RESOURCES 
 
 OF 
 
 ARIZONA TERRITORY 
 
 WITH A DKSruri'TION OF THK 
 
 INDIAN TRIBES; 
 
 ANCIENT RUINS; COCHISE, APACHE CHIEF; 
 
 ANTONIO, PIMA CHIEF; STAGE 
 
 AND WAGON ROADS; 
 
 TRADE AND COMMERCE, ETC. 
 
 BY AUTHORITY OF THE LEGISLATURE. 
 
 S A N FRANCISCO: 
 
 FRANCIS & VALKNTINE, STEAM PRINTERS AXD ENGRAVERS. 
 
 1871. 
 
INDEX. 
 
 Acquisition and Organization of the Territory, Yuma County 
 and the Colorado River ................................. 5 
 
 Arizona City ............................................... 7 
 
 Eherenburg .................... . ......................... 7 
 
 JV* ^ ^ ....,__. g 
 
 ^V . 9 
 
 "X . 9 
 
 I .10 
 
 \ .11 
 
 I 10 
 
 ~ 
 
 r .14 
 
 1 .16 
 
 I .17 
 
 I ... o .21 
 
 Yuma and Mohave Indians ................................. 21 
 
 Apache Indians ........................................ 21 
 
 Ancient Euins ........................................... 23 
 
 Plants and Trees peculiar to Arizona ....................... 24 
 
 Advantages for Manufactories ........................... .... 2(5 
 
 Mail and Stage Roads . . . , ................................ 26 
 
 Wagon Roads ................................... . ......... 27 
 
 Projected Railroads ......... .............................. 28 
 
 Price of Produce ...... ............ ........ ................ 29 
 
 Military Department .................... ................. 29 
 
 Civil Government . . . . 30 
 
RESOURCES 
 
 I 
 OF 
 
 A 
 
 ARIZONA TERRITORY 
 
 > 
 
 , WITH A DESCRIPTION OF THE 
 
 INDIAN TRIBES; 
 
 ANCIENT KUINS; COCHISE, APACHE CHIEF; 
 
 ANTONIO, PIMA CHIEF ; STAGE 
 
 AND WAGON ROADS; 
 
 
 
 TRADE AND COMMERCE, ETC. 
 
 BY AUTHORITY OF THE LE8ISLATUBE 
 
 SAN FRANCISCO: 
 FRANCIS <fc VALENTINE, STEAM PRINTERS AND ENGRAVERS. 
 
 1871. 
 

 
A.CT 
 
 TO AUTHORIZE THE COMPILATION AND PUBLICATION OF 
 INFORMATION TO PROMOTE IMMIGRATION. 
 
 Be it enacted by the Legislative Assembly of the Territory of Arizona: 
 
 SECTION 1. That A. P. K. SAFFOBD, CHARLES H. BBINLEY and 
 JOHN G. CAMPBELL, are hereby constituted and appointed a Board of 
 Commissioners to prepare and cause to be published reliable information 
 upon the pastoral, mineral and agricultural resources of the Territory? 
 also the cost and facilities of coming to the Territory by the different rail- 
 roads, stage routes, and immigrant roads, and such other information as 
 they may consider of value to persons desiring to emigrate to this 
 Territory. 
 
 SEC. 2. It shall be the duty of said Commissioners to prepare the 
 information aforesaid, as soon as practicable, and they are hereby author- 
 ized to contract for the publication of two thousand copies in pamphlet 
 form, upon such reasonable terms as they may deem just and right ; 
 provided that the price so agreed upon shall not exceed the sum of three 
 hundred dollars. 
 
 SEC. 3. Upon the completion of said work to the satisfaction of the 
 Commissioners, they shall certify to the Territorial Auditor the amount 
 due for said work, and to whom, and the Territorial Auditor shall draw 
 his warrant for the amount in favor of the person to whom the same is due 
 as shall appear by the certificate of said Commissioners, and the Territorial 
 Treasurer is hereby authorized and directed to pay said warrant out of any 
 money in the treasury not otherwise appropriated. 
 
 SEC. 4. It shall be the duty of the Board of Commissioners to distrib- 
 ute said pamphlets in such manner as will give them the widest and most 
 useful circulation. 
 
 SEC. 5. This Act shall take effect and be in force from and after its 
 
 Approved, February 17th, 1871. 
 
PREFACE. 
 
 In presenting this pamphlet to the public it may not be out 
 of place to say that in view of the fact that Arizona is a vast 
 Territory, nearly three times as large as the State of New 
 York, and that it contains vast pastoral, agricultural and min- 
 eral resources, and that these resources are yet mainly unde- 
 veloped, arid only a small portion of the territory yet occupied ; 
 and also in view of the fact that there seems to be a prevailing 
 desire outside of the territory to obtain correct information, 
 caused the last legislature to appoint a commission and make 
 an appropriation for the publication of this pamphlet. The 
 main object of the within has been to give in as brief space as 
 possible, such information as persons desiring to come here 
 would want to know, and above all other considerations to 
 give correct information. Many things have been written that 
 will undoubtedly prevent immigration, but they are facts that 
 the immigrant should know before he comes here. 
 
 Many who do not desire to come are curious to know about 
 a people who once densely populated this territory and nothing 
 is known of them save the ruins they have left ; of the savage 
 Apache and the docile Papago ; of the useful shrubs and plants 
 that grow and are not found in other portions of the United 
 States. All these subjects have been briefly alluded to, and 
 as much 'practical information given as is possible in the 
 limited space. 
 
Organization and Acquisition of the Territory. 
 
 The Territorial Government of the Territory of Arizona 
 was organized Feb. 24, 1863. 
 
 The portion of the Territory lying north of the Gila river 
 was obtained from the government of Mexico, under the treaty 
 of Guadalupe Hidalgo, Feb. 2d, 1848, and the portion lying 
 south of the Gila was obtained by purchase from the govern- 
 ment of Mexico, under the treaty made by James Gadsen on 
 the part of the United States, at Mexico, Dec. 30, 1853; and 
 extends west from the 109 deg. meridian of longitude to the 
 115th deg., and north from 31 deg. 20 sec. of north latitude to 
 the 37th deg. parallel ; and is bounded on the north by Nevada 
 and Utah ; on the east by New Mexico; on the south by Sonora, 
 and on the west by California and Nevada, and contains about 
 70,000,000 acres of land. 
 
 DESCRIPTION OF THE COUNTRY. 
 
 For the purpose of more clearly conveying, in a limited 
 space, a correct understanding of the general features and re- 
 sources of the Territory, each county will be described separ- 
 ately. 
 
 YUMA COUNTY. This county is formed out of the south- 
 western portion of the Territory, and is bounded on the west 
 by the Colorado river. The valley of the Colorado is from 
 two to ten miles in width ; the soil is rich alluvial, and is gen- 
 erally covered with a dense growth of vegetation, and .is well 
 wooded with Mesquite and Cottonwood trees. Very little at- 
 tempt has been made to cultivate these lands, except by the 
 Indians. They in a rude way produce some vegetables, corn 
 and wheat. 
 
6 CLIMATE, RESOURCES, ETC. 
 
 The soil and climate are undoubtedly well adapted to the 
 production of cotton, rice and sugar cane, as well as the cereals, 
 and nearly all kinds of vegetables. Experiments made in 
 planting figs, lemons and oranges encourage the belief that 
 these fruits can be raised in abundance. 
 
 The only obstacle in the way of extensive and profitable 
 agriculture in the valley of this river is the frequent changes 
 of its channel. Its waters can undoubtedly be controlled by 
 levees and canals, and it would be policy for the government to 
 make liberal grants of land to accomplish this object. The 
 water once under control, and this would be an inviting field 
 for investment and enterprise. 
 
