THE LIBRARY OF THE OF LOS UNIVERSITY CALIFORNIA ANGELES AN ANALYSIS OF THE GAL1C LANGUAGE, BY WILLIAMSHAW, A.M. FORSAN ET KJEC OLIM MEMINISSE JUVAB1T. VlRG. THE SECOND EDITION. EDINBURGH- Printed by W. and T. RUDDIMAN ; For R. JAMIESON, Parliaraent-fquare. M,DCC,LXXVI1J. Entered in STATIONERS' HALI According to Aft of Parliament. INTRODUCTION. NATIONS by nature fituated in the midft of the world, whatever their origin be, if they m.ike any figure, and become confiderable in peace or war, have their hiftory, either by their own writers or thofe of other countries, tranfmitted to pofterity ; whilft the actions of people more remote, though perhaps not inferior in power, nor lefs confiderable in peace, are loft in the oblivion of time, and their name and language almoft annihilated or extinct. Of the latter fort is the Celtic nation. Situated early weft of Greece and Rome, their learning and hiftory, fuch powerful rivals having fprung up to the eaft of them, either remained with themfelves, or emigrated from the continent to Britain and the adjacent iflands. Greece, at one time, fubjeding the Eaft, and Rome afterwards becoming miftrefs both of the Eaft and Weft, the Galic power either decreafed or re- treated, and, in room of Galic, Roman learning fuc- ceeded. Rome, like every other great and wealthy ftate, by its own' weight and unweildinefs, dropt in- to non-exiftence ; and now its language lives only in 8615 Vi INTRODUCTION. in books. An inundation of Barbarians from the northern parts overwhelmed the European continent. Letters, as affrighted, Hed to the Hebrides and Ire- land for an afylum, where they flouriftied for fome Saxon innovation, however, both in the northern and fouthern parts of Britain, proved fatal to the Galic power and language. The Cambrian and the Galic, formerly the fame, but now different dialects of the Celtic, retreated, the one into Wales, and the Other into the Highlands and weftern parts cf Scot- land. At the revival of letters, and afterwards at the Reformation in religion, the Galic, being unfor- tunately the provincial language of but a part of Scotland, and having ceafed to be falhionable at court, did not partake of the advantages that other languages derive from the invention of printing. Under thefe difadvantages, however, it dill is fpo- ken with much purity, on a great part of the conti- nent and iflands of Scotland, and exifts, at this day, one of the greateft living monuments of antiquity. The human mind, with great longing, looks back into the paft, lefs mterefred in many particulars of the prefent, which it overlooks, and of die future, which it enquires not after. The actions and con- nections, the fortune and habitations of our ancef- tors, the fields they \valked on, their prudent con- duct, and even foibles, we delight to hear recited, with an interefted attention. The fields on which Caefar, Alexander, and Fingal fought their battles : the INTRODUCTION. vii the ruins of antient Rome, Carthage, Athens, or Palmyra ; the contents of Herculaneum, a Grecian temple, an Egyptian pyramid, or Druidical circle ; infpire the mind of every vifitant with the ardent enthufiafm of inquiry, and a multitude of forrowful thoughts on the inftability of the higheft temporal grandeur, which, attended by a pleating melancholy, leaves the mind calmly penfive, and gently perplex- ed. But when I look back into the former times of the Gael, whofe hiftory a native might be fuppofed more immediately fond of, rinding it fo much in- volved in obfcurity, or fupprefled and obliterated by the policy of a neighbouring monarch, I could ft down and weep over its fall, execrating the policy of ufurping invaders, ever deftrudive to letters, hu- manity, and its rights. There are not, however, wanting, at this day, proofs fufficient to mew the Gael were once a very confiderable people. As late as the Roman invafi- on, all that part of Britain north of the Tweed and Solway Frith, with feveral counties of South Bri- tain, and all Ireland, with the adjacent iflands, was inhabited by the Gael. When the Romans retired, and ceafed to be a people, other invaders infefled their coafts. The Danes, at different times, either in- vaded or conquered different parts cf Britain, and as often were repulfed. The Saxons, however, hav. ing gained a fettlement on the eaftern coafts of South and North Britain, the Gael by degrees retreated to the north and \veftern parts of Albin, as their inva- ders, theScoti of the Low Countries, gained ground^ The viii INTRODUCTION. The different kingdoms of England, after fome time, uniting and forming one great monarchy, became too powerful for the inhabitants of the Low Coun- tries of Scotland, and obliged the Gael and the Gaill, or the ftrangers of the Low Countries, for the ge- neral fecurity, likewife to become one, in oppofition to the Engliih. The feat of government, which fled before the Romans to the weft and the iflands, where the Palladium had hitherto remained lecure, at this period having no enemy north of the Tweed, was removed to Scoone, afterwards to Dunfermling, thence to Edinburgh, and at laft is arrived at Weft- minfter. The Kings of Scotland, with the court, now reliding in thofe parts where a dialect of the Saxon was fpoken, and having in times of peace greater intercourfe with the Englifh, the Scots at length became the court language. From this pe- riod we may date die decline of the Galic. All charters, deeds, records, and laws were now written in Latin or Scots. And the rnonafteries be- ing pillaged by Edward, whatever was valuable in literature was entirely loft. Ireland, which hither- to was fubjedted by no foreign lord, nor diftrefled by the encroachments of a neighbouring ftate, ex- cept fome temporary invafions by the Danes, quiet- ly enjoyed the ufe of its laws, language, and liber- ties. It was at this juncture that the Irifh Seana- chies and annalifts (when the Sects having thrown off their extorted allegiance to England, their annals and records being irrecoverably deftroyed by Ed- ward, wiflied to have fome account of their own ori- INTRODUCTION. fc gin) invented their hyperbolic and incredible Mi!e- fian expedition from Egypt and Spain to Ireland, and thence to Scotland by the promontories of Gal- loway and Ceantire. Fordun, having no other ma- terials, at once adopted this fyftem, which gained univerfally in Scotland, until the ingenious MrMac- pherfon publifhed his Introduction to the Hittory of Great Britain and Ireland. Whilft Roman learn- ing, by the medium of a dialed of the Saxon, now flourished in Scotland, the Galic and Roman in fome degree grew together in Ireland, which, for fome centuries, was deemed the greateft fchool for learn- ing in Europe. There letters and learned men, from all countries, found a fecure retreat and afy- lum. Its happy fituation, however, did not perpe- tuate thefe bleflings. Ireland was invaded by the Danes, and, in a fubfequent age, made fubjecl to the Kings of England, 'i hough there were Englifh co- lonies in Ireland, the Gael of that country enjoyed their own laws and cuftoms till the reigns of Eliza- beth and James I. when the Englifli laws were uni- verfally eftablifhed. Then, for the firft time, the Galic ceafed to be fpoken by the chiefs of families, and at court ; and Englifh fchools were creeled, with Uriel injunctions, that the vernacular language would no longer be fpoken in thefe feminaries. This is the reafon why the Iberno- Galic has more MSS. and books than the Caledonian. In Scotland there has been a general deftruclion of antient records and books, which Ireland efcaped. It enjoyed its own laws and language till a later date, whilft the Scots- fa Engliih INTRODUCTIO N. Engliih very early became the eftablifhed language in Noi th Britain. In this fituation I found the Galic, with fe\v books, and fewer MSS. in the living voice of many thoufands vho entirely neglected it. The firft Ga- lic. printed book ever known in Scotland, is the Irilh translation of the Bible and New Teftament. It underwent two impreflions, one in the Jrifli, and the other in the Roman letter, but is new to be met with only in the libraries of the curious. Though the Bible be the common book of Ghriftians, and to be met with in the language of every Proteftant country, yet in Ireland and the Highlands of Scotland, it is at this day a curiofity. Notwithftanding that one- third of the minifters of the Church of Scotland, fince the Reformation, daily preached in Galic, fo little zeal for their own language prevailed, that the Bible is not yet tranfiated ; and it is within thefe ten years the New Teihment has been attempted by one of their minlflers. The Confeffion of Faith, and the pfalms in metre, both imitations of the Irilii d: -tlec"t, have been tranflated by the Synod of Argyle ; and fince, tiiere have appeared three col- lections of fongs and poems, all of which, though there be merit in the competition, are, however, w;etcheJly orthograp-ued. By Mr Macdonald there has been a Vocabulary publifK-d at the ex- pence of the Society for prcpogating Chriflian Know- ledge in the Highlands, in which moft things are ex- prefled by circivnlocmicn. INTRODUCTION. xi IVIr Macfarlane, late minifter at Killinvir, Argyle- mire, translated Baxter'sCall to the Unconverted. He underftood the Galic well, and was a Grammarian ; but his poetry is more forced than natural. Had others, however, been equally zealous, the language would have had many books, and been better un- derftood by thofe who every day fpeak it. But at prefent I much doubt whether there be four men in Scotland that would fpell one page t'le fame way ; for it has hitherto been left to the caprice and judgment of every fpeaker, without the fteadinefs of analogy or direction of rules. The tafte, at this day, of the clergy, a lettered and refpectable order, is to underftand the Englifh, content with what Ga- lic enables them to tranflate a fermon they original- ly wrote in Englifh. And although they are oblig- ed to fpeak in public once in feven days, there are cot five minifters in Scotland who write their ciif- courfes in their own tongue ; yet there are feveral ambitious to be reputed the tranflators of a few lines of Galic poetry. The improvement of the country, as well as the minds of the inhabitants, has been ftrangely neglect- ed, in an age when every other country emerges from obfcurity and ignorance, till fome changes were forced upon them by a late law, I (hall not fay how politic. To fee a people, naturally capable of every improvement, though once milled by ignorance, (tripped of their ancient habits and cuftoms, and de- prived of the Scriptures in their own tongue, {he right of Chriftians, never denied to the moft favage Indians^ xii INTRODUCTION. Indians, is at once a complication of inhumanity and imprudence. Better flay their bodies to fecure their affections, as Rome was wont to do with heretics to bring their fouls to heaven, than keep them in igno- rance, with the expectation that, after fome genera, tions, the Englilh manners, language, and improve- ments, may begin to dawn, At this day, there is no equal number of people in Britain ib ufeful to the ftate. Upon every emergency they fupply our na- vy with good feamen, and our armies with valiant foldiers. But ftrip them of their drefs, language, the name and honour of Gael, and they foon dege- nerate. Their habit, language, life, and honour, they always kept or parted with at once. The ho- nour cf the name, their habit, and a Galic fpeech, have ar,v ays infpired them more than the confecra- tion of the colours. Government, by preferving thele privileges, to them facred as their art & /or/,. might have at leaft one part of the community of whom they, on any emergency, might fay with the Roman general, " I know the tenth legion will not " defert me." From this I would infer, that the Gael mould be taught to read the Scriptures in their own language, by which Popery, that ever grows in the foil of ignorance, might be for ever ex- terminated. Is there no Bifbop Bedel, no Robert Boyle in our days ? Conceiving an early tafte for Galic, on account of its peculiar beauties, when at the Univerfity, J thought, for my own private amufement, of fubjecl- INTRODUCTION. xiii ing it to certain rules, to be obferved when I had oc- cafion to fpeak it, an undertaking which, without any precedent, I thought at firft impracticable Upon a more clofe attention, however to its peculi- ar genius, and the general philofophy of language, I found that Nil tarn difficile quod non folertia vine at ; and afterwards confidering a Galic Grammar as an ad- dition to the ftores of literature, much wiihed for by many both in Scotland and England, I was encoura- ged to perfevere in attempting to do what was ne- ver done before. On the Iberno-Galic there have been written gram- mars by different hands. The Scots and Irifii Galic, though not radically different, are two feparate dia- lects of the fame language. The words arc almoft always the fame, but differently orthographied. The Irifli, in their grammars, have a more uncertain and various inflection in the termination, which the Scots Galic has not ; and this inclines me to think the Scots is the original, and that this inflection of termi- nation in Irifli grammars is the mark of an attempt by the monks to polifh it, after the manner of the Greek and Latin. Father O'Molloy publifhed his Grammatica L&ti- nOfHfbernica in i2mo at Rome, 1677 ; andMacurtin, his Elements of the Irifh, at Louvain, 1728 : both pf which merit only to be mentioned. There are many xiv INTRODUCTION. many in MS. by various authors ; but that published by the indefatigable IVJajor Vallencia, in 1773, at Dublin, is the mofl fatisfaclory that has appeared. In this treatife I have entirely confined myfelf to the Scots Galic, and think I have accounted for eve- ry phenomenon in its ftru&ure. To reduce to rule a language without books, and having no ftandard but the judgment of every fpeaker, is an undertak- ing perhaps adventurous ; but finding the alphabet confining of eighteen letters, in which it has hither- to been written, fo well adapted, that, with a very few combinations, every found in the language may be eafily accommodated, it remained for me, after con- fidering its genius, to raife this fyflem on that foun- dation. If, neverthelefs, it be found defective, it is altogether my own. I cannot, like other Gramma- rians, be called a compiler or tranfcriber ; what I have delivered is the refult of attentive obfervati- 0n. The books I found of moft ufe are, Harris's Hermes, Sciopius's Grainmat. Philofoph. and particu- larly Mr Liphinfton's ingenious Analylis of the Engiifii. Being the fir ft that has offered the public a gram- matical account of the Galic, it was recommended by feveral pei fons to frame a new alphabet, conlifting of letters or combinations, to exprefs all the founds in the language, without any mute letter. This is impracticable ; but though it could be effcfted, it would only render the etymology more perplexing. It was recommended to write -u inftcad of Ih and INTRODUCTION. Xv mo, and_y inftead of dh and gh ; which if 1 had done, the inflections of words beginning with b and m t &c. would be indiftinguifhable. Thus, it could not be known whether "voladh was praife, from moladh, praifing ; or bholadh, the dative of boladh, finell. Re- jecting, for thefe and other reafons, all remarkable changes, I have only thrown away fome ufelefs confonants, retaining what are neceiTary to preferve the etymology and exprefs the founds. Excepting words that begin with certain confonants, the initial confonant before the afpirate b t there are no filent letters in the language. Unlike the Irifh, the Scots Galic delights to pronounce every letter, and is not briftled over with fo many ufelefs and quiefcent con- fonants. The Englifh and French are infinitely more difficult to read and pronounce, and have ma- ny more filent and mute letters. In the Galic there are no fuch ugly looking words as thought, through, Jtrength, &c. nor found fo different from what the letters at other times exprefs. How far I may have reduced it to a fixed fyftem, founded on the general philofophy of language, and its own particular geni- us others muft determine ; I only claim the indul- gence always fliewn to a juvenile attempt, efpecial- ly of a paiTage through mountains never trod before* It was not the mercenary confideration of intereft, nor perhaps the expectation of fame among my countrymen, in whofe elleem its beauties are too much faded, but a tafte for the beauties of the ori- ginal fpeech cf a now learned nation, that induced me either to begin, or encouraged rue to perfevere in xvi INTRODUCTION. in reducing to grammatical principles a language Ipoken only by imitation ; while, perhaps, I might have been more profitably employed in tafting the various productions of men, ornaments of numan nature, afforded in a language now teeming with books. I beheld with aftonifhment the learned in Scotland, fince