3. 1. 14-45, 3. 2. 1-7, 3. 6, 2. 15, 
 with the fervid rhetoric of Epode 16. In 4. 5. 21-25 and 4. 15. 10- 
 15 the savior of society here invoked is found in Augustus. Cf. 
 Sellar, p. 156; Sueton. Octav. 34. 89; and the boast of Augustus, 
 Mon. Ancyr. 2. 12-14, Legibus novis latis complura exempla maio- 
 rum exolentia iam ex nostro usu reduxi et ipse multarum rerum 
 exempla imitanda posteris tradidi. 
 
 The date may be approximately that of 3. 6, B.C. 28-27. 
 
 1. intactis: unrijled(cf. on 1.29. 1); ' richer than the treasures ' 
 is a natural brachylogy (cf. on 2. 14. 28; 1. 8. 9). 
 
 2-3. Indiae : 1. 31. 6. n. caementis : 3. 1. 35. 
 
 4. Tyrrhenum . . . Apulicum : All Mss. read Tyrrhenum. 
 For Apulicum many have publicum. The text can be defended 
 only as a loose hyperbole for 'every coast.' Lachmann's ingen- 
 ious terrenum . . . et mare publicum is not really proved, as 
 German editors affirm, by Porphyrio's non terrain tantum, verum 
 etiam maria occupantem, etc., which might be said, whatever the 
 2B
 
 370 NOTES. 
 
 text here, by any one familiar with 2. 18. 22 and 3. 1. 36. Mare 
 publicum, it is true, prettily brings out the special force of occu- 
 pes ; we cannot dogmatize about the quantity of Apulicum. Cf. 
 3. 1. 40. 
 
 5. figit : cf. 1. 3. 36. n. adamantines : cf. Plat. Rep. 616 C ; 
 L. and S. s.v. dSefytas. Older English writers use 'diamond.' Cf. 
 'nails of diamond,' 1. 35. 17. n. 
 
 6. summis verticibus : the image will not square with matter- 
 of-fact logic. The meaning seems to be, ' You build, but the last 
 nail will be driven by destiny.' Cf. on 2. 18. 29-31 ; 1. 35. 17. 
 Summis verticibus will then be in (or into) the topmost gable. It 
 has also been taken ' up to the heads ' (of the nails), and, somewhat 
 grotesquely, 'into the heads ' (of men). 
 
 8. laqueis : 0. T. passim, e.g., Psalms 18. 5, 'the snares of 
 death prevented me ' ; Stat. Silv. 5. 155, ' undique leti \ vallavere 
 plagaeS The Hindoo death-god Yama flings a noose. Aeschylus 
 is fond of the 'net of doom' (Ag. 361, 1048, 1376; Prom. 1078). 
 Milton has ' tangled in the fold | Of dire necessity' (Sams. Ag.); 
 Shelley, Cenci, ' a net of ruin.' 
 
 9. campestres : of the plains (steppes). Cf. 3. 8. 24 ; 1. 35. 9. 
 melius : Tac. Ger. 19, melius quidem adhuc eae civitates, etc. 
 
 10. vagas : not proleptic, but a poetic oxymoron with domos. 
 Cf. Pind. fr. 105, a.^o<p^pr]Tov olxov ; Arnold, Strayed Reveller, 
 'They see the Scythian | On the wide steppe, unharnessing | His 
 wheel'd house at noon' ; Sen. Here. Fur. 537, intravit (Hercules') 
 Scythiae multivagas domos. Cf. also. Aesch. Prom. 709 ; Milton, 
 P. L. 3, ' the barren plains | Of Sericana where Chineses drive | 
 With sails and wind their cany waggons light.' rite : after their 
 manner (Verg. Aen. 9. 252). 
 
 11. rigid! : frozen (2. 9. 20), or stern and rude, severe; Epp. 
 1. 1. 17, virtutis verae custos rigidusque satelles ; Epp. 2. 1. 25. 
 
 12. immetata . . . liberas : the land is undivided and its 
 produce common, as in the golden age. Verg. G. 1. 126, ne sig- 
 nare quidem aut partiri limite campum \ fas erat : in medium 
 quaerebant ; Ov. Met. 1. 135; Claud, in Rufin. 1. 380. 
 
 13. Cererem : cf. 1. 7. 22. n. ; Epode 16. 43. 
 
 14. cultura . . . annua : i.e. they stay only a year in one place, 
 and only a part of the tribe is detailed to raise the year's crops. So
 
 BOOK III., ODE XXIV. 371 
 
 Caesar, B. G. 4. 1, relates of the Suevi, and Tac. Ger. 19, of the 
 Germans. 
 
 15. defunctum : of the year's labors here ; in 2. 18. 38, functum, 
 of .all life's labors. Cf. Bre"al, Se"mantique, 170. 
 
 16. recreat : i.e. 'spells,' relieves. sorte : abl. manner, on 
 like terms. 
 
 17. illic : there among those children of nature all the virtues 
 flourish for Horace's imagination, as they did for Tacitus (Ger- 
 mania), for the Greek rhetors of the empire (Dio Chrysost. Or. 
 69), and for Voltaire, Montesquieu, and Goldsmith in China, 
 Persia, or Peru. 
 
 18. temperat : spares (deals kindly with) the motherless step- 
 children. The cruelty of the iniusta noverca was proverbial. Cf. 
 Epode 5. 9 ; Otto, s.v. innocens : tcronging them not, perhaps 
 etymologically not nocens. Cf. on 4. 4. 65. 
 
 19. nee dotata : dowries ai-e unknown. By the Greek proverb, 
 ' a dowerless woman cannot speak her mind.' The richly dowered 
 apparently could (Plaut. Men. 759; Aul. 526; Martial, 8. 12). 
 The dower had to be returned if the husband divorced her. 
 
 20. nitido : spruce, dandified. Cf. 3. 19. 25. fidit : coniunx, 
 rather than dotata coniunx, is felt as the subject. 
 
 21. dos . . . magna : a moral or metaphorical dower. Cf. 
 Plaut. Amphitr. 839 ; Anth. Pal. 9. 96. 6. 
 
 22-23. Cf. Tennyson's daintier expression ' . . . The laws of 
 marriage character'd in gold | Upon the blanched tablets of her 
 heart . . . crown'd Isabel . . . The queen of marriage, a most 
 perfect wife.' metuens : cf. 3. 19. 16; 3. 11. 10. certo 
 foedere : cf. 1. 13. 18. Loose characterizing (or absolute ?) abl. 
 
 24. et peccare nefas : editors generally supply illic est. It 
 can be more idiomatically taken as the third part of the dowry, 
 which consists of (1) honorable birth, (2) sensitive purity, (3) the 
 stern tradition of Scythian morality. The idiom is an extension 
 of that of ademptus Hector (2. 4. 10) , which young students cannot 
 take too much pains to master. Cf. Lucan, 2. 656, where Roma 
 . . . capi . . . facilis is one third of the subject ; Juv. 10. 1 10, 
 summus nempe locus nulla non arte petitus = the unscrupulous 
 pursuit of power. peccare: cf. 3. 7. 19. n. aut: 3. 12. 2. n. 
 pretium : a vox media. Cf . Juv. 13. ' 105, ille crucem sceleris
 
 372 NOTES. 
 
 pretium tulit, hie diadema ; so /j.i<r66s (Aesch. Ag. 1261); Spenser, 
 'Bold Procrustes' hire 11 (punishment). Or, oxymoron. 
 
 25. O quiaquis : returning to wicked Rome and the hope of 
 reform. impias: 1. 35. 34-35. n. 
 
 26. rabiem : Epode 7. 13. civicam : 2. 1. 1. n. 
 
 27. pater urbium : a variation on pater patriae. Cf. 1. 2. 50. n. ; 
 Cic. ad Q. Fr. 1. 1. 31, parentem Asiae ; Stat. Silv. 3. 4. 48, 
 pater . . . urbis. Augustus appears in an inscription as parens 
 coloniae. The provinces and cities of Asia took the lead in the 
 apotheosis of the emperor. Hence conceivably urbium is to be 
 taken with statuis. Some editors print PATER URBIUM, but it is 
 to be taken predicatively with subscribe. 
 
 29. refrenare : cf. Tennyson's etymological ' trade refrain the 
 powers.' For the image, cf. 4. 15. 10; Cic. de Or. 3. 41, validae 
 legum habenae (quotation); Cic. de Div. 2. 20; Shaks. Hen. V., 
 5. 3. 3, ' What rein can hold licentious wickedness | When down 
 the hill he holds his steep career?' Hen. IV., 2. 4. 4, 'For the 
 fourth Harry from curb'd license plucks | The muzzle of re- 
 straint.' 
 
 30. post genitia : posteris, 6tyiy6vois, posterity, found only here. 
 quatenus : in so far as, inasmuch as, since. G. L. 538. n. 5. 
 It motivates post genitis. The thought is elaborated, Epp. 2. 1. 
 10-20, 86-89, whence Pope's imitation, ' These suns of glory please 
 not till they set.' Cf. Menander, Stob. 125. 3 ; Veil. 2. 92 ; Propert. 
 
 4. 1. 22 ; Ov. Am. 1. 15. 39 ; Phaedr. Fab. 5 Praefat. Mart. 5. 10. 12, 
 
 5. 13. 4 ; Herrick, 624, ' I make no haste to have my numbers 
 read : | Seldome comes Glorie till a man be dead' ; Tenn., ' neither 
 count on praise : | It grows to guerdon after-days' ; Ruskin, Pref. 
 Modern Painters, 2d ed. heu nefas : 4. 6. 17. 
 
 31. incolumem : in the living, 1. 3. 7, 3. 5. 12, 4. 5. 27. 
 
 32. quaerimus : i.e. requirimus, miss. Cf. Mart. 5. 10. 5, sic 
 veterem ingrati Pompei quaerimus umbram. 
 
 33. tristes : dismal, austere, not sad. Cf. 3. 16. 3. 
 
 34. reciditur : in Sat. 1. 3. 122, of pruning (furta) falce recisu- 
 rum. In Ov. Met. 1. 190, the metaphor is surgical : sed immedi- 
 cabile minus \ ense recidendum ne pars sincera trahatur. 
 
 35-36. leges sine moribus vanae : the words reinforce each 
 other as in the phrases, coram a presentibus, ignari casu aliquo,
 
 BOOK III., ODE XXIV. 373 
 
 palam ante oculos. Cf. Verg. Aen. 1. 392. For thought, cf. 4. 5. 
 22 ; Tac. Ger. 19, plus ibi boni mores valent quam alibi bonae 
 leges. 
 30-41. For thought, cf. 1. 3, Intr. 
 
 37. pars: 3. 3. 55. inclusa: shut in (away) from man 
 domibus negata, 1. 22. 22. Cf. Lucret. 5. 204, inde duas porro prope 
 partis fervidus ardor \ adsiduusque geli casus mortalibus aufert. 
 
 38. latus : 1. 22. 19. 
 
 39. solo : i.e. (in) solo. 
 
 40. mercatorem : the thought of 1. 3 (Intr.), The restless 
 merchant seeks unnatural gains. Cf. 1. 1. 16 ; A. P. 117 ; Sat. 1. 
 
 1. 6, 29 ; Epp. 1. 1. 46, per mare pauperiem fugiens; Pers. 5. 55, 
 132 sqq. ; Herrick, 106, ' Thou never plow'st the Ocean's foame | 
 To seek and bring rough pepper home.' horrida callidi : man's 
 cunning pitted against nature. Cf. on 1. 6. 9; Soph. Antig. 335 
 sqq.; ' And skilful shipmen flout the horrors of the deep ' (Martin). 
 
 42. Cf. on 1. 24, for Latin and English idiom. 
 
 43. quidvis : cf. 1. 3. 25. n. ; 3. 3. 52, omne. Cf. Sat. 2. 3. 91- 
 92 ; Lucian de Merc. Cond. 717, treviav iracTo iroitiv Kal traffx^v avairfi- 
 aovtrav ; Eurip. El. 375 ; Shak. R. and J. 6. 1, ' My poverty but not 
 my will consents.' 
 
 44. virtutis viam : r^v 5i' aper^s 6dl>v, Xen. Mem. 2. 1. 21. It is 
 proverbially steep. Hamlet, 1. 3, ' Show me the steep and thorny 
 way to heaven ' ; Hes. Op. 289 ; Simon, fr. 58 ; Tenn. Ode on 
 Duke of Well. 8 ; Stat. Theb. 10. 8. 45, ardua virtus. Cf. tier, 3. 
 
 2. 22. deserit : the felt subject is pauper. 
 
 45. Horace, in the role of a Savonarola, calls for a 'bonfire of 
 vanities,' so to speak. 
 
 45-47. vel . . . vel : the method is indifferent, so the end be 
 attained. 
 
 45. in Capitolium : sc. feramus latent in mittamus (50), to 
 dedicate them to Jupiter amid the plaudits of the crowd, clamor et 
 turba (46), as in a triumph. For the enormous treasures deposited 
 there by Augustus una donatione, cf. Suet. Octav. 30. 
 
 47. proximum : cf. onfortuitum, 2. 15. 17. 
 
 48. gemmas et lapides: the separate application of these 
 terms to pearls, cut gems, and precious stones generally, is dis- 
 puted. See Lex. inutile : not as 1. 14. 13, unavailing, or
 
 374 NOTES. 
 
 (3. 17. 10) worthless, but by litotes, baneful. So Cic. Phil. 1. 19, 
 iniquum et inutile. 
 
 49. materiem : wealth is not merely the root but the constituent 
 matter of evil, or perhaps the fuel that feeds the fire. Cf. Sail. 
 Cat. 10, igitur primo pecuniae, deinde imperi cupido crevit : ea 
 quasi (so to speak) materies omnium malorum fuere. 
 
 50. si ... paenitet : if our repentance is sincere. 
 
 51-52. eradenda . . . elementa : if Horace felt elementa here 
 as letters, the figure is that of making tabula rasa ; if he felt it as 
 seed-germs (root ol 'grow'), we must think of the gardener's hoe. 
 Perhaps he did not go back of the faded generalized meaning. 
 
 55. haerere : apparently the normal word. Cf. Cic. pro Deiot. 
 28, haerere in eo (sc. equo*) ; Ov. Met. 4. 26, pando non fortiter 
 haeret asello. ingenuus : heightening the shame. 'But chiefly 
 skill to ride seems a science | Proper to gentle blood ' (F. Q. 2. 4. 1). 
 
 56. doctior : scornful antithesis to rudis. 
 
 57. trocho : the Greek name invidiously (Juv. 3. 67) for the 
 effeminate sport (hoop-trundling, KpiKtt\a.ffia) opposed to the manlier 
 exercises of Rome. Cf. Sat. 2. 2. 9 ; Epp. 1. 18. 49. For the vogue 
 of the trochus, cf. A. P. 380 ; Ov. Trist. 2. 486 ; Martial, 14. 169. 
 
 58. mails: not mails! vetita : nominally, Cic. Philip. 2. 56; 
 Ov. Trist. 2. 471. 
 
 59-60. cum . . . fallat : cf. Hale, Cum-Const., p. 191 ; ' Faith- 
 less faith such as Jove kept with thee ' (Shelley, Prom. 3. 3) . 
 
 59. fides : 1. 5. 5. n. ; 1. 18. 16. n. 
 
 60. consortem sociem : his associate in business, partner. 
 Sors is the capital of the business. 
 
 61. indigno : contrast the irony of 2. 14. 25, dignior. 
 
 62. properet : trans.; cf. 2. 7. 24. scilicet: yes, truly, 'Let 
 us hear the conclusion of the whole matter.' improbae : 3. 9. 22, 
 unconscionable, transferred from the man who is never satisfied 
 to the object of his insatiate greed. Cf . Verg. Aen. 2. 356 ; Lucret. 
 5. 1006. 
 
 63. crescentem : 3. 16. 17 ; 3. 16. 42. 
 
 64. curtae : no estate is ever complete ; it always falls short of 
 the owner's growing desires. Epp. 1. 6. 34-35 ; wealth is an 
 faapov, AT. Eth. Cf. Solon, fr. 13. 71 sqq. rei: 3. 16. 25.
 
 BOOK HI., ODE XXV. 375 
 
 ODE XXV. 
 
 A dithyramb. Horace affects the Bacchic inspiration in order 
 to set the name and fame of Caesar among the stars. The new 
 theme, recens (1. 7) may possibly be the overthrow of Cleopatra 
 (cf. 1. 37, Epode 9) or more probably the bestowal of the title 
 Augustus upon Octavian, B.C. 27. 
 
 On the apotheosis of Augustus, cf. 3. 3. 16. n. ; 4. 5. 35. n. ; Sellar, 
 p. 156. With the whole, cf. the ode to Bacchus, 2. 19. 
 
 1. Cf. Herrick, 416, ' Whither dost thou whorry (hurry) me, | 
 Bacchus, being full of thee ? ' 
 
 2. plenum: cf. on 2. 19. 6. quae : (in) nemora, etc. Cf. 
 Verg. Aen. 6. 692, quas ego te (per) terras et quanta per aequora 
 vectum. 
 
 4. antris : as dat. rather than loc. abl. personifies grots as listen- 
 ers and avoids tautology with in specus. egregii : 1. 6. 11. n. 
 
 5. aeternum : perhaps proleptic. meditans : ^eXerwi/. Cf. 
 Verg. Eel. 1. 2 ; 6. 82. j Milton's, ' strictly meditate the thankless 
 muse. ' Perhaps composing aloud, as was the practice of Words- 
 worth. 
 
 6. stellis inserere : - Tac. Dial. 10, et nomen inserere possunt 
 famae; Tenn., 'Not this way will you set your name | A star 
 among the stars ' ; Id. Last Tournament, ' The knights | glorying 
 in each new glory set his name | High on all hills and in the signs 
 of heaven ' ; Lucret. 5. 329. 
 
 7. insigne: cf. 1. 12.39. 
 
 8. indictum : Epp. 1. 19. 32, non olio dictum prius ore. 
 
 8-12. non secus . . . ut : so aeque . . . ut (1. 16. 7-9). Ac mihi 
 after ac ped,e (1. 11) would have been a horrible cacophony. Non 
 secus (2. 3. 2). Horace compares his sensations to those of ' the 
 Maenad, in the glorious amaze of her morning waking on the 
 mountain top' (George Eliot, Romola), as she looks out on 
 the panorama of the Thracian plain, the river Hebrus, and the 
 snow-capped summit of Mt. Rhodope in the distance. This assumes 
 the reading ex somnis. Exsomnis, &VMOS, pervigil must mean 
 sleepless (all the night). Either conception is possible. The 
 Maenads certainly reveled through the night (Soph. Ant. 1152),
 
 376 NOTES. 
 
 and they as certainly slept the sleep of exhaustion and awoke to 
 frightened soberness or to fresh revels (Eurip. Bacchae, 682 ; Ov. 
 Am. 1. 14. 21). 
 
 8. in iugis : cf . Anth. Pal. 6. 74, Parrirapis . . . o-KOTreAoSp^uos ; 
 Verg. Aen. 3. 125 ; Sil. 4. 776 ; Lucan, 1. 674, qualis vertice Pindi \ 
 Edonis (cf. 2. 7. 27) Ogygio decurrit plena Lyaeo. 
 
 9. stupet: Ov. Trist. 4. 1. 42, dum stupet Edonis exuhilata 
 iugis. Euhiaa : cf. on 2. 19. 7 ; 2. 11. 17. 
 
 10. Hebrum : the poetic river of Orpheus, Verg. G. 4. 524. 
 
 prospiciens : a picture like the Ariadne of Catullus (64. 61) on 
 the seashore straining her gaze for Theseus, quern procul ex alga 
 maestis Minois ocellis \ Saxea ut effigies Bacchantis prospicet eheu. 
 Or rather, the spirit of a Greek marble is caught by the poet. Cf. 
 3. 20. 11-14. nive candidam : 1. 9. 1. 
 
 11. Thracen : 2. 16. 5. barbaro : a wild desolate scene; or 
 merely Phrygian, Thracian, by Greek usage. 
 
 12. lustratam : cf. Vergil's virginibus bacchata Lacaenis \ Tay- 
 getn. English poets render lustrare by ' trace.' Cf . Milton, Comu*, 
 ' May trace huge forests and unharbour'd heaths.' Rhodopen : 
 Milton, P. L. 7. init., 'But drive far off the barbarous dissonance | 
 Of Bacchus and his revellers, the race | Of that wild rout that tore 
 the Thracian bard | In Rhodope.' 
 
 13. ripas: so absolutely, 3. 1. 23; 4. 2. 31. nemus : 1. 1. 30. 
 14-20. Cf. Arnold, The Strayed Reveller, ' And sometimes, for 
 
 a moment, | Passing through the dark stems | Flowing-robed, the 
 beloved, | The desired, the divine, | Beloved lacchus' ; cf. ibid. 
 Bacchanalia, I., too long to quote. 
 
 14. potens : 1. 3. 1. Cf. 2. 19. 3. 
 
 15-16. valentium . . . vertere : as they do in Eurip. Bacch. 
 1109. vertere : evertere. For inf. with valeo, cf. 1. 34. 12. 
 
 17. parvum : 3.3.72. humili modo : rairtivov, sermones . . . 
 repentes per humum, Epp. 2. 1. 250. 
 
 18. mortale : Milton, P. L. 7, when his muse descends from 
 heaven, says : ' Standing on earth not rapt above the pole, | more 
 safe I sing with mortal voice.' But Horace is resolved to be ' rapt.' 
 
 dulce periculum : oxymoron. Cf. 'sweet sorrow,' /caAbs 6 
 Kivtiwos. For the danger, cf . on 2. 19. 5 sqq. ; Homer, II. 20. 131 ; 
 Judges 13. 22.
 
 BOOK III., ODE XXVI. 377 
 
 19. Lenaee : cf. Orph. Hymn. 50, ATjvcue (\r)i>6s, a wine-press). 
 
 20. Cf. on 4. 8. 33. cingentem : perhaps of the god (cf . Mil- 
 ton's ' ivy-crowned Bacchus ' ; Pindar's KurffoSfTav 6ebi>, if. 75. 9), 
 possibly of the poet his follower (cf. on 1. 1. 29). 
 
 ODE XXVI. 
 
 Horace is no longer fit ' to trail a pike under love's colours ' 
 (Chapman), and he dedicates to Venus his useless arms, the lover's 
 lute, the torch that lights him to his lady's door, the ' portal- 
 bursting bar ' (Dobson) that wins him admission. His one prayer 
 is that the goddess may give that disdainful Chloe one touch of 
 her uplifted lash. 
 
 The sixth book of the Anthology is full of serious or playful 
 dedications of arms or implements by superannuated warriors, 
 craftsmen, or coquettes. Cf. Epp. 1.1.4; Sat. 1. 5. 65. 
 
 Paraphrased by Austin Dobson, Rondeau of Villon. 
 
 1. vixi : 'tis over. Cf. 3. 29. 43, and Dido, Verg. Aen. 4. 653. 
 
 idoneus : 4. 1. 12 ; 2. 19. 26. 
 
 2. militavi : cf. 4. 1. 2 ; Ov. Am. 1. 9. 1, militat omnis amans 
 et habet sua castra Cupido; A. A. 2. 233; Propert, 1. 6. 29, non 
 ego sum laudi non natus idoneus armis. \ Hanc me militiam fata 
 subire volunt; 'Love calls to war, | Sighs his alarms, | Lips his 
 swords are, | The field his arms ' (Chapman) ; Herrick, 873 ; Tibull. 
 1. 1. 75. non sine : cf. 1. 23. 3. n. 
 
 4. barbiton : the barbiton of Anaoreon. Cf . on 1. 6. 10. 
 
 5. laevum : why the left side does not appear. Possibly as of 
 good omen ; perhaps a particular temple is meant. marinae : 
 4. 11. 15 ; 1. 3. 1 ; Eurip. Hippoly. 415, Secrirotva -nov-ria. Kvirpi ; Anth. 
 Pal. 6. 11 ; ibid. 5. 17. 6. Ovid's explanation will do, Her. 15. 24, 
 in mare nimirum ius habet orta mari. ' It is through Cyprus that 
 the religion of Aphrodite comes from Phoenicia to Greece. . . . 
 First of all, on the prows of Phoenician ships, the tutelary image 
 of Aphrodite Euploea, the protectress of sailors, comes to Cyprus 
 
 to Cythera ; it is in this simplest sense that she is primarily 
 Anadyomene' (Pater, Greek Studies, p. 229). The 'Science of 
 Mythology,' of course, has many other explanations.
 
 378 NOTES. 
 
 6. ponite. 1. 19. 14. 
 
 7. fuualia : torches of rope or tow dipped in wax or resin. Cf. 
 Verg. Aen. 1. 727. And for their use here, Theoc. 2. 128. They 
 are by nature lucid, though not burning, as soiled garments in 
 Homer are resplendent, and the midday heavens starry. arcus : 
 if genuine, is best understood of Cupidinis arcus, transferred, by 
 loose association of ideas, to the lover. The bow would hardly help 
 to burst in a door. Bentley read securesque. 
 
 9. beatam : rich and prosperous, and blest in her favor. 
 tenes : 3. 4. 62. n. 
 
 10. Memphin : Herod. 2. 112, speaks of a worship of fyiv-ri 'Atppo- 
 Sir-n there. Bacchylides, fr. 39, calls it axti/JLavros. carentem . . . 
 nive : these periphrases with careo show the poverty of the lyric 
 vocabulary at Horace's service. Cf. 1. 28. 1, numero carentis, 
 avJipiOf*.!)* ', 1. 31. 20, cithara carentem, aniOapis, &\vpov, a<p6p/j.tKTos ; 
 
 2. 8. 12, morte carentes, dflai'aroj ; 3. 24. 17, matre carentibits, 
 dyUTJrcop, 6p<f>a.i>os ; 3. 27. 39, vitiif carentem. Sithonia : 1. 18. 9; 
 Verg. Eel. 10. 66, Sithoniasque nives ; Ov. Am. 3. 7. 8. For the 
 use of the epithet here, cf. on 4. 2. 27. 
 
 11. regina : 1.30. 1. sublimi : 1. 1. 36. We see the lash in 
 air. flagello : for the image, cf. Find. Pyth. 4. 219 ; Nonnus, 4. 
 177 ; Tibull. 1. 8. 6 ; Martial, 6. 21. 9. 
 
 12. For the surprise, cf. 4. 1. 33. 
 
 ODE XXVII. 
 
 Bad omens for the bad. All good omens go with thee, Galatea, 
 since go thou must ; be happy and forget me not. I know the ter- 
 rors of the wintry Adriatic ; but may the wives and children of our 
 foes tremble at them even as Europa trembled ; and with this 
 forced transition Horace passes to his real theme, the rape of 
 Europa (25-34), her self-reproachful soliloquy far from home on 
 the Cretan shore (34-66), her consolation by Venus (66-76). 
 
 Galatea (the name Theoc. 6 and 11, Callim.) is a pretext. The 
 ode (in this unlike Pindar) closes with the myth, one aspect of 
 which is chosen for detailed lyric treatment. Cf. the structure of 
 
 3. 11 and 3. 5. But in 4. 4. 72 and 1. 12. 49, Horace returns after 
 the myth (history) to the person honored.
 
 BOOK III., ODE XXVIL 379 
 
 For propempticon to a lady, cf. Ov. Am. 2. 11 ; Propert. 1. 8. 
 
 For legend of Europa, cf. II. 14. 321; Mosch. Idyll. 2 ; Ov. Met. 
 2. 836 ; Fast. 5. 605 ; Lucian, Dial. Mer. 15 ; Anacreontea, 35. It 
 had been treated also in lyric by Stesichorus, Bacchylides, and 
 Simonides. Cf. further Spenser, Muiopotmos, F. Q. 3. 11. 30; 
 Lanclor, Europa and her Mother ; Tenn., Palace of Art. 
 
 There is an amusing travesty of the myth by Burger. It has 
 been a favorite theme of art in ancient and modern times. 
 
 1. impios : emphatic, as hostium (21), in antithesis with ego 
 (7). The powers of evil are to spend their malice on the wicked ; 
 /will invoke the good to guard thee. parrae: unknown; owl 
 will do. recinentis: probably of insistent droning repetition. 
 'The moping owl does to the moon complain.' Cf. 1. 12. 3. The 
 omens mentioned are 'signs seen on the way,' eV<J5<o< <rifytj3oAoi 
 (Aesch. Prom. 487). 
 
 2. ducat : attend. 
 
 3. rava : Epode 16. 33, ravos leones, tawny, fire-eyed. Lanu- 
 vium lay on a height (decurrens), about a mile east of the Appian 
 Way, the route to Brtmdisium and Greece. 
 
 5. rumpat : it is quibbling to object that the same journey can- 
 not be attended and broken off by bad omens. If Galatea was 
 superstitious, she would turn back and start with happier auspices. 
 Gaston Boissier, Religion Romaine, 1. 15. 
 
 6. per obliquum : i.e. darting athwart. similis sagittae : 
 Aeschylus, Eumen. 181, calls the arrow ir-r^i/bj' apy-riffr^v 6<piv. 
 Dante, Inferno, 25, Come il ramarro . . . Folgore par, se la via 
 attraversa ; ibid. 8. 13 ; Verg. G. 4. 313. 
 
 7. mamios : Gallic ponies, Epode 4. 14. n. cui: i.e. ei cui 
 timebo . . . suscitabo (11). 
 
 9-12. In writing Sapphics it is often necessary to choose be- 
 tween giving nothing or an entire strophe to the expression of 
 an idea. Hence perhaps this awkward expansion of the simple 
 thought, 'I will prevent (anticipate) bad omens with good.' 
 stantes : stagnant. Or does it suggest the dead lull before the 
 shower ? For the signs of rain, cf. Arat. Phaen. 949 ; Verg. 
 G. 1. 388. 
 
 10. divina avis: cf. 3. 17. 12; Lucret. 5. 1083; A. P. 218,
 
 380 NOTES. 
 
 divina futuri ; Milton, P. L. 9, ' Yet oft his heart, divine of some- 
 thing ill' ; ibid. 7, (birds) that 'wedge their way intelligent of sea- 
 sons/ Verg. G. 1. 415 denies that it is quia sit divinitus illis \ 
 ingenium. 
 
 11. oscinem : for special force and distinction from praepes, cf. 
 Lex. s.v. oscen ; Verg. Aen. 3. 361. 
 
 12. soils ab ortu : the lucky quarter. Cf. laevus, 15 ; solis ab, 
 4. 15. 16. 
 
 13. sis: optative. licet helps fill the measure. Sis licet is 
 phraseological (Plaut. Rud. 139). But the suggestion per me licet 
 is not really wanted. Yet cf. Propert. 1. 8. 17, sed quocumqne 
 modo de me periura mereris, \ Sit Galatea tune non aliena viae. 
 The smooth sweetness of this strophe seems intentional. 
 
 14. memor nostri : a formula. Cf. 3. 11. 51. n. 
 
 15. laevus : boding ill on the left. Cf. Verg. Eel. 9. 15, sinistra 
 . . . comix. In augural usage laevus was propitious. Cf. Lex. 
 s.v. II. C. The Augustan poets generally follow Greek usage, 
 which conforms to the natural associations of ' right' and 'left.' 
 
 16. vaga : on the icing to the pools (10). Cf. 4. 4. 2. n. 
 
 18. pronus : Lex. I. B. Cf. 1. 29. 11, 4. 6. 39, for other uses 
 of the hardworked word. Orion : 1. 28. 21. n. quid sit: Sat. 
 1. 6. 15 ; Epp. 1. 11. 7 ; almost ' all about.' ater : fatal, 1. 28. 13, 
 atrae ; or, in the darkness of the storm, 2. 16. 2 ; Macaulay cited 
 on 1. 3. 20, and Regillus 36, ' So comes the squall blacker than 
 night | Upon the Adrian main ' ; or, when its waves blacken under 
 the wind (1. 5. 7. n. ; Verg. Aen. 3. 195), so contrasting with the 
 bright sky overhead (albus lapyx, 1. 1. 15). 
 
 19. novi : he had crossed to Greece. Cf. also 2. 6. 7 ; 3. 4. 28. 
 sinus : Epode 10. 19 ; Catull. 4. 9, trucemve Ponticum sinum ; 
 F. Q. 2. 7. 14, 'And in frail wood on Adrian gidfdoih. fleet.' 
 
 19-20. quid . . . peccet : his misdeeds ; possibly his treachery. 
 Cf. Lucret. 2. 557. 
 
 20. lapyx: 1. 3.4. 
 
 21. bostium : hostibus eveniat was almost proverbial. Cf. Ov. 
 A. A. 3. 247 ; Propert. 4. 7. 20 ; Verg. G. 3. 513. See 1. 21. 13-16 ; 
 Apoll. Rhod. 4. 448, 8vff(j.fvt<ai> M -natalv. caecos: un(fore)seen, 
 i.e. squalls. Cf. 2. 13. 16, caeca . . . fata; Verg. Aen. 3. 200, 
 caecis erramus in undis, ' where noway appears' ; cf. Tenn., Talk-
 
 BOOK III., ODE XXVII. 381 
 
 
 
 ing Oak, ' those blind motions of the-spring, | That show the year 
 is turned.' 
 
 22. sentiant : 2.7.10; 4.4.25. orientis: surgentis normal 
 of wind. Cf. Verg. Aen. 3. 481, surgentes Austros. 
 
 23. nigri : 1. 5. 7. n. Note the r-sounds. Cf. Pope, ' But when 
 loud surges lash the sounding shore | The hoarse, rough verse should 
 like the torrent roar.' 
 
 24. verbere: cf. 3. 1. 29; 3. 12. 3; Verg. Aen. 3. 423, et 
 sidera verberat undo; Ov. Trist. 1. 4. 8; Procl. Hyrnn. 6, KC/xa | 
 Trdvra Tro\v<p\oi<r&oi(nv tots pttOpoimv tfj.dffaov. The wind lashing the 
 waves is more common. Cf. Anth. Pal. 5. 180. 5 ; 7. 696 ; Lucret. 
 6. 115. 
 
 25-26. doloso credidit : see 1. 6. 9. n. ; 3. 5. 33. 
 
 26. latus: 2. 7. 18. 
 
 26-27. scatentem beluis : 1. 3. 18; 4. 14. 47. 
 
 27. medias fraudes : the perils that environed, or possibly the 
 ruse that betrayed her. She had come into the midst of dangers, 
 or the ambush planned by Zeus. 
 
 28. palluit audax : but now so bold, paled with fear at. So 
 expalluit trans., Epist. 1. 3. 10. Contrast the oxymoron of 3. 20. 3. 
 Cf. Ov. Met. 2. 860, metuit contingere primo ; 868-869, ansa est . . . 
 tergo considere tauri; 873, Pavet haec, litusque ablata relictnm \ 
 respicit. 
 
 29. nuper : pointing the contrast between the picture in 29-30 
 and that in 31-32. studiosa : puellari studio, Ov. Met. 5. 393, 
 of Proserpina in like case. 
 
 30. debitae : 1. 36. 2 ; 2. 7. 17. 
 
 31. sublustri : Verg. Aen. 9. 373, sublustri noctis in umbra; 
 Shaks. M. N. Dream, 2. 1, 'Didst thou not lead him through the 
 glimmering night ?' These two lines follow Moschus, 2. 127. Cf. 
 Spenser, Muiopotmos, ' But (Lord !) how she in every member 
 shook, | When as the land she saw no more appear, | But a wild 
 wilderness of waters deep : | Then 'gan she greatly to lament and 
 weep.' 
 
 33 sqq. The bull vanishes, and Venus consoles the conscience- 
 stricken maid, pending the return of the god in his proper shape. 
 Moschus, 2. 158, and Lucian, Dial. Mar. 15, are more direct. 
 
 33. simul: 1. 9. 9. n. centum, etc. : Homer's K^rrj f/car^-
 
 382 NOTES. 
 
 iro\n, II. 2, 649, was a literary commonplace ; Epode 9. 29 ; Verg. 
 Aen. 3. 106 ; Sen. Tro. 830, urbibus centum spatiosa Crete ; ' In the 
 hundred cities of Crete such glory was not of old,' Swinb. Ode on 
 Insurrection in Candia. 
 
 34. pater : in Homer, II. 14. 321, Phoenix ; in Ovid and Lucian, 
 Age nor. 
 
 35. If filiae is dat. agent, nomen refers to pater ; if, preferably, 
 genitive, she breaks off incoherently: 'Father nay, I have re- 
 nounced the name of daughter.' Cf. Andromache's cry, 11. 22. 477, 
 "EKTOP, lyb Svarrivos ; Eurip. Medea, 166. Note the nominatives in 
 exclamation. 
 
 36. victa : Ov. Met. 13. 663, victa metu pietas. 
 
 37. unde quo : the eager Greek double interrog. of excitement, 
 TI'S ir69fv, and the like ; Verg. Aen. 10. 670, quo feror, unde abii. 
 But there may be also a hint of the Greek, airb o'las . . . es o"av 
 (Thucyd. 7. 75), i.e. from that flowery mead to this desolate shore. 
 una mors : seems quasi-proverbial, like Greek 'die many times.' 
 Cf. Propert. 5. 4, 17, et satis una malae potuit mors esse puellae ? 
 
 38. virginum : the plural generalizes and softens. culpae : 
 dat. ; see 3. 6. 17. vigilans, etc. : do I wake, or am I innocent, and 
 is it all a dream ? 
 
 39. vitiis : suggests and avoids vitio. 
 
 40. ludit : 3. 4. 5 ; Verg. Aen. 1. 408. 
 
 41. vana quae : cf. nota quae, 1.2. 10; proxima quae, Verg. 
 Aen. 3. 397. Others, vana, quae against rhythm and idiom. 
 eburna : the ivory gate of false dreams is well known from Verg. 
 Aen. 6. 898 ; Odyss. 19. 562. 
 
 42. meliusne : self-taunting irony. 
 
 42-43. fluctus . . . longos : not Homer's Kv/aia-ra /j.at<pd, but the 
 r6(Ti}v a\a of Moschus, 2. 153. Cf. 3. 3. 37, longus pontus. 
 
 43. recentes : cf. 4. 1. 32. n. 
 
 45. siquis : Horace's familiarity with Greek makes it safe to 
 say that this is a wish passing into a condition. The bull has dis- 
 appeared. 
 
 46. lacerare : cf. 1. 71 ; the big words, frangere, enitar, express 
 the impotens ira of the petulant girl. 
 
 47. modo . . . amati : she had twined its horns with flowers. 
 Ov. Met. 2. 868 ; *al Kvae -ravpov, Mosch. 96.
 
 BOOK III., ODE XXVII. 383 
 
 49. impudens : cf. 3. 11. 30, impiae. 
 
 50. Orcum moror : to keep death or Charon waiting is a familiar 
 expression in Greek. Eurip. Alcest. 255. Cf. 1. 58, quid mori 
 cessas ? Stat. Theb. 7. 364. 
 
 52. nuda : may, but need not, mean defenseless. With the 
 whole cf. Catull. 45. 6, Solus in Libya Indiaque tosta \ caesio 
 veniam obvius leoni ; Shaks., All's Well, 3. 2, ' better 'twere | I met 
 the ravin lion when he roared | With sharp constraint of hunger.' 
 
 53. decentes : cf. 1. 4. 6. n. 
 
 54. sucus : she was still, like Sir John Suckling's 'Bride,' and 
 the girl in Terence, 'full of juice,' corpus solidum et suci plenum 
 (Ter. Eun. 318). Cf. arida, 2. 11. 6 ; inrfo i}3ijy, A nth. Pal. 5. 258. 
 
 55. praedae : with self-pity. speciosa : still fair. A solici- 
 tude avowed by Sir John Falstaff ('a death that I abhor; for the 
 water swells a man ') may be permitted a coquettish girl. But 
 the feeling is a 'survival' of primitive beliefs. Cf. Odyss. 11; 
 Verg. Aen. 6. 494 ; Soph. Antig. 817 ; Stat. Silv. 2. 1. 154 ; Chariton, 
 
 I. 5. 7, Gtyunfv Ka\\ipr>6r)v en Ka\r)t> ; F. Q. 1. 10.42, 'Ah, dearest 
 God, me grant. I dead be not defoul'd ! ' 
 
 57. pater urget : his stern image pursues her ; but the words 
 that follow belong still to her soliloquy. For urget, cf. 1. 22. 20 ; 
 Ep. 17. 25 ; Milton, P. L. 1, 'but torture without end | still urges. 1 
 
 58-59. potes hac . . . zona : everything is ready. 
 
 59. bene : bitter irony. Cf. non bene, 2. 7. 10. The zone was 
 the symbol of maidenhood. Odyss. 11. 245 ; Catull. 2. 13. 
 