 The Gila river runs about 150 miles in a westerly course 
 through this county; its valley is from one to three miles in 
 width; the soil is rich and covered with vegetation, and by 
 irrigation will produce almost anything that grows ; it is un- 
 inhabited, except by station keepers along the overland mail 
 road. These stations are usually located about fifteen miles 
 apart. 
 
 The balance of this county is mostly high table lands, with 
 frequent broken mountains, and is generally destitute of water; 
 portions of the year these lands are covered with excellent 
 grass, but until water is increased by sinking wells, the larger 
 portion of this belt of country will be of little value. 
 
 MINES. Gold, silver, copper and lead, are found in lodes 
 near the Colorado river, the entire length of the county; also 
 placer gold in considerable sums has been extracted. No 
 effort has been made to conduct water to these mines; the 
 gold has generally been, obtained by what is called the dry 
 washing process. To pay by this process, the mines must 
 necessarily be very rich, but if water could be obtained, they 
 would undoubtedly pay well, even when once worked by the 
 other process. 
 
 Many lodes of gold, silver, copper and lead have been lo- 
 cated, and quite a profitable business engaged in by shipping 
 the ores via the Colorado river to San Francisco. The success 
 of these enterprises would warrant the belief that by the 
 erection of machinery and properly opening the mines, they 
 could be made very profitable to the owners. Along the 
 
OP ARIZONA TERRITORY. 7 
 
 southern border of the county, extensive and rich mines of 
 copper are found, but owing to the high rate of transportation 
 have not yet been made to pay. 
 
 TRADE AND COMMERCE. Most of the goods consumed on 
 and near the Colorado river, and in Southern Arizona, are 
 shipped from San Francisco in vessels down the Pacific ocean, 
 around Cape St. Lucas into the Gulf of California, thence to the 
 mouth of the Colorado river; at this point, the goods are re- 
 shipped and placed on barges, and towed up the river by small 
 steamers. Until recently, the trade has been carried on with 
 sailing vessels from San Francisco to the mouth of the river, 
 but, the mercantile community requiring more speedy delivery 
 of goods, a steamer has been placed on the line, and it makes 
 a monthly trip between those points. It requires about ten 
 days to make the trip either way, and the charge for freight to 
 Arizona City is $47 per ton. 
 
 TOWNS. Arizona City is located at the junction of the Gila 
 and Colorado rivers; is the county seat of the county, and con- 
 tains a population of about 1200 ; one-third American and two- 
 thirds Mexican. It is the principal military depot of supplies 
 for the troops of Southern Arizona, and the goods shipped to 
 merchants in Southern Arizona are landed at this point. It 
 contains several large mercantile houses, one wagon and sev- 
 eral blacksmith shops, and a weekly newspaper called The 
 Arizona Free Press. The houses are mostly built of adobes, 
 and it has the appearance of a Mexican town. It is a prosper- 
 ous business place, and, from its geographical position, will 
 undoubtedly continue to grow with the development of the 
 country. It contains but one church (Catholic), and schools 
 have only been maintained at intervals by subscription but 
 preparations are being made that will undoubtedly insure a 
 good, free school the most of each year. 
 
 Eherenburg is located by the river 140 miles above Arizona 
 City on the Colorada; contains a population of about 500, and 
 is the principal shipping point for Central Arizona. It has been 
 built within the past two years, and was the rival of La Paz, 
 located five miles above, but the superior advantages for the 
 delivery of goods at this landing, caused the rapid decline of 
 La Paz, which is now nearly depopulated. It contains several 
 
8 CLIMATE, RESOURCES, ETC. 
 
 large forwarding and commission houses, blacksmith and 
 wagon shops, and in addition to the trade with Central Arizona, 
 large amounts of goods are sold to supply the mines up the 
 Colorado river. 
 
 CLIMATE AND HEALTH. The climate from June to October 
 is extremely warm, the themometer often showing in the shade 
 from 115 deg. to 120 deg. of heat, but singular to say, proba- 
 bly owing to the dryness of the atmosphere, there has never 
 been known a case of sun stroke, and it is unusually healthy, 
 being singularly free from malarious diseases, and invalids in- 
 flicted with bronchial or lung disease are always benefited, and 
 often cured, by a change to this climate. From October to 
 June the climate is mild and salubrious, and hardly excelled 
 anywhere. 
 
 MOHAVE COUNTY. This county is formed out of the north- 
 western part of the Territory, and is bounded on the west by 
 the Colorado river. The remarks heretofore made of the 
 river valley in Yuma county will apply to this county. The 
 county lying east of the Colorado river is generally rolling and 
 hilly, covered with nutritious grasses and an abundance of 
 wood and timber. Stock thrives the year through without 
 prepared food. There is a free pasturage in this county alone, 
 yet unoccupied, for immense herds, and many valleys of ex- 
 cellent agricultural lands. 
 
 MINES. It has been known since the organization of the 
 Territory, that nearly all the mountains in this county con- 
 tained lodes of gold, silver, copper and lead, and, in 1863, an 
 attempt was made to develope and work some of these lodes ; 
 some machinery was erected and considerable money expended, 
 but as has been the case in nearly all new mining counties, 
 hostility of Indians, extravagance, want of experience, etc., 
 the investments proved disastrous, and the mining interest has 
 been paralyzed, until within the past few months. Recently a 
 few practical miners undertook the task of giving new life to 
 this abandoned and almost forgotten field. Upon develop- 
 ment, a number of lodes of gold and silver have been found, 
 rich and extensive. A population of about five hundred miners 
 have already accumulated in the Wallapai mining district. 
 Machinery is being erected, roads built, and mines developed 
 with a good prospect of excellent returns. 
 
OF ARIZONA TERRITOEY. 9 
 
 The inhabited places of the county are Mohave City, loca- 
 ted on the Colorado river ; Hardyville, six miles above, and 
 the Wallapai mining district. 
 
 TRADE. Goods are principally shipped up the Colorado 
 river, and landed either at Mohave or Hardyville, although 
 wagon trains are constantly running from Los Angeles with 
 goods for this section and the interior. 
 
 Steamers often go up the river with goods as high as El 
 Dorado Canon, and several years since one did go as high as 
 Callville. 
 
 CLIMATE AND HEALTH. The same remarks made in con- 
 nection with this subject of Yuma county, will apply to this 
 county, except the northern and eastern portions are cooler. 
 
 YAVAPAI COUNTY. This county is bounded on the north 
 and west by Mohave county; on the east by New Mexico, and 
 the south by Maricopa county. Nearly the entire county has 
 an elevation of from 5,000 to 6,000 feet above the level of the 
 sea, and several mountains rise to the highth of 12,000 to 
 14,000 feet. It contains large forests of excellent timber, and 
 many valleys superior for agriculture. Grass is abundant 
 everywhere, and the advantages for stock raising cannot be 
 excelled. Considerable attention has been paid to farming, 
 and with the exception of two dry seasons, the yield has been 
 equal to that of other favored grain growing States. The 
 farmers of this county have depended entirely upon the rain 
 fall to grow their crops. Experience seems to prove that irri- 
 gation will have to be resorted to in order to insure a certain 
 yield. The most prominent streams of water in this county 
 are the Little Colorado, Verde, Salt, Sipicue and White rivers. 
 They all abound in excellent fish; and turkey, bear and deer, 
 are plentiful in all the mountains of Arizona. 
 