the revival of letters, neglect the Ga- lic ; as if it was not worthy of any pen to give a ratio- nal account of a fpeech ufed upwards of two thou- fand years by the inhabitants of more than one kingdom. I faw, vith regret, a language once fa- mous in the weftern world, ready to perifh without any memorial, by the ufe of which Galgacus, having afTembled his chiefs, rendered the Grampian Hills impafTable to legions that had conquered the world ; and by which Fingal infpired his warriors with the de- fire of immortal fame. I wifhed an account given to the world of a language, through which, for fo long a period, the benefits of knowledge, and the bleflings of religion were communicated to favage clans and roving barbarians, who, in paft ages be- coming civilized, fung the praifes of Him who taught both the tongue to found, and the thoughts to ibar within the walls of the illuftrious lona. Originally moved by tliefe confidcraticns, and at the requelTbf many of the Literati, I have been encoura- ged to offer to the world what once I intended only for my own private ufe. A copy of the manufcript was defired by the Eari of EGLIXTGUN, who has a tafte for the language, as well as an attachment to INTRODUCTION. to the people. I had the honour of prefenting the original to his Lordlhip, without any expectation of its ever being published. Mr Bofwell, \vhofe man- ners as a gentleman, and tafte for polite learning, have gained hiriitheefteem and friendfhip, as well cf one of the moft renowned Heroes of the age, as cf the learned at home, hearing from his Lordfhip cf the exiftence of thefe meets, obtained a perufal of them, which he afterwards left with Dr Samuel Johnfon. To the advice and encouragement of Dr Johnfon, the friend of letters and humanity, the Public is indebted for thefe flieets. An acquaintance with the Galic, being the mother- tongue of all the languages in the weft, feems ne- ceflary to every Antiquary who would fludy the af- finity of languages, or trace the migrations of the ancient races of mankind . Of late it has attracted the attention of the learned in different parts of Eu- rope ; and fnall its beauties be neglected by thofe who have opportunities, from their infancy, of under- ftanding it ? Antiquity being the tafle of the age, fome acquaintance with the Galic begins juftly to be deemed a part of the Belles Lettres. The language that boafts of the flnifiied character of Fingal, muft richly reward the curiofity of whoever ftudies it. Of this Sir James Foulis is a rare intfance, who, in ad-, vanced years, has learned to read and write it ; and now drinks of the Pierian fpring untainted, by reading fragments of Poetry in Fingal' s own language. xviii INTRODUCTION. If in thefe fheets I have afforded any gratification for curiofity, or any help to the Gael, in the improve- menr and ftudy of the language of their infant years, or prevented its dying without even a figh, Ilhall think my labour well beftowed, and every attending trouble amply compenfated. AN A N ANALYSIS OF THE GALIC LANGUAGE. BOOK I. CHAP. I. O R T H*0 G R A P H Y. IN the Scots Galic are only eighteen letters, viz. a, b, c, d, e, /, g, k, /, /, m, n o, p, r, /, /, u, divided into vowels and confonynts. The Irifh * wrote their dialeft of the Celtic with thefe characters : The vowels are five, a, e, i, o, u, and are either broad or fmall : a, o, u % are broad, e and / are See Major Valencia's Grammar of the Irifo. 20 AN ANALYSIS OP CHAP. II. Of the Sounds of the Vwels. /I is founded as with the Latins, broad ; or as in-' the Euglifti words fall, tall, call ; thus, mall, flow ; dall, blind ; cam, crooked ; aran, bread. Ao is founded as u in the French une ; thus, aon, one, line ; aonach, a fair or market, unach. is read as in the Englilh lord, c+pojite; thus, c//, e-.-'.i ; c. >?:::, dr.n ; //;:;. >nCu: ; i.^r^chd, majclty: it is fometiines pronounced as in the French /ore?, Latin forum, and Englifh glory; fo fonn, a tune; tonn, a wave ; torn, a bulh. U is founded as co in the Englifh good, fool; fo fudar, powder; udal, diftrefs ; ur, new, &c. ; fome' pronounce it as the confonant z; in uam, faybg i)uam. Jt is changed into V in the proper name Waiter, for \ve fay Volt air. E is pronounced as the Greek epfilon; thus, edal, a tieafure. It is feldom alone in a fyllable, but is generally followed by a, it, or /, and fo forms a diphthong. E, the pronoun he, is founded broad, like eta in tho Greek, or as e in the Engliih, fellow, prunella. 1 has its natural found, as the Latin filiiis, or the French THE GALIC LANGUAGE. 21 French fils, and the Englifh/rc/; fo innis, an ffland j imigh, to go. CHAP. III. Cf the Confonants. 72 before h founds v ; thus, leanabh, a child, is read leanav ; leabhar, a book, leavar ; labhalrt, fpeaking, lavairt. C is equivalent to k in Englifh, as cos, a foot; co? throm, juft ; ceart, right. The pronunciation of the c f in fome parts of the condnent and iflands, like chg, is certainly a corrupti- on. Some dialecls in Scotland dill give it the natu- ral found of k, and fo the Irifh univerfally pronounce it. If there be no real difference between cbg and c, why fhould they write uchd or itchg, the breaft, and not uc ; hchd, harm, and not he ; naomhachd, and not naomhac, fince they write mac, but pro- nounce it machd, breacan, yet pronounce it breachgan, and focal, but pronounce itfochgal? The Irifh right- ly write hchd, uchd, naotnbachd, Sec. and pronounce them fo ; aud breacan, mac, and focal, and pro- nounce breakan, mak, D before and after e and / is founded as g in the proper name George ; thus, dills, dear, is pronounced as \i jeel'ijl) ; plaid, a plaid or mantle, is pronounced e, or as the fy liable plaid in the French plaideur; Die, aa AN ANALYSIS OF Dia, God, Jeea. After the broad vowels , o, #> it is founded with the palate, as da, two; do, to him ; dubh, -black. D before h and after i in the termina- tion of a word is mute, as buanldh, a reaper, fgriob- Indh, will write ; but dh in the beginning or middle of a word is pronounced as y in the Englifli words you. your, yellow, yawl ; thus, dhult, to thee, is pronounced yitit ; db'ol, to drink, is nearly yawl. The termination adh is pronounced as au-y in the word lawyer. F before h is filent, as rf>z fbod f of the turf, we fay an bold ; in other refpedls the fame as in Eng- lilh. C is founded as in the word grow. 1. Note, however, that agb in the beginning or termination of a word is read like y in you, yawl ; as, ghnbh, I took, is founded yabh, gradhughadh, loving, grayachay, (the ay being as aiuy in lawyer,) though the termination adh is founded a only. 2. -4gb, iivh, are properly read in the middle of words ach, uch, or *%, v%, according to the Greek. . M before />, or nib, founds v, as lamb, a hand, lav ; claidhamb, a fword, clayav ; nib is mute in the pro- noun dhamh, to me, and fometimes in the middle of words, though always written. S before and after e and is equivalent to ft> in Englifli ; THE GALIC LANGUAGE. 23 Englifti ; tbus/fo/, a fail, fbeol ; innis, an ifland, w- nijh ; /l'tigh y aol-toy, Sgiob-al-te, fgee-bal-ta, Di-cia-daoine } jee-cia-daogne, Wednefday Ball-lcaih-alr, ball-lea-ir, ignorant. renowned. fure. idle. witty. unfriendly. jealous. glad. a college. neat, tight. S got h -long, Cain-adb, Feoirn an t Sdiuir-adh t Fuaidh-al, fcoh-loflg, cairn-ay, * ' feoir-nan, 4 4- ftew-ray, \ \ foy-al, a goff-ball. a yacht, fcandalizing. a ftraw. fleering at the helm, fewing. Thefe words comprehend moft of the founds in the language, and are pretty nearly exprefled as marked in the fecond column. AN A N ANALYSIS OF THE GALIC LANGUAGE. BOOK Ii CHAP. I. OF ETYMOLOGY. Of Nouns Sub/I antive. H E parts of fpeech are eight Noun, Pro" noun, Verb, Participle, Adverb, Prepofi- tion, Interje&ion, Conjunction. The Genders are two, Mafculine and Feminine ; that is, e or ?, he or /he, Since the Galic language perfonifies every object, inanimate as well as animate, the diftinftion of gen- der is the principal difficulty ; and this is what ren- ders the Gael's firft attempts to fpeak Englifh fo ri- diculous. 3 AN ANALYSIS OF diculous, every fubftantive being either e or /', thae is, he or foe. Neither termination (except that all nouns in og and ag are feminine), nor any other cir- cumftance but immediate diftinclion of fex, and cuf- tom, can determine the gender. They talk of aftone, afpoon, a window, a fiddle, afooe, a hat, a chair, and a knife, as zfoe ; but z flocking, a aat, aJJool, a fork, as he or it. Nouns, however, having a alone in the laft fyllable, before one or more final confo- nants, are generally mafculine ; as, aodan t a face j abbar, a caufe ; CQgadfi, war, &c. Nouns having o in the lad fyllable are generally mafculine ; as, carp, a body ; ceo, mift ; bord, a board ; bonn, the fole, or bafe of any thing. Nouns which have a diphthong in termination, the laft vowel of which is broad, are generally mafcu- line ; as, beul, a mouth ; me all, an heap gaotb, the wind, &c. Nouns which have a diphthong in termination, the laft vowel of which is {lender, are feminine ; as, nine, time ; ualr, an hour ; cuis, an affair ; compailt t a company, &c. Agents in air and oir are mafculine : all nouns m ocr and ag are feminine. The Numbers are two, Singular and Plural ; as, moidhnch, a hare ; moidhc.ich, hares ; fiadh, a deer; feldh, deer. There THE GALIC LANGUAGE: 3 r There are fix Cafes, Nominative, Genitive, Da- tive, Accufative, Vocative, and Ablative in Galic, Ainmlnach, Gemmbeanach, Tabhartach, Givranacb, Gairminacb, and Diobhalacb, The Declenjions are two. 1. Nouns of the firft declenfion have the nomi- native plural like their genitive fingular ; as, moid- hacb, a hare ; genitive, moidhaicb, of a hare ; nomi- native plural, mtdbaich) hares. 2. Nouns of the fecond declenfion have their no- mmative plural in a or an; as, cretoir, an animal ; plural, cretoira, or cretoiran, animals. At the fame time, every noun is either definite or indefinite, that is, declined with or without the article. Indefinitely thus, moidhacb, a hare ; definitely, am moidhach, the hare ; cretoir, an animal ; an cretoir, the animal. The Article. Singul ar. Plural Mafc. Fern. Mafc. Fern. N. an, an, (or) a\ na, na. G. an, na. nan, nan. D. do'n, do'n. do na, do no-. A. an, an (or) a y . na, na. V. o! an, o! an. o! na, o! na. A. lets an t lets an (or) a\ lets na, Ids ya. Anns an, anns an (or) anns na, amis na unnsa 1 . The 32 AN ANALYSIS OF The article an mafculine of the nominative and accufative fingular, is changed to am before nouns beginning with /, b, and p, if the noun be mafculine. If the noun begins with a vowel, the letter / is pre- fixed in the nominative and accufative ; as, an t ord, the hammer ; if with an s, z* flat, a rod or wand, an t flat, the s being filent. Nan of the genifvc plural before /, l>, p, is changed to nam ; before a noun be- ginning with a c or e, is founded as if the laft n were joined to the g ; as nan ceum, of the fteps, r.a nccitm; nan cos, as if na ncos. "When the noun is mafcu- line, and begins with an /, the euphonic t is retained in the genitive, ditive, and ablative fingular ; as,y^o/, the world, genitive, an t faoil ; dative, d'on t faol ; ablative, lets an t faol t but if feminine, it is retained throughout the whole fingular, except the genitive cafe ; as, nominative, an t fiat, the wand ; dative, do'n t flat; accufative, an t flat ; vocative, o' an t flat ; ablative, lets an t flat. But this is only when it is definitely declined. General Rules. Tho Nominative and Accufative are always alike in both numbers. Do is the fign of the dative ; le or fe'ts of the abla- All defc-.ite names have the article; SncJcf.r.ites have not. The THE GALIC LANGUAGE. 33 The flection of a Celtic noun does not, like ar Greek noun, confift in an inflected article and termination only ; nor a Roman noun, with its termination in- flected ; Hor like the French, Englifh, or Italian, in particles ; nor yet like a * Hebrew noun, in fyntax ; but is declined definitely, with an article, a change of the vowel or diphthong of its termination, and by introducing the afpirate /; after the initial confonant. Thus, am moidhach, the hare ; genitive, an mhoid- baicb, of the hare ; dative, do'n mboidbach, to the hare, &c. or indefinitely, dative, do* mboidbach, to a hare ; genitive, moidbaicb, of a hare. A Forma, or Scheme, {hewing the Changes of the mutable Confonants In the Inflexion botb of Nouns and Verbs. a b bb, which founds like v in Englifh. c cb, always a guttural found. d 'dh, refembles y in Englifh. e j fh, in which / is filent ; do, the fign of the da- tive in noun sand pa ft tenfes of verbs beginning with/, is E bell * At cafus non aclu, fed poteflate, hie funt, id eft, non di- verfarum terminationum, fed ex ftru&ura fermonis ; neque etiam articulis aut notis difcernuntur, fed oitinino ex fyntaxi di judicandi funt. Buxt. Gram. Heb. 34 ANANALYSISOF beft wrote thus, fiantds, a witnefs ; dative, dfljianuis, to a witnefs ; fosrucbam, I inquire ; dfhiofruicb mi, I inquired ; f is Client, db founded like y ; thus, yefruich mi. g gh, like db, refembles^. b i /.., . , / feems to found like //; fo lalbram, I fpeak ; labbalr ml, I fpake ; llabbair mi. m " --mh t founds like v, but more labial than bh. The reader who underftands Galic may prove this by comparing the words lamb and labbair. n like / feems as if reduplicated. o p ph founds like /. r . like n and /, feems reduplicated. r. .Jk t of which f is mute, and b has its full force. f_ th, of which t is (ilent and h founded. Example of a Noun oftbefirft Dedenfion, Indefinite, and of the Mafculine Gender. Singular. N. Moldbacb, a hare. G. Moidhaicb, of a hare. D. Do mboidheich, to a hare. A. Moidhach, a hare. V. Mhoidhaich / O hare ! A. Lc moidbacb, with a hape. Plural THE GALIC LANGUAGE. 35 Plural. N. Moidhaicb, hares. G. Mhoidhachf of hares. D. Do mboidhaicby to hares. A. Moidhaich, hares. V. Mboidhaicb / O hares ! A, Le mboidhaicb, with hares. Definitely, or with the Article, Singular. N. Am moidhach, the hare. G. A' mhoidhaich, of the hare. D. Do'n mh'oldhach, to the hare. A. Am moidhach, the hare. V. am mpidhach f O the hare ! A. Leis a? mboidhach, with the hare. Plural. N. Na moidkaich, the hares. G. Nam moidhach, of the hares. D. Do na moidhaich, to the hares. A. Na moidh&ch, the hares. V. na maidhaich ! O the hares ! A. Leis na moidhaich 3 with the hares. The moft common terminations of this declenfion are, adh, ach, and all patronymicks and gentiles which end in ach ; as, Albanach, a Scotfman ; Eir- inach, an Irifhman ; Muilacb, an Ifle of Mull Man ; Boidach, a Bute Man ; Arrunach, an Arran man ; Lochlunach, 36 AN ANALYSIS OF iocblunach, a Dane ; Francach, a Frenchman ; Spainach, a Spaniard ; Fcudailtach, an Italian ; Caimbeulach, a Campbell ; Stuartach, a Smart ; Fri- ofalach, a Frafer : Grantach, a Grant ; Gordanach, a Gordon ; Donalacb, a IVJacdonald, &c. In the plural, Albanalch, Eirinaich, MuHalch, Boidaich, Ar- runaich, Lochlunaich, Francaich, Spainaich, Feudall- taich, Caimbeulaich, Stuartaicb, Friofalaich, Grant- aich, Gordanaich, Donalaich, &c. Scotfmen, Irifh- men, Mullmen, Butemen, Arranmen, Danes, French, Spaniards, Italians, Campbells, Stuarts, Frafers, Grants, Gordons, Macdonalds, .&c. Some end in an; as, fuaran, a fpring ; fuarain, fprings ; feme in nil i as capulL, a mare, capuil : fome in adh. fuch as, cruinuchadhy a congregation, cruinuchaidh Jio- ladh, a fy liable, Jiolaidh ; Jluagh, an hoft, floigb : and fome in as ; as, iongant^s, a wonder, ionganiats ; neual, a cloud, has neoil ; eyabird y coins cnoc > a hill, cnoic ; mac, a fun, mic ; tarbh, a bull, tairbh ; ell abb, a balker, cleabh. Nouns which have their nominative plural the fame as their genitive iingular, are alfo of this declenfion. There are many nouns ufed by provincialifts in the plural of both declenfions ; fuch as, malrtf or 'mart a, cattle, lune ; cuirp or corpa t bo- dies, &c. The Rev. Mr Macfarlane, in his tranflations and pfahns, uniformly ufes tbh in the dative and ablative plural ; which I think too much refembles the Iriih dialecl. Do na Muilaichibh, Ids na CaimbeuIaicLibh, would have a harfh found to any provincialiil of Scot- land. Of THE GALIC LANGUAGE. 