 00. laedere collum : perhaps intentional ,ueia><m. But we must 
 not overinterpret. The prosaic elidere fauces would be hard to 
 manage.- Cf. 2. 13. 6. n. The heroines of Greek tragedy choose 
 hanging as method of suicide. 
 
 61. sive : 1. 15. 25. rupes, etc.: the cliffs and the jagged 
 rocks below made sharp for thy death. Cf. lo in Aesch. Prom. 748. 
 
 62. procellae : the gale that will waft her out and down. 
 
 63. erile : set by a mistress. So erilis Jilius, ' master's son.' 
 
 64. carpere pensum : to card the stint of wool, and aid the 
 mistress in spinning, was the traditional task of the bond maiden. 
 
 II. 6. 456 ; Propert. 4. 5. 15. 
 
 65. regius sanguis : emphasizing the ignominy. So Creusa, 
 Verg. Aen. 2. 785-786, non ego . . . Graiis servitum matribus ibo \
 
 384 NOTES. 
 
 Dardanis et divae Veneris nurus. For sanguis, cf . 2. 20. 6 ; 4. 2. 
 14. tradi : to her mercies. Cf. the treatment of Andromache by 
 Hermione, Eurip. Andr. 
 
 66-67. barbarae : not Greek or Latin, 1. 29. 6. Europa herself 
 is ' barbarian.' But Horace has the plaints of Greek tragedy in 
 mind. Cf., however, 3. 5. 49 ; 4. 12. 7, 'cruel.' paelex : and hence 
 an object of jealousy, 3. 10. 15; Epode 3. 13. aderat : dramati- 
 cally we see her approach with mocking smile while the heroine 
 declaims. perfidum: cf. 1. 22. 23; 2. 12. 14. 
 
 67-68. remisso . . . arcu : his bolt was shot. Somewhat dif- 
 ferently Tenn., Eleanore, 7, ' His bow-string slacken'd, languid 
 Love, | Leaning his cheek upon his hand, | Droops both his wings, 
 regarding thee.' 
 
 69-70. lusit : sc. Venus. irarum : see 2. 9. 1 7 ; 4. 9. 38 for gen. 
 
 71. cum: tune cum. laceranda, etc., mocking repetition of 45. 
 
 73. uxor . . . esse : by Greek idiom for te uxarem esse. But 
 disce, below, favors ' knowest not how to comport thyself as.' 
 
 74. mitte: 3. 8. 17. 
 
 75. sectus orbis : half the world, which some divided into two 
 parts (Sail. Jug. 17 ; Varro, L. L. 5. 31 ; Isoc. Pan. 179 ; Pliny, 
 
 N. H. 3. 5) ; others into three (Find. Pyth. 9. 8 ; Cic. de Nat. Deor. 
 2. 165 ; Ov. Fast. 5. 617). In Moschus, she dreams that two con- 
 tinents contend for her. 
 
 76. nomina : 4. 2. 3. n. ; Ov. Met. 15. 96, nomen. ducet : so 
 Sat. 2. 1. 66, duxit . . . nomen. 
 
 ODE XXVIII. 
 
 A summons to Lyde to celebrate the festival of Neptune (Nep- 
 tunalia, July 23), not in the company of the picnicking mob, but 
 with good old Caecuban wine and Amoebean song at home. 
 
 1-2. A happy thought. Cf. Tibull. 2. 1. 29, non festa luce ma- 
 dere \ est rubor errantes et male ferre pedes. 
 
 2. prome: 1. 36. 1 1 . reconditum : 1. 20. 3; 2. 3. 8 ; Ep. 9. 1. 
 
 3. strenua : if we could determine the controversy which rages 
 in Germany as to whether Lyde is the severe housekeeper at the 
 Sabine farm (like the ' Lyddy ' of Felix Holt), or a casual flute girl,
 
 BOOK III., ODE XXVIII. 385 
 
 we should know whether strenua is to be taken as an attribute, or 
 adverbially with prome. 
 
 4. Cf. F. Q. 2. 11. 1, ' What war so cruel, or what siege so sore | 
 As that which strong affections do apply | Against the fort of 
 reason evermore.' Cf. 3. 21. 14; 4. 12. 28, for the moral. For 
 the image, cf. further, Munro on Lucret. 2. 7, bene quam munita 
 tenere \ edita doctrina sapientum templa serena; Wordsworth, 
 ' Students with their pensive citadels.' 
 
 5. inclinare : cf. inclinato iam in postmeridianum tempus die 
 (Cic. Tusc. 3. 3. 7) ; Sol meridie se inclinavit (Livy, 9. 32. 6) ; Sol 
 inclinat (Juv. 3. 316) ; inclinabat dies (Tac. Ann. 12. 39. 2) ; 
 $tie\tvbv K\'LVOVTOS vwb 6$ov i)(\ioio (Apoll. Rhod. 1. 432). The 
 
 whole heaven revolves, carrying the sun and stars with it. Cf. 
 Lucret. 2. 1097, 5. 510 ; Verg. Aen. 2. 250 ; Milton, P. L. 4, 'for the 
 sun | Declined was hasting now with prone career | To th' ocean 
 isles, and in th' ascending scale | Of heaven the stars that usher 
 evening rose.' 
 
 6. et : and yet. stet volucris : cf. on 1. 6. 9 ; 1.11.7; 4. 13. 16. 
 
 7. deripere: cf. 3. 21. 7, the strong word like the reproachful 
 parcis expresses impatient haste. horreo : i.e. the apotheca. 
 Cf. on 3. 8. 11. 
 
 8. cessantem: cf. on 3. 27. 58; 1. 27. 13. To his impatience 
 it seems to linger. Bibuli : the faineant consul with Caesar, 
 B.C. 59, when the wits dated their letters, lulio et Caesare con- 
 sulibus. The name Bibnlus is ominous. For dating of wine, cf. 
 3. 21. 1 ; 3. 8. 12. 
 
 9. The result is the same, whether nos means we, and invicem, 
 in turn, ' I 1 being implied for 1. 10, or (preferably) nos is ' T,' and 
 invicem, in my turn. 
 
 10. virides: cf. on 1. 17. 20; Epode 13. 16. Sea-goddesses 
 wear the hues of ' the pale-green sea-groves' (Tenn. The Merman). 
 
 11. curva: 1. 10. 6. recines: 3. 27. 1 ; 1. 12. 3. 
 
 12. Cf. 1. 21. 3; 1. 15. 17 ; 1. 12. 22 ; 1. 21. 2. 
 
 13. summo carmine : apparently, we will join in a final hymn 
 to Venus (earn) quae . . . tenet. For summo, cf. Epp. 1. 1. 1, 
 summa dicende Camena. Cnidon: cf. on 1. 30. 1. 
 
 14. tenet: cf. 3. 4. 62. Cycladas : cf. on 1. 14. 19-20; Verg. 
 Aen. 3. 126. 
 
 2c
 
 386 NOTES. 
 
 15. iunctis . . . oloribus: so 4. 1. 10. In Sappho, Aphrodite's 
 car is drawn by (TTpouBji, sparrows. Statins, Silv. 1. 2. 141, Silius, 
 7. 440, assign her a team of swans. So Ovid, Met. 10. 708, 718. 
 English poets vary. Spenser, Prothal. 63, 'that same pair (of 
 swans) | Which through the sky draw Venus' silver team ' ; Shaks. 
 R. and J. 2. 5, 'Therefore do nimble-pinioned doves draw love.' 
 Cf. Tempest, 4. 1, 'dove-drawn'; Marlowe, Hero and Leander, 
 ' and then God knows I play, | With Venus' swans and sparrows 
 all the day'; 'His mother's doves and team of sparrows' (Lyly, 
 Cupid and Campaspe). iunctis: 'like Juno's swans | Still they 
 went coupled and inseparable' (Shaks.). 
 
 16. dicetur: hence perhaps ea cantabitur, not earn cantabimus, 
 above, 1. 13. nenia : not a dirge, as 2. 1. 38, but a sweet and low, 
 plaintive good-night song. 
 
 ODE XXIX. 
 
 Come, Maecenas, to the wine and roses that await you at the 
 Sabine farm. Linger no more amid the smoke and din of Home, 
 gazing longingly from the cloud-capt towers of your gorgeous 
 palace towards Tusculum and Tibur. Luxury palls at times. 
 Come, ' give thy soul a loose, and taste 'the pleasures of the poor.' 
 The dog-star rages ; the midsummer midday quiet holds the hill. 
 'Tis better up in a villa than down in the city. A truce to cares 
 of state. God veils the future from us. The course of our life is 
 a rushing stream. To-day only is ours. The well-filled hour is a 
 gift which, once granted, God himself cannot withdraw. Cruel 
 Fortune loves to sport with the life of man ; but I will be no stop 
 for her finger to play what tune it will. If she smile, ' we smile 
 the lords of many lands ' ; and if she frown, ' we smile the lords of 
 our own hands.' When the Southwester descends on the Aegean, 
 and the wealthy merchant grovels in prayer lest he be driven to 
 ' enrobe the roaring waters with his silks,' my little life-boat and 
 the great Twin Brethren shall bear me safely through the storm. 
 
 Lines 25-28 point to the date of Augustus' absence in the West, 
 B.C. 25 and 26. 
 
 There is a translation by Sir John Beaumont (Johnson's Poets, 
 6. 19). Dryden's Pindaric Paraphrase is a classic. See also- the 
 Sargent prize translation, Scribner's Magazine, vol. 8, p. 683. 
 
 1. Tyrrhena : cf. 1. 1. 1. n. For the hypallage, cf. Epode 10 
 12. n. ; Munro on Lucret. 1. 474 ; 4. 734.
 
 BOOK III., ODE XXIX. 387 
 
 2. verso : tipped, decanted, broached. The cadus held about 
 t\\\> uallons. lene: mellow. Cf. 3. 21. 8 ; Epp. 1. 15. 18. 
 
 3. flore . . . rosarum : 2. 3. 14 ; 3. 15. 15 ; 4. 10. 4 ; Simon. 
 fr. 148, fidSwv aa>Tois ; Browning, Fra Lippo Lippi, ' Flower o' the 
 rose, | If I've been merry what matter who knows ? ' 
 
 4. tuis : cf. 2. 7. 20, tibi destinatis. balanus: 'ben nut.' See 
 Lex. ; ' Arabian dew ' or ' Tirian balm ' will serve. Cf. Herrick, 
 201 , ' Now raignes the Rose, and now | Th' Arabian Dew besmears I 
 My uncontrolled brow, | And my retorted haires.' 
 
 5. iamdudum : he has been waiting. So Epp. 1.5. 7, iamdu- 
 dum splendet focus et tibi munda supellex. 
 
 6. ne: some Mss. read nee. udum : 1.7.13; 4.2.30; Ov. Fast. 
 4. 71, et iam Telegoni iam moenia Tiburis udi \ Stabant. Aefulae: 
 in the hills between Praeneste and Tibur. Formerly misspelled 
 Aesulae (Livy, 26. 9. 9). Cf. Clough, Amours de Voyage, ' Seen 
 from Montorio's height Tibur and Aesula's hills.' 
 
 8. Telegoni iuga : Tusculum, founded by Telegonus, son of 
 Circe and Ulysses, who traveled in search of his father and unwit- 
 tingly slew him in Ithaca. Arist. Poet. 14 ; Hygin. Fab. 127 ; 
 Epode 1. 29. 
 
 9. fastidiosam : 3. .1. 37, that palls, cloys,' Propert. 1. 2. 32, 
 taedia dum miserae sint tibi divitiae. Fastu taedium (?). 
 4 Deep weariness and sated lust made human life a hell.' For 
 this Roman ennui, cf. Lucret. 3. 1060 sqq.; Victor Hugo, Odes et 
 Ballades, 4. 8. 
 
 10. niolem : pile (2. 15. 2), his palace on the Esquiline. See 
 Sat. 1. 8. 14 ; Lanciani, Ancient Rome, p. 67 ; Merivale, 4. 199 ; 
 Epode 9. 3. From its tower, the turris Maecenatiana, Nero was 
 said to have watched Rome burn (Suet. Nero, 38). It commanded 
 the entire Campagna towards Tusculum and Tibur. 
 
 11. 5mitte : 1. 16. 19, stetere; Epp. 1. 18. 79, omitte tueri. 
 beatae : 1. 4. 14 ; 3. 26. 9. 
 
 12. A famous line. Cf. Tenn. In Mem. 89, 'The dust and din 
 and steam of town.' To Rev. F. D. Maurice, 'far from noise and 
 smoke of town ' ; Stat. Silv. 1. 1. 65, Septem per culmina caelo \ it 
 fragor et magnae vincit vaga murmura Bomae ; Arnold, Resigna- 
 tion, ' Here, whence the eye first sees, far down | Capp'd with faint 
 smoke the noisy town.'
 
 388 NOTES. 
 
 13. gratae: sc. sunt. vices: change (Quint. 1. 12. 5). 
 
 14. mundae : 1. 5. 5 ; Sat. 2. 2. 05 ; Epp. 2. 2. 199. sub lare -. 
 i.e. beneath the humble roof. Cf. 1. 5. 3 ; 1. 12. 44. 
 
 15. aulaeis : tapestries, strictly canopies above the dining-hall, 
 triclinium (Verg. Aen. 1. 697 ; Sat. 2. 8. 54). ostro : the purple 
 of tapestries and upholstery (Lucret. 2. 35-36). 
 
 16. explicuere : gnomic. Sat. 2. 2. 125, explicuit vino con- 
 tractae seria frontis. 
 
 17. clams occultum : 1. 6. 9. n.; Epist. 1. 12. 18, obscimtm. 
 Cepheus, King of Aethiopia, the father of Andromeda, was 
 'sphered up with Cassiopeia' her mother 'that starr'd Ethiop 
 queen that strove | To set her beauty's praise above | The Sea- 
 nymphs, and their pow'rs offended ' (Milton, II. Pens. ; Ov. Met. 4. 
 667). The constellation begins to show bright the light hidden 
 before early in July. 
 
 18. ostendit : Catull. 62. 7, nimirum Oetaeos ostendit noctifer 
 icjnes. Procyon: (lit. antecanis) the minor dog-star rises in the 
 morning, July 15, about eleven days before Sirius the ' dog of 
 Orion.' furit : Pope, 'the dog-star rages' ; Dryden, ' The Syrian 
 (sic) star [ Barks from afar. 1 
 
 19. stella . . . Leonis : Regulus, a Leonis, rises July 30. 
 vesani : the word, A. P. 455 ; the thing, Epp. 1. 10. 16, et rabiem 
 Canis et momenta Leonis ; Mart. 9. 90. 12, et fervens iuba saeviet 
 leonis. Cf. insana, 3. 7. 6. 
 
 20. siccos : also in sense of 4. 12. 13. 
 
 21-24. A summer picture. Cf.Tenn., CEnone, 'For now the noon- 
 day quiet holds the hill' ; Theoc. 7.22; Tibull. 1.1.27; Sellar, p. 180; 
 Odes, 2. 5. 6 ; 3. 13. 9-12 ; and the idyll of spring, 4. 12. 9-12. 
 
 22-23. horridi : shagged, the god of the bush is bushy. Cf. 
 4. 5. 26. n. Silvani: Epode 2. 22. n. 
 
 23-24. caret . . . ventis : ' No stir of air was there, | Not so 
 much life as on a summer's day | Robs not one light seed from 
 the feathered grass ' (Keats, Hyperion). 
 
 25. tu : 2. 9. 9. n. status : policy, constitution. As vague a 
 word as ratio, res causa. Maecenas had been chief counselor in 
 the establishment of the new constitution of the Empire. Dio, 
 52. 16. He would feel the burden of responsibility in Augustus' 
 absence. For the tone of the strophe, see 2. 11. 1-4 ; 3. 8. 16-20.
 
 BOOK III., ODE XXIX. 389 
 
 26. urbi : with times preferably Urbi et Orbi, of course. 
 
 27. Seres: 1. 12. 56; 4. 15. 23, ironical hyperbole. regnata: 
 2. 6. 11. Gyro: 2. 2. 17. n. 
 
 28. Bactra: Xen. Cyr. 1. 1. 4, ^p{ 8e Kal BaKTplav. A Greek 
 Bactrian kingdom existed circa 250-125 B.C. The remotest 
 Parthian province is put for the Parthian Empire. Propert. 4. 
 
 1. 16, qui finem imperil Bactra futura cement. Tanais: i.e. 
 Tunain props flumen orti (4. 15. 24), the Scythians. Cf. 2. 9. 21 ; 
 
 2. 20. 20. discors : and so less dangerous to us. 3. 8. 19. 
 
 29. prudens: 1. 3. 22. n. For the commonplace, cf. Pind. O. 
 12. 7-9 ; Solon, fr. 17 ; Isoc. 13. 2 ; Eurip. Alcest. 786 ; Thucyd. 
 passim; Benn, Greek Philosophers, 1. 46; 2. 126; Peele, 'But 
 things to come exceed our human reach | And are not painted yet 
 in angel's eyes ' ; Pope, Essay on Man, ' Heaven from all creatures 
 hides the book of fate | All but the page prescribed the present 
 state ' ; Arnold, To a Gipsy Child, ' The Guide of our dark steps a 
 triple veil | Betwixt our senses and our sorrow keeps ' ; Emerson, 
 Experience, ' God delights to isolate' us every day, and hide from 
 us the past and the future. . . He draws down before us an im- 
 penetrable screen,' etc. Cf. Bacchyl. 16. 32, 10. 46. 
 
 30. caliginosa: Juv. 6. 556, et genus humanum damnat caligo 
 
 futuri ; Theog. 1077, opQvr) yap rerarai. preniit : 1. 4. 16. 
 
 31. ridet : ' The gods laugh in their sleeve | To watch man 
 doubt and fear' (Arnold, Ernped.) ; 'But God laughs at a man 
 who says to his soul, Take thy ease ' (Cowley, Of Myself) ; ' And 
 how God laughs in heaven when any man | Says " Here I'm learned, 
 this I understand"' (Mrs. Browning). Cf. also, Psalms 2. 4; 
 Aesch. Eumen. 560 ; Milt. P. L. 8, ' perhaps to move | His laugh- 
 ter. ' mortalis : emphasizing the Ov-nra <ppovtlv of the Greeks. 
 Cf. 2. 16. 17 ; 1. 4. 15 ; 1. 11. 6 ; 4. 7. 7. 
 
 31-32. ultra fas: 1. 11. 1. 
 
 32. trepidat : 2. 11. 4 ; 2. 3. 12. We need not take it definitely 
 of unlawful pryings into futurity, but merely of man's vain agita- 
 tions rhomme s'agite. 
 
 32-33. quod adest . . . componere : ri> irapbv OeoQai ica\>s, 
 ' Improve the present hour, for all beside (cetera) \ Is a mere 
 feather on the torrent's tide ' (Cowper, On Bill of Mortality, 1788). 
 
 32. memento: 1. 7. 17; 2. 3. 1.
 
 390 NOTES. 
 
 33. aequus: 2. 3. 1. n. cetera: 1. 0. 9. 
 
 33-34. fluminis ritu: 3. 14. 1 ; A. P. 62; Sat. 2. 3. 268, tern- 
 pestatis prope ritu. For comparison of life to personified river, 
 cf. Words. River Duddon, 9, 32, 33 ; Arnold, Sohrab and Rustum, 
 in fine, ; Shelley, Alastor, etc. 
 
 34. medio: cf. 4. 7. 3-4; 1. 2. 18. alveo: 3. 7. 28. 
 
 35. cum pace: A. G. 248; B. 220; G. L. 399; H. 419. III. 
 The line too flows peaceably. Etruscum : for elision, cf. 2. 3. 27. 
 
 36. adesos : for wave-worn pebbles, cf. Theoc. 22. 49. 
 
 37-41. For river in flood, cf. 4. 14. 28 ; Ov. Met. 1. 285 ; Lucret. 
 1. 281 ; Verg. G. 1. 481 ; Aen. 2. 496, 12. 523 ; F. Q. 2. 11. 18. 
 
 39. clamore: II. 17. 165; Verg. Aen. 3. 566. 
 
 40. diluvies: 4. 14. 28; Lucret. 5. 255, 6. 292, ad diluviem 
 revocari. diluvium normal. quietos r sc. before. Cf. occultum, 
 17. Cf. 1. 31. 7, quieta. 
 
 41. inritat : cf. Milton's 'vexed the Red Sea coast'; Tenn., 
 ' vext the dim sea.' amnes: its waters, or possibly the minor 
 tributary streams. See Pliny, Epp. 8. 17. potens sui : fyKpa-r^s 
 eavrov, avrdpKris. ' This man is freed from servile bands | Of hope 
 to rise, or fear to fall ; | Lord of himself, though not of lands ; | 
 
 | And having nothing, yet hath all' (Sir H. Wotton). Cf. Epp. 
 1. 16. 65. 
 
 42. in diem: Sat. 2. 6. 47 with dixisse; in diem vivere is to 
 live from hand to mouth. 
 
 43. vixi : see Seneca's sermon on this text, Epist. 12 ; Cowley, 
 Of Myself, ' But boldly say each night, | To-morrow let my sun his 
 beams display | Or in clouds hide them I have lived to-day'; 
 Emerson, Works and Days, 'so that I shall not say . . . "Behold, 
 also an hour of my life has gone " but rather, " I have lived an 
 hour." ' eras : cf. Martial, 2. 90. 3 ; 1. 15. 11, non est, crede mihi, 
 sapientis dicere ' vivam ' ; | Sera nimis vita est crastina ; vive hodie ; 
 Herrick, 656, ' Drink wine, and live here blithefull, while ye may : 
 The morrow's life too late is, Live to-day.' But that is rather the 
 lighter vein of 1. 11. 8. Stoic and Epicurean unite in the faith 
 that respect for the present hour is the only wisdom. 
 
 44. polum: 1. 28. 6. pater: 1. 2. 2. 
 
 45. puro : 3. 10. 8. n. inritum : void; diffingct, 1. 35. 39, 
 recast, reshape ; infectum, undone, are cumulative expressions of
 
 BOOK HI., ODE XXIX. 391 
 
 the old thought : ' But past who can recall, or done undo ? | Not 
 God omnipotent, nor Fate ' (Milton, P. L. 9). Cf. Find. O. 2. 18-20 ; 
 Theog. 583 ; Simon, fr. 69 ; Agathon in Aristot. Eth. 6. 2 ; Tenn. In 
 Mem. 85, 'The all-assuming months and years | Can take no part 
 away from this ' ; Pliny, N. H. 2. 27 ; Plato, Protag. 324 B. 
 
 48. fugiens : 1. 11. 7. n. nor a vexit: some insist that vexit = 
 avexit into the past because of semel (1. 24. 16). But semel can 
 mean what is once (for all) mine as well as what is once past ; and 
 the hours as bringers of gifts are a tradition of poetry. Homer, 
 II. 21. 450 ; Theoc. 15. 104 ; Spenser, Epithal. ' But first come ye 
 fair Hours,' etc.; Mrs. Browning, Son. fr. Port. I., 'I thought 
 once how Theocritus had sung | Of the sweet years, the dear and 
 wished-for years, | Who each one in a gracious hand appears | To 
 bear a gift for mortals, old or young ' ; Congreve, Mourning Bride, 
 1. 1. 7 ; Tenn., Love and Duty, ' The slow, sweet hours that bring 
 us all things good, | The slow, sad hours that bring us all things 
 ill.' See also 3. 8. 27, dona home, and for vexit, Verg. G. 1. 461, 
 quid vesper serus vehat; Lucret. 3. 1085, posteraque in dubiost 
 fortunam quam vehat aetas. 
 
 49-56. Fortuna, etc. : see Dryden in Lyra Elegantiarum, 87. 
 
 49. saevo laeta : 1. 6. 9. n. ; Boeth. Cons. Phil. 2. 1, gemitus 
 dura quos fecit ridet ; sic ilia ludit, sic suas probat vires. 
 
 50. ludum : 2. 1. 3. n. ; Sat. 2. 8. 62; 1. 34. 15-16 ; 1. 35; Tenn. 
 Enid's Song in Geraint and Enid ; Anth. Pal. 10. 64, 10. 80 ; Juv. 
 6. 608 ; F. Q. 3. 7. 4, ' That fortune all in equal lance (scales) doth 
 sway | And mortal miseries doth make her play.' 
 
 53. laudo manentem, etc. : ' I can enjoy her while she's kind ; | 
 But when she dances in the wind, | And shakes her wings and will 
 not stay, | I puff the prostitute away : | The little or the much she 
 gave, is quietly resigned : | Content with poverty my soul I arm ; | 
 And virtue, tho' in rags, will keep me warm-' (Dryden). Cf. The 
 Newcomes ; Burns, ' Blind chance, let her snapper and stoyte on her 
 way ; | Be't to me, be't frae me, e'en let the jade gae.' manen- 
 tem: a rare coin of Commodus is inscribed, FORTUNAE MANENTI. 
 Plutarch (de Fort. Rom. c. 4) said that Fortune laid aside her 
 wings when she came to the Romans. So the Greeks worshiped 
 a Wingless Victory. 
 
 54. Pemuu : cf . 1. 34. 15. Cf. Frouto, Oral. p. 157, ed. Naber.
 
 392 NOTES. 
 
 Fortunas omnes cum pennis, cum rotis, CMVI gubernaculo rcperias, 
 resigno : so Epp. 1. 7. 34. Apparently a commercial term = 
 rescribo (Festus), I make an entry on the opposite side, and so 
 cancel the debt, repay, resign. See Lex. s.v. II. 
 
 55. virtute . . . involve : in the cloak of my virtue. So the 
 women in Plato, Rep. 457 A, are clothed in virtue, as Tennyson's 
 Godiva is ' clothed on with chastity.' 
 
 56. sine dote : choosing Poverty for a bride, like St. Francis, 
 in Dante. 
 
 57. non est meum is sermo familiaris. Cf. Plaut. As. 190. 
 mugiat, etc. : 3. 10. 6. n. ; 1. 1'4. 5-6. 
 
 58. miseras : craven, abject, groveling. 
 
 59. decurrere: Verg. Aen. 5. 782, preces descendere in omnes; 
 Herod. 1. 116, Ka-raftaivfiv. votis pacisci : contemptuously of 
 the mercantile conception of prayer. Cf. 1. 31. 1 ; Plato, Eu- 
 thyphro, 14 E. 
 
 60-61. merces addant: M. of V. 1. 1, 'dangerous rocks | 
 Which, touching but my gentle vessel's side, | Would scatter all 
 her spices on , the stream, | Enrobe the roaring waters with my 
 silks.' 
 
 61. avaro . . . mari: 1. 28. 18, avidum; Shaks. Hen. V. 1. 2, 
 'And make your chronicles as rich with praise | As is the ooze 
 and bottom of the sea | With sunken wreck and sumless (sunless ?) 
 treasuries' ; Rich. III. 1. 4, 'unvalued jewels | All scattered in the 
 bottom of the sea.' 
 
 62. biremis: two-oared, not bireme with two banks of oars. 
 The scapha is a light skiff, or life-boat, attached to a larger vessel. 
 If we press the image, Horace escapes in this from the wreck of 
 the merchantman without lamenting the wealth he abandons. But 
 that is perhaps an over-curious interpretation , and the figure may 
 be merely the voyage of life. 
 
 63. Aegaeos: 2. 16. 2. tumultus: 3. 1. 26. 
 
 64. geminusque Pollux : cf. Catull. 4. 27, gcmelle Castor et 
 gemelle Castoris ; Epode 17. 42. See also, 1. 3. 2. n.
 
 BOOK III., OLE XXX. 393 
 
 ODE XXX. 
 
 Epilogue to the three books of the Odes, circ. B.C. 24-23. 
 
 'There are but two strong conquerors of the forgetfulness of 
 men, Poetry and Architecture' (Ruskin, Lamp of Memory). 
 Horace boasts that he has built ' A forted residence 'gainst the 
 tooth of time and razure of Oblivion.' 
 
 For similar utterances of ancient poets, cf. Sappho, fr. 32 ; 
 Propert. 4. 1. 55; Ov. Am. 1. 15. 41 ; Met. 15. 871 sqq.; Phaedr. 
 Epil. bk. 4 ; Martial, 7. 84. 7. Cf. also Spenser's Epilogue to 
 Shepherd's Calendar ; Cowley on the Praise of Poetry ; and F. T. 
 Palgrave, Ancient and Modern Muse, 'The monument outlasting 
 bronze Was promised well by bards of old ; The lucid outline of 
 their lay Its sweet precision keeps for aye, Fix'd in the ductile lan- 
 guage gold.' ' Wonderful it seems to me ... that an infirm 
 and helpless creature, such as I am, should be capable of laying 
 thoughts up in their cabinets of words which time as he moves by, 
 with the revolutions of stormy and eventful years, can never move 
 from their places ' (Boccaccio, in Landor's Pentameron). 
 
 1. exegi : Ov. Met. 15. 871, iamque opus exegi. Cf . Ruskin's 
 phrase, ' I think the Dunciad is the most absolutely chiseled and 
 monumental work ' exacted' in our country.' aere : statues and 
 brazen tablets. 
 
 2. regali : cf. regiae, 2. 15. 1. situ: loosely for 'structure,' 
 ' pile.' Others, less probably, ' crumbling magnificence,' 1 citing Mar- 
 tial, 8. 3. 5. pyramidum : cf . Spenser, Ruins of Time, ' In vain 
 do earthly Princes then, in vain, | Seek with Pyraniides, to heaven 
 aspired j ... To make their memories for ever live,' etc. ; cf. 
 Herrick, 201, ' Trust to good verses then ; they onely will aspire, 
 When Pyramids as men, Are lost, i' th' funerall fire'; cf. 211, 
 ' His Poetrie His Pillar.' The last poem of the Hesperides is 
 quaintly printed as a pillar of fame. Cf. Milton's Epitaph on 
 Shakspere, 'Under a star-y-pointing Pyramid.' 
 
 3-5. edax : cf. Ov. Met. 15. 234, tempus edax rerum ; nee edax 
 abolere vetustas (Met. 15. 872). Cf. Burns, On Pastoral Poetry, 
 'The teeth o' Time may gnaw Tantallan, | But thou'9 forever.' 
 For tooth of time, cf. further Shaks. Son. 19, ' Devouring Time ' ;
 
 394 NOTES. 
 
 Otto, p. 113 ; Simon, fr. 176. For imber, cf. Pindar, Pyth. 6. 10. 
 impotens: cf. on 1. 37. 10. fuga : cf. 2. 14. 1 ; 3. 29. 48. 
 
 6. non omuls : Herrick, 367, 'Thou shalt not All die.' pars : 
 cf. Ovid's parsque mei multa superstes erit (Am. 1. 15. 41), and 
 his parte tamen meliore mei super alia perennis \ astraferar (Met. 
 15. 875; Sen. Tro. 382). 
 
 7. Libitinam : melon omy for death, or rather to avoid tautol- 
 ogy with moriar, the rites of death. Cf. Lex. s.v. II. B. usque : 
 'still' with crescam. postera: of after-days, i.e. posterorum, 
 'It grows to guerdon after-days,' says Tennyson of 'praise.' 
 
 8. crescam: i.e. his fame. Cf. Propert. 4. 1. 34, posteritate 
 suum crescere sensit opus. recens : cf. Epist. 2. 1. 53, Naevius 
 in manibus non est et mentibus haeret \ paene recens? 
 
 8. Capitolium : the symbol of the eternity of Rome. Cf. 3. 3. 
 42 ; 1. 2. 3. n. ; Verg. Aen. 9. 448 ; Ovid, Trist. 3. 7. 51. Cf. 
 Sergeant, cited on 2. 20. 14. 
 
 9. scandet, etc. : there is a doubtful tradition (Lydus, de mens. 
 4. 36) that the Pontifex Maximus and the chief Vestal (virgo 
 maxima) went up to the Capitol on the ides of March to pray for 
 the welfare of the State. But Horace's impressive picture is 
 symbolical. 
 
 10. qua : with princeps . . . deduxisse rather than with dicor ; 
 but it is virtually the same thing to be remembered as a poet in his 
 humble birthplace, and to be remembered as one who in or from 
 that humble place attained the poet's fame. obstrepit: brawls. 
 Cf. 2. 18. 20 ; 4. 14. 48 ; Aufidus : 4. 9. 2 ; 4. 14. 25. It was sub- 
 ject to freshets. 
 
 11. pauper aquae : cf. Epode 3. 16, siticulosae Apuliae. 
 Daunus : 4. 14. 26 ; 1. 22. 14. agrestium : cf. 3. 16. 26 ; 4. 14. 
 26-27. 
 
 12. regnavit populorum : Pind. 0. 6. 34, avtipiav ' ' Pip>td*><av &va<rrr(. 
 Greek gen. ; cf. G. L. 383. 1. 3 ; H. 409, V. 3. ex humili potens : 
 cf. Soph. 0. T. 454, rv<t>\bs etc SeSopKdros, and Milton's ' speakable 
 of mute.' Horace always anticipates the sneers at his humble 
 origin. Cf. 2. 20. 5 ; Epist. 1. 20. 20. potens : cf. 4. 8. 26, poten- 
 tium vatum. Or, with Daunus to save Horace's modesty. 
 
 13-14. Horace's claim to originality is that he first introduced 
 Greek lyric measures into Latin poetry. He ignores the few
 
 BOOK IV., ODE I. 395 
 
 experiments of Catullus. Cf. Sellar, p. 118, and Epist. 1. 19. 19-32. 
 Aeolium : cf. 1. 1. 34 ; 2. 13. 24 ; 4. 3. 12 ; 4. 9. 12. 
 
 14. deduxisse : has been interpreted by deducere coloniam, and 
 by such phrases as tenui deduct u poemata Jilo, Epp. 2. 1. 225 (from 
 spinning), and mille die versus deduci posse, S. 2. 1. 4. Sume 
 superbiam : opposite of pone superbiam, 3. 10. 9. modes: 
 loosely, the measures, the strains, the sounds and special laws of 
 the Latin tongue. 
 
 15. Delphica : Apollinari, 4. 2. 9 ; Phoebi Delphica laurus 
 (Lucret, 0. 154). 
 
 16. volens : so Qt\aiv, 0eAowo (Find, and Aeschyl.), graciously. 
 Serv. ad Aen. 1. 731, Sic enim dicunt : Volens propitiusque sis. 
 Cf . Livy, 7. 26 ; 1. 16. Melpomene : 1. 24. 3 ; 4. 3. 1 ; 1. 12. 2. n. 
 
 BOOK IV., ODE I. 
 
 Collecting at the age of fifty this little aftermath of occasional 
 poems, the chief of which were written in the quasi-official capacity 
 of poet laureate at the request of Augustus, Horace hi phrases 
 reminiscent of the earlier odes gracefully warns the friendly reader 
 that he must no longer be regarded as the light singer of the loves. 
 Cruel Venus shall spare him. He is too old for Cupid's wars. 
 Paulus Maxitnus, young, handsome, eloquent, all accomplished, 
 will grace her service more. Horace has ceased to dream that 
 ' two human hearts can blend in one.' And yet . . . 
 
 For the main occasion of the book, see the introductions to 4, 
 5, 14, and 15. Ode 2 is a second deprecatory preface Horace 
 does not claim to be a Pindar. Odes 3, 6, 8, 9 proclaim the poet's 
 proud consciousness of his own fame and the power of poetry. 
 Ode 11 shows him still loyal to the old friendship for Maecenas. 
 Odes 10 and 13 recall old erotic motifs. Ode 7 is an exquisite 
 summary of his gentle Epicureanism tinged with poetic melancholy. 
 
 There is a translation of this ode by Jonson, Works, 3. 385 ; 
 by Rowe, Johnson's Poets, 9. 472 ; by Hamilton, ibid. 15. 639. 
 It is imitated by Pope and by Prior (Cantata).
 
 396 NOTES. 
 
 I. intermissa : with bella. Again! after so long a respite. 
 2-3. bella : cf. on 3. 26. 2. moves : cf. on 1. 15. 10. 
 
 parce : 2. 19. 7. non sum quails: cf. 3. 14. 27 ; Epp. 1. 1. 4. 
 
 4. regno : metaphorical. Cf. regit, 3. 9. 9. Cinarae: appar- 
 ently the only creature of flesh and blood among all Horace's 
 Lydes and Lydias. Cf. on 4. 13. 21 ; Epp. 1. 14. 33, 1. 7. 28. 
 
 5. = 1. 19. 1. The love Leitmotiv is faintly heard again. 
 
 4-5. dulcium . . . saeva : cf. Sappho's y\v><vinKpov, and Catull. 
 68. A. 17, dea . . . quae dtilcem curis miscet amaritiem j Theog. 
 1353 ; cf. 1. 27. 11 n. 
 
 6. circa : the prepositional phrase without pronoun (me) or 
 participle is somewhat harsh. Latin has no definite article or 
 pres. part, of sum. lustra decem : Horace was 50, B.C. 15. Cf. 
 on 2. 4.24. flectere: 3. 7. 25. The figure seems to be that of a 
 hard-mouthed horse. mollibus : antithesis with durum. 
 
 7. imperils : dat. with durum rather than abl. with flectere. 
 So durus ad and ditrus with complementary inf. 
 
 8. revocant : re, (more) fitly, or simply back. 
 
 9. tempestivius : cf. tempestiva, 3. 19. 27. 
 
 10. Paulus Fabius Maximus, consul B.C. 11, a friend of Ovid 
 (ex Ponto, 1. 2 ; 2. 3. 75) and of Augustus (Tac. Ann. 1. 5). pur- 
 pureis : little more than bright. Cf. El. in Maec. 62, Bracchia 
 purpurea candidiora nive ; Vergil's lumenque iuventae purpureum 
 (Aen. 1. 590); Gray's 'purple light of love,' etc. ales: winged, 
 i.e. charioted by. oloribus : cf. on 3. 28. 15. 
 
 II. comissabere : Kwnafciv, hie with joyous revelry. Hence 
 in domum, like K. els or iro-rl. 
 
 12. torrere: 1. 33. 6, 3. 19. 28. iecur: 1. 13. 4. quaeris 
 with inf., 3. 24. 27. 
 
 13 sqq. et . . . et : the polysyndeton draws out the list of his 
 qualities. Cf. 2. 1. 1-5 ; 3. 11. 25 sqq.; 1. 36. 11 sqq., neu. nobi- 
 lis : Ov. ex Ponto, 1. 2. 1, Maxima, qui tanti mensuram nominis 
 imples. 
 
 14. Cf. 2. 1. 13 ; Ov. Pont. 1. 2. 118. non tacitus : cf. Intr. 
 
 15. centum : 2. 14. 26.. artium : cf . Catull. 12, 8, est enim 
 leporum disertus puer ac facetiarum. 
 
 16. signa feret : cf . Merry Wives, 3. 4, 'I must advance the 
 colors of my love.'
 
 BOOK IV., ODE I. 397 
 
 17-20. And when by the grace of Venus he shall have smiled 
 in triumph over the gifts of a lavish rival, he will dedicate her 
 marble image in a shrine (possibly at his villa), by the lovely 
 lakes of the Alban Hills. quandoque : cf. 4. 2. 34 ; A. P. 359 ; 
 Lex. s.v. I. 
 
 18. muneribus : 3. 10. 13. Abl. comp. with potentior. riserit 
 . . . potentior: like risit . . . viduus, 1. 10. 12. 
 
 19. See description of the Lago d'Albano and the Lago di Nemi 
 in Hare's Days Near Rome. 
 
 20. ponet : cf. Sat. 2. 3. 183, aeneus tit stes ; Verg. Eel. 7. 31. 
 So in Gk. Iff-rdvai. citrea : The Romans misapplied the name 
 citrus (Vergil's Medic apple) to the African cedar. Cf. Hehn, 
 Kultur Pflanzen, p. 431. Milt. P. R. 4, 'Their sumptuous glut- 
 tonies and gorgeous feasts | On citron tables.' 
 
 21-29. The worship of Venus in the temple of the Poet's imagi- 
 nation. Cf. the Temple of Augustus, Verg. G. 3. 13 ; of Venus, 
 Chaucer, Knightes Tale, 1939 sqq. ; of Pysche in Keats' Ode. 
 
 22. duces : so ducere aerem, spiritum. tura : 1. 19. 14, 1. 30. 3. 
 Berecyntia: 1. 18. 13; 3. 19. 18. If we read lyra . . . Bere- 
 cyntia . . . tibia (abl. instr.), mixtis carminibus will be abl. abs.; 
 if we read lyrae, etc., with many editors and Mss., lyrae and tibiae 
 may be gen. with mixtis carminibus, or, conceivably, tibiae gen. 
 with carminibus, and lyrae dat. with mixtis. Cf. Epode 9. 5 ; and 
 for fistula, 1. 17. 10, 3. 19. 20. 
 
