TABLES 
 
 O F 
 
 ANCIENT COINS, 
 
 WEIGHTS md MEASURES, 
 
 E X P L A I N'D and E X E M P L I F Y'D 
 
 IN SEVERAL 
 
 DISS E RTATIO N S. 
 
 ,-^^/;,')7/ 
 
 
 LONDON: 
 
 Printed for J. Ton son in the Strand, 
 
 MDCC XXVII.
 
 LIBRARY 
 
 UNIVERSTTY OF rALIFOBNU 
 
 SANTA BARBARA 
 
 TO THE 
 
 K 
 
 I 
 
 N 
 
 G. 
 
 g^j R E A T Name, which in our Rolls 
 recorded ftands, 
 
 Leads, honors, and protects the learned 
 Bands, 
 
 Accept this Oflering, to thy Bounty due ; 
 
 And Roman Wealth in Engiijh Sterling vie\^. 
 
 Read here, how Britairiy once defpis'd, can Raife 
 
 As ample Sums, as Rome in dzfars Days j 
 
 Pour forth as numerous Legions on the Plain, 
 
 And with more dreadful Navies awe the Main. 
 
 [*A] Tho' 
 
 * The King's Name ftands firft in the Buttery Books of Chriji Cburch College, Oxon.
 
 Tho' fllortcr Lines her fix'd Dominions bind, 
 Her Floating Empire flretches unconfin'd. 
 From Thetis' Stores, and not her Neighbours Spoils, 
 She draws her Treafure, Fruit of honeft Toils. 
 Rome fack'd, and plundered , Britain cloaths, and feeds j 
 Acquires their Riches, but fupplies their Needs. 
 Sweet Seat of Freedom ! Be thy happier Doom 
 To Tcape the Fate, as well as Guilt, of Rome. 
 Where Riot, Offspring of unwieldy Store, 
 Enerv'd thofe Arms, that fnatch'd the Spoil before i 
 With coilly Gates fhe ftain'd her Frugal Board, 
 Then with ill-gotten Gold fhe bought a Lord. 
 Corruption, Difcord, Luxury combin'd, 
 Down funk the far-fam'd Miftrefs of Mankind. 
 Hear, Righteous Prince ! O hear us loud invoke 
 Thy Worth unblemifh'd, to avert this Stroke : 
 Your felf fo free from every Lawlefs View, 
 You fcarce admit the Homage that is due. 
 Let other Monarchs, with invafive Bands 
 Leilen their People, and extend their Lands j 
 
 By
 
 By gafping Nations, hated and obey'd, 
 
 Lords of the Defarts, that their Sword has made; 
 
 For Thee kind Heav'n a nobler Task defign'd. 
 
 To fix thy Empire in thy Peoples Mind. 
 
 High on thy Britifh Throne, to mark from far, 
 
 And calm the Billows of the rifing War j 
 
 To fraooth the Frowns on fair Eurofa% Face, 
 
 And force reluctant Nations to embrace. 
 
 As late the warring Winds, with mingled Roar, 
 
 Strugl'd to wreck, yet wafted you to Shore. 
 
 So fhall the Storm, that threats your peaceful Land, 
 
 Roll harmlefs o'er, or Burft where you Command. 
 
 Charles Arbuthnot, 
 
 gtudenf of Chrifi Chunh^ Omn,
 
 PREFACE. 
 
 Beliez'e it ixiillhe readily awrfd that 
 the Knovjledge of the Value of the 
 Money -t Weights and Meafures of 
 the Ancient Sy is neceffary to the un- 
 der Jianding of their Writings, The 
 Value of Coins-y Weights ajid Mea^ 
 fures is kno^u^n-^ vjhen the Proportion^ "which they 
 bear to other known quantities of the fame kind is 
 determin'dy which are commonly thofe of the Rea- 
 der's own Country, In order to ajjift Englifli Rea- 
 ders in this particular 7 I puhlijhd about twenty 
 Tears ago fome Tables^ which being out of Prints 
 it was fuggefied to me that if I would give the Co- 
 py ^with fome other Calculations relatingto the fame 
 SubjeSl^ to my Son^ he might make fome Profit of 
 them. This interefied Motive I frankly own had its 
 Share in producing the prefent Treatife, 
 
 The fir ft Tables were puhlifBd before the karned 
 Dr, Hooper, Bifiop of Bath and Wells, his En- 
 
 A 2 quiry
 
 PREFACE. 
 
 quiry iato the State of Ancient Meafures ; v^hich 
 if one conjtders the Uniformity of the "iDhole Dejign-, 
 Accuracy of the Calculations^ Sagacity of the Con- 
 jeBures-, Skill in reftoring and comparing Paffages 
 of Ancient Authors^ and the incomparable Learning 
 that pines through the whole^ ex cells very far all 
 that was e-ver publijhed upon the SubjeSl; and in- 
 deed had my Defign been merely the fame ivith that 
 of his Lordfhip'i I Jhould not have pre fum' d to have 
 wrote ttny thing further on this matter. As my 
 Calculations differ' d not in any conftderahle matters 
 from his Lordjhip's-i I thought it was fufficient 
 tb take notice of thofe differences without chan- 
 Virig^the Tables in any material Article. New Books 
 'on ufefulSubjeBs') if not erroneous-, are fo far advan- 
 tageous to Learnings that being put as it were by 
 accident into a great many Hands-) engage fome to 
 'fludy a Matter which they would not otherwife 
 have thought of 
 
 I have been always of Opinion that young Gentk- 
 men of an Age to cmfider more than the mere 
 Words 6f'\m ^ undent Author -) ought not only to 
 take along with' them ^ the ^ Chronology ^ Geography-, 
 and a clear- Men of the Antiquities formed by ocu- 
 'iar InfpeBion on Models af%d Figures '^ but likewife 
 
 to
 
 PREFACE. 
 
 to exercije their Arithmetkk in reducing the Sums 
 ofMonej, JVeights and Meafures mentioned in the 
 Author^ to thofe of their own Country, And I will 
 venture to affirm that any Touph who is not 
 taught after this manner^ is in fome meafure 
 deceived. 
 
 The Reader will find a great many Pajfages no- 
 ted in the following Treatife-, of which without this 
 Knowledge he can neither underjland the Terms nor 
 Phrafeology. It is in fome meafure neceffary to 
 explain Poets^ Orators and Hiftorians, But the 
 Language of Manual Arts-^ Bufinefs^ Traffic kj &;c. 
 naturallj obfcure^ is not intelligible without it, 
 I believe I need not advertife the Reader that in a 
 Work of this Nature it is impoffible to avoid Pueri- 
 JitieSjTrifeSy and joyning things naturally incoherent^ 
 it having that in common with DiBionaries and 
 Books of Antiquities, 
 
 The Faults (of which lamfenfible there are a great 
 many) are in fome meafure owing to my want of Lei- 
 fure. The Miflakes are eafily correBed from the 
 Principles and Materials contained in the Book it 
 felf With great Submiffion I deprecate the Wrath 
 of all Criticks and Antiquaries^ which is wont to 
 he very flagrant on fuch Occafions, I do not value 
 
 my
 
 PREFACE. 
 
 myfelfon my Skill either in Languages^ Hijiory or 
 Antiquity ; far lefs on the little Skill in Numbers 
 'which is demanded for the "whole Performance, 
 ivhich, bating one Problem about Inter efl-^ requires 
 no great depth of Calculation. I queflion not hut 
 any of them "would have executed this Work bet^ 
 ter than my f elf Befides-i I have hardly Courage-, 
 I am fure not Leifure, to defend my felf Thus 
 they fee "what they generally aim to prove-, is no 
 more than "what I freely own before-hand. 
 
 It is the Produil of Labour more than Judgment^ 
 confifling chiefly of ColleBions from fever al Authors, 
 and for "which I am much obliged to HoftusV Hi- 
 ftoria Rei Nummarise. I propofe no Reputation by 
 it, and I hope Ifhalllofe none.. 
 
 THE
 
 CONTENTS. 
 
 ADifertation containing the Principles and Authorities u^on mjhich 
 the Tables are founded. 
 
 Chap. I. Of the Antiquity and Inventors of Money. page i 
 
 -Chap. 11. Of the Metals and other Materials that were commonly jiampt 
 into Money ^ and offome of the mofi common Imprejfes, p. 3 
 
 Chap. III. 0/ Roman Coins. Of the KS or lES. p. 9 
 
 Of the Seflertius. p. 1 1 
 
 Of the Nummns. p. iz 
 
 Of the Denarius. p. ij 
 
 Of the Roman Pondo. p. 23 
 
 Chap. IV. Of the Graecian Coins. p. ^^ 
 
 The Mina Attica of Silver. p, 19 
 
 Of fome Afiatick and Barbarian Coins. p. 30 
 
 Of the Talent. p. 3i 
 
 Chap. V. Of the Jewifli Coins^ in which their Weights are likeisjife con- 
 Jider'd. p. 3<5 
 
 Chap. VI. Of the Troportion of the Value of Gold to Silver amongfi the 
 Ancient Sy and of their Gold Coins. p. 43 
 
 Chap. VII. Of Roman, Greek, and Arabian Weights. Roman 
 Weights. p. 47 
 
 Greek Weights. p. 49 
 
 Arabian Weights. p. f3 
 
 Chap. VIII. Of M€afures of Lengthy and Suprficial Roman Mea^ 
 fures. P- 5^ 
 
 Of Superficial Meafiires^ and fome Terms of Husbandry. p. 60 
 
 Greek Meafures. p. (Jr 
 
 Jewifli Meafures of Lengthy &c. p. 66 
 
 •Chap. IX. Of Meafures of Capacity. Roman. p, 80 
 
 Of Roman Meafures of Capacity for things dry. p. 88 
 
 Greek Meafures of Capacity. p. 91 
 
 Greek Meafures of things dry. ?• 9<^ 
 
 The Jewifli Meafures of Capacity. ibid. 
 
 Jewiih Meafures for things liquid. p. 99 
 
 The Account of the Hebrew Vejfels according to Jofephus, taken from 
 Bifhop Hooper. p. loz 
 
 Of the Meafures of Capacity of the. moji noted Eaijern Nafions. p. 104 
 
 A
 
 CONTENTS. 
 
 A Viprtatim of Roman Money Affairs^ p. 1 1 o 
 
 Chap. I. O/' Roman EJiates. p. 113 
 
 Chap. II. Of the Trices of B^-ead-Qorn, p. izo 
 
 Chap. III. Of the Trice of JVifte. p. 1x4 
 
 Chap. IV. Of the Trice of Cattle. p. iz5 
 
 Chap. y. Of the Roman Expenccs in Eating. p. 119 
 
 "Chap. VI. Of the Trices of Cloaths. p. 140 
 
 Chap. VII. Of the Trices of Houfes. P- »49 
 
 Chap. VIII. Of the Trice of Land, p. 155- 
 
 Chap. IX. The Trice current of 'T)rn^s^ as they flood at Rome, mofl of 
 them in PlinyV Time per Roiilan Tcuftd, which is \ of the Englifh 
 , , Averdupois. ?• ifS 
 
 Chap. X. Of the Trice of Slaves. p. 161 
 
 Chap. XI. Of the Trices of Ti^tireSy Statues^ atid otherTieces of Work- 
 man jhip^ of Arts, Trofej/lonsy ike. p. 164 
 Chap. XIII. Of T late and Jewels. p. lyz 
 Chap. XIV. Of Gaming, and Funeral Expences. p. 177 
 thap. XV. Of Soldiers Tay. p. 179 
 Chap. XVI. Of the 'Donatives given to the Soldiers. p. i8i 
 Chap. X\ II. Of the Congiaria of the Emperors, or Gifts to the Teo- 
 ple. p. 185- 
 ,Chap. XVni. Of the Revenues of the Roman Empire. p. 188 
 Chap. XIX. Some Ohfervat ions upon the Grecian Money Affairs, p. 196 
 Chap. XX. Some Examples of the ApplicdtioH of the Tables relating to 
 ,. the Money- Affairs of the Jews. p. 203 
 Chap. XXI. OftheCoJi of the Teihple, and the Riches of Vhwid and 
 ,. Solomon. p. 107 
 Chap. XXII. Of the Inter eft of Money. p. 208 
 
 A Difertati'm concerning the Na^vigation of the Ancients. p. z 14 
 
 A Vijfertation concerning the Vofes of Medicines gi'ven hy Ancient 
 
 Phyjicians. p. iSz 
 
 Ajhort Account of the Trefcriptions of Ct\{\xs. P- 2.93 
 
 Some Examples of the manner of Trefcribing, and'Dofes of Medicines^ 
 
 . taken from Scribonius Largus. p. 300 
 
 ^ome Examples of Trefcriptions taken out (j/* Marcellus. P. 3ii 
 
 The Simple T)ofes of purging Medicines, according to Ruffus Ephe- 
 
 fius. p. 318 
 
 The fDofes of fimple purging MedicineSy according to Paulus JUgx- 
 
 . nera. p. 3zo 
 
 The "Dofes of compound purging Medicines, from PaulUs wEgineta. p. 3 22 
 
 • Some' lujiances .df theTraSHce of Aretaeus, P- 3 2.5
 
 DISSERTATION, 
 
 CONTAINING 
 
 The Principles and Authorities upon which the 
 
 Tables are founded. 
 
 CHAR I. 
 
 Of the Antiquitj and In^ventors of Money. 
 
 H E Ufe of Money or ftampt Metals in Com- 
 merce has been very ancient, and perhaps the In- 
 ventor of it is as hard to be difcovered, as thofe 
 of other Arts. 
 
 As it is ufual in difcourfes of this nature to as- 
 cend as high as poffible, we fhall acquaint the 
 Reader that the Inventot of Money was by (bme 
 Jem^ifi Writers beHeved to be Cairiy Adam's eldefl fbn, to whom 
 ^Jofephus afcribes it: this Author tells you that Cain was the firil 
 monicd man, that he taught his band luxury and rapine ; and 
 broke the publick tranquility by introducing the ufe of Weights 
 and Meafures. (The word ^^^julcito. in the Original may fignify 
 
 B any 
 
 5(!.'yf=^r^<S^5iSKS)-^ SS?
 
 Tables of Ancient Coins, 
 
 any fort of poflefTion as well as money. ) If arguments a fojleriore 
 were to be ufed in this ca{e, I fhould be very apt to give Cain 
 the honour of the Invention ; were he now aUve, I'm fure it 
 would rejoice his foul to (cc what mifchief it had made among 
 mankind. His lineal defcendent and name-Gke rMW-C^m, probably 
 muft have had his art from hnii, '' for he was a great Artificer in 
 Brafs and Iron. 
 
 ' That Noah or Janus underftood it, may be very well fupport- 
 ed by his Image found upon the firft Roman Coins : one fide was 
 ftampt with a Janus bifrons, and the other with a Rojlrum or Prow 
 of a Ship. This is as good an argument as an Antiquary could wifh for. 
 The fame is confirm'd by the Interpreter of Homer in Iliad 5. 
 who faith that Janus firfl; invented a Crown, a Ship, and Brafs 
 Money. 
 
 ** That there was current money in Abraham's time is paft doubt, 
 tho' it's not fure that it was ftampt, for he is {aid to be rich in Cattky 
 in Silver and in Gold. ' Ahimekch gave to Abraham as Sarah's brother 
 1000 Kejefh or pieces of Siher. ^ Jofeph was fold by his Brethren, 
 for zo pieces i ^ and gave to his Brother Benjamin 300 pieces. 
 
 Amongft profane Writers there is one ^ Phido an Argive or GreeJc, 
 who is faid to be the firft who ftampt money; ' but Herodotus 
 with more reafon afcribes the invention to the Lydians. ^Julius 
 Ptf/A'/,Y attributes it to Er/ff/;(wi«j amongft the Athenians and Lycians: 
 ^Some to the Naxiansy fome to the Phoenicians, others to lonus 
 in Thejfaly, as appears by fome vcrfes of Lucan. "* Calius gives it 
 to a Lady, one Hermodice wife of Midas King o£ Phrygia. ° Amongft 
 the Romans it ftands between Kuma and Servius Tullius : Pliny gives 
 it to the latter, who was the firft that ftampt Brafs, which the 
 
 Romans 
 
 b Genef. c. 4. ffjt/psr.oTof ;>'*>.Keu< yitKKti 
 Koi <nS'i)c;<, LXX. Interpretes. Malleator & fa- 
 bcr in cunda opera JEvh & Ferri. c Plin. 
 
 lib. 33. cap. 3. In una quidcm parte Janus ge- 
 minus feu bifrons, ex altera vero Roflrum Na- 
 vis fuit. <* Gcncf c. 1 3. v. 2. e Gencf. 
 c. zo. * Gen. 37. g Gen. 4f. h Jjtra- 
 bo I'b. 8. i Herodot. lib. i. Tfi^Toi Si -ra 
 
 tifyvfts KQ-ldfityoi ep^pt)fw7''« ^ Jul Pol. lib. 9. 
 
 1 Primus ThefTalicx redlor tclluris lonus 
 In formam calidx percuflit pondera Maflx: 
 Fudit & argentum flammis, aurumquc moneta 
 Frcgit, & immcnfis coxit fornacibus xra. 
 lllic quod populos fcelerata impegit in arma, 
 
 Divitias numerare datum eft 
 
 m Celius lib. 21. Antiqu.leQ. » Plin. lib. 33. 
 cap. 3. Servius Rex primus fignavit ^s. antea 
 rudi ufos RomxTimsus tradit. Signatum eft 
 uoca pecudum : unde & pecunia appellata.
 
 Weights and Meajures-, 6cc. 
 
 Romans ufed before unftampt. Ic (eems an obvious invention by a 
 publick Stamp to iave the people the trouble of weighing and eflay- 
 ing. ° Sliver was ftampt A. U. CCCCLXXXV, ^and Gold was 
 coined (ixty two years after. ^ On the other hand, Suidas affirms 
 that it was Numa the fecond King of the Romans who gave them 
 the firft money of Brafs and Iron ; for before his time they had 
 no other but what was made of hides and fliells, and that they 
 were called from his own name Nummea. Thus much of the 
 original of money; which has been a great conveniency in the 
 commerce and affairs of mankind : but whether that will balance 
 the mifchief it has done, I ihall not determine. 
 
 CHAP. II. 
 
 Of the Metals and other Materials that vjere com- 
 monly Jtampt into Money-, and of fome of the 
 mofi common Impreffes, 
 
 TH E Metals that Money was commonly made o^ amongfl 
 the Greeksy Romans and Hehrenvs, were Brafs, Silver, and 
 Gold y in the language of thofe feveral nations, ^j-, Ar- 
 gentum, Aurum-y ;;^a/\^oVj deyv^ogy ;^pyo'oVi Nahus, Kefeph^ 
 Zaha'vj, 
 
 The firft Coin being made of BraG, JEs^ gave the Denomina- 
 tion to money in general among the Romans, and the whole turn 
 of their expreffion is derived from it. ^JEre mutare, to buy or 
 leli. JEs alienumy debt; /£s fuum, what is owing to us. /Es 
 circumforaneum by Cicero is underftood money employed in Ufury. 
 ^rarium, the Trealury, or place where the money is kept. /Era- 
 
 B i riiy 
 
 o Ibid. Argentum fignatum eft anno Urbis 
 CCCCLX}tXV. Q. Fabio Gonfule, quinque 
 annis ante primum bdlum Punicutn. P Ibid. 
 
 Aureus nummus poft annum LXXII percuf- 
 fus eft quam argenteus. q Suidas in voce 
 
 «««/>«(. » Plin. & Columella.
 
 tables of Ancient Coins, 
 
 riiy Officers of the Mint, ^rarii Milites, Soldiers that {erved for 
 
 f5ay. '' jfErufcarey /Erufcatoresy thofe who got money by (canda- 
 ous ways. " Adarare, to fet a price upon a thing. •* Obaratus, op- 
 prefs'd with debt. 
 
 Argentum, Silver, was ufed after the fame manner for money in 
 general, tho' not fb frequently. Argent i ft is ^ fames, a defrre 
 of money, or covetoufnefs. Argentum confumere, to {pend money. 
 Argento aUquem circumvenire, to cheat. ' Argentum locare foenori, to 
 lay out money at intereft. Argentariam facere, to be an Ufiirer. 
 Argentariam MJfohere, to go off the Exchange, or to leave off be - 
 ing an Ufurer. ^ Argentum prafentarmny ready money. 
 
 Aurwn or Gold is ufed after the fame manner. ^ Auri facra fa- 
 mes, defire of Riches. Vendidit hie auro patriam, a corrupt Rafcal 
 that fold his country for Gold or money. The Englijh feldom 
 ufe Silver, but often Gold, for money in general. 
 
 ^ The Greeks ufed ;^aA^oV ^nd x^'^''^^^^ ^^^ money in general. 
 ct;^aA>do? without money : ct;;^aAx«v to be poor. ' ;^ot?uct'^2ii/ to 
 play for money at even and odd. ^ x^Xni'lTig Meretrix, &c. 
 
 'Aeyvi^iov is ufed in the fame fenfe by the Greeks for ageneral 
 appellation of money. Wo q oi^yv^iov ycoAaTcu x?^I^^T(^ ^ct* v<3- 
 IJLi<T{JLc/.Ta.i that is. Money and Riches are called ctf^i/e/iov "" K^yv- 
 ^oXoyeiV to coUedt money. 'A^yv^o?.oyogy a CoUedor of 
 Taxes, ^c. 
 
 X^vcrog is ufed in the fame fenfe. " a.x^vu'Oh for poor, or defti- 
 tute of money. 
 
 Nahus, Kefepb and Zahanv amongfl the Hehreivs fignify money 
 in general •, only Kefeph when joined to a number fignifies a piece 
 of Silver of a certain value: of which tliere are innumerable Ex- 
 amples in the Scripture. Thofe who are skill'd in the Hebrew 
 tongue fiy that there are a great number of words in that Lan- 
 guage to fignify Gold. 
 
 As 
 
 b Feftus Pompeius. « In Cod. lib. i». 
 
 ^Livius & Cxfar. « Cicero in Verrem. 
 
 f Plautus. e Virgilius. •> Hefychiusin voce 
 j^ttAasf. 78T0 vm n XfVffv x) n dfyutln iKiyoi-. 
 
 i ApudPollucem. ^ Apud Jofephum. l Pol- 
 lux lib. 3. mThucyd. Hift. 13, 8. n Pia. 
 to lib. 3. de Legibus.
 
 Weights and MeafureSi 8cc. 
 
 Brafs, or Copper, Silver and Gold have been the common 
 metals for Coinj yet ic has been made by barbarous Nations, 
 and in neccflitous Times, of other Materials j as Lead, Tin, 
 Iron, Leather, Shells, and even of Wood and Barks of Trees : 
 inftances of which might be given, but are of Uttle value as to 
 the Coin it fclf 
 
 Nummus fbme derive from Kuma as was liinted before, tho' it 
 was a word in ufe amongft the Greeks. 
 
 Moneta (from whence our word Afow^) comes from Moneo\ be^ 
 caufe it admoniflieth of the price, value, weight, (jyc. 
 
 Pecimia was fo called from the figure of Cattle with which it 
 was firft flampt by Sew'ms TulUus. And Robbing of the publick 
 was called Peculatus. PecuUumy t^uajt pujilla pecuniay a fmall Patrimo- 
 ny. Pecmiiam exercere, to imploy money. Otiofa pecmia, oi^yov 
 X^'^f^^' according to Detrnjihenes, money, lying idle without inte- 
 rcft. Some are of opinion diat Pecunia was fo called, from ° Pecu- 
 dum Corio, from die Hides of beads of which it was firfl made. 
 
 In Greek pieces of money were call'd y^nfJ^cLTct from dieir u{e j 
 iti^fjLct> Ki^fXOLTCi, denoting little pieces of money as fit to exchange 
 greater. 
 
 I need not infill upon the ufe of money in the Commerce and 
 TrafEck of mankind, the principal is that of laving the commuta- 
 tion of more bulky Commodities. 
 
 Merchandifing both by Money and Exchange of Commodities 
 was ufed in Homer's time. There is a great difpute among die 
 Lawyers, ^ whether Glaucus his exchanging his golden Armour 
 with the bralen one of Tydides was to be reckon'd emption or 
 commutation. 
 
 I lliall not trouble the Reader widi the different names of pieces 
 of money arifing from their different form, weight, quantity, from 
 the Princes, States, Nations, Times, Places and Occafions, un- 
 der which they were coined. 
 
 It may be of more ufe to mention fome of the ufual Types or 
 Figures, with which different Nations ftamoed their Coin. 
 
 o Ifodor. EtyniQl. lib. i6. cap. 17. P Homer. Iliad. 7. -*• ^^^
 
 Tables of Ancient Coins^ 
 
 ^ The /Etolimis rtampcd upon their Coin Hercules with his Club 
 breaking Achilouss horn. 
 
 Alexander, Bucephalus or his own Image enthroned, with a 
 Bird in hand, or a winged Vidory. 
 
 ' The Ar^hesy a Wolf or a ^Moufe. 
 
 The Afpendii, PaUjritas, Wreftlers. 
 
 Ajia, a boy riding on a Dolphin. 
 
 Athenians, an Ou7 with Pallas, hkewife an Ox. 
 
 Augujlus Cafar, the Conftellation of Capricorn under which he 
 was born ; and on his Copper Money, the figure of Cicero. 
 
 Bceotians, a Fly with a Stag : a Cantharus o( Bacchus with a Bunch 
 of Grapes. 
 
 Brutus, on one fide his own image, on the reverfe a Pileus or 
 bonnet with two Daggers. 
 
 Byzantines, a Dolphin twifled about a Trident. 
 
 ' Cephalenes, a Horfe. 
 
 Chii, a Harpye, hkewife a How^r. 
 
 Corcyrians, a Triremis or Gaily rowing. 
 
 Corinthians, Pegafusmth. a Neptune Cittm^ and carrying his Trident. 
 
 CroToniata, the Delphick Tripode. 
 
 Cyrenaans, Amman, on the reverfe the Silphium, a plant of whofc 
 juice the .^^ _f<^r/W^ is made, whence it is called the Succus Cy^ 
 reniacus. 
 
 Cyzicenians, a Lyon. 
 
 Dardania, two Cocks a fighting. 
 
 Demetrius, a Neptune Redux, or come back. 
 
 Dymaans, a Go^? tearing a Frog. 
 
 Eretrienfes, a Diana. 
 
 Hadrian the Emperor, the figure of Jujlice fating. 
 
 Hehrenvs, on their 5/?^'^^/, Aarons Rod budding, with a Cenfer 
 fiiioaking. 
 
 Hijlaans, Neptune on a Whale. 
 
 " lafenfes, a Boy riding on a Dolphin. 
 
 Italians, 
 
 1 Hoftus reiNumm. Vct.pag. 60. * InterpresSophoclis. f Julius Pollux. » Pollux, u Plutarch.
 
 Weights and Meafures^ &c. 
 
 Italiam, a double-faced Janus with a Ship, likewife an Ox and 
 a Sheep. 
 
 Leucadiansy a Snip. 
 
 Lhia, a Cifr^x legifera, or reaping. 
 
 Locrians, fome a S'frfr, {bmc a Grapopper, others a P«^i/. 
 
 Lyciansj a L^ow with a Go<^? upon him. 
 
 Macedonians, a Hercules s Club, and Go^r'x Horns. 
 
 Mytelenians, the image of Sappho their Citizen, 
 
 Metapontinians, Ceres with an Ear of Corn. 
 
 Naxians, a bearded Bacchus, and a Satyr e with a Cup. 
 
 Parians, upon their Drachms an Aratus. 
 
 ' Perjtans, an Archer. 
 
 ^ Peloponnefians, a Tejludo or a Shell. 
 
 P^/7ip of Macedon, Bigas, id efl, Chariots with two horfes ; or 
 his own Buft j on the reverie himfelf enthroned with a Bird m 
 hand : which reverfe his (on Alexander took from him, 
 
 Phocenfes, an E^g/f and a Tripode. 
 
 Pyrrhus, a ?<«//<;?/ with her Spear enthroned. 
 
 Reginians, a H^r^ and a Chariot. 
 
 Samians, a Peacock. 
 
 ^Seleucus Nicator, an Anchor. 
 
 Tarentines, their founder on a Dolphin. 
 
 *Tenedians, a Bipennis or Ax, with two Heads of a Man and a 
 Woman averfe, a Symbol of the punifhment of Adultery. 
 
 Thajians, a Perfeus-, upon their Tetradrachms a Hercules their 
 preierver, and a Bacchus crowned. 
 
 Thehans, Hercules s Bipennis, a weapon which we may tranflate 
 a Poll-Ax. 
 
 Thejfalians, a Hor/^. 
 
 Trachinians, Hercules fitting. 
 
 TrazeniaTis, a Trident, on the reverse a Miner^va. 
 
 Trojans, Troiam a Sow. 
 
 yefpajian, a Dolphin and an Anchor. 
 
 The 
 
 « Plutarchi in Laconicis. y Hefych. z Nico. leonicus lib. 2. cap. 10. de varia hiftoria. 
 * Stephanus de Urbibus.
 
 8 Tables of Ancient Colns^ 
 
 The Rowans commonly infcribed the heads of their Emperors. 
 
 There arc many other Stamps. Fide Camerarh hijloriam rei 
 Humviarice. 
 
 The value and weights of the common current Coins the Rea- 
 der will find in the Following parts of tliis book. There were 
 (bme very rare Coins ftruck of a pound weight, both of Gold 
 and Silver, particularly thofe of Gold which the Emperor Con- 
 Jlavtine fcnt to ChiJperick King of the Franks. ^ There were but 
 fifty of them, with this Infcription, on one fide, T I B E R 1 1 
 CONSTANTINI SEMPER AUGUSTI. on the 
 other, GLORIA ROMANORUM. 
 
 HeUogahalus the Emperor ftruck fome Gold Coins of two pound 
 weisht, which his Succeflbr Alexander Senjerus ordered to be mel- 
 ted down. 
 
 The Ancients were as careful as we to Coin their Money 
 in due webht and finenefs, and keep it up to the Stan- 
 dard i only in times of exigence they have done what has been imi- 
 tated by all Governments, diminiftied both the weight and fine- 
 ne{s, of which more afterwards. There was this difference be- 
 tween their infpedion of money and ours, " that the care of the 
 Coinage was committed to the inferiour Mao-iftrates, and I don't 
 find that they had a publick tryal by a Pixy as we folemnly pradife 
 in this Country. 
 
 The penalties againft adulterating the Coin, tho' not the fame, 
 were very fevere in all Nations. On&^ Diogenes Sinopaus was only 
 banifhed for it. ^ Among the Egyptians, bodi the hands were cut 
 off. ^ By the civil law they were thrown to wild beafts 3 which 
 was founded upon the Cornelian Law, whereby they were to un- 
 der2;o the penalty of Forgery, and the concealer of the Crime was 
 equally guilty. By the fame Law it was provided that none fhou'd 
 buy Coin made of Tin or Lead. « In Falfe-Coinage Slaves were 
 allow'd to difcover their Matters, and diey were rewarded with 
 
 their 
 
 t Georg. Agricola. c Cicero lib. 3. dc 
 
 Legibus. d Diogenes Lacrt. lib. 6. e Dio- 
 dor. Sical. lib.i. f Ulpian. quicunque, fF. 
 
 adL. Corneliam de falfis. g if^ ff ubi qui$ 
 ageie, Sic.
 
 Weights and Meafures^ Sec. 
 
 their freedom for it at the pubUck Charge : I fiippofe that was in 
 the cafe where they ferv'd another, befides their proprietor. ^ The 
 Emperor Tacitus enaded that counterfeiting Coin fliould be Ca- 
 pital, with the forfeiture of goods and chattels. It was enaded 
 Treafbn by the Emperor Conjfantine, as amonafl; us. 
 
 ' George Agricola reckons feven kinds of falfe money, too long 
 here to enumerate. 
 
 CHAP. III. 
 (yRoMAN Coins. 
 
 of the AS or J£S. 
 
 TH E Romans reckon'd their Money by y£y, A(fes, Sejlertii 
 or Nnrmni, Denarii^ SoUdi or Aureiy Pondo or Libra. 
 jt£s, /Erisy befides its fignification of Money in general, 
 denoted a particular Coin made of that Metal. 
 
 * There is mention made of j£s grave ^ which was paid by 
 weight and not by tale. 
 
 /Eris in the genitive is ufed for an adjedive, pro j£reis num- 
 mis feu Affihus. Milk JEris and Mille Affes fignify the fame thinf^, 
 whereof diere are numberle/s Examples, 
 
 ^ This Coin was at firft lihralis or of a pound weight, and ev'n 
 when it was diminiflied, retained the name of libella. So Dupon- 
 dius denoted two Ajfes. The Emperor Jujlinian forbade the cal- 
 ling the Students of the Law of one year's flandmg Dupondii, which 
 name was given them it feems in contempt. ^ The firlt imprcfs of 
 this Coin was a Ja^ius geminus, and on tlie reverfe the Rojfrum of 
 a Ship. 
 
 C As 
 
 h Flav. Vopifcus in ejus vita i Geor. / pentum fignatum erat, grave xs plauflris qui- 
 
 Agilc. fine lib. I. de pretio metall. dcm in Ararium convehentcs, Ipeciofam col- 
 
 li Livy lib. 4. in line. Et quia noudum ar- J lationcm faciLbaat. b Flin. lib. 34. cap. 3.
 
 lo Tables of Ancient Coins ^ 
 
 As not only fignificd a piece of money, but any integer, from 
 whence IS derived the vjoxA AceotUnit. Thus-^j {ignifiedtlie whole 
 inheritance. Hteres ex AJfcy the Heir of the whole eftate. Juft (b 
 the jugerum or Acre of land being reckon'd the integer was divided 
 into I z Uncue as the As, after the manner (et down in the Tables. 
 
 There is often mention made of the §uadrans and Teruncius as 
 pieces of Coin. '' The (^adrans is called by Pliny Triuncius: both 
 §uadrans and Teruncius arc uled to fignify the {mallcft Coin. On- 
 ly ^adrans was underftood to be the fourth part of the As Li- 
 hralis, and Teruncius the fourth of a Lihella or diminutive As. 
 To be called §iuadrantaria was the utmoft refledlion on a Gen- 
 tlewoman. " To this Cicero alludes in his Oration for M. Calius. 
 Cacilius the Poet call'd Clytemnejlra (o. ^adrantilla is the name of 
 a Strumpet in Petronius. 
 
 ** That the Triens or one third of the As was a Coin, is made 
 out from a ridiculous Story in Pliny. The family of the Ser^vilii 
 had a Triens which they fed on feilival days with Gold and Sil- 
 ver (proper aliment for a piece of money) and as it throve or 
 decreafed, they calculated the fite of the family. Pli^iy tells you the 
 Story from the relation of an old Slave, one Meffala. 
 
 • The As was by degrees diminiilied ; from the pound weight 
 (as is told at length by Pliny) it fell to two ounces in the firft Pu~ 
 nick war, afterwards when Hannibal invaded Italy to one ounce, 
 then by the Papirian law to half an ounce. Thefe alterations 
 were occafioned by the neceiTities of the commonwealth j but to be 
 
 fure 
 
 b Plin.lib. 33. cap. 3. c Cic. in Orat. pro 
 M- Ccclio. Nili forte mulier potens quadraii- 
 taria ilia permutatione familiaris fada elt balne- 
 atori. d piin. lib. 33- cap. 13. Unumetiam- 
 num ^ris miraculum non omittemus, Servilii 
 femilia illuUris in faftis, Trientem iEreum paf- 
 cit Auro & Argento, confumentem utrumque, 
 origo atque natura incomperta ctl mihi, verba 
 ipfa eade re Meffala: fervi ponam. Serviliorum fa- 
 jnilia habet Trientem facrum cui lumma cum cu- 
 la&ir.agnificeniia facraquotannis faciunt, quern 
 ferunt aliab creviffe, alias decreviffe vidcri : & ex eo 
 autdiiiiinutionemauthonoremfamiiisngnificari. 
 » Et placuit Denarium pro decern libris iEris, 
 
 Quinariumpro quinque, Seftertium pro dupon- 
 dio ac femiffe. LilJrale autem pondus .i^ris 
 imminutum bello Punico primo, cum impen- 
 iis Refp. non fufficeret : conftitutumque ut Af- 
 fcs fexantario pondcre ferirentur. Itaque quin- 
 que partes fafls lucri, diffolutujnque IE,s alie- 
 num. PoRea Hannibale urgente, Q. Fa- 
 bio Maximo Diftatore, Affes unciales t'adti ; 
 placuitque Denarium fedecim Aflibus permuta^ 
 ri, Quinariumodonis, Seftertium quaternis. lea 
 
 Refpublica dimidium lucrata eft. Mox lege 
 
 Papirianafemiunciales AftTes fadi. Livius Dru- 
 fus in Tribunatu plebis odtavam partem .ffiris 
 Argento mifcuit.
 
 Weights and Meafurcs^ &c. n 
 
 fure the plenty of Silver and Gold would have done the fame 
 thing, and brought down fuch an enormous Brafs Coin. 
 
 As amongft the Latines is put for the diminutive of moirey, non 
 Ajjls facerCi ad A^em omnia perdere. 
 
 From As is derived Treffls, ^uadre/Jisy Nonujts, Vecuffts, Vigef- 
 fts. 
 
 Some think that Ajjtduus likewife comes from As^ a man in- 
 tent upon the penny. 
 
 Of the Sestertius. 
 
 Q Ejlertius is fb called, quafi Semijlertms, according to a Greek Fi- 
 ^ gure : for t^hy.ov YtfjUToihavlov, which literally tranflated fig- 
 nifies a fcventh half Talent; yet according to Volujius Matt- 
 anusy fignifies fix whole Talents and one half: So a Sejlertius 
 which contains z Aps and one half, or duos Ajfes cum tertio 
 femijfey is (b called from Semijlertius. "This is affirm'd by Varro-y 
 and likewife by '' VitruDiusy who (aith, Etiam quartam Denarii par^ 
 tern, quod efficiehatur ex duohus Ajfibus et tertio femijfey Sefiertium 
 ^vocita^erunt. And the fame is aflerted by " Prifcianus. The Se- 
 jlertius was a Silver Coin, and never of Braft, it was equal to the 
 fourth part of a Denarius, according to Fejlus Pompeius and the 
 above-quoted Pailage of Vttrwviusy and feveral others to be found 
 in Authors. Cicero againft Verres {peaking of the price of 
 Corn, makes 3 Denarii to be the fame with i i Sejlertii. 
 
 a Varro lib. 4. de ling. Lat. b Vitruv. Iftertius &c.— -Dupondius enim & fcmis, anti- 
 
 lib. 3. cap. I. c Seftertius olini dupondius & Iquus Scftertius eft. 
 femis, id eft, dus librae & femis, quafi Semi- 1 
 
 C 2. Of
 
 1 2 Tables of Ancient CoinSy 
 
 Of the N u M M u s. 
 
 ' I H E Nummus when mention'd as a piece of money was the 
 -*• fame with the Seflertius. Cicero againfl Fenes faith, Cogii 
 Scandilium quinqtde ilia millia nummum dare Ap'onioj and immediately 
 after adds, Cogit Scandiliiim Apronio H. 5. qu'mque millia mercedis 
 •nomine ac pramii dare. Where it appears that 5000 Nummi are 
 put for ;ooo H.S. or Sejlertii. ^So Pliny and ' Varro {peak- 
 ing of the gain arifing from the fattening of Peacocks, the for- 
 mer calls it <Joooo Sejlertii, and the latter 60000 Nummi. 
 
 Befides Sejlertius and Nummus are frequently join'd by Authors, 
 and then fignify the fame that either doth Icparately. This is plain 
 from ^ Columella, ^ Valerius Maximus and others. So Mille Nummi, 
 Milk Sejlertii, and Mille Sejlertii Nummi fignify the fame ; as do 
 likewife Mille Nummum, Mille Sejlertium, and Mille Sejlertium 
 Nummum. 
 
 The GreeJi Computations proceed upon the fime Suppofition, 
 the Denarius and the Drachma being reckon'd equal. Plutarch in 
 Sylla faith that 1000 Nummi was equal to %^o Drachma, con(e- 
 cjuently one Drachm is equal to four Nummi. ^ Arijlotle faith that 
 a Nummus was equal to 3 Semioboli, which make the fourth part 
 of a Drachm. Plutarch faith that C^far left by will to every Citi- 
 zen 75 At tick Drachms, and Suetonius faith he left to each of 
 them 300 Nummi. 
 
 Sejlertium in the neutral gendre fignifies Mille Sejlertium Nummorum. 
 It is a great dilpute among Authors whether they are the fame 
 word. Some are of opinion that as a Sejlertium fignified two 
 pounds and a half of Brafs, according to the weight of the firft 
 Affes ; fo Sejlertium f gnified two pounds and a half of Silver, 
 which feems to be but a groundlefi imagination 5 and Grono'vius 
 
 is 
 
 d Plin. lib. Tc. cap. 20. « Varro lib. 3.|apud Pollucem lib. 9. ivmiiu /t y;>ju« Tfi'a. 
 
 cap. 6. de re Rullica. f Colum. lib. i. & 3.hi,u/«(3oA(». 
 g Valeri. Max. lib. j". cap. i. b An'ilot./
 
 Weights and Meafures^ &cc. 13 
 
 is certainly in the right, who takes Sejlertium in the genitive, and 
 when they (ay Milk Sejlertiumy the fubftantive Corpora is under- 
 ftood. Let the Grammatical reafon of the Phrafeology be as ic 
 will, it is certain that Sejiert'mm fiignifies Milk Sejlertii Nummi. 
 The Marks of the Sejlertius Nummus are IIS. LLS. H, S. H-S. 
 which Characters denote x \ Aps. Budaus faith he hath obfer- 
 ved that the millenary Sejlertium in good Manufcripts is marked 
 with a hne crofs the top thus HS. 
 The Reader mufl ftiJl remember that 
 
 Milk Sejlertii, 
 Milk Nummij 
 Milk HS, 
 
 Milk Sejlertium, 
 Milk Nummumy 
 Milk Sejlertii Nummi, 
 Milk HS. Nummum, 
 j£ris i50o, 
 Denarii 250, 
 Drachma 250, 
 
 denote the fame Sum, miz. according to the Tables 8 /. is. ^ \d. 
 
 He muft likewife obferve that in fpeaking of Sums above a 
 ihoufand, there is often a double Eclipfs, fometimes of the word 
 Sejlertium or its mark, fometimes of the word Milk. In the firfl 
 and fecond of thofe Epigrams at the bottom of the page -f H S or 
 Sejlertium is underflood. In the others Millia. There is another 
 double Eclipfs to be obferv'd, when they ufc the numeral Ad^erls 
 they leave out Centeva Millia. Thus Cicero in 3 Verrina. H S hi^ 
 ^ tricies injingulos amies Verri decernehatur, quod arator:bus Johe- 
 
 I Pauca Jovem nuper cum millia forte roga- 
 rcm. Martial, lib. 6. 
 
 Quid promittebasmihi millia Gaure ducenta 
 Si dare non poteras millia Gaure decern. 
 
 ret, 
 
 Septingenta Tito debet Lupus ^ 
 
 Quadringenta tibi noii- funt, Chacreltrate 
 furge. -Lii^- f' 
 
 7
 
 14 Tables of Ancient Coins^ 
 
 ret. Centena Millia is underftood. So that the Sum in Cyphers 
 mufl: be thus exprcfTcd 3 looooo Nummi Sejlertiiy or 5 roo Sejier- 
 tia\ a Sejlert'mm being equal to 1000 Nummi Sejiertn. This is 
 clearly enough exprefted in the Tables. If the Sum is to be re- 
 duced to Nimmi Sejertiiy then centum and mille both are under- 
 floodj and that Decies or 10 mull: be multiplied by 1 00000. 
 If you would reduce the Sum to Sejlertia, the word centum being 
 / then undcrftood, it mull be multiplied only by 100: Thus De- 
 cies HS is loooooo Nummi Sejlertiij or 1000 Sejlertia. So 
 that Decies centena millia H S, or Decies without HS. (J^ktg? afud 
 Plutarchum in Antonio) JEris njicies quinquiesy denariorum z 5 o o o o, 
 Drachmarum zjoooo, are to be found in different Authors and. 
 cxprefs the (ame Sum, 'viz. Soyz/. i 8 x. 4^. But 
 
 Mille Sejlertiiy 
 Milk Sejlertia, 
 Millies HS Sejlertium 
 
 cxprefs very different Sums. 
 
 Mille Sejlertii is only 1000 Nummi Sejiertii, in EngliJIj money 
 8 /. IS. $ \ d. which makes a Sejlertium. 
 
 Mille Sejlertia is 1000 times that Sum, wiz. 8072./. i 8 x. 4^. 
 But millies HS, is 1 00000 times that Sum, or 80715)1 /. 1 5 j. 4^. 
 
 When the numbers have a line over them, Centena Millia is un- 
 dcrfcood, as in the cafe of the numeral Adverbs; thus HS. MC 
 fignifies the fame with Millies Centies H S, that is, 1 10,000,000 
 Nummiy or 888010/. \6s. ^ d. whereas H S. MC. without 
 the Crofs Line denotes only i loo Nummi, or 8/. ijs. y i d. 
 
 When the numbers are diftinguiihed by points in two or 
 three different orders, the firft towards the right hand figni- 
 fies Units, the fecond thoufands, and the third hundred thou- 
 fands: for inftance III. XII. DC. HS. denotes 300000, 1100 o, 
 and 600 HS, in all making 3 iz^oo Nummi, or in Englijb mo- 
 ney 5 047 /. ^ s. p d. Pliny faith that (even years before the third 
 Punick war, there was in the Roman Treafury Auri Pondo XVI. 
 
 DCCCX, 
 
 V
 
 Weights and Meafuresj &c. ly 
 
 DCCCX, Argenti Pondo XX. LXX. & in mmerato LXII. 
 LXXV. CCCC. which is to be thus interpreted, 1^810 Pounds 
 of Gold, z 1070 Pounds of Sliver, and in ready money Cx-j^^oo 
 Nummiy or $o-j4^\ I. 10 s. z \d. 
 
 I know by experience that thofe Expreffions in ancient Authors 
 create a confufion in the minds of the Readers, and that they 
 have no notions of the numbers, in reading the Authors. There- 
 fore I hope to be excufed in being a httle particular on tliis 
 Subjed. 
 
 Of Z/:?^ D E N A R I U S. 
 
 '' I '■ HE Denarius was the chief Silver Coin among the Ro- 
 -■- mans. As a weight it was the feventh part of a Roman 
 Ounce. It is from this Standard that both the value of the Roman 
 Weights and Coins in the Tables are deduced. In the feding 
 of which I have follow'd Mr. Grea<ves, who may be juftly reckon- 
 ed a Claflical Author on this Subjed. 
 
 That induftrious, learned, and honeft perfon affirms that having 
 in Italy and elfewhere perufed many hundred Denarii Confulares, he 
 found by frequent and exact Tryal the beil of them to amount 
 to 6z Grains Englijhj fiich as he had carefully taken from the 
 Standards of the Troy or Silver Weights kept in the Tower of 
 London, and in Goldfmiths-HaJI, and in the Univerfity of Oxford. 
 He arrives very near at the fame conclufion by two Experiments 
 that were made of the weight of water contained in the Congius of 
 Veffajian, which was i o Roman Pounds, One Experiment was 
 made by ViUapandus on the Congms it felf, and the other by Gaf- 
 fendus upon a model. By the firft of thefe experiments the weight 
 of the Denarius or the feventh part of a Roman Ounce comes out 
 (>z| Grains, by the fecond (>ilH: negleding the Fradtion, he has 
 ftated the value 6z Grains, or 7 pence 3 fardiings Englijh, allow- 
 ing 8 Englijh Grains to the Silver Penny. This valuation I have 
 
 follow'd
 
 1 5 Tables of Ancient Coins ^ 
 
 foliow'd ill the Computation of Sums, njix. fuppofing Silver at 5 
 ShillinG;s the Ounce, which although not exadly true, (for by the 
 prefcnt" Standard of the Coinage, 6 z Shillings, or 3 Pound z 
 Shillings, is coined out of one pound weight of Silver.) (ince we 
 don't know the finencfs of the Roman money, may be a Suppofition 
 :xs o-ood as any other, and prevent fome trouble in computation. 
 
 The Roman Ounce is certainly our A^erdupois Ounce, but I 
 mull own that I have diffcr'd in a fmall matter from Mr. Grea'ves 
 in fettling the quantity of Troy Grains contained in an Ounce 
 Averdnpols • for liippofing the Averdupois Pound to be to the Troy 
 Pound as 175 to 144, and confifling of 16 Ounces, makes the 
 Roman or A'verdupois Ounce to be 4 5 7 ^ Troy Grains, and the Ro- 
 man Pound 5150 Grains. The proportion that was given me as 
 a true one, was 17 to 14, negleding the Lift Figures, and con- 
 fccuendy the proportion of the Roman or A'verdupois Ounce to the 
 Troy Ounce is precifcly as 5 i : 5 (J, and by this the Ro^nan pound 
 accordincr to my Tables will confift of 5 145 f Grains Troyy which 
 is 41 Grains lefs in the Pound, and if it be a miftake is a very in- 
 confidcrable one. The Denarius according to my fuppofition will 
 come out 6 1 \\ Grains : the fradlion is not to be iiegleded in 
 reckoning the Pound. This makes it highly probable that the 
 Romans left their Ounce in Britain which is now our A'verdupois 
 Ounce: for our Troy Ounce we had elfewhere. 
 
 That the Denarius was the 7th part o^^tRo7nan Ounce, is clear 
 from multitudes of paflages. Celfus lib. j. cap. 17. Sed ^ antea 
 fcire ^JoJo in uncia pondus denariorum ejfe fepte?n. 
 
 Another way that Mr. Greanjes made ufe of to find the 
 wei^rht of the Denarii, was by the weight of Greek Coins, 
 efpecially Attick Tetradrachms, for the Denarius was always 
 reckon'd equal to the Drachm; but thofe experiments bring 
 out the Denarius heavier : for weighing many Attick Tetra- 
 drachfns with the image of Pallas on the forepart, and of the Nocfua 
 on the Reverfe, he found the beft of thofe to be icS Grains, 
 that is each particular Drachma 6j Grains, and from the Golden 
 
 Didrachms
 
 Weights and Meafures^ &c. 
 
 Vtdrachms much the fame. He mentions one from SneJl'ms that weigh- 
 ed 1 3 4,5 oiomTroy Grains, which makes it 6j {. That the an- 
 cient Roman Demrius and Anick Drachma were reckoned equal, 
 appears partly from what has been obferv'd before ^ and further from 
 the Teftimony o^ Pliny y who hved from the time of Veffaftan to that 
 of Trajan, who affirms exprcfly ^ that the Drachma Attica had the 
 weight of the Silver Denarius. Cleopatra ^ affirms that the Italick 
 Detiarius was one Drachm. Cicero " naming the Donative of OFla- 
 'vius to the veteran Soldiers, calls it 5 o o Denarii, and Dion ^ calls 
 the fame 500 Drachms. Galen 'faith that by a Pr^c-/?;^^ is meant the 
 fame weight the Romans call a Denarius. This is plain from an 
 interpretation of ^Aulus Gellius. Plutarch computes the Sums 
 which the Romans exprefs by Seflertii in Drachms at 4 Sejlertii to 
 the Drachm, njix. the number of Seftertii in the Denarius. Straho 
 s faith that in the Siege of Cajilinmn a moufe was fold for xoo 
 Drachms, this Valerius Maximus '' tranflates 200 Denarii. Athe- 
 7i<£us 'faith that 400 Attick Talents make 240 myriads of Denarii, 
 that is, 2,400,000 Denarii, =400 Talents, or one Talent = 6000 
 Denarii, the number of Attick Drachms in a Talent. Fejius Pom- 
 peius faith in exprefs Terms that an Attick Talent contains <jOoo 
 Denarii. The fame appears by comparing ^ Li-vy with Polybius. 
 
 I have been the more copious in quotations upon this SuKjed: 
 to {hew the general confent of Authors of all ages and times in 
 the equality of value of the Attick Drachm and Roman Denarius, 
 And it would bring in a great confufion to change that way of 
 reckoning, but then the difficulty is how to preferve the equality 
 between two Coins which appear fo different in weight, as 6z 
 and 6 J Grains. 
 
 »7 
 
 D 
 
 a Plin. lib. 21. cap. ult. Drachma Attica 
 Denarii argcnti pondus babet. b Cleopatra, 
 
 7^ /TaA/itdF <fiifc£p/oi' V/H Jfa.y>ji'v d. ^ Cice- 
 ro lib. 16. Epill:- ad Atticum. Oftavium vetera- 
 nis militibus, quiqui Cafilini <^ Calati3e eraiu, 
 dedilFe donativum denarios quingeiios, quo cos 
 in fuam fcntcntiam pcrduxic d Id Dio. lib. 
 ^j*! -refcrt kuI iS^'iMv suSu? liji Kctrsi tjcV-kd- 
 
 a'i!t< J'fAXfy'-cit'- e Galen, lib. 8. cap. 3. deMe- 
 dicam. compolit. '^rpaXn^ov J^i oti J'oa.y^fjLnv a4- 
 
 j^Mslfioi' ocouaTBr/r. f Gellius. lib. i. cap. 8. 
 
 h Val. Max. lib. 7. c. 6. 
 
 Dipnofoph. k Liv. lib. 4. 
 
 g Strabo lib 
 i Athen. lib 
 Dccad. 4.
 
 1 8 Tables of Ancient Coins-, 
 
 I fliall in the firft place give you Greaves s Solution of this Dif- 
 ficulty, in his own words, 'vix. " Firll; that the Denarius and At- 
 " tick Drachm being diilind Coins of different States, and not 
 *' much unequal in the true weight, it is no wonder, efpecially 
 *^ in Italy and in the Roman Dominions , that they fliould pafs one 
 " for another : No more than that the Spanijh Rials in our Sea- 
 '^ Towns in England^ ihould pafs for Tejiars ^ or the cjuarter of 
 " the Dolar be exchanged for our Shillings : whereas the Rial in 
 " the intrinfical valuation, is better than our Tejiar by four grains, 
 '^ and fomewhat more-, and the quarter of the Dolar is better 
 " than our Shilling by more than eight Grains, or a penny ; but 
 " becaufe they want the Valuation, Charader and Impreflion of 
 ^^ our Princes, which I call the Extrinjick of CoinSy therefore doth 
 " the Spanijh money fall from its true value with us, and (o would 
 *^ ours do in Spain. By the fame Analogy muft we conceive the 
 'f Attick Drachms y tho' in the intrinfick they were fomewhat bet- 
 " ter worth than the Denarius. And this feems to be implied by 
 *' Volufius Metianus : ViUoriatus nunc tantundem 'valet, quantum qui^ 
 '' narius olim. At peregriniis nummus loco mercis, ut nunc Tetradrach- 
 *' mum ^ Drachma hahehatur. Which words of his, loco mercis ^ 
 *^ plainly fliew they made fome gain of the Tetradrachmum and 
 ^' Drachma : As our Merchants and Goldfniichs do of the Spanijh 
 *' Rials y and quarters of a Dolar y which they could not if they 
 *' were precifely equal, but mull rather be lofers in the melting 
 " or new coining of them. And therefore all modern Writers 
 " that have treated of this Argument, fome of them making the 
 " Drachma lefs than the Denarius, others equal, but none greater, 
 " have been deceived by a double Paralogifm, in {landing too 
 nicely upon the bare words of the Ancients, without carefully 
 examining the things themfelves : Firft in making the Denarius 
 and Attick Drachm precifely equal, becaufe all ancient Authors 
 generally exprefs the Attick Drachm by the Denarius, or the De- 
 '* narius by the Drachm : either becaufe in ordinary Commerce and 
 " vulgar cftimation, they pafifed one for another, in the Roman 
 
 State J 
 
 it 
 <t
 
 
 Weights and Meafures^ dec. 19 
 
 State; or elfe if any were Co curious to obferve their difference, 
 as furely the KoAAv^tg-sK were, yet by reafbn of their nearnefs, 
 " and to avoid fradions, and having no other names of Coins 
 '' that were precifely equal, whereby to render them, therefore all 
 *' Greek and Latin Authors mutually ufed one for the other. And 
 " fccondly becaufe fome Writers (as Viofcorides and Cleopatra) af- 
 " firm that the Roman Ounce contained eight Drachms^ therefore 
 " modern Authors infer, that the Denarius being equal to the 
 " Drachm, and eight Drachms being in the Roman Ounce (as (b 
 " many were in the Attick) that therefore there are eight Denarii 
 *'in the Roman, and confequently that the Roman and Attick 
 *' Ounces are equal. Whereas Celfus, Scrihonius Largus, and Pli- 
 " nj, as we fliewed before, exprefly write that the Roman Ounce 
 ** contain'd in their tune, (which was after Diofcorides,) feven De- 
 " narii. And being natural Romans, and purpofely mentioning 
 " the proportion of the Denarius to the Ounce, thereby the better 
 " to regulate their Dofes in Phyfick, it is not probable but they 
 " muft better have known it than the Grecians." But I am afraid 
 this Solution will not be fufficient to anfwer about 5 per Cent. 
 difference in the value of the Coins. If an Attick Drachm of 6^7 
 Grains pafs'd for a Roman Denarius of 6z, the Exchange was very 
 much on the Roman Side. 
 
 The following Tables were publifh'd before the learned Bifhop 
 Hoopers ingenious Enquiry into the State of ancient Meafures appear- 
 ed, which has given a great many new lights in this intricate 
 Subjed, and perhaps what he fuggefts may be an anfwer to 
 this difficulty: his words are as follows, page 44. '^^ So is the 
 " proportion, as well of the Attick Weight, as of their Coin well 
 *' known : But the value of each piece not fo well alcertained as 
 ^' one could wifli. For the Drachma, from whence all their money 
 " is beft eftimated, and which is alio the principal weight, is very 
 *^ differently flated. Our accurate Mr. Greaves upon the weigh- 
 " ing of many Attick Tetradrachrns, found fome, the belf he iairh, 
 " of i(>8 Grains, which give 6j for the Drachma: And examtn- 
 
 D z ing
 
 20 Tables of Ancient Coins, 
 
 " ing the golden Didrachms coined after the Example of the old 
 *' Varici, by Philip and Alexander, as he mentions one of each 
 "from SnelJius, which weighed 1^4,5 of our Grains; fo he {pe- 
 *' cifies three of Alexanders, which he had feen, that wanted but 
 ** half a Grain of 134, or twice 6j Grains. Such too Dr. Ber- 
 *' nard met with; but more commonly wich thofe oi 66 to the 
 *' Drachma. The generality of elder Coins that remain give it at <» 5 
 *' Grains: Some Arabian Phyficians at 6^,xS. And it is cer- 
 " tain, as we fhall fee hereafter, that in the time of the firft Ro- 
 " man Emperors it came to be under 6 5 Grains : and not very 
 *^ long afterwards to be under 5 5, and fo to be 4 ofa Roman Ounce. 
 «' Thus did the money Drachma in procefs of time dccreafe: as is 
 «' found by the Tryal of a Balance ; and will appear by the tefti- 
 '' mony of old Authors, comparing them with the Roman Weight 
 <*^ and Money. But all the while we may fuppofe the ponderal 
 *' Drachma to have continued the fame, juft as it has happened ta 
 " us, as well as our neighbours, whofe ponderal Libra remains as 
 *' it was, tho' the Nummary hath much decreafed. 
 
 And page 55;" This gradual decreafe, the fucceeding Coins 
 <* of the feveral Ages flicw us. And it may be convenient there- 
 ** fore, for the Reduction of their money to ours, to form diffe- 
 *■ rent Tables for them : The one, for example, after Solon s Stan- 
 " dard : which may ferve, with fome Uttle allowance, 'till the days 
 <' of Alexander : Another more fuited to the times that follow'd,, 
 " unto the Subjedion of the Greeks to the Romans ; and at the 
 *' rate of <J 5 Grains or thereabouts to the Drachma : and a third 
 " of 6t,$7 ; which was equal, as we (hall find, to the Denarii of 
 " that weight under the fivH Roman Emperors; and had been equal, 
 *' as I fhall fuppofe, for fome confiderable time before. 
 Of this we Ihall fpeak more fully afterwards. 
 Mr. Grea'ves is of opinion that the alteration mention'd by Pliny 
 in that forecited paflage, lib. 5 o . caf. 3 . of the Denarius being or- 
 dered to pafs for 1 6 inftead of i o A^es, continued from the firfl 
 inftitution of it in the fecond Punic war, without any interrup- 
 tion
 
 Weights and Meafures^ &c. 21 
 
 tion to yufiinians time : but this opinion is contrary to the whole 
 ClafTical Style j in which a Denarius^ 4 Nummi Sejiertii, and 1 o 
 Ajfe^ are terms equivalent, and denote the fame Sums; to change 
 that way of reckoning, would be to introduce nothing but con- 
 fufion : it is not credible that the Writers exprclTed the valuation 
 of the Denarius accordmg to its firft; inftitution, without regard to 
 the prefent valuation. 
 
 He is furprifed at the ftrange and unadvifed proportion be- 
 twixt the Brais and Silver Moneys of the firft times, that X Pounds 
 ofBrafs iliould be but anfwerable to the 84th part (for fo much 
 or near it was the Denarius) of a pound of Silver j or to {peak more 
 clearly that one pound of Silver fliould be equal in valuation to 
 . 8 40 pounds of Brals. 
 
 I am ot opinion that tho' Fliny gives you the true matter of 
 fed, he aiTigns a fiife reafon for it : for he {eems to attribute the 
 caufe rf the diminution of the weight of the Ajfes to the necef- 
 fities of the Commonwealth, whereas it was undoubtedly the chanee 
 of the Balance of the two Metals -of Bra{s and Silver; and for 
 that reafon the Comm.onwealth gradually reduced the wei<?ht of 
 their Ajfesy finding the former proportions too high. 
 
 Another method which Mr. Greases takes to determine the 
 weight of the Denarius, and the gradual diminution of it, is by 
 the weight of feveral Aurei, it being probable that as the Athe- 
 nians made their ^^uo-^V or Aurei double in weight to the filver 
 Drachma y (o in imitation of them the Ranans made their Aureus 
 double in wei2;ht to the Denarius : from whence it is concluded 
 that the Aureus Romanus falling in its weight, the Denarius like- 
 wife of neceflity mull: fill. In what manner the Aureus was firft 
 coined, and how afterwards it loft of its primitive weight, Pliny 
 informs us lih. 3 3 . cap. 3 . Aureus nummus pojl annum LXII per- 
 cujfus ejl quam Argenteus, ita ut fcrupuhm vakret Seftertiis 
 mcenis, quod efficit in lihras ratiorie Sejtertiorum, qui tunc erant, Se- 
 Jiertios IdCCCC. Pop hac flacuit XL. M Jignari ex auri libris : 
 paulatimque principes imminuere pondus, imminuijfe ^uero ad XLV. M. 
 
 This
 
 22 Tables of Ancient Coins^ 
 
 This paflage is corredcd by Greases after the following matiHcr, 
 Pojlea placuit X. XL ftgnari ex auri lihrisy faiilatimqiie Principe s 
 hmnmuere fondusy imnmnnjfe njero ad XL VI II. 
 
 It is to be obfciv'd that Plinyj who mentions the diminution 
 of the weight of the Aurei (o nicely as to fpecify the exad pro- 
 portions, faith nothing of the diminution of the weight of the Denarius, 
 I therefore think it is not perfedly evident that the Denarius kept pace 
 with it, although it is generally agreed that the Denarius fell from ; to 
 i of an Ounce-, and the accurate Biiliop of Bath and IVells has 
 made two different Tables for the Redudion of them to our Stan- 
 dard. But the Denarius of the Claffical Authors, which is allow'd to 
 be the yth part of an Ounce, is made ufe of in. the following 
 computations of the P^oman money. 
 
 Tlie Subdivifions of the Denarius * were the ^uinarius or half 
 Dertarius, fo called from its value of five AJfes, ^ the half Denarius 
 was likewife called V0oriatus. 
 
 ' Celfus divided the Denarius into 6 parts, which he called Un- 
 cice-^ Uncia being a general word, as we (aid before, for the divi- 
 fion of any Integer. This was done in imitation of the Greek 
 Phyficians, who after die manner of their Country divided their 
 Drachma into 6 Oholi. 
 
 •^The Stamp of the Denarius was the image of the Confulot 
 Prince under whom it was coined, which is plain from thofe now 
 extant, and paflages of Authors. 
 
 The infcription commonly exprefs'd the name of the Prince and 
 the occafion of the coining of it. The Reader may fee as an ex- 
 ample, in the quotations below, an Infcription of a Denarius of 
 Antoninus Pius. 
 
 The common mark of the Denarius was an X or X in imi- 
 tation of which among the Latin Phyficians it grew to an *. 
 The Greeks ufed the word cT^i/ctfiov in the neutral gendre. 
 
 TulJy 
 
 BRIT; in altera vero fade AUGUSTUS 
 
 a Varro lib. 4. de linj^ua laf. In argento 
 nummi Tenarii qaod dcnos ^risvalcbmr, Qui- 
 narii quod quirob. ^ Volufius Metianus. 
 
 c Corn. Celfus \'.\-.. f cap. 17. d Plin. lib. 6 
 cap. 20. Macth. 21. Marci 12. Lucjs 20. in 
 uiiapartcANTONI.XUJJPIUS, AUG. 
 
 BRITANICUS, PONTIFEX MA- 
 XIMUS, TRIBUNICItE POTES- 
 TATIS DUODEGIMUM, CON- 
 SUL TERTIUM.
 
 Weights and Meafures-, &c. 
 
 • Tully has the expreflion ad Venarium fohercy which Hojius 
 juftly blames two Authors for mifinterpreting, one underftanding 
 it as if it were, ad fnmimum foherey to pay to the laft farthing, the 
 other explaining it of Intereff, whereas the true meaning is to 
 pay in Roman money. 
 
 There is mention made of ^ Bigati and ^ §iuadrigati, which were 
 Vetiarii (o called from the Stamps of Biga and ^adriga upon the 
 Coins. 
 
 ^ Cornelius Tacitus mentions Kummi Serrati, perhaps from the fi- 
 gure of a Sa-w upon them : what they were is uncertain. 
 
 'There are likewiie mentioned by Authors Argentei, and ^Ar- 
 gentei minuti, and ^Erei Phillipei. Tho(e were in the later times 
 of the Empire and of uncertain value. 
 
 23 
 
 Of the Roman Fondo. 
 
 THE Pondo Argenti 3.mons,(i the Romans is a fort of numerai 
 expreflion of Sums of Money, and is different from the 
 common Lihraj which confifted only of 84 Denarii or 96 Drachms i 
 for As, ALs, Pondo and Mina amongfl: ancient Authors generally 
 pafs for the fame. BW^^j reckons this Pondo to confifl: of 100: 
 Denarii, and George Agricola o£ 96, fuppofing xhc Denarius and the 
 Drachma to be equal j according to Budaus's valuation, the Povdo 
 amounts to the value of an Attick Mina or 3 /. 4 x. 7 d. Ac- 
 cording to Agricola to 5 /. zs. od. 
 
 It is very probable that the Romans made ufe of this Decimal 
 Pondo, or Lihraj in imitation of the Greek Mina. For what Li-vy 
 " exprefleth by Argenti Pondo Una ^ felihras, Plutarch " renders 
 150 Drachms. 
 
 ° Galen 
 
 e Cicero Orat. pro Quint. f Liv. lib. 6. 
 Decad. 4. g Plin. lib. 33. cap. 3. li Corn. 
 Tacit. German. Pecuniam probant vetcrem iier- 
 ratos & Bigatos i Spartianus ia vita Probi. 
 Laniprid. in Hcliogabalo. k Spartianus in 
 
 Aureliano. i Spart. in Probo. •»' Liv. 
 
 lib. 2. Decad. 3. Convenerat inter Duces Ro- 
 
 manum Psnumque, ut qucc pars plus rcciperet, 
 quam daret,argentopundobina& Iclibras in mi- 
 litem prseftaret. " Plutarch in Fabio Max. 
 
 Mu.ohoynr.in ydf au7oT<> a.vJ'fa /.'.iv tivS ft Ai;'e.?5 
 j'f/ a.KlffM[JA\uv- 01 3 TTAeiisf, 61 if-pi yii>eivjo
 
 24 Tables of Ancient Coins', 
 
 " Galen in his Book de Compofttione Medicamentorum tells us that 
 fome reckon'd loo Drachma to the Libra. However it is cer- 
 tain that (bmetimes Lthra apphcd to Sums of money, denotes 
 only i\\Q Roman Pound of c^C Roman Drachms. Here it muft be 
 confidered that when in the Tables Silver is reckon'd at 5 Shil- 
 lings m Ounce, itmufl: be underftood of Silver coin'd nearly accord- 
 ing^ to the EngUjJo Standard, which has i 8 pennyweight of Alloy 
 in\hc Pound Troy. Now if to a Roman Pound of pure Silver you 
 add Alloy in the proportion of the EngUjh Coinage, it will make 
 in value only z/. 19 s. 1 \d. But in the common acceptation of 
 Authors the nummary Rondo is the fame with Mina^ and makes 
 as we (aid before 3 /. 4 /. -7 d. We are not perfedly fure of the 
 Standard of the Roman Coin •, and weight alone is not fufficient 
 to determine the value to great precifeneft. It has been in fome 
 inftances very courfe. ^ Pliny tells that Vn'ius Drufus in his Tribu- 
 nate mixt i of Brafs with it. Pondo is an indeclinable word, and 
 when it is joined with numbers it fignifies Libra ; when it is join'd 
 to other weights, it (lands for the fame things as 9a0^« or oAxji 
 in the Greek, fignifying the fame with Pondus or weight in general. 
 The Romans made ufe of the word TaJentum or Taleiit in Grecian 
 affairs. 
 
 « Galen, lib. 6. tIt. « ;S *^7< -r M'Tg/f f' I P Plin. lib. 3. cap. 3. Livius Drufus in Tribu- 
 Jpcty^uAt yfa.pv(nr di^Toi^rln 3 di^i -f /y.iuf. 1 natuplebis oftavam partem i^ris argenta mifcuit. 
 
 CHAP.
 
 Weights and Meafures^ &c. 
 
 25 
 
 CHAP. IV. 
 
 Of the Grecian Coins. 
 
 TH E Greeks made ufe of 'Drachma in reckoning Sums ei- 
 ther in their own or 'Roynan affairs : as the Romans did of 
 JSummi Sefiertii : of wliich there are many Examples in all 
 Authors, efpecially in Plutarch. 
 
 *A Drachm is the hundredth part of a M'ma. 
 
 ** A^axi^^ ^^^fi ^^cLy(XY\ is a thing taken or apprehended by 
 the hand, ci i^^cLjlofJLOiy or as you would fay a handful of fix Oho- 
 Ity which are equal in value to it. 
 
 Ic is a Weight as well as a Coin. The Attick Drachm is com- 
 monly reputed equal in value to the Denarius. And as amongfi; 
 the Romans the Denarius^ fo amongfl: the Greeks the Drachma W2lS 
 coin'd both of Silver and Gold. But in reckoning Sums, where it 
 is not otherwife fpecified, the Silver Coin is underflood. 
 
 The value of which we have ftated in the Tables and in all the 
 following computations to be the fame with the Denarius^ ^iz. 
 J \ d. We before obferved that the learned Billiop Hooper 
 makes the value of the Attick Drachma different in different ages, 
 and die higheft according to the weight of the Standard Mina of 
 Solon 6 8, 4 Grains j but he owns that it fell afterwards to about 
 the value of <j i, 5 7 •, which is much the fame with that in the 
 Tables. And upon this Drachma , and the equality of it to the 
 Roman Denarius, almoft all the computations in Claflical Authors 
 are founded, which we did not think worth the while to change, 
 
 E or 
 
 « Plutarch, in Solone ikatov 58 't-sIih--: S'viy- 
 fjSv tW ."lai- & Jul. Poll, in Eupolide. i! o 
 i-/\iy.n //I* fyj< <^\''*/C'-'*f ixaroj'. b Euftath. 
 in Iliad. I. 'b^oAoy '5 {\iyvti) ffiJ^nf* Ti ihi.<r- 
 f**, ^l*-a- A """"f *,V o^«^« I «' /^'i* ^ "V TrtV- 

 
 26 Tables of /indent Coins^ 
 
 or divcrfify in a few inftances that may be in earlier times. But 
 if this Suppofition be true, and the Reader of ancient Authors is 
 refolved to be nice, the value of the feveral Vrachmasy according 
 to the Biihop's SuppofitionjFrom 70 Grains downwards is as follows. 
 
 Weight 
 
 Val 
 
 ue 
 
 fr. d. 
 
 1- 
 
 70, 8 
 
 5 
 
 <J8,4 8 
 
 z 
 
 ^5,5 8 
 
 
 
 6x,j7 7 
 
 3 
 
 • The Drachma was divided into i 8 %igd.xia. or SiViqua as well 
 as into c Oholi. 
 
 There were different Drachms in different Countries. 
 
 '• The Drachma /Egm^a is commonly reckon'd to be equal to 
 I 1 of an Attick Drachm or i o Attick Oholi. ^ The Athenians 
 called it 7roix^(^v °^ thick. ' It was the pay of a Horfeman even 
 amongfl; the Athenians. There is frequent mention made of it in 
 Hippocrates. 
 
 ^ There is mention likewife made of the Corinthian Drachm, but 
 it's value is uncertain ; it is fuppos'd by {bme Authors equal to the 
 Attick. 
 
 8 The ^Egyptian Drachm according to Cleopatra was equal to an 
 OholMs or the 6 th part of the Attick Drachm. 
 
 There were coin'd likewife the Parts and Multiples of a Drachma, 
 the ^ Semidrachma, ^ Didrachmum, ' Tridrachmum, and '' Tetradrachmiim, 
 which was called the ' T7\ctv^ or Owl, likewife ""Pentadrachmum, 
 and " Hexadrachmum. In (bme Authors you find the word 
 
 ''Pen- 
 
 e Hefychius. ^ Julius Pol. lib. ^iKxi' (miv 
 
 yi^ a'^chif ATlr/.h i^vsr) nf 0/ oiSmcuoi Ta^^f 
 Jfi.-X}J-hv iKoik'iV, //.iffn Tov iiyiftlTuy, di- 
 yiyaJAV KiKHV iJ.» ^'tKavl'.i. e Thucyd. hift. S- 
 f Thucyd. Hift- 1. « /e m ts '^^jr'tKO. fZ' ^» 
 
 ».'\tti, vivlH'yl* "^P^X/^*? «aT«9i;'1« X5f/c9i*s 
 
 Avm. 8 Cleopatra, i'e^yfj.n j^ a.K\n of^dw 
 'iof K».KnT!uaty'j-/]ia.Ki\3 mit iKrov /jLipot ^ "^ 
 'Irliy-nf J'£^yjJL«(, iywfn l?>',hlv a.. •• Jul. 
 
 Pollux. "' Ariftoph. in Pace. k Cicero 
 
 Epift. lib. iz. 1 Interpres Ariftoph. txAnSn o 
 TO vo/xiiTui "ji TiT'i.i'fia.yixw tItI h yKaOc. 
 ■"Numifma Cyrenaeorum apud Pollucem. 
 n Hefychius, & Ariftotelcs lib. 2. Occonomic.
 
 Weights and Meafuresy &cc. 27 
 
 • Pentecontadrachmum, or 50' Drachms, which if it vetc a Silver 
 Coin, muft have been very large. 
 
 ^ When the word d^yv^U is join'd with a number, it is to be 
 underftood o^ Drachms. 
 
 ^ There is mention made of Ba?, Bos, the Ox, (o called from 
 the Stamp •, ' it is reputed equal to the Didrachmum, ' and was coin'd 
 both of Gold and Silver. This Coin was perhaps one of the 
 ancienteft of all in Greece 5 it is mention'd by Julius Pollux and fe- 
 veral other Authors, who (ay it was known to Horner, and he is 
 thought to allude to it, when he fpeaks ofGlaucus exchanging his 
 Golden Armour, that were worth 100 Oxen, for the Brafs one of 
 Diomedes : from whence it would follow that this Armour muft not 
 have been entirely of Gold, becaufe a j2»y? being only a Didrach- 
 mm, as Pollux affirms, and is likewife plain from Arijlofhanes ; 
 tl\e Armour according to this way of reckoning was worth a very 
 fmall Sum. 
 
 0^oAoV> Oholus, (o called from the form of a Spit, becaufe 
 it was coined in an oblong fhape. 
 
 There are mentioned the Semioholi, the DuohoUj the TriohoU and 
 Tetroboli, 
 
 'XotA?ioV a {mall Brafs Coin, the (?th part of an Oholus, Di- 
 chalcus the third part of an Oholus. 
 
 " There is even mention'd the Aivfiov, the (eventh part of an Oholus. 
 
 " The 'Etoltyi^j fo called from weighing. Stater as a weight fig- 
 nifies a pound. They were coin'd both of Silver and Gold, but 
 moft commonly of the latter. They were of different Weights 
 and Names, according to the different Princes and Countries who 
 coin'd them, as 
 
 Philippick, Alexandrian Daricks, fome were Didrachmi, others 
 Tetradrachmi. 
 
 E z The 
 
 o Apud Platoncm & Jul. Pollucem. _ 
 P Athenseus lib. 4. 1 to 3 TnKaiiv toto hd^n- 
 
 iyjiTUTaUiifm: t Pollux lib. 9. ly h rn TA^ 
 
 )ij sTiJ'i^ kaV ix.et.Tov SSv ^u'o S'fjiyjt.i.f drJiKeif. 
 s Scholiaftes Homeri sV-ara/ ^t^y -riutif i^ioi, » 
 sjcarsc yj'jriiv youKJ-fiATu:: t Suidas o^oAof 'S 
 T*p' dSnvciiois er "^'/jL^xav. u Suidas yjtKv^i 
 Kirrjay ^, x Julius Pollux & SuiJas.
 
 28 Tables of Ancient Coins ^ 
 
 The followinc^ Coins are likewife mentioned in Authors. 
 ^ Ko^w, the Maid, fo called from the figure of Pallasy equal in 
 value to a Tetradrachm. 
 
 ' XgAtot/^), the Shell, (b called from the Type, of uncertain value. 
 
 * SyVi^oAof, Symholum, a fmall Coin of uncertam value. 
 
 ' Aenlig, fo called from its (mallneis, it was equal to u of the 
 Ceratiuniy which was 4 of the Oholus. 
 
 ^Lv^eioiy a StmUrachma, or Trioholus: 
 
 ^ Ki(^a(^ogy i of an Eutheia. 
 
 ^ KpctTTOLTctAMg, Crapatallus, equal to 8 Eutheia, consequently 
 equal to a Tetradrachm. 
 
 ' Teoi^moVy Trcezeniunty with a Pallas on one fide and a Trident 
 on the reverfe j it was of uncertain value. 
 
 * KoAAyjSo^, fuppofed equal to the Roman Sejlertius. 
 ' Kvh.hvvoV) a fmall Coin of uncertain value.. 
 'KoAJ,a^6)J', Colymhumy of uncertain value. 
 
 * y^iPfjLCL fignifymg a fmall Coin fit to exchange a greater, from 
 whence K^^jLciTi^etv to exchange Money. 
 
 ^ OoAAi? a fott of an Oholus. 
 
 ' AY]jULOLpinov^ (o called from Vemareta the wife of Gelon. 
 
 ^ Air^OL, which fignifies Lihra 2l pound weight, is likewife a 
 name for a fmall Coin equal to an JEiginaan Oholus. 
 
 ' There is likewife mention made of Ovlyictt or the Uncia, 
 which the Sicilians borrowed from the Roman Lihra. 
 
 "^ Koi^pdiln?} quadrans, or the fourth part of an Oholus. 
 
 r^v, a fiiiall piece of Coin ufed proverbially. 
 
 ° 'A&Tcipiov, ufed for the As, and fometimes for the Oholus, 
 
 ^TlihoLVo^, equal to 4 Chalei. 
 
 J Jul. PoUus lib. 9. 2 Pol. ibid. Su'^foXoc 
 
 ^crt.yi 'i^'.'Hn.-i.Tir/. » i.iTOixif ri V0'j.\iTii!tTei<. 
 
 « L. Caelius lib. lO. cap. 2. b Jul. Pollux 
 
 lib. 9. "= Paufanias in CoriiUhiacis. d Hefy- 
 chius & Pollux lib. 3, & 7. e PolJux lib. 9. 
 tin j^'aiv y^ K'o>.K\jvov,Ki-ir](iV 71 voMtxuJ.Tiov. f Sui- 
 das KcK\iiJiC»>v S^o{ voiJ-WixaTOf. g Suidas inter- 
 prctatur /.ifMira, rd hi-ZI'iTaT^, hoc eft, mi- 
 nutifiimos nummos. •» Hefychius in voce 
 
 xe/^a??"* fie ait; xo/^w^W li a-XK, n n 7i7ft.(- 
 
 Tov Twf ip^K'-af. i Polluxjib. 9. JniMcL^mw 
 
 rpof KiCueti -TToMiJ-ov <tTop2'^7'5" a.'j7*t r Kof/xoy 
 UTHTctu'vn ■yra.p* Tav yvvoDtuv a"i/f;^aipsi/(ra<rct 
 v'afjKrixA «xo4.*To. It Pollux lib. 9. *^ ^ iv ei' 
 ■ipiyafTn"" 'roKiTnif., ^hjiv ap/roTs/oj, tnuiv- 
 3^ T/c* 7etd)i<iii]el, AiToa/c /JvtSjt^ 5 T A/T<5«i» 
 
 -;e'o\oK iiytvtaoi'. 1 Pollux lib. 9. n> Hefy- 
 chius. o Suidas diadpia, oCo\oi. p Hefy-
 
 Weights and Meafures^ Sec. 
 
 '^'O^ohKOU, Cretian Oholi. 
 
 ' Na/J-ict irom Nummusy interpreted likewijfe OhoU. 
 ^MsAiarctj Melijfa, an Oholus. 
 
 The vaft number of fmall Governments in Greece occafioned 
 a great variety of names of Coins. 
 
 T^he Mina Attica of Silver. 
 
 A/f N A, ^i'l^a Attica, contain'd i oo Drachma or Denarii, and the 
 Tables proceed on that principle in reckoning Sums of Mo- 
 ney, where a Mina is made 3 /, 4 x. yd. 
 
 Thus Dionyjius Halicarnajfeus in reckoning up the Roman Cenfus 
 makes the feveral ClafTes fland thus : 
 
 Fifth, Mina XII. cum femife, or ^ris XII. millia cum femijfe 
 
 Fourth, MinaXXV. j£ris XXV. millia 
 
 Third, Mina L. y£m L. millia 
 
 Second, Mina LXXV. j£ris LXXV. millia 
 
 Firft, Mina C. ^ris C Millia. 
 
 In the fifth Cenfus he differs from Livy, who makes it XI millia 
 jiEris, which is fome miftake or falfe reading ; for in the reft rhey 
 are exa£lly the fame, making the Mina equal to 100 Denarii or 
 1000 aJcs: for it was c<^ual to fo much of Roman money, as ap- 
 pears by comparing two paflages, one of " Appianus and another of 
 ' Suetonius. For, fpeaking of a Congiarium given by Cafar, the former 
 calls it a Mina, and the other calls it quadringenos Sejlertios, which 
 is equal to 1 000 Ajfes, or 1 00 Denarii. 
 
 'The old Attick Mina at firft contain'd 7 5 Drachma., but after- 
 wards Solon augmented it to 1 00 j as Plutarch relates. And befides 
 
 hira 
 
 29 
 
 q Helychiu$o/oAjttt<,of<iAo( xf«T«<; r Idem. 
 
 f Idem. lAiKiM-r, ofoAoj, Of 'Sb ukpof J'pa.-^^/jLni. 
 t Plutarch in Solone iKo-rcv jS t-ro'irsi J^ptty- 
 ^wt^r^itti. » Appiaims lib. 2. Bell. Civil. , 
 
 * Sueton. in Cacfare. 
 Jltad ofreiuf reads int']i. 
 
 y Plutarch, in Solone. 
 
 ' T uviv. -rpoTS^sr 
 
 But Agricola <a-
 
 5© Tables of /Ancient Coim^ 
 
 him " Pollux, Suidas and * Hippocrates affirm that the Af/w^ Solonis 
 was equal to lOO J)rachm£. 
 
 ''The Af/>w /4mV<? was the ^oth part of the leflcr Aitick Tale fit. 
 
 Of fome Afiatick and Barbarian Coins. 
 
 1^ l^odpo^o?, Cijlophorusy was a Rhodian Coin, fb called from the 
 Stamp of a Cijla upon it. Fejlus Pompeius (aith that 7500 
 of them was equal to 400 Denarii-, confequently, a Denarius being 
 ■J id. 3. Cijlopkorus mufl be about 4 ^^. 
 
 This Coin is mention'd both by " Li'vy and '' Cicero. 
 
 laAfVtoi/, fo called from lalyjium, a City in Rhodes. This Coin is 
 mentioned by Hefychius. 
 
 ' TmS'iov vofJLidfXCL, fo called from the Ifland Tenedos. On one 
 fide of it there was an Ax, and on the reverfc two heads on one 
 Neck. For there was a certain King of Tenedos who made a 
 Law that Adulterers fhould be beheaded, both the man and wo- 
 man. It happening afterwards that his own Son was found to 
 be guilty of Adultery, the Law was put in execution againfl himj 
 and after he was beheaded, the Ax of Tenedos was u{ed as a pro- 
 verb to denote cruelty. And in memory of the death of this per- 
 (on, the foremention'd Stamp was put on the Coin. 
 
 ^ OjULn^og, a Coin of the Smyrn£ansy (b called from Uoytter whom 
 they clauii to be their Countryman. 
 
 Tv^^ov vojuua-jULCi, of the value o^ aTetradrachniy is mentioned by 
 Suidas and ^ Jofephus. 
 
 "Ely hog is mentioned by Hejychiusy and reckon'd by him, in 
 one place worth 8 Anick Oholi, in another, worth 2. Drachms j and 
 
 by 
 
 z Pollux lib. 9. a Hippocrates lib. 5-. cap 
 
 12. De coinpoiit. Medicam. *> Suidas in voce 
 
 oSohoi;. « '■$ fj.va. eriiz-oroi' ejj ts TaKu'lii. 
 c Livius lib. 7. Decad. 4. <• Cicero lib. 2. 
 
 Epilt. I. ad Atticum. e Stephanus de Urbi- 
 
 bUS. M fjL£\Mv, Z< flltr/f df:ITOTi\i'.S cy rn Tsi'i- 
 /(«!' ■TToKirtiiL, 5T/ ^itsiXi-U rif l» T-fiJ^a v'ouov 
 iSius, T y.ATitKttiJ-CMOila. iJLuy^U dv^j^^v -jih-c-^n 
 a.i/.poT'ip>ss. i-re.J'ii '■^ <rvtiCn t ijiv avTbi 
 
 Atljflm'SU fXOr/h', iKVfUSi J^ ifej j/iK 
 
 To/Jiivav. i'td rkii (pufiv, c7n n van'iafjLitTti! rSo¥ 
 TiViJ^iav K-'xa.fa.'/Pau c* JjC to iripa fApet t5A«- 
 f.vv, irri 3 ri iT'pu </*Jo Ki(pa.Kd! u( vTof/.yitffir 
 T« 'sfe* 'f 'TrruJ'et To.dnf/.ct.Tof. f Strabo lib. 
 
 14. g Lib. 14. cap. 2. De Bcllo Judaic.
 
 Weights and Meafures^ &:c. 
 
 by Xenophon it is faid to be worth 7 \ Attich OhoU. It was a 
 Perjian Coin. There were likewise /Egyptian (riyhoi of 1 € Attick 
 Drachms value : which Coins feem to have had their name from 
 the Shekel of the Jenvs. 
 
 Aavwof vofJLiTfJLCL or S^anmi a Perfian Money mentioned by Pol- 
 lux. 
 
 ^ AaVGLKY}, a piece of money given to the dead to pay their 
 freight over Acheron. 
 
 ' AoLVOLYii a money of the Barbarians worth fbmewhat more than 
 an Oholus. This was (aid alfo to be given to the dead : Lucian in 
 his Dialogues fays that in his Time an Oholus was the common Eire 
 for Charon, but in Arijlophanes he asks two Oboli. 
 
 '^TAA(^ is mention'd by Pollux as a piece of money. 
 
 Suidas {peaks of a Cyrenaan Coin, which had on one fide Ham- 
 mon, and on the other the Silphium a fort of Herb. From which 
 the Succm Cyreniacus was exprefTcd. 
 
 '' yiioL is mentioned hyThucydides either as a Coin or Sum of Mo- 
 ney, fuppofed to be fb called from Chios. 
 
 TiToXifJidiiTioV} fb called from Ptolemy. 
 
 Bi^ivUiov vojULiiTjULct, fo Called from Queen Berenice that coin'd it. 
 
 Thefe two Coins are mention'd by Pollux. 
 
 KevcLV^aov vofjUG-jULciy mentioned by Hefychiusy {b called from Ary- 
 andes, who was made Governour of ^^ypt by Cambyfes the Son 
 of Cyrus. 
 
 Ko^o-tViov, Ukewife called Cerfaus, an /Egyptian Coin fpoken of 
 by Hefychius. 
 
 Zvvi<^^ov vofJLKTiJLci mentioned by Hefychius. 
 
 T^oTtcu a certain Coin mention'd by the fame. 
 
 ^i7\i<Fi^iov voiLiicrfJict likewife fpoken of by him. 
 
 Ki^(rcL is faid by Hefychius to be an Afatick Coin. 
 
 AU^yo9 
 
 31 
 
 h Suidas. tSto w/zi^r/z^Tsf Ir/K ocoju*, o to7< 
 
 f) AfCdLein.lv, /yftt/zefov -xkUv oCokS ohiya tivi. 
 k Thucyd. lib, 8. o 3 /xiV/ct£?{ iv tb't^j x) eu 

 
 32 Tables of /Indent Coins, 
 
 AUpolvov & (S'^^clTov vojuio-fJLciy as the name imports, had two 
 heads like the Roman Coin with a Janus b'tfrons, and that of Tene- 
 dos formerly mention'd. 
 
 ''Lnix^Tov, a Coin faid by Hefych'ms to be made of Silver or 
 Lead. 
 
 XoLT^Koii an /Egyptian Coin of the weight of a Drachma, both 
 Silver and Gold. 
 
 QoL(riog, a Coin weif^hing four Drachma. 
 
 KiV(roi; was either a Coin, or a certain Sum of Money. 
 
 "HfJ.ci^ov> a Cyzicenian Coin mention'd by Hefychius. 
 
 Of the Talent. 
 
 'AAct^loi/, or Talentim, has a great many Significations. In 
 
 Hoiner it commonly fignifies a Balance: and therefore the 
 
 Grammarians derive it from TKrwcUy dno ra t7\y\vou to ^ct^og, 
 
 becaufe it fupports a weight : from hence comes TctActyliCOi tol- 
 
 hOLvldcti, & TdTKCJLvlivod) which fignify to hang or weigh. 
 
 The Romans borrowed the word Takntum from the Greehj but 
 they (eldom ufed it, except when they fpoke of Gracian or Ajia- 
 tick affairs -, and when they had occafion to tranflate Greek Authors. 
 Terence and Plautus who took their fables from thofe Writers, u(e 
 it commonly. 
 