37 Of the Singular Indefinite of loth Declenjlons. The Genitive fingular indefinite is formed by putting an / after the laft vowel of the nominative ; as, fuaran, a fpring ; genitive, fuarain. But if the nown has i in the nominative, the fame is the geni- tive j as, cuijle, a vein ; genitive, cuijle, of a veiu : crios, a girdle ; genitive, crios. Nouns in iabb and lath change ia into ea in the genitive, asjliabb, a mountain ; genitive fleabh, of a mountain : cliabh, a bafket, the cheft or breaft ; genitire, cleabh : fgiath, a wing : genitive, fgeatb, of a wing : Dia, God ; genitive, Dea. Nouns in tar and tal form in the genitive ; as, clal, wifdom, cell; ciar, ceir. Thofe in can, eal, eac, change the diphthong ea into /' in the genitive ; asceann, ahead ; genitive, cinn, of a head : me all y an heap ; genitive, mill ; leac, a flate ; genitive, lie. Monofyllables beginning with an a or o, change them into vi in the genitive ; as alt, a joint ; geiu- tive uilt f of a joint : ord, a hammer ; genitive ulnl : bonn, a bafe or coin ; genitive, buinn. Nouns in fa, de, ca, pa, have the genitive like the nominative ; as, cota, a coat ; chica, a clock ; colp a f the leg ; plaide, a plaid, Monolyllables having a t o, or u after an initial con*, fonant, change thefe into iti in the genitive ; as ball, a hiJl, or any member of the body, a place ; gerri- tivc, liiill : moll, chaff; genitive, -mi-.ill . cul f the Lack : genitive, cu'il. The 38 ANANALYSISOF The Dative fingular is formed from the Nomina- tive, by putting the letter h after the initial confo- nant, and prefixing the fign do ; as, moidhach, a hare ; dative, do mhcidhach : cretoir, an animal ; dative, do chretoir. When the Nominative begins with a vowel, db pre- fixed is the fign of the dative ; as ord, a hammer ; dative, dh'ord : oran, a fong ; dative, dh'oran. The Vocative is formed from the genitive, by put- ting h after the initial confonant ; as, genitive, moid- haich : vocative, mhoidhaich ; cretoir, of an animal ; vocative, chretoir, O animal ! If the noun begins with a vowel, the vocative is like die genitive ; as genitive, uird ; vocative uird .- Eoin, of John, John's ; vocative, Eoin, O John ! Of the Plural ofthefirft Dccltnfon, Indefinitely. Nouns in adb t ach, an, nil, which are the moil common terminations of this declenlion, and fonie monofyllables, have their nominative plural like the genitive fingular ; as cruinuchadh ; genitive, cruin- uchaidh ; nominative plural, cruinuchaidh . genitive, moidkaich ; nominative plural, moldhaicb : genitive, fuarain ; nominative plural, fuaram ; caputll, of a mare ; nominative plural, capuill, mares. The Genitive has h after the initial confonant ; as rnkQidhach, chr#inuck0db, fhuaran, chafull. Do THE GALIC LANGUAGE. 39 Do bhrat Ian /hraddag daimwd Do bhraon nl foils' air lor *. If the Nominative fmgular begins with a vowel or diphthong, the genitive plural is the fame ; as fualm ord, the noife of hammers. The Vocative plural of this declenfion is the fame as the vocative fmgular ; mhoidhaich, O hare ! mhoid- haich, hares ! The Dative is formed by adding the h fledion to to the nominative plural ; moidhaich ; do mhoidhaich. Of Definite* ofthefirft Declenfion. The Genitive fingular definite of nouns in adh, ach, &c. of this declenfion, is formed from the vo- cative fingular indefinite, by putting the article an or ' before it ; as vocative indefinite, mhoidhaieh ; ge- nitive definite, a' mhoidhaieh, of the hare ; coin, O bird ! an coin, of the bird. But if the noun be of the feminine, h is thrown away, and its feminine article put before it ; as vo- cative indefinite, ghealaich, O moon ! genitive defi- nite, na gealaich, of the moon. Nouns * Macdonald's Alt an tjiucair, a moft beautiful Defcrip- hon of a rural Scene. 40 AN ANALYSIS OF Nouns beginning with the immutable confonants /, n, r, never admit the fleftion /; ; as leabhair, of a book ; definke, an leabhair, of the book, &c. The Dative definite is like the dative indefinite, having the article before it ; as, do mhrAdhach ; de- finite, do'n mhoidhacby to the hare. If the noun begins with a d or f, the h is omitted ; as, do'n damh, do'n tarbb. p The Vocative is like the nominative ; as, am moidhachf am moidhach f Of the fecond Declenfion Indefinite. Mafculine Gender. Singular Number. N. Cretoir, an animal. G. Cretoir, of an animal. D. Do chretoir, to an animal. A. Cretoir, an animal. V. Of chretoir, O animal ! A. Le cretoir, with an animal. Plural. N. Cretoira, or cretoiran, animals. G. Chretoira, of animals. D. Do cbretoira, to animals. A. Cretoira, animals. V. chretoira ! O animals ! A. Le cretoira, with animals. Definitely. THE GALIC LANGUAGE. 41 Definitely. Singular. N. An cretoir, the animal. G. A 1 chretoir, of the animal. D- Do'n chretoir, to the animal. A. An cretoir, the animal. V. an cretoir ! O the animal ! A. Leis an chretoir, with the animal. Plural. N. Na crftoira, the animals. G. Nan cretoira, of the animals. D. Do na ere to ir a, to the animals. A. Na cretoira, the animals. V. na cretoira ! O the animals ! A. Leis na cretoira, with the animali. Indefinitely. Singular. N. Offag, a blaft. G. OJJaig, of a blaft. D. Db 1 oj/ag, to a blaft. A. 0/ag, a blaft. V. OJJaig, O blaft ! A. Le offag, with a blaft. Plural. N. Offaga, blafts. G. OJJaga, of blafts. D. Db' qflaga, to blafts. A. Offaga, blafts. F V. Qffaiga, 42 AN ANALYSIS OF V. Offaiga, O blafts! A. Le oflaga, with blafts. Definitely. Singular. N. An oflag, the blaft. G. Na h offaig, of the blaft. D. Do'n offag, to the blaft. A. An offag, the blaft. V. 0! an affag, O the blaft ! A. Lets' an offag, with the blaft. PluraL N. Na h offaga, the blafts. G. Nan offaga, of the blafts. D. Do na h ojjaga, to the blafts. A. Na h offaga, the blafts. V. ! n h offaga, O the blafts ! A. Lets na h offaga, with the blafts. All other nouns, except thofe noted of the firft ? are of this declenfion, the moft common terminations of which are thefe, ad, aid, air, ar, eir, ir, or; forae in an ; alfo ill, il, os, atb, unt, iu, og, ag t in, aiu, tart, ub, nth, is, eis, idh. Of Definites of the Second Declenfion. So much having been faid under the firft declen- fion ; and the difference of the fecond being fo fmall, little remains to be obferved here ; I fhall therefore only note a few particulars of the fecond. If THE GALIC LANGUAGE. 43 If the Noun be of the feminine gender, the geni- tive definite is formed from the indefinite, by prefix- ing the article na ; as, cols, of a foot ; genitive defi- nite, na cols, of the foot. And if the noun feminine begins with a vowel, the letter h is prefixed, to fhun the hiatus ; thus, ailne, beauty ; genitive definite, na b aline, of the beauty : eagnai, wifdom ; genitive de- finite, na b eagnai, of the wifdom. Nouns beginning with the immutable confonants /, n, r, do not admit of the fleftion h ; fo rinnag, a ftar; genitive, rlnnalg, of a ftar; definite, narlnnaig, of the ftar. Of the Plural definite of both Declenfions. All nouns of this declenfion have their nominative plural in a or an; and when the word following be.- gins with a vowel, rather in an ; fo laoldh, an hymn, laoidha, hymns ; trend, a flock, treuda ; lonad, a place, ionada ; palluin, a temple or palace, palluina ; dorus, a door, doruifa, contracted dorfa ; namhaid, an ene- my, namhaida, contracted naimbda; co'mnal, a candle, coinnlan, by eliiion of the a; criocb, an end, or the limits of any thing, criocha ; oigb, a virgin, oigha ; machair, a iield, machaira ; nine, a fow, muca; anam, a foul, anama ; claidhamb, a fword, claidbamha ; largaid, a target, tar gat da ; lamh, an hand, lamha; faeannachd, a bleiling, or compliments, beannacbda; triobloid, trouble, trioblocta ; clock, a ftorie, clocha ; craobh, a tree, craopka; ccrrnig, a rock, carruzga; 44 ANANALYSISOF -plobair, a piper, piobxira ; fiadbnuis, a witnefs, fiadh- rtuifa. ; offag, a Waft, q/Ta^/i ; fguab, a fheaf, fguala ; uinog, a window, uinoga; gaoth, the wind, gaotha. The genitive definite plural of nouns of the firft cjeclenfion is formed by prefixing nam* or nan t the article, to the nominative fingular indefinite : of the fecond, by prefixing it to its nominative plural, and fometimes the termination is dropt; as, moidbacb t nam mridhach, cretolra, nan cretoira. Some Nouns ending in a in the fingular, change a into icha or in in the plural ; as c ota y a coat, coticba f cotin : plaid, a plaid, plaidicha, flaidin ; uifge, has fometimes uifgt, oftener uifgicba^ fige, a web, ei- gicha ; leine, a fhirt, leintach, leintin ; (liabh, a moun- tain, jleabhte. The terminations idb, and icb y have .f cha ; as, buanidh, a reaper, buanicha ; rambick, 3, rower, rambicfya. Proper Names are thus declined : N. Ceantir, Kintyre. G. Chintir, of Kintyre. D. Do Cheantir, to Kintyre. A. Ceantir, Kintyre. V. Chinttr, O Kintyre ! A. If Ceantir, with Kintyre. N. Offian, THE GAL 1C LANGUAGE. 45 N. Gffian, Ofliam G. P/Vzw, of Oflian. D. Dh'Oflian, to Offian. A. 0#k, Oflian. V. 0^ Little, lughe, lefs, lugbe, ro bheg* leaft, very little. Galrrid, Short, giurra, fhorter, giwra, ro gbairrid. fhorteft. Leatban, Broad, leatha, * broader, leatba, ro leatban. broadefl. CHAP. IIL Of Pronouns. A S the Prepofitions that generally govern diffe- ** rent cafes are fo united with the fimple pro. nouns (though ftill their compofition may be feen), I think it moft proper to write them as one word, without any mark of contraction. Singular. THE GALIC LANGUAGE. 53 Singular. N. M, mife, I. G. Mo, of me, my. I). Dhamh, to me ; dhambfe, to me, myfelf. A. Mi?, me. V. A. Learn, with me ; ^w, from me ; annam, in me ; agam, with, or at me ; affam, out of, or from me ; dhim, from off me ; chugam, to me ; marrium, with me ; tharum, over me ; orm, upon me. Ptaral. N. Sinn, we ; y?77, we ourfeives ; (nofmet. 1 ) G. y^ir, of us, our. It has ne added to the ao. cording fubflantive ; as, ar cretnra-ne t &c. D. Dhuin, dbuine, to us. A. Sinn } finne, us. V. A. Lew, Icinne, with us ; uain, uRine, fi~om us ; dnnin^ annlne, in us ; agin, ag'.nne, with us, in our poffcflion ; affin, offine, out of, or from us ; dlrinne, from off us : chttgin, to us ; marrin^ with us ; tharin, over us. IMote, thatyKif andy^, when added to the fimple pronoun or fubftantive, are equivalent to the Latin met, metipfos, the French propre, or Engliih felf, [elves ; as, mo lamh-fa, my hand ; mo lamb fein, njy own hand ; mi / fin, rr.yfelf. Singular. 54 AN ANALYSIS OF Singular. J^ T . Tu, thou ; tufa, thou, thyfelf. G. Do, of tlice, thy. D. Dhuit, to thee. A. Thu, thee. V. T/Jufa ! O thou ! A. Leaf, with thee ; ualt, pronounced vuait^ from thee ; annad, in thee : a%ad, at, or with, or in the pofleffion of tuce , c.jitd, out of, or from thee ; dhiot) from off thee ; chugad, to you ; marriut, with you ; tharad, over thee ; ort, on thee. Plural. N. Sibh, ibh, ye ; fbhfe, (vofmet.) G. Bbar, of you, your. D. D'auibh) dhuzbhje) to you. A. Sibh,Jibhfe, you. V. 0/^/ff / O ye or you ! A. Leibhj leibbfe, with you ; itaibh, uaibhfe, pro- nounced vuaibhfe, from you ; annaibk, in you ; agibh, at, cr \vith, or in the poffeilion cf you ; af.bb) out of you ; dhibh, from off yen ; cbugilh, to you ; marribh, with you ; tbersbb, over you. Singular; THE GALIC LANGUAGE. 55 Singular. N. E, or y?, i, ife, he or (he. G. A, a, of him, of it, of her, or his, its, her ; it writes^ after its concordant fubirantive. D. Db'r., dhafyn, dbl, dhije, to him, it, to her. A. E, elfin, /, ife, he, it, her. y A. Lets, leifan, lea, leafe, with him, it, her ; uaidbCf ualche, from him, her ; aige, alee, at, or with, or in the pofleffion of him or her, it ; annfan, in him, in thee, in it ; inte, in her, it ; as, out of him, it ; aifde^ out of her ; dbe, dbi, from off hira, her ; cbitige, to him, it ; cbuicca, to her; marrts, with him, it ; marria, with her ; tbaris, o- ver him, it ; tbairte, over her ; air, on him ; urra f on her. Plural. N. lad, lad, idft, the}-, G. An, an, their; it writes /rafter the following fubftantive. D. Dhoibh, dhoibh, dboibhfe, to them. A. lad, lad, iadfe, them. V. A. Leo, leofan, with them ; uatha, from them ; afda, out of them; annta, in them; ac, of them ; ^cca, at, or with, or in the poileflion of them ; d'mu, of them, off them ; cbucca, to AN ANALYSIS OP to them ; marriu, with them ; tharta, ever them. Singular. N. Co ? cia ? clod? who? which? what? G. Cbo? whofe? D. Co dba ? to whom ? A. Co ? which? what? y. _ A. Co lels? with whom, what? whofe? co uaidh? from whom? co aim? in whom, which, what? to alg? with whom? or at, or in whofe pofleflion? co dbetb ? from off whom ? The Plural is the fame. ^, the relative who, that. N. A, who, that. D. Do ' Jo, to which, to whom. A. .!/, whom, which. \r f __ L A. Lets a, ler, with whom, which; af a, out of whom, which ; ami a, in whom, which ; ualdb a, from whom, which ; alg a, with whom, at whom, in whole pofleflion: Ualdb t I think, might be wrote o when ip is not joined to the pronoun, as in ualt ; thus, o an dulue, from the man, is better and eaiier read than uadb an duine. So THE GALIC LANGUAGE. 57 So, this, is equivalent to hie in Latin ; and Jin, he, that, to tile, ifte, indeclinable. Ud, or 6d, is fome- what relative, and is, in other refpefts, exactly what la is in French, and there among cockneys ; for we fay an t'igh od y that there houfe; cette maifon la; egin, fome ; elle, other ; cbeudna, fame ; fa bith, fo- ever, are put after pronouns and fubftantives ; as, co fa bith, whofoever ; duine eile, another man ; an duine ceudha, the fame man. Cacb, every ; gach wfe, contracted chuile, all, every, are put before the fubftantive. Gach ulle requires the -h fledion in the fubftantive following ; gach uile dhuine, every man, all men. TV", he, the man who, whofoever, is ufed thusj an ti dhi arras gheibb, he that feeketh (hall find. Though the Prepofmons with which cbuige, chuica, chucca, are compounded, and feem to be of the da- tive, they, neverthelefs, when feparate, govern the genitive. CHAP. IV. Of Verbs. "17ERBS have two Voices, the Active and ' Paflive. There is fcarcely any change of per- fon in either number, that being almoft always im- mediately difcovered by the nominal or pronominal H nom- 58 AN ANALYSIS OF nominative following the verb, whether regularl/ formed, or by the auxiliary verb and the participle ; as, chruinich mi, 1 gathered ; chrutnich thu, thou gatheredft ; cbruinich e, he gathered, &c. or bha ml (ag) cruinuchadh, I gathered, or was gather- ing; bha thu (ag) cruinuchadh, thou waft gather- ing, &c. In a Galic verb, \vhat the Latins call the Gerund or Subitantive derived from the verb, is the principal part from which the other tenfes are formed and modified. In the flection or conjugation of a verb, particles, the auxiliary verb to be, the afpirate after the initial confonant, and now and then a change of terminati- on, form differently the different tenfes. In order to decline a verb, after having the gerund or fub- itantive, or the name of the aftion before it relates to perfon, time r or modification, the prefem parti- ciple is formed by putting ag before the radix, which always governs the genitive in difcourfe, and has no change in gender : fo from cruinuchadh, a collecting or gathering together, is formed (ag) crutnuchadh, the prefent participle. Ag is more elegantly written before participles beginning with a vowel ; as, eg iarridh, feeking. To form the Infinitive, decline the radix as a fub- ftantive, as far as the dative cafe, which is the infini- tive prefenc ; there is no other tenfe of this mood .- thus, THE GALIC LANGUAGE. 59 thus, cruinuchadh, the radix or gerund, fignifies a ga- .thering together, or alterably. The dative of which is do chruinuchadh, to gather or aflTemble. But when the verb begins with a vowel, the infinitive is formed thus; as, orduchadby commanding, ordering; dative, Jb y orduchadh, the infinitive, to command. There are two participles perfecl : the firft is of fome ufe in the aclive, but more in the pafiive. The one U formed by putting the prepofition air inftead of ag, as (ag) cruinuchadb, aflembling ; air critinu- chadh, afTembled. It receives genders thus : For the mafculine it aflumes the afpirate b and puts a, the genitive of the perfon, between it and the prepofiti- on air ; as, air a chrumucbadh , he aflembled ; Latin, fongregatus ; for the feminine it aflumes only, the poflefllve pronoun a, which is the genitive feminine The a, however, is often loft wheij the verb begins with a vowel ; as, air orduchadh , he aflembled, for air a orducbadh. In the feminine the euphonic h U prefixed ; as, air a b orduchadk . In difcourfe, this participle governs the genitive of any of the pofleflive pronouns put between the air and the verb, and the genitive of a noun when put after it ; as, tba mi air mo threoruckadh, I am di- refted; air treoruchadh an duine, directed the man. When the dative is put after it, it tranflates the ab- Utive abfolute of the Latins ; as, air treoruchadh dkamh, 6o ANANALYSISOF dbamn, I having direded ; air eirachd, or cirigb t do'nghrian, the fun having rifen. The other Participle is formed from the radix, by changing its laft fyllable into te ; thus, treorucbadb, direding; treoruicbte, direded; cruiniichadb, af- fembling together j cruinichte, affembled. The prefent, the part, and the future tenfes only are formed regularly ; but the auxiliary tha, I an), in conjunction with the participle, gives rife to the im- perfed, perfed definite, and pluperfed. Though fome fay a language has only as mnny tenfes as are regularly formed without the auxiliary, yet I am of opinion, a verb cannot be better conju. gated than by ftating it in all its different times of adion whatfoever ; on this account therefore, in or- der to afcertain die different ways of fpeaking rela- tive to adion in the Galic, and at once to fhew a verb fo arranged into moods and tenfes, by which every pofTible difpofition of the Galic verbs, fo various in their moods and tenfes, may be refulved ; I am of neceffity obliged to introduce, perhaps, an unufual number of moods. As the different particles of conjunction and adverb contritvite to the variety of moods in this language, I fhall endeavour to fhew the modes of them in fepa- rate claffes. Thefe I will denominatively call, Indi- cative, Interrogative, Refponfive, Conditional, Ne- gative, THE GALIC LANGUAGE. 