 MINES. Owing to the hostility of the Apache Indians, 
 prospecting and mining has been much retarded over a large 
 portion of the county, but sufficient explorations have been 
 made to demonstrate the fact that it contains extensively rich 
 mines of gold and silver scarcely a mountain has been exam- 
 ined that does not show rich deposits of these metals. Placer 
 gold is found over a large extent of country, and during wet 
 seasons are worked with great profit. If water can be carried 
 
10 CLIMATE, RESOURCES, ETC. 
 
 to these mines by means of artificial ditches (and it is believed 
 it can be from the Verde river), lucrative employment would 
 be given to hundreds of miners. The discovery of gold and 
 silver quartz lodes are so numerous that it is out of the ques- 
 tion to give room in this pamphlet to mention but one or two 
 of the leading ones: The Vulture mine at Wickenburg is 
 principally of gold ore ; the lode is large and well defined, and 
 is being worked now to a depth of about 300 feet; 200 men 
 are constantly employed, and a forty stamp mill is regularly 
 operated with paying results. The ore is drawn on wagons, 
 for reduction, fifteen miles, at a heavy cost. If machinery was 
 erected at the mine, vast quantities of ore that will not pay for 
 transportation, could be worked, and the profits on all would 
 be proportionately greater, and this mine would take front 
 rank as a gold producing mine. The Bradshaw mines have 
 been but recently discovered, and have already a wide and 
 valuable reputation. The Tiger lode gives promise of taking 
 an important position beside the great silver bearing mines 01 
 Mexico and the United States, and there are many other lodes 
 in this district that prospect well. There has yet been no 
 machinery erected for the reduction of ores, but many tons 
 have been shipped from the Tiger to San Francisco that has 
 yielded over $1,000 00 per ton. With safety from Indians and 
 capital to develop the mines of this county, many millions ot 
 gold and silver would be annually extracted and put in circu- 
 lation. 
 
 TRADE AND FREIGHTS. Goods for this portion of Arizona are 
 partly purchased in New York, and shipped by K. R., to the 
 terminus of the Kansas Pacific R. R.; thence by freight teams 
 via Albuquerque to Pres.cott. The cost of freighting by this 
 route is about $360 per ton. A portion of the supplies is pur- 
 chased in San Francisco and shipped by steamer to San Pedro, 
 thence via Los Angeles, or via the Colorado river and Eheren- 
 burg, and thence by freight teams to Prescott and other points. 
 The freights by either of these routes cost about $300 per 
 ton. 
 
 TOWNS. Prescott is located 155 miles east of the Colorado 
 River by the wagon road, and 403 miles west of Albuquerque, 
 New Mexico. It is the county seat of the county, and the 
 
OF ARIZONA TERRITORY. 11 
 
 headquarters for the Military Department of Arizona ; con- 
 tains a population of about 1200 ; is pleasantly situated in a 
 valley, surrounded by a forest of pines. The buildings are 
 generally constructed of wood, and have the appearance of 
 taste and comfort. Its ^reen hills, tall pines and productive 
 gardens, give it an appearance of beauty and comfort rarely 
 excelled. The people are energetic and enterprising, and use 
 every exertion possible to overcome the obstacles of Indian 
 hostilities, high transportation, and to develope the resources 
 of the county. They are justly proud of their mountain home, 
 and generally desire to remain there for life. It contains sev- 
 eral large mercantile houses, two of which are fire-proof, and 
 would do credit to any old settled town. There are many 
 families here, and a school has been kept open, mainly by 
 private subscription, during the past three years. Efforts are 
 now being made that will undoubtedly secure a free public 
 school. The Good Templars have a flourishing society, and a 
 Methodist Church is in process of construction. Divine service 
 is held on Sundays, and is generally well attended. 
 
 WICKENBURG. This town is located on Hassayampa creek, 
 about 90 miles south of Prescott ; contains a population of 
 about 500, and was named after Henry Wickenburg, the dis- 
 coverer of the Vulture mine. It is centrally located to exten- 
 sive mining regions, though the larger portions are yet unde- 
 veloped. It contains a number of mercantile houses, and is 
 destined to grow with the development of the county. 
 
 CLIMATE AND HEALTH OF THE COUNTY. The climate of this 
 county taken altogether, can hardly be excelled. Over the 
 larger portion, the thermometer rarely shows a higher degree 
 of heat in the summer than 90 deg., while the winter months 
 are bracing and cool, but never severe. The mercury seldom 
 falls below zero. 
 
 With the exception of two or three locations (where swamps 
 cause chills and fevers), malarious diseases are almost un- 
 known, and bronchial and lung complaints are always bene- 
 fitted in this climate. 
 
 MARICOPA COUNTY. This county is bounded on the north 
 by Yavapai county; on the east by New Mexico; on the south 
 by the Gila river, or Pima county, and on the west by Yuma 
 
12 CLIMATE, RESOURCES, ETC. 
 
 county. The people are nearly all engaged in agriculture, the 
 most of whom are located in Salt River Valley. This valley is 
 one of the largest and most productive in the Territory ; has 
 been settled less than four years, and now contains sufficient 
 population to sustain a county government. The lands are 
 cultivated by irrigation, and there is an abundance of water in 
 Salt River for the use of a vast extent of country. The people 
 who settled here commenced with little or no means, and by 
 industry and economy have constructed irrigating canals and 
 made improved farms, and are now in'a prosperous and com- 
 paratively independent position. The products raised for sale 
 have been barley, corn and wheat. "Wheat and barley are 
 usually sown from November to February, and harvested in 
 May. The average yield of wheat is from 20 to 40 bushels per 
 acre, and of barley from 30 to 60, and sells at from three to 
 four cents per pound. There has been a demand for all the 
 grain that has been raised. After the wheat and barley are 
 harvested, corn can be planted on the same soil, with ample 
 time for it to mature. Much of the land of Arizona is culti- 
 vated in this way, and produces two crops each year. The 
 average yield of corn is from 30 to 60 bushels per acre. Vege- 
 tables, with the exception of Irish potatoes, do remarkably 
 well. Sweet potatoes in particular grow to a large size and 
 are very prolific. Fruit trees grow rapidly, and it is thought 
 that oranges and lemons may be raised in abundance. Experi- 
 ments in planting grapes have proved very successful. Vines 
 in two years after planting, produce abundantly of an excellent 
 quality. 
 
 There are thousands of acres of excellent land in this valley 
 yet unoccupied, that can be pre-empted and purchased by 
 actual settlers at $1.25 per acre. It was once the abode of an 
 immense population who have passed away, and no one knows 
 who they were. Their irrigating canals, constructed with con- 
 siderable engineering skill, can now be traced for many miles 
 over these plains; and ruins of houses, that were once the 
 abode of a large population, are visible on every hand. There 
 is some farming carried on in this county on the north side of 
 the Gila River as far up the river as Florence. Above this 
 point, owing to the hostility of the Apache Indians, the county 
 is entirely vacant, though the Gila Valley, for two hundred 
 
OF ARIZONA TERRITORY. 13 
 
 miles, presents most inviting fields for settlements. Large 
 tracts of excellent agricultural lands are found at almost any 
 point along it and its tributaries, and the table lands and moun- 
 tains adjacent are covered the year round with excellent grass. 
 A colony one hundred strong, that would co-operate together, 
 could take possession of, and hold, any of these lands against 
 the savages. The county north of the Gila Valley and east of 
 the settlements, is generally broken and mountainous. There 
 are a number of fine streams of water flowing through it, and 
 each of these contains many rich valleys. Wood and grass 
 are found in abundance, also many large forests of heavy 
 timber. 
 
 The savages have held possession of this section of the 
 country with such tenacity, that very little prospecting for min- 
 erals has been accomplished. Sufficient explorations have been 
 made to know that gold, silver, copper* and lead exist in most 
 of the mountain ranges, and it is believed, when opportunity 
 is presented, valuable mines will be found and worked. An 
 excellent vein of coal has been found near Camp Apache, and 
 also a mountain of pure salt on Salt river. Many legends have 
 been told by captives who have escaped from the Indians, and 
 by Indians who have been taken prisoners, of the existence 
 somewhere in this section of rich placer mines, but all efforts 
 to find them have so far proved futile. 
 