 ToLhOLvlov (fiith Pollux lib. 5).) ^eyifoi/ 2<^i x^^'^'^^ ^ ct^yv^ia 
 fApog. And Epiphanius lib. i . defines it Co : tclKclvIov s<7hT0 yVg^- 
 l^cihhov TfoLV caQjULC^iuLiVov fjLiT^ov. By both which is meant that a 
 Talent was the biggeft of all weights. /uLiT^ov with the Greeks fig- 
 nified in general the meafure of things by the bulk, whether dry 
 or hquid, and alio the meafure of weights and diftances. 
 
 A Talent was twofold, fignifying either Co much weight or a 
 fum of money : the value of it differ'd according to the different 
 Ages and Countries in which it was ufed. 
 
 Every
 
 JVeights and Me a fur es^ &c. 55 
 
 Every Talent confifts of ^o Min^^ and every Mhia of i oo Drachma^ 
 but the Talents differ in weight according to the different Mince 
 and Drach'ifice of which they were compos'd : there was an ancient 
 Attick Talent (aid to confiil of 80 Mina^ and Authors diftinguifli 
 that from the Taknt of (Jo Min^. This is what * Lhy means, 
 when he fpeaks o£ Antiochus's Tribute of i looo Talents to be 
 paid in 1 1 years in equal Sums, every Talent to be no lefs than 
 80 Roman Pounds; this great T^/^w^ is hkewife gather'd from Plaii- 
 tus in his MoJIellaria, when Tranio faith there were four times 40 
 Mina owing, Shno anfwcrs, then we muft have as many Talents 
 as you and I, that is two. But all this may mean that the old 
 Attick Talent was tben fallen in value. A Talent of 80 Roman 
 Libra would make the Mina equal to i j of the Libra : which if 
 it was the numerary Pojido, would make the Talent of 8 o Attick 
 Mina •, if it is the Pondcral Libra, then it will make the Mina of 
 7c 08 Grains, about our A'verdufois Pound. 
 
 The lefTer Attick T^/^w? contain'd 60 Mina Attica. Suidas (mhy 
 Tct7\av}ov fJLVUv S91V i^wovlci- And Pollux lib. <). tolKolvIov t« 
 cL^yveAH YiS'vvoLTO i^nxoyJo. ^voig cLrliKcig. Rhemnius has the fol- 
 lowing verfes. 
 
 Cecrofium fuperejl poji hac docuijfe talentum : 
 Sexaginta Minasy feu ms fex millia Drachmas. 
 6)iuod fummum doBis perhibetur pondus Athenis. 
 
 Talentum Euboicum, fo called from Euboea an Ifland near the coall 
 of Attica, is mention'd by '' Liijy. Some think it to be the fame 
 with the Attick Talent, becaufe both thofe Countries ufed the fame 
 weights. For the Mitm Euboica was centenaria^ or confilledof 100 
 Draclm^e Attica, as well as the Attick Mina. ' Herodotus faith the 
 Babylonian Talent was equal to 70 Mina Euboica, and ^ Pollux afEr- 
 meth that it was equal to 7000 Drachma /Attica; whence it fol- 
 
 F lows 
 
 a Livius lib. 3S. Argcnti probi duodecim I- pondo ofloginta Romaiiis pondenbus pendat. 
 millia Attica Talcnta dato intra duodecim an- *> Liv. lib. 8. Decad. 4. c Herodot. lib. 3. 
 nos penfionibus xquis. Talentum ne minus I <* Pollux I'b. 9.
 
 54 Tables of Ancient Coinh 
 
 lows that 70 Min£ Euhoica were equal to 7000 Drachma Attica, 
 and con{eq uently one Mina Euhoica equal to 100 Drachmce Attica, 
 which is exadly the number of Drachma in the Atttck Mina. 
 
 It was by the Euhoean Talent, that Darius King o£ Perjia order'd 
 the Gold in his Dominions to be paid him. 
 
 TaJentmn jEginaum, Co called from the Ifland JEgina on the 
 coail of Greece, contain'd <jooo ^ginaan Drachma, which accord- 
 ing to Pollux make 10000 At tick Drachma, " A. Gellius takes a 
 Talent or loooo Drachma for the lame, and makes ic loooo 
 Denarii in Roman money, and in Engli/b money 
 
 ^Talentum Rhodium, according to a pafTage in Fejlus Pompeius, is 
 much lefs than it is made in the Tables, being only worth 4000 
 Denarii , but there is a great dilpute about this paflfage, and it is 
 (uppos'd to be corrupted : for it is contradidted by another of the 
 fame Author, where he fiith that the Rhodian Talent is equal to 
 4000 Cijophori and 500 Denarii. 
 
 ^ Talentum Bahylonicum, according to Herodotus, is equal to 7 o 
 Euhoick or Attick Mina. Pollux affirms the fame thing, and {b 
 doth Julian. 
 
 ^ The Syrian Talent is equal to i 5 Attick Mina, or 1500 At- 
 tick Drachns. 
 
 ' The ALgyptian Talent, as by the Table, confided of 80 Attick 
 Mina. Darius the Son of Hyjlafpes the Monarch of Perjia, orde- 
 red his Silver to be paid in Babylonian Talents, and his Gold in 
 Euhoick. 
 
 There is (bme diverfity of opinions in Authors about fixing 
 the value of thofe Talents : the Tables are made on the bed Infor- 
 mation I could get. 
 
 There is another Talent much older and much left than any 
 of the above-mentioned, which we may call the Homerical Talent 
 of Gold, fuppos'd to be equal to 3 Attick Aurei. Pollux /peaks 
 of fuch a Talent. Eujiathius upon Homer reckons it worth 24 
 
 Drachma: 
 
 e In hift. Demoflhenis & Laidis. f Feftus Pomp, lib/ 18. g Herodot. lib. 3. h Pol- 
 lux lib. 9. i Plin. lib. 33. cap. 3.
 
 Weights and Meafures, Sec. 35: 
 
 Drachma : perhaps it may be of uncertain value, but that it was 
 
 an inconfiderable Sum, is conjedured from the pafTage of HomeVy 
 
 where defcribing the prizes at the fiineral of Patroelusy he puts 
 
 them in the following order. Firft, The captive woman and a 
 
 Tripody Second, a Mare big with Foal ; Third, a Kettle j Fourth, 
 
 two Takfi^s of Gold ; Fifdi, a Brafs Vial. Where the two Ta- 
 
 lenti of Jo. ^ are propos'd as the mod inconfiderable prize but one. 
 
 Several Authc.-s write, that amongft the old Greeks a Talent of 
 
 Gold was very {niall^ and the conjedure of the learned Bilhop of 
 
 Bath and Wells {eems to be well founded, '' that tliis Talent of 
 
 ' Gold, tho' not equinumerant (\(roi^i^(jLov the Phrafe is) nor yet 
 
 ^equiponderant ('Ic-ofaVtoi/) as to any other j yet was equivalent 
 
 ' {{(TQS'vvcLfJLOv) to fome correfpondent Talent in BraG, whatfoever 
 
 ' it was, whofe under parts kept the common proportion between 
 
 ' themfelves •, a Talent we may fuppole of the Phoeniciansy the 
 
 ' great Merchants remembred by Homer. For Example, if we 
 
 ' take the value of Gold to Silver to have anciently been, as 
 
 ' ten to one ; the rate it bore for a long time in Greece. And 
 
 *" if we fuppofe the value of Silver to the Brafs of the Cyprians, 
 
 ' or Coppery to have been with their neighbours the Phcenicians, 
 
 ' as one to a hundred (and for a long time it has fince generally 
 
 ' went not much above that value :) we then have fix Attick (or 
 
 ' Tyrian) Drachma's weight of Gold equal in value to fix thouCind 
 
 ' Drachma's weight of Brafs. 
 
 According to this ancient Talent fbme reckon the Treafure of 
 King Da'vidy particularly that mention'd i Chronicles xxii. Noiv 
 lehold in my Trouhle I ha've prepared for the Houfe of the Lord a 
 hundred thoufand Talents of Gold, and a thou f and thoufand Talents of Si her : 
 which according to the common reckoning would aniount in 
 Gold Talents to the value of ^ 47,5 00,000 /. and the Silver to 
 above 341,000,000/. 
 
 Or reckoning according to the decuple proportion of Gold to 
 Silver, the two Sums would be equal. 
 
 F 3. Jofephus
 
 3 5 Tables of Ancient Coins', 
 
 Jofephus lib. 7. Antiquit. mentioning the famepaflfagc, calls both 
 the Gold and Silver but 100,000 Talents, by which it feems he 
 fpoke according to (bme more modern calculation. 
 
 Va'vid reigned in JudiCa after the Siege of Troyy as may be ga=- 
 ther'd from the Chronicles ot Eufehius ^ fo that it is no ways im- 
 probable but Bomer and he might u(e the (ame numeral Tale7it of 
 Gold. 
 
 ^ Both PoUiix and Suidas inform us of a particular way of 
 reckoning by Talents in the more early times \ viz. Tertiurn Semr- 
 talenttm fignified z \ Talents, quintum femitalenttim fignified 4 \ Ta- 
 lents, feptimum femitalenttim fignified 6 ^ Talents, and in /liort 
 whatever number was join'd to Semitalentum fignified the immedi- 
 ate forecroina number of Talents, and half a Talent more. 
 
 It's plain that the Latins admitted this way of reckoning (bme- 
 times, from the word Sejlertius, which fignifies tertius femis, or 
 z ^ Ajfes; and in the Law of the XII Tables pes tertius h put 
 for z feet and 4. 
 
 CHAP. V. 
 
 Of the Jewifli Coins ^ in which their JVeights are 
 
 likewife coYifdefd, 
 
 As the Ro7nans reckoned by Sejlertii and Denarit, the Greeks 
 hy Drachms, Co the Hehrenvs reckon'd their Sums of Money 
 by Shekels; which is a word (as thofe skill'd in the Hebrew 
 fay) which comes from a verb Sakal, which fignifies to weigh; 
 it was called by the Greeks (rlKhog and criy?\o<;' The Perjtans and 
 
 ^Egyptians 
 
 k Pollux MyajLA 3 « yjf'fiim, K. i\ n -ri/jt-'rlov tftv nvai /«, ear/* XC/ofjt.o/, 75 «xT»>'> ni> 3 Tpiror, 
 jiu/TaAaf'/ij,;^ iCJ'ojJ.ovifj.iTa.KavJov.nTicjdfittii^i-lTii S'Co. aCv 3 tocVw tb nfxifVTeiKttyJov Tf'ia. nfxi-- 
 <rv Ta.ha.v]a., n cTJo n/z/a-f, « ?? wy./irt/ xj %Kaf iTtoffvATciKiQtt. x'iytiv, a{ x) rfia, »ijh[jlkua ^ {Aictv ti^'im
 
 Weights and Meafures^ Sec. 37 
 
 /Egyptians made ufe of the fame word, to exprefs a certain Coin, 
 The following Tables are founded upon the R^^^/w/WSuppoflti- 
 on, and that of Dr. Cumherland late Bifhop of Peterborough^ ^iz: 
 that the weight of a Shekel is half a Roman or half 
 an Ounce Averdupoisy which according to Dr. Cumherland is 
 z I 5» Grains, Troy weight, according to the fuppofition m the Ta- 
 bles z I 8 i, which perhaps may be a miftake ; but as I faid be- 
 fore, the proportion of the Averdupois Ounce to the Troy Ounce, 
 that was given me as a true one, was 51 to 5 <?. The differencs 
 is very inconfiderable, being only i of a Grain in half an Ounce. 
 
 This value of the Shekel has been coUefted from the experiment 
 of weighing {everal remaining Shekels. From the teftirnony of the 
 later Ancients the Bifliop of Peterborough quotes that of St. Jerome 
 on the 4th Chapter o[ Ezekiel, who affirms the Shekel to contain 
 four Drachms of: the Latin Ounce : and is agreeable to the con- 
 current teftimonies of all the Rabbins. According to this weight 
 and the value of Silver, fuppos'd to be in the Tables at 5 Shillino-s 
 the Ounce, the Shekel muff be in Englijh Money zs. 3 {^d. for 
 which fradion -^ of a Penny, I have put ; for (bme conveniency 
 in computation, and approaching nearer to the real value of our 
 Silver: The difference beins; lefs than 4 of a Farthins;. 
 
 But becaufe I will conceal nothing, that may tend to the irir- 
 fbrmation of my Reader, I muft acquaint him that the learned 
 Bifhop oi Bath and Wells is of opinion, *' that the Talmudical 
 " Je'ws have deliver'd to us a very different value of the old He- 
 " hrei}) Coins, from what fome great Men of their own nation, 
 " Philo and Jofephus, had formerly given us ; and that for exam- 
 *' pie, v/hen thefe had rated a Shekel to us at near 2 7 z of our 
 "^ Grains, and a quarter Shekel^ at (JS, thofe have lower'd the She- 
 *'' kel to z 1 5), and brought down the Zuza to an equality witfi 
 ^' the Roman Drachma :" and what the Bifliop faith is indeed true. 
 * For Jofephus reckons the half Shekel or what they call the Siclus 
 prof anus, as a Didrachm, and puts for 5000 (\xq\\ Shekels fjLv^ict?- 
 ■ ^ ^ ^eS^Xl^dgi 
 
 a Jofeph. lib. 3. /s a-lxAof yo^/a-//<t iS^\ov iV ttrlir.Si i'iyireu i^(_ny^i.i twn^^. this a 
 [aid of the Siclus facer.
 
 38 Tables of Ancient Coins ^ 
 
 S'^yacLq : And the (acred Shekel he reckons as a TetvaAYachm ^ 
 ''and fo it is in He£ycJ?h(s. Philo likewifc, who hved in the time of 
 Claudius y pofitively affirms that the Shekel of the Hcbreivs was e- 
 qiial to the Tetradrachn of the Athenians. And this value of the 
 Shekel is the fame which is given it by the LXX Ivterpreters. 
 They render a Shekel of zo Gerahs by Didrachmum the Alexandrian 
 Coin, which was equal to the Attick Tetradrachn. 
 
 The Bifliop fuppoles that St, Jerome and Epiphanius, who are 
 quoted againfl: this opinion, when they mention the proportion of 
 the Je'wip weights to the Lilr*^ and Ounce, mean an Attick Ounce 
 and an Attick Pound greater than the Roman. The Reader will 
 eafily perceive that according to this way of reckoning, the Shekel 
 mufi have weighed 4X^7or4X(J8,4 Grains: which as a Coin 
 would make, z s. 9 {d, or zs. 10 ^d. 
 
 The Type and Inscription of the Shekel was in Hehrenv letters, 
 on one Side SEKEL BISRAELy (that is, a Shekel in Ifrael) 
 with an Altar or Chalice fmoaking Inccnfe: on the reverfe HE- 
 KADOSCH lERUSALAIM (that is, holy Jerufalem) widi 
 Aaron's Rod budding. 
 
 ' The half Shekel was called Beka, from the verb Baka, which 
 {ignifies divided in two parts. It was the fame with the Didrach- 
 muMj or what they call the Siclus profanus. 
 
 The Pole-Tax of the Je^ws under the Government of the Ro- 
 wans was this Didrachm. 
 
 The Zuxa was the fourth part of a Shekel^ for fo the fourth 
 part of a Shekel i Samuel ix. is tranflated by the Chaldee Pa- 
 raphraift. This is not mention'd in the Tables, becaufe not (o 
 common. 
 
 ^ Gerah was die twentieth part of a Shekel, and is underflood 
 to be the fame with Agorah mention'd i Samuel ii. 5 (J. The 
 LXX interpret Gerah an Oholus, which is the fmall Coin that 
 comes theneareft to itj but a Gerah being -,i o^ ^.Tetradrachm, muft 
 
 have 
 
 b Hefychius alii>^o( -r^rr-^i^'^rtyaw <lT\tKov. c Gen. Z4. & Exod. 38. i Exodus 30, & 13. 
 Levit. 27. Numb. 3. 18. Eiekid 45'.
 
 Weights and Meafures-, dec. gp 
 
 have been * of a Drachm, of which the Oholus is the j. Tho' Birtiop 
 Cumberland faith that there are Attick OhoH ftill remaining of i Ofjc 
 Grains mention'd by Mr. Grea-oes, which prove that the weio-ht 
 of the Shekel hath been rightly ftated z i p Grains. 
 
 The greater fums of Money and Weights among the Hehreivs 
 were a Talent and Maneh. A Talent was 3000 Shekels, as appears 
 by Exod. xxxviii. Z5, z6. which runs thus. And the Siher of 
 thetn that 'were numhred of the con^egation, ivas an hundred Talents 
 and a thoufand fe'ven hundred and three/core and fifteen Shekels, after 
 the Shekel of the SanBuary. A Bekah for e^very man, that is half 
 a Shekel, after the Shekel of the SanBuary, for e'very one that ivent 
 to he numhred from twenty years old and upnvard, for fix hundred 
 thoufand, and three thoufand and finje hundred and fifty men. So 
 <>03 5 5o half 5MW^ or 501775 Shekels made 100 Talents and 
 1775 Shekels over: which fubftradted from the former fum leaves 
 300000 equal to 100 Talents, or 3000 5^^Mj- equal to one Ta- 
 lent. 
 
 In the computation of the Maneh, Dr. Cumberland commits a 
 miftake : for the Maneh (faith he) " being fet for a mere weight 
 '^ without reaped to Coinage, contain'd juft 100 Shekels, This 
 **feems clear by the comparing of i Kings vii. 17. (where it is 
 " faid that in each of Solomons Shields there were three Manehs, 
 ** or, as we tranflate it, pounds of Gold) with z Chron. ix. i 6. 
 " where our Tranflation affirms that 3000 Shekels of Gold went 
 " to one of thofe Shields. And indeed tho' the word Shekel be 
 " not in the Original exprcft, yet it muft be underftood ; becaufe 
 '* Ezekiel afllires us, Ezek. xlv. 'iz. that by the Shekel the Maneh 
 *' was adjuftcd. And Pollux lib. 9 cap. 6. affirms, that when we 
 " fay a Golden One, we underftand a g-oLTYJ^ 5 as when we fay a 
 " Silver piece, we mean a Shekel." According to this rate of the 
 Maneh, a Talent would contain 5000 Shekels, whereas it is ac- 
 knowledged by all to contain only 3000. It is plain that the 
 nummary Maneh confifted only of <jO Shekels, for Ezekiel Chap. 
 xlv. li. reckons zo, Z5, and 15 Shekels to the Maneh, which 
 
 make
 
 40 Tables of Ancient Coinsy 
 
 make the number 60. The ponderal Ma?ieh confided only of 
 5 o Shekels. The Talent was the fame in both, confifting of 3000 
 Shekels. 
 
 There is another paffage concerning the weight of Ahfaloms 
 hair, which is (aid to weigh zoo Shekels ^ x Sam. xiv. z6. This 
 Jofephtis calls 5 Min£, which would make the Mina to con fid of 
 40 Shekels, and hath made fome imagine there were Sicli Tridrach- 
 mi. For the clearing of this matter I refer the Reader to the learn- 
 e<i Bifliop of Bath and Wells, in his ingenious enquiry into the 
 State .0^ ancient Weights and Meafures^ fag. 196. tne whole being 
 too long to infert here. 
 
 The Rabbins affirm that the Jenvip Weights and Coins received 
 a confiderable akeration after the Babylonijh Captivity, of which 
 there cannot be a more diilind Account than what is given by the 
 above-mention'd learned Prelate. " The Standard of their Money 
 " under the fecond Temple was | of that under the firft. Thele 
 " new pieces of Money went alfo under different names, than tho{e 
 *' had with which they nearly correiponded. For the f of the 
 *< old ShekeL,\v:is ftyled a Sela-, and the f of a halt Shekel was cal- 
 "■ ed a Tobha ; and the f of a quarter Shekel, a Veinar ^ and the 
 ^' Gera, which was the zo of an old Shekel, and was now to be 
 *^ the Z4 of the new Sela, tho' it remained in the account, yet 
 *' took a new name ; and was termed a Mea. Thefe Chaldaick 
 *^ or Syriack appellations (as all are fo, excepting the Deinar) thefe 
 " new Coins are prefumed to have brought from Babylon : 
 ^' and another Coin was alfo added thence to the old number • 
 *^ which was a double Sela, and ^ of a double Shekel, and called 
 " a Day con. All thefe pieces of money down to the Gera ; or as 
 ^' they call it Mea, which is they fay the loweft Silver piece 5 and 
 *^ alfo the minuter Subdivifions of the weight of that Species into 
 *' Grains, and Perutds ; are with the relation they bear to one a- 
 '^ nother reprefented in the Table fubjoined. 
 
 4 
 
 Peruta
 
 Weights and Meafures^ 5cc, 41 
 
 Peruta o 
 
 2 1 Granum 
 
 ?z 1 i5 1 Mea 
 
 1 Deinai- 
 
 1 Darcon 
 
 
 ij)i 1 p6 6 
 
 
 584 1 ipi 1 iz 
 
 1 2 1 Tobba 
 
 
 768 ?84 1 24 
 
 1 4 1 2 iSela 
 
 
 if^i 1 768 1 48 
 
 18 4 i i 
 
 
 58400 1 ipioo 1 IlOO 
 
 1 200 1 100 1 fO 
 
 if 1 
 
 Maneh or Mani 
 
 a3040oo|iif20oo| 72000 
 
 1 12000 1 6000 1 9000 
 
 1 'foo 
 
 Go i Kibbera 
 
 The Meah is believed, to be a Chaldean word. The ChaJdaan Pa- 
 raphrajl renders Gerah {Exod. xxx. Ezek. xlv.) by Meah, as the LXX 
 does by Oholus. The Sela condfting of 14 Meahs, and the 
 Shekel of 20 Gerah s., the Veinar of (j, and the quarter 5/)^/^^/ of 5, 
 will make the Shekel bigger by one fixth part. The learned Pre- 
 late abovemention'd is ot opinion that this increafe of the Jeniijb 
 money after the Bahylonijh captivity, is but an invention of the 
 RahbinSf and that Jofephus and Philo, who ll:ill make the Je^ifJj 
 ^' shekel ecjual to the Attick Tetradrachm, mud; be allowed to take 
 "^ place before the Compiler of the Miffia, their authentick tradi- 
 " tion, if wrote as early as they would have it, and in the time 
 " of Adrian; and as for the Talmud ox: Comments on that Mifnaj 
 '^' they are undoubtedly late compofitions of hearfays, and taken 
 **^ up at a great diftance from the times they (peak of. 
 
 He has given a moll ingenious reafon for this invention : which 
 I will (et down in his own words. '^ For when upon the deftru- 
 " dion of the Temple by Titus, the Jeivs were conftrained to pay 
 ^' the h.a.\f shekel yearly due to That, into the Roman Treafury-, it 
 " was then their mtereft to bring this offering to a low Ellimate, 
 " at (bme favourable opportunity : And this they might efFeifl, to 
 " the diminution of it to a fixth part, if they could perfuacic one 
 " of the mild Emperors after Hadrian, who had not been provoked 
 <' by them, Alexander for example, that fuch Shekels as had 
 " been coined by their late Princes, fuch as they now fliew to per- 
 " fuade us into that opinion, were the old ones in which that 
 
 G "duty
 
 42 Tables of Ancient Coins^ 
 
 *' duty was to be paid by their Law. And (uch a perfuafion 
 *^ micfht be the more acceptable to the Romans ^ becaufe it gave 
 " their Standard (b high an Antiquity, and made it as old as Mo- 
 " fes. For fuch a notion from the Je'ws would have been as flac- 
 " tering now to their Mailers, as the Coinage had been before: 
 " And they might by it claim fome kindred with them, as their 
 *^ Anceftors had prepared for it before; when in their exigence 
 " they challenged kindred with the Spartans ; who, as Dionyfius Ha- 
 '* Ucarnajfetts tells us, had a better title to that ambitious pretence. 
 
 He propofes the Phanician money as a medimn to attain ,the 
 knowledge of the HehreiVy for (everal very weighty confiderations ; 
 particularly the Tyrian Talent is (aid by ancient Authors to be equal 
 to the Attick. 
 
 There is mention made in the Scriptures of a Kejttah or Lamb, 
 G(n. xxxiii. i p . And he bought a parcel of a field, 'where he had 
 fpread his Tent, at the hand of the Children of Hamor Shechems fa- 
 ther, for an hundAed pieces of money, {Kefitoth, luhich Jignifies 
 Lambs. E'very one gaq)e hi?n a piece of money, Job xlii. 
 1 1 . This piece of Money was fo called from the Stamp of a 
 Lamb. 
 
 When the word Kefeph is put with a number in the Old TeJIa- 
 ment, and rendered in our tranflation pieces of Money, it is com- 
 monly underflood of Shekels. 
 
 In the new Tejlament the Coins commonly mcntion'd are the 
 Roman Denarius, the As, the Affarium, Matth. x. zp. determin'd 
 by Cleopatra to be j of the As : 6)uadrans, \ of an As. Matth. v. 
 x6. and the half of the ^adrans called MttIov, which we tranflate 
 a Mite. 
 
 CHAP.
 
 Weights and Meajures^ 6cc. 
 
 43 
 
 CHAP. VI. 
 
 Oj the Proportion of the Value of Gold to Stiver 
 amongfl the Ancient s^i and of their Gold Coins. 
 
 TH E lowed Rate of Gold we find mention'd amongfi: the 
 Romans, came from an accidental caufe. The vafl: quan- 
 tity of Gold which Julius C^far had got by plundering 
 Cities and Temples (which, as Suetonius faith, he dcftroy'd from a 
 motive of CovetoufiieG, rather than Revenge) made it fuch a druo-, 
 that "he exchanged a Pound of Gold for 3000 Nummi ; In 3 o o o Nuin- 
 mi there arc 7 5 o Denarii, and in a pound 8 4 Denarii ; therefore ac- 
 cording tothis Reckoning, the proportion of the value of Gold to 
 that ot Silver is as 7 5 o to 8 4, or as i 2 3 to 14, which is nearly as p 
 to I . Some Authors from this paffage of Suetonius infer that the 
 proportion was 7 ^ to i 5 but this miltake arifcth from their con- 
 fidering the Roman Ounce as confifting of 8 Denarii as the At- 
 tick, whereas it confined but of {even. 
 
 The moft common, conftant, and ftated rate of Gold to Sil- 
 ver was the Decuple, which ^ Julius Pollux confirms from Menander 
 the Poet, calling a Talent of Gold S'iKOLTcLxa.vlov- 
 
 " Thus Hefychius from Pokmarchus j An Aureus is z Drachms, 
 mid a Drachm of Gold is luorth i o Drachms of Siher. ^ The fame 
 proportion is allign'd by Li'vy, it being permitted to the Italians 
 to pay one Taletit of Gold for i o of Silver. The fame proportion 
 is allowed by ' Suidas. 
 
 G 2 The 
 
 a Suet, in Csfare cap. 54. In Gallia fana 
 tcmplaque Deum, donis retcrta expilavit, urbes 
 diruit, Ixpius ob prxdam quam ob dclidum ; 
 unde faSum ell, ut auro abundarcc, teruifque 
 millibus nummum in libras promercale per Ica- 
 liam provinciafque diveiidercc. b Lib. 9. 
 
 d Livius lib. 8. Dec. 4. Si proargento aurum 
 dare mallcnt, dare" convenit, dum pro argentcis 
 decern aureus unus valeret. e S^e^iy^iJ^n j oa/.i) 
 
 /
 
 44- Tables of Ancient CoinSy 
 
 The duodecupJe proportion is mention'd by Plato in Hipparcho, 
 who makes Silver to Gold S'ohy.ci<^cL<Tio\i' 
 
 Stanifaus Grfepfius a learned Polander endeavours to eftablidi the 
 dmdecuple proportion among the JiijjSy by comparing fome para- 
 ges of Scripture together, and with others in Jofephus. But I be- 
 lieve they will hardly prove his point. The proportion of the 
 value of thofe Metals amongfl; the J-eivs, was the fame as amongft 
 their neighbour Nations. 
 
 There is another proportion afTign'd for the Claflical age, "viz. 
 that of 1 2. •! to I : Which they fay is plain, becaufe the Roman An- 
 reusi fuppofing it equal to the Atticl Didrachfi, was exchang'd for 
 Z5 Denarii. This indeed is evident ^ for Centura Aureiy the tee of 
 Advocates in Ulpian, is cxprefs'd by Tacitus, dena Sejlertia. That 
 is IOC Aurei are equal to loooo Nummi; or i Anreus equal to 
 I oo Nummi : from which it follows that i Drachms of Gold were 
 Vv'orth 15 in Silver, 100 Nummi being zj Drachma ot Denarii. 
 And the Centeni Nummi of ^Tacitus is called by ^Suetonius a.n Au- 
 reus, both of them fpeaking of the Liberality of Otho to Galhas 
 Guards. 
 
 Dion affirms diredly that an Aureus was worth z 5 Drachma, 
 which Xiphilmus reads Z5 Denarii. 
 
 But here a difficulty ariteth ; for it was as certainly known that 
 the Attick ^?/m chancred at the rate of zo Drachma of Silver for 
 I of Gold. Zmiaras laith in exprefs Terms, that amongll the Ro- 
 mans o.n Aureus was exchanged for Z5 Drachma, amongft the .-^r/v- 
 nians only tor zo. If the Coins were of the fame finenefs and 
 weight, this would make a great difference in the value of the two 
 Mettals in two Cities, which were in conftant Commerce widi 
 one another. This is a direcl impoflibility, becau(e the Silver would 
 be exported from the one place, and the Gold from the other, 
 until the Balance was juftly fettled. There are but two ways of 
 (blving this difficulty, by fuppofing the Roman Aureus finer, or hea- 
 vier 
 
 t Tacitus de Othone loqiiens, ait, Cohorti 
 excubias agenti viritim centciios nummos divi- 
 dic. K Siieton. in Othone. NuUo igicur of- 
 
 ficii, aut ambitionis genere omiffo, quoties Coe- 
 na Principein acciperet, aureus excubanti cohorti 
 viritim dividetiat.
 
 Weights and Meajures-i dec. 45 
 
 vier than the Attick. G. Agricola and fome others take the former, 
 and Gronouiiis I think for very good reafon the latter. 
 
 Agricola rcafons thus: Crates a Comick Athenian Poet, makes 
 the Semifexta of an Aureus equal to 8 Oholi, therefore 1 6 Oholl 
 were equal to a Sextay but 6 Oboli were equal to a DracJmi 5 There- 
 fore 6 times i6j making 96 Obolij or 16 Silver Drachma, were 
 equal to the Aureus o^ z Drachms. Confequently there mull have 
 been one 5 th part Brafs in it \ for if it had been of pure Gold' 
 like the Darick, it would have been exchang'd for zo Silver Dmc/>/;^x, 
 But the misfortune of this Argument is, that the Athenian Didrachm 
 and Darick Stater were commonly exchang'd for one another : and 
 the Athenians had the reputation of having the finell: and faireft 
 Coins in the world. y.cL?J\i'^cL ttcivIcov, &c. Arijfophanes. 
 
 They urge likewife for this opinion of the proportion of Gold 
 to Silver, being i z { to i , a paflage of Pliny , where he {aith the 
 Bjjffin, a (ort ot fubftance which the Ladies fpun into thread, was 
 exchanged like Gold for 4 Denarii the fcruple. That makes the 
 Didrachrn Z4 Denarii. But this paflage is nothing to the purpofc, 
 for if Drachma here be meant of the Attick Drachm of which the 
 Aureus made two, it will make the proportion of i 2 to i . If it 
 be underftood of the Roman Drachm one 8 th of their Ounce, it 
 will make it 13^7 to i, neither of which is to the purpofe. There- 
 fore in all appearance ?Uny put a round number near the truth rather 
 than afraclion. For which reafon GjwwwV/j- believes that the Decuple 
 proportion fubfifted, but that the RoWi^w Airrei were firfl: of a great- 
 er wei2;ht, than the Athenian Didrachmus, which he thinks is jufti- 
 fied by the weights of feveral ftill extant. The Roman Aiirei, 
 which were firfl: coin'd of 7 i Scruples came by deojrees in Con- 
 jlantines tune to be only 4 Scruples ^ called Solidi, and (ome times 
 Sextults. 
 
 A paflage in the Code, de Argenti pretioy runs thus, Juhemus ut pyo 
 Argenti fumma quam quis Thefauris fuerit illaturns, infer endi Auri 
 accipiat facultatemy it a ut pro (ingulis libris Argenti, quinos folidos itt- 
 ferat. Suppofing the Solidi to be 4 Scruples, zo Scruples of 
 
 Gold
 
 46 Tables of Ancient Coins^ 
 
 Gold were changed for z 8 8 Scruples of Silver, this makes the pro- 
 portion of Gold to Silver as 1 4 f to i . 
 
 " There were of Grecian Gold Coins, the Stater Aureus Atticus, 
 which was a DUrachm, the weight of two Drachms. 
 
 Alfo fomc Tetradrachms cdWcd ThoLVKsg XcLv^OdTiKcii, noBu£ lau- 
 reotic£, from the Stamp of an Oivl upon them. 
 
 There was hkewife the Stater Aureus PhiUpp£uSy Didrachms ftruck 
 by Philip of Macedm. Horace terms them in fliort, Philippos. 
 
 Rettulit acceptos regale nomifma Philippos. 
 
 Thofe according to their weight and the Decuple proportion of 
 Gold to Silver, which then obtain'd, were worth zo Drachms or 
 Denariiy ox^ izs. 11 d. It was obferv'd before that the Roman 
 Aurei filfly fiippos'dto be of the (ame weight, were worth z5 De- 
 narii or 16 s. I \.d. 
 
 Stater Alexandrinusy fome Didrachms^ fome Tridrachms. 
 
 Stater Aureus Prufi King of Bithynia. 
 !■ ^ Stater Cyzicenicus, exchanged for z 8 AtticJc Drachms, i. e. i^ s. i d. 
 Some make the Stater Alexandrinus and the Stater Philippicus of 
 the fame value with the Stater Cyzicenicus : and accordingly they 
 are ftated in the Tables. 
 
 The Cyzicenian Staters were ftampt with the figure of a Cyhele. 
 
 There is mention made of a Stater of the Phocaita, by Thucy- 
 dides. Phocaa was a City in Ionia. 
 
 AcL^iKog o^ AoL^ei-A-og-, ' firft they were coin'd D/<^mc^wx, but after- 
 wards they were coin'd Tetradrachms : and Jofephus makes them equal 
 to the Je'wijh Shekel. 
 
 Julius Pollux makes a Stater worth a Mina, which muft be un- 
 derftood of one of 8 Drachms-^ according to which proportion the 
 Tetradrachm was worth 50 Attick Drachms. This proportion is 
 obferved in the Tables, which I have not chang'd, being 
 according to the Roman way of reckoning, 2,5 Denarii for 
 
 the 
 
 a Pollux lib- 4. cap. 24. b Demollhenes. I 3 kv^ikwU r*T«p o'/i/VrtTo ex^ >^ «x7iy ^cs^'x.f^'^f 
 arliKcis. cSuidas.
 
 Weights and Meafures^ &c. 47 
 
 the Aureus : tho' the decuple proportion of Gold to Silver obtain'd 
 and was the moft common way of computing. 
 
 The Hebrew Aureus was {ometimes drachma!, or 4, (ometimes j 
 of the Shekel or Sliver Coin. It was called Darckmoft. We have 
 obferv'd before that Jofephus diftcrs from the Rahhins in the ac- 
 count of the Jenvijh Weights and Mcafures : according to his reck- 
 ning, the Shekel is equal to the Attick Tetradrachm ; according to 
 the Rabbinical account, it is equal to four Roman Drachms^ or 1 of 
 the Roman Ounce. Thofe two ways of reckoning will make an 8 th 
 part of difference in the value of their Gold as well as Silver Coins. 
 
 The ?ondo or Libra Auri amongft the Romans, and the MriA 
 amongft the Greeks, when it is nummary, or put for a Sum of 
 money, always fignifies 100 Drachma. 
 
 The general luppofition of Authors is, that there was a 5 oth 
 part of Alloy in the Gold Coins of the Ancients. 
 
 I have eftimated the Gold Coins according to the proportion 
 of Gold to Silver, which then obtain'd. They would be of more 
 value now amongft us according to their weight and finenefs. 
 
 CHAP. VII. 
 
 0/RoM AN, Greek, m^/:/ Arabian Weights, 
 
 ROMAN IVeights. 
 
 ^ ■ ^ H E Romans ufed the Libra, which they divided into 1 1 
 
 1 Unci£ or Ounces, and the later Gr*?^^^ in imitation of them 
 
 had their Litra, which they divided after the fame manner. 
 
 This is plain from abundance of Authors, Lucius Metiavus, Ga- 
 
 They
 
 48 Tables of Ancient Coins^ 
 
 They divided their Ounce into 5 VuelUy and Ukewife into C 
 Sexttila. Rhemnius Fannius, 
 
 Drachma fcrupuhmi Ji adjeceroy fiet 
 
 Sextula qua fertur, vam fex his uncia conjtat. 
 Sextula cwn dupla ejl <-jeteres dixere Duellam. 
 Duella Oholos hahet fedecim, fcrupula oBo. 
 
 Another divifion of their Ounce was into 4 Skilici. Sicilicus (b 
 called according to Fejlus Pompeiusy quod femmnciam in duas par- 
 tes fecet. Rhem. Fanmusy 
 
 Vrachtnamji geminesy aderit, quem dicier attdis 
 Sicilicus. 
 
 Sextula among the Greeh was called i^oiyiov and corruptly g-diyov : 
 « a'/yict iX^ ?-ctyiOL V^- Interpres Nicandri. 
 
 They likewife divided their Ounce into -j Denarii. Corn. Celfus 
 lib. 5. cap. 17. Sed antea fcire <voJo in uncia pondus Denariorum fep- 
 tem ejfe. Plin. lib. 53. cap. 5>. fpeaking of the Denarius y alii de 
 fondere ftibtrahunt, cmn Jit jujium oBoginta quatuor e libris fignari. 84 
 in I i Ounces is juil 7 in an Ounce. 
 
 Then they divided it into 8 Drachms. Fanniusy Galenusy Diof- 
 coridesy Pliniusy &c. 
 
 The I ith part of an Ounce they called dimidia Sextula, it was 
 hkewife divided into 14. Scrupula or rather Script ula. ThcGr^^^x 
 called them ypJ.fxiJiCf.TCL- Fannius, 
 
 SemioboU duplum eji Obolusy quem pondere duplo 
 Gramma ^ocanty Scripulum ?ioJlri dixere priores. 
 
 The Denarius was divided in two Vicioriati, not only as a piece of 
 money, but as a weight. Vlin. lib. zi. cap. x^.. ^ lib. 2.4. 
 cap. 1, 5, C. and Scribonius Largus in many places. 
 
 The
 
 Weights and Meafures^ &:c. 49 
 
 The Denarius was alfo divided into d Sextantes, Cor. Celfus, Uh, 
 5. cap. 7. 17. in imitation of the (> O^o/i of the Pmc/;w^, accord- 
 ing to which divifion a Sextans would contain in Englijh Troy 
 weight about 6 i Grains. 
 
 Cornelius Celfus, lib. 4. cap. 4. mentions the ^adrans 'Denarii, 
 Aut fulphuris ignem non experti pondo x ^ quadrans. And hke- 
 wife the Triens Denarii Uh. 4. Salis Ammoniacij P. 3 . hoc ejly Pondo 
 triens. 
 
 The value of the Roman Pound is determin'd as in the Tables 
 from the value of the Denarius 3 'viz. 514^ ^ Troy Grains; accord- 
 ing to the common reckoning, it is 5 z 5 <J ; this fmall difference, 
 as I have faid before, proceeds from afluming the Auerdupois 
 Ounce to the Troy Ounce precifely as 5 i to 5 <», The reft of 
 the parts of the pound follow from this, as in the Tables, 
 
 Greek Weights. 
 
 '' I HE Talent was the greateft Weight as well as the greatefl: 
 -■- Sum of money among the Greeks. And this ponderal Ta- 
 lent v/3.s divided, as the nummary Talent, into 60 Mina, and every 
 Mina into 100 Drachma. The Coin was (o call'd, becaufe it 
 weighed a Drachma. Rhemnius Fannius, 
 
 In Scrupulos ternos Drachmam, quo pondere doBis 
 Argenti facilis Jignatur nmnmus Athenis. 
 
 A Drachma was ^ of the Ounce, and ris part of a Mina; tho' 
 perhaps this way of reckoning by Ounces and Drachms was bor- 
 rowed by the Greeks from the Romans -y for the old Divifion of the 
 Drachma was into d Oholi. Suidas S'p^^jbLOL g^ ofloKm. The Di- 
 drachmum, Hemidrachmum, &c. exprefs'd Weights as well as Coins. 
 The Greeks ufed the expreffion Tijirov Y^fxi^^xf^ovy to fignify 2 { 
 Drachms, as well as reJ-Tov ^/ulitolAouIov, 
 
 H An
 
 JO Tables of Ancient Coins'^ 
 
 An Ohohs contain'd 6 -^^cfhKOh or as the Latins call them i£rtf- 
 di. Suidas ex Viodoro, o(ho7\og (^^i 'A^vctioig g^ i<7i ;:^fltAJt<wv. An 
 Oholns among the Athenians confilh of 6 JEreali. The Greeks u- 
 fed the word S'^odCoT^og -, the Latins tranflated it not dioholui, but 
 duos ohohs. Plin, lib. zo. Mox in Aceto poitdere Oholorum duum. 
 And almofl: every where fo. 
 
 An Yifj.m^o'hov-, or Semioholusj contains one Siliqua and one 
 half-, and 4 /Ereoli according to CJeopatra^ but 5 only according 
 to Viodorus apid Suidam. 
 
 XuT^kQc, or JEreolusj contain'd the ^th part of an Oholus: and 
 7 AgTrVj according to Suidas. 3 ;^aAxS^ AgTrldtfV STflct. that is, 
 contained 7 Myfloi. 
 
 AiTiiov was the 7th part of an ALreolus, and was called by the 
 Latins Minuta, and fometimes Minutiaj and is not divided into 
 any lefler Weight. 
 
 The Greeks ufed the ^fyia and divided it as the Romans did : 
 when they began to ufe that Meafure, is fornewhat uncertain- 
 
 I did not think there was any particular Tabic neceifary for that 
 divifion of Grecian Weights, They us'd the x,i^nov, in fatin Si- 
 Jiqua, which was the 1 8th part ot a Drachma j as appears from 
 Hefychius. 
 
 The Medical Weights, were the Miria, of 16 Roman Ounces, as 
 appears by Viofcorides and Galen, and Cleopatra in Cofmeticis^ who 
 tells you that Mina as a Weight contains i 6 Ounces, i z8 Drachms, 
 384 Scripula, 768 Oholi, 1051 Lupini^ 2.504 Siliqu^y <Ji44 
 /Ereoli. But when Celfus and Scrihonius Largus make ufe of a 
 Denarius of about 6 2- ^ Grains, the Drachma being fuppofed equal 
 to that, 100 fuch Drachma mufl have made a Mina o[6zix 
 
 II Grains, whereas a Mina of 16 Ounces is about 7000 Troy 
 Grains, or our Auerdupois pound. The reafbn of this difference 
 is aflign'd before. 
 
 The PhyHcians likewife made ufe of the Litra of 5><; Drachms. 
 The ^[ylcjL or nncia being divided as ufually. This lafl way of reck- 
 oning was common after Galena time. The ^^i^drtov or Siliqua, 
 
 mention'd
 
 Weights and Meafures^ Sec. 51 
 
 mcntion'd before, was likewise a common weight amongft the 
 Phyficians: and the (riTae/ov or Grain, i of the Siliqua. 
 
 There were among the Greeks^ Hippoiatncal, or what we might 
 translate in Englijhy Farriers weights : or, as they were called by {bme, 
 Mulomedki^ Mule DoUors. They are mention'd by an uncertain 
 Greek Author. The Mina Uippoiatrica contain'd 1 5 Ounces, 
 oAxot? 1 1 i -1, the Litra contain'd 5>o Drachms, the Ounce 7 ♦ 
 Drachms \ the Drachm 3 Scruples or 6 Oholi. 
 
 The Romans dividing their Ounce into 7 Denarii, and likewife 
 into 8 Drachms, the Greeks of later ages dividing likewi(e their 
 Ounce into 8 Drachms, and the Roman Denarius being {uppos'd 
 equal to the Gr^^^ Drachma, have occafion'd great confudon in the 
 exprefTions of Authors, about the weights of both Nations, mod 
 of them aflerting that the Attick Tetradrachm was \ of an Ounce, 
 and the Didrachm i , c^<r. This difficulty has been ftill encreas'd 
 by the Diminution ot the weight of the Coins of both Nations. 
 Befides fome of the antient Attick Drachms weighing 6 7 Grains, 
 and the Denarii only 6 1, occafion'd a new difficulty how to pre- 
 ferve the equality that is fuppofed betwixt thefe two Coins. 
 
 The learned Bifhop Hooper fuppofes that " the Attick Drachma 
 '^ might change as a Coin, and the Weight continue the {ame : 
 *' that when the Athenians, in imitation of the Romans, divided their 
 '*^ Ounce into 8 parts under the name of Dr^^rAwz^x, for the eafier 
 '' management of this account they divided not their 100 Drach- 
 *' mas into ix Ounces, but 100 lacking 4; by which means, in 
 *' perfevSt conformity to the old Roman division, and to the latter 
 *■' of the Ounce into eights, they had a Litra of their own, want- 
 *^ ing but little of their Mina, and confiding of 5>(> of their own 
 "Drachmas, fuch as were not t)C of the Roman, but Attick 
 « Pound. 
 
 It is evident there was an ancient Attick Mina of 1 6 Roman 
 Ounces. All Authors, and particularly die fragment printed with Galen 
 of the Compofition oi Medicines, agree in this. It is affirm'd, in 
 Cap. z. of the fragment, that the ^mV^ and /Egyptian Mina contain 
 
 Hz iC Ounces.
 
 52 Tables of Ancient Coins-, 
 
 1^ Ounces. Cleopatra cap. 7. faith a Mw^ weighs \6 Ounces. Butirr 
 another place of the fame Author it is faid, an Attick M'ma has- 
 11 Ounces, (the Semis is here omitted) and another M'ma has 16 
 Ounces. When they fpeak of Ounces, they mean the Roman, 
 which is our A-verdupois Ounce. By which it feems there are two 
 different Alma defcrib'd, one of 1 2. ^ Ounces, which I fiippofe 
 was the latter, and another of i 6 Ounces the more antient. So 
 that the moft ancient Mina Attica was exadly our A^verdupoiy 
 Pound. This agrees with the Talents beforemention'd, in which 
 Antiochus was ordcr'd to pay his Tribute. Li<vy fiith that each" 
 Talmt was to confill of 80 Roman Pounds, that is of <f6o Roman- 
 Ounces, which are exadly the number of Ounces in a Talent of 
 60 Min£, when each Mina contains 16 Ounces. 
 
 That the Attick Drachm fdi from 70 Grains to about 6zi^ iy 
 as plain, bccaufe it was equal to zhcRoman Denarius of that weight. 
 Therefore I thought fit to adjufl; likewife the Weights of that time- 
 according to this Standard : for undoubtedly there were fuch' 
 weights which the Phyficians ufed, who, tho' they might reckon- 
 according to the weight of the Money, they did not weigh their 
 Drugs with pieces of Money. And it is plain Iikewi{e from their 
 Prefcriptions that they often foUow'd Hippocrates in his Dofes, and' 
 no queftion adjufted their weights to thofe which he ufed. There- 
 fore I have fram'd one Table of the elder Greek weigthts with a 
 Drachm of 70 Troy Grains, and a Mina equal to our A'verdupois 
 Pound j and two other Tables of later Greek a.n.d Roman Weights 
 blended together, one for the leffer, and another for the greater, 
 which is proper for thofe times when both Nations reckon'd after 
 the fame manner : The Greeks making ufe of the Roman hirfgi 
 and its Subdivifions, which I fuppofe all this while did not change. 
 
 This is the fuppofition of moft Authors who have wrote upon 
 the Subjedj and if it be an Error, it is a very general one. And 
 I may at leaft be forgiven for underftanding them according to 
 the plain fenfe of their words, as they are printed. 
 
 Accipd
 
 Weights and Meafures^ &c. 53 
 
 Accipe praterea parvo quam nomine Graii 
 Mnam n;ocitant, nojlrique Minam dixere priores. 
 Centum h£ Jtmt Drachma j quodji decerpjeris illis 
 (^atuor, efjicies banc nojlram den'tque LihraWy 
 Attica quce fiety ji quartam dempferis hinc Mna, 
 
 Rhemn. Fannius. 
 
 Cleopatra Cap. 7. (before cited) {peaks of two different Mina, 
 the firft of \6 Ounces i and afterwards adds Mina Attica hahet 
 Ixii. femisy i. e. has i z i Ounces ; which I think mull be under- 
 flood of the {ame denomination with the former, 'viz. Roman 
 Ounces. And again, cap. 8. The Attick Mina has it Ounces 
 (the Semis mud certainly have been forgot.) There is another, 
 faith he, of 16 Ounces, which is the old Mina of all mention d 
 before. 
 
 Diofcorides mentions only that of k? Ounces j and tho' it is 
 mentioned by the Phjjtcians, it is not what they prefcribed by, 
 but perhaps like our A'verdupois weight, what their grofs drugs 
 were at firft fold and bought by. 
 
 I am far from being pofitive in this hypothecs \ for I think 
 that of the learned Bifliop fb often mention'd, wiz. That the 
 Athenians had a Lihra of their own, confifling of p (J of their own 
 Drachmsy is fupported with very ftrong arguments ; and to con- 
 firm it flill more, that learned Prelate has reilored fome of the 
 Readings of the Authors with great fagacity. 
 
 Arabian IVeights, 
 
 ^~V^ H E Arabian Weights us'd by their Phyficians, Serapioy Rha~ 
 
 -*• Jis and Avicenna, are a mixture of the Greek and Roman 
 
 Weights, and derived from them. Their Manes is a corruption 
 
 of the Hehreix) Maneh or the Greek Mina : there were two of them, 
 
 4 one
 
 ^4 Tables of Ancient Coins, 
 
 one of twenty Ounces, and another of fixteen. I refer the Reader 
 to the Table for the beft account that is given of them by their 
 own Authors. But 1 truft more to that of die learned Biihop of 
 Bath and mils. 
 
 The Ratel or Litra, (called Rotulus in the Tables,) ufed all over 
 /Egypt y and the neighbouring Eaftern Countries, is as the Billiop 
 obferves " of different quantities in {everal places, and in the (ame 
 '' place for feveral goods \ but always divided into i x parts, 
 ^^ which are their Ounces. Thefe Ounces therefore are different ; 
 *' and m this that fbme confifl of more, fome of fewer little 
 " Weights, which they cAXDirhemsy which are always the fame. 
 
 This conflant univerfal weight a Dirhem is divided into i z Ca- 
 ratsy and each Carat into 4 Grains ^ the whole number of Grains 
 in a Virhem being 4 8 . This account the Billiop takes from Goli 
 usy Lex. Arab. Thefe grains, according to Mr. Grea-vess account, 
 " are almofl the fame with ours, 48 of our Grains exceeding 48 
 " of theirs, or their Virbeniy only by 0,18 parts of a Grain. Con- 
 '*fequendy our Pennyweight exceeds their half Dirhem, by 0,0 <> (not 
 " the tenth of a fingle Grain.) And fo omTroy Ounce = io penny- 
 " weights, is not two whole grains more than i o of their Dirhems = 
 *♦ 480 of their Grains ^ and therefore may very well pafs for one 
 " of thofe various Ounces of /Egypt y and which confiifed of i o 
 " Dirhems. 
 
 ** Of the feveral Ounces, that of i z Dirhems is efpecially to be 
 *' mark'd. It is fpecified by Golius as the Ounce by wliich things 
 " of lefs bulk and greater value, particulaiiy Medicinal Drugs, arc 
 " ufually weighed : And this is the Ounce or 4^ of that Ratel of 
 '^ Cairo which Mr. Greavesy by experimental obfervation, s,ivcs us 
 'f at <J 8 8<J of our Troy Grains, and is= 1 1 x 1 2. x 48 =6s> 1 2. of theirs, 
 «' as the Ounce accordingly is =• 5 7 3^8 of our Grains, and 57^ 
 *^ of theirs. 
 
 *' And here it is apparent, that their number of Grains to the 
 *' Cairo Ounce 5 7<?, is the fame number of Grains which the Ro- 
 ^' mans y3itid Spaniards and French reckon to their Ounce, tho' 
 
 " much
 
 cc 
 
 (( 
 
 Weights and Meafures^ &c. jj 
 
 " much left. And that the number 6^\-l in the Cairo Rately 
 •* is the fame with that of Grains in the Roman Pound, and in 
 
 fuch a Spanijh and French Pound, as is counted by i z Ounces. 
 
 *' It is alfo obfervable, that the Cairo Ratel differs fo hctle from 
 
 the Sfanijhy and our A<verdupois Pound, which are of i<» 
 *^ Ounces, and from the Roman Mina Medicorum which reckons 
 ** as mi^ny ; that it may well be efteem'd as the Standard, from 
 *^ whence the European were defign'd to be taken. 
 
 " And we ihall \z(s wonder at all thele particulars, as that our 
 ** Troy Grains are found equal to theirs, and our Pennyweight 
 *' (our Siherling) to their half Dirhem-^ or that the DiviGon of 
 *' the European Ounce was fram'd by that of Cairo ^ or that thofe Pounds 
 are from the Ratel of that place : when we confider that Cairo or Mem- 
 *'phis, in whofe fteaditfucceeded,wasin the heart of ^gypt ^ and in 
 ** the way from the Red Sea (by which all the Arabian and htdian 
 ** Goods were brought, 'till about 500 years ago) to Alexandria-^ 
 *' that Alexandriay until then, had been the great Mart for all the 
 *^ Countries in the U^eji: And that the Saracens were not only 
 " near and powerful neighbours to them, but drove a flourilhing 
 " Trade amongft them ; and with their Jenvsj who were then 
 " the great dealers in Money. 
 
 ** Now as our Trey Weight has appear'd to have been borrow'd 
 " by us, from none of om European neighbours, but from ^gypt : fb 
 '* too the Anjerdupoisy tho' the fame with the Spanip Pound, may 
 *<^ fecm not to have been wholly owing to them \ but to have 
 <' been adjufted at leaft by us from the Cairo Ratel. For the Ounce 
 *< we have, we divide notfo into Grains, as the Spaniards (^o: and 
 *' we who borrow'd not our Ounce of 10 Dirhems at fecondhand, 
 <^ need not be thought to have taken that of about Dirhems, the 
 " Spanijh or Roman Ounce from any but the Original. And fo 
 " our Ednvard the firfl:, who again fetded our Meafures upon a 
 <« certain Standard-, and who had indeed been a vifitant in Spain, 
 " but upon adion in the Holy Land, may be £;irly prefum'd to 
 " have fix'd both the one and the other Pound by the Meaiures of 
 " the Eaft. CHAP.
 
 ^6 Tables of Ancient Coins, 
 
 CHAR VIII. 
 
 Of Meafures of Lengthy and Superficial Roman 
 
 Meafuns, 
 
 IN the Conftrudion of the Tables of Roman Meafures of Length, 
 I have follow'd Mr. Greaves, and taken the proportion from 
 tlie Cojfutian foot in Rome, which according to the EngUjb 
 Standard is i i,<Jo4 Inches. The reft of the Meafures are found- 
 ed on known proportions. 
 
 Digitus latus or tranfverfus is the fourth part of a Palm, or the 
 i^th part of a foot. 
 
 ^Uncia contains a digit and a third part, it is the third pare 
 of a Palm and ■^\ of a Foot. For the Pes or Foot, hke an As or 
 Unite, was divided into 1 1 parts. ^ Roman Authors inftead of 
 Vncia ufe Pollex fometimes. 
 
 Pahnus a Palm is i of a Foot, fi:om whence 'Columella ufes the 
 expreflion ad Palmum decoquere. 
 
 This Palm was called the Palmus Minor to diftinguilh it from 
 a f^reater, which (bme Authors make equal to i z Digits. 
 
 Pes 2. Foot, as we (aid before, was divided as the As. Thus'' Pliny 
 {peaking of Cedar Tables tells us, that Tiberius liad a Table exceeding 
 four Feet by a Sextans and a Sicilicus, that is by z inches and a fourth 
 part : and that the thicknefs was S£fcuncialis,3.n. inch and a half Thus the 
 fame ' Author {peaks of folia Trient^lia, Trientalis Herba, that is 4 
 inches, and ^Herba §uincuncialis : So likewife ^ Beffules Laterculi in 
 Vitrwvius-y are Tiles 3 inches long. ^ Sulcus Dodrantalis in Farro, 
 
 a Julius Frontinus de Jure Limitum. 
 b Plin. lib. ly. cap. 24. c lib. i\. cap 33. 
 
 d lib. 13. cap. If. Tiberio principi menfam 
 guacuor pedes fextante & Sicilico excedentcm : 
 
 IS 
 
 tot2 vero cralTirudine fefcunciali. « lib. 27. 
 cap. J. f Plinius lib. 27. cap. 11. g lib. 7. 
 cap. 4. h lib. 3. cap. 19.
 
 Weights and Meafures-, &c. 57 
 
 is a furrow of p inches deep. ' fliyiy mentions Pygmies who 
 were not higher than terms Dodrantes, that is 2 Feet and a Pahn. 
 ^ ntrwvius faithj that fteps (hould not be thicker dextrantCy i. e. than 
 I o inches, nor thinner than dodrante^ i. e. s> inches. In confequence 
 of the Pes being reckon'd the As, Dupondium is ufed for 2 Feet, as 
 you may read in Columella ; which (entence at the bottom of the 
 page might puzzle any Country-(chool-mafter, if he were not ad- 
 vertifed of the meaning ^ therefore fuch httle remarks, tho' they 
 may (eem trifling to fome, are ufeful to others. In the Laws of 
 the XII Tables, Sejlertius pes is ufed for 2 -; Feet ; and tripeda- 
 nea Status in ""Pliny fignify. Statues 3 Feet high: tho' tripes in Li- 
 'vy fignifies one with 3 feet. 
 
 " A Foot was ufed for a litde Meafure proverbially. 
 
 The breadth of any Highway or Lane was to be at leaft 8 Feet 
 when ftreight, and when turning, i(J. by the Laws of the 
 XII Tables. 
 
 Palmipes was another Ro77ian Meafure, the length of a Foot and 
 a Palm, or i 5 inches, or 20 digits. This Meafure is ufed by ° Pliny, 
 p Columella, and *> Vitrwvius. Cubitus, fbmetimes Cuhitum in the neutral 
 Gender, fignifies the lower part of the Arm on which we lean. 
 Kt|8><T©^ or MiTov is a Vorick word, according to Julius Pollux j - 
 it is ufed among the Romans for a detcrmin'd Meafure of a Fooc 
 and a half It contains, according to ' Fitrwvius 6 Palms or 24 
 Digits. From Cubitus is CubitaUs. Thus when Pliny fiich that 
 fbme ^Indians had the foles of their Feet Cubit ales, 'and that the 
 Tails of the Sheep in Syria were Cuhitales, " and that fome Indian 
 Boars Tusks were Cubitales j it fignifies according to Englijh Mea- 
 (iire I Foot, 5^40 (J Inches. ' SoHnus u(es Ulna (or Cubitus. Where 
 y Pliny fpeaks of a Crocodile of 2 2 Cubits long, Solinus expreffech ic 
 by fo many Ulna. And Julius Pollux takes both words for the 
 
 I fame 
 
 t Lib. 18. cap. 19. k Lib. 3. cap. 3. jPedem in Italia video Rullum eflequinoninil ius' 
 
 1 Columella lib. 3. cap. if. A calamo ulquelpotetlate fit. *> lib 17. cap. 20. P lib. 
 
 ad prcximum calamum noii minus altumquatn 
 duos pedrs & femiirem planis minus locis rab- 
 dit, acclivibus in D»fo>jJiitm & dodrnntem 
 pr«cipitibus etiam in tres peJcs. mLib. 33 
 fap. 6. n Cicero lib. 7. Ep ft. ad Atticum 
 
 cap. 19. q lib. 10. cap. 21. ' lib. 3. cap. i. 
 CubitiMii animadvcrtcruntcx (ex palmisconft.ire, 
 digitis \iginti quatuor. « lib. 7. cap. 2. t lib. 
 S. cap. +8. u lib 8. cap. yi, x cap, 45-. 
 
 y lib. ^. cap. 25-.
 
 58 Tables of Ancient Coins, 
 
 fame : jov 3 •nYt'/yv 0d7\mv ynxh^diVj they call a CuVttm an Ulna, 
 ^ Pliny takes them for different Meafuresj for he fpeaksof a Vlata- 
 vusy I 5 Cubits long, but in thicknels quatuor Ulna ; by an Ulna 
 he underftands here, the length from the tip of one finger to the 
 tip of the other, when a Man (preads his Arms. * For, fpeaking 
 of a Fir-Tree, he cxprelTeth it thus. Arhoris ejus crajjltudo quatuor 
 hominum ulnas comple^entium implehat-, ^ mox ibid. Maxima Ce- 
 drus in Cypro traditur ad undeciremem Demetrii fuccifa, centum triginta 
 pedum ; CraJ/itudinis ^vero ad trimn homi^mm compkxum. This Ulna 
 tlie Greeks exprefs by o^yvid, about 6 Feet : fb that the Tree was 
 1 3 o Roman Feet high, and 1 8 Feet in Circumference. '' Qalius • 
 takes Ulna in the {ame (enfe. 
 
 A Cubit was reckon'd by Arijlotle the fourth part of the height 
 of a well- proportion'd human body. For he (aith a Man is l^oSov 
 Ttit^ov S'lnav TiT^7tr\'xy.i or a walking Animal with two feet, and 
 four Cubits (above 6 Feet) high. There are feveral that pa(s for 
 human Creatures who are excluded by this definition. 
 
 Paffusy Co called a pajts pedihus, is a (pace of 5 Feet long. Plinyi 
 ufes this Meafure frequently in defcribing the diftances of places. 
 Centenaria and Millenaria, when join'd to Subfiantives, pajfus is 
 often underltood, as Porticus Centenarii, that is Porticos of 1 00 
 paces. * 
 
 " Decempeda was a fort of meafuring Rod for taking the dimen- 
 Hons of Buildings^ Area, Land, Ways^ Meadoiusy Mines^ &c. and 
 fignified the fame thing as Pertica taken as a Meafure of length. 
 From hence came Decempedator for a Surveyor u(ed by ^Cicero. 
 ' Dece?npeda was fomctimes ufed for the Meafure likewife, by the 
 Cime Author. ^ The common word for a Surveyor was Finitory 
 and the Law word Agrimenfor. 
 
 ^ Stadium; 
 
 2 Lib. 16. cap. 32. Antandri Platanus etiamlmus agri privati & pnblici decempedator. 
 irciimdolatis lateribus rellibilis fponte fadla, vi- «Cicero Philip. 14. Quain jam peritus & cal- 
 
 idus decempcda fua fa.\a diviferit. f PJautus 
 
 circii 
 
 taeque reddita, longitiidine XV Cubitorum, 
 craffitudinc quatuor Ulnarum. a J_,ib. 16. 
 
 cap. 40. b Lib. 4. cap. 3. Si ambas manus 
 explices a peSore, in lineam redam, ulna dici- 
 tur. c Palladius lib. 2. tit. 12. d Philip. 13. 
 Cavebat etiam C Antonio, qui fuerat scquifli- 
 
 in Pcenulo. Nunc regiones, limites, confinia 
 determinabo: ejus rei ego fum fadus finitor; 
 Et Cicero contra TruUum. Finitorem mittat, 
 ratum fit, quod finitor uni ill!, » quo iniiTus 
 crit, reiiunciaverit.
 
 Weights and Meafures^ &c. yp 
 
 ^Stadium cont2A\-\ 6. 115 Roman Paces, or 6x^ Feet, according 
 to Fliny and Columella. Pliny tells you that Pythagoras a very (a- 
 gacious man reckon'd the diltance of the Moon 126^000 Sladia, 
 and double of that to the Sun. A Stadium was i of a Roman 
 Mile, and equal to 1 lo Englijh paces, 4 Feet and 4 Inches and 4. 
 According to Pythagoras therefore the diftance of the Moon from 
 the Earth is about 1441 8 1 Englijh Miles. 
 
 Milliare {bmetimes MilUarium fo called from the thoufand paces 
 which it contain'd. ^ Vitru-vius makes 5000 Feet and 1000 paces 
 the fame thing. ' Columella tells you that a Stadium has i z 5 Pajfus, 
 6z$ Feet, which multiplied by 8 makes a Mile. Cicero (eldom ufes 
 the word Milliare, but milk pajfus. The Miles of old were mark'd 
 with Stones, which were ufed to exprefs Miles. Thus ad fecundum 
 Lapidem ; citra oBavum Lapidem j ad Lapidem duodecimum j XX. ah 
 Urhe Lapidem. Bis decimus Lapis ah Urbe 5 denote fo many Miles. 
 Centum Millia is ufed in the Code, for centum milliaria. Valerius 
 Prohus faith the Ancients ufed ad quartum Cippum, inflcad of ad 
 quartum Lapidem. 
 
 •' Boetius mentions the Gradus as a Roman Meafure, which may 
 be tranflatcd a flep, or the halt of a Pajfus or Pace. But this 
 word is not to be found in any Clafhcal Author. 
 
 Some Writers mention Granmn as a Meafure, beins: the fourth 
 part of a Digit. All die Meafures are comprehended in thcfe 
 verfes. 
 
 Ux Granis Digitus quatuor formahitur unus : 
 
 Ejl quater in Palmo Digitus : quater in Pede Palmus : 
 
 ^inque Pedes Pajfum faciunt : Pajfus quoque centum 
 
 Viginti quinque Stadium dant : fed Miliare 
 
 OBo dahunt Stadia: at dupUcatam dant tibi Leucam. 
 
 Schoneius de ufu Globi, cap. i z, 
 
 ■8 Plin. lib- 2. cap. 23. •> Vitruv. lib. lo.Idecem pedes colligit, paflTus quinque gradus 
 -cap. 14. ' Lib. f. cap. i. k Decempeda "duos cum femilTe. 
 
 I 2 Of
 
 6o Tables of Ancient Coins, 
 
 Of Superficial Meafures^ and fome Terms of 
 
 Husbandry. 
 
 ' A CTUS is the length of one furrow, as far as a Plough goes 
 -^-^ before it turns : it is properly tranflated in EngUjh a Furlong. 
 This Meafore is ufed by Fhny. Taken as a determm'd Meafure it 
 is I lo Roman Feet. 
 
 The Romans mention an ABus minimus, and quadratus. They 
 tell you that the minimus V7:\s i zo Feet in length, and 4 in breadth-. 
 So Vano and Columella. The §^adratus was the Square of 12.0 
 Feet, or 14400 : "' this was called Modius and Mina. 
 
 "Clima according to Columella is a Square, whofe fide is ^o 
 Foot, being 3 (J 00 {quare Feet. 
 
 Verfus was a length of 100 Feet, and a Square of loooo. 
 
 ° Jugerumy fo called becaufe it was a Space as much as could be 
 tilled by a Jugum Bourn, or Yoke of Oxen in a Day, and perhaps 
 as Pliny thinks from the word junBum. Jugerum is the double of 
 3.n A&us §uadratus or fquare ABus, being in length izo Feet, 
 and in breadth x^Oj making in fquare Feet 28800. 
 
 We may judge of the fertility of the Roman Land by feveral 
 paflages of Varro and Columella. ^ Varro tells you that every Juge- 
 rum of Vines yielded 600 Urns of Wine : according to this pro- 
 portion, our Acre fliould yield 5 5 hogQieads and a little more. 
 Columella tells you that each Jugerum of Vmes in Seneca's land 
 yielded 8 Culeiy which makes 160 Amphora: according to which 
 our Acre would yield about zp 1 hogflieads. The fame Author faith 
 that thofe Vineyards ought to be extirpated which yielded lejfs than 
 three Culei the Jugerum j that is thofe, where one of our Acres did 
 not produce 1 1 hogflieads. 
 
 As for the Indian Whales of four Acres, I refer the Reader to 
 Plinj. "^ Two Jugera were call'd by Varroj Haredium, quod Here- 
 
 dem 
 
 1 Plin. lib. 18. cap. 3. m Varro lib. i- cap. 
 lo. r)c re ru(h ° Columella lib. f. cap. i. 
 » Piin. lib. 18. cap. 3. P Varro lib. 3. cap. 9. 
 
 q Lib. I. cap. 10. Columella in prsefat. ad 
 lib, I.
 
 Weights and Meafures^ &c. 6i 
 
 dem fequeretur. Columella tells you likewife that a Space of i 80 
 Feet in length, and 3 o in Breadth, was called ' Porca by the Coun- 
 try people in Boetica. The fame Author faith, that amongft the 
 Gauls, in Towns a Space of 100 Feet, and in the Country of 
 150 Feet was named Candetum : and that they called a Semtjuge- 
 Yumy Arpennem. 
 
 ' Centuria was a ^ace of 200 Acres ; it took its name firft from 
 a hundred, and being doubled retain'd ftill the fame. 
 
 The Jugerum was an IntegeVy divided like the As into Unci<s, 
 Simiunciay Drachm£y &c. This appears from Columella and a paf- 
 {age in P//«y, and fevcral other Authors. 
 
 Columella (peaks of a Sem'tfcrupulum of Ground as the lead part 
 o^ 3. Jugerum y which contains 5 o Feet, and make the 5 7^th part of 
 the Jugerum. Varro reckons the Scrupulus or 100 Feet the leafl 
 part. The Reader may fee all the parts of the Jugerum in Colu- 
 mellay or in my Table. Livy ufes the fame way of exprefliorL 
 Terna jugera ^ feptunres 'viritim di'viferunt. 
 
 Of thefe Roman Meafures, the Digit, Inch, Palm, Foot, Cubit, 
 and Pace, were in uie among the Architects. The Foot, Pace, 
 Stadiumy and Mile, among the Geographers. The writers of Hus- 
 bandry reckon'd by Feet, pajfusy aUus, Climatay Jugeray Stadia and 
 Ctnturice, 
 
 T 
 
 Greek Meafures. 
 
 H E Romans borrowed their Meafures from the Greehsy being 
 about 1 6 in number, and commonly taken from the mem- 
 bers of a human body. Aotx7yA(^ a finger's breadth, the fourth 
 part of a Palm and v^ofa Foot, juft as among the Latins. Oi/a- 
 Act ^iS'ciKlvhct TO TtTKCLTog, Leaves of the breadth of two fingers. 
 'Vil^ci 6)V TeA^d^ilvMg to fjLmo?i ^ Root of the length of 3 fingers. 
 Diojcorides. 
 
 Aoxf^yii fj^oJ^ the verb S'lXofJLcUi which fignifies to receive, a 
 •Palm or 4 fingers breadth. 
 
 Ic 
 
 I Lib. y. cap. t. « Pollux lib. 2 /o^wn (rufx^fff9i^■1« ol T4«j«f if iei/lvMr.
 
 62 Tables of /Indent Coinh 
 
 It is likewife called AdiilvM^oxf^n iri a compound word. 
 
 The Palm is likewife called S'ui^Vy bccaufe a gift is made with 
 the hands \ fo ^iS'oi^v, Tir^S^o^^Vj 7r€v}ci(h^^v, fignifie a courfe 
 of 2, 4, or 5 Palms. ^ And (o in Homer u^ iK)icJuh)ici^(jd^, 
 horns of 1 6 Palms long. It is alfo called y^ Trd'hcw^Yi 3 <^i7raAcwfo?, rg- 
 T^TTcthoug-og, tts vIctTraAcMfo?, So that thefe four words S^o^fJiYi, ^olx," 
 TvXoa'oXf^^y <^^?o»' ^^^^ 7fOL7\(M<^Yi fignify the fame thing. A Reader 
 of ancient Authors ought to be advertifcd of this. 
 
 *'At%ct^ is a meafure of i o t^oLKlvAoi or fingers, from the 
 thumb to the long or middle finger. 
 
 ^ Op^o<^Oi)^v is the length of the hand, that is from the upper 
 part to the extremity of the longeft finger, is reckon'd equal to 
 
 ^ STrtOcijW-w is the length of the hand extended, between the thumb 
 and the little finger. It is reckon'd equal to ^ of a Foot, or 1 2. Digits. 
 
 Strabo calls the Pigmies Tejtco[T^^cifjL€ig, which is wrong interpre- 
 ted in Latin trium Palmarum homines^ for it makes z foot and 5 
 inches. According to Nicephorus, our Saviour was i7t\a{mi.^fjim^ 
 that is 5 Gracian Feet and a Palm. Acting according to Hefychius 
 fignifies the fime thing with cmi^aiun. 
 
 nSg the foot according to Herodotus^ menfura TiT^TToLhowTog 
 that is of 4 Palms. Accorduig to Suidas T^Qg i^ci (S^oDiivKag <$■', 
 that is, a foot has 1 6 Digits. It was likewife divided like a Ro- 
 man foot into I z Inches. 
 
 In the Redudion of this to Englijh meafure, we have fiippos'd 
 with the generality of Authors, that the Grecian Foot exceeded the 
 Roman by a Roman half inch. Thofe tell you, that there is ftill at 
 Rotne a meafure of p Greek Feet with the Infcription ttoJ^^v d- that 
 is p Feet, which agrees with this meafure, being in proportion to 
 the Roman Foot as z 5 to Z4. The Greek Foot of Pliny in Dr. Bernard 
 is 1,0 1 04 which exceeds thaj of the Tables by t'o^j or about -,V of 
 an Inch. The learned Bifliop often mention d, fuppofes the At- 
 
 tick 
 
 b Iliad. 4. c Pollux lib. 2. B /e T //i'j'ai'J^ax- ;y«p op9o/<ae«i'. e Poll. ibid. « 5' Taf J^ttx.- 
 
 rv>^i>VTShr/_i.va<i.v\nikvitfTiiAT^<ivKr/ji.i;. dPoll. tJab? a'-sroTeJj'a? a.^o n i-nydKis "^^s T O'/mk^ 
 ibid. 7« 3 drri KttfTr^ 'iu; ak^iu)/ ix-yl^vKuii n irliiix \ tajoV) ii^vtzsv ^t^ai^n.
 
 Weights and Meafures^ &cc. 63 
 
 tkl: Palm equal to ours, at lead increafing of it by le(s than -jV? 
 parr, will make the weight of water of an Attick cubical Palm 
 about 7000 Grains, the weight of the Ancient Mina. The Greek 
 Foot of 1,0104 will make trie cubical Palm yon Grains. The 
 Palm by the meafure in the Tables makes it dfjpo. The A'ver- 
 dufois pound according to my meafure is 699Ai which differs on- 
 ly by 4 Grains, and confequently comes nearer to the Awrdupois 
 pound or ancient Attick M'ma, which is juftly fuppos'd to be a 
 cubical palm of water. 
 
 Some of the unufual ftatures of men according to the Ancients 
 are as follows, 
 
 Plin. lib. 7. c. z. tells of Pygmies 5 Sfitham^ ^"^ig^j ^^^ is 2. 
 Feet X Inches. 
 
 The fame Author (aith that there were many Indians above five 
 Cubits high, or above 7 Feet 5 Inches. Herodot. lib. p. and 
 Arrianuslih. 5. talk of men of the fame height. 
 
 Julius CapitoJinus faith that the Emperor Maximinus was near 81. 
 Roman Feet high, that is near 8 Feet, z \ Inches En^iJIu Erafm. 
 Chil. I . c. z I . 
 
 Herodot. lib. 7. faith that Artachaas a Perjian wanted only 4 
 Inches of being 5 Royal Cubits high, that is 8 Feet, 5. Inches, 
 A Royal Cubit according to the fame Author exceeds the Baby- 
 hnip by 5 Inches : which therefore I fuppofe equal to z i Inches, 
 Goliath the Philijlin was 6 i Cubits high, that is 1 z Feet 4 Inches, 
 reckoning Jenvijh Cubits. 
 
 Jofephus lib. 1 8 . cap. 8 . a.^ycuoX- fiith Artahanus made a pre- 
 fent of a Je'w to Ttberiusj whofe height was feven Cubits, or iz 
 Feet 9 Inches. 
 
 Plin. lib. 7. c. 1 6. (aith that Orejles was (even Cubits high, or 
 10 Feet 7 Inches, fviz. Greek Cubits. Pliny lib. 7. c. z. 
 faith that the Syrbota a people of j^thiopia were above 8 Cubits 
 high, that is above 1 1 Feet 7 Inches. 
 
 The Bed of Og King of Bafan was 9 Cubits long, that is i <? 
 Feet 5 Inches, and 4 broad, that is 7 Feet 3 Inches. Veut. Chap. 3 . 
 
 Suidai
 
 64 Tables of Ancient Comt 
 
 Suidas faith that King Ganges was lo Cubits high, or 15 Feet 
 
 I Inch. 
 
 Homer Odyf A. faith that Otm and EphiaJtes were 9 Cubits 
 broad, and 3 6 Cubits high. 
 
 From TrSg are derived noS'ctto^, i'lTto^uiogy TeATToS'Yi?, that is 
 I, z, 5 Foot long. They ufed »5|tti7ro J\of half a Foot, with the 
 compounds of it, TeJi-YifJUTToS'ioVi -KivlY^fJUiro^oVy to fignify 5 half 
 Feet, or i { Feet, and 5 half Feet or i i Feet. Solon fix'd boun- 
 daries of people's grounds by the following meafures ; a hedge or 
 a wall was to be diflant one Foot from your neighbour's ground j 
 a houfe two Feet ; a Sepulcher or a Ditch as much fpace as they 
 were deep ; an Olive and a Fig-tree nine Feet, and all other Trees 
 five. This was copied in the Laws of the XII Tables with very 
 little alteration. 
 
 The walls of Nina j or Nine^veh were 100 Foot high, and the 
 Towers zoo. 
 
 ^IlY\')(yg a Cubit contains one Foot and a half Hefychius g^ot- 
 TiOShw.qoq according to Rerodotusy or of 6 Palms, which give 
 the fame proportion. The print of Hevculess foot was ^mYiyy or 
 two Cubits long, in EngUfh meafure about i Foot 3 Inches. 
 This was to be fcen, as Herodotus fiich, in a rock in Scythia. 
 
 2 Duytoi; was the meafure from the Elbow to the fecond joint of 
 the Fingers, or a Cubit with the fingers infleded ; it was a fifth 
 part fliorter than the Cubit, and confifted only of zo digits. Xe- 
 fjophon and Herodotus make ule of this meafure. 
 
 ^HvyfJLYi was the meafure from the Elbow with the Fingers 
 quite clafpt, and confif|:ed of i 8 digits. Eujlathius tells you, the 
 Pygmies have their name from this meafure. 
 
 * O^yvkoi from o^iym to extend, according to Herodotus^ it is 
 TiT^-.TtY^x^'i ^^ ^^^"^ Cubits, and i^oLTToS'ng or fix Feet. Accord- 
 ing to Columella it is 6 Greek Feet. Pliny exprefles it by Ulnaj as 
 
 may 
 
 f Pollux lib. 2. etTo n uKiv.(i.vv vrpli to H 
 g Pollux ibid. H 3 <7vfK(iu\.eia.f TaV J^aKjwK>s( 
 
 *< Pollux ibid. « 'j avpA.Ke^ffe.ni (ts( J'a.KyAxf) 
 
 c^i y.cu To r5f FOI' (WTCU( ffVIJ-IAiTfiir, Of y VIA f/.it
 
 Weights and Meafures^ &c. 65' 
 
 may be {een in the chapter of Roman meafures. He tran/Iates 
 
 TFV^fXig TiOTd^coiovlo^yviQg, pyramis quadragenarum uhiarum. 
 
 The Pillars of the Cyzicenian Temple were in circumference four 
 Uln£ or O^yvioUi and j o Cubits high, all of one Stone. 
 
 The Circumference of the Pillars of Herod's Temple was 5 
 o^yvicU' 
 
 Straho teUs you of vines in Margianaj in circumference at the 
 root, of the d^yviou of two men. 
 
 Hefychius mentions yvm a meafure equal to the o^yvioL- 
 
 HhiS^ov or mM^§ov is a meafure of i 00 Foot according to 5«/- 
 dasj i^ei TToJ'ag p- In the Epitome o£ Strabo,kisicckondtKlYiiu.oeAov 
 tQ S'a(^iiiy the <Jth part of a Stadium. 
 
 From 7t7\i^^v comes 7rA£9g/aI(^, an adjedive fignifying a 
 hundred feet long; as in Herodotus, (pomzctg TrAgQe/^'a? 
 Palm Trees 100 feet long, which he faith grew in Ba- 
 hyJon. And Straho mentions a Dragon about that length. 
 
 Ylhi^^v alfb fignifies a Jugerum or Roman Acre. Hefychius faith, 
 fJLiT^v yrig, Is't Ttxi^^v, i. e. a meafure of land. Plutarch in 
 the life of Catnillus calls 7t7\i^^h what Livy calls Jugerum. So 
 Laurentius Valla tranflates it from Herodotus. 
 
 ' A^»^j according to Suidasy is a meafure of 5 o Feet. And ic 
 fignifies likewife a field, or manured ground. 
 
 ^tclS'i(^j according to Herodotus, lib. z. is a meaflire equal to 
 
 100 o^yvicUi or of (J 00 Grecian Feet. The fame Author faith 
 
 it is 400 Cubits, which is the fame thing. From gcth(^ comes 
 
 9ctS'icii(^, in Straho 7fu^,ui<^ig to v-^og gaJ'iouoh fjgnify Pyramids 
 
 of the height of a Stadiutn, or 600 Feet. 
 
 The City Nina, which in the Scripture is called Nineueh, was 
 in Circumference 480 Stadia, 3.ccoidm^to Diodorus Siculus : which 
 comes near to 5 5 Englifi Miles, reckoning <Joo Grecian Feet to 
 a Stadium. The fime was the circumference of Bahylon. Straho 
 lib. I 6. faidi that Belus's Sepulcher was a Stadium in height, and in 
 other every dimenfion ; which if true, it fir exceeded the greatcif of 
 the ^Egyptian Pyramids. 
 
 K XroiS'iot
 
 66 Tables of Ancient Coins, 
 
 T^Tcl^iov by the ancient Greeh was called dv7\o?y from whence 
 came ^icivT^og, a fpace of two Stadia. 
 
 'iTfTTiKov ^a.S'iov is reckon'd 4 Stadia by Plutarch in the life of 
 Solott. And Hejychius faith, i7r7r«(^ ^^(J-og riT^<^cLhog rig. 
 i. e. a horfe's courfe of four Stadia. 
 
 M/Aiov a Mile, was taken from the Latin MilJe. It contain'd 
 8 5r^^/i^. 5«/W^j faith, ret S'iKOLfJLiAict 'l^acri Tct J^<«. tt'. ^. ^. 10 
 Miles has 80 Stadia. Some reckon'd it more than % 
 Stadia. 
 
 Jewifh Meafures of Length &c. 
 
 T"^ H E Je'vjip Meafures of Length for the firft period are (bme'- 
 what uncertain, and in a matter fo obfcure, one muft follow 
 common opinions. The Cubit in the Tables formerly publiflied is 
 that of Dr. Omherland late Bilhop of Peterhoroughy who himfelf 
 follows that of Rabbi Godoliah. This Rabbi, as the learned 
 Dr. Hooker fiith, is fuppofed to (peak the mind of Maimonides, one 
 of the mod knowing and learned of their Writers. 
 
 Accordingly I have ftated the meafiire of the Je'wijh Cubit or 
 Ammah to be z 1,8 8 8 Inches EngUpy which is the length of 
 the prefent Cairo Cubit. This depends on the proof of two Pro- 
 poficionsj Fii-ft, that the prefent Cubit oi /Egypt is the fame with 
 the ancient. Secondly, that the Jen^ip Cubit was the fame with 
 the ancient ^Egyptian Cubit •, the proofs of which, according to 
 Bifliop Cumberland, are as follow. 
 
 That the inhabitants of J^yft have always made ufe of the 
 fame Cubit, is inferred from the following reafons. Firft, That there 
 is no intimation in hiftory of any fuch change of their meafure* 
 Secondly, that the Nilometrion or Column divided into JEgyptian 
 Cubits to meafure the increafe of the height of the Nile, is fuppo- 
 fed by moft Authors to have continued the fame, ever fince Jo- 
 feph's Regency. That a certain height of 1 6 Cubits (according 
 to Herodotus and other writers) was neceflary to produce the com- 
 mon
 
 JVeights and Meajures^ &c. 6-] 
 
 mon fertility of the Soil, and by this the people judg'd of the fu- 
 ture Crop. For fuch a natural reafon the government would not, 
 and the people neither would nor could, change die Standard 
 meafure. 
 
 Secondly, The KtU by its annual overflowing (bmetimes con- 
 founding the boundaries of people's properties, ic was neceflary 
 to have a ftated Meafure of length to (et them out again. Of this 
 Billiop Cumberland gives an Example m the land alfign'd to the 
 MiUtiay as follows. 
 
 " The ftrcngth of this reafon may be underftood more clearly 
 " by help of an Example in Herodotus his Euterpe. There he tells 
 " that in /Egypt their fettled Militia confifted of thefe two forts 
 <' of Soldiers, who were efteemcd above all Tradefmen, the Her- 
 *^ motybia, and the Calajtries. The full number of the later of 
 <* thefe was z5oooo Men, who in courfes were their King's 
 *' Guards, and every one of them had to maintain him and his 
 <* family Land, (free from Taxes) whofe Area, or fuperficial con- 
 ** tent, was li Arour^, each Aroura being loo Cubits on 
 <f every Side^ which imports that it was the Square of loo Cu- 
 " bits. Wherefore to know how much land this was in our mea- 
 *' fure, I took the Cairo Cubit an hundred times, which is i 8 2^4 
 in our foot meafure, as may be inferr'd from Mr. Greaves his 
 Table : and by fquaring this number, I find an Aroura to 6e 
 7,^x69j6 fquare Feet. Which is confiderably lefs than one 
 'f Ewg///^ Acre, for that contains 43 5 (To fquare Feet. Hence it 
 <* will follow that iz Aroura will amount to 39^237,12 fquare 
 <f Feet. And this divided by the feet of an EngUjh Acre, will 
 <f quote 9,1 <j 5 . which demonftrates that the Land of each Calajt- 
 *' ry amounted to 5) Englijh Acres, and i C 5 Millejimals of an A- 
 " ere, or i tenth of an Acre, 6 Cents, &c. above the p entire 
 " Acres ; And it's clear, that (o much good land lying where he 
 «* places it, might maintain any of them with his Family very well. 
 A Cubit fliorter than the Standard, men of their character would 
 not bear j a longer mufl either make a Mutiny among themfelves, 
 
 K z nfiz. 
 
 <( 
 <c
 
 68 Tables of Ancient Coins ^ 
 
 qfiz. amongft thofe who were laft fervedj or a Sedition among 
 
 the people. 
 
 This is a plaufible argument ; however it is not to be imagin'd 
 that after every overflow of the Nile, there was always a menfura- 
 tion, but fuch a thmg might be neceflary fometimes. 
 
 Thirdly, The, Nation who conquer'd ^gypt, could not have 
 introduced their mcafures j for the Bahylonian Cubit of 5 Palms is 
 much fhorter, and fo is the Roman and Greek 5 and the Turkijb 
 Pike, which is dcriv'd from 'KY\x^gi is much longer than this 
 Cairo Cubit. 
 
 Another prefumption arifes from the Dimenfions of the great- 
 eft Pyramid, which meafur'd by this Cubit falls into round num- 
 bers, as it may be fuppos'd an ArchiteB would chufe in fetting out 
 the plan of a ftately building, rather than fuch as end in Fradions. 
 '^ The fides of the Bafe of the great Pyramid arc delivered, f. <J8, 
 " of Mr, Greauess Pyramidographiay to be 65)3 EngUp Feet. For 
 *«■ Redudion, thefe muft be divided by 1,814, which is his length 
 «' of the Cairo Cubit in our foot meafure, the quote is 375^,5? 3 4, 
 " which is fo very litde fhort of 3 8 o Cairo Cubits, that I think it 
 ** reafonable to believe that the old ArchiteUs defign'd juft this 
 *' even wnn^hzr o^ ^Egyptian Cubits. For if we fuppofe Mr. Gr^^'Z'fx 
 *^ to have milTed but ^i z of a foot, which is not one Inch and 
 " an half, in taking this long meafure of near 700 feet, then the 
 '' Side muft be put (^5)3,11: this number divided i£8i4, will 
 *' give precilely 380. 
 
 " In like manner I remembred, that Greaues, p. ^6, 57, gives 
 *' the lens;th of the exterior Surface of the Tomb, contain'd in the 
 " midft of the greateft Pyramid, to be in our foot meafure 7,2^6'. 
 *^This reduced into Cairo Cubits, by dividing by 1,842, gives 
 " juft four fuch Cubits. 
 
 I cannot admit of this Argument of the Bifhop's, at leaft of the 
 inference which he draws from it. For a fhorter Cubit will bring 
 out the dimeaiions of the great Pyramid and its parts in round 
 numbers, with better analogy than the Cubit of 21^888 Inches. 
 
 I He
 
 Weights and Meafurest &c. 69 
 
 He finds the fide of the Bafe to confift of 5 80 fuch Cubits, and 
 that of a Tombftone of four, nearly. Mr. Greases has given the 
 dimenfions of (o many parts of the Pyramid, that any 
 Cubit whatfoever would probably anfwer to one or two of them 
 nearly in Integers. So the Strength of the Bifhop's argument de- 
 pends chiefly on 5 8 o being a remarkable number, fuch as an Ar- 
 chiteU would chu(e for the dimenfion of the Principal pajrt of his 
 Fahrick. But why it fliould be thought fo remarkable for its Square 
 144400, does not appear, or even Co fit for the Side of the Py- 
 ramidy is not fo obvious, fmce it confills of 300 and 80 over. 
 I will fuppofe rather that the ArchiteU choofe 400 Cubits for the 
 Side of the Bafe; this is properly a round number, and the Cubic 
 from thence deduced will be found to agree better with the other 
 Dimenfions than the prefent Cairo Cubit. 
 
 Divide 69^ the number of feet by 400, the quotient will give 
 the ancient JEgypian Cubit equal to i ^7 5 2 5 Feet : which is fhort- 
 -er than the Bifliop's : and is compared as follows with fbme of the 
 moft remarkable dimenfions. Mr. Greawes mentions three Square 
 holes, each in breadth exadly 3j4<^5 Feet; this number divided 
 by the Cubit 1^7 3 2. 5 quotes i,9p8 8, this differs only . 12 
 ten thoufandth parts from 2, which therefore I fuppofe was the num- 
 ber of Cubits defign'd. Now dividing that number 3.4(J3 by 
 the Bifliop's Cubit 1^824, the quotient 1,85)8 differs above i tenth 
 from 2. 
 
 The Breadth of a Gallery in the Pyramid is ^,87 Feet, which 
 divided by 1(7 3 15 gives 3,5»^, which differs from ^ but by 4 
 hundredth parts : but being divided by 1,814 gives 3,7<>, which 
 differs 24 hundredth parts from 4 Cubits. 
 