 25-26. At morning song and even song. teneris : 1. 21. 1. 
 
 27. candido : the naked foot gleams white in the dance, as in 
 Homer. Cf. on 3. 20. 11. 
 
 28-29. Salium: 1. 36. 12. ter : 3. 18. 16. humum : 1. 4. 7, 
 1. 37. 2. me: cf. on 1. 1. 29. 
 
 30 sqq. Cf. Sellar, p. 173. credula : 1. 5. 9. mutul : 3. 9. 13. 
 Cf. Arnold, To Marguerite, ' And love, if love, of happier men. | 
 Of happier men, for they at least | Have dreamed two human hearts 
 might blend | In one, and were through faith released | From iso- 
 lation without end.' 
 
 31. certare: 2. 12. 18; certare mero^Epp. 1.19. 11. Cf. 1.36. 18. 
 
 32. vincire: 1. 7. 23; 1. 4. 9. noviu: of spring, 1. 4. 10 ; or 
 fresh-plucked, 3. 4. 12. Cf. 3. 27. 43, recentes. 
 
 33-40. The playful inconsistency of 3. 26. 11.
 
 398 NOTES. 
 
 33. Ligurine : the imaginary personage of 4. 10. 
 
 34. rara: cf. 1. 13. 6 ; furtim; contra, plurima Iccrima (Epp. 1. 
 17. 59). Or can it be, as a German editor suggests, that years have 
 dried the source ? Cf . Tenn. The Grandmother, ' Nor can I weep for 
 the rest ; | Only at your age, Annie, I could have wept with the best.' 
 
 35-36. Cf. Epode 11. 9; Catull. 51. 9, lingua sed torpet; Dido 
 in Verg. Aen. 4. 76, incipit effari, mediaque in voce resistit. 
 decora . . . inter : synapheia. Cf. 3. 29. 35. 
 
 40. aquas : cf on 3. 7. 26. volubilis: cf. Epp. 1. 2. 43, labi- 
 tur et labetur in omne volubilis aevum. 
 
 ODE II. 
 
 To vie with Pindar is to essay an Icarus flight. Like a river in 
 flood his lawless verse rushes on through Dithyramb, Paean, Epini- 
 kian, or Dirge. He is the tempest-cleaving swan of Dirce. I am 
 the laborious bee that gathers honey from flower to flower. 'Tis 
 thou, friend Julius, that must sing in lofty strain the pomp that 
 shall wind down the Sacred Way and the people's joy at Caesar's 
 vouchsafed return. Thou wilt sacrifice ten bulls in honor of the 
 glad day. A young calf will be a fit offering for me. 
 
 Apparently composed, like 5, about B.C. 14 in anticipation of 
 Augustus' return from the west, whither he had gone in B.C. 16 
 after the defeat of M. Lollius (cf. on 9) by the Sygambri. Julius 
 Antonius may have suggested that Horace should celebrate the 
 achievements of the emperor in Pindaric strain. Or the ode may 
 be a deprecatory preface to 4 and 14. The failure to mention the 
 victories of Drusus does not prove that it was written later. 
 
 Julius Antonius, the son of the triumvir and Fulvia, was brought 
 up by his step-mother Octavia and treated as a member of the 
 Julian house by Augustus, who married him to Marcella, the 
 daughter of Octavia, and raised him to the consulship B.C. 10. 
 He was the author of an Epic in twelve books, the Diomedea. 
 On the discovery of his intrigue with the emperor's daughter, Julia, 
 he was put to death, B.C. 2. Cf. Veil. 2. 100 ; Dio. 55. 10. 
 
 For the influence of Pindar upon Horace, see Arnold, Grie- 
 chischen Studien des Horaz, p. 102 sqq ; cf. also notes on 1. 12. 1 ; 
 2. 1. 37 ; 3. 3 ; 3. 4. 69 ; 3. 11 ; 3. 27 ; 4. 4. 18 and 73.
 
 BOOK IV., ODE H. 399 
 
 Cowley's Praise of Pindar (Johnson's Poets, 7. 129) is an imita- 
 tion of this ode. 
 
 In the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries the ' Pindaric Ode ' 
 was a recognized and very quaint literary type. Cf. Gosse, English 
 Odes, Intr. ; Garnett, Ital. Lit., p. 278. 
 
 1-4. Cf. Quintil. 10. 1. 61, Homtius eum [Pl'ndorum] merito 
 credidit nemini imitabilem. Yet he smilingly encourages (Epist. 
 1. 3. 9) his young literary friend Titius, \ Pindanci fontis qui non 
 expalluit haustus. 
 
 2. Iul(l)e : found in an inscription as praenomen of Julian 
 gens. Vergil wrote lulus as trisyllable. To get the required dis- 
 syllable Peerlcamp read ille. The use of the praenomen is fa- 
 miliar, but * Julian ' is always complimentary in the Augustan 
 poets. lulius a magno demissum nomen lulo (Verg. Aen. 1. 288). 
 ' Valerius smote down Julius | Of Rome's great Julian line ' (Ma- 
 caulay, Reg.). ceratis: wax-joined. ope: 1. 6. 15. Daeda- 
 lea : cf. on 1. 3. 34 ; Ov. Met. 8. 189. 
 
 3. nititur : cf . nisus (4. 4. 8) ; Verg. Aen. 4. 252, paribus nitens 
 Cyllenius alis. Soars, balances, poises, strains. vitreo : cf. on 
 3. 13. 1 ; and Wordsworth's 'glassy sea' ; Arnold's 'clear, green 
 sea ' ; Milton, ' On the clear hyaline, the glassy sea.' daturas : 
 cf. on 2. 3. 4. 
 
 4. iiomina : cf. 3. 27. 76 ; Ov. Trist. 1. 1. 90, Icarus aequoreis 
 nomina fecit aquis; Stat. Theb. 12. 625, casurum in nomina ponti. 
 That the plural is merely for metrical convenience appears from 
 Trist. 3. 4. 22, Icarus immensas nomine signet aquas. 
 
 5 sqq. Cf . Cowley, Praise of Pindar, ' So Pindar does new words 
 and figures roll | Down his impetuous dithyrambic tide, | Which 
 in no channel deigns to abide, | Which neither banks nor dikes 
 control.' decurrens : cf. Lucret. 5. 946, montibus e magnis 
 decursus aquai. amnis : Cicero has flumen ingenii, flumen ora- 
 tionis. Cf. Tenn. ' full-flowing river of speech ' ; Dante, ' quella 
 fonte, | che spande di parlar si largo fiume.' 
 
 6. Cf. King John, 3. 1, ' Like a proud river peering o'er his 
 bounds ' ; Mids. Night's Dr. 2. 1, ' Have every pelting river made so 
 proud, | That they have overborne their continents.' notas : cf. 
 1. 2. 10 ; Ov. Met. 1. 370, ut nondum liquidas sic iam vada nota
 
 400 NOTES. 
 
 secantes; Milt., II Pens., 'while Cynthia checks her dragon yoke | 
 Gently o'er the accustomed oak.' aluere : cf. Tenn., 'full-fed 
 river' ; Homer, II. 15. 621, Kv^ard re rpo^fVTa. 
 
 I. fervet : cf . Sat. 1. 10. 62, rapido ferventius amni ingenium. 
 immensus ruit : like TTOA.I/S e?. The language of the image is 
 retained in the application to the poet. The whole expresses the 
 beatissima rerum verborumque copia of Quintilian (10. 1. 61). 
 
 7-8. profundo . . . ore : i.e. deep-mouthed. Not the mouth 
 of the river, but the os magnum (Ov. Pont. 4. 16. 5); the os magna 
 sonaturum (Sat. 1. 4. 43); the osrotundum (A. P. 323), of the poet. 
 
 9. laurea : 3. 30. 16. donandus : the conclusion of sen . . . 
 seu . . . sive, etc. The 'fut. pass.'. part, is only less convenient 
 than the fut. act. (cf. on 2. 3. 4). Horace employs it with special 
 frequency in this book. Cf. 45; 47; 4.68; 9. 4 ; 9. 21; 11. 3; 
 11. 14; 11. 34; 14. 17. Cf. also on 11. 30. Apollinari : cf. 
 3. 30. 15. n. ; Ov. Met. 1. 557-565. 
 
 10. audaces : bold metaphors and compounds were character- 
 istic of dithyrainbic poetry. Cf. Cope, on Aristotle's Rhet., 3. 3. 
 Boileau in his Discours Sur L'Ode, prefixed to his Ode sur la Prise 
 de Namur, naively says, ' A 1'exemple des anciens poetes dithy- 
 rambiques j'y ai employe" les figures les plus audacieuses, jusqu'a 
 y faire un astre de la plume blanche que le roi porte ordinairement 
 a son chapeau. ' 
 
 II. devolvit: cf. volventis, 3. 29. 38; Tenn., A Character, 
 ' devolved his rounded periods ' ; ' Devolving through the maze of 
 eloquence | A roll of periods ' (Thomson, Autumn). 
 
 12. lege solutis : Soluta oratio normally means prose. One is 
 legibus solutus who is not bound by a law. Pindar's difficult meas- 
 ures may have seemed lawless to Horace, or he may mean -merely 
 poems not composed in strophes. Cf. Klopfstock (Nauck), ' Willst 
 du zu Strophen werden, O Haingesang ? Willst du gesetzlos ? ' 
 etc. ; Cowley, Liberty, 6, ' The more heroic strain let others take, | 
 Mine the Pindaric way I'll make : | The matter shall be grave, the 
 numbers loose and free.' On the error of this view, cf. Jebb, 
 Greek Class. Poetry, p. 141. It is as old in Greek lit. as Himerius 
 (Orat. 3. 1). But in the school of Statins' father the boys were 
 taught qua lege recurrat \ Pindaricae vox flexa lyrae (Silv. 6. 
 3. 151).
 
 BOOK IV., ODE IL 401 
 
 13-16. The hymns and Paeans. 
 
 13. reges : not the historical kings, Hieron, Theron, etc., cele- 
 brated in the Epiuikian odes, but the legendary heroes, Pirithous, 
 Theseus, Bellerophon. 
 
 14. sanguinem : cf. 3. 27. 65. 
 
 15-16. Centauri: cf. on 1. 18. 8; Pind. fr. 143. tremendae : 
 4. 6. 7; 4. 14. 12. Chimaerae : 1. 27. 24 ; 2. 17. 13. 
 16-20. The Epinikian hymns. 
 
 17. Elea : the palm of Elis, Olympia, is typical of the four great 
 games. Cf. on 4. 3. 3. 
 
 17-18. domum . . . caelestes : the triumphant home-bringing 
 of the victor is everywhere emphasized by Pindar, who warns him 
 that he must not strive to become as a god and that he cannot 
 scale the brazen heavens. Cf. 1. 1. 6. 
 
 18. pugilemve equumve : the boxing and riding of Castor and 
 Pollux (1. 12. 26) stand for all athletic contests. Cf. Epp. 2. 3. 83. 
 Pindar does not forget the horse (O. 1. 18), but equum here is 
 probably used for metrical convenience. 
 
 19. potiore signis : cf. the expansion of the thought 4. 8 ; also, 
 Pind. Nem. 4. 81 ; Agathias, Anth. Pal. 4. 4. 9. 
 
 21-24. The lost Dirges (Bp^voC). Horace seems to have a par- 
 ticular poem in mind. 
 21. flebili : cf. on 1. 24. 9. 
 22-23. Note hypermetra. Cf. 3. 29. 35. 
 
 23. aureos ; is it 'golden lads' (cf. 1. 5. 9), or such as the 
 golden age knew, or, proleptically, ' to the golden skies ' ? Cf . 
 Arnold, Thyrsis, 'And all the marvel of the golden skies.' 
 astra : 3. 25. 6. nigro : cf. on 1. 24. 18. 
 
 24. invidit Oreo : cf. 3. 2. 21 ; 4. 3. 27, caelo musa beat. 
 
 25. Cf. Denham, On death of Cowley, 'On a stiff gale (as 
 Flaccus sings) | The Theban swan extends his wings, | When 
 through th' ethereal clouds he flies ; | To the same pitch our swan 
 doth rise.' Dircaeum : for fountain Dirce, cf. Lex. cycnum : 
 cf. on 4. 3. 20 ; 2. 20. Gray, Progress of Poesy, describes Pindar 
 as the Theban eagle ' sailing with supreme dominion | Through the 
 azure deep of air.' 
 
 27. apis : cf. Epp. 1. 3. 21 ; 1. 19. 44 ; Pind. fr. 152 ; Pyth. 10. 
 54; Bacchyl. 10. 10; Plat. Ion, 534. A; Aristoph. Birds, 749;
 
 402 NOTES. 
 
 Erinna, Anth. Pal. 7. 13. 1. Matinae : 1. 28. 3. The Matinian 
 bee is at Tibur as the Hyblaean bee is in Lombardy (Verg. Eel. 1. 
 55). Cf. 3. 26. 10. 
 
 28. more modoque : mere alliterative formula. Cf. A. G. 
 248. K. 
 
 29. per laborem : cf. per dolum (1. 10. 10); per vim (3. 14. 15). 
 
 30. plurimum : with laborem rather than with nemus. Cf. 
 De Quincey (Masson, 11. 379), 'There are single odes of Horace 
 that must have cost him a six weeks' seclusion from the wicked- 
 ness of Home ' ; Tenn. In Mem. 65, ' And in that solace can 1 
 sing, | Till out of painful phases (phrases ?) wrought | There nut- 
 ters up a happy thought | Self-balanced on a lightsome wing.' 
 circa: 1. 18. 2. uvidi: 1. 7. 13. 
 
 31. operosa : cf . Ruskin's Queen of the Air, 48, ' I, little thing 
 that I am, weave my laborious songs as earnestly as the bee among 
 the bells of thyme on the Matin mountains.' See the whole passage. 
 Cf. 3. 1. 48 ; 3. 12. 5 ; and Philips' ' operose Dr. Bentley.' 
 
 33. conchies : the transition is abrupt, but pronouns and adver- 
 sative particles were not easy to manage in Latin Sapphics. Cf. 1. 
 20. 10. Possibly we should read concinet. maiore . . . plec- 
 tro: cf. on 2. 1. 40 ; 2. 13. 26. It may be abl. char, with poeta, 
 or abl. instr. with concines. 
 
 34. quandoque : cf. on 4. 1. 17. trahet : 'dragged in triumph' 
 is the natural phrase. Cf. Epp. 2. 1. 191. But in the order of the 
 triumph the captives preceded. Cf. 1. 12. 54. 
 
 35. sacrum clivum : the part of the Sacred Way from the Arch 
 of Titus to the Forum. Cf. Epode 7. 8 ; Martial, 1. 70. 5, sacro 
 . , . clivo ; Macaulay, Proph. of Capys, 30, ' Blest and thrice blest 
 the Roman | Who sees Rome's brightest day, | Who sees that long 
 victorious pomp | Wind down the Sacred Way | And through the 
 bellowing Forum, | And round the Suppliants' Grove, | Up to the 
 everlasting gates | Of Capitolian Jove.' decorus: cf. 3. 14. 7; 
 2. 16. 6. 
 
 36. fronde : the wreath of laurel. Sygambros : they had de- 
 feated the legate Lollius (cf. Intr.), but hastened to make peace 
 with Augustus. Cf. 4. 14. 51. 
 
 37-40. Augustus is heaven's last best gift to man. The phrase 
 suggests Cic. Acad. Post. 1. 7, and Plato, Tim. 47. b. For the
 
 BOOK IV., ODE II. 403 
 
 flattery, cf. Epp. 2. 1. 17 ; Ov. ex Pont. 1. 2. 98 ; Sellar, p. 157, 
 ' In the odes of the 4th book the ideal is supposed to be realized ; 
 but there is less perhaps of the ring of genuine sincerity in the cele- 
 bration of its triumph. The tone of the poet is more distinctly 
 imperial than national. . . . The adulation which was the bane 
 of the next century begins to be heard.' Cf. on 4. 15. 4 ; 3. 3. 16. 
 
 38. boni : cf. 4. 5. 1. 
 
 39. aurum : i.e. tempus aureum (Epode 16. 64). 
 40-41. priscum: cf. Epode 2. 2. laetos: festos. 
 
 42. ludum : the technical phrase is ludos, but Horace prefers to 
 vary familiar formulas, and, like Tennyson, would almost rather 
 sacrifice the sense than bring two s's together, though, like Ten- 
 nyson, he sometimes does, e.g. 1. 2. 27 ; 1. 25. 19 ; 3. 18. 6 ; 4. 7. 17 ; 
 4. 9. 10. Cf. on 3. 5. 52. impetrato : vouchsafed in answer to 
 our prayers. There are coins of B.C. 16 inscribed S. P. Q. R. V. S. 
 (vota suscepta) Pro S. (salute) ET RED. AVG. Cf. also Dio, 54. 
 19. 
 
 44. litibus orbum : the closing of the courts, iustitium. For 
 or&MW, cf. Lucret. 5. 840, orba pedum; Pind. Isth. 3. 26, upipavoi 
 v&pios. 
 
 45 sqq. The Augustan poets frequently describe themselves as 
 humble spectators of the emperor's triumphs. Cf . Propert. 4. 3 ; 
 Cons, ad Liv. 273 sqq. In this case, Augustus declined the triumph 
 and entered the city by night. The ludi took place in the year 14 
 (Dio, 54. 27). audiendum : i.e. worth hearing. 
 
 46. bona pars : i.e. my voice shall freely swell the acclaim. 
 
 46-47. Sol pulcher: cf. 4. 4. 39. recepto: 2. 7. 27. 
 
 49. teque: personifies the Triumph itself, as in Epode 9. 21. 
 Tuque, found in some Mss., would imply that Antonius is to be 
 the chief figure of the procession. Moreover, 53 begins with an 
 emphatic te, referring to Antonius in a different connection. 
 
 51-52. dabimus : at the totam delubra per urbem (Verg. Aen. 
 8. 716). tura: 4. 1. 22. 
 
 53-54. te . . . me : cf. 2. 17. 30-32. 
 
 54. solvet : sc. voto ; he would be voti retts. 
 
 55-60. Quiet, homely or idyllic ending. Cf. 2. 19. 29-32 ; 3. 5. 
 53-56. So Tennyson closes Walking to the Mail, Edwin Morris 
 and The Golden Year.
 
 404 NOTES. 
 
 55. iuvenescit : ordinarily to grow young. Cf . Lex. herbis : 
 cf. 3. 23. 11. 
 
 56. in: i.e. to pay. 
 
 57-58. The phrasing is suggested by the familiar expression, 
 cornua lunae. Cf. C. S. 35 ; Claudian de Rapt. Pros. 1. 129, 
 (vitula) nee nova lunatae curvavit germina frontis. The new 
 rnoon shows a slight sickle, or crescent, on the third evening. 
 Shelley, Hellas, 'The young moon hasted | Her exhausted horn.' 
 
 referentis: 3. 29. 20. 
 
 59-60. Cf. Horn. II. 23. 454, 'A chestnut all the rest of him, but 
 in the forehead marked with a white star.' Cf. \fvnofteTcairos. Cf. 
 Moschus, 2. 84. Cf. ' The glory of the herd, a bull | Snow-white, 
 save 'twixt his horns one spot there grew; | Save that one stain, 
 he was of milky hue.' (?) 
 
 59. duxit : so ducere . . . colorem (Ov. Met. 3. 484) ; Juv. 2. 
 8l', uvaque conspecta livorem ducit ab uva; Verg. Eel. 9. 49. 
 
 ODE III. 
 
 The propitious eye of Melpomene upon the natal hour makes of 
 the poet a dedicated spirit who has no part in the labors, ambitions, 
 and rewards of ordinary men. Such a spirit Rome now recognizes in 
 Horace, the voice of Envy is silenced, and the poet thanks the sweet 
 Muse to whom he owes his inspiration and power to please. 
 
 The poem celebrates the realization of the aspirations of 1. 1. 
 
 Cf. Sellar, p. 190 ; Andrew Lang's pretty Ballade of the Muse ; 
 Ronsard, A sa Lyre. There is a good translation by Bishop Atter- 
 bury. Cf. also Pitt, Johnson's Poets, 12. 388. 
 
 1. Melpomene: cf. 3. 30. 16. n. semel: 1. 24. 16 ; C. S. 26. 
 
 2. nascentem . . . videris : not astrological, as adspicit (2. 17. 
 17). Cf. Hes. Theog. 82 ; Find. O. 7. 11 ; Boileau, A. P. 1 ; Les- 
 sing, To his brother, 'Auch dich hat, da du wardst geboren, Die 
 Muse lachelnd angeblickt.' 
 
 3. Isthmius: typical, as Olympicum (1. 1. 3), Elea (4. 2. 17). 
 
 labor: -nAvos (Pind. 0. 5. 15, et passim). Cf. 4. 2. 18. 
 
 6. Achaico : simply Greek. The glory of the Greek chariot 
 race is compared with the grandeur of a Roman triumph.
 
 BOOK IV., ODE III. 405 
 
 6. res bellica : cf. res ludicra, comedy (Epp. 2. 1. 180). 
 Deliis : of Apollo. Cf. 4. 2. 9; 3. 30. 15. A branch of laurel was 
 borne by the triumphator. Cf. F. Q. 1. 1. 9. 
 
 8. regum . . . minas: cf. 2. 12. 12. tumidas: Sat. 1. 7. 7. 
 contuderit: cf. 3. 6. 10; Verg. Aen. 1. 263; Cons, ad Liv. 17, 
 Ille genus Suevos acre indomitosque Sicambros \ contudit inque 
 fugam barbara terga dedit. 
 
 9. ostendet Capitolio : cf. on 4. 2. 35, and Propert. 4. 3. 13. 
 
 10. Tibur : his own favorite retirement put typically for the 
 Muse's 'green retreats.' Cf. on 1. 1. 30; 1. 7. 13 sqq. prae- 
 fluunt: so 4. 14. 26 for praeterfluunt. 
 
 11-12. spissae: 3. 19. 25. nemorum comae: cf. on 1.21.5; 
 4. 7. 2. Aeolio: 3. 30. 13. 
 
 13. Cf. 4. 14. 44 ; Epp. 1. 7. 44, regia Roma. 
 
 15. ponere: cf. inserere (1. 1. 35) ; ponetur (Epp. 2. 1. 43). 
 
 16. dente : cf. Epode 6. 15; Sat. 1. 6. 46, quern rodunt omnes; 
 Sat. 2. 1. 77 ; Epist. 2. 1. 151 ; Pindar, Pyth. 2. 53 ; Ov. Trist. 4. 
 10. 123 ; ex Ponto, 3. 4. 74 ; Phaedr. Prol. 6 ; Martial, 5. 28. 7 ; 
 Anth. Pal. 9. 356 ; 16. 265. 5 ; Shaks. Jul. Cats. 2. 3. ' My heart 
 laments that virtue cannot live | Out of the teeth of emulation ' ; 
 Gray, Eton College, ' Or jealousy with rankling tooth.' 
 
 17. testudinis: 3. 11. 3; 1. 32. 14. aurea: cf. on 2. 13. 26; 
 Pind. Pyth. 1. 1, xpv<*f<* 4><W'7l- 
 
 18. dulcem : with strepitum, a slight oxymoron. Or it is con- 
 ceivably proleptic. strepitum : Epp. 1. 2. 31 ; float/, Pind. O. 
 3. 8 ; Pyth. 1. 13 ; Nem. 5. 38 ; Homer, II. 18. 495 ; y\vK^u av\S,v 
 OTO&OV (Soph. Ajax, 1202) ; ' How they seemed to fill the sea and 
 air | With their sweet jargoning ' (Col. Anc. Mar.); 'La noise du 
 rossignol ' (Ronsard) ; ' That melodious noise ' (Milton, At a 
 Solemn Music ) ; ' For all their groves, which with the heavenly 
 noises | Of their sweet instruments were wont to sound ' (Spenser, 
 Tears of the Muses). temperas: dost govern, modulate. Cf. on 
 1. 24. 14, moderere; Propert. 3. 32. 80. 
 
 19. mutis : traditional epithet. Cf. eAAoirej, l\Aol, SvauSoi, in 
 Greek Lex. The Scarus was thought the only exception. Cf. 
 Anth. Pal. 10. 16. 13; Oppian,'Hal. 1. 134. But the trout of the 
 river Aroanius in Arcadia were believed to sing (Pausan. 8. 21. 2). 
 IxOvwv a.(j>iat>6Tpoi was a proverb. Cf. Troilus and Cress. 3. 3, ' He
 
 406 NOTES. 
 
 is grown a very land-fish, languageless ' ; Shelley, Hellas, ' Joy 
 waked the voiceless people of the sea'; Swmb. Erech., 'tongue- 
 less waterherds. ' After Aeschyl. Persae, 577. quoque: even. 
 
 20. donatura: cf. on 2. 3. 4. cycni : cycnum (4. 2. 25). For 
 swan's song, cf . 2. 20 15 ; Plato, Phaedo, 84. E ; Aeschyl. Ag. 1445 ; 
 Ov. Her. 7. 1 ; Callim. Hymn. Del. 252 ; Wordsworth's Sonnet, ' I 
 heard (alas ! 'twas only in a dream) ' ; Byron, ' There, swan-like, 
 let me sing and die ' (Don Juan, 3. 86. 16) ; Shaks. Merch. of V. 3. 2 ; 
 King John, 5. 7 ; Othello, 5. 2 ; Hale's Folia Literaria, p. 231 sqq. ; 
 Ael. Var. Hist. 1. 14, e-ya> 8e qSovros KVKVOV OVK ^ou<ra, tcrcas 5f ovSf 
 &\\os- TTfiriffTevrai 5' olv on dSfi. Frazer, Paus. 2. 395. 
 
 21. Cf. Ov. (Trist. 1. 6. 6) to his wife, siquid adhuc ego sum 
 muneris omne tui est. 
 
 22. Proverbial. Cf. Pers. 1. 28 ; Lucian, Herod. 1, Somnium 11 ; 
 Aeschyl. Ag. 1332 ; Tac. Dial, 7 ; Martial, 9. 97. 3 ; Cic. Tusc. 5. 
 36, etc. Sometimes it signifies finger of scorn (Ov. Am. 3. 1. 19). 
 
 23. fidicen is Latin (cf. Epp. 1. 19. 32); lyrae, Greek (cf. 4. 6. 
 25-27). 
 
 24. spiro : cf. 2. 16. 38, 4. 6. 29 ; Epp. 2. 1. 166 ; Find. O. 13. 
 22, Mo<a' advirvoos ; Ronsard, A sa Lyre, ' Par toy je plais, et par 
 toy je suis leu : c'est toy qui fais que Ronsard soit esleu Harpeur 
 Fran9ois, et quand on le rencontre, Qu'avec le doigt par la rue on 
 le monstre,' etc. tuum est: but cf. 4. 6. 29, Apollo; 2. 16. 39, 
 Parca ; 3. 30. 15, mentis. 
 
 ODE IV. 
 
 Like a new-fledged eagle swooping down on its quarry, like a 
 fresh-weaned lion rending its first kid, in such guise have the 
 Vindelici beheld young Drusus waging war beneath the Raetian 
 Alps. Subdued at last, those fierce tribes have been taught what 
 the sons of the Neros, bred at the hearth of Augustus, can achieve. 
 What Rome owes to the house of Nero let the battle of the river 
 Metaurus bear witness, the overthrow of Hasdrubal, and the first 
 day of hope that dawned on Italy after all the years in which Han- 
 nibal rode like a storm wind or forest fire over her fields. That 
 was the beginning of the end. Hannibal knew it, and said : ' We 
 are like deer that madly turn upon their natural pursuers. The 
 indomitable race that issued from burning Troy grows stronger 
 through hardship and defeat, and renews itself like the hydra of 
 Hercules. Never again shall I send proud heralds of victory to
 
 BOOK IV., ODE IV. 407 
 
 Carthage. All is lost with the fall of Hasdrubal.' Such were the 
 deeds of the Claudians. And what may they not do, guarded by 
 Jupiter and guided by sagacious counsels ? 
 
 The campaign celebrated in this ode was undertaken in order 
 to give Rome control of the eastern passes of the Alps and put a 
 stop to the incursions of the unruly Alpine tribes. " P. Silius 
 engaged these tribes in 738, and worsted them. The year fol- 
 lowing . . . Drusus, the emperor's younger stepson, now in his 
 twenty-third year, took the command of the legions from Silius, 
 overthrew the Rhaetians in the Tridentine Alps, traversed the 
 Brenner pass, and defeated the Breuni and Genauni in the valley 
 of the Inn. It is ... probable that he turned westward to effect 
 a junction with his brother Tiberius, who had been dispatched at 
 the same time to attack the Vindelicians in the rear. . . . Tiberius 
 penetrated the gorges of the Upper Rhine and Inn in every direc- 
 tion ; and at the conclusion of a brilliant and rapid campaign, the 
 two brothers had effected the complete subjugation of the country 
 of the Orisons and the Tyrol," which with adjacent territory were 
 constituted the province of Rhaetia. "The free tribes of the Eastern 
 Alps appear then for the first time in history, only to disappear again 
 for a thousand years." (Abridged from Merivale, 4. 160. Cf. Dio, 
 54. 22; Strabo, 4, p. 206.) 
 
 Tiberius (afterwards emperor), born 713, and Drusus, born 716, 
 sons of the empress Livia by her divorced husband Tiberius Claudius 
 Nero, were adopted by Augustus. Drusus was the emperor's favor- 
 ite (Suet. Claud. 1), and is, with some partiality, celebrated not only 
 in this ode, but in the fourteenth, which treats of the exploits of 
 Tiberius. 
 
 Horace often professes that he is unapt to sing of war. Cf. 1. 6. 
 5, 4. 2. 30 sqq. ; Sat. 2. 1. 12 sqq. This ode, and indeed the fourth 
 book generally, was written, Suetonius tells us, at the express com- 
 mand of the emperor : Scripta quidem eius usque adeo probavit 
 mansuraque perpetua opinatus est, ut non modo Seculare carmen 
 componendum iniunxerit sed et Vindelicam victoriam Tiberii Drusi- 
 que, privignorum suorum, eumque coegerit propter hoc tribus carmi- 
 num libris ex longo intervallo quartum addere. Horace evades the 
 difficulty by a Pindaric treatment, the long historical digression 37- 
 73 representing the myth.
 
 408 NOTES. 
 
 Translation by Lyttleton, Johnson's Poets, 14. 182. Prior's Ode 
 to the Queen (1706) is a feeble imitation. 
 
 1. The construction is qualem . . . propulit (6) ... vernique 
 . . . docuere (8) . . . mox . . . demisit (10) . . . nunc . . . egit 
 (12) . . . qualemve . . . vidit (13. 16) . . . (talem~) videre (17). 
 In translating, disregard the Latin syntax and follow the Latin 
 order. ministrum : flammigerum, lovis armiger ( Verg. Aen. 6. 
 255). Attribute of alitem, but we translate winged minister. 
 The eagle clasping the thunderbolt is fouml on coins. 
 
 2. regnum: oltavuv &acn\ta (Find. Ol. 13. 21). Cf. Pyth. 1. 7; 
 Isth. 5. 50. Bacchyl. 5. 17 sqq. 'Sailing with supreme dominion 
 through the azure deep of air.' in: cf. on 3. 1. 5. vagas: rjepo- 
 QO'ITOVS. Cf. 3. 27. 16, vaga comix. 
 
 3. permisit : Lex. s.v. II. B. 2. expertus, etc.: having found 
 him faithful in (the case of}. 
 
 4. Ganymede : cf. 3. 20. 16 ; Verg. Aen. 5. 255 ; Tenn. Pal. of 
 Art, 'Or else flushed Ganymede, his rosy thigh | Half-buried in 
 the eagle's down, | Sole as a flying star shot thro' the sky | Above 
 the pillar'd town.' The eagle is post-Homeric. Cf. II. 20. 233- 
 235. flavo : cf. on 1. 5. 4. 
 
 5. olim : yon time, once, sometimes. Used even with future 
 (Epist. 1. 3. 18). Hence frequent with gnomic utterances, whether 
 with the present (Sat. 1. 1. 25) or aoristic perfect. Olim, mnx, 
 nunc (11), mark the stages in the growth of the young eagle, 
 which is, of course, no longer the particular bird that carried off 
 Ganymede. First it essays its wings, then swoops down on the 
 folds, then does battle with serpents. 
 
 6. propulit : ' gnomic ' aorist of simile. 
 
 7. vemique : the fact that eagles are hatched in late spring 
 and are not full-fledged till autumn need trouble us no more 
 than Pindar's golden-horned doe, Keats' ' Stout Cortez ' on Da- 
 rien or his ' warm gules ' in the moonlight, or the singing of 
 Tennyson's female nightingale. Cf. Aristotle, Poetics, 1460. b. 
 31-33. 
 
 8. nisus : sc. pennarum = labores. Cf. 4. 2. 3, nititur pennis, 
 and Lucretius, 6. 911, pedum nisus. 
 
 9. mox: 1. 1. 17; 2. 1. 10; 4. 14. 14.
 
 BOOK IV., ODE IV. 409 
 
 10. vividus impetus: the inner impulse or, more idiomati- 
 cally, the actual swoop ; Spenser's ' dreadful souse ' (F. Q. 4. 
 3. 19). 
 
 11. dracones: serpentes would not fit the meter, and the poeti- 
 cal Greek word suggests the combat of eagle and snake in Homer 
 (II. 12. 200 sqq.). Cf. Verg. Aen. 11. 751; Shelley, Revolt of 
 Islam, 1. 8. 
 
 13. laetis : luxuriant ; ' laetas segetes ' etiam rustici dicunt 
 (Cic. de Or. 3. 38). But there is a suggestion of the joy of the 
 new-bom flocks, as in Lucretius' pabula laeta (1. 257). 
 
 14. matris ab ubere : with caprea rather than, somewhat tauto- 
 logically, with lacte depulsum leonem ; fulvus, though a more fre- 
 quent epithet of the |av0bs A<=W (Verg. Aen. 4. 159, etc.), is a pos- 
 sible epithet of the goat. Cf. 4. 2. 60, and the German ' Rotwild.' 
 Ab ubere virtually = relicta matre. Ab with intenta means that it 
 has turned away from the udder and is intent upon the pasture. 
 lam, like ^877, is timeless, or rather marks a point of time to be em- 
 phasized. The lion has reached the point where, being weaned, 
 he begins to be dangerous. The two descriptions, then, though 
 parallel, are by no means identical. It is considering it too curi- 
 ously to object that Horace would not represent the enemies of 
 Drusus as feeble and timid. For eagle and lamb, cf. Macaulay, 
 Regillus, 15. 
 
 15. depulsum : the technical word. Cf. Verg. Eel. 7. 15 ; &9ij\os. 
 . 16. peritura : it looks up ... into the jaws of death. Cf. on 2. 
 
 3. 4. Raetis : i.e. Baetids. So Heinsius for Eaeti of Mss. ' The 
 Vindelici saw ... at foot of Raetian Alps ' is equivalent to ' the 
 Vindelici and Raeti saw.' 
 
 17-22. quibus . . . omnia : this inopportune archaeological 
 digression has been much discussed. It may be a mere failure of 
 Horace's art, an attempted Pindarism, or, as has been conjectured, 
 a sly allusion to some contemporaneous pedantry, e.g. in the Ama- 
 zonis of Domitius Marsus. The scholiast is ready with a theory to 
 account for the Amazonian battle ax in the hands of the-Vindelici. 
 Ovid calls Amazons securigeras puellas (Her. 4. 117). Cf. Class. 
 Diet. s.v. securis, and Xen. Anab. 4. 4. 16. 
 
 21-22. obarmet: coined by Horace. sed: 5' olv, resumptive. 
 
 24. consiliis : Cicero renders ffroarriyrjua by consilium impera-
 
 410 NOTES. 
 
 torium. revictae : long victric.es, now defeated in their turn. 
 But cf. refringit, 3. 3. 28. 
 
 25. sensere : 2. 7. 10 ; 4. 6. 3. 
 
 25-26. rite . . . nutrita : go with both mens and indoles, mind 
 and heart (character, temper). 
 
 26. sub : cf. sub lare, 3. 29. 14. penetralibus : cf . Velleius, 
 2. 94, innutritus (sc. Tiberius) caelestium praeceptorum disciplinis. 
 
 28. in : cf. 2. 2. 6. Nerones : Neronis . . . quo significatur 
 lingua Sabinafortis ac strenuus (Suet. Tib. 1). 
 
 29. Strong and brave are the offspring of the brave and good. 
 Not the strong and brave are born of sires brave and good. Cf. 
 Skaks. Cymbeline, 4. 2, ' Cowards father cowards, and base things 
 sire base ' ; Pindar, Pyth. 8. 44 ; Plato, Menex. 237 A ; Theog. 
 537. Fortis et bonus is a formula, cf. Epp. 1. 9. 13. 
 
 30-32. ' Even the homely farm can teach us there is something 
 in descent' (Tenn., Locksley Hall Sixty Years After). 
 31. imbellem feroces : cf. on 1. 6. 9. 
 
 33. Bed -. concede what we will to nature, nurture too plays its 
 part. Cf. Pind. Ol. 10. 20 ; Eurip. Iph. Aul. 557 ; Cic. Tusc. 2. 5. 
 13 ; Poet Archias 15 ; Quintil. 2. 19. 2. 
 
 34. cultus : cf. Bacon's Georgics of the Mind ; and Cic. Tusc. 
 2. 5. 13. roborant : we say ' hearts of oak ' but ' steel the breast.' 
 
 35. utcumque: when once. Cf. 1. 17. 10 ; 1. 35. 23 ; 2. 17. 11. 
 mores: i.e. recta morum disciplina. 
 
 36. dedecorant : so Epist. 2. 1. 245. Most editors read inde- 
 corant. bene nata: the neuter generalizes (cf. 1. 34. 12), but 
 metrical convenience may determine its use. 
 
 37. quid debeas : the defeat of Hasdrubal at the river Metaurus 
 B.C. 207 was due mainly to the audacity of C. Claudius Nero, who, 
 leaving half his army in camp before Hannibal in Southern Italy, 
 marched with the remainder the whole length of the peninsula to 
 reinforce his colleague, M. Livius Salinator (ancestor of Drusus on 
 the mother's side) to whom the northern province had been as- 
 signed, and returned victorious with the head of Hasdrubal before 
 Hannibal had discovered his absence. See the spirited account in 
 Livy, 27. 43 sqq. ; Polyb. 11. 1. 
 
 38. testis : cf. Catull. 64. 357. Metaurum flumeii: some- 
 what differently 2. 9. 21, Medum flumen.
 
 BOOK IV., ODE IV. 411 
 
 38-39. Hasdrubal devictus : cf . on 2. 4. 10. 
 
 39. pulcher : cf . 4. 2. 47 ; Romeo and Jul. 4. 5, ' Never was 
 seen so black a day as this, | O woeful day, O woeful day.' 
 
 40. Latio : abl. with fugatis rather than dat. with risit . 
 
 41. risit : cf. 4. 11. 6. n. adorea: an archaic, metrically con- 
 venient, and sonorous synonym of Victory. Cf. Lexicon. 
 
 42. dims: cf. 2. 12. 2 ; 3. 6. 36. ut: since. Cf. Epode, 7, 19. 
 Ov. Trist. 4. 6. 19, ut patria careo bisfrugibus area trita est. 
 
 43. ceu : only here in Horace. 
 
 44. equitavit: cf. 1. 2. 51. Afer is the grammatical, flamma 
 or, rather, Eurus the felt, subject. Cf. Eurip. Phoen. 211, 2i/ceAt'as 
 Ze<t>vpov irvoais iirirevffa.vTos. 
 
 45. post hoc : Cicero (Brutus, 3) dates the turn of fortune 
 from the battle of Nola, posteaque prosperae res deinceps multae 
 consecutae sunt. usque: cf. on 1. 17. 4; 3. 30. 7. secundis 
 . . . laboribus : prosperous enterprises. For labor, cf. 4. 3. 3 ; 
 and the Greek irows = battle ; H. 6. 77 ; Theog. 987. 
 
 46. pubes : 3. 5. 18. crevit : waxed strong. Cf. 3. 30. 8. 
 irnpio : they pillaged the temples. 
 
 47. tumultu : of the distress and confusion of a home or border 
 war. Horace slightly extends the technical force of the word as 
 seen in tumultus Italicus, tumultus Gallicus. Cf. Cic. Phil. 8. 1. 
 
 48. rectos : upright, and righted. Cf. deiecta simulacra; 
 1 Sam. 5. 3, ' Dagon was fallen upon his face to the earth . . . 
 And they took Dagon, and set him in his place again.' 
 