 TOWNS. Phcenix is located in Salt River Valley, about 25 
 miles above the confluence of the Gila and Salt rivers. By an 
 act of the Legislature Phcenix has been selected as the site 
 for the Territorial Penitentiary, though no building has yet 
 been erected. It is the county seat of the county, and has a 
 flour mill and several stores ; there are also a store and flour- 
 mill at Mill City, three miles distant. There are many fami- 
 lies located in this valley. The people feel a deep interest in 
 education, and a free school will undoubtedly soon be estab- 
 lished. 
 
 CLIMATE AND HEALTH. The climate and health in the 
 valleys of Salt river and the Gila, as far up as is settled, are 
 similar to those conditions on the Colorado river. East of the 
 settlements and north of the Gila, the climate is about the 
 same as Yavapai county. It is safe to say that no more healthy 
 county can be found anywhere. 
 
14 CLIMATE, RESOURCES, ETC. 
 
 PIMA COUNTY. This county is bounded on the north by the 
 Gila river; on the east by New Mexico; on the south by Son- 
 ora, and on the west by Yuma county. It is the oldest inhab- 
 ited county in the Territory, and contains the most population. 
 The western end of the county, to a line drawn north and 
 south from the Gila river to the Sonora line, and passing a few 
 miles west of Tucson, is uninhabited after leaving the Gila 
 river, except by the Papago Indians, whose habitation will 
 hereafter be described. This belt of country is composed ot 
 plains, covered with grass part of the year, and considerable 
 portions of it with mesquite wood, and broken or detached 
 chains of mountains. Wherever water can be found, grazing 
 is excellent, and experience in sinking wells demonstrates that 
 by this means water may be procured almost anywhere in 
 Arizona but without thus increasing the supply of water, 
 much of this section must remain valueless. The south bank 
 of -the valley of the Gila extends the whole length of the 
 county, and, as before described, has superior agricultural ad- 
 vantages. At Gila Bend, one hundred and fifty miles from the 
 mouth of the river, the valley for a distance of twenty-five miles 
 is from five to ten miles in width, and the soil is of the richest 
 character. A company are now engaged constructing a very 
 large ditch for irrigating purposes, and offer shares for sale at 
 the cost of construction. Those who are not able to pay cash 
 are furnished provisions and allowed to work for interests. 
 There are many thousand acres of unoccupied land already 
 surveyed, and subject to pre-emption and entry at $1.25 per 
 acre. There is a large volume of water remaining in the river, 
 more than can be used through the ditch under construction. 
 This section, in addition to being well adapted to raising' vege- 
 tables and all the cereals, is undoubtedly, by soil and climate, 
 favorable to growing oranges, lemons, figs and grapes. 
 
 Passing up the Gila forty miles, the Maricopa and Pima" 
 Reservation is reached. This reservation is 25 miles long and 
 in width takes in the river valley, and will be referred to in 
 the description ol the Indian tribes of Arizona. Above this re- 
 servation, the river valley is extensively farmed for twenty miles, 
 and is among the best producing lands in Arizona. The pro- 
 ducts and yield are about the same as described in the Salt 
 River Valley. The county south of the Gila and east of that 
 
OF ARIZONA TERRITORY. 15 
 
 heretofore mentioned, is watered by the San Pedro and Santa 
 Cruz rivers and several smaller streams, and is composed of 
 plains, valleys and broken chains of mountains. Nearly every 
 portion of it is covered with nutritious grasses ; live oak and 
 mesquite grows in abundance for fuel, on the plains and in the 
 valleys, and many of the mountains* are covered with excellent 
 forests of timber. No better grazing country can be found, and 
 it is nearly all yet unoccupied. The valleys possess excellent ag- 
 ricultural advantages; with irrigation two crops are annually pro- 
 duced on the same land. Many of these valleys were settled 
 by the Catholic fathers over one hundred years ago, and a 
 history of the changes that have since ensued would fill a large 
 volume. It is sufficient to say that over a century ago, these 
 fathers attracted by thesalubrity of the climate and the fertility 
 of the soil, established several missions, improved farms, intro- 
 duced herds, and built churches, one of which is still well 
 preserved (the San Xavier, nine miles south of Tucson), and 
 for style of architecture and solidity of construction, is ad- 
 mired by all who see it. These fathers commenced the good 
 work of teaching and Christianizing the Indians, and suc- 
 ceeded admirably with all the tribes save the Apaches, who, 
 as Baron Humboldt writes in 1803, in his "Kingdom of New 
 Spain," that u neither the soldiers stationed in the presidios, 
 nor the monks posted in the neighboring missions, have been 
 hitherto able to make the conquest over them." Their treach- 
 ery and ferocity could not be controlled by examples of Chris- 
 tian purity and love, nor had the forces of Spain the power to 
 conquer them ; and the deserted fields and broken walls of 
 these missions can be seen to-day as undoubted witnesses of 
 these facts. Since the occupation of the country by the 
 Americans, a constant struggle has been going on to hold 
 possession of the rich valleys of the San Pedro and Upper 
 Santa Cruz, but the slaughter has been so great each year, 
 since 1863, that almost a new population has been introduced 
 to fill the places of the dead. The soil is so rich and produc 
 tive, and the desire of the people has been so great to live and 
 make homes in these valleys, that with true American courage 
 they filled the broken ranks and still continue the contest. 
 The present year, the Indians have swept over these valleys 
 with unusual ferocity; many have been slain and their prop- 
 
16 CLIMATE, RESOURCES, ETC. 
 
 erty destroyed "or stolen, and unless a vigorous war policy is 
 soon adopted that will prevent these savages from sallying 
 forth from reservations, where they are well fed, to murder and 
 rob at will, and then returning to be again fed and protected 
 by the Government, these valleys will soon be abandoned and 
 turned over again to the undisputed sway of the Apaches. 
 These remarks may be considered out of place in a pamphlet of 
 this character, but as the object is to give correct information 
 to those who feel an interest or desire to emigrate to this Ter- 
 ritory, these facts should be known. While there are many 
 locations, such as along and near the Colorado river, the Salt 
 liver and settlements along the Gila, that are comparatively 
 safe from Apache raids, yet the larger part of Arizona is in- 
 secure for life and property, on account of the hostility of the 
 Apaches. 
 
 MINES. Nearly all the mountains contain veins of gold, 
 silver, copper and lead, and long before the country was pur- 
 chased from Mexico, gold and silver mining was carried on to 
 a considerable extent. After the purchase, the attention of 
 capitalists was attracted here and considerable money was in- 
 vested with fair prospects of success. About this time the 
 Great Rebellion broke out and the Confederate forces took 
 possession and confiscated or destroyed all property known to 
 belong to Union men ; then the Union forces re-took the 
 country and confiscated or destroyed all property known to 
 belong to those in sympathy with the Rebellion, and the In- 
 dians and marauding bands took what was left irrespective of 
 creed or parties. This effectually destroyed all mining enter, 
 prises, and to this day they have never been revived. The 
 mines, or many of thejn, are undoubtedly rich and extensive, 
 and the field for the investment of well directed capital is in- 
 viting. 
 