 The Breadth of two Banks of polilVd flone is i .7 1 7 Feet. The 
 difference of this from i ,7 3 2. 5 is about i 5 thoufandth parts, but 
 difference from 1,824 is one tenth of a Foot. 
 
 The Breadth of a Way between thofe banks is 3,43 <J, which 
 differs from the double of i ,7 3 2 5 , or 3,4^5 by 3 hundredth parts 
 
 of
 
 JO Tables of Ancient Coinsy 
 
 of a Foot •, ic*s difference from the Cairo Cubit doubled is above fix 
 times as much. 
 
 Mr. Grea'ves tells us the length of a Marble Chamber is 3 4,j 8 
 Feet, and its breadch the half of that : which anfwer to 2.0 and 
 I o Cubits ; fiippofing the Cubit i ,7 3 1 5 . 
 
 Thefe Meafures agree as well with this Cubit as our own Mea- 
 sures now-a-days in buildings agree with our Foot. 
 
 According to this fuppofition the old /Egyptian Cubit is equal to 
 1^75x5 Feet EngUjhy or 10,79 Inches. And that this was the 
 Cubit then in ufe among the ^Egyptians when the great Pyramid 
 was built, (eems to be pretty plain from what has been faid above. 
 It is to the preient Cairo Cubit as 19 tozo. 
 
 Accordmg to the Ifagoge of HeroUi the Royal /Egyptian t)r the 
 Phileteraan Foot was to the Roman Foot in the proportion of 6 to 
 5 ; and therefore the Cubit was in the fame proportion to the Ro- 
 man, or equal to 2.0^8871 Inches, which differs from that found 
 by the Pyramid le(s than h of an Inch. This is a great confirma- 
 tion of the meafure of the Cubit drawn from the Pyramid as above. 
 But Bifliop Cumberland being an Author on this Subjed: of great 
 Elleem, I have fet down Tables calculated according to his Hypo- 
 thefis. At the fame time I chufe rather to recommend the other 
 from the /Egyptian Cubit of zojf) Inches EngUfij computed in 
 Decimals. 
 
 The fccond Propofidon, that the Je'vjs ufed the /Egyptian Mea- 
 fures, (eems, if not evident, at leaft extremely probable for thefe 
 reafons. 
 
 They had been in that Country in a flate of Slavery for about 
 2.00 years, and confequently in all appearance had no Meafures 
 of their own. Mofes when he fpeaks to them of Meafures, to be 
 fure talks in a Style that was intelligible. When he fpeaks for 
 example of an Ephah, he prefumes they knew what Meafiire he 
 meant. That he himlelf was skilled in Weights and Meafures, 
 Arithmetick and Geometry, there is no reafbn to doubt : befides, thofe 
 of the /Egyptians were adjufted by the Authority of their firfl King 
 
 Mizraim,
 
 Weights and Meafures, Sec. 71 
 
 Mhrainiy who receiv'd them from his Predece/Tors Ham and Noahj 
 from whom Abraham's family had them hkewiie. From Noah to 
 Jofeph's promotion there were but z 8 3 years : and Jofeph in his 
 Regency is fuppofed to have {et up the Nilometrion, which is divi- 
 ded into Cubits of Meafure abovementioned. 
 
 It is probable the Meafures as well as the Weighrs continued 
 the fame. But the word Shekel is ufed in this Period indifFe- 
 rendy, which if it had fignified different Weights, mull have been 
 equivocal. 
 
 The Divifion of the Je'wijh Cubit into 6 Palms after the man- 
 ner of the ^Egyptians, is another probable argument of the identity 
 of thofe Meafures. And as for different Cubits, the Billiop thinks 
 there feems to be no foundation for them in Scripture ; where 
 there is a different Cubit mention'd, it is fpecified, as the bed of 
 Og is meafur'd by the Cubit of a Man, not the Standard Cubit. 
 
 The other two places that intimate fome difference of Cubits, 
 
 are in Ezek. xl. 5 . and xhii. 13. " Now he writing while he 
 
 ' he was a Captive in Bahyloniay mufl be thought to have obfer- 
 
 ' ved that Meafure differing from the Jeijjijh Standard, was there 
 
 f often ufed, even by the Je'ws alfb, who mufl ufe the Meafures 
 
 * allowed in the Kingdom where they live; and therefore beincr 
 
 • to give them die Meafures of the future Temple, he was obli- 
 « ged to intimate that the Cubits whereby they were exprefled, 
 f were not fuch as in this foreign Kingdom they often ufed, but 
 ^ lonc^er by one hand's breadth. 
 
 Another Argument is, that the Eaflern people determin'd their 
 Di2;it, and confequently their Hand-breadth, by the Breadth of 
 Barley Corns, 6 making a Digit, and 14 a Hand's-breadth : fix 
 {iich Grains will make 91 ^^ of an Inch at a middle rate, a fhiall 
 matter over or under, which according to the flated proportion 
 will produce the Cubit above-mentioned z 1^8 8 8 Inches. The 
 Greeks and Romans fall fliort of this Meafure, by fixing that of their 
 Cubit and Foot firft, and then fubdividing it. 
 
 6 
 
 In
 
 72 Tables of Ancient Colnsj 
 
 In EzeL xliii. 1 5 . parallel to xl. 5 . the dimenfions of an Altar 
 are defcribed by a Cubit an Hand-breadth longer than that of 
 the Bahyloniansy where they were Captives, from whence it follows 
 that a Hand-breadth was a known Meafure. Secondly, this was 
 to lead them to their own Meafure, which was bigger than the 
 Bahyloniajij confiding of j Palms, whereas the Jenuifi confiftcd 
 
 of 6. 
 
 To prove this, the Bifliop quotes a pafTage from Mifne Chilaim 
 cap. 17. cited hy Arias Mmtanusy who fays that there were two 
 Standard Cubits kept at Sufan, one of 5 Cubits, the other of 6. 
 Herodotus in his Clio, defcribing the height of the walls of Babylon, 
 makes the fame diftin6lion between two forts of Cubits, he faith 
 they were zoo Cubits high. Royal Cubits were 3 Fingers 
 Breadth {^dKlv7\oi perhaps Inches) longer than the common 
 Cubit. 
 
 By comparing the Meafure of the outward Wall of the Tem- 
 ple in Jofephus with the Je^wijh Stadium of 400 Cubits, and that 
 of the Talmudijls by the Roman Meafure of 500 Cubits ^ Jacobus 
 Capelhis infers, that the Je^wijh Cubit was to the Ron7an as 5 to 4. 
 
 On the ocher hand, it is own'd that Jofephus fuppofes the Je^mijh 
 Cubit equal to the Attick^ and differs from the Rabbins in this par- 
 ticular as in the value of their Coins. Abulfed an Eaftern Prince, 
 King oiHamath, a City and Territory near Jud^a, and exceeding 
 curious in Weights and Meafures, affirms (as quoted by Kircher) 
 that the Je'-o^ijh legal Cubit was equal to the /Egyptian of 24 
 Digits. 
 
 Rabbi GedaUah compares the Jenxiifi Cubit with the Bolog- 
 nian Ell, from whofe very unaccurate calculation the Biihop 
 makes the length of the Je'voip Cubit to be 2. 1^7 5 5 Inches, dif- 
 fering from his not much above -^ of an Inch. 
 
 Another argument is drawn from Conveniency. According to 
 this Meafure the heicrht of the Table of Sheiu-bready ojiz. i h Cu- 
 bit, will be 31,852. Inches. According to the old Roman Cubit, 
 it's height will be only i^^iop Inches j too low for a Table. 
 
 The
 
 Weights and Meafures^ &c. 75 
 
 The capacity of the Ark according to a Cubit of i 8 Inches will 
 bchttle more than half of what it is by this Cubit of 11^888 In- 
 ches. 
 
 Thefe Arguments of Bilhop Cumberland, for the Jeivs having 
 had only one Cubit, and that of 11^888 Inches I fubmit to the 
 Reader J but to me it (eems plain, that they us'd two forts of 
 Cubits, the facred one, and the profane or common one. For 
 {Deut. Hi. 1 1.) the Bed of 0^ is faid to have been s> Cubits long 
 and 4 Cubits broad, after the Cubit of a Man. And {Ezek. x\. 
 5.) Ezekiel's Reed is faid to be 6 Cubits long, by the Cubit and 
 Hand breadth. From whence it appears that the larger Cubit by 
 which the Reed was meafur'd, was longer than the common one, 
 by a Hand-breadth or 5 Inches. Agreeably to this, Herodotus, (peak- 
 ing of the W3.\\s of Babylon, faith they were 50 Royal Cubits broad, 
 and loo high; and then he adds that the Royal Cubit was long- 
 er than the ordinary one by 3 S'ct/lvTKOh which being underflood 
 of Inches, this account of the Royal BabybniJJj Cubit agrees with 
 tliat of the facred one in Ezekiel. 
 
 It's agreed by all Authors that the common Cubit was 6 Hand- 
 br^eadths or 1 8 Inches, confequently the facred one was 7 Hand- 
 breadths or 2 1 Inches. Accordingly we find the great Cubit de- 
 duced from the Pyramid^ differing from 1 1 Engli/h Inches only 
 by 2,1 Hundred parts of an Inch. And if it's 7th part be fub- 
 ftraded from it, that is, 2,5)7 from 2.0 j 9, there will remain 1 7.8 2 
 Inches equal to the profane Cubit ^ and differing from ours of 1 8 In- 
 ches by II hundred parts of an Inch. And it is undoubtedly this llior- 
 tcr Cubit of the J'e'ws which Jofephiis makes equal to the Grecian, 
 the difference being but |^ of an Inch. In the Decimal Table the 
 fubdivifions of the Cubit, "viz. the Span, the Palm and Digit arc 
 deduced according to the known proportions from the lliorter Cubit 
 17^82 Inches, and the greater Meafures are reckon'd according to 
 the facred one : altho' it is uncertain whether the (acred or the pro- 
 fane were mofh commonly us'd among the J'e'Wf. Befides the 
 Amtnah or Cubit, the Hebreniis had two other Meafures taken from 
 
 L die
 
 74 Tables of Ancient Coins^ 
 
 the parts of a human body. Tophachj the <Jth of a Cubit: 
 •which is interpreted by the LXX always a Palm. 
 
 ^ Zerethy half a Cubit, which the LXX render cuji^ajuLYi a Span. 
 
 Jofephus puts z cuJi^ct^Yi or Spans for one Cubit. 
 
 The Stature oi Goliath was 6 Ewoth and aZereth,t\\e LXX ren- 
 der it i^ 7iY\X^^^ ^ (mi^cifJLY\g, that is 6 Cubits and a Span, ac- 
 cording to EngUjh Meafure 1 1 Feet i o Inches. 
 
 * There is likewi{e another word Gomedy which the LXX ren- 
 der COJi^afJLYi' 
 
 ^ Kanehy from whence perhaps the Lat'm word Cannay is tranfla- 
 ted by the LXX ^cL7\a{JLog3 a meafuring Rod, fuppofed to be of 
 4 Cubits long. 
 
 ' Pathil and ^Chehely it is tranflated by the LXX (yomov yw/uLS- 
 Te/X-oV) Schoenusy a meafuring line, fuppofed to be ot 8o Cubits. 
 
 ^ Their Mile they had from the Romans. Berath is commonly 
 interpreted a Mile. 
 
 ^ The Parafang is a Perjtan Meafure confifling of 3 o Stadia. 
 
 Their Sabbath Day's journey, fuppos'd to be equal to the Space 
 between the Ark of the Covenant and the camp ot the Ifraelites, 
 zooo Cubits; (b long a journey was allowed to thofe that went 
 to worfhip. Origin makes it amount to 3000 Cubits. 
 
 A day's journey is an uncertain Meafure among all the Ancients, 
 (bmetimes of zo Italian Miles, as in the Civil Law de excufatione 
 tutela. It is reckon'd by Herodotus 200 Stadia, or near i p Miles. 
 
 The fime Author {peaking of the manfions of the Perfian Mo- 
 narchs, faith they travell'd 150 Stadia a day, that is about 1 7 
 Miles. There are ^ inftances of very long days journeys. Julius 
 Cafar ufed to travel commonly 100 Roman Miles in a day. 
 
 ' Curio travell'd with C^fars letters 3500 Stadia in three Days^ 
 that is 377 Miles EngUjh. 
 
 a Pfalm. ^9. I Kings 7. Eiek. 40, 43. 
 t> Exod. 28, 39. I Sam. i7.Ezek. 43.iraiah40. 
 
 * Judges 3. d Ezck. 40. « Zachar. 2. 
 
 * Genef. 35-, 47. & 4S. £ Herodot. lib. 6. 
 
 There 
 
 •» Suet, in Casfarc. Centena pafTuum millia ia 
 fingulos dies Rheda meritoria expcditus cour 
 ficere folitus eft. » Appianus \\h. a. 
 
 Bellor. Civil.
 
 Its and Meafures, 8cc. 
 
 - There are feveral long Days Journeys mention'd by Pllny, as 
 prodigies of quick travelling. ''As ofAniJiisa. Lacedamonian Run- 
 ner, and Philofiides one of Alexander Sy who ran izoo Stadia 
 from Sicyon to Elis in one day, that is 137 Miles. 
 
 ' Tiherius Nero travelled with 3 Chaifes in one day and one night 
 a journey of zoo Miles, to fee his brother when he was fick. 
 
 ™ The Ancients us'd Caleches, the figures of leveral of them arc 
 to be (een on ancient monuments.. They are very fimple, light, 
 and drove by the Traveller himfelf 
 
 The day's (ailing of a Ship alfign'd by ° Herodotus is 700 Stadia, 
 i.e. 841 EngUp Miles. And for the Night 500, or 70 i Miles 
 making in Z4 hours 155 Englip Miles ^ feems too long. 
 
 The voyage of Solomons Fleet, which was lent to Tharjts for 
 Gold, was Triennial, from which inftances it feems their Merchant 
 Ships were {[ov7 Sailors j and indeed they were of a moil incon- 
 venient figure for it, being round or oval. 
 
 Now we are upon the fubjed of travelling, it may not be im- 
 proper to (ay Something of their Highways and Bridges j and to ap- 
 ply the Tables in (ome particulars of that kind. 
 
 Their Highways, for their extent, folidity or expenfivenels, are fome 
 of the greatell monuments of the grandeur of their Empire. 
 Their Center was the firfl ll:one or the Milliare Auremn in the mid- 
 dle of Rome, from whence they branch'd themielves out to the ut~ 
 mofl; hmits of the Empire. The Apfian way about zooo years 
 old continues in many places entire for feveral miles near Fonde ; 
 which is not to be wonder'd at, confidering the manner of the 
 workmanfliip. Montfaticon tells you that he obferv'd part of it where 
 the ftoncs above were removed between Velletri and Sermonetta-, 
 which gave him an opportunity to confider the manner of the 
 ffruclure •, the foundation was made of rough ftone join'd together 
 with a moft firm Cement : upon this there was laid another layer, 
 
 L z con- 
 
 75 
 
 k Plin. lib. 7. cap. 20. Donee Anirtis curfor 
 Lacedsmonius, & Philonides Alexaudri M. a 
 Sicyone Elin unodie MCC. ftadia cucurrcrunt. 
 1 fiberium Neroncin nodleacdie longiffimum 
 
 iter tribus vehiculis emenfnm, feftinantem ad 
 Drulum fratrem segrotantem in Germaiii;!. 
 •n Vide Moiufaucoii Tom. 4. n Lib. 4.
 
 7 6 Tables of Ancient Coins, 
 
 confifting of fmall ftones and Cement, co plane as it were 
 the inequalities of the lower Stratum or rough ftone, in which the 
 ftones of the upper pavement were fixt. This was an excellent 
 contrivance, for there can be no very durable pavement but a 
 double one. The thickncfs of the whole (trudure was about 3 
 Pariftan Feet, or 3 Feet ^ h Inches EngUp. 
 
 In fbme places their highways had borders for foot paflfengers' 
 about i Foot wide, and i • Foot high. They were fb rais'd, per^ 
 haps for the conveniency of people difmounted to get on horfc- 
 back, which was fometimes neceflary before the ufe of. ftirrups. 
 The breadth of fuch a way was between the borders about i 4 Feer, 
 a fpace fufficient to let two Chariots pafsj the concourfe of many 
 of them at a time not being (b common in thefe Days. Such was 
 the flrudure of the ways of Italy. In other Countries, as parti- 
 cularly in. that part of Gallia called Belgtca, they were larger, and 
 made after the following manner. There was a Ditch drawn ho- 
 tween two parallel Furrows, which was filled with fome found 
 materials, and ramm'd to make the foundation folid, and rais'd 
 fo liigh in marfhy places that the waters could never cover them,. 
 fometimes to the height of io Feet. The ways were m^de of fe- 
 vcral layers of flat ftones and flint cemented fo ftrongly, that Ages 
 . have not been able to break or disjoint them. The conftrudiion 
 was a little various, according to the nature of the Soil or the Ma- 
 terials which they found. 
 
 There were hkewife Inns built at proper diftanccs to receive 
 Travellers. I could not forbear mentioning thefe particulars, tho' 
 not diredly relating to the fubject. It is one of the greateft con- 
 cerns of Government to make their people eafy and fecurc upon 
 the roads, and this is ftill more necefTary in a trading Nation. 
 And the expence that is laid out in flrength and folidity is fru- 
 gality. 
 
 The Roman Bridges were no Icfs wonderful than their highways. 
 Some of them have been repair'd and are yet ftanding; and the 
 remains of the others fliew the magnificence of their ftru6ture : for 
 
 example.
 
 Weights and Meafures^ &cc, yj 
 
 example, that of Narni between Loretto and Rome, fuppos'd to Be 
 built by Augujlm. It joins two mountains, between which the 
 Narni runs. The Bridge confifting of four arches, is of the length 
 of ^ 5 ^ modern Roman Feet, or 5 8 5 Parijian, that is 6zz i Englifii, 
 The dimcnfions of the arches are as follows, in EngUjh Meafurei 
 The height of the iirft Arch i op Feet, the diflance between the 
 Piers 7 z \ Feet. In the fecond Arch the diflance of the Piers is 
 1 5^0 Feet. In the third their diflance is lop Feet.. In the fourth 
 the diflance is 1 3 8 Feet. 
 
 The defcription oiTrajar^s Bridge over the D^wmJ^ does not an- 
 fwer the figure of it upon his Pillar, if it be the fame. Accord- 
 ing to Dio this Bridge had x o Piers of fquare flone, i 5 o Feet high 
 above the foundation, and 60 Feet broad, diflant and joined with 
 Arches of 1 7 a Feet j and what makes the work the more wonderful, 
 is the owzy bottom, and the impetuousflream of the River, becaufe of 
 the comparative narrowncfs of it in that place j befides there was 
 no other channel could be cut to divert the River till the Bridge 
 was built. 
 
 A defcription of a very wonderful Bridge of JuUm Cafars over 
 the Rhine is to be feen in his own* Commentaries, but Architeds 
 differ widely, in tb^ figures which they have given from that de- 
 fcription. 
 
 Pons Vardi^ commonly called Pont du Gard, three Leagues from • 
 Nifms, is another inftance of the Ro?»^« elegance and magnificence^ 
 it confifls of three orders of Arches: the inferior Piers are conti;- 
 nued upward, and fupport the others, leaving a free palTasje for 
 Travellers. The ir^ferior Arches are fix, the fecond Row eleven, 
 the highefl being but fmall, are 35. This height was neceflary, 
 becaufe the Bridge ferves likewife for an Aqueduct. The lower 
 Row of Arches takes up the fpaceof 43 8 feet, the fecond of 74(7, 
 and the third 805. The whole height of the Bridge is 1 8i Feet- 
 It is built of flones compa6led together with Iron. 
 
 The Bridge of the old Brioud in Auvergne, mention'd by Mont- 
 famonj confifls only of one Arch,, which from one Piere to the 
 
 other
 
 78 Tables of /indent Coins 9 
 
 other is I p 5 Feet : from the top of the Bridge to the water arc 
 JI4 Feet. 
 
 The Bridge of Alcantara in Spain upon the Tagus^ built in the 
 reign of the Emperor Trajan, is in length 6jo Feet, confiding of 
 6 Arches of the breadth of 84 Feet. The Piers are (quare, about 
 28 Feet Wide. The Bridge is zS Feet broad, and 2.00 Feet 
 high. 
 
 They had hkewifc the art of making Bridges of Boats. But 
 this by the way. 
 
 But to return to our SubjecH:, 'viz. Meafures of diftances or 
 lines, of which Time may be reckon'd one. Amongft the Ro- 
 mans when the hora was called the integer, it was divided into i 2, 
 parts like the As. A Reader not attending to this, would find 
 it very hard to explain the following paflages in Pliny lib. i. cap. 
 14. Lunam femper aqjerjis afole cornibns, Jt crefcat, ortus fpeSfare: 
 Ji minuatur, occafus, hand duhium efl. Lucere dodrantes femuncias 
 horarum ah fecunda adjicientem tifque ad plenum orhem, detrahentem- 
 que in diminutionem. Intra quatuordecem autem paries femper occult am 
 
 Dodrans is \ of an hour, Semiuncia is ^v P^^^^^j b^'^^^ together 
 make -;? of an hour ; and the fcnfe is, that rhe Moon when fhe 
 begins to appear after the No'viluniutn, fhines ;'^ of an hour, and 
 proceeds adding dill every night the fime quantity of time for the 
 duration of her fliining to the full Moon, and then the time of 
 her light decrcales in the fame proportion. 
 
 Plin. lib. 8. cap. ; 1. fpeakingof the Moon, In coitu "vero quod Inter- 
 hnium n)ocant, cum apparere defierit, fupra Terratn autem erit quam 
 diu (^ Sol, ivterlunio ^ prima tota die, fecunda hora noSfis unius 
 dextante Sicilico : ac deinde tertia ufque ad quh/tam decimam, mukiplicatis 
 horarum iifdem poi'tionibus : quintd decimd tota fupra Terras voBu erit, 
 eademque fub terris tota die-, decima fexta ad prim £ horae no&uma 
 fextantem Sicilicum fub terra agit, ejufdemque portiones horarum per 
 Jlnzttlos dies a^jicit ufque ad interlunium, ^ quantum primis partibus 
 noUis detraxerit quod fub terris agat, tantundem no-vijjimis ex die ad- 
 jiciet fuper terrain. 3 Which
 
 PVeights and Meajurch &c. ' 'J^ 
 
 which paflage is eafily underftood, when the Reader remem- 
 bers that the dextans hora is i o Ounces, or | of an hour : and 
 that a S'icilicus i of an Ounce or 4^ of an Hour. So that the 
 whole time makes ^i of an Hour. This is the fenfc of thefe pal^ 
 fages, without entering into the Ajlronomy of them. 
 
 The Romans divided their natural day into the following parts. 
 
 The firfl they called Media noBis incUnatio. 
 
 Second, Galliciniumy or Cock-crow. 
 
 Third, Conticinium, or when the Cocks left off crowing. 
 
 Fourth, DiluculurNj or Day-break. 
 
 Fifth, Mane, when it grew clear. 
 
 Sixth, From the Morning to Noon. 
 
 Seventh, Tempus occiduunij or Afternoon, which is (bmetimes 
 called fnprema tempejfas, which ended at Sun-fetting. 
 
 Eighth, Fejpera, (b called from Hefperus the Evening-ftar. 
 
 Ninth, prima fax. 
 
 Tenth, Concuhia. 
 
 Eleventh, IntempeJIa, becau{e it was a time unfit for bufinefi. 
 
 The Ancients likewife divided their night into four parts, called 
 (pv?\ciy.cu, 'vigilite, Watches, often mention'd in the new Tejfamenr. 
 In the Roman Camps they were called Vigtliie Cajlrenfes ^ they mufl 
 have been unequal, according to the inec^uahty of the Nights. 
 
 C U A P.
 
 8o 
 
 Tables of Ancient Coins f 
 
 CHAP. IX. 
 
 Of Meafures of Capacity, 
 
 ROMAN. 
 
 TH E Romans have given the proportions of their Meafures 
 of Length, Meafures of Capacity, and Weights, fo exactly, 
 that one being given it is ealy to determine the other two. 
 Thus from the Pes being known, the Congius is determin'd, be- 
 caufe the Atnphm-a, which contain'd 8 Co7igii, was the Cube of a 
 Pes or Foot. The Congius it felf the Cube of half a Foot. So 
 that it is plain the quantity of the Atnphora or Congius being given, 
 that of the Root or Side muft be fo likewife. The weight of 
 Rain-water contain'd in a Congius was i o Roman pounds, and that 
 of the Ainphora 80: fo that from the Meafure of the Congius or 
 Anaphora, the quantity of their Pound, Ounce or Denarius is like- 
 wife known. But it happens from the want of accuratenefs in 
 experiments, or perhaps even in the firft original framer of thefe 
 models, that in comparing the Meafures of Lengths and Capacity 
 and Weights together, and afluming one as the Standard, the others 
 will come out with feme fmall difference. 
 
 The Pf J already fettled is equal to ii^<Jo4 Inches, its Cube 
 1 5(;ij I 1 1 gives the content of the Awphora'm folid Inches; and 
 divided by 8 gives i 5 5?,3 i 35) Inches for that of the Congius. 
 
 According to the Experiment of VUlalpandus^ the Congius o fFeJpaJian 
 weighs in water 5 1 5 (^ o Grains Troy. In order to reduce this to folid 
 Inches, it's knov/n by experiment that a Cubical Englip Foot of 
 Rain- water weighs exactly 7<J pounds Troy: or reducing the foot 
 to Inches, and the Pound to Grains, 1718 folid Inches weigh 
 
 76
 
 Weights and Meajures-i &c. 8r 
 
 75x57^0 Grains, which numbers being divided by their common 
 Diviforjy^J, it appears that 3 (bUdlnchesof Rainwater weigh 7<Jo 
 Grains Troy. Hence the weight of the Congius being 5 z 5 (Jo Grams, 
 It's content is found by the following proportion ^ As 7 (Jo Grains 
 are to 515(^0 Grains, {b are 3 {olid Inches to 2.07,4737 the con- 
 tent of the Congius in (olid Inches: which exceeds that deduced 
 from the Fes by iz,i55)8; and would make the Foot 11,84 
 Inches, differing from that in the Tables near one fifth of an Inch, 
 which make a great difference in the Cubes. But as the learned 
 Bifliop, fo often quoted, obferves, the Romans in all appearance began 
 their concave Meafure not from any length before eft abliOi'd \ bucrather 
 from the Weight of the contain'd liquor,by which thofe veffels are alfo 
 deicrib'd. For had they primarily ereded the Cube of a Foot for 
 their principal Concave, and then Geometrically taken its Sub- 
 GtStave the Congius, from the Cube of half a Foot ; they would 
 not have fail'd to proceed lower in like manner, and to divide 
 the Congius into 8 parts inftead of Six ; each of which leffer Mea- 
 fures, would have been regularly the Cube of a quarter Foot, their 
 well known Palm. This is the courfethat has been taken for our 
 Gallon, which comes in the place of a Congius, and has the P'mt 
 for its Subo6lave. This confideration may well ferve to prove 
 that the Cubical relation of the Amphora to a Foot, and of a 
 Congius to half a Foot, was incidental only, and not primarily de- 
 fiened, tho' afterwards the Amphora was ciefcrib'd by their Authors 
 by the length of the fide of the Cube. As by Rhemnius Fanniits 
 thus, 
 
 "Pes longo fpatio latoque notetur in anglo^ 
 - Angulus tit par fit, quem claudit linea triplex, 
 ^atuor ex quadris medium cingatur inane. 
 Amphora jit Cuius. 
 
 which is thus to be interpreted. Amphora Jic formatur, ut ejuscapa' 
 citas lineas quatuor haheat reUas aquales, pedem longas, quatuor angu- 
 
 M los
 
 82 Tables of Ancient Coins^ 
 
 los reBos, in quorum quemque tref line£ longa lata c^ aha con'vemmt ; 
 efjiciaturque figura ^adrata, quam Gneci xv^ov hoc efl^ Cuhum <vocant. 
 
 Therefore prefcrvingthe Analogy of the Congius with the weight 
 of the R(7w<r?w Pound already fettled, at 5 2.45 ^ Grains Trw, which 
 multiplied by 10 produces 5 145 7 i Grains, the Weight of the 
 Congius : this multiplied by 5, and divided by 760, gives z 07,0 (J 7^ 
 folid Inches, which is the content of the Congius in the Tables, and 
 differs from the capacity arifing from f^tlJaJpandus's experiment by 
 lefs than half a folid hich. Experiments of weighing water are 
 very nice-, the fime quantity of water in the Winter weighed 
 474 Grains, in the Summer only 470, according to a Tryal of 
 M. Homhergs 
 
 A veflel holding the (Jth part of a Congius y or V of a Roman 
 Pound, i. e. zo Ounces, was the Sextarius; the half of that a He- 
 mifia; the quarter of 5 Ounces, a quartarius-^ and the 1 zth a Cy^- 
 thus ■, accordini^to the diftribution oi Volujius Matianus a celebra- 
 ted Lawyer, with whom the more ancient Authors likewife agree. 
 I muil not here omit the proof of the proportions above-menti- 
 on'd, which is plain from the following plehifcitum of the two 
 sua printed in Greaves, and to be feen in the beft editions of 
 Sextus Pompeius de Jig. njerh. 
 
 VTI. QAVDRANTAL. VINI. OCTOGINTA, 
 
 PONDO SIET. 
 CONGIVS. VINI. DECEM. IS. SIET. 
 SEX SEXTARII. CONGIVS. SIENT. VINI. 
 DYO. DE. Q^VINQ^AGINTA. SEXTARII. 
 
 Q_AVDRANTAL. SIENT. VINI. 
 SEXTARIVS. ^Q^VVS. AQJVO. CVM. LI- 
 
 BRARIO. SIET. 
 
 The Congius ofFefpaJtan flili extant, is marked with the follow- 
 ing letters P. X, which denote Pondo Decern. 
 
 ^ The
 
 Weights and Meafures^ &c. 82 
 
 The greateft Meafure among die Romans of liquid diings W2is 
 the CukuSi or Culleus containing 2.0 Amphora. Rhenm'ms FaviniuSf 
 
 Eji ^ Us decies quern conjicit Amphora nojlris 
 Cukus : hoc nulla ejl major menfura liquor is. 
 
 For nojlris undoubtedly ic ihould be read nojlra. * Plin. lib. 1 4. 
 cap. 4. interprets feven Cuki 1 40 Amphora. When, faith he, of- 
 tentimes each Acre will yield feven Cuki of wine, that is 1 40 
 Amphora. A Cukus like wife contains 40 Roman Urnsj an Urn be- 
 ing the half of the Amphora. 
 
 Columella lib. 5 . cap. 5 . reckons the Cukus of Wine at the 
 Vineyard worth 300 Nummi or 75 Denarii^ that is accord- 
 ing to Englijh rate 145 Gallons, 3 i Pints, for z I. S s. 5 i*/, 
 which is about a half Penny the Pint. 
 
 The Cukus likewife contain'd 160 Congii, or f^^'o Sextarii. We 
 read of Dolia Cukaria and Sefquicukaria. Dolia Sefquicukaria muffc 
 have been very large, being about 5 i Hogfheads, and fo therefore 
 larger than our Pipes. '' Cukus fignifies fbmedmes a leadiern Sack. 
 
 Amphora is a Gjy^^ word djU(pi(po^ivg, Iliad. 23. Odjjf. 5?. by a 
 Syncope cif^(po^ivg, it is Co called from the two Anfa or handles 
 for carriage. It is the 2.0th part of the Cukus, as we (aid before. 
 
 §uadrantal fignifies the fame thing as Amphora, fo called, as Fejius 
 Pompeius faith, from the content of it , being the Square, as he calls 
 it, or rather the Cube of a Foot, (^adrantal njocahant antiqui quam 
 ex Grace Amphoram dicunt : quod Das pedis quadratiy quadraginta 
 oBo fextarios capit. 
 
 Ceramium, Ks^fXiov, fignified alfo an Amphora, fo called as being 
 a Veflel of earthen ware. Diofcorides lib. 5 . 
 
 ' Cadus was another word for Amphoray us'd by Columella. Ic was 
 fometimes likewife called (jLiT^mY\<; IraAtxo?, to diflinguilli ic from 
 
 M z the 
 
 » Quando & poftea faepe numero feptenos 
 culleos fiugula jugera, hoc eft, amphoras 
 centenas quadragenas mufti dedere. *> 1. 43 
 
 ft", de Fignor. ad. Titius pecuniam mutuamac- 
 cepit a C., Seio fub PignoreCullcorum; illos 
 
 Culleos cum Seius iu horrco haberet, miiTus ei 
 officio aunonae, ceuturio culleos ad Annonam 
 traiirtulit. c Si in vetuftatem fcrvare voles, 
 cado duarum urnarum quam optimi viui S«- 
 tarium addito.
 
 84 Tables of Ancient Coins j 
 
 the Atttcus. Viofcor. lib. 5 . cap. de "vlno ScilUtico. There was a 
 Model of the Amphora kept in the Capitol dedicated to Jupiter, 
 called the Amphora Capitolma. Rhem. Fanniusj 
 
 ^am ne 'violare ficeref, 
 
 Sacra'vere Jcvi Tarpeio /w monte ^irita. 
 
 Cato de re ruflica cap. 5 7. fpeaking of the allowance of wine for 
 a family, makes it i o ^adrantaha or Amphorae per man a year, 
 that is about 7 1 Gallons, 8 Pmts ; which is above a Pint and a 
 half a day. 
 
 Urnai ah ttrinando, according to Varro, quod in aqua haurienda 
 urinaty hoc eji mergitur ut urinator. It is the 40th part of the Cu- 
 leus, and the half oi the Antpihora: Columella lib. 5. cap. 5. Volufms 
 Mittianus. Columella ibid, fpeaks of Vineyards that yielded 600 Ur- 
 na the Jugerum : this is at the rate of above 5 4 ; Hogflieads to one 
 of our Acres. 
 
 Coi^gm was the 8 th part o[ the Amphora, and 4th of the Urna; 
 it held 6 Sextarii\ which were therefore (o called according to 
 Cato and Galen. The Congius in Englijh Meadire contains zoy,o6y6. 
 fbhd Inches, that is 7 Pints, 4,5)41 folid Inches. 
 ' Pliny lib. 14. cap. iz. relates how Tergilla objeded to Cicero's 
 fon, that he was uled to drink two Congii of Wine at a draught, 
 for which he was called Bicongius : two Congii make above {even 
 Quarts. The fame Author tells you that Noijellus Torquatus a Mi- 
 fanefe in prcfence of the Emperor Tiberius drank off at once three 
 Congii, or z Gallons, 6 i Pints, from whence he was called Tricon- 
 giuf. which are incredible (lories. 
 
 * Cato during the time of the Saturnalia and Compitalia allowed 
 each of his Servants ^fr day a Congius of Wine, or 7 Pints, 4,5)42. 
 
 Inch- 
 
 es. 
 
 Narratur ^ prifci Catonis 
 
 Sape mero caluijfe n)irtus. Hor. 
 
 From 
 
 *Cato de re ruftica cap. 5-7. Saturnalibus & Comwtalibus in fingulos homines Congios.
 
 Weights and Meafures^ &c. 
 
 From Congtus comes Congiarium, which fignifies a gift that thcr 
 Emperors and Magiftrates of Rome ufed to give to their friends, 
 or to the people on certain occasions ; it was fo called becaule at 
 firft a Govgius of Wine or Oyl was given to every one ; the Gme 
 name remain'd after, when daofe gifts were given in money : where- 
 of there are {everal inftances in this Book. '' Ancus Martins gave 
 <>ooo Modia of Salt, or i88 Quarters, 5 Pecks, as a Cangtarium 
 to the people. 
 
 Pliny lib. 14. c. 1 4. writes that when LucuUus return'd from 
 Ajiai millia cadorum congiarium di'vijit amplius centum. Budaus reads 
 congiariorum for congiarium, and thinks that cadorum congiariorum 
 fignifies Cadi of the capacity of a Congius, or fix Sextarii. But 
 G. AgricoJa under Hands Congiarimn Cadorum , a Congiary of Co many 
 Cadiy which LucuUus diftributed among the people, taking Cadus 
 for a certain Meafure of it fel£ 
 
 ' ^intilian tells that Augujius's Congiaria, for their fmalnefs were 
 called Heminaria, alluding to the meafure Hemina, which is one 
 twelfth of the Congms j but this cannot be underflood of all of 
 them. 
 
 The gifts of the Emperors to the Soldiers were called Vonati'va. 
 Suetovius talking of Nero, faith, Populo congiarium, militi donatiuum 
 fropofuit. At the Triumph of MeteUus, Wine was fold for an As 
 the Congtus, which comes to httle more than 3 farthings the 
 Gallon. 
 
 From Congtus comes congialis, u(ed by Plautus : as Fidelia Cono-ia- 
 lis : it fignifies a velTel holding a Congius. 
 
 Sextarius was a Meafure not only of liquid, but of dry things. 
 There was a Sextarius Cajlrenfis, as well as Urbicus, of a different 
 Meafure. 
 
 The Sextarius Urbicus for Liquids was the 48 th part of the 
 Amphora, the i4th of the Uma, the 6 th part of the Congius, 
 
 from. 
 
 8? 
 
 d Plin. lib. 3i.cap.7.AncusMariiuslV.Rcx 
 Rom. Sails modia lex mlllu in congiario dedit 
 populo. « Lib. 6. cap. 4. Fabiui Maximus 
 iacufans Augulli congi.nriorum, qase amicis da- 
 
 baniui', cxiguitatcm, hcminaria cfle dixit. Nam 
 congiarium cum lit commune libcr-iliutib aique 
 meiiiurx,a meufura du61a imminucio til rcrum.
 
 86 Tables of Ancient Coins^ 
 
 from whence it had its name. This Sextarius is divided into two 
 Hemina or CotyU, according to the verfes of Rhemnius Fanniusj 
 
 At Cotylas, qitas Ji placeat dixijfe Ucehh 
 Hemitiasy recipit gemma s Sextarius tti^s. 
 
 It is hkewife divided into four ^artarii, which are the half of 
 a Hemina, as appears from Volujius Matianus. It is called ^ar- 
 tarius \f'v\\r^(^tGt to the Sextarius y whofe 4 th part it is. A Sex- 
 tarius is alfo divided into 8 Acetahula^ according to Vliny Uh. z i . 
 cap. ultimo. 
 
 The parts of the Sextarius were like thofe of the As j Uncia, 
 Sextansy (^adransy Triensy ^incuvXy Semisy Septunx, Bes^ Dodrans, 
 Dextansy Deunx; by which words a certain number of Cjathi is 
 meant, a Cyathus being one i ith of the Sextarius. 
 
 It was a cuftom among the Ancients at their entertainments, to 
 drink as many Cyathi to the health of their friend or miftrefs, as 
 there were letters in their name. Mart. lib. i . 
 
 Na'via fex Cyathis : feptem jfujlina bihatur : 
 ^inque Lycas : Lyde quatuor : Ida tribus : 
 Onmis ab mfufo numeretur arnica Fakrm. 
 
 And Jib. 5. Mart. 
 
 Sextantesy Callijley duos infunde Falerni. 
 
 Two Sextantes were | of a Sextariusy or 4 Cyathi. According 
 to Cornelius Neposy Augujlus Cafar's higheft debauch in Wine was 
 fix Sextant esy that is a Sextarius y or a Uttle above our Pint : which 
 he was not able to exceed without vomiting. 
 
 The Sextarius Cajlrenjis was double of the Urbicusy which Agri- 
 cola infers from a paflage of St. Jerome upon Ezekiel. This Sex- 
 tarius Cajlrenfis may havcoccafion'dtheexpreffionof a Soldier's Bottle. 
 
 Hemina
 
 Weights and Meafures:, &cc. 87 
 
 Hmina the half of the Sextarius. {Aulus Gellius lib, 3. cap. i^.) 
 It contains tv/o 6l»artaniy ^ Acetahula, 6 Cyathi, 14 Ligula: as 
 appears from Folufius Matianus. The Greeks (onietimes ufe Hem'ma, 
 adding podfjidm or iraAww'. 
 
 §iuartanitsy the fourth part of the Sextariusy as was faid before. 
 
 Acetabulum^ the half of the'^^rr<«nW, was firft fo called from^cf- 
 tunij in imitation of the Greeks , by whom it is called o^v^ci<pog and 
 o^v^cKpoVy becaufe it was firfl; us'd for holding Sauce for meat j 
 and afterwards became a certain meafure of liquids. 
 
 Cyathusy the i 2 th part of the Sextarius , is a Greek word comincr 
 from ')(yeiVy f under e. 
 
 Ligula, likewife called Vmguaj firfl: fignified a Spoon, but after- 
 wards the Latijt Phyficians came to ufe it as a meafure, containino- 
 one 48rh of the Sextarius. Columella lib. iz. cap. 2.1. faich it 
 was the fourth part of the Cyathus. 
 
 Cochlear, Cochleare and Cochlearium often denote a Spoon, and 
 fometimes a Meafure equal to the Ligula. They are us'd by Pliny 
 and Columella. 
 
 There was alfo amongff the Romans a Libra menfuralis, which 
 the Greeks called AtV^- jULiTeAKY), and diflinguiflied from the a/t4'« 
 S'ct^lbLiKyi or the libra ponder-al is. This confifted of 1 1 Ounces, and 
 was divided likewiie as the As. It was made commonly of horn, 
 and divided by i 2 lines, marking the Ounces, from whence it was 
 called by GalenKifiug /Hir^ciioV} cornu menfurale. According to G^- 
 len lib. 6. de compof. Medicament, this Libra menfuralis weighed 1 o 
 Ounces of Oyl, and of Wine 11 Ounces, z Scruples, i Obolusy 
 and I Siliqua, according to the ponderal Libra. The Ancients all 
 along fuppos'd the weight of Oyl to be to that of Wine, as 5? to 
 I o, which tho' it differs from our proportion, might be true in a 
 warmer Country, the warmth of the Air expanding Oyl more than 
 Wine. This proportion of the fpecifical gravity of thofe two li- 
 quors holds in this computation ^ for 1 1 Ounces, z Scruples, 
 1 Obolusy I Siliqua make \6oo Siliqua , and 10 Ounces make 
 1440 Siliqua y and dividing both by 1^0 makes it as p to 10. Ac- 
 cording
 
 88 fables of Ancient Co'ins^ 
 
 cordinc; to this weight of Wine afligtVd by Galen, the Li- 
 bra menfuralis conmn'd 19,085 fohd Inches, fomewhat le(s than 
 -' of our Pint, Wine meafure. But the Roman Meafurcs varying, 
 in all appearance this originally was dcfigned to contain 1 2. pon- 
 dcral Ounces of water, according to which weight it would be 
 equal to xo^tJi 2. folid Inches, the difference between the two be- 
 ing only Ij5 2.7 foiid Inches. 
 
 Of Roman Mcafures of Capacity for things dry. 
 
 MOdiusy and (bmctimes in Pl'iny MoJiuMy deriv'd from modusy 
 was a Meafure for things dry. It was the third part of the 
 Amphora or ^adrantal, according to Voliffius Matiamis. As the 
 Modius was the third part of the Amphovay fo the Amphora was one 
 half of the Medimnus. Rhemnlus Fannius fpeaking ot the Amphora 
 
 Hujtis dim'tdiim fert Urna, d^ ipfa Medimni 
 Amphoray terque capit Modium : Sextariur ijlum 
 ■ 'S^xdecies haurit. 
 
 PZ/VTy fpeaking of the value of (everal forts of Wheat lib. 18. 
 c. 7. (ays the Gallick Wheat and that from the Cherfonefus w;\s the 
 lighteft, not exceeding zo Libra the Modius. The Sardum v/a.s a 
 
 . Selibray or half a pound heavier ; the Alexandrian and Sicilian 
 wheat added trientesy or four Ounces more, that is, weii^hed lo 
 Pounds and i o Ounces. The Boeotian an entire Pound, being in 
 
 .all z I Pounds. The African added to that a Dodrans, or in all 
 XI Pounds, 57 Ounces. According to this Account of Pliny s, 
 the Weights of the Wheat flood as follows, 
 
 Modius Galilean ^4^1 
 
 Sardum Z46 [ 
 
 Alexandrian-- 2.50 )> Roman Ounces. 
 
 Baotian z 5 z 
 
 African — %Ci 
 
 In
 
 Weights and Meafures^ &c. 89 
 
 In En^ijh Meafiire and Weight thus ; 
 
 Peck of Wheat 
 
 Ounces Troy 
 
 Pounds 
 
 Ounces. 
 
 Gallican 
 
 zi8,5i7 
 
 18 
 
 2-1 
 
 Sardum 
 
 2.i5ci>7P 
 
 18 
 
 s 
 
 Alexandrian 
 
 2Z7,<JiI 
 
 18 
 
 111 
 
 Boeotian 
 
 zx9A^^ 
 
 IP 
 
 I'r 
 
 African 
 
 ^37*^57 
 
 ^9 
 
 9'j 
 
 According to a Table of Sir Jonas Moor'Sj a Peck of Englijb 
 Wheat weighs z04,8 84 Ounces, or, ijlh. i oz. 
 
 The Ughteft Grain in the former account weighs above one i 8 th 
 part more than Englifj Wheat. The Gallican Wheat was that of the 
 (outhern parts of Gauly and I beUeve the Gme proportion would 
 anfwer obfervation at this day. All which is to be underftood at a 
 medium, for the weight of grain differs very much in different years. 
 
 I have been more particular in the account of this expe- 
 riment of Pliny, becaufe it fliews that the Meafure of the Roman 
 Modius is calculated pretty true, tho' by (bme Writers it is reckon'd an 
 uncertain Meafure. There are Trimodia and Vecemmodiay ruflick 
 Veffels. Colum. lih. iz. cap. i8. ^ 5. 
 
 Cato (peaking of the allowance to Servants, gives it as follows. 
 FamiliiS ciharia-^ qui opus facient per hyemem nitici modios quaternos, per 
 ajlatem quaternos femis : VilUco, VilUca, Epijlat^e, Opilioni modios Ternos : 
 Compeditis per hyemem panis pondo quaterna: uhi'vineayn fodere aeperinty 
 panispondo qiiina, ufque adeo dum feus ejfe caper int: deinde ad panes 
 auaternos redito. 
 
 This allowance of four or five Modii of Wheat which is (omewhac 
 more than Co many of our Pecks, muft be fuppofed montlily, for 
 Vonatus in Phormionem Ttrentianum informs us that the monthly Al- 
 lowance of Servants was four Modii : from whence it was called 
 Demenfum either from Menfs or demetiendo : which is a word ufed 
 by Terence, as follows, (^od ilk unciatim 'vice de Demenfo fuo, fuum 
 defraudans genium comparfit mifer, id ilia uni-verfmn ahripiet, baud 
 
 N exiflimam
 
 po " Tables of Ancient Coins^ 
 
 extjlimans qumto fahore Jit favtum. It is to be obfcrved tKat the 
 Bayliff', Reive and Shepherd, had left allowance of Wheat than the 
 rell, but it is to be prefum'd they had befides their Wheat other 
 provifions given them which the inferior fervants had not. As 
 for the four or five Pondo of Bread which the Compedites had, it's 
 not certain what time it was to ferve them. 
 
 It will afford fome light in the analogy of their Meafures fu- 
 perficial and of Capacity, as well as in their Husbandry, if we 
 take notice what quantity of feed of (everal grains they us'd to 
 (bw in a given quantity of ground , which according to * Pliny 
 was 
 
 '5 Modii of Wheat 
 
 6 Modii of Barley t l cv 
 
 ^ T^yr J- c T> ^ / to the Ju^erum, 
 
 C Moan or Beans ' -^ ^ 
 
 3 Modii of Peafe 
 Which in En^ijh Meafure is 
 
 Bufli. Pecks. 
 
 Z - - - . 
 
 T 
 
 z U 
 
 z — — 1 1 Beans 
 Peafe 
 
 o 4 Wheat 
 
 Barley C . ' 
 
 „ ^ / per Acre. 
 
 
 There are feveral other Grains mention'd in that Chapter, but 
 this is fufficient for a proof 
 
 Semimodiuiy or the half Modius containing 8 Sextarii, is men- 
 tion'd by Cicero, Varro and others. 
 
 Sextarius was likewife us'd as a Meafure of dry things : as in 
 Palladius : Trigmta columlis wolantihus diurni tres Sextarii tritici fuf- 
 ftciunt. 
 
 Hemina is a meafure of things dry in Cato^ Columella and Palla^ 
 dius. 
 
 fttiortartuf, 
 
 * Plin. lib. 18. cap. 24. Serere injugera tern- Ics V. Horde! VI. Fabs qumtam parcem 
 
 perato folo juftum eft, tricici autfiliginis Modi- jamplius quam Tritici - - - - ; Pifi III.
 
 Wei^ts and Meafures^ &c. 91 
 
 §uartariufy Pliny uCcs as a Meafure of things dry. iih. 1 8 . r. 45. 
 And Co were Acetahuluniy Cyathus and Ligulay whofe capacities and 
 proportions to one another, are already given in the chapter of li- 
 <^uid Meafures. 
 
 Vano and Pl'my mention Concha as a Meafure for things Dry. 
 Cleopatra faith it was of two forts, the lefler was equal to one half 
 oxyhaphum j and the greater to an oxyhathum and a half. 
 
 Greek Meafures of Capacity. 
 
 IN reducing the Greek folid Meafures to the EngUjh I {hall make 
 ule of the ;^»^, which made in Weight 7x0 Drachms accord- 
 ing to all Authors, fuppofe of Rain-water, the Anients making 
 no difference betwixt the weight of that and Wine. Taking the 
 heavieft Attick Dr^c/w/, which is the hundredth part of the oXAAttick 
 Mina or our A'verdupois Vound, and negledling the fmall difference 
 in the Tables, I fhall ftate it at 70 Grains Troy. According to 
 this Drachm, the weight of the Attick -^^ng muft be 50400 Grains. 
 There are in a folid Foot 17x8 fohd Inches, weighing ■/6 Pound of 
 Rain-water: by this Experiment, 7^0 Grains make 5 folid Inches, 
 therefore 50400 make 15)8^94757 folid Inches, the number of 
 folid Inches in the ySg ; which is 6 Pints, zs^6<)S folid Inches, 
 fomewhat lefs than the Roman Congius, tho' the Greek y^q and the 
 Roman Congtus are ufed indifferently as the fame Meafure by anci- 
 ent Authors J as likewife are the (Jth part of them, the ^gf>5^ 
 and Sextarius, and the i ith, the KQrv7\.v] and the Hemina. There 
 is great probability that the Greeks meafured the capacity of their 
 vcftels by the weight of Oyl, the produ6t of their Country. For 
 the Phyficians fpeaking of thofe Meafures always mention their 
 weight in Oyl 5 and Galen fpeaking of the Cotyla, faith that Heras 
 underflood the Cotyla to be of 60 Drachms, reducing the weight 
 to Oyl. Galen lib. 5. de compof. Medicam. I find likewife that it 
 is a general Suppofition among the Ancients, that the weight of 
 
 N z Oyl
 
 92 Tables of Ancient Coins, 
 
 Oyl was to that of Wine as p to lOj (b in the fragmc^nt printecf 
 after Gakn of the Compofition of Medicine fy 7 z Pounds of Oyl is 
 made equal in bulk to 80 Pounds of Wine, 9 Pounds of Oyl to 
 1 o Pounds of Wine, and fo every where. According to our ex- 
 periments the weight of Oyl is to that of Wine or frclh water as 
 47 (J to 517, which is very near as 9 to s>,96. So imall a diffe- 
 rence, as we obferv'd before, may be accounted for, by the Oyl 
 weighing leG in a warm country than in ours : for warm Air ex- 
 pands Oyl more than water. If we were to make a ^Sg from 
 holding 720 Drachms or jo Troy Grains of Oyl, upon this fuppofition 
 of the Ipecifick weight of Oyl being to that of water, as 5? to i o, it 
 would be much larger than the Roman Congiusy the contrary of which is 
 known. But if they (etded their ^Qg by the weight of Oyl, it 
 mud have been by a Drachma of 6 5 Grains, very near fuch as thae 
 of the Tables. 
 
 * The largefl: Greek Meafure for things liquid was the Attick ^ttg- 
 Tey)T^? of the mafculine gender, (tho'G?roand Columella uCe Metreta 
 feminine) fjLST^nTi)? tx^ S^Vct? o|2>', that is, the Metretes is 7 2 JsVa^> 
 afud Nicandri interpretem. Diofcorides de n}ino weratroy faith \qi q 
 
 iuLiT^y)Tyig x°^^ '^' ^^^^ ^^ ^^ ^^^ ^^ contains i o x^^^- Some approve 
 of this reading: But Alciatus and G. Agricohy inftead of ^o'g? /, 
 read ;^cg?i|2>'. So that it contain'd ix, which is confirmed by 
 Epiphanius, Cleopatra and Galen. Rhemnius Fannius makes the Me- 
 tretes \ of the Amphora, in thefe verfes, 
 
 Attica praterea dicenda ejl A'vphora nohisy 
 
 Seu Cadus-y hunc fades y nojlra Ji addideris Umam. 
 
 But this is true only on fuppofition that x^'^ ^^^ Congius 
 were precifely equal, whereas they were but nearly fo. Me- 
 tretes is called dfj/po^ivg in PolluXy but ctrJiKog is to be underflood, 
 to diftinguifh it from the Roman. Viofcorides UK 5 . ufes jULiT^nTY)? 
 WoLT^iKog for the Roman Amphora.
 
 Weights and Meafures^ &c. 93 
 
 Kct^o^ comes perhaps from ^a.S'eiV, which fignifies to contain, 
 or from the Hebreiu Cad, a Meafure mention'd in the Bible, and 
 tranflated vS'g^oL by the LXX. It was a Meafure equal to the 
 Metretes. For what Diofcorides lib. 5. calls jUiT^nTYiv 'y?^iVKii<; i 
 Pliny lih. i 4. cap. i 6. renders Cadum mujli. It is {bmetimcs writ 
 with a double o'\ as in Pollux lib. p. where he tells that djLL<po^evg 
 was called xa<:^<^3? by the Ancients. And the (ame Author relates from 
 Philochorus rhat YijUictjbL<poe/'OV fjfe Y,fjLiKciS'S'\ov- From y.(i^oq comes 
 yA^^X'^<; ai^d KO.Si'i'/^oCi as Congialis from Con^us. 
 
 Julius Cafar at his Triumphal Supper, according to P/iwy, lih. 
 1 4. r^p. I 5 . gave i o o Cadi of C/?wj Wine, that is 4 Tuns, 
 i 5 i Gallons. 
 
 The {ame Author {aith lih. 1 4. o?^. i 5 . that Hortenjius left to 
 hisheiri 0000 G?^/of Wme, that is 410 Tuns, and zS Gallons. 
 
 L. Lucullus ^:iwc a. Congiary of 100000 Q^/, or 4101 Tuns, 
 44 Gallons. 
 
 Cadus was called a^^fjuov- Hefychius faith xctcTo^ g?-) Ki^fjuoy- 
 In (everal printed books Ceratmium is put erroneouily for 
 
 Hefychius faith Ki^jniov tQ oiVa w- vi^oLTog <Tcif>Lviov. So C^^w^ 
 and Stamnium are the fame. 
 
 Suidas makes a difference betwixt ;:^oi)'$' and ;^o£!;V> when he 
 faith ^ac,' JVo ^gVa<, ;^ogi;V g^- ^lic ^11 other Authors make 
 them the fame. The Greek Phyficians fbmetimes ufe "^ig for the 
 Roman Congius, the difference being but fmall. 
 
 Athenaus relates that Alilo a Crotoniate drank at once 3 Choa of 
 Wine, which is about z Gallons, five Pints. 
 
 The fame Autlior faith that Alexander after he had drank up a 
 Cup of 2 Choa (or 1 4 Pints) and was going to take another, he 
 fell ill and dyed. 
 
 Choes were certain Feftivals at Athens, Co called becaufe every 
 one had a Chus of Wine given him, according to Suidas. And 
 Athenaus fays that Demophoon King of Athens promifed the reward 
 of a fweet Cake, and Dionyjius the Tyrant a Crown of Gold, to 
 
 the
 
 p4 ' Tables of Ancient Coins, 
 
 the firft man who drank a ')^Zq (or 7 pints) in thofe hohdays r 
 which was a very barbarous diing among fuch poUce people as die 
 Athenians. 
 
 The ^«^ contain'd 1 1 CoiyU according to Cleopatra, ^Qg 
 iX^ i«,ST^&) juiv KorvKcL? djliTtdg ^(jnhKO., The (ame is confirm'd 
 by others. And Athenaus lib. 1 1 . faith that hoiyuvog contain'd 
 the fame number of CotyU. So it was equal to the y^^g. It is 
 (bmetimes us'd in the neutral gender as T^dyvvoVj and (bmetimes 
 it is called T^ayrivov : which (ome tranflate lagena. 
 
 As the Romans borrowed the name of the Congius from the 
 Greek yyg, fo did the Grecians in later times borrow the ^sV«? 
 from the Roman Sextarius. It was the (Jth part of the p^^a?-, as 
 appears from GaJen and others. 
 
 KoTyAyi, fo called from its Cavity. Athenaus lib. 15?. Trotv to- 
 aoiKo} xoTvhY]]/ smT^av 01 TfoLAcuoh ^- e. the Ancients called every 
 concave thing xotJah- The fame Author faith likewi(e xotJajj 
 Q xaihrncv. j^ w T» i^ja xoiAoVn^i that is, the Cavity of the Cox- 
 endix is called Cotyla. There were, according to Galen, feveral Co- 
 tyU, fuch as the Alexandrian and Ephejian : but the Attick Cotyla 
 was one half of the ^gVn?. Interpres Arijloph. in Plutum, (aith jcorJ- 
 M hh ^i^og lagVf «, Xiyojuav Yijueig YifjLi^i<^ov i /"■ ^. the (7ory/<« 
 is a Meafure which we call a half ^jfuf. Rhemnius Fannius, 
 
 At Cotylas, quas, Jt placeat, dixijfe licebit 
 Heminas : recipit geminas Sextarius unus. 
 
 From y.0Tv7\r\ comes r^mrvKog olvog in Hejychius, which figni- 
 fies as much wine as three mtvKou hold. 
 
 T^u^Atoi/ was the fame Meafure as the xoti'a«, as appears by 
 Cleopatra and Galen. 
 
 0^vCci<pov was a Meafure anfwering to_ the Roman Acetabulum. 
 Plin. lib. 1 5 . cap. nit. fiich it was the fourth part of the Hemina. 
 Hefychius {aith it was called aiV? ctA<f, ficL(biov> and yd^inv- 
 
 Ktot^i 
 
 0?
 
 Weights and Meafures^ &c. py 
 
 KyaOo? was the i ith part of the ^gVw^j according to Epiphanius 
 and others : from thence comes avct^i^etv, cyathijfare, which Plau- 
 tus u(cs in Menachmis j it fignifies to fill drink to one, or (erve 
 one at drinking. Suetonius likewise ufes this word Cyathijfare. 
 
 KoP/Yl, or Concha^ has its name from a Shell; there were a 
 greater and a lefs ; according to Cato cap. i^. dere Kujl. But it ap- 
 pears from thefe words of Pliny lib. 1 1. cap. 15. Alexandra M. res 
 ihi gerente, toto die ajliqjoy unam concham impleri^ jujlum erat; that 
 it was a certain Meafure. Cleopatra fays that the greater Concha 
 was equal to the Oxyhaphunij and the leffer to one half of the Cya^ 
 thus. 
 
 Mv9^<ih and {bmetimes ^vVAof, is {b called from ^tJ$-, a Moufe. 
 Ariftotle faith the fea-moufe was afhell-fiih; and from it probably 
 this Meafure is fo called. Cleopatra relates that of this Meafure 
 there were two kinds, the greater which was the i^th part of the 
 Cotyla ; and the lefTer the 4th part of the Cyathus. avct^oc eV« 
 fjLiK^ fXV'^^CL noTd^' The greater Myftrum was called Georgicum : 
 as being only a Ruftick Meafure. Myjlrum is called (ioL^l^og by 
 Hefychius. 
 
 X«V» was a Meafure, having alfb its name from a Shell-fifli. 
 There was the greater or Ruftick Cheme^ the loth part of the Co- 
 tyla: but the lefTer, which the Phyficians ufed, was the 3 0Lh part 
 of the Cotyla. This appears from Cleopatra. 
 
 Kox^^oie/oVj in latin Cochlear, was the fhialleft Meafure for li- 
 quids, it is equal to one half of the Cheme. Rhemnius Fannius^ 
 
 „___ — -At tertia Myjlri 
 ^Imm 'voeitant Chemeny capit hac Cochkaria hina. 
 
 Greek
 
 g6 Tables of /indent CoinSi 
 
 Greek Meafures of things dry, 
 
 ME^ipLmy oi^ fJLiS'ijU.vov in the neuter gender, the Greeb com, 
 monly uled it with the acute Accent on the antepenuhima: 
 but the Athenians writ it fjn^ijuLVogj with the accent on the peml- 
 t'ma. It was a Meafure for dry things, fuch as Wheat, Barley, 
 Flower, &c. and contain'd 48 Choenkes according to Pollux, Har- 
 pcratmiy and Galen de menfims. But this here is meant of the At- 
 tick Medimnus : for there was likewile the Georgicus, Macedonicus, 
 Siculusy Cyprius, ^c. 
 
 Suidas mentions the following proverb: (jLiS'lfJiW ciTtojUiT^oS 
 c^^ tQ TTctT^g d^yv^iQVi h. e. I meafure the money my Father 
 leaves me by a Medimnus : (with a Budiel.) Which is the fame as 
 one fnould fay, that he had a great fortune left him. 
 
 Xoivi^ or (Phoenix is a dry Meafure containing 3 CotyU accord- 
 ing to Cleopatra : and Co was i ^ of the |g$-j5^ ; which already is 
 fhewn to be 3 5,1 5 8 fbUd Inches: this number multiplied by i gives 
 4-9 J 3 7 ^li^ Inches equal, to the Choenix ; which again multiplied 
 by 48, gives the Medimnus z-^^y^-^y6 Inches, that is 4 Pecks, 
 6 Pints, 3 J 01 Cubick Inches. 
 
 The ^V«?5 y.0TvM> o^v^oi(poVy xvol^o?, and x.o'^Tkicl^ov, were 
 alfo us'd as Meallires for things dry \ their capacity and proportion 
 to one another is the fame as when they are Meaiurcs for liquids, 
 which have been fliown already. 
 
 The Jewish Mcafures of Capacity. 
 
 T N determining the capacity of the Jenjjijh folid Meafures I have 
 ■*- followed Dr. C?mj^<fr/,^W(^ in the Tables formerly publilhcd. There 
 is a greater difference between the Rahhins and Jofephus in the 
 account of the Je'vjijh Meafures of Capacity, than m that of their 
 Weights and Coins, However we lliall not Co pofitively adhere 
 
 to
 
 Weights and Meajures^ &c. P7 
 
 to the one or the other, as to omit giving the Objedions and 
 Arguments on both fides. Dr. Cumberland takes the Ephah to be 
 the <Jth part of the Cube of the Jenjj'tjh or /Egyptian Cubit, which 
 Cube is called Arduh. The Egyptian Cubit is according to him 
 21,888 Inches, anditsCube 1048(^^1, whofefixth partis 1747^7 
 folid Inches equal to the Ephah. That the Ephah was the <Jthparc 
 of the Cube of the Egyptian Cubit, the Bifhop proves from the 
 accounts of the Arabian Mathematicians, in which by an ufual 
 commutation of the quiefcent letters it is called Oeba or Waihaj 
 which laft word is us'd in the Arabian tranflation to exprcfs Ephah. 
 
 According to Golius, at Babylon the Ardub was equal to fix 
 Ephahs, and this proportion was generally acknowledg'd in the 
 Eaflern Countries. He obferves that 1747.7 folid Inches differ 
 very little from 172.8, the Cubick Inches of an Englifi Foot. 
 The neglcdt of a few centefimals in the fide of the Cube would 
 bring it to an equality with the Cube of a Foot. 
 
 The Bifhop obferves likewife that his Ephah or 1747,7 Cubick 
 Inches contains looo Ounces of pure Rain-water; this is not 
 true, fuppofing the niceft proportion that the A<verdupois Pound 
 has to the Troy is that of 1 7 5 to 1 4 4 ; tho' that in the Tables 
 be only as 1 7 to i 4, negleding the laft figures. According to 
 which the A<verdupois Ounce (whereof there are i 6 in the Pound) 
 is to the Troy Ounce as 175: is to 15)1 ; and 100 Ounces Aver- 
 dupois are equal to 43750 Grains Troy, which allowing j6o 
 Grains to a Cubick Inch of Rain-water, make ijt6^9j folid In- 
 ches; which is exceeded by the Billiop's Ephah or i y ^y j by 20,75 
 folid Inches, above i of a Wine-pint. The Ephah or i 747,7 folid 
 Inches make of Wine-meafure 7 Gallons, 4 Pints, 15,2 folid In- 
 ches: andof Corn- meafiire 3 Pecks, z Pmts, 32,075 folid Inches. 
 
 Jofephus lib. 15. cap. 11. faith x.o^og iXiVctrcu jULit^ijULvag djlt- 
 xaV S'ix.cL'' whereby it is inferr'd that the Ephah, the tenth part of 
 the Corus, was equal to the Medimnus Atticus: which according 
 to the Tables contains 2354,751 folid Inches: and exceeds die 
 Biiho^p's Ephah by ^07,051 folid Inches, which make above a 
 
 O quarter
 
 g8 Tables of Ancient Coins-, 
 
 quarter of the whole Mcafure : and feems to be too great a diffe'- 
 rcnce to happen by any ncgled in the menfuration. 
 
 The Billiop propofes an Argument drawn from his emendation 
 of the following corrupted pafiage of Hefychms oi(p] fjik^v At- 
 yvTiliov T20J-ct£^;^o»n)cov, h. e. the Efhah an Egyptian Meafure e- 
 cjual to four Chcenices: which is certainly very far from the truth. 
 The Bilhop for rsVcte^ puts AAAIIII, which fignify 3^, and 
 fb makes the Efhah to be 34 Chcenices, which coincides nearly 
 with his determination of it. But this feems to be a very weak 
 argument. 
 
 Sabnafius in his Epiftlc to Walaus, cites an ancient Anonymous 
 Latin Author, who alhrms that dm Cori Culkum reddunt, h. e. that 
 two Cori are equal to a Culleus. A Culkus contain'd zo Amphora^ 
 and a Corus I o Ephahs. Therefore according to this paffage the 
 Ephah was equal to the Roman Amphora, which, according to the 
 Tables, is 7 Gallons, one Pint, and 10,66 folid Inches, or 
 I(j5<j,5 3 5 folid Inches, which is left than 1747^7 Inches by 
 51,165 foUd Inches, or above 3 Wine Pints. 
 
 Another argument of the Bifliops is, that " Suidas in (tctTOVf 
 " which is the Hehrenv Seah, affirms it to be the Roman Modius fil- 
 " led fb as to run over its brinks, and that it holds in liquids i y' 
 ^' Sextaries ov x$ Pounds." But this is a falfe Meafure of the Row<^;2 
 Modius <^iven by Suidas, for it contains I 6 Sextaries, or i 6 Pounds 
 8 Ounces. The Bifhop adds that "15 Roman Sextaries are equal 
 *^ to i\ Congii, which in folid Inches meafure of water makes 
 " ^iy^6 6, being 300 Ounces of Weight, but this is lefs than 
 * the 5 d part of our Ephah, that being 5 8 z : fo there wants above 
 *'a Quart of our Wine meafure. And ^f/z^^j implicitly confefleth 
 " his Mcafure too little, by faying it muff be vTrsPTriTrM^cd/ULivov, 
 " heaped up fo as to run over. But if inftead or i 5 Sextaries 
 there be taken a Modius, which is 16 Sextaries ; that heaped up fo 
 as to run over will come very near the Bifhop's Seah, or third pare 
 of the Ephah. 
 
 The
 
 Weights and Meafures^ &c. p^ 
 
 The Bifliop proceeds to inform us " that the Modiui was le/s 
 " than the Seah ; Epiphan'ms affirmeth, that it was equal to a Modius 
 '^andir, and Jofephus lib. p. c. z. and Hierom, on Matth. xiiL 
 " $^. iay, it was an Italian Modius and an half. 
 
 After giving the menfuration and argumentation of Dr. Cumher- 
 landy Bifliop of Peterhoroughy I think it would not have been 
 fair to have fupprcG'd thofe of another Reverend Prelate, who 
 feems to be much better qualify 'd than the former to write upon 
 this Subjed;. There are Tables computed upon both Syftems, 
 and the Reader may ufc which he pleafeth. 
 
 Jewish Meafures for things liquid. 
 
 TyATHy fo called from Cavity or Capacity, the LXX write it 
 •*~^ (hcti^- ilj ei}io(ri 'xp^^^^'^ 9^^^^ Ihcua- i Kings, cap. 5, 
 
 According to Jofephus lib. 8. cap. x. it contain'd yx Attich 
 Sextariiy which is different from Bifliop Cumberlands Meafiire in the 
 Tables. The LXX render it fometimes by the word itfelf, as 
 before i fometimes by ^gT^«T«Vi 2, Chron. cap. 4. fometimes by 
 Ki^.fjLiov Ifaiah cap. 5, The ancient Latin verfion tranflates ic 
 Lagena. It was the 10th part of the Chomer in hquid things, as 
 the Ephah was in dry, Ezekiel xlv. i i. The Ephah and the Bath 
 Jhall he of one Meafure, that the Bath may contain the tenth part 
 of an Homer y and the Ephah the tenth part of an Homer. 
 
 Hiw likewife a liquid Meafure, as of Oyl. Exod. 30. Ezek.yXv, 
 4^. Of Wine Exodus 25?. Leuit. Z5. According to Jofephusyit 
 contain'd two Attich Congii, lib. 3. cap. 5? ^ 10. Therefore it was 
 the 6 th. part of the Ephah, Jofephus writes, lib. 5. aeycuoh' 
 that they offered with an Ox the half of a HiwofOyl^ or in £73^- 
 Uj^ Meafure according to Jofephus 6 Pints, zj^tJfjS (olid Inches, 
 according to the Tables, 5 Pints 1,1(^7 folid Inches. With a 
 Ram they offer'd the third part of a Hin or 3, Pints, jo^^6r, fohd 
 Inches. And with a Lamb the 4th part, or z Pints, i ^,071 folid Inches. 
 
 O z The
 
 TOO Tables of Ancient Coins^ 
 
 The Prophet Ezehiel was commanded to drink water to the 
 quantity of the 6th. part ofaH/w, that is i Pint, ip.^Jyi foUd 
 Inches. 
 
 The LXX render Hin falfly -^^v or one Congtus, Leqjtt. i p.' 
 and with a much greater difference from the truth, the Latin Ver- 
 fion renders it Sextarius. Epiphanius makes a twofold Hin, the- 
 greater of i 8 Sextariiy the lefler of p. 
 
 Log, a Meafure of hquids, L€q;it. 14. It was the /id part of- 
 the Bath or Ephah, and the i zth part of the Hin, according to- 
 all the accounts of the Je^ijh Writers: BenediUus Arias upon- 
 Ezekiel derives Lagena from Log. The ancient Latin verfion tranf- 
 lates it Sextarius. And the Greek verfion falfly, CotyJa, Le^vit. i 4, 
 
 The Cor or Cho?ner, and with a Greek termination Coras, it was 
 moft commonly a Meafure for things dry, and the greateft that 
 was us'd among the Je'ws. As of Barley, Le'vit. 17. of Wheat 
 I Kings in. z. 2 Chron. ii. r. It contain'd according to the R^^- 
 hins 10 Ephahs, and 50 Sata or Seahs. Coros is the more ufual 
 term in the hiftorical Writers, and Chomer amongft the Prophets. 
 
 Jofephus lib. 1 5 . cap. 1 1. cL^-^cuoA- makes the Coros equal to 
 10 Medimni Attici, because he makes the Ephah equal to one Me- 
 dimnus. The Je'ws were commanded to give the (Jth part of an 
 Ephah out oi xkit Homer of Wheat, Ezek. xlv. Chap, i 3. that is orre 
 part out of fixty. 
 
 Epiphanius makes the Coros equal to 3 o Roman Modii, and the 
 ancient verfion renders it the fame. Ifaiah 5. Le-vit. zy. Accor- 
 ding to which proportion the Seah and the Modius mufl be equal. 
 BenediUus Arias in Sata faith that a piece of ground fowed with- 
 a Coros of Barley, could not be lefs than 730,000 (quare Cubits: 
 That is, a piece of Ground fowed with a garter of Barley could 
 not be lefs than 551 Acres, which cannot be true. 
 
 The Comer contain'd two Letechs, Hofea 3. The loo Cm of 
 Barley, i Efdras vii. 3 . Or a Letech was the half of the Coner, 
 and fo the ancient Verfion has it. St. Amhrofe Uh. p. Epijt. calls 
 it Semigomer.^ 
 
 E^hah
 
 Weights and Me a fur es^ &c. loi 
 
 Ufhah was a Meafure of things dry, as of Barley, Ruth i. and" 
 Meal, Judges 6. and Numbers j. and was of the fame capacity, 
 with the Bath in liquids. It contain'd 5 Sata or Seahs. 
 The Chaldaic Paraphrafe renders the Ephah 3 Seahs ^ the 
 ancient vcrfion 3 Modii. Ruth 1. Jofephus lib. p. cap. z. 
 makes the Seah equal to 1 1 Italick Modiusy the Sefquimodtus con-^ 
 taining 24 5'<?;v^^w,' which multiplied by 3, makes yz, the Mea- 
 fure of the Ephah affign'd by him. The LXX render Ephah vari- 
 oufly, fometimes by the word it fell^ oi(p\ or oV(p«. Len}it. 5. 
 Numbers I ^ andr8. Judges 6. Ruthz. i Samuel i . and 2. ^ . Some- 
 times by the word mjuLjuoi' Ezek. 45. So the Latin Verfion has 
 Ephah variouHy tranllated : as by EphL, a corruption of Ephah -, and 
 by Modiusy Levit.i y. and fometimes it's render'd 3 Modii, Efai. 5 . 
 Ruth X. fometimes it is confounded with Saturn or Seah: It's ren- 
 der'd Amphora by the old verfion, Zachar. 5 . 
 
 Saturn or Seah is one of the oldei]; Meafurcs for dry things, as 
 of Meal, GetK i 8. . i Kings 18. z Kings 7. It was the third part 
 of the Ephah. 
 
 The LXX render it varioufly j fometimes by ^gVpovin general. 
 Gen. 18. fometimes very improperly hy fjur^YiTY^g 3 which is a Mea- 
 fure for liquids, and much larger than a Seah\ fometimes they^ 
 render it oKpd' 'i- Sam. 25. which contains 5 Seahs. And Hagg. z^ 
 the LXX has (rctTdj whereas in the original there is no particulan 
 Meafure mention'd. 
 
 The old Latin Verfion has Seah differently render'd," as^ by Sa^ 
 tuTVy 1 Sam. 2 J . by Modius, Ruth 3 . 1 Kings 18.. it's tranflatcd 
 x.aratiunculte. 
 
 Omer or Gomor is a Meafure for things dry. Exod. \C. Levit, 5 
 and tf. it was the loth part of the Ephah: 
 
 The LXX and Epiphanius confound this Meafiire with Chomerox Co- 
 ron, (which is a much greater one:) and render them both by yojuop.- 
 
 Ajfaron and tq J'iKctTOV, fignify the fame as Gomor. Jofephus. 
 lib. 8. calls it ko^cL^odv- In the Hebrew inftead of Gomor, Afarith 
 is often us'd, it figni£es the i oth part, 'viz. of the Ephah. Jo- 
 
 5 fephus
 
 102 Tables of Ancient Coins-, 
 
 fephus lib. 5 . fays that in the time of Claudius an Afaron or Omgr 
 of Meal was fold for four Drachma^ that is at the rate of S Shil- 
 lings the Peck : but it was in the time of a dearth. 
 
 Cah or Kahy and KcL^og in Epiphaniusy in Latin CahuSy was the 
 <Jth of the Seah. BenediEius Arias faith that a Cah of Wheat fowed 
 I o • {quare Cubits of Ground, which is at the Rate of C Quar- 
 ters, 7 Bufliels and i Peck to the EngUp Acre. 
 
 In the Scriptures are alto found Nebely Afifay Nod, Cady Ahoth, 
 Purahy Bachucy which fome Authors take for certain Meafures j but; 
 ' they rather (eem to have been the names of Veflels of no determi- 
 nate bignefs. 
 
 The Account of the Hebrew l/^ejfeh according to 
 Jofephus, taken from Bijhop Hooper. 
 
 *' I HE Quantity of the JeDjiJh concave Meafures, as itisde- 
 *^ -*- liver'd by the Rabbinsy is uncertain. Jofephus the Hifto- 
 *^ rian of that Nation gives a plainer account of them ^ and very 
 ** confiftent with that he has made of the Jenjjijh Weights j making 
 '^ them alfo equal to the Attick. He manifeftly {peaks the Log 
 *' equal to the Attick Xejles, when he expreffes the quarter of a Cab 
 " (in the (econd Book of Kings, Chap. 6. <ver. 1 5 .) by it : And likewife 
 '' when he fets a Hin of 1 2. Logs^ at a par with an Attick double Chous 
 ''of I z Xejles : and alfo a Bath the fame Meafure for liquids (as 
 " appears from Ezekiel xlv. 11.) as an Ephah is for dry, and con- 
 " fequently of 7 z Logiy or 7 2. fuch Xejfes ; not to add that he 
 " puts 1 o of thefe Ephahs in a Corusy as equal to i o Medimni : 
 " tho(e tcftimonies of equality in thefe Meafures, are fufficient to 
 " let us know, that the Je-Mjh VefTels of any certain number 
 "■ of Log/, w^cre equal to the Attick of the fame number of Xejla-^ 
 *' and that if there be an Expreflio'i of one or two of them, that 
 " fcems to import a difference j it mull either be wrong read, or 
 
 " not right underllood. 
 
 *^An
 
 Weights and MeafureS'i &c. 103 
 
 '* An Omer or GomeY^ for Example, which 'i% declared to be the 
 ** tenth of an ^^hah in Exodus ^ and by the name of a Tenth-deal, 
 " or jdfaroifj in Numbers j and can be nothing elfe but the tenrh of 
 *' jt Xefles; or y.z Xefles -, is yet under that very name expreffed 
 " in Jofephus, as he is now read, by 7 not Xefta but Cotyl^. And 
 " this Difference muft, in all probability, have rifen by fome error 
 " of his Tran{cribers. Epiphanms giving an account of that Afa- 
 " ron, makes it confifl: of 7 Xefes and a fifch, which is exadlly 
 *' its due c^uantity ; and leaves us to fufped, that in Jofephus, Xe- 
 *' Jfes at leaft fhould be read in the place of Cotyla-y and with or 
 " without a fra6lion, as the Author may be fuppofed to have de- 
 " figned Exa(5lnefs, or been content widia near ordinary Approach: 
 ** Ordinary^ I (ay,, becaufe tho' the fifth part of a Xejies being a 
 *' fimple fradion, and Arithmetically regular j it is yet no proper 
 *' part of thatMcafure, nor can it be exprefledby the lower Mea- 
 *^fures. But iheodoret, on the other fide, (eems in his Copy to 
 *' have read Cotylaj as it ftands now in ours. And if we therefore 
 ** chufe to make no change, and take in the rf«? njMG'v KOTvActg 
 " ct-fliKOii;, which he cites as fi:om Jofephus -y we may then conjedlure, 
 ". that the t^«^ now in Theodorety was an abbreviated rsVct^g? in 
 *'in a: berter Copy j and that S'ma. before rsora^? had been once 
 " read, and by this teckoning we then have i 4 Cotyla and a half^ 
 ** or 14,5 ; which exceed the due quantity, -j^t Xefia ori4j Co- 
 *' tyla but by the tenth of a Cotyla. 
 
 *' Such various conjedlures there may be about the expreilion 
 •* of Apron by Jofephus ; and yet no Doubt remain concerning liis . 
 "Intention to exprefs, in fome m.anner, the fame -j^x Logi. 
 
 Of
 
 104 Tables of Ancient Coins^ 
 
 Of the Meafures of Capacity of the moft noted 
 
 Eaftern Nations. 
 
 BEfides the Meafures of the Romamy Greeks and Jeivs ahead/ 
 mention'd, there are tho(e of the Perfmns, /Egyptians^ Syrians, 
 and Arabians, which I (hall give fome account of, fince they fre- 
 quendy occur in the ancient Authors, as well (acred as profane. 
 
 Of the Perfian Meafures. 
 
 * Axo-vy) is a P^y/?rf« Com Meafure, containing 45 Attick Me- 
 dimni. 
 
 ^ A^Tct^Y) contain'd an Artich Medimnus and 3 Choenices. 
 ' KjDLTri^n was equal to 2 Attick Choenices. 
 
 Of the Egyptian Meafures. 
 
 * Kbrct^Yjy among the Egyptians, was equal to 3 s Modii. 
 
 * 'ATToppvfJLcti a Meafure us'd only at Thehes in /E-gypt, was equal 
 to 1 1 ^i<^r\g. 
 
 ^ Xcdrng was equal to 1 2 ^g9»l^ 
 
 * Oi<PiV was equal to 4 Choenices. 
 
 ^ Iv/oi/ an Alexandrian Meafure contain'd 2 Pounds of Oyl. 
 
 Tev^7\iov was equal to the Cotyla. 
 ^ The Egyptian Modius was equal to 8 Choenices, 
 
 Of the Syrian Meafures. 
 
 MgT^«T«? was equal to 1 20 Sextarii. 
 '"KohKoL^ov was equal to 25 Xejia. 
 
 • Interp. Ariftoph. in Acharnenfibus. b He-je Hefychius. h Epiphanius. « Cleopatra, 
 rodot. Suidas. c Xenoph. lib. i. Ai.:b. Cyrijk Galenus feu Grsecus ignotus. 1 Cleopatra, 
 rf Rhemnius Fauaius. «Epiphan. f Idem|mEpiphanius.
 
 Weights and Meafures-, &c. 
 
 ° Sa^t9ct was equal to 2 i Xejla. 
 
 Xoivi,^ a Syrian Meafure mention'd by Palladius, the capacity 
 not mention a. 
 
 lojT 
 
 of the Arabian Meafures, 
 
 The knowledge of the Arahian Meafures is neceflary for thofe 
 who read the Arahian Phyficians, fuch as Aijicenna, Razes, Sera- 
 ph, Mefue, Halyahhas, Sec. 
 
 ° Vorach equal to the Roman Amphora. 
 ^ Aldorach equal to 2 Xejla. 
 '^Johem equal to the Congius of the Romans. 
 ' Kiji equal to the Roman Sextarius, 
 fKorhoni equal to the Hemina. 
 * Kiliathi equal to one half of the Cotyla. 
 " Kejiuf equal to the Acetabulum. 
 'Cuathum equal to the Cyathus. 
 ^ Falgerin equal to the Cochleare par^vum. 
 
 Briala, a Meafure of uncertain capacity, mention'd by Atji- 
 cenna. 
 
 Mujlarum, the greater equal to i Hemina. 
 
 The Leffer equal to i Cyathus. A corruption of the Greek 
 
 fJLV<=r^6dV. 
 
 Some other Meafures not common, which are found in particu- 
 lar Authors. 
 
 "Ai^S'i^ and d^S'i.^ig, equal to 4 Chcenices. Arijlophanes. Interpres 
 Homeri. 
 
 Al'^> the fame with Oxyhaphum. Hejychius. 
 Ahct'cOLS'^Vi equal to half the Xejles. Epiphanius 
 
 P "A<^^, 
 
 n Idem. » Serapio lib. 7. cotnpendii. 
 
 p Idem. 1 Avicenna in Breviario Vigi is. 
 
 I Serapio. f Avicenna. t Idem. " Gcor. 
 
 ^gricola exDi"fcoride &Serapione. x Galen. 
 lib. 8. de compof. Medic. & Serapio lib. f. 
 r Geo. Agricola ex Diofcoride & Serapione.
 
 io6 Tables of Ancient Com-y 
 
 ''AiXi?} the fame as Oxyhaphum. Hefychius. 
 
 'A^Vfri^, ec\uA to the Cotyla. Hefychius. 
 
 'A^vTYi^y fuppos'd equal to the former. D'wfcorides. 
 
 'Af^Vt^o?, ecjual to the Cotyla. Eujlathius. 
 
 'Ae,vTGUvai a brafen Veflel for holding Oyl. Interpres Arijlo- 
 fhanis. 
 
 Bcm'&h', an Alexandrian Meafure. Hefychiur. 
 
 BoLKOLiov, a Meafure mcntion'd by Hefychius. 
 
 BcicpioVi a Tarent'me Meafure, equal to the Aeetahiilum. He^ 
 fychius. 
 
 BoL^^og, the fime with Myflrtm in Hefychius. 
 
 BUogy a Wine Meafure, the fame with g-oifJLVog' Hefychiusy 
 Athenaus. 
 
 rd^ivov, equal to the TryhJim. Hefychius. 
 
 Tci^ahoVi the fime with the former. Hejychius. 
 
 TcilJ,'o£/ov, the fame alfo as Tryhlion. Hefychius. 
 
 YvodfJLOiVi the tenth of an Artaha. Eftfhanius. 
 
 Aach^j equal to fix Chanices. Pollux lib. 4. 
 
 Ahvo?, equal to a Metretes. Athenaus lib. 1 1 . 
 
 AiriTioLi half a Medimnus. Hefychius. 
 
 AiTflvoV) of uncertain capacity. Hefychius. 
 
 A^^cU} 3. quarter of a Xefles. Hefychius. 
 
 'EMviog, equal to the former. Hefychius. 
 
 "E?\i(pctg, equal to three Choes. Hefychius. Athenaus. 
 
 'E/JcuoVy equal to ten CotyU. Hefychius. 
 
 ^Eiilcuoh Hefychius. 
 
 EyU^ct^^iOV, equal to an Oxyhaphum. Hefychius. 
 
 ETTCijULiT^ov, a Cnidian Meafure, Hefychius. 
 
 'Hjuiiiy^ov, equal to four Chosnices. Hefychius. 
 
 ^H/J.ioyS'QOV} equal to two Choes. Hefychius. 
 
 'HiLi^odH^cLToVy equal to half a Chous. Hefychius. 
 
 *H|t^t>toAA(5i', a Wine Meafure. Hefychius. 
 
 ^'HfJLiKVTre/ov, half a Medimnus. Hejychius. Epiphanius. 
 
 'Hf^noh equal to four Choes. Hefychius, 
 
 4 'lyioy
 
 Weights and Meafures^ See. loy 
 
 'ivioVi an /Egyptian Meafure, equal to two CotyU. Cleopatra. 
 KdiULOL^'^ig, a Com Meafure equal to half a Medimms. He- 
 jychius. 
 
 KctiJLcL<^Y\<;3 an uncertain Meafure. Hefychius. 
 ^OLVCL^^v, mention d by Hefychius. 
 KoLTfiTLg X^'^^^^' mention'd by the fame. 
 
 KoL^-^ciKYig, a Meafure or rather a VefTel of uncertain bignefs. 
 Epiphanius. 
 
 Ko(pmg, a Meafure both of Liquids and Dry things. Pollux. 
 Hefychius. 
 
 ^in^?) mention'd by Hefychius. 
 
 KvTT^g, a Corn Meafure, equal to half a Medimms. Hefychius, 
 KyTTg/o^ fjLo^^ogy a Meafure of zz Sextarii according to Epi- 
 phanius. 
 
 ^o7\icti fuppos'd equal to a Choenix. Hefychius. 
 KotJah, an Ephefan Meafure of uncertain bignefs. Galenus. 
 Kdv(hi, an Aftatick Meafure equal to ten CotyU. Athen£us. He- 
 fychius. 
 
 Kya9)^, a VefTel equal to the Cotyla. Athenaus. 
 Adyvvog, equal to 1 1 CotyU. Athenaus. 
 AiKogt equal to a Tryhlium. Hefychius. 
 Ai/rg/toVi a Meal Meafure. Hefychius. 
 Aivyy), a Milk Meafure. Hefychius. 
 
 McL^cthiAgi a fort of Cup, fuppos'd equal to a Cyathus. He- 
 "^ Jychius. 
 
 M-oim, an earthen VelTel, holding 5 CotyU. Athenaus. 
 Mag/Vj a Wine Meafure, Arijlotle. Pollux. 
 Mct^tfoV, equal to (\\ CotyU. Hefychius. 
 MvctCTiOf, equal to two Medimni. 
 
 MvotVt^j a Corn Meafure among the Cyprians j equal to i o Mo- 
 dii. Epiphanius. 
 
 Ei'TY.gy that o^ Alexandria held two Pounds of Oyl. Epiphanius. 
 OyS'oOLi equal to a Semichanix. Hefychius^ 
 0{i'«^fa'<?j a fmall Wine velTel. Hefychius. 
 
 P i Olmtimn
 
 ic8 Tables of Ancient Coins^ 
 
 Oluatlum, a kind o^ Meafure, mention'd by Fejius Pompeiuf. 
 Orca, a large VefTel for holding new Wine. M. Vanoj lib. 5 . 
 cap. 1 5 , 
 
 Ov(^^ict, equal to half the Metretes. Hejychiui. 
 
 UoivloivoLy the fame as Tryhlium. Hefychius, 
 
 Tli7\oixvy\i the fame. Hefychius. 
 
 n«f^, a Corn Meafure. Hefychius. 
 
 IIoTJipj a certain Meafure. Hefychius. 
 
 n^';^oo?, equal to a Xefles. Hefychius. 
 
 'VvTOV, equal to three Lhoes. Athenaus. 
 
 'Efj.ipivg, a Meafure for Wine : among the Libyans. Hefychius. 
 
 TpufcAjov, of different bignefs. Hejychius, Cleopatraj Athenceus., 
 
 TwTTtVj equal to i o Choenices. Hefychius. 
 
 TgioycJ^ov, a Tarenline Meafure. Hefychius. 
 
 XvreA^iOh a Meafure mention'd by Hefychius. 
 
 Befides the Tables formerly printed, I have given decimal ones 
 of the Meafurcs of Length and Capacity, for conveniency in com- 
 putation. But in the Je'wijh Meafures I have not foUow'd Dr. Cum- 
 herlandy but chofe rather to deduce their Meafures of Length from 
 the Cubit drawn from the Pyramid, and to deliver their Meafures 
 of Capacity according to the account of them given by Jofephus, 
 which I prefer to that of the Rabbins. I have alfo given a Table 
 of the ancient Arabian Weights which were ufed by their Phyfici- 
 ans, which is neceffary for any that reads them with accuracy : and 
 from their writings are taken the Authorities on which that Ta- 
 ble is founded. 
 
 There is likewife a Table of the French Weights ; and one of 
 thofe of Cologn, which arc us'd through all Germany in weighing 
 Gold and Silver. 
 
 I have alfo given Tables (tho' not at large) of the Weicrhts of 
 the moft noted Cities and Countries of Europe : and Tables of 
 their Meafures of Length, all from the belf hands ; and I chofe 
 rather to omit thofe of Places of lefs note, than to give fuch as I 
 
 could
 
 Weights and Meafures-, &:c. 
 
 could not recommend for their accuracy. There needs no further 
 explication, the title of the Tables themfelves fufficicntly llievv- 
 ing what they are. 
 