 49. perfidus : perfidia plus quam Punica, Livy, 21. 4. 9. Cf. 
 on 3. 5. 33 ; Livy, 9. 3, Romano in perfidum Samnitem pugnanti; 
 Martial, 4. 14. 4. 
 
 50 sqq. Cf. Livy, 27. 51, 'Hannibal . . . agnoscere se fortunam 
 Karthaginis fertur dixisse. cervi : cf . II. 13. 101 sqq. lupo- 
 rum : Macaulay, Horatius, 43, ' Quoth he, " The she-wolf's litter | 
 Stands savagely at bay." ' 
 
 51. ultro : beyond what is reasonable or natural ; ' actually.' 
 Cf. Verg. Eel. 8. 52, nunc et ovis ultro fugiat lupus. opimus 
 suggests the technical spolia opima. 
 
 52. Slight oxymoron, as also is 53. fallere : 1. 10. 16 ; 3. 11. 40. 
 53 sqq. The central idea of the Aeneid, which everybody had 
 
 been reading. Cf. Juno's complaint, 7. 295, Num capti potuere
 
 412 NOTES. 
 
 capi, num incensa cremavit Troia viros? medias acies mediosque 
 per ignes, \ invenere viam. Cf. 3. 3. 40. 
 
 54. iactata : preferably with sacra. Gens is sufficiently de- 
 scribed. Cf. iactatus, Aen. 1. 3 ; Victosque Penates, ibid. 1. 67. 
 
 57-60. Cf. Thomson, Liberty, ' This firm Republic, that against 
 the blast | Of opposition rose ; that (like an oak, | Nursed on fera- 
 cious Algidum, whose boughs | Still stronger shoot beneath the 
 rigid axe) | By loss, by slaughter, from the steel itself | Even force 
 and spirit drew. ' He uses the same image in Rule Britannia, ' Still 
 more majestic shalt thou rise, | More dreadful from each foreign 
 stroke ; | As the loud blast that tears the skies | Serves but to root 
 thy native oak.' 
 
 58. iiigrae: cf. on 1. 21. 7 ; Verg. Eclog. 6, 54, ilice siib nigra. 
 
 Algido: 1. 21. 6; 3. 23. 9. 
 
 59. caedes is equally applicable to lopping a tree and cutting 
 up an army. 
 
 61-62. This image applied to Rome is attributed to Cineas, the 
 counsellor of Pyrrhus, in Plutarch, Pyrrh. 19. Cf. also 'Flor. Epit. 
 1. 18; Ov. Met. 9. 74, crescentemque malo domui; Verg. Aen. 8. 
 300 ; Eurip. Here. Fur. 1274. The first symbolic literary use of 
 the image is Plato, Repub. 426. E. 
 
 63. submisere : the Roman soldiers spring up like the fabled 
 brood of the dragon's teeth sown by Jason at Colchi or Cadmus at 
 Thebes. Cf. Lucret. 1. 7, daedala tellus submittit flores. 
 
 64. Echion was one of the survivors of the Theban Dragon 
 brood, and, by marriage with the daughter of Cadmus, ancestor of 
 the Theban kings. Any person associated with a place in Greek 
 mythology may supply the Latin poet with a sonorous epithet for 
 the place. Cf. 1. 17. 22, 23. n. 
 
 65. merses : hortatory (imperative) subj. as virtual protasis to 
 evenit. For the word, cf. 3. 16. 13 ; Verg. Aen. 6. 512 ; Lucan, 
 1. 159, quae populos semper mersere potentes. profundo : abl. 
 
 evenit : used here in its primary etymological, not in its sec- 
 ondary, sense. Cf. on 1. 5. 8 ; 3. 11. 27, pereuntis ; I. 36. 20, 
 ambitiosior ; 2. 1. 26, impotens ; 3. 24. 18, innocens; Epode 
 17. 67, obligatus; 3. 3. 51, cogere ; 3. 7. 30, despice; 4. 2. 7, 
 immensus f Epode 2. 14, feliciores. 
 
 66. luctere : so Aristophanes boasts of the Athenians, that if
 
 BOOK IV., ODE V. 413 
 
 they ever chanced to take a fall they wiped off the dust and 
 denied it. Eq. 571-572. 
 
 66-67. niulta . . . cum laude : amid loud acclaim. But cf. 
 Catull. 64, 112. 
 
 66. integrum : the victor would be unscathed, a.Kpai<t>vljs. 
 proruet : the shift to the f ut. need trouble nobody. 
 
 68. coniugibus : of the enemy ? Cf. Catull. 64. 349, illius . . . 
 claraque facia. \ Saepe fatebuntur gnatorum in funere matres ; II. 
 8. 157 ; or in fireside talks at Roman hearths ? Cf. Macaulay, 
 Horatius, 70. For Roman constancy in defeat, cf. Livy, 9. 3, ea 
 est Romana gens quae victa quiescere nesciat ; Livy, 27. 14 ; 
 Justin, 31. 6. 
 
 69. Cf. the story in Livy, 23. 12, of the three bushels of gold 
 rings, taken from Roman knights, poured out on the floor of the 
 Carthaginian senate. 
 
 70. Cf. Isaiah, 20. 9, 'and he answered and said: "Babylon is 
 fallen, is fallen"' ; Dryden, Alexander's Feast, 'He sang Darius 
 great and good | By too severe a fate | Fallen, fallen, fallen, fallen, | 
 Fallen from his high estate ' ; Tenn. Princess, ' Our enemies have 
 fallen, have fallen.' 
 
 73-76. Closing reflections after the myth in Pindaric manner. 
 
 74. numine luppiter: 3. 10. 8. 
 
 75. curae : possibly, their own sagacity ; more probably, that 
 of Augustus balancing Jupiter, as often in the Augustan poets. 
 Cf. also, 4. 14. 33, te consilinm. 
 
 76. expediunt : bring safely through ; disengage. Cf . Verg. 
 Aen. 2. 633. acuta belli : possibly metaphorically of dangerous 
 rocks. But cf. subita belli, Livy, 6. 32; 33. 11, aspera belli,' 
 Tac. Hist. 2. 77, 4. 23, proeliorum incerta, fortuita belli; Homer, 
 II. 4. 352, ovv "Ap-na. Also, Lucan, 7. 684, prospera bellorum; 
 Catull. 63. 16, truculentaque pelagt. 
 
 ODE V. 
 
 Too long absent, great guardian of the race of Romulus, restore 
 the light of thy countenance to thy people, who yearn for thee as a 
 mother longs for a son detained beyond seas by contrary winds. 
 Bounteous harvests, seas freed from pirates, faith, chastity, justice
 
 414 NOTES. 
 
 at home, the barbarian cowed abroad, such are the blessings of 
 thy reign. After a busy day among his vines the husbandman 
 pours his after-dinner libation to thee as to his household gods, 
 and invokes thy name as grateful Greece invokes her mythic bene- 
 factors. 
 
 The three years following the defeat of Lollius by the Sygambri 
 (B.C. 16; cf. 4. 2. 36), Augustus spent in the West, partly with a 
 view to restoring order in Gaul and Spain, partly, as was said (Dio, 
 55. 19), in order, like Solon, to escape by absence the invidium 
 aroused by his measures of reform. In this carefully polished offi- 
 cial utterance the Poet Laureate expresses the loyalty of the growing 
 class who gratefully recognized that ' 1'einpire c'est la paix.' Cf. 
 Sellar, p. 189, and Velleius, 2. 89. The ode follows the praise of 
 Drusus in 4, as 15 follows the praise of Tiberius in 14. 
 
 1. divis . . . bonis: may be abl. abs. (cf. Sat. 2. 3. 8, iratis 
 natus dis) , or abl. of origin with orte. The birth of Augustus was 
 a gift of boni divi (4. 2. 38); and he was Veneris sanguis (C. S. 50). 
 
 Romulae : as adj. Cf. C. S. 47. But Catull. 34. 22 has Romuli 
 . . . gentem. The oblique cases of Romulus have to be replaced 
 by those of Remus in hexameters, but he comes to his own in lyric. 
 
 2. custos: 1. 12. 49; 4. 15. 17. 
 
 4. sancto : august ; a standing epithet of Senatus. Cf . Verg. 
 Aen. 1. 426. 
 
 5. lucem: the Homeric- $605. Cf. Aeschyl. Persae, 300; Verg. 
 Aen. 2. 281. tuae: emphatic. dux bone: cf. 37, and 3. 14. 7. 
 He is the war-lord and captain to whom allegiance is due. 
 
 6. instar : usually of quantity, as in Vergil's instar mantis equum. 
 
 veris: cf. Shelley, Revolt of Is. Ded. 7. 2, 'Thou friend, whose 
 presence on my wintry heart | Fell like bright spring upon some 
 herbless plain.' 
 
 7. it dies : cf. 2. 14. 5, quotquot eunt dies. 
 
 8. soles : for poetry, as for Heracleitus, the sun is veos it? rjntpri. 
 Cf. 4. 2. 46. 
 
 9-14. Editors cite, for the image, Oppian, Hal. 4. 335. Kiessling 
 suspects that the mother is substituted here for some love-lorn hero- 
 ine (of Callimachus) waiting like Asterie (3. 7) for her lover. 
 
 9. mater iuvenem : note juxtaposition ; the details may follow. 
 
 invido : so the river that keeps Ovid's lover from his tryst is
 
 BOOK IV., ODE V. 415 
 
 'invidious,' and the first rays of the dawn that is to sever Romeo 
 and Juliet are 'envious streaks.' Carpathii : 1. 35. 8. 
 
 11. longius annuo : navigation has closed, and he must pass the 
 winter in the East, as Gyges (3. 7. 5) in Oricum. 
 
 13. Cf. Livy, Pref. 13, cum bonis potius ominibus votisque et 
 precationibus, etc. She makes vows, consults the omens, and 
 offers prayers in her impatience. 
 
 14. curvo : a standing epithet. Cf. Epode 10. 21 ; Verg. Aen. 
 3. 223, etc. 
 
 15. icta : Ifiiptf irfir\Tjy/j.fvos. Cf. Lucret. 2. 360, desiderio per- 
 fixa iuvenci. desideriis : pi. mainly metri causa. 
 
 16. quaerit : cf . 3. 24. 32. patria Caesarem : cf . 9. 
 
 17 sqq. Cf. Ov. Fasti, 1. 701-704, Gratia dis domuique tuae, reli- 
 gata catenis \ lampridem vestro sub pede bella iacent. | Sub iuga 
 bos veniat, sub terras semen aratas, \ Pax Cererem nutrit, pads 
 alumna Ceres ; Germanicus, Aratea, 9, Si non parta quies te prae- 
 side puppibus aequor | cultorique daret terras. 
 
 17. tutus: cf. 1. 17. 5. perambulat : grazing in conscious 
 security. Others, walks before the plough. 
 
 18. rura : the fields which. Horace repeats and dwells on the 
 image with complacency. The contrast with the picture in Verg. 
 G. 1. 506-508 would flatter Augustus. Faustitas: found only 
 here. There was a Fausta Felicitas. Cf. Austria (Hdt. 5. 82), 
 
 Auw, and 0aAA.cc. 
 
 19. pacatum : from pirates, by defeat of Sextus Pompey, B.C. 36. 
 Cf. Ant. and Cleop. 1. 4, ' Menecrates and Menas famous pirates | 
 make the sea serve them.' Augustus boasts (Mon. Ancyr. 5. 1), 
 mare pacavi a praedonibus. Cf. also Suet. Oct. 98 ; Epode 4. 19.. 
 volitant: cf. Vergil's pelagoque volamus (Aen. 3. 124); Epode 
 16. 40 ; Catull. 4. 5 ; Homer, Odyss. 11. 125, 23. 272 ; Hes. Op. 626 ; 
 Verg. Aen. 1. 224, mare velivolum; Lucret. 5. 1442; Eurip. Tro. 
 1086 ; Hippol. 752 ; Aeschyl. Pers. 565 ; Prom. 468 ; Tenn. In Mem. 
 9; Merchant of Ven. 1. 1, 'As they fly by them with their woven 
 wings,' etc. 
 
 20. metuit: cf. 3. 11. 10; 2. 2. 7. fides: commercial, as in 
 3. 24. 59. 
 
 22. mos et lex: 3. 24. 35. lex: the leges luliae de adulteriis 
 etpudicitia (B. C. 18). Cf. C. S. 18-20. edomuit : e, completely.
 
 416 NOTES. 
 
 'The publication of the AYS Amandi a few years later, and the 
 career of the two Julias, afford an impressive commentary on these 
 lines' (Sellar, p. 155). 
 
 23. simili prole : for, or rather by, the resemblance of the child 
 to the father. Cf. Hes. Op. 235; Catull. 61. 226, sit suo similis 
 patri, etc.; Martial, 6. 27. 3; Shaks. Winter's Tale, 1. 2; Pater. 
 Marius, chap. 13. 
 
 24. Punishment no longer limps with tardy foot (3. 2. 32). For 
 premit comes, cf. Sat. 2. 7. 115. 
 
 25-28. Cf. 3. 14. 15 ; 4. 15. 17 ; and the fine epigram of Crinago- 
 ras (Anth. Pal. 9. 291). 
 
 26. lionida : suggests Germany silvis horrida, Tac. Ger. 5. Cf. 
 Verg. Aen. 9. 382. 
 
 26-27. parturit fetus: 1. 7. 16; German fecundity. Cf. Mil- 
 ton's 'A multitude like which the populous North | Poured never, 
 from her frozen loins to pass | Rhene or the Danau'; ovS' V rep,ua- 
 vii\ "Pyvov airavr' ftpir) (Crinagoras). incolunii : 3. 5. 12. 
 
 28. Hiberiae : cf. on 2. 6. 2 ; 4. 14. 50. 
 
 29. condit: cf. cantando . . . condere soles (Verg. Eclog. 9. 
 52); Georg. 1. 458; Munro on Lucret. 3. 1088, condere saeda. 
 colllbus: 1. 20. 12; Verg. Georg. 2. 521-522, et alte \ mills in 
 apricis t coquitur vindemia saxis. suis : emphatic ; his own vine 
 and fig tree, as it were. 
 
 30-31. viduas: i.e. unwedded. Cf. on 2. 15. 4 ; Epode 2. 10. 
 ducit : cf . ' or they led the vine | To wed her elm ; she spoused 
 about him twines | Her marriageable arms ' (Milton, P. L. 5) ; 
 Catull. 62. 49 ; Shaks. Com. of Err. 2. 2, ' Thou art an elm, my 
 husband, I a vine'; F. Q. 1. 1. 8, 'The vine-prop elm'; Gray's 
 letters from Italy, ' Very public and scandalous doings between 
 the vine and the elm trees, and how the olive trees are shocked 
 thereat' ; Juv. 8. 78 ; Martial, 3. 58. 3, etc. redit: sc. domum. 
 
 31-32. alteris . . . mensis : at dessert ; ' across the walnuts and 
 the wine.' This 'second course,' mensae . . . secundae (Verg. 
 Georg. 2. 101), was prefaced by libations to the household Lares, 
 with whom, by popular feeling and express decree of the Senate, 
 Augustus' name was associated. Cf. Merivale, chap. 33 ; Dio, 51. 
 19 ; Kirkland on Epist. 2. 1. 16 ; Ov. Fast, 2. 633. 
 
 32. adhibet: cf. Verg. Aen. 5. 62, adhibete Penates . . . epulis.
 
 BOOK IV., ODE VI. 417 
 
 33. te : for stylistic effect of the repetition, cf. 4. 14. 41 sqq. 
 prosequitur : cf. Lex. s.v. II. A. 
 
 34. defuso : cf. 1. 31. 2-3, de . . . f widens. For Latin concrete- 
 ness here, cf. ou 2. 4. 10. 
 
 35-36. The genitives are construed with numen, but felt also 
 with memor. For the popular feeling towards Augustus, cf. 
 further Epist. 2. 1. 16; Renan, Hibbert Lectures, p. 15; Boissier, 
 Religion Roinaine, 1. 141 ; Ov. Fasti, 2. 633 sqq. 
 
 37. o utinam: 1. 36. 38. feriaa: 'vacation' is peace. 
 
 38. Hesperiae: cf. on 2. 1. 32. integro: when the day is 
 still intact and wholly ours. Cf. Pater, ' Marius,' p. 132, ' that 
 youth the days of which he had already begun to count jealously 
 in entire possession.' 
 
 39. sicci: 1. 18. 3. uvidi: 1. 7. 22; 2. 19. 18; 3. 21. 9; Sat. 
 2. 6. 70, uvescit; Sat. 2. 1. 9, irriguum. 
 
 40. Quiet close ; cf. 4. 2. 55-60. n. 
 
 ODE VI. 
 
 A prelude addressed to the chorus of noble youths and maidens 
 who were to sing the carmen saeculare (q.v.). 
 
 Apollo that didst punish Niobe and Tityos and overthrow even 
 Achilles (4-12), who else would have left alive no child of Troy to 
 found Rome under happier auspices (12-24), thou inspirer of the 
 Grecian muse, uphold to-day the honor of Latin song. And you, 
 noble maids, mark well the measure of this sacred chant. Happy 
 matrons one day you will boast that on the great festival day you 
 learned and sang the strains of Horace the Bard. 
 
 1. Dive: lines 5-23 are a digression suggested- by Achilles; 
 and the verb of the prayer is defende (line 27). Apollo slew 
 Achilles and so made possible the escape of Aeneas and the found- 
 ing of Rome. Niobea : cf. Tenn. ' a Niobean daughter ' ; II. 24. 
 608, 'for that Niobe matched herself against fair-cheeked Leto, 
 saying that the goddess bare but twain, but herself many children : 
 so they, though they (Apollo and Diana) were but twain, destroyed 
 the others all' ; Ovid, Met. 6. 135; Jebb on Soph. Antig. 823 ; 
 Landor's Niobe ; and the famous group of statues at Florence. 
 
 2E
 
 418 NOTES. 
 
 2. linguae : a big tongue is Greek for boastful tongue. Cf. 
 Soph. Antig. 127 ; Verg. Aen. 10. 547 ; Swinburne, Erechtheus, 
 ' Yet happiest was once of the daughters of gods and divine by her 
 sire and her lord | Ere her tongue was a shaft for the hearts of her 
 sons, for the heart of her husband a sword ' ; Dante (Purg. 12) 
 cites Niobe among the examples of punita superbia. This moral 
 significance of the myth was first emphasized in a lost play of 
 Aeschylus. It was also represented in the reliefs carved on the 
 throne of the Olympian Zeus. Horace had seen a Niobe group at 
 Rome. Cf. Plin. N. H. 36. 28, Par haesitatio est in templo Apol- 
 linis Sosiani Niobae liberos morientes Scopas an Praxiteles fecerit. 
 The relation of this group to the one now at Florence is uncertain. 
 Cf. Anth. Pal. 16. 129-134. Tityos : cf. on 2. 14. 8; 3. 11. 21; 
 3. 4. 77 ; Ody. 11. 576 ; Pind. Pyth. 4. 90. raptor : sc. Latonae. 
 Cf. ATJTOI yap T^\Kri<re. 
 
 3. sensit : cf. 4. 4. 25. prope victor: by slaying Hector 
 (cf. on 2. 4. 11), who dying prophesies his death by the hand of 
 Apollo (II. 22. 359). Cf. Quint. Smyrn. 3. 62. altae : cf. 1. 16. 
 18 ; II. 13. 773, "l\tos alireivfi ; Verg. Aen. 1. 7 ; 1. 95 ; 10. 469. 
 
 5. impar : cf. Verg. Aen. 1. 475, impar congressus Achilli. 
 
 6. films : son of Thetis though he (was and) shook. marinae : 
 cf. 1. 8. 13 ; Pind. Nein. 3. 35, irovriav Qtriv. 
 
 7. tremenda : see its description, II. 16. 140-144. 
 
 8. pngnax : participial effect of adj. Cf. Livy, 22. 37. 8, pug- 
 nacesque alias missili telo gentes ; Simonides, alxwral irpb TT^XTJOJ. 
 
 9. mordaci : cf . Macaulay, Regillus, 8, ' Camerium knows how 
 deeply the sword of Aulus bites ' ; Arnold, Strayed Reveller, 
 ; They feel the biting spears | Qf the grim Lapithae ' ; Shaks. Merry 
 Wives, 2. 1, 'I have a sword and it shall bite upon my necessity ' ; 
 Aeschyl. Sept. 399 ; Eurip. Cycl. 395, ire\eKftai> yvddois. icta : 
 Verg. Aen. 6. 180, icta securibus ilex. 
 
 10-11. Cf. II. 5. 560; 16. 483; Macaulay, Horatius, 46, 'And 
 the great Lord of Luna | Fell at that deadly stroke | As falls on 
 Mount Alvernus | A thunder-smitten oak ' ; Catull. 64. 105-109. 
 
 10. impulsa : cf. Juv. Sat. 10. 107, et impulsae praeceps im- 
 mane ruinae. 
 
 11. late : Homer's jue'-ya* ^ya^oxrrl (Od. 24. 40) ; but the fallen 
 tree is still present to the mind. Cf. Verg. Aen. 2. 466, Danaum
 
 BOOK IV., ODE VI. 419 
 
 super agmina late \ incidit; Macaulay, ut supra, 'Far o'er the 
 crashing forest | The giant arms lie spread. 1 
 
 13. ille non: cf. non ille (4. 9. 51). The stratagem of the 
 Wooden Horse is familiar from Verg. Aen. 2. Minervae: per- 
 haps with both equo and sacra. 
 
 14. mentito : cf. Lex. s.v. II. B ; Verg. Aen. 2. 17, votum 
 pro reditu simulant. male : it was a luckless holiday for 
 them. Cf. Aen. 2. 248 ; Eurip. Tro. 616 ; Lang, .Helen of Troy, 
 6. 8 sqq. 
 
 16. falleret : virtually = the metrically inconvenient fefellisset. 
 Cf. on 1.2. 22. 
 
 17. palam : with captis, antithesis to falleret. gravis: /3apvs. 
 
 heu : 1. 15. 9, 19. heu nefas : 3. 24. 30. 
 
 18. nescios fari : infantes; vy-ina. T^KVO. (II. 22. 63). 
 
 19. latentem, etc.: cf. II. 6. 58. 
 
 21. ni: freely used in the Satires and by Vergil (Aen. 1. 58). 
 Elsewhere in odes, nisi. 
 
 22. pater: cf. 1. 2. 2 ; 1. 12. 13; Verg. Aen. 1. 254, 10. 2. 
 adnuisset : cf. on 3. 1. 8. Horace by this time knew the scene in 
 Verg. Aen. 1. 257. 
 
 23. rebus : cf. rerum (2. 17. 4) and Vergil's res Troiae (Aen. 
 8. 471). 
 
 23-24. potiore . . . alite : melioribus auspiciis. Cf. on 1. 15. 
 5 ; and for thought, C. S. 41-44. 
 
 23. ductos : traced in line rather than built up. Cf . Verg. Aen. 
 1. 423, ducere muros, and ducere valhim, etc. 
 
 25. Argivae : some read argutae, \tytias. Cf. on 3. 14. 21. 
 The reading Argivae brings out more clearly the antithesis be- 
 tween the Greek Thalia and the Italian Camena. Horace is 
 Somanae fidicen lyrae (4. 3. 23). 
 
 26. Cf. on 3. 4. 61. The Lycian Xanthus is meant. 
 
 27. Note alliteration. Dauniae: 2. 1. 34. 
 
 28. levis: unshorn. Cf. on 1. 21. 2; Callim. Hymn Apoll. 36. 
 
 Agyieu : guardian of the ways (Aeschyl. Ag. 1081), used more 
 for its pretty Greek sound than for the sense. 
 
 29. spiritum : cf. on 2. 16. 38. 
 
 30. poetae : elsewhere in Odes votes, etc. 
 32. orti : 4. 5. 1.
 
 420 NOTES. 
 
 33. tutela : maids are Dianae . . . in fide (Catull. 34. 1). The 
 word is passive here as in Ovid, Trist. 1. 10. 1, flavae tutela Min- 
 ervae. For active use, cf. 4. 14. 43; Juv. Sat. 14. 112 ; Dekker's 
 Lullaby, 'Care is heavy, therefore sleep you, | You are care, and 
 care must keep you.' fugaces : 2. 1. 19. 
 
 34. cohibentis : her shafts stay their flight. Diana has "a 
 hand | To all things fierce and fleet that roar and range | Mortal, 
 with gentler shjafts than snow or sleep " (Swinburne). Cf. Ben 
 Jonson, ' Lay thy bow of pearl apart | And thy crystal-shining 
 quiver ; | Give unto the flying hart | Space to breathe, how short 
 soever' ; Callim. Hymn Dian. 16. 
 
 35. Lesbium : Sapphic. Cf. on 1. 1. 34. 
 
 36. pollicis : marking time or, perhaps, assuming the time de- 
 scribed by Lesbium peclem, touching the lyre to guide the melody 
 like Greek x<>po5i5o<r/ca\os, to whom, in imagination, Horace likens 
 himself. 
 
 37. rite : duly, meetly. It was a solemn function performed ex 
 ritu majorum. 
 
 38. crescentem : not of shape. Cf. Milton's ' Astarte, queen 
 of heaven with crescent horns.' face: cf. Lex. s.v. I. B, 2 ; 
 Orph. Hymn, 9. 3, SoiSoCxe. Noctilucam : wKTi^a^s. The ar- 
 chaic word has a hieratic effect. Luna had a temple on the Pala- 
 tine under the name. Cf. Varro, L. L. v. 68. 
 
 38. prosperam : transitively. Cf. C. S. 29, fertilis frugum. 
 Connected with spes, as spero and old form speres show. Cf. spem 
 mentita seges ; Tennyson's ' lead through prosperous floods his holy 
 urn ' (In Mem. 9); and the ' prosperous flight ' of Jeremy Taylor's 
 lark. pronos : cf. 1. 29. 11 ; Tennyson's 'cherish my prone year' 
 and his 'I heard the watchman peal the sliding season.' 
 
 40. volvere : cf. Verg. Aen. 9. 7, volvenda dies; 1. 269, vol- 
 vendis mensibus. menses: cf. Shelley, Witch of Atlas, 4, 'the 
 mother of the months ' = the moon ; Hymn Orph. 9. 5 (5ia o-e- 
 \i\vri) xpdvov fj.ijr'jjp <pepeicc.pirf ; Catull. 34. 17. 
 
 41. nupta : one, as often, represents the chorus, and the old 
 teacher naturally addresses the girls of the class. iam : with 
 nupta, idiomatically ; presently, i.e. you will soon find yourself 
 already married and looking back on your girlhood. Not ' many 
 years hence.' Cf. on iam, 4. 4. 14.
 
 BOOK IV., ODE VII. 421 
 
 42. saeculo : cf . C. S. Introd. referente : cf . 3. 29. 20 ; C. 
 S. 22. luces : so 4. 15. 25. 
 
 43. reddidi : cf. reciting what has been learned (4. 11. 35). 
 modorum : cf. on 1. 15. 24-25 ; 3. 9. 10. 
 
 44. vatia : cf. on 2. 6. 24. 
 
 ODE VII. 
 
 Spring is here once more. The seasons come and go, and come 
 again ; but man goes, and comes again no more. 
 
 For sentiment, cf. 1. 4. 
 
 For Torquatus, cf. Epp. 1. 5. The date is not known. 
 
 There is a translation by Johnson. 
 
 1. diffugere: cf. Verg. Aen. 2. 399 ; and for expansion of meta- 
 phor, Wordsworth, ' Like an army defeated | The snow has re- 
 treated | And now doth fare ill | On the top of the bare hill.' 
 campis : ' whither ' and ' for whom ' dative blended. 
 
 2. comae: cf. on 1. 21. 6; 4. 3. 11. 
 
 3. mutat . . . vices: undergoes her annual changes, 'the 
 season's difference.' Mutat may be intransitive. For vices, cf. 
 1. 4. 1 ; Epode 13. 8 ; and the imitations of later Latin poets in 
 Orelli. Cf. Milton's ' rule the day | in their vicissitude ' and 
 Gray's Ode on Vicissitude. Cf. also Rossetti, House of Life, 83, 
 'Once more the changed year's turning wheel returns' ; Tenn., 
 ' Once more the Heavenly Power | Makes all things new.' terra : 
 tersa, the dry land. decrescentia : no longer nive turgidi (4. 
 12. 4). 
 
 4. praetereunt : not as in 1. 2. 19 or 4. 2. 6. So Jonson, 
 Underwoods, ' The rivers in their shores do run, | The clouds 
 rack clear before the sun.' 
 
 5-6. The three Graces. Cf. on 3. 19. 16 and 1. 4. 6. Spenser, 
 Shepherd's Cal. 6. 25. 
 
 7. immortalia : neuter plural for English abstract. So also in 
 Homer. monet : is the warning of; 1. 18. 8. annus : the 
 revolving year, irfpnr\6fi.fvos eviavrAs. almum : fostering, kindly, 
 cheerful. Cf. C. S. 9 ; Verg. Aen. 5. 64. 
 
 8. hora : cf. on 3. 29. 48.
 
 422 NOTES. 
 
 9. Zephyris: cf. on 1. 4. 1 ; 4. 12. 2. preterit: cf. 3. 5. 34. 
 
 For metaphorical use here, cf. Romeo and Juliet, 1. 2, 'Such 
 comfort as do lusty young men feel | When well-apparelled April 
 on the heel | Of limping winter treads ' ; Tenn. Poets and Cities, 
 ' Year will graze the heel of year ' ; Faber, The Shadow of the 
 Rock, Night treads upon the heels of day ' ; Swinburne, ' When 
 the hounds of spring are on winter's traces ' ; supra, 2. 18. 15, 
 truditur dies die. Others take it of the heat trampling down and 
 destroying the vegetation of spring. 
 
 10. interitura : cf. on 2. 3. 4. 
 
 11. pomifer : cf . 3. 23. 8 ; Epode 2. 17. Keats' Autumn con- 
 spires with the maturing sun 'To bend with apples the mossed 
 cottage trees.' effuderit : suggests the horn of plenty (Epist. 
 1. 12. 29, aurea fruges \ Italiae pleno defundit Copia cornu. But 
 fundo is regularly used by Lucretius of the production of crops. 
 Cf. Verg. Georg. 2. 460. 
 
 9-12. The March of the Seasons is a favorite motif of Poetry. 
 Cf. Lucret. 5. 737 ; Ov. Met. 15. 206 ; Claudian, 1. 269 ; Spenser, 
 Mutability, 7. 28 ; Shelley, Revolt of Islam, 9. 21 ; Tenn. In Mem. 
 85 ; Herrick, 70, ' The Succession of the Foure Sweet Months ' ; 
 Burns, Bonnie Bell, ' The flowery spring leads sunny summer, | 
 And yellow autumn presses near, | Then in his turn comes gloomy 
 winter, | Till smiling spring again appear.' Dobson, A Song of 
 the Four Seasons. iners: cf. on 1. 22. 17 ; 2. 9. 5. 
 
 13-16. Cf. Arnold on Translating Homer, p. 207, ' "The losses 
 of the heavens," says Horace, "fresh moons speedily repair ; we, 
 when we have gone down where the pious Aeneas, where the rich 
 Tullus and Ancus are, pulms et umbra swmws." He never 
 actually says where we go to ; he only indicates it by saying 
 that it is that place where Aeneas, Tullus, and Ancus are. 
 But Homer, when he has to speak of going down to the grave, 
 says definitely, " The immortals shall send thee to the Elysian 
 plain." ' 
 
 13. reparant : cf. Milton, Lycidas, ' So sinks the day-star in 
 the ocean bed, | And yet anon repairs his drooping head ' ; P. L., 
 ' roses which the morn repaired ' ; Ov. Met. 1. 11 ; Lucret. 5. 666, 
 solis reparare nitorcm. 
 
 14. decidimus : cf. Epist. 2. 1. 36 ; Ov. Met. 10. 18, where the
 
 BOOK IV., ODE VII. 423 
 
 word suggests the falling into the pit, abysm, or Sao-irA 
 (Simonides), of death. 
 
 15. Aeneas is pater as indiges. Cf. Liv. 1.2; Tib. 2. 544 ; 
 Ennius, fr. 33; Verg. Aen. 1. 699. But plus, his usual epithet in 
 the recently published Aeneid, is perhaps preferable. All his piety 
 could not save him. Tullus dives: for his glory and wealth, cf. 
 Livy, 1. 31. Ancus: a consecrated example. Cf. Epp. 1. 6. 27; 
 Lucret. 3. 1023 = Ennius, Ann. 151, lumina sis (suis) oculis etiam 
 bonus Ancus reliquit. 
 
 16. pulvis : ' Two handfuls of white dust shut in an urn of 
 brass ' (Term) ; ' Af5a rav o\iyav ffiroStdv (Erinna) . umbra : in 
 lower world, Verg. Aen. 6. 264; Soph. Electra, 1159, aitoUv -re 
 KO.\ aKLav a.va><l>\ri ; Auth. Pal. 5. 85, ocrrea Kal cnroSrf). Herond. 
 fr. 1. 
 
 17. quis scit : cf. on nescias an 2. 4. 13 ; also 1. 9. 13 ; and 
 for thought, Eurip. Alcest. 783 ; Sen. Thyest. 619 ; Herrick 170. 
 sum in ae : cf. 1. 4. 15. 
 
 19-20. So in Epist. 1. 5. 15, Horace tells Torquatus that it is 
 folly to stint yourself for your heir. Cf. Persius, Sat. 6. 60. sqq. 
 For the ' heir ' as a poetical memento mori, cf. on 3. 24. 62 ; 2. 14. 
 25. Horace was a bachelor, amico animo (dare) is equivalent 
 to indulgere genio, genio bona facere, <pi\y tyvxfi x a P' l ffft)ai i e ^ c - 
 Cf. Simon, fr. 85. 11 ; Aeschyl. Pers. 840. Cf. on 3. 17. 14. 
 
 21. semel: cf. on 1. 24. 16. splendida: transferred from 
 Minos, whose state is described Odyss. 11. 568, to his august 
 decrees. occideris . so Catull. 5. 4, in Jonson's imitation, ' Suns 
 that set may rise again | But if once (semel) we lose this light | 
 'Tis with us perpetual night.' For sentiment here and supra (10- 
 15), cf. also Ronsard, A Sa Maitresse, 'La lune est coustumiere | 
 De nestre tous les mois : | Mais quand nostre lumiere | Est esteinte 
 une fois, | Sans nos yeux reveiller | Faut long temps sommeiller ' ; 
 Herrick, 337. 3, ' We see the seas, | And moons to wain ; | But they 
 fill up their ebbs again : | But vanisht. man | Like to a Lilly -lost, 
 nere can, | Nere can repullulate, or bring | His dayes to see a 
 second spring,' etc.; El. in Maecen. 113, redditur arboribus florens 
 revirentibus aetas | et ver non homini quod fuit ante redit; Mos- 
 chus, Epitaph. Bion. 109 sqq. ; Herrick 185. 
 
 23-24. Cf. Martial, 7. 96. 5, quid species, quid lingua mihi quid
 
 424 NOTES. 
 
 profuit aetas; Landor, Rose Aylmer, 'Ah ! what avails the scep- 
 tred race, | Ah ! what the form divine ! ' 
 
 23. facundia: the lawyer's eloquence (Epist. 1. 5. 15) avails 
 nothing at that bar. pietas : cf. on 2. 14. 2 ; 1. 24. 11. 
 
 25-26. neque . . . liberat: so in the Hippolytus of Euripides. 
 In the legend followed by Vergil (Aen. 7. 761 sqq.), Ovid (Met. 
 16. 533 sqq.), and Browning (in Artemis Prologuizes), she restores 
 him to life, and transfers him, under the name of Virbius, to the 
 grove of Diana at Aricia. 
 
 25. pudicum : his death was caused by the fury of a woman 
 scorned, his step-mother Phaedra, who, when repulsed, de- 
 nounced him to his father Theseus. 
 
 27. valet : cf. on 1. 34. 12 ; 3. 25. 15. 
 
 28. Pirithoo: cf. on 3. 4. 80. Theseus, who shared P.'s pun- 
 ishment, was freed by Hercules, but could not free his friend. 
 There were other versions of the legend. Cf. Frazer, Paus. 5. 381. 
 Cf. Chaucer, Knightes Tale, ' So well they loved as olde bokes 
 sain | That when the one was dead, sothely to tell | His felawe 
 went and sought him down in hell.' These mythological examples 
 merely exemplify the general truth, non te restituet. 
 
 ODE VIII. 
 
 Marbles and bronzes are not mine to give, friend Censorin'us, nor 
 do you want them. In song thou delightest, and my present is a 
 
 song. 
 
 ' Who will not honor noble numbers when 
 
 Verses out-live the bravest deeds of men ? ' 
 
 Herrick. 
 
 C. Marcius Censorinus, consul B.C. 8, is known only by this poem 
 which thus fulfils its boast and by Velleius' mention of him 
 (2. 102) as virum demerendis hominilnis genitum. 
 
 Imitations by Jenyns, Johnson's Poets, 17. 608, and by Mason, 
 ibid. 18. 418. 
 
 For the theme, cf. on 3. 30 and 4. 9 ; Cowley, Praise of Poetry ; 
 Martial, 10. 2: 9-12 ; Eleg. in Maecen. 37. Statius, Silvae, 5. 1. 
 1-10, expands the first few lines. Cf. also Propert. 4. 1. 57. 
 
 1. donarem: probably as strenae (e"trennes) on the Saturnalia 
 and Kalends of March. Divite me (5) is the protasis. commo-
 
 BOOK iv., ODE vm. 425 
 
 dus : if the gifts are grata, the giver is complaisant, prevenant. 
 Cf. Epp. 2. 1. 227 ; 1. 9. 9, Odes 3. 19. 12. 
 
 2. aera: vasa Corinthia, 'bronzes.' 
 
 3. tripodas: cf. Pind. Isth. 1. 18, 'And at the games they 
 entered oftenest for the strife, and with tripods and caldrons and 
 cnps of gold they made fair their houses' (Myers); Hesiod, Works, 
 656 ; Homer, Odyss. 13. 13. 
 
 5. ferres : i.e. auferres. artium : so Tf^vri frequently in Pausa- 
 nias, for work of art. 
 
 6. Parrhasius : the great painter of the close of the fifth cen- 
 tury B.C. In an epigram in Athenaeus (12. 543. C) he boasts that 
 he had attained the limits of art. Scopas : the great sculptor of 
 the first half of the fourth century ; author of a Niobe group, per- 
 haps the prototype of that now in Florence. protulit : created, 
 invented. Cf. Tibull. 1. 10. 1, quis fuit horrendos primus qui pro- 
 tulit enses ? 
 
 7. liquidis : suggests as complement the hard stone. Cf. 3. 13. 
 0. n. 
 
 8. ponere : technical. Cf . Lex. 
 
 9. vis: i.e. I have not the power (to give them). Hederae vis 
 (4. 11. 4), a quantity of, is not parallel. 
 
 10. egens: with res, he is rich and could buy them; with ani- 
 mus, his desires are not set on such ' curios.' 
 
 12. pretium dicere : tell the worth ; a slight variation on pre- 
 tium ponere or statuere, set a price, Sat 2. 3. 23. 
 
 13-20. Not inscribed marbles, nor all the deeds of Scipio, confer 
 so sure an immortality of fame as the Calabrian muse (of Ennius). 
 The general proposition is stated with reference to the special case 
 of Scipio the Elder. But incendia Karthaginis impiae was the deed 
 of the younger Scipio (B.C. 146). We may, then, either reject the 
 line (which lacks the caesura), or assume that Horace mingled the 
 glories of the two Scipios and meant the phrase, eius qui domita 
 nomen ab Africa, etc., to apply to both, as it conceivably may, 
 regardless of the fact that Ennius did not live to sing the younger. 
 If we omit also line 33, we get 32 = 8 x 4 lines, which is an object 
 with some critics. 
 
 13. ' The marbles cut by the letters ' is more plastic than the 
 ' letters cut in or into the marbles ' would be. There is a possible
 
 426 NOTES. 
 
 allusion to Augustus' design of setting up, in the portico of his 
 Forum, statues of the great Roman generals, with inscriptions re- 
 counting their deeds. Cf. Suet. Octav. 31 ; Cell. N. A. 9. 11. 
 
 14. spiritus et vita: cf. Verg. Aen. 6. 847, imitated in Macau- 
 lay's ' The stone that breathes and struggles, | The brass that seems 
 to speak' (Proph. of Capys, 28). 
 