 TOWNS. Tucson is located in the Santa Cruz Valley, three 
 hundred miles east of Arizona City, on the overland road from 
 San Diego, California, to Santa Fe, New Mexico ; is the capi- 
 tal of the Territory, and the county seat of Pima county, and 
 according to the last census, has a population of three thousand 
 two hundred. It has been a town of some importance for a 
 century. The Mexican Government had a military post here, 
 
. OP ARIZONA TERRITORY. 17 
 
 before the country was ceded to the United States, and it is 
 now the principal place for the exchange of commodities be- 
 tween Arizona and Sonora. The people of that country bring 
 here wheat, barley, corn, fruits, salt, coarse sugar, tobacco, 
 cigars and other products of their country, and exchange them 
 for goods and money. The valley of the Santa Cruz, above 
 and below the town for several miles, is under cultivation, and 
 produces two excellent crops each year. Tucson contains a 
 number of heavy mercantile houses, a tin shop, blacksmith 
 and wagon shops, two flour mills, hotels and restaurants. The 
 town is built almost entirely of adobes, and is laid out and has 
 the appearance of a Mexican town. Seven-eighths of the pop- 
 ulation are Mexican, and the Spanish language is more spoken 
 than the English. 
 
 The Catholics have a church (the only one here), that is 
 well attended and supported. The Sisters of St. Joseph have 
 a Seminary for Young Ladies that is attended by about one 
 hundred and sixty pupils; the Fathers also have a school for 
 boys. An effort is being made that will probably soon result 
 in establishing a free public school from Territorial and county 
 funds. 
 
 FLORENCE. This town is pleasantly located at the head of the 
 farming settlement on the Gila river, about eighty miles north 
 of Tucson. It contains several mercantile houses, blacksmith 
 shops, and has a Catholic Church. Rows of trees have been 
 planted along the streets, and it is destined to be one of the 
 pleasantest towns in the Territory. 
 
 SANFORD OR ADAMSVILLE. This town is located on the Gila 
 river, four miles below Florence ; is centrally located in a 
 thriving farming settlement,, and contains several mercantile 
 houses and a flour mill, and is a thriving, growing place. 
 
 CLIMATE AND HEALTH. The climate of the valleys and 
 plains is about the same as that of the Colorado river. Ele- 
 vated portions of the county become cooler in proportion to 
 the altitude. It is generally healthy except in a few locations 
 on and near the southern border, where chills and fevers pre- 
 vail to some extent during the Summer months. 
 
 INDIANS OF ARIZONA. The Pima and Maricopa Indians oc- 
 cupy a reservation as before stated on the Gila river, about 
 
18 CLIMATE, RESOURCES, ETC. 
 
 two hundred miles east of Arizona City, and number about 
 four thousand. They have occupied this locality as far back 
 as we have any written knowledge of them. Many years ago, 
 they cultivated fields, also in other localities, though not faf 
 distant from the reservation, but the continued raids made 
 upon them by the Apaches compelled them for self-protection 
 to draw their settlements close together. They live in round 
 huts, made by placing poles ten to twelve feet long in a circle 
 of ten or twelve feet in diameter at the bottom, and pointed 
 together at the top. These poles are then covered with hay 
 and earth ; only a small opening is left for a door. Their prin- 
 cipal occupation is agriculture and stock raising. Although 
 their mode of agriculture is rude, still they raise all the vege- 
 tables, wheat, barley and corn necessary for use, and sell annu- 
 ally about two million pounds of wheat. They are at peace 
 with the whites and all Indian tribes except the Apaches, with 
 whom an uncompromising feud exists. In their warfare no 
 quarter is asked or given so far as the male adults are con- 
 cerned. The women and children are generally made captives. 
 The Apache captives are treated as well as their own people, 
 and very soon become so attached to their captors that they 
 cannot be induced to again live with their own people. In 
 religion, they believe in a Great Spirit, and future rewards and 
 punishments, but, like all other people, worship a deity and 
 imagine a place of rewards and punishments peculiarly suited 
 to their intellects and condition in life. They are very super- 
 stitious and believe in witches ; often make great sacrifices of 
 property to find and destroy the evil one that is generally in 
 the form of a stick or stone. They work with great energy and 
 excitement until the mischievous object is found and destroyed. 
 They then return to their legitimate labors with a sense of 
 feeling that a great calamity has been averted. Sometimes 
 they imagine that one of their people is bewitched, and in such 
 cases his or her life pay the forfeit. At the death of the head 
 of a family, all personal property is either eaten, burned or 
 destroyed. If deceased had been in good circumstances and 
 had horses and cattle, then all the tribe is invited to the feast, 
 which lasts until his stock is eaten up. The balance of his 
 earthly goods are placed in a pile and burned. The property 
 destroyed and eaten is supposed to be placed in the unknown 
 
OF ARIZONA TERRITORY. 19 
 
 world for the benefit of the deceased. They are simple minded, 
 and have but little knowledge of the world beyond what they 
 have seen. A few years ago their head chief, Antonio, was 
 induced to visit "Washington and our great eastern cities. He 
 was much beloved and confided in by the tribe, and the many 
 months he was absent left a void in their midst. Sometimes 
 unpleasant rumors were put in circulation that he was dead, 
 and when the time approached that he was soon expected, the 
 days and hours were counted with anxious solicitude. Finally 
 the glad news came that Antonio was coming, and but a few 
 miles away, and large numbers hurried forth to welcome him 
 home again, and there was joy throughout the tribe. After the 
 excitement of meeting was over, the tribe gathered round to 
 listen to his recital of the wonders he had seen. He told them 
 of the immense oceans and rivers; of untold thousands of 
 ships sailing for months between given points at rapid speed ; 
 of the iron horse fed on wood and water ; of the immense 
 loads he drew, and how he fairly flew over mountains and val- 
 leys and never tired ; of curious machines by which men in- 
 stantly talked together and understood each other, though 
 thousands of miles apart ; 1 of the immense towns and cities 
 he had passed through, and of the countless thousands of men 
 under arms (it was during our Rebellion) he had seen at one 
 time. They listened in silence until he had finished and then 
 waited for him to tell them that he was merely relating a fancy 
 story the creation of his own imagination ; but Antonio re- 
 mained serious, and when given an opportunity to regain his 
 reputation for veracity, he firmly declared and insisted that 
 every word he had said was true. Then the truth began to 
 flash upon the Pima mind that by long contract with the 
 whites, the tongue of their beloved chief had become forked, 
 and he was no longer to be believed. It was a sad day to the 
 poor Pimas, and an unfortunate day for Antonio. He is still their 
 chief, but has never regained their entire confidence, though 
 he studiously avoids relating any more of the marvelous things 
 he saw during his travels. 
 
 Their disputes are generally settled by arbitration or a 
 council of judges ; and, although they are not supposed to be 
 governed or influenced by the common law of England, or the 
 decisions of eminent jurists, still in a decision made recently 
 
20 CLIMATE, RESOURCES, ETC. 
 
 by one of these tribunals it will be observed that if the decis- 
 ion was not in accordance with our enlightened practice, the 
 reasoning was good. It seems that a man and his wife, having 
 but one child, disagreed, and it was carried to such an extent 
 that they finally agreed to separate, and the terms were all 
 amicably arranged, except as to who should have the child. 
 The wife plead that the tender youth needed a mother's foster- 
 ing care that the tendrils of affection clung more closely to a 
 mother's heart ; but the husband insisted that it required his 
 strong will to launch the frail bark properly on the stormy sea 
 of life. The difference of opinion was finally decided to be 
 irreconcilable, and it was brought before the council of judges. 
 Both sides plead their case with all the ardor of parental love, 
 and each showed strong claims for the custody of the child. 
 The judges having no precedents to govern them, and being 
 only desirous of doing right, were sorely preplexed and hesi- 
 tated in their own mind which side of the scales had the most 
 weight. Finally an old, gray headed, patriarchal looking fel- 
 low arose and said that it was a certain fact and admitted by 
 all, that the woman was the mother of the child, but there was 
 no positive evidences showing that the man was his father, and 
 under these circumstances he felt constrained to give the child 
 to the mother. This decided the case, and the mother was 
 awarded the child. 
 