 The Tables of the modern Coins were communicated by Sir 
 Ifaac Nekton, who has been always as induftrious in promoting 
 the publick good, as glorioufly fuccefsful in the Difcoveries of Na- 
 ture. They were calculated by that accurate perfon from adual 
 Effays made in the Royal Mint, about the beginning of this Cen- 
 tury, when Guineas went at ii s. 6 d. So that the Value of Gold 
 Coins muft be now diminifhed by one 4 3 d part. In order to un- 
 derfland the Tables, the Reader muft be inform'd, that one Pound 
 Weight of Sterling Money contains i i Ounces, z Pennyweight of 
 fine Silver, and 1 8 Pennyweight of Alloy. The Gold Coin 
 of England contains one i zth part of Alloy. 
 
 The firft Column of the Table exprefTeth the Finenefs of the 
 effayed piece, the letter B fignifying better, and IV worfe than 
 the Englip Standard. The lecond Column contains the abfolute 
 Weight of the piece, the third Column the Standard Weight, or 
 its Quantity of Standard MetaL The fourth Column exprefTeth 
 its value in EngUjh Money. For example in the fecond article of 
 Silver Coin, the Sen;il piece of Eight, is i • Pennyweight in the 
 ^Pound worfe than the Engiijh Standard, weighs 1 4 Pennyweight, 
 contains 1 3 Pennyweight 2 1 Grains and 1 5 Mites (of which 
 there are zo in the Grain) of Sterling Silver: and is in value 
 4 3 Englip Pence and 1 1 huadredths of a. Penny.. 
 
 109
 
 DISSERTATION 
 
 Of Roman Money Affairs. 
 
 I^^^'"^^^'^'^ L T H O' Examples proper for the application of 
 the Tables occur frequently in all ancient Authors, 
 yet to comply with the cuftom of PubUlhcrs of. 
 Tables, and to fhow the u(e of them to thofe 
 who are not daily perufing fuch Authors ; it ieem- 
 ed necefTary to add a CoUedbion of Examples, 
 which might accuftom the Reader to fuch Computations. I 
 then coniidered that by the clailing and methodizing fuch paf 
 (ages, I might inftrud the Reader in the Subjed, as well as in the 
 practice of the Numbers •, which refledion was the occafion of the 
 following Diflatation, if that be not too affuming a Title. 4|^ 
 
 The Curious have thought the moll minute affairs of Rome 
 worth their notice 5 and fu rely the confideration of their wealth and 
 expences is at leaft of as great importance as Grammatical Criticifmsy 
 Rites, Ceremonies, Figures of Fafes, Injiruments, warious Shapes of ha- 
 hitSy &CC. upon which the Learned have perhaps taken too much 
 pains, which might have been better bellowed upon the moie 
 manly enquiries into their Bufinels, Arts, ProfefTions, Occono- 
 mical and Political Management. 
 
 For ought I know, the following way of confidering the Affairs 
 of Rome, may be new. For thofe who have wrote of their Luxu- 
 ry, have confidercd their Riches, Expences and Prices of Com- 
 modities only accidentally.
 
 Weights and Mcafures-, d<c. 1 1 1 
 
 I do mofl: fincerely and without any affejflation acknowledge my 
 own incapacity to produce any thing pcrfcd on the Subject, for 
 want of knowledge as well as leifure. I only beg thofe worthy 
 perfons who are better qualify'd for the undertaking by a fufficienc 
 ftock both of Learning and Time, not to be angry with me for 
 having pointed out a new Subjed^ in which they may fignalize 
 themfelves. 
 
 The following Treatifs is a Collcdion of fome Articles, which 
 may enable us to judge of the Wealth of Rome both private and 
 publick, in regard to the quantity of current Species of Gold and 
 Silver. In confidering of which, thefe things naturally occur. 
 
 Fiift, The (inall quantity of the Treafure of Rome in its In- 
 fancy. 
 
 Secondly, What proportion of Treafure Rome in its Grandeur 
 contain'd, in refped of the richeft trading Cities at this time in 
 Europe, which one may call its abfblute Riches. 
 
 Thirdly, What proportion their circulating Species bore to the 
 price of commodities, or number of Inhabitants, which one may 
 call the relative Riches of Rome. In which fenfe it has been doubt- 
 ed if Rome could properly be faid to be richer than fome trading 
 Cities now in Europe. But I believe the Reader will judge tl.at 
 it had the advantacre in both Senfes. 
 
 Fourthly, There is Hill another Confideration : That as, I be- 
 lieve, there was in the time of the greateft {plendour of the Ro- 
 wan Empire, a left quantity of Current Species in Europe, than 
 there is now, fince the Difcovery of the Wejl-Indies \ Rome po(^ 
 {efled a much greater proportion of the circulating Species of its 
 rime, than any European City ever did, and fo may be faid like- 
 wi'fe to be Richer in that third Senfe. 
 
 The Reader will observe in the following Examples, that the 
 quantity of wealth was very different in Rotne in different ages : 
 to fliew which, 1 have in fome places mark'd the Chronology upon 
 the Margin. He will likewife obierve the (ame precife Sums in 
 different Articles ; for example, fome great Eftates equal ro a 
 
 Farthincr,
 
 112 Tahks f^f Ancient Coins^ 
 
 Farthin<^, which proceeds from two Caufes : Firfi:, The Romans 
 reckoning as we do in roand llimsi fuch aone is worth a hundred 
 or two hundred thoufand Pounds : and fecondly my being obli- 
 ged to compute precifcly according to the Tables. 
 
 I hope the Reader will not miagine that I vouch for the truth 
 of every matter of fad. I only fet them down as they are in the 
 Authors, and compute the Sums as futhfully as I can. Calcula- 
 tion is the properell Method cither to fupport Probability, or de- 
 ted; a Lye. 
 
 After all the care I have taken, it is poffible there may be in 
 fuch a multitude of paflages, leveral mifquoted, mifinterpreted, 
 and mifcalculated, and a few I have taken from other Authors, 
 who treated of the Subjcd. All I can fay, the Reader will do 
 himfelf a great deal of Service, and not in the leaft difoblige me, 
 by fetting any miftakes of this nature right. 
 
 I have in a few places, as the Subjed gave me occaflon, talk- 
 ed briefly of their Modes, Cuftoms and Antiquities ; about which 
 1 will likewife have no Difpute with the Learned, but fubmit mofi: 
 willingly to their Corredions. 
 
 I have been (paring in drawing Parallels or univerfal conclufions, 
 my chief defign being only to {late matters of fad. Befides I 
 think it more refpedful to the Reader to leave him fomething to 
 exercife his fancy and refledions upon, rather than pre- occupy his 
 judgment. And indeed it is a fubjed in which, matters of fad 
 being ilated, a man of bufinefs who is u(ed to Calculation, is a 
 better Judge than the befl: Claflical Scholar in the world without 
 thefe qualifications. I am afraid that in avoiding prolixity I may 
 have fallen into the contrary extreme j the whole almoll runs on 
 fliort, like Articles in an Account: whereas if the Subjed 
 were fully explained, each of them might take up half a page. 
 But mentioning the fums without the Circumilarx^s, was fufficient 
 for my purpofe. 
 
 The ColLdions I have made, and as I may fay not only the 
 Gleaning but die plentiful Harvefl that is left behind, will 1 hope 
 
 one
 
 Weights and Me a fur es^ &cc. 115. 
 
 one day furnifti (bme abler pen with Materials to treat the Siib- 
 je(5t in a more ample and accurate manner. I have done what 
 the Extent of my Work, Health and Bufmefs would allow. 
 
 I was fo tired out with Ratfian Affairs, that I could not ^o on Co 
 methodically with thofe o^ Greece-, befides I doubt if there be Co 
 good Materials to work upon : (o in the{e I have only collected a 
 tew detached Articles fufficient to exemplify the Tables. 
 
 I have produced likewiie a few Examples out of the Scriptures, 
 and any Reader who is curious may colled more. It is no Re- 
 fledion on the Authority of the facred Text that Errors in Num- 
 bers have crept into it. 
 
 CHAP. I. 
 Of Roman EJlates, 
 
 TH E vaft difference between the Riches of Koman Citizens 
 in the Infincy and in the Grandeur of Romey will appear 
 by comparing the firft Cenfus or valuation of Eftates that 
 was made in the reign of Ser-viusTulliuf yV/izh. the prodigious Elf ates 
 that they afterwards pofTefled. 
 
 "At the firft foundation of Rome, 2. Jngera, or i 1 E7igU(h 
 Acres was an Eflate. Valerius Maximus tells us that &imBus Cin~ 
 cirmatus the DiBator {A. U. ^s>^.) pofl'efl'ed 4 Jugera, 2. \ Acres : 
 and Attilms Regulus 7 Jugera or 4I Acres {A. U. 45? 8.) 
 
 Vliny {lib. 18. c. 3.) tells us that Manius Curias {A. U. ^6^.) 
 faid he took one to be a dangerous Citizen who was not contented 
 with {even Jugera, which was the quantity of Land affigned the 
 Plebeians after the Expulfion of the Kings. 
 
 Q^ And 
 
 t Pliii. lib. 18. cap. 2. Binatuuc jugera populo Romano fatis erant, nullique majorem mo- 
 dum attxibuic.
 
 114 fables of Ancient Coins ^ 
 
 And long afterwards M. Scaurus the firfl; Senator had only fix 
 Slaves, and his Eftate was reckon'd 5 5 Millia mmmumy or 
 z8x/. 1 1 X. o \d. 
 
 ^ At the firft inftitution of the Cenfus, the Valuation of Eftates 
 flood thus. 
 
 The 5 th or loweft Clafs reckon'd at ^ris Millia XI, 3 5 /. 1 o j. 5 </. 
 The fourth at XXV Afi///^i 80/. 14/. yd. 
 The third at L Millia •, 161 L 9 s. z d. 
 The fecond at LXXV Millia; Z42./. 3 x. 9 d. 
 The Firft at C Millia ; 522./. i 8 x. ^d. 
 ' There was not a number amongft the ancient Romans beyond 
 a hundred thoufand. On the other hand, take but a view of the 
 immenfe Eftates of Roman Citizens in later times. ~ 
 
 ^ Apicius was worth milUes Sejlertium j 80725? i /. 1 3 x. 4^. 
 ' Crifpis a Burgher ofVercelleSj his millies, i .<? 1 45 8 3 /. 6 s. S d. 
 ^ Crajfus the fame •, i .<j 1 4 5 8 5 /. 6 s. Sd. 
 'Vemetriusj z Libertus o£ Pompeyj 4.000 Talents -j 775000/. 
 ' Pallas J a Libert ms o( Claudius, ter millies; 2.421 875 /. 
 ' Seneca the Philofopher in four Years made ter tnillies ; 2.421875/. 
 ' Lentuhs the Augur was worth quater millies j 3 . 2 2 «> i ^ 6/. 1 3 x. 4^. 
 ' P//«jy relates that a private man, C. Cacilius Ijidorus, although 
 he had loft much in the Civil war, left by will, 4 n tf 
 Slaves, 3(^00 yoke of Oxen, of other Cattle 257000, and in 
 ready money H S. DC- ihzx. is fexcenties Sejlertium ■, 484375/. 
 
 ""The Riches even of Exiles grew fo extravagant, that Augujlus 
 provided by a Law, that no Exile fhould poflels above 20 Slaves 
 and Liberti, nor in money above 1 2 i Myriads of Drachma j 
 40 3 (T /. 5) X. 2. d. 
 
 "In 
 
 b Livius lib. I. c Pliny lib. 35. Non eratU Plin. lib. 35. cap. 10. C. Cscitius Claudius 
 apud antiques numcrus ultra centum millia. Ilidorus tcftamento fuo edixit, quamvis multa 
 
 d Seneca confolat. ad Helvium. <= Vetus 
 
 Intcrpres Juvenalis. f plm. lib. 33. 
 
 cap. 10. g Plutarch, in Pompeio. l» Ta- 
 citus lib. 12. ' Ibidem. QuS Sapien 
 tia, quibus Pliilofophorum prajceptis intra qua- 
 driennium regis amicit'x termillies Seftertium 
 paraviflct. ^ Seneca lib. 2. de Bcneficiis. 
 
 civili bcllo perdidilTet, tamen relinquere fervo- 
 rumquatuormillia centum fedecim; juga boum 
 tria millia fexcenta, rc.iqui pecoris CC. quiii- 
 quagiuta feptem millia: in numerate HS. 
 
 UC. «nDion. lib. 56. /uhts SeAoii li x) d.Tri.
 
 Weights- and Meafures^ &c. 
 
 'In the time of C. Licinius the Conful, A. U. ^yC. the limi- 
 tation of Eftates was 5 00 jugeray or 5 3 o Englifi Acres. 
 
 " And the old Law which allowed a man to pofTefs no more in 
 money than Sexaginta Seftertia, or 484/. y s. c d. was changed 
 by Julius Ctefavy who allowed the Sum to be 5 i Myriads o£ 
 Drachm Sy or i <> 4(3 8 /. i 5 x. 
 
 The {ame gradual En creafe of Riches may be inferr'd from (bme 
 accounts we have of Patrimonies and Women's Portions. 
 
 p The Patrimony of Tacita, reckon'd very great, was only X. 
 M. y£ris-y 31/. 5 /. lod. 
 
 And even in the time of the fecond Carthaginian War, the 
 Portions of Scipio's Daughters were paid in full by the Publick 
 XI. M. /Erisy 35/. I o /. 5 ^. 
 
 Megullia was ftyled the Fortune y becaule flie had C. M. JEris-, 
 3 1 z /. I 8 X. 4 (^. 
 
 ^In later times a common Fortune for a Lady was Decies Sejler- 
 tium ; 8 o 7 1 /. I 8 X. 4 (5^. 
 
 ' Terentia, Cicero s wife, her Fortune was i z Myriads of Drachms- 
 
 3875/- 
 
 ^And Cicero's own Patrimony was p Myriads of Drachms j 
 
 2 5? o (J /. 5 X. 
 
 Pomponius Atticus got from his Father nicies Sejlertium j i ^145 /. 
 i6 s. Sd. 
 
 'Cato Minor his Patrimony was 100 Talents -y 15)375/. 
 Ser'vius in Virgil's lifelaith he was worth Centies H. S. 807 ip/. 
 
 3 X. 4 ^. 
 
 Tully's EfFeds mufthave been very confiderable, as will appear by 
 fome things that will be faid afterwards : " he owns that he had in 
 Ajia, his ^ 'vicieSy ijyCil. <? x. ^d. 
 
 Q. 2. Great 
 
 "5 
 
 n Plutarch, in Camillo. o Dion, 
 
 lib. 41. a.Tny'(.fiv(ri lAvSkvA -rrt.Stv Tiv'Ja.Koffia.Kii' 
 ^iMur, >^ (Aueii^v i'^.yji.uv hi a.t.y\jela, n ly yjv 
 "c'lo t.if^'i^akK. P Val.Max. Tacita. Cae- 
 
 ibnis filia, maximam dotem ad virum decern 
 millia j^ris attuliflc vifa eft. s Juvenal 
 
 Satyr lo. Mart. lib. 2. Epigr. 6f. Tacit. 
 Annal. 2, i Plutar. in Cictron. f Cor- 
 
 nelius Nepos. t Plutarch in Catone. 
 
 " Ad H. S. bis & vicies Ego in Ciftophoro ia 
 Afiahabeo. Epift. ad Atticum lib. 11.
 
 Jl6 Tables of Ancient Coins ^ 
 
 Great debts, as they are the effed of great credit, are an indi- 
 cation too of great riches, fome inftances of which are as fol- 
 low. 
 
 ' Curio is recorded for contracting a debt to the value of SeX' 
 centies Sejlertium j 484375/. 
 
 ' Af ictus after having fpent in his Kitchen vnillies U.S. 8 o 7 z 5) i /I 
 1 3 J. 4^. and fquander'd immen(e Grants and Penfiions, being 
 forced at laft to look into his Accounts for the firft time, found 
 he liad a fmall remain of Centies H. S. 80715) /. 3/. ^d. which 
 thinking too hctle to afford the neceffaries of life, he poifoned him- 
 felf for fear of ftarving. 
 
 '■TigeUius a Singer could (pend in five days Vecies H. S. 8071/; 
 i8j-. 4/ 
 
 • One Munna is chaftifed by Martial for {pending in lefs than 
 a year his decies -^ 161 ^^ I. 16 s. S d. 
 
 ^ Macrohius {peaks of a Roman Knight who could run in debt 
 lis decies ; i(j 1 4 5 /. 16s. id. 
 
 According to a Latin Tranflation of Appian, defar's debt be- 
 fore he had been in any Office abroad, was i.oi 8 up/. 5 x. 4^: 
 
 •^But according to a various Reading in a Greek Manufcripc 
 of the fame Author, it was 1500 Myriads-^ 807 i5>i /. 1 3 j. ^d. 
 
 Cafar him(elf owns, he wanted this Sum to be worth nothing ; 
 he had contracfbed this debt before he had any foreign Command. 
 
 Plutarch faith, that before he had been in any publick Office at 
 home, he owed 1300 Talents ; 151875/. 
 
 ^ Crajfus was his Surety for 830 Talents j \6o%izl. \o s. 
 
 "" Milo contradled debts to the fum of Septingenties H. S. 
 5 (> 5 1 o 4 /. J J. 4 ^. 
 
 * Curio filius conflaverat JEm alien! Seft«r- 
 tium fexcemies. Val. Max. lib. 9. y Cum 
 fellertium millies in Culinam congeffiflit, 
 Principum ingens Capitolii veSigal lingulis 
 commeffationibus haufiiret, JEre alieno oppref- 
 fus, rationesfuas tunc primum coadus infpeiit, 
 fiiperfuturum (ibiftftertium centies computavit, 
 & veluti in ultima fame vidlurus, fi ia fellcrtio 
 centies vixiflct, veneno vitam finivit 
 
 * deciet centeaa dedifles 
 
 ^Antotiy 
 Huic parco paucfs contento, quinque diebus 
 Nil erat in loculis. Horat. 
 
 « Bifque tuum decies non toto tabuit anno, 
 Dicmihi, non eft hoc Munna perirc cito. 
 b Macrobius lib. 2. Saturn. e J^,c^.,- 
 
 /i.i<<i/ y ■jn.laLKOffiuf ■, .(.'■■^-'uv, fubintelligitur 
 i-^y.yu.iiv. d Plutarch in Csefare. 
 
 e Milonem fcftertium feptingenties asris alieni 
 debuiffe, inter prodigia aiiimi humani duco. 
 Pliu. 16. cap. If. 
 
 N
 
 Weights and Meafures-, &c. 117 
 
 * Antony at the Ides of March owed ^adr'mgenties H. S. 
 311916?. 1 3 X. 4^. which he paid before the Kalends of April. 
 
 Plutarch tells us that Otho before he was Emperor, run in debt 
 5000 Myriads -^ i.6o2.oS^ I. 6 s. Sd. 
 
 I fhall beg leave to make a few obfervations upon the Eftates of 
 (bme perfons celebrated by Authors for their Wealth. 
 
 Tho' there has been much talk of the Riches of Crafus, they 
 were inferior to thofe of Pallas the Libertus of Claudius. Crapts 
 had left him by his Father 300 Talents^ or 58115/. which ^ Plutarch 
 faith he improved to 7 1 00 Talent s^ or 1.3756x5/. and this Sam he 
 had before he led his Army againft the Prfr//;ww/. He was reckon'd a 
 covetous fellow, becaufe he had a fmgular faculty of turning War 
 and publick Calamities to his own profit. And yet he gave to the 
 people at once a Teffera Annonaria trimn menjiunty a vidlualling 
 Ticket for three Months. 
 
 He kept a great decorum in matters of Religion, for he confe- 
 crated the tenth of his Eftate to Hercules , I fuppofe as Li^wis the 
 Xlth did the Seigniory of Bologn to the Virgin Mary^ that no body 
 might touch it. He was hkewife a great Encoura^er of Trade and 
 Manufacture 5 for he educated, maintained and let out men of 
 all Arts and Profeflions. He did not employ all his money in 
 Ufury, but purchas'd a very confiderable Land Eftate, accordnig 
 to Pliny. In agris bis millies fajfedit^ ^iritum pojl Syllam ditiffimus-. 
 
 So the valuation of his Land Eilate by Pliny is 1.614-583/. 
 6 s. %d. 
 
 I think as the World goes he was a good fort of man enough. 
 
 To compare his Eftate with that of Pallas the Freeman of Claur- 
 dius. The Reader muft be inform'd that '' Claudius had two Free- 
 men, Pallas and Narciffus. The firft was d Rationibus, which I 
 tranflate Privy-Purfe : the fecond ab Epijlolis, his private Seaetary. 
 Their Riches grew to a Proverb. 
 
 — Ego 
 
 f Quadringenties H. S. quod Idibus Martiis f defiit. Cicer. Phil. ida. g Plutarch iu 
 
 Antonius debebat, ante Caleudas Aprilis debere I Ciaffo. b Suetoa. ia Claudio.
 
 11 8 Tables of Ancient Coins, 
 
 Ego pojjideo plus 
 
 Pallavte ^ Licinis Juvenal. 
 
 Nee Craji fortuna unqtiam nee Perftca Regna 
 
 Sufficient an'moy nee dhitia NareiJJi 
 
 Indulfit Cafar cut Claudius omnia. Idem. 
 
 Pallas's Eftate, as the Reader may fee before, amounted to 
 a. 4 2. 1 875/. And as a reward of his virtuous frugality, 'he re- 
 ceived by a Senatus Confuhum mention'd by Tacitus, and Pliny the 
 Orator, C>w/7>j- cuinquagies H. S. 1Z10513/. 15/. which was ra- 
 zed out of the Records afterwards by Jujlinian. fuh Tit. de Senatus 
 Confulto Claudiana. That Sum muft be added to the former men- 
 tion'd. There was another pretence befides his frugality for that 
 gift, for he inform'd the Senate of the Slaves that lay with their 
 Women, I (uppofe Wives and Miflrefles. There is mention'd a 
 third, one Caltjlus a Freeman of the fame Emperor, perhaps he 
 had c;ot a Million. 
 
 It is an obvious Remark, from the particulars above mention'd, 
 that the private Eftates of Rjome grew with their Dominions. The 
 parts of a great thing are great, and there are proportionably large 
 Eftates in a large Country. 
 
 There were (bme of very low Rank and Profellions, who ac- 
 quir'd great Eftates. Coblers, Dyers and Shoemakers gave publick 
 Shows to the People. 
 
 Sutor Cerdo dedit tihi, eulta Bononia, munusy 
 
 Fullo dedit Mutina : nunc tihi eaupo dahit. Mart. lib. 5. Ep. 55). 
 
 Vatinius a Shoemaker's Apprentice gave to Nero himfelf a famous 
 Spectacle of Gladiators at Beneuentunty of whom Tacitus, faith In- 
 ter foedi^ima aula ejus ojlenta fuit, futrina tahern£ alumnus, corpore 
 detorto, facetiis fcurrilibus, prima in eontmnelias ajfumptus, deinde op- 
 
 timi 
 
 > Tacit, lib. la. Fixum eft iEre publico I millies pofTeftbr, antiquae parfimonisB laudibus 
 Senatus confultum, quo libertinus H. S. ter i cumularetur.
 
 Weights and Meafuresy &c. 119 
 
 timi cujufque crminatione eoufque ^valmt, ut gratia, pecunia, nocendi 
 etiam malts praemineret. 
 
 Crifpinus was an ^Egyptian Slave rais'd by Vomitian, of whom Ju~ 
 njmal Satyr i. 
 
 Cum pars Niliaca plehis, cum <verna Canopi 
 Crifpinus J Tyrias humero re^vocante lacemas 
 Ventilety ajliuum digitis fudantibus aurum. 
 
 Cynamus a Barber acquir'd a greater Eflate than "any Nobleman 
 in 'Rome, and was at laft condemn'd only to Equejlrian Cenfus, and 
 banifli'd into Sicily. 
 
 ^i tonfor fueras tot a notijimus Urle^ 
 
 Et pojihac domin<e munere faBus Eques, &c. 
 Non Rhetor, non Grammaricus, Ludiue magijier. 
 
 Nee CynicuSy non tu Stoicm ejfe potes : 
 Vendere nee njocem Siculis, plaufumque Theatris, 
 
 ^od fupereji iterum, Cyname, tonfor eris. Mart. 
 
 Licinius mention'd likewife by the Satyrifi, as the old Scholiafi 
 relates, was a young Slave, of fb faving a Temper, that he let out 
 the OfFals of his meat to intereft, and kept a Regifter of fuch 
 Debtors in his Pocket-book ^ he was afterwards made a Colledlor 
 in Gaul; where he acquir'd, as Perfius exprefles it, Agros, quantum 
 Mihi 'volant y a Hawk's flight of Lands: for it Ihould be read 
 Agros inftead of Nummos. 
 
 The riches and profufion of the Emperors are a Subjed too 
 large for the prefent DifTertation. Claudius, as Eufehius relates in 
 his Chronicle, employ 'd 30000 Men for ii years to drain the 
 Fucin lake. The Reader will meet with feveral inftances of the pro- 
 digality of the Roman Princes in the (equel of this difcourfe. The 
 efFed of which profufion was a proportional rapacity. Caligula 
 had both qualities in extream degrees j for, as Suetonius relates of 
 
 him^j
 
 T20 Talks of Ancient Coins^ 
 
 him, he us'd to walk and roll himfelf on heaps of Money, nudis 
 tedibus fvatiatisj corf ore 'volutatus. Nero gave one Ihorc inlbudion 
 to his Tax-mafters, Sc'n quid mihi opus ej}, hoc agamus tie quis quid- 
 quam haheat. What he had occadon for was, that no body fliould 
 have any thing left. The Romms had a great many pretty words 
 to exprefs the pillaging of Provinces, exftigere, corradere, deglubere, 
 exojfare, which we have hardly EngliJIj figmficant enough to tran- 
 (late. Varfvs Quibble I think was but an indifferent one. Cum 
 fociis ita helium gerisy ut bella ormiia domurn auferas, alluding to their 
 diftraining the furniture of houfe. 
 
 Thus in that great Empire Corruption begat Slavery, Slavery 
 produc'd worthle{s and rapacious Favourites, thofe begat Oppref- 
 fion and Poverty ^ Poverty and Oppreffion Depopulation, and 
 want of Zeal and Affedion in thofe that remain'd, and from all 
 thefe caufcs at lail proceeded the final deftrudion of this mighty 
 Empire. Corruption is a Cancer in the Body politick, fcarcely ad- 
 mitting of any Cure, not even fo much as Amputation. 
 
 C H A P. 11. 
 
 Of the Prices of Bread-Corn, 
 
 THAT Rotne in its Grandeur contained more Treafure and 
 Wealth of all kinds. Citizens of greater Riches and Expell- 
 ees than any European City ever did, perhaps will be rea- 
 dily granted ; this, as I hinted before, may be called the abfolute 
 wealth o^ Rome. 
 
 As to the relative wealth o^ Rome, that is the proportion of cir- 
 culating Species to the number of Inhabitants, or the quantity of 
 Commodities, it hath been doubted whether Rome in that Senfe 
 were as rich as fome trading Cities in Europe are at this time. 
 
 J The
 
 Weights and Meafures^ &c. 
 
 The middle or common prices of Commodities, which man- 
 kind have the (ame ufe for in all ages and times, (eem to be the true 
 Meafure for afcertaining the quantity of circulating money in any 
 time or place, and there is no other fo proper as Bread-corn. I (hall 
 therefore give the Reader a fhort view or the price of Bread-corn 
 as it was in Rome at (everal times. 
 
 Rome indeed by the care of the Magiflrates was generally well 
 provided with Corn, which was often given to the people for no- 
 thing, or at a very moderate price. ' Minutius Augur'mus the ele- 
 ventn Tribune of the People, brought the price of Meal in three 
 Markets, to an As for every Roma?i Modiusy or o d. ^ ^q. 
 
 Which, confidering the difference betwixt our Peck and their 
 Modiusy will make ^fr Quarter ^s. od. itq. 
 
 ^ Corn was given to the people at the fame price by Manius 
 Marcius, nj'tz. per Quarter, at z s. od. i ^q. 
 
 But as I hinted before, this could not be reckoned a current 
 price, becaufc (as the quotation mentions) it was in a manner bc- 
 ftowed : befides it was in early days, when money was (carce. 
 
 ' Clodiufj when Tribmiey made a Law, that Corn fhould be given 
 to the people gratis, which was before, fold the Modius for Se- 
 nis y£ris ac trientibus, at which rate the Quarter comes to 
 i6 s. I d. tq. 
 
 ^Cicero introduces Ferres brasiging that Wheat was at two Se- 
 Jlertii the Modius, which makes the Quarter los. id. i ^%q. 
 
 « He tells you, that there were two prices for the Corn bought 
 up in Sicily, three Sejlerces the Modius for the Decumanum or Tith- 
 Corn, that is per Quarter i 5 j. 3 ^. i ^ q. 
 
 And four Sejlerces for the frumentum Imperatum, that is per 
 Quarter i /. oj-. 4^. 2;,^. 
 
 R The 
 
 121 
 
 a Minucius Augurinus, qui Sp. Melium co- 
 argueiat, farris pretium in tribus Nundinis ad 
 alTem redegit undecimus ple'oei Tribunus. Plin. 
 lib. iS. cap. 3. b Pliii. ibid. Manius Mar- 
 cius A,oilii plebii primum frumentum populo 
 in modios afllbus donavit. = Plinius. d Cice- 
 ro in Irumentaiia Verrina. « Cicero ibid. Ex 
 Senatus contuUo & ex lege Terentia & Caflia, 
 
 Frumentum emundi duo genera fuerunt, unum 
 certarum Decumarum, alteram quod prseterea 
 Civiratibus xqualicer elVct dillributum. lliius 
 Dccumani tantum quantum ex primis Decumis 
 fuifFet, hujusimperatiTriticiModii DCCG mil- 
 lia. Pretium autem conllitutum Decumano in 
 Modios iingulos, HS. Ill; impcrato H. S. 
 
 nil.
 
 122 Tables of Ancient Coins^ 
 
 The Ticli-Corn, I fuppofe, was conftantly rais'd at a certain rate, 
 and the Imperatum laid on by a certain dilbibution upon the fcvc- 
 ral Cities, as occafion required. 
 
 ^Verves is accufed for exading duodenos fejiertios in'modios fin- 
 guJos ; this would bring the Peck to i j-. i o ^. 5 7a q- ^^'^ the 
 Quarter to 3 /. is. id. z \q. 
 
 5 Afterwards the iame Author expreflcth the price of the Tith- 
 Corn by the Medimnus Georgiciu which contains (ix Roman Mod/i, 
 which makes it;?^r peck, j d. z^q. and per Quarter, 15/. 3 ^. i f^. 
 the (ame as before. 
 
 '' He is (b particular as to tell the Sum which was remitted to 
 X f^erres for the Frumentum imperatum^ 'viz. H. S. II. ^ tricies, or 
 z j 8 3 3 /. C s. % d. 
 
 By the great accefs of Riches and increafe of money that hap- 
 pened afterwards, efpecially in the reign of Augujlus, the prices of 
 Corn as well as every thing elfe were railed at Rome. 
 
 ' Tacitus relates that after the burning of Rome by Neroy it was 
 a great confolation to the people to have the price of the corn re- 
 duced to 3 nummi, 'viz. the Modiusj or per EngUjh Peck, 
 5 ^. z^q. This was the ancient price, and reckon'd very low at that 
 time J for the prices of Flower and Bread mentioned by Pliny are much 
 higher : ^ he tells us that the Bread made of a Modius of coarfc 
 Flower coft 40 Ajfes \ of that which was entirely purged from the 
 ^ Bran, or very fine flower, 48 Affes-^ and what was made 
 
 of the Flov/er of the SiligOy or the fined of all, was double of the 
 firft. If we proceed according to our Englijh manner, it will make 
 the Peck ot the cheapeft or houfliold Bread worth is. 6 d. z-y a. 
 That of the Wheaten Bread worth 3 j. o d. z\ q. 
 And the finefl: ^ s. i d. o \ q. 
 
 Harduin explains the words in the fame pafTagc of P/zwy, Panis 
 ntero e modio Similaginis CXXll. e Floris modio CXFII. of Co 
 
 many 
 
 frumemi minutum ufque ad ternos nammos 
 
 f Cicero in Verrina frumentaria. g H S. 
 XVIII- Frumentum Sicilicnfc e\ lege xftima- 
 tumcfl. Cicer. ibidem. •» H S. 11. & tricies 
 Verri decretum in frumentum imperatum in 
 amios fingulos. Cicero ibid. i Pretiumque 
 
 Tacit. Annal. if. k Pretium huic annoni 
 
 media in modios farinae, XL afles : (imilagini 
 caftratx odlonis affibus amplius, filigini caftratx 
 duplum. Pliflius lib. 18. cap. 10.
 
 Weights and MeafuYCh See. 123 
 
 many pound weight of Bread; but the pafTage mufl; be either er- 
 roneous in the numbers or mean fomething eKe, for in the para- 
 graph before, fliny peaking of the weight of Bread that could be 
 made of a Modius of French and Italian Flower, hath this Paf^ 
 fage, Siliginea farina modius Gallica XXIL lihras panis reddit, ha- 
 liae duahus tribufve amplius in artopticio pane. Therefore CXXII 
 pound of Bread of a Modius of Flower is an impoflibility, the C 
 is either redundant, and it fhould be read XXII pound ; or fome- 
 thing elfe than Modius mufl; be underftood. 
 
 The Englip Bakers make of a Peck of our Flower i 8 pound 
 of Bread at mofl:. The weight of the Peck loaf by the Lord Ma- 
 yor's order is 17 Ih. 6 ox. 1 dr. Aijerdupois •, fuppofing eighteen 
 pound Auerdupois made of our Peck, according to the Roman 
 Ivleafure and Weight, it will make of the Roman Modiusy about 
 2.4 Roman Pounds, which agrees with Pliny s account. 
 
 The Affize of Wheaten Bread in London is pretty near as 3 to 
 5 , that is, when Wheat is 1 y pence the Peck, the Peck loaf is 
 fold for z 5 pence. The price of the middle fort of Bread, which 
 andvers to our wheaten, according to Pliny, is 3 j-. od. ziq.. 
 which, reckon'd according to the foremention'd proportion, will 
 make Wheat per Quarter at 3 /. 5 x. <; d. as the common or 
 middle price. 
 
 The great difference of the feveral prices of their Bread, much 
 exceeding the difference of the prices of ours, proceeded from their 
 great delicacy in Bread, and perhaps fomething in their manner 
 of baking. Pliny reckons four forts of Bread, the Ojlreariiy or 
 Loaves baked with Oyfters; Artolagani, which anfwered to our 
 Cakes ; Speufiici, a cuJivS'odi from their quick way of preparing ; and 
 Artopticii fuch as were baked in Ovens, called fb from the fur- 
 nace in which they were baked. 
 
 Thepaffage above mentioned is to be underftood of this lafl: Bread. 
 
 By the lall prices of Bread, it fecms that about the time when 
 Pliny wrote. Corn was confiderably dearer in Rome than common- 
 ly at London j and it is evident that the prices of commodities were 
 
 R. 2, low
 
 124 Tables of Ancient Coinsy 
 
 low in early Times, and rofe gradually in Rome by the encreafc of 
 Money, as they have done in France, England, and other Coun- 
 tries o£ Europe. 
 
 CHAP. III. 
 
 W 
 
 Of the Price of Wine, 
 
 I N E {eems to have been always cheap at Rome. There is in 
 Vliny a remarkable pafTage concerning the price of Wine ; 
 he faith ' in the Confulate of Opmiusy A.U. <f 3 3 , there 
 being an excellent Vintage, Wine was laid in according to the 
 rate of that time at 100 Nummi the Amphora., (which containing 
 {even Gallons, and one Pint; io,<f(r (olid Inches) or, 16 s. i i d. 
 this will make it per Englijh Hogfhead, 7 /. is. lod. which 
 is a higher price than fome that are mention'd in other Authors. 
 Pliny proceeds, and reckons when this Wine was drank i 60 Years 
 afterwards, by reafon of the intereft of money which was 6 per 
 Cent, it came to two Nummi the Cyathus, or 3 ^. 3 {q. 
 
 This paflage is not only curious on the account of the price of 
 Wine, but it is an inftance of the Roman manner of computing 
 intereft at that time, which was neither fimple nor compound in- 
 tereft reckoned at every term of payment, but of a lower Rate 5 for 
 after i o i M onths they added fix per Cent, to the Principal, be- 
 sides the fimple intereft that was due upon the Sum, 
 which they called Anatocifmus -^ (o it 
 examine whether Pliny reckoned tight 
 
 is named by Cicero. To 
 ; in 160 Years there are 
 
 1 Opimio Confule, cum C. Gracchus Tri- 
 bunus plebem feditionibus agitans intcremptus : 
 eacxli tempcries fullit, quam codluram vocant, 
 folis opere, natali Urbis 633. Durantque adhuc 
 vina ducentisfere annis, jam in fpcciem redaSa 
 mellis afpcri. etenim Hec natura vinis in vetu- 
 ftate eft; nee potari per fe queunr, fi non per- 
 
 mita. Scd cxteris vinis commendandis minima ali- 
 qu3 mixturl medicamenta funt: quod, ut ejus 
 temporis aeftimatlone iiifingulas Amphoras ccn- 
 teni nummi llatuantur, ex his tamen, ufura 
 multiplicata femiffibus, qua: civilis ac modica 
 e(t, in Caii Cxfaris Germanici filii principatu, 
 anno t6o. Singulas uncias binis (ita Budxus 
 
 vincat aqua, ulque in amaritudinem caric indo-j legit) conftitille, nobili exemplo docuimus
 
 Weights and Meafures^ &c. \2^ 
 
 1 5) 1 o Months, which if you divide by i o i , it gives i p Anatocif- 
 mi J which makes the Sum due by the Anatoc'tftn't 114: 100 Num- 
 w; principal andintereft at 6 per Cent, after i 60 years, make i o(>o, 
 to wliich if you add 114, it makes 1 174. There are 57^ Cya- 
 thi in an Amphora, which at 1 Nummi the Cyathus, make 1151 
 Nummif which wants only 2. z Nummi of the Sum. And if you reckon 
 that 6 per Cent, to bear Intereft i 8 times, it will add i 7 Nummi 
 to the Sum, which make it only 5 Nummi Ihort of Pliny's account. 
 This would make the Englijh quart of the ^inum opimianum a- 
 mount to 1 3 J. But this proceeded from an accidental reafbn of 
 the intereft of the money firft laid out. 
 
 The prices of Wines at the vineyard were much lower than 
 that of the Opimium, ""for Columella (aith, that the very worft fort 
 of Vineyards would produce per Jugerum, a Culeus of Wine; that 
 is, about I of an Englijh Acre produced 1 4 3 Gallons and 5 Pints i 
 which was fold for 300 Nummi, that is z/. %s. ^ \d. at this 
 rate the Hogfliead comes to i /, oj-. \i d. 
 
 But it muft be confidered that this is at the Vineyard, the word 
 Ground and the worft Wine. It will be fair to reckon double that 
 price for the common Wine, or about 8/. per Ton. 
 
 " Cicero ftates the Cuftom exaded for Wine at Touloufe, 4 Num- 
 mi the Amphora, which ^^r Hogfhead comes to be i /. is. %id. 
 There are very low prices mentioned by Authors, as that by 
 ° Martial, making it per Gallon about z d. and Corn a Peck at 7, {d. 
 But thofe are mentioned as extravagantly cheap, and poeti- 
 cally. 
 
 There are likewife recorded times of prodigious plenty, which 
 cannot be drawn into any Rule, as that (pecity'd by ^ Pliny, when 
 I 2 Pounds of Oyl was fold for an As ; and likewifeat the Triumph '^- C/. 600. 
 of Metellus, when near an Englip Gallon of Wine, 3 o Roman 
 
 Pounds 
 
 niQuippe ut deterrimi generis funt vinex, ta- 
 rnen li culrx lint, lingulos utique culeos vini 
 fingula eorum jngera pcrcequabant. utque tre- 
 centi'-nummis Quadragence urn* veneunt(quod 
 minimum prctinm eft annonxj confument ta- 
 meu ic'ptem Cu'.ei icftcrtium duo niillia is. cen- 
 
 tum nummos. Cohirr.cl. lib. 3. n Quatenii 
 Denarii in (ing^las Amphoras portorii nomine 
 eiacti Toloiix. Cic. pro M. Konteio. 
 o Amphora vigeffis Modius datur jEre qua- 
 terno. Mart. 
 
 P Plin. lib. 15". cap. 3.
 
 1 26 Tables of Ancient Coins^ 
 
 Pounds of dryed Figs, ten pound of Oyl, 1 1 Pounds of Fledi, and 
 a Peck of Meal, were fold each at an As, or 5 -:-,q. 
 
 '^Anno Urhis (Jyj, Greek and Amintum Wines were forbid to 
 be fold for 8 Affes the §uadrantal, or Amphora, that is for le{s 
 than one penny the Gallon-, but this was for a particular rea- 
 fon. 
 
 CHAP. IV. 
 
 Of the Price of Cattle. 
 
 I Can difcover very little of the price of Cattle amongfl: the an- • 
 cient Romans. * In early times the price of a good Calf, was 
 2, 5 Affes, IS. -j\d. 
 ' The price of a Sheep, a 'Denarius, or -j \d. 
 * The price of an Ox ten times as much, that is C s. 5 • d. 
 But thefe prices mufl; have been afterwards very much increafed, 
 for Varro fpeaking of the price of a Peacock, faith f that it was a- 
 bove the price of a Sheep, which at leaft is an argument that a 
 sheep was not much fliort of the price of a Peacock, and this was 
 5 o Denarii, or i /. \i.s. 3 ; d. 
 
 The Roman Fines or Penalties exaded by Law had flill a Rela- 
 tion to thoie original prices of Cattle, and were very gende at firft, 
 and continued ftill to be fo from the nature of their Government. 
 Their effeds at firft confiftcd chiefly in Cattle, publick plunder 
 retained the name of Peculatus. 
 
 The loweft fine of all was a Sheep, or 7 ^ d. 
 
 ''The Fine for a private injury, a Calf, or i x. 7 I d, 
 
 'The 
 
 q P. Lucinius Craflus & Julias Caefar Cen- 
 fores A.U. DCLXXV. edixerunt ne quis vi- 
 numGrxcum, AminiumquejOdlonisj^risiingu- 
 la Quadrantalia veuderct. Plin. lib. 14. c. 14. 
 
 » Epicharmus apud PoUucem, Fellus Pom- 
 
 peius. t Eofque cum crcverunt fpuUos 
 
 nempe pavonum) quinquagcnis denariis vendit, 
 ita ut nulla ovis hiinc alfcquatur frudum. 
 b Affes vigiiui quinque paenx funt, fi quis al- 
 ter! injuriain facit. Gell. lib. 26. cap. i.
 
 Weights and Meafures^ &c. 
 
 * The rate of the highefl: Fine was 3 o Oxen, and two Sheep, 
 or 3020 Ajfesy that is ^L 15J. o{d. from which Geliius oh- 
 ferves, that Oxen were more numerous than Sheep, and I am 
 told it is fo at this time in Italy. 
 
 •"The Regard had to that rate of fining, was confider'd even 
 in the time of Jujiiman ; for the Judges under Proconfular Au- 
 thority were forbid to fine above a ^adrans of a pound of Gold, 
 which according to the value at that time was p /. i^ s. o\d, 
 
 Tho(e who had Proconfular authority, could fine ami jemijfeniy 
 or double the former Sum. It was allowed to the PrafeSfus Pra- 
 torii to fine as far as 5 o pounds of Gold, not Co much with re- 
 gard to the Dignity of his office as the Atrocity of the fa6l:. 
 
 ' Geliius tells us, there was an exception from the ufual gentle 
 rate of fining in the cafe of a Lady, who for the incivility of her 
 Speech was fined XXF. M. ^ris X millia %ol. i^s. yd. 
 
 ^Sejlertiomm X millia was likewife the Fine for laying one's Tail 
 in the Fountain of an Aqueduct, making 80/. 1 4 j. j d. 
 
 ^Cities were fined pretty high, Rhodes by Brtttusv/2LS fined 500 
 Talents, ;)6Sy ^ I. 
 
 I have been induced by the price of Cattle to {ay Co much of 
 the rates of Fines, from this fmall relation it had to thefubjed; of 
 Catde. 
 
 To return to the price of Cattle : As to hories, Li'vy ^ tells us 
 that there were loooo Affes given out of the publick money to 
 the Equites to buy horfes, and that the Widows were oblig'd to 
 contribute towards their keeping the Sum of 2000 AJfes 
 yearly. 
 
 If, as it is commonly fuppofed, there were two horfes, the price 
 of them was 52/. 5 j. 10 ci. or, fer Fiorfe, 16 1. 2 j-. i\ d. 
 
 And 
 
 127 
 
 c Geliius, lib. ii. Nodlium Atticarum.5 
 d Lege ultima de modo mulftarum in Codice 
 Juftiiiiano. e Gcll. lib. 9. De AppiiCse- 
 
 ci filia. Ob hacc mulieris verba tarn improba ac 
 tam inciviiia, vEdiles Plcbei multam dixcrunt 
 ei iEris gravis XXV millia. Id faSum bello 
 Puiiico prinio. f Seftertiorum dena millia 
 
 multa eflo, fi quis aqnam Aquacduftiis dolo 
 malooletaret, ubi publice falit. g Plut. in Bru- 
 to. h Ad equos emendos dena millia iEris 
 ex publico data; & quibus equos alercnt, vidusE 
 attributx, qux bina millia i^ris in anuos fingu- 
 los penderent. Livius lib. 1.
 
 128 Tables of Ancient Coinsy 
 
 And their feeding came yearly to ^ /. <}f, i d. which is per 
 Hor(e, 3 /. 4s. -j d. 
 
 Thefe feem to be pretty high rates for that time, tho* much 
 inferior to the prices of horfes afterwards. ' Gellius mentions one 
 {old for 1 oo Sejiertia, 807/. 5 j. lod. 
 
 ^ The price of Bucephalus was 1 5 Talents, 2518/. i 5 f . 
 
 ' Pliny relates from Varro, that a Jack-Afs for a Stallion was 
 bought for 5 1 z 9 /. 3 /. 4 ^. "" And that in Cehiberia, a Pro- 
 vince of Spain, a She-Afs has brought Colts to the value of 
 3x25?/. 3 J. 4 ^. 
 
 " yarro's price indeed is much inferior to that of Pliny, he fpeaks 
 of an Afs fold in his own time at Rome, for <Joooo H.S. 
 
 484/. 7J. <'^. 
 
 By the above-cited paflage of yarro, it appears that the price 
 of a Sheep was fomewhat under that of a Peacock, 'viz. i /. izs. 
 ^ { d. Suppofe we fix it at z$ Shillings a Sheep, or z 5 Pound 
 the Score ; according to the fore-mention'd proportion of a Bul- 
 lock being ten times as dear as a Sheep, the price of one will be 
 111. 10 s. and that of a Calf will come out 3 /. is. 6 d. fince 
 it was I J. y ^d. when the price of a Sheep was 7 ^ pence, or 
 as 5 to z. This will make the price of Butcher's meat in Varrds 
 time not much different from what it is in London. 
 
 » Gell. lib. 3. cap. 9. k Gellius lib. f. 
 
 cap. 2. 1 Plin.lib.8. cap. 43. Afiiium 
 
 CCCC.M nummum emptum, Quinto Axio 
 Senator!, audtor eft M. V^arro, haud fcio an 
 omnium pretio animalium vido. "» Pliii- 
 
 ibid. n Varro lib. 2. cap.i. Tertia pars 
 
 eft, quo Cnt feminio quaercndum. Hoc nomi- 
 ne enim Aiini Arcadici in Grjecia nobilitati, in 
 Italia Reatini, ulque eo, ut mea mcmoria afi- 
 nus venierit fexteniis millibus LX. 
 
 CHAP.
 
 Weights and Meajures^ &c. 
 
 I2p 
 
 C H A P. V. 
 Of the Roman Expences in Eating, 
 
 WE have been able, as appears by the former Chapter, to 
 difcover fomewhat, at lead by inference, of the common 
 prices of Butcher's meat ; and as to Fowl and Filh, Au- 
 thors take little notice of the common prices, but only mention 
 thofe that are extravagant. 
 
 ^ I find that Turdi, fat Birds, which we commonly tranflate Fowl. 
 Thruflies (but of which there are {everal forts) were (old a- piece at 
 
 3 Denarii is. ii^d. they were in great reputation, and ufed in 
 Feafts. 
 
 ''Peacocks were fold dear, the price of one was 50 Denarii, 
 I /. I 2 X. ^ \d. 
 
 ^ A flock of a hundred was fold at a much dearer Rate, for 
 XL M. if. 5". or 3 2 1 /. 1 8 J-, 4 ^. 
 
 ''One of their Eggs was worth 5 Denarii, 5 j. %i^d. 
 
 ^ M. Aufdius Lurco ufed to make every year of his Peacocks 
 ^0000 HS. or, 484/. 7 J. 6 d. 
 
 *Varro faith he has known 5000 Turdi come from one Farm 
 in a Year, which accordmg to the foremention'd price are worth 
 
 4 8 4 /. 7 J. <? ^. 
 
 •^ Commonly fine Doves were fold the pair at the fame price 
 with Peacocks, nji-z. ioo Ntmmi, or 1/. izs, t^ {d. 
 
 Others of a finer kind were much dearer. Varro relates that 
 Axius refufed to give a pair of his under ^00 Denarii^ 1 il. 1 Ss. ^d. 
 
 S When 
 
 » Atque inhac vIlIaquieftornithon,exeo uno 
 quinquemil'ii fcio venifle turdorum denarii^ 
 ternis, ut fexaginta millia ea pars reddiderit co 
 anno villx. Varro lib. 3. cap. 2. b Idem 
 
 lib. 3. cap. 6. « Paria iingula vulgo veneunt 
 
 ducenis numtnis, ncc non cximia fingulis niil- 
 libus niimrr.um, quas nuper cum Mercator tan- 
 ti emere vellet a L. Axio Equite Ri-mano, 
 minoris quadringcntis denariis daturum nega- 
 vic. Varro lib. 3. cap. 7.
 
 j^o fables of Ancient Coins', 
 
 when the Merchant who was buying them, offered looo Kum- 
 miy 8 /. I /. y^d. Bui thofc were valu'd fo highly for PleaCure, 
 rather than the Table. 
 
 ** Augujius defar bought the Crow that (aluted him as he was 
 returning from AU'tunij a pennyworth at xoooo Ntmmi, i6il. 
 ps. S d. 
 
 • A white Nightingale was bought at 6 Seftertia, 48 /. 8 x. <fd. 
 for a prefent to Agrippinay Claudiuis Wife. 
 
 ^Goofe Down was fold p^r Pound for 5 Denariiy j x. 6 id. 
 Fish. The Romans were more extravagant in the prices of their Fifli, 
 than of Fowl. « Juuenal tells you of a MuJluf (which is fuppo- 
 {ed to be what the Fretich and we call SurmouJkt) bought for 6000 
 Nummiy j{.S I. S s. p d. 
 
 '' According to MacroUus there was paid for another 7000 
 Nummi, ^6 1, los. i\d. 
 
 ' For a third, according to P/iw)', 8 o o o Ts/^MWw/, 6^1. i\s. Sd. 
 which he reckons the more wonderful, the MuUus being a Fifli 
 that feldom exceeded two pound weight. Thefe are not to be rec- 
 kon'd common prices ^ but as they were the effeds of great Extra- 
 vagance and Luxury, they were indications of great riches, atleafi: 
 among the people of high rank. 
 
 Filhes at Romey like Toafts, were {bmetimes in vogue, then 
 wore out by length of time, and fucceeded by others. 
 ''Thus the Actpenfer or Sturgeon was dethroned by the Scarusy 
 and the Afellus or Whiting by the Murena. However the Act- 
 penfer had ftill fome Honour paid him, having the Hautboys mar- 
 ching up before him, and being carried by people with Coronets 
 
 on 
 
 * S"cton. in Augufto. « Scio feftertiis (ex, I videri debet, quod hie Pifcis raro admodum bi- 
 candidam [Lufciniam] alioquin, quod eft pro-! nas libras ponderis cxruperat. k Plin. lib.p. 
 
 pc iuulitatum, venifle, qnae Agrippinae Claudii 
 Principis conju^i dono daretur. Plin. lib. lo. 
 ca^. 29.^ ^ Pliii- lib. TO. cap. 22. 
 g —- Mullum lex minibus emptum. Juv.Sat.4. 
 *> M-icrob. lib. 3. cap. 16. feptein millibus. 
 ' Pliii lib. 8. cap. 17. odo millibus nummnm 
 Afiniiis Ceicr,hoc (Mnlloj pilce prodigiis,Caio 
 Principe unam mercatus ell ; quod ideo mirmn 
 
 SeQ 37. Apud antiqaos pifcium nobiliflimus- 
 habitus acipeafer. Sett. 38. Poltea praecipu- 
 am audloritatem fuifTe Lupo & Afello. SeQ. 
 39. Nunc Scare datur principstus, qui folus 
 pifcium dijitur ruminare; proxima eft his men- 
 fa generic muftelarum ex reliqua hobilitate 8c 
 gratia, maxima eft & copia MuUis ficut magni- 
 tudo modica.
 
 Weights and Meafures^ &c. 
 
 on their Heads to the Table. {Ut Acipenferem inferrent thtonati 
 cum cantu Tibia) Notwithftanding the great reputation of the 5c^i 
 rusy the Mullus kept his ground among the polite. ^Farro owns 
 that you might fooner get the befl: Team of Horfesout of Horten- 
 Jius's Stables, than a bearded Mullet out of his Ponds. 
 
 "The Tripaf anunij which we fliall tranflate Triplet, was the chief 
 eating according to Feneflel/a, which confifted of the Lamprey, 
 the Lupus Marinus (not our Pike as we imagine) and the Myxo ano- 
 ther fifh, which hath no Englijh Name. Thefe were ferv'd up 
 together in one machine with three Bottoms. Much may be faid 
 in honour of the Murana, or Lamprey. 
 
 "C. Hirrius, the mod famous Roman for Fifh-ponds, thought his 
 Lampreys ineftimable ^ he would not fell, but lent Cii thoufand 
 of them for Cafars Triumphal Supper. 
 
 ° Lucius Crajusy a Man of Cenforial Dignity, went into Mourn- 
 ing for a deceafed Lamprey ^ ^ and Vedius PoUio a Roman Knight, a 
 great Friend ofAuguJfusy fed his Lampreys with his condemned 
 Slaves, and yet he was celebrated for a good-natur'd man. 
 
 Our Age is as yet unacquainted with the nicenefs of ''the Ancients 
 in weighing their Fiflies at Table, and beholding them expire. 
 'The death of a Mullus Vfixh the variety and change of Colours in 
 its lad moments, was reckon'd one of the moft entertaining Spe- 
 ctacles in the world. 
 
 *It is fbme honour to our Nation that the SandnDtch Oy- 
 flers were famous {Rutupino de fundo) but I cannot difcover what 
 they were a Barrel. 
 
 S z 
 
 erf 
 
 1 Varro lib. 5. cap. 17. Cekrius volnntate 
 Hortenfii ex equili educeres Rhedarias ut ribi 
 haberes mulas, quam e pifcinis barbatum mul- 
 lutn. mPlin. lib. 3f. Tripatanum,inquit 
 Fencftella ,appellabatur fumma coenarum lau- 
 titia, una erat Murxnarum, altera Luporum, 
 tertia Myxonis pifcis. " Piin. lib. 9. cap. SS 
 C. Hirrius ante alios, qui coenis triumphaiibus 
 Csefaris Didatoris, fex inillia numero Murae- 
 iiarum mutuo appendit. Nam permutare qui- 
 dem pretio noluit. o Quod Lucius Crairus 
 vir Cenforius Mursenam in pjfcina domus fuse 
 mortuam atratus luxerit. p Plin. lib. 9. cap. 
 13. Vedius Pollio Eques Rom. ex amicis D. 
 
 i 'The^ 
 
 Aogufli, vivariis earum (murxnarum) immer- 
 gens damnata mancipia, non tanquam ad hoc 
 teris tcrrarum non fufficientibns, led quia in h- 
 lio genere totum pariter hominem dirtrahi, 
 fpeflari non poterat. q Ammian. lib. 28, ■ 
 
 I Plin. lib. 9. cap. 17. Mollum expirantem 
 verficolori & numerofj quadam varictate fpe- 
 £tm, proceres guls narrant, rubentium, Squa- 
 marum multiplici mutatione pailcfcentem uti-' 
 que li vitro fpeftetur inclulus. f Plin. lib. 32. 
 cap. 6. Item Juvenalis ' 
 
 Circaeis nata forent an 
 
 ■ Lucrinum ad faxumRutupinoquceditafunda- 
 
 Ollrca
 
 132 Tables of Ancient Coins^ 
 
 • The Romans were in as great favour with their Fi(hes, as their 
 Fiflies were with them : no body could fay they were deaf, for they 
 would come when they were called. 
 
 " A Lady beftowed Earings upon a favourite Lamprey. 
 
 After what I have (aid of the great value the Romans put upon 
 Fillies, it will not appear incredible that ' C. Hirrius fhould fell his 
 Fifh-ponds for ^adragies H 5. 3 z x 9 1 /. i 5 J. 4 1^. 
 
 ^ And that Lticullus's fifh, after his death, Ihould be fold for the 
 fame, nj'tz. 3 1 z p i /. 1 3 j. 4 ^. 
 
 "It will not be impertinent to the prelent fubjefk to make ho- 
 nourable mention of Fuhius Hirpinus, who was the firft that made 
 a Nurfery for Snails, and fed them fo well {farre ^ fapd) with 
 bran and boil'd wine, that the capacity of the Shells of fome of 
 them amounted to 80 ^adrantes, or zo Sextariij that is about 
 10 Quarts. 
 
 '' As to the price of fruit, we know that peaches were fold firfl 
 for a Denarius j \d. And they rofe afterwards to 50 Nummi^ or 
 4 J. 10^. 
 
 ' Cherries were brought out of Pontus by LucuUus A.U. 6Z0, 
 and were brought into Britain j z o years afterwards, which makes 
 it Anno Vom. 5 5 . But I cannot find what they were a hundred. 
 
 Large Afparagus was lometimes (old a-piece for 6 d. which will 
 make them amount to z /. los. per hundred. 
 
 '' But the Ra^venna Afparagus was as large as our Batterfea Af- 
 paragusy weighing four ounces a-piece. 
 
 The forementioned particulars will difpofe the Reader to be- 
 lieve that the Romans were as extravagant in their eating in the lafl 
 
 Days 
 
 t Plin. lib. 10. Mart. lib. 6. Ep. 30. 
 ■ Antonia Drufi, mursenx quam diligebat, in- 
 aures addidit. Plin. lib. 9. cap. jf. _ x Hiijus 
 villain intra qunm modicum quadragies pilcinx 
 venicrunt. Plin. lib. 9. cap. jj-. y Quadra- 
 gies HS pifcinae a defuiiSo illo veniere pilces. 
 Plin. lib 9. cap. ^^. » Coclilcanim vivaria 
 inftitiiit Fulvius Hirpinus. (& panlo poilj Qiiin 
 & faj^inam earum commtntus ell, Tapa & tarre, 
 aliis gcneribus ut cochk-s quoque uliiles gane- 
 am implcreiit: cujus artis gloria iu cam magai- 
 
 tudinem perduQa Ht, ut oStoginta quadrantcs 
 caperent (ingularum ca ices. Plin. lib. 9. cap. 
 5'6. b Primo denariis (ingula venundata, pre- 
 tiumque jam lingulis triccni nummi fuere. P in. 
 lib. ly cap. li. c Cerali ante vidoriam Mi' 
 thridaticam L. LucuUi non fuere in Italia. Ad 
 Urbis annum DCLXXX. is primum vexit c 
 Ponto: annifque CXX tran- Oceanum in Bri- 
 tanniam ufque pjrvcnere. Plin. lib. ly. cap. 
 2J-. d Plin. lib. 9. cap. 4.
 
 If eights and Meafures^ Sec, 135 
 
 Days of their Commonwealth, as they were frugal in the begin- 
 ning of it. • For in early times they were allowed only to lay out 
 on fcftival days 3 o Afes, is. 11 id.' on eating •, They were al- 
 lowed to lay out on a Supper no more than 100 Ajfes, 01 6 s. 5 ^d. 
 (befides the produdl of the ground, that is, Bread, Drink, Roots 
 and Legumes,) whence they were called CenteJiaria Ccen£. And 
 Lucilius the Poet from his manner of living was named Centujjts. 
 *Cato the elder never {pent more than his Allowance of 3 o Aps 
 on a meal. But they arrived by degrees to an incredible extrava- 
 gance. ^Heliogahalushid. out on a Supper tricies H. S. 14x18/. 15/. 
 
 ^Caligula {pent on a Supper Centies H.S. 80729 /. 3 s. ^d. 
 
 'Vitellius in eating and drinking, within the Year, {pent 
 2, 2, 5 o o Myriads of Drachms, 7.16 j6 z^ I. 
 
 ^ Tacitus faith, that he {pent the {ame Sum in a few Months, 
 fviz. 7.16 ^ 6z^ I. 
 
 'L«c«//«j'seftablifliment for his Suppers in the Apollo, was 50000 
 Drachms, i 6 1 4 /. 11 s. S d. 
 
 " Claudius /Efopus the Tragedian had one difh that cofl him 
 ^00 Sejiertia, 4843/. 10/. In which, to enhance the price of it, 
 he had put finging Birds. 
 
 "The young Captain, his Son, treated his Guefls with coftly 
 Pearls, a Pearl for ev'ry Guefl made into Pearl Cordial. 
 
 It may feem fomewhat difficult to make out the Bills of fare 
 for {ome of the foremention'd Suppers, efpecially tho{e of Fitel- 
 lius. I qucftion not but an expert Clerk of a Kitchen can do it 
 from the following hints. 
 
 " Firft, his Imperial Majefty eat four times a-day ; no Supper, 
 Breakfafl or Collation under 400000 Nunmi, or 3 2 2 5? A 3 x. ^d. 
 
 and 
 
 « Macrob. lib. q. cap. 17. AfTcs trigintaf lib. 35-. cap 12. Cum unam patinam .^fopi 
 duntaxat fdundi cauta cuique fumere licebat, ex, Traj^cediarum hiftrionis in natura avium dice- 
 leee Liu'nia. i Plutarch, in Catone majore. remm rexcentii felkrtiis ftetilfe, non dubito iu- 
 E Lampridiui corrupte tiibus millibu-, H.S. pro'dignatos legcntes. o Sueton. in Vitelliocap. 
 tricies H. S- l> Seneca de confulatiine. J13. Trifariam fempcr, interduni quadritariam 
 
 i Dio in Vitel'io. k Lib. 17. Novies iVlil- difpertiebat in jencacula & prandia & cnenas 
 lies H- S. ViiCilius Cxfar paucis mcniibus in- icommcnatioiielque: t'acile omnibus lufficien«, 
 vertille creditur. ' P utarch. in Lucullo. vomitandi confiirtudine. Indiccbat autem aliud 
 
 lEplin. lib. 10. cap.60' Maximc tamen isiligni-. aiii eadem die: nee cuiquam minus linguli ap- 
 ed in hac memoria Clodii ^fooi Tragici Hi- paratus quadringvnis miilibus'nummum coniti- 
 flriou,i patiiu fcxceiitis fcllerui!) taiaca- » lierum 1 terunt.
 
 1^4 Tables of Ancient Coins-, 
 
 and by way of preparation for the next meal he took gentle Emc- 
 ticks becwcen them. 
 
 PHis Brother once gave him a pretty coftly Sapper, in which 
 there were two thouland of the choiceil fifhes, fevcn thouGind of 
 the choiceft Birds j one di(h for its amphtude and capacity wa;S 
 called Minewas Buckler, which confiited chiefly of the livers of 
 Scariy the brains of Phealants and Peacocks, the tongues of Pheni- 
 copters, and Lamprey's Bellies brought from the moft diftant 
 Coafts in Triremes. Now the Reader muft underftand that the 
 Scarus was firfl: in repute amongft fifhes, and generally cofl; the value 
 of a Principality. Next to that was the Muflella, and after that 
 the Mullusy which coil (bmetimes about (J 4 Pounds. 
 
 The Roman recumbent or (more properly) accumbent poflure 
 in eating was introduc'd after the firft: Punick War : and no doubt 
 bccalion'd by their eating immediately after Bathing. The Tables 
 were low amongft the better fort, made of Citron or fbme pre- 
 cious wood, with three Ivory Feet, cut in the Figure of a Lions 
 or Leopard's Paw. About the Table there were three Beds at 
 moil:: after the time of Fefpajjanj there were often but two ; from 
 whence they were called Biclinia ; and the Table was in the figure 
 of a Semicircle, from which it was called Sigma ; the Space before 
 was open for the Waiters. In both forts of Tables, the Beds 
 were cover'd with magnificent Quilts, amongft the richer fort. 
 After bathing they put on their FeJIes Canatoria, Garments that 
 were made to eat in. It is plain that this manner of eating was not 
 only inconvenient, but impofTible for a great number of Guefls 
 at the fame Table ; and yet there were twelve at a famous Supper 
 of Augujiusy mention'd by Suetotiius, from thence called ^cdS^iKoi^iog. 
 So that the common opinion is not true, i;/z. that L. Verus was the 
 firfl who made afeall for i ^ perlons. In the defcription of thePow- 
 
 tijical 
 
 P Sueton. in Vitellio, cap. 13 Fampfiflima 
 fuper cseteras fuit coena ei data adventicia a fra- 
 trc: in qua duo millia leftiffimorum pifcium, 
 feptem avium appolita traduntur. Hanc quo- 
 que cxlliperavit ipfe, dedicatione patiiise, ob 
 injmeiifam magnitudinem Clypeum Minervaj, 
 
 aiy'iJ'tt iTitf^iiyx diflitabat. In hac Scarorum je- 
 cinora, phafiahoruni & pavoiium cerebella, 
 linguas Plioeiiicopterum, muraenarum lades a 
 Carpathio ufque fretoque Hifpanice per navar- 
 chos ac triremes petitarum conunifcuit.
 
 Weights and MeafureS) &c. ijy 
 
 lijical Supper mention'd by Macrohiusy there were i o at two Ta- 
 bles; the Guefts lay on their left Side, leaning on their elbow, 
 with their Heads fupported by Pillows. When there were more 
 than one on the (ame Bed, they did not lye as we on our Beds, 
 but fo as the Feet of the firft perfon reached to the Back of the fe- 
 xond, and fo on. The moft honourable place was the uppet- 
 moft, or head of the bed, except when there were three perfons 
 on one, and then the moft honourable place was the middle. It 
 was thought indecent at firft for women to eat with men after 
 this manner, but it was ea{y to imagine that time muft either 
 abolifh the cuftom, or conquer their modefty. In nuptial and 
 "other folemn feafts, where the Guefts were numerous, there were 
 feveral Triclinia in the fame Room, and yet they could not enter- 
 tain conveniently fo many as dine often in our great Halls. 
 Therefore their way of eating muft have been, generally (peaking, 
 more private than ours, and on that account le^ expenfive. And 
 the reflection oiVarro in A. Gellius, that the number of Guefts 
 fliould begin at that of the Graces, and end with that of the Mu- 
 {es, from 3 to 5?, was not only true, but agreeable to the Cha- 
 raders and Manners of the People. As for their Napkins, Hglio^ 
 gahalns had thofe of Cloth of Gold, and Galienus too, as Trehellius 
 relates ; but they were moft commonly of Linnen, fome of fofc 
 Wool ; as Trimalcions, qui non linteis tergehatuVy fed palliis ex mol~ 
 UJflma lanafaBis. In fome Banquets the Guefts brought their own 
 Napkins. 
 
 . There is a defcription of the magnificent and expenfive man- 
 ner of eating of the ancient Romans^ Greeks and Barbari- 
 ansy in Philo JudtettSy de vita contemplati'va. It is too long to in- 
 (ert here, but fome of the particulars which he mentions are, Beds 
 adorn'd with Ivory, Tortoife-fhell, Pearls and precious ftones ; Ma- 
 treftes of Purple interwoven with Gold, adorn'd with Foliages and 
 Flowers ; vaft Side-boards of drinking Cups, and Vafes of the rich- 
 eft workmanfhip : being (erv'd with handfome young Boys, paint- 
 ed, curled, and finely drefs'd : feven changes of Tables, and lome- 
 
 times
 
 i3<^ fables of Ancient Coins y 
 
 times more, fervcd up with the greatefl: deUcacies, that Earth, Sea 
 or Air could afford. It was the cuftom then to change the Ta- 
 bles with the Courfes or Services. 
 
 They liv'd upon the fame forts of Flcfli and Fifli as we do, on- 
 ly they had no Turkeys. We have mentioned fome of the Fifhes 
 that were in gieatcft requeft, as the Sturgeov, Scari^ Lamprey y Lu- 
 fus MarinuSf dec. Athensus lib. i. cap. 4. acquaints us, that 
 Sicilian Lamprey Eels, 7r7\(t)TcUy that is floating, (perhaps in opposition 
 to muddy,) the Belly of T.nny Fifli taken at Pachynum, Kids from 
 the Ifland of Melos, Mulcts from Symetum, Shcll-fini of Pelorus, 
 Herrings of Lipara, Radijhes of Alantinea, Turnips of Thebes ^ Beefs 
 from Afcray were in greatefl eflcem. They had a great variety of 
 Cakes, as Placenta^ Laganum, Libum, Scriblita, Spharitay Crajlia' 
 numy Sirutimj Crujlukm. Each of which may make a very good 
 Subjed of a Difl'ertation for an Antiquary ; as alio whether they 
 had Pyes. One may judge of the art of their Cooks from this, 
 that they could make artificial Birds and Fifties, in Defiult of the 
 real ones, and which exceeded them in the exquifitenefs of the 
 Tafle. Nicomedes King of Bithyniay longing for Herrings, was 
 fupplied with frclh ones by his Cook, tho' at a great diilancc from 
 the Sea. Trimalchus's Cook could make out of Hog's Flcfli all 
 Cons of Fillies and Birds. They were much addidled to boiling 
 and roafting with Puddings in the Belly. Athenaus fpeaks of a 
 Cook that could drefs a whole Hog in that manner. I refer the 
 Readers to the Writers on this Subjed, for accounts of their 
 Pickles and Sawccs. They made a very favoury one of the In- 
 trails of the Bcafts which they drefs'd. 
 
 Their Tables feem to have been more delicate than abundant. 
 There is a Bill of Fare, and the Company recorded, in Macrohius 
 lib. 2. cap. s>- who took it out of the Records of the High-Prieft 
 Metel'iUs. It was the Inauguration Supper of Lentulusy when he 
 was made Flamen Martialis, Prieft of Mars. The Gueffs were all 
 (acred perfons, Prieffs and Veftals. There were ten Men in two 
 Triclinia, 'viz.. Lentuhis himfclf, ^ Catuhsy M. JEmilius Lepidusy 
 
 D. Silanusy
 
 Weights and Meafures, &c. 
 
 D. Silanm, C. Cafar Rex facrorum, P. Scavola Sextus, ^Ji^Cornelius^ 
 P. Volumniusy P. AlUnovanusj and L. Julius Cafar the Augur. In 
 the third Triclinium were Popiliay Perpennia, Licinia, Aruntia, Ve* 
 ftals J and Puhlicia Flaminica his Wife, and Sempronia his Mother- 
 in-law. 
 
 The Bill of Fare follows, at the Inauguration Supper of 
 Lentulus. 
 
 137 
 
 Ante Canam. 
 
 Echinij 
 
 Ojlrea cruda, quantum ^velint, 
 
 PeJorida, 
 
 Sphondyli, 
 
 Turdiy 
 
 Afparagiy 
 
 Suhtus Gallinam altikm. 
 
 Patina Ojlrearum, 
 
 PelorideSf 
 
 Balani nigri,? 
 
 Balani albi, C 
 
 Iterum Sphondyli, 
 
 Glycomarida, 
 
 Vtrica Ficedulay 
 
 Lumbi Capragines, Aprugnt, 
 
 Altilia ex farina involutay 
 
 Ficeduhy 
 
 Muricesy ^7 
 
 Purpura. S 
 
 In Cccna. 
 
 Sutninay 
 
 Sinciput Aprugnum, 
 
 Before Supper, orthe Jlrji Courfel 
 
 Shell-fifli, prickly like a Hedgehog. 
 
 Raw Oy fliers, as many as they pleas'd. 
 
 Cockles, (o call'dfrom Pelor us in Sicily, 
 
 The grifly parts of Oyflers, 
 
 Thruflies, 
 
 Afparagus, 
 
 Under a cramm'd Fowl. 
 
 A plate of Oyfters. 
 
 Cockles. 
 
 Another Shell-fifh, fhap'd hkean A- 
 
 corn. 
 The grifly part of Oyfters a zd time. 
 The largeft kind of Cockles. 
 Beccaficos. 
 
 Chines of a Goat and Boar. 
 Fat Birds in pafte. 
 Beccaficos. 
 Two (orts of Shell-fifh, of which the 
 
 purple Dye was made. 
 
 At Supper. 
 
 Dugs of a Hog. 
 Boar's Cheek. 
 T 
 
 Patina
 
 1 38 Tables of Ancient Coins ^ 
 
 Patina pfcium, A Difli of Fi(h. 
 
 Patina Suminisy A Difli of Sow DugJ. 
 
 Anatesy Ducks, 
 
 fluer^ueJuU clixa. Boiled fat Birds. 
 
 Leporesy Hares, 
 
 /iltilia Ajfuy Cramm'd Birds roafted. 
 
 Amylumy A Pudding. 
 
 Panes Picentes, A fore of Cakes. 
 
 In anfwer to (ome who have doubted whether it were poflible 
 ior Vitellius to fpend y.zC^Cz^ L in eating and drinking within 
 the Year : I will fuppofe his Ellablifliment to ftand thus> 
 
 For the ordinary of his Table, four meals") '• '• «'• 
 
 a-day, at the rate of 3 z 25? /. 3 x. 4 d.> 4. 7i4;85 c 8 
 
 per Meal in a Year j — -j 
 
 For the Extraordinaries of Prf//^j's Buckler jS^ 61^ o o 
 
 For his other Tables and Contingencies i . 7 8 5 4 1 <r 13 4 
 
 Sum Total j.z6^6z^ o o 
 
 With very good Clerks of the Green-Cloth this Sum might 
 have fervid a Year, but with bad Management, it's no wonder 
 it was fpent much (ooner. 
 
 As I intend to deal candidly with my Readers, I would not 
 willingly lead them into any miftake about a matter of fuch con- 
 fequencc as ALfop'sDiih above-mention'd, neither would I incur the 
 Difpleafure of learned men, who in their Difcourfcs about this Pa- 
 tina have fallen into indecencies, which nothing but the Dignity 
 of the Subjedl could excufe. Gronouius has corrected Pliny three times, 
 and Tertullian once in this matter, with a great deal of Judgment. 
 Hotoman has taken Bud£us to task, and Gronovius refutes them both, 
 Manufcripts have been oppos'd to Manufcripts. As for my part, 
 I invoke the aid of all great Criticks to alliil me, before I give my 
 
 Judgment
 
 Weights and Meafures^ &cc. 139 
 
 Judgment in Co important a matter. The pafTages which com- 
 memorate this famous Patina, as they are commonly read, arc 
 Firfl, Plin. lib. lo. cap. 5 i. Maxime tamen injignis eji in hac me- 
 moriay Claudii ^(bpi Patina fexcentis fejiertiis taxata, in qua pofuit 
 anjes Cantu aliquo aut humano fermone uocalesy Nummis fex Jingulas 
 coemptas. Plin. lib, 35. cap. ii. Nam nos, cum tinam /Efopi Tra- 
 gcediarum Hijlrionisy in natura a^vium diceremus, fejiertiis C. JletiJJe, 
 mn dubito indignatos legentes. At Hercules VitelUus in principatu fuo 
 C. C. fejiertiis condidit patinam, cui facienda fornix in campis exadifi- 
 cata eraty quoniam eo per^uenit Luxuria ut etiam fi^ilia pluris conjlant 
 (juam Murhina. Tertullian. de Pallio cap. 5 . Gulam qud Afnius Ce- 
 ler unius Mulli obfonium fex fejiertiis detulitj qua /Efopus Hijltio ex 
 A'vibus ejufdem pretiojttatis ut canoris ^ loquacibus, quibufque Centum 
 millium patinam conffcanjit. In order to fet right, what has (o un- 
 happily divided the critical World hitherto, I hope the Learned will 
 give their opinions upon the following points. 
 
 What they think of Budauss Reading of Millibus fex Jingulas 
 for Nummis fex : confequently whether this Patina was Centenaria, 
 of 100 Birds i or elfe, that each Critick will fend in his number 
 of Birds? 
 
 Whether the Value of the DIfli it felf is only exprefl:, which the 
 learned Hotomanus hath contended for with great warmth ? 
 
 Or whedier the Difh and the Birds are valued ? 
 
 And what they think oi Salmajius's Opinion, which he has de- 
 fended ftrenuoufly, and fallen foul of Bud£us ? qjiz. 
 
 That Pliny affirms three things, that ALfofs dilh was earthen 
 Ware, that it coft 100 Sejlertia, and that it is the workmanfliip 
 that is valued, and not the Birds, which perhaps were not worth 
 a Shilling a-piece. I cannot come into tins raHi Judgment, found- 
 ed only on the comparifon of JEfop\ Difh with that of VitelUus, 
 where undoubtedly the workmanfhip is meant. 
 
 Tertullian has certainly confounded the whole very much 5 and 
 the words ejufdem pretiofitatis may refer either to the preceding ex- 
 ample of Afnius Celer, or the Birds ; as if he had Birds of equal 
 
 T z price
 
 140 Tables of Ancient Coins ^ 
 
 price with Tinging Birds. Another queftion arifeth, whether the 
 common Manufcripts are wrong in reading Ex inftead of Sex : 
 from all which ftrong Arguments, Gronowim has taken it upon 
 his Salvation that there were no more than fix fmging Birds, each 
 worth Centum milliaj or a hundred thoufand, and confequcntly the 
 whole Difh muft be worth fix hundred thoufand, or 4843 /. 15/. 
 But I own the matter appears ft ill fo intricate to me, that I 
 muft beg the Opinion of the Learned upon it. 
 
 CHAR VL 
 
 Of the Prices of Cloaths, 
 
 As to the Prices of Cloaths, wc may infer that amongft 
 thofe of great quality they were high, from the following 
 matters of fad. 
 'A Roman Pound oi Padua Woollhas been fold for 100 Num- 
 mi, 16 s. I I d. at this rate the EngliJJj pound Troy comes to 1 7 j-. 
 8 »^. but this is an extraordinary price, and for the very fineft 
 Wool, as the Padua Wool is yet reckoned. 
 
 ^ Baffus is reproached by Martial ^01 buying upper Garments for 
 1 0000 Nummiy 80/. 14X. -j d. whereas * C^s^fo the Elder never 
 wore a Suit above 100 Drachms, 3/. 4^. yd. 
 
 The Purple was very dear ; ^ there were two forts of Fiflies 
 whereof it was made, theP^/<^g«, (which were thofe that were caught 
 in the deep) and the Bucc'mi. The Pelagtum per Pound was worth 
 jO Nummi, %s. \o\d. 
 
 And 
 
 « Plin. lib. 9. cap. 47. Centenos nummos 
 libra Lana; albae circumpadanae ad hoc xvi non 
 exceflit. b Mart. lib. 8. Epigr. 10. Emit la- 
 ceiuas iiuUibus decern BalTus. c Plutatcb. 
 
 in Catone majore. ^ Plin. lib. 9. cap. 40. 
 
 Non tamen ulque Pelagii libras quinquagenos 
 nummos excedere, & Buccini centenos, fciant 
 qui ilia mercantur iaimcnfo.
 
 Weights and Meafures^ &c. 141 
 
 And the B«i:r/««w? double that, njiz. i-js. %\d. Uarduin reads 
 a hundred Pounds at that price. 
 
 But whatever the price of the Fifli was, the Cloth was very 
 dear. * The Violet Purple was fer Pound of dy'd Wool or Cloth 
 
 } /. I O J", lid. 
 
 * The Tyrian double Dye per Pound could (carce be bought for 
 35/. 9s. I ^d. 
 
 ^ Pliny tells us that to dye 50 pounds of Wool, was required 
 zoo pounds of Buccinuniy and 1 10 pounds of Pelagium. Accord- 
 ing to this proportion, and the prices of Buccinum and Pelagium 
 above-mentioned, the Dying of one Englijb Pound of Wool, 
 would coft 4/, I ox. 5^. 
 
 ^ There was an Indian Purple at 7 j. r ^v. per Pound as appears 
 by Pliny^ who likewife mentions feveral other forts of cheap Dyes. 
 
 ^ There is one piece of extravagance mention'd by the fame Au- 
 thor, which was their dying the Wool upon the Sheep's back. 
 
 It appears by a Tax oiCatds, that the Ladies began pretty early 
 to be extravagant : it was provided by that Law, that Women's 
 wearing Cloaths, Ornament and Sedan, exceeding iii /. is. 10 id. 
 in value, fhould pay i 1 per Cent, or 3 o Shillings in the hundred 
 pound value. If this Law had continued in force in the time of ' Lol/ia 
 Paulina J (he muft have paid for her Jewels only 4843 /. i 5 j-. for 
 when drefled out, flie wore about the value of 3 zi<)i ^/. 1 3 j. 4^. 
 
 Lampridius faith that Heliogabalus was the firfl man who wore 
 a Garment entirely of Silk. Seneca ^ peaking of the (ilken Cloaths, 
 owns they were ufed by the Ladies, and it (eems they were thin 
 like Gauz, for he complains that they difoovered too much. 
 * The Men were forbid to ufe filk Cloaths, by an Order of Tibe- 
 rius. And even purple Cloaths were forbid by Julit4s C£- 
 
 far, 
 
 « Plin. lib. 9. cap. 39. Nepos Cornelius, 
 qui divi Augufti principatu obiit, me inquit ju- 
 vcne, violacea purpura vigebat, cujus libra de- 
 nariis centum venibat: nee multo port rubra 
 Tarentina. Huic fucceffit diabapha Tyria, quse 
 in libras denariis mille emi non poterat. 
 f Plin. lib. 9. cap. 38. Summa medicaminum 
 in L libras velkrum, Bucciui ducentx, Pela- 
 
 gii ex. e Prctium Indico X. X in libras 
 
 Plin. lib. 35". cap. 6. •> Plin. lib. 8. cap. 48. 
 vidimus jam & viventium vellera, pur- 
 pura, cocco, conchylio, fefquipedalibus libris 
 infedla. • Plin. lib. 9. cap. if. 
 
 k Seneca de Beneficiis lib. 7. cap. 9. i Dio 
 lib. J7-
 
 1^2 Tables of Ancient Coins, 
 
 CaVy " except to pcr(bns of certain ranks and ages, and on cer- 
 tain days. 
 
 "It {ecms they were extravagant in their Triclinaria, which one 
 may tranflatc Quilts or Carpets. Capita was reproached by Me- 
 tellusy that he had paid for Babylonian Triclinaria (J 4 5 8 /. 6 s. Sd. 
 This is nothing to the price paid by Nero mentioned afterwards, 
 fviz. 3 1Z5) I /. 1 3 J-. 4^. Ladies would pay for one piece of Lin- 
 nen Soyz/. iSs. 4^. 
 
 Their Extravagance in Cloaths appears jfrom one par- 
 ticular, that they changed them often in their Banquets, and 
 Baths. 
 
 In ftatinc; the balance of Expences between the ancient Romany 
 and our DrefTes, the particulars muft be confider'd : firft Linnen 
 was not us'd among the Romans, at leaft by men, till about the 
 time o^ Alexander Severus, of whom Lampridius, who wrote his Life, 
 obfcrves that he wore Linnen. f^atro lib. i . takes notice that after 
 the Romans began to wear two Tunicks or Coats, they introduc'd the 
 words Subucula and Indujium. It is certain that Augujlus wore a 
 woollen shirt. Suet, in Aug. cap. 8 i. Hieme quaternis cum pin- 
 gui Toga, Tunicis ^ Subucults thorace laneo c^ foeminalihus ^ tibiali- 
 hus mimebatur. Plin. lib. ip. cap. i. relates it from Vitrro as a 
 particular piece of Luxury of the family of the Serrani, that the 
 Ladies wore Linnen : fo that in this Article the Balance of Ex- 
 pences is on our fide. The Tunicks of the Romans^ which proper- 
 ly an(\t'er to our Waftcoats, were fimplc, without Ornaments, and 
 with very fhort Sleeves. Thofe who ferved at Table wore them 
 larger plaited, and tied with a girdle. Next to the Tunick they 
 wore the Chlanys or Paludamentum, which was a fort of a fhort 
 Cloak tied with a Buckle commonly to the right Shoulder : this 
 was a garment of People of Quality, and commonly wore by the 
 Emperors. The Pallium was a Garment fomewhat like that of the 
 Ecclefiafticks in Popifli Countries, but fhorrer. There were a great 
 many forts of them. The Palliolum was fomewhat like our Riding- 
 Hoods, and ferv'd both for a Tunick and Cloak. The Phelone or 
 
 "'Suetoa. in Cxfare. cap. 43. » Plin. lib. 8. cap. 48. Penula
 
 Weights and Meafures^ &c. 143 
 
 Tenula did not differ much from the Chlamysy except in the Stuff 
 it was made of. The Toga was a Robe of Quality, not allowed 
 to the ordinary people : it came, as TertulUan {de pallio) obferves, 
 from the Pelafgi to the Lydiansy and from the Lydians to the Ro- 
 mam. The Antiquaries being but indifferent Taylors, they wrangle 
 prodigioufly about the cutting out the Toga: I am of opinion 
 a Mantua-maker could decide thofe Difputes better than the mod 
 learned of them. I mention thofe Habits, in order to obferve, that 
 becaufeofthe fimplicity of the Shape, want of Ornaments, But- 
 tons, Loops, Gold and Silver Lace, they muft have been cheaper 
 than ours, both as to the price of Materials and Taylor's Bills, and 
 becaufe loofe Garments are hkewife more lafting. One of the mod 
 valuable Trimmings of their Cloaths was a long Stripe fow'd upon 
 the Garment, call'd latus Clavus. A latus Clavus of Gold was an 
 extraordinary thing j for Vopifcus in Bonafo, quotes a Letter of the 
 Emperor Aurelian, which mentions amongft the Prefents fent to 
 Bonafus by the Emperor, Tunicam auro clavatam fuhferkam. Horace 
 de Art. Poet. 
 
 Purpureus Jate qui fplendeat unus ^ alter 
 Adfuitur pannusy 
 
 The Trahea or pyiis trateata, feems to have diflfer'd from fome of 
 the former in Shape as well as in the condition of the Stuff: accord- 
 ing to it's appellation, in all probability it was only a flripcd Gar- 
 ment. The Lacerna came from being a military Habit to be a 
 common Drefs, efpecially in the Country; it had a Hood which 
 could be feparated or join'd to it, as occafion requir'd. The 
 common People us'd this of a dark Colour, and the Nobles of Pur- 
 ple. The Birrhus quafi 7ivpho(;y was a Lacerna of a Flame Colour. The 
 Gaufape was a Habit rough and hairy on one fide j and the Ajn- 
 phimalla was rough on both fides. The fimplicity of their Orna- 
 ments appears from the Habits of the young Nobility, for the Prie- 
 texta which was given to young Noblemen at the Age of fixteen, 
 
 had
 
 144 Tables of Ancient Com, 
 
 had only a purple border about ic. It would (cem that they did not 
 make ufc of Handkerchiefs, but of the Lacinia or border of the 
 Garment to wipe their face : for Plautus faith 
 
 At tu adipoly fume Lac'miam ^ ahjierge 
 Sudorem tihi. 
 
 All thefe Garments were for the mod part made of Wool at 
 firft. Silken Garments did not come in till late, and the ufe of 
 them in Men was often retrained by Laws. Vopifcus tells us that 
 the Emperor Aureltan denied his Wife a Silk Gown, and thought 
 the demand very extravagant. And here I muft; advcrti(e the 
 Reader that tho' I have all along tranflated Serica Silken, it may 
 not be the proper fignification of that word ; for good Cricicks 
 diftinguiih the Fejiis Bomhicina from Serica. And they are fo di- 
 flinguifli'd by Ujftan lib. zi,. ff". de Auro Arg. Leg. Vejlis an ^c 
 jiimenta legentur nihil referty qjejlimentomm funt omnia linea, lanea- 
 qucy 'vel Serica 'vel Bomhicina. The Bomhicina were thofe which are 
 made of the Silk-worm : and Serica perhaps made of a vegetable 
 Produdbion like Cotton. Ammianus Marcellinus lib. z 3 . cap. i i . 
 Cxli apud Seres jucunda temperies, faluhrifque^ Aeris fades munda, 
 leniumque ^entorum commodijimus fatusy ^ ahunde jihiS fuhluciday a 
 ^ quihus Arhorum foetus aquarum afpergmihus crehris, njelut quadam ^vel- 
 
 lera molientesy ex lanugine ^ Uquore mixtam fuhtilitatem tenerrimam 
 peUunt. Virgilius lib. 1. Georg. 
 
 Velkra qua foliis depeUunt tenuia Seres. 
 
 There are multitudes of other paflages to the fame purpofe. 
 
 Men now-a-days are vaftly more expenfive in the Ornaments 
 of the head, for the Roman Men went commonly bare-headed, 
 except when the hot, cold or wet weather forced them to cover 
 it with their Gown. In the Country they ufed fometimes a Hood. 
 The Pikusf which we tranflate Bonnet^ was fomewhat like a Night- 
 cap:
 
 Weights and Meafuresy 6cc. 145 
 
 cap : it was the fymbol of Liberty, and therefore given to Slaves 
 at their Manumiilion. Suetonius tells us, that after the death of 
 Neroy the people came all out with Pilei or Bonnets. There were 
 other imiple coverings for the Head, fuch as the Tutulus, Apex 
 and Galerus : this laft was made of the Skins of (acrificed Beafts. 
 But all thofe DrelTes for the Head were much cheaper than our 
 Perriwigs and lac'd Hats. The Petafus was a fort of a travelling 
 Cap : one may fee the figure of it in the Statues of Mercury with 
 wings added to it. Alexander the great wore it, as Athenaus tells us. 
 As to Women's DrefTes, I think the balance may be thus fla- 
 red between the Roman and the EngUjb Ladies. Plautus in Efidic. 
 AU. X. has made a comical Lift of a Roman Lady's Wardrobe, 
 which is impollible to tranflate into any modern Language ; but 
 one could make an Inventory twice as long for an Engli/b or French 
 Woman. The Roman and Grecian Women at firfl wore Toga, 
 afterwards Tunicks: the Stuff was moft commonly Wool, of Co 
 thin a Texture, for Summer Dreffes, that Lucian fays, you could 
 fee their Bodies through them. Tarentum was as fimous for that 
 fort of Manufidure, as now our Nor^wich is. The outward Gar- 
 ment of Women was the Palla or Amicu/um, which {ometimes 
 covered the Head like a Veil : it was much the iame with the 
 Peplus. The Crocata was perhaps an outward Garment, fo called 
 from the Saffron Colour. The Penula mention'd before was us'd 
 by Women as well as Men •, it was forbid to Women, except in 
 the Country, by Alexander Se'verus-y perhaps for being too conve- 
 nient for intriguing. In all thefe particulars, whether we confider 
 the variety of Garments, price of the Stuffs or Ornaments, our 
 Ladies (eem to be more expenfive. I doubt the Roman Ladies 
 were not fo coflly as ours in Head-dreffes, ahhough there be an in- 
 finite variety in ancient Buffs and Statues. Faujlina the wife of 
 M. Aurelius appears on Medals in three or four different Head- 
 drefles : for tney were as changeable in their Fafhions as we are. 
 They us'd falfe Hair, or Perriwigs : fucli was the Caliendrum menti- 
 on'd by Horace. 
 