61 gative, Subjunctive, Optative, Imperative, and Infi- nitive. A language modifies a verb fo many different ways, either by a change of termination, or the afliftance of auxiliaries, and the influence of different particles. The Galie moods are, however, reducible to thefe : The Indicative, which at the fame time ferves as Refponfive; and as Conditional, by putting the con- ditional particles ma, if; nuair, vyhenj antra t when, &c. before it. The Subjunctive, which, with the particle an be- fore it, ferves as interrogative, and as the negative, which takes the particle of negation cho an, cbo, or that of the Irifh dialed, nl an, no, not, before it, an4 cho do before the paft tenfe, and the particles chum agus go, to the en4 that, &c. The Optative has an imperfect: and fome paft tenfes peculiar to itfelf, with the particle nach, utinam, I wifh that, O that ! This mood and its moft common tenfes may be feen in that moft beautiful text, in this language peculiarly pathetic : 0! nach ro iad glic, nach tuigadb iad fo, nacb cuimhnadh iad an criocb (Ibeirannacb. "O! that they were wife, that they underftood this, that they would confider their latter end !" There is alfo the imperative and the infinitive. he following is an example of a regular verb : ACTIVE fl /W cruinichte, (or) #/> a cruinuchadh t they are aflembled. Imperfeft. ^^he was aflembled. A crtfinuchadh, J THE GALIC LANGUAGE. PASSIVE VOICE. Subjuncli-ve Mood. Prefent Tenfe. fibell mi crulnlchte, (or) air mo ckruinucbadh, I am aflembled, Bbeil tbu cruinicbte, (or) air do cbruinucbadb, thou art aflembled. Bheil e cruinichte, (or) air a cbru-~^ inuchadh, Mafc. (or) air acru-*> he is aflembled. inuchadh, Fern. Bbeil jinn cruinicbte, (or) air ar cruinuchadb, we are afjembled. Bbeil fibh cruinicbte, (or) air bbar cruinuchadh, ye are aflembled. Bheil lad cruinichte t (or) air an crulnucbadb, they are aflembled. Imperfect. Ro mi cruinicbte, (or) air mo chruinucjjadh, I was aflembled. Rothuair do cbrulnucbadh , (or) cruinicbte, thou waft aflembled. Ro e cruinichte, (or) air a cbru--^ inuchadh, Mafc. air a cru- C he was aflembled, tauebadh, Fern. J Ro 72 AN ANALYSIS OF Indicative Mood continued. B ha Jinn cruinichte, (or) airar crttinuchadb, we were aflembled. Bha fibh cruinichte, (or) air bhar cntinuchadh, ye were aflembled. Bha tad cru'^ir'^te, (or) air an cruinuchadh, they were aliembled. Perfed. Chruinichadh mi, I was, or have been aflembled. Chruinichadh thu, thou haft been aflembled. Chruinichadb e, he has been aflembled. Chruinichadb fmn, we have been aflembled. Chruinichadh fibh, ye have been aflembled. Chruinichadk lad, they have been afTerabletJ. Future. Chruinichar mi, I fliall or will be aflembled. Chruinichar thu, thou /halt or wilt be aflembled. Chruinichar e, he fhall or will be aflembled. CbruiKichar Jinn, we fhall or will be aflembled. Chruinichar fi bb, ye fhall or will be aficinbled. Cbn:inicbar lad, they dial] or \\iil be aflembled. Rt THE GALIC LANGUAGE/ 73 Subjunctive Mood continued. Rojinn cruinichte, (or) air ar cruinuchadh, we were aflembled. Ro fibh cruinichte, (or) air bhar cruinuchadh, ye vsi^re aflembled. Ro tad cruinichte, (or) air an cruinuchadh, they were aflembled. Perfed. Do chruinichadh mi, I have been aflembledk Do chruinichadh thu f thou haft been aftembledi Do chruinichadh e, he has been aflembled. Do chruinichadh Jinn, we have been aflembled. Do chruinichadh fibh-, ye have been aflembled. Do chruinichadh lad, they have been afTembled* Future. Cruinichar mi, I (hall be aflembled. Cruinichar thu, thou fhalt be aflembled, Cruinichar e, he mall be aflembled. Cruinichar Jinn, we ihall be aflembled. Cruinichar fibh, ye mall be aflembled. Cruinichar iad t they (hall be aflembled* K Optative. 74 AN ANALYSIS OF Optative. Imperfed. Chruinichtadh mi, I would be aflembled. Chruinichtadh thu, thou wouldft be aflembled Chruinichtadh e, he would be aflembled. Chruinichtamid) we would be aflembled. Chruinichtadh fibh t ye would be aflembled. Chrtdnichtadh tad, they would be aflembled. Imperative. Bith cruinichte, be thou aflembled. Bithadh e cruinichte, let him be aflembled. Bitbamid cruinichte, let us be aflembled. Bithibh cruinichte, be ye aflembled. JStlhadh lad cruinichte, (or) air an cruinachadh, let them, &c. Infinitive- Pref. Bhith cruinichte, (or) air a cliruinuchadh, to be aflembled. Participle. Perf. Cruinicbte, (or) air a chruinuchadh, aflembled. Fut. Re a chruinuchtdh, to be aflembled. The THE GALIC LANGUAGE. 75 The Auxiliary at a, (or) tha, I am. Indicative.] Subjunctive. Prefent. Prefent. Ala, (or) tba mi, I am. Bheil mi, I am. Tba tbu, thou art. Bheil tbu, thou art. Tha e, he is. Bheil e, he is. Tba Jinn, we are. Bheil jinn, we are. Tbafibh, ye are., Bheil Jibh, ye are. 2"Ad tad, they are. jB.fe// /W, they are. The following prefent is alfo ufed, but with this difference, that the former are always followed by adjectives or the participles of verbs ; as, Am bheiL tbu bear tach, art thou rich ? The Indicative anfwers tba, I am ; or if negatively, cho n bheil, or, am bheil thu cruinichte, art thou afiembled or met ? anfwer, tba, &c. but this is followed by a noun ; as, an tu-fe an duine, art thou the man ? the Indicative anfsvers is mi ; if negatively, cho mi, cko tu, &c. Indicative. Subjunflive. 2d Prefent. 2 d Prefent. If mi, I am. Am mi, am I, is it I ? Is tu, thou art. An tu, art thou ? &c. Is e, he, it, is. An e, is he ? // (inn, we are. An finn, are we ? Is fibb, ye are- An Jib h, are ye ? Is iad, they are. An iad, are they ? Perfeft. AN ANALYSIS OF Perfeft. Bha mi, I was, or have been. Bna tbu, thou waft. Bha e, he was. jfihafinn, we were. Bha fibh, ye were. Bha tad, they were. Perfedl. Ro mi, I was or hav been. Ri) thu, thou waft. Ro e, he was. Ko finn, we were. R.O fibh, ye were. .Ro /W, they were. The following ad Perfect is ufed 'after the famp manner as the 2cl Prefent Tenfe. Indicative. Subjunfliiie. "Ba mi, I was, it was I. Bu mi, I was, was it ? Bu tu, thou waft, it was Bu tu, thou waft. B' e, he was, was it ? wat he? Bu Jinn, we were, were we? Bu Jlbb, ye were, were you. & e, it was he, it was. Bufmn, we were. Bu/ibh t yc were. j|' iad f they Were, ye? jB' /W, they were, they ? Future. Future. $ithidh mi, I fhall or will Bhithas mi, I fliall be, be . Bhithas tu, thou flialt be, ithidh thu, thou (halt be. Bhithas e t he fliall be. 't he fliall be, Bblidk THE GALIC LANGUAGE. 77 Bithidhfmn, we (hall be. Bhithasfmn, we (hall be, Bithidhfibh, ye lhall be. Bhithasftbb, ye fhall be. Bithidh iad, they fhall be . Bbithas lad, they fhall be. The Future Negative, with the particle cho, The Future Interroga- tive with the particle Cho bhith mi, I fliall not. Ghobhiththu, thou ihalt not be. Cho bhith c, he fhall not be. Cho bhith finn, we fhall not be. Cho Ibith fibh, ye fhall not be. Cho bhith lad, they fhali not be. Am bitb mi, fhall I be ? Am bitb thu t ihalt thou be? Am bitb e, fhall he be ? Am bithfinn, fhall we be ? Am bithfibh, fhall ye be } Am bith lad, fhall they be? Imperfifl* Bhitbitt t I would be. Bhith a dh tu t thou wouldflbe. Bhithadh e, he would be. Bkithamid, we would be. Bbithadh fibh, ye would be. fihithadh iad, they would be^ Imperative. Bitb tfaiy be thou. Bithadh e, let him be, $itbamid, let us be 78 AN ANALYSIS OF Bltblbb, be ye. Bithadh lad, let them be. Infinitive* Bhith, to be. Participle. Perf. Air bhltb, being, having been. Fut. Re bith, to be, about to be, to come. Verbs beginning with vowels or diphthongs, or with /, have dh in the paft tenfes ; as elfdam, I hearken ; dh'eifJ ml, I hearkened ; with an apof- trophe after the dh\ In verbs beginning with /, however, the /is put between the d and h. The db retains its wonted force and found ; thus, fofgalam t I open ; dfhofgal, I opened, is read as dh'ofgaL Example of thfi Firft Perfon of every Tenfe of & Verb beginning with a vowel. Ind. Pref. Orduicham, Tha mi ag orducbadb. Suhj. Ordu'tch ml. Shell mi agorduchadb. Imp. | Opt. Imp. I Imp. Bha ml ag orducbadh\Db'ordulchln.\Ko ml ag orduckadh* Perfeft. I Perfed. mi-. \ D'orduicb ml. Perf. THE GALIC LANGUAGE. Perf. Def. i air orduchadh. Plup. Bha mi air orduchadh. Fut. Orduchidh mi. Fut. Negat. Cho'n orduich mi. Perf. Def. Bheil mi ar orducbadb. Plup. Ro mi air orducbadb. Fut. Orduickas mi. Fut. Interr. An orduich mi* Infinitive. Pref. Dh'orduchadh. Participles. Pref. Ag orduchadh. Perf. Aft. Air orduchadh. Fut. Re orduchadb. Imperative. Orduicb, orduichadh e. Orduichamid, orduichibh. Orduichadh tad. Examples of Irregular Verbs. Indicative. Subjunflive. Prefent. Prefent. Fcudam, I am able. Feud mi, I am able. Feudidh thu, thouan able. Feud tbu f thou art able. Fcudidk o AN ANALYSIS OF Feudidh e, he is able. Feudidh Jinn, we are able. Feudidh fibh, ye are able. Feudidh i 'ad r ,they are able. Indicative. Paft. Dfheud mi, I was able. Dfheud thu, thou waft able. Dfheud e, he was able. Dfheud finn, we were able. Dfheud fibh,ye were able. Dfheud tad, they were able. Future. f/, I (hall be able. Feudidh thu, thou (halt be able. Feudidh e, he fliall be able. Feudidh /inn, we fhall be able. Feudidh fibh, ye (hall be able. Feudidh iad, they (hall be able. Fetid e, he is able. Feud Jinn, we are able. Feudfibh, ye are able. .F^W /W, they are able. Subjunflive. Paft. D'fheud mi, I was able. D'fheud thu, thou waft able. D'fheud e, he was able. D'fheud Jinn, we were able. D'fheud fibh, ye were able. D'fheud iad, they were able. Future. Dfheudas rm t I (hall be able. Dfheudas thu, thou (hale be abte. Dfkeudas e y he (hall be able. Dfheudas Jinn, we (hall be able, Dfieudas fibh, ye (hall be able. Dfbeudas iad, they fliall be able. Optative. GALIC LANGUAGE. Optative. Imperfect. Dfljeudin, I might or coukl. Dfheudadh tu, thou couldfK Dfheudadh e, he could. Dfheudamldy we might or could. Dfheudadh jlbh, ye might or could. Dfheudadh. lad, they mignt or could. [The reft of the Tenfes wanting.] Indicative, Prefent. Deanam, I do or make. Dcanidb thu, thou doft. Deanidh e, he doth. Deanidh Jinn, we do. Deanidh fibk, ye do. Deanidh iad, they do. Perf. Def. Bha mi air deanamb. Part. Kinn mi, I have done. Subjunflive. Prefent. Dean mi, I do. Dean thu, thou doft. Dean e, he doth. Dean Jinn, we do. Dean fibh, ye do. D?an iad, they do* Perf. Def. Ro thu air deanamh, Pad. Do rtnn mi, I have done. Kinn thu, thou haft done. Do rlnn thu, thou haft Kinn e, he hath done- done. Rinnjinn, we hive done. Do rlnn e t he hath done. L Rintt 8a AN ANALYS-IS OF Rjnn fibh, ye have done. Do rlnn finn, we havtf Rinn lad, they have done. done. Do rinn fibh, ye have done. Do rinn iad, they have done. Future. Future. Deanidh, (or) ni ml, I Dheanas mi, I (hall do. (hall do. Dheanas thu, thou (halt Deanidh, (or) z f/ta, do. thou (halt do. Dheanas e, he (hall do. Deanidh, (or) m tf, he Dheanas /inn, we (hall do. (hall do. Dheanas jibh, ye lhall do. Deanidh, nljinn^ we (liall Dheanas tad; they (halt do. do. Deanidh, ni fibh, ye (hall do. Deanidh t n\\ad, they (hall do. Optative. Imperfeft. Dheanin, I would make. Dhea*-.:iih tu, thou wouldft make. Dhearadh e, he would make. Dhfanatmd, v. e would make. Dhennadh fi'J), ye would make. Dheanadh tad t they would- make. Imftreliix. GALIC LANGUAGE. 83 Imperative. Dean, do thou. Deanadh e, let him do. Deanamid) let us do. Deanibh, do ye. Deanadh iad, let them do. Infinitive. Prefent. Dheanadh, Dbectnamh, to do. Participles. Prefent. (dg] deanamb, doing. Perf. Aft. Air deanamb t having done, future. Re deanamh, about to do. PASSIVE. indicative. : S aft j unlive. Prefent. Prefent. Tkami deante, I am made. EheilmideanU,Iammade. Vha thu deante, thou art Bbeil thu deante, thou art made. made. 7h* e deante t he is made. Bbeil e deante t he is made. 84 AN ANALYSIS OF Tba finn deante, we are Bbeil finn deante, we are made. made. fba fibh deante, ye are Bbeil fibh deante, ye are made. made. Tba tat! deante, (or) air B hell tad de aril e, (or) air a<: dexnamb, they are an deanamb, they are made. made. Imperfeft. Imperfect. Sba mldeant,\ was made. Ro mi deante, I was made. Bha thu deante , thou waft Ro tbu deante, thou waft made. made. Bba e deante > he wasmade. Ro e deante } he was made. Bhafinn deante, we were Ro finn deante, we were made. made. JBha jlbk deante, ye were Ro fibh deante, yc were viade. made. Bha ifld deante, (or) air Ro iad deante^, (or) air an an '' anamh t they were dcannmh, they were, made. made. Perfeft. Ferfed. Rinnadh mi,"l was made. Rivr..idh tbu, thou waft Do rinnadh tbu, thou waft made. made. Rinnadh e, he was made. Dor/wW^hevvasmade. Rhnadh finn, we were Do rinnadb finn, we were made. made. Rinnadb fibb, ye were Do rinnadh fibb, ye were made, made. Rinnadb THE GALIC LANGUAGE. 85 PJnnadh iad y they were Do rinnadh iad, they were made. made. Future. Future. Nitar mi, Ilhall be made. Deantar mi, I fhall be made Nitar tbtt, thcu ihalt be De antar thu } thou fhslt be made. made. Nitar e, he (hall be Deantar c, he fliall be made. made. Nitar jinx, we mail be Deantar firm, we fliall be made. made. Nitar fibh, ye mall be Deantar fibb, ye mall be made. made. Nitar lad, they fhall be Deantar iad, they fhall be made. made. Imperative. Bitb deante, (or) air do dbear.amb, be thou made. Bithadh e deante, let him be made. Blthamid deantt, kt us be made. Bitbibh dsante, be ye made. Bitbadb iad deante, let them be made, Infinitive. $mtb deante, (or) air a dbeanamfy, to be made, Participles. Perfeft. Beaiite, (or) air a dbeanamb, done, future. Re a dbeancmb, to be done. *6 AN ANALYSE OF Optative. Imperfed. ml, I would be done. Dheantadb tbu, thou wouldft be don. Dheantadh e, he would be done. Dbeantadh finn, we would be done. Dheanttidh jjibb, ye would be done. Dheantadh iad, they would be Indicative. Subjunctive. Prefent. Prefent. Racbam, I go ; or, tha mi Bheil mi (ag) dol, I am (ag) dol f I am going. gi n g> Imperfeft. Imperfeft. fba mi (ag} dol, I was go Ro mi (ag) dol, I was go- ing, ing. Perfeft. Perfeft. Cbuaidh mi t I went. Do cbitaidb mi, (deachidb), I went. Perfect Def. Perfeft Def. Tbami alrdol t \ have gone Bheil mi air dd, \\wegone. THE GALIC LANGUAGE. f; Pluperfect. Pluperfect. Bha mi air dolj I had gone. Ro ml air dol, I had gone. Future. Future, Theid mi t 1 will go. An d'theid mi t I will go. Opt at he. Imperfect. Racbin, I would go. Prefent. Dhol, to go. Participles. Prefent. (Ag) dol. Perfeft. Air dol, having gone, gone. Future. Re dol, about to go. Indicative. Prefent. Prefent. 1 "i cram, (or) tha mi teachd, Bheil mi tsackd, I come. I come, am coming. Imperfect Imperfect. Bha mi teachd, I was coin- RQ mi teacbd, I was com. ing. ing. Perfect. Perfect. Tbanic mi, I came. jytbanic mi t I came. Perfect, SS AN ANALYSIS Of* Perf. Def. . Perf. Def. Tha mi air teachd, I have Bheil mi air teacbd, I have Pluperfect. Pluperfect. Bha mi air teachd, I had RQ mi air teachd, I had come. come. Future. Future. Thlg mi, I will come." Tig mi, i will come* Imperative. Thig, come thou. Thigadh e, let him come. Thiffamid, let us come. Thigibh, come ye. Thigadh iad, let them come. Infinitive. Thfachd, to come. Participles. Preterit. (Ag) teachd, coming. Perfect. Air teachd, come, having come. Future. Re teachd, about to come. Optative. Imperfect. Thigin, I would come. Indicative. THE GALIC LANGUAGE. 89 Indicative. Subjunflive. Prefent. Prefent. Deiram, I fay, (or) tha Abeir mi, I fay, (or) Iheil ml (ag) radb, I am mi (ag) radh, I am fay- faying. ing. Imperfeft. Sba mi (ag) radh, I was Ro mi (ag) radh, I was faying. faying. Paft. Tbuairt mi, I faid, or have Duairt mi, I faid, (in faid. Irilh) dubhairt. Future. Their mi t I will fay. Abeir t fhaU I fay. Optative. hidicatively and Refpon- Interrogatively and Ne* fively . gatively . Imperfeft. Imperfedt. Theirin, I would fay* Abrain, would I fay ? Imperative. Abeir, fay thou ; abradb e } let him fay ; dbramid, let us fay ; abribb, fay ye ; abradh lad, let them fay. M Participles. 9 cs AN ANALYSIS OF Participles. , Prefent. (Ag) radh, faying. Perfect; Air a radh, faid. Future. Re a radb t to be faid. The Paffive has only the Future, which is com- monly ufed imperfonally. Indicative. Subjunctive. Their ar y (hall be faid. Akrair, fliall be faid. The three laft Irregular Verbs have alfo an Im- perfect Optative, uied likewife imperfonally. Indicative. Subjunttive. Rachtadh, would'be gone. Racbtadb, wouldbe gone. Thigtadb, would be come. Tigtadh, would be gone. Tbeirtadb, would be faid. Abeirtadh, would be laid*. Bheiram, I give. Toir mi y I give", Or, IT ha mi toirt, I am giving. Bhe il rfii toirt, I am givin g, Imperfeft. Bbx mitoirt, I wasgiving. Ro mi toirt, I was giving. Perfed. Thug mi t I gave. D' tlmg mi, I gave. Perfea THE GALIC LANGUAGE. 