 15. celeres fugae : the abandonment of Italy or the flight from 
 the field of Zama, or both. Editors query the force of the plural. 
 The nom. sing, would not give the rhythm. Cf. celerem fugam 
 (2. 13. 17 ; 2. 7. 9). 
 
 16. minae : cf . 4. 3. 8. The threats of ' Hannibal at the gates ' 
 of Rome were hurled back at Carthage by Scipio after Zama. 
 
 17. impiae : cf. 4. 4. 46. 
 
 18. Cf. Sat. 2. 1. 66, qui duxit ab oppressa meritum Karthagine 
 nomen ; Milton, P. R., 'How he surnamed of Africa dismissed | 
 In his prime youth the fair Iberian maid.' eius : cf. on 3. 11. 18. 
 
 19. lucratus : a purposely low word. In Val. Max. 3. 8. 1, 
 Scipio boasts that he has gained nothing from the subjugation of 
 all Africa but a cognomen. 
 
 20. Calabrae Pierides: is a contradiction, if we consider Pie- 
 rides too curiously. Ennius was a native of Rudiae in Calabria. 
 Nos sumus Romani qui fuvimus ante Rudini, he boasts. He had 
 celebrated Scipio, both in his Annals and in a special poem. 
 
 21. chartae: so 4. 9. 31. sileant: transitive, cf. 3. 19. 8. n. 
 
 22. Iliae: cf. on 1.2. 17. 
 
 23-24. puer: cf. 4. 6. 37. invida: cf. on 4. 9. 33 ; 4. 5. 9. 
 
 25. Aeacum : cf. on 2. 13. 22. 
 
 26. virtus: his virtue. Cf. 3. 2. 21, and Find. Isth. 8. 24. 
 favor: may be 'popular acclaim,' or it may, like lingua, go with 
 vatum. potentium: the power of which Corneille boasts when 
 he cries to a young beauty, ' Vous ne passerez pour belle | Qu'autant 
 que je 1'aurai dit.' Cf. Shaks. Sonnet 55, 'Not marble, not the 
 gilded monuments, | Of princes shall outlive this powerful rhyme.' 
 
 27. divitibus = beatis. Cf. 1. 4. 14. insulis: loc. abl. For 
 Islands of Blessed, cf. on Epode 16. 42. 
 
 28-30. Cf. Sellar, p. 181. Horace is not careful to distinguish 
 the immortality of mythical or imperial apotheosis, that of the 
 ' choir invisible,' and that conferred by poetry. Cf. on 3. 3. 9-12.
 
 BOOK IV., ODE IX. 427 
 
 28-29. Cf. Bacchyl. 3. 92. sic: i.e. by the power of song. 
 Cf. hac arte, resuming what precedes 3. 3. 9. 
 
 30. optatis : it was the goal of his striving. Cf. Epp. 2. 3. 412. 
 So Hercules frequently points the moral in Pindar. 
 
 31. Cf. 1. 3. 2; 1. 12. 27. 
 
 32-33. quassas: cf. 1. 1. 18. 33. Cf. 3. 25. 20. 
 
 34. vota . . . ducit : like interest and eripiunt is a concrete 
 expression of the general idea of deification. Cf. Verg. Eclog. 
 5. 79. 
 
 ODE IX. 
 
 Scorn not the lyre ! The Greek lyrists have their place after 
 Homer. The heroes of Troy were not the first who loved and 
 fought. Brave men were living before Agamemnon, but their 
 fame is lost in the dark backward and abysm of time because 
 they lacked the sacred bard. But my song shall guard thee, 
 friend Lollius, from the iniquity of oblivion. Thine is a states- 
 man's soul, sagacious, steadfast, upright. Thou art the Stoic 
 sage, consul not for one year only, but whenever the right pre- 
 vails. Happy he who uses wisely the gifts of heaven, and fears 
 not poverty, or death for friends and fatherland. 
 
 M. Lollius, a trusted minister-of Augustus, was consul in B.C. 21, 
 and governor of Gaul, where he was defeated by the Sygambri, 
 B.C. 16. He died in the East, B.C. 1, while acting as tutor and 
 adviser of the Emperor's grandson, Gaius Caesar. Velleius (2. 97 ; 
 2. 102) accuses him of cupidity and hypocrisy. There seems a note 
 of loyal defiance in Horace's defense of his friend. But a man is 
 not on oath in an ode any more than, according to Dr. Johnson, in 
 a lapidary inscription. Velleius was possibly prejudiced by the 
 dislike of his patron Tiberius for Lollius (Tac. Ann. 3. 48 ; Sueton. 
 Tib. 12. 13). 
 
 The ode is partly translated by Pope. There is a deliciously 
 na'ive imitation by Ronsard. Lines 35 to end are freely rendered 
 by Swift, 'To Archbishop King.' 
 
 Cf. also Stepney, Johnson's Poets, 8. 361 ; Somerville, ibid. 11. 192. 
 
 1. ne . . . credas : the purpose of the statements, non . . . latent, 
 etc. Cf. on 1. 33. 1 ; 2. 4. 1. 
 
 2. longe sonantem : cf. 3. 30. 10 ; 4. 14. 25 ; Catull. 34. 12,
 
 428 NOTES. 
 
 amniumque sonantum ; Hes. Theog. 367 ; Aristoph. Clouds, 283 ; 
 Lucret. 5. 940; 11. 18. 576. 
 
 3. Cf. on 3. 30. 13. There is a suggestion also of 3. 1. 1-4. 
 
 4. socianda chordis: lyric, as distinguished from the i|/i\a of 
 epic poetry. Cf. Ronsard, A Sa Lyre, ' de marier aux cordes les 
 victoires' ; Epp. 2. 2. 86, verba lyrae motura sonum; ibid. 143, 
 verba sequi fidibus modulanda Latinis. 
 
 5. non, ai: cf. 3. 15. 7; 2. 10. 17. Maeonius : 1. 6. 2. 
 
 7. Ceae: 2. 1. 38. Alcaei: cf. on 1. 32. 5; 2. 13. 30. 
 minaces: 'what new Alcaeus fancy-blest | Shall sing the sword in 
 myrtles drest?' (Collins, Ode to Liberty) ; 'Nor such the spirit- 
 stirring note | When the live chords Alcaeus smote, | Inflamed by 
 sense of wrong ' (Wordsworth) ; ' L'audacieuse encre d'Alce"e ' 
 (Ronsard). 
 
 8. Stesichori : cf. on 1. 16. graves: epici carminis onera 
 lyra sustinentem (Quintil. 10. 1. 62). He treated long myths in 
 lyric form, and is an important link, in the development of Greek 
 legends, between Homer and Pindar. 
 
 9. lusit: cf. on 1. 32. 2. Anacreon: cf. 1. 17. 18; Epode 14. 
 10. Horace is probably thinking of the Anacreontea, pretty 
 Alexandrian trifles known to English readers in Moore's version. 
 
 10. spirat adhuc amor: cf. her words in Swinburne's Anac- 
 toria, ' I, Sappho, shall be one with all these things, | With all 
 high things forever . . . and . . . my songs once heard . . . cleave to 
 men's lives.' 
 
 11. vivunt : cf. spiritus et vita (4. 8. 14). commissi : i.e. 
 ' with this key' Sappho unlocked her heart. Cf. Sat. 2. 1. 31, cre- 
 debat libris. 
 
 12. puellae : Sappho. Construe with fidibus. 
 13-16. Cf. on 3. 3. 25 and 1. 15. 20. 
 
 13. arait probably governs crines directly ; but we forget this 
 flash of passion in the long admiring gaze that follows, and feel 
 mirata with all four accusatives. 
 
 14. crines: cf. 1. 15. 20. illitum : cf. oblitus (Epp. 2. 1. 204); 
 Verg. Aen. 3. 483, picturatos auri subtemine vestis ; Milton, 
 4 grooms besmear'd with gold.' 
 
 15. cultus: 1. 8. 16. 
 
 16. Helene Lacaena: i.e. the ' Heavenborn Helen, Sparta's
 
 BOOK IV., ODE IX. 429 
 
 Queen,' of song and story. Cf. Vcrg. Aen. 2. 601 ; Ronsard, Au 
 Sieur Bertrand, ' Hele"ne Grecque estant gaigne"e | D'une perruque 
 bien peigne"e ' ; and, for the sentiment, Landor, ' Past ruined Ilion 
 Helen lives, | Alcestis rises from the shades : | Verse calls them 
 forth; 'tis verse that gives | Immortal youth to mortal maids.' 
 
 17. Teucer : cf. 1. 7. 21. The best archer of the Achaeans (H. 
 13. 313). Cydonio : cf. 1. 15. 17 and Lexicon. 
 
 18. non semel Ilios does not refer to the various legendary 
 sieges of Troy, but to the infinite possibilities of the unknown 
 past. Cf. Plato, Laws, 676 B, 'and have not thousands upon 
 thousands of cities come into being in this (boundless) time, and 
 as many been destroyed ? ' Shelley, Queen Mab, II. ; the final 
 Chorus in Hellas ; and Verg. Eel. 4. 36. 
 
 19. ingens : 1. 7. 32. n. 
 
 19-21. pugnavit . . . proelia: cf, pugnata bella (3. 19. 4). 
 
 20. Idomeneus : leader of the Cretans in Homer. Sthenelus : 
 1. 15. 24. 
 
 22. vel: ve. Mainly metri gratia. 
 
 22-23. Cf. Andromache's lament for Hector (II. 24. 729). De- 
 iphobus was brother of Hector. Cf. Verg. Aen. 6. 494 ; Ronsard, 
 naively, ' Hector le premier des gendarmes. ' 
 
 23. excepit : cf. Lex. and 2. 15. 16. pudicis: 3. 5. 41 ; alSol-ps 
 (H. 6. 250). 
 
 25. A familiar quotation. Cf. Byron, Don Juan, 1. 5, 'Brave 
 men were living before Agamemnon | And since exceeding valor- 
 ous and sage, | A good deal like him too, though quite the same 
 none ; | But then they shone not on the poets' page. Cf. also, 
 Ben Jonson's elaborate imitation, The Forest, 12 ; Boileau, Epitre, 
 1 ; and, for the general idea, Sat. 1. 3. 107 ; Find. Nem. 7. 12. 
 For immortality of poetry, cf. further on 3. 30 ; 4. 8 ; Theognis, 
 237 ; Tibull. 1. 4. 65 ; Propert. 4. 1 . 23 ; Theocr. 16. 48 ; Sappho, 
 fr. 68, 'Thou shalt die and be laid low in the grave, hidden from 
 mortal ken | Unremembered, and no song of the muse wakens thy 
 name again ; | No Pierian rose brightens thy brow, lost in the 
 nameless throng, | Thy dark spirit shall flit forth like a dream, 
 bodiless ghosts among.' 
 
 26. inlacrimabiles : virtually passive here ; active, 2. 14. 6. Cf. 
 Wordsworth's ' incommunicable sleep.'
 
 430 NOTES. 
 
 27. urgentur: cf. on 1. 24. 6 ; 1. 4. 16. longa: cf. 3. 11. 38; 
 Propert. 3. 7. 24, nox tibi longa venit nee reditura dies. 
 
 28. sacro : cf. on 3. 1. 3 ; Lucan, 9, 980, sacer et magnus 
 vatum labor, omnia fato \ Eripis, et populis donas mortalibus 
 aevum. 
 
 29. Cf. Herrick, 460, ' Vertue couceal'd (with Horace you'l 
 confesse,) Differs not much from drowzie slothf uhiesse.' Cf. also, 
 iners (3. 5. 36). Sepultae and celata are felt with both nouns. 
 
 30. non ego te : cf. on 1. 18. 11. 
 
 31. chartis: 4. 8. 21; Sat. 1. 4. 36; 1. 4. 139. inornatum : 
 proleptic. 
 
 32. labores is taken by some editors as a hint that his efforts 
 were not achievements. 
 
 33. carpere suggests tooth of envy. Cf. 4. 3. 16. lividas : 
 cf . 4. 8. 24 ; Shaks. ' envious and calumniating time ' ; Temporum 
 iniuria ; ' Soon | Oblivion will steal silently the remnant of its 
 fame,' Shelley, Queen Mab ; 'The iniquity of oblivion blindly scat- 
 tereth her poppy,' Sir Thomas Browne, Urn Burial. 
 
 34. est animus : for the turn of phrase, cf . Verg. Aen. 9. 205, 
 est hie, est animus lucis contemptor, etc. 
 
 35. rerum prudens: cf. rerum inscitia (Epp. 1. 3. 33) ; rerum 
 . . . prudentia (Verg. G. 1.416). 
 
 36. dubiis : virtually = adversis. rectus connotes both firm 
 and upright. Cf. mentes rectae quae stare solebant (Ennius, Ann. 
 208). 
 
 37-38. He punishes cupidity in others and is abstinent himself. 
 abstinens . . . pecuniae : cf . on 3. 27. 69 n. 
 
 38. Cf. on 3. 16. 9;"Epist. 1. 1. 52; and Vergil's auri sacra 
 fames. cuncta: 2. 1. 23; 3. 1. 8. 
 
 39. The Stoic sage was pedantically affirmed to be the only true 
 consul or king. Cf. on 2. 2. 21 ; 3. 2. 17. Popular etymology may 
 help here, qui recte consulat, consul cluat. See Lex. Cf. Martial, 
 4. 40. 4, pauper eras et eques sed mihi consul eras. ' John Brad- 
 shaw, ' says Milton, ' appears like a consul from whom the fasces 
 are not to depart with the year ; so that not on the tribunal only, 
 but throughout his life, you would regard him as sitting in judg- 
 ment upon kings.' 
 
 40-44. Confused lines, variously interpreted. Horace is shifting
 
 BOOK IV., ODE X. 431 
 
 from animus to Lollius and from Lollius to the ideal sage, whose 
 authority is displayed whenever he prefers the right and triumphs 
 over wrong. Rendering index as a judge, we refer it explicitly to 
 Lollius, who may have been a index selectus or may have exercised 
 judicial functions in the senate. We may take quotiens with all 
 these clauses and understand explicuit . . . victor literally ; or we 
 may conceivably take explicuit . . . victor metaphorically and make 
 it the apodosis of quotiens praetnlit (et) reiecit, in which case a 
 colon is required after anni. 
 
 41-42. honestum . . . utili: the Ka\bv and ffv^epov of Greek 
 ethics. dona nocentium : i.e. bribes of the guilty. 
 
 43-44. Cf. 3. 5. 51. explicuit: cf. expediunt (4. 4. 76). 
 
 45. non ... vocaveris : ' Ton would not rightly call blessed. 1 
 The thought of 2. 2. 17-20. Cf. Sellar, p. 167 ; Epist. 1. 16. 20. 
 
 46. occupat: cf. on 1. 14. 2 ; 4. 11. 21. 
 
 49. callet: cf. on 1. 10. 7. pauperiem pati : 1. 1. 18. 
 
 50. peiusque leto: cf. on 1. 8. 9; Epp. 1. 17. 30, cane peius et 
 anyui. 
 
 51. non ille: cf. 3. 21. 9 ; Verg. Aen. 5. 334, 6. 593 ; ille non 
 (4. 6. 13). 
 
 52. Cf. 3. 19. 2 ; 3. 2. 13. 
 
 ODE X. 
 
 To the beautiful boy Ligurinus (cf. 4. 1. 33). Youth's a stuff 
 will not endure. 
 
 For the vein of .sentiment, cf. Anth. Pal. 12. 186, 12. 35, and 
 Shakspere's Sonnet," ' When forty winters shall besiege thy brow,' 
 and his 'Look in thy glass and tell that face thou vie west.' Old 
 translation in Musarum Deliciae, Vol. I. p. 181. 
 
 1. muneribus : Homer's gifts of Aphrodite (II. 3. 54). 
 
 2. insperata : perhaps more than unexpected, dreaded. 
 plurna : apparently down. Bentley's bruma would be prettily 
 illustrated by Heine's ' Es liegt der heisse Sommer Auf deinen 
 Wangelein; Es liegt der Winter, der kalte, In deineni Herzchen 
 Klein. Das wird sich bei dir andern, Du Vielgeliebte mein ! 
 Der Winter wird auf den Wangen, Der Sommer in Herzen sein ' 
 (Xauck).
 
 432 NOTES. 
 
 3. humeris involitant: the long hair usually shorn on the 
 assumption of the toga virilis (cf. Juv. 3. 186). Cf. 3. 20. 14 ; 
 2. 5. 23 ; Epode 11. 28 ; and Pindar's Jason, Pyth. 4. 82, ' nor were 
 the bright locks of his hair shorn from him, but over all his back 
 ran rippling down.' deciderint: i.e. tonsae, under the scissors. 
 
 4. flore . . . rosae : cf. on 3. 29. 3. est . . . prior : outvies. 
 
 5. Some editors read Ligurine, taking verterit as intransitive. 
 hispidam : cf. on 2. 9. 1 ; the opposite of levis, 4. 6. 28. 
 
 6. speculo : by means of = in. Cf. Lais'" ' dedication of her 
 mirror,' Anth. Pal. 6. 1. alterum: cf. Ronsard, 'Jeune beaute, 
 inais trop outrecuid^e | T)es presens de Venus, | Quand tu voirras 
 ta peau toute rid^e | Et tes cheveaux chenus, | Centre le temps et 
 contre toy rebelle, | Diras en te tan9ant : | Que ne pensois-je alors 
 que j'estois belle | Ce que je vay pensant?' Cf. also Auson. Ep. 
 13. 5 ; Herrick, 62, 164. 
 
 8. incolumes : fresh, unwrinkled. Cf. Shaks. Son. 68, ' Thus 
 is his cheek the map of days outworn.' 
 
 ODE XI. 
 
 Come, Phyllis, and help me keep Maecenas' birthday, dearer than 
 my own. Telephus is a youth out of thy star. Fling away ambi- 
 tion ; by that sin fell Phaethon and Bellerophon. Come, last of 
 my loves, and learn a song to drive dull care away. 
 
 Cf . the motif of 3. 28. 
 
 Maecenas was out of favor at court, during the last years of his 
 life, and is not elsewhere mentioned in this book devoted especially 
 to Augustus. 
 
 2. Albani : in Sat. 2. 8. 16, Maecenas is given his choice of Alba- 
 nian or Falernian. Cf. Juv. 13. 214, Albani veteris pretiosa senectus. 
 
 3. nectendis : dat. of purpose. Cf. gerundive in legal expres- 
 sions (A. G. 299. b ; G. L. 429; H. 544. 2. n. 3). apium: cf. 1. 
 36. 16 ; 2. 7. 24. 
 
 4. vis = copia is Ciceronian. Nauck doubts multa vis, and con- 
 strues multa with fulges. 
 
 5. qua: with fulges only. religata : cf. 2. 11. 24. fulges: 
 may be present of fulgeo, or future of fulgo.
 
 BOOK IV., ODE XI. 433 
 
 6. ridet : cf . II. 19. 362 ; Hes. Theog. 40 ; Lucret. 2. 326, acre 
 renidescit tellus ; Catull. 64. 284 ; Milton's ' pleased with the grate- 
 ful smell, old ocean smiles'; splendet (Epist. 1. 5. 7). ara : of 
 turf, caespite vivo. 
 
 7. verbenis : cf. on 1. 19. 14. avet: faint personification. 
 
 8. spargier : archaic inf. pass, only here in odes. In Sat. 1. 
 2. 35. 78 ; 2. 8. 67 ; Epist. 2. 1. 94 ; 2. 2. 148. 
 
 9. manus : not hand, but band ; as Verg. Aen. 6. 660. Cf. 3. 
 6. 9. Cf. the bustle of preparation for the guest in Juv. 14. 59. 
 
 10. cursitant : developing festinat. pueris : dat. 
 
 11. sordidum: sooty, alBa\6fvra. trepidant: bicker, quiver 
 with eagerness ; personifying, as avet. 
 
 11-12. rotantes vertice : whirling in eddies. Cf. Homer's 
 f\tff<To/j.evn irtp\ Ka.itv<f (II. 1. 317); Apoll. Rhod. 1. 438, \ryvi>v \ 
 TtopQvpfais k\'iKeaaiv (vaiffifjLov otitraovffav ; Lucret. 6. 202 ; Milt. P. L. 
 6, ' smoke to roll | In dusky wreaths reluctant flames ; ' Herrick, 
 871. 18, 'And (while we the gods invQke), | Reade acceptance by 
 the smoake.' 
 
 13. ut tamen noris : cf. Epp. 1. 12. 25, ne tamen ignores. 
 
 14. Idus : thought to be derived from iduare, to divide ; V findit. 
 
 15. Veneris marinae : cf. 1. 4. 5 ; 3. 26. 5. 
 
 16. Aprilem : perhaps, because of false etymology, a<j>p6s, 'A<f>po- 
 
 S'lTfl. 
 
 17. sollemnis = anno redeunte festus (3. 8. 9).. mihi : more 
 closely with sanctior. Cf. Tibull. 4. 5. 1, qui mihi te, Cerinthe, 
 dies dedit hie mihi sanctus \ atque inter festos semper habendus erit. 
 
 19-20. '"This is the birthday of Maecenas" is expressed by 
 words which should mean from this day forth Maecenas revises 
 the calendar,' says Tyrrell captiously (Latin Poetry, p. 197). 
 
 19. adfluentes : the years that flow to us on the stream of time ; 
 not quite the venientes anni of A. P. 175. Cf . Tennyson's ' There's 
 somewhat flows to us in life ' ; Persius, Sat. 2. 1-2, Hunc, Macrine, 
 diem numera meliore lapillo \ qui tibi labentes apponit candidus 
 annos. Or it may be the rich or bounteous years. 
 
 21. Telephum: cf. 1. 13. 1; 3. 19. 26. occupavit : cf. on 
 1. 14. 2. 
 
 23-24. grata compede: cf. 1. 33. 14. 
 
 25-29. The tone is mock heroic. 
 
 2F
 
 434 NOTES. 
 
 25. ambustus Phaethon : cf. ^uiSaijs *ae0a/ (Apoll. Rhod. 4. 
 598); Catull. 64. 291, flammati Phaethontis. Shakspere also uses 
 the myth to symbolize a too-ambitious love : ' Why, Phaeton (for 
 thou art Merop's son), Wilt thou aspire to guide the heavenly car, 
 And with thy daring folly burn the world ? Wilt thou reach stars 
 because they shine on thee' (Two Gent. 3. 1). Cf. Rich. II. 3. 3, 
 ' Down ? Down I come ; like glistering Phaeton Wanting the man- 
 age of unruly jades ' ; Marlowe, ' Clymene's brain-sick son | That 
 almost brent the axle-tree of heaven ' ; Ov. Met. 2. 1-328. 
 
 28. Bellerophonten : cf. on 3. 12. 8 ; 3. 7. 15. Pindar first 
 made the myth a symbol of vaulting ambition (Isth. 6. 44): 'Thus 
 did winged Pegasus throw his lord Bellerophon, when he would' 
 fain enter into the heavenly habitations and mix among the com- 
 pany of Zeus. Unrighteous joyance a bitter end awaiteth.' Pega- 
 sus opened the fountain Hippocrene with his hoof, and is called 
 Utip-nvaioi u(a\os by Eurip. (El. 475). This and Persius' Prologue 
 would readily suggest the conception of him as the poet's steed. 
 It has not been traced back of the Italian poet Boiardo. Spenser 
 already has it (Ruins of Time): 'Then who so will with virtuous 
 deeds assay | To mount to heaven on Pegasus must ride, | And 
 with sweet poets' verse be glorified.' 
 
 29-31. semper ut . . . vites: this is pure prose, with all the 
 logical links exposed. Exemplum praebet = monet . . . ut sequare 
 . . . et putando = putans . . . (ut~) vites. For the form, cf . Pindar, 
 Pyth. 4. 90, 'Yea, and the swift shaft of Artemis made Tityos its 
 prey in order that men may set their desires on permitted loves.' 
 For the general sentiment disparem vites, cf. the proverbial /ojSeCffat 
 Kad' taurbv of the Greek (Aeschyl. Prom. 890). 
 
 30. putando : for this use of the abl. of gerund, cf. A. G. 301 ; 
 G. L. 431. n. 3 ; H. 542. IV. Cf. also Propert. 1.1.9; 1. 4. 1. 
 It sometimes has virtually passive force, as uritque videndo (Verg. 
 Georg. 3. 215); sometimes active, as tuendo (Aen. 1. 713). 
 
 32. finis : cf. Propert. 1. 12. 20, Cynthia prima fuit, Cynthia 
 finis erit. 
 
 33. calebo : cf. 3. 9. 6 ; 1. 4. 19. 
 
 34. condisce : cf. on 3. 2. 3. inodos : this ode, or any other 
 song. 
 
 35. reddas: cf. 4. 6. 43. atrae: cf. 3. 1. 40; 3. 14. 13.
 
 BOOK IV., ODE XII. 435 
 
 ODE XII. 
 
 The swallow and the spring zephyrs are here again. 'Tis a 
 thirsty season. Couie, Vergilius, and quaff a cup with me. But 
 you must pay for your wine. An alabaster box of your precious 
 nard will lure forth a cask from the Sulpician cellars. Come, let 
 be the pursuit of gain, forget the funeral pyre. 'Tis sweet to relax 
 in season. 
 
 The phrases iuvenum nobilium cliens and studium lucri hardly 
 fit Vergil the poet, who, for the rest, had been dead six years when 
 this book was published. The scholiasts sagely conjecture that an 
 unguentarius, a mercator, or medicus is meant. A physician dis- 
 pensed his own drugs and would charge well for the precious 
 nard. 
 
 There is a translation by Lord Thurlow. For the spring motif, 
 cf. 1. 4 and 4. 7. For the jocose invitation, cf. Catull. 13. Cf. 
 also, Herrick, Hesperides, 643, ' Fled are the frosts and now the 
 fields appear | Reclothed in fresh and verdant Diaper. | Thaw'd 
 are the snowes and now the lusty spring | Gives to each Mead a 
 neat enameling. | The palms put forth their Gemmes, and every 
 Tree | Now swaggers in her Leavy gallantry. | The while the Dau- 
 lian Minstrell sweetly sings | With warbling notes, her Tyrrean 
 (qy. Terean ?) sufferings ' ; Anth. Pal. 9. 363, 10. 5, 10. 14, and 
 passim ; Sellar, p. 197. 
 
 1. lam: cf. Catull. 46. 1, lam ver egelidos refert tepores; Anth. 
 
 Pal. 9. 363. 9, fjSt) 5e irXuovaiv ^JT' tvpea Kvfj.a.Ta. vavrat \ trvoiri ainij- 
 
 tj.d.vT<f Ze<f>vpov \lva. KoKirdxjainos. temperant : soothe, calm. Cf. 
 on 1. 12. 16 ; 2. 16. 27 ; 3. 4. 45. 
 
 2. impellunt : cf. Tenn. Maud, ' when the far-off sail is blown 
 by the breeze of a softer clime' ; Seneca, Thyest. 126, nives . . . 
 aestas veliferis soluit etesiis. Thraciae : cf. 1. 25. 11 ; Epode 
 13. 3. Editors differ as to whether north winds blowing at the end 
 of winter, or the zephyrs are meant. Homer (II. 9. 5) makes both 
 Zephyr and Boreas blow from Thrace, and Zephyrus, as the paral- 
 lel passages show, is the conventional spring wind. Cf. Lucret. 
 1. 11; 5. 737-738; Chaucer, Prologue, 5. 
 
 3. prata: cf. 1. 4. 4. rigent: rigidum Niphaten, 2. 9. 20. 
 fluvii: 4. 7. 3-4. strepunt: cf. on 3. 30. 10.
 
 436 NOTES. 
 
 4. Cf. on 4. 7. 3-4. 
 
 5-8. For the story of Itys, Procne, and Philomela, cf. Class. 
 Diet. s.v. Tereus ; Ovid, Met. 6. 424 sqq. ; Matthew Arnold's Phil- 
 omela ; Swinburne's Itylus ; and the allusive summary of the tale 
 in the spring chorus in ' Atalanta,' ' And the brown bright nightin- 
 gale amorous | Is half assuaged for Itylus, | For the Thracian 
 ships and the foreign faces, | The tongueless vigil and all the 
 pain.' 
 
 There is some question whether the bird that moans for Itys is 
 the swallow or, according to the other version of the legend, the 
 nightingale. But though Sappho calls the nightingale, in Ben 
 Jonson's paraphrase, ' the dear glad angel of the spring ' (%pos 
 &yyf\os l/n.ep6(ptavos a^tav\ the swallow is the regular poetical har- 
 binger of spring. Cf. PIomeric(?) Elpeauevn, 11; Hes. Works, 564 ; 
 Simon, fr. 74; Aristoph. Eq. 419; the popular song, $\6', 3\0e 
 XeAiSwj' ; Hor. Epist. 1. 7. 13, cum zephyris . . . et hirundine 
 prima; the proverb, 'one swallow does not make a spring,' Aris- 
 totle, Eth. 1. 7. 15; Ovid, Fasti, 2. 853, veris praenuntia; Anth. 
 Pal. 10. 14. 5, ot e<f>vpoi trvfiouffi tirirpv^et 8f x f A.iSaii' | Kap(pfin KO\\riTbv 
 
 irri^/j.fvn Bd\a/j.ov ; Verg. Georg. 4. 306 ; in Gray's Ode to Spring, 
 ' The Attic warbler pours her throat ' ; Cicero's \a\aytvffav, ad 
 Att. 9. 18. 
 
 6. et connects infelix and opprobrium. Cecropiae: cf. on 2. 
 1. 12. Pandion, the third mythical king of Athens, was the father 
 of Philomela and Procne, who served up her own son Itys at the 
 table of King Tereus, her husband, to avenge his maltreatment of 
 herself and violation of her sister. 
 
 7. male : i.e. with excessive cruelty. 
 
 8. regum : the plural generalizes. Cf . on 3. 27. 38. 
 
 9. dicunt: sing. .Cf. on 1. 6. 5. tenero : it is early spring 
 ' when all the wood stands in a mist of green | And nothing perfect ' 
 (Tenn.). Later it would be in tenaci gramine (Epode 2, 24). 
 
 10. fistula: cf. on 1. 17. 10; abl. instr. 
 
 11. deum: Pan deus Arcadiae (Verg. Eel. 10. 26) ; Pan curat 
 ovcs oviumque magistros (Ibid. 2. 33). nigri: cf. on 1. 21. 7. 
 
 12. placent : cf. C. S. 7. 
 
 14. pressum Calibus: cf. on 1. 20. 9 ; 1. 31. 9. ducere : cf. 
 1. 17. 22.
 
 BOOK IV., ODE XII. 437 
 
 16. merebere : fut. = colloquial imperative. nardo : cf . on 
 2. 11. 10. vina: cf. on 1. 18. 5. 
 
 17. eliciet suggests personification. Cf. 2. 11. 21 and descends 
 (3. 21. 7.) 
 
 18. We can only guess whether Horace bought or stored his 
 wine at the Sulpician vaults or storehouses, which later scholiasts 
 and inscriptions place at foot of the Aventine. 
 
 19. donare . . . largus: cf. Intr. , notes on syntax. 
 
 19-20. amara . . . curarum : cf. on 4. 4. 76. For thought, 
 cf. 3. 21. 17. 
 
 21. gaudia: cf. 4. 11. 14. properas : not physical hurry. Cf. 
 Sat. 1. 9. 40 ; Epp. 1. 3. 28. 
 
 2:2. merce continues the jest of merebere, if it is a jest. non 
 ego te : cf. 1. 18. 11 ; 4. 9. 30; 1. 23. 9. 
 
 23. immnnem : acrvn&o\ov, 'without paying your scot.' Cf. 
 Ter. Phorm. 339 ; Epist. 1. 14. 33, immunem Cinarae placutsse 
 rapaci. 
 
 24. tinguere : cf. Alcaeus' reyye irvfiiuovas olvtf, jSpe'xf"', madidus, 
 irriguus mero, 'a wet night,' and similar phrases. 
 
 24. plena : cf. 2. 12. 24. 
 
 25. verum : only here in odes. pone moras : cf . 3. 29. 5, 
 eripe te morae. 
 
 26. Cf. Lucretius, 3. 913-915 ; and Tennyson, Maud, ' O, why 
 should Love, like men in drinking songs, | Spice his fair banquet 
 with the dust of death?' nigrorum . . . ignium: the fires of 
 the funeral pyre are conventionally 'dark.' Cf. Verg. Aen. 11. 
 186 ; 2. 3. 16, fila atra; Lucretius, 2. 580, funeris atri. memor: 
 cf . Sat. 2. 6. 97 ; Martial, 2. 59. 4. dum licet : cf . Sat. 2. 6. 96 ; 
 Epist. 1. 11. 20; also, odes 2. 3. 15-16; 2. 11. 16. 
 
 27. consiliis : dat. For thought, cf. 3. 28. 4. 
 
 28. A familiar quotation, ' A little nonsense now and then | Is 
 relished by the wisest men.' in loco : kv xaip-f. Cf. Ter. Adelph. 
 216, pecuniam in loco neglegere.
 
 438 NOTES. 
 
 ODE XIII. 
 
 The old age of the wanton. The unpleasant theme of 1. 25 and 
 3. 15. For the motif, cf. Anth. Pal. 5. 21, 5. 27, 5. 271, 5. 273 ; 
 and Swinburne, ' The Complaint of the Fair Armouress,' after 
 Villon. 
 
 There is an imitation by Gilbert West in Dodsley's Poems, 2, 
 p. 318. 
 
 1-2. Lyce : perhaps meant for the Lyce of 3. 10, though line 21 
 is against it. For anaphora, cf. 3. 5. 18 ; 3. 11. 30 ; 4. 6. 37. 
 
 I. vota : sc. devotiones as 2. 8. 6. 
 4. ludis : cf. on 2. 12. 19 ; 3. 15. 5. 
 
 * 5. pota : cf. 3. 15. 16 n. 
 
 6. virentis: cf. 1. 9. 17 ; and, for contrast with aridas (9), cf. 
 on'l. 25. 17-19. et: Cf. 3. 11. 15. 
 
 7. doctae : cf . 3. 9. 10. Cliiae : cf . Delia and Lesbia, like- 
 wise named from places. 
 
 8. excubat : cf. on 3. 16. 3. in genis : cf. Jebb on Soph. 
 Antig. 783 ; Rom. and Jul. 5. 3, ' beauty's ensign yet | Is crimson 
 in thy lips and in thy cheeks. ' 
 
 9. importunus : a vague word ; not conducive, distressful, 
 ruthless. Cf. 3. 16. 37, and F. Q. 2. 6. 29, ' And with importune 
 outrage him assailed.' aridas: cf. on 2. 11. 6. transvolet: 
 "Epus . . . wa.pne-ra.rai (Callim. Ep. 32). 
 
 10. luridi: cf. livido dente (Epode 5. 47). 
 
 II. te : with both fugit and turpant. 
 
 12. capitis nives : Quintil. 8. 6. 17, censures the image as 
 far-fetched, sunt et durae, id est a longinqua similitudine ductae 
 translationes nt capitis nives. Cf. Anth. Pal. 6. 198, iro\icp yi.pai 
 vi<p6iJLtvov ; Catull. 64. 309, niveo . . . vertice; Ronsard, 'Ja cin- 
 quante et six ans ont neige" sur ma teste ' ; Carew, ' or if that 
 golden fleece must grow | Forever free from aged snow ' ; Donne, 
 ' Ride ten thousand days and nights | Till age snow white hairs on 
 thee ' ; Tenn. Pal. of Art., ' A hundred winters snowed upon his 
 breast | From cheek and throat and chin ' ; Herrick, 164, ' And 
 time will come when you shall weare | Such frost and snow upon 
 your haire. '
 
 BOOK IV., ODE XIV. 439 
 
 13. Coae : a costly gauzy silk affected by the demi-monde and 
 often alluded to by Roman poets. Cf. Sat. 1. 2. 101 ; Tibull. 2. 3. 56. 
 
 14. cari lapides : sc. gems. Cf. Ovid, A. A. 3. 129, can's aures 
 onerata lapillis. Others read clari. semel : cf. on 1. 24. 16. 
 
 14. notis condita : her years are known and irrecoverable. 
 
 16. volucris dies : cf. 3. 28. 6 ; and Eurip. Troad. 847, rZs 
 
 \tvKowrepov apepas. 
 
 17. venus: charm, grace. 
 
 18. illius, illius : cf . 3. 26. 6 ; ' Long, long ago ' ; Sappho, fr. 33, 
 ypapav . . . fffOev . . . ird\a.i irord ; ' For he is like to something I 
 remember | A great while since, a long, long time ago' (Ford). 
 
 19. spirabat: cf. on 4. 9. 10. 
 
 20. surpuerat : surripuerat, syncope. Cf. on 1. 36. 8 and Sat. 
 2. 3. 283. For thought, cf. Catull. 51. 6, eripit sensus mihi; and, 
 on a higher plane, Tennyson's ' Smote the chord of self that trem- 
 bling passed in music out of sight.' 
 
 21-22. The meaning seems to be, ' happy (as the reigning belle) 
 after (in lime or possibly order of precedence) Cinara (cf. on 4. 
 1. 4) and a face (beauty, aspect, " vision of delight ") well known, 
 too, for arts of pleasing.' For genitive, cf. on 2. 2. 6. 
 
 24. servatura . cf. on 2. 3. 4. 
 
 25. cornicis : cf. on 3. 17. 13. ut : we need not distinguish 
 purpose and result. fervidi : ' Let temple burn or flax : an equal 
 light | Leaps in the flame from cedar-plank or weed : | And love is 
 fire' (Sonnets from the Portuguese, 10). But Lyce is a burned- 
 out torch, 5a\As (Anth. Pal. 12. 41). Cf. Tenn. Merlin and Vivien, 
 ' the lists of such a beard | As youth gone out had left in ashes ' ; 
 Shaks. R. and Jul. 4. 1, 'The roses in thy lips and cheeks shall 
 fade | To paly ashes.' 
 
 27. non sine : cf. on 1. 23. 3. 
 
 28. dilapsam : delapsam would mean fallen into the ashes. 
 in cineres: cf. Vergil's considere in ignes (Aen. 2. 624 ; 9. 145). 
 
 ODE XIV. 
 
 Augustus, first in war. Under thy auspices Drusus has over- 
 thrown the fierce tribes of the Alps, and Tiberius descended upon 
 the Raeti as Auster descends on the storm waves or Aufidus in
 
 440 NOTES. 
 
 flood time on the fertile fields. For three lustres, since the day 
 when Alexandria opened to thee her harbor and her deserted 
 palaces, fortune has crowned with success all thy campaigns. All 
 the peoples of the earth bow beneath thy yoke, from India to 
 Britain, from the Nile to the Tigris and the Danube. 
 
 For the events alluded to, cf. 4. 4. Intr. and Sellar, p. 156-157. 
 There is an imitation, in the form of an ode to Queen Anne, in 
 Dodsley's Poems, 1, p. 69. 
 
 1. Poetic variation of the official formula, Senatus populusque 
 Bomanus. 
 
 2. plenis: iustis, adequate. honorum : both offices (1. 1.8) 
 and honorary decrees here. 
 
 3. in aevum : cf. on 3. 11. 35-36 ; Epist. 1. 3. 8. Augusts : 
 cf. on 1. 2. 52; 3. 3. 11 ; 3. 5. 3. 
 
 4. titulos: inscriptions. Cf. notis publicis (4. 8. 13). me- 
 moresque fastos : cf. on 3. 17. 4 ; Claudian, 1. 279, Longaque 
 perpetui ducent in saecula fasti. 
 
 5. Aeternet : ae(vi)ternet (with aevum as ludum ludere, 3. 
 29. 50), a rare archaic word. Cf. F. Q. 1. 10. 59, ' in the immortal 
 book of fame to be eternized ' ; Milton, ' their names eternize here 
 on earth ' ; Dante, ' Come 1'uoin si eterna.' 
 
 6-6. habitabiles . . . eras : y otKovufvij. 
 
 6. maxime principum: i.e. maxime princeps. Cf. on. 1. 2. 50. 
 7-9. quern . . . didicere . . . quod . . . posses: the Greek 
 
 construction, 'I know thee who thou art.' Cf. Tennyson's ' Hast 
 thou heard the butterflies, | What they say between their wings ? ' 
 
 7. legis expertes : i.e. as yet unsubdued. 
 
 8. didicere : cf. 4. 4. 25, sensere. 
 
 10. implacidum : first found here. genus : cf. Verg. Aen. 4. 
 40, Hinc Gaetulae urbes, genus insuperabile bello. 
 10-13. Cf. Crinagoras, Anth. Pal. 9. 283. 
 
 12. impositas : 3. 13. 14 ; Sat. 1. 5. 26 ; Epist. 2. 1. 253. 
 