 U The
 
 146 Tables of Ancient Coins', 
 
 The TihtiUy of which there are prodigious varieties flill remain- 
 ing, being a lading thing, made of fome Metal, even Gold ones, 
 (which were allowed to Soldiers by Aureliany as FJ. Fbpifcus informs 
 us) muft have been much le(s expcnfive than new Buttons and 
 Loops to every Suit. 
 
 I have chofen to mention the moft common Drefles, and the 
 Stuffs they were made of. As for the Vejies ByJ[Jin£y which we arc 
 told fome Ladies wore, they muil have been of fuch an extrava- 
 gant price, that there is no Stuff in our age comes up to it.. The 
 Scruple of B}^««w, according to Pliny {Itb. is>. caf. i.) cofl four 
 Denarii J or xs. 7 d. which makes tlie Pound A'verdupois wonh 
 45)/. 12. s. confequemly a Garment of twenty Pound Weight 
 would coft 5)51 Pounds the Materials only, befides the Manu-r. 
 Cidlure. 
 
 Both Men and Women wore Bracelets, Ear-rings and Pendants . 
 of Gold, and precious Stones. There are fome found at this day, 
 of Amber, and Glafs. They were very expenfive in this Article, 
 therefore Eahinnus in TrimaJciorCs Feaft faith, if he had a Daughter,, 
 he would cut off her Ears. Pliny lib. i z. (peaking of Pearls and 
 Emeralds, faith, for their fakes, Excogitata funt aurium qjulnera^., 
 Wounds of the Ears were invented. Seneca de'vita Beara, cap. 17.. 
 Ut mulier locufktis domus cenfum Aurihus gereret. Idem de henejiciis. 
 Non fatis ejl mulieribus infanta j niji Una ac terna patrimonia Aurihus 
 pependiffem. By which pallages, we find that Ladies, as well then 
 as now, wore great Eftates in their Ears. Both Men and Wo- 
 men wore Torques, Chains or Necklaces of Silver and Gold fet 
 with precious Stones. The Ancients feem to have been more ex- 
 penfive in Shoes and Stockings than we. There are about a do- 
 zen of names for the feveral forts of Calceij or the Coverings of 
 the Feet and Ancles. The two extremities of the durablenefs of 
 the Materials of Shoes, feem to have been in thofe of the Difci- 
 ples of Pythagoras, made of the Barks of Trees j as Philojiratns [in 
 wita Apollonii) informs us: and tlioCc o( Empedocles, made of Brafs. 
 Straho lib. 6. Philetus Cous was fuch a {lender Fellow, that he was 
 
 * forc'd
 
 IVeights and Meajures^ &c. 14.7 
 
 forc'd to wear Leaden Shoes, for fear the Wind {hould blow him 
 down : but Varro^ who relates this Story from JEUan, asks a puz- 
 ling queftion, If he was fo weak, how he could walk with fuch 
 heavy Shoes. There were two forts of Shoes among the Ancients, 
 fuch as cover'd the whole Feet, w's:. the Mullens ^ P^roand Phacaftum-^ 
 and thofe that left the upper part of the Foot bare, and were tied 
 about with Thongs, njtz. the Caliga, Solea, Crepida, Braxea and 
 Sandalium. The Mullet, (from whence perhaps the French word 
 Mules) were at firft allowed only to the /Edilesy they were made 
 of Leather dreG'd with Allum of a yellow Saffron Colour, and by 
 them worn only on high Days. It is not c|uite certain when the 
 Roman Senators began to wear Shoes, only we are fure Shoes were 
 wore in the time of C. Marius, and Julius Cafar, who was blam'd 
 for wearing high-heel'd yellow Shoes as being defcended from the 
 Alhan Kings, as Dion tells us. Tho' Suetonius faith, it was only 
 to increafe his Stature. Afterwards the Romans grew extremely 
 expenfive and fbppifh in this Article : So that the Emperor ^«- 
 relian forbid Men that variety of Colours on their Shoes, allow- 
 ing it ftill to Women. But the great Expence conGfted in Pearls 
 and precious Stones with which they adorn'd their Shoes. The 
 ufe of thofe was likewife reftrain'd to certain qualities by the Em- 
 peror Heliogahalus. The common country People wore Perones, 
 Shoes of undreffed Leather. The Phdecajium was a white Shoe, 
 u{ed by Priefts in ficrificing. Appian. Alexand. The Caliga was a 
 military Shoe with a very thick Sole, tied above the initep with 
 leather Thongs. The military Shoes of the Emperors and Tri- 
 bunes were called Campagus. The Women wore Sole^e or Crepida, 
 which left a great part of the upper part of the Foot bare. Ic 
 appears from a paflage of Cicero de In^ventione, that wooden Shoes 
 Were given to Criminals to hinder them from making their Efcapc. 
 As for what they call the Soccusy the dreG of comical A6tors, ic 
 was fomething between a Shoe and a Stocking. The Cothurnus 
 was ufed in Tragedy : it had a high Sole, and Co gave a greater 
 Stature to the Stage Heroes. There was another fort of Orna- 
 
 U 2 menc
 
 148 Tables of Ancient Colns^ 
 
 ment wore by the young Nobility called Bulla j they were round, 
 or of the figure of a Heart, hung about their Necks like Diamond 
 Crofles. Thofe Bulla came afccrwards to be hung to the Diplomas 
 of the Emperors and Popes, from whence they had the name of 
 Bulls. 
 
 The Men as well as the Women, in the later Ages of Romey us'd 
 Paint and Perfumes, and curled their Hair with great nicety. The 
 Philofbphers, Satyrifts and Hiftorians of thofe times are full of Re- 
 flexions upon thofe effeminate cuftoms.. 
 
 It appears from fome pafTages of ancient Authors, {Ammianus 
 Marcellinus lib. 28. Seneca de TranquiUkate cap. i.) that they kept 
 their Cloaths, when they were not worn> conflantly in a Prefs, to . 
 give them a Luftrej 
 
 Sic tua fuppojitis perlucent pmh Lacerms*. Martial. 
 
 They had great variety and changes of Garments. Plutarch re- 
 lates a Story of Lucullus, that a Prator coming to borrow of him 
 fbme Drefifes for his Chorus in a publick Specfbacle which he intend^ 
 cd to exhibit, Lucullus anfwer'd, that he would inquire if he had 
 (iich, and meeting the Prat or next day, ask'd him now many he 
 wanted, he told him a hundred, but Lucullus bid him tak€ twoi 
 hundred. See Horace to the fame purpofe. 
 
 CHAP.
 
 Weights and Meafures^ &cc. 
 
 149 
 
 G H A P. vii; 
 
 Of the Prices of Houfes, 
 
 I Have been able to difcover very little of the common rates of' 
 Houfe-rent j * There is aPafTage in Suetonius that feems to make 
 that oi the midling people at Romey in the time of Julius Ca- 
 Jar, amount to zoo o Nummij ,16 1, is. 1 1 d. In the other parts, 
 of Italy to 5 o o Nummi, 4 /. ox. 8 1 ^. 
 
 Gronouius proves from a palTage o( Vio, that the latter Sum. 
 was only a Quarter's Rent. 
 
 ^ Sylla was reproached by his Fellow Lodger, that he was once. 
 in fo low a. Condition, that whilfl; this Fellow Lodger paid 250 
 Drachms, 8 /. i x. 5 \d. for the uppermofl Story, he paid for the 
 reft of the Houfe 750 Drachms, 24/. 4 x. 4 id. The great Peo- 
 ple of Rome were magnificently lodged. Yet it appears by a paf- 
 lage in * Cicero s Oration for M. Calius, that an annual Habitation 
 or Houie-rent of 30000 Rummi, Z42/. jx. ^d. was reckon'd 
 pretty higb 
 
 ^ The outfide of Cicero s Houfe was valued at uicies H. S. i <J 1 45 /. 
 16s. S.d. 'His Country-houfe at Tufculum was (old for jiy 
 Sfjiertia. 5851/. 17 x. 34. both at under Rates. 
 
 ^Domitius reproaching Crajfus for the extravagant magnificence 
 
 of 
 
 a Sueton. in Cicfare. Annuametiam habita 
 ttdiiem Romx ufque ad bina millianummum; 
 in Italia non ultra quingenos iitllertios remilit. 
 •> Plutarch in Sylla. c Cicero in Orat. pro 
 M- Cnelio. Sumptus unius generis ob- 
 jcSus eft, habitationis, XXX millibus 
 dixilHs cum habitarc. d Ciccr. ad Att. 
 
 Epilt. lib 4. Superficies xdium viciesH.S. 
 
 « Cicer. Epill. ad Att. lib. i. HS. DCCXXV. 
 f Plin. lib. 17. Valer. Max. lib. 9. Cn. Do- 
 mitius L. CialFo Colleg* fuo, altercatione or- 
 
 vi, objecit quod columnas Hymettias in porti- 
 cu domus haberet: qucm quum continue Craf- 
 fus quanti domuin fuam aEtlimarcf, in- 
 terrogaret, atque ut refpondit fexagies Seftertio ; 
 Quo er^o, inquit, mfnoris fore sdimas, (i de- 
 cern arbufcubs inde fuccidcro ? Ipfe tricies Se- 
 ik'rtio, inquit Doinitius. Tunc ait CrnlFus, uter 
 igitur Luxuriolior eft? ego ne qui decern co- 
 lumnas centum millibus nummum cmi, an tii 
 qui decern arbufcularum umbram tricies fefter- 
 tium lunimi compenlas.
 
 ijo Tables of Ancient Coinsy 
 
 of his Houfe, offered him for it Sexagies H. S. 48437/. loj. 
 Crajfus asked him, ifhcflioudcut down ten Trees, what he would 
 give him in that cafe ; Domitius rcplyc J, he would abate him half 
 tlic Sum: Which of us then, (aid Crajfus, is moft extravagant j [you 
 that value the Shade often Trees at 14118/. ijj. or I ahoufc 
 left me by my PredecefTors at twice as much ? Pliny's number is here 
 corrcded by Valerius Maximus. 
 
 It appears by apaffagc ofPhitarch in the life o£ Marius, that the 
 value of Houles in Rome rofe confiderably in a few Years : For 
 Marim's Houfe, that was bought by Cornelia for ^ 7 1 Myriads of 
 Braclymsy 2.411/. ijs.cd. was in no long time afterwards purchafed 
 by L. Lucullus for ** 5 o Myriads j zoo Drachms, 1 (J i 5 i /. ^ s. lod. 
 
 ' Pliny feems to intimate the extraordinary Magnificence and In- 
 creale of the value of Houfcs j by telling you that the Houie of 
 Lepidusj which in the time of his Confulate was reckoned one 
 of the fined in Rome, within the Space of 3 5 Years was not in 
 the hundredth Rank. Hirrius's Country-houfe which " was but 
 Ihiall, by reafon of the Fifli-ponds, was fold for 31191/. 
 1 3 x. 4 ^. 
 
 ^ Clodius's Houfe cofl centies ^ quadrates oBies^ iip^jf^l. 
 3 s. 4d. 
 
 Confidering the Magnificence of their Houfes, I fliould be 
 apt to think diat both the Materials and Woikmanflup were cheap. 
 
 * M. Lepidus's Houfe was the firll that had a Marble Door-ca^. 
 "^ Afterwards they had gilded ones, or rather plated with Gold : 
 
 * Then they began to cafe their Houfes with Marble : I think it 
 was Mamurra, Cafar's Mafter-Carpcnter in Gaul, that built the firft 
 of this kind. " Afterwards they gilded their very Walls. ^ Within 
 
 their 
 
 THKo^Jct Kf J'laH.ocFtoi: Flutarch. in Mario. 
 > M. Lepido &Q. Catullo CoflT. ut conftat in- 
 ter dHigcntifllmos authored, domuspulchriornou 
 fuit Roma; qcam Lepidi ipfius : at hercule in- 
 tra annos triginta quinquc, eadcm centefimum 
 locum nonobinuii. Plin.lib. 36 c;ip 15-. k Pub- 
 lius ClodiusquemMilooccidir,cciitics&quadra- 
 gles ofiics domocmptS habitavit. Flin. lib. 36. cap. 
 If. 1 Plin lib. 56. cap. 6. mHieronymus in E- 
 pift. ad Maicellam. «i Fabianus Papirius apud 
 
 Senecam ftinctorem. Primum Romse parictes 
 crufla Marmoris opcriiiire totius domus fuas in 
 Ca:lio Monte Cornelius Nepos tradidit Ma- 
 murram F'ormiis natam, Equitem Romanuni, 
 Praefedum fabrum C. Csfaris in Gallia Plin. 
 lib. 36. cap. 6. o Plin. lib. 33. cap. 3.Hierony- 
 mus in Epilt. ad Gaudcnt. Pctronius, aedificant 
 auro. p Parittes Tyriis & Hiacyuthinis & 
 illis regiis veli', qnas vos operofc refolutatranf- 
 tiguratis, pro pifturS abutuntur. Tcrtullian. 
 Dc Habitu Mulierum.
 
 Weights and Meafures^ &c. 151 
 
 their Houfes were coftly Hangings^ of Tyrian Dye. *» Marble Pil- 
 lars with gilded Capitals. ' The Villa Gordiana had a Periilile of 
 loo Pillars. '^ They had Fountains of variegated Marble in their 
 Rooms. ' Their Houfes ftood upon as much Ground as their An- 
 ceftors were allowed for Eftates, "viz. four Jugera, or z f Enorlijh 
 Acres. "There were private Houfes like Cities. 'They had Or- 
 chards and Woods on the Tops of their Houfes, befides that they 
 were of an immoderate height, ''which was confined afterwards 
 by Augujlus to 70 Roman Feet, and ^by Trajan to (Jo. 
 
 It appears from fome fragments of a Plan of Rome, made in 
 the time of Seft'mius Se<verusy that there were a great many Infu- 
 la or Iflands, which confifted not always of one g^reat Palace, but 
 hkewife of Houfes of Artificers joined to it. The Magnificence 
 of Rome was extreamly encreas'd in Angujiuss Reign, who, as it is 
 commonly faid, Luteam innjemt, Marmoreani reliquit, that he found 
 it Brick, and left it Marble. We know little of the form either 
 of the outfide or the infide of thefe palaces •, we have the names of 
 {everai parts of them, as the Fejiibuhm, Atrium, Triclinia, Ceenati^ 
 mes, Qenacula; and we can judge from pafTages of Authors, fuch 
 as thofe above-mentioned, that they were very magnificent. What 
 the Romans called Vejlihulum, was no part of the Houfe, but the 
 Court or Landing-place between it and the Street; which Gallus 
 apud Aiihm GelUum explains thus, Vejlihulum ejfe dicit nan in ipjis 
 adihus, neque partem adium ; fed locum ante januam domus uacuumper 
 quern a 'via aditus accejfufque ad cedes eft. Cum dextra jinijhaque ja- 
 nuam teBafunt <vice juniia, at que ipfa janua procul q;ia eji area 'va- 
 eanti interfita. Suetonius tells us, that the Coloffus, a Statue of Neroj 
 110 Feet high, flood in the Vejlihulum, which was fo large that 
 it had three Portico's, each a Mile in lensjch. Tanta laxitas ut Por- 
 
 ticus 
 
 9 Hieronymus ad Gaudent. ' Capitolinus 
 in Gordiano. f Statius in Fyburtino 
 An piclurata lucemia marmora vcn3 
 Mirer, & emiira per cunda cubilia iympha. 
 ' Valerius lib. 4. cap.4. Ei quatuorjugeraaran- 
 ti non Iblum dignitas patris-familiaS conlli- 
 
 tit, fed etiam DicVitura delata eft. Angulle 
 
 fe hafeitare nunc putat, cujus domus tantum pa- 
 
 tct, quantum Cincinnati rura patuerunt. 
 u Salvianus in Ecclelia Cathol. ifedificia priva- 
 ta laxitatem Urbium magnarum vincentia. 
 X Seneca Epift. lii. Non vivunt contra nata- 
 ram? qui pomaria in fjmmis turribus ferutit, 
 quorum lilvae in testis Domorum ac falhf^iii 
 nutant. y Strabo lib. y. z Aurelius 
 
 Vidtor in Epitome.
 
 IJ2 Tables of Ancient Coins-, 
 
 ticus tripjices milliards haheret. Thcie three Courts it feems were 
 called the Vejlihulum. The Atrium was a part of the Building, 
 and diftant ftom the Vejlihulum^ J^irgil. /Eneid. i . 
 
 Crateras magnos jiatmint <^ i>ma coronant. 
 Fit Jlrepitus teHisj 'vocemque per ampla woJutant 
 Atria, 
 
 Servius on this pafiage tells us that P^trgil alludes to the Cuftom 
 of the ancient Romans, who of old, as Cato informs us, in Atriis 
 duobus ferculis epulahantur, fupp'd in the Porch on two Difhes. 
 
 Their eating Rooms were called Coenationes, Ccenacula, Triclinia, 
 In a paflage ot the Defcription of Pliny's Country-hou(e there are 
 mention'd dua diceta, two little eating Rooms, which are diftin- 
 guifh'd from the Canatio, a great fupping Room, or as we call ic 
 dining Room. Authors place the Canaculum at the top of the 
 Houfe, it was the Term for the eating Room of the lower fort of 
 people. Every body knows that the Triclinium was fo called from 
 the Figure and Beds on which the Guefts lay in a recumbent 
 poflure. It is ufed moft frequently for the Table and Beds, fome- 
 times for the Canatio or Room it felf Their Bed-chambers were 
 called Cubicula. It is thought they had no Chimneys, but were 
 warm'dwith Coals onBrafiers. Ic has been a great queftion among 
 the Antiquaries, whether the Ancients had Chimneys; a negative 
 Argument is, that Vitrunjiui has left us no Defcription of the man- 
 ner of their Conftrudion. It is certain the poorer fort lettheSmoak 
 go out at the Window, Cato {peaks of anointing the wood with 
 a certain Amurca, Foam of Oyl, which kept it from fmoakins;, 
 which feems to me impolTible. That they made Fires of wood it's, 
 certain. Horat. i. Car. p. 
 
 Dijfohe frigus, ligna fuper foco 
 Large reponens 
 
 Therefore
 
 Weights and Me afar es-, &c. ijj 
 
 Therefore it would feem they had fome paflage for the Smoke. 
 Uly^es in Calypfos Cave longed to (ce the Smoke of the Houfes of 
 Ithaca. Suetonius tells u s, that when VitelUus was inaugurated, the 
 Chimney firft took fire, and then the Dining-room. Cum ignis Jia- 
 tim Caminum incendijfet. Triclinium deinde ahfumpfit. And the word 
 in modern Languages fignifying Chimney, comes from Caminus. That 
 which made Chimneys fo rare amongft the ancient Romayis^ was 
 their manner of warming their Houfes, as ^^w^c^ tells us Epijl. po. 
 Per imprejfos parietibus tubos per quos circum funderetur calor, qui ima 
 jtmul (^ fumma feriret aqualitery by Pipes buryed in the Walls, 
 which from one great Fire warm'd all the Rooms equally. 
 
 There are likewife difputes about the Windows of the Ancients; 
 that they had Windows is certain. The Light was let in by a 
 tranfparent Stone called Speculum. Seneca (pe:\ks of it as an inven- 
 tion of his time. This Stone was us'd by the younger Pliny in his 
 Country-Houfe. Thofe Stones were dug in Segobriga in Spain^ 
 as Pliny tells us lib. 22. cap. 3 3. And afterwards in Cyprus, Cap- 
 fadocia, Africa and Sicily. Hero wichin his golden Palace built a 
 Temple of this Stone, which receiv'd Light enough in the day-time 
 without any Windows. This Stone might be a fort of Alabajlrey 
 but more tranfparent than ours, which does not grow pellucid till it is 
 cut very thin. The mod: common Materials of ancient Windows, 
 was thin Canvafs or Cloth. Montfaucon (peaks of a Book that 
 was going to be pubhfh'd by one Bonarota a Florentine Senator, 
 which proves that the Ancients had Glafs Windows. I have not feen 
 that Treatife, and confequently cannot judge of his Reafons. I am 
 of M. Perraulfs Opinion, that the polite Augujlus had neither a 
 Shirt to his Back, nor Glafs to his Windows. 
 
 The Furniture of their Houfes muft have been coftly. Mar- 
 tial. Epigr. in ^intum tells us that §!uintus's Furniture, which was 
 but in a narrow Compals, coll him above 8071/. 
 
 Conjfat decies tibi non fpatiofa Supellex. 
 
 X They
 
 1 5^1. Tables of Ancient Coins, 
 
 They were nice and coftly in their Chairs and Lamps. Their 
 heUi Cuhiculares, or their Beds for ilceping, Co called to diftinguifli 
 them from their TricUniares or Dining-bcds, came at laft to be 
 very coftly, with Feet of Ivory, Silver, Gold, and precious Stones. 
 And their Mattreflfes were made of Feathers, Straw and other 
 Herbs i fomctimes of Furs, which came from Gaul: they were 
 rais'd (o high, as to be mounted on by Steps, as Pliny tells us, 
 lib. zo. There is no mention made of their having Curtains. 
 
 It is fomewhat foreign to my prefent purpofe to enter into the 
 Fxpcnces of the publick Buildings-, "the Reader may fee at the 
 bottom of the Page a Defcription of M. Scauruss Theatre by Phny. 
 1 am not Architcdl enough to give the Reader a right Idea of it ; 
 only fo far we may gather from the defcription, that there was a 
 triple Scene in height one above another, confifting of 3(^0 Pillars, 
 the loweft of Marble, the middle of Glafs, (by an unlieard-of 
 piece of Luxury, as the Author cxprefTedi it) and the upper of 
 Tahule maurat^, which I cannot tell how to tranflate ; the literal 
 Senfe is gilded Tables or Pidures; for Harduins Pliny hath in this 
 place a different reading from the others. The loweft Row of 
 Pillars were 41 Feet high, and there were 3000 brazen Statues 
 betwixt the Pillars : the Theatre held 80000 Men. It was the (ame 
 M. Scaums who having carried fome of his fuperfluous Furniture 
 and Stores to his Country Houfe at Tufcuhm, which by the ma- 
 lice of his slaves was burnt, loft in that one Article Millies H. S. 
 "* or 807x5)1/. 1 3 J. 4^. 
 
 Pliny prefers this Theatre to Nero's golden Houfe, which muft 
 have coft an immenfe Sum, fince ^ Otho laid out in finifliing (bine 
 part of it qiiingenties H.S. 40 3 <» 45 /. 16 s. Sd. 
 
 It 
 
 » Scena ei triplex in altitudiiiem 360 colum- 
 narum, in ea civitatc, qux fex Hyincttias non 
 tulerat fine probro civis ampliffimi. Ima pars 
 Sceiixcinarmorc fuit: media e vitro, inaudito 
 etiam pollca gciicre Luxuria: : fumnia e tabulis 
 
 tantoque majore popiilo, fufficiat large quadra- 
 giiita millibus. Sed & reliquus apparatus, tantus 
 Attalica vefte, tabulis piftis, cscteroque choragio 
 fuit, ut in Tufculanum villam reportatis qua fuper 
 fluebant quotidiani ufus deliciis, incenfa villa 
 
 inauratis. Columnx, ut diximus, imic duode- 1 ab iratis fervis, concremaretur ad H-Ji millies. 
 quadragcnum pedum, i^igna a;rea inter colum- 1 Plin. 36. cap. 15'. *> Nee quicquam prias pro 
 nas, ut iiidicavinius, fuerunt tria millia numero.j poteftate rubfcripfit,quamquingentiesfeftertium 
 Cav-ea ipla cocpit homiiium LXXX millia: lad peragendumaureamdomum. 
 cum Fompciaiii Theatri totics multiplicata urbe, 1
 
 Weights and Me a fur es^ Sec. lyj 
 
 It is commonly believed that the Romans had the art of gilding 
 after our manner, but {bme fort of their inauration or gildinc^ 
 mufl: have been much dearer than ours, fince the gilding of the 
 Capitol coft; 12000 Talent Sy z. 325000/. 
 
 CHAP. VIII. 
 
 I 
 
 Of the Price of Land. 
 
 Have endeavour'd, by comparing palfages of Authors together, 
 to get fome light into the price o[ Lands, and the yearly rent 
 of them. No doubt there were lands of different values, ac- 
 cording to their different goodnefs and (ituation ; yet there are 
 fbme things mentioned of middle prices, which will fhcw us in 
 what proportion the value of their Lands flood in regard to thofe 
 of our own Country. 
 
 • Columella fays, that a Vine-dreffer who could look after 7 Ju- 
 
 gera^ was commonly fold for 8000 H. 5. 6^1. ns. Sd. A 
 
 Sum which he faith was fufficient to buy 7 Jugera of indifferent 
 
 Land : conlequently the Jugerum of fuch Land was worth 
 
 *)/. 4x. 6 \d. 
 
 The Roman Jugerum was to the Efiglijh Acre near as 10 to 
 16, zt this rate the Englijh Acre of fuch Land was worth 
 14/. I 5 J. ^ d. 
 
 ^ Pliny mentions the purchafe of a Vineyard in the Nomentan 
 Land, which at a cheap rate came to 60000 U.S. 4843/. i 5 /. 
 
 Budieus reckons it was a Centuria. The ' Centuria confiiled 
 at firfl of 100 Jugera j afterwards, by a continuation of the (ame 
 
 X z word, 
 
 c Plutarch, in Publicola. f 14. cap. 4. & Budseum de Arte. lib. 4. 
 
 a Vinitor licet (it cmptus fex vel potius Sc- 't Centuriamnuncdicimus (ut Varro aitj ducen- 
 ftertiis o61:u millibus, cum ipfum folum feptem I torumjugerum moduin; olimautemab centum 
 jugerum toiidem millibus iiummorum partum jugeribus vocabatur centuria, led mox duplicuta 
 lit. Columell. lib. 14. l> Vide Plinium lib. j nomen retiauit.
 
 156 Tables of Ancient Com^ 
 
 word, and an impropriety of Speech, it came to be reckon'd 100 
 Jugera : tho' according to Cato, a Centuria of a Vineyard confifted 
 ftill of 100 Jugera. At this rate, a Jugerum of this Vineyard 
 came to 48/. 8 j-. 5? i. And an F.nglip Acre to 77/. lox. 
 
 ** There is another paflage in Columella, which makes the common 
 or middle yearly Rent of a Jugerum of Pafture, Meadow or Copfe 
 Land 1 6 s. 1 i^ in Italy. At this Rate the Rent of an Acre 
 comes to 1 /. 5 j. lod. 
 
 ' Land was reckon'd commonly at 1 5 Years Purchafe, for the 
 Lands of the Government were fo let, paying according to the 
 Rate of 4 per Cent. 
 
 'A Purchafe of 500000 Nummi paid loooo Nimmi a Year: 
 at this rate, according to the foremention'd Rent, the Purchafe of 
 an Eiigli/j Acre of fuch Land, was worth 31/. 55. 1 o <^. 
 
 5 There is a paflage in Farro, which gives further light in this 
 matter. He introduces M^r^/^affirmins; that his ^//^^broucrht him in 
 yearly by fit Birds (Joooo Nummi, 484/, ■/ s. 6 d. which is twice 
 as much (fiith he) as the Rent of your two hundred Jugera at 
 Reate; confecjuently loo J uger a hiow^t Axius, (that was the Pro- 
 prietor's name) the half of that Sum, viz. z^-zl. 3 j-. 9^. 
 
 Then the yearly Rent of a Jugerum was 1 /. ^s. zjd. 
 
 At this rate, the Rent of an EngUjh Acre comes to i /. iZ s. %d. 
 which reckon'd at 25 Years purchafe would make it worth per 
 Acre 48/. 6 s. 8 d. 
 
 Tully mentions in his Epiftles to Atticus a very cheap Purchafe, 
 as an inflance of the badnefs of the times, it comes per Acre on- 
 ly to I /. 5» J", 8 d. 
 
 'The price of Land was confiderably increafed by the great 
 Treafure that was brought to Kome in Augujlus& Reign. 
 
 As 
 
 d Pratn, Pafcua& Sylvse, fi cemenos fertertios 
 fingula jugera cfEciaiu, optinie Domino con- 
 fulcre vidcntur. Colum. lib. 3. e Hygeii. 
 
 de Limitibus. Vefligal ad rationemufurse trien- 
 tes. frlin. lib.7. Epillolarum. g Var- 
 ro lib. 3. cap. 1. Atque ia hac villa qui efl 
 Ornithon, ex eo uno quinque inillia fcio ve- 
 
 nifTc Turdorutn denariis ternis, ut fexaginta 
 millia ea pars reddiderit eo anno villx, bis taii- 
 tum quam tuus fundus ducentum jugerum Re- 
 ate reddit. •> Sueton. in Augufto. In- 
 ve<Sa urbi Akxandrina triampho Regia gaza 
 tantam copiam rei nummarix eflfecit, ut tcenore 
 diininuto, plurimum agrorumpretii accefll-rit.
 
 Weights and Meafures^ &c. 
 
 As to the value of Ground in the City, there is a remarkable 
 pafTage in ' Suetonius^ he tells you. that the Ground upon which 
 Cafar built his Forum, coll Millie i LI. S. Soyzp i /. i 3 j. 4^. 
 
 I cannot well fay what were the Dimenfions of this Forum., but 
 it muft have been lefs than the Circus built by Cafar, of which 
 ^ Pliny hath given the dimenfions, ^vix. 3 Stadia in length, and 
 one in breadth, and after this he adds that the whole with 
 Buildmgs round, ftood only on four Jugera, which muft be a 
 falfe reading, and I wonder that Authors have not oblerved itj 
 for inftead of Jugerum quaternum^ it ought to be quadrarinta. 
 There are in a Roman Stadium 6i$ Roman Feet, conlequently 5 
 times that number, multiplied in it felf, makes an oblong of 1 1 7 1 87 5 
 fquare Roman Feet, this divided by z8 8oo makes above 40 Ro- 
 man Jugera. It's true the Circus it felf or the Ellipjis inlcribed with- 
 in that oblong would not perhaps be above 3 i Jugera, but fmce he 
 reckons in the buildings about, which it's likely took up the whole 
 Space, the computation at 40 Jugera is pretty exacl. Now 
 reckoning the Forum of the lame bigneG, altho' it could not be 
 near fo much; and that it ftood upon 40 Roman Jugera, that is, 
 zj Englip Acres of Ground, it would make it ^^r Acre, about 
 3Z25)i /. and the yearly Rent ^^r Acre, at 25 Years purchafe, or 
 
 4 per Cent, would be near 1 z^iL i 25)1 Feet in Front, and about 3 3 f 
 deep makes an Acre •, at this rate an Acre of this Formu would bring in 
 Ground-rent 20 Shillings a foot. But the Forum was not near fo 
 fpacious, for the Antiquaries tor fome reafon or another make it 
 the leaft of all the Fora. And indeed, comparing it with the 
 draught of Ner-vas Forum, it could not take up 2 Acres : but al- 
 lowing it 5 i at this rate a Foot in Front, and 3 3 j deep, would 
 be five times as dear, tliat is, would bring in a Ground-rent of 
 
 5 Pound. 
 
 ^57 
 
 i Sueton. in Cxfare. Forum dc nianubiis 
 inchoavif. ciijus area fuper H S. millies con- 
 nitit. ^ Nam ut Circum maximum a Cxfarc 
 Diftatore exllruitum, longitudinc Ihdiorum tri- 
 
 um, latitudine unius,fed cum jedificiis jugerum 
 quacernflm {quadraginta) ad fedem CCLX 
 millia hominum inter magna opera dicamus. 
 
 CHAP,
 
 1 58 Tables of Ancient Coins ^ 
 
 CHAP. IX. 
 
 The Price current of Drugs ^ as they flood at 
 Rome, mofl of them in PlinyV Time per Ro- 
 man Pounds which is \ of the Englifh Aver- 
 dupois. 
 
 "O Andarach per Pound, 5 Affes, 5 '^d. 
 ^N '' Simpis, a fort of Ruhrick or Rudle, 8 AJfes, 6 ^d. 
 Ditto the better fort, 30 Ajfes, is. 11 id. 
 
 ' Armemayi purple ^o HS. 4s. 10 id. 
 
 ^Indian Purple from one Denarius , or 71^. to 30 Denarii^ 
 1 5) X. 4\d. 
 
 ' Pelagium, the Juice of one fort of Fiflies that dyed Purple, 5 o 
 HS. Ss. o\q. 
 
 ^Buccinum the Juice of the other Fifli that dyed purple, 100 HS. 
 x6 s. I \d. 
 
 Harduin reads thefe two paflages not of the Pound, but the 100 
 Pounds. For the Senfc of Plmy in that place is, that it was fur- 
 prizing that the purple Dye fliould be fo dear, when the Drug 
 that it was made of was fo cheap. 
 
 Pliny {ays, that to dye 50 Pounds of Wool, was required zoo 
 Pounds of Buccinumy and i i o of the PeJagmm : that proportion of 
 Mixture making the true Dye. According to the firll reading, by 
 the Pound Weight, it would make the dying of a Pound come 
 to 4/. zs. 4.\d. which in the Chapcer about Cloaths was reck- 
 oned by the En^ip Pound. There is fome Miftake in the numbers 
 
 of 
 
 » Plin. lib. 35". cnp. 6. A/Tcs quiiii in librns. |lis dcnariis ad trigiata. « Lib. 9. cap. 40.qufn- 
 b Ibid. Ad'cs odoiii jii lioras. <■ Ibid Trigiii- quaginta nuinini. * Ibid, cciitcni uumaii. 
 
 ta iiummi m libras. Ibid. cap. j, A lingu- 1
 
 Weights and Meafures^ &c. 
 
 oi Pliny in this Place. And inftead of L, which Harduin puts in 
 at a venture, it would be more confillent if you put in a C, 
 which you fee would reduce it to half price : * for Pliny make the 
 price of the Violet-purple 3 /. 4 .r. 7 d. which I believe is to be 
 explained of the Pound of Wool dyed. 
 
 ^Cinnahar 50 HS. Ss. oid. 
 
 Tarentine red purple, price not mentioned. 
 
 ' The Tyrian double Dye, 1000 Denarii^ 52,/. 5 x. lod, 
 
 ^ Melinunij a fort of Colour that came from Melosy one Hum- 
 mus, lU^' 
 
 ^Paretonitmy a fort of Colour that carrve from ^gypt, very lad- 
 ing, 6 Denariiy ^ s. 10 i.d 
 
 ""Ladanum a Gumm, 40 ^£esy is. yd. 
 
 " OpopanaXj z Denarii, is. 5 i d. 
 
 "Gum Ammoniack, 40 Ajfes, zs. yd. 
 
 ^Galbanum, 5 Denarii, 3 s. z^d. 
 
 '' True Bdellium, 3 Denarii, t s. 11 id. 
 
 'Myrrh fati'va from 10 Denarii, 6s. $ {d. to 
 8 /. I ^d. 
 
 *^ Ditto Erythrean from 1 1 Denarii, 8 j. i ^^. to 
 10 s. 4.d. 
 
 * Ditto Troglodytick [nucleo, id efl) granulated, 
 10 s. ^d. 
 
 "Ditto {weet-fcented, i 4 Denarii, s> s. o {d. 
 
 * Frankincenfe, worft fort, 3 Denarii, is. ii ifd. 
 " Ditto, focond fort, 5 Denarii, ^ s. z id. 
 
 ' Ditto, bell fort, 6 Denarii, 3 j. 1 o i^. 
 
 ^ Surax, I ^ Denarii, izs. ^ \d. 
 
 ^Chio, white Majlick, zo Denarii, izs. iid. 
 
 =• Black 
 
 lyP 
 
 1 1 Denarii 
 
 I 6 Denarii, 
 
 I C Denarii 
 
 g Lib. 9. cap. 39. Libra denariis centum. 
 h Lib. 3. cap. 7. quinquaginta nummi Cinna- 
 bari pretium. ' Ibid, mille denariis in libras. 
 ^ Lib 35'. cap. 6. Seftertiis fingulis in libras. 
 1 Ibid. Faretonii opiimi libra VI denariis. 
 mPlin. lib. 12 cap. 17. XL. aftes pretium in 
 libras. » Ibid. cap. 26. X biui. o Ibid. cap. 
 
 23. XL afTes. p Ibid. cap. 26. X. V permu- 
 tatur in libras. q Ibid. cap. 9. Bdellii finceri 
 Libra Hi. Denariis. i Ibid. cap. 16. X.XI. 
 f Ibid. cap. 16. XI ad XVI. t Ibid. Trog- 
 lodytici nucleo XVI. u JbJd. odorarii XIV 
 .■5 Ibid. cap. 14. X III, V, VI. y Ibid. cap. 
 IS' X. XiX. z Ibid. cap. 17. XX Deuariis,
 
 1 6o Tables of Ancient Com^ 
 
 ' Black Pepper, 4 Denariiy x s. yd. 
 
 "White Pepper, 7 Denarii, 41. did. 
 
 •Long Pepper, 15 Denarii px. % \d, 
 
 ^. Cardamojnmriy i z Denariiy j s. 9 d. 
 
 ' Amomum whohy Co Denariiy 1 I. i9 s. s)d. 
 
 Ditto, ground or bruifed, 58 Denarii, i /. i/x. 5;^. 
 
 '' MyrohalanuSj z Denariiy i j. 3 '^^. 
 
 'Ginser, (J Denariiy xs. io\d. 
 
 ^ Sweet Jttncus, ii Denariiy yx. i i^. 
 
 Ditto, the beft, i 5 Denariiy 5) x. 8 |^. 
 
 ^Cojlusy 16 Denariiy lox. 4*^. 
 
 ^ Indian Spikenard y fmall leaf, 7 5 Denariiy i/. 8 x. 5 ii. 
 
 ''Ditto, middle leaf, <Jo D^mi, i /. 1 8 x. 9 d. 
 
 ^ Ditto, large leaf, 5 o Denariiy i /. i z x. 3 ^ i. 
 
 ''Ditto, the Spike, i?o Denariiy z /. 1 8 x. n^. 
 
 ' Ditto, French y 3 Denarii i x. 1 1 i<^. 
 
 ^ Xyfocinnamomum, 10 Denariiy izx. 1 1 i. 
 
 1 The Juice of Cinnamon, that is the exprefled Oyl, fometimes 
 fold for 1000 Denarii, 3 z /. 5 x. 1 o i. 
 
 ■" Ifocinnamon, a fort of C<^^, reckon'd ec^ual in value to Cin- 
 7iamon, 3 o o Denarii 8 /. 1 3 x. 9 d. 
 
 " Malohathrim had rifen from one Denarius to 500, that is to 
 
 8 /. 15^. 9d. 
 
 The Oyl of it only 60 Denarii, i /. i 8 x. sfd. 
 
 Cinvamomum Camacuniy the expreffed Juice of a Nut, which they 
 mixed with precious ointments, quite different from what 'Pliny 
 calls the Succus Cinnamomiy 40 Affesy z x. j d. 
 
 ^Sericatuniy another Oyl that they mixed in their Ointments 
 6 Denariiy 3 x. io{d. 
 
 6 ^ Oleum 
 
 a Ibid. 7. IV Denarii. VII Denarii,XV De- 
 narii, b Ibid. cap. 13. XU Denarii. = Ibid, 
 cap. 13. Uva: Ainoini LX Denarii, friati 
 LVIU. d Ibid. cap. ii. II Denarii, e Ibid. cap. 
 7. VI Denarii, f ibid. cap. 22. XI. ad XV. 
 K Ibid.cap. ii.XVIDcnarii ^ Ibid.cap- 1 2..Spi- 
 cxfolium Microfpiixrs; LXXV Denarii. Metb- 
 fphaerx in libra> LX. Hadrofphxro: L. Spicx in li 
 bras XC Dcaarii. ' Nardi Gallic! libra III 
 
 Denariis. ^ Ibid. cap. Xyiocinnamomi pre- 
 tium in libras Denarii XX. l Ibid. cap. 19. 
 Succus Cinnamonii libra quondam M. Dena- 
 riis. >" Ibid. cap. 19. CCC Denarii. " cap. 
 26. Malobatiiri prctium prodigio limile, a fiii- 
 gulis denariis ad CCC pervenere libras. Ole- 
 um autem ipfum in libras X. LX. o Pliii. 
 lib. I. cap. 28. AlTes XL. P Ibid, cap if. 
 VI Denarii.
 
 PTeights and Me a fur es^ &c. 16 1 
 
 "^ oleum Cjpriumj made of an /Egyptian Tree, 5 Denarii, 
 ' Afparathos, a root ufed for precious Ointments, 5 Denarii, 
 
 3 X. i|^. 
 
 ^ Opohalfamum, 300 Denarii the Sextariusy per EngUjh Pint 
 8 /. 2 J. I 1^. This was the price as it was fold by the Publick : 
 ' but as it was adulterated, it brought the owners per Pint 
 2,7 /. OS. 4 \d. 
 
 " There was likewife a XylohaJfamum, which was an Oyl made of 
 the boiling of the Sarmenta of the Tree, that was fold for 6 De- 
 narii, 3 J. 10 \d. 
 
 ^ The Oyl of the Sefama, an Indian grain and ufed for Sauce, 
 per Pint ^ s. 6 d. 
 
 ^ Gartm, a Sauce made of Fifli, much ufed by the Romans, per 
 Pint, 1 1 J. $ \d. 
 
 CHAP. X. 
 
 Of the Price of Slaves. 
 
 ANother way of determining the quantity of their Riches is, 
 by finding out the price of Labour, and the value of cer- 
 tain pieces of Workmanfhip. In order to come at that, 
 we muft begin with the prices of their Slaves. 
 
 "The price of an ordinary Slave in Cato majors time was 375 
 Drachms, 48/. 8 x. ^ d. 
 
 It was a prmciple with him not to entertain any that was de- 
 licate, but ftrong Fellows fit for country Labour. 
 
 Y ' The 
 
 q Ibid. cap. 24. V Deiiaiil. ' Ibid. V 
 
 Denarii. f Plin. lib. f. cap. if. t Piin. 
 lib. li. cap. 2S- " Ii">id. cap. 2f. VI Dena- 
 rii. X Quint. Curti. lib. s- CCXL Denarii, 
 
 Amphora. y Plin. lib. 31. cap. 8. fingiilis 
 
 minibus nummum pcrminantibus congios fere 
 binos. a Plutarch in Catone inajore. 
 S
 
 i62 Tables of Ancient Coins-, 
 
 •"The priccof a Vine-drefl'erwas 8000 5<f/?<'rri/, 6j^l 1 1 x. % d. 
 Thofe weic common prices \ but fuch as excrcifed more polite Arts, 
 and were entertained for Fancy and Luxury, were much 
 dearer. 
 
 The Avagnofla Slaves, or fuch as could read, were dear. One 
 c Calvijtiis Lahhmsy who thought he could purchafe the Character 
 of a learned Perfon by having a learned Equipage, bragg'd that he 
 had (everal fuch Anagnofla Slaves, none under 1 00000 Kunmiy 
 807/. 5 J-. 10 d. 
 
 "* Julius Cafavj who was really skilled in polite arts without Af- 
 fedation, bought (everal fuch Slaves at very great prices. 
 
 ' Pliny reckons the higheft price that ever was paid for a man 
 born in Slavery, was for Daphnis the Grammarian. There are fevc- 
 ral different readings of this paflage, but Harduin reads it Sejler- 
 tiis feptifigentisy which makes the price at 5 (» 5 i /. os. lod. 
 Yet afterwards he mentions a much higher price, ^'viz. that for 
 which Nero manumitted the Difpenfator of Tiridates. (Difpenfator 
 according to the way of fpeaking of that time was properly a Cafli- 
 keeper or Privy-purfe.) In Harduin s Pliny it amounts to Centies tri- 
 cies H.S. 1045)47/. 18/. 4^. 
 
 But Pliny adds this was not as a bargain of civil Commerce, but 
 the price of a Pri(bner of war. 
 
 Among Slaves who exercifed polite arts, none fold Co dear as 
 Stage-players or Adors, which * Pliny (aith was not to be wonde- 
 red at, fince they gained fb much to their Matters. Rofcius par- 
 ticularly could gain yearly 500 Sejlertiay 405^)/. ^s. td. ""and 
 per diem when he aded 4000 Nummi, 32/. 5 j. lo*^. 
 
 The numbers in Ciceros Oration for Rofctus are uncor- 
 red. 
 
 ' Callio^ 
 
 *> Columella lib. 3. oQo millibus fcftertiis 
 Vinitor cmptus. « Seneca lib. 4. Epift. 
 
 nd Lucilium. Ut Grammaticos haberet Ana- 
 ledos cum dixiflet Sabinus, ccntenis millibus 
 libi conftarc (ingulos fervos. d Sueto- 
 
 nius in Casfare. Servitia recentiora politioraque 
 immenfo pretio comparavit. « Plin. 
 
 lib. 7. cap. 39. Pretium hominis ia fervjtio gc- 
 
 niti maximum ad hanc diem (quod equidera 
 compererimj fuit Grammatica; artis Daphni, 
 Gnatio Pifaurenfc vendente, & M. Scauro 
 Principe civitatis IIi. DCC. licente. f Plin. 
 ibid. III. CXXX. manumifit. g Plin ibidem- 
 Quippc cum jam apud majores Rofcius Hift- 
 rio Hi. D. annua mcritalfe prodatur. b Ma- 
 ciobius.
 
 Weights and Meafures^ &c. 163 
 
 ' Calllodorus mentioned by Martial fold his Slave for a Supper 
 very cheap, i o /. i o x. % id. 
 
 ^ A Mono, or Fool, was fold for i <> i /. p r. t d. 
 
 * The price of Slaves was regulated afterwards by Jujlinian at 
 much lower Rates. The lowed at lo Solids, and the hig*ieft at 80. 
 The Solids were the Aurei of that time, and 1 00 Solids made de- 
 na, or I o Sejlertia, 'viz. Sol. 145. yd. 
 
 But according to the weight of them, and the value of Gold 
 at this time, they would be worth 87/. Ss. 6 ^d. 
 
 We fhall chufe the ancient proportion ; fo that it may be faid 
 according to Juftinian's regulation, the lowed price of a Slave 
 was 10 Solidsy Si. is. ^ ^d. And the higheft, 80 Solids, 
 6/\.l. IIS. 8 d. 
 
 " For Example, the price of a Slave, Man or Woman, under 
 ten years old, was 8 /. is. $ \d. 
 
 ■ The price of one above ten years old, was double that, 'viz^ 
 16 1, xs. lid. 
 
 *• The price of Slaves of both Sexes that had Trades, was 5 o 
 Solids, 14/. 4 J. 41^. 
 
 p That of Eunuchs under ten Years old was the fame, 'viz^ 
 i.j^l. 4 s. 4^d. 
 
 ^ The price of Sewi Notariiy and Eunuchs above ten years old, 
 was 50 Solids y 4.0I. j s. ■^ {d. 
 
 'The price of an Eunuch, if a Tradefinan, was 70 Solids, 
 ^ 6 I. 10 s. 2. \d. 
 
 The Expences of the ancient Romans in Slaves muft have been very 
 great, for they had Trains of them as big "^as Armies, '10 or 
 zoo 00 Slaves, not for Gain but Show. 
 
 « Addixti fervum nummi<herem'lletrccentls, 
 Ut bene coenares Calliodore lemel. 
 
 Mart. lib. lo Epigr. 
 k Morio diQiis erat: viginti millibus emi. 
 Rcdde mihi nummos Gurgiliane, fapit. 
 
 Martial. 
 1 Juftinianus in lege fedecim. Minimum au- 
 tcm prctium non infra viginti folidos, maxi 
 
 mum non fupra oaoginta. « Lib. 37. de pe- 
 culio,'&c. L. 3. C.commun dc lcgat.& tidei 
 Commiflis. n Lib. 6.C. conftitut. 43. » Lib. 
 6. Cod. conftit. 43. P Ibid. q Ibid, 
 
 r L. 3 C. commun. de Legat. & commifl". 
 ^ Hieronymus. Epift. ad Furiam. t Athens- 
 us lib. 6' jAusits iLj J^if [AvejL<i{. 
 
 Y z chap;
 
 164. 
 
 Tables of Ancient Coins^ 
 
 C H A P. XL 
 
 Of the Prices of PiBures-, Statues-^ and other 
 Pieces of IVorkmanfjip^ of Arts^ Profcjftons^ 
 
 TH E Romans at firft were very ignorant of the value of 
 Pidures \ and even as low down 3.s A. U. ^ 6 < . * L. Mum- 
 mius firnamed Achaicus^ (eems to have been no great Vir- 
 tuofo in this way. For when King Attains offered to redeem the 
 Pidure of Bacchus^ painted by Arijlides, for what Pliny calls fex- 
 ies Sejlertium, or 4845/. i j x. L. Mummius imagining there 
 was fome wonderful vertue in the Pidure, ftopt itj to the great 
 difcontcnt of" that King. ^ Pliny in another place fpeaking of a 
 Pidure of Arijlidesy faith it was bought or redeemed by King Af- 
 talus[ov 100 Talents i 15)375 /, Whether it were the fame Pidure 
 or not, with a miftake of the price in one place, I will not deter- 
 mine. 
 
 Afterwards the Romans came to be better acquainted with the 
 value of Pictures. "^ The Medea and AJax of Tmiomachus were 
 bought by Julius defar for 80 Talents , 15500/. 
 
 ** Hortenjius paid for Cydias Argonauts H-S. CXLIV. 1161I. i ox. 
 ' Agrippa purchafed two pieces of Ajax and Venus from the Cy- 
 zicevians for a finall price, ^iz. izooo Nummiy ^6 I. ijs. 6 d. 
 
 And 
 
 « Nnm cum in prceda Rex Attains VI millia 
 Scllcrtium emiHet Arittidis Tabulatn Liberum 
 Patrem continentcm, prctiuni miratos, fufpica- 
 ttjfquc aliquidin ea virtutis, quod ipfe ncfcirct, 
 ri.'vocavit Tabulam, Attalo multum quercntc. 
 •> Pliii. lib. 7. cap. 38. Ariltidis Thebani pidto- 
 
 ris unam Tabulam centum Talentis Rex At- 
 talus licitatus eft. c PHn. ibid. — oitoginta 
 Talentis. d Plin. lib. 35-. cap. it. e Plin. 
 ibidem. Verum eadeni illatorvitas tabulas duas 
 Ajacis & Veneris mercatus eft a Cyzicenis 
 HS. XII. M.
 
 Weights and Meajures-, &c. i6j 
 
 And yet every body wondered diat a man oi his rough Tem- 
 per would give fo much. 
 
 *^The Venus Anadyomene (diat is, ifTuing out of the Sea) was 
 valued at a hundred Talents (for fo much Tribute was remitted for 
 it) 193 75^- 
 
 ^ The Archi-Galhts or High-Pricft Parrafius, which Tiherius was (b 
 fond of, was valued at 60 Sejiertia, 484/. 7 x. 6 d. 
 
 ^ L. Lucullus bought the Copy of Glycera, Pamphilus's Maid, 
 the Original being painted by Pamphtks himfelf, for two Talents, 
 ; 5) 7 /. 1 o X. 
 
 And to mention {bme prices given by the Greeks; 'the 1 2. Gods 
 of Afclepiodorus were purchafed by Mnafon the Tyrant for 3 o Mi- 
 n£y or 96 1, lys. 6 d. a-piece, the whole dozen amounting to 
 1 i6z I. I OS. 
 
 This was no great price for a Piece of a Painter, whoni Apelles 
 himfelf admired for the Corrednefs of his drawing. 
 
 'The fame AInafon paid more for his Heroes than his Gods, 
 he gave to Theomnejius the Painter for each of them 100 Mince, 
 ^ ttl. iS s. ^d. The dozen of Heroes came to 3875/. 
 
 ^ Arijtides \72ls employed to draw Alexanders Battle with the Per- 
 Jtans, in which there were a hundred figures, and bargained for 
 no more than 10 Min^e a figure, which amounted in all to 
 3 i 2 9 /. 3 J. 4 ^. 
 
 Arijlides was reckon'd the firft man for Expreflion, but hard 
 in his Colouring. 
 
 ^Apellis was paid for his ^/^.v<^w^^r holding the Thunder (which 
 was put up in the Temple of Diana at Ephefus) m weight, not in tale, 
 
 iO 
 
 f Strabo lib. 14. *«'<!■/ J^s to7« K&'o/f aV? ti?. [ Mnafon tyrnnnus pro duodecem Diis dcd't fn 
 ^ga-, ':-'.»--i~.v ■, j>>ct'1a _ « j'T'i' y-'A!^ 'r>:|(ingUKS iTinas tricenas : idcmquc 'rheonviefto 
 r-fcs- '?-'-• to'"< g PHn. lib 3f. cap. 10. j in lingulos Her as mnas cciitcnas. 1^ Plin. 
 
 Piuxit * Arohigallum, quam pifluram amavit lib. 3^. cap. 10. IdemfArillidcOpinxit praMiiim 
 TiL.criii«; Piinc.ps. atque ut authored Decius ■ cum Perlis, centum homines ca Tabuii com- 
 Eculic, LX feltertiis allimatam, cubiculo luo, plexus, padtufque in lineulos mnasdenai a Ty- 
 inciulit h P;in. lib. 35-. cap. 11. Hujus Pa- ranno Elatenfium Mnalone. 1 Piiii. lib. 3f. 
 bula; Exemplar, quod npographon vo.ant, L. 1 cap. 10. Pinxit & Alexandrum magnum, ful- 
 
 LucuUus auobus taleniii emit. i Plin. lib 
 3f. cap. 10. Eadem tctnte fuit Afclcpiodorus, 
 quein in Symmetria mirabatur Apellcs, huic 
 
 men tenentcm, in Tempio Ephclix Dianx, vi- 
 giati talentis.
 
 1 66 Tables of Ancient Coins, 
 
 zo Talents of Gold, wix. according to the decuple proportion 
 38750/. It would come to more if reckoned according to our 
 proportion betwixt Gold and Silver. But Harduin reads Talents of 
 
 Silver only. 
 
 I have mentioned fome of the foregoing prices of Pictures, to 
 {hew the mann ro Painters bargaining by the number of figures. 
 
 "" Nicias the Painter refufed for Necromantia Homeric c o Talent s^ 
 I I (> z 5 /. 
 
 The Romans fcem to have been better furniflied with Statues and 
 carved work, than fine Pidures. ' There arc multitudes of fiich 
 pieces recorded by Pliny, with the prices of very few ot them. 
 But we may eafily conjedlure they muft have been pretty high; 
 for a people fo rich and Co luxurious, would not balk their fancy 
 in fuch things. The mod of their Statues were either brought from 
 abroad, or made by Greek Artificers. Such of them as by the 
 quantity or finenefs of the Mettal were of immoderate prices, are 
 not proper inftances of the value of fine WorkmanOiip, yet we 
 fhall mention fome of them, becaufe they are examples of Magni- 
 ficence. 
 
 '' In the time of the Confulate of Mutianus, there were reckon'd 
 3.1 Rhodes 500 famous Statues, and as many at Athens. 'The 
 Colofiis of the Sun at Rhodes, which Chares Lindius made, was 70 
 Cubits high, which, reckoning according to the Greek Meafure, is 
 105 ir Englijh Feet, and was made in twelve Years for 300 Ta- 
 lents, that is, 58115/. 
 
 ^ There were a hundred other lefler Colojp in the fame City. 
 
 • There was a Colojfian Statue at Tarentum made by Lyfippus, who 
 was Chares' s mafter, of 40 Cubits high, or about 60 ]l Feet. 
 
 'The Statue o( Apollo in the Capitol, brought from Pontus by 
 Lucullus, was 45 y Feet high, it coft 1^0 Talents, 1^061 1. 10s. 
 
 •«The 
 
 P.in. 1.35". csp. lo.Hanc (Necromantiam\cimannistradunteffeaumCCCTalenti5. d Plin. 
 Homeri^ vendere iiolait Attalo Regi Talenti* I ibid, funt alii minores in eadem urbe Cololli 
 fexaginta. • Plin. lib. 35-. cap. 7 & 8. 1 centum, e PHn. ibid. Taiis ?i farenti laduj 
 
 b Plin. ibid, c Plin. ibid. Solus ColoflusRhodi 1 a Lyiipp ' XL cubitorum. f Piin. ibid. AaX 
 qnam feceratCharcsLyndius, Lvlippi difeipulus, 1 cubitorum CL talcntis fadus. 
 lirptuaginca Cubitorum alticudinis fuic : duode- ) 
 
 \
 
 fVetghts and Meafures^ Sec. 
 
 ^The Mercury of Zemdorusy {ec up in the City of Auvergney 
 which Pliny faich exceeded all Statues in bigne(s in his time, and 
 was ten years in making, cofl the Workmanfliip only 400 Sejier- 
 tia, ^ zz<) I. 3 J-. 4 ^. 
 
 There was colleded for a Statue of an ordinary Size, 
 1255)/. 3 J. 4.ii. which Cicero reckons too high a price, as .ip- 
 pears by a paflage of his contra Verrem. There are very low 
 prices of other Statues mentioned in the fame Orations, 
 
 'As, fbme Statues of Praxiteles, Myro and Polycletes, for 
 
 ^ The Cupid of Praxiteles was purchafed for i x /. 18 s. 
 
 There are (ome pieces of workmanfliip mentioned in Cicero's 
 adion againfl: Verres, but the prices charged by him were fo ex- 
 travagant, and what he paid was fo little, that there is nothing to 
 be interred from them. 
 
 ' For example, he was accufed by Cicero for charging for a piece 
 of Work 560000 HS. 45 io/. 16 s. % d. which could have 
 been done as well for 80000 HS. 6^^ I. 16 s. % d. 
 
 "" In this pafTage he affirms that three as large Pillars, as that 
 which he (et up, might have been placed with long carriage paid, 
 for 40000 H 5^. 3 2z/. i8x. 4^. which is a pretty high price, 
 being above 100/. a Pillar. 
 
 ■ Cr<^i- paid for his I o Pillars, 1 00000 H5. 807/. $ s. 10 d. 
 
 " By fuch methods it was no wonder that Ferres grew rich, ha- 
 ving plundered and extorted to the value of 40000000 HS. 
 32i5>i<j/. 15 X. 4^. 
 
 p And his Secretary, by his Matter's connivance, to the value of 
 1300000 HS. 104P4/. 1 5 X. lod. 
 
 ^ To 
 
 167 
 
 f Plin. ibid, verum omnem amplitudinem 
 ftatuarum ejus generis vicit state noftril, Zeno- 
 dorus, Mercuric farto in Civitate Arvernis, 
 per annos decern, HS. CCCC. immani pretio. 
 h (,icer in 3. V, err. XXXIX Millia denarios. 
 > Plinius. ^ Idem. l Cicero in Verrina 
 prima. Addicitur id opusHS. DLXM. cum 
 Tutorcs HS. LXXX millibus id opus fe ef- 
 fe£luiiun clamarent. n Cicer.ibid. la edibus 
 
 privatis longx difficilifque veflurx columnae 
 fingulx ad impluviem LL-S. quadragenis mil- 
 libus locatxfunt. n Val.Max.lib. 9. Decem 
 columnas centum millibus nummum. o Cice- 
 ro In Verr. HS. quadringenties contra leges 
 abftulit. P HS. tredecics Verris fcriba per- 
 miffu Domini ex pecuniapublicaabftulit. Cicer. 
 in frumentaria Verr.
 
 t68 Tables of Ancient Coins-, 
 
 ^ To return to the value of Statues, Lucallus bought the Proto- 
 plafniaor Model of Fenus genetriXj tor (Jo Sefertia, 484/. y s. 6 d. 
 This was made by Arcefilaus, who was in fo grcac repute, ' that 
 a Model of Pafte, of a Cup that he was making tor one OFIaz'ius 
 a Rowan Knight, was purchafed for a Talent, 1 91, I. i ^ s. 
 
 This naturally leads me to fiy fomething of the irice of the 
 Workmanfliip of then- Plate. ^C. Gracchus bought ulvcr Dolphins 
 at 5000 H 5". 40/. -js. 2, \d. the Pound. 
 
 ^ Crajfus bought two filver Boats graved by Mentor , for too 
 Sejlertia, 807/. 5 x. 10 d. He owned that he was aQiamed to ufe 
 them, they were fo fine. And that he had (cveral filver Veflels, 
 bouc^ht p^r Pound Roman at <;ooo HS*. 48 /. 8 j. 5><^. 
 'There was paid for two glafs Cups, the fame Sum. 
 Reckoning according to the Standard ot our Coin, and the 
 'Envjijh Pound, the mere Workmandiip of the Plate mention'd in 
 the laft Article, comes ^ev Pound to 48 /. 15? j. i d. 
 
 The Romans were very coll:ly in their Mirrrhina and TruIU (their 
 drinking Cups) " one that held 3 -; Pints, coft 80 Seftertiaj 6^^ I. 
 ■ 16s. 2d. 
 
 " A Lady not very rich, paid for one 150000 Nummiy 1 11 o /. 
 i8x. ^d. 
 
 Manufcript Books are another fort of Manufacture, of which 
 there mufl have been moll undoubtedly fome (fated prices, for 
 fuch as were commonly current. The Prices which I find men- 
 tioned by the Ancients are for fuch as were Manufcripts in 'our 
 Senfe, that is, not publiflicd, and valuable for the rarity of them. 
 ^ Pliny faith that his Uncle told him he could have fold his Com- 
 mentaries, 
 
 q Plin. lib. 3f. cap. 12. 
 
 I Pl!n. lib. 35-. 
 
 cap 12. (JcLivio Equiti Romano Cratcra facerc 
 volenti, Hxcn.plar a Gypfo fadtuin talcnto. 
 f Plin. lib. 35. II- Ddphines HS. quinis mil- 
 libus in libras cmptos C. Gracchus habuit. L. 
 vero Crall'us Orator duos fcyphos Mentoris 
 Artificis manu ccclatos ll-flertiis centum. Con- 
 fellus tamcu ell nunqunm fe iis uii propter ve- 
 recundiam aufuni. Eundcm fex millibus le- 
 ftcrtium in libras vafa empta habuilfe. t pin. 
 
 lib. 36. fex minibus H S. duo vitrei calices. 
 u Plin. lib. 37. cap. 2. LXXX felkrdis Cilix 
 murrhinui ad tres llxtarios c.-pax. x Plin. 
 
 ibid. HS. CLM. Trujlam imam emit mater 
 familias non Dives. a piin. Epilh ad Mar- 
 cum. Rcferebat ipfi: cum procurarec in Hifpa- 
 ni;l, vcndere hos commcntarios poruifll- CCCC 
 minibus nummum. (in eadcm Epiltola CLX) 
 niihi leliquit opiftcgraphos quidcni Sc minu- 
 tiillme fcriptoi.
 
 Weights and Meofures-i &c. 169 
 
 mentaries, being \Co in number, to Largius Licinui for 400000 
 Nummi, 5 zip/. 3 f. ^.d. He tells you in the fame Epiftlc, that 
 they were wrote on both fides, and in a (mall hand. 
 
 This is a greater Sum than ^Ar'<JlotJe paid for a few books of 
 heujippus the Philofbpher, 'vlz. 5 Attick Talents, which Gellius faith 
 make yzooo Nwmni of Roman Moneys both ways of reckoning 
 according to the Tables, bring it to 581/. ^ s. which is a proof 
 of the right analogy and corredne{s of che Tables. 
 
 ' Diogenes Laertiusj in the life of Plato, faith that a few Books of 
 PhiJoIaus were purchafed for 100 Mince, which Gellius interprets 
 10000 Denariiy both ways of reckoning bring it to 3zz/. 
 i8j-. 4^. 
 
 •"The prices of the magical Books mention'd to be burnt in 
 the Adls of the Apojlles, is j Myriads of Pieces of Silver, or 
 Drachms, that is 1614/. us. %d. 
 
 It is a proper occafion here to mention the rewards of Arts and 
 Sciences, 'The cuftomary Salary which Princes gave to their Phy- 
 ficians was z^o Sejlertia, zoi8/. 4X. yd. 
 
 ^ Stertinius complained that he had only a Salary of 500 Sejler- 
 tia, 40 3(J/. 5)i-. zd. when he had by his private pra6lice 600 
 Sejlertia, 4843/. i 5 j. 
 
 This he made out by reckoning the HouGs that paid him ; which 
 {hews that the Phyficians had yearly pendens from private Fa- 
 milies. 
 
 s One VeBius Vakns, who feems to have been little better than 
 a Student in Phyfick and Aftrology, but familiar with Meffalina, 
 hft Centies HS. 80725?/. 3 j. 4^. for publick Buildings in his 
 own Coimtry ; having fpent as much more in the fame manner. 
 
 Z A 
 
 b Gellius lib. 3. Ariftotelem quoquc tradi- 1 tios, Albatio', Rubrics CCL. HS An- 
 tum ertlibro'! paucos Leulippi Philolbphi poltl nua mercede iis fuere apud Prinipss. t Pliii. 
 mortem cju- emiffc talenti- Atticis tribus. Ea ibid, btcrtinius imputavit Principibu- quod H S. 
 fumma fit numini uoltri duo & feptuagiiua quingenis annuis contentus eflec : lexcena ciiim 
 
 millia. <: Diog. Laert. in vita Platonis. 
 
 d Apnft. A&. >L, Joo" c(0>it<- e'd-Ca.: . 1 
 Anglicc Ftjtyfhoufatid pieces of Silver. <= Plin. 
 lib. 29. cap. I . Multo- prcEterea Medicos cclc- 
 berrimofque ex iis Caffios, Calpitanos, Arun- 
 
 iibi quccftu urbis fuilTc, nuincrati- domijus 
 oftendcbat. g P. in. ibid. Ccntie* HS. vd\- 
 quit muriN patriae, moenibus quoque aliis, noo 
 niinori fumma cxllruttis.
 
 lyo Tables of Ancient Coins ^ 
 
 ^k Brother of Stertimusy after having fpent a great Eftate on 
 pubhck Works, left (as Budaus has reftored Pliny) Sejlertium tricen* 
 tiesy z/\.ziS-jL los. 
 
 ' We have an inftance of the Fees of one country Gentleman 
 to a Phyfician, amounting to above 1600 1. 
 
 ^ The rewards of Orators, confidered as fuch, were greater among 
 the Greeks than the Romans. Ifocrates was paid by Nicocles King 
 of C)'^r«x for one Oration, xo Talent Sy 3875/. But fome arc of 
 opinion that here Ihould be underftood the fmall Talents menti- 
 oned by Plautus. Gorgias Leontinus muft have been well paid for 
 his Oratory, or elfe he would not have been able to reward him- 
 felf fb munificently as he did, by fetting up his own Statue of 
 Gold in the Temple of Delphosy the firft of that kind. 
 
 The Roman Orators had more confiderable caufes to plead than 
 the Grecian, viz. the caufes of great Monarchs and States, and 
 confequently their Clients were more able to pay them. But in 
 thofe times they were not to be confidered as pleading Advocates; 
 when they came to be fuch, their 'Fees were fixt at 100 Aurei 
 in one caufe, being at that time worth 80/. 14J. yd. 
 
 "" The fame feems to have been the fixt Fee in Clodius's Time. 
 
 " The Sum that was paid for Cicero's Head, may juftly come 
 into the account of Eloquence, being ten times more than that of 
 any other profcribcd Perfon, "viz. 25 Myriads o£ Drachms j 8072/. 
 1 8 J. 4 ^. 
 
 ° Vefpafiany who was a penurious Prince, gave yearly Penfions to 
 Gr^^;^ and L^/'iw Orators, 100 Sejlertia, 807/. 5 j. 10^. ^ which 
 was double of that given to decayed Senators, being only 405/. 
 lis. lid. A Generofity much exceeded in our own Nation. 
 
 We have in another place taken notice of Virgih Eftate, 
 amounting to Sojzp/. 3 j. 4^. "^ He was rewarded for the zi 
 
 Lines 
 
 h Plin. ibid. Seflerrium trecentles. » Plin. 
 Jbid. k Pkitarchus in vitis Rhetorum- 
 
 1 Ulpianus de honorario advocatorum. Lici- 
 ta autem quantitas intelligitur pro (ingulis cau- 
 lis ufque ad centum aureos. m Tacit, lib. n . 
 
 De tempore Claudii. Statuit modum ufqucad 
 dena feltertia. « Appianus lib. 4. Civ. Bell. 
 Tivli ipj tctK'j^i ij.vtici<nv 'Ar]iK^y S'psi^y^iJ.uv. 
 o Tacit, in Vefpafiano, Annua centena. p Suc- 
 ton.in Nerone. Tacit, in eodcm. 1 Scrvius Gram,
 
 Weights and Meafures^ &cc. 
 
 Lines that are extant on Marcellut in his 6t\\ ^neidy ten Sejiertia 
 a Line, that is 80/. 14/. j d. The whole Sum amounted to 
 I (>P5 /. 6 s. ^ d. 
 
 One might fay (bmething here of the value of Offices in Rome, 
 but it would be an inquiry inconfiftent with the brevity I propofe 
 in the prefent EiTay. ' I fhall only obferve that the ancient frucral 
 appointments for Governours of Provinces was zo Pound of Sil- 
 ver, two Horfes, two Mules, two Robes, a Suit of wearing 
 Cloaths, of bathing Cloaths one Suit, 100 Aurei, a Cook, and 
 (bmc other things mentioned in the quotation. All which could 
 not amount to a very great Sum: and befides they Were obliged 
 to rcftore the Mules, the Horles, the Muletier, and the Cook ; and 
 allowed to keep the reft only if they behaved themfelves well. 
 
 Things were much changed when ^ Pifo, as Cicero alledgeth, ha- 
 ving by the intereft of Clodius obtained Macedonia, had allowed 
 him only for Plate and other Veflels centies ^ oUogtes Sejlertimn, 
 145511/. 10 s. 
 
 ' Pompey, when his Governments were continued to him for four 
 "Years, had a yearly Salary allowed him of 1000 Talents, 1 5? 3 7 5 o /. 
 
 " Claudius payed for admittance into a Priefthood, not the high 
 Priefthood, C^-^S^l. 6s. Sd. 
 
 171 
 
 I Cicero quiata contra Verr. Lampr. in A- 
 lexandro. Ita ut praelides provinciarum acci- 
 percnt argenti pondo vicena, Mulos & Equos 
 bines, veftes forenfes binas, domefticas (ingu- 
 las, ba!neares fingulas, aureos centenos, co- 
 quos fingulos, & fi uxores non habereiit, 
 fingulas concubinas, quod fine iis effe non pof- 
 &nt, reddituri depoGta adminidratione mulos, 
 
 mulas, Equos, Muliones & Coquos, cjctera 11- 
 bi habituri, li bene fe gellerint. f Cicero 
 
 contra Fifonem. Centies & odogies Sefterti- 
 um vafarii nomine decretum fit. t Plutar. 
 in Fompeio. u Sueton. in Ciaudio. fcftcrti- 
 um odogies pro Sacerdotii novi introitucoaQus 
 expenderc. 
 
 Z 3 
 
 CHAP.
 
 172 
 
 Tables of Ancient Coinsr 
 
 CHAP. XIII. 
 
 Of Plate and Jewels, 
 
 IN early times of tlie Empire, the Laws did not allow any 
 confiderablc quantity of wrought Plate. * A triumphal old 
 Roman was cenfurcd for having five pound weight of Plate ; 
 *" another pcrfon was banilhed for twelve pound. The Carthagini- 
 m ' Ambafladors, by way of Jeft, (aid that the Romans were the 
 mod neighbourly people in the world, for they eat in everyplace 
 where they were invited out of the {ame plate j and they were af- 
 terwards paid home for their Joke ; for ^ Scipio Ajricanus brought of 
 theirs to Rome in iilver Vcflels to the value in Englijh money of 
 II ^66 1. 15/. p d. which was all he could find in Carthage at that 
 time ; a quantity exceeded afterwards by the Side-boards of many 
 private Tables. 
 
 ' In another place the fame Author faith, L. Scipio brought in 
 ^.U. s^s- to the value of 3 5? 3 4/. zj. 10 d. and in Gold Veffels to the va- 
 lue of (J47 12./. 5 J-. % d. 
 
 ^ After ail this, Scipio Ajricanus left only to- his Heir 51 Lihr<s 
 Argent iy 87/. 8 j. yd. 
 
 *They were better furniflied with Plate 57 Years after, as Pli- 
 jty obferves, having thrown off their wonted modefty. Aher King 
 Attalus's death, they began to bid high at the Audion of the 
 Royal Goods. 
 
 ^ Before 
 
 a Plin. lib. 33. cap, it. Propter quinque 
 pondo notatiim a Cciiforibus triuinphalcm coe- 
 11am. b Pliu. ibid. Qi'.od XII. pondo argcn- 
 ti habuifTtt. c Plin. ibid. Eoaem enim ar- 
 gento apud omnes coenitalle ipfos. d Plin. 
 
 ibid. Idemque cumdePoenis triumpharet, qua- 
 tuor millia CCCLXXX pondo tranftalit, hoc 
 argenti tota Carthago habuit ilia rerraruml 
 
 xmula, qnot menfarum poftea apparatu viQa. 
 c Plin.ib. Argenti ccelati pondo MCCCL vafo- 
 nini aureorum pondo M D. f Plii ibid. 
 
 Libras XXXII ardent! Africa! us fequcns hae- 
 redi reliquit. g Plin. ib. Turn enim haec 
 
 emendi Romse in auitionibus regis verecundia 
 exempta eft.
 
 Weights and Meafures-, &cc. 17 j 
 
 •^ Before the Sy lion- ciwil War, there were at Rome 500 Diflies 
 of 1 00 Pound weight a-piece, value of each being in Englijh mo- 
 ney, 175/. 4./; 3 <^. befides the workmanfliip. The whole amount- 
 ing to i^66ojl. zs. 10 d. Thofe filver VelTels were fome- 
 times the occafion of profcriptions to their owners. Likewife be- 
 fore Syllas vidtory there were but two filver Triclinia at Rome. 
 
 ' C Marius it (eems was the firft who drank out of a Silver Tan- 
 kard, after the manner of Bacchus. In the latter ages of the Em- 
 pire, they came to be extreamly nice in the fafhion of their Plate. 
 
 ** Drufilianus Rotundus, Slave of the Emperor Claudius y and Com- 
 mijfary in the hithermoft Spain, is recorded for having one VefTel of 
 500 Roman Pound weight, which befides the Workmanfhip comes 
 to I ^66 I. IS. ^ d. And his eight Companions of 50 Pound a- 
 piece, worth i09z(. 17s. id. 
 
 There are Ciftcrns irt E;?£/<^wi of more Weight than the 2re.1t- 
 eft of thele. 
 
 All thefe things were but moderate, and only extravagant in re- 
 fpedtofthe times in which they were done, 'For afterwards they 
 had not only their Kicchen Veffels, but Coaches and Carriages of 
 Silver, "" Heliogabalus had them of Gold and precious Stoics. 
 "" Julius Cafar lay in a gold Bed with a purple Covering. °They 
 had Tables of Gold and precious Stones. I have mentioned be- 
 fore their extravao;ance in drinking Cups. 
 
 Petronius broke one worth above 3415/. on purpofe to di{^ 
 appoint Nero. 
 
 ^ They had Candlefticks worth the Salary of a Trihunus Mili- 
 tmij which was 50 Sejlertia, or 403 /. .1 2 x. i i^. 
 
 They 
 
 h Plin. ib. Lances e centenis libr's argenti 
 tunc tupra quingentas numtro Roinse tuillc 
 Gonllat multolquciob eas protcriptos,dolo coii- 
 c'jpii'ccntiuiii. ' Plin. ib. C. Marius poll 
 
 ofncina prius cxxdificata. Comites ejus oSo 
 quinquaginta librarum. • Plin. lib. 33. cap. 3. 
 "1 Lampridius in Heliogabalo. n Sucton. in 
 Julio. In aureo lefto velk purpurea decubu- 
 
 victoriain Cimbricam cautharis pntare L-bcriiilie. » Ulpian. in librocum aurum. In Co 
 patris cxemplo traditur. k Plin. ibid, ronis mcnfarum gcmmsE coronis ccdunt hs 
 
 C. Clauoii princip.itu forvus ejus DruliUanus mends. Martial, lib. 3. Epi. 31. P Plin. 
 
 nomine RotundusDifpcnfatorHilpanixciterio-l lib. 3<j. cap. 3. 
 li^, quinguvaicm lauccm habuit, cui fabncandx] 7
 
 ijl Tables of Ancient Coins ^ 
 
 They held golden Shoes to their Horfes and Mules, ''particular- 
 ly Popp£a, Keros Wife ; who to preferve the fine Poli/h ot her Skin, 
 ufed conflantly a Bath of A(s*s milk. :j: They had golden Clofe- 
 Itools. ' And yet there is a Story of a Prince Ptolowy that lived 
 in Pompeys time, who out-did all this magnificence. He treated 
 100 Guefls with a i coo Gold Cups, and changed them as of- 
 ten as die Diflies. 
 
 The Romans were no lc(s expenfive in Jewels than in Plate. It 
 has been commonly thought that Diamonds, tho' firft in value and 
 cfteem, were not u(ed in Ornaments^ "^altho' there is a plain pa{^ 
 {age in Martial to the contrary. The way of cutting of Dia- 
 monds even contrary to the grain is amongfl: us a modern inven- 
 tion, but to cut them with the grain was known before. So far 
 it is true that they were not Co much ufed as Pearls, in which the 
 Romans were exceeding prodigal. They wore them all pofTiblc 
 ways, ' and (b many that they called them CrotaUa, from the noife 
 and crackling of them. In fliort they were adorned with them 
 from Top to Toe, dieir Stockings, their Shoes, and travelling 
 Bed-Rooms, ^c. 
 
 We have already mentioned Lollia Paulina j who by her Uncle's 
 rapacity in his Government, was enabled to wear in her common 
 drcfs Jewels to the value of ^zx<)i6l. 1 3 j-. 41^. 
 
 ' Julius Cafar prefented Serviliay Brutus's Mother, with a Pearl 
 worth 48437/. 10 s. 
 
 * Cleopatra reproaching Antony for the meanneG of his Suppers, 
 at which he being furprized, flie laid a Wager fhe would give him 
 
 one 
 
 <> Plin. lib. 33. cap. ii. Poppaea conjunx 
 Neronis principis delicatioribus jumcmis fuis 
 Iblcas ex auro quoque iiiduere. 
 
 I Ventris onus mifero non te pudet accipis 
 auro. Mart. 
 
 I Plin. ibid. 
 
 i Sardonychas, Smaragdos, Adamantas, alf- 
 pidab, uno verfat in articulo Mart. 
 
 lib s- Ep- "• 
 
 t Plin. lib. 9. cap. 3f. Crotalia appellant, 
 ceu fono quoque gaudcant,&collifu iplo Mar 
 garitarum. " i)uet. ia Casfare. Ante alias 
 
 dilexit M. Brut! matrem Serviliam, cui & pro- 
 ximo fuo confulatu, fexagies Seftertio marga- 
 ritam mercatus eft. « Plin. lib. 9. cap. 3f. 
 
 Duo fuere maximi- uniones per omne sEVum: 
 utrumque pofledit Cleopatra, .^gypti Regina- 
 rum noviffima, per manus Orientis Regum fibi 
 traditos. Hxc, cum exquifitis quotidie Anto- 
 nius faginaretur epulis, fuperbo fimul ac proca- 
 ci faftu, ut regina meretrix, lautitiam ejus om- 
 nemapparatumqueobtreSans, quxrente eo quid 
 adllrui magnificentiae poffet, refpondit, una fe 
 coena centies U-^. abj[uinpturam. Cupiebat 
 
 difcerc
 
 Weights and Meafuresj 6cc. 
 
 one Supper worth 80715) /. 31. 4^. And after the firll courfe, 
 in which there was nothing extraordinary, fhe took one of her 
 Pearls out of her Ears, diffolved it in Vuiegar, and drank to him ; 
 flic was preparing fuch another for him to pledge her, but was 
 flopt by L. Plancus, who own'd flie had won her wager. It 
 would feem by this Story that both the Pearls were only worth 
 Centks H-S. the Sum abovementioned, which would make them 
 of le{s value than JuUus Cafars Pearl ^ if indeed one of them were 
 worth the Sum abovementioned. then Cleopatra s Pearl was the 
 more valuable. What this Lady did, was highly gallant, but the 
 manner of ufing the remaining Pearl was diredly barbarous, for- 
 they divided it in two, and made a pair of Earings of it for the 
 Venus in the Pantheon. 
 
 Pearls increafed in value as they increafed in weight, and ex- 
 celled in fine Colour. ^ Pliny fiith that a few had exceeded a Ro- 
 man half Ounce, by one Scruple, that is in Englijh weight | of 
 an Ounce and 3 \ Grains. 
 
 Budaus^xih. he had feen one that weighed i oid.French Ounce. 
 Precious Stones at Romey as to their value, flood in the followint? 
 order. ' Firft, the Diamond, whereof P//w^ mentions one ofthe bio-- 
 gnefs of a Walnut, next the Pearl, then the Emerald, after them 
 came at a great diftance the Opall, * of which Nonius had a ring 
 worth 16 1 1. (}s. id. the only thing he reserved of all his For- 
 tune when he was profcribed. There are fome Sizes of Emeralds 
 
 which 
 
 i7S 
 
 difcere Antonius, fed fieri polTe non arbitra- 
 batur. Ergo fponfionibus faftis, poftero die 
 quojudiciumagebatur, magnificam alias ccenam, 
 ne dies periret, fed quotidianam Antonio ap- 
 pofuit, irridenti, computationemque expoftu- 
 ianti. At ilia Corollariumid efle, & confump- 
 turam earn ccenam taxationem confirmans, fo- 
 lamque fe centies H-S. coenaturam, inferri 
 menfam fecundam juffit. Ex prxcepto mini- 
 ftri unum tantum vas ante earn pofuere aceti, 
 cujHS afperitas vifque in tabem margaritas re- 
 Iblvit. Gerebat auribus cum maxime fingulare 
 jllud, & vere unicum naturx opus. Itaque ex- 
 peflante Antonio quidnam efTet aSura, detra- 
 ftum alterum merfit, ac liquefaQum abforbuit. 
 Injecit alteri manum L. Plaucus, judex fpon- 
 
 fionis ejus, eum quoque paranti fimili modo 
 abfumere, vi6lumque Antonium pronunciavir, 
 omine raro.Comitatur fama unionis ejusparem, 
 capta ilia tantae quxrtionisviftriccReginadifTect- 
 um, utelfet inutrifque Veneris auribus Romae in 
 Pantheo dimidia eorum coena. y Flip. lib. 
 9. cap. 35-. Pondus ad hoc ivi femiuncice 
 pauci fingulis fcrupulis exceflere. Plin. lib. 37. 
 cap. 4. IVlaximum in rebus humanis prctium 
 habet Adamas, proximum apud nos Indicis, 
 Arabicifque Margaritis pretium eft, c. f. ter"- 
 tia autoritas fmaragdis perhibetur. cap. 6. Mi- 
 nimum iidemque plurimum ab iis dilferunt 
 Opali. • Plin. 37. cap. 7. Ex fortunis fuis 
 omnibus, annulumabfiulit fecum quem ccrtum 
 eft feftertiis viginti millibus sftfmatum.
 
 ijd Tables of Ancient Coinu 
 
 which the Author himfclf thinks incredible, particularly that men- 
 tioned by * Theophraflusy (ent by the King of Babylon to the King 
 cf E^jpt, of- four Cubits length, and three in breadth. ''The 
 Obelisk, in the Temple of Jupiter 40 Cubits -high, made ot four 
 Emeralds ^ which could not be genuine. 
 
 ' For the Toy that was brought to Rome in the third Triumph 
 o[ Potnpey, the publick Records are quoted: It was a (brt of a 
 pair of Tables for gaming, made of two precious Stones, 3 foot 
 broad, and 4 foot long, which with other things there de(cribed 
 would have made a fine Raffle. I likewife leave to the faith of the 
 Reader the dimenfions of thofe Carbuncles, ''which the Indians 
 will fcoop Co as to hold above a Pint. 
 
 'Pliny himfelf faw a Jafper of eleven Ounces, which was cue 
 into Nero's Figure. ^Cicero mentions a Cup made of a hollow 
 Gemm with a golden Handle. 
 
 2 There was a particular Cenfus for the wearing gold Rings, ry/s:.' 
 he muft be a Gentleman defcended of a Father or Grandfather 
 worth 3 z 1 p /. 3 J. 4 <:/. 
 
 •"They made vefTels of Gemms to hold their Ice for their 
 Wine. 
 
 a Cap. f. Thcophradus tradit in iEgyptio- 
 runi comincntariis rcperiri, regi eorum a regc 
 Babyloniorum mifruin fmaragdum quatuor cu- 
 bitorum longitudine, trium latitudine. b Piin. 
 ibid. c Plin. ibid. cap. 2. Tiap.llulit alve- 
 
 \m cum tcfTcris Luforiutn e gcmmis duobus 
 latum pedes trcs, longum pedes quatuor. 
 
 "^•^m 
 
 d Cap. 7. e pUn. ibid. f Cicero 6. Vcr- 
 rina. R Plin. lib. 33. cap. i. Ne cuijus id 
 elTct, nifi cui ingeiiuo ipli patri avoque paterno 
 fclkrtio CCCC. cenfus fuiffet. h Pacat. in 
 
 Hant-gyr. Parum fe laudatos putabant, nili xdi- 
 vam in gemmis capacibus glaciem faleraa fre- 
 gillent. 
 
 CHAP.
 
 Weights and Meafures^ &c. 
 
 ^77 
 
 CHAR XIV. 
 
 Of Gaming and Funeral Expences, 
 
 ANother piece of Expences is Gaming. The Romans arc 
 cenfured by the Poets for that vice. * Augujius himfelf was 
 very fond of it, and continued fb even in his old age. 
 There is a pafifage of an Epiftle of his to Ttheriusy recorded by Sue- 
 tonius, ^ which 1 have fet down in the quotations : the fubftance 
 of it, as far as it relates to our prefent purpofe, is, that he played 
 at a game of Chance two Days fiicceilively, and loft zoooo Nmn- 
 miy which is \6il. p j. xd. that if he had not been too gene- 
 rous in giving away Sums, and forgiving Debts, he had been a 
 gainer of 50000 Nummiy or 403 /. i z/. 11 d. Now the Game 
 was fo contrived that one particular caft took up the whole Stake, 
 when fome others came up you laid down. Auguflus and his 
 Play-fellows at this Play only flaked Denarii, or j id. and at fuch 
 low flakes you fee one might come off a gainer of 40 5 /. i z j. 1 \d. 
 It is fuppt)s'd, ^ that this was the Play at which Nero flaked in- 
 flead o£ Denarii, 3115)/. 3 j. 4^. upon every caft. Where did 
 he find Play-fellows? 
 
 A a So 
 
 » Sueton. In Aiigufto. Inter coenam lufi- 
 mus ypevitKU'-, & heri & hodie. Talis enim 
 jaftatis, ut quifque canem, aut fenionem mife- 
 rat, in lingulos talos fingulos denarios in me- 
 dium cont'erebat : quos tollebat univerlbs qoivc- 
 nercm jecerat. Et rurfus aliis literis, Nos, mi 
 Tiberi, Quinquatriis fatis jucunde egimus. Lu- 
 fimus enim per omncs dies, forumque aleatori- 
 um calcfecimus Fratcr tuus maguis clamori- 
 bus rem geffit. Ad fummum tamen perdidit 
 nonmultum: fed ex magnis detrimentis, prae- 
 ter fpem paullatim retradus eft. Ego perdidi 
 viginti millia nummilm, meo nomine: fed cum 
 
 effufe in lufu liberalis fuifTem, ut foleo ple- 
 rumque. Nam fi quas manus remifi cuique, 
 exegiiTem, aut retinuifl'em quod cuiqne dona 
 vi, vicilfcm vel quinquaginta millia. Scribif 
 ad filiam; Mill tibi denarios ducentos quinqua- 
 ginta, quos fingulis convivis dcderam, li vel- 
 lent inter fe inter coenam vjI talis, vel parimpar 
 ludere. Augiillus mujl have been a lover of 
 Giitne, whenhe feni 8/. is. ■$ \d. to hisGuefls 
 to flay at even and odd. b Sueton. in Nero- 
 ne. Quadringenis in punSum H-S. aleara 
 lufu.
 
 178 Tables of Ancient Coins^ 
 
 So much of the Expences of the Living : the Expences of the 
 Dead were ftill more extravagant. 
 
 ' AUmmius Agrippa was buried by a Contribution of about half 
 farthings a-piece among the People, I think tliere were r 0000a 
 contributers, and the whole Summ exadly calculated comes to 
 5 3 A 16 s. 4]d. which is a pretty great Sum, and {hews a 
 difpofitioii to Extravagance in xhoCc times, as to Funeral Ex- 
 pences. 
 
 '' On Sjllas Funeral Pile were call z i o feretra, or biers of 
 Spices, which confidering the dearnefs of that Commodity at 
 Rome, muft have amounted to a vail Sum : befides his own, and' 
 his Lin or s Statue, made of Incenfe and Cinnamon, as big as the 
 Life. 
 
 ^Nero in Popp^as Funeral burnt more Cinnamon and Ca^, than, 
 the whole yearly Produdl of Arabia. 
 
 It were endlefs to relate the immenfe Funeral Piles, the co'lly 
 Garments, Gold, Silver and Gemms that were confumed on thefe 
 occafions, the expenfive Feafts to the people, the funeral Plays or 
 Diverfions, particularly thofe of the Gladiators, their (lately Sepul- 
 chres 5 a hundred pair of Gladiators were very frequent. 
 
 ^Julius defar, in his Father's Funeral, lud all the Apparatus of 
 the Arena of Silver. 
 
 8 One Curio at the Funeral of his Father built a temporary 
 Theatre, in imitation of that of M. Scaurus before defcribed. It 
 confided of two parts balanced and turning on hinges, according 
 to the pofition of the Sun for the conveniency of Forenoon's and 
 Afternoon's diverfion. It was a moft extravagant thing. 
 
 ^The Expences of Neros Funeral were not great, being only 
 i6\j\l. 1 1 J. 8^. 
 
 ' ^ Minutius Anteros, a lihertus, left by will a yearly revenue 
 of 80/. 1 4 J. J d. to celebrate his Memory. 
 
 CHAP, 
 
 « Val. Mai. de Memtnio Agrfppa. Nifl afquamtoto anno Arabia univerfi ferret, 
 populo coUatis in capita fcxtantibus, ita pccu- f Plin. lib. 33. cap. 3. g Plin. lib. 36. cap. 
 
 niae inops dccLflTit, ut lepulturx honore caru- 15-. •> Suetonius in Nerone. funcratus efl 
 ifltt <* Hlut. in SyllL « Nero in fuiicre impenfo ducentorum millium. ' Vetus in. 
 PoppjEX plus cinnamomi & cafliee combuffitjfcriptio. Decern millia feftertiflm quotannis.
 