91 Perfeft Definite. Tha mt air toirt, I have Bheil mi air toirt, I have given. given. Pluperfeft. Bba mi air toirt, I had Ro mi air toirt, I had given. given. Future. Bbeir tyi, I fhall give. Toir ml? /hall I give? Imperative* Tboir, give thou ; tbugadh e, let him give ; thu- gamld, let us give ; tbugibb, _give ye j. thugadb tad, let them give. Infinitive. Thoirt, to give. Participles. Prefeat. Toirt, giving. Perfect. 4ir toirt, having given, give*. Future. Re toirt, about to give. Qjidtivt. Indicative. -S-uljunfiive. JBbcrin, I would give. Tugln t I would give. PASSIVE, 9 a ANANALYSISOP PASSIVE. Indicative. Subjunctive. Prefent. Prefent. Tha mi air mo tboirt, I Bheil mi air mo tboirt, I am given. am given. Imperfeft. Bha mi air mo thoirt, I Ro mi air mo tboirt, I was given. was given. Perfeft. Tbugadbmi, Iwas given. D' thugadkmi, I was given, Future. Bheirar mi, I fhall be Toirar mi, I (hall be given. given. [Imperative wanting.] . Infinitive. Bhith air a tboirt) to be given. Participles. Perfeft. Air a thoirt, given. Future. Re a tboirt, to be given. Optative. Imperfeft. Thugtadb mi) I would be Z>' tbngtadb mi, I wou|d given. be given. Remarks THE GAL 1C LANGUAGE. 93 Remarks on the Verbs. The adverbs antra, nuair, when; ma t if; are join- ed with the pad tenfes of the Indicative, but always with the Subjunctive; thus, nuair cbruimch iadclocha ) when they gathered ftones together; with the Sub- junctive, nuair ghabhas iad cvmhnuidb, when they fhall reft. The adverbs cho, not ; cho do, not ; an, the -in- terrogative particle ; the conjunctions chum agus gu t fo that ; ion as gur, infomuch that ; cbionn nacb, be- caufe not ; bhri nach, becaufe not ; nach, not ; are ufed a Mb interrogatively ; was not ? would that ? and are always put before the Subjunctive mood; % cbo cbruinicb io.d na doc ha, they will not gather the ftones. Chum agus gu ro iad air an cruinucbadh, (or) cruinicbte, fo that they were aflembled, or gathered together. Cbionn nach ro iad cruinicbte, becaufe they were not gathered together, Nacb is an opta- tive particle ; thus, nach cruinucbadh iad I O that fhey would aflemble ! Ag, the fign of the participle prefent, is not always written before the verbs beginning with confonants; as, tba mi fmuintnchad;}, I am confidering; in place cf tba mi ag fmuaintucbadh. In poetry it is ufed or uegleftedasbeft fuits the poet ; but before participles beginning with a vowel, it is indilpenfable ; as, bba iad 94 AN ANALYSIS OF iad ag imthachd, they were departing. When the laft word before ag ends with a vowel, and the par- ticiple begins with a vowel, the g only is retained ; fhus ; bba mi 'g eifdacbd, I was liftening. CHAP. V. Adverbs. where? Annfo, here. Annfin, there, then. Amachy out. Ano'iSy now. Nois, now. Andiugby to-day. dnochdy to-night. Ande, yefterday. Anroir, yefternight. Far ? where ? Cia mar^ chnas, how. Cia-fbad agus, as long as. c hi on fad, long iince. Am fad agus, whilft. Nl y not ; nay not- Neamh, befl orthographi- ed, neo, a negative par- ticle, compounded with couns. Atb fignifies again, an- f \vering to the Latin re, compounded with verbs. Aln, a negative particle, compounded with ad- jeftives Treis, greis, a while. Tammully a fhort fpace, a minute. oid airfon? for what? why ? Air Ins, fir ft, firft place. Atb-ait t daraaity 2d place. An treas ait, the 3d place. An ceatbro ait, the 4th place. / An citigo ait, the 5tli place, Ar.uairithy l^ft year. Am marack, to-morrow. Anns THE GALIC LANGUAGE. 95 Anns an mhatddin, in the morning. Anns an fheafgar, in the evening. Rol t before. Rot fo, before now. Roi an de t before yeller- day. Roi an diugb, before to- day. Riamh, ever. An la roi, the day before, t' other day. Fos,fosd, yet, ftill. An nearthratb, day after to-morrow. cblonn gkairrld, lately, prefently, Can mboil, ganftad, im- mediately . Annamb, feldom. Trie, often. Air uaire, at times. Arls, again. Air ais, back. Do gbna, pronounced do ghrci) always. Co trie, often j go mln'ic, often. Co trie, as often ; co trie agus, as oft as. Aon ualr y once. Da uair, twice ; tri uairs, thrice. Ann a dbeidb fin, after- wards, after thefe things. Tulle f os } moreover. Mar fin, fo, in that man- ner. Cla ui me t cla air fan? why ? for what ? Ma f each) one by one. Ann ceart uair, ann cats, jufl now, directly. Uair eghi, fome time or other. An atb la, the next day. Feadh, whilft. Fo ichean da la,m two days. Am fecfd, never. Go fioruidh, for ever. Cuifie, when. Re an la, the whole day. Riamh, ever, at any time. Idir, at a'l. Ambuil, thus, in this man- ner. Amhll, as, juft as. Ainhaln, o.;Iy. fofuas t henceforth. Agus mar Jin fius, and fo forth, et cetera. Cbiale 9 6 AN ANALYSIS Cbuile la, gach la, every Bbos, here below. day. Ni's mo, no more. Uair elle, another time. Anns a' cheart am, in the mean time. Fa leatb, feparately, one by one. Ach beg, cbo mhor, al- moft. Co bracb, for ever. la gu la, from day to day, day by day. am gu am, from time to time. Co leir, altogether. Co leoir, enough. Annfud 6 annfo, here and there. Shios & folios, above and below. Ofcion & foa, over and beneath. Mancuairt, round about. Cia mead? how many ? Am fad, far. Am fad 6 amfogufg, far and near. Man, formerly, in die days of yore. Mar gu, as if. Cot-lion, as many as. Reradh, indeed, in truth. Mu'n, before that. Ro, very, too. loma uair, often, many a Le c belle, together. time. Na, than. Marfo, this way. Roi a cbeile, feadb a Anios, up. cheile, confufedly. Si es, down. Air egin, fcarcely. Anuas, down. Uidh air uidb, by degrees, Suas, up. ftep by ftep. CHAP. THE GALIC LANGUAGE. CHAP. VI. Prepojitions. T> REPOSITIONS, in difcourfe, govern either * the Genitive, Dative, or the Ablative. Prcpofitivns governing the Genitive. Air toifach, before. Do thaobh, concerning. Ann aghai, againft, in the Anndeigb, after. face of. Air cut, behind. Tiomchioly about. '* Reir, according to. Chum, unto. Ofcicn, above. Air feadh, among. Ann coinamb y over a- Am meafg, among. gainft, oppofke. Airfon, for, for the fake Anncois, nigh to* of. Re cots, nigh to. Ann Iamb, in the poffef- 7*nV, by, through. lion of. Ionfuidh t unto. Prepojitions governing the Dative. Do, fometimes db y before Dlu, nigh. nouns beginning with Air an taobb eilc, on the a vowel, to, out of. other fide. Air an taobh fo, on this Thai/, beyond. Ode. N 9 S ANANALYSISOF Taobh amach, the outfide, Amach, out, without. without. Macb, out. Can fhios, without the Macb as, out of. knowledge of. 0, from, off. Ri y ris, unto, to. Prepofitlons governing the Ablative. Alg, at, in the hands or Lamb ri, ris y nigh to. poflefllon of. Le, leis t with. Gu y gus, unto. Ann, in. As, amacb, out, out of. Uaidh, rather o, from. Foi, under. Can, without. Thar, tbarij, over. Air, upon. Prepo/itions governing the Accufative or Ablative. Eidar, between. Suas, up. Cu, unto. Anuas, down. Can, without. CHAP. THE GALIC LANGUAGE* 99 CHAP. VII. Interjections* T NTERJECTIONS are common to the Galic * vuth all other languages. Whatever changes may happen to languages, this part is always fecure, and will continue the fame whilft the feelings, the fighs, and the groans of the Philofopher and the Savage are alike. Thefe founds, if not articulations, feem, little different from thofe of the brutes. They are the efforts of Nature to relieve itfelf in certain cafes. They are the feweft words in any language, and on which Grammarians have always had lead to fay. They exprefs Laughter, as, ah.' ah! ah.' ah.' Grief, och ! och ! mo chreach ! my ruin ! mo thru- aidh ! my mifery I Derifion, as, hah! aha! monair ort ! fy on ytm! Fatigue, a.s, heich ho ! Admiration, as, oh! ho! Imprecation, mulachd dho, pox on't i Demonftration, feuch ! behold ! Terror, chugibh ! chugibh ! CHAP. i9 AN ANALYSIS OF CHAP. VIII. Conjunctions. /IGUS, and ; better contrafted 'us than 'is, to diftinguifh it from the fubftantive verb //. Araortj both. Uimefin, wherefore. Air an abbar fin, therefore. Culdeacbd, likewife, alfo. For, alfb. Cf t though. Giodheadhj however, notwithftanding. Ma, if. Ach-, but. Ai^ the Interrogative Particle, changed (like the article) into am before b, fa p Nach, no, O that ! Eadhon, namely, that is to fay, viz. i. e. Gu, that, changed into gur before words beginning with a vowel, and the confonants f y b, p,f, m t tt. Chum agus gu t to the end that. lonas gur, fo that. Na, than. Mun am, mnn cm, if not ; mur^ if not. CHAP. THE GALIC LANGUAGE. 101 CHAP. IX. Of the Formation of the Parts of Speech. AFTER confidering the various inflexions of the parts of fpeech, it is natural to enquire into their formation. Ideas vary with things, and the names of things with ideas. The formative nouns are Diminutives, Collectives, Abflracts, Agents, and Actions. i . Of Diminutives. All Diminutives of the feminine gender in this lan- guage end in og or ag ; thofe of the mafculine in an t by fubjoining thefe fyllables ; as, man, a girl ; nianag, a little girl ; caillack, an old woman ; caillachag, a little old woman: fguab t a fheaf; fguabag, a little fheaf : leanabh, a child; leanaban, a little child : duine, a man ; duinan, a little man, a mannikin, homunculus. Few or none of the chriftian names are diminutive. 2. Of Collefti-ues. Collective nouns are not confined to any termina- tion. Among many the following may be reckoned : Au 102 ANANALYSISOT Au Fbeine, the Fingalians, or followers and army of Fingal, king of Morven, and hero of Oflian's Poems. fine, a nation or tribe ; clann* a clan or family, the followers and defcendants of a Baron or Chieftain, literally children ; crodh, cattle ; pobul, people ; buidhan, a band ; compailt, company ; uaifle, gentry. 3. Of Ahftratts. Moft of the Galic abftracts terminate in acbd or as. Achd is generally a feminine termination. Some adjectives in achd add as for their abftradl: ; as, gairdach, joyful ; gairdacbas, joyfulnefs : miob- buidbach, ungrateful; miobhuidhacbas, ungrateful- nefs : dubhach } fad ; dubhachas, fadnefs. Some change the acb into as ; as, beartacb, rich ; beartas, riches : fiuntachy generous; fiuntas, generofity: alkreacb t penitent; atbreachas, penitence. Some fubftantives and adje&ives which have * in their laft fyllable, have as rather than achd fometimes added; or the termination changed to<3/; fo, cfuaidb, hard ; cruas, hardnefs : carid, a friend ; cairdas, friendfliip:/M^/rc, gentle; fuaircas,gentlenefs: math, good ; mathas, goodnefs : cliamhin, a kinfman ; cleamhnas, affinity : udar, an author ; udaras, autho- rity : neo-gblioc, imprudent ; neo-gbliocas, impru- dence ; fona , happy ; fonas, happinefs. Thofc THE GALIC LANGUAGE. 103 Thofe in ol or al prefer achd ; as, furdol, induftri- ous ; furdolachd, induitry ; froal, prodigal ; froalachd, prodigality : neothaincol, unthankful ; neothaincalachd, unthankfulnefs : cuirtal, courtly ; cuirtalachd, court- linefs, courtefy ; cairdol, friendly ; cairdolacbd, friend- linefs : aidhol, hofpitable ; aidholachd, hofpitality : coinol, kind ; coinolachd, kindnefs, clemency : moral, magnificent; moralachd, morachd, magnificence, ma- jefty. Some add ach ; as, naomb, holy ; naomhachd, ho- linefs : feamh, meek',ffamhzchd, meeknefs: geamni, chafte ; geamniacbd, chaftity : iriofal, humble ; irio- Jlachd, humility. All, like wife, that end in or or mhor, add achd ; as, ceolor, mufical ; ceoloracbd .- mor, great j morachd, majefty, greatnefs : feolor, fenfual ; fedorachd, fenfualicy. The irregular adjectives form the following ab- ftracts ; lugha, lefs ; lughad, littlenefs, fmallnefs : moa, greater; mead, greatnefs: leatha, broader j lead, breadth ; alrde, higher ; alrde, height ; o/c, bad ; okas, badnefs ; giurra, fhorter ; giurrad, ftiortnefs . 4. OfAflions. Actions are the verbal nouns, derived from verbs, or the prefent participle of a verb ; thus, cruinuchadb is, at the fame time, the participle and the verbal Houn. They generally end in adb ; as, fiofruchadh, knowledge^, io 4 AN ANALYSIS OF knowledge, or judgment, from fiosrucham, to judge or enquire into j irioflucbadb , humiliation, from irioflu- cbam, I humble; mifnucbadh, encouragement, from mlfnucham, I encourage : meadachadh, multiplying or encreafing, from meaducham, I encreafe or multiply. Some end in In ; as, faicfin, from faicam, I fee ; claixtin, hearing, from cluinam, 1 hear ; teafargain, deliverance, from teafargam, I deliver. Some end in achd; as, cantalrachd, an hymning or finging, from canam, I fing ; mofgaltachd, vigilance, from tnofga- lam, I wake or watch. 5. Of Agents. Agents or doers fubjoin c/r, and fometimes air, to the prcfent participle of verbs ; as, fcriobhadk, writing ; fcriobbadoir, a writer or attorney : tagradb, a purfuing or procefs ; tagradair, or fear tagraidh, a profecutor : or by changing the termination into air ; as, Crutkichoir, the Creator, from cruthucbadh, a creating. Some write the termination fbear in place of c/r, affecting an idle knowledge in the etymology of words, at the expence of hurting the eye of every reader with the briftly appearance of an ufelefs af- femblage of confonants. No more confonants than are neceflary to exprefs the true pronunciation of words ought to be writtep ; and fmce the number of diphthongs THE GAL 1C LANGUAGE. 105 diphthongs and triphthongs are afcertained (as at- tempted in this Analyfis), many of the confonants formerly written become fuperfluous. It would be as juft in Latin to write amatvlr inftead of amator, as to write in Galic Jlanuigb f he air in place of Jla- nioir. Some are formed by adding icb ; as, buain, reap- ing ; buunich, a reaper ; fnamh, fwimming ; fnam~ hick, a fwimmer. Others are formed by making the name fearr t a man, or bean, a woman, govern the action in the ge- nitive ; 35, fear-tighe, an hufbandman ; bean-ligh:, anhoufewife : fear-ceaird, a mechanic ; fear-baile, a, freeholder, a laird, fometimes a tackfman or leffee ; fear-bainfe t a bridegroom ; bean-bain Je, a bride ; fear-moirt, a murderer ; riogh, a king ; bean-riogh, a queen ; diuc, a duke ; bean-dine, a duchefs ; priunfe, a prince ; bean-phriunfe, a princefs ; iarla, an earl, lean-iarla, a countefs ; baran, a baron, bean-bha- rain, a baronefs ; morair, a lord, or great man ; bean-morair, a great lady : tiarna, a general name for a proprietor or lord over any thing, commonly an efquire, has bean-tiarna t applied to gentlewomen in general, as the Englifh word Lady. Some are alfo formed by making the collective words luchg, or muintir, govern the aclion in the ge- nitive ; as, luchg faire, watchmen ; luchg fairg, fea- men ; luchg feanachais, hillorians, &c. O Of 106 AN ANALYSIS OF 6. Of Adjetiivcs. All Cclleclives end in ach, agach, or anacb, termi* nations equal to ofus in Latin ; thus, ballacb, fpotted, full of fpots, is formed from ball, a. fpot ; bainacb t milky, from baine ; badanach, full of locks ; cathach, of or belonging to battles, from cath, a battle ; gri- annach, funny, from grian, the fun. Thofe which fignify tendency end in ol fo, fei- mol, neceflary, frcm fsim, ufe, neceflity ; laichol, daily, from la y a day ; coinol, kindly, from coinas ; froal, prodigal, from fro, prodigality ; mijnachol, courageous, from mifnach, courage ; gnifgol, vali- ant, from gaifge, valour ; ainmol, renowned, from ainm, a name. Thofe that fubjoin or to the primitive, fignify abounding in, full of ; as, fultor, full of fap, from full, fat ; frenmore, a man of ftrength and valour, one of Oflian's heroes ; tlachdor, handfome, from tlackd, a liking, handfomenefs ; ccolor, in the Jrifi; dialed ceolmhor, muikal, eminent in mufic, fron> ceo!, mufic ; Cathmor, great in battle, one of Offian's heroes, from cath, a battle. All gentile or patronymic AdjecTives end in ach ; as Albanach, a Scoffman ; Erhiacb, an Hibernian ; ^ an Englifhman ; Francach, a Frenchman ; an Italian ; Locblunacb, a Dane. Adjeftires THE GALIC LANGUAGE. 107 Adje&ives that fliew poflibility and facility prefix fo ; as, fo tkuigfe, eafy to be understood, intelligi- ble ; fo thogal, eafy to be lifted up or acquired ; fo dheante, eafy to be done, polfible. Thofe that denote impoflibility prefix do ; as, Jo-tJ>uigft, diffi- cult to underftand, unintelligible ; do-thogal, not eafily taken up or acquired ; do-dheante, that cannot be done, impoflible. 7. Of Numerals- Aon and da, one, two, have the afpirate h after the initial confonant of the noun agreeing with it, and which in difcourfe always come after. All others agree with it ; thus we fay aon Jbear, one man; da f bear, two men ; but we fay tri fir, three men j celthar fir, four men, &c. as far as aon deug, eleven, and then we go on as before, aw fhear deug, dafhear deug, but we fay tri fir deug, &c. always putting deug after the fubftantive. The fubftantive always ftands between the unit and the ten, when the fubftantive mud agree with the unit ; thus, aon fhear, one man ; da Jhear t two men ; aonfbear deug, eleven men ; da fhear deug, twelve men ; tri fir deug, thirteen, &c. Cardinals- Aon, one. Tri, three. Da, dls, two, the two. Ceiihar, four. dig, ie>8 AN ANALYSIS OF Coig, five. Sia, fix. Seackd, feven. Ocbd, eight. M>;, nine. Deicb, ten. /ow *&, eleven. J)/3 dbeitg, twelve. Tri deug, thirteen. Ceitbar deug, fourteen. Coig deng, fifteen. Si a deugj fixteen. Seachd deug, feventeen. Ochd deug, eighteen. Not dtug> nineteen. Ficbid, twenty. Aon thar fichid, twenty- one. Deicb tharfchid, thirty. Aon deug tbarficlrid, thir- ty-one, &c. Dtfhtckid) forty. Aon agus da fbicbid, for- ty-one. Deich& da fhichM, fifty. Aon deug & da f hi chid t fif- ty-one. Tri fichid, fixty, Aon Or tri fichid, fixty- one. Deicb & tri ficbid, fe- venty. Aon deug & tri fichid, feventy-one, &c. Ceiibar fichid, eighty. Aon 6- ceithar fichid, eighty-one. Deicb 6- ceithar fichid, ninety. Aon deug & ceithar fichid, ninety- one. Coig fichid, or dad, an hundred. Da cbiad, two hundred. Mille y deich cbiad, a thou- fand. Triochad, thirty ; cearacbad, forty ; ftafgad, fixty \Jeachd- bbad, fcvtnty ; ochdbkad, eighty; naotchnd t nintty, are Irifli, and pbfolete. THE GALIC LANGUAGE. 