 13. deiecit: a slight zeugma with Breunos and arces. Cf. 
 Epist. 2. 2. 30, praesidium regale loco deiecit. plus vice sim- 
 plici : lit. with requital more than one-fold, i.e. inflicting heavier 
 loss than he suffered. For plus, cf. Lex. s.v. multus II. A. 8. ; 
 for vice, cf. on 1. 28. 32. 
 
 14. maior Neronum = Tiberius, a nomen, ' quod versu dicere
 
 BOOK IV., ODE XIV. 441 
 
 non esf.' Cf. on 4. 4. 28 ; Cons, ad Liviam, 149, Nee quom victo- 
 rem referetur adesse Neronem, \ Dicere iam potero ' motor an alter 
 adest" 1 f mox : the attack of Tiberius from the north came a 
 little later. Cf. the description of the campaign in Veil. 2. 95, and 
 Dio, 54. 22. 
 
 15. immania : cf. 3. 4. 43 ; 3 11. 15. For their cruelty, cf. 
 Strabo, 4. 6. 8. 
 
 17-19. spectandus . . . fatigaret : cf. on 7-10. 
 
 17. Note absence of normal caesura. Cf. 1. 37. 14. 
 
 18. devota : cf. 3. 4. 27 ; 3. 23. 10 ; Wordsworth, ' the guardian 
 Pass, | Where stood, sublime, Leonidas | Devoted to the tomb.' 
 liberae suggests ' freely dying' and 'a freeman's death.' 
 
 20. indomitas: slightly personifies the waves. Literally, the 
 Raeti were not ' unsubdued,' but their tempers were as tameless as 
 the waves. prope seems a rather prosaic limitation. Cf. Sat. 2. 
 3. 268 ; Epist. 2. 2. 61 (?). Perhaps Horace is trying to reproduce 
 the Greek o-xeSoV n. 
 
 21. exercet : cf. Epod*. 9. 31 ; Milt. P. L. 2, 'Pain of unextin- 
 guishable fire | Must exercise us without hope of end.' Auster : 
 cf . 3. 3. 4. choro : cf . Propert. 4. 5. 36, Pleiadum spisso cur coit 
 igne chorus. 
 
 22. sciudente nubea : cf. Tennyson's ' When | Thro' scudding 
 drifts the rainy Hyades | Vext the dim sea.' 
 
 22-23. impiger . . . vexare : cf. on 4. 12. 19. 
 
 23. vexare : cf. 3. 2. 4. turmas : cf. 2. 16. 22. 
 
 24. per ignes : the fires of the burning villages, if the fire of 
 battle is thought too sudden a plunge into metaphor. Bentley read 
 per enses. Cf. Silius, 14, 175, per medios ignes mediosque per 
 enses. 
 
 25-28. Cf . Maeaulay, Regillus, 36, ' So comes the Po in flood- 
 time | Upon the Celtic plain ; ' Iliad, 5. 87 sqq. 
 
 25. tauriformia : ravponoppos. Cf. tnformis (3. 22. 5). Horace 
 avoids the picturesque compounds of Greek, English, and early 
 Latin poetry. Diespiter (\. 34. 5) , noctUucam (4. 6. 38) , homicidam 
 (Ep. 17. 12) are archaic or legal. Naiifrayus, locuples, and sacri- 
 legus were in common use. Otherwise he does not venture beyond 
 compounds with numerals or prepositions, e.g. centimanus (2. 17. 
 14). Greek art and poetry represent the genii of rivers with head
 
 442 NOTES. 
 
 and horns of a bull, symbolizing, perhaps, the roar of the rushing 
 stream. Cf. II. 21. 237, nfnvichs rivre ravpos ; Verg. Georg. 4. 371; 
 Jebb on Soph. Trach. 507. Aufidus : cf. 3. 30. 10 ; 4. 9. 2. 
 
 26. Dauni : cf. 1. 22. 14 ; 3. 30. 11. praefluit : cf. on 4. 3. 10. 
 It is on the boundary. 
 
 28. diluviem : cf. 3. 29. 40. meditatur : some Mss., mini- 
 tatur. 
 
 29. Claudius : Tiberius. Cf. on 14 supra, and Epist. 1. 3. 2. 
 29-30. Cf. Homer's eppri^e <t>d\ayyas, and Tennyson's 'clad in 
 
 iron burst the ranks of war.' 
 
 30. f errata may refer to the use of mail (cf. Lex. s.v. n.), or of 
 chains to hold the men together, or it may be loosely figurative. 
 
 31. metendo : cf. on 4. 11. 30. For image, cf. II. 11. 67, 
 19. 223 ; Catull. 64. 353-355 ; Verg. Aen. 10. 513 ; Aeschyl. Suppl. 
 637; Gray, The Bard, 'And thro' the kindred squadrons mow 
 their way ' ; Macaulay, Regillus, 23, ' Like corn before the sickle | 
 The stout Lavinians fell ' ; Swinburne, Erectheus, ' Sickles of man- 
 slaughtering edge | Ground for no hopeful harvest of live grain ' ; 
 Shaks. Tro. and Cress. 5. 5, 'And there the strawy Greeks ripe for 
 his edge | Fall down before him like the mower's swath.' 
 
 32. stravit : cf. 3. 17. 12. sine clade : majore cum perictdo 
 quam damno Bomani exercitus (Veil. 2. 95. 2). Cf. Shaks. Much 
 Ado, 1.1, 'A victory is twice itself when the achiever brings home 
 full numbers.' 
 
 33-34. I.e. (ductu) atque auspiciis tuis. Cf. on 1. 7. 27. 
 
 34. quo die : from the day when, rather than on the anniversary 
 of the day. Alexandria was taken and the civil wars ended B.C. 30, 
 in the month Sextilis, to which the name Augustus was given by 
 decree of the Senate B.C. 8. 
 
 36. vacuam : cf. on 1. 37. 25. Abandoned by death of Antony 
 and Cleopatra. 
 
 37. lustro . . . tertio : through three lustrums, perhaps, rather 
 than at the expiration of the third lustrum. This effect is helped 
 by the position of prospera between lustro and tertio. The con- 
 tinued favor of fortune through fifteen years is the point. pros- 
 pera : cf. on 4. 6. 39. 
 
 39-40. And has associated glory and honor to heart's desire 
 (optatum, coveted, 4. 8. 30 ; Epp. 2. 3. 412) with (to) the accom-
 
 BOOK IV., ODE XIV. 443 
 
 plishment of thy imperial commands. Arrogavit is virtually 
 equivalent to addidit ; its associations for a Roman, as well as those 
 of imperils, must be learned from the lexicon s.v. Others inter- 
 pret, ' and has now added this glory (the victory of Drusus) to 
 thy past achievements' (cf. C. S. 27). But Horace is done with 
 Drusus and is reviewing the reign. 
 
 40. arrogavit : cf. Epp. 2. 1. 35 ; 2. 3. 122. 
 
 41-52. The subject nations, victae longo online gentes (Verg. 
 Aen. 8. 722). For a similar imperial theme, cf. Oscar Wilde's 
 Ace Imperatrix, 'The brazen-throated clarion blows | Across the 
 Pathan's reedy fen, | And the high steeps of Indian snows | Shake 
 to the tread of armed men. . . . The fleet-foot Marri scout who 
 comes | To tell how he hath heard afar | The measured roll of 
 English drums | Beat at the gates of Kandahar.' 
 
 41. Cantaber : cf. 2. 6. 2 ; 3. 8. 22. non ante: 1. 29. 3. 
 
 42. profugus : cf. 1. 35. 9 ; 3. 24. 9. Medus : cf. on 1. 2. 22. 
 Indus : cf. Suet. Aug. 21 ; Mon. Ancyr. 5. 5. 
 
 43-44. Cf. Cons, ad Liv. 473; Martial, 5. 1. 7 (of Dornitian), 
 O rcmm felix tutela salusque. As Lucan says. 5. 385, Namque 
 omnes voces per quas jam tempore tanto \ mentimur dominis haec 
 primum repent aetas. Cf. on 3. 3. 11. 
 
 43. tutela: cf. 2. 17. 23; 4. 6. 33. praesens : cf. 1. 35. 2; 
 3. 5. 2. 
 
 44. dominae : cf. on 4. 3. 13, and Martial, 1. 3. 3 ; 10. 103. 9. 
 
 45. A commonplace of classical poetry. Tibull. 1. 7. 23 ; Lucan, 
 10. 193. Cf. Swift, Apollo's Edict, ' No simile shall be begun | 
 With rising or with setting sun, | And let the secret head of Nile | 
 Be ever banished from your isle.' 
 
 46. Nilus : the Aethiopians (Mon. Ancyr. 108). Hister: the 
 Dacians (4. 15. 21 ; Verg. Georg. 2. 497). Tigris : cf. on 2. 
 9. 21. 
 
 47. beluosus: cf. on 1. 3. 18; 3. 27. 26; Milton, Lycidas, 
 ' Where thou perhaps under the whelming tide | Visit'st the bottom 
 of the monstrous world.' Cf. Homer's fj.eya.Kiirris (Od. 3. 158), 
 commonly interpreted ' monster-teeming.' 
 
 48. obstrepit: 2. 18. 20; 3. 30. 10. Britannis : cf. on 1. 
 35. 30. 
 
 49. The Romans imagined that the teaching of the Druids kept
 
 444 NOTES. 
 
 the Gauls from fearing death. Cf. Caesar, B. G. 6. 14. 5 ; Lucan, 
 1. 459 ; Arnold on Celtic Lit. , p. 38. 
 
 51. Sygambri: cf. on 4. 2. 36. 
 
 52. Resembles, in metrical structure, 1. 9. 20. 
 
 ODE XV. 
 
 Augustus, first in peace and first in the hearts of his country- 
 men. When I would sing of wars, Phoebus rebuked me. (But I 
 may tell how) thy age, O Caesar, has brought back the harvests 
 to our fields, recovered our standards from the Parthians, curbed 
 licentious wickedness, and renewed the old Roman virtue that built 
 up the empire. No fear of civic strife or external foe disturbs us 
 now. But lingering over the wine with wife and child, after due 
 prayer to the gods, we will sing in old time fashion the great 
 captains of the past and the scion of Venus and Auchises. 
 
 The poem has been read as a continuation of the preceding. It 
 is, in any case, its complementary antithesis. It is ' 1'envoi ' to 
 Augustus, and affirms the fulfillment of the hopes expressed in 1. 2 
 and elsewhere, as 3. 24, 3. 1-6. 
 
 1-2. Cf. Verg. Eclog. 6. 3 ; Propert. 3. 3. 25. Lyra is probably 
 to be construed with loqui, as' the scholiasts take it. Cf. Quintil. 
 10. 1. 62, epici .carminis onera lyra sustinentem. The trajection is 
 harsh, but it would not be easy to find a better place for the word 
 in the two lines. Editors generally construe with increpmt, quot- 
 ing Ovid, A. A. 2. 493, Haec ego cum caiifrem subito manifestus 
 Apollo | movit inauratae pollice fila lyrae. But ' sounded at me on 
 his lyre' is an ill phrase. For thought, cf. on 1. 6. 5; 3. 3. 70; 
 Epp. 2. 1. 251 sqq. 
 
 3. For the metaphor, cf. Propert. 4. 2. 22 ; 4. 8. 4, quid me scri- 
 bendi tarn vastum mittis in aequor? \ Non sunt apta meac grandia 
 vela mti ; Verg. Georg. 2. 41 ; Ovid. Trist. 2. 329 ; .Shaks. Sonnet, 
 86, ' Was it the proud full sail of his great verse ? ' Dante's ' la 
 navicella del mio ingegno' ; and Cowley's quaint Piudarique Ode 
 to Mr. Hobbes, ' The Baltic, Euxine, and the Caspian, | And slen- 
 der-limbed Mediterranean | Seemed narrow creeks to thee and 
 only fit | For the poor wretched fisher-boats of wit. | Thy nobler 
 vessel the vast ocean tried' ; Boileau, Epitre I., Au lioi, ' Cette
 
 BOOK IV., ODE XV. 445 
 
 mer ou tu cours est celebre en naufrages,' etc. Tyrrhenum : cf. 
 on 1. 16. 4. 
 
 5. Cf. on 4. 5. 17-18. Observe polysyndeton of et, correspond- 
 ing to anaphora of non in lines 19-24. 
 
 6. The recovery, by Augustus' diplomacy in B.C. 20, of the 
 standards lost to the Parthians by Crassus at Carrhae (cf . 3. 5. 6 ; 
 3. 6. 9) was regarded as a triumph by the court poets. Cf. August. 
 in Mon. Ancyr. 40 ; Epp. 1. 18. 66, 1. 12. 27 ; Verg. Aen. 7. 606, 
 Purthosque rcposcere signa; Propert. 4. 4. 48. nostro . . . 
 lovi : i.e. Jupiter Capitolinus. So Propert. 4. 10. 41, ausa Jovi 
 nostro latrantem opponere Anubim. Cf. 3. 5. 12. The standards 
 were afterwards deposited in the temple of Mars Ultor, dedicated 
 B.C. 2. Cf. Mon. Ancyr. 5, 40, and supra on 1. 2. 44. 
 
 8. vacuum : proleptic. duellis : cf . on 3. 5. 38. 
 
 9. lanum Quirini : apparently an intentional variation of the 
 official phrase lanum Quirinum. Cf. on 3. 6. 42. For two-headed 
 Janus, the god of gates and beginnings, cf. Class. Diet. s.v. The 
 gates of the covered arcade passage near the Forum, commonly 
 called the temple of Janus, were closed only in time of peace by 
 the institution of Numa. Cf. Livy, 1. 19. 2. They were shut once 
 
 . in the reign of Numa, once at the end of the first Punic war, and 
 thrice by Augustus, in 725, 729, 746. Suet. Oct. 22 ; Mon. Ancyr. 
 2. 42; Verg. Aen. 7. 607, 1. 294; Ovid, Epist. Ex Ponto, 1. 2. 126, 
 clausit et aeterna civica bella sera. 
 
 10. evaganti: cf. Lex. s.v. II. frena: cf. on 3. 24. 29, and 
 Sat. 2. 7. 74, lam vaga prosiliet frenis natura remotis. 
 
 12. artes : cf. on 3. 3. 9 ; and, for thought, Verg. Georg. 2. 532- 
 535, and Gratian, Cyneget. 320 sqq. 
 
 13-14. Note the three stages of the growth of, the empire. 
 
 13. nomen : cf. on. 3. 3. 45. 
 
 14. imperi: cf. on 1. 2. 26. 
 
 15. maiestas is more than majesty. Cf. Lex. s.v. 1. 2. 
 ortus : some read ortum. Cf. 3. 27. 12. 
 
 16. Cf. Sail. Cat. 36 ; Dion. Chrysost. orat. 1, p. 13, cwr' &vl- 
 ffXovros r)\iov (ifX.pi Suopfvov iracrrjj i}px e "YQS- 
 
 17-18. Cf. on 3. 14. 15. 
 
 17. custode : cf. 4. 5. 2. 
 
 18. exiget : used normally of persons (cf. 2. 13. 31), slightly
 
 446 NOTES. 
 
 personifies. Some read eximet. For personification in procudit, 
 cf. Aeschyl. Choeph. 647 ; Soph. Ajax, 1034. 
 
 19. ira : cf. 1. 16. 
 
 20. inimicat : new coinage of Horace, as apprecati, 28. 
 
 21. qui . . . bibunt : cf. on 2. 20. 20 ; Crinagoras, Anth. Pal. 
 16. 61,5, olSev 'Apdr]s \ Kal 'Pijvos, Sov\ois fOveffi wiv6^voL. 
 
 22-24. Cf. C. S. 51-56. 
 
 22. edicta . . . lulia : the ordinances of Augustus ; not to be 
 taken technically, though it suggests the legis luliae. Getae : cf. 
 3. 24. 11. 
 
 23. Seres: cf. 1. 12. 56. Fersae: cf. 1. 2. 22. infidi : cf. 
 perfide Albion, Graecia mendax, Punica fides, Parthis mendacior 
 (Epp. 2. 1. 112), perfidus Hannibal (4. 4. 49), and similar inter- 
 national amenities. 
 
 24. The Scythians. 
 
 25. uosque : emphatic. profestis : cf. Sat. 2. 2. 116, profesta 
 luce ; working days plus holidays are all days. 
 
 26. Cf. on 4. 5. 31-32. munera Liberi : cf. 1. 18. 7. iocosi : 
 cf. 3. 21. 15. 
 
 29-32. It was the policy of Augustus to foster the sentiment of 
 historic patriotism. Cf. Suet. Aug. 31, and supra on 3. 1-6. 
 
 29. virtute functos : a variation on vita functus, laboribus 
 functus (2. 18. 38). Cf. aevoftmctus (2. 9. 13). more patrum: 
 cf. Cic. Tusc. 1. 3, est in Originibus (Cato's Origins) solitos esse 
 in epulis canere convicas ad tibicinem de clarorum hominum 
 mrtutibus. 
 
 30. Lydis : perhaps ' soft Lydian airs ' suited the wine (cf. 
 Plato, Rep. 398 E), perhaps the epithet is used merely for poetic 
 specification. remixto : a rare word. Cf. A. P. 151, ver is falsa 
 remiscet. 
 
 31. almae : cf. 4. 5. 18; Lucretius, 1.2, alma Venus. 
 
 32. progeniem : sc. Augustus. Cf. 4. 5. 1, and C. S. 50.
 
 CAKMEN SAECULABE. 
 
 The student will find in Harper's Classical Dictionary, s.v. Ludi 
 21, a practically sufficient account of the origins of the Secular 
 games, their revival and transformation by Augustus, B.C. 17, in 
 somewhat tardy celebration of the establishment of the empire and 
 the ceremonies of the festival as described by the historian Zosimus 
 and the Sibylline oracle. These ceremonies are more accurately 
 known from the official inscription discovered in Rome, September, 
 
 1890. It has been edited by Mommsen, Monumenti Antichi . . . 
 della Reale Accademia dei Lincei, 1891 ; Ephemeris Epigraphica, 
 
 1891, pp. 222-274. It is interestingly discussed by Lanciani, 
 Atlantic Monthly, February, 1892 ; Moramsen, die Nation, Decem- 
 ber, 1891 ; Gaston Boissier, Revue des Deux Mondes, March 1, 
 1892; Professor Slaughter, Transactions of the American Philo- 
 logical Association, 1895. 
 
 Carmen composuit Q. Hor[at] ius Flaccus are the words that 
 chiefly concern us. Horace was thus virtually recognized as the 
 laureate of the new empire, a position won by such odes as 1. 2 ; 
 1. 12 ; 3. 1-6 ; and sustained by 4. 4, 5, 14, and 15. Something 
 of his pride in this official recognition is reflected in 4. 6. 25-44, 
 and 4. 3. The poem itself is an extremely polished formal official 
 production marked by the dignity and by something of the stark 
 rigidity of the tables of the old law. The vague mystic humanitarian 
 inspirations which Vergil's fourth eclogue (circa B.C. 40) draws 
 from the thought of the world's great age beginning anew are 
 wholly wanting. From Vergil, however, is derived the one central 
 poetic idea (37 sqq.) standing out amid the prescribed formulas of 
 the ritual the idea of the imperial destiny of Rome embodied in 
 the recently published Aeneid. To be just we must remember the 
 
 447
 
 448 NOTES. 
 
 ceremonial character of the poem, composed, not to "be studied in 
 the closet, but to be chanted before a vast concourse in the open 
 air. Horace's unfailing tact recognized that the austere simplicity 
 of Roman ritualistic language was more consonant with the dignity 
 of the occasion, than any. elaborate prettiness of phrase, or imita- 
 tion of the splendid lyric diction of the Greeks that it was in his 
 power to achieve. 
 
 The sapphics are finished with the utmost care. Notable is the 
 frequent lilt of the feminine caesura, 11. 1, 14, 15, 18, 19, 35, 39, etc. 
 
 The poem was sung on the third and last day of the festival 
 before the temple of Apollo on the Palatine. Sacrijicioque per- 
 fecto pueri [X~\XVII quibus denuntiatum erat patrimi et matrimi 
 [whose fathers and mothers were still living] et puellae totidem 
 carmen cecinerunt ; eodemque modo in Capitolio. The natural 
 meaning of the last words is that the rendering of the ode was 
 repeated on the Capitol. There has been some idle debate as to 
 whether the repetition was prearranged or an encore. Mommsen 
 chooses to suppose that the ode was sung as the procession moved 
 from the Palatine to the Capitol and back ; and exercises his 
 ingenuity in determining the precise point at which each group of 
 stanzas was chanted. The distribution of the strophes between the 
 youths, the maidens, and the ensemble has been endlessly debated. 
 
 1. Phoebe : Actian and Palatine Apollo, the patron deity of the 
 emperor and the empire, is fittingly invoked first. Cf. 1. 31. 1. n.; 
 1. 21 ; 3. 4. 60 sqq. silvarum potens : cf. 1. 21. 5. n. ; 1. 3. 1. n. 
 
 2. caeli decus : as sun and moon, cf. 9, 36 ; Verg. Aen. 9. 405, 
 Astrorum decus et nemorum Latonia custos ; Sen. Hippol. 408. 
 
 2-3. colendi . . . culti : a worshipful fullness of expression. 
 Cf. Ov. Met. 8. 350, si te coluique coloque ; ibid. 726 ; Odes 4. 2. 38, 
 donavere . . . dabunt; Epp. 1. 1. 1., prima dicte mihi summaque 
 dicende Camena. 
 
 5. quo: with dicere (8). Sibyllini : cf. Harper's Class. Diet. 
 s.v. Sibyllae. The old collections which Tarquin was said to have 
 bought of the Sibyl were burned with the Capitol, B.C. 83. Augustus 
 as Pontifex, B.C. 12, deposited a revised collection in the temple of 
 Apollo Palatinus. The extant collections are late forgeries. The
 
 CARMEN SAECULARE. 449 
 
 thirty-seven Greek hexameter verses prescribing the order of the 
 ceremonies preserved in Zosiuius were compiled or invented by 
 the scholars who organized the festival for Augustus. They fix the 
 safculum as 110 years (see 1. 21), and an attempt was made to show 
 that this period had been observed four times. Claudius, however, 
 adopting 100 years, repeated the celebration in A.D. 47, and 41 
 years later Domitian again summoned the people to the spectacle, 
 ' which no living man had seen or would ever see again.' 
 
 6. lectas . . . castos : both epithets felt with each noun. Cf. 
 4. 6. 31. 
 
 7. dls : the guardian deities generally, 0eo?s iro\io6xi*- sep- 
 tem : Verg. Georg. 2. 535 ; Martial, 4. 64. 11, septem dominos videre 
 monies; Macaulay, Regillus, 38, 'Hail to the hill-tops seven.' 
 placuere : were and still are dear. Cf. 3. 4. 24, 4. 12. 12 ; Propert. 
 4. 10. 64, Haec, di condiderunt, haec di quoque moenia servant. 
 
 9-10. Alme : cf. 4. 7. 7. Sol : *o?os '\ic6\\a>v \ oart Kal 
 r^Aio? KiK\-f]ffKfrat, the Orac. 16. curru . . . celas : cf. 3. 6. 
 44. n. Also Mayor on Cic. Nat. Deor. 2. 19. 49 ; Jebb on Soph. 
 Ajax, 674. 
 
 10. alius et idem : similarly Catullus, 62. 34-35, of Venus, 
 identical as morning star and evening star. 
 
 12. visere : sc. in thy course; but cf . 1. 2. 8. n. mains: cf. 
 Verg. Aen. 7. 602, maxima rerum ] Roma; Goethe, Elegien XV., 
 ' Hohe Sonne du weilst und du beschauest dein Rom. | Grosseres 
 sahest du nichts und wirst nichts grosseres sehen, | Wie es dein 
 Priester Horaz in der Entziickung versprach.' 
 
 13-14. rite: fulfilling thine office. aperire . . . lends : cf. 1. 
 24. 17. n. ; lenis is included in the prayer (cf. fertilis 29, and 3. 2. 2) 
 and is felt again with the imperative tuere. 
 
 14. Ilithyia : the birth goddess identified with Juno Lucina 
 (15) ; cf. Lex. and Class. Diet. s.v. According to the inscription, 
 consecrated cakes were offered, Deis Ilythyis, on the second night. 
 
 Cf. Orac. 9, f.l\ei6uias dpeVa<r#ai | TraidordKovs. 
 
 15-16. sive . . . seu: the scrupulous care of the ancient religion 
 to propitiate the god by the apt epithet is reflected in this usage of 
 the poets. Cf. Aesch. Ag. 160; Catull. 34. 21, sis quocumque tibi 
 placet | sancta nomine ; Milt. P. L. 3. 7, ' or hear'st thou rather,' 
 etc. ; Sat. 2. 6. 20, Seu lane libentius audis.
 
 450 NOTES. 
 
 16. Genitalis : only here as name ; perhaps imitation of ftve- 
 
 TV\\IS. 
 
 17-20. Pure prose. producas : rear, as Kovporp6<t>os. Cf . 2. 
 13. 3. subolem: 4. 3. 14; 3. 13. 8. patrum . . . decreta : 
 the lex lulia de maritandis ordinibus, B.C. 18, encouraged marriage 
 and imposed pains and penalties on celibacy. Horace, a bachelor 
 of fifty, celebrates it with a somewhat artificial ardor. Cf. Meri- 
 vale, 4. 39, Chap. 33 ; Suet. Aug. 34 ; Livy, Epit. 59 ; Dio. 54. 16. 
 Cf. 3. 6. 
 
 18. super : cf. Lex. s.v. II. B. 2. b. 
 
 20. lege marita : so Propert. 5. 11. 33, facibus maritis, the torch 
 of marriage. 
 
 21-24. 'That so this festival may not fail (certus) to be kept by 
 joyous throngs at each returning saeculum of 110 years ' is the 
 meaning. 
 
 22. orbis : cycle. referatque: cf. 1. 30. 6. n. 
 
 24. frequentes : with ludos. Certus and frequentes emphasize 
 by position the main idea. 
 
 25. veraces : cf. 2. 16. 39. n. ; Catull. 64. 306 ; Arnold, Myce- 
 rinus, ' Fell this dread voice from lips that cannot lie, | Stern 
 sentence of the Powers of Destiny.' cecinisse : an extreme case 
 of complementary inf. with adjectives. Parcae: 2. 17. 16. n.; 
 2. 3. 15. n. The sacrifices of the first night were to them. Cf. 
 the Orac. 9, Upa. . . . Motpais &pvas re Kal alyas. The Moerae were 
 originally birth-goddesses. Cf. Pind. Nem. 7. 1 ; Arnold's ' He 
 does well too who keeps the clue the mild | Birth-goddess and the 
 austere Fates first gave. ' 
 
 26. quod semel dictumst = fatum (cf. 3. 3. 57-58. n.), in 
 this case the 'manifest destiny of Rome.' Cf. Verg. Aen. 1. 257, 
 manent immota tuorum fata tibi, etc. semel : cf. 4. 3. 1 ; 1. 24. 
 16. n. 
 
 26-27. rerum terminus : cf. Verg. Aen. 4. 614, hie terminus 
 haeret. The phrase suggests the god Terminus whose refusal to 
 yield to Jupiter "was taken as an omen of the stability of Roman 
 power. Livy, 1. 55; Ov. Fast. 2. 667. 
 
 27. servet : sudden, somewhat illogical transition to prayer 
 that the fate be accomplished. Servat is also read. peractis: 
 4. 14. 39.
 
 CARMEN SAECULARE. 451 
 
 20. fertilis fmgum : so Livy, 5. 34. 2, Gallia . . . frugum 
 hominumque fertilis fuit. Cf. 4. 6. 39; and, for the blessings 
 invoked, cf. Aesch. Suppl. 689-692; Eumen. 924-926, 938 sqq.; 
 Psalms 94. 13. tellus : a black sow was offered to Terra Mater 
 on the third night. 
 
 30. spicea . . . corona : cf. AT/O? T# in-axvoffTetyavy, Anth. 
 Pal. 6. 104. 8 ; Cf. Tibull. 1. 1. 15, flam Ceres tibi sit nostro de 
 rure corona \ Spicea. (At the Ambarvalia, see Pater, Marius, 
 Chap. I.) Cf. Warton, First of April, 'Fancy . . . sees Ceres 
 grasp her crown of corn | And Plenty load her ample horn ' ; 
 Hamlet, 5. 2, 'As Peace should still her wheaten garland wear.' 
 
 31-32. cf. Catull. 62. 41, (flos) quern mulcent aurae, firmat sol, 
 educat imber. lovis : cf. 1. 1. 25. n.; Epode 2. 29. fetus: i.e. 
 crops. 
 
 33-34. condito . . . telo . . . Apollo : not showering the shafts 
 of pestilence as in Hoiner, II. 1. 45 sqq., but gracious and benign 
 as represented in his Palatine temple. Cf. 2. 10. 19 ; 3. 4. 60. 
 
 35. siderum regina : cf. 1. 12. 47. n. bicornis : cf. 4. 2. 57 ; 
 Anth. Pal. 5. 123, SiKtptas 2eATjj>*? ; ibid. 5. 16, xP' JffOK ^P (as '> Milt. 
 P. L. 1, ' Astoreth, whom the Phoenicians call'd | Astarte, queen 
 of heaven, with crescent horns.' 
 
 37-44. si : cf. 3. 18. 5. If, as the Aeneid had recently brought 
 home to every Roman, the world-empire of Rome was a divine 
 dispensation, the gods should cherish their own handiwork. 
 
 38. litus Etruscum : i.e. Lavinia litora. tenuere : won 
 (their way to). 
 
 39. iussa pars : and if it was by divine command that a part of 
 them. Cf. Verg. Aen. 4. 346, Italiam Lyciae iussere capessere 
 sortes. pars: i.e. the companions of Aeneas; apposition with 
 turmae. 
 
 41. per ardentem: cf. Verg. Aen. 7. 296, mediosque per ignes 
 invenere viam. sine fraude : cf . 2. 19. 20. n. 
 
 42. castus: i.e. plus. Cf. incestus, 3. 2. 30. patriae : so 
 mihi, Epode 5. 101. 
 
 43. munivit : cf. Lex. s.v. munire, II. B.; Lucret. 5. 102. 
 daturas : cf. 2. 3. 4. n. 
 
 44. plura relictis : Rome is more than Troy. Cf. Propert. 
 5. 1. 87, Dicam, Troia cades, et Troica Roma resurges.
 
 452 NOTES. 
 
 45-46. docili and placidae are proleptic. 
 
 47. Romulae : cf. 4. 5. 1. n. ; 1. 15. 10, Dardanae. pro- 
 lemque : hypermetron the cup runs over. 
 
 49. quaeque : object of veneratur, construerl as verb of asking. 
 Cf. Sat. 2. 6. 8 ; Cic. Fam. 6. 7. 2. bobus . . . albis : white 
 .bulls were sacrificed by Augustus and Agrippa to Jupiter Capito- 
 linus on the first clay, white cows to Juno Regina on the second. 
 Cf. the Orac. 12. For white bulls as victims, cf. Verg. Aen. 2. 
 146 ; Macaulay, Horatius, 7 ; Capys, 29 ; Epode 9. 22. 
 
 50. Anchisae: 4. 15. 31. sanguis: 4. 2. 14. 
 
 51-52. Perhaps meant as a quotation of the famous parcere sub- 
 jectis, etc. (Verg. Aen. 6. 853). With the following, cf. Aen. 6. 792. 
 With iam, etc., 54 sqq., a favorable answer to the prayer is assumed. 
 
 53-56. Cf. 4. 14. 41-52. n. ; 4. 15. 6-8, 20-24. The civil wars 
 are ignored. 
 
 54. Albanas : i.e. Roman. Cf. Verg. Aen. 1. 7. 
 
 55. Scythae: cf. 2. 9. 23; 4. 14. 42; 3. 8. 23. responsa 
 petunt : as from a god, an oracle, or declarer of the law. Cf. 
 Verg. Eel. 1. 45 ; Aen. 7. 86, Hinc Italae gentes . . . in dnbiis 
 rcsponsa petunt. 
 
 57-60. The empire means peace, plenty, and the old Roman 
 virtues. Cf. 4. 5. 17 ; 4. 15. 5, 10-13. 
 
 57. Fides, etc.: cf. 1. 24. 6-7. n. ; 1. 35. 21. Pax : Peace had 
 an altar at Athens, and is called fairest of the gods by Euripides 
 (Orest. 1682). Honor: Marcellus dedicated a temple Honori et 
 Virtuti (Livy, 27. 25). 
 
 68. priscus: Verg. Aen. 6. 879, heu prisca fides. 
 
 60. copia: cf. 1. 17. 14. n.; Epp. 1. 12. 28. 
 
 61-75. Concluding prayer to Apollo, prophet, musagetes, and 
 healer, and to Diana. 
 
 61. augur: cf. 1. 2. 32. fulgente: with silver (II. 1. 37) or 
 gold (Pind. O. 14. 10). 
 
 62. Cf. Arnold, Empedocles, ' 'Tis Apollo comes leading | His 
 choir the nine.' 
 
 63-64. Cf. 1. 21. 13-14. 
 
 65. si : if, as he surely does. aequus : cf. 1. 28. 28 ; 1. 2. 47. n. 
 arces : so most Mas. Others, aras of the special altars on which 
 the sacrifices were offered before the temple.
 
 CARMEN SAECULARE. 453 
 
 66. rem Romanam : cf. Verg. Georg. 2. 498, res Romanae; 
 Enmus, Ann. 479, qui rem Romanam Latiumque augescere voltis. 
 felix : the prosperity of Latium. Others take it with lustrum. 
 
 67. lustrum : cf. 2. 4. 24. The imperium conferred on Augustus 
 for ten years, B.C. 27 (cf. on 1. 2), was renewed. B.C. 17, for five 
 years. semper: i.e. from lustrum to lustrum. Cf. Tibull. 1. 
 7. 63, At tu natalis mnltos celebrande per annos \ candidior semper 
 candidiorque veni ; Ov. Fast. 1. 87. 
 
 68. prorogat : there is good Ms. authority for the subjunctive, 
 but not in 70 and 71. The chorus no longer implore but feel the 
 presence of the deity. Cf. Epp. 2. 1. 134. The que of remque (66) 
 does not connect videt and prorogat. 
 
 69. Aventinum : for the great Latin temple of Diana there, cf. 
 Livy, 1. 45. Algidum : 1. 21. 6. 
 
 70. quindecim, etc. : the quindecimviri sacris faciundis were 
 one of the four great priestly colleges of Rome. They stood to the 
 foreign religions much as the Pontiffs to the national cult. They 
 were said to have been instituted by Tarquin to guard the Sibyl- 
 line verses (cf. Verg. Aen. 6. 72). They took charge of the cere- 
 monies under the presidency of Augustus and Agrippa. Pro 
 conlegio XV virorum magister conlega -M. Agrippa ludos saeculares 
 fed (Mon. Ancyr. 4. 36). 
 
 71. puerorum : includes the girls. Cf. Naevius' Cereris puer 
 Proserpina. 
 
 73-74. haec . . . sentire : depends on spem reporto. For 
 reporto sing., as in Greek chorus, cf. 4. 6. 41. n. 
 75. doctus : cf. 4. 6. 43.
 
 EPODES. 
 
 Epode in later Greek meant the shorter verse, or iambic dimeter, 
 of an Archilochian couplet following as a refrain the longer iambic 
 trimeter (cf. Liddell and Scott s.v.). The grammarians gave the 
 "name to these poems of Horace composed mainly in thai measure. 
 Horace himself called them iambi with reference botn to the pre- 
 vailing iambic meter and the satirical tone (lan&tKi) iSea. Cf. Od. 
 1. 16. 3, 24. n.; Epod. 14. 7 ; Epp. 1. 19. 23). 
 
 They seem to have been written in the decade following Philippi, 
 B.C. 41-31, and were published contemporaneously with the second 
 book of Satires about B.C. 30 (cf. Epode 9 with Ode 1. 37). They 
 have little of the mellow charm of the Odes, but are of interest as 
 enabling us to watch the origin and growth of Hoi ace's lyric style. 
 Odes 1. 4 and 4. 7 are composed in an Archilochian epodic measure, 
 and Epodes 1, 9, 13, and 14 would be equally in place among the 
 odes of the first book. Epodes 2 and 16 display a youthful exuber- 
 ance of expression which Horace's maturer judgment would have 
 pruned. The harsh and sometimes indecent invective of 4, 5, 6, 8, 
 10, 12, 17 may reflect Horace's mood in the h'ard years of his early 
 manhood when he was still seeking his way, or it may be merely a 
 scholastic imitation of tha manner of Archilochus. 
 
 EPODE I. 
 
 To Maecenas about to accompany Augustus in the campaign of 
 Actium. Maecenas probably was not present at Actium, but 
 returned from Brundisium to take charge of the government of 
 Italy (cf. Sen. Epist. 114. 6 ; Dio. 51. 3). The author of the Eleg. 
 in Maec. (45) however affirms Maecenas' presence at the battle, 
 
 454
 
 EPODE I. 455 
 
 and the vividness of Epode 9 is sometimes alleged as proof that 
 Horace was with him. 
 
 Horace, though unapt for war, will accompany his friend. He 
 will fear less so. No hope of gain impels him. Maecenas' bounty 
 has already filled his cup to overflowing. 
 
 1. ibis: can it be that, etc. So Tibull. 1. 3. 1, Ibitis Aegaeas 
 sine me, Messalla, per undas. Liburnis : abl. instr. The light 
 Liburnian galleys of Octavian are contrasted with the ponderous 
 battlemented ships of Antony in all descriptions of the battle. Cf. 
 Verg. Aen. 8. 691 ; Merivale, 3. 252 ; Shaks. Ant. and Cleop. 3. 7, 
 ' Their ships are yare, yours heavy.' 
 
 4. tuo : sc. periculo, i.e. to share. 
 
 5. te . . . super stite alone is a sufficient condition for the con- 
 clusion quibus vita iucunda ; but the formula si contra used to 
 avoid the ill-omened te mortuo introduces the parallel si which 
 must be completed in thought by est or vivitur. For the senti- 
 ment, cf. 2. 17. 5-9 ; Catull. 68. 160, Lux mea, qua viva vivere 
 dulce mihi est. 
 
 7. utnunne : is said not to occur before Horace. iussi : 
 submissively, as you bid. persequemur : yield myself to 
 idleness, seek ease. Cf. Cic. de Off. 3. 1, otium perseque- 
 mur. otium: Verg. Georg. 4. 564, studiis florentem ignobi- 
 lis oti. 
 
 9-10. laturi (sumus ?) : 'Or shall we with such spirit share | 
 Thy toils, as men of gallant heart should bear?' (Martin). 
 If the ellipsis of sumus is thought too harsh, we may insert 
 a comma after laborem and construe it with persequemur by a 
 slight zeugma. 
 
 12. inhospitalem . . . Caucasum : cf. 1. 22. 6. n. For thought, 
 cf. 2. 6. 1. 
 
 13. sinum : cf. Verg. Georg. 2. 122, India . . . extremi sinus 
 orbis. 
 
 15. roges: A. G. 310. b; H. 507. III. 1. labore : laborem of 
 the Mss. violates the meter. 
 
 16. Homer's dirrJAeyuos Kal &va\Kts. But firmus parum refers to 
 his health. 
 
 18. qui: sc. metus. maior: adverbially.
 
 456 NOTES. 
 
 19. adsidens: the brooding bird need not be actually on the nest. 
 
 20. aerpentium adlapsus : II. 2. 308 ; Aesch. Sept. 290 ; Mos- 
 chus, 4. 21 ; Verg. Aen. 2. 225, lapsu . . . dracones. 
 
 21. relictis: dat. Cf. Verg. Aen. 2. 729, comitiqne onerique 
 timentem ; or abl. abs. ut adsit: concessive, even if she were 
 with them. A. G. 266. c; G. L. 608 ; H. 515. III. 
 
 22. latura: cf. 2. 3. 4. n. praesentibus : cumulative resump- 
 tion of adsit by frequent Latin usage. Plaut. Pseud. 1142 ; Ter. 
 Adelph. 393 ; Verg. Aen. 4. 83. 
 
 23-24. militabitur bellum : cf. 3. 19. 4,pugnata bella. 
 
 25-28. Cf. 1. 31. 3-5. nitantur : 'the ox toils through the 
 furrow,' suggesting the richness of the loamy soil. meis : the 
 main idea. mutet : 1. 16. 26; 1. 17. 2. 
 