 Their morals are not good ; like all Indian tribes that come 
 in contact with the whites, they adopt all our vices and few of' 
 our virtues. Rev. Mr. Cook has established a school among 
 them, and seems much encouraged in the progress he has made 
 during the brief period he has been there. If an earnest 
 Christian desire to elevate and educate them will avail anything, 
 then he will succeed. 
 
 The Maricopas occupy the lower portion of the Pima re- 
 servation, and in habits are similar in every respect to the 
 Pimas. They are friendly with the whites and at war with the 
 Apaches. They formerly were a part of the Yuma tribe, but 
 many years ago a feud sprang up among them, and they were 
 driven from the Colorado river and obliged to seek a new 
 home. The Pimas offered them a part of their reservation and 
 it was accepted. 
 
OF ARIZONA TERRITORY. 21 
 
 THE PAPAGOES. These Indians occupy a section of coun- 
 try about seventy miles south from the Pima reservation, near 
 the Sonora line, and in fact their settlements extend some dis- 
 tance into Sonora. They speak the same language as the 
 Pimas, but have mostly embraced the Catholic religion, and 
 are much further advanced in civilization. They live by culti- 
 vating the soil and raising stock. They are peacable, well-dis- 
 posed, and have never asked nor received but little assistance 
 from the Government. They are at peace with all the world 
 except the Apaches, but toward them their hate is intense. 
 They are docile and kind in their intercourse with the people. 
 Many of them are employed by farmers and stock raisers, and 
 are considered excellent laborers. Their women are virtuous 
 and industrious. The men, like most Indians, engage in poly- 
 gamy, and sometimes drink too much liquor. 
 
 THE YTJMAS AND MOHAVES. These Indians live along the 
 Colorado river ; are and have been for some time at peace 
 with the whites, and have received the largest portion of the 
 appropriation made annually for the benefit of the friendly In- 
 dians of this Territory. They have received just enough as- 
 sistance from the Government to cause them to believe that 
 they can live without work, but too little to keep off the gnaw- 
 ings of hunger. The result is that they are reduced to the 
 lowest stages of degradation. Licentiousness and disease are 
 doing their work, and soon these Indians will pass away from 
 the face of the earth. 
 
 THE APACHES. These Indians are divided into small bands, 
 and are governed by petty chiefs or captains. The main divis- 
 ions of the Apaches are named the Coyoteros, Pinals, Tontos, 
 Apaches, Mohaves, and what is known as Cochise's tribe. 
 Each of these tribes or bands has more or less divisions, arid 
 are governed as said before, by the petty chiefs or captains of 
 such band. They have no common head, and when the chief 
 of one of these bands is not acceptable to his people he is re- 
 moved and another chosen in his stead. In this respect they 
 are republican. They have lived principally by theft and such 
 supplies as they could obtain from the natural products of the 
 country, as far back as we have any written knowledge of them. 
 They have levied their contributions for centuries upon Ari- 
 
22 CLIMATE, RESOURCES, ETC. 
 
 zona, New Mexico, Sonora, Chihuahua and Durango. They 
 often travel hundreds of miles from their mountain homes and 
 unexpectedly sally forth upon a settlement to murder, burn and 
 destroy and capture herds, and carry into captivity women and 
 children. There are many Mexicans now with them who were 
 stolen when so young that they have no recollection of home 
 or relations, while many were taken at an age that the memory 
 of father, mother, brothers and sisters could never be effaced, 
 and such embrace every opportunity of escape, and have often 
 returned after an absence of from ten to fifteen years to glad- 
 den the hearts of fond relatives who had never ceased to mourn 
 their sad fate. The tales of anguish as told by these poor 
 people, of the long years of captivity, of hardships and hunger, 
 of fears and hopes for life and liberty, and of constantly wit- 
 nessing the murder and torture of their own people, are heart- 
 rending in the extreme. The Apaches are polygamists, and 
 have as many wives as fancy dictates, or as they can induce to 
 live with them. The women do all the hard labor, and are 
 often treated with great severity by their lords and masters. 
 They have no matrimonial ceremony to celebrate the marriage 
 relation, but if the bridegroom is possessed of any property he 
 is expected to give something to the bride's father at the time 
 she is taken from the parental roof. After marriage, these In- 
 dians expect and demand fidelity on the part of their wives, be 
 they few or many; and, any deviation from the paths of vir- 
 tue is punished by cutting off the nose. The writer has seen 
 a number of their women after they had been disfigured in 
 this way. 
 
 Repeated attempts have been made to place them on re- 
 servations, but they have invariably proved treacherous in their 
 pretensions, and while being fed at the expense of the Govern- 
 ment have often murdered and robbed citizens, and when their 
 nefarious work was done, return again to the reservation for 
 safety and rest. There are undoubtedly Apache Indians who 
 desire peace, and policy and humanity dictate that they should 
 be placed upon a reservation and be fed and guarded, "and not 
 allowed to roam at will, and murder and devastate as has been 
 the case in all previous experiments. Cochise is the most 
 noted of all the Apache chiefs, and while all other bands are 
 
OF ARIZONA TERRITORY. 23 
 
 independent of him, they all give him assistance in men and 
 supplies whenever he makes requisitions. The murders com- 
 mitted by this notorious chief, if given in detail, would cause 
 the blood to curdle in any one's veins who has a heart of sym- 
 pathy. The misery and torture he has inflicted, if portrayed, 
 would cause amazement that a just God ever created such a 
 monster. To the personal knowledge of the writer full one 
 hundred have fallen beneath his hand during the past two 
 years. He is inventive in his means of torture. Women are 
 often made captives, and subjected to a life worse than death. 
 Children are placed on spears and roasted over a slow fire, and 
 writhe in misery until life is extinct. Men are hanged by the 
 feet and a slow fire kindled at the head, and gashed with 
 knives ' and pierced with arrows until death gives relief. 
 Reader, these are stubborn facts. Do you wonder the people 
 clamor for protection, and feel deeply wronged when their 
 brethren, far removed from these horrid scenes, denounce them 
 as barbarous because they want peace and these Indians 
 subdued? 
 
 ANCIENT RUINS. This Territory is covered with ruins, 
 which prove conclusively it was once densely populated by a 
 people far in advance, in point of civilization, to most of the 
 Indian tribes. There is no written record of them, and it is 
 only a matter of conjecture who and what they were. Occa- 
 sionally a deserted house is found sufficiently well preserved to 
 ascertain the character of the architecture. The walls of the 
 Casa Grande, situated on the Gila, near Sanford, are still two 
 stories above the ground. In size, the structure is about 30 by 
 60 feet ; the walls are thick and made of mud, which was evi- 
 dently confined and dried as it was built. It is divided into 
 many small rooms, and the partitions are also made of mud. 
 The floors were made by placing sticks close together and cov- 
 ering them with cement. Around and near the Casa Grande, 
 are tke ruins of many other buildings, but by the lapse of time 
 the decay of vegetation has formed earth and nearly covered 
 them, and all that now marks the place where once a stately 
 mansion stood is the elevation of the ground. Near the Ancha 
 Mountains are ruins not so extensive, but in far better preser- 
 vation than the Casa Grande, and near these ruins are old aras- 
 tras, for the reduction of silver ores, which indicate that this 
 
24 CLIMATE, RESOURCES, ETC. 
 
 old people were not unmindful of the root of all evil. On the 
 Verde River are immense rooms dug in from the side of high, 
 perpendicular sandstone banks that can only be reached with 
 ladders. 
 