109 Ordinals. An clad, the firft. An dara, fecond. An treas, third. An ceathro, fourth. An coigo, fifth. An fiao, lixth. Anfeachdo, feventh, An t ochgo. eighth. An wo/o, ninth. An deicho, tenth. An t aono dcug, eleventh. An dara deug, twelfth. An treafo deug, thirteenth. An ceatbro deug) four- teenth. An ciogo deug, fifteenths Anfiaodeug, fixteenth. An feachgo deug, feven- teenth. An t ochgo deug, eigh- teenth. An t noio deug, nine- teenth. An fichido, . twentieth . An t aono thar fhichid, twenty-firft. An deicho tbar fhichid, thirtieth. An t aono deug thar fin- chid, thirty-firft. An da fhichido, fortieth. An t aono thar dha fhl. chid, forty -firft. An deicho thar dha fhi- chid t fiftieth. An t aono deug thar dha fhichid, fifty.firft. An tri fichido, frxtieth. An t aono thar tri fichid, fixty-firft. An deicho thar tri fie hid, feventieth. At t aono deug thar tri fj- chid, feventy-firft. An ceithar fichido, eigh- tieth. An t aono thar ceithar fi chid, eighty-firft. An deicho thar ceithar fi- chid, ninetieth. An t aono deug thar cei~ thar fie hid, ninety-firfl. An coig fichido, or an ci- ado, the hundredth. no AN ANALYSIS OF Of the Formation of Verbs. All nouns of action may be conjugated as verbs, without any addition of termination, by obferving the fleclion of the examples already given ; as, eljdachd, hearing, conjugated eifdam, I hear ; inofgladh, awak- ing ; mofgalam, 1 awake, &c. Every verb has in the fyllable or fyllables that compofe it, fomething expreflive of its fignification, whether rough or fmooth, hard or foft, ftrong or feeble, frequentative or diminutive. Thefe, how- ever, are more commonly exprefied in this language by the auxiliary verb, and their vaft diverfity of ad- je&ives. The frequentative is exprefled as in the participle letmnach, often leaping or hopping. " 'S tad a' leimnach o OJJag gu offag." Oflian's Temora, Book vii. Cf Adverbs. * Every adjective noun may be converted into an Adverb by prefixing the fyllable go ; thus, math, good ; go math ; well ; aidharack, glad ; go aidh. anzcr, gladly, &c. CHAP. THE GALIC LANGUAGE. xit CHAP. X. Of the Compojltion of the Parts of Speech. H E^richnefs of a language confifts in the num- her of its primitives, and their capacity of vari- ous competition. The original fnnple principles of the Galic make it far excel any o'f the modern, and rival the moft ancient languages. The little varie- gated flection of its nouns and verbs, which is pecu- liar to itfelf, and the abundance of its compofitions, render it capable of beautifully defcribing and exnrei- iing the emotions of the mind, without the aid of fo- reign words ; hence it is, that the illiterate peafant on the hills of Scotland, having, in his infancy, had his mind ftored with a certain number of primitives and their different modes of inflection, by an eafy, though a various combination with a certain number of particles, fpeaks his language with elocution, a na- tural Demolthenes j and there is no word in the lan- guage, however compounded, but he understands. Neither is this language deficient in the terms of art. In Ethics, Jurifprudence, Theology, and Na- tural Hiilory, \vords are not wanting to exprefs our thoughts, and to innruft others : even in Mathema- tics, and Natural Philofophy in all its parts, terms can eafily be rendered from the Greek into the Galic, by decompofing them "in the original, and then tranf- latmg ii2 AN ANALYSIS OF lating and joining them afrelh ; an advantage of which no modern language is poflefled. Compofition is effected in Galic by prefixing the prepofitions ; as, neo-impocbadh^ unconverfion ; an- eolach, ignorant ; or by rightly uniting fimple words; as, grian-ftad) the folftice ; cru-ckaochladh, transfi- guration ; ceart-ckreidachy orthodox ; fein-fpeis, felf- love. The combinable prepofitions are in the Galic infe- parable, and are as follow : Ei, equivalent to the Englifh not. So, equal to the Engliih termination ble. Co, equal to con in the Latin: Ao, equal to un. 4th, again ; equal to the Latin re . Mi, un. Neo, un. An, very, too ; the Latin per ; as, an-mbor, very great ; eidir, between. They are thus compounded : El-crlondf foolifh, un- Mi-chriodbol, difiiearten- Avile^ ed, difcouraged. So-tbuigfe, intelligible. Neo-bhdfor, immortal. Wom,anunionoffo- Eider-tbeangicbte, inter- ciety, a communion. preted. Ao-dochas, defpair. Au-trom, over heavy, Ath-nuadbuchadb, a re- ( per gr avis.) newing. The THE GALIC LANGUAGE. 113 The following Subftantives may ferve as a fpeci- men of Galic nouns compounded : Geur-ckuifach, expert, keen. Lan-Jhoilleir, evident. Buan-mhairachdain, long- liv'd. Molt-fbeoil, mutton. Mart-fbfoil, beef. Muc-fhetil, pork. Ceithar-chofacb, four- footed. foma-chofach, many-foot- ed. Gortn-bbreac, mixed with blue. Geal-lamha, white-hand- ed. Mala-mbin, meek-eyed. Cam-fhronacb, the name Cameron, crook- nofed. Cam-beulach, Campbell, wry-mouth'd. Du-glajfachy Douglafs, dark-grey. Craobh-Jheanachais, ge- nealogical tree. Treun laocb, an hero. Gear-ghobach, (hort-bill'd- Geur-fglatbacb, iharp- winged. Fuar-bbean, cold moun- tains. jBinn-foclach,{hri\\-vQked. Grian-ftad, a felftice. Marc-Jbluagh, cavalry. Tavbh-tuath, the north country Cliu-thoiltunach, praife* worthy. Alrd-mheamnacb, high- minded. Culidb-bhtoft}^ a ; i in- centive. Du-fbocc.l, * parable. FeJn-fbointacb, felf.fuffi. cient. Grian-chrios, the zodiac. Fa-fcriobhadh, an appen- dix. Geur-leanbhin, perfecuti- on. Idhol-aoradb t idolatry. Idhol-aoraidh, an idol. Nua-bhrioucbadh, traniub- (lantiauon. Okur- ri 4 AN ANALYSIS OF Qbair-bharracbd, fupere- Uile-chumhachdach, AU rogation. mighty. Of compounded Verbs. AH active compounded nouns may be refolved into verbs, and may be conjugated by the examples given, ]ike regular verbs ; others are declined by means of the auxiliary ; and many verbs which in other lan- guages are compounds, in the Galic have the compo- ihive prepofition immediately following the verb ; thus, atbnuadhuchadh, renewing, is the active fub^ ftantive compounded of ath again, and nuadhuchadk, making new, is refolved into a verb ; thus, atbnu- adhicbam, I renew, &c. dh'athnuadbich mi, I renew- ed ; athnuadhuchidh mi, I fiiall renew, &e. In thefe verbs which admit of the flection h after their initial confonants, the fame is introduced in both parts of the compounded verb, where the confonants are not immutable. The n in the fecond part of the p.aft tenfe, dttath-nuadhich, is immutable, and there- fore has no h ; but in this verb, athghinam, I rege- nerate ; db'tith-gbin mi, I regenerated, it is percep- tible. Gettr-learibhin, perfecution; is conjugated by the auxiliary; thus, tha mi gew-leanbhin, bha mi geitr- liambhin, &c. Verbs have fome component particles after them, THE GAL 1C LANGUAGE. 115 m this manner, fnamham, I fwim j fnamham tbaris, 2 fwim over, acrofs, thus, " Mar ghlas-fgiatk) rot tbaomadh nan nial, " Snamh tharis tha gealacb na h oich." O ssi AN. Of the Adverb in Compojition. As all primitive, fo all compounded adje&ives and participles are iifed adverbially, by prefixing the fyl- lable go ; thus, impticbte, converted ; neo-impoicbte, imconverted; go neo-impoicbte ; criodhol, hearty, <:hearful ; neo-chriodbol, dilheartened, forrowful ; go l, forrowfully, in a forrowful manner. AN A N ANALYSIS O F T H E GALIC LANGUAGE, ? O O K III. 5 Y N T A X. SYNTAX is the proper difpofition of words in a language. General Rules. I. An adjective and the article agree with a fub- ftantive in gender, number, and cafe, (the fuoftan- live always going before the adjective) ; as, an (or) c? cbaoradh bhan, the white Iheep ; an duine bochd, the poor man. h 1 1 8 AN ANALYSIS OF uanihorachd do'n tiarna na btoil bbreugtch, fiov. xii. 22. Coimhdidh bean ghrafor onoir ; agus fir laldie faibhras, PJOV. xi. 19. Imich as fianuis an ditine amidaich nuair nach mo- thulch thu ann beul an eolais, Prov, xiv. 7. " Mhoraig chiataich ef chu'tl dualaich, " Is e do luaidh a tha air m' aire ! Macdonald's Odts. The poffeflive pronouns mo, my ; do, thy ; and the jnafculirue a, his, its ; have the h afpirate after th"i initial confonant. " O Dhia is tu mo Dhia, go raoch ** Do iarram thu gach la 1* Ro thartor ata rrfanam bochd " Ann geall ort fein do gnna." Pfal Ixiii. * When the noun begins with a vowel the afpirate js loft ; as, m'anam; d in do, thy, is changed into t before a vowel ; as, O pill rium us dean trocair orm, Thoir neart do /' oglach fein. Do mhac do bhan-oglaich faraon Dean fuafgladh ann a f heiifi. The poflefllve a, his, its, before nouns beginning with vowels, often finks, and is loft. Thus, Dhoirt GALIC LANGUAGE, rrp Dhoirt e anam amach, he poured out his foul; in- ftead of dhoirt e a anam, &c. to faun the hiatus. In this cafe, if a is the feminine pofleflive, the h euphonic muft be introduced ; thus, dhoirt tab anairi amach, fhe poured out her foul. Thelrifh, and even the Scots, needlefsly prefix an n to the pofleffive a of either gender ; thus, le na lamh, with his hand ; whilft e a lamh, founds ^ree- ably enough, becaufe the vowels are broad and imall. It is fomewhat difficult to know, whether the a be mafculine or feminine when the noun begins with any of the immutable confonants. The diftincYion depends on the fenfe of the femence ; when feminine, tne /, n, or r fecms in reading and fpeaking as if double j thus, le a lamh, with his hand ; le a lamh, with her band, is pronounced as if le a llamh. As the letter a feeras to have fo many fi^nificati- ons, and to ferve fo many ufes, it may be proper here- to fettle its extent. The letter a, in the modern books in Galic, I believe, has as many different mean- ings as the fad has amongH: the Rabinical Doctors o the Jews in their traditions and Caballa. Even Mr. Macfarlane, and Mr. Stewart, the tranflator of the Scotch verfiun of the New Teilainent, have written this letter of many meanings without any fixed rule. With them and others, A 120 AN ANALYSIS oF A fignifies his, her. A t relative pronoun that. A, for ag, the fign of the prefent participle. A> fign of the infinitive. A t a prepofmon, before the names of places ngni- fies to. A y y for an, the article the. Ay for ! a fign of the vocative ; as, a Dhia, O God! I leave it to any one who has the leaft knowledge of grammar, whether it be poifible for even thofe who naturally fpeak the language, to diltinguilh the One frr in the other, where the.whole may recur twice or oftener in one page. T n order therefore to fettle the whole, 1 have confulted the genius of the lan- guage, and difmiffed them all except three, which I explain as follows : A', for an, the article ufed before fuch nouns of the feminine as begin with particular letters, fuch as b f Cy p, m, &c. as, 1* chaoradh, the fheep ; a" bbiaftog, the worm ; a' bhean, the woman. A y the relative pronoun that, which has generally its antecedent fubftantive immediately before it, and which diftinguifiieth it from A, the poflTtffive pronoun, his, her, its. Firft, the relative, and then the poflefiive, may be feen in the following examples : Is .THE GAL 1C LANGUAGE. 121 Is fonadh an li a gheibk eagnai, agus an duine a gheibh tuigfe. Happy is the man that findeth wifdom, and the man that getteth underftanding. Oir is fearr a ceannachd na ceannachd airgaid, agus a tnirbh na or glan. For the merchandife of it is better than filver, and the gain thereof than fine gold. IT. A verb agrees with its nominative after it im- mediately ; as, chruinich mi, I aflembled ; fcriobh e t he wrote ; gblac iad, they received. Duifgidk fuath, imreafon ; ach folachidb gradb gach cionta. Hatred ftirreth up ftrife ; but love covereth all fins. Teafairgidh t roc air Kefir in an riogh : agus le tro- cair cumar fuas a chathair. Mercy and truth preferve the king : and his throne is upholden by mercy. The relative a, and the pronoun an ti, he, require the afpirate in the verb, though in the prefent tenfe ; thus, An ti chuiras, is e a bbuainas. He that foweth mall reap. HI. When 122 AN ANALYSIS OF III. When two fubftantives come together figni- fying different things, the latter is put in the geni- tive ; as, mulach a' chin, the crown of the head ; bonn no, cois, the fole of the foot ; lamh fr t a man's head. Tha mallacbil De an tigh an droch-dhuine : ach beannuchidh e aitra an ioraic. The curfe of the Lord is in the houfe of the wicked : but he blefleth the habitation of the juft. Prov. iii. 33. Na tig afteach ann cafan nan ciontacb ; agus na gluais zimjlighe nan droch-dhaoint. Enter not into the path of the wicked ; and go not in the way of evil men. Names of quantity alfo govern the genitive ; as, moran ionnais, much treafure ; began fonais, little- good. IV. Partitives, Superlatives, and Interrogative^ govern the Dative, and fdmetimes the Ablative plu- ral ; as, co agin? which of us? aon dhiu, one of them ; aon is laidre do'n Fbeine t the flrongeft of the Fingalians. Is onoraiche ansis an gniomh, No coig ceud mile bola ; 'Sfiarr aonjiola dfhuil'f annflri Na GalloinfhiQn air borda. Macdonald's Odes. V. The THE GALIC LANGUAGE. 123 V. The meafure of any thing has the prepofition air before the dimcnfion ; as, da f hichid traigh air doimhnachd, forty feet deep* VI. Adjectives of plenty and want govern the genitive or dative ; thus, lanfion, full of wine ; fallamh do thuigfe, void of underftanding. All thofc Adjectives which fignify any affection of the mind have the prepofition air before the follow- ing nouns ; thus, math air fairge, .experienced at fea ; eolach air lagh, Ikilledin law, juris peritus. VII. An active verb governs the Accufative ; as, bhuail e me, he ftruck me : fcriobh e littir, he wrote a letter : Duifgidh fuath imreafon : ach folachidh gradh gach cionta. Hatred ftkrethup ftrife ; but love covereth all fin*. Prov. N. B. We cannot with ftrict propriety fay that the Galfc has an accusative, becaufe the nominative and accusative are always the fame. This conftruc- tion means, that the noun (next to its immediate nominative) following the verb muft be of the no- minative cafe. To prove this, duifgidh imreafon is the verb and nominative, as well as duifgidh }natb y only fuath is here next the verb : fo both are of the nominative ; the fituation only determining the no- minative or perfon, and the governed noun, EXCEPTION. 124 ANANALYSISOF EXCEPT i ON. If the verb be of the infinitive, or of any of the combined tenfes, where the participle occurs, the noun following is of the genitive cafe j as, dh'elfdachdfgeoil, to hear news j ag rufgadb nan craobh, ftripping the trees. And if the word go- verned be any of the pronouns, it muft go before the verb ; thus, Bhraithre ionmhia tba an fcrioptoir ag ar brofnuchadh ann iomad ait, &c. Dearly be- loved brethren, the Scripture moveth us in fundry places, &c. Here I think it proper to interdict the falfe con. ftruftions common in converfation, and which the Jlev. JVJr Macfarlane of Killinvir, the only perfon who feems to have ftudied the genius of the lan- guage, frequently falls into. Inftead of writing ag ar brofnuchadk, he writes, as it is rapidly pronounced in common fpeech, gar brofnuchadh ; nor does he at the fame time account for the part of fpeech gar r but leaves it myllerious and undetermined. In like manner gam, in Mead of ag mo ; as, ag mo bhuairadh f difturbing or tempting me ; gam bbuairadh: fo gam tifdackd, or ga ni 1 eifdackd, in place of ag m j eifdacbd t hearing me, or Uftening to me : fo like wife gan, in place of ag an ; as, gan eifdachd, inftead of ag an eifdackd. The caufe of this miflake, I am certain, is writing from the ear only, without an allowance for the velocity of found. VIII. The infinitive (formed by the dative of the prefent participle) follows a verb of motion ; as chu- cidh THE GALIC LANGUAGE. 