 29-30. Perhaps a contrast is suggested between the heights of 
 Tusculum crowned with the villas of Cicero, Lucullus, Hortensius, 
 etc., and the poet's humbler retreat, 'Folded in Sabine recesses the 
 valley and villa of Horace' (dough). The villas of Frascati still 
 gleam white against the dark foliage. Cf . Hare, Days Near Rome. 
 Circaea : founded by Telegonus, sou of Circe and Ulysses. Cf. 
 3. 29. 8. 
 
 31. satis superque: cf. 17. 19; Sat. 2. 6. 4, nil amplhis oro. 
 benignitas : generosity. The Sabine farm, ' the fittest gift ever 
 made by a liberal man of fortune to a needy man of parts,' was 
 given to the poet by Maecenas about B.C. 34, the time of the publi- 
 cation of the first book of Satires. To the dignity and the tran- 
 quillity it brought into Horace's life we probably owe the Odes. 
 Horace describes it lovingly, Epp. 1. 16. 1-17, and often contrasts 
 his beloved retreat with the smoke and din and fever of Rome. 
 Cf. Sat. 2. 6. 1-4 ; Epp. 1. 10. 8 ; 1. 14. 1 ; 1. 7. 1-15 ; Odes, 1. 17 ; 
 1. 22. 9 ; 2. 16. 37 ; 2. 18. 14 ; 3. 1. 47 ; 3. 4. 22 ; 3. 13 ? ; 3. 18 ; 
 3. 29. There is an interesting account of it in Blackwood's 
 Horace for English readers (Martin), p. 69. Cf. also Gaston 
 Boissier's delightful chapter in his ' Nouvelles Promenades Arch- 
 fiologiques.' 
 
 32. paravero : note exactness of Latin tense. The acquisition 
 must precede the use. 
 
 33. Chi ernes : apparently the typical miser of some comedy not 
 extant.
 
 EPODE II. 457 
 
 34. disciiictus : for ' IOOSP airdk d ' metaphorically as ' dissolute ' 
 cf. Sulla's warning about Caesar, Sueton. Caes. 45, ut male prae- 
 cinctum puerum caverent. perdam : some Mss. read perdam ut. 
 
 EPODE II. 
 
 The praise of country life in the manner of Vergil (Georg. 
 2. 458 sqq. ), with touches resembling, if not suggested by, the 
 idyllic passages in Aristophanes (Pax, 569 ; N}<roj, 1). 'The pro- 
 fusion of detail is a mark of Horace's earlier muse ' (Sellar) ; but 
 the poem is very beautiful, and is converted into a satire only by 
 the Heinesque surprise at the close. Cf. Sellar, p. 126-127. 
 
 It has been often imitated or translated. Cf. Tibull. 1.1; 
 Martial, 1. 49, in same meter; also 3. 58; Ben Jonson. The 
 Forest. 3 ; Works, Vol. 3, p. 264 ; ibid. Vol. 3, p. 384. A transla- 
 tion is appended to Cowley's Essay of Agriculture. There are 
 also translations by Dryden (Johnson's Poets, 9. 160), and by 
 Somervile (ibid. 11. 208). Cf. Herrick, 106, 663, The Country 
 Life ; Klopstock, Der Kamin. 
 
 1. beatus : cf. .Pope, Solitude, ' Happy the man whose wish 
 and care | A few paternal acres bound ' ; Verg. Georg. 2. 458, 
 fortunatos nimiurn, etc. procul negotiis : diraAAa7eWa r<a JCT' 
 ayopav irpaynarcav, Aristoph. Nijffot ; ' Far from the madding crowd's 
 Ignoble strife.' 
 
 2. prisca : cf. 3. 21. 11; 'Like the first gplden mortals' 
 (Cowley) ; Hunc olim veteres vitam coluere Sabini (Verg. Georg. 
 2. 532). 
 
 3. exercet : Verg. Georg. 1. 99, exercetque frequens tellurem, 
 atque imperat arms. Cf. 4. 14. 21. 
 
 4: He is neither a borrower nor a lender. Anticipatory hint 
 of 67. 
 
 5. Nor a soldier. Cf. Verg. Georg. 2. 539 ; Tibull. 1. 1. 4, Martia 
 cm sornnos classica pulsa fugent. 
 
 6. horret: cf. 1. 1. 15-17 ; Sat, 1. 1. 6. 
 
 7. forum : law and politics. Verg. Georg. 2. 501, nee ferrea 
 iura \ insanuiitquc furttm aut populi tabularia vidit.
 
 458 NOTES. 
 
 7-8. superba . . . limina : the morning salutatio of the rich 
 patron, which Vergil describes so magnificently (Georg. 2. 461), 
 and Martial found so burdensome. 
 
 9. ergo : and so, being free. adulta : after three years' 
 growth. propagine : sets, layers, slips. Cf. Lex. s.v. 
 
 10. alias : the tall slim branchless poplar (II. 4. 482) and the 
 elm were especially suited for this. maritat: cf. on 2. 15. 4; 
 4. 5. 30 ; Cato, R. R. 32, arbores facito ut bene maritae sint. 
 
 11. in reducta valle : 1. 17. 17. mugientium : mugitusque 
 bourn (Verg. Georg. 2. 470). 'The lowing herd winds slowly o'er 
 the lea.' Cf. balantum, sheep (Verg. Georg. 1. 272) ; natantum, 
 fishes (ibid. 3. 541); Lucret. 1. 887, laniyerae. And on such ap- 
 pellations of animals generally, see Classical Review, November, 
 1894. 
 
 12. errantes : 3. 13. 12, pecori vago. 
 
 13-14. Pruning and grafting. Cf. Verg. Georg. 2. 69, 81. 
 
 14. feliciores : etymologically. Cf. femina, fecundus. Cf. 
 4. 4. 65. n. 
 
 15. pressa : cf. Verg. Georg. 4. 140, spumantia coy ere pressis 
 mella fams. More properly of wine (Epode 13. 6). 
 
 16. infirmas : the standing epithet. Cf. Ov. Ib. 44 ; Lucret. 
 1. 260. 
 
 17. vel : the choice of another aspect of country joys to contem- 
 plate. Aut is merely disjunctive. Que (13) must be given the 
 force of ve, which some would read. 
 
 17-18. For Autumn personified, cf. on 4. 7. 11 ; 3. 23. 8. 
 
 17. mitibuq: cf. immitis, (2. 5. 10). If agris is abl., Autumn 
 rises from (in) the fields ; if dat., she displays her beauties to 
 (for) them. 
 
 19. ut : how. Cf. 1. 61; 1. 11. 3. decerpens: cf. carpsit 
 (Verg. Georg. 2. 501). Normal prose would use inf. with gaudet. 
 Cf. Greek '/iStrai Sptiruif. 
 
 20. purpurae : with the purple (dyes of art). Cf. 2. 5. 12. And, 
 for dat., 2. 2. 18; 1. 1. 15. 
 
 21. Priape : the Hellespontic garden god, to whom so many of 
 the licentious epigrams of the Anthology are addressed. pater: 
 cf. on 1. 18. 6 ; Verg. Georg. 2. 494, Pannque Silvanumque senem. 
 
 22. Silvane : cf. 3. 29. 23. Old Italian wood god, and so perhaps
 
 EPODE II. 459 
 
 tutor finium as guardian of the bounds of the primitive farmers' 
 clearing. Cf. Freller-Jordan, Rom. Myth. 
 
 23. iacere: 1. 1. 22 ; 2. 7. 19; 2. 11. 14. 
 
 24. tenaci : matted (Dry den). Cf. ' Ripe grasses trammel a 
 travelling foot ' (Swinburne, Atalanta). Cf. on 4. 12. 9. 
 
 25. altis . . . ripis : brimming, to the height of their banks 
 apparently. Cf. Lucret. 2. 362, summis labentia ripis; Quintil. 
 12. 2, 11, ut vis omnium maior est altis ripis multoque gurgitis 
 tractu fluentium, etc. Others, with Bentley, take it of the height 
 of the banks brought out by the low water of summer. Some 
 Mss. and eds. read rivis. 
 
 26. queruntur : cf. on 4. 12. 5 ; Ov. Am. 3. 1. 4, et latere ex 
 omni dulce queruntur aves ; Verg. Eel. 1. 59. 
 
 26-27. ' Though haply you should fall asleep | To clink of silver 
 waters ' (Mrs. Browning). 
 
 27. lymphis : somewhat tautological instr. abl. obstrepunt : 
 absolutely as 3. 30. 10. Markland's conjecture frondes is tempting. 
 The foliage then murmurs to the waters, as in Propert. 6. 4. 4, 
 mnltaque natims obstrepit arbor aquis, and slumber distils down 
 through the rustling leaves, as in Sappho's exquisite fragment, 
 
 aiduaffoiJLfixav 5e if>v\\wi> \ KW/JLO. Karappfi. Cf. 3. 1. 21 ; ThCOC. 8. 
 
 79 ; Verg. Georg. 2. 469 ; Sen. Phaedr. 508, an imitation of the 
 whole passage. 
 
 28. quod: its antecedent is the cognate ace. felt with obstre- 
 punt, a sound such as to. leves : 2. 16. 15. 
 
 29. at : a corresponding winter scene. Cf. on 3. 7. 22 ; 3. 18. 9. 
 tonantis : the standing epithet (cf. on 3. 5. 1) has special fitness 
 here. annus : cf. on 3. 23. 8. 
 
 31 sqq. Cf. Herrick, 663 : ' To these, thou hast thy times to goe | 
 And trace the Hare i' th' treacherous snow ; | . . . Thou hast thy 
 Cockrood, and thy glade | To take the precious pheasant made : | 
 Thy Lime-twigs, Snares and Pit-falls then | To catch the pilfring 
 birds, not men.' 
 
 31. trudit: a stronger agit. Cf. 2. 18. 15. hinc et hinc: 
 5. 97. multa : so Verg. Aen. 1. 334 multa ... hostia. 
 
 32. plagas: 1. 1. 28 ; 3. 5. 32. Lex. s.v. 3. 
 
 33. Smite levi : the smooth pole, or pertica aucupali. Cf . Lex. 
 s.v. rara . . . retia : wide-meshed. So Verg. Aen. 4. 131.
 
 460 NOTES. 
 
 34. turdis : Martial, 3. 58. 20, Sed tendit avidis rete subdolum 
 turdis. dolos : apposition with ret ia. 
 
 35. Note the two anapests and the tribrach. But some get rid 
 of that in the fifth foot by taking laqueo as a dissyllable by syni- 
 zesis. Cf. 1. 79, and 11. 23. advenam: migratory. Milt. P. L., 
 ' So steers the prudent crane | Her annual voyage, borne on winds.' 
 
 37. curas : attracted to rel. clause for metrical convenience 
 probably. 
 
 39-60. Construe quodsi . . . mutter iuvet . . . exstruat (43) . . . 
 siccet (46) . . . adparet (48) . . . non me iuverint, etc. (49 sqq. 
 apodosis). Nbn . . . descendat, etc., is not felt as a part of the 
 apodosis, but as an independent development of the thought that 
 far-fetched and dear-bought luxuries would give less pleasure than 
 the unbought joys of a simple country home. 
 
 39. in partem : she plays her woman's part ei's Sow uQevu in 
 the words of Electra, Eurip. El. 71 ; cf. the picture of chaste 
 domestic happiness, Verg. Georg. 2. 523-524. 
 
 41. Sabiiia : cf. 3. 6. 37 sqq. the type of antique virtue 
 hand similis tibi Cynthia, as Juvenal says. Cf. the imitation of 
 the passage in Stat. Silv. 5. 1. 122 sqq. perusta : tanned, fi\i6- 
 Kuvffros ; Arnold, Empedocles, ' His hard-task'd, sunburnt wife, | 
 His often laboured fields.' solibus : cf. on 4. 5. 8. ; Verg. Georg. 
 1. 66, maturis solibus; Lucret. 5. 251, perusta | solibus adsiduis; 
 Epode, 16. 13. 
 
 42. pernicis : cf. impiger, 3. 16. 26. 
 
 43-44 : cf. Gray's Elegy, ' For them no more the blazing hearth 
 shall burn, | Or busy housewife ply her evening care ' ; Tibull. 1. 10. 
 42. The details of in partem iuvet without conjunction. 
 
 43. sacrum : to the Lares. Cf. 3. 23. 15 ; 4. 5. 34 ; Herrick, 
 334, to Larr, ' Go where I will, thou luckie Larr stay here, | Warme 
 by a glit'ring chimney all the year.' vetustis : hence dry. 
 
 44. sub : 'against.' 
 
 45. textis cratibus : a-qnois, ' wattled folds.' laetum : cf . on 
 4. 4. 13 ; Verg. Georg. 2. 144, armentaque laeta. 
 
 47. hoi na : 3. 23. 3. dulci : hardly yet fermented in the great 
 earthen jars where it was kept till bottled. 
 
 48. inemptas : cf . y\vKta na.1itiira.va. (Aristoph. Pax. 593) ; Verg. 
 Georg. 4. 132, dapibus mensas onembat inemptis; Martial, 4. 66.
 
 EPODE II. 461 
 
 5, etc. In imitation of this usage of the Latin poets, English 
 writers of the eighteenth century employ the expression freely as a 
 laudatory term. Cf. Burke's famous characterization of chivalry : 
 ' The unbought grace of life, the cheap defence of nations.' 
 
 49. Lucrine oysters were much prized. Cf. Juv. 4. 140 ; Martial, 
 
 6. 11. 5 ; Milt. P. R. 2, * All fish from sea or shore ... for 
 which was drain' d | Pontus and Lucrine bay, and Afric coast.' 
 For the Lucrine bay, cf. 2. 15. 3. 
 
 51-52. The scar was supposed to be driven down into the Mediter- 
 ranean from the Pontus by storms. Ennius, Heduphagetica (8) 
 calls it cerebrum lovis paene supremi. For the rhombus, cf. Juv. 
 Sat. 4. 39-43. 
 
 52. intonata : deponent. 
 
 53. Afra avis : Numidian hen, guinea-fowl. 
 
 54. attagen : heathcock ? Martial, 13. 61. 
 
 55. pinguissimis : what bears fat olives should itself be fat. 
 
 57. gravi : costive. Cf. Martial, 10. 48. 7. 
 
 58. malvae, etc.: cf. on 1. 31. 16. 
 
 59. Terminalibus : the festival of the god Terminus, VII Kal. 
 Mart. (Ov. Fast. 2. 655, spargitur et caeso communis Terminus 
 agno}. The rustic tastes meat only when it is provided by a sacri- 
 fice or an accident. 
 
 60. lupo : Martial, 10. 48. 14, haedus inhumani raptus ab ore 
 lupi. There was a belief that the wolf selected the best, and that 
 rek \vtt60pa>Ta were most toothsome (Plut. Sympos. 2. 9). 
 
 63-64. Cf. on 3. 6. 42 ; Verg. Eel. 2. 66, aspice, aratra iugo 
 referunt suspensa iuvenci; Ov. Fast. 5. 497. 
 
 65. The swarm of homebred slaves, a sign of rustic opulence, 
 sit at supper near the fire in the atrium, while the wooden images 
 of the Lares, polished and gleaming in the firelight, seem to smile 
 upon the scene. Cf . Sat. 2. 6. 66, quibus . . . ante Larem proprium 
 vescor vernasque procaces \ pasco libatis dapibus; Tibull. 2. 1. 23, 
 turbaque vernarum, saturi bona signa coloni ; Martial, 3. 58. 22 ; 
 4. 66. 10. 
 
 67. Alfius : apparently a traditional type like many of the names 
 in the Satires. Cf. Columella, 1. 7. Dryden substitutes ' More- 
 craft.' 
 
 68. iam iam : ironically emphasizing his eagerness.
 
 462 NOTES. 
 
 69-70. redigere and ponere are the technical terms for calling 
 in and placing loans, cf. Lex. ; for Ides and Kalends as settling days, 
 cf. Cic. Cat. 1. 4 ; Hor. Sat. 1. 3. 87. 
 
 EPODE III. 
 
 Horace has eaten at Maecenas' table a dish perhaps intentionally 
 (iocose, 20) overseasoned with garlic, and relieves his feelings by 
 mock-heroic imprecations. 
 
 1. olim : ever. Cf . on 4. 4. 6. 
 
 2. guttur fregerit : cf. 2. 13. 6. 
 
 3. edit: archaic subj. for edat. Cf. Sat. 2. 8. 90. cicutis: the 
 hemlock, employed in the execution of Socrates. Cf. Epp. 2. 2. 53. 
 
 4. messorum: cf. Verg. Eel. 2. 10, Thestylis et rapido fessis 
 tnessoribus aestu \ alia serpyllumque herbas contundit olentis. 
 
 6-6. veneni: with quid. viperinus: 1.8.9. 
 
 7. fefellit : without my knowledge. Cf. 3. 16. 32. malas : 
 Verg. Aen. 2. 471, coluber mala gramina pastus. Cf. mala cicitta 
 (Sat. 2. 1. 56). 
 
 8. Canidia: cf. Epodes 5 and 17 for this poisonous witch. 
 tractavit : handled, had a finger in, cf. 2. 13. 10. 
 
 9. ut : when. Cf . 6. 11. praeter omnes : with mirata est. 
 candidum : 1. 18. 11. 
 
 10. Medea: the typical venefica of mythology. ducem: Jason. 
 mirata: cf. 4. 9. 15. 
 
 11. igiiota : insueta, cf. 4. 2. 6; they were not wonted to the 
 yoke. For the story, cf. on 4. 4. 63. 
 
 12. peranxit: cf. 1. 5. 2, perfusus. A potent drug may be 
 poison or antidote. Medea anointed Jason to preserve him from 
 the fire-breathing bulls which he was required to yoke in order to 
 plow the furrows for the dragon's teeth. Cf. Find. Pyth. 4. 220, 
 ' Then speedily she showed him the accomplishment of the tasks 
 her father set, and many drugs withal gave him for his anointment, 
 antidotes of cruel pain.' hoc : emphatic. 
 
 13. paelicem : so in Seneca's Medea she names (Glauce) Cre- 
 ousa, the young Corinthian princess for whom Jason abandons, her, 
 and whom she slays by the gift of a poisoned robe, escaping, at the
 
 EPODE IV. 463 
 
 end of the play, in a chariot drawn by winged dragons. Cf. Epode 
 5. 61 sqq. ; Eurip. Medea. 
 
 15. siderum : the dog star is meant. Cf. 16. 61 ; 3. 29. 18. 
 insedit : cf. Sen. Oed. 47, sed grams et ater incubat terris vapor. 
 vapor : heat, as in Lucret. 1. 663. 
 
 16. siticulosae : 2. 41 ; 3. 30. 11 ; Eurip. Alcest. 560, ^lav 
 
 \06fa. 
 
 17. munus: the sacrificial robe steeped in the poisoned blood of 
 the Centaur Nessus, which jealous Deianira sent to Hercules as a 
 love charm. Cf. 17. 31; Ov. Met. 9. 130; Milt. P. L. 2, -As 
 when Alcides from Oechalia crown'd | With conquest felt th' 
 envenomed robe, and tore | Through pain up by the roots Thes- 
 salian pines ' ; Soph. Trach. efficacis : for all his mighty deeds 
 reduced to sob like a girl, as he says in Soph. Trach. 1071. 
 
 19. at : in imprecations, as 5. 1. 
 
 EPODE IV. 
 
 A bitter invective against a typical parvenu of those troublous 
 times. Still scarred with the brands of slavery, he struts down the 
 Sacred Way, farms huge Apulian estates, sits in the knights' place 
 at the theater, and commands the soldiers of Rome. 
 
 Variously referred by scholiasts and moderns to Menas or Meno- 
 dorus, the freedman of Sextus Pompey, who twice deserted to 
 Augustus (cf. on 3. 16. 15, and Merivale, 3. 194); and to a Vedius 
 Rufus supposed to be the magnus nebulo of Cic. ad Att. 6. 1. 25. 
 
 Cf. Anacreon, fr. 21. 
 
 1. sortito: by allotment, or law of nature. The enmity of 
 wolves and lambs was proverbial from II. 22. 263. Cf. Ov. 
 Ibis, 43. 
 
 3. hibericis: thongs of Spanish broom used for whips. 
 peruste : burn, for sting. Cf. 0d\iros, and Epp. 1. 16. 47, lor is 
 non ureris; Sat. 2. 7. 58, uri virgis; Martial, 10. 12. 6, colla 
 perusta lugo ; Anth. Pal. 5. 254, fj.<iarTi KaTafftivty. 
 
 4. dura : Tibull. 1. 7. 42, crura licet dura compede pulsa sonent. 
 
 5. ambules : strut. Cf. 5. 71 ; Odes, 4. 5. 17. 
 
 7. Sacram . . . viam : the fashionable lounge. Cf . Sat. 1. 9. 1,
 
 464 NOTES. 
 
 ibam forte via Sacra sicut meus est mos ; 4. 2. 35. n. metiente : 
 possibly of the sweeping toga, or merely striding along, pacing ; 
 Ov. Met. 9. 447 ; Lucan, 5. 656 ; Wordsworth, ' the sailor measur- 
 ing o'er and o'er | His short domain upon the vessel's deck.' 
 
 8. trium : most Mss. read ter. 
 
 9. ut: cf. 1. 9. 1. vertat: the scholiast and Nauck interpret 
 averts; others, 'plucks all gaze your way.' Cf. Epp. 2. 1. 196, 
 vulgi converteret ora. Kiessling, ' changes their color, makes them 
 flush with anger.' Cf. Sat. 2. 8. 35, vertere pallor turn . . . faciem. 
 For hue et hue with euntium we should expect hue et illuc. Cf. 
 hinc et hinc (2. 31). 
 
 11 sqq. The expression of the liberrima indignatio. Cf. libera 
 bills (11. 16). 
 
 11. sectuB : a stronger caesus. triumviralibus : the triumviri 
 capitales inflicted summary punishment on slaves, foreigners, and 
 the lower classes. A herald, perhaps, proclaimed the nature of the 
 offense during the whipping, as in Plato's Laws, 917 D. 
 
 13. 'Plows' is a poetical 'possesses.' Cf. 1. 26. 
 
 14. ' In his cool hall with haggard eyes | The Roman noble lay | 
 He drove abroad in furious guise | Upon the Appian way ' (Arnold, 
 Obermann). mannis: 3.27.7; Lucret. 3. 1061,'cwm'f agensman- 
 nos ad villam praecipitanter. The Appian Way led to the Falernian 
 vineyards. terit: cf. Martial, 11. 13, quisquis Flaminlam teris 
 viator , Statius, Silv. 2. 2. 12, Appia longarum teritur regina via- 
 rum. 
 
 15-16. He snaps his fingers at the famous law of L. Roscius 
 Otho, Tribune of the people 67 B.C., which reserved for the equites 
 the fourteen rows of seats in the theater next to the senators, who 
 occupied the orchestra. Cf. Epp. 1. 1. 58, and Juvenal and Martial 
 passim. 
 
 15. magnus : with scornful irony. 
 
 17. quid attinet : what is the use of sending ships against the 
 runaway slaves of Pompey's piratical fleet, when we ourselves make 
 military tribunes out of slaves ? 
 
 17-18. ora rostrata navium : virtually equals naves rostratas. 
 
 20. hoc, hoc : this angry repetition frequent in epodes. Cf. 
 5. 53; 6. 11; 7. 1 ; 14. 6; 17. 1 ; 17. 7.
 
 EPODE V. 465 
 
 EPODE V. 
 
 Canidia, the venomous witch, in company with three grewsome 
 hags, is about to torture to death a young boy in order to prepare 
 from his liver and marrow a love philter (37-38) for her faithless 
 paramour, old Varus (73). The scene of the horrid drama is a 
 house in the Subura at Rome, not Naples, as has sometimes been 
 inferred from 43. Lines 1-10 contain the pitiful appeals of the 
 child, dimly aware of the fate in store for him. From 15 to 24 
 Canidia casts into the magic flames ingredients resembling those 
 of the witches' caldron in Macbeth. Lines 25-28 briefly depict 
 Sagana sprinkling the house with unholy water. In 29-40 Veia 
 digs the pit in which the naked child is to be planted up to the 
 chin, there to die with starving eyes fixed on food beyond his 
 reach. Lines 41-46 tell of the presence, affirmed by the gossips of 
 Neapolis, of lewd Folia, who can draw down the moon and stars 
 like a Thessalian witch ; 49-82 repeat Canidia's invocations of the 
 powers of darkness, her objurgations of her disreputable old lover 
 still unaffected by her conjurations, her dark hints of yet more 
 dreadful spells to which she may resort. Thereupon, 83-102 the 
 despairing child breaks out into open imprecations, and threatens 
 that his ghost will haunt her. 
 
 The whole is a genre picture, a dramatic study of the hideous 
 superstitions that flourished in the teeming lower life of the cosmo- 
 politan capital. Cf. Ov. Am. 1. 8 ; Cic. Vat. 14 ; Apuleius, Apol. 
 47 ; C. I. L. VI. 19747, an inscription on a boy supposed to have 
 been similarly done to death by a witch. 
 
 That Canidia was a mistress of Horace with whom he had quar- 
 reled, that her real name was Gratidia, and that to her is addressed 
 the Palinode of 1. 16, are unverified fancies of the scholiasts. 
 Epode 17 is a mock recantation of this poem and an appeal for 
 mercy by the poet. There are further allusions to her in Epode 
 3. 8 ; Sat. 1. 8 ; Sat. 2. 1. 48 ; 8. 95. 
 
 1-2. Nay by all the gods. at : cf . Epode 3. 19 ; Verg. Aen. 2. 
 535. quidquid : so Lydorum quidquid, etc., 'all the Lydians' 
 (Sat. 1. 6. 1). 
 
 3. fert : imports, means. 
 2n
 
 466 NOTES. 
 
 4. voltus in : 1. 2. 40. 
 6. te : Canidia. 
 
 6. Lucina : C. S. 15. veris : a sneer of the poet not wholly 
 appropriate in the mouth of the child. Cf. 17. 50. 
 
 7. The purple hem of the toga praetexta of childhood ought to 
 protect him, but does not ; hence inane. 
 
 8. improbaturum : litotes. 
 
 11-14. The child is stripped by the witches. insignibus: the 
 bulla and praetexta. corpus : apposition with^Her. 
 
 15-16. A Medusa-like head. Cf. furiale caput (3. 11. 17). 
 
 17. caprificos : often mentioned as growing on tombstones and 
 abandoned walls ; Juv. 10. 145 ; Martial, 10. 2. 9, marmora Mes- 
 salae findit caprificus ; Tenn. Princ., 'And the wild fig-tree split | 
 Their monstrous idols.' 
 
 18. funebris : cf. 2. 14. 23. 
 
 19-20. Construe : ova strigfs uncta (2. 1. 5) sanguine ranae (cf. 
 Lex. s.v. rubeta) plumamque (strigis). 
 
 21. lolcos: in Thessaly. Cf. 1. 27. 21. n. Hiberia : near 
 Colchis in the Pontus. Cf. Verg. Eel. 8. 95, haec Panto mihi lecta 
 venena. With the whole, cf. the witches' scene in Macbeth, and 
 Propert. 4. 5. 27-30. 
 
 24. Colchicis : 2. 13. 8. n. 
 
 25. expedita : succincta. Sagaiia : the tribrach expresses the 
 lightness of her movements. 
 
 26. Avernales : lake Avernus was an entrance of hell, and its 
 waters were appropriate in the rites of the infernal deities. Cf. 
 Verg. Aen. 4. 512. 
 
 28. currens : balancing expedita, not limiting horret. 
 
 29. Ruthless, deterred by no sense of guilt. conscientia: is not 
 quite our ' conscience. ' It is more the knowledge of the guilty 
 secret, conscire sibi. 
 
 30. duris : perhaps suggests her hard heart. Cf. 3. 11. 31. 
 humum : of the inner court or impluvium. 
 
 32. quo : with infossus. 
 
 33. longo : lengthened by torture. bis terque : often, repeat- 
 edly, cf . ' once and again ' ; bis terve, two or three times at most. 
 mutatae : shifted to whet his desire. 
 
 34. iuemori : with dat., an expressive coinage.
 
 EPODE V. 467 
 
 35. cum promineret : is equivalent to a participle of attendant 
 circumstance. 
 
 36. suspensa mento, etc. : i.e., swimmers. Cf. Macaulay, 
 Horat. 62, 'And our good father Tiber | Bore bravely up his chin.' 
 
 37. exsecta : exsucta is also read. iecur : the seat of passion. 
 The boy's liver dried with unsatisfied longing for food would com- 
 municate the property of awakening desire to the philter. For this 
 development of the idea similia similibus, cf. J. S. Mill, Logic, 1. 
 3. 8, and the advertisements of patent medicines. 
 
 39. cum semel : cf. 4. 7. 21. 
 
 41. defuisse : she would have been missed ! Cf. 2. 1. 10. n. 
 
 43. otiosa : idle, gossipy. Cf . Ov. Met. 15. 711, in otia natam \ 
 Parthenopen. 
 
 44. omne, etc.: every village and villa on the luxurious bay of 
 Naples. 
 
 45-46. F. Q. 3. 3. 12, ' For he [Merlin] by words could call out 
 of the sky | Both sun and moon, and make them him obey.' Cf. 
 Epode 17. 6; Verg. Eel. 8. 69; Aristoph. Clouds 748; Propert. 
 1. 1. 19 ; Tibull. 1. 2. 43 ; Plat. Gorg. 513 A. 
 
 47. hie : here (upon), then. inresectum: as befits a fury. 
 Cf. 1. 6. 18. 
 
 48. rodens : in her rage. Cf. Propert. 2. 4. 13, et saepe immeri- 
 tos coivumpas dentibus ungues; Martial, 4. 27. 5. 
 
 49. dixit . . . tacuit : probably merely the familiar idiom of 
 dicenda tacenda locutus, Epp. 1. 7. 72, faro. KO.\ &ppijra. But tacuit 
 has been rendered 'or rather thought,' as if even she would not 
 venture to give such thoughts utterance. 
 
 50. arbitrae : witnesses. Cf. Lex. and Milton's ' overhead the 
 moon sits arbitress.' 
 
 51. Diana : of the crossways = Hecate ; cf. Medea in Ov. Met. 
 7. 194, tuque triceps Hecate quae coeptis conscia nostris, etc. 
 silentium : a condition of magic as of holy rites. 
 
 53. hostilis : belongs to the formula of ancient prayers. Cf. 1. 
 21. 15; 3.27.21. 
 
 55-56. Cf. the description of night in Verg. Aen. 4. 522. 
 
 57-60. She prays that the dogs may bark at the perfumed old 
 dandy as he pursues his amours in the slums of the Subura, or that 
 they may give her notice of his approach to her door (Verg. Eel.
 
 468 NOTES. 
 
 8. 107). If the latter is meant, the contemptuous tone expresses 
 the poet's feeling rather than hers. quod omnes rideant : closely 
 with senem . . . adulterum. Cf. Satan's speech in Milt. P. L. 
 10, 'him by fraud I have seduced | From his creator, and, the more 
 to increase your wonder, with an apple.' 
 
 61 gqq. Why have her spells failed? minus: idiomatic with 
 valent. Cf. 1. 2. 27. 
 
 62. venena Medeae : identical with those of Medea. In the 
 Medea of Euripides, Jason abandons Medea in order to marry 
 the daughter of King Creon of Corinth. The forsaken wife sends 
 the new bride a poisoned robe, which corrodes her flesh and causes 
 her to die in exquisite torture. Medea then slays her own children 
 and escapes in a car drawn by winged dragons to Athens. 
 
 66. munus : apposition with palla. 
 
 66. abstulit : 2. 16. 29. 
 
 67-70. She has missed no herb required for the philter. And 
 yet he sleeps in his perfumed bed oblivious of every mistress (in- 
 cluding Canidia) . Or, possibly, he sleeps in a couch anointed with 
 (drugs to bring) oblivion of every mistress (other than Canidia) . 
 
 71-72. I have it the spell of some more potent witch frees him. 
 ambulat : Epode 4. 5. 
 
 73-78. No ordinary potion, no mere Marsic spell will I employ 
 to bring thee back. 
 
 74. caput : 1. 24. 2. n. 
 
 76. For Marsic spells, cf. Epode 17. 29 ; Verg. Aen. 7. 760. 
 
 77. maius : sc. aliquid. 
 
 78. fastidienti : sc. me. 
 
 79. inferius : scanned inferyus. 
 
 81-82. utt bitumen: cf. Verg. Eel. 8. 82. atria: sooty, 
 smoky. 
 88. sub haec : thereupon. 
 
 85. unde : i.e. with what words. Cf. Dido's quae quibus ante- 
 feram (Verg. Aen). 
 
 86. Thyesteas : such imprecations as Thyestes utters in the 
 play when he learns that he has been made to devour the flesh of 
 his own children, Aesch. Ag. 1600 sqq. ; Enn. fr. 309 ; Cic. Tusc. 
 1. 107, in Pis. 43 ; Sen. Thyest. 
 
 87-88. venena, etc. : sorceries, witch, cannot reverse (confound)
 
 EPODE VI. 469 
 
 right and wrong after the fashion of men. Cf. Verg. Georg. 1. 506, 
 fas versum atque nefas. For vicem, cf . Lex. s.v. vicis II. 2. 0. 
 This rendering treats maya as a noun, and non . . . non as pathetic 
 repetition. Others render : ' magic philters cannot reverse right and 
 wrong, nor (avert ?) human retribution (the punishment that 
 awaits guilty men).' Vicem is then explained by vices, 1. 28. 82. 
 M<i [Hi non is Haupt's emendation of the Mss. magnum, which is 
 rendered ' change the great (divine) laws of right and wrong,' with 
 the alternative interpretations of humanam vicem already given. 
 
 89. detestatio : ' my solemn curse.' 
 
 90. Cf. 1. 28. 34. 
 
 91-93. Cf. Dido's threat, Verg. Aen. 4. 385, et cum frigida mors 
 anima seduxerit artus \ omnibus umbra locis adero. 
 
 93. quae vis : such is the -power of. Cf. Livy, 3. 68, on the 
 manes of the murdered Virginia. 
 
 95. adsidens : like an incubus. 
 
 97 sqq. ' You, foul hags, will be stoned by the mob and your 
 bodies cast to the vultures of the Esquiline ; my parents alas, not 
 I, will see it.' 
 
 100. Esquilinae : for Maecenas' purification and conversion into 
 villa grounds, of the ' Potter's Field ' there cf. Sat. 1. 8. 14 ; 
 Lanciani, Ancient Rome, p. 67. 
 
 EPODE VI. 
 
 Invective against a cowardly defamer, a hound who snaps at the 
 wayfarer and flees the wolf. But Horace is a faithful shepherd- 
 dog who can bite back, a bull with sharp horns for his enemies, a 
 second Archilochus or Hipponax, who will not tamely submit to 
 insult. 
 
 1. hospites : passers by. So in epitaphs, and, perhaps, Catull. 
 4. 1, phaselus Hie quern videtis hospites. 
 
 3. quin : Verg. Eel. 2. 71, quin tu . . . paras? But here it is 
 more of a direct question. potes : virtually audes. Cf. 8. 11. 31. 
 
 4-5. remorsurum : cf . on 2. 3. 4. For Molossian and Spartan 
 hounds, cf. Verg. Georg. 3. 405 ; Mids. Night's Dream, 4. 1, 'they 
 bay'd the bear | With hounds of Sparta.'
 
 470 NOTES. 
 
 6. via: Lucret. 6. 1220, fida canum vis; Verg. Aen. 4. 132, 
 odora canum vis ; Theoc. 5. 100, KVOIV <f>t\oirotfj.vi>s. 
 
 7. agam : the image and the thing compared are blended. 
 sublata : arrecta. Cf. demittit aures (2. 13. 34). nives: 2.30; 
 1. 37. 19. 
 
 8. fera : attracted to case of quaecumque. 
 
 9-10. His bark is terrible, but a morsel of meat contemptuously 
 flung to him (proiectum) stays his bite. Cf. Cerberus (Verg. Aen. 
 6. 422). 
 
 12. cornua : cf. the proverbial faenum habet in cornu (Sat. 
 1. 4. 34) of a vicious bull. 
 
 13. The satirists Archilochus and Hipponax were said to have 
 driven their victims Lycambes and Bupalus to suicide. infido 
 gener : Lycambes promised Archilochus the hand of his daughter, 
 Neobule, and then broke faith. 
 
 15. an: cf. 17. 76. atro : cf. Epp. 1. 19. 30, versibus atris; 
 Martial, 5. 28. 7, robiginosis cuncta dentibus rodit. dente: cf. on 
 4. 3. 16 ; Epp. 2. 1. 150, doluere cruento \ dente lacessiti. 
 
 16. inultus : probably with subject of flebo, not with puer ; but 
 cf. order in 1. 34. 
 
 EPODE VII. 
 
 Hold your fratricidal hands ! Too much of Latin blood has been 
 spilt in wars that bring no triumphs. When wolf spares wolf, 
 what curse is Jhis that sets Roman against Roman ? The curse of 
 a brother's blood that stained Rome's first walls. 
 
 Perhaps written in B.C. 38 on the prospect of a renewal of hos- 
 tilities with Sextus Pompeius. 
 
 There is an imitation (addressed to the English) by Duke 
 (Johnson's Poets, 9. 222). 
 
 1. quo quo : cf. 4. 20 n. scelesti : cf. 1. 2. 29 ; 1. 35. 33 ; 2. 
 
 1. 5. ruitis : cf. 1. 3. 26. dexteris : dat. with aptantur. Cf. 
 
 2. 12. 4. 
 
 2. conditi : sheathed after Philippi. Cf. C. S. 33. 
 
 3. Three constructions have been proposed, super campis atque 
 (super) Neptuno ; (in) campis atque super Neptuno ; superfusum 
 campis, etc.
 
 EPODE VII. 471 
 
 5. non ut: the preceding rhetorical question is virtually an 
 affirmation. For the thought, cf. Lucan, 1. 10, cumque superba 
 foret Babylon spolianda tropaeis. . . . Bella geri placuit nullos 
 habitura triumphos ? invidae : cf. Sal. Cat. 10. 1, Carthago 
 aemula imperi Romani. 
 
 6-7. arces : 2. 6. 22. intactus : cf. 3. 24. 1. The hasty inva- 
 sion of Britain by Julius Caesar is ignored. Cf. 3. 5. 3 ; 1. 35. 30. 
 
 7-8. descenderet . . . via : cf. on 4. 2. 35. 
 
 8. catenatus: cf. Jul. Caesar, 1. 1, 'wherefore rejoice? | What 
 conquest brings he home ? | What tributaries follow him to Rome, | 
 To grace in captive bonds his chariot wheels ? ' 
 
 9. secundum vota : the natural feeling of an enemy. Cf . 2. 
 1. 31 ; II. 1. 255. sua : cf. 16. 2. 
 
 11-12. Umquarn, besides doing duty with mos fuit, is felt as 
 numquam with feris owing to the position of neque : never fierce 
 to their own kind (except to their unlike). Some editors read 
 numquam, holding that fuit as gnomic can dispense with the 
 adverb. Others construe in dispar with mos, not with feris. The 
 thought is a commonplace. Cf. Plin. N. H. 7. Praef. 5 ; Seneca, 
 Controv. 2. 9 ; Sen. Ep. 95. 31 ; Juv. 15. 159. 
 
 13. Is it sheer madness, fate, or conscious guilt ? caccua : 
 Verg. Aen. 2. 244, caecique furore. vis acrior : apparently a 
 variation of the legal phrase, vis maior quam Graeci Oeov Blav . . . 
 appellant (Gaius); ' the act of God.' Cf. the vis abdita quaedam of 
 Lucretius, 5. 1231, and supra, 2. 17. 6, maturior vis. 
 
 15. albus . . . pallor : so Tasso, ' bianca pallidezza.' 
 
 17. sic est : it is fate determined by guilt, as in the Greek 
 drama. agunt : so ditaicciv of avenging furies. Cf. 5. 89. 
 
 18. fraternae : i.e. of Remus, cf. Lucan, 1. 95, fraterno primi 
 maduerunt sanguine muri. 
 
 19. ut : cf . on 4. 4. 42. in terrain : cf . Aesch. Choeph. 401 ; 
 Eumen. 261 ; Genesis 4. 10, ' And he said, What hast thou done ? 
 the voice of thy brother's blood crieth unto me from the ground.' 
 So strong was the feeling that the ground was sometimes covered 
 to prevent the victim's blood from reaching it. Cf. Frazer, Golden 
 Bough, 1. 181. 
 
 20. sacer : see Lex. s.v. II. B. b.
 
 472 NOTES. 
 
 EPODE IX. 
 