 Weights and Meafures^ &c, i j^ 
 
 CHAP. XV. 
 
 Of Soldier's Pay, 
 
 THERE are a great many Difputes amongfl: the Learned 
 about the Rate of pay oi Roman Soldiers. I take that mat- 
 ter to have flood thus. In the early times of the Com- 
 monwealth, a Horfeman receiv'd yearly Tria millia j£ris, and a 
 foot Soldier one Milk, that is, reckoning according to the common 
 value of the As, fomewhat more than 6 pence a-day to a Horfe- 
 man, and z pence to a foot Soldier. This Pay was afterwards 
 increas'd to ^juini, or five Afes to a foot Soldier. Polyhius calls 
 it S'vo oCo?\b<;y which exceeds five Afes by a Triem, or a third 
 part of an As. But he is to be underftood as fpeaking in a round 
 number. This, confidering the Diminution of the Brafs Coin, 
 was really lefs in value, or weight •, but more in tale. Julius Ca- 
 far doubled this pay of 5 Afes, and made it ten, which was cal- 
 led a Denarius. Afterwards Domitian (according to Suetonius, in 
 Vomitiano Cap. 7.) addidit ^ quartum Stipendium Militi Aureos 
 Temos, that is, Domitian added three Aurei as a fourth reckoning 
 or pay to the Soldiers. About the interpretation of which pafTage 
 there are great Difputes among the Criticks. In order to come at 
 the true ienfe of it, Gronoaiius has compar'd it with another paP- 
 (age to the (ame purpofe in Zonaras, which runs thus, rolg qp^ 
 
 TlOdTCUg STTYtV^nTi TY]V (Xi^0(p0O^Vy jdr)(CIL ho. TJlf V'/x«V' ^^^[l yb y^ 
 
 The fenfe of which paflage is, that he order'd for the Soldiers 
 100 Denarii, inflead of 75, which they receiv'd before. The 
 mod plain account of the whole matter then is, that the Soldiers 
 receiving 10 AJfes a-da.y, made 500 Ajfes in a Month of 30 Days; 
 
 A a i confcquently
 
 i8o Tables of Ancient Coins , 
 
 confequcntly in 4 Months, izoo Ajfes -. about the time of the 
 diminution of the Brafi Coin, when perhaps the Soldier's pay was 
 hkewife chang'd, as Pliny tells us (in a paflage formerly quot- 
 ed) the Denarius was exchang'd for 1 6 Ajfes j and it's probable 
 that they were continued to be reckon'd to the Soldiers on that 
 foot, confequcntly izoo ApSy or four Month's pay, made 75 
 Drachtna or Denarii : And the Aureus exchanging for z 5 Denarii, 
 four Months pay came exadly to 3 Aurei at one payment. Do- 
 mitian increafing this 75 Denarii to 100, added onz Aureus more 
 to each payment, or 5 Aurei in a Year, which was properly 
 Ipeaking quartum Jfipendium ; the Soldiers inftead of 5? Aurei re- 
 ceivincT now i z. Therefore tho' the daily V2cyo£ ^Denarius accor- 
 ding to the analogy of the Tables ought to be reckon'd at 7 ^ d. 
 a-dayj it was really, according to the above-ftated] account, un- 
 der the value of 5 pence before Domitianj and about 6 pence af^ 
 ter this additional pay. 
 
 The Cohortes Pratoria & IJrhana, which one may tranflate Guardsy 
 had double Pay, or i Denarii a-dayaffigned themby Augujius. Thofe 
 Troops who were commonly the mod vitious, and not moft va- 
 liant, by their Port; had greater Influence on the Affairs of the 
 Government, and even in difpofing of the very Empire it felf, 
 than the other Troops, and therefore were more confider'd, not 
 only in the Pay, but the Donatives. 
 
 If we take the price of Day-labour from the pay of Soldiers, 
 it will not make it at a much higher rate in Rome than in our own 
 Countrey. I cannot tell by what chance, but the moft honou- 
 rable Profeflion of a Foot Soldier has always been reckon'd as one 
 of the loweft kinds of Day labour, and it has cofl: Mankind lefs 
 to kill their own Species, than any other fore of Animal. 
 
 CHAP.
 
 IVeights and Meafures^ See. i8i 
 
 CHAP. XVI. 
 
 Of the Donatives given to the Soldiers, 
 
 "'"nr^HE reward for the third jJ?o//^ op'imay was loo Ajfes, or 
 I 6s, $-J. for the fecond loo Afes, or izs. 1 1 d. and 
 the Reward for the firft Spolia opima was 3 c o Affes^ or 
 19 s. 4\d. Spolia opima were Spoils taken from the command- 
 ing Officer of the Enemy. Thefe fmall Rewards Ihew the fcarcity 
 of Money in the early days o^ Rome: fori think this Reward was 
 ordered by Numa Pompilius. 
 
 ^ Lucius Lentulus gave to each of his Soldiers, out of the Boo- 
 ty, I z o Ajfesy -J s. ^d. 
 
 "Cornelius gave to each Foot Soldier, 70 Afes, 4J. 6 \d. dou- 
 ble to that of the Equitesj <} s. id. and triple to the Centurions, 
 
 1 3 J. 7 -A 
 
 '' Eight hundred Ajfes were given to each Foot Soldier, or 
 z /. lis. Sd. and to the Equites and Centurions triple that Sum, 
 7 /. I 5 X. 
 
 ^Two hundred and fifty A(fes were given to each Foot Sol- 
 dier, 16s. \ \d. double to the Centurions, i /. ixx. ^ {d. and 
 triple to the Equites , il. 8 s. ^ ^d. 
 
 * Two hundred and feventy AJfes were given to each Foot Sol- 
 dier, 17X. $ id. and triple to the E^wir^j, z I. izs. 7, \d. 
 
 ' Four hundred thoufand jEris were diftnbuted among the Sol- 
 diers, I 2, 5) 1 /. 1 3 J. 4 </. 
 
 ' Puh. Cornelius gave to each of his Soldiers, 1 1 5 Affes, 8 j. o^d. 
 
 •\ Forty two Denarii were given to each Soldier, that is, i /. j s. 
 I i d. and double that to the Centurions, z /. 1 4 j. ^ d. 
 
 ^ Scipio 
 a Plutarch, in Marcello. b Liv. lib. 1. 1 ibid. e ^iy, 1,5, 4. Dec. 4. f Liv. lib, 
 
 Dec. 4. e Liv. lib. 3. Decad. 4. d Liv. j 6. Dec. 4, | Liv. lib. 6, Dec. 4.
 
 l82 
 
 /I. v. 693. 
 
 * Scifto 
 zs. yd. 
 
 Tables of Ancient Coins^ 
 
 Africanus gave to each of his Soldiers 40 
 
 AfSy 
 
 \6 I. IS. II d. 
 
 ^ The L<?g<«f/ received each of them 5000 ^m, 
 and their Comites, 1000 /Eris, 5/. 4^-. yd. 
 
 ^ Pauhts /Emil'ms gave in a Donative to his Soldiers 1 1 Drachms 
 per man, that is 7 r. 1 \d. 
 
 ' Lucullus^diVZ to each of his Soldiers p 5 o Drachms y 30/. 13/6';^. 
 After the taking of Tygranocerta, he gave to each 800 Drachms, 
 25 /. 16 s. Sd. out of the Spoil taken from Tigranes's Army, and 
 bef^des left: the Town to be plundered by them, all except King 
 Tigranes's Treafure, where among other riches he found in ready 
 money 8 000 Talents, 1.550000/. 
 
 '' Pompey, after he had overcome the Py rates, Ajia, Pontus, &c. 
 in his Triumph gave to the Publick and the Quxftors, who had 
 defended the Shore a thoufand Talent Sy or 1P5750/. and unto 
 each Soldier <>ooo HS. 48/. 8/. ^d. 
 
 By this time the Riches of the Romans began to encreafe, and 
 the Spoils of the conquer'd Countries could afford greater Sums 
 to the Soldiers. 
 
 Juhus Ccefars Donathes were very great. ^ At one time to each 
 Soldier of the Veteran Legions he gave iCl. t s. iid. and to the 
 Equitesy i^^l. i 5 J. 
 
 ^Dio mentions another Donative of his amounting per man to 
 80/. 1 4 X. yd. 
 
 " App'tanus makes another Donative of his amount per man to 
 5000 Attick Drachms y or 161 I. ^s. zd. Double to the Leader 
 of a Company, or 3 1 x /. 18/. 4 <^. To the Trihuni Mili- 
 tum and the Equites double of this laft Sum, <»45 /. 
 \6s. %d. 
 
 g Liv. lib. 10. Decad. 3. ^ Plut. in Paulo 
 ^milio. ' Plut. in Lucullo. u Plin. lib. 
 
 37. cap. 2. ReipublicaE & Qusclloribus, qui 
 Oram maris dcfendiirent datum mi le talentum, 
 militibus fingulis fcna millia fcltertium. 
 k Suet, in Caelarc. cap. 38. Vetcraiiis Icgiombus 
 
 Plutarch 
 
 prsedaj nomine in pedites fingulos fuper bina 
 fellertia, quae initio civilis tumultus numerave- 
 rat, in equites vicena quaterna millia nummum 
 dedit. 1 Dio. lib. 46. mAppian. lib. 2. 
 Bellor. Civil.
 
 Weights and Meajures^ &c. 
 
 Plutarch takes notice of another Donative to C^far's Soldiers 
 for a Sacrifice, per man, 3 /. i i^l, 
 
 " Brutus gave fer man 1 /. 1 x /. 11^. 
 
 I read little o^ Antonys Donatives, ° but only* that he promifed to 
 each Soldier that would throw Papers into C^r'sCamp, 48 /. 8 j-. ;> d. 
 P He gave once to each Soldier of the Legions i /. ^s. y ^d. 
 
 '^ Augujius Cafar gave to each Soldier or the Pretorian Bands, af- 
 ter he had (erved 1 6 Years, 161l.9s.zd. 'He left to each 
 Soldier of the Urharia CohorteSj 4/. o j. 8 |i. To' the Pratoriatt 
 Soldiers, 8 /. is. ^ \d. 
 
 The Roman Soldiers had (ometimes a great Booty, but it was 
 mod: commonly regularly diftributed to them •, particularly at the 
 taking Alexandriay they had ^^r man 8/, is, $ id, to (ave the 
 Town. 
 
 ^Caligula gave to each Soldier z/. Sr. ^ ^d. 
 
 * 5/yfr(???f«j faith he gave them 100 Denarii, 3 A 4/. j d. as a 
 Sum exceeding all that had been given before, and bid them go 
 away and be merry and rich, whereas it's plain his I>onative fell 
 much fhort of the Sums above-mentioned. 
 
 ' Claudius gave to each Soldier at once the fame Sum as CaligU' 
 loi viz. i>l. 8 J. 5 \d. 
 
 ^ Claudius promifed when he was made Emperor, i z i A is. 
 10 {d. being the firft; of the defars, as Suetonius obferves, tliac 
 run a-tick with the Soldiers. 
 
 '^ Nero promifed the Soldiers 113/. ox. $ d. 
 
 'Nero gave to each of the Manipulares zooo H-S. that is 
 16 1. z J", lid. 
 
 ^ He laid out on Donatives at feveral times ij.-jSo^i6 1, 16 s. 
 4.d. 
 
 Galha 
 
 n Plut. in BriUO. o DIo lib. ji. P Dio nunciatoque militi donativo centenis viririm 
 
 lib 49. q Dio lib. ff. ' Suet, in Aug. denariis, qunfi omne cxcmplum liberal [.tatis fu- 
 
 cap. 1 01. Legavit Fop. Romano quadriii^cnties, pergrefrus,abite, inquit, Ixti, abite locuplctes. 
 
 tricies qu'nquics H-S. PrKtoriunib niilitibus lin- ;< Uiu lib. 60. y Suet, in Claudio. cap. 10. 
 
 giila miUia nummorum, Cohortibus urbanis Armatos pro concione jurare in nomen luiiin 
 
 quiiiginos, Ltgionariis treccntos uummos, pallus ell, promifitque lingulis quina dciia H-S". 
 
 quani fummamrcprKfentarejuffit, nam & con- pn'ma^ Cxfarum tidem militis etiam prssmio. 
 
 fifcatum fempcr repofuumque hibuer.u. pignoratuscll. ^ Philip. Chronic, lib. » Tar- 
 
 Dio lib. J9. ' in Caligula, cap. 46. Pro- cit. lib. i y. b Tacit, lib. 17. 
 
 183
 
 184 Tables of Ancient Coins^ 
 
 Galba was very clofe-handcd •, I have not read much of his Li- 
 beraUtics. Buc ''Otho ufed to bribe his Guards at a very high rate^ 
 for as ofcen as Galba fupped with him, he ufed to give every Sol- 
 <iier upon duty an Aureusy 16 s. i I d. Plutarch and Suetonius call 
 it one Aureus. Tacitus C2.\\s it 100 Sejlertii. The Emperor's Guard 
 confilkd of a thoufand Men, fo that the whole Sum came at e- 
 very Supper to 807/. 5 s. 10 d. 
 
 ^ Otho gave in the Beginning of his Reign a Donative of 40 /. 
 
 7 -f- 5 5 ^• 
 
 'There is one Donative of Fitellius mentioned, of 16 s. 
 
 I h d. 
 
 ^ There was likewife a Donative of the Emperor Marcus Antoninus 
 of 5) <; /. 1 7 J. 6 d. 
 
 ^ And the Emperor Lucius his CoUegue gave 161 1, p /. id, 
 
 ^ Pertinax promifed 96 I. 17 s. 6 d. 
 
 ^Pertinax himfelf affirms that he gave to the Soldiers 6y$o My- 
 riads of Drachns, that is z.i796^y I. 10s. 
 
 ^Julian promifed to each Soldier, when he flood for the Em- 
 pire, 101 /. I ^ J. 5 ~ d. 
 
 Even the Deputy Kings of the Romans gave their Donatives to 
 their Soldiers. '" Herod at his Death left each of them i /. i 2 x. 
 lid. ' He had given in his Life-time at once 4 /. 16 s. 41^. 
 
 Thefe are fbme Inflances not only of the Roman Riches and 
 Magnificence, but of the Rcfpedl which they knew was due to a 
 {landing Army, who had the Difpofal both of them and their 
 Empire. 
 
 c Suet. inOthone. Quoties ccena Principem 
 acciperet, aureos cxcubariti cohort! viritim divi- 
 debat. Idem habetar apud Tacit, lib. 17. 
 
 d Plutarch, ia Othone. « Dio in Vi- 
 
 tcliio. f Dio. in Pertinace. eDio. 
 
 in Juliano. h Jofeph. lib. 17. cap. 9. 
 
 i Ibid. lib. 14. cap. 11. 
 
 CHAP.
 
 Weights and MeafureSi &cc, 185 
 
 
 CHAP. XVII. 
 
 Of the Congiaria of the Emperors, or Gifts to the 
 
 People, 
 
 THE Roman Emperors were the only Monarchs that gave 
 back their fuperfluous Money to the People, which no 
 doubt was good PoUcy, becaufe the Money was of more 
 u{e when it circulated amongft the People than lying in a dead 
 Treafurej efpecially fince they could command it back attain, 
 when they had occafion for it. It was ftill a greater Advanrac^e 
 to the People, becaufe it was not their own, but Money raifed on 
 other conquered Nations, A fliort Account of fome of thefe Con- 
 giaria is as follows. 
 
 *By Julius Cafar, befides ten Modii of Corn and ten Pound 
 of Oyl, was given to each Citizen 400 Nummi, or 3 /. 4 j. 7 d. 
 
 ^ By the fame, 7 5 Drachms, 2 /. 8 x. ^ \d. 
 
 Tho' 1 believe it is the fame with the former Donative, only 
 omitting the 100 Nmnmi that was mentioned in the former quo- 
 tacion by Suetonius. The (ame Sum is mentioned by Plutarch, 
 and called 7 5 Drachms. " He bequeathed to the People per Man 
 7 5 Dracbnsy zl, 2,.s. $ '^d. or as fome fiy, only 1 5 Drachms, 
 16 s. \ \d. 
 
 '^ Augujlus gave frequent Congiaria to the People, fometimes of 
 ^o Nmnmi, or 4 j. 10 id. fometimes 40 Nummi, or 6 s. $ \ d. 
 
 B b fome- 
 
 * Suet, in Cxfar. cap. 3S. Populo praeteri erat, viritimdivifit, .& hocamplius centenos pro 
 frumeiiti dcnos modios ac totidcm olei libras.j mora. b Dip. lib. 44. c Ibid, 
 
 trecenos quoque nummos, quos pollicUus oliml i Suet, in Aug. cap. 41.
 
 l86 Tables of /Incient Coins^ 
 
 fometimes 150, i /. i x. i ^. not omindng the very Children, tFio" 
 the common Cuftom was not to give to any under the Age of 
 eleven. Eufehius in his Chronicle writes, that after the VitSlory of 
 ^ffiim, there were reckoned of Kow<2W Citizens 4.i(Joooo. And 
 by theCenfus that was made at the Nativity of our Saviour there were 
 reckoned 5)3.700000. Suppo{e only that there were two Millions 
 of thefe that received the forementioncd Sum of 1 1, is. 1 d. it 
 would amount to 4.03 (>45 8 /. 6 s, % d. 
 
 ''Augujlus left by his Teftament to the common People, fer 
 M an, 3.1. 8 J. 5 i d. 
 
 ^The (ame Author mentions another Congiarium of his o^ Co 
 Draclms, or 1 /. 1% s. 9 d. and the Number that did partake of this 
 Liberality was only 200000, fo tliat the whole amounted to 
 387-00/. 
 
 ^ Suetonius faith that he lefc to the People of Rome 5 1 1 5? i <; /. 
 1 5 J-. 4 ^. and to the Tribes 28255/. 4X. z d. 
 
 ■^Tiberius gave a Congiarium of 300 Nummi, 2/. 8/. r ^ d. 
 
 ' Tiberius was noted for his niggardly Temper, he ufed only to 
 g've to his Attendants their Dyet, but once he was taken with a 
 Fit of Gencrofity, and divided them into three ClaiTes according 
 to their Dignity ; to the firft he gave 600 Sejiertia, 4843 /. i 5 x. 
 to the fecond 400 Sejiertiuy 3229/. 5 x. 4 i. to the third 200 
 Sejlertia^ 16 14 I. i i s. Sd. 
 
 In (uch a Suit as a Roman Emperor had, this would exhaufl a 
 large Civil Lift. ''There is another Liberality of his mentioned, 
 very judicious and generous; to the Citizens who had fuffered 
 Damage by a great Fire he gave Millies H-S. 8072^11 /, 1 3 x. 
 ^ d. 
 
 ' Caligula gave a Congiarium of 60 Drachms y i /. iS s. s) d. 
 
 e Dfo. lib. y6 f Ibid lib. 5'f. 
 
 g In Augulto cap. 41. Lc>;avit pop. Romano 
 q;uaatin{;entic-, tribubus tr:ies quinquies. H-S 
 li Suet in Tibcric, cap. ;j. ' Ibid. 
 
 Cap. 46. Pcc'.nis purcji ac tenax, comitas pe- 
 regrinationum expeditionumque nauquamSala- 
 rio, cibariis taotum fudeutavit : una modo libe- 
 
 He 
 
 ralitate ex indulgentia vitrici profecutus cum 
 tribus claffibus fadis pro dign'tate cujufque, pri- 
 ms fexcenta feftertia, fecunds quadringcnta di- 
 (tribuit, ducenta tertia:, quam non amicorum 
 fed gratorum appellabat. k Suet. ibid. 
 
 Dio. lib, j-8. » Dio. lib, 5-9.
 
 Weights and Meafures^ &c. 187 
 
 He paid likewife a Legacy of Ttherius of 1 1 2 5 Myriads of 
 Drachms y ^6^iSi I. 5 s. 
 
 "" Nero gave a Congiarium of 400 Nummij 1^ I. 4 s. yd. 
 
 "The fame is menrioned by Tacitus, 
 
 °Nerqja gave at once in land to the value of 484375 /. to re- 
 lieve poor Citizens. 
 
 ^ Adrian Caid he had loft 3 .iii)i<^<r/. 13 s, ^d. which he had 
 given to the People and Soldiery for the Adoption of Commodus, 
 who proved unfit for the Empire. This ihews you to what 
 immenfe Sums the Ambitus or bribing for Offices had come to. 
 
 '^ Antoninus Philofophus gave a very large Congiarium of no lefs 
 than 8 Aureiy 6 I. ^s. zd. which Dio faith was greater than ever 
 they got before. 
 
 ' His Son Commodus gave 725 Denariiy 25 l. S s. z ^ d. 
 
 " Se'verus gave a Congiarium of i o Aurei, which came to 5000 
 Myriads of Drachms, i <? 1 4 5 8 5 /. 6 s. S d. 
 
 ' The Ambitus or bribing for Offices was very expenfive. Milo 
 when he ftood for the Confulate gave to each Voter 32/. 
 8 /. I o ^. 
 
 " Sabinus Nymphidius promifed to each Soldier of the provincial 
 Legions 40/. -j s. ^ id. that they might chufe Galba Emperor. 
 
 * Claudius promifed the Soldiers per Man 113/. os. 5 ^. if they 
 would make him Emperor. 
 
 ^ Julian promifed to the Soldiers per Man 201 /. 16 s. y^d. 
 to chu{e him Emperor. 
 
 ^ Otho promifed 403 /. 1 z s. 11 d. to thofe that were to af^ 
 fafTinate Galba, of which there was paid in ready Money 80/. 
 1 4 J. yd. 
 
 However this was no extraordinary Price for the Life of an 
 Emperor, nor is it an extraordinary Sum that is mention'd by 
 
 B b 2 Saluji, 
 
 m Suet. InNerone cap. 10. n Tacit, i Severe. t Afconius Psdianus. 
 
 lib. 13. o Dio. in Nerva. P Spar- J " Plutarch, in Galba. x Philippuslib.3.' 
 
 tiaii. in Adriano- q Dio. in Antonio. I Chronici. y DiQ. « Suet, in Othone. 
 
 » Lampridius \n Commodo. * Dio. in 1
 
 1 88 Tables of Ancient Coins ^ 
 
 Sahfl, " given to two Spies in Catiline s Confpiracy, 'viz. to one 
 807 /. 5 J- iod. to another a Freeman i <; 1 4 /. 1 i j-. 8 ^. 
 
 '' Otho bribed one o£ Galhas Servants with Soyz/. 1 8 j. 4^. 
 
 Paulus the Co«^</ was bribed by Csfar himfelf with a Sum of 
 
 5 (> J I o /. 8 J. 4 ^. 
 
 ' Plutarchy who mentions this, faith afterwards, that he was brought 
 over to Cafars Party by die Sum of xf)o6z^L 
 
 There are two confiderablc Bribes mention'd in Law-Suits, 
 ''one of 8071/. I 8 J. 4^/. which Dio was obliged to pay for 
 common Juftice. 'Another oC ^ 166 I. i 3 x. 4 ^. 
 
 ^ Gahinius was accufcd of taking a round Sum of 1.5)57500/. 
 
 The ^Ambitus came at laft to 8072P / 5 j. 4^. /?fr Tribe, 
 and there were 3 5 of them. 
 
 C<a'^/>o Cojfulianus according to Tacitus lib. i z. for bringing in 
 Thrafeas Patus guilty, got a Reward o^ quinquagies H-S. 40108/. 
 
 6 s. S d. 
 
 CHAP. XVIII. 
 
 Of the Revenues of the Roman Empire. 
 
 IT is much to be regretted that there is not in any Author a 
 Computation left us of the Revenues of the Roman Empire, 
 and hardly any Memoirs from whence it might be colleded. 
 Thofe of the Moderns who have wrote upon the Subjed, have 
 rather made a Collediion of fome PafTages of Authors oblcure, 
 and fometimes inconfiftent, than given any methodical Account, 
 from whence they may be reduced to Numbers. All that was 
 poiTible for me to do in this Uncertainty, was to gather fome 
 
 matters 
 
 « Saluft. b Suet, in Othone. 
 
 « Plut. in Cxfare. d Cicero in 3. Ver- 
 
 rina, .« Cicero in Cluentio. 
 
 f Cicero pro Rabirio Pofthumo. g Cig. 
 
 Epift. 2. ad Q. Fratrem.
 
 Weights and Mcafurcs^ &c. 189 
 
 matters of Fa€t together, which I fliall lay before my Readers, 
 leaving thofe of more Skill to make their Inferences from them. Au- 
 gujius carried a Rationcirium of the Empire in his Pocket. It was 
 certainly a very great Curiofity, and a Lo(s never to be retriev'd. 
 
 In confidering the Riches of the Roman Government^ one muft 
 in the firft place look upon them originally as Proprietors of all 
 the Land in their Dominions, which being acquir'd by Con- 
 quefl, was difpos'd by them accordmg to their Pleafure. We 
 read of the VeBigaks Agr'tj which were Lands taken from the Ene- 
 my divided into Centuries or Hundreds, and diflributed amontrft 
 the Soldiers, new Colonies, Cities, or lefc in the Hards of the 
 original Proprietors, under the Condition of payincr fuch Duties, 
 which as long as they paid, they entitled them and their Heirs 
 to the perpetual Pofleilion. It appears by a PalTage in Pliny 
 Epji. 7. that this Revenue was commonly reckon'd ad Rationem 
 ufura trientis, or four per Cent. This is fomewhat oblcurely ex- 
 preft : if it is meant of the Value of the Purchase, it was very high ; 
 it being hardly poflible to make fo much of Land, unlefs it was 
 reckon'd at a very low Price. Thefe Lands were fometimes called §.u£- 
 Jiorii, from their being put to Sale by §tuafiors or Commiilioners 
 for that purpofe. Sometimes tho(e Lands were out upon Leafes 
 of Lujfra or four Years, after the Expiration of which Term the 
 Tenants were obliged to renew. There were Lands calleci.^^- 
 Katiy which were entirely divided among the Veterans with the O- 
 bligation only of certain Services, and the Proprietors might dif- 
 po(e of them on the fame Condition. The Reader may fee lonn- 
 but not very clear Accounts of thefe Matters in Eyginus de Limi- 
 tibus. 
 
 The Roman Taxes, in the more early times of their Empire, con- 
 fifted chiefly in VeUigalia and Trihuta. The VeBigalia were of three 
 forts, from Tillage, Pafturage, and Carriage of Goods. 
 
 "The Tax upon Tillage may be reckoned at two Shillincrs in 
 the Pound in arable Ground, and four Shillings in Plantations. 
 
 This 
 
 ■ ^ppian. lib. l. Civil. AjxetTH ^ ^ (met^oiKivuv, tsinirln j ■^ (fVTivan'ivW'
 
 ipo Tables of Ancient Coim^ 
 
 This Tax was often levied in kind upon Corn, and called Decu- 
 m£ or Tithes. Cicevo fpeakb frequently of thefe Decuftice in Sicily, 
 in his Orations againft Verves. The Tax upon Pafturage was rai- 
 fed according to a certain Rate, per head, upon Cattle. It was 
 called Scriftura. There is a PaiTage in the Theodoftan Code wliich 
 ftates this at four Siliqute the head, or $ '^ d. 
 
 ^ The Portorium or Tax upon Carriage was what we call the 
 Cuftoms upon Trade and Shippings it was exadled ni Harbours, 
 Rivers, and {bmctimes in the PafTage of Bridges, at different Rates 
 in different times. Goods and Countries. It {ometimes amount- 
 ed to the fortieth or fiftieth Part, and in fome Cafes very near half 
 the value of the whole Goods. 
 
 Trihutum, properly fpeaking, was a Tax upon Individuals ; one 
 (brt of it was called Capitatioy a Pole-tax. Befides the forementi- 
 on'd Taxes, there were feveral Excifcs, as that formerly mention'd 
 laid on hy Cato upon Luxury and Expences; which perhaps was 
 only temporary. There was a Salt Tax laid on very early. " An- 
 cus Martins made the firft; Magazines of Salt. Salarium or Salary \s 
 derived from Sal. 
 
 The Cenftis was a Valuation of the Eftates of Particulars, for a 
 Rule of Taxing to die Government as Occafion ferv'd j and is 
 improperly confounded with the Capitatio. 
 
 Afterwards there was fuch a Multitude of Excifes laid on by the 
 Emperors, that there was hardly any thing efcap'd ; as the VcBi- 
 gal MacelUy a Tax upon Meat : ** which was once taken away as 
 a Grievance, but impofed again in Caligula's time. A Tax upon 
 Metals, and by the Pappian Law the tenth of Inheritances of fuch 
 as died without Heirs. VeUigal Lupanariim ^ Matrimonii, a Tax 
 upon Stews and Marriages. 'Five per Cent, upon manumitted 
 Slaves. ''Four per Cent, on Slaves that were fold. ^ OnepsrCent. 
 upon Audions. The Trihutum Artificiim, a Tax upon Tradef^ 
 men. VeUigal jluminum. ^ ^diliumTributum upon Vhys. ' A Tax 
 
 upon 
 
 b Velleius Paterculus. « Liv.lib. 31. 1 •> Cic.lib.2. Epift. adAttic. > Boadi- 
 
 •* Suet, in Calig. e Liv. lib. 7. 1 cia apud Xiphilinum. 
 
 f Dio. lib. Sf. 8 Suet, in J^ugufto. I 4
 
 Weights and Meafures^ Sec. 
 
 upon the dead. A Tax upon Urine and Dung called Chry- 
 fargjron : from which perhaps the Exprellion of Gold-finders 
 may come. Befides the(e and (everal others too numerous to 
 mention, there were voluntary Oblations of the Senators: and to 
 film up all, at laft they tax'd ^Fumum, Aerem c^ Umhram, Smoak, 
 Air, and Shade. 
 
 Another Fund of Riches of the Roman Government was the 
 Treafure that they plunder'd from their Conquefts, in Speciey Jew- 
 els, Plate, ^c. Come Particulars of which remain upon Record, 
 and are as follows. 
 
 ^ Paulus /Emiliusy after he had overcome Per feus King of 3fi^r<?- 
 doniay brought into the Treafury H 5. "MM. CCC. 1.856770/. 
 16 s. Sd. 
 
 '^ Scipio having conquered Antiochusy brought to it Bis Milliesj 
 I . <j 1 4 5 8 3 /. 16 s. S d. 
 
 "Before the third Punkk War, when Sextus Julius and Lucius 
 Aurelius were Conjtils, there was in the Treafury, of Gold i 6S 10 
 Pondo, which reckon'd in the decuple Proportion is 45 5 5)7 1 /. 5 i-. 
 Of Silver z 1070 Pondo, ^^S64.l. ijs. 6 d. And of coin'd 
 Money Sexagies Bis, and 8 5 400 H-S. 5 0741 /. i o j. ^ ^d. which 
 in all comes to 5 (> <? 5 7 7 /. ix s. % ^ d. 
 
 "When Sextus Julius and L. Marcius were Confuls, there was 
 in the Trealury i.^zo2>is> Pondo of Gold, 51.10x48^/. izs. 
 6d. 
 
 This is according to Harduins Explication of Pliny s Numbers, 
 but the Sum fecms too extravagant, and perhaps the Numbers are 
 not corredl. 
 
 ^Cafar brought at once to the Treafury (J5000 Talents, 
 1 1.5 5? 3 750/. 
 
 ''And 
 
 191 
 
 k Zonaras. i Plin. lib. 33. cap. 3. 
 
 Intulit Paulus iEmilius, Perfeo vido, c Ma- 
 cedonica praeda HS. mm. ccc- •" Idem. 
 
 lib 38. n Idem lib. 33. cap. 3. Auri 
 
 in .^rario populi Roman! fuere, Sex. Julio, L. 
 Auielio Cofs. Sepcem annis ante b^llvun Puni- 
 
 cum tertium pondo xvi. dcccx. argenti 
 XXII. i.xx. & in numerato Lxii.txxxv.cccc. 
 o Idem ibidem. Item Sex. Julio, L. Mar- 
 cio confulibus, hoc eft belli focialis initio auri 
 TvT. XX. Dcccxxjx. p Plutar;h. in C»- 
 
 fare.
 
 ip2 Tables of Ancient Coins 'i 
 
 "1 And when he firfl cnter'd Kojne in the beginning of die Civil 
 War, he took out of the Treafury 15000 ?oyido of Gold, 6j%\z^ /. 
 35000 Pondo ot Silver, 5745; 3 7 /. 10/. and in Coin H-S. CCCC- 
 3zz5?i(J/. lis. 4.(f. which three Sums amount to 1. 05? 55)7 f)/. 
 3 J-. 4^/. 
 
 'Tiberius left in the Treafury 'vicies fepties milliesy ii. 79(^875 /. 
 
 Some other Conjectures, concerning the Value of the Revenues 
 of the Empire, maybe made from fuch Memoirs as are left us of 
 the Revenues of particular Provinces. Apfian, who was cotempo- 
 rary with Adrian^ in the Preface of his Hiftory, thus defcribes the 
 Bounds of the Roman Empire : In Africa, Hercules's Pillars and 
 the Eaftern /Ethiopians ^ in Afta, the River Euphrates, Mount Cau- 
 cafus, the beginning of the greater Armenia, and the Colchi inha- 
 biting about the Euxine Sea ; in Europe, the Rhine, and the Ijler or 
 Danube, comprehending all the Iflands belonging to thefe Coun- 
 tries. 
 
 To begin with ■^g)pt : Appian, fpeaking of its Forces, faith that 
 in the Reign of the lecond King a^zer Alexander, there was in the 
 ./Egyptian Treafury 74 Myriads of Talents, or 191.166666 L 
 « I 5 J, 4 ^. 
 
 ^ Straho quotes Cicero, mentioning the Revenue of /Egypt to 
 have been (in the time o£ Auletes, Father to Cleopatra) 12.500 
 Talents, 2.. 411 875 /. 
 
 He adds, that if Auletes, who was a very negligent Prince in 
 the Adminiftration of AfRiirs, made fb much, what mufl: now the 
 Romans make, who govern it fo wifely ; efpecially fince the Indian 
 and Troglodytick Trade had greatly augmented the Revenues ? 
 
 Agripp 
 
 'a 
 
 1 Plin. lib. 33. cap. 3. C. Cxfar primoin-1 rr-lTfut ra/.Tf] tS Avkut^ rrfoe-^kfi^ o'o^v 
 troitu urbis in civili beilo fuo, ex srario pro- -rd^x4.v]av nnelav x) S'l^ih.'iuv 'i^iflitKoaiai'. "ot* 
 tulit latcrum aureorum xxv .m a rgcnteorum j tv Kan^u Ko-i fa8uiJ.dTa.Ta t ^a^i^tiav J-ioi- 
 XX.\v. & in luimerato, H-S. cccc- x.^/ Tc<r-wTa 'VfoffuS^i^-ro, riyf) vouUn ri. nw 
 
 ' !>uetonius in Caligula. j^,^ t.^o^tm Jt/m5A«:£c l.y.-.-^ui^iva, i^ r 'h- 
 
 Kin.ifvi' (fi<tC,ti, (f.](fau nar \\ta.vilv rS -tKMo- i^ivuv 'f^i Ttn^Toy.
 
 Weights and Meafures^ &c. 193 
 
 *Agr}ppa, in his Oration to the Je^s, recorded by Jofephafy 
 tells them that the Roman Empire had (eventy five Mihions of In- 
 habitants paying Taxes, befides the People of Alexandria (which 
 City, as he there defcribes the Dimenfions of it by Stadia^ v'as 
 near three Englifh Miles and a half in Length, and half of that in. 
 Breadth) and, faith he, befides farnilliing Rome yearly with four 
 Months Provifion of Corn, pays more Taxes in a Month than 
 you do in a Year. And what Jud<ea was tax'd at, may in fome 
 meafure appear from the following Particulars. " CaJJiusy after Ca- 
 fars Death, rais'd out of it 700 Talents, ij^6z^ I. "AndH^- 
 rod \ch to Ca far 1 000 Myriads, :^zzs>i6l. i 5 j-. 4,5/. and half 
 of that to his Spoufe, 16 1^^ S I. 6 s. S d. 
 
 ^Fefpajtan impoled a Didrachm as a Pole-tax on that Nation, 
 ^jtz. I J-. 3 i ^. ^ And their Number being reckon'd feven Milli- 
 ons, that Tax will amount to fourteen Millions of Drachrasy 
 45 zo8 5 /. 6 s. 8 d. 
 
 Then if we reckon twelve times as much for the Taxes of Alex- 
 andria, according to Agrippa's Speech, they will come out 1 6 S 
 Millions of Vrachms, 5.4x5000/. But it will be fairer to reckon 
 it twelve times the fum oi CaJJtusy 'viz. i.6z-y^ooI. 
 
 It's certain the Cuftoms of Alexandria were very great, it hav- 
 ing been the Staple of the Indian Trade, which alone, according 
 to ^ Pliny, carried yearly out of Rome quingenties H-S, 403(^45 7. 
 16 s. S d. And with fome other Branches mention'd by the fame 
 Author, there was yearly carried out of Rome^ Centies, or 8072,5) i /, 
 1 3 J. 4 <^. 
 
 ^T\i& Carthaginians, 2fter Hannihal's Overthrow, ^^id the. Romans 
 yearly only 100 Talents, 38750/. 
 
 The Revenues of Ajia in the time of Darius were not very 
 great J for, according to Herodotus, all the Revenues in Money 
 which Darius drew from Ajia^ ^gyp^ ^nd the Indies amounted only 
 to 7740 B^^y/owww Silver Talents, i.-/j^^j6il. los. and 3 <ro of 
 
 C c Gold, 
 
 ' Jofephus lib. i.de Bell. Judaico 
 
 u Idem lib. 14. » Idem ibid. 
 
 1 Idem lib. 7. • Lib. 6. cap. 23.Digna 
 
 res nulloatino Imperii noftri minus H-S. quin- 
 genties exhaoriente India, St merces remittente 
 qux cencuplicato vcneunt. > Livius.
 
 ip4 Tables of Ancient Coins ^ 
 
 Gold, which Herodotus reckons thirteen times the Value of fo many 
 Silver Talents, or i. 057175/. in all making 1.807457/. \os. 
 
 ^Cicero reckons Ajia for its Fruitfulnefs, and the great Quanti- 
 ties of Commodities for Exportation, far above all other Countries. 
 Apfian(.mh. ih^iSylla ordcied Afia to pay four Years Tribute, which 
 Plutarch tells us was z 00 o o Talents, 3.875000/. 
 
 And therefore in Sylla's time the yearly Tribute of Ajia was 
 5 000 Talents, 5)^8750/. 
 
 Plutarch likewife relates that before Pompeys time, the Tribute 
 o^ Ajia was only 5 000 Myriads of Drachms y i .6" 1 45 8 3 /. 6 s. S d^ 
 but that by his Conquefts it was augmented to 8500 Myriads, 
 z.74475?i/. 1 3 X. 4^. yet Plutarch faith that Antony made Ajia 
 pay at once z o Afyr/Wy of Talents, 38.750000/. 
 
 But Appian writes that this Sum was the Tribute of ten Years ^ 
 fo that in Antony's time the yearly Tribute of Ajia was z Myriads 
 of Talents, 3.875000/. 
 
 As to Gaul, ' Cafar exaded from it yearly quadringentiesy 3 z z p 1 6 /. 
 I 3 J. 4 J. 
 
 Lipfms is of opinion that quatermillies fliould be read for qua- 
 dringentiesy which would make the Sum ten times bigger, ry/x. 
 3 . z z 5) I (J <^ /. 13/. 4 ^. 
 
 But it is not probable that Gaul would be able to pay fuch a 
 Sum yearly, immediately after long Wars. However Velleius Pa- 
 terculus affirms that Gaul was reckoned on the fame Footing with 
 ^gypt as to Taxes. 
 
 There are no Paffages in old Authors, whereby the Tribute of 
 Spain can be found j no doubt it was very great, on the account 
 of the Mines. Straho tells that the Mines at Carthagena yielded 
 the Romans per diem to the Value of z 5 000 Drachms y 807/.. 
 J J. \o d. which per annum jnakes, x^^i^CCi L ^s. zd. 
 
 b Cfcero pro Imp. Cn. Pom. Nam cjetera- 
 rum provinciarum Veftigalia Quirites, tanta 
 funt ut his ad iplijs proviaciastutandas vix con- 
 teuti efle poflbinus. Ato vero lam opima & 
 
 ^Hannibal 
 
 fertilis, ut & ubertate a^rorum & varietate 
 fru£tuum, & magnitude paftionis, & maltitu- 
 dine eorum quai exportantur, facile omnibus 
 terris antccellat. « tutropius, lib. 6.
 
 Weights and Meajures^ dec. jgy 
 
 *Hann}haI got per diem out of the Spanijh Mines 300 Pondo of 
 Silver, ;?(? 8 /. i 5 j. which in the Year comes to 3 5 3 5 (J 5 /. 15/. 
 
 ^Ajluriasj Gallicia and Lujitania paid yearly loooo Pondo of 
 Gold, or (^45853 /. 6s. %d. 
 
 ^ There was a Mine in Dalmatia which yielded per diem 50 Po»- 
 do of Gold, 1614I. lis. Sd. which in the Year comes to 
 585)321/. 18 X. 4*^. 
 
 "The Macedonians paid yearly zooo Talents, or 387500/. as 
 appears from z Macah. viii. 
 
 8 5frrf^o tells you that Britain bore heavy Taxes, elpecially the 
 Cuftoms on the Importation and Exportation of the Gallick 
 Trade. 
 
 The greatnefs of the Roman Revenues does likewise appear from 
 the vaft Sums (pent by the Emperors on Donatives and Cono-iaria, 
 which are mention'd before. 
 
 It appears that Nero fpent that way i-j.-j6oj\.i6 I. 
 
 What ViteUius fpent I have mention'd before. Dio makes the 
 Sum amount to I 8.5 5 Z25>6 /. 13/. 4^. 
 
 ** Caligula fpent within the Year z\.j^62,j^.l. 
 
 'Fefpafian, at his AecefTion to the Empire, (aid, that to fupport 
 the Commonwealth there was need of no lefs than (^adringenties 
 Millies, ^11.91666.6 I. 13/. 4^. which is a Sum (b great, that 
 it feems impofTible to be raifed in many Years out of the Taxes 
 of the whole Empire. 
 
 ^ The Roman Empire under Augujlus maintain'd forty four Legi- 
 ons. Let us (uppofe thefe Legions full, confifting of 1 o Cohortes, 
 whereof the firft was Millenaria, a 1000 Men^ the reft of 500 
 a-piece. According to this Computation the Legions will make 
 241000 Men, befides the Pratoria'a Bands and fome Cavalry. 
 
 The Eltabliihment of England in the Year 1 7 1 1 was above 
 
 C c 2 201 000 
 
 d Plin. lib. 33. cap. 6. e Plin. lib. 
 
 33. cap. 3. f Idem ibid. E Lib. 4. 
 
 h Tacitus lib. 17. i Suetonius inVel- 
 
 pafiano lap. 16. Quadringenties millies^^fci- 
 
 T 
 
 licet HS.) Vcfpafianus ftatim initio fui priuci- 
 patus opus cffe profcHus eft, ut republica Itarc 
 poflet. k Orolius lib. 6.
 
 196 Tables of Ancient Coins^ 
 
 201000 Men; and that of France was much greater than this of 
 Augujius. 
 
 But one may fay that this Force was too great for either King- 
 dom to exert, and could not be done without incurring an im- 
 menfe Debt. 
 
 CHAR XIX. 
 
 SomeObfervations upon the Grecian Money Affairs. 
 
 TH O' I have not leifure to make (b long and particular a 
 DifTertation upon the Riches and Money of Greece as I have 
 done on thofe of RomCy yet to gratifie the Curiofity of 
 the Reader, I have colleded a few Matters of Fad, that will en- 
 able him to make fbme Judgment in what relation the Wealth 
 of Greece ftood to that of Rome. 
 
 The firfl Cenfus of the Athenians^ as it was inftituted by SoloJiy 
 was after the following manner, 
 
 Thofc of the firfl: cTafs were called Pentacojiomedimni, or, as the 
 word imports, fuch as could afford 500 Medimni or Meafures of 
 dry or liquid things \ I {uppofe as of Corn, Wine and Oyl. A 
 Medimnus contains 4 Pec. i Gal. i Pin. 053 S. In. conlequently 
 ^00 Medimni of Corn for Example make about 71 ^a. zBup. 
 I I Peck. 
 
 Thofe of the fecond Clafs were termed Zeugitay from Yokes of 
 Oxen and Horfes. 
 
 Thofe of the third were called Hippai or Horlemen. 
 
 Thofe of the fourth were called Thetes, or fuch as dealt in 
 Workmanfliip and Manufadures, thefe were excluded from any 
 Share in the Magifl;racy. 
 
 The
 
 Weights and Meajures-, &c. 197 
 
 The firft; Clafs was fuppofed to be able to make the Expences 
 of a Talent, or 1 5* 3 /. i 5 j. 
 
 The Uif^ai were fuppofed to be able to fpend half a Talent, or 
 06 I. i-j s. 6 d. 
 
 The Zeugita were fuppofed to be able to fpend 51/. 5 j-. lod. 
 
 The fourth Clafs were fiippofed not to be worth any thing, or 
 incapable of making any publick Expences. 
 
 The Reader may lee a full Account of this Cenfus in the Au- 
 thors mark'd at the Bottom of the Page*, the Palfages are too 
 long to tranfcribe. 
 
 ^ Corn was reckoned commonly at a Drachma the Medimnusy or 
 y \ d. fer Quarter 4 s. 6 d .« 
 
 ^ In Demoflheneis time it was much higher, at 5 Drachms the 
 Medimnusy which makes it ^^r Quarter i /. zs. -j \d. 
 
 ' There were indeed two of the greatefl; Dearths at Athens that 
 ever were known in any Country. One in which the Price of 
 Vv heat came to 300 Drachms the Modius, per Quarter 305/. 
 I 3 J. ^ d. 
 
 ^ The other was when Athens was befieged by Sylhy when Corn 
 was/'fr Quarter zzcl. 8 j. % ^ d. 
 
 In times of Plenty the " Price of a Sheep was jld. 
 
 'The Price of a Hog i j, i i _ J. 
 
 5 The Price of an Ox 3 j. z'^d. 
 
 Thefe Prices, which /eem much upon a parvj'nh. the early Rates of 
 Cattle at Romcy muft have been when Money was not in fo great 
 Plenty, for they keep no Ballance with the Price of Corn above 
 mentioned •, nor '' with the Price of a Horfe which was i i Mina, or 
 38/. I 5 J. But Horfes came out of the Eaft-country, and were 
 at firft fcarce in Greece. 
 
 ' A Soldier's daily Pay was a Drachma, as a Denarius at Rome, 
 •j\d. 
 
 There 
 
 * Ariftol. 2. Politicon. Plut. in Solone. Pol- 
 lux lib. 8. » Plut. in Solone. bDe- 
 mofthenes contia Phormionem. Philippus lib. 
 a Chronic, « Plut. in Demetrio. 
 
 «* Idem inSylla. e Plutarch, in Soione. 
 
 f Ariftophanes in Pace. g Plutarch, in 
 
 Solone. h Ariftophanes in Nebulii, 
 
 » Demofth. Olynth. i.
 
 log Tables of Ancient Coins^ 
 
 There were fomc Soldiers called DUrachmaj from having double 
 that Sum, i j. 3 -, d. 'viz. the (econd Drachma for a Servant. 
 
 ''There is like wife mention'd by Xenofhon a TetrohoJon^ a Soldi- 
 er's Pay, ^ \d. 
 
 ' The Pay of a Horfeman fer Month, befides his Provifions was 
 no more than 30 Drachms^ (that is a Drachm a day) ip j. ^{d. 
 
 The Greeks, efpecially the Athenians^ were great Encouragers of 
 Arts. "" The yearly Pay of a common School-mafter was a M'ma 
 or 3/. 4 J. -J d. 
 
 " The (ame was the Reward of a Teacher of DiakBicks. 
 
 ° The Reward of a Sofhijl was 4 or 5 Mince y 11 1, i 8 j-. 4^. or 
 1 4 I. IS. lid. 
 
 p Gorgias the Orator had from his Scholars 1 000 Min^e, or 5 zz /. 
 1% s. 4 ^. 
 
 According to Suidas the Reward of the Sophijis was a Talent, 
 1 5) 3 /. I 5 J. 
 
 ^The yearly Penfion paid Democedes the Phyfician by the Athe- 
 nians was I o o Min£, or 3 1 z /. i 8 j. 4 <^. 
 
 ^The ALginera paid him yearly the Penfion of a Talent, or 
 I 5) 5 /. I 5 X. 
 
 1 He had a Penfion from Polycrates Samius of two Talents, 
 387/ 10 s. 
 
 ' Jfocrates had from his Difciples a Dida&ron, or Reward of 1000 
 Mime, ^zx^l. 3 j. 4^. 
 
 *Pamfhilus a Painter had from his Apprentices a Talent a year, 
 1 5) 5 /. I 5 X. and they were bound, it feems, for ten Years. Bu- 
 daus reads it, Docuit fieminem minoris taJentis minnis quadragintay 
 and that from the Authority of an ancient Manulcript : But this 
 Sum is incredible, being no lefs yearly than 7750/. 
 
 ' Ifocrates had a Talent for inditing the .Letters which Timotheus 
 (ent to Athens, or 1 5) 5 /• i 5 J"- 
 
 When 
 
 k Xenoph. lib. l^.hwir.M-. i Demoft- 1 contra Sophiftas. p Suidas. q Hero- 
 
 henes Philip, i. » Athenaus lib. 13. dot. lib. 3. i Plutarch, in Ifocrate. 
 
 n Cicer. lib. 4. Acad, quaft. o ifocrates I sPlin.lib.jj-.csR. 18. « Plut. ia Ifocrate.
 
 Weights and Meajures-y dec. 
 
 " when Amt^haiis the Harper fung in the Theatre at Athens ^ his 
 Pay pr diem was a Talent, 1^3/. i 5 y. 
 
 ^ Helcyon got from Vionyjius a Talent, or 1 5? 3 /. 15/. becaufe 
 he had foretold an Eclipfe of the Sun. 
 
 ^ Demojihenes fold the Silence of one Day for zo Talents, 
 or 3875/. to Harpalusj and he was fined for it 5 o Talents,. 
 ^6S-/ I. 10 S. m 
 
 * The Judges at Athens had i 5 o Talents, z 90 6 2. 1. 10 s. 
 
 "The Rewards of the Ijihmian and Olympick Games were but 
 foall, as they were inftituted by Solon: The Honour of the Vic- 
 tory was the chief Encouragement. To the Vi6lor in the Ijihmian 
 Games the Reward was only 100 Drachmae, or 3/. 4/, ydf. To 
 the Vi6tor in the Olympick Games 5 00 Drachma^ or \6 I. 2. s. 11 d. 
 
 ^500 Drachma in thofe early Days was thought a competent 
 Fortune for a Gentlewoman, and was raifed by Contribution by 
 her Friends, 16 l. z s. \\ d. 
 
 "The Athenians ga.ve 7,000 Drachma^ 96 1. ijs, zd. to thetwo' 
 Daughters of Arijlides, he himfelf being very poor. 
 
 Eminent Painters had great Prices for their Pictures ; f took no- 
 tice before, that ^ Afclepiodoms had paid him by Theomnejius for e- 
 very Figure of a Hero 100 Minay or 3 zz/. 1% s. /\.d. 
 
 'There were 100 Talents, 15)575/. of Tribute, remitted to the 
 Cot for the Venus oE Apelles. 
 
 '^As to Books, I took notice before that a few Manufcripts of 
 Philolaus were fold for i 00 Mina, or 3 zz /. i 8 j. 4 ^. 
 
 ^Ptolotny Philadelphus bought of the Athenians the original Ma- 
 nufciipts (or thofe perhaps which were given out to be fuch) for 
 15 Talents, ot Z906 I. 15/. 
 
 ^Ifocrates fold one Oration to Nicoclesy Kin^ of Cyprus y for zo 
 Talents, 3875 /. which was the fame Price that Demojlhenes had 
 for holding his Tongue. 
 
 ^ ^ All: 
 
 J 99 
 
 • Athenoeus lib. 14. x Plutarch in 
 
 Dione. y Plutarch, in Demifthene. 
 
 2 Ariftoph. in Vefpis. * Plut. in Solone. 
 
 b Suidas in ©lirct. ^ Plutarch, in Arillide. 
 
 d Plin.lib.gf.cap.io. e Strabo.lib. 14. 
 
 *'Diog. Laert. lib. 3. Gell. lib. 3. cap. 17. 
 * Philippus in Declamat. de ftudiis veteris Phi- 
 lofophi*. h Plutar. inSocratc.
 
 203 Tables of Ancient Coins ^ 
 
 'All thefc Rewards came vaftly fliort of what was paid Arijlotk 
 by Alexander for his natural Hiftory of Animals, being no Icfs than 
 8 CO Talents, or 15 5000/. 
 
 The Punilhmcnts of free Governments are commonly gentle, ac- 
 cordingly the'' legal Fines are commonly but fmall j 100 Drachm^y 
 
 3 /. 4 J-. yd. was the common Fme for a Rape appomted by So- 
 lon. • 
 
 ' The Fine of a Slanderer, or one that betrayed Secrets, was 
 500 DrachnnBy t6 1, z s. 1 1 d. 
 
 But great Men who mitferved their Country, were often fined 
 very highly i as '"Pericles, who was fined 50 Talents, i^CSy /, 
 10 f. 
 
 Miltiades was fined the fame Sum. 
 
 "And Demades paid ttw Myriads of DracJ}ms, or 312,5)/. 3/. 
 
 4 d. for a hundred Strangers who danced at Athens againft 
 Law. 
 
 "It was a pretty large Fine that was iv!V^o{k.Ahy CaJfiusonRhodesj 
 no lefs than 500 Talents, or 5? <J 8 7 5 /. 
 
 f But nothing ever came up to the Extravagance of the Ex- 
 pences of the Funeral of Hephajlion by Alexander, being no lefs 
 than izooo Talents, or x. 12.5 000/. 
 
 Plutarch makes this only loooo Talents, or 1.5)37500./. 
 Indeed one muft own he had plentiful Sources of Riches and 
 Treafure for fuch Expences. ''The Crowns that were feiit him in 
 Prefents at his Marriage were reckoned worth 1 5 000 Talents, or 
 X.906 i$o I. §1^ Curtius affirms that at Sufa 3.nd Perfepolis he got 
 no lefs than 150000 Talents, or zs>.o6z$oo I. 
 
 ' He found in the Houfe of Bagoas wearmg Apparel to the Va- 
 lue of 1 000 Talents, or 1 5) 5 75 o /. 
 
 'The Riches of Vamafcus only in coined Money was $0^7 $oL 
 
 The 
 
 i Athen.lib.9 & 12.' k Piut.inSolone. I P Juftin. lib. 12. Diodor. Siculus iiT Alexan- 
 
 1 liberates contra Loehitam- mSuidas. I dro lib. 17. ^ Athenxus lib. 11. 
 
 n Fiut. in Phocione. « Plut. inBruto. 1 ' Flat, in Alexandro. » Quint. Curt. lib. 3.
 
 Its and Meafures, Sec. 201 
 
 ^Thc Foot-ftool of Viirius was valued at 3000 Talents, or 
 581150/. 
 
 After fuch an immenfc Value for a Foot-ftool, one muft not 
 wonder at the Price of: the Scabbard of Mithridateis " Sword, which 
 one Puhlius having ftole, fold to Ariarathes for 40 o Talents, 
 77500^- 
 
 His father Phihfs Revenues were very inconfiderable in refoe^t 
 of fuch Sums. * Diodorus Sicuhs reckons as a prodigious Sum the 
 thousand Talents that were yearly paid to Fhilipy 1 5? 3 7 5 o /. 
 
 And Herodotus makes the three Governments of: Afta pay '^ year- 
 ly only 1470 Talents, 284811/. 10 s. 
 
 As Alexander received great Sums, he was no le(s generous and 
 liberal in disburfmg of them; and it may gratify the Curiofity of 
 the Reader to give {bme Account of them, that he may compare 
 them with the Liberality of the Roman Emperors. 
 
 ^ At one time he gave to each of his Soldiers s><^ I- 17 s. 6 d. 
 
 ""Hedifcharged 5)00 Soldiers by reafon of their Age, and to e- 
 very Foot Soldier of them he gave 9G I. ij s. 6 d. and to every 
 Horfeman 3 51 7 /. i o x. 
 
 ^ He gave a Donative to each of the foreign Horfemen in his 
 Service of 500 Denarii, or i 6 1, zs. iid. 
 
 He gave to the Macedonian Horfe, is>L j s. 6 d. 
 
 ''To the Soldiers who were to return to their own Country, 
 he odercd fer man 31/. 5 x. 10 d. 
 
 ^ And at another time he gave to each Soldier who returned 
 Jiome, 96 L i-j s. 6 d. 
 
 ' At one time he gave to each Horfeman, 1 5) 3 /. i 5 x. 
 
 ^He gave likewife zooo Talents, 387500/. as a free Gift to 
 the Theffalians. ' And after all he left in his Treafure at his Death 
 1 00000 Talents, 15J.375000/. No wonder, fince his yearly Tri- 
 bute, as the fame Author hath delivered it, was 3 00000 Talents, 
 5 8.1 2.5000/. 
 
 D d You 
 
 • Athenacus lib. 12. " Plut. in Pompejo. I b Idem ibid, c Idem. lib. 6. d Plut. 
 
 X InPhilippi anno 3. y Hcrodot. lib. 3. in Alexandre. e Juftin, lib. 1 3." 
 
 *Curt. lib. 7. a Idem lib. j-. 1,
 
 202 Tables of Ancient Coins 9 
 
 You have all thofe Sums as they are deUvered by the Authors, 
 whofc Credit mull anfwer for them. 
 
 The Romans could never be faid to be rich before their Con- 
 queft of Greece. Greece was much richer than Italy, and Ajia than 
 Greece. The Revenues of the Athenian Commonwealth were vaft- 
 ly greater than thofe of Romcy confidering the fmall Extent of 
 their Dominions ^ for the Atbevian Dominions were always very 
 fmall, the Romans very early had acquued a much larger Territory, 
 and yet were very poor. This will appear from the following 
 Account of the Athenian Revenues. 
 
 ^ Denwfthenes tells you, that the Revenue of Athens in early 
 times was 1 3 o Talents, z^i^j U 10 s. 
 
 That it had received an Addition of 400, or 7 7 5 00 /. which 
 makes in all i o z 6 8 7 /. i o x. 
 
 ^ Xenophon cAzuXMts the Revenue at loob Talents, orii>5 75of. 
 
 ^ According to Ariflophanesy it was 1000 Talents, or 3 87500/. 
 
 thucydides brings in Pericles {peaking of their Wealth, and reck- 
 oning the yearly Tribute of their Confederates 600 Talents, 
 I I <J z 5 o /. 
 
 'Demetrius PhalareuSj when he was at the Head of their Affairs, 
 had in his Power a Revenue of i zoo Talents, or 2 3 1500 /. 
 
 ^Thucydides affirms that there were in the Csftle at one time 
 6000 Talents, 1 .16 z^ool. 
 
 ' Ifocrates faith that Pericles brought into the Caflle 8 000 Ta* 
 lents, 1.5 5 coo o/. 
 
 ™ Lycurgus, Son of Lycophron, brought into the Treafury more 
 than ^500 Tdlents. i . z 5 9 3 7 5 /. 
 
 " They were able to undertake very great Works, and laid out 
 on the Caftlc zo i z Talents, 400 z 3 5 /. 
 
 The Attick Dominions upon the Continent were (carce fb big 
 as Torkfiire: What a Figure did this Rvpublick make in the World 
 With fb linall a Dominion l 
 
 The 
 
 f Philip. 4 8 Lib. 7. A nab. h Ariftoph. 1 i Ifocrates de pace m Paufanias ii) 
 
 in Vcfpis ' Athensus liu. n. k Lib. 2. j Atticis. n Suidas in v»ce «fsn-vA««»,
 
 Weigjjts and Me afar es^ &c. 20 j 
 
 The Macedoniansi who had a much larger Dominion, did not, 
 after they were fubdued, pay above i oo Talents Tribute to the Ro- 
 mans^ 1 5> 3 7 5 ^• 
 
 I fliall conclude this Chapter with one Inftance of the Afiatick , 
 Riches, the Credit of which Story I leave the Authors to anfwer 
 for. It is the Value of the Treafure of Sardanaplusy with which 
 he made a Funeral Pile for himfelf and Family, when he was be- 
 fieged by Arbacesy King of the Medes. Athen^us makes the Value 
 of the Treafure of this Pile to amount to loo.oooooo Talents, 
 which reckoned in Bahylomck Talents, amounts to i (jp 5 5 . i z jooo /. 
 
 This was only the Value of the Silver; there was beddes a tenth 
 part of that Number of Talents of Gold, which, if Gold was 
 reckon'd in a decuple Proportion, will juft double the Sum. 
 
 CHAP. XX. 
 
 Soitie Examples of the Application of the Tables re- 
 lating to the Money-Ziffairs of the Jews. 
 
 »W"]r7 H E N Saul and his Servant went to confult Samuel about 
 \\ finding their lofl Affes, they defigned to have given him 
 . the fourth part of a Shekel, 7 i ^. 
 
 ^Jeremiah hon^iUanameets Field for i 7 Shekels, z /. 51-. 11 d. 
 
 "Dauid gave unto Araunah for hi's threlhing Floor and Oxen 5 o 
 Shekels, 6 1, p s. zd. 
 
 *The fame is related differently in another Place, where it is 
 {aid that Da^id gave unto Oman for the Place 600 Shekels of Gold, 
 1 2.40I. 
 
 ' Omrif King of Ifrael, bought the Hill Samaria for two Talents, 
 
 3S7/. 10 s. 
 
 D d z The 
 
 1 1 Sam.ix. bjer.xxxii. « t Sam. xxiV. 4 i Chron. Xfi. « 1 Kings iri.
 
 204 Tables of /Ancient Coins, 
 
 ^The Eftimation of a Male from twenty Years old to fixty is 
 50 Shekels, 6 I. 5? j. id. if it be a Female, the Eftimation is 30 
 Shekels, 3 /, i 7 j. 6 d. if it be a Male from five Years old to 
 twenty, the Eftimation is twenty Shekels, z /. 1 i s. S d, and if 
 a Female 10 Shekels, i /. ^ s. 10 d. if it be a Male from a Month 
 to five Years old, the Eftimation is 5 Shekels, 1 2. s. 11 d. and if a 
 Female 3 Shekels, j s. p d. If it be fixty Years old or upwards, 
 the Eftimation of a Male is i 5 Shekels, i/. i 8 /. pd. and that 
 of a Female i o Shekels, i /. $ s. lod. 
 
 If a Man fliall fandify unto the Lord fome part of a Field, the 
 Eftimation fliall be according to the Seed, an Homer of Barley 
 (i ^^r/. 3 Bi^Jh.) {hall be valued at 50 Shekels, cl. <}s. z d. 
 
 ^ The Firft- born was redeemed for five Shekels, lu. 11 d. 
 
 ^ When the Children of Ifrael were numbered, each above twenty 
 Years old was obliged to pay half a Shekel, 1 j-. j, \ d. and their 
 Number was <ro3 5 50, fo that the Sum came in all to 3 85)75) /. 
 $ s. ^ d. 
 
 'When Ben-had<^dy King of Syriay befieged Samaria^ an Afs's 
 Head was fold for 8 o Pieces of Silver, 10/. 6 s. 8 d. and the 
 fourth part of a Cah. {i. e. about a Pint) of Doves Dung for five 
 Pieces, 1 z s. 11 d. 
 
 ^ M'lcah gave unto his Prieft, befides Viduals and Cloaths, ten 
 shekels of Silver yearly, that is i /. 5 j. lod. ■ 
 
 ' Hofea bought a Woman for fifteen Pieces of Silver, i /. 8 s: pd. 
 and an Homer and an half of Barley, which is more than two 
 Quarters, 
 
 "" Jofeph's Brothers fold him for twenty Pieces of Silver, 2 /. 
 lis. S d. 
 
 "If an Ox pufh one, his Owner was obliged to pay thirty She- 
 kels of Silver, 3 /. I 7 X. 6 d. 
 
 °If a Man committed a Rape, he was obliged to marry the 
 Woman, and pay her Father fifty Shekels, 6 1. f)s. z d. 
 
 Abraham 
 
 s.- 
 
 f Levit xxvii. g Numb, xviii. | ta Gen. xxxvii. » Lev. xxi- 
 
 h Exo.i. xxxviii. i 2 Kings vi. I o Dcut. xiii. 
 
 ^ Judges xvif. i Hole» iii. *
 
 Weights and Meafures^ Sec, 205 
 
 ^ Ahraham'sServ:int made a prcCent to Rehecc ah of an Ear-ring of 
 Gold weighing half a Shekel, i /. S s. and of golden Bracelets 
 weighing ten shekels, zol. i ^ s. ^d. 
 
 ^ rhe Crown of Hamn, King of the Ainmonitesj weighed a Ta- 
 lent of Gold, or 1 30 lib. Troy, and fo was worth 6100 I. 
 
 ^ Pharaoh-nechoy Kin^ of Egjpt, during the Reign of JeJwahaZy 
 impofed on the Jenvs a Tribute of i 00 Talents of Silver, 38750/. 
 and one of Gold, 6 zoo], which make together, 445)50/. 
 
 ^ Menahem gave to Pul 1000 Talents of Silver, 387500/. ro 
 confirm the Kingdom in his Hands. And he raifed the Money 
 by exatSting from each of the richer fort of the Jeni)s fifty Shekels, 
 6 I. 9 s. zd. 
 
 ' When Senmcherih, King of Ajfyria, invaded Judcih, he was pre- 
 vail'd on to return home for the Sum of 500 Talents of Silver, 
 I i6z$o I. and 3 o of Gold, i S6ooof. in all 302250 /. 
 
 And HezeBah, King of Judah, to raife this Sum, was obliged 
 not only to advance all his own Treafure, but likewife to take the 
 Plate out of the Temple. 
 
 "When AnuTiy King of the Ammonites was going to make War 
 upon Van)id, he fent 1000 Talents (3 87500/.) into Mefoptamia to 
 hire Chariots and Horfemen. 
 
 "" Amaziahy King of Judahj hired 1 00000 Men for ico Ta- 
 lents, 58750/. 
 
 ^ After Jotham, King of Jtidahy overcame the Ammonites, he 
 made them pay three Years fucceffively 1 00 Talents, 38750/. 
 1 0000 Meafures of Wheat, and as many of Barley. 
 
 ^Hainan offered to pay 10000 Talents of Silver (3.87)000/.) 
 to Kin^ Aha fuerns upon condition he would give Orders 'to deilroy 
 thejetos. Bntjofephus (lih. z.) tells us that he offered four My- 
 riads of Talents, which, if they heAtticky amount to 7.750000/. 
 
 Artax-- 
 
 p Geo. xxiv. q 2 Sam. t. I x 2 Chron. xxv. y 2 Chrou. xxvii. 
 
 I 2 Kings xxiii. ■ s i Kings xv. z Efther iii. 
 
 f -2. Kings xviii. » i Chron. xix. i.
 
 \o6 Tables of /Indent Coins^ 
 
 'Artaxerxfs, King of Perjia, ordered to be paid to Ezra the 
 Prieft whatever he iliould demand, as fir as lOo Talents of Silver, 
 58750/. 100 Mcafures of Wheat, 100 Badis of Wine, and 100 
 Baths of Oyl. 
 
 ^'Ezr^h committed to the Cuftody of the Pricfts ^50 Talents of 
 Silver, 151873/. 100 Talents of Silver Vcflels, 38750/. 100 
 Talents of Gold, 6tooooL and two Bafons of Gold of lOo 
 Drachms, 51/. 1 3 /. 4 ^. which all together amounts to pi 06 j 6 L 
 1 3 x, 4 ^. 
 
 'Darius ordered 39 Talents, or 755 (J /. 5 i". to be paid the 
 jfeivs yearly towards die building of the Temple, and defraying the 
 Charge of the Burnt Offering. 
 
 ^ Simon the High-prieft fent Ambafladors to the Romans to 
 renew their old Friendlhip, and with them a golden Shield weigh- 
 ins; 1000 Pounds. 
 
 ''yi»/W(r/'//i- demanded of the Jeix)s the Cities of Joppe and Gazara, 
 or in the place of them 500 Talents, 5> <> 8 7 5 /. And for the 
 Harm they had done, and for the Tributes of the Cities he de- 
 mended 5 00 Talents more. But Simon the High-prieft offered him 
 only 1 00 Talents, 1 5) ; 7 5 /. 
 
 ^Jafon, to be made High-prieft, offered to give /Intiochus ];6o 
 Talents of Silver, Cpy^ol. and out of a certain Revenue 80 Ta- 
 lents more 15500/. and 150 Talents, zzo6zl. 10 s. upon con- 
 dition that he fhould get leave to train up the Youth in the Fafhi- 
 ons of the Hearhen, and call the Inhabitants of Jerufakm by the 
 Name of Antiochians ; which riiree Sums amount to 1 1 4 3 i 2 /. i q j-. 
 
 But Menelaus being fent to Antiochus with the Money, offered 
 300 Talents more, 58115 /. and fb got the Priefthood to him- 
 fclf. 
 
 * 5;wow the High-prieft (ent 100 Talents, 15575/. to Tryphon, 
 that he might fet his Brother Jonathan at liberty. 
 
 Heli- 
 
 « Ezravii. bEzravili. 1 « ifeid. 'aMawbiV. 
 
 c I Efdras iv. d i Macab. £y. I e i Macab. xiii. 
 
 +
 
 Weights and MeafureSi &c. 
 
 ^Heliodorus^ Treafurer oi Sekucus, carried out of Jerufalem 400 
 Talents of Silver, 77500/. and 2,00 of Gold, (f 20000/. which 
 had been laid up for the Relief of Widows and Orphans. Both 
 Suras make 69^ jooL 
 
 ' When Antiochus conquered the Je^s, he carried out of the 
 Temple i 800 Talents of Silver, 348750/. 
 
 ^Nicanor undertook to raife zooo Talents, 387500/. by felling 
 the Captive Jenusy po for a Talent. 
 
 207 
 
 CHAP. XXL 
 
 Of the Cofl of the Temple, and the Riches of 
 
 David and Solomon. 
 
 *i 
 
 ^ t'^ H E Furniture of the Table of Shew-bread, the Candleftick 
 
 1 and other Inflruments were made of Gold, and weighed a 
 Talent, 6 100 1. 
 
 '' There was laid out for the Altar of Burnt-offering, 2.5) Talents 
 and 730 Shekels of Gold, i 8 1 308 /. 13/. 4 ^. 100 Talents and 
 1775 Shekels of Silver, 19604. 1. 5 j. 5 <r/. and 70 Talents 2400 ' 
 Shekels of Brafi. 
 
 'The moil holyHoufe was overlaid with fine Gold, amounting. 
 to <?oo Talents, 3 .7 zoooo /. 
 
 ^Da'vid laid up of his own Money for building the Temple 
 30ooTalentsof Gold, I 8.^00000/. and 7000 of Silver, 2,71 2500/. 
 The Prnices of the Tribes gave towards it 5 000 Talents and 10000 
 Drachms of Gold 3 1 .0005 i (J /. 1 3 /. 4 ^. loooo Talents of Sil- 
 ver, 3.875000/. 1 8 ©00 Talents of Brafs, loocoo Talents of 
 Iron. 
 
 Va'vid 
 
 h X Macab. iii. 
 k z-Maub. viilj 
 
 i 1 Macab. v. j 
 
 b Exod. xiiiil. 
 d I Chxon. sxiz. 
 
 ciCliron. iii,
 
 2c8 Tables of Ancient Coins, 
 
 • D^i'/W prepared in all for the Temple looooo Talents of Gold, 
 ^ lO.oooooo /. and i .000000 Talents of Silver, 195-75 0000 /. 
 
 ^ Hirum King of Tyre gave unto Solomon i zo Talents of Gold, 
 744000/. 
 
 s The Queen of Sheha gave him the fame. 
 
 ^Solomons Fleet brought from Ofhir 410 Talents of Gold, 
 
 5..<J04000/. 
 
 'Solomon in one year received 666 Talents of Gold, 4.otpiool. 
 bcfides what he got from the Merchants, the Governors of the 
 Country, and the Kings of Arahia. 
 
 In tliefe Computations the Shekel is fuppofcd quadruple of the 
 
 Drachma, according to Jofephus. And the proportion of Gold 
 
 to Silver is fixteen to one. The Talents in paflages of the Old 
 
 Tcftament are dated double the Attick, but in paflages out of the 
 
 Apocrypha the Attick Talent is ufed. 
 
 CHAP. XXII. 
 
 Of the Inter ejl of Money, 
 
 rr is natural to ask, if Money was in fuch Plenty in Rome and 
 Athens, how came Intereft to be Co high? 
 To make a compleat Diflertation upon the Intereft of Money 
 among the Ancients, would require a Volume larger than all this 
 Treatise. But the Reader may take the following Account of it, 
 as far as it coincides with my Defign. The moft ancient word 
 for Intereft was FanitSy which fome derive from nomgy pretium 
 n^el poena -^ fome from an obfolete Word feoy from whence fatits 
 7Vl\A fcecundus. Ufura, which was a general word, fignifying the 
 ule of any thing, (Plant. Prolog. Amphitr. U fur am corporis ejus capit 
 fthiy) came afterwards to be applied to Money. 
 
 Intereft 
 
 /: 4 Chron. xxii. ^ ji Kings is. E i Kings x. •> i Kings ix, » i Kings i.
 
 Weights and Meafures^ &c. 2op 
 
 Interefl for Money was forbid amongfl; the Je^ws^ and by an old 
 Law in Rome (call'd the *Lex Germtia) hkewife amongft the Ro^ 
 mans. But neither Romans nor Jeivs were forbid to take Interefl 
 firom Strangers : but afterwards this Law came to be aboUfhed, or 
 grew infignificant, as moft Laws will that hmit the price of Mo- 
 ney, contrary to the natural courfe of it. The Interefl of Mo- 
 ney, both in Rome and Greece, was high for a confiderable time. 
 Simple Interefl was exaded monthly in both places at the rate of 
 one per Cent, per Month. In Greece at the New Moon, and in 
 Rome at the Kalends. *" Kalendarium exercere fignify'd the fame thing 
 with foenus exercere. Therefore Strefiadesy in Ariflophanes, being 
 burden'd with Debt, dreaded ivnv yi v%y,v. This Ufury was a 
 Drachma upon the Centum Mince, fomewhat more than twelve per 
 Cent, a year, becaufe the Lunations returned oftener than our Ka- 
 hndar Months. The Romans paid likewife a Denarius a Month 
 for loo Denarii: and it is mention'd by " Cicero as monthly. ^- 
 f chines in his Oration Cte/iphon, faith that the Oritani paid him a 
 Drachm a month till the principal was repaid : this was called iKOr 
 TOf« or centejima ufura, one per Cent. And becaufe the As was 
 reckoned any Integer, it was hkewife called Ajfes ufura : (o that 
 AJfes ufura and centejima ufura are the fame thing. The other Sub- 
 divifions of Interefl according to the parts of the As one may fee 
 in the Tables. Li'vy and Tacitus mention the fanus unciarinm and 
 femiunciarium as high, which according to the proportion of the As, 
 being but tt or -^V in the Month, muft only make i or -, per Cent, 
 per annum. And the Law of the XII Tables forbids, ne quis unci- 
 ario foenore amplius exerceto. So it is exprcfl by Tacitus Thefe 
 Expreflions cannot be interpreted according to the Analooy of rhe 
 Tables, but differ from all the others, and they certainly denote the 
 centejima ufura : but how this way of Exprcffion in thefe two Au- 
 thors has happened, I can give no Account : It feems they put the 
 Uncia for the As or Integer. 
 
 The Centejima Vjitra was the greatefl Interefl, which it was not 
 lawful to exceed ; and what was paid over it, was reckoned as a 
 Repayment of part of the Principal. But whatever Laws were made 
 
 E e to 
 
 Pl*n. lib. ss". cap. 7. ^ Seneca deBeneficiis lib. 7. c Lib. 3. Epitt. ulr.
 
 210 Tables of Ancient Coins^ 
 
 to regulate Intereft, it was in Rome as in all other places, the Va- 
 lue of Money rofe above or fell below the legal Intereft, accord- 
 ing to the Scarcity or Plenty of the Commodity. So that Semiffes 
 Ufura or -, fer Cent, per month, fix per Cent, a year, which Pliny 
 calls Ci'vilis d^ fKodica, came to be the publick and cuftomary Iri- 
 tereft of Moneys for the Afes Ufura came to be a grievance, 
 and occafion'd great tumults among the people : yet ftill he that 
 took it was not reckoned to tranfgrcfs any Law ; and there were 
 fome greedy Ufurers that exacted double, triple, nay four times 
 
 as much. 
 
 The Sefquicentefma, which was i \ per Cent, a month, and i S 
 per Cent, a year, was condemned by the Nicene Council. It was 
 allowed by the ^Athenians only in the ca(e of the Repudiation of 
 a Wife, in which cafe the Husband was obliged to pay nine Oholi 
 monthly, till the repayment of her Portion j nine Oholi make a 
 Drachm and a half. 
 
 Cicero, in his Frumentaria, accufeth Ferres for lending out the 
 Money that was intrufted to him for buying of Grain, at 2, per 
 Cent, a month ; which fiiews that they muft have been as great Ex* 
 tortioners as our Pawn-brokers. 
 
 There were no laws at firft to limit the Intereft upon ' Pecunia 
 Traje&itiay or Fanns Nauticmi, the Money that was lent to Ma- 
 tters of Ships upon Bottom Maree or their Goods. Yet even this 
 was reduced by Jufiinian the Emperor from i to 1 per Cent, a 
 month. The reaion of the high rate of the Fanus Nauticum was 
 the greater risk that the Creditors were fuppos'd to run. 
 
 ^Money came to be (o plentiful in Auguflm Cafars time, that 
 it fell from Centejtma to Ufura trientma j and Jujiinian reduced In- 
 tereft to that rate, viz. to 4 per Cent, a year. There was alfo ^a- 
 drantes Ufura or { a month, or 3 per Cent, a year. 
 
 There was, befides fimple Intereft, a fort of compound Intereft^ 
 which, as we oblerved before, was called by Tully Anatocifmus : it 
 was fometimes reckoned after 100 months, and fometimes anni- 
 
 verfary 
 
 "* Demoflhenes kJ^ » »ejtfi « Capite de nautico fcenore. *■ Dio. lib. yi.
 
 Weights and Meajures^ &c. 211 
 
 verfary. ^ Arijlophanes calls it roKOi romv- The reafbn of the 
 Law was that the Creditor could, demand liis Money and Intereft 
 at the Term of Payment ; but this came much to the fame thing; 
 for Debtors that were not very able to pay, fubmitted to add the 
 Intereft to the Principal for the fake of Forbearance. 
 
 There was an Intereft allow'd among the Romans for what they 
 called the Species Creditiy as Corn, Wine, Oil, ^c. which was 
 fettled by Conjlantine at a third part, that is, where two Mod'ii were 
 lent, the Debtor was obliged to pay three, in cafe no other Bargain 
 was made. The reafon of this was the Variablencfs of the price 
 of thofe Commodities. 
 
 A monthly Intereft is higher than an annual one of the fame 
 rate, becaufe it operates by compound intereft. This fuggefts to 
 me the following Problem. 
 
 The rate of Intereft per annum being given, to find the greateft 
 Sum which is to be made of one Pound, fuppofing the intereft 
 payable every indivifible moment of time. 
 
 Let r be the Intereft of one Pound per annum, and let t de- 
 note any part of time with relped: to the whole Year : the (implc 
 Intereft due for that time will be rt. Now if the Intereft be pay- 
 able at the end of every fuch time equal to r, the whole Sum 
 at the end of the year, reckoning compound Intereft, will amount 
 to "^r^tV' But by Neivton's Theorem we have 
 
 H-r/l' =i+r+ -^r + '-f^ r ' + f^ ^^-f8cc. 
 
 And by fuppofition t denotes an indivifible Moment of time, aid 
 therefore it is equal to nothing : in which cafe the former Value 
 of ,--r~:i^ becomes 
 
 i + r + ij" + ir'+^>'* + T^r'+8Cc. or 
 i+^r + i5r-i-iCr + iDr + }£r+ &c. 
 
 E e X For 
 
 g In Nebulis. Tull. lib. f. Epift. ad Att. j anniverfario, ille ex fyngr^^ha pottulabat qua-; 
 Interim cum ego in cdiclo tralatitio centelimis I ternas. 
 mc obfer\aturum haberem cum Aaatocilhio 1 .
 
 212 Tables of Ancient Coins j 
 
 For Inftance, fuppofe one Pound pay every Moment at the rate 
 
 o£ 6 per Cent, per annum, then is r=zp6 y which fubftituted in the 
 
 Series gives the Terms as in the Margin, whofe Sum 
 
 loooooooo is 1,0^1 8 3 (J 5 4 equal to the Value of 1 Pound 
 
 ^000000 with it's Interell at the End of the Year. And 
 
 180000 as I is to this Number, fb is any other Sum let 
 
 3(joo out to Intereft, to that Sum which it amounts to 
 
 54 at the End of the Year. For if the Sum let out 
 
 ' ■ • be 10.000000/. it will be found to amount to 
 
 i.o<fi83dj4 io.<Ji 8 365.4/. that is 10.^1 83 ^^5 /. 8 j. 
 
 This Problem is iikewife (blv'd by a Table of 
 Logarithms, as follows,. 
 
 Multiply r into ,45415)448 ...^c. ^viz. the Reciprocal of the 
 Hyperbolick Logarithm of i o j and the Product will be the Loga- 
 rithm of the Number requir'd, which, will be found by the com- 
 mon Tables-. 
 
 High rates of Intereft arc an Indication of the Scarcity of Mo- 
 ney ; but this Reafon will not operate fo ftrongly in the cafe of 
 the Raman Citizens, as it would in other Cities oi Europe at this Day. 
 For, 
 
 1 . It is plain there was a great deal of Credit at Romey where 
 great Men could run in debt fuch vaft Sums, as appear in the 
 Chapter of Debts and Eftates, even as far as half a Million with- 
 out any other vifible fund but their perfbnal Merit, and hopes of 
 preferment in the Commonwealth. 
 
 2. The Ufurers or Money-changers being a fort of a {candalous 
 employment at Rome, is another reafon for the high rate of Inte- 
 reft. For where a Trade or Profeflion is exercifed clandeftincly, 
 and not in a legal manner, it muft be exercifed with more Fraud 
 and Extortion i and indeed thofe money Scriveners {eem to have 
 been little better than our Panxin-hrokers. 
 
 3 . The Romans do not feem to have known the {ecret of Paper 
 Credit, and Securities upon Mortgages, as far as I know, or at 
 leaft to the degree it is pra6li(ed now-a-days, which makes as it 
 were a Multiplication o£ the Species of Money. 
 
 4 The
 
 Weights and Meafuresj &cc. 
 
 4. The Ambitus was the great Trade of Romej and demanded a 
 conftant Supply of great Sums of Money. * r«//y affigns this rea- 
 (bn for the high rate oflntereft, and tells us that it had brought it 
 from 4 fer Cent, to 8 . Bribery was come to the height of 80725)/. 
 per Tribe, at the leaft the Majority of them, fuch as had the call- 
 ing Votes. And there being no left than thirty five Tribes, it is 
 cafy to gue{s how expenfive this Corruption was grown, and eve- 
 ry body knows where it ended at laft. This hath been hinted in 
 a former Chapter.^ 
 
 • Cicero Epift. 2. ad Q. Fratrem. Ambitus I in prsrogativum pronunciare. 
 
 Ardet 
 
 rediit immanis, nunquam fuit par, non dico I Ambitus toenus ex triente, Idibus Quinililix f*» 
 fclyperbolas,, vcl Seltcrtium Centies conftituuiit [ dum crat beffibus. 
 
 213
 
 214 
 
 Tables of Ancient Coinsj 
 
 DISSERTATION 
 
 Concerning the Navigation of the Ancients. 
 
 H E Confidcration of the Riches of the Ancients 
 leads us naturally to that of their Trade j and 
 there it is no left obvious to enquire into the Bulk 
 and Tunage of their Shipping : but I imagin'd 
 that Calculations of this kind would (eem dry and 
 incoherent without a general Dilcourle on the Sub- 
 ject to which they related. I chofe therefore to compile a com- 
 pendious Hiftory of the Navigation of the Ancients, having the 
 AlTiftance of the learned M. Huet's Treaty on their Commerce. 
 The nature of my Undertaking confined me to Brevity in this, 
 as in the other DifTertations j and yet I believe there are very 
 few material things omitted. 
 
 Ships were at firft called Rates in the Roman Language from their 
 Texture, Ex ratihus 'vimine contextis. The Ancients, (oxih.^ IJiodo- 
 rusy join'd together pieces of Timber, and covered them with 
 Planks, which were their firft Ships. If we had not improv'd 
 the Inventions of our PredecefTors, (-Jikh.^ §luintiliafj, we fliould be 
 ftill (ailing in Rat'ihrn, in Rafts or Floats. The Monoxyla or Boats 
 made of one hollowed piece of Timber, were ftiU an improve- 
 ment 
 
 Idodor. 19. I. 
 
 k Quint. 10. a
 
 IVeights and Meafures^ &c. 2iy 
 
 Iftent the upon Kates. They were ufed in very early times, and 
 particularly by the Indians in oppofing the Invafion of Semiramis. 
 ' Xenophon mentions them as capable of holding only three Men. 
 ^ Polyanus as carrying only one ; they are ufed in Greece at this Day. 
 M. Sfon tells us in his Book of Travels, that he was carry ed ia 
 Gnej he adds that they were fifteen or twenty feet long, a foot 
 and a half broad, and as much in depth ; that he fiw two Horfes 
 carried over in one of them. According to what is mentiou'd 
 by * Sidonius A^oU'maris ; 
 
 "Pars lintre ca^ata 
 
 Jam dociUs exponit equos. 
 
 ^ Pliny {ays, that German Pyrates ufed them, {ome being capaci- 
 ous enough to carry thirty Men. They were in ufe am Mig the 
 Gauls, as ^ Lhy relates •, and among the Hifpani, according to ^ Stra- 
 ho. They were called by the Romans Ahei. 
 
 There were likewife Boats covered with Leather, us'd particu- 
 larly by the Britons. Carina primum, {aith defar, ac Jlatumina ex 
 h'vi materia jiunty reliquum corpus mminihus contextttm coriis integi- 
 fur. Thefe were called by the Greeks Ae^fjLCLTLVoi UAoicty particu- 
 larly by Xiphilinus : they are ufed in IFales, and amongfl: the Tar- 
 tarsy at this Day. 
 
 The mod britde Water-carriage was u(ed among the jtEgyptians^ 
 who, as ' Straho (aith, would fail fbmetimes in Boats made of 
 Earthen-ware. 
 
 ImheUe ^ inutile •vulgus 
 
 Par'vula fiBilihus foUtum dare "vela fafelis, 
 
 Et hre'vihus piU<e remis incumhere tejla. Juv. Sat. r j. 
 
 The Egyptians made Boats of the Papyrus, a Plant of which 
 writing paper was made till the ninth or tenth Age, and from 
 whence it iliU retains its Name. 
 
 Plutarch 
 
 « Xenoph. lib. 6 Hift. Grxc. a Lib. 5". | \6. cap. 41. „ Lib. 21. D, i.6, 
 
 * bidou.ApoUmar.inFaiiegyricis. i Lib. 1 h Lib.i. .Lib. 17.
 
 21(5 Tables of Ancient Coins, 
 
 Plutarch relates it as a common opinion, that Crocodiles would 
 not hurt fuch as were carry'd in diofe Paper Boats, becaufe Ips 
 once Gil'd in one of them. 
 
 What appears ftill more incredible, the Indians made Boats of 
 hollow Canes. ^ Heliodorus faith they fplit a Cane in two, and 
 made a Boat of each part. ' Pliny tells you they were big enough 
 to carry three Men. 
 
 The common Materials which the Ancients made their Ships 
 of, were the Omusy or the wild AJIo j the Ilex, or ever-green Oak j 
 the Beech; and the Alder, The Fir was likewife u(ed for this 
 purpofe, Lucan lib. j , 
 
 Occumlunt Orniy nodofa impellitur Ilex, 
 Sihaque Dodones, c^ jlu^ihus aptior Alnus. 
 
 *" Pliny tells us that in Bgypt and Syria the Kings were forced 
 to build their Ships of Cedar for want of Fir. 
 
 The Romans made ufe of Fir, with which their Forefts fupply'd 
 them plentifully. 
 
 "Ptofomy promifed the Rhodians Timber for building of ten 
 ^inqitiremeiy and as many Triremes^ and fome of forty Cubits long. 
 
 They joined theii- Timbers with Iron. Vegetius (aith that fuch 
 as would be at the Expence ufed Brafs, becaule it did not ruft. 
 Hiero made ufe of that Metal in the building of his great Ship. 
 They filled up the Interftices of their Planks with Hemp and 
 Pitch; and (omctimes with a fort oi J uncus or Rulh called Spartum. 
 
 We Ihall have occafion to difcourfe of the Bulk of their VefTels, 
 and the different forts of them, in the following part of this fhort 
 Hiftory. 
 
 it is probable that, even before the Deluge, Mankind, who 
 had attained to great Perfe6tion in other Arts, muft have ufed fome 
 fort of Machines, made of the Materials above mentioned, to 
 paib Rivers and Gulphs for the conveniency of mutual inter- 
 courfe. 
 
 After 
 
 '^ Hcliod. 10. 2.7. JPlin. lib. 8. "'16.41. » Polybius lib. f.
 
 Weights and Me afures^ Sec. 217 
 
 After the Deluge the condition of mankind made this commerce 
 more neceflary, and the Iflands could not be peopled without 
 Tranfport by Shipping. The JEgyptiaTis and Phanicians were un- 
 doubtedly the firft People who cultivated the Art of Navigation. 
 
 The ^Egyptians at firft navigated the Red Sea by the permifli- 
 on of the Idumaans who were Mafters of it. (It is believed the 
 Idumaan King Erjthras was the fame with Edom or Efau.) But the 
 Egyptians {bon emancipated thcmfelves from that dependance. 
 
 "Ojirisy or, as the Greeks call him, Vmiyfus, the Bacchus of the 
 Ancients, is reported to have civilized the Indians and reicrned a- 
 mongft them $% Years, planting Colonics and building Cities, /f.^u 2411. 
 upon which Sefotlns or Sefojlrisy King of Egypt, founded his pre- 
 renfions to the Indies, and after having conquered the Ethiopians, 
 with a Navy of four hundred Ships fent into the Red Sea, fub- 
 dued all the maritime coafts as far as India p • he himfelf in the 
 mean while extending his Conquefts, by Land, farther than Alex- 
 ■ander did, beyond the Ganges, and as far as the Ocean. This 
 Correfpondence between the Egyptians and Indians continued for 
 many Years, inlbmuch that when Camhyfes invaded ^gypt, the 
 Indies were the Refuge of many of the Egyptians. The learned 
 M. Huet is of opinion, that the conformity of the Cuftoms and 
 Manners of the two Nations is a Token of this ancient Alliance. 
 Particularly, the Chine fe making ufe of Hieroglyphicks as the Egyp- 
 tians do, their holding the Dodlrine of the Metempfychojis, their 
 Worfliip of a Cow, and their Averfion from receiving foreign Mer- 
 chants into their Country, which, as '^ 5'/r^^o relates, was the Tem- 
 per of the ancient /Egyptians. 
 