125 Aidh e dbufgadb chlach, he went to raife ftones ; or has the noun governed going before it; as, tha e ceart Dia mboladb, it is right to praife God : and if an adjective come before it, though at a diftance, the afpirate h is dropped, or the nominative of the parti- ciple is ufed ; thus, Is egln dhamh fcrhbkadh, I muft write ; tha mi dennach dol amach^.l am willing to go cut. IX. The auxiliary verb nta, or tha, and is, with the prepofitions ag or Ie, govern the ablative ; tha e agad, you haye it ; is learn e, it is mine. X. When a fubftantive comes after the perfect of the aclive voice (made by putting air be- fore the prefent), the fubftantive following is put in the dative ; as, air labhairt dbamb, I having fpoke, or when I fpake. This construction is equivalent to the Latin a51ative abfolute. XI. The interjections 0, an-d fome others, come, before the vocative ; as, dhuins! O man ! EXCEPTION. Anaobbin, and mairg, like the La, tin hei and -u^, govern the dative; as, ancwbb'in dhuibh, woe unto you. XII. The fubjuncHve particles cbo } cfa'n, cb 1 ) do, not, chum agus git, as obferved under the article of Verb, are joined with the fubjunflive moot!. And, XIII. The 126 AN ANALYSIS OF XIII. The conditional particles ma f if; nuair, when ; antra, when, &c. before the indicative ; ex* amples of which follow : An cruinick mife? do, or can, or may I gather ? Am bbeil thu ag cruinu- ckadh? artthou gather- ing? Cho ro finn ag cruinu- chadh, we were not ga- thering. Chum agus gudo chrulnicb fibh, fo that ye gather. ed. Indicative. Cruinicham, I gather. Tha mi ag cruinuchadh, 1 am gathering. Bhaji'nn ag cruinuchadb, we were gathering. Ckruinicbfibb, ye gather- ed. XIV. In all languages conjunctions couple like tenfes and cafes ; as, damfidh thiifa, us feinidh mifc, you (hall dance and I will (ing ; a? bhean & na pai/dan, wife and children. BOOK A N ANALYSIS O F T H E GALIC LANGUAGE. < BOOK IV. PROSODY. SOUNDS are either quick or flow, rough or fmooth, ftrong or feeble. From the various modifications of thefe in a language, may, per- haps, be difcovered, the manners, the temperament, and feelings of a people, at the time of its formation. The Gael, when their language was formed, feem to have been in that (late of fociety, when the arts of peace and war were not entirely Grangers ; when it \vas an approved maxim, to " bind the flrong in " arms, but fpare the feeble hand, be a ftream of 44 many tides againft the foes of thy people, but like " the gale that moves the grafs to thofe who afk thy " aid." 128 AN ANALYSIS OF a.\d."Parctreful>jeflis, deMlare fuperbos. Stfcfc was the genius of the language in the days of Tren- mor and of Fingal, and even now it is the mod fuk- ed either to roufe the foul to feats of arms, or infpire pity in the relentlefs breaft ; " To foften rocks, and bend the knotted oak." " The intermixing of long and (hort fyllables ren- " ders a language moft agreeable. Italian words, " like thofe of the Greek' and Latin, have this pro- " perty almoft univerfally, the Englifh and French " words are generally deficient ; in the former the " long fyllable being generally removed from the end " as far as the found \s ill permit ; and in the lat*r, '* the laft fyllable being generally long*." But what renders a language chiefly agreeable, is its power of expfeffing in found the nature of the thing fignified ; this is the true flandard to eftimate the me- rit of a language, and tried by which, the Galic will be found inferior to none. In the Galic certain letters have ftrong, bold, fmooth, or folemn founds. and u are bold, flrong, and folemn. The combinations ai, ei, are cheat fill and foft ; as failte ! hail ! compailt, company ; aigbar, joy. Ao is foft and folemn ; as, aoradh, worihip ; aois, old age. Eo, io, are mufical ; as, ceol, malic j feoladh, failing; iofal, low. Confonants likewife have their inherent power of expreffion. * Elements of Criticifm. THE GALIC LANGUAGE. 129 expreflion. L, and the combinations bh and mh are ioft and meek ; as, liobha, fmooth ; Jleamhin, flippe- ry ; feamh, mild ; caomh, meek.- C and g, with their combinations ch and gb, are foft, fprightly, and forcible.- /? is angry and proud ; as, troid, fcolding ; brod } pride ; ardan, haughtinefs. All fyllables are long or fhort in their found ; words are made up of one or more fyllables j and a fufficient number of words compofe a fentence. A fentence, therefore being conftituted by words of one or many fyllables, or feet, which are long and ihort, the fentence itfelf muft have many fyllables, or feet, long and fhtirt. Profe and verfe r then, differ only in this, that the firft is irregular, and written according to every one's fancy ; but the laft is always fixed, and fubjecl: to rule. Of Rhimc. No language is more fufceptible of Rhime than the Galic ; it is not, like the Greek and Latin, chained to certain terminations, which refufe rhime, but at once admits of all the variety of antient and modern verification. Final rhime in Galic does not confift in terminati- ons of fimilar letters, but in the laft flrongly pro- nounced vowel or dipthong in a word. Thus, Ceol and coir ; nan and beann ; taom, caoin ; fotb, fios ; rton, trom, &c. are true rhimes ; as, R Indiina X 3 Q AN ANA LYSIS OF Inghina Shalem ! duifgibh nois an ceol Dh'orana neamhidh 'n guth is aird' is coir ! Neanihidh mar dhriuchd anuas an ioclMant taom. Us jyin an geal-f hath fiol an f hras go caoin f Faic togal fuas a chean ard lS ann trufcan geal theid Neochiontas 'nfin fios. The meafure of Oflian's poetry is very irregular and various. Generally he has couplets of eight, though they do not rhime, and feven, and fometimes nine fyllables. Thefe feet are moft commonly tro- chee and dafryle. The trochee occupies the firft, dactyle the fecond and third, and a long fy 11 able ends the line. Thus, , Thanic errach le fioladh nan fpeur, Cho d'eirich duill' uaine dhamh fein. Chunic oigna me famhach 's an talla, Agus bhuail iad clairfach nam fonn. Bha deoir ag taomadh le gruaidhan Mhalmhin ; Chunic oigh' me ? s mo thuiradh go trom. C'uim' am bheil thu co tuirfach a* m' f hianuis, Chaomh Ainair OJT Luath-ath nan fruth ? An THE GALIC LANGUAGE. 133 An ro e fgiamhach mar dhearfa na greine ? Am bu cho tlachdor a fliiubhal's a chruth ? 'S taitnach t f honn ann cluas Oflian, Nighain Lu ath-ath nan fruth dian. Oflian's Malvina's Dream. Thefe lines have beauties that the tranflation, notwithstanding its excellence, has not been able to difplay. The Editors of the Galic Pfalms confined their meafure to eight and fix fyllables ; thus, Sior-bheannuchibh Dehobha mor, O ! aingla treun anu neart, Tha deanamh iarrtais mar is coir, Ag eifdachd re a reachd. Pfal. ciii. 20. The following ftanza, from a beautiful ode by Macintyre, though originally wrote to a certain, tune, however, preferves a regular return of rhime. The lines are alternately nine and feven fyllables ; the- fecond and fourth rhime ; and fometimes the firft and third. Do chuach-f halt ban air fas co barrail, 'S a bhar Ian chamag us dhual ; T'aghai ghlan, mhalta, narach, bheanal, Dho dha chaol-inhala gan ghruaim ; Suil ghorm, liontach, mhin-rofg, mheallach, Gun di cur fal' aim do ghruaidli, Dead i 3 4 AN ANALYSIS Of Deadgheal iobhri, dhionacb, dhaingean, Beul bidh uach canadh ach ftuaim. Shiubhladh tu fafach airidh gline, *S an ait ann cinnadh an fpreidh, >G am bleothan inu chro ; >s bhith'dh choir na h innis, Laoigh og ag miradh 's ag leum ; Cho mheafa do lamh 7 s tu iamh ri coinnail No'n feomar foilleir ri grein, Ag fuaidhal 's ag faimadh bhan us phionar^ Aniram chur griunis airgreus. The fame poet, though illiterate, exclufive of his tune, feems to have a defign in making the fecond and fourth, and fometimes the firtt and third rhime with each other, as in the preceding example. The following ftanza from his Defcription of Coire Chea- thaich, has in the firft line ten, and in the fecond nine fyllables. 'Sa'mhaddin chiuin-gheal, annamclhamhdufgadh, '' Aig bun na ftuice b'e 'n fugradh learn : A' chearc le fgiucan ag gabhal tuciiain, 'S an caolach cuirtal ag durdal croni. An dreathan furdal, ? s a riobhaid chinil aige, Ag cur nan fmuid dheth go luthor binn, An truid 's am bru-dhearg, le moran unaich, Re cellar fundach bu ihiubhlach rann. There is a poem compofed by the fame author, the THE GALIC LANGUAGE. 135 the variety of which is fingular. It is called Bein- dorain. The ftanzas are very long. The firfl is re- citative ; of which the firft line is iambic, and confifts of feven fyllables ; the fecond of four fyllables, the three laft make a da&yle. The fecond couplet re- peats the fame feet, and then goes on in the mod di- verfified meafures of daftyle, trochee and iamb. One imagines, on reading them, he fees an army of men on a hafty march; fometimes running, fometirnes halt- ting at once, then flowly moving, again running, and flopping at once, in ftrange variety. Macintyre, in this poem, imitated Macdonald, who wrote two pieces, in the fame ftyle, fet to Piobairachd The following is a fpecimen from Macintyre : B'i fin a' mhaoflach luainach, Feadh oganan ; Biolaichan nan bruach 'S aite coinhnuidh dhi, Duilagan nan craobh, Criomagan a gaoil, Cho b' e 'm fotrus. A h aigna ea-trom fuairc, Aobhach art gan ghruaim, Cean bu bhraife, ghuanaiche, Ghoraiche \ A' chre bu cheanalt fluaim, Chalich i go buan Ann glean a' bharakh uaine Bu nofaire. Second 13$ ANANALYSISOF Second part, 'flower. >S i 'n eilaid bheg, bhinnach, Bu ghunaiche fraonadh, L,e cuinein gear, biorach, Ag fir ad h na gaoithe, Gafganach, fpeirach, Feadh chreachan na beine, Le eagal roi theine, Cho teirin i aonach, &c. Third party fhw. Cho b' aithne dhamh co leanadh i Do fheara na roin Eorpa, Mur faicadh e dea-ghean urra, 'S tein farafda 'n a co-dbail, Go fakach bhith 'n a h earalas, Tein am faigte dhi m*an corruich i, Go faicilach, gle earralach, Man fairich i 'n a coir e, &c, Thefe different meafures are called urlar t fiubhal, and An crunluatb. There is a fpecies of poetry peculiar to the Gael called lurram and Drain luathaidh. The mufic of the lurram has always that mixture of grandeur and me- lancholy that never fails to gain its end. They are fung on board of fhips and buirlings by the lailors, when they row or work, to deceive the time. The fubjed THE GALIC LANGUAGE. 137 iubjeft is generally the life and adions of fome chief or relation. The language is fuch as to exprefs the fentiments and aftions defcribed ; the mufic, expref- (ion, and the flrokes of the oars, coinciding in fuch exact time, both the failor and paffenger forget their hardlhips and fatigue, even in the moft inclement feafons. The Oran lualhaidh, with the fame View, is fung when they work on more, and derives its name from luthadh, milling or fulling. Till very late- ly, fulling of cloth by mills was not known in the Highlands, and in fome parts is not yet introduced. They fulled their cloth by laying it wet on an extend- ed frame of rods wattled together, around which were placed as many women as could conveniently be em- ployed, who, by an alternate motion of their feet, kept the cloth in perpetual rotation. One of them, in the mean time, fung the verfe, and all the reft at once joined in the chorus. And even at this day, when thefe fongs are fung in genteel company, a la- dy's handkerchief or a gentleman's bonnet fupplies the place of the piece of cloth, every one taking hold of a corner. The time of this fpecies of finging is not fo quick as that of the Reel, nor fo flow as the lurram. It is exceedingly lively, however, and juftifies what a French gentleman obferved of the Scots mufic : La mujique Eccojfoife fur tout pour le divertiffement & toucher le coeur. The following is a fpecimen of an Oran-luathaidh .- I. 'To- I 3 * AN ANALYSIS OF I. 'Togamid fonn air luathadh a chlolain, Gabhanrid ceol us orain rnhatha. Chorus. Horo gi?n login air Jhugan fhathafd, Horo I io man d'tbeidmi latdhidh ; Horo gu'n togin air Jbugan fhatbafd. II. B'f hearrd' an clo bhith choir nan gruagach, Dheanadh an luathadh le *n lamhan. fforo f 6c. III. Nuair thionduichas iad air death e Chluintadh fuaim gach te dhiu labhairu Horo, &c. IV. Orain ghrinne, bhinne, mhifle Aig na riobhinan ? g an gabhajr ff9ro, be. Spetimenj 'TH GALIC LANGUAGE. 139 Specimens * of true Orthography, SOLILOQUY. Sweet is the breath of morn, lier rifing fvveet With charm of earlieft birds -- TV /|" O C II am maddin fhamrich, nuair bha'n t athar J-^-*- fionnor, an talamh tais, agus aghai na Cruthachd, leir, uror, fgiamhach, dh' erich agus chuaidh mi jnach. Is gaan bha >n faol bruinach air mofgladh ; cho do chrath Sgios dhe a throm-chodal go leir ; agus cho ro Stri ach air aomadh a cin ghuanaich. Bha gach ni feathal. Bha gach ni fonnor. Bha gach ni ag aomadh gu tamh Inntin agus ag brofnuchadh fmu- ainta glic. Threig an Uifog amhain a nead ag eirich * I thought it proper to give fome pieces in profe and verfe, both as fpecimens of the right Orthography, and as il- luftrations of my Grammatical Syftem. And here I muft cbferve, that the few books hitherto publiflied in the lan- guiige, however excellent the compofition may otherways be, are fo inaccurate in refpeft of orthography, that I can hardly feleft one paragraph without making amendments. The Rev. Mr. Macfarlane's translation of Baxter's Call to the Unconverted, printed by Foulis of Glafgow, 1750, is the ijioft accurate that has appeared ; but he too has his errata ; t,hey are few, however, and when we'confuler that he had no gu ; de to direft his courfe, \vc muft ever admire his in- 140 AN ANALYSIS OF air an Cgeath dh'ahuchadh beatha an nua-la. Air a h arduchadh anns an athar, bha i gairm nam fear- oibre mach, agus a luchd-ciuil fein gu fein. Eoin is moiche gluafachd, thnirt mife, chompanaich na mad- din ! eiram ghna leatfe! Eiram thairigfin oran na mad- din, agus dh'aoradh an Ti mhoir fin a bheir air dol amach na maddin & an fheafcair luath-ghair dhean- amh. O ! Cia tlachdor dul amach anns an uair mhoch fo ! Mhealtin feath Naduir & bhlafachd urorachd na maddin ! Caochluchidh na neoil ghorm uigh air uigh. Da- thidh ruiclha dearg na fpeuran, gus am fas aghi ghorm na maddin, fadheoi, mar gu bithadh i fgedichte go leir le naire. Am bheil mife fos ann mo chodal? Am bruadar fo ? Am feud e bith ? No am bheil na fpeu- ra, reradh, dearg le gnuif-naire, uirad do dhaoine fhaicin agus an cin trom-choillach air aodhartan? An coidal daoine ann focair fhuaimhnach ? An caith hd na h ua.ra priofal fin ann leifc ; nuair tha a' ghrian ann aird & ag dol air gnothach a Cruthior? Nuair tha eunli an athair aglaoi-mholadh De agus ag aoradh le co-fheirm. Oh ! na bithadh e mar fg! ijuifgamid ni is airde ceol na niuintir fo, le guth aoraidh reufon- ta chur ris. Meadichamid ic;bairta deagh-bholtrach Naduir, le coimeafc molaidh ar bili-ne is foirfaiche, leis an tuis a ti:a 'g eirich o'n talamh. Mar nach bheil toradh, is amhli cho'n Vil Aoibhnas, no Criodhalachd arui, gan a' ghiian. Nuair chraobh- fgaplas Triach cac^h iin an la, Coinolachd a Ghloir- THE GALIC LANGUAGE. 141 jnhaddin, biihidh nauile Chretoirabeathalle alathair, fuilmhor & aidharadi le a thiolacaidh. Eirichidh milte do pheiftogan, chum beatha, d'an grianuchadh ann a ghachana. Cliofgrdh na h coin o an eodal & doirtidh iad atnach an anaman aoibhnacli ann co- fheirm Le mcilach bheir na treuda buidhachas air- fon na maddin ; agus innfidh an t ealach le ard-gheim- nach taincolachd. Tha na glin ag arris a' chiul (in; agus na cnoic ag fregairt do'n fhonn. Tha gach bith ag am blieil guth ag aontuchadh anns an oran fo; tha gach ni ag am bheil beatha gairdach ann a chliu. Dhirich mi tnloch agus ghabh mi fealadh do'n Du- thich mancuairt. O! an fealadh a chunic mi! Cia farfin, Cia Ian agus pailt anns gach ni ! am beartas Naduir go leir ! Cia beartach agus neo-thraiach an Tigh-ftoir a tha annfo! Air leamfe gu faicam anns na leabhran fin, eidir-mhinuchadh foilleir air an dea- mholadh fin air madias De : " Tha Suilan gach ni " feithamh ort, agus bheir thu dhoibh am biadh ann u am feim Fofglidh thu do kmh go toirbheartach " agus fafuchidh thu mian gach ni beo. " l< Thefe are thy glorious works, Parent of good, " Almighty ! thine this univerfal frame, " Thus wondrous fair ! thyfelfhow wondrous then! Milton. Air an lamh fo faicam an cuan mor, fairfin gan dirioch, air an feol ioma long, le mairfontachd nan Jnnfa fad amach, na h aird an near & niar, ag ar freafdal I 4 * ANANALYSISOF freafdal le nithe priofol na talmhuin, agus obair rions- hach, greante, lamh daoine. Faicam an cuan air an* plod cabhlach cogaidh nan riogh ; gach aon dibh air a h armadh le Accuin-bhais ; jgeduichte le ioma breid geal, ard ann cran ; daingan gu conruig mar chaiftal no creug ; agus mar inhiol-chu fiubhlach dhol anns an toir. Ann calladh bualidh long bha fad uain, ag aifig, do * chairdan an ti, ris nach ro duil am feafd. Cruinuch- idh an faol, mancuairt, aoibhnach ann Gairdachas an xoimharfnaich ; agus dfhaicin a' chriodh, bha brifte, jiir a leighas; nuair tha Miann, Muirne agus Gradh a' chriodh fin, air aifig dha. Chunic mi aon uair iad bha gairdach leofan rinn Gairdachas ; bha gul leofan a ghul. Chunic nai gairdachas agus gul, aoibhnas 3gus bron, le chdle, ag lafadh, agus ag muchadh na h aigne ; Tolas agus dolas ann aon uair ag leighas agus ag bridadh a' chriodh chedn. Chunic mi .dis a bha flilis do cheile, re ioma blianadh, air tachairt, nach jlealich ni 's mo ; agus an lanain bha air an fgarach- din, aris fonadh le cheile. Dli'innis iad ioma fge.ul, Soirbhas agus Doirbhas, ris an d'eifd a' chuidachd pihaoih, ag glafadh ma mhuinal an Athair, & ag jarridh teannuin ann a uchd. Annfin thug iad uile buidhachas agus taing, ag fein Cumhachd & Math^s Pe, mar leanas. Tha loingas fmbhal ann go tiugh, 'S an Lebhiaton mor, A' bheift a dhealbhadh, ainihal, leat, Re njirag ann le treoir. Na GALIC LANGUAGE* 143 Ka floigh od uile tha'd O Dhia ! g feithamh ort do ghna, Do chum gu tugadh tu dhoibh biadh, D'an cumal beo, gach tra. Pfal. civ. 26, 27. O! b'fhearr gu moladh daoine Dia, Airfon a mhathais chaoin ; 'S airfon a bhearta iongantach Rinn e do chlan nan daoin. Luchd loingais theid air muir 's a bhith 's, Re gniomh ann uifgan buan ; Dhuibhfan is leir mor oibra De, Us iongantais 's a' chuan. Air lartas duifgar fuas a* ghaoth^. Go ard 's go doineinach ; Le 'n togar fuas, go attor, borb, Na tonna garbh ma feach. Tha 'd uair gu neamh ag erich fuas, Tha 'd, uair, dol doingan fios, lonnus gu d' leagh an nam truagh, Le triobloid chruaidh, 's le fgios. Dol, chuig' us uaidh', go tuiflach fos, Amhli mar dhuin' air mhifg, lonnus gu d' threig, go builach, iad, Gach gliocas bha 'n am meafg. Ghlaodh iad, annfin, re Dia 'n an tein, O'n triobloid fhaor e iad ; Us chuiradh, leis, an ftoirm, gu feath, 'S na tuin ? n an tamh do bha'd. Annfin ata iad ait, airfon Gu bheil iad farahach, beo ; >S 144 AN ANALYSIS OF 'S gu d' thug e iad do'n challadh fin, 'S do'n phort, bu mhiannach leo. Ulme Jin. O ! b'f hearr gu moladh daoine Dia, Airfon a mhathas chaoin ; 'S arfon a bhearta iongantach, Rinn e do chlan nan daoin. Pfal. cvii. 1 1 } 30. JOB, CAIB xvix. u, 20. Nuair chualadh a' chluas me, annfm bheannich i me ; agus nuair chunic an t fuil me, thog i fianuis learn. Chion gu do flianr mi am bochd a ghlaodh, an di- lachd, agus an ti, aig nach ro aon d* a chuiduchadh. Thank beannachd an ti bha reidh chum bais orm ; agus thug mi air criodh na beantraich, luath-ghair dheanamh. Chuir ml ionracas umam, agus fgeudich e me ; agus bha mo bhreathanas mar chrun, agus mar thrufcan. Bha mi mar fhuilan do'n dall, agus mar chofan do'n bhacach. Bha mi 'm m'athair do*n bhochd ; agus a' chuis, nach b' aithnadh dhamh, ranfuich mi uiach. Agus bhris mi gial an droch-dhuine ; agus tharruin mi an edail as f hiaclan. Annfin THE GALIC LANGUAGE. 