 Very littte information is obtained by excavating these ruins. 
 Pottery of an excellent quality, and ornamented with paint, is 
 found everywhere, and occasionally a stone axe is unearthed, 
 but nothing to indicate that they were a warlike people ; on 
 the contrary, scarcely an implement of defense can be found, 
 though there are reasons to believe, from the numerous look- 
 outs or places for observation to be seen on the tops of hills 
 and mountains, and the construction of their houses, that they 
 had enemies, and that they were constantly on the alert to 
 avoid surprise ; and also, that by the hands of these enemies 
 they perished. It is not improbable that the Apaches were 
 the enemies who caused their destruction. Indeed, the Apaches 
 have a legend that such is the case, and believe the time will 
 come when they will be able to exterminate or drive us from 
 the country. "When we consider that they have fought 
 all other Indian tribes, and have so far successfully resisted the 
 military power of Spain, Mexico and the United States, this 
 does not seem like a very unreasonable anticipation. The ruins 
 of towns, farms and irrigating canals that are to be seen on 
 every hand over this vast Territory, give abundant proof that 
 this country was once densely inhabited, and that the people 
 who lived here maintained themselves by cultivating the soil, 
 and that is probably about all we shall ever know of them. 
 Many hieroglyphics are to be seen on rocks in different portions 
 of the Territory, but who made by, or what they mean, no one 
 knows. 
 
 In excavating a well between Tucson and the Gila, at the 
 depth of one hundred and fifty feet, pottery and other articles, 
 the same as are found in the vicinity of ruins, were taken out. 
 
 PLANTS AND TREES. Nearly every variety of wood and 
 plant that grows in other portions of the United States is found 
 in Arizona, and some that cannot be found except along this 
 southern belt of country. Many varieties of the cacti species 
 are found. The most noted is the Suwarrow, which grows to 
 the hight of thirty to fifty feet, and from ten to twelve inches 
 
OF ARIZONA TERRITORY. , 25 
 
 in thickness ; the main trunk is straight, and has numerous 
 branches or prongs that grow from the main trunk in all man- 
 ner of curious shapes. Blossoms spring from the top of the 
 main trunk in Spring, and when in full bloom the top looks as 
 though it waa decorated with a large, beautiful bouquet. These 
 blossoms ripen by July into sweet fruit the size of figs, which 
 is much prized by the natives. The outside of the Suwarrow 
 is green, and covered with regular rows of thorns running 
 from top to bottom from two to three inches long. The inside 
 is supported with ribs of wood one-half inch in thickness. 
 This wood is used for covering houses and for fuel. 
 
 The Amole, when once known and appreciated, will be con- 
 sidered among the most valuable natural productions of our 
 country. It grows three or four feet high, and has long, sharp, 
 pointed leaves in the shape ot a bayonet. The root is exten- 
 sively used in place of soap, and in many respects is far supe- 
 rior to any soap that is made. The hair washed with it remains 
 soft and glossy for days without the use of oil, and flannel 
 clothes are perfectly cleansed by its use without shrinking. 
 There is an abundance in this Territory to supply the markets 
 of the world, and the time will come when it may be much 
 sought after. 
 
 The Maguey or Mescal is the most useful of all the natural 
 products of the Territory. The Apache Indians derive the 
 most of their subsistence from it. It grows in nearly every 
 part of Mexico, and is made a source of great profit in many 
 portions of that country. In the United States it is only found 
 in Arizona and a portion of !N"ew Mexico. It has a large head 
 something like a cabbage, that grows a few inches from the 
 ground, and is surrounded by numerous detached leaves, each 
 one stiff and sharp as a needle, and from the center a stock grows 
 eight to ten feet in night, and from two to three inches in 
 diameter. The stock is juicy, sweet and very palatable, but 
 the head is the valuable part of the plant. The Indians cut 
 this head out and roast it ; after this, it is ready for use. It is 
 sweet and nutritious. They pound it and make it in the shape 
 of mats, and in this way preserve It a long time. Its juice is 
 often extracted, and when boiled down makes a syrup as deli- 
 cious as honey ; and, by fermentation, an intoxicating liquor is 
 
26 CLIMATE, RESOURCES, ETC. 
 
 made that is called tizwin. The Mexicans distill it and make 
 Mescal. This liquor looks like gin and tastes like Scotch^ 
 whisky, and is as intoxicating as either, and is preferred to 
 almost any other liquor by the Mexicans. Before the tax was 
 levied on the distillation of liquors large quantities were made 
 .in this Territory, but since that time the manufacture of it is 
 transferred to Sonora, and the makers take the chances of smug- 
 gling it in without the payment of duties. The fibre of the 
 Mescal makes excellent -ropes, and cloth and paper have been 
 made from it. 
 
 The Mesquite or Gum Arabic tree grows over nearly every 
 part of Central and Southern Arizona. The tree is low and 
 bushy, and seldom grows more than a foot in diameter ; the 
 leaf resembles the locust ; the wood is solid, and makes excel- 
 lent fuel, and is extensively used in making wagons. Gum 
 Arabic of an excellent quality oozes from it in consider- 
 able quantities. It is most plentiful in the months of May and 
 October. 
 
 MANUFACTORIES. The opportunity for engaging ki the man- 
 facture of many articles used and consumed in this Territory 
 is inviting. It is estimated that fourteen thousand boxes of 
 soap is consumed annually by the citizens, exclusive of what 
 is used by the army. Nearly all the material necessary to 
 make this article can be obtained here cheap, and a saving 
 made of twelve to fifteen cents per pound, with good profits to 
 the producer. Hides are sold at seventy-five cents to one dol- 
 lar each. All material necessary for the manufacture of leather 
 can be obtained at a low price ; and the leather used by the 
 army and citizens, and paid for at an extravagant price, is very 
 great. But a small portion of the bacon and pork used in this 
 Territory is produced here. In this Territory bacon commands 
 thirty-five cents per pound. The best we have is made here, 
 and corn is selling from two and a-half to three cents per 
 pound, and but a limited market at that. It is needless to say 
 that, with the best of ranges for hogs, and corn at this price, 
 the business of making pork and bacon can be made very pro- 
 fitable. Many other kinds, of business might be enumerated 
 that can be engaged in profitably which seem to have been 
 overlooked. 
 
 MAILS, STAGES AND ROADS. Mails are carried three times a 
 
OP ARIZONA TERRITORY. 27 
 
 week through this Territory from San Diego, California, to 
 Mesilla, in New Mexico, via Arizona City, Maricopa Wells, 
 Sacaton, Sanfbrd, Florence, Tucson and Camp Bowie, and there 
 are post-offices at each of the points named. The mails are 
 carried with regularity on this route, except when interrupted 
 by Indians. Three mails have been taken the present year 
 east of Tucson and one west. From Tucson to San Diego there 
 is a very comfortable stage line. The time required to make 
 the trip is six days, and the fare is ninety dollars. From Tuc- 
 son to Mesilla a buck-board is run, but the road is not safe nor 
 the accommodations comfortable. 
 
 A mail is carried twice a week from Los Angeles to Pres- 
 cott, via San Bernardino, La Paz, Eherenburg, Wickenburg and 
 Camp Date Creek. There are postoffices at each of these 
 points. There is a good stage line the entire distance. The 
 time required from Los Angeles to Prescottis about seven days, 
 and the price of fare about ninety dollars. There is also a 
 mail carried twice a week from Wickenburg via Phoenix,Camp 
 McDowell, Florence and Camp Grant, to Tucson. A weekly 
 mail from Arizona City, via Eherenbnrg, La Paz, Mohave and 
 Hardy ville, to St. George, in Utah Territory ; also a weekly 
 mail from Maricopa Wells to Phoenix, and a weekly mail from 
 Tucson to the Sonora line. There are money order postoffices 
 at Tucson, Arizona City and Prescott; and Wells, Fargo & Co. 
 have express offices at Arizona City and Eherenburg. 
 