 The Indians were not ignorant of Navigation before the Inva- 
 fion of the ALgyptians j for, perhaps an hundred years before the 
 Expedition of Sefojiris, according to the imperfcd: Chronology of ' 
 that time, they maintained a War againft Se-miramis, in which they 
 had four thouland Mo^zo.v) /<? or Canoes of one piece of Timber, on 
 the River Indus ; fiich a l^eople muft have had fome Experience of 
 Navigation upon the Ocean. 
 
 F f It 
 
 Diodor. Sicul. iib. i. P Manetho apud Jofephuin lib. 1. contra Apionem. flLib. 17.
 
 2i8 Tables of Ancient Coins ^ 
 
 It plainly appears that the JEgyftians pradifed this Navigation 
 very early ^ therefore when ' Strabo tells us ihAtPtolomy Philadelphus 
 was the firft who opened the Navigation ot ^gypt to the Indies^ 
 it mufl: be underftood of the Princes of Greek Extradion j for du- 
 ring- the Empire of the Perjians, who had no occafion for the 
 /Egyptian Ports to carry on their Indian Trade, the Commerce of 
 the /Egyptians with the Indies had been fo much interrupted, that 
 the Indian Seas were believed to be unnavigable. 
 
 The Phoenicians were, next to the /Egyptians^ the mod ancient 
 Navigators ^ they inhabited the maritime Coafts of Syriay bor- 
 derino- on Palefiine: their Country is properly called Phcenice, not 
 Phoenicia 5 Phcenicen illujlra'vere Phanicesy faith Pomponius Mehj fo. 
 lers hominunt genus y ^ ad belli pacifque munia eximiuniy literasy ^ li' 
 terarum operas, aliaffue etiam artes, maria na-vibus adire, claffe con- 
 figere, imperitare gentibus, regnum praJiumque commenti • a great Chai- 
 rader indeed, to be skilled m Arts and Sciences, addided to Na- 
 vigation and Commerce, powerful and valiant to maintain the 
 Empire of the Seas. 
 
 The C6mmerce of the Phoenicians lying more towards the Weft 
 than that of the /Egyptians, was the occafion of their being cele- 
 brated by ancient Auchors as the Inventors of Aflronomy and Na- 
 vigation. When Pliny names the Pani as Inventors of Naviga- 
 tion, it muft not be undcrftood of the Carthaginiam, but of the 
 Phoenicians, from whom the Carthaginians were defcended. They 
 navigated into the Ocean by the Straits of Gibraltar, eflablifhed 
 many Colonies ; Thebes in Bceotia, Cadiz, and Carthage it felf, which 
 was built fifty Years before the Deftru6lion of Troy. It was under 
 the Condud of the Phoenicians that Solomons Fleets failed to Ophir 
 and Tharfis from the Ports of Ailath and Efangaber on the Red 
 Sea. Ophir was the general name of the Eaftern coaft of Africa, 
 and Tharfs that of the Weftern coaft both of Africa and Spain. 
 This Commerce fehofaphat. King of Jtidah, endeavoured to re- 
 new, but his Enterprife was blaftcd by the DeI1:ru6lion of his Vef^ 
 fels in the Harbour. The Charader wliich Jofephus (in his Book 
 
 a^^ainft 
 
 X Lib. 3.
 
 Weights and Meafures^ &c. 2 1 9 
 
 againll Appion) gives his Countrymen is pretty true ; that being a 
 Mediterranean People, they contented themfelves with Husbandry, 
 and did not meddle with Trade j accordingly the Jeivs manned 
 their Ships with the Inhabitants of the maritime Ports of the Coun- 
 try, of which they pofTefled chiefly the inland places. Joppa is the 
 mofl famous Port mentioned in the Scriptures. It is pall doubt 
 that the Cape of Good Hope was doubled in thole early times • and 
 that the Portuguefe were not the firfl: Difcoverers of that Naviga- 
 tion. 
 
 The Phceviciansy of all the Ancients, refembled moll the Dutch, 
 their Country being narrow, low and boggy, and by great Indu- 
 flry and Expences defended from the Sea. Thofe inconveniencies 
 were ballanced by the Number and Goodnefs of their Harbours, 
 amongfl: which the chief was antient Tyre % at firfl built upon the 
 Continent, and fortified fo well, that it was able to repel the great 
 Army of Salmanazar', and fuffer thirteen Years Siege by that of 
 Nebuchadofiozory the Hardftiips of which induced the Inhabitants 
 afterwards to tranfport themfelves and their eflefls into a neigh- 
 bouring Ifland, where they built a new Tyre, far furpaflTing the 
 other in Splendor and Wealth. This Tyre continued until the 
 time of Alexander the Great, who took it and {ack'd it after a 
 mofl barbarous manner, and by eflablifhing the flaple at Alexan- 
 dria in. ^gypt, made one of the greateft Revolutions in Trade that 
 ever was known. 
 
 The Greeks, in their Lifts of fuch as have been Mafters of the 
 Mediterranean, give the feventh place to the Phcenic'iansy and the 
 eighth to ihc j^gyptians ; but thcy-were always, reproached by the 
 Egyptians as Novices in Antiquity. ^ For nho. Phoenicians were 
 much older Sailers than the Greeks : the navaU.Expedition of their 
 Hercules mentioned by Sanchoniathon under the Ninie of Malcan- 
 thusy being three hundred Years before that of Jafo7j.^y^-^j 
 
 Perjia is commodioufly fituated for Trade both by Sea and.Land ; 
 it has on the Southfide of it the Indian and Arabian Seas, and 
 Perftan Gulph j towards the North the Cafpian and Etfxine ; befides 
 
 F f z the 
 
 s A. M. 2747. Jofeph. Antiquitat. > Philortrat. Hiflory e/Phoenicia and India. 
 
 « /Ihin tht Age i^f the IVorld 3400. Vid. \
 
 220 7ables of Ancient Coins ^ 
 
 the Advantage of great navigable Rivers, fuch as the Euphrates 
 and Tigris: notwithlhnding all which natural Conveniencies they 
 never difcovered any great genius for Trade and Navigation. "5^- 
 miramis, who reign'd in that Country, made a great Figure at Sea, 
 and was fuppofed to have invented Gallies, of which ihe is report- 
 ed to have had no lefs at a time than three thoufand with brazen 
 Rofra ; but her Fleet was not man'd with the Natives of the Coun^ 
 jI.M. 3273. try. Salmanafary one of her Succeffors, man'd his Fleet with 
 his Phoenician Subjeds, but it was fo ill conducted, that the Tyrians 
 deftroy'd it with lefs than ten Ships. The Fleets which Darius and 
 Xenvf J- " rigged out againlf the Athenians y were built and man'd by 
 their Tributaries and Allies, who dwelt in the Coafts and Iflands 
 of the Mediterranean : We have a Lift of Xerxes's Fleet '' confifting 
 of 1 107 Triremes, tranfmicted to us by fuch as write the Hiftory 
 of that War, Phoenician and Syrian Ships 500, /Egyptian 200, Cy- 
 prian 150, Cicilian 100, Patnphylian 30, Lycian 50, Carian 70, 
 Ionian 70, Ijlanders 17, JEolian 60, Hellefpontian 100 ; befides 
 the(e there were Icfler Ships of thirty and fifty Oars, furnilhed by 
 the Cercurians and Hippagines, which made up the Number. In 
 all this Lift there is no mention made of the Perfians. 
 
 After the Vi6lory that Cimon ' the Athenian Admiral obtained o- 
 ver the Fleet of Artaxerxes Longimanusy the Perjians had renounced 
 all Pretenfions to the Grecian Seas, obliging themfelves not to ap- 
 proach them within three days fail •, nor to fend any man of war 
 into the L)'c/d7iSea(on the Coaft o£ Ajia Minor over againftRW^j-) 
 or PamphyJian Sea (between the Continent and Cyprus) towards 
 the Sou[hi or the Euxine Sea towards tlie North. Nothing could 
 be a greater indication of a genius quite oppofite to naval Skill 
 and Commerce than fuch an unfuccelsful War and dilhonourable 
 Treaty, unle(s it was their interrupting the Navigation of their 
 great Rivers, Euphrates and Tygris, by Catarads, to hinder the In- 
 vafion of foreign Nations. * Straho takes notice of them, telling 
 us, that before they were made, the Tygris was navigable as far as 
 
 the 
 
 " Herodot. Jib. i. » ylbout 0\ym- 1 ^ Vid. Diodor. ad Olympiac'. 8*. Ain. 4. 
 
 piad 7f. A.M. Jfij". y Haodot. j * Lib. 16.
 
 IVeights and Meafures^ ^c. 
 
 the Ground wheie Seleucia^ afterwards ftood, and the Euphrates as 
 far as Babylon^ ' Alexander, conformably to his ufual genius, 
 broke down tho^e Cafcadesj and opened the Navigation of the Ri- 
 vers i buc in procefs of time the fame vile (pirit prevailed, and they 
 were iec up "^^ and fubfifted in the time of the Emperor Jujl'mian. 
 They were fince demohflied a fecond time, and a great Trade car- 
 ried on by the Rivers, the moll famous Staples of which were 
 Siraf on the Perjtati Gulph, and Omana, of which "^ P//>^y {peaks as 
 2. Place of great Trade, and different from a City of the fame. 
 Name in Arabia. 
 
 ' Alexander made himfelf Nfafler of the Indiaji Sea, and deflroy- 
 ed the Fleet which he had on the Mediterraneany to take from his 
 Soldiers the Hopes of a Retreat, or rather to five charges •, but to 
 iliew how little he confidered the Sea-craft of the Perfians, he em- 
 ployed none of that Country in his Fleet, but man'd it with Cu- 
 rtails, Phoenicians and Cyprians. His great Projedls calling him elfe- 
 where, he gave Charge of a naval Expedition to Nearchus, who 
 fail'd out by the Indus, and returned to Perjia by the Pajitygris ^. 
 The Succeffors oi Alexander, Ptolomy Philadelphus, Antigonus and 
 Seleucus fignaliz'd themfelves as much at Sea as at Land, of whofe 
 naval forces we fhall fpeak afterwards. No Perjian Monarch ever 
 made a greater Figure at Sea than Mithridates, who difputed the 
 Empire of the Mediterranean with the Romans, made himfelf Ma- 
 fter of it from the Cilician to the Ionian = Sea ; and to reprcfs the 
 Roman naval Power, and interrupt their Trade, fill'd the whole 
 Mediterranean with Pyrates as far as the Straits of Gibraltar. 
 
 Tho' the Perfians had no great genius for Traffick by Sea, they 
 had a very great Commerce by Land ; and the antienc Arfacia, the 
 Seat of fome of the Perjian Kings, the fame with the prefent Ciz/at7>, 
 grew potent and very rich by its inland Trade. The Cafpian and 
 Buying 3eas furnillied the Artmnfans with the Goods which they 
 
 carried 
 
 21 
 
 b Thh vjtts the Seleucia Parthorum in Me- 
 fopotamia, not far dtftantfrom Babylon, at the 
 Confluence of the Tygris and Euphrates. 
 
 c Bagdat does not Jland where attient Baby- 
 lon ruas ; for it is felted upon the Tygr'is, where- 
 as li^bylon was u^on the Euphrates. Babylo- 
 
 nia // now called Catdar. 
 
 d Ammian Marccllin.lib. 24. « Lib. 36. 
 cap. 28. f The loiL-er purt of the Tygris. 
 
 g All the Sea bettveen Sicily, Italy <jWGrecce 
 ;■/ called the Ionian Sea^ of vjhich /.r^ Adiiatick', 
 fpeaking properly^ is but a fart.
 
 222 Tables of Ancient Coins ^ 
 
 carried into Terfia., and die Trade of China and India: they dc^ 
 fcended into the Cafpian Sea by the '' Oxus, and remounted again 
 by the Cyrus ' near the Euxine, from whence they were tranfportcd 
 to the European Countries: Paul Centurions. Genoefe endeavoured to 
 recover that Trade in the time of Pope Leo X. and proposed to 
 Baftl, Czar of Mufcouyy to tranfport Indian Goods to Afracan, 
 and from thence up the Wolga to Mufconvy and to Riga by the Ri- 
 vers o^ Mofca andl)«;w. Duke Frederick of Holftein went unfuc- 
 cefsfuUy about the fame Proje6t. 
 
 The Trojans were another Ajiatick Nation powerful at Sea. Their 
 Empire began about the Year of the World z y 50. Their Situation on 
 the AjJatick fide of the Helhfpont was the mofl commodious for Trade 
 and Navigation of any in the World, and raifed them to a great height 
 of Splendor and Riches in a little time. But their Empire fubfifted 
 only about an hundred and forty years, being deftroyed by the Greeks. 
 
 W-e come now to the Navigation and Commerce of the Carthagi- 
 nians. Carthage was founded or rather rebuilt by Vido about A. M. 
 3132. and peopled with a Colony o^ x[\eTyrians or Phoenicians-^ fo 
 that, as we hinted before, when the Paniare faid to be the Inventors of 
 Navigation, it is to be underftood of theP/>a'w/V/(Jwx. Horace calU 
 the Carthaginians and Tyrians uterque Panusy ' Cicero calls the Inha- 
 bitants oi Cadiz, Poeni. The Carthaginians retain'd all the Cunning 
 and Indultry of the People from whom they were defcended. "" In 
 the Scriptures the Tyrians are commended for their Skill in Carpen- 
 ter's work, and all other Arts relating to Architedlure, they being 
 employ 'd by Solomon in building the Temple. 
 
 The Carthaginians'were always famous fordrefling of Leather, an 
 Art which the Maroquines, Inhabitants of the fame Country, poffe/s 
 to this Day. They were much jefted upon by the Romans, and 
 call'd Porridge Eaters, for their Parfimony, being a Reproach they 
 were not afhamed of, but in return made as great a jeft of the 
 P\.omans for their fcarcity of Plate, in one of their firfl Embaflies, 
 as we obferved before. The City o^ Carthage, at the beginning of 
 
 the 
 
 •> upon this River Alexander ^«/7/ a 7ovj/>, 
 tailed Alexandria Oxiana. 
 
 » Cyrus, itotu (ailed Kur, it runs through 
 
 the Country of Mohan, 
 k Appian. Hiftor. Bell. Punic. 
 I Cicero pro Balbo. •»> 1 Kings v.
 
 Weights and MeafureSy &c. 223 
 
 the third ?mick War had 700000 Inhabitants. It was once Mi- 
 ftrefs of three hundred Cities, poflefled all that Trad of Land from 
 the Straits of Gibraltar to the greater Syriuy befides a great Extent 
 of Territories without the Straits on the Coafl ofAfrick, (where 
 Hanno eftabliQied many Colonies) and a part of Spain, particularly 
 the magnificent City of Carthagena, which they built : befides the 
 Ifland in the Ocean far beyond the Straits of Cadiz, of which the 
 Author of the Book of Wonders, attributed to Arijlotky and like- 
 wife Viodorus Siculusy makes fuch a Defcription, that many have 
 been induced to believe it was America. The Objcdion of Bo- 
 chart", that fuch a Navigation could not be perform'd without the 
 Compafs, is fo far of no force, that Viodorus tells you they were 
 carried there by a gull of Wind, probably the Trade Wind, which 
 reigns between the Tropicks. So far is true, that the Senate of 
 Carthage kept this Dilcovery of the Fortunate Ijland a great Secret, . 
 and forbad their People to tranfport themfelvcs thither, for fear of-: 
 difpcopling the Country. 
 
 Time has deftroy'd two noble Journals of their Navigation, 
 that of Hanno along the Coafl: ofAfrick without the Straits, and the 
 other o( Hamilcar along the Coafts o^ Europe: The Periplus, which 
 is now attributed to Hanno, being fuppofed to be fpurious. We 
 ihall have occafion to (peak of the naval Affairs of this great Peo- 
 ple, as they interfered wijh tho[e o^ the Romans. 
 
 ° The Greeks, (6 call'd at firft: from (bme very obfcure Burrough 
 or Prince, a Name which they changed for that of Hellenes or A~ 
 chaiansy were the Defendants of Savages, ignorant of Agriculture, 
 and browzing on Herbage hke Cattle ■*; witnefs the divine Ho- 
 nours that they paid to Pelafgusy who firft taught them to feed 
 on Acorns. Their own Countryman Thucydides tells us, that 
 when they were a little got out of their former miferable conditi- 
 on, they robbed at land, and pyrated at Sea. 
 
 By the Greeks may be underftiood, not only the Inhabitants of 
 that part of the Continent called Greece, but tho(e of the Ifland s 
 of the Mediterranean, and the Coafl; of Afia Minor where they 
 
 fenc 
 
 S Lib. J*. • Plin. lib. 4- cap. 7. p Apollodor. lib. 2. cap. i.
 
 224 Tables of /Ancient Coins ^ 
 
 feiit Colonies, wuhout excluding the Sicilians and the TyYrheniatu, 
 and fcveral of the Inhabitants of Italy. Minesj Kiiig of Cnte^ 
 was the fiifl: Man that civil iz'd this Nation ^ he rig'd out a Flefet, 
 and made himfelf Mafter of the Archipelago and it's Illands, leav- 
 ing his Children Governors of the Countries he had fubdued. 
 After this the Greeh began to build Towns on the Sea Coafts. 
 The Kingdom o£ Argos'^ was founded by Inachns, according to 
 common Chronology A. M. 1145?. fix hundred and (eventy fix 
 years before the Dellrudtion ot Troy. The Expedition of the ^r- 
 gonauts h:ippencd A. M. 1745. (which account I (et down only 
 as conjedlural, till the perfed one, which the World fb much 
 longs for, doth appear) it was partly mercantile, partly mihtary. 
 The Myftery of the golden Fleece is varioiifly explain'd, either 
 of the Profit of the Wool Trade of Colchis, or of the Gold that 
 they conimonly gather'd with Fleeces in the Rivers. The Ship 
 Argo, in which they (ail'd, was perhaps larger and better equip'd 
 than any that had been beforCj but could not be of extraordinary 
 fize, fince the Argonauts were able to carry it on their Backs from 
 the Danube to the Adriatick Sea. 
 
 The next remarkable Expedition of the Greeks was againfl 
 ^.M.i^ii.Troy. 
 
 Thucydides does not allow the poetical Lift of Ships m that Ex- 
 pedition ; befides, as he faith, moil of them were open Boats, and 
 the Soldiers were the Rowers. 
 
 After the Trojan War the Greeh applied themfelves with grcit 
 diligence to naval Affairs. Thucydides gives the preference in Anti- 
 c^wiiy X.O i]\t Corinthians, who were the Inventors oi Triremes. Af- 
 ter them the lonians fucceeded to the Empire of thofe Seas, and 
 were able to maintain it againft Cyrus and his Son Camhyfes. 
 
 ' The Phoc£, who were the Founders of Marfeilles, were able 
 to deal with the Carthaginians. In all thofe Wars there were few 
 
 Triremes J 
 
 A Ar^As the Citv is fftnu caWd Argo, a very 
 obfcure yitla^e in the Morca. 
 
 » Tl.e Ruins of Troy ore [reUitded to be 
 Jkiwn at t his ^ Day in Alia Minor before you 
 
 5 
 
 tmer the Hellefpont. 
 
 * Pr.ocxa is noiu cnWd Foia Vccchia, mtfar 
 fro'"'* Smyrna in Alia Minor.
 
 Weights and MeafureS'i &:c. 2 ay 
 
 Triremes J moft of them being of one Tire of Oars of fifty Banks. 
 But the Tyrants of Sicily^ Gelon and Hieron, and the Inhabitants 
 of Corfu augmenting the number of their Triremesy obhgcd other 
 States to do (b Ukewife. 
 
 Thucydides owns that in thofe early times the Athe77ians md' Egi- 
 netes made no great Figure at Sea, their Ships being only of one 
 Tire of fifty Oars ^ and this even when they put their chief Con- 
 fidence in their Fleet in their War with Xerxes. Yet Xenophon 
 (De ProDcnt.) who wrote fliortly after Thucydides, makes Athens a 
 City of great Trade. 
 
 TheCondud of Sparta in this particular feem'd to be unac- 
 countable j for they difcourag'd Trade, and yet were very ambitious 
 of maritime Power. Paufanias acquaints us, that before the Reign 
 of Polydorus, King of Lacedatnon, Commerce was carried on with- 
 out Species of Gold or Silver, only by the Exchange of Commo' 
 dities. Tragus pretends, that this was rather from a principle of 
 Virtue than Ignorance, and that Lycurgus had forbid the ufe of 
 Silver and Gold Coin, from a prudent forcfight of their mifchie- 
 vous EfFeds. It is here to be obferved, that the fimous Games 
 inftituted in the {everal Cities of Greece were partly for Trade, as 
 well as for the Encouragement of manly Exercifes, being (bme- 
 what of the nature of the European great Fairs. 
 
 It is with great Afliirance that the {everal Cities of Greece dis- 
 pute the Invention of different forts of Ships, when the Phoenician 
 and Egyptian Veflels, from whom undoubtedly they had their 
 Models, were daily to be feen in their Harbours. They have in- 
 deed one thing which they may claim as an Improvement of the 
 Phoenician Navigation j for the Phoenicians conduced their Ships by 
 the Little Bear, and they by the Great Bear. But their Naviga- 
 tion was ftill confin'd to the Mediterranean^ till about (\x hundred 
 years after the Expedition of the Argonauts, when Coelus of Samos 
 fail'd out of the Straits of Gibraltar 2.s far as the City of Trf)Y<?^/x, ac 
 the Mouth of the Batis, now ^adaJ^uiwr (an Arabick Word) not 
 far from the laid Straits. 
 
 G g Polycrates 
 
 « Inhifbitanu of a littlt IJland over-againfl Athens j it h mv) calPd Engia.
 
 226 ' Tables of Ancient Coinh 
 
 * Polycratesy Tyrant of Samosy taught the Samians their Arts, 
 and carried their naval Power to a great height. He had an 
 hundred Eiremesy which were bigger than the Grecian Ships of liis 
 
 time. 
 
 After the Trojan Expedition, Commerce flourifh'd among the 
 Greeks. Solm himlelf, as Plutarch relates of him, repair'd his Fortune 
 by Trade, which had been ruin'd by his Father's too great Genero- 
 fity. There is a remarkable Pafifagc in Plutarch on this occafion to 
 he honour of Trade. " In thoie times (faith he) as Hejiod re- 
 lates, no Labour or Profcllion was fliamctul. Trade made no 
 Difference amongft Mankind. Traffick was in great Efteem, 
 procuring honourable Alliances, and Knowledge of many things. 
 Merchants have founded great Cities, as he who built Marfei/s, 
 and was Co well receiv'd by the Gauls. Thales is reported to 
 have merchandiz'd, Hippocrates the Mathematician, and even 
 PlatOy whole principal Aim in his /Egyptian Voyage was to fell 
 his Oyl. 
 
 Cajlor the Rhodiafiy cotemporary with Augujius, compos'd a Hi- 
 flory of fuch as had been pofTcfs'd of the Empire of the Mediter- 
 ranean Sea from Minos down to the /Eginet£y for the {pace of four 
 hundred Years. From this Author Eufebius took the Lift of his 
 Chronicle. 
 
 The Ljdians" inhabiting the Country near Smyrna in Ajia Mi- 
 nor, firft in that Lift, were the Inventors of Money, the principal 
 inftrument of Commerce. 
 
 The Pelafgiy fo call'd from Pelafgus the Brother of Hermogynes, 
 Were antient and great Navigators; they firft inhabited Arcadia, 
 but peopled the liland of Leshosy which from them was call'd Pe- 
 Jafgia. The Pelafgi built Spina at the mouth of the Poy which 
 held the Empire of the neighbouring Seas till it was ruin'd by the 
 Barbarians. The Tyrrhenians were their Neighbours, whofe prin- 
 cipal City was Luna, a good Harbour. 
 
 Of all trading Nations, none acquir'd a greater Reputation than 
 the Rhodians; being conftituted by the Rofmns as the fovereign 
 
 Judges 
 
 ■* jibout Olympiad 6^. t Herodot. lib. 3.
 
 Weights and Meafures^ &c. 227 
 
 Judges of all Controverfies relating to Commerce j and their Lavfs 
 are appealed to, even at this Day. 
 
 The Phoceans founded the City of Marfeillsy wliich made a 
 great figure at Sea. The Majjtlians fent VelTels into the Ocean, 
 Southward under the Condud of Euthymeney and Northward along 
 the European Coafl under the Condudl of Pythias. 
 
 About a hundred years before the time of Akxajider the Great, 
 the Athenians and Lacedemonians difputed the Empire of the Seas. 
 Afterwards arofe Philip King of Macedon^ who endeavour'd to 
 wreft it from them both : His Pretence for making War upon his 
 Neighbours was their Pyracics ; tho' when he wanted Money he 
 pradifed the fame Trade; particularly when he was fhraitned in 
 his Fmancies at the Siege of Byzantium. 
 
 The Greeks all this while maintain'd their Commerce with the 
 Egyptians, their Inftrudors in the Art of Navigation. Amajis, 
 King of Egypt ^ afligned them Keucratis for their Staple Port. 
 
 Before we fpeak of the great Revolution in Trade, which hap- 
 pen'd by the Deftrudion of Tyre by Alexander the Great, it will 
 be neceffary to fay fbmcthing of the Trade of the Arabians and 
 Ethiopians. 
 
 Before the /Egyptians traded to the Indies^ their principal Com- 
 merce was with the Arabians . Arabia Fcelix (the Name of the 
 Country as well as principal Port) was the Magazine of both the 
 /Egyptian and Indian Commodities. This Harbour was afterwards 
 called Partus Romanus. The Country was likewife call'd Aden by 
 an Hebrew Name, fignifying Happinefs or DeJightj abounding in 
 all the rich Commodities of the World. 
 
 The Trade to Arabia FoeliXy according to P//w^, coft the Ro- 
 mans yearly about 80 7 z 51/. It was advantageoufly fituated, 
 there being an eafy paflage from it to /Egypty Ethiopia, Perjia and 
 India by Sea ; and to Phmiiciay Syria and Mefopotamia by land. 
 
 The Country of the Ethiopians (by which may be underftood 
 
 all that trad of Land in the South of Africk from the Tro- 
 
 pick of Cancer to the Ocean) abounded with feveral precious 
 
 Commodities, as Silver, Gold, Ivory, fome precious Stones, and 
 
 G 2 z the 
 
 o
 
 228 Tables of /Ancient Coins -^ 
 
 the Wood Algummim. Tliofe Commodities were likewife brought 
 to Arahia FoeJix. 
 
 From thefe Confiderations it will follow, that a Place, which 
 had an eafy Communication with the Sinus Arahicm, or the Red 
 Sea, /Egypt it[dfy Ethiopiay andlikewife the Mediterranean, was a proper 
 Staple for all the Trade of the World : therefore it was a very natural 
 Thought in Alexander the Great, after the Defl:ru<aion of Tyre, 
 to eftabliih the Seat of Trade at Alexafidria, his Name-fake and 
 favourite City, which had all tho(e Advantages : befides he was in- 
 duced to this in revenge to the Carthaginian r, hoping that Alex- 
 andria, being fituated between Tyre and Carthage, might get the 
 Trade from them both ; tho' at the fame time he took care to e- 
 ftablifli a Colony of his own people at Tyre. Alexandria had the 
 Ifland of Pharos before it, and the Lake Mareotis behind it, which 
 communicated with the Kile. It foon grew an eye-fore to the 
 Carthaginians. 
 
 Another mark of Alexanders great Confideration of Trade, was 
 making Harbours at the Mouth of the River Indus, which he did 
 by the Advice of fome Fhoenicians. He had undertaken a new Sea 
 Expedition from the Phalocapas, a Branch of the Euphrates, to vi- 
 fit the Coafls of Arahia Foelix, where he refolved to eftablifh the 
 Seat of his Empire. He intended to fail round the Cape of Good 
 Hope, but all thofe great Projedls were prevented by Death. Du- 
 ring the lad two Years of his Life, he had opened again the Trade 
 between ^gypt and the Indies : fb natural was it for a Prince, who 
 had propoled to himfelf the Empire of the World, not to ne- 
 gled the Sea, the half of his Dominion. 
 
 His SuccefTors purfued the Steps of their great Mafter in this 
 particular. The Ptolomies in ^gypt applied themfelves diligently 
 to Commerce. * Ptolomy Philadelphus, a Prince of an infirm Confti- 
 tution, but of a noble Spirit, open'd the Water-carriage from Alex- 
 andria to the Indies, by eftabhfhing Staples on the Canals of the 
 Nile, quite to the Red Sea. Of his Fleet, and particularly 
 of two Ships of extraordinary Bulk, we fliall have occafion to 
 
 ♦ About Olympiad 125-. (peak
 
 Weights and Meafurcs^ dec. 
 
 {peak afterwards. Alexander had left Grecian Governors and Co- 
 lonies in the Indiesy but they were almoft exterminated by Sandra- 
 cottusy Seleucus iQCOvcred the Sovereignty in fome degree 5 but was 
 forced to abandon to Sandrocottus, the Country along the Banks 
 of the Indusy and (bme Cities which Alexander had built. Seleu- 
 cus left Patroclus Lieutenant of that Country, who wrote Com- 
 mentaries which are loft by the Injury of Time. 
 
 Ptolo7nyFhiladelphus lent Dionyjius, an able Mathematician, to the 
 Indies, and Megajlhenes Envoy to King Sandrocottus. Megajlhenes 
 left fome Relations of that Embaffy, of which there are a few 
 Extrads yet remaining. Ptolomy fent afterv/ards Dimachns Envoy 
 to Altritrochadesy Son of Sandrocottus y who likewife compos'd fome 
 Memoirs of his Negotiation. By thofe means the Indian Trade 
 was reftor'd again to ^gypty and continued during the Race of 
 the Ptolomies. 
 
 The Succeflbrs of Alexander made war upon one another, par- 
 ticularly Sehucus upon Antigonusy in which there were great Fleets 
 fitted out on both fides in the Mediterranean. Antigonus was a 
 Prince of a great Genius ; for, having to do with Ptolomy y Lyjt- 
 machus and Caffander, Mafters of the Sea, he fent out a Fleet with 
 great Induftry from the Coafts of Phoeniciay to di{pute with them 
 this Empire of the Sea : he had promifed to his Army, who were 
 difoourag'd at the fight of Selettcus's Fleet, confifting of an hun- 
 dred Sail, that at the end of the Summer they fliould fee a Fleet of 
 his of five hundred Sail : he kept his word nearly as to the Num- 
 ber, but effedtually as to recovering the Command of the Sea. 
 He made himfelf Mafter of the City of Tyrey which, even after 
 the Deftrudion of Alexandery had recovered in fome degree its 
 Trade, This was a wonderful EfFedt of the Vi^^our of a ercac 
 Prince, and a great Indication of a maritime Genius remaining in 
 that part of the World. 
 
 Pliny fpeaks confusedly of the Navigations of Seleucus and Antigo- 
 nus in the Cafpiany which he erroneoufly fuppofed to be a Gulph of 
 the Scythian Ocean. M. Huetjuilly complains of Alexander and his 
 
 Succcffors
 
 230 Tables of Ancient Coins ^ 
 
 Succeflbrs for introducing great Confafion in Geography, by the 
 ridiculous Vanity of new naming the places which they con- 
 quer'd. 
 
 The Defcendants of the SuccelTors of Alexander cultivated Na^ 
 vigation in fome leflcr degree with various Succc(s, till they were 
 all fubdued by the Romans. 
 
 Durmg the Wars of Sekucus and Anti^onus, the Rhodians had 
 fignaliz'd themfelves at Sea : it (eems to have been the Policy of 
 that wife trading Nation to keep an exad Neutrality, as far as 
 they were able. They made it their Bufincfs to clear the Seas of 
 Pyrates, and purfued their Trade ^ but as their Country fubdfted 
 by -^^pti they had more Inclination for Ptolomy than any of the 
 reft, therefore they were refolved generoufly to fuffer the laft ex- 
 tremities rather than enter into an Alliance widi Antigonus againft 
 him. They fuftain'd a Year's Siege by Deoietrl's^ the Son ot An- 
 tigonus, who had not his Ec^ual ni the Art of befieging Cities. 
 He had a Fleet of four hundred S.iil before their City ^ aiid yet 
 after all they oblig'd him to raife the Siege, and made an advan- 
 tageous Peace. They purfued the (ame Maxim witii the Romans, 
 cultivating their Fricndihip, but endeavouring to preferve their 
 Neutrality. This embroil'd them afterwards with Philip of Mace- 
 don, in his Wars with the Romans -, and with Mithridates, who did 
 not find his account in quarrelling with that great and wife Nation. 
 
 The Hiftory of Navigation about this Period is more particu- 
 lar and diftin£l, and in order to underftand ic, it is neceflary to 
 fay fe)mething of the different Names, Figures, and Bulks of Ships. 
 The firll Divifion of Ships was into Ships of War, called by the 
 Romans CJajJica, and Ships of Burthen or Oneraria. The firft fore 
 went with Oars, the fecond with Sails commonly, tho' both were 
 fometimes ufcd. The ClaJJick were called long Ships, the Onerari£ 
 round, becaufe of their Figure approaching towards circular or oval : 
 This Figure, tho' proper for the Stowage of Goods, was not the 
 fitteft for (ailing, becaufe of the oreat quantity of leeward way, 
 except when they fiil'd full before the Wind. There was likewife 
 
 5 ^
 
 Weights and Meafures^ Sec. 231 
 
 a mixt fort betwixt the long and the round, which Appian Uh. 5 . 
 defcribes thus : OBauiay impetrata ah Antonio licentiay decern phafelcs 
 trieretkos fratri dono mifity id eji mixtos ex longarum forma ^ one- 
 rariarum. 
 
 Another diftindlion of VefTels was ApertiS or open Boats, and 
 CataphraBce, fuch as had Decks. The firft were QAXcAAphraBa. 
 
 Some of the long Ships were called Acimricey becaufe of their 
 great Swiftnejfs, which the French tranflate Brigantines. Cicero^ in 
 an Epiftle to Atticusy calls a Ship Decern Scalmorum, of ten Banks 
 of Rowers, ABuariola. The litde Veflel, which Ccefar went aboard 
 of at Brundujitmiy Plutarch calls TlKolov AQh}ia,(TKOL7\fj,oyy a Ship 
 with twelve Banks of Oars. Suetonius calls it par^uhm Navi- 
 gium. 
 
 There were Myoparones, Hemiolia, Greek names for Ships of War, 
 and may be properly tranflated FrigatSj Lemhiy little Ships, good 
 Sailers, which the Pyrates ufed^ they fometimes hadR<?^m. 
 
 Lihwrna were a fort of light Ships, (o called from the Lihurni, 
 a people of lllyria, who pyrated in them : They were Biremes. 
 
 Ordine contenta gemino crcvijfe hihurn^e. Lucan. 
 
 The Romans called all their light Ships Lihuvn£ or JJhurnics, 
 
 Amongft the Ancients all great Ships had Scapha or Boars. 
 
 In the firft maritime Was of the Greeks their Ships mult have been 
 very frnall, for ^Xenophon writes that the Athenians put aboard a 
 Fleet of an hundred fail, a thoufand armed Men and four hundred 
 Archers, about fourteen men a-picce, befides the Rowers. The 
 Ships of Xerxes's Fleet muft have been bigger ; for, as f Herodotus 
 relates, there were i z 07 Ships, and aboard them, according to his 
 Computation, two hundred and thirty men a-piece. 
 
 The manner of Sea Engagements of the Ancients (which was 
 to bore and fink the Enemy's Ships with the Rojira) gave bulky 
 and high Ships a great Advantage over their Enemies, by the force 
 
 of 
 
 f Lib. 2. Hdlen. \ Hcrodot. lib. 7,
 
 232 Tables of /Indent Coins ^ 
 
 of the Stroak of a lame Ship. The Height was hkewife no fmall 
 Convenience in boarding, and throwing of miflile Weapons. So 
 tliac it was much more true amongit them than amongft us, that 
 a httle Ship durft not lay her fide to a great one : and tho' great 
 Ships were commonly bad Sea Boats, they had a fuperior Force 
 in a Sea Engagement. The Shock of them being fometimes fo 
 violent, that it would throw the Crew on the upper Deck of 
 Icfler Ships overboard. This occafion'd the Ancients gradually 
 to encrcale the Bulk of their Ships, till they came at laft to an en- 
 ormous fize. This could not be done by one Row or Tire of 
 Oars, but by feveral, therefore they built Biremesy Triremes, §lNin- 
 queremesy and, if we may believe them, forae with forty Tire of 
 
 Oars. 
 
 I fliall not enter into the manner of conftrudion of (uch large 
 Veflels, feeming a thing impoilible to moderns skill'd in Sea Af- 
 fairs J however, that fuch Banks of Oars were not all in the fame 
 Plain, but rais'd above one another, is evident from the Figures 
 and Defcriptions of ancient Ships, and many other PafTages of Au- 
 thors. 
 
 In Triremes, the upper Rowers were called Thranites, the middle 
 Zyn-itesy the lower Thalatnites. There is a paffage in an old Scho- 
 liaft o£ Arijlophanes that explains this matter otherwife, and tells 
 you that Thranius were in the Stern, the Zygites were in the Mid- 
 fliip, and Thalamites in the Prow : but he was a Writer of a later 
 Age, ignorant of Sea Affairs, and lived after the time of The- 
 odoftusy when Triremes were no more ufed. Lucan, fpeaking of 
 the Vcffel of Brutus, tells us that the higher Oars touched the Sea 
 
 at a (Treat Diftancc. 
 
 Summis longe petit aquora Remit. 
 
 Silius Italicus lib. 1 4. 
 
 Intrat diffufos fejlis Vulcania paffim, 
 /Itque implet difperfa foros, trepidatur omijfo 
 
 Summis
 
 Weights and Aleajures^ 6cc. 233 
 
 Summis Remigioy fed enim tarn rebus in ar&is 
 Fama mali nondum tanti penetrarat ad imos. 
 
 By which PaflTage you {ee the Fire might be amongft the upper 
 Tire of Oars before the knowledge of it had reach'd to the 
 lower. 
 
 Arianus, fpeaking of a Biremisy faith avTOiV tol? kcltci) mTTctg 
 ovx, cBj ttoXv i^od i')(y(TCJL<; tS vS'olt(^3 that the lower Tire of 
 Oars were little above the Water. 
 
 The different orders of Rowers had different Rates of Pay. 
 The Thranita, as * Thucydides tells you, had better pay, becaufe 
 they wrought with longer Oars. Appiamsy lib. 5 . de Bello Civiliy 
 has a paffage, which puts the matter beyond all doubt, which 
 tranflated runs thus : " Agrippa attack'd the Ship of Papias, he 
 " flruck it under the Prow, and (plit it down to the Hold, 
 " thofe who were upon the Towers to defend the Ship were 
 '^ thrown overboard, the Water which the Ship took drowned 
 " the Thalamita; the Deck being broken, the other Rowers {aved 
 *' themfelves by fwimming." Thus we fee in the Quotation from 
 Silms ItaUcusy that when the Ship was fir'd aloft, the Thranka were 
 in mofl: danger j and from that of Appiariy that when the Water 
 broke in below, the Thalamita were drowned, and the Thranka e- 
 fcap'd. 
 
 Paufaniasy in his Attichy fpeaking of a Ship of Delosy {aith 
 that it had from the Deck downward nine Rowers. 
 
 A paflage of Memnony related and tranflated by Palmerim, runs 
 thus : " ThcLeontophoros was a Ship admirable as well for its beau- 
 *' ty as its bulk ; it had eight Tire of Oars, an hundred at each 
 /' Tire, eight hundred on each fide, in all 1^00." This paffa^e 
 and fome others have occafion'd a great Difpute among the Anti- 
 quaries, whether there were more than one Man at the long 
 Oars of ancient Ships, it Teeming a thing impofTiblc for (uch lono- 
 Oars to be managed by one Man. 
 
 H h All 
 
 * Lib. 6.
 
 234 Tables of Ancient Coins^ 
 
 All the Writers of TaBicks agree in this manner of Conftrudi- 
 on of Ships with feveral Tires of Oars, particularly an anonymous 
 Author acquaints us with the Phrafeology. Triacontorus, Tejfaracon- 
 torus y Pentecontorus, Qiithhc, are fo term a from the number of Oars ; 
 but Uniremisj Biremis^ Triremisy &c. denote the number of Orders or 
 Tires of Oars. If there were yet any doubt of this matter, the 
 Pigures of ancient Ships remaining are an ocular demonftration, 
 in which it is obfervable, that the Colutuhariay Pigeon-holes, as they 
 were called, thro' which the Oars paiTed, are not placed immedi- 
 ately over one another in the fame vertical plain, but by way of 
 ^incunxy or chequer'd, which in effedl brings the cafe to the fup- 
 pofition of Fabretti •, and thd Problem is reduced to this, what 
 perpendicular height is neceflary to place feveral ranks of Rowers 
 as it were upon Steps of Stairs in a Plain inchn'd to a horizontal 
 Line in a given Angle? ^inquiremes, which were the greateft 
 ships in common ufc, are very pofTiblc after this manner. 
 
 There are fome Ships of enormous Bulk mention'd by the An- 
 cients, built more for Oftentation than Ufe. Demetrius Poliorce- 
 tes, of whofe naval Wars we fhall fpeak afterwards, feems to have 
 been the befl: Ship-builder amongft the Ancients, of whom Plu- 
 tarch reports, that the Bulk of his Ships furpriz'd his Friends, and 
 their Beauty created fbme Delight in his Enemies. He built two 
 Ships of fixteen and another of fifteen Ranks of Oars, which 
 moved as eafily as thofe of a leffer fizc •, and warlike Machines for 
 Sieges fo well contriv'd that they aftonifli'd his Enemies : Co that 
 Lyfimachus, his mortal Foe, having obtain'd the favour of feeino- 
 his ships and Machines, furpriz'd at the Contrivance, cried out, 
 that they were built with more than human art. 
 
 Athenaus gives the following Lifl of the ¥ket of Ptolomy Philadel- 
 fhus; twoof thirty Tires of Oars, one of twenty, four of thirteen, 
 two of twelve, fourteen of eleven, thirty of nine, thirty feven of 
 feven, five of fix, feventeen of five, double that Number of four, 
 and of three and an half which were called Trier emioUa j the refl of the 
 Ships, which were diftributed throughout the whole Empire, were 
 above four thoufand. What
 
 Wei^ts and Meajures^ &c. 235* 
 
 Vl^hat Athenaus relates from Calixenus of two Ships built by Pto- 
 lomy PhiJopator is ftill more furprifing ; " That Prince, (aith he, built 
 " a Ship of forty Ranks of Oars, its length was 280 Cubits, breadth 
 '' 38, i\\Q^ AcrojioUon on the Prow was 48 Cubits above the Wa- 
 " ter, t that on the Stern 5 3 . It had four Rudders, each of j o Cubits. 
 " The Oars of the Thranit£ or highcft Ranks of Rowers, 3 8 Cu- 
 *' bits, which were eafily managed bccaufe the part within the Ship 
 ** was counterpois'd with Lead. It had two Prows and two Sterns, 
 *' twelve Decks, each (J 00 Cubits in Circumference. To give the 
 " Ship her due Motion, required 4000 Rowers, and 400 other 
 *^ Seamen; 1800 Soldiers to defend it, befides a great number of 
 'f other Officers, as Commiffaries of Provifions, ^c." I fhall not 
 enter into the CredibiUty of this Defcription, or the Mechanifm of the 
 Ship : only taking the account as it flands, and comparing it with one 
 of our firft rates of i o o Guns, of which I believe the Dimenfions may 
 be, length of the lower Gun Deck 170 feet, length of the Keel for 
 Tunnage 1 5 j feet, breadth from out to out 48, depth in the Hold 
 i<fi. By the common Rule for mcafuring of Tunnage : the Length 
 of the Keel 1 3 5 X48 the breadth, and this multiplied by 2,4 the half 
 breadth, dividing the Product by 9 5 , becaufe we fuppofe both Ships 
 without Guns, will give in round numbers i (> 3 7 for the Tunnage. 
 
 In the meafiire of Ptolomys Ship, becaufe it was a Greek who 
 defcribes it, we ftiall make ufe of our own Cubit of a foot and a 
 half, which differs very little from the Grecian : the Dimenfions of 
 the Ship are 
 
 Cubits. 
 
 
 Feet. 
 
 Length i8o 
 
 — 
 
 4^o 
 
 Breadth 3 8 
 
 _^_ 
 
 57 
 
 1 Breadth ip 
 
 
 ^8.5 
 
 410x57X18,5 the Produdt is (JSiipoj which divided by ^5 
 gives 7181, fo that the Proportion of the Burthen or Tunnage 
 of this Ship of Ptolomy to one of ours of an hundred Guns is 
 7181 to 1^37, near 4^ to i . H h i This 
 
 • Gratings. f Quarterdeck
 
 236 Tables of Ancient Coins ^ 
 
 This Computation proceeds on the Suppofition that thofe Ships 
 were fimilar Sohds, which perhaps is not true, but we can com- 
 pute on no other. 
 
 The ThalamegMs was a Ship built by the {iimc Philopator for (ail- 
 ing on the Niky defcrib'd likewife by Calixenus of a furprifing 
 Bulk, Beauty and Expence. We fliall not enter mto a Detail of 
 all the particulars, it being rather a floating Palace than a Ship, 
 but confider it in relation to our prefent purpofe as to die Dimen- 
 fions, which ftand thus, 
 
 Greek. Feet. 
 
 Length i Stadium or 300 
 
 Breadth 3© Cubits or 45 
 
 iBreadth 15 Cubits or zij 
 
 Depth 40 Cubits or 60 
 
 And 500x45x2,1.5 give 303750, which divided by 5)5 
 makes 3197 Tuns for the Burden : fo that the Thalamegm was a- 
 bout double one of our 100 Gun Ships. But a more exad way of 
 computation will be, inftead of taking half the Breadth to take the 
 Depth of the Hold, which is proportionably much greater in the 
 nntient Ships abovemcntioned than in ours, and indeterminately 
 cxprefTed in the Defcription. For in the firft Ship the Height of 
 AcroflolionzhovQ Water is mentioned to be 48 Cubits: in the (e- 
 cond, the height of the Tent or Auning above Water 40 Cu- 
 bits. 
 
 Hiero, King of Syracufe, employed Archias under the Direction 
 of Archimedes, to build a Ship of immenfe Bulk and Expence. A- 
 thenaus writes that there was as much Wood cut from Mount 
 /Etna, as would have built fixty Triremes, befides a great deal of 
 Plank that was brought from Italy and other parts of Sicily. The 
 Ship was built by halves, and the one half being finiflied, and by 
 help oF a Screw invented by Archimedes launch'd into the Water, 
 the other half was join'd to it by great Bra^s Nails, weighing a- 
 hove ten pound a-piece, morciz'd with Lead. It would be too 
 
 tedious
 
 PFeights and Mcafures^ &cc. 237 
 
 tedious to relate all the Conveniencics , Apartments , Gardens , 
 Walks, Baths, ^c. aboard this Ship ; among other things there 
 was a Fifli-pond, and a Reiervoir holding two thoufand Metretes 
 of Water, that is, according to the Tables, above eighty five Tuns. 
 It had feveral Tenders, particularly one mentioned, that was of 
 the Burden of three thoufand Talents ; a Talent was fixty Mincey 
 and the antient Attkk Mina was our Pound Averdupois, confe- 
 quendy two Talents made an hundred and twenty Pounds, called 
 a hundred Weight, and forty Talents made a Tun, therefore this 
 Ship was juft feventy five Tun. There were other Tenders, 
 which the Author faith were only five hundred Talents, or the 
 fixth part of this, •viz. twelve Tuns and an half. 
 
 There is great reafon to believe that the antient Merchant Ships 
 were much lefs than ours. Cicero tells you in his twelfth Epiftle to 
 Lentulus, that they difcovered by intercepted Letters that Dolahelia 
 defign'd, when his Affairs grew defperate in Syria and Egypt, to 
 pack up bag and baggage, and (ail for Italy, and for that purpofe 
 was about to feize upon transport Ships, the Icaft of which was of 
 two thoufand Amphora, that is about fifty fix Tun, which it (eems 
 he thought a large Ship ^ if it were only the meafure of the Ca- 
 pacity, and not of the Burden, it would be ftill much lefs. 
 
 Pliny lib. i 6. cap. 40. {peaks of one very large Ship of Burden, 
 which brought over from -^gypt the great Obelisk that itood ia 
 the Circus of the Vatican in the Reign of Caligula j which befides the 
 Obelisk itfclf had I i 0000 Modii of Lentes for Ballaft, 120000 
 Modii make i i 3 8 Tun. 
 
 All thofe great Ships above mentioned fall very far fliort of 
 the Capacity of the Ark, which, according to the Dimenfions ^iv- 
 en us in the Scriptures, was 500 Cubits in length, 50 in breadth, 
 and 5 o in height : which fuppofing it a Parallelepiped, gives the 
 Content 30x50X500=450000 folid Cubits. The Cube of the 
 Jenjjip Cubic in Feet and Decimals of a Foot is ^,0(^8404214, 
 this multiplied into the former Sum, gives 2730781^5) the Con- 
 tent of theArk in Feet j 3 3.<J8 75 cubical Feet make a Tun, there- 
 fore
 
 238 7ahles of Ancient Coins ^ 
 
 fore dividing 1750781^9 by 33.<J875, the Quotient is 8io<;z 
 Tuns, the Capacity of the Ark; which being ftow'd with things 
 of no greater, and chiefly of lefs fpecifick Gravity than Water, 
 would make the Capacity not much different from the Tun- 
 
 nage. 
 
 But, to return to the Hifl:ory of Navigation, 
 
 *The Carthaginians endeavoured to extend their Empire and 
 their Commerce by the Conqueft of Spahty Sicily, and Sardinia. 
 They attack'd Sicily with various Success, and often loft there 
 great Fleets and Armies. The two Dionyfii maintain'd their Ty- 
 ranny there with great Condudl and Force for fifty years together, 
 with a Fleet of five hundred large Ships, 1 00000 Foot and 1 0000 
 Horfe ". Vionyfius the father had once chafed them out of the Ifland. 
 He was the firft who built ^inquiremes^. Timokony who came af- 
 ter the Vionyjiiy forced the Carthaginians a fecond time out of the 
 Ifland, tho' they had manned out againft him a Fleet of two hun- 
 dred men of war, and above two thouland Ships of Burden. Thefe 
 ill Succeffes did not difeourage that ambitious and interefted Peo- 
 ple, who looked upon Syracufe as the Rival of Carthage ^ they ftill 
 purfucd the fame Scheme, and found afterwards a more dan- 
 gerous Enemy in Agathocles, who firom a Pyrate raifed himfelf to 
 be Tyrant of his Country. F^e not only beat the Carthaginians in. 
 Sicily, but befieged them in their Capitol in Africk, and '^reftored 
 the Sicilians to the Empire of thofe Seas. After the Death of Aga^ 
 thocles the Carthaginians renewed their Pretenfions upon Sicily: the 
 Sicilians called to their aid Pyrrhus, King of Epirm, who joining 
 his Ships to thofe of the Syracujians, compofed a Fleet of more 
 than two hundred fail, beat the Carthaginians at Sea, and made 
 himfelf Mafter of the Ifland. But the Romans having obtained the 
 fame Advantages over him in Italy, as he had obtain'd over the 
 Carthaginians in Sicily^ obliged him to abandon both Italy and Si- 
 cily. 
 
 The 
 
 * /f^o«* A.M. 3f9j'. Olympiad 91. J b y^^oa; Olympiad 109. 
 
 » Vid. Diodor. Sicul. Juftin. & alios. j c jibont Olympiad 117.
 
 iVeights and Meafures^ Sec, 229 
 
 The Carthaginians difputed with the {ame obftinacy the PofTcf^ 
 fion of Sardinia, and with no better Succefs. Their Attempts on 
 this I (land was the caufe of the fecond Punick War, of which we 
 fhall (peak afterwards. 
 
 The Tyriansy from whom the Carthaginians were defcended, had 
 eftabhihed a Colony at Cadiz ; the People of Cadiz procured their 
 aid againft the Spaniards, in which War they had got pofTeflion 
 of fome part of Spain. The great Hannibal afterwards extended 
 their Conquefts as far as the Eber. They were beat out of that 
 Country by the Romam, of whofe naval Power I fhall now bec^iti 
 to fay fomerhing. 
 
 The Romans, incited by the Example of their Neighbours, and 
 compelled to it by Neceflity, began to think ferioufly of acqui- 
 ring a maritime Force. Polyhius tells us, that before the firfl Pu- 
 nick War they had not thought of the Sea : this is not to be un- 
 derflood in a ftridt fenfe ; for the fame Author makes mention of 
 a Treaty between them and the Carthaginians, An. U. C. 145. in 
 the time of the firfl: Confuls, which was two hundred and fifty 
 yeais before the firft Punick War, in which they engaged them- 
 (elves not to fail beyond the North Promontory of Carthage, un- 
 lc(s compelled by Neceflity. 
 
 The Navigation of the Romans is regulated by particular Claufes 
 in that Treaty. In the year of Rome 40 z there was another Trea- 
 ty of Commerce made with the Carthaginians, in which the Tyrians 
 and People of JJtica were comprehended as Allies of the Romans. 
 It appears by thefe Treaties, that the Romans had not only prac- 
 tifed the Sea, but pyrated on it. The third Treaty between the ' 
 
 then Romans and the Carthaginians, was made in the year of Rome 
 473. By this Treaty it appears that the Romans had very much 
 negleded their maritime Affairs, for they ftipulated with the Car- 
 thaginians to furnifh them with Ships both for Tran(port and 
 War. In the year of Rome 41 6, (eventy four years before the firfl 
 Carthaginian War, the Romans had (eiz'd upon the Fleet of iheAn- 
 tiates, now Capo de Auzo, confifling of twenty two Ships, among 
 
 5 which
 
 2^0 Tables of Ancient Coins-, 
 
 which there were fix armed with Rojlray with which the Conful 
 M£niits adorn'd the publick place of Oratory^ Thefe are plain 
 Proofs of: the Romans liaving applied diemielves to the Sea, before 
 the firft Carthagmian War. 
 
 It was in vain for the Romans to think of carrying on the War 
 in Sicily againft the Carthaginians, without a naval Force; and per- 
 haps nothing can give a greater Idea of the mofl invincible Cou- 
 racre and Induftry of that People, than this firft Eflay of their na- 
 val Preparations i having built in the {pace of fixty Days from 
 the time of cutting down the Timber a Fleet of an hundred 
 flnin^uiremes and twenty Triremesy upon a Model of one of the Ene- 
 my's Ships which chance had made them Mafters of. They had 
 been us'd before to waft over their Troops into Sicily in borrow'd 
 open VefTels. The Reader will find a very particular Account of 
 this War in the firft Book of Polybiusy by which he may form 
 hkewife fbme idea of the VefTels of that time : For five years after 
 the beginning of that War the Romans rigged out a Fleet, in 
 which there were 140000 Men that bore arms. The Fleet con- 
 filled of three hundred and thirty Veflds ; in each Galley they 
 had three hundred Rowers and an hundred and twenty Soldiers j 
 for the number of Men being divided by the number of Ships 
 gives four hundred and twenty four men a-piece. 
 
 The Carthaginian Fleet confifted of three hundred and fifty fail, 
 with I f 0000 fishtino; men aboard, which is more than fourhun- 
 dred and twenty eight men in every Ship. This fliews that their 
 Ships were very large And who now (as Polyhius faith) would 
 contemplate t^e mighty Hazard to which thole two contending 
 States were expofed, and but hear the relation of the Preparation 
 of fuch Fleets and Armies without Aftonifhment, and taking part 
 of the Peril with which they threatned each other. The Event 
 was, that the Ro»/<^w Fleet (although built by Shipwrights, and con- 
 duced by Pilots, both without Experience) defeated that of the 
 Carthaginians *, both in the firft and fecond Battle 3 and had made 
 
 the 
 
 * Olymp. 131. U. C. 498. *
 
 Weights and Meafures^ ?^c, 241 
 
 the Romans Matters at Sea, had it not been for their Lofles by 
 Shipwreck j by which, the firfl; year of the War, their Fleet, con- 
 fifting of three hundred and fifty four fiil, was reduced to eighty. 
 To repair this Lo(s they built a hundred and twenty Ships in three 
 Months time, and put to Sea with a Fleet of three hundred fail, 
 of which they loft again the half by Shipwreck. This Fleet they 
 recruited with two hundred fail, whereof they loft ninety three in 
 a Sea-fight the year afterwards. This was attended by another Lofs : 
 for the Gondii Junius pafting over into Sicily with a Reinforcement 
 of an hundred and twenty Gallies, and more than eight hundred 
 Ships of Burden, his Fleet was deftroy'd by a furious Tempeft. 
 Thefe Loffes obliged the Romans to abandon the Sea to the Cartha- 
 gmiansy who by their Infolence and ravaging the Italian Coafts 
 oppofite to Sicily^ forced the Romans again to try their Fortune at 
 Sea with a Fleet of two hundred fail, under the Command of 
 Lutatius the Conful, who obtain'd a compleat Vidlory over the 
 Carthiiginians in the year of Rome 511. After which thefe People 
 were obliged to demand Peace, and give up to the Romans all their 
 Pofteftions in Sicily. This Sea War coft the Ca^ ihaginians five hun- 
 dred §luinquiremes, and the Romans feven hundred, including their 
 Shipwrecks. 
 
 The Roman Shipwrecks were occafion'd undoubtedly by their 
 Ships being bad Sea-boats, aad themfelves but indifferent Seamen. 
 For mere perfonal Valour could not fupply want of knowledge in 
 building and working their Ships. Of which there cannot be a 
 greater Indication than that of the Rhoaian Ship, which paffed 
 thro' the whole Roman Fleet, backwards and forwards (everal times, 
 carrying Intelligence to Drepanum. Polyhius faith, that the Rhodian 
 Captain relying on his Knowledge and the Lightnefs of his Veffel, 
 pafied in open day through all the Guards of the Enemy that 
 awaited him j and in a kind of Mockery and Contempt of the 
 Enemy, he would often lie upon his Oars, and then take a turn, 
 and go quite round them, as if it were to provoke them to fight. 
 This Ship by good luck fell into their Hands at laft, and (erved as 
 
 I i a
 
 2A2 Tables of Ancient Coins ^ 
 
 a Model to build others by. One cannot help making this Ob- 
 fervation, that the People of that time muft have been either 
 more Eiithful to their Country, or better governed than thofe in 
 our days j for if the Roman Government fubfifted now, they would 
 have had renegade Seamen and Ship-wrights enough to have fer- 
 vcd them on tliis occafion. 
 
 A little before the time of this firft Carthaginian War lived Hie- 
 ron KincT of Sjracufe, a wife Prince skill'd in maritime Aflairs, of 
 whofc naval Architedurc we have given a former Inlfancc. 
 
 Ten or twelve years afterwards the Romans were engaged in a 
 new War againft the Illyrians, Inhabitants of the Eaftern fide of 
 the Adriatick Gulph, who under the Authority and PermifTion of 
 their Queen Teuta infefted all the neighbouring Coafts with their 
 Pyracies. Teuta had the Infolence to put to death one of the Ro- 
 man Ambafladors ; fhe was obliged, by a vigorous and fuccefsful 
 War which the Romans made, to content to give up all the Sea 
 Coaft, except a very few places ; to reduce her Fleet two unarm- 
 ed Brigantines, and not to fail beyond the City of Lijfus^ now 
 call'd Alefo or Aleffia in the Neighbourhood of Dyrrachium^ Duraz- 
 %o in Albania. It was the conftant Method of the Romans to dif- 
 arm thofe Nations whom they had vanquifhed at Sea : for what 
 other Security could they have, it being impofTible to bridle their 
 Power in that Element by Garrifons, as at Land. 
 
 The Ijirians broke this Treaty, and the Illyrians put to 
 Sea fifty Brigantines, in which they fail'd beyond the Lijfus as far 
 as the Cyclades; but they were vanquifhed by the Conful /Emi- 
 lius. 
 
 The Ifland of Sardinia, and the UneafineG of the Carthaginians 
 under a great Sum that was exa<5led from them by the Romans, 
 were the caufes of a fecond Punick War ; in which the Fleets of 
 both Nations feem'd to be lefs numerous than in the firft. The 
 Romans, according to their ufual Spirit, when their Affairs were 
 in the utmofl Extremity in Italy by the terrible Invafion of Han- 
 vihalj Olymp. 1 40. U. C. 53^. ordered Scifto to pais with a Fleet 
 
 5 > tof
 
 Weights and Meafures^ Sec. 24.3 
 
 to Sicily^ and from thence to AfricL He with a Diligence, al- 
 moft pad CredibiUty, built, rigg'd and arm'd twenty ^inquiremesy 
 and thirty (^adriremes in forty five Days, reckoning from the time 
 of cutting down the Timber, a great part of which was green. 
 The Victory he obtained over Hannihal in Africk put an end to 
 that War. The Carthaginians beg'd and obtain'd Peace upon the 
 very hard terms of having their Fleet reduc'd to ten G allies, Sci- 
 pio having burnt the reft before their eyes to the number of 
 five hundred of all Rates. What a miferable Spectacle was this 
 for a Nation that had been Miftrefs at Sea (b long ? By this Trea- 
 ty they were not only reftrain'd as to their Ships of force, but 
 the very Bulk of their trading VefTels was regulated. It was re- 
 markable in this fecond Punick War, that whilft Hannihal was vi- 
 dlorious in Italy at Land, the Romans beat the Carthaginians at 
 Sea. 
 
 The next Affair which the Romans had at Sea was with Philip 
 King of Macedony who after the Battle of Canna had entered in- 
 to a Confederacy with Hannihal, of which the principal Article 
 was, that he fhould invade Italy with two hundred fail of Ships. 
 In the year of Rome 5 40, the Prator La'vinus commanding the Fleet 
 upon the Coaft of Brundujtum (now Brundiji) and Calahria, im- 
 barked an Army aboard the Fleet, and forced Philip to raife the 
 Sieges of * Oricum and of t A<>ollonia , obliged him to retire 
 into Macedonia by Land, and to burn the greateil part of liis 
 Fleet, confifting of an hundred and twenty Biremes. The very 
 fame year the Cities of Euhoea were attack'd by three powerful 
 Fleets, the Roman, that of Attains King of Pergamos, confifting 
 of eighty ^inquiremes, and that of the Rhodians of twenty Ca- 
 taphra^a, that is, covered or clofe Ships. Twelve years after- 
 wards Philip engaged near the Ifland of Chio the Fleet of Attalusy 
 and that of the Rhodians confifting of fixty five Ships of War, be- 
 fidesfbme of the Byzantines Philip's Fleet confifted of fifty three co- 
 
 I i 2 ver'd 
 
 * Oricum Of! the Coajl o/_Epirus, luih by the I f ApoIIonia, a City ^/Macedonia, ftonjcal- 
 Colchians. " I led PoUiiia.
 
 244 Tables of /Ancient Coins^ 
 
 ver'd Gallics, befides feveral open Ships, and an hundred and fifty 
 Galliocs and Ships called Prijlesy from the Figure of a Whale on 
 their Prow, as a Mark of their extraordinary Swiftncfs. Philip at 
 ^.t/Cyj-^-lail beincT beaten by the Romans under the Condudl of ^Flami- 
 viusy obtain'd peace upon the hard condition of delivering all his 
 cover'd Veflels to the Romans. They left him fome fmall Vcffels, 
 and one Galley of a prodigious fize, which was (aid to be of fix- 
 teen Ranks of Oars. This great Ship carried the Conful Paulus 
 /Emilitts to Romey after he had vanquifh'd Perfeus the Son of Philip. 
 
 Antiochusy firnanied the Great, at the In (ligation of Hannibal^ 
 difputed with the Romans the Empire of the Sea with the fame bad 
 Succefi. He had an Admiral of great Experience, one Polyxeni- 
 das. The Romans had the advantage of the Battel by the Bulk of 
 their Ships, and the Fleet of Antiochus in the Swiftncfs and Mo- 
 bility of theirs, which ferved them in great ftead in the Flight. 
 Polyxenidas defpifed the Fabrick of the Roman Veffels, affirming 
 them to be infcite faUas ^ immobiles. The Battel was fought on 
 the Coafts of Ionia. The Rhodians attacked a recruit of Veffels, 
 which Antiochus was bringing from Sicily •, but Polixenidas his Ad- 
 miral, a very able Officer, furprized the Rhodian Fleet, together 
 with a part of the Roman at the Ifland of Samos : there were hard- 
 ly (even Veffels that efcaped, twenty were taken and carried to 
 Ephe/us. /Emilius RegiUus fuccecded to Li'vius in the command of 
 the Roman Fleet, and with eighty fail beat that of Antiochus un- 
 der the command of Hannibal and Polyxenidasy confifting of an 
 hundred covered Veffels. The Romans took thirty of them, and 
 burnt or funk the reft. The Defeat of his Army at land at the 
 lame time extinguiflied his Hopes of difputing with the Romans 
 the command of the Sea. He was obliged to abandon all thc^- 
 Jiatick Coaft between the Sea and Mount Taurus, to deliver all his 
 Fleet to the Romans, except ten middle-fiz'd Brigantines, with 
 which he durft not fail beyond the Promontories of Cilicia. 
 
 In execution of this Treaty, fifty great Veffels were burnt by 
 the command of the Roman Conful. His Son Antiochus Eupator, 
 
 ia
 
 JVeights and Meafures^ &c. 245 
 
 defiance of this Claufe, began to augment his Fleet ; but the Ro~ 
 man Senate ordered his (upernumerary Veffels to be burnt. 
 
 Hannibal apprehending leall: Antiochus, after his Defeat, fliould 
 be obhged to deUver him up to the Romans, went into the Ser- 
 vice of Prujias, King of * Bithyniay and commanded his Fleet a- 
 gainft Eimenesy King of Pergamos^, an Ally of the Romans. Be- 
 ing fruitful in Stratagems, he threw into the Enemy's Ships car- 
 then Botdes filled with Serpents, which put the Crew in Diforder, 
 and made them fly. This was the {ame Prujias, who join'd with, 
 the Rhodians in a War againft the Byzantines, and ftop'd them- 
 from levying their Toll upon the Trade into the Euxine Sea. 
 
 The /Etolians were the next that by their Infolence drew the 
 Arms of the Romans againft them. The Conful Fuhius took their 
 Capital City Ambracia, and reduced them to beg Peace, which 
 they obtain'd by the Interceflion of the Athenians and Rhodians. 
 The Ijfrians who had join'd with them were Fellow-Sufl'erers. 
 After this the Romans were Mafters of all the Ifles from the Coaft 
 of Epirus " to the Cape of Malleum ^. 
 
 Nabisj who had poflefTed himlelfof the Coaft near to 5^<«yr^, and 
 there pyrated outrageoufly upon all the PeJopone/tan Trade, was 
 the next that felt the Power of the Roman Arms. The Conful at- 
 tack'd him with a Fleet of forty (ail, eighteen clofe Gallies of 
 Rhodes, and ten others of King Eumenes, obliged him to deliver 
 up his Fleet, and reftore the Ships he had taken to the Proprietors, 
 referving only to himfelf two Brigan tines. Notwithftandino- 
 which he rigged out another fmall Fleet, a. id ^zAchaans ingaged 
 him with theirs, not waiting for that of the Rornans. Philopcemen, 
 a great Captain at land, but a bad Admiral, took the Command 
 upon him, and was beaten by Nabis. He made afterwards a 
 Truce with the People of Rome, but before it expired he was kill'd 
 by the JEtolians, After which Sparta entered into the Alliance of 
 the Achaans, 
 
 The 
 
 : * A Province of Nalolia I c Epirus lies between Macedonia and tbt 
 
 b In the LejJ'er Myfia. T^iere was a famous I Ionian Sea; it is now called Canina. 
 Library at Pergamos, ,1 d ATffw failed C^^bo Malio i/t the Morea.
 
 246 7ahJes of Ancient Coins^ 
 
 The RhoMavs, tho' Friends and Allies of the People of Rowfy 
 were notpcrfedly well pleafed widi this great Superiority of theiu 
 iiiaritime Power. They would fain have made themielves Arbi- 
 trators between the Romans and King Perfeus: They (poke in a 
 very high ftylc to the Senate, and complain'd of a great many 
 Grievances ; but chang'd their Language much after the Defeat of 
 Perfeusy laying the blame of this Proceeding on fome particular 
 Citizens. No body could be furpriz'd tliat fo wife a People fliould 
 have fuch Sentiments. 
 
 'Perfeus, after having in vain follicited his Neighbours for aid, 
 (ent Envoys to Carthage, to kindle afrelli their anticnt Hatred a- 
 gainft the Remans: He had a numerous Fleet, and fome Ships of 
 great Bulk. The Romans during this time had neglected a little 
 their Sea Affairs, and their Fleet was ill man'd ; but a Vidory by 
 Land over Perfeus foon ended the Quarrel ; and he himiclf being 
 taken Prifoner in the Ifland of Samothracia, whither he had fled, 
 was carried to Rome. It was on this occafion that Paulus ALmilius 
 entered the Tyher in the above mentioned royal Ship of Perfeus of 
 fixteen Ranks of Oars. Gentius King of the lllyrians had the 
 fame fate. 
 
 The Romans were furprifcd to fee two captive Kings, and the 
 fucccfsful end of a War, of which they knew not the, beginning. 
 But as a mark that the Romans confidered their maritime Power 
 more in relation to War than their Trade, they made a prefent of 
 an hundred and twenty Brigantines of the Fleet of Gentius to the 
 People of ApoUoniaj Corcyra (now Corfu) and Dyrrachium {Du~ 
 razzo.) 
 
 Polyhius tells us, that from the Defeat of Philip King of Mace- 
 don till a confiderable time after that of Perfeus^ the Romans had 
 abfolutely neglected the Coafl of Illyria. 
 
 All this while the little Afiatick Princes carried on maritime 
 
 Wars againfl one another. 
 
 e Olymp, ISO. U. C j-yf. 
 
 During
 
 Weights and Meafures^ Sec. 247 
 
 During the Roman Wars in Macedonia the Carthaginians were pre- 
 paring to lliake off their Yoke. The Romans were inform'd of 
 their (ecretly laying up naval Stores. AmbaiTadors were (ent to 
 Carthage, under pretence of terminating the Difference between 
 the Carthaginians and Mafanijfa. Thefe Ambaffadors were hke to 
 have been torn to pieces by the populace, but were convinc'd by 
 ocular Dcmonftration of the naval Preparations of the Carthagini- 
 ans. Whereupon the Romans quickly fitted out a Fleet againll 
 them of fifty fuinquiremes, and a great many other Ships. The Con- 
 ful Manlius commanded the Land Army. The Carthaginians, fur- 
 prized at fbfudden an Attack, followed the Example of Utica, which. 
 had fubmitted to i^^Romans ; who began by burning the Cartha- 
 ginian Fleet j and, after having feiz'd a great number of Hoftages, 
 acquainted them with their refolution of deftroying their City, and 
 fettling them on the Continent five Leagues from the Sea. Upon 
 hearing this they were feiz'd with Fury, and refolved to fuffer the 
 lafl Extremity rather than fubmit to fuch cruel Terms. They were 
 befieg'd in form by Sea and Land. After Scifio had taken away 
 the uie of their Harbour, they dug a new one at another Quar- 
 ter of their City, through which they fent a Fleet of an hundred 
 and twenty Ships of War, which attack'd the Roman Fleet, and 
 burnt a part of it: but after all their vain Efforts, the City of 
 Carthage was taken by the Romans feven hundred years from its 
 Foundation, and fix hundred and eight after that of Rome. The 
 Romans burnt the remainder of this lad Fleet, which is another 
 mark of their fmall Attachment for the Sea. Carthage at that time 
 had feven hundred thoufand Inhabitants, as we faid before : and 
 nothing could be a greater Sign of their Power and Riches, than 
 that laft Effort they made for their Prefervation. But fucceeding 
 times plainly fliewed the Romans the Advantage of a City fituated 
 on that place. For, not to mention the Attempt of the Gracchi 
 to rebuild Carthage ^, it was at lafl finifli'd by Augujius, and peo- 
 pled 
 
 f Old Carthage fiood abvut twelve Miles from Tunis towards the Se<}. There is n fmgll 
 
 Village there now.
 
 24.3 7ahks of /Indent Coins, 
 
 pled with Romans and Africans, two hundred years from the time 
 of its Ruin, according to a Proje6b left by Julius C£far. 
 
 After the deftrudion o^ Carthage , the Romans began to have a 
 regular Commerce in Africa. It confilled chiefly in the Sale of 
 Slaves carried to the Ifland of Delos^ which by the happy Circum- 
 ftance of being reckoned a facred place, grew to be a free Pore, 
 where Nations warring with one another reforted with their Goods, 
 and traded as in a neutral Country. 
 
 The Deftrudion of Carthage was foon follow'd by that of Co^ 
 rinth s, a City famous for Trade and Navigation j it had two Har- 
 bours, that of Senchres on the JEgean Sea towards the taft, on 
 the Weftern fide the Port of Lechaum: it was called by Philip of Ma- 
 cedon the Chain of Greece. The Corinthiayis were (aid to be In- 
 ventors o^ Triremes J and of Weights and Meafures j tho' both their 
 Sea-craft and Arithmetick came originally from the Phoenicians. 
 But at lad their Impudence in violating the Right of Nations, 
 and ill treating the Roman Deputies, drew the Vengeance of that 
 People upon them : and the Conful Mummiusy after having beaten 
 y^.[/.c. 607. their Army, took, pillag'd, and burnt their City j which was af- 
 yi.t/. c. 7io.terwards rebuilt by Julius defar. 
 
 The Deftrudion of thofe two famous trading Cities, Carthage 
 and Corinth, iiU'd the Seas with Pyrates : their Inhabitants having 
 no certain abode, nor any other way of fubfifting. The Romans 
 at that time were engag'd in a dangerous War againft Mithridates, 
 who was powerful at Sea, and ufed the Afliftance of the Pyrates 
 to reduce the Roman naval Power. Antonius attack'd the Pyrates 
 of Crete, and by his too great Prefumption was defeated, upon 
 the Senfe of which affront he died with Grief This Lofs was re- 
 pair'd by ^ Metellus Pro conful, who fubdued all the Ifland, the 
 Inhabitants of which had been free from the time of Minos. The 
 Pyrates of the neighbouring Coafts, Pamphylia, Cilicia, and Lycia^ 
 had the Couras;e to enfrac^e the Roman Fleet with their fiiiall Vef^ 
 
 fels. 
 
 g Corinth flood upon the Ifthmus which joins 
 Peloponefus to the Continent^ betvjeen the Si- 
 nus Coriathiacus (Golfo di Lepan 0} and the Si- 
 
 nus SaronicusJGolfo diEgina/<?»i/_/o rnojl con- 
 venientlyfor Trade. 
 
 *> trovtnces on the South fide of Afia Minor.
 
 Weights and Meafures^ &cc. 249 
 
 lels, but were routed, and their little Fortifications deftroy'd. The 
 Romansy as they were grown formidable, were likewise become o- 
 dious to the Inhabitants of AJiaj Greece and -^gypt, which made 
 thofe Nations extremely refpedful to the orders of Mithridates. 
 The Rhodians alone kepc their Faith with the Romaiis : Their Ifland 
 was a Retreat to fuch as efcap'd from the Barbarities which were 
 pradis'd by that Prince at Sea ; who for that reafon attack'd the 
 Rhodians with a mighty Fleet ; but his defign was render'd abortive by 
 the (uperior Art and Condudt of the Rhodians. LuculluSf under 
 the command of Sylhy having with (bme difficulty colleded a 
 great Fleet, fliut up Mithridates in Pitanj, a City of Troas^ whilft 
 Fimbria befieged him by Land. Fimbria was a Perfon of Co bad 
 a character, that LucuUus would not enter into any Afifociation 
 with him \ but ading by himfelf, twice beat the Fleet of Mithri- 
 dates. Yet I think there lies a great Sufpicion upon Archelaus 
 the King's Admiral, who deliver'd up (eventy Ships, near a third 
 part of his whole Fleet, and perfuaded his Mailer to confent to it, 
 and afterwards took (ervice with his Enemies. Mithridates efcap'd 
 at that time, and revenged himfelf upon Cottay Collegue of Lu- 
 cullus. After the Death of Sylhy Cotta was beaten by Sea and 
 Land (having loft fixty Ships) and afterwards befieged in Chalcedonia. 
 LucuUus raifed the Siege, and fliut up Mithridates himfelf in his Camp 
 before Cjzicus^y a Town of Myfiay which that Prince had befieged. 
 Mithridates chofe the Sea as the fecureft Retreat, but loft fixty Men 
 of War by a violent Storm, as he was failing into the Euxine by 
 Byzantium-, he efcaped narrowly himfelf aboard a fmall Privateer, 
 who carried him back to his Kingdom. LucuUus purfued the reft 
 of the Fleet, funk thirty Men of War on the Coafts of Troas and 
 Lemnos j and at laft made himfelf Mafter at Sea j having with fingular 
 Modefty and Frugality refus'd 3 ooo Talents, or 581150/. which 
 the Senate had ordered him to refit his Fleet. Fie brought to Ita- 
 ly an hundred and ten roftrated Galleys of the Fleet of Mithri- 
 dates, and by his Behaviour in that War, and all the future part 
 
 K k of 
 
 i /1l>out Olymp. 177. U. C. (58f . k Cyzicus isfitmted on tht Propontis.
 
 o JO Tables of Ancient Co'tns^ 
 
 of his Life, has left one of die greatefi: Characters of Aiitt- 
 ciuity. 
 
 All this while the Pyrates grew very numerous, and form'd a 
 .fore of RepLiblick, which grew to fuch a degree of Power and 
 Infolence, that a Merchant Ship durft not put to Sea. The ordinary 
 Convoys of Provifions for Kome were intercepted, and the City 
 was like to be famiftied. The Towns and Temples on the Sea 
 Coafts of Italy were pillaged, or put under Contribution. The 
 Pyrates appeared with great Fleets even at die Mouth of the Tther. 
 They had of all forts above a thoufind Ships, of which they for- 
 med regular Fleets. They had their feveral Ports and Maga- 
 zines, but Cilicia was their principal Refort, from whence they 
 fitted out their Scjuadrons as occafion requir'd. So prefTmg an Evil 
 demanded a powerful and fpeedy Remedy. Pompey was entrufled 
 with a command greater than had been given before to any Ro- 
 man Citizen, and which, according to the reafonable care of Li- 
 berty in that time, and afterwards loft, gave much Jealoufy. It 
 was no lefs than the command of all the Seas from the Straits of 
 Gibraltar to the Thracian Bofphorusy with the bordering Coaft fifty 
 Miles up the Country. He had a Fleet equip'd of Romans and 
 their Allies, confifting of five hundred (aiL With this Strength 
 he defeated the Navy of the Pyrates on the Coaft of Ciliciay and 
 by a Condudl peculiar to himfelf, put a happy end to the War; 
 of which I think the moft prudent part was his Moderation and 
 Indulgence, not reducing them to defperation ; but after having 
 forbid them the u{e of the Sea, appointed them fix'd Habitations 
 and Lands to cultivate in the inland Countries ; which kind ufage 
 made them afterwards the moft faithful Subjedts of the people of 
 Rome. The fuccefiful Management of this War, which he fi- 
 nifli'd in three Months \ makes perhaps the moft glorious part of 
 the Life o^ Pompey y and exceeds (in my Opinion) the greateft Actions 
 ever perform'd by Cafar, 
 
 The 
 
 lOlymp. 178. U. C. 687;
 
 IVeights and Meafures^ &c. ayi 
 
 The Navigation of the Mediterranean was now free, but the 
 Romans enjoyed the Fruits of this Commerce very httlc, for their 
 Trade was War. Another Scene of Adion opened to the Romans ^ 
 who, after the Conqueft of Gauly Cent Shipping into the Weftern 
 Ocean. After Cafar had fubdued the Belga, the Fenetit, a People 
 inhabiting the Country about Vamies in Britany, whom Straho 
 makes ot the fame Nation with the BeJg^, forefeeing that Cafar 
 intended to invade Britamy with which they had great Commerce, 
 re(blved to divert him from his purpofe by creating him fome Di- 
 flurbance in Gaul. The Veneta were very powerful at Sea, and a 
 maritime Force was very neceflary to attack them : defar therefore 
 gave order to build his Gallies on the Lo/V, and the Rivers that 
 fall into it. He made Vec'mus Brutus Admiral of the Navy, with 
 orders to {ail towards the Veneta with what {peed he could, him- 
 felf in the mean time marching towards them with his Land Forces. 
 He tells us in his Commentaries, that the Tides were {b much 
 their Friends, and their Ships (o accommodated to the nature 
 of tho{e Seas, that they could ea{ily remove them{elves from one 
 Town to another, and fo deluded him the greatell part of the Sum- 
 mer ; they made u{e of Iron Chains in{lead of Cables, and raw 
 Hides inftead of Sails. When his Fleet arrived, there was butftiiall 
 hope of fucce{s again{l two hundred and twenty {ail of Ships, of 
 fuch height and ftrength that his Ve{rels could do no execution 
 upon them : To {iipply tho{e Inconveniencies he made ufe of this 
 Device : he ordered his Men to arm long Poles with fliarp Hooks 
 or Scythes, wherewith they took hold of the Tackling which held 
 the Main-yard to the Mali of their Enemies Ship, then rowing 
 their own Ship they cut the Tackling, and brought the Main-yard * 
 by the board ; thus the Veneta loft the u(e of their Shipping, and 
 the Conteft fell within the compafs of Valour, in which the Ro- 
 mans were {iiperior j the Vemta having loft the greateft part of their 
 Fleet and their beft Men in this Battel, were not able to make any 
 farther reftftance. 
 
 K k z This
 
 252 Tables of Ancient Coins ^ 
 
 ThisObftacle being removed, C£far invaded Britain *" with eigh- 
 ty Tran(ports, on board of which he put two Legions and the 
 Officers of (bme Galhcs. He had hkewife prepared eighteen Tranf- 
 ports for his Cavahy. He obferves that the Figure and Ufe of the 
 GaHies appeared ftrange to the Britons. 
 
 To fay no more of that Expedition, the ill Suecefs of which 
 was in great meafure owing to the Storms that difordered his Fleet ; 
 the bad difpofition he made in landing his Men, Ihews him not 
 only to be much inferior to Pompey as a Sea Officer, but to have 
 had little or no Skill in that Element. 
 
 He invaded Great Britain a (econd time, with a Fleet of eight 
 hundred Ships, on board of which there were five Legions and 
 two thoufand Horfe. 
 
 Before thofe xrni&s t\\t Spaniards ^n^Phoenicians had great Eftablifh- 
 ments in Spain ; they traded to the Weftern part of England^ and the 
 other Britifh Ifles, comprehended by the Ancients under the general 
 Name of CaJJiteridesy from the Tin with which they abounded. 
 The Commerce of Lead and Tin was (o lucrative, that they kept it a 
 great Secret. Straho relates that a Phoenician being purfued by a " 
 Roman VefTel, chofe to dafh his Ship againft the Rocks, to draw 
 the Roman after him, rather than difcover his courfe. Publius Craf. 
 fus afterwards made that Voyage, and publi(hed his Journal ; Both 
 Viodorus Siculus" and Tacitus" 2icc^zmx. us that Trade had civilized 
 the Inhabitants of Cornrujall more than thofe of the other parts of Great 
 Britain. ^ Straho relates that the Commodities of England were Corn, 
 Cattle, Gold, Silver, Iron, Skins, Leather, and hunting Dogs; 
 and {peaking of the Cajjiterides he adds "^ Tin and Lead. ' Tacitus 
 joins Pearls. Ccefar mentions neither Gold, Silver, nor Pearls; 
 ^Cicero affirms in exprefs terms, from the Information of the Let- 
 ters of his Brother §iuintus, that there was neither Gold nor Silver 
 in England, which Ihews that the Englijh Metals were not then 
 
 known 
 
 »0» the ffth Tear current^ Auguft 26. «» 1 P Strabo lib. 4. q Ibid. lib. 3. 
 
 the Ajtermon^ as Dr. Haly has demonjirated. 1 ' Tacitus vita Agricolx cap. iz. 
 n Diodorus Siculus lib. 4. I s Cicero Epift.fam. lib. 7. ad Trebat. Epift. 
 
 • Tacitus in vita Agricolx lib. 24. 1 ad Atticum lib. 4. Epift. 17 & 116.
 
 Weights and Meafures^ &c. 253 
 
 known to the Romans^ but were fo very (oon afterwards; for 
 Straho, who talks of their Tin and Lead Trade, hved under Au- 
 gujius and Tiberius. There was either no Copper, or not a fuffi- 
 cient Quantity in England at that time, becaufe they were fur- 
 nidied with that Metal from abroad \ Lead and Tm were ufed 
 in the time of the Trojan War, and brought perhaps from the Caf- 
 fiterides by the Phaniciansy " Herodotus affirms that the Greeks had 
 their Tin from thence. As for Englijh Dogs they were brought to 
 K(W/tf before C^y^r's Expedition : they are mentioned by Gratian in his 
 Cynogeticon, and by Straho as of common u(e. It has been doubt- 
 ed whetlier the Britons at that time had any other Shipping, except 
 their (mall Boats corered with Leather \ but fince Ciefar tells us that 
 they often aflifted the Gaulsy and particularly the Ve7iet£, we muft 
 imagine they had larger Veflels built of folid Wood ; befides they 
 muft needs imitate the Fabrick of other Ships, which they fiv/ in 
 their own or foreign Ports every day. 
 
 The chief trading City among the Gauls was Majjllia (now 
 Marfeills) founded and peopled by the Vhoceans, an Ajiatick Na- 
 tion addicted to Commerce, whofe Manners they retained ^ they 
 civihzed the Gauls, who were their Neighbours ^ but their Riches 
 and Grandeur drew upon them the Envy and Hatred of fbme Na- 
 tions among them, as the Salyans and Ligurians. They aflifted 
 the People of Rome (who courted their Favour) on many occafi- 
 ons. There are two Voyages of the MaJJilians recorded, one of 
 Euthemenes beyond the Line, and another of Pythias towards the 
 North as far as Iceland, which were treated, becaufe of the Strano-e- 
 nefs of their Accounts, as fabulous by the Ancients ; but time has 
 confirm'd the pofhbility and the truth of them. Marfeilles had 
 great Obligations to Pompey, and join'd with him againft defarj 
 who took their City after the Lofs of two Sea Battles which they 
 had fuftained in their own Defence. There were other trading 
 Towns in G^«/lefs fimous than Marfeilles, of which the Reader may 
 (ee an account in Monjieur Huet, 
 
 Spain 
 
 t Csfar. lib. j. cap. 12. de Bell. Gall. Strabo lib. 3. « Herod, lib. 3. cap. ij-.
 
 23-4 Tables of Ancient Cotns^ 
 
 Spain (at leaft the Southern parts of it) was always much more 
 famous for Traffick than Gaul. The Phoenicians frequented it, efpe- 
 cially that part which hes towards the Straits of Gibraltar at the 
 mouth of the Batis, celebrated by ancient Authors under the name 
 of Tijarjif. See Ezek. xxvii. i 2. 
 
 The Expedition and Conquefts of Hercules are afoib'd to thcfe 
 Parts of Spain ; and one Cohus of Samos is (aid to have been driven 
 thither by fortune about the forty fifth Olympiad, where he 
 made a very rich booty j tho' SoftrateSy a certain Greek from the 
 Illand of j£gina, had been there before liim. The Phoceansy dri- 
 ven from Ajia by the Perjians, came into the(e Countries a- 
 bout the fixty eighth Olympiad. The Phoenicians were enticed 
 thither by the Silver Mines, called by the Ancients the Moun- 
 tains of Silver: Whereof they found fuch Quantities, that 
 they forged their Anchors and other Utenfils of their Ships of 
 that Metal. I have mentioned the Spanijh Mines in a former Dif- 
 fertation. Befides Metals, Spain furniflied feveral other rich Com- 
 modities, as Wme, Wool, Stuffs, linen Cloth, (of which they 
 were faid to be the Inventors) Honey, Wax, Borax, Vermilion, 
 foifde Salt, pickled Fifli, and a fort of Rufli called Spartum, ufe- 
 ful for Cordage and other parts of Shipping, from whence Car- 
 tagena was called Spartaria. But Oil mull not have been plenti- 
 ful, even in Andalufia, in tho(c times, fince '^ Arijiotk tells us that 
 they purchafed it of the Phoenicians with Bars of Silver. The In- 
 habitants of the Baleares mside ufe of a factitious Oil, ^and the 
 Portuguefe inftead of it ufed Butter. In the time of Aiiguftus and 
 Tiberius the Southern Coafts of Spain fent great Fleets of Merchant- 
 men to Italy. 
 
 Germany -was very little known before the time of C^far-, and he 
 knew only that part of it which lies on the Banks of the Rhine. 
 In the Wars that were carry'd on under Augujius, that Country 
 came to be more frequented, for his Fleets fail'd round Germany 
 beyond the Cimbrick Cherfonefus (now Jutland.) 
 
 When 
 
 X Ariftot. lib. de mirabilibiis. J Strabo lib. 9.
 
 JVeights and MeafureSy 6cc. 
 
 when ^Strabo (peaks of Germany ^ between the Elb and the Bal- 
 tick, as an unknown Country, he muft be underftood to mean the 
 inland places and not the Coaft. ^Tacitus (ays that the Germans 
 were Autochthones y Originals of their own Country, and tliat they 
 had no Communication with any ftrange Nation j that the Trant 
 migrations and peopling of Countries were made in former times 
 by Sea, and not by Land ; nevertheleG there were fevcral Inroads 
 of foreign Natiors into Germany, mentioned by antient Authors, 
 particularly a ''Voyage of the ^Egyptians undex the Condud of Ofi- 
 ris up the Danuhe j from them the Sue^i ' had their Wor/hip of 
 Ifisy and all the Germans that of Teuth, from whom they took the 
 name of Teutons. According to antient Fables the Argonauts at 
 their return from Cokhis fail'd up the Danuhe, and from thence 
 paffed into the Adriatick, carrying their Ship Argo upon tlieir Shoul- 
 ders : a Mark of great Ignorance in Geography among the Writers 
 of that time. The manner of living of the Nomades, changing 
 their Habitations, made them incapable of Trade. The Inhabi- 
 tants on the Banks of the Rhine knew the ufe of Wine and Mo- 
 ney, and taught both to their Neighbours. The Amber of the 
 Northern Coafts of Germany brought a confiderable Profit, that 
 commodity being in great requeit at Rome. ^ Scandina'via had 
 Harbours both upon the Baltick and upon the Ocean : the Inha- 
 bitants built VelTels of a particular frame, with two Prows, and 
 without {ails, like thofc of (bme other people upon the Euxine Sea, 
 They exchanged their dry Fifli and other Merchandize with thofe 
 of the Germans ^ their Pitch and Copper brought them likewife cou- 
 fiderable Profit. All the People of that Northern Trad Eaftward of 
 Germany, and a part of Germany itfelt, were very indiftindly known 
 by the Ancients under the Name of Scythians, of whofe Com- 
 merce there is litde mention j and Monfieur Huet (peaks rather of 
 the modern than ancient (late of the Trade of Mujco'vy and Poland. 
 