145 Annfin thuirt mi, gheibh mi has ann mo neud j agus meaduchidh mi mo laan mar ghainamh. Leaduichar mo f hreimh lamh ris na h uifgan, agus laldhidh an driuchd, feadh na h oich, air mo bhean- gan*! The Speech o/Galgacus f , translated from the Latin of Tacitus, in his Life o/*Agricola. Gach uair fmuaintas mi air Quotient caufas abhar a' chogaidh fo, agus an belli & necejfita- egin anns am bheil fin, tha mo tern nojlram intueor^ chriodh ag innfadh dhamh, gu magnus mihi animus cuir an la diugh, ma bhithas S ann Antiarn gruamach iofrain gath theid fas. Mar threudich math a choimhdas cruin na caoraidh, Innaltradh nuadh bhith's, go trie, ag iarridh, Chaoidhas luchd cailt, luchd feachrain threoruichas, 'S an oiche ghleadhas, 's an la innakras ; Na uain og togidh fuas, 'n a lamb., go caomh, Gach aon ag altram, ann a uchd mar naomh ; Marfo mor-churam, do an chinadh-dhaon, Gabhidh Ath'r caomh nan lin a tha 'n ar deidh. Ni 's mo, cho 'n eirich riochd, ann agbai rioclivl, IS i 'n tachir gaifgaich, tograch, le aniochd j Air magha, fos, cho'n fhaicar iana glas, Cho duifg, ni 's mo, fuaim ftuic ard-f hearg, gu cath. Na lain, gan f heim, ? n an corrain nitar crorn, Do'n chlaidhamh da-laimh nitar coltair trom. 'Nfm palluina theid faas, us ni am mac, Lan aoibhnach, 'ni fin thofich ath'i- o fiiean ; An craobha fion, d'an fliochd fein, dabhradh bheir, 'S, an lamh a thug go toirbheartach, 'nfm gheibh. lonadh an treudich glacidh 'm fafach lorn, Nuair chibh e feur, us neonain, fas fo bhonn ; Cliofgidh, 156 ANANALYSISOF Cliofgidh, nuair, meafgnan carruig,thartor, chruaidlj, Ni eafan, leimnach, monar ann a chluais. Ann garraidh chruaidh, roi garradh dion nan dragon, Air chrith tha cuilc, us luacbir turadan. Meafg ghlean thartor, cuirinichte le dreas, Tha giubhas birach, us cran buicfe deas ; 'N ait lom-phreas fafidh, dofrach, an cran dait, 7 S am miortal boltrach far ro droch-luinach. Air magha gorm le mic-tir theid na h uain, 'S an tiogar fdiuridh clan bheg meafg nan cluan ; Gluaifidh le cheil, an leoghan us an d.imh, Us glanidh nathair cos nan taifgalach ; An leanabh, beadradh, togidh ann a lamh Ja dearca ballach, us an Nathair neimh, Toilichte, fealidh linnir uain an fcoil, 'S le 'n teangadh chrocach, agus gath, ni fpors. Eirich o Shalem ! tha le follus mint', I)o thean ard tog ! na bith'dh do fhuila duint*. Faicmic. us nighana, tha 'ncliugh gan bhreith, Faic feadh, do chiiirt, na h ail a tha gan bhith, Am buidh'nan ciuin, ag eirich, air gach taobh, Ag urridh beatha ; deonach bhith air neamh. Faic ducha coimhach, gu do dhoirfa, teithadh, Trial aim do (hoilu's, ann do i,heampu] feithadh Ma t' alrair ghiaonach tha na ru gha cruin, Us gibhta trom do fhas nan Sabean ! 'S ann dhuits' air fpiofa Idume, tha blath, Us mein an oir am beanta Ophir fas, Faic doirfa neaimh, go graonach, fofgladh dhut; Us meadhon-la go foilfach, 'g eirich ort. Ni 's mo cho dath a' ghrian a' mhaddin chiuin, No THE GALIC LANGUAGE. i 5 No mhaddinog, no teachd an 't foluis uir ; Ach dorch, us foluicht' ann an dealradh glan Solluis do chuirt-fe, tha gach follus fann ; J S leat fein an la! foilfach, ur, do ghna! Lochran o neamh, bheir follus dhuit go brach. Trath'chidh an cuan, mar dhe~atach trialidh neoil, IVlar dhus gach creug, leaghidh na cnoic mar cheir, Ach fhocal daingan us a chumhachd treun, Mairidh do riochd, riaghlidh Mefliah fein ! MALVINA'S DREAM, byOSSlAN. 'S e guth anaim mo ruin a tha 'nn, O ! 's ainmach gu aiflin Mhalmhin' thu, Fofgluibh-fe talla nan fpeur, Aithra Ofcair nan cruaidh-bheum ; Fofgluibh-fe doirfa nan nial, Tha ceumma Mhalmhine go dian. Chualam guth a* m' aiflin fein, Tha fathrum mo chleibh go ard. C' uime thanic an Offag a' m' dheigh O dhubh-fliiubhal na linne od thall ? Bha do fgiath f huimnach ann gallan an aonakh^ $hiubhall aiflin IMhalhine go dian, Ach chunic is' a run ag aomadh, 'S a cheo-earradh ag aomadh m' a cliliabh : Bha dearfa na greine air thnobh ris, Co boifgal ri or nan daimh. 158 ANANALYSISOF 'S e guth anaim mo ruin a tha *nn, O ! 's ainmach ga m' aiflin fein thu. 'S comhnuidh dhuit anam Mhalmhine, Mhic Oflain is treine lamh. Dh'eirich m' ofna marri dearfa o near, Thaom mo dheoir meafg fhiohdh na h oiche. Bu ghallan Aluin a' t f hianuis mi Ofcair, Le m' uile gheuga uaine ma m' thimchiol? Ach thanic do bhas-fa mar Oflaig O 'n fhafach, us dhaom mi fios. Thanic earrach le fioladh nan fpeur, Clio d'eirich duill' uaine dhamh fein ; Cliunic oigha me famhach '& an talla, Agus bhuail iad clairfach nan fonn. Bha deoir ag taomadK le gruaidhan Mhalmhine | Chunic oigh me *s mo thuiradh gu trom. C' uime am bheil thu co tuirfach, a' m' f hianuis, Chaomh Ainnir-og Luath-ath nan fruth. An ro e fgiamhach mar dhearfa na greine ? Am bu cho tlachdor a' miubhal 's a chruch? 'S taitnach t f honn an cluais Oflfain, Nighain Luath-ath nan fruth dian. Thanic guth nam bard nach beo, Am mealg t aiflin air aomadh nan fliabh, Nuair thuit codal air do Ihuilan foirbh, Aig cuan mor-fhruth nan ioma fuaim, Nuair phil thu flathal o 'n t feilg, 'S grian la thu ag fgaolta na bein. Chual thu guth nam bard nach beo : 'S glan faital do chiuil fein. J S caoin fairal nam fonn o Mhalmhine ! Ach THE GALIC LANGUAGE. 159 Ach claonidh iad anam gu deoir; Tha folas ami Tuiradh le (loth, Nuair dh'aomas cliabh tuirfe gu bron ; Ach claoidhih fad-thuirfe f:ol dortlmin, Fhlath nighain Ofcair nan cruaidh-bheum. 'S ainmach an la gan nial Thuitas iad, mar chuifag, fo 'n ghrian, fsiuair meallas i (los 'n a foilfe, Andeigh do'n dubh cheathach fiubhal do'n bheinn, 'S a throm-chean fo Ihioladh na h oiche. T RANS LATION. IT was the voice of my love ! few are his vifits to the Dreams of Malvina ! Open your airy halls, ye fathers of mighty Tofcar ! unfold the gates of your clouds. The fteps of Malvina's departure are nigh. I have heard a voice in my dream. I feel the flut- tering of my foul. Why didft thou come, O blaft, from the dark rolling of the lake ? Thy ruftling was in the trees, the dream of Malvina departed. But (he beheld her love, when his robe of mift flew on the wind ; the beam of the fun was on his fkirts, they glittered like the gold of the ftranger. It was the voice of my love ; few are his vifits to Malvina. But thou dwelled in the foul of Malvina, fon cf mighty Offian. My fighs arife with the beams of the eaft ; my tears defcend with the drops of night. I was a lovely tree in thy prefence, Ofcar, with all my branches i6o AN AN AL Y SIS OF branches round me ; but thy death came like a blaft from the defart, and laid my green head low ; the Spring returned with its mowers, but no leaf of mine arcfe. The virgins fa\v me filent in the hall, and they touched the harp of joy. The tear was on the check of Malvina : the virgins beheld me in my grief. "Why art thou fad, thou firft of the maids of Lutha ? was he lovely as the beam of the morning, and ftately in thy fight ? Pleafant is thy fong in Offian's ear, daughter of flreamy Lutha ! Thou haft heard the mufic of depart- ed bards in the dream of thy reft, when fleep fell on thine eyes, at the murmur of Moruth. When thon didft return from the chace, in the day of the fun, thou haft heard the mufic of the bards, and thy fong is lovely. It is lovely, O Malvina, but it melts the foul. There is a joy in grief, when peace dwells in the bread of the fad. But furrow waftes the mourn- ful, O daughter of Tofcar, and their days are few. They fall away like the flower on which the fun looks in his ftrength, after the mildew has pafTed over, and its head is heavy wkh the drops of night. THE GALIC LANGUAGE. 161 Claidhamh Guth-ullin, or the Sword o/Guchullin. Chuir e an claidhamh, fada, fiorchruaidh, Fulanach, tean, tainic, geur, 'S a chean air a chur ann go focair, Mar chuis mholta gan dochair lein, 'S e go dirach, diafadach, dubh-ghorm, 'S e cultuidh, cumtadh, conalach, Go leathan, liobhadh, liobharadh, Go focair, fafdadh, fo-bhuailte, Air laimh-chli a' ghaifgaich ; Gur aifaiche do naimhdan a fheachnadh, No tachairt ris ? s an am fin ; Cho bu lughe no cnoc fldbh, Gach ceum a dheanadh an gaifgach. TRANSLATION by Sir James Foulis, Bart. He feiz'd his fword, thick, broad, and long, Well forg'd, well hammer'd, temper'd ftrong, Polifh'd, of purefl metal made, Like lightning blaz'd the mining blade; Jagg'd like a faw, it tore and hewed, Inur'd to flaughter, blood embrued ; Dire horror, and deftructive fate, On the fell edge attentive wait ; 'Twas certain death its ftroke to feel ; Strength-v.-ithering, life-devouring fleel, X Ev'n ANANALYSPSOF Ev'n valiant foes, ftruck at the fight, Durft hope no fafety but by flight ; Their ranks wide fcattering all abroad, From hill to hill the hero ftrode. ODE from a MS. Collection in the Poffejjlon of Miff Campbell o/Blandfield. 7 S luaimnach mo chodal an nochd, Ge beo mi, cho bheo mo thlachd, Mo chriodh air fearg ann 'm uchd, ? S trom dubhach m' intin go beachd. 'S anns an arach, annfo fhios, Tha bean is meachire, min-gheal crutlv Deud air dhreach cailc 'n a beul, Bu bhinne no teud-chiuil a guth. Mar chobhar an uifge ghloin, Mar fhlios eala ri uifge mear, Glan leug mar an cathamh-cuir Dfhag thu me gan chobhair ann d' dheigh. Slat ur nam faina fionn, Bean is mine, moghar, full, 'S a gruaidh, mar an caoran dearg, Air lafadh mar dhealbh an rois. Meoir f hionn air bhafa ban, Uchd follus is aile fnuadh, An gaol a thug mi dhi r'a luadh Ochon nan och, is cruaidh an cas ! G-l:o THE GALIC LANGUAGE. 163 Cho dirich mi aonach no bein, Mo cheum air a lagadh go trom, Aighar cho tig air mo ghnuis, Gus an dean an uir me flan. Mar ghraine mulaich na deis, Mar ghallan 's an og-choille fas, Mar ghrian ri folach nan reul, -Bu thu fein am meafg nam mna. A VOCABULARY of PRIMITIVES. [m. reprefents mafculine, f. feminine, i. firft declen- fion, and 2. the fecond. The genitive of each noun is given at full length for the fatisfaction of thofe who chufe to ftudy the language, and to exempli- fy the rules and method to the Galic Reader.] Subftantivc Nouns. Abhar, alhalr, m. i. Ace air, m. 2. Adharc, adhairc, f. 2. Amadan, amadaln, m. Alt, uilt, m. i. Aofdan, aofdain, m. i. Aodan, aodain, m. i. Aran, arain, m. i. Aros, aro'ts, m. j. Arm, airm, m. i. Arnais, arnais, f. 2. Bard, baird, m. 2. Ball, buill, m. i . Bcnms, bainnfe, f. 2, Blth, bitb, f. 2. Bo, bo, f. 2. (pi. ba.) Boc, buic t m. I. , buinn, m. i. a caufe. an anchor. a horn. a fool. a joint, finew. a feer. the face. bread. an habitation. arms, army. ftores. a poet. a ball, a place. a wedding. being. a cow. a buck. a bafe, fole. BorJ, i66 AN ANALYSIS OF Bord, buird, m. i. a board, table. Calag, cakaig, f. 2. a cheefe. Cabar, cabair, m. i. a pole. Caoradh, caoraidb, f. i. a fheep. Cean, cin, m. i. the head. Ccift, cslfl, f. 2. a queftion. Co/, cots, f. 2. a foot. Damb, daimJ)^ m, i. a bullock. Dealg, dllg, m. i. a wire, pin. Dorus, doruis, m. 2. a door. Eagal, eagail, m. i. fear. Wd/, *Aw/ t f. 2. a treafure. Eolas, eolcis^ m. i. knowledge. Fabhar, fab hair, m. I. a favour. Focul, focuil, m. i. a word. Falluin, fallutn, f. 2. a cloak. Feufag, feufatg, f. 2. a beard. Gacth, gaoith, f. 2. the wind. Cellt, geiit, f. 2. terror. C/7/f, ///, m. 2. a voice. Glean, glin, m. i. a valley. /rt/, e//, f. 2. a ftrap, a thong. 7^-, //, mi 2. afifh. Jarrun, iarrruin, m. i. iron. //^ ^Va/g-, f. 2 . a feather. -L/7, /a, (pi. loan), m. 2. a day. Lamb, laimh, m. 2. the hand. iMnn^lainn, m. j. a fword. Laocb, lacicb, m. I. an hero. Leac, lie, m. 2. a flate, a ftone. Mac, m;V, m. i. a fon. Madadh s THE GALIC LANGUAGE. 167 Mtdadn, madaidh, m. Metre, metre } m. 2. Me all, mil!, m. i. Mias, meis, m. 2. Muc, mule, m. 2. Nadur, Naduir, m. i. Neas, nis, m. 2. 0/c, w;7r, m. i. Ofnadh, ofilaidh, f. r. Or, o/r, m. OzVf, oire, m. 2. Paluin, paluln, f. 2. Paifde, paifde, m. 2- P/fl, j5!tabb,fleibh, m. 2. Searag, fearflig, f. 2. 2*//tf, /rt//tf, f. 2. Tanas, tanais, m. j. T'/g'/;, ///.>, m. 2. 7";V, //>, f. 2. 7b, ////, f. 2. Ubhal, ubhail, f. 2. } uchd, ni. 2. ^-.'r m 2. i . a dog. a troop, an Leap, a platter, difh, a fb'-V. nature, a weafel. evil, a fi^h. gold, an heir. a tempie. a child, pain, a piper, a verfe. a knight, a ftar. a king. a bag, a fackv a prieft. a mountain. a battle, a hall, a ghoft. a houfe. a country, a \vave. an apple, the breath an auihnr. 168 AN ANALYSIS OF Urnuidb, urnuidh, f. 2. Urlar, urlair, m. a prayer, a floor. ddjefii-ve Nouns. Jfgfar, lucky, fortunate; jtlioil, renowned. Alluin, handfome. Amidacfi, foolini. Ealbh, dumb. Beanol, like a woman, modeft. Bafor, mortal. Beg, little. Cam, crooked. Caintach, talkative. Coir, juft, honeft. Caomh, dear, beloved. Dall, blind. Dan, bold,forward, impudent . Dfitngan, tight, ftrong. Deas, neat. Dolrbb, crofs, difficult. Eaglacb, timorous. Eolach, intelligent. Itiicbuidb, fit, proper. Jongantach, wonderful. jochdor, merciful. Gradhach, loving. Gear, edged, fliarp, four. G :,:r!> fore, four. THE GALlC LANGUAGE. Gleufde, Garbh, Furafde, Farjin, Fuilach, Laidir, Lionor, Leonte, Lutkor, Math, Mall, Mifgach, Muladacb, Naomh, Neo-ghlan, Qbbuin, Ocracb, Og, Pailt, PeccacJjy Priofol, Reubach, Rtacb, Reidh, Samkach, Santacb, Sgiamhach, tuneful, agreeable. rough, robuft. eafy. wide. bloody. public. weak. ftrong. numerous. wounded. of much ftrength. good. flow. drunken. forrowful. holy. unclean* fliameful. fudden. hungry. young. plentiful. fmful. ' precious. fat. that tears, grey. eafy, ready, quiet. covetous* beautiful* i 7 o ANANALYSISOF Sona, happy, blefled. Tana, thin. Tarbhack, fubftantial. Tuirfach, fad. TCreun, valiant. Uaibhrach, high-minded. Uailol t boafting. Uramacb, honourable. Verbs. It has been already obferved, that the Dative Cafe of the prefent participle, or that gerundive which fig- nifies action, is the prefent of the infinitive. Dh therefore begins verbs beginning with a vowel, and h is put after the initial confonants in thole that begin with confonants. Dh'abachadh, to ripen. Dh'nitachadh, to inhabit. Bbathadh, to drown. Bhcannuchadh, to blefs. Chabbadh, to indent. Chaldradhy to embrace. Chomhairlachadh, to advife. Dbatnhfadh, to dance. Dhearmad, to forget. Dhealradh, to mine. Db'eifdachd, to hear. Dfhuadachadh t to elope with. Dfhatradh, to watch. to take, receive. Glearradb, THE GALIC LANGUAGE 171 Ghcarradb, to cut. Ghlafadh, to lock, feal. Db'iarruidb, to alk, feek. Dh'imthacbd, to depart. Dh'iomain, to drive. Labhairt, to fpeak. Lamfacbadb, to handle. Lafadb, to light, kindle. Mholadh, to praife. Mbeadncbadh, to multiply. Neartacbadb, to ftrengthen. Naomhacbadb, to fanftify. Phaigbadh, * to pay. Pheccacbadh, to ftn. Ranfucbadb y to fearch. RetCj to fell. Shantachadh, to covet. Sheafadh, to ftand. Sdiuradh, to direft, to fteer. Sgrobadk, to fcratch. Sblugadh, to fwallow. Smachdachadbf to correft. Thagradh, to defend a caufe. Theagafg, to teach. 1hogal t to lift. Thoirt, to give. Db'uifgachadh, to vyater. Dh'uracbadh, to refrefh, renew; FINIS. UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA LIBRARY Los Angeles This book is DUE on the last date stamped below. 201! ft IPW DEC 9198, 50m-7,'69(N296s4) C-120 A 000015077 J