 WAGON ROADS. There is a good wagon road from San 
 Diego, in California, crossing the Colorado Eiver at Arizona 
 City and following up the Gila to Florence, thence to Tucson. 
 Considerable freighting is done over this road, from San Diego 
 to Southern Arizona, at about two hundred and sixty dollars per 
 ton. From Tucson this road extends to Santa Fe, and is excellent 
 all the way. This road can be reached by good wagon roads from 
 any of the Southern or Western States. Goods are shipped 
 from New York to the terminus of the Kansas Pacific Rail- 
 road, and brought over this route at three hundred and sixty 
 dollars per ton. Persons desiring to emigrate or drive stock to 
 Southern Arizona or California, will find this a favorable 
 road to travel on. Good grass and water can be found at nearly 
 every point. Emigrants desiring to settle in this country 
 
28 CLIMATE, RESOURCES, ETC. 
 
 would find it to their advantage to purchase good wagons and 
 such stock as would be serviceable to them after they arrived 
 here, and come this way. With care, a company of thirty, well 
 armed, could come with comparative safety. 
 
 There is an excellent wagon road from Los Angeles, via 
 San Bernardino, La Paz, Eherenburg and Wickenburg, to 
 Prescott, and from Los Angeles, via Mohave and Hardy ville, 
 to Prescott. There is also an excellent wagon road from Pres- 
 cott, via Albuquerque, to Santa Fe, which is connected by good 
 wagon roads with all the Southern and Western States. There 
 is an abundance of good water and grass on this road, and emi- 
 grants to Central Arizona or California, or persons 
 stock to either place, will find it an advantageous road 
 on. Emigrants from California, or coming via San Francisco, 
 can purchase at Los Angeles or San Diego teams and supplies 
 at reasonable rates. 
 
 The fare from San Francisco to San Diego or Los Angeles is 
 from ten to fifteen dollars. Nearly every point in Arizona is 
 connected with a good wagon road. The country is so formed 
 that good natural roads are obtained almost everywhere. ' 
 
 RAILROADS. The Atlantic and Pacific Railroad Company 
 have a charter, with land grants, to build a road along and near 
 the thirty-fifth parallel, to the Pacific Ocean. The road is 
 built, and the cars are running from St. Louis into Indian Ter- 
 ritory, and is being rapidly constructed through that Territory. 
 The road will undoubtedly be constructed to the Arizona line 
 in less than three years. 
 
 The Texas Pacific Railroad Company have a charter, with 
 land grants, to build a road on or near the thirty-second par- 
 allel, from Marshall, in Texas, to San Diego, California. The 
 charter is held by responsible parties, and it is confidently ex- 
 pected the road will soon be commenced and prosecuted to 
 completion energetically. 
 
OF ARIZONA TERRITORY. 29 
 
 PRICE OF PRODUCE. 
 
 The market price of produce will average, at Tucson and 
 south of the Gila River, for Wheat, Barley and Corn, three 
 cents per pound. 
 
 Beef, on the block 12 to 15 cents per pound. 
 
 Fresh Butter 75 " " " 
 
 Bacon 35 to 40 " 
 
 Irish Potatoes 6 " " 
 
 Eggs 75 " " dozen. 
 
 Flour 6 " " pound 
 
 At Prescott and in Central Arizona : 
 
 Wheat, Barley and Corn... 7 cents per pound 
 
 Beef. 15 to 20 " " " 
 
 Fresh Butter $1 25 
 
 Bacon 35 to 40 " " " 
 
 .Irish Potatoes 8 " " " 
 
 Eggs $1 " dozen 
 
 Flour 10 " "pound 
 
 MILITARY. 
 
 The Department of Arizona is under the command of Gen- 
 eral George Crook ; headquarters at Prescott. 
 
 General Crook assumed command of the Department in 
 June last, and immediately took the field in person. He has 
 had a long experience in fighting and managing Indians on our 
 frontier, and has invariably crowned his efforts with success. It 
 was for this reason the President of the United States, agreea- 
 ble. to the wishes of every friend of the Territory, placed him 
 in command. He is brave and energetic against those who 
 want war, and just and humane towards those who want peace. 
 In this way he commands the love and confidence of the latter, 
 and soon convinces the former that it is useless to continue the 
 contest. He has the entire confidence of the people of 
 Arizona, and if supported, and allowed to mature and execute 
 his plans, a permanent peace will soon be given to this long 
 afflicted country. 
 
30 CLIMATB, RESOURCES, ETC. 
 
 GENERAL CROOK* S STAFF. 
 
 Aid-de-Camp, Captain A. H. Mckerson; Chief Quarter- 
 master, Lieutenant Colonel Charles H. Tompkins; Medical 
 Director, E. J. Bailey; District Quartermaster, Northern Dis- 
 trict, Captain C. W. Foster; District Quartermaster, Southern 
 District, Captain J. G. C. Lee. 
 
 MILITARY POSTS. 
 
 Mohave, on the Colorado River, three hundred miles above 
 Arizona City, Captain Richard H. Pond commanding. 
 
 Camp Hualpai, forty miles west of Prescott, Captain Fred- 
 erick Van Vliet commanding. 
 
 Camp Verde, fifty miles east of Prescott, Lieutenant 
 Colonel C. Grover commanding. 
 
 Camp Date Creek, sixty miles southwest of Prescott, Cap- 
 tain Richard F. O'Beirne commanding. 
 
 Camp Whipple, at Prescott, commanding. 
 
 Camp Apache, two hundred miles northeast of Tucson, 
 Major John Green commanding. 
 
 Camp Bowie, one hundred miles east of Tucson, on the 
 overland road, Major A. W. Evans commanding. 
 
 Camp Critenden, sixty miles south of Tucson, Captain E. 
 Miles commanding. 
 
 Camp Lowell, at Tucson, Major H. R. Mizner command- 
 ing. 
 
 Camp Grant, fifty miles north of Tucson, Captain Frank 
 Stanwood commanding. 
 
 Camp McDowell, fifty miles north of Florence, Major N. A. 
 M. Dudley commanding. 
 
 FEDERAL OFFICERS OF THE TERRITORY. 
 
 Delegate in Congress, R. C. McCormick. 
 
 Governor, A. P. K. Safford. 
 
 Territorial Secretary, Coles Bashford. 
 
 Superintendent of Indian Affairs, Herman Bendell. 
 
 Chief Justice, John Titus. 
 
 Associate Justices, Isham Reavis, C. A. Tweed. 
 
OF ARIZONA TERRITORY. 
 
 United States Attorney, C. W. C. Rowell. 
 
 United States Marshal, I. Q. Dickason. 
 
 United States Surveyor-General, John Wasson. 
 
 Register of the Land Office Eastman. 
 
 Receiver, George Lount. 
 
 United States Collector of Internal Revenue, Thomas 
 Cordis. 
 
 United States Assessor, H. A. Biglow. 
 
 United States Special Mail Agent, I. N. Dawley. 
 
 United States Depository, C. H. Lord. 
 
 United States Deputy Collector of Customs, James E. 
 Baker, at Tucson. 
 
 The Territorial Government is in excellent condition; the 
 laws are as faithfully obeyed and as well executed as in any of 
 the older States. The tax levied for Territorial purposes is 
 fifty cents on each one hundred dollars of taxable property. 
 By the first of January next, the Territory will be out of debt 
 and have a surplus in the treasury. A tax of ten cents on 
 each one hundred dollars has been levied for school purposes, 
 and it is believed with the amounts that will be collected from 
 county and district taxation, a free school will be maintained 
 in every school district of the Territory. Considering the 
 murder, robbery and destruction of property the savages have 
 carried on since the organization of the Territory, these facts 
 speak well for the industry, honesty and loyalty of the people. 
 

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