 A song of triumph on the receipt of the news of the victory of 
 Actium, September, B.C. 81. The direction of Antony's flight is 
 still unknown (29-32). Cf. on 1. 37, Epode 1, and Sellar, p. 124. 
 
 I. repostum : cf. 3. 28. 2, reconditum. For the syncope, cf. 1. 
 36. 8; 4. 13. 20. ad: for. 
 
 3. sub: 1. 5. 3. alta: 3. 29. 10. 
 
 4. beate : generally rich and happy (1. 4. 14), especially happy 
 to-day. 
 
 5. mixtum : for the blending of wind and stringed instruments, 
 cf. II. 18. 495 ; Pindar, 0. 7. 12. 
 
 6. barbarum = Phrygian, as opposed to Dorian. Cf. 3. 19. 17 ; 
 4. 1. 22 ; 2. 4. 9 ; Catull. 64. 264. 
 
 7. nuper : after the defeat of Sextus Pompeius at Naulochus, 
 B.C. 36. actus : cf. ayam (6. 7); sc. fugatus (in) freto (Sicnlo). 
 Neptunius : Sextus Pompeius called himself the Son of Neptune 
 (Appian, B. C. 5. 100). 
 
 8. ustis: cf. 1. 37. 13; Appian, 5. 121. 
 
 10. servis : with detraxerat grammatically, but by scornful im- 
 plication also with amicus. Cf. 4. 19. n. 
 
 II. Romanus is felt by itself (3. 6. 2; Verg. Aen. 6. 861), and 
 miles is felt in separate antithesis to spadonibus, but we need not 
 commit the construction to a comma before or after miles. 
 posteri : cf. 2. 19. 2. 
 
 12. emancipatus : the bond slave of. See Lex. The schol. 
 on Aen. 8. 696 says Antony bade his legions obey Cleopatra. Cf. 
 Shaks. Ant. and Cleop. 3. 7, ' so our leader's led | And we are 
 women's men.' 
 
 13. spadonibua: cf. on 1. 37. 10; Plut. Ant. 60; Shaks. Ant. 
 and Cleop. 3. 7, ' and 'tis said in Rome, | That Photinus an eunuch 
 and your maids, | Manage this war. ' 
 
 14. rugosis: cf. Ter. Eun. 689. potest : 3. 11. 31. 
 
 16. sol: from Homer down, the sun, who oversees and over- 
 hears all things (II. 3. 277), has been invoked as a witness 
 of shameful deeds. Cf. Aesch. Choeph. 986. conoplum : a 
 mosquito net, from Kiovcety ; then tent or luxurious canopied
 
 EPODE IX. 473 
 
 couch. Cf. Propert. 4. 10. 45, foedaque Tarpeio conopia tendere 
 saxo. 
 
 17. ad hoc : (in disgust) at this. So Bentley, quoting Epp. 1. 
 19. 45, ad haec ego naribus utl \ formido. The Mss. vary, and 
 editors read at hue, ad hunc, adhuc, etc. Two thousand Galatians 
 deserted to Octavius (Plut. Ant. 63) and a part of Antony's fleet 
 apparently sought refuge in the port sinistrorsum citae (20), left- 
 ward urged, the precise interpretation of which would demand 
 more knowledge of the topographical details than we possess. 
 It has been taken ' backing water. ' frementes : cf . 4. 14. 23. 
 Note verier unt. 
 
 18. canentes: cf. Verg. Aen. 7. 698, ibant aequati numero, 
 regemque canebant. 
 
 21. Triumphe : the personified (as in 4. 2. 49) and eagerly 
 awaited triumph seems to delay its own progress. 
 
 22. intactas : uncontaininated by human service, unyoked. 
 Vergil's intacta totidem cervice iuvencas (Georg. 4. 540). They 
 were white and richly adorned for sacrifice. Cf. Plut. Aem. 33 ; 
 Macaulay, Capys. 29, 'And deck the bull, Mevania's bull, | The 
 bull as white as snow.' 
 
 23-26. Octavius is greater than Marius, who subdued Jugurtha, 
 and than Scipio Africanus, who overthrew Carthage. 
 
 24. reportasti : ' Hurrah ! for Manius Curius, | The bravest son 
 of Eoine, | Thrice in utmost need sent forth, | Thrice drawn in tri- 
 umph home' (Macaulay, Capys. 29). 
 
 25. neque Africanum : nor (so great a captain) in that (Scipio) 
 Africanus for whom, etc. Exact parallelism would require ' nor 
 from the Punic war,' but Horace varies the expression. Scipio, of 
 course, was not buried at Carthage, but her destruction was his 
 monument, as Velleius (1. 12. 4) says. Many read Africano, 
 sc. bello, and interpret sepulchrum condidit, ended, citing Cicero's 
 bellum . . , sublatum ac sepiiltum. But the Jugurthine war was 
 also African, and the figure which Caesar helps out by a synonym 
 would be harsh here, and would hardly bear expansion into the 
 clause cui . . . condidit. 
 
 27. hostis: Antony. He (the poet's imagination tells him) has 
 exchanged the general's purple paludamentum for a common sol- 
 dier's cloak. So Pompey, after Pharsalia. Cf. Caes. B. C. 3. 96.
 
 474 NOTES. 
 
 28-29. mutavit: cf. on 1. 17. 2. centum: cf. on 3. 27. 33. 
 
 30. non suis : situs ventus is a favorable wind. Ignoranti quern 
 portum petal nullus suus ventus est (Sen. Ep. 71. 3). 
 
 31. exercitatas: cf. 4. 14. 21, exercet. Syrtes: 1. 22. 5; 
 2. 6. 3. 
 
 32. incerto : i.e. incertus, aimlessly. 
 
 33. capaciores: cf. 2. 7. 21-23; Catull. 27. 
 
 34-35. Chian and Lesbian were sweet Greek wines which would 
 be sickening in excess. Hence vel, or rather (?), the dry tonic 
 Caecuban. 
 
 35. nauseam : the ancients were painfully frank. Buecheler, 
 to save Horace's taste, argues that he was actually at sea, returning 
 from Actium (cf. on Epode 1), and feared seasickness. 
 
 36. metire : wine and water with the cyathi (3. 19. 12). 
 38. Lyaeo: 1. 7. 22; 3. 21. 16. 
 
 EPODE X. 
 
 Propempticon to an enemy, the counterpart of 1. 3 ; cf. Swin- 
 burne's ' Launch of the Livadia.' 
 
 The poetaster Maevius is damned to everlasting fame by Vergil's 
 qui Bavium non odit amet tua carmina, Maevi (Eel. 3. 90). 
 
 1. mala . . . alite: cf. on 1. 15. 5. soluta: 3. 2. 29. 
 
 2. olentem: merely abusive. But cf. Sat. 1. 2. 27. 
 
 3. ut : as in colloquial and older Latin, ut ilium di 'perdant ; 
 memento is parenthetical. verberes: cf. on 3. 27. 24. latus: 
 1. 14. 4. 
 
 4. auster, etc. : contrast 1. 3. 4. 
 
 5. niger : cf. on 1. 5. 7. inverse : Verg. Aen. 1. 43 ; 1. 84-85. 
 6-7. differat: cf. 5. 99. quantus : as fierce as when. 
 
 8. frangit. . . ilices: Lucret. 5. 1096 ; Homer, II. 16, 769. 
 
 10. qua : it is to be not only a starless night, but the prover- 
 bially stormy night of Orion's setting. Cf. 1. 28. 21 ; 3. 27. 18 ; 
 Epode 15. 7. tristis: 1. 3. 14. 
 
 11. feratur : sc. Maevius. 
 
 12. Graia victorum maims : for this ' derangement of epitaphs,' 
 as Mrs. Malaprop would say, see Munro on Lucret. 1. 474 ; Gilder-
 
 EPODE XIII. 475 
 
 sleeve on Find. Pyth. 4. 149 ; and Find. fr. 112, 
 ayf\a, ' a Spartiin bevy of maids.' 
 
 13-14. cum Pallas: cf. Verg. Aen. 1. 39 sqq. ; Homer, Odys. 4. 
 499 sqq. usto : cf. cremato, 4. 4. 53. impiam : because of the 
 rape of Cassandra from her temple, Verg. Aen. 2. 404. 
 
 15. instat: cf. adest, 1. 15. 9. 
 
 16. luteus : Homer's x^upo" Stos, the yellow paleness of the 
 olive southron. Cf. 3. 10. 14, and Tibull. 1. 8. 52. 
 
 17. ilia: deictic, 'hear him'; or perhaps his (customary). 
 eiulatio : Cic. Tusc. 2. 55, ingemescere nonnumquam viro concessum 
 est idque raro, eiulatus ne mulieri quidem. 
 
 18. aversum : cf. Winter's Tale, 3. 3, 'A thousand knees, | Ten 
 thousand years together, . . . could not move the gods | To look 
 that way thou wert.' 
 
 19. Idnius : the lower Adriatic. Maevius, like Vergil in 1. 3, is 
 going to Greece. udo : Cf. Verg. Georg. 1. 462, umidus Auster; 
 Ov. Met. 1. 264, madidis Notus evolat alis. remugiens : 3. 10. 
 6. sinus: 1. 33. 16; 3. 27. 19. 
 
 21. opima . . . praeda : cf. Macaulay, Capys. 25, ' And Apen- 
 nine's gray vultures | Shall have a noble feast.' curvo : 4. 5. 14. 
 
 22. porrecta : as a corpse. Cf. 3. 10. 3. merges : generally 
 for birds of prey (as in Pers. 6. 30). They do not touch corpses. 
 iuverit : cibo iuvere is not uncommon. iuveris is the conjecture 
 of a painfully explicit mind. 
 
 23. libidinosus . . . caper : the victim is humorously suited to 
 the person, olentem (2). 
 
 24. agna : Tempestatibus agnam \ Caedere delude iubet (Verg. 
 Aen. 5. 772). 
 
 EPODE XIII. 
 
 Without the winter rages. Let us banish care with wine and 
 song and cheerful discourse. Such was the Centaur Cheiron's 
 teaching : ' Great Thetis' son, thou wilt not return from Troy. 
 Solace all thy troubles there with song and wine.' 
 
 Cf. Odes 1. 9. 
 
 1. contraxit: has narrowed the heavens to 'one cloudless 
 chink in a black stormy sky ' (Macaulay); or, 'drawn the clouds
 
 476 NOTES. 
 
 down close about the earth.' There is a suggestion of contractae 
 frontis (Sat. 2. 2. 125), the scowling face of heaven. Contraxit 
 may conceivably govern imbres also by zeugma. 
 
 2. deducunt lovem: cf. 1. 1. 25. n.; Verg. Eel. 7. 60, luppiler 
 et laeto descendet plurimus imbri; Anacr. fr. 6 (?). siliiae : 
 1. 23. 4. 
 
 3. Threicio: &pi\nd<f. Cf. 1. 25. 11. Note hiatus. 
 
 4. de die : i.e. ' which the day presents,' with a further com- 
 plicating suggestion of the phrases de die bibere, de die convivia 
 facere, etc. virent : 1. 9. 17. n. genua : Homer notes that the 
 weakness of old age is felt first in the knees. Cf. Verg. Aen. 
 6. 432. 
 
 6. obducta: clouded. senectus: i.e. the moroseness of age. 
 Cf. 1. 9. 18. 
 
 6. Cf. 3. 21. 1. n. 
 
 7. cetera : 1. 9. 9 ; 3. 29. 33. But there is more definite ref- 
 erence here to the recent anxieties and losses of the civil wars. 
 mitte: 1. 38. 3. deus haec, etc.: for thought, cf. 2. 10. 15-17. 
 Haec is our present troubles, and possibly the gloomy weather 
 which types them. 
 
 7-8. benigna . . . vice : generous compensation. Cf. 1. 4. 1 ; 
 4. 14. 13. 
 
 8-9. Achaemenio : 3. 1. 44. perfundi : 1. 5. 2. Cyllenea: 
 i.e. of Mercury. Cf. Lex. and 1. 10. 6. n. 
 
 11. grandi : i.e. of heroic stature. cecinit : as an oracle. 
 Centaurus : for the education of Achilles by Cheiron, cf. II. 11. 
 832 ; Find. Nem. 3. 43. Xfipuvos uTrofl^ai, the counsels of Cheiron, 
 is the title of a gnomic poem attributed to Hesiod. Cf. Dodsley's 
 Poems, 1. 172. 
 
 12. invicte : may be a noun, as Verg. Aen. 6. 365. mortalis 
 dea : cf. 1. 6. 9. n. 
 
 13. temanet: cf. 16. 41, nos manet. Assaraci: i.e. of Troy. 
 Cf. Verg. Aen. 1. 284. 
 
 13-14. Cf. Catull. 64. 357, where the fates prophesy of Achilles, 
 testis erit magnis virtutibus undo, Scamandri, etc. 
 
 13. frigida : with reference to the cold spring at its source (II. 
 22. 151); or general, like Tennyson's 'flow down, cold rivulet, to 
 the sea.' parvi : it is ^eyas U1 H- 20. 73.
 
 EPODE XIV. 477 
 
 14. findunt: cf. Tenn. (Enone, 'river-sundered champaign.' 
 lubricus : 'smooth-sliding.' Cf. Lucret. 5. 947. 
 
 15. uiide : with reditum. subtemine: abl. instr. with rvpere. 
 The web or spinning of the Fates is or fulfills destiny. Catull. 64. 
 327, currite ducentes subtegmina, cun'ite, fusi; Tibull. 1. 7. 1. 
 Cf. 2. 3. 16. n. 
 
 16. caerula : cf. 3. 28. 10. n. 
 
 17. illic : the supplicatory embassy finds him singing to the lyre 
 (II. 9. 186). 
 
 18. adloquiis : trap-nyopiau (?) ; perhaps slightly personifies aegri- 
 moniae. Cf. Catull. 38. 5, qua solatus es adlocutione ? 
 
 EPODE XIV. 
 
 Love's languors will not let Horace complete the promised volume 
 of epodes. So burned Teian Auacreon. Maecenas, too, knows 
 the flame but more happily. 
 
 1. cur . . . diffuderit depends on rogando (5). 
 1-2. imis . . . sensibus : so Verg. Eel. 3. 54, sensibus haec 
 imis . . . reponas. 
 
 3. Lethaeos : cf. 4. 7. 27 ; Plato, Rep. 10. 621 ; Verg. Aen. 
 6. 714; Keats, Ode to a Nightingale, 'My heart aches, and a 
 drowsy numbness pains | My sense, as though of hemlock I had 
 drunk, | Or emptied some dull opiate to the drains | One minute 
 past, and Lethe- wards had sunk.' ducentia : cf. 3. 1. 21 ; Tibull. 
 1. 2. 79, soporem ducere ; Epp. 1. 2. 31. 
 
 4. traxerim : a stronger ducere; 1. 17. 22; 4, 12. 14. Cf. 
 fUmr. 
 
 5. candlde : so Epp. 1. 4. 1, he calls Tibullus nostrorum sermo- 
 num candide index. Cf. Sat. 1. 5. 41, and the frequent use of 
 candid and candour in eighteenth-century English. occidis : 
 cf. 2. 17. 1. n. It belongs to the sermo familiaris. Cf. Plaut. 
 Men. 922, occidis fabulans. 
 
 6. deus : the god, i.e. Cupid. nam r ' you slay me with your 
 questions, for I tell you.' 
 
 7. carmen : -apposition with iambos. For position, cf. Verg. 
 Eel. 2. 3, inter densas, umbrosa cacumina, fagos. For promissum,
 
 478 NOTES. 
 
 cf . promissi carminis auctor (A. P. 45) . iatnbos : the epodes. 
 Cf. Epp. 1. 19. 23 ; 2. 2. 59. 
 
 8. umbilicum: cf. Lex. s.v. III. C ; Martial, 4. 89. 1, Ohe iam 
 satis est, ohe libelle, \ iam pervenimus usque ad umbilicos. 
 
 9. arsisse : 2. 4. 7 ; 3. 9. 6. 
 
 10. Teium: 1. 17. 18. 
 
 11. flevit : flebiliter cecinit. 
 
 12. non elaboratum : the poems to Bathyllus are not preserved. 
 The reference is probably to the simple glyconic measures. 
 
 13. ignis : equivocally of the fire of love, its object, and ' The 
 fire that left a roofless Ilion,' (Tenn. Lucret.). Cf. Lucret. 1. 474, 
 ignis Alexandri Phrygio sub pectore gliscens; Marlowe, 'the face 
 that launch'd a thousand ships, | And burnt the topless towers of 
 Ilium.' 
 
 15-16. tino contenta : the standing phrase. Cf. Catull. 68. 95. 
 16. macerat : 1. 13. 8. 
 
 EPODE XV. 
 
 Thou didst swear eternal faith to me, Neaera, beneath the moon 
 and stars. Now thou art another's. But he, too, be he rich as 
 Midas, wise as Pythagoras, beautiful as Nireus, shall weep thy 
 changed faith. 
 
 There is a paraphrase by Somervile (Johnson's Poets, 11. 205). 
 
 2-3. inter, etc.: cf. 1. 12. 47. cum: so-called cum inversum 
 (G. L. 581). laesura : by perjury. Cf. quo numine laeso (Verg. 
 Aen. 1. 8). 
 
 4. in verba, etc. : technically of repeating the military oath, 
 sacramentum, at dictation. For another metaphorical use, cf. 
 Epp. 1. 1. 14, nullius addictus iurare in verba magistri. 
 
 5-6. 'More closely than the clinging vine | About the wedded 
 tree, | Clasp thou thine arms, oh, mistress mine, | About the heart 
 of me ' (Lang, A la belle Helene ; after Ronsard). Cf. 1. 36. 20 ; 
 Catull. 61. 33. atque: than. 
 
 1. The line is complete in itself. The addition of 1. 8 causes a 
 slight anacoluthon. For wolf and lamb, cf. Epode 4. 1. For 
 Orion, 1. 28. 21.
 
 EPODE XVI. 479 
 
 9. intonsos: cf. on 1. 21. 2. For the terms of the oath, cf. 
 Verg. Eel. 5. 76 ; Aen. 1. 607. 
 
 10. hunc : my, ' this of ours.' mutuum : 4. 1. 30. 
 
 11. dolitura : Catull. 8. 14, at tu dolebis. virtute : explained 
 by viri, etc. (12). If she be not fair to him, he will be too much of 
 a man to endure her caprices longer. Cf. Ter. Eun. 154, eu, noster, 
 laudo, tandem perdoluit ; vires. 
 
 13. potiori : 3. 9. 2. 
 
 14. et : English idiom expects an adversative. parepi : one 
 whose soul doth bear an equal yoke of love. Cf. on 1. 33. 10 ; 
 Propert. 1. 1. 32. 
 
 15. offensi : sc. Flacci from Flacco (12). When I have once 
 taken offense and the iron has entered into my soul, my resolution 
 will not give way to your beauty. Offensi is Bentley's conjecture 
 for offensae, which can be construed with formae, thy beauty once 
 grown hateful (a stone of offense) to me. 
 
 16. si ... dolor : he postpones the ultimatum ; the door is 
 not yet shut ; nondum perdoluit. 
 
 17. et tu : Tibull. 1. 2. 88, at tu, qui laetus rides mala nostra, 
 caveto ; Id. 1. 5. 69, At tu, qui potior nunces, meafata timeto. 
 
 18. superbus incedis : the complacent strut of the successful 
 rival. Cf. 4. 5. 
 
 19. sis ... licebit : rare for sis licet. So Sat. 2. 2. 59. 
 
 20. tibi : 2. 16. 34. Pactolus fluat : as for Midas, \4yerai 8* 
 roiircfrbv TlaKTtii\bv ^puar'bv pevtrai (Schol. Aristoph. Plut. 287). 
 
 21-22. Pythagorae : cf. on 1. 28. 10. arcana : the secret or 
 esoteric doctrines. Nirea : 3. 20. 15. 
 
 24. ast: archaic form used in Sat. 1. 6. 125, 1. 8. 6, and by Ver- 
 gil. riser o : the fut. perf. which represents the thing as good as 
 done, expresses confidence or colloquial emphasis. So in Greek. 
 
 EPODE XVI. 
 
 A second generation is wearing away in civil strife, and Rome, 
 that no foreign foe availed to harm, will be made a desert by her 
 own impious offspring (1-14). What resource remains for those 
 who would choose the better part ? Let us abandon our city like 
 the Phocaeans of old, and swear a mighty oath not to return till
 
 480 NOTES. 
 
 stones shall swim and the lion lie down with the lamb (1538). 
 Somewhere in the western seas the fabled islands of the blest await 
 us, reserved by Jupiter for the saving remnant of the golden age in 
 an age of iron. 
 
 Cf. Epode 7. The poem may have been written at the outbreak 
 of the Perusine war, B.C. 41. At any rate it represents Horace's 
 feelings in the years immediately following Philippi, before he 
 became the friend of Maecenas and accepted the rule of Octavian. 
 Cf. Sellar, p. 120, ' Horace seems to express the feelings of the 
 losing side before the peace of Brundisium ; Vergil [Eel. 4], those 
 of the winning side after its conclusion. ' 
 
 The motif of the Fortunate Isles may have been suggested to 
 Horace by the tradition that Sertorius after his defeat purposed to 
 take refuge in the Canary islands. Plut. Sert. 8; Sallust, fr. 1. 61. 
 For the Islands of the Blest in Greek literature, cf. Rohde, Psyche, 
 p. 68. 504 sqq.; Odyss. 4. 563; Hes. Works and Days, 170; Pind. 
 01. 2. 78, etc. In modern poetry cf. inter alia, Shelley, Epipsy- 
 chidion ; Tenn. Voyage of Maldune ; Teires. in fin. after Pindar, 
 Ulysses ; Dennis Florence McCarthy, The Voyage of St. Brendan, 
 pt. 6 ; Andrew Lang, Fortunate Islands. 
 
 The youthful ardor and luxuriant imagery of the poem have 
 made it a general favorite. 'Dean Berkeley used to apply the 
 same description to Bermuda, and his scheme of going thither, and 
 was so fond of the epode . . . that he got Mr. Pope to translate it 
 into English' (Spence's Anecdotes). Berkeley's famous poem, ' On 
 the Prospect of Planting Arts and Learning in America' (' Westward 
 the course of empire takes its way ' ) , witnesses to this admiration. 
 
 1. altera : the first generation was that of Marius and Sulla 
 (B.C. 88). aetas ; 1. 9, and 1. 35. 35 ; 3. 6. 46. 
 
 2. Cf. 7. 10; Odes, 3. 4. 65; Livy, Praef., ut iam magnitudine 
 laboret SM, and Lucan's nee se Roma ferens (1. 72) express a 
 slightly different shade of thought. 
 
 3. Marsi : the leaders in the Social war, B.C. 91 (cf. 3. 14. 18), 
 the avowed object of which was to destroy Rome and make Cor- 
 finium the capital of Italy. 
 
 4. Porsgnae : ' Lars Porsena of Clusium | By the nine gods he 
 swore | That the great house of Tarquin should suffer wrong no
 
 EPODE XVI. 481 
 
 more' (Macaulay, Horatius). The legend of Horatius was perhaps 
 invented to hide the fact that the Etruscans took Rome. For 
 PorsSna, cf. Macaulay's preface. 
 
 5. Capuae: the Romans never forgave Capua for going over 
 to Hannibal after Cannae and aiming at the hegemony of Italy. 
 Cf. Livy, 23. 6 ; Cic. de Leg. Agr. 2. 87. Spartacus : 3. 14. 19. n. 
 
 6. novis rebus : in time of revolution (treason). The story is 
 familiar from Cic. in Cat. 3. 4 ; Sail. Cat. 40 sqq. 
 
 7. The invasion of the Ciuibri and Teutones, B.C. 102-101. 
 caerulea : blue-eyed. Cf. Juv. 13. 164 ; Tac. Ger. 4. 
 
 8. parentibus abominatus : cf. 1. 1. 24. 
 
 9. Cf. 1. 35. 34. devoti : 7. 20 ; Odes, 3. 23. 10. 
 
 10. feria, etc.: cf. 3. 3. 40-41. n. 
 
 11. barbarus: cf. 3. 6. 14. 
 
 12. eques : with barbarus, but not necessarily in translation ; 
 cf. Ezekiel 26. 11, 'With the hoofs of his horses shall he tread 
 down all thy streets.' 
 
 13. osaa : though Romulus was rapt to heaven in the chariot of 
 Mars (3. 3. 15. n.), his grave was shown post Rostra. 
 
 15-16. The sentence takes an unexpected turn. If we must be 
 explicit, the simplest construction is (si) forte quid expediat commu- 
 niter (quaeritis) aut (si) melior pars quaeritis carere, etc. From 
 the question of the best counsel for all, there is a sudden shift to 
 the desire of the better part to be rid altogether of what is past 
 mending. Some Eds. read quod and take carere as inf. of purpose 
 with expediat, i.e. ad carendum. For pars, cf. C. S. 39. 
 
 17. hac : sc. (quam) ire (21). Fhocaeorum, etc.: B. C. 534, 
 rather than submit to Harpagus, the general of Cyrus. Cf. Herod. 
 1. 165. 
 
 18. exsecrata : having bound themselves by imprecations. 
 QwKatwv dpa 'seems to have been proverbial (Herod. I. c. ivoffiaavro 
 
 Iffxvpas Kardpas, etc.). 
 
 19. agroa . . . Lares : with profugit. Some take them with exse- 
 crata or with reliquit. 
 
 19-20. habitanda . . . reliquit, etc. : cf. 3. 3. 40. 
 
 21. Cf. 3. 11. 49. 
 
 22. vocabit : cf. Catull. 4. 19, laeva sive dextera \ Vocaret aura. 
 protervus : cf. 1. 26. 2. 
 
 2i
 
 482 NOTES. 
 
 23. sic placet : suggesting the legal placetne? placere Senatui, 
 and the like. 
 
 23-24. secunda . . . alite : cf. 10. 1. 
 
 25. in haec (verba) : 15. 4. n. One aSi/varov sufficed the Pho- 
 caeans. They sunk a mass of iron, and swore not to return till it 
 came to the surface. The rhetorical Roman elaborates the conceit : 
 the river Poe shall wash the mountain tops, the Apennine shall 
 extend into the sea. animals shall join in monstrous unions, and 
 the shaggy goat grow smooth and inhabit the salt sea. For this 
 rhetoric of impossibles (dStWra) cf. II. 1. 234 ; Archil, fr. 74 ; 
 Verg. Eel. 1. 59-64; 8. 27; Odes, 1. 33. 7; Herrick, 154, 198. 
 renarint : 2 Kings 6. 6, 'and the iron did swim '; Swinb., the 
 Bloody Son, ' When chuckie-stanes shall swim in the sea, | O dear 
 mither'; Plut. Aristeid. 24. 
 
 30. monstra : the unnatural union makes them 'prodigious.' 
 
 32. miluo : dat., trisyllable. 
 
 33. credula : proleptic. ravos : 3. 27. 3. 
 
 35. haec : obj. of exsecrata. et quae : and whatever else. 
 reditus : pi. mainly metri causa, cf. 3. 5. 52 ; 3. 27. 76. dulcea : 
 Homer's MfAujS^s or y\vxepbs v6<nos (Od. 11. 99 ; 22. 323). 
 
 36. Cf. 1. 18. 
 
 37. pars: cf. 1. 15. 
 
 37-38. The unteachable mob, the weakling and the faint-heart, 
 may remain. exspes : 'We judge of a man's wisdom by his 
 hope' (Emerson). 
 
 38. inominata : only here ; but cf. 3. 14. 11. n. 
 
 39. virtus, muliebrem : cf. 1. 6. 9. n. tollite : cf/2. 5. 9. 
 
 40. Etrusca : of Etruria, supposing them to follow the coast. 
 praeter : 3. 27. 31. 
 
 41. nos : the bard and the melior pars whom he now addresses. 
 manet : cf. Milt. P. L. 9, 'Ale of these nor skilled nor studious, 
 higher argument | Remains.' 1 circumvagus : coined by Horace, 
 perhaps for Homer's Stream of Ocean returning upon itself, tydppoos. 
 Cttjcircumftuus (Ov. Met. 1. 30). This merges in the idea of the 
 all-surrounding ocean, Aesch. Prom. 138; Bryant, Thanatopsis, 
 ' and, poured round all, | Old Ocean's gray and melancholy waste.' 
 Porphyrio construed circum with arva, and, though that is not the 
 construction, the idea is suggested. Cf. Pind. O. 2. 79 ; Shelley,
 
 EPODE XVI. 483 
 
 Hellas, ' where the stream | Of ocean sleeps, around those foam- 
 less isles ' ; Swinb. Atalauta : ' Lands indiscoverable in the un- 
 heard-of west, | Round which the strong stream of a sacred sea | 
 Rolls without wind forever,' etc. 
 
 41-42. arva . . . arva : cf. 4. 5. 17-18, rura . . . rura. 
 
 43. reddit: cf. on 1. 3. 7, 1. 9. 20, 3. 1. 21, 4. 1. 8. Cererem : 
 cf. 1. 7. 22. n. inarata : Verg. Eel. 4. 39-40 ; Ronsard, 'La terre 
 sans labeur de sa grasse marnuielle | Toute chose y produit.' 
 
 45. numquani fallentis : cf. 3. 1. 30. n. 
 
 46. suaru : i.e., not grafted. Cf. Verg. Georg. 2. 82, non sua 
 poma. pulla dark, ripe. 
 
 47. mella. etc.: cf. Ov. Met. 1. 112 (the golden age), Flavaque 
 de viridi stillabant ilice mella. montibus altis . cf. montibus e 
 magnis decursus aquai (Lucret. 5. 943). 
 
 48. desilit pede : 3. 13. 16. Cf. Lucret. 5. 272, liquido pede 
 detulit undas. Words : ' No fountain from its rocky cave | E'er 
 tripped with foot so free.' 
 
 49. iniussae : cf. Verg. Eel. 4. 21, Ipsae lacte domum referent 
 distenta capellae \ ubera. 
 
 51. vespertinus ; cf. 1. 15. 19. n. 
 
 52. intumescit alta . swells and heaves with. Others take alta 
 of the deep soil, and intumescit of the snakes swollen with wrath. 
 
 53. Some editors plausibly transfer 11. 60-61 to this place. ut : 
 cf. 3. 4. 17. n. 
 
 54. Aquosus : cf. 2. 7. 21. n. ; 2. 2. 15. n.; Propert. 3. 8. 51, 
 Aquosus Orion. radat imbribus: cf. 2. 9. 1. n. 
 
 55. urantur : cf. Verg. Aen. 3. 141, sterilis exurere Sirius agros. 
 
 56. utrumque : i.e. either extreme of inoist or hot. temper- 
 ante : cf. 1. 12. 16. n. 
 
 57-60. For vein of sentiment, cf. on Odes, 1. 3. 
 
 57. pinus : so -Catullus' description of the voyage of the ship 
 Argo .begins, Peliaco quondam prognatae vertice pinus (64. 1). Cf. 
 1. 14. 12. 
 
 58. impudica : Medea, who left her home with Jason. Cf. 3. 
 27. 49, impndens. 
 
 59. Sidonii : The Phoenicians of Tyre and Sidon were the first 
 great navigators. cornua : Lex. s.v. II. B. 2. e. ; Verg. Aen. 3. 
 549.
 
 484 NOTES. 
 
 60. laboriosa : cf. 17. 16. Tenn. Lotos-Eaters, 'Most weary 
 seem'd the sea, weary the oar, | Weary the wandering fields of 
 barren foam.' 
 
 61-62. Cf. 53. n. contagia : Verg. Eel. 1. 50-51. astri: i.e 
 Sirius. Cf. 3. 29. 18 ; Alcaeus fr. 40, rb yap Harpov it tpn (\\trai. 
 
 62. impotentia : cf. 1. 37. 10. n.; 3. 30. 3. 
 
 64. inquinavit : alloyed. 
 
 65. aere : cf. 1. 2. 4. n. dehinc ferro : Hesiod's five ages are 
 gold, silver, bronze, age of Trojan heroes, iron (Works and Days, 
 109 sqq.). Cf. Ov. Met. 1. 89. sqq.; Juv. 13. 30. quorum : with 
 piis the melior pars. Others take it with fuga, an escape from 
 which. 
 
 66. secunda : cf. 1. 23. 
 
 EPODE XVII. 
 An ironical palinode to Canidia. Cf. Epode 5. 
 
 1. iam iam : cf. Catull. 63, 73, iam iam dolet quod egi. do 
 manus : as a captive yields his hands to the fetter ; yield, ' throw 
 up the sponge.' 
 
 3. non movenda : not to be disturbed (vexed) with impunity, 
 inviolable, possibly pitiless. 
 
 4. libros : of magic. So Prospero says, 'And deeper than did 
 ever plummet sound, | I'll drown my book.' 
 
 5. retixa : proleptic. They are nailed to the spangled vault of 
 heaven. Cf. 1. 28. 11. devocare : cf. 5. 45-46. n. 
 
 6. sacris : may mean one thing to Canidia and another to 
 Horace. Cf. 7. 20. n. 
 
 7. For the rhombus, or ' bull-roarer,' whirled at the end of a 
 string in magic rites, cf. Lang, Custom and Myth, p. 29 ; Proper t. 
 4. 5. 26 ; Lucian, Dial. Meretr. 4. 5. citum (ciere ; cf. 9. 20) : 
 proleptic with retro. Reversing the motion unbinds the spell. 
 
 8-18. Three mythological instances of supplication and relent- 
 ment. (1) Telephus, king of Mysia, wounded by Achilles, was 
 told by the oracle that he could be healed only by the rust of the 
 spear that bit him. Achilles took pity on him. (2) The body of 
 Hector was withheld from burial by Achilles ' Till Priam did what
 
 EPODE XVII. 485 
 
 no man born hath done, | Who dared to pass among the Argive 
 bands, | And clasp'd the knees of him that slew his son, | And 
 kiss'd his awful homicidal hands' (Lang, Helen of Troy, 5. 30). 
 Cf. 1. 10. 14. n. (3) Ulysses constrained rather than implored 
 Circe to restore his companions, transformed into swiue by her 
 spells (Odyss. 10. 320 sqq.). 
 8. nepotem : Thetis was daughter of Nereus. 
 
 11. unxere in the style of the Epodes may stand for the rites of 
 burial. Others, luxere, lamented, with reference to the dirges in 
 II. 24. 719 sqq. addictum, etc.: so Achilles vows in his grief 
 and wrath at the death of Patroclus (II. 23. 180). 
 
 12. homicidam : dvSpo^oVoj, ' kill-man,' is Hector's standing 
 epithet. 
 
 14. heu : Macaulay could not read the passage of the Iliad with- 
 out tears. Cf. Trevelyan's Life. 
 
 16. laboriosi : epithet of the much enduring Ulysses ; or possi- 
 bly with remiges. Cf. 16. 60. 
 
 20. amata . . . multum : in ironical compliment. instito- 
 ribus : 3. 6. 30. 
 
 21-36. Mock heroic description of his sufferings. 
 
 21. verecundua : the blush of modesty resembles the glow of 
 health. 
 
 22. reliquit : the subject is color, or the general notion iuventas 
 et color. 
 
 24. reclinat : Lex. s.v. II. Cf. Keats, 'the dreadful leisure | 
 Of weary days, made deeper exquisite, | By a foreknowledge of 
 unslumbrous night.' 
 
 25. urget : cf. 3. 27. 57 ; Shelley, Adonais, 21, ' As long as skies 
 are blue and fields are green, | Evening must usher night, night 
 urge the morrow.' Cf. 2. 18. 15. neque eat : and (but) it is not 
 (possible). 
 
 26. tenta spiritu : strained, oppressed, gasping. Cf. Archil, fr. 
 
 9. 4, olSa\fovs 5' ttyu<' dSvvytr' ?x o M I/ I ifvevftovaf. 
 
 27. negatum : i.e. quod negaveram. 
 
 28. Sabella: for Sabine witchcraft, cf. Sat. 1. 9. 29. incre- 
 pare : do agitate with their clamors. 
 
 29. dissilire : 'be split.' 
 
 31-32. Cf. Epode 3. 17. n. fervida : with ./
 
 486 NOTES. 
 
 34-35. ventis : dat. agent. cales : dost glow ; literally, and 
 with eagerness. Cf. Epp. 2. 1. 108, calet uno scribendi studio. 
 officina : she is a whole laboratory of poisons in herself. Col- 
 chicis : 2. 13. 8. 
 
 30. stipeiidium : ransom. 
 
 38. expiare : to do penance. Some omit the comma and read 
 iuvencis, in 1. 39, 'make expiation with.' 
 
 38-39. seu . . . sive : gives her a choice of two methods. 
 
 39. mendaci : ambiguously referring either to what he has said 
 or to what he promises to say. The irony is transparent. 
 
 40. sonari : others read sonare, construed with paratus. tu 
 pudica, etc.: cf. Catullus' mock apology (42. 24), Pudica et proba, 
 redde codicillos. 
 
 42-44. Stesichorus was blinded by Castor and Pollux for insult- 
 ing Helen in his verse. He wrote a Palinode, and recovered his 
 sight. Cf. Odes, 1. 16. intr. 
 
 42. Helenas . . . vicem : cf. meam vicem, for my sake, on 
 my behalf. 
 
 46-52. He heaps insults upon her by affecting to deny them, 
 she is no daughter of a squalid hovel, no ghoulish graveyard witch, 
 her generous hospitality to all men, her happy motherhood, are 
 well known. 
 
 46. obsoleta : cf. 2. 10. 6, 7. 
 
 48. novendiales : 'newly buried.' Cf. Lex. s.v. II. 
 
 50. venter : i.e. child. Similarly aSis, Aesch. Ag. 1418. 
 
 52. fortis : implying that the indisposition was feigned, and the 
 child supposititious. 
 
 53-81. The reply of Canidia. 
 
 54. non saxa . . . surdiora : English idiom presents the rele- 
 vant aspect of the fact : the rocks are not more deaf when, etc. ; 
 Latin idiom presents the material fact : Neptune lashes the rocks 
 (not more deaf). nudis : i.e. shipwrecked. 
 
 56. 'What! Think, unpunished, to deride' (Martin). For this 
 use of ut, cf A. G. 332. c ; G. L. 558 ; H. 486. II. n. Cotyttia : 
 of the Thracian Cotytto, cf. Lex. ; Milt. Coinus, ' Dark- veiled 
 Cotytto, t' whom the secret flame | Of midnight torches burns ; 
 mysterious dame,' etc. 
 
 67. volgata : cf. 3. 2. 27.
 
 EPODE XVII. 487 
 
 58-59. Sat. 1. 8, burlesques her foul rites on the Esquiline. 
 pontifex is either a sneer at Horace for undertaking the role of 
 Grand Inquisitor, or a hint that he too dabbled in forbidden arts. 
 
 60. quid proderit : i.e. what profits my skill if it cannot pro- 
 cure me revenge ? Paelignas anus : her teachers in sorcery. 
 
 61. velocius : with toxicum. 
 
 62. qq. But no swift poison shall end his miseries. The linger- 
 ing tortures of Tantalus, etc., await him. votis : sc. tuis. 
 
 63. in hoc : her purpose, further denned by ut . . . suppetas. 
 
 64. laboribus : cf. 2. 13. 38, 2. 14. 20. Some Mss. read dolori- 
 bus. 
 
 65. infidi : Catull. 64. 346, periuri Pelopis. He hurled into the 
 sea his charioteer Myrtilus, by whose aid he had won the race with 
 Oenomaus for the hand of Hippodamla. Soph. Electr. 504-515, 
 traces the curse of the house of Pelops to this crime. 
 
 66. benignae : in tantalizing abundance. Cf. 1. 9. 6. n. 
 67-68. obligatus : cf. 4. 4. 65. n. Sisyphus : cf. 2. 14. 20. n. 
 70-74. Thou wilt essay all modes of suicide. 
 
 71. Norico : 1. 16. 9. 
 
 72. vincla : noose, rope. 
 
 73. fastidosa : 3. 29. 9. 
 
 74-75. She will ride him like an old man of the sea, and spurn 
 the earth in her pride. 
 
 76. an, etc. : cf . 6. 15. movere cereas imagines : to animate 
 waxen images, as she did in the magic rites on which he spied 
 (curiosus) in Sat. 1. 8. 30. Cf. Verg. Eel. 8. 81 ; Theoc. 2. 28 ; 
 Rossetti, Sister Helen, ' Why did you melt your waxen man, Sister 
 Helen ? ' 
 
 78. deripere Lunam : 1. 5, and 5. 46. n. 
 
 80. desideri . . . pocula : cf. 5. 38. 
 
 81. plorem, etc. : i.e. ' bewail the failure of my arts on thee,' 
 in thy case.
 
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