 ^55 
 
 * Strabo lib. 7. • Tacitus de mor. 
 
 Germ. fc Diodorus Siculus lib. i. 
 
 « luhabit'mg the Country now Schwaben, the 
 
 The 
 
 Capital is Augsburg. «• Scandinavia was 
 
 that Trail 0} Laud which contains now the 
 great ejl^art of Norway and Sweden.
 
 256 Tables of Ancient Coins ^ 
 
 The Euxwe Sea is conveniently fituated for Trade by the com- 
 municarion it has both with Ajia and Europe, and the great navi- 
 gable Rivers that empty themfelves into it. The Danube, the Bory- 
 jlhenesy the Tanais, open it to the European Nations on the Weft 
 and Nordi, and on the Eaftern Coaft an Infinity of htde Rivers 
 from MountTatirus, and its branches, brought down the Merchan- 
 dife of j^Jia, fo that it furnillied many rich Commodities to the 
 Countries which traded towards it, fuch as Gold and other Me- 
 tals, Corn, Leather, Linen, Honey, Wax, Cattle, Furs, Drugs, 
 as Rhubarb and Licjuorifh, Nuts, Timber for Ship-building, and 
 fbme pretious Stones. The Greeks believed themfelves to be the 
 £rft who had navigated that Sea, from the Story of the Argonauts ; 
 but the /Egyptians had been there before them ; for Sefojlris King 
 of ^gypt, following the fteps of his Predeceflbrs, marched into 
 that Country, and was defeated at Colchis. The Greeks eftablifli'd 
 a great many Colonies on the Coaft of the Euxine, and in honour 
 of Commerce ereded a Temple and Statue to Mercury, which 
 Arrian^ found atTrapezus or Trebizond. He mentions likewiie the 
 Port of the Ifacks, fo called from Ijis the Goddefs of the /Egypti- 
 ans. The Fifhery of the E«;v/w^ Sea confifting in Sturgeon, Tuny- 
 £fli, Cavear, which were exported to Italy and Greece, was fo 
 great that the Cuftoms of them maintain'd the old Andronicus 
 Palaologus and his Houflaold. The old Byzantium (now Conjlantinople) 
 raifcd a great Toll upon the Trade that pafled into that Sea. 
 
 The /Egyptians failed to the Cimmerian Bofphorus ^, Palus Maotis ^, 
 and the Taurick Cherfonefus^, unknown to the Ancients on the 
 North fide •, for in ' Pliny s time they did not know whether the 
 Palus Maotis were a Gulph of the Ocean. The Phoenicians traded 
 to it, as appears by Lucian. The Fable of Iphigenia and the famous 
 Exploits of Pylades and OreJIes, dcmonftratc that there was a cor- 
 refpondencc between the antient Greeks and Scythians in that Coun- 
 try, where they afterwards eftabliflied Colonies, iheodofta an an- 
 tient 
 
 e Ariian. Peripl. f The Cimmerian Bof- 
 phorus /(//«j the Euxine and the Palus Mscoti?. 
 g Palus Mxotis, novj called Marc dclle Za- 
 
 bachc, from a fort of Fijh. h Taurick 
 
 Chetioi\zi\lS,hetween the Euxine tf^^PalusMaj- 
 oiis. i Plin. lib. 2. cap. 69.
 
 Weights and Meajures^ &c. 257 
 
 tient Colony of the Milepam, at the Entry of the Cimmerian Bofpho- 
 rusy was an Harbour capable of an hundred VefTels, a Place of 
 much Commerce, almofl deferred in the time of the Emperor 
 Adrian, afterward re-eftablifhed and poflTefTed by the Genoefe, under the 
 name of Cafa, who carried on a great Trade there under the Gre- 
 dan Emperors, till it was taken by the Turks. Tanais (now Afof) 
 was built by the Gr^^^j-. ^Olbia, Boryjlhenis, Pajjticapaum capzhle to 
 hold an hundred Veffels, Capi, Phanagoria and Harmonajpi, are all 
 Greek Colonies, and ^Cherfonefusy according to Pomponius Mela, 
 built by Diana. The Merchandife of the Taurick Cherfonefus were 
 Corn, Furrs, Butter, Horfes, which the Tartars at this Day ex- 
 change with the Mufcouites for other Commodities. Arrian in 
 his Periplus of the Euxine has given us a Lift of the Ports of that 
 Sea, which is but fliallow, and does not admit of Ships of great 
 Burthen ^ the Indian Goods were commonly brought hither by the 
 Cafpian Sea, into which they pafTed by the River Oxus. The Tar- 
 tars who ufed to bring their Spices formerly to Cafa, after the Ge- 
 noefe were beaten out of that Town, from the memory of fb gain- 
 ful a Trade, have fometimes fent the fame Commodities as far as 
 Genoa, in Ships from Cafa. Their Predeceffors, the ° Scythian No- 
 ntadesy Inhabitants of the Country beyond the Palus Maoris, had 
 no Commerce nor certain Abode, neither Corn nor Tillage, but 
 lived on Milk and Horfe Flefh. 
 
 Before we fpeak of the Commerce of Italy in the time of Au- 
 gujlusy the Reader muft underftand that the Tyrrhenians, even be- 
 fore the Reign of Minos, had fettled themfelves in Italy ; they gave 
 their name to the Tyrrhenian Sea; the Seat of their Empire was 
 the Port of "Luna: the Tarentines, Spinetes, and Libiirnians were 
 likewife famous for their Navigation on thofe Seas. The Romans made 
 war upon the Tarentines, and obliged them by Treaty not to fail 
 beyond the Cape o^^Lacin'ia. Cornelius Valerius, Dmmz'ir of the Sea, 
 confiding in the faith of that Treaty, approached Tarentum with 
 
 L I his 
 
 yTi>ere were three Olhias, ow /» Gallia Nar- 1 lib. t- cap. 2. " Ammian. Marcel. lib 3.cap.2. 
 boiienfis, a fecond in Sardinia, and the third \ o Luna, »oa/ I'Erici /« Tiifcany. 
 iere mentioned. 1 Jt was called Cherfo j P The Cape of Lacinia and that of Salentum, 
 
 nefus Emporium. »> Pomponius Mela, 1 indof* the Sinus Tareutinus (Golfo diTaranta.)
 
 sjS Tables of Ancient Coins -^ 
 
 his Fleet, which the Tarentines plundered, kilHng their Comman- 
 der, and fo arm'd the Romans againft them, by whom they were 
 {iibdued. The Spnetaj as we (aid before, were defcended from 
 die Pelafgiy and fettled at the Mouth of the River Po, which was 
 called from them Sfinetkk. Thus the three Seas of Italyy the Inferior 
 towards the South -Eaft, the Ionian towards the South, and the 
 Adriatick on the North-Eaft fide, were antiently commanded by 
 thefe three different Nations : the firfl by the Tyrrhenians, the (e- 
 cond by the Tarentines, and the third by the Spinets, The Liburni- 
 ansy who lived on the oppoficc Coaft, that of lllyriay were great 
 Navigators, and addided to Pyracy j they poffefTed themfelves of 
 (everal Iflands in the Adriatich, were the Inventors of a light fort 
 of Veflds called Lihurniy which came to be much in ufe in the 
 time of Augufius. All thofe Nations were fevcrally fubdued by the 
 Romansy who for a long time, tho' they were pofTefled of their 
 Ports, did not profit much by Trade. The Books of Varro 
 concerning Navigation are lof'l:, which no doubt would have giv- 
 en us great light in thofe matters. The Romans tho' they had no 
 great Genius for Trade, yet were not entirely negledlful of it. 
 The Eflabliflmient of the PrafeBi Annona was very ancient, their 
 Bufinefs was to fupply the City with Corn, which they tranfported 
 at firfl from Sicily and Sardinia, and afterwards from Africa ; un- 
 der the firfl Emperors from ALgypty and in the Dcclenfion of the 
 Empire from Marfi illes ^nd Gaul, In the year of Rome 155) there 
 was a College of Merchants inftituted, called the College of Mer- 
 curialsy from Mercury the God of Commerce. We do not read 
 of any great Improvements made in Commerce by that Society : 
 The deflrudtion of Carthage and Corinth did not increafe the Trade 
 of Italy Co much as one would have imagined ^ but when thofe 
 two great Cities were rebuilt, Augujlus apply 'd himfelf more fe- 
 rioufly to Affairs of Trade and Navigation j he fent large Squa- 
 drons into the Ocean beyond the Cimbrick Promontory on the 
 Coaft of Africk towards the Line ; to the Palus Maotis and the A- 
 rahick Gulph or the Red Sea. The African Trade was manag'd at 
 
 Utica..
 
 Weights and Meafures^ &cc. 250 
 
 Uiica. There are many Laws in the Digeft, which fhew that the 
 Romans apply'd themfelves to Trade. Thefe related to priviledo-es, 
 as exemption from municipal Offices annext to the Proprietors of 
 Ships of fuch burthens, employed in the bringing home of Grain. 
 Several Citizens by a fraudulent fulfilling of the Condition endeavour- 
 ed to get the Benefit of the Priviledge, without anfwering the Inten- 
 tion of the Law, which fraudulent pradices were provided ao-ainft 
 by new Laws: The Conflrudion of Ships was forbidden to Se- 
 nators, by a Law made by Claudius, Tribune of the people, in the 
 time of the fecond Punkk War, and re-ena6led by the Julian Law 
 of Concufhons. 
 
 During the Triumvirate o^OBavius, Antony, and Lepidus, youn> 
 Pompey built a Fleet of large Ships, and good Sailors, commandv?d 
 by experienced Captains, endeavouring, after the example of his 
 Father, to purfue his Fortune at Sea; and encouraged by fome 
 Vidlories his Ships had obtained over thofe of Csfar, he called 
 himfelf the Son of Neptune, and wore a (ea-green Habit : He was 
 defeated in a Sea Battel by Agrippa, who commanded Cafars Fleet. 
 This Engagement was on the Coafts of Sicily, with three hundred 
 Ships on each fide. Agrippa was an expert Sea Officer j but al- 
 tho' his Mafter OHa^ius defar had no Genius or Inclination for 
 thefe Expeditions, yet he honour'd his Admiral Agrippa with a 
 naval Crown. 
 
 At Inft the Battle of '^ ABimn, between Antony and Cafar, gave 6'. C. 723. 
 a decifive flroke in the Command of the Sea; The different ac-^''^^"'' 
 counts that are given of the Numbers of Ships on both fides by 
 (everal Authors, are reconcilcable, by fuppofing that fomc (poke 
 of the men of war only, and others added the Traniporcs. If 
 Plutarch's Account be true, Antony's Ships muft not have been of 
 very great bulk ; for there were two and twenty thoufmd Soldiers 
 on board a Fleet of perhaps four hundred fail, fince three hundred 
 were taken in the Battle. Cleopatra fled with fixty, and Antony in 
 one 6iuinqueremis : according to this Account there mull not have" 
 
 L 1 z been 
 
 q Adlium is now called Capo Figalo, at the Entry of the Sinus Ambracius or Golfo di Larta.
 
 26o Tables of Ancient Coins 'i 
 
 been above fifty five fighting Men on board every Ship one with 
 another •, this Vidory was obtain'd by the advantage of the Ships cal- 
 led Lihumiy which for that reafon came afterwards to be of com- 
 mon ufe. Augujlus CafaVj to eftabhlh himfelf in the Dominion of 
 the Seas, rigged out a powerful Navy to clear it of the Pirates 
 oi Malta, Corfu, and the Lihurntaiu-^ he appointed two Stations 
 for his Fleets, which were conftandy equipp'd, one at the Cape 
 of Mifenum, in the Tyrrhenian Sea, and the other at Ravenna on 
 t\\Q Adriatick Gulf; the firft had the command of all the Sea weft- 
 ward, and the fecond of the Eaftern, as far as the Palus Maotis. 
 Rawnna continued a large and capacious Harbour for a confide- 
 rable time but at laft the Sea left it, and it was choak'd up with 
 (lime and fand. 
 
 The Romans were now Mafters of all the Trade of the world, 
 but they were more employed in extending their Dominions than 
 cultivating their Commerce. It is certain, whatever Straho may 
 alledge to the contrary, that the Ancients coafted only in their Na- 
 vigations, feldom taking the open Sea. 
 
 Pliny tells us that the Romans fteer'd the fame Courfe to the 
 Eaji-Indies, which the Fleet o^ Alexander did, and defcribes it ex- 
 actly from Alexandria to the Indies ; he (ays, the defire of gain 
 had made the Merchants fteer fliorter and lefs dangerous Courfes 
 fometimes, by taking the open Sea, by failing from one Cape to 
 another, which was both a fafer and fhorter Courfc. What he 
 fays concerning the Circumnavigation of Africa, from the Straits 
 of Gihraltar to the Red-Sea is very remarkable, and puts the mat- 
 ter of fad beyond doubt. This he proves from the Wrecks of 
 VefTels, which had fail'd from the Coaft of S^ain, the broken 
 pieces whereof were found in the Red-Sea. He fpeaks of Hannds 
 Journal of the fame Voyage, as a tiling certain j and adds upon 
 the Credit o^ Cornelius Nepos, a faithful Hiftorian, that one Eu- 
 doxius flying from Ptolomy Lathyrus, King of /Egypt, embark'd on 
 the Red-Sea, and landed at Cadiz. 
 
 The 
 
 I Plin. lib. 6. cap. 23. 1 Lib. z. cap. 67.
 
 Weights and Meafures^ &cc. 261 
 
 The Romans improv'd their Navigation by their Commerce 
 with Nations more skilfull in thofe matters than themfelves. Mr. 
 Buet thinks that the cuftom they had of giving the colour of the 
 Sea to the Hulks, Sails and Mariners of their Spy-boats to keep 
 them from being diicover'd, came from the Veneti^ a people of 
 Vannes in Britanjy and this upon the Authority of Vegetiusy and 
 becau(e of the Latin name of that colour Venetus. That the Ro- 
 mans cultivated Navigation chiefly with regard to War, is plain 
 from " all their Hifliory, The Statue of ViUory fet up in the Pore 
 of Ojliay and the Medals of Marcius Cenforinusy An. U. C. <? 5 o. 
 flamp'd on the Reverfe with two Ships, and a Vidory, are a plain 
 proof of it. Their Medals ftruck upon occafion of fending out 
 Fleets of Viduallers, had this Lcgcndy ad coemendum Frumentum S. C. 
 fb in the time of the Emperors Annona Aug. Ceres Aug. 
 
 Nothing advanc'd the trade of the people of Rome fb much zs^. u.c.jis 
 the Redudion of yEgypt into the form of a Province by Augujlus. 
 Rome drew from ^gypt immenfe Riches : firfl: it was a Granary 
 for their Provifions of Corn, which by a happy fertility they were 
 able to f urnifh to other Countries, ev'n in Years of Famine. This 
 Commerce of Grain was conftant and regular to Rome under the 
 Emperors, and afterwards to Conjlantinopky where it continued 
 even to the time of the Sultans. The Sea-ports of ^gypt were 
 Pelufium (now Damiata) toward the Eaft, and Alexandria toward the 
 Wefl. The fertiUty of the Soil in grain, and its being not pro- 
 per for Vines, put the Egyptians upon drinking Ale, of which 
 they were the Inventors j but they afterwards planted Vines, and 
 made excellent Wine, particularly the Morean celebrated by " l^rgHy 
 Horace and Straho. The vidualing Fleets fent to ^gypt were call'd 
 by the Romans Sacra Emhoky Fcelix Emhole. Befides the Fertility, 
 the Scituation render'd ^Egypt a central place for the Commerce 
 of Arahia, India, Ethiopia, Syriay and for all the Coafts of the 
 Mediterranean and Ocean. Although the Harbours were extremely 
 
 good, 
 
 t Veget. de re miliUri lib. 5-. cap. 7. [2. Horat. Carm. lib. j. Od> 37. Strabo 
 
 u Herodot. lib. 2, * Virgil. Geor. lib. | lib. i.
 
 262 Tables of Ancient Coins^ 
 
 good, the difficult accefs to their Coari:, the (andy Defarts to- 
 wards rlie Eall, the defence of the ReJ-Sta, with th- Ifthmus joyn- 
 ing -^gyft to Syria., and the Mountains towards the South, were 
 reckon'd as Bulwarks to the Country ^ and (o they had been, (if pof^ 
 felfed by Inhabitants of a warhkc difpofirion, but they were noted 
 £or the contrary Chara£lcr,) rendring the Copouefts of it difficult. 
 5'(?/o/?m had join'd A\Q.Nile totl'itRed'Sea by a Canal, which open- 
 ed a Water-carriage to the Eaji Indies, And what Straho Qiys of 
 Ptolomy Philadelphus being the firft who made a way for the 
 marching of an Army from Coptos to the Red Sea, is only a Com- 
 plement to a Greek. The Ships which Sefojiris fent to the India 
 muft not have been fmall, he had confecrated one of 2.80 Cubits 
 to the God OJyris. Lucian faw an ^Egyptian Ship in his time in 
 the Pir£um 110 Cubits long, 50 broad, and ip deep, Appian 
 in his Preface reckons the Forces by Sea and Land of Ptolomy the 
 ion of Lagus 2.00000 Foot, 40000 Horfe, 300 Elephants, 500 
 Gallies, 2.000 fmaller VefTels, and 800 ThaJctmegos or Pleafure- 
 boats of a great (ize. 
 
 The Government of ^Egypt was one of the great fecrets of 
 the politicks of Augujlus \ that Province was never given to a Se- 
 nator, but always to a Knight, who was fuppos'd not to have 
 the ambitious aims of Senators. Germanicus was feverely repri- 
 manded by Tiberius for travelling into -^gypi without his Permif- 
 fion. 
 
 As to the Revenues of ^gypt in later times, EmaJcin Author 
 of the Hiftory of the Saracens lays, that in the year of Chrift 85)8 
 the Calif drew from ^gypt 500.200000 Crowns of Gold. 
 
 The Trade of -^gypt dcclin'd with the Roman Empire ; grew 
 ftill lefs under the Mamelukesy who had a Genius and Adaxims 
 quite oppofite to Commerce; and at laft came to be entirely loll 
 by the navigations of the P crt uguefe vound the Cape of Good Hope, 
 and their Ellablilhments in the Indies. Grand Cairo, which was 
 built in the year of our Lord 79^ out of the Ruins of the an- 
 cient Memphis, fufFer'd much by the lofs of their Tade on diis 
 
 occafion.
 
 Weights and Meajures-i &:c. 263 
 
 occafion. There remains fbmc part ot their Linnen trade, for 
 which they were always (b famous. 
 
 The ancient City of Thehes, call'd EecatompyJe from its hundred 
 Gates, was almoft ruin'd by Camhyfes, and very near defolate in the 
 time of Straho y but Alexandria furpafled in Riches and Trade, 
 not only all the other Cities of /^gypty but of the whole World. 
 ^ Jofephus defcribes it with great pomp, telling us that it yield- 
 ed to Rome in nothing, except in bignefs. ^ Ammian Marcellinus 
 calls it the chief of Cities. It (ent many rich commodities to 
 Romej as Cloaths ot all forts, e(pecially Linnen, Spices, Paper, 
 Glafs, Hemp, magnificent Robes. As it exported many, (o it re- 
 ceived {bme from other Europcean Ports, which by reafon of the 
 fatnels and heavinefs of the ground ^gypt did not produce, fuch as 
 Metals, Wood, Pitch, and Ibme Fruits. This great Trade began 
 to decline under the Reign of HeracUusj when the Saracens made 
 themfelves mafters o£ JEgypt^ but it recover'd a little again j for 
 a Je'VJi one Benjamin of Navar, in his voyage made in the i ith 
 Age, tells us that he (aw there a great Trade, and refort of Mer- 
 chants. And, the Indian Trade, which had been brought to A- 
 Jiracan by the Cafpian Sea, and to Cafa by the black Sea, took 
 once more the way of j^gypty and continued till the time of the 
 navigation of the Portugueje to the Indies, 
 
 ALthiopia fent many rich Commodities down the Nile into AH- 
 gypty as Metals, particularly Gold. The Gold of Ophir is often 
 mentioned in rhe Scriptures, * Beliodorus tells us that the JEthiopi- 
 ans ufed Gold for the moft common purpofes^ befides Gold, they 
 had Ivory in abundance. The City of Coptos was the Magazine of 
 all the Trade from ^Ethiopia by the Niky as well as of thofe Com- 
 modities that came from the Welt by Alexandria. The Naviga- 
 tion of the Arahick Gulf being more dangerous towards the bot- 
 tom, than the mouth, Ptolomy Philadelphus built BerenicCy ((b cal- 
 led from his Mother) at the entry of the Gulf, in the Country of 
 
 the 
 
 T joffph lib, 2. cap. 16. dc Bell. Jud. ^ AmmiiUi. Marcellin lib. li. » H^liodor. Iib» 
 9. i£thiop.
 
 i64 fables of Ancient Coinsj 
 
 the Troglodites, to receive the ^oods from Coptos. It had near that 
 City the port of Myos-hormoSy the harbour of Mice, and now call'd 
 Cajir. Aduliy according to ^ Plhiy, in the country of the Troglodites 
 (a part of ^Ethiopia) was a place of great Trade. "^ Strabo tells you 
 that in his time they (ent Fleets out of the Red-Sea to the extre- 
 mities of ^Ethiopia, and imported quantities of precious goods 
 from thence. Thefe confiderations induc'd Augujlusy when he fent 
 /Elius Gallus into Arabia^ to extend his commiflion to /Ethiopia, 
 and the Trogloditick, apprehending likewife that it was in the power 
 of the j^thiopians to change or at leaft fpoil the courfe of the 
 Nile. Elmacin in his Hiftory oi the Saracens, tells us that in the 
 
 ^;.^; " g4- tinie of iW///?^wc-f r, C3.M o( j£gypty the waters o^ the Nile being 
 very low, and confequently -^gypt threaten'd with a famine, that 
 Prince (ent Michael Patriarch of the Jacobites with great prefents 
 to the King of Ethiopia, with a rcqueil, that he would open the 
 Sluces of the Nile ; which being granted, the Nile rofe three cubits 
 in one night. John Cantacuzeney who quitted the Empire of Con- 
 
 A.D. iiOo.jlantinopIe for a monaifery, tells us in the Hilfory of his Reign, 
 that the Sultan of -^gypt endeavour'd to keep a good correfpon- 
 dence with the Jacobites who were cftablidied towards the head of 
 the Nilcy for fear they fhould take a fancy to turn the courfe of that 
 River. The famous Portuguefe Alphonfo d^ Albuquerque had the fame 
 extravagant fancy to turn the courfe of the Nile into the Red-Sea, 
 to revenge himfelf of the Sultan of ^gyft who interrupted his 
 trade to the Eajl-Indies. 
 
 Arabia was a Country of great Commerce in the time of the 
 Romans. Aden before-mention'd had in its harbour at the fame 
 time ships from all parts of the World. The Gerrheans and the 
 Mineans, ancient Inhabitants of Arabia, formerly carried their Spices 
 by land to the Frontiers of Palejline. Azotus, according to ^ Pom- 
 ponius Mela, was the Staple Port of the Arabians upon the Medi- 
 terranean. There cannot be a better account of the Merchandifes 
 
 of 
 
 *> Pliny lib. C. cap. 29. e Strabo lib. 17. d Pompon. Mela. lib. 7.
 
 Weights and Me a fur es^ &cc. 205 
 
 of Arahiay th^n by 'Mofex himfelf who liv'd Co long amonfTfl: them. 
 The Prophecy s o£ Pfalm 71, the Prefents of the Queen of Sheha 
 to Solomon^ and thofe of the three wife Men to our Saviour ; and 
 what Ezekiely cap. xxvii. "z;. 21, zi, ^c. (ays of their traffick 
 with the Tyrians in Spice, Gold and precious Stones, are all au- 
 thentick accounts of the Richnefs of their Merchandi^. The A- 
 rahians had all the qualities of the God Mtrcury, for they were 
 not only addidted to Commerce, but Healing ; they are naturally 
 courageous, and it mull be reckon'd amongd the moft wonder- 
 ful events that ever happen'd amongft mankind, that a handful 
 of people of that country fliould partly by Valour, and partly by. 
 Enthufiafhi, eftablifli perhaps a greater Empire than that of Rome, 
 and in much lefs time. The Conqueft of that Country by Se- 
 fojlris was in order to draw a Canal from the Red-Sea to the Nile. 
 It is doubtful who began this great work, but it is certain that 
 Ptolomy Philadelphus compleated it. This Canal had its opening 
 at the City of Coptos. Augujlm fent ^Uus Gallus into Arahia, 
 who tho' he did not conquer it, being deceived by Syllaus Incen- 
 dant of the Nahathsans, yet made fuch an Eftabliiliment for the 
 Romans, that in one Port, Alhus Partus {U^ite- Haven) they rais'd no 
 lefs than 25 per Cent, duty upon all commodities enrer'd there. 
 Aden, mention'd before, was afterwards called Portus Romanus. 
 
 The India Trade was ever reputed the moft ancient, the moft 
 honourable, and the moft confiderable of any in. the world ; all 
 Nations complain'd that it was expenfive, yet none ever willing- 
 ly quitted it. (The Reader may have obferv'd what Pliny, quoted 
 in a former Diflcr ration, fiys of it.) It having been ever the moft 
 favourite Branch of Trade to all Nations and Princes that have 
 made any figure in the world, I hope the Reader will not be 
 difpleas'd with the following ihort Hiftory of it. 
 
 It is plain the ancient Egyptians had a great Commerce with 
 
 the hidies, that Ptolomy Philadelphus did not begin, but reflore this 
 
 Trade. It is not credible that the Phoenicians, who navigated zo 
 
 the extremities of the weflern Ocean, who earned on a Land- 
 
 «Gen.ii. II, 12. Mm trade
 
 266 Tables of Ancient Coins, 
 
 trade to Syria and Mefopotamia, and to the Frontiers of the InJie^ 
 by Sea, who according to the Prophet Ezekiel, cap. xxvii. i 5 . 
 had cftabhnicd Colonies in the Perjtan Gulf, call'd by their own 
 names, Tyrus and Aradusy ftopt ll\ort, without pulliing their Trade 
 to the Indies. Taprohana, which was always acknowledged to be 
 in the Indief, worfhipped Hercules the God of the Phoenicians ; a 
 ficrn that the Phoenicians had been amongft them. Mela, Pliny 
 and Capella fpeak of the Seres, the fame people with the Chinefe, 
 as being very fliy and diffident in their manner of dealing, Co as 
 neither to fpeak nor be (een by the ftrangers with whom they tra- 
 ded, yet as being juft and honeft. Time humanized them a little. 
 One certain fign that Commerce had been well eftabliihed be- 
 tween the Indies and the Eaftern Coo-Hof Africk, is, that the Por~ 
 tuguefe when they had doubled the Cape of Good Hope, found at 
 Moxa'ttihick and Melitida skilful Pilots ufnig Aftronomical Inftru- 
 ments. Geographical Charts, and Compaffes. Arrian in his Peri- 
 plus of the Erythraan or Red-Sea, tells us that before the Egyptians 
 had penetrated into the Indies, or the Indians come into ^gypt, the 
 Port called afterwards ^r^^i-^Fo'/iA' was the Staple for the Merchandife 
 of both Countries. The fame Author defcribing the Perfian Gulf, 
 names two famous Ports, Apologus and Oirmana, to which great 
 Ships brought from the Indies Copper, Horns, precious Wood^, 
 and from whence were exported Pearls, purple Stuffs, Robes, 
 Wine, Dates, Gold, and Slaves. The Indies were very little known 
 to the Greeks before the time of Alexander the Great. They treat- 
 ed the voyage of Viamhalus to the Indies^ related by ^Diodorus, as a 
 Fable. Alexander himfclf^ from a vain-glorious Spirit unworthy 
 of him, exaggerated the flrength and ftature of the Indians, and 
 endeavour'd to impofe upon Pofterity, by monuments of an enor- 
 mous fize, that he ereded in feveral places. The Greeks who fol- 
 low'd his Army, in this matter follow'd likewife his example. 
 Near thus who commanded Alexanders Fleet, and Onejicrates his 
 Intendant- general of Marine, have both left relations of the State of the 
 Indies at that time, which ^ Straho treats as fi(^ions, mixt with fome 
 
 i Diodorus lib. z. g Strabo lib. 17. tlUtll.
 
 Weights and Meafures^ &c. 2(^7 
 
 truth. Pliny made an Abridgment of the Journal of Onejtcratesy 
 taken from Juha, and teils us that after the Navigation ofOnefi" 
 crates, the common Courfe was from the Promontory of Syagros^ 
 (diought to be what we call Cape Fartak) to Patahs m the mouth 
 of the Indus •, that afterwards the Courfe from Cape Sjagros to 
 Zigeros was found more fafe and fliort. The Indian Fleets which 
 carried the Roman Trade, went out in the month of Jidy^ and 
 came back in December. We have obferv'd already that Ptohmy 
 Philadelphus reftored the Indian Trade to /Egypt. Straho reports 
 upon the faith of Pojidonius, that in the Reign of PtoJomy Euer- 
 getesy fecond of that name, there was found in the Arabick Gulf 
 a vefTel with an Indian half dead in it. This hidian told them 
 that miftaking their Courfe, the Crew all except himfelf were 
 dead of Hunger: this Indian however (erved as a Guide for thofe 
 whom King Ptohmy fent to the Indies. By this flory it would 
 feem, that the Indian Trade had been ncgledled in -^gy^t for the 
 (pace of 140 years. Strabo likewise tells us, that when /EUus 
 Gallus was Governour of ^gypf under the Reign of Angujlus, a 
 Fleet of Merchants from Alexandria (ail'd into the Red-Sea by the 
 Nile, that he himfelf faw i zo Veffels fill out of Myos-Horn2os, (the 
 Port of Mice, before mention'd) to India and JEthiopia, from v/hence 
 they brought back very rich Commodities ; and that under the 
 Reigns of the Ptohmy s, there were hardly twenty Ships that failed 
 cjuite out of the Arabian Gulf The Romans, not only from 
 Luxury but Intereft arifing by the profit of this Trade, afterwards 
 encouraged it very much ; by which the Indians came to know 
 the power of Rome, and fent EmbafTadors to Augujlus. The In- 
 habitants of Taprobana in the Indies at that time were fo if!;noranc 
 of Navigation, that they fleered their Courfe by the flight of Birds, 
 who they reckon'd would fly to the neareft coaft. Plijiy tells us 
 that this Ifland was difcover'd under the Emperor Claudius, by a 
 Libertus of Annius Phcamus being call upon that coail by aTem- 
 pell. The Inhabitants, informed by this Libertus of the power of 
 the Roman Empire, fent EmbafTadors to Claudius, to ask his Friend- 
 
 M m i. fliip :
 
 268 Tables of Ancient Coins ^ 
 
 fliip : thefc AmbafTadors inform'd the Emperor of their Commerce 
 with the Seresy a more Eaftern People, whom they defcrib'd as 
 c;entle, but uiifociable. The two Indian Merchants caft by a 
 itorm on the coaft of Germany, carried firfl; to the King of the 
 Suenji, and prefented by him to MeteUus CeJer, then Proconfui of 
 Gaul, has occafion'da great many reafonings about the Courfethey 
 muft have ftcer'd • fome imagining that they might have come by 
 the Northern Sea of Tartary through the Straits of Waigates, and 
 fo into the German Ocean. M. Huet has a fliort way of explain- 
 ing all this matter, by fuppofing that the barbarous People among 
 whom they were caft, called them by what name they pleafed, 
 taking any Nation whom they knew nothing of to be Indians. 
 Under the Rei^n of the Emperor Antonine, the Roman Trade flou- 
 rilh'd very much, not only the Indian, but that of the Mediterra- 
 nean and VVeftern Ocean. Ammianus MarceUinus, about U. C. 
 *. D. 294. T044, {peaks of the great Trade that was carried on in the Reign 
 of Conjlantius at Batne, a City built by the 3.ncknt Macedonians, &c. 
 of a great Fair they held there in the beginning of September, 
 where Merchants purchaled the Commodities of the Indies, and of 
 the Country of the Seres or Chinefe. Thofe Merchandizes were 
 tran{ported by Caravans through Perjia, and others which came 
 from the Perjian Gulf, and were tranfported afterwards into the Euxine 
 Sea, went up the Euphrates from whence the Town of Batne was 
 not far diftanr. Firmus having feifed upon Alexandria under the 
 Emperor Aurelian, carried on the Indian Trade, and by it no 
 doubt acquir'd thofe great Riches of which Vbpifcus faith he was 
 poiTefs'd. About this time Mcrchandifing came to be a more ho- 
 nourable profeftion amongft the People of Quality in Rome. 
 
 There are a multitude of Cities of Trade reckon'd up by the 
 Geographers, particularly by Ptolomy. Alfragr i who lived A. D, 
 800, Cherif EdeJJi, under the title of the Geographer of Nu- 
 hia, later than Alfragan 3 5 o years ; as for the Cities in general, 
 with or without Commerce, if we believe Straho, Pliny and Plu- 
 tarch, there are about 5000 only in that part of India which was 
 conquer'd by Alexander. Benjatnin
 
 Weights and Meafures^ &cc, 269 
 
 Benjamin of Na^vancy a Jeiu mention'd before, has wrote a rela- 
 tion of his voyage, which contains feveral curious things intermix- 
 ed with fome Fallhoods. Marcus Paulus a Venetian (ays that in his 
 time, about the 1 3 th Age, the Commerce on the Coaft of Mala- 
 har was very inconfiderable. Mario Sanudo a Venetian, who Uved 
 about the 1 4th Age, a Man full of zeal for the recovery of the 
 Holy Land, and the deftru6tion of the Sultan of ^gypt, tells us, 
 that the greateft part of his Revenues arofe from the Trade of 
 Spice and other Indian Goods. He names the two principal 
 Ports in the Indies, Malahar and Camhaya ; that the Cuftoms paid 
 to the Sultan were about the third of the value of the Goods • 
 he would have been more furprizcd at the cuftoms of India Goods 
 in our time j he obferves that the Spices brought by Land-carriac^e 
 were much better than thofe which came to ^gyft by Sea. In 
 the Hiftory of the Moluccas, there is mention made of a Venetian 
 Ship feen in the Eajlern Seas, bound from Manillia to China, which 
 confequently muft have doubled the Cape of Good Hope. 
 
 Smarcanda the Capital City of Tranfoxiana, the Maracanc/a of 
 the Ancients, fituated beyond the Oxus, was formerly a famous 
 place of Traffick, where the Chinefe, Tartar, Perjian and Indian 
 Merchants reforted. This City was the Seat of the Empire of Ta- 
 merlane. The Turhijh Conquefts, and the Trade of the Portuniefe, 
 have diminifhed the Commerce of that place. Smarcanda had 
 eclipfed Bogar or Bokara, which was not far diftant from it, fitua- 
 ted on the North of the River Oxus, in 35) degrees of Northern 
 Latitude ^ it was formerly the Capital City of all that Country, 
 and is now in the pofleilion of the Usbecks ^ there is a defcription 
 of it by Anthony Jenkinfon in Hackluifs Colle6tion ; it was pofleffed 
 of great Trade, and the native Place of Avicemia, as Hera was 
 that of Mircond Author of the Oriental Hiftory wrote in the Per- 
 fian Tongue. Hera is one of the chief Cities of Chorofan, famous 
 for the Induftry of the Inhabitants, and great refort of Merchants. 
 Candachar, an ancient and populous City fituated in the Province 
 of the fime name, was formerly the Repofitory of the Indian and 
 
 Perjian
 
 270 7abks of Ancient Coins, 
 
 Perjian Goods, but the Commerce of it is weakened fince the 
 Navic^ation of the Cape of Good Hope. Cabul, Capital of a Pro- 
 vince of the fame Name, was a famous place for the Spice Trade ; 
 the Inhabitants of that Country are called by Ptolomy * CahoUta ; 
 it was formerly the Seat of (bme Indian Kings : But no Country 
 exceeded the Taprohana of the Ancients, called by the Nubian Ge- 
 ographer Sarandibj Serlandi've in Teixera, and Serandincy and the 
 People Serandini ; according to f Ammianus Marcellinuf, its Trade 
 confided in Pearls, precious Stones, Cinamon, Musk, Civet, Silk, 
 and Ivory. 
 
 The Geography of the extremities of the Indies was little known 
 to the Ancients. They were inhabited, according to their Accounts, 
 by three different Nations, the Eaftern Scythians^ the Seres, and 
 the Sin^. The Eaftern Scythians are now the Tartars Northward 
 oJl China. The Seres, Inhabitants of the Northern parts oi China -^ 
 and the Sin£ Inhabitants of the Southern. The oriental Scythia 
 or Cathay, Caracathay or Black Cathay, is that Country which the 
 Arabian Geographers and the Scriptures call Gog2.n^ Magog. The 
 Oriental people in general went almofl all by the name of Seres 
 among the Ancients. They were famous for their Juifice in Com- 
 merce, but extreme fliynefi to ftrangers. They expofed their 
 Goods with the Price mark'd upon them, then retir'd; the Mer- 
 chants came, left the price which they would give upon the Goods, 
 and likewife retir'd: the Seres returning, carried off either their 
 Goods or the Money as they liked beil. Eujlathius, who relates 
 this, adds, upon the faith of Herodotus, that the Carthaginians tra- 
 ded after the fame manner with (bme people beyond Hercules's 
 Pillars. The Seres were famous amono; the Ancients for their Ma- 
 nufidure of Silk. Under the name of Sina or Thin£ the Ancients 
 comprehended not only the Southern Clmiefe, but the Inhabitants of 
 Tiinqimj, Cochinchina, Pegu and Siam. The Sina or ancient Chinefe 
 were not fo unlociable as the Seres; they were great Navigators, 
 and much addicted to Trade : They owned the Indians as their Ma- 
 
 ffers 
 
 * Ptol. Afixjcap. 1 8. f A mm. Marcel, lib. 2a.
 
 IVelghts and MeafureSy &c. 271 
 
 Hers in Arts and Sciences. Confutius himfelf acknowledges that he 
 learn'd his Philofophy from the Brachmans; and both the Indiafz 
 and Chinefe Erudition came from the /Egyptians. Arrian^ in his Pe- 
 riplus of the Erythraan or Red Sea, has fet down the principal Mer- 
 chandife that came from the Indies, which are (bme of the fame 
 brought at this day. Before the time of Augujlus the common 
 courfe to the Eaft-lndies was by the Red Sea, of which Navigati- 
 on Pliny gives a very exad Defcription. It does not appear that 
 the antient Geographers had any notion of the Courfes which the 
 moderns have try'd by the Strait of Waigats and Nowa Zemhla. 
 The Ancients had ftrange opinions concerning the Geography of 
 the Northern part of Ajia , they believed that the Cafpian Sea was 
 a Gulph of the Scythian or Northern Ocean of Ajia, that thofe 
 two Seas were join'd by a Channel large enough for the PafTage 
 of ships, and this after a plain Teflimony of Herodotus to the 
 contrary. 
 
 It is probable that there was {bme Commerce by Land between 
 the Northern part o^Afta and Europe anciently as well as now, between 
 Mufco'vy and China. There was an old Road to China by Smarcan- 
 da, mention'd before, fituated beyond Oxus, by which River Smar- 
 canda carried on it's Trade to the Weil over the CafpianSsa., and from 
 thence up the Volga to the Northern Countries of Europe. If one 
 eonfiders that paffage, it (eems poflible to go generally by Water- 
 carriage from China to Spain without entring into the Ocean, 'viz. 
 from the Eaft by the Oxus, the Cafpian Sea, the Folga, which might 
 be join'd to the Tanais by a Canal of fix German Leagues, then by 
 the Tanais entring into the Euxine, and from thence to the Straits 
 of Qihraltar. Straho points a iliorter Road ftill by the Cafpian Sea, 
 ^viz. turning towards Albania, and afcendiug up the River Cyrus. Se- 
 kucus Nicator, according to Pliny, had deviled a way to join Afia 
 to Europe, and the Cafpian Sea to the Euxine by a Canal from the 
 Cimmerian Bofphorus to the Cafpian Sea. Time has much changed the 
 di{pofition of thofe places, and the Oxus is almoft drain'd by Chan- 
 nels which the neighbouring Inhabitants have made for watering 
 their Grounds. The. 
 
 Strabo lib. z Plin. lib 6. cap. a.
 
 272 fables of Ancient Coins ^ 
 
 The paflage by Cahul ftrctched Southward by a neighbouring 
 River, which fell into the Indus, and from thence into the Indian 
 Ocean. The Commerce between Perfta and India went by Can- 
 dachar, called fo from Alexander who built it, or more probably 
 from the Candarians, a people near it. That Road is unfrequent- 
 ed lince the Commerce between Perfia and India by Sea. The 
 Caravans of Ifpahan and Agra go Hill by the way of Candachar, as 
 likewilc the Trade oi Mi igrelia the antient Colchis. 
 
 But, to return from this Digrefiion : The Roman Trade flouriflied 
 much under the time of Augujiusy but was not improved under 
 Tiberius. Hiftory only acquaints us that his Fleet went up the 
 Elbe, he having carried his Arms as far as the Banks of that Ri- 
 ver. Caligula^ an extravagant Prince, prepared himfelf a Triumph 
 for an imaginary Conqueil of Britain^ and carried fome of his Gal- 
 lies by Land to Romey for an Expedition that ended in gathering 
 Shells upon the Sea-fhore. He equip'd afterwards fbme Ships nei- 
 ther for Trade nor War, but in order to fly out of Italy^ upon the 
 News of a Revolt in Germany. He was fo far from benefitting 
 Trade, that he did it a great Injury, and brought Rome in dan- 
 ger of a Famine, whilft he colled:ed from all parts an infiiiite 
 number of Ships for the Conftrudion of fome great Work be- 
 twixt Bai(e and Puzzola. " Suetonius laith that Drufusy the Father 
 of the Emperor Claudius, was the firft who navigated the Northern 
 Ocean, which is not true ; for Augujlus had (cnt Ships there be- 
 fore, as '^ Pliny tells us. And Velleius Paterculus mentions a Fleet 
 that failed up the Elbe, when Tiberius the Brother of Drufus com- 
 manded in thefe Quarters, which Fleet came back laden with all 
 forts of Merhandize. It was Drufus who join'd the Rhifie to the 
 JJfely by a Ditch from him called FoJJa Brujiana, 
 
 The Emperor Claudius was the firft after Julius C^fary who in- 
 vaded Britain : his Fleet is celebrated '' by Seneca the tragick Poet. 
 Pliny writes, that in his triumphing over Britain he enter'd the 
 Adriatick in a Ship of an enormous Bulk. He conquered a part 
 
 of 
 
 a Sucton. in Clau<3. * Plin lib.' 2. cap. 67. b Seneca Odav. Aft. i.j
 
 Weights and Meafures^ 6cc. 273 
 
 of England, and the Orcades, and left the firname of Britannicus to 
 his Son. Veffafian, under his command, fubdued the Iflc of IFight. 
 He was {b great an Encourager of Commerce, that he charged 
 himfelf with all the Sea-nfc[ue of fuch Veffels as carried Corn to 
 Rome in the Winter time: He augmented and repaired the Port of 
 Ojliay built a Pharos or Light Houfe, whereof the Foundation was 
 the ship of Caligula before mentioned, which brought the crreac 
 Obelisk from -^gypt : It was under the Reign of Claudius that 
 Corhulo join'd the Rhine to the Meufe by a Canal twenty three 
 Miles long. Nero never thought of the Sea, but as a means to 
 efcape into ^gypt when his Affairs grew defperate. Britain under 
 his Reign had like to have fliaken off the Roman Yoke. The apprc- 
 henfion of Nero's Jealoufy made Antijlius Fetus lay afidc his Deficrn 
 of joining the Rhine and the Mofell by a Canal. Galba^ Otho and 
 Vitelliusy Nerds Succeffors, had hardly time enough to fettle in 
 their Government, and lefs to enrich themfelves by Trade. Vef- 
 pajian coming from the Eaft to take Poffellion of the Empire, 
 thought it of the utmoft Importance for his Defign to feize upon 
 Alexandria, as the Key of ^gypt and the Magazine of Rome. He 
 lent Agricola into Britain, who almoll fubdued it, and govern'd 
 it with great Prudence. Tacitus afcribes to Agricola the Difcovery 
 of the Orcades, and Thule, which that Author diftinguiflies from 
 the Orcades, telling us that Agricola fubdued the Orcades, but on- 
 ly difcover'd Thule. He is miflaken in both ; for other Hiftorians 
 afcribe the Conqueft of the Orcades to the Emperor Claudius \ and 
 Pomponius, who lived in his Reign, reckons their number. Thule 
 was known in the time of Ptolomy Philadelphus, fince Pythias of 
 Marfeilles, who lived in his time, had made a Defcription of it, 
 which is cited by Straho. 
 
 It does not appear that there were any new Difcoveries made 
 in Trade under the Emperors Titus, Dowitian, and Nerwa-, but 
 ^Trajan, a Prince ambitious of Glory, dc(cended to the Mouths of 
 the Tigris and Euphrates, and went upon the Ocean, where hav- 
 ing feen a Veffel trading to the Indies, he had thoughts of outdo- 
 
 * jlfur An. Dom. loo. N n ing
 
 274. Tables of Ancient Coins, 
 
 in<;^ Alexmder by the Conquefl; of thofe Countries, but wifely gave 
 over the Projed by the reflcclion of the difficuhy of prcferving 
 fuch dillant Provinces. The Pharos of Caietta and the Port of Ter- 
 rachia were repaired by the care of the Emperor Antomms Pius. He, 
 after the manner of Augnfius, inforced the obfervation of the na- 
 val Laws of the Rhodians. There is mention made, in a Decifion 
 of the Jurifconfult JauokmiiSy who Hved under the Reign of that 
 Emperor, of a Britannick Fleet commanded by Seius Satuminus, 
 called their ArchiguhernuSi which perhaps had been eftablifhed for 
 the Commerce oi that Country, and to keep them in Subjecti- 
 on. His Succcffor Antoninus Philofophus was a great Encourager of 
 Trade, for the Benefit of which he took care of the reparation of the 
 Highways. He put off the reprefcntation of Pantomimes till late 
 Hours, on Market Days ^ and Arijiides the Orator his cotemporary 
 affirms Traffick to have flourifhed very much in his time, both in 
 the Mediterranean and in the Ocean. The Emperor Pertinax ap- 
 pUed himfelf in his Youth to a gainful Trade pradifed by his Fa- 
 ther, who judging him fit for a better employment had a mind 
 to turn his Education another way ^ the Son was obftinate in pur- 
 fuing fo profitable a Trade (which was a fort of Merchandife of 
 Wood) by which he acquir'd the name of Pertinax. He carried 
 the fame genius for Trade into the Government^, but exercised ic 
 by Minifters. The Emperor Severus was very intent upon 
 procuring plenty in Romcy and fettling peace in all the Provinces 
 of the Empire, particularly in Britain^ having cafl; an Intrench- 
 ment from one Sea to the other, which {eparated the barren from 
 the fruitful part of the Ifland. It was with a View to Commerce 
 that in returning from his Expedition againft the Parthians he paf^ 
 fed through ^gjpt, informing himielf particularly of the Advan- 
 tages which Rome might draw from that Country. Altho' his Son Ca~ 
 racalla travelled through the fime Country, and feemingly upon the 
 fcme Motives, yet Revenge appears to have been the caufe of the 
 great Mafiacre which he made at Alexandria j wherein neverthe- 
 Uis he had fo much regard to the Merchants, that he left them in 
 
 Security.
 
 Wrights and Meafures^ d<c, 275 
 
 Security. Alexander Senjerusy a Gge and virtuous Prince, encou- 
 raged Trade tuRome icfelf, by moderating the Cuftoms. This Em- 
 peror /eems to have been the firft who incorporated the (everal 
 Trades of Rome into Companies with their particular Privileges ; 
 afligning them Protedors out of their own Companies, and Judges 
 to decide their Suits. Maximims traded himfelf with the Goths 
 in the Produ6l of his own EUate in Thracia, the Place of his Na- 
 tivity, whither he retired to withdraw from the unjuil Domination 
 of Oplius Macr'mus. The Emperor Aurelian confidered the Im- 
 portance of the /Egyptian Trade, regulated the Prices of Commo- 
 dities which came from that Country, as well Indian as native; 
 and to facilitate the Tranfportation, he took care of the Naviga- 
 tion of the Nile and the Tiber ; and to make the common peo- 
 ple feel Plenty, he encreafed th'e Weight of Bread without aug- 
 menting the Price. 
 
 o 
 
 The barbarous People of the North being {enfible how necef- 
 fary a naval Power was to carry on their Defigns, endeavoured in. 
 this to imitate the Romans. The Goths, when they attacked the 
 Empire firft with an Army of 320000 Men, had a Fleet of 
 ID 00 ships {Zofmus faith 6000) built at the Mouth of the 
 IJier in the Black Sea j which were moft part deftroyed in the Ar- 
 chipelago by Peftilence or War. The Arahs, under the Empire of 
 Conjlansy appeared in the Mediterranean with a Fleet of 1700 
 fail. 
 
 Firmusy who feiz'd upon -^gypt in the Reign of Aurelian (by 
 whom he was vanquiflied) was fb far praife-worthy, that he en- 
 couraged Trade, and particularly the hidian, very much in that 
 Country. Saturninus in the fame Enterprife had the fame fate. 
 The Hifforians of that time c^uote a Letter of the Emperor Hadri- 
 an, wherein he reckons the principal Manufactures of -^gjpt to 
 be Glafs, Paper, and Linen Cloth. 
 
 The Emperor Prohusy equal in merit to any of his Predeceflbrs, 
 had the peace of the Empire very much at heart. He had a mind 
 to divert the Labour and Induflry of his Subjeds from War to 
 
 N n 2 -Agri-
 
 2^6 Tables of Ancient Coins^ 
 
 Agriculture and Trade j and in piuTuance of that defign, employ- 
 ed his Army always in fome ufetul Work. What was fo profita- 
 ble to the Empire became fatal to the Emperor, by a Confpiracy 
 of the Soldiers, who were impatient of this fatigue, and could not 
 bear the Rcftoration of ancient Difcipline. He enlarged the Chan- 
 nels of Rivers, and particularly of the Niki to make diem more 
 commodious for Navigation. The Commerce of Rome muft have 
 fuffered under the Empire of Diocletian, by the Revolt of the Bri- 
 tonsy begun by Caraajius, and continued by AkUus. Caraujius had 
 been entrufted with the Britannick Fleet, to reprefs the Pyracies of 
 the Franks and Saxons in the Channel •, he acquitted himfelf like. 
 a valiant, but not like an honeft Man ■■, for he converted the 
 Prizes to his own ufe. He afterwards ufurped the Title of Empe- 
 ror, invaded England, and was kill'd by his Aflbcmte AleBus. The 
 Trade of Ronte had like to have fuffered another great Stroke by 
 an Infurrcdion in -^gypt, excited by Achilleus : But he was kill'd, 
 and Diocletian re-eftabhllied Commerce in that Country, About 
 this time the Saxons began to be known to the Romansy by the 
 Pyracies and Ravages they made on the Coafts of Gaul and Eng- 
 land, and their peopling fome part of the fame Coafts. The Af- 
 fairs of Religion and War took up the Emperor Confiantine fo 
 niuch, that he had not Time to think of Trade, in which the 
 Foundation of Conjlantinople made a very great Revolution; the 
 Vcflels of Alexandria carried now their Goods thither, as they did 
 formerly to Roifie. This new Capital was peopled at the Expence of 
 Italy, which this new Plantation exhauffed. Conjlantinople, by its Sim- 
 atiop, naturally invited the Emperors to think of Trade ; accordingly 
 we find in the Theodojian and Jujlinian Code the Intereft of Trade 
 very well provided for. After this the Incurfions of the Go/^/w and 
 (bme other barbarous Northern Nations, fb difordered the Affairs 
 of the Roman Empire, that they thought rather of their own Pre- 
 (ervation, than of enriching thcmfelves by Commerce. After the 
 Goths, the Arabians, Difciplcs of Mahomet, ereded a new Empire 
 more formidable to the Romans than the Power of the Goths: 
 
 The
 
 Weights and Meafures^ Sec, 277 
 
 The ^gypttansy weary of the Roman Government, fiibmitted to the 
 Saracens j and the City Caire was h\\i\t Anno Dom. p 8 4, which proved 
 a KwAto Conjiantinople mTi2i<\t -^ notwithftanding Co^^^«/i«op/(r, un- 
 der the prote6lion, and by the advantage of an happy fituation, 
 carried ftill on a great Trade. Benjamin of Nauarre, a Je'oj above- 
 mentioned, tells us he {aw a great Concourfe of Merchants from 
 all Parts of the World there ; this was near the twelfth Century ; 
 about this time Bagdad in Perjta being fituated near the Frontiers 
 of the Indies came to be a place of great Commerce, the Indian 
 Goods being carried from thence to Conjlantinople. The Greeks and 
 Latins being mightily delighted with the tafte of Cloves, made 
 fome of the Greek Emperors have a mind to conquer the Coun- 
 try where they grew. 
 
 Syracone and Saladine his Son having extinguiflied the Caliphate 
 of the Saracens^ eftablifhed the Government of the Mammelucks in 
 /Egyfty and renewed the Indian Trade in that Country j the Mi- 
 litia of the Mammelucks depended upon Traffick for young Boys, 
 which they purchafed in Circaj^a and the other Provinces of Col- 
 chis about the Palus Maotisy and (cveral other places of that Coun- 
 try J this obliged the Sultans of ^'gypt to treat with the Empe- 
 rors of Conjlantinople for a permiffion to (end a few Ships into the 
 Black-Sea, for that Trade. 
 
 There were many excellent Laws made for the encouragement 
 of Trade by the Grecian Emperors, but the Emperor Conjlaris was 
 he that (ignalized himfelf moil in this particular ^ he declared him- 
 (elf Protestor of the Mariners, he defended them from vexatious 
 Suits, exempted them from publick Offices and Taxes, and gran- 
 ted them many other privilcG;es. He was (e onded in this by Jw 
 liany who had then only the Title of Cjefar ; by his care the Com- 
 merce of En'rlandy almoif ruin'd by the Pyracies of the Barbarians, 
 was re-eilaMiilied j he repaired and augmented the number of vef- 
 fels thac carried Corn ftom England to GauL 
 
 The Romans ver.- reduced to the laft extremity by the eruption 
 of the Goths, and the taking of their City by Alarick. Amongfl: 
 
 feveral
 
 syS Tables of Ancient Coins, 
 
 feveral Tyrants that afpircd to the Government at the fame time, 
 there was one Attalusy who endeavoured to ftarve Italy by flopping 
 their Convoy of Provifions from Africa-^ he fail'd towards the 
 Coall with a Fleet ot 3700 VefTels of all kinds: his naval Pre- 
 parations were not more furprizing than his quick and fliameful 
 Retreat j for he returned to Carthage with only one Ship, having 
 fled without landing in Italy^ or flriking one ftroak. 
 4. D. 468. 'Y}\Q Emperor Leo rigged out a Fleet of i 1 o o Sail, which bid 
 fair for re-ellablifliing the Roman Power at Sea, had it not been 
 burnt by Geitferick upon the Coaft of Africk, by the Treachery of 
 Bajilisk the Emperor's General and Brodier-in-law. 
 
 The Roman Fleets, during their Commerce and Command at 
 Sea, had their feveral ftations and departments \ the mofl confi- 
 derable was the Alexandrian Fleet, under which was comprehend- 
 ed the fliipping on the Red- Sea ; the (econd was the African 
 Fleet, for fupplying Rofne, and afterwards Conjiantinopkf with Conij 
 the third was the Eaftern Fleet, the principal flation of which 
 was at Seleuciay a City of Syria on the River Orontes. This 
 Fleet had (everal odier lefler Squadrons depending on it. They 
 had a fourth Fleet of forty Sail in the Euxine Sea. There is a 
 fifdi Fleet mention'd in the Code, appointed for the Guard of 
 the Treafures. It does not appear that they had any particular 
 Fleet for the SpaniJJj Trade. 
 
 Rome could not maintain it's Dominion over fo many Provin- 
 ces without Squadrons ready equipt in the great Rivers of the 
 Empire, which are fct down in the Notitia Imperii. 
 
 The Emperors gave a very fpecial protedion to all Mariners 
 cmploy'd in the Service of the Government. The fifth Tide of 
 the thirteenth Book of the Theodojian Code regards their intereft 
 only. The ninth Law of that Title proteds them not only from 
 peifonal injuries, but all forts of violences and concufTions ordi- 
 nary and extraordinary, Inconveniencies, Inquietudes j and decrees 
 that they fliould enjoy a full (ecurity. This Law was inferred in 
 the Jujiinian Code. It Was provided by another Law under pain 
 
 of
 
 Weights and Meafures^ &c. 279 
 
 .of death, that none ftiou'd divert the Ships of Seafiring People 
 •againfl: their will to odicr ufes than thofe for which they were ap- 
 pointed. There were other Laws of the Emperors Gratiany Va- 
 Jentmianya.ndTljeodoJiMSyConfivmmg thofe Privileges for ever, and for- 
 bidding all Judges and Magiftrates under pain of death to give 
 them the lead difturbance. The Emperors Valentiniany Theodojius 
 and Arcadiiis exempted them from all Taxes, to which at the {ame 
 time they fubjeded Merchants without any exception. It has been 
 obferved before that the Roman Laws gave particular exemptions to 
 filch as built Ships, or traded in Corn : they were raifed to the 
 dignity of Knights by Conjtantine znd Julian^ and by another Law 
 of Valens and Gratiany a Senator might be admitted into the Com- 
 pany of Mariners. As they were honoured and protected by great 
 privileges, fo their Lands were in the nature of Fiefs, for which 
 the PofTcfTors were obliged to do perfonal fervice at Sea. That 
 obhgation upon the lands did not prescribe or come into difufe, 
 but by fifty confecutive years of Exemption. They were bound 
 fo ftridly to thofe perfonal fervices, that they could not rake the 
 Goods of private perfons aboard till the Government was firilferv'd. 
 There were Laws by which they were obliged to keep Ships of an 
 ufeful Size. The Government on prefTmg occafions could com- 
 mand the fervice of the veffeis of private Proprietors, as well as 
 their own. 
 
 The ancient Nundina, or Fairs o^ Rome, were kept every ninth 
 day \ which cuftom continued under the Emperors. Afterwards 
 the fame privileges were granted to the Country Markets-, which was 
 at firft under the power of the Confuls. For the Emperor Claudius 
 was obliged to ask the privilege of a Market for fome of his own 
 grounds, from the Confuls. This power was at laft lodged in the 
 Hands of the Emperors. 
 
 This is a fiiort Hiftory of Navigation before the invention of 
 the Needle j when and by whom that difcovery and improvement 
 was made, is fomewhat uncertain : it is older than fome people 
 
 have
 
 :28o Tables of Ancient Com, 
 
 have imagin'tl. Mr. Pafquiev in his mofl: excellent Book des Re- 
 cherches de la France ^ lib. 4. cap. 5 5 . has proved the Compafs to 
 • have been in ufe in the time of St. Le'wtSy who came to the 
 Crown An. Dom. 12.16. He quotes (bmeverfes of Ungues de Ber- 
 cjy who Hv'd in the time of Si. Leiijis •, which, becaule they give 
 an ample defcription of it, I have fet down. They are in his Bible 
 Jnyot. 
 
 After he has compared the Pope to the Pole-Star, he goes on, 
 
 Mais cejle eJloiUe ne fe muet, 
 
 Un Art font qui menter ne puet 
 
 Par 'vertu de la Mariniere 
 
 Un Pierre, Laide, ^ NoirierCy 
 
 Ou le fer, njolontiers fe joint, 
 
 Et Ji regardent le droit point 
 
 Puis que r aiguille I'a touchie 
 
 Et en un fejlu font fichie. 
 
 En lieu le met tent fans plus, 
 
 Et li feflus le tient deffus : 
 
 Puis fe tourne, la pointe toute 
 
 Contre I'efloille, ft fans doute 
 
 ^e faper rien ny fauffera 
 
 Ne Maronniers, n' en douhtera. 
 
 ^and la nuiU efl obfcure c^ hrmie, 
 
 ^'on ne njoit Efloille, ne Lune, 
 
 Lars font d /' aiguille allumer. 
 
 Puis ne peuvent ils s'egarer : 
 
 Contre I' efloille nja la pointe, 
 
 Perce font li Maronniers cointe 
 
 De la droitte <voye tenir : 
 
 Cefl un ars qui ne puet mentir: 
 
 ha prennent la forme, (^ le molk, 
 
 §lue celle Efloille ne fe crolle, 
 
 Moult
 
 Weights and MeafureSi &c 
 
 Moult eji I' ejloiUe helky <^ claire : 
 Tel deuroit eftre le SainU Pere, 
 Ckrcs de'veroit ejire, ^ ejiahle. 
 
 There Bercy calls the Loadftone the Mariner's Stone, as the prin- 
 cipal inftrument for fleering their Courfe. That an iron Needle 
 being touch'd with this Loadftone turns towards the Pole-Star, fo 
 that Mariners in the darkeft night by the help of a Candle, ha- 
 ving fitted their Compafs, can judge of their Courfe. There is a 
 Particularity curious enough in their Compafs, which was thus, 
 they join'd three or four ftraws one above another, and fix'd the 
 Needle upon them, and letting them fwim in water, mark'd 
 where the Needle turn'd. 
 
 281 
 
 O o
 
 282 
 
 Tables of Ancient Coinsy 
 
 DISSERTATION 
 
 Concerning the Dofes of Medicines given by Ancient 
 
 Phyfcians, 
 
 ^|!!^^^f@i H E Knowledge of the value of ancient Weights 
 lifV ^^^^^ i^fb and Meafures is very neceflary for the right un- 
 5^ derftanding of the writings of the ancient Phyfi- 
 
 Jt5P cians, and I hope it will not be unacceptable 
 to the Students of the ProfefTion, if I give a j^few 
 M^'x^^^^s^ ■^-- inftances of the u(e ot the Tables in computations 
 of this kind : at the fame time I hope they will excufe the im- 
 perfedions of this Eilay, compos'd in hafte upon a fubjedt that 
 really delerves to be conhder'd with more attention. 
 
 Hippocrates divided the Drachma (which I will fuppofe to be the 
 Attkk^ except where he mentions another) into 6 Oholiy according 
 to the ufual manner of reckoning in Greece j and no doubt in 
 imitation of him, Celfus divides the Denariusy which was always 
 fuppoled equal to die Drachma, into 6 parts. 
 
 The learned and accurate Dr. Hooper j Bilhop of Bath and Wells 
 has obferv'd that the Phyficians made their Prefcriptions by Drach- 
 masy not according to the Standard Weight, but by the current 
 Coin of their time j he fuppofes indeed the Denarius to have been 
 equal to (J 4 Grains j according to my computation, it is only 
 
 62.
 
 Weights and Meafures^ &c. 283 
 
 ^ i i| ; perhaps he is in the right. There is {bme fmall difference 
 between us in the Englijb Weights, for he affumes a different pro- 
 portion of the Englifh Averdupois Pound to the Troy Pound, 
 from that which is iunpofed in the Tables of this Book; it is al- 
 lowed that the Roman Ounce is equal to the A'verdupois Ounce, 
 and confequently, the Roman Pound confiding of i z Ounces, and 
 the A'verdupois of 1 6, the Roman Pound mull be according to 
 both reckonings | of the A'verdupois Pound, but he makes the 
 proportion of the Averdupois Pound to the Troy Pound, 175 to 
 144, perhaps a more accurate proportion than mine. According 
 to Dr. Wiherty whom Sir Jonas Moor quotes as very accurate, ic 
 is only as 17 to 14, and confequently the A'verdupois or Roman 
 Ounce to the Troy Ounce is as 5 i to 5<> j according to the Bi- 
 fliop, there are in the Roman Ounce 437,5 Troy Grains, ac cod- 
 ing to the computation of the Tables 4371, of which the (eventh 
 part, 'VIZ. the Denarius, is equal to 6z ||. The EngUjh Phyficians 
 make ufe of Troy Weight after the following manner : 
 
 Grains 
 
 Scruple 
 
 
 zo 
 
 
 60 
 
 ■> 
 
 Drachm 
 
 480 
 
 2-4 
 
 8 Ounce 
 
 57^0 
 
 z88 
 
 \ 96 12- 
 
 Pound 
 
 The Varis Pound confifts of 16 Ounces, of which the Ounce 
 is equal to 47 z, 5 Englijh Troy Grains. The Phyficians reckon to 
 their Pound i z of thole Ounces, confequently their medical Pound 
 is equal to $6-jo Troy Grains, and lefs than ours by ;?o Grains; 
 and their Ounce lefs by 71, and t\\QX\: Drachm, which is the eighth 
 part of their Ounce, is lefs than ours by w of a Grain. But they 
 reckoning 57^ Grains in their Ounce, makes ftill a greater dif- 
 ference in the quantity of the Grain, for 105 of our Grains 
 make i z 8 of theirs. This ftiorc account of the French medical 
 
 O o z Weicrhts,
 
 i84 Tables of Ancient Coins, 
 
 Weights, (tho' they are not ancient,) is not foreign to our • 
 purpVc. See Billiop Hoopers Treatile of Weights and Mea- 
 lurcs. 
 
 In the following computation of the Dofes of ancient Medi- 
 cines, I iliall make u(e of the Weight of the Denarius and Drach- 
 ma as Coins, both fuppofed equal to 6 z -!? Troy Grains. The 
 lixth part of this, or the OhoJus Attkusy and likewife the fixth of 
 t\\Q Devarim \\(c<Xhy Celfusy is equal very near to 10,4 Grains. 
 Sometimes Hippocrates mentions the /Eginaan Weight, which is 
 bigger than the Attick in the proportion of five to three. 
 
 I fhall begin with a fhort account of Hippocrates's manner of 
 prefcribing, who indeed very feldom mentions tlie Dofes of his 
 Medicines : perhaps becaufe they were commonly prepared and 
 adminiftred by the Phyficians them(elves, or that the Sons of the 
 Art were fufficiently inftruded in thele things, and the Dofes 
 were likewife to be different according to the llrength and other 
 circum fiances of the Patient ; yet this is fbmewhat furprizing, be- 
 caufe his Purgative Medicines are generally very rough and ftrong,. 
 fuch as Hellehory not only the black but the white : Elaterium or 
 the juice of the wild Cucumber; Cnidian Grains, or the Berries of 
 the Mezerium-^ Peplus and PepUiim, both Species of the Tythimalus 
 or the greater Spurge. Befides thofe Purges, there were the Thap- 
 fiay the juice of the Hippopha^, which is fuppofed to be a fort of 
 Rhamnus ^ Cohquintiday Scammonyy Magvejtan Stone ^ Cnicus a cartha- 
 mus ; k Clerk mentions likewife a fort of purging wliitc Poppy as. 
 a Medicine o{ Hippocrates. 
 
 Thofe purging Medicines, as faid before, are often mentioned 
 without naming the Dofes ^ thus in an inflammation of the Lungs, 
 when the fpitting is fuppreffed, *he orders after the fixth, feventh 
 or ninth day, to take white Hellehor, Thapjia, frefli Elaterium^ of 
 each equal parts j and to make the Patient vomit, but with a 
 predidion of the great danger of the Patient. ''In a vehement 
 pain of the head, the juice of the Thapjia in warm water for a. 
 Vomit, without mentioning the Dofe, 
 
 'He 
 
 » De morbis lib 1. b Ibid.
 
 IVeights and Meajures-, &:c. 285 
 
 'He orders Scammony iw bilious cafes, Helkhor in defluxions of 
 the Head, white Hellebor in a Vropfy; but when he mentions 
 Eellehor without any addition, it is to be underflood of the black 
 Hellebor. He orders Cummin^ and Carrot Seeds or Sefeli to be mixc 
 with Hellehor, but with the Peplium the juice of" the Lafer, or 
 .i^jfa fotida. 
 
 'In fome places, he mentions the Dofes particularly of Elaterium, 
 which he orders in a woman's cafe, the weight of an Attkk Oho- 
 lusy which is about i o } Grains in a Cjathnsy that is (bmewhac 
 more than z Ounces of Wine. 
 
 For the expuhion of a dead Eetusy he orders a P/igU of black 
 HeUehoYy and the quantity of a bean of Myrrh in a draught of 
 (weet Wine. It is furprizing to fee Drugs of that force ordered 
 in fb great and uncertain Dofes ; but when they were given for 
 vomiting as well as purging, the ancient Phyficians did not reck- 
 on this of fo great importance, for they reckon'd that a greater Dofe 
 wrought quicker, and came up fo much the (boner. 
 
 ''He gives as far as thirty Grana Cnidia, or Berries of the Me- 
 zerium. It feems by his manner of ordering outward Medicines, 
 that the inward Dofes of them were known to the Sons of the 
 Artj for his Style often runs thus. As much of fuch a Drug as 
 makes one, two, three Potions ; thus in Lotions in women's ca- 
 fes he orders two potions of Hellehor macerated in two Cotylce or 
 He7nin£ of water : a Cotyla or Hemina is a little more than our 
 half pint of Wine -meafure. For the fame purpofe he orders fixty 
 Grana Cnidia, or Mezereum Berries macerated in Oyl and Honey, 
 by which it would feem that thirty of them was an inward Dofe. 
 
 For the fame purpofe, one Do{s. or Potion of the Cneorus (x 
 Remedy taken likewife from Alezereum) macerated in an /Egw^e- 
 an Hemina of Hydromel, or Honey and Water. The JEgin^ean 
 Hemina muft be according to the proportion of the Talent^ larger 
 than our half pint, or about { of a Pint. 
 
 Immediately afterwards he orders for the fame purpofe one Po- 
 tion of Scammony, macerated in Hydromel, or an Attick Hemina- 
 
 of 
 
 L"b. dc Supcrfetationc ^ De natura mulicbri.
 
 286 Tables of Ancient Coins^ 
 
 of Raif-in-watcr ^ where the change of the Meafure is very remar- 
 kable, and it fecms very unaccountable to be fo exadl in the quan- 
 tity of liquor, where a fmall error was of little concern, and to 
 be (o loole in the Doles of powerful Medicines. If I were allow- 
 ed to guefs at the reafon o[ this proceeding, I fliould believe that 
 the Medicines being prepared by the Phylicians themfelves, and 
 the lotions or fomentations by the Nuries ; he thought it was much 
 more ncceflary to be exad; with the one than the other ; and you 
 will find through his whole Writingss that he is very precipe and 
 exa6t in ordering alimentary things ; and likewife it is not impro- 
 bable, but that he concealed the Doles of his Medicines from all 
 others but the Sons of the Art. 
 
 He is very nice in diftinguifliing the different qualities of his 
 Purges ; he tells you that Hellehor is a better Purge than the Pep- 
 liuffiy but the Peplium was better againft Wind.. He (eems to have 
 been the firft, who divided Purges into Hydrotkhy Purgers of Bile, 
 
 * I think there is one fort of Remedy which he ufes in Drop- 
 fies, 'viz. the water of the Hydroficks, which he faith is a Remedy 
 for the Difeafe. 
 
 ^ There is mention made of fjutwa. or Manna j not as a purg- 
 ing Medicine ; it is apply ed externally. 
 
 The next thing of which the Dofes ought to be nicely determi- 
 ned are Opiati, but tho' he fpeaks of fuch Medicines as procure 
 sleep, and eafe Pain, he doth not determine their Dofcs ; he names 
 the fjLY\'/.m, and (Xfirnvmy by which he underftands the Poppy and 
 the juice of it. ^He fpeaks both of the v/hite and the black Pop- 
 ^ as aftringents, but faich the black Poppjy or that with the black 
 feed, excells mod in that quality. " In another place he reckons 
 the Poppy amongft the Spices. ' Amongft: the Opiats may be reck- 
 oned the Mandragm-ay Hjofciamufy Henbave feed, the one he pre- 
 fcribes to melancholy people only with this caution, that it fliould 
 
 not 
 
 « Lib. de internis afFefiionibus. f Lib. de \&c. h I>e rnteniis afFcdlionibus. i De lo- 
 Ba;ur. aiuliebri. e Lib. de ration? vidtus, j cis in homine.
 
 Weights and Meafures^ Sec. 287 
 
 not' be given in Co great, a Dofe, as to bring madncG, the other 
 to be taken in the meafure of aConchaj which is the (ame with the 
 Oxyhaphum, above ; of a Pint, adding that the madnefs which it 
 induces will be taken off by Afs's Milk. He prefcribes Opmn and 
 Milk to prevent abortions, till the Patient is quick. Canthctrides are 
 another Medicine of which the Dofe muil be very nicely dccermin'd, 
 he prefcribes them both outwardly and inwardly, ^ five of them 
 in a Pefarjy cutting off their heads and feet, mixt with Myrrh, 
 Incenfe and Honey. ' Three] Canthar'tdes the lame way prepar'd o-i- 
 ven in a quarter of pint of water in a Dropjy. "Four of them 
 in a quarter of a pint of white Wine in one of the kinds of Jaun- 
 dice. "As for CJtflers he {pecifies them as he doth his Purges, 
 fome for purging off Pituite or Phlegm, and others for purging off 
 Bile. In fome he determines the quantity of the liquid, in o- 
 thers not ; as for example, one for purging off Bile is after this 
 manner. Of the juice of the Lafer, as much as makes one Poti- 
 on or Dofe, half a Drachm of Elaterimn, of Coloqitintida a Vrachriy 
 thefo ingredients diluted with Honey, Oyl, and Sea-water in which 
 Bran was boiled ; he gives great quantities of Salts in his Clijiers, 
 an Acetahulum of common Salt, or ten Drachms of Nitre. 
 
 The Laferis Succusj which he fpeaks of^ is the fame with our 
 Ajfa foetida; by reafon of the great quantities fometimcs prefcri- 
 bed, a Drachm is but a very moderate Dofe, to expell a dead foetus: 
 he ufes a Drachm of Laferis Succus, and an Acetahulum (which is 
 above three SpoonfuUs) of the juice of Leek. 
 
 Another of his Clijlers is compofed of a Heniina of Wine, that 
 is above half a pint, i Hemina of Oyl, and as much of Honey, 
 of Nitre the bignefs of a Sheep's ancle ^ this fhews that it was kept 
 in great pieces, for he often makes ufe of that expreflion to de- 
 termine the quantity of Nitre. 
 
 " Another Clijler is thus compofed, two Hemime of white Wine, 
 half a Hemina of Honey, j£gyptia?i Nitre torrified a Quadrant, a He- 
 mina 
 
 k De morbis mulierum lib. I. • Ibid. Ifeaion. o De morbis miilicrum lib. i. *De 
 mDe ratioiie vidus, &c. » De intern, af- Inatura imtlitbri. P Dc interiiis a-tfediicniibus.
 
 288 Tables of Ancient Coins ^ 
 
 wiwrtof the cxpreflcd juice of the wild Cucumher-^ this in an Ana- 
 Carca. This Clifer is very ftrong, and in our meafures runs thus. 
 Take of white Wine fourteen Ounces, three Drachms-^ of 
 
 Honey ^ Pint, one Spoonful ^ of the exprefTed juice of the wild 
 
 Cucumber ; Pint, two Spoonfuls j of A^.gyptian Nitre three 
 
 Ounces. 
 
 The ^adravs here meant he cxprefles in other places to be the 
 <|uarter of a Alhiay which is (bmewhat lefs than our Pound, ta- 
 king the value of the Drachm as above ^ the whole Liquor of the 
 Clijler will make above a Quart and five Spoonfuls. 
 
 "^ In a Tetavus to move the belly he proceeds by this method, 
 firft with a Suppojitory of ten inches long of Honey and Bull's 
 Gall, then with a Clijfer ; that proving inefFecftual, he makes ufe 
 of a Smith's Bellows, and afterwards applies a Clifler. 
 
 ^ Whether Wind might not be drawn out of the Bowels by 
 a Machine contrived after the manner of an Air Pump ? 
 
 'Blood-letting is another fubje6t of enquiry. Hippocrates let 
 great quantities, and open'd feveral veins at a time j he faith that 
 it fliould be done with broad Lancets, or as it is in the original. 
 Swords, in order to make a large Orifice : from which one may 
 quefs that the manner of opening a vein at that time, was by 
 llabbing or pertufion, as it is performed in horfes. He tells you 
 that in applying of Cups the Scarification ought to be made with 
 crooked Inflrumcnts. He often has the exprcllion of letting blood 
 to a great quantity, without mentioning the Weight or Meafure. 
 He let blood often ad deliquium, till the Patient fainted. ^He tells 
 you of one Patient in a complaint of his Bowels, who was let blood 
 till he had fcarce any left, and that he was perfccbly cured j by 
 this one would imagine his Difeafe had been an inflammation of 
 the Bowels. 
 
 He was extremely careful in ordering the kind and quantity of 
 Dyet, eipecially in acute Difcafes ; in fuch the Dyet which he or- 
 jdered was a Ptifayi of Barley. Ptifa^i properly was a Pollen, Parte, 
 
 or 
 
 5 Pc morbis lib. i. * De medicis lib. f Lib. y. Epidemicorum.
 
 Weights and Meafures^ &c. 289 
 
 or Jelly of boil'd Barley, which he order'd to be mixt in certain 
 quantities of Water, allowing his Patients feldom above two Co- 
 tyU or Hemina, that is little more than a Pint, once, feldoni 
 twice a day. Ptifans were made of other Grains after the fame 
 manner, and adminiftred in due quantities in proper cafes. 
 
 Becaufe his management of acute Diftempers confifted chiefly 
 in ordering proper Diet and Liquors, I Ihall give fome few inftan- 
 ces of the Liquors which he ufed on thefe occafions. Moft com- 
 monly he does not weigh but meafijre his Drugs. 
 
 * A Chanix of Attick Figs, and I. e. R i i Pint of Attick Yicrs, 
 
 boil them in two Congii of Wa- and boil in 141 Pints of Water, 
 
 ter, drain it, and drink half a ftrain it, and drink about a 
 
 Hemina at a time. quarter of a Pint at a draught. 
 
 ' Half of Bemichcenix of de- R | of a Pint of fhelled Bar- 
 cortiated or fhelled Barley, in ley in a Quart and four Spoon- 
 four Hemifne of Water, till it fulls of Water, 
 boils over twice or thrice. 
 
 He often prefcribes Hydromel, which is made of Honey, one 
 part, and Water eight: and Vinegar added made an Oxymel. 
 
 His deco6lion of Lint-feedy which he often ufes, is made after 
 this manner : 
 
 " An Acetahulum of Lint-feed R Somewhat more than three 
 
 in ten Hemina of Water boil'd Spoonfulls of Lint -feed boiled in 
 
 to one half, and let ftand till three Quarts of Water into i ^ 
 
 the Liquor grows fenfibly mu- Pint, 
 cilaginous. 
 
 'Of the Achillean or great R A Utde more than half a 
 
 Barley dried and decortiated, the Pint of great Barley, boil it in 
 quantity of a Heminay after it is (even Pints of Water into one 
 well waflied, boil it in a Congius half, 
 of Water into one half, and give 
 it to drink cold. 
 
 P p ^ Of 
 
 >De nature muliebri. n De morbi$ lib. 3. * Ibid.
 
 250 7ables of Ancient Coins, 
 
 ^0£ JEthiopch Cummin Vv of a ^ K large Spoonful of /Ethi- 
 
 Hem'may boil it in three Cmgii opic Cummin in about eleven 
 
 of Water in a VefTel clofcly lu- Quarts of Water, into a third 
 
 ted, into a third part, let it be part, 
 drunk cold in every kind of 
 Fever. 
 
 The Cummin here bears a fmall proportion to the water, and 
 is certainly only meant to corrod the crudity of it as a Spice, fo 
 it is only a manner of giving Water in a Fever. 
 
 ^'A Hemina of P///^« boil'd in R A quarter of a Pint of the 
 
 a Covgius of Water, into one Ptifan of^ Barley in about {even 
 
 half, to the ftrain'd Liquor add Pints of Water boiled into one 
 
 a little Apiumy let' it be drunk half* 
 coldw 
 
 The Ptifan of Barley was prepared after this manner ; the Bar- 
 
 • ley was firft fteep'd in water till it fwell'd, afterwards dried in 
 
 the Sun, then beat till the husk was taken ofFj and ground; the. 
 
 Meal was boil'd in Water, and expofed to the Sim, and when 
 
 dry, ihut up for ufe. 
 
 White Raifins without the R White Raifins fomewhat a- 
 
 Sfalks a Hemina, of Roots of bove half a Pint, of Roots of 
 
 Pentaphylhm bruis'd one hand- Cinquefoil bruifed, one handful, 
 
 ful, boil'd in twenty Hemina of boiled in eleven Pints of Water, 
 
 Water into one half. into one half. 
 
 The white of four Eggs beat R That is feven Pints o^ 
 ia.a CoKg/Mx of Water Water. 
 
 He recommends this Drink as cooling and laxative. 
 
 ribid. I^^
 
 Wei^ns and Mcajures^ &c 291 
 
 Half a C^(3fm of Barley Meal, ^ Three quarters of a Pint 
 
 and a ?,ugil of Adlanthus in a of Barley Meal, a Pugil of Maid- 
 Congius of Water. en-hair in feven Pints of Water; 
 
 The Pulp of a ripe Cucumber without the rind in Water is 
 recommended as an excellent Medicine both to quench Third 
 and provoke Urine. 
 
 Three handfuls of Apium, two Pugils of Pulegium, boil'd in 
 ten Hen/in^ of Vinegar [/. e. fix Pints] into one third part, mixc 
 with Honey, and then to be drunk with Water^ putting in one 
 Pugil of Adianthumy is recommended as a Diuretick and Laxative. 
 
 This is an Oxymel to be mixt with Water. 
 
 He orders all the Liquors which are given to feverifli Patients 
 to be expos'd to the Air in a clear Night, and then to be drunk 
 cool, except by fuch as were inclined to a Loofenefi. Thefe De- 
 codions are moft of them to be found in his Book de intemis Af- 
 feUionihus. 
 
 There is one very ftrange draught prefcribed for a fliort.breath'd 
 man, and ordered to be drank off at one draught ; half a Gallon 
 of Hydromel with a litde Vinegar : this feems to be prefcribed by 
 way of Exercile as well as Medicine, and it encreafeth fbme Sus- 
 picion chat the Book de intemis AffeStionihus, as well as that de Af- 
 fe^ionihusy was not writ by Hippocrates : but that is a confidera- 
 tion I do not enter into, becauie all the Books publifhed in his name, 
 are at leaft: wrote by the ancient Authors. 
 
 * Hydromel and Vinegar, three Somewhat more than a Pint 
 Meminay are given for a Vomit and a half. 
 in bilious cales. 
 
 '' He orders fometimes his Patient to eat Figs before his Vo- 
 mit, and to vomit till he brings up the Figs, which come up laft 
 of all. 
 
 P P i 'There 
 
 » De affeiaionib. lib. 6 Dc iiitcniis Affeaion,
 
 20 2 7ahJes of Ancient Com, 
 
 * There is nothing more furprizing than the great quantities in 
 which he prefcribes ^Milk. Afies Milk to be drank to the quan- 
 tity of twelve Hemm£y and if the Patient can bear it, to fixteen, 
 that is from feven to nine Pints. 
 
 ^ He often orders that quantity of AfTcs Milk boil'd to purge 
 his Patient, particularly in Epilepftes. 
 
 'He prefcribes Goat's Milk to the quantity of four Heminay or 
 a Quart, with about } of a Pint oi Hydromely and the (ame quan- 
 tity of it with ten Grains of the juice of Lafer, or Ajfa foetiday 
 and fome Honey, in an Eepatkal Diftemper. 
 
 • Two Congiiy or above fourteen Pints of Cow's Milk in Difeafes of 
 the Spleen. Le Clerk imagines that this quantity was not to be 
 drank in a day ; but I wonder that any man who had read Hippo- 
 crates could think fo, becaufe he has feveral times the word tm q iJg-g- 
 cain : ' particularly he faith in one place, let him drink the next 
 day eicrht H(?ww^ of AfTes Milk with a litde Honey, and if that 
 cannot be had, three Semicongii or eleven Pints of Goat's or Cow's 
 Milk. And in another place he faith, let him drink the next day 
 a Congius or feven Pints of Affes Milk. 
 
 I have often thought that our prefcribing Afles Milk in fuch 
 fmall quantities is injudicious, for undoubtedly with fuch as it a- 
 grees with, it would perform much greater and quicker effcds in 
 greater quantities. 1 take it for granted that the Patients who drunk 
 fuch great quantities, took no other Food. 
 
 He was very nice in the choice and quantity of his Wine, 
 moftly white, but fometimes what he called black, in fome cafes 
 fwect Wines, and in fome cafes auftere. Sometimes he ordered 
 a Patient a Cup of two Hemina, or a full Pint of Wine, when 
 going to flccp. 
 
 ^He prefcribes fometimes very large Dofes of Powders, but ve- 
 ry cffedlual for the intention, fuch as of Sulphury Cardamuniy Rue, 
 jfEthiopick Cumminy each the quantity of a Bean, which will make 
 very near a Vmchniy to be taken in an Ajihma. 
 
 Another 
 
 c De ratione viaus, &c. a Ibid. c Dc intcrnis affedHon. f De Morbis mulier. lib. t.
 
 PFeights and Meafures^ &c. 
 
 Another prefcribed in hard Labour : * Of /Ethiopic Cummin as 
 much as you can hold in three Fingers, of Annifeed and Sejili as 
 much as you can hold in five or fix Fingers. I cannot tell what 
 he means by fix Fingers, unlefs it be to denote the diiFerent Pro- 
 portions of the Ingredients. He orders in the {ame cafe the Vx- 
 ony Root or Seed a Concha or about three Spoonfuls. 
 
 ^ He is no lefs exa6t in prefcribing the Exercifes of his Patients, 
 ordering fome of them to walk eighty Stadia in a Day, which is 
 about nine Englijh Miles, which he divides after this manner, thir- 
 ty Stadia in the Morning, thirty before Supper, and twenty after. 
 I think this as neceffary a Prefcription as any ; and if Patients 
 would be obedient, it might do more good than all the others. 
 
 293 
 
 A Jljort /Account of the Prefcriptions of CeJfus. 
 
 CElfus was a very cautious and fparing giver of inward Me- 
 dicines, he puts the ftrength of his Cure in moft cafes 
 upon Diet, Bathing, Unclion, Fridlions, and Exercife. 
 * He vomits often only with warm Water, and rather in the Win- 
 ter than Summer, chiefly People that are bilious, and fit rather 
 than lean ; great Eaters and ill Digefters : ^ yet he gives the white 
 Hellehor for a Vomit in one fort of Madnefs, and the black for 
 a Purge in another, without naming the Dofe. "" He fiith Vo- 
 mits even repeated are not dangerous in Hcemorrhagies. He thought 
 Autumn the properefl Seafon to give white Hellehor. 
 
 t Demorbis MuHer. lib i. e De inter, affecfl. 
 
 a Lib. I. c. 3. Vomitus utilior eft hyeme 
 quani scltate. nam turn & pituits plus, & capi- 
 tis gravitas major fubeft. Inutiliseft gracilibu', 
 & imbecillum llomachum habentibus.- uti.is eft 
 
 He 
 
 picnis & biliolTs omnibus, d vcl nimium fe re- 
 pleruirt, vel parum concoxernnt. 
 
 b Lib. 3. c. 18. In trifttia nigrum veratrum 
 dcjedtionis caufa, in hilaritatc album ad vonri- 
 tuin excitandum dari debet. « Lib- 4.
 
 294 Tables of Ancient Coins t 
 
 He was no great Friend to Purging and Clifters, and blames 
 the Ancients for their too frequent ufe of them: You may fee the 
 PaHic^e at large''. He was lor mixing "" Aloes with all Purges. 
 
 f As for OpiatSy he feems to allow a Decodlion of the Popf^ or 
 Henham in Water, at lead by quoting the JExample of other Pra- 
 <^itioners. 
 
 •8 He condemns Blood-letting in Children, old Men, and Wo- 
 men with Child, but allowing at the fame time many Exceptions 
 from fuch a general Rule. He names feveral cafes very pertinent- 
 ly, in which it was abfolutely neceflary to let blood \ gives pro- 
 per Cautions againfi; Accidents of pricking a Tendon or Artery: 
 As to the Quantity, he faith the Vein fhould be ftop'd before the 
 Patient faints ; he orders bleeding from the fame Vein the next 
 Day : He gives one Precept about Bleeding which (eems extraor- 
 dinary, that when the Blood is good, which is to be judged by 
 the colour, that immediately the Vein fhould be flop'd ; but he 
 adds, that this is a Caution which a skilful Phyfician does not 
 want, becaufc he knows the proper cafes before hand. 
 
 *" He ufes the La&uca mar'ma and Squils as Diureticks in Drop- 
 fies. 
 
 ' I don't find he gives the fecond inwardly, but ufes the D&- 
 codion of it as a Fomentation. He mentions feveral othqr Diure- 
 ticks befides thefe. 
 
 '' He prefcribes Milk in Confumptions without naming the 
 Dofe, and condemns it as a Poifon in Head-aches, acute Fevers 
 attended with Thirft, or where the Urine is bilious. 
 
 ' In Fevers he feems to approve raifing the Sweat by cool Li- 
 quors, and tells you that after Hippocrates there was one Petro who 
 covered up his feverifli Patient with warm Cloths j and when the 
 
 Fever 
 
 4 Lib. 2 c. 12. e Ibid. Sed medica- 
 
 menta ftomachumfere lacdunt, ideoque omnibus 
 Catharticis Aloe mifctndum eft. 
 
 f Lib. 3. c. lb. Quidam fomnum moliuntur 
 potui dando aquam ia qua Papavcrus aut Hyo- 
 Icii^mus dccoda fit. 
 
 gLib. I.e. 10. h Lib. 3. c. 11. 
 
 » Lib. z. c. 31. '" Lib. 3. c. 22. Lac 1 
 
 quoque, quod in capitis doloribus, & in acutis 
 fcbribus, & per eas fa6ta nimia litis, five pra:- 
 cordia tument, five biliofa urina eft, fire fan- 
 guis fluxit, pro veneno eft : in pbthifi tamen, fi- 
 cut in omnibus longis difficilibufque febribt^, 
 reQe dari poteft. iLib. 3. c. 9. . ' i ■ 
 
 £c m& h$c permit q)$di<:i&!» SfM-
 
 IVeights and Meafures^ &c. s'pjr 
 
 Fever began a little to decline, giVe them cold Water to drink till 
 he provoked Sweat j if he did not fweat at firft, he gave him ftill 
 more cold Water till he obtain'd his purpofe : When he was out 
 of his Fever, he gave him Hog's Flefh and Wine : if he was nor 
 ftill quite cur'^d, he purg'd him with Salt Water, and this was the 
 whole of his Pradice. 
 
 "" He is very precife in prefcribing his Exercifes and Fri6lions,' 
 of which he defcribes the natural EfFeds with great Judgment. He 
 pre(cribes from fifty Fridions to two hundred, according to the 
 ftrength of the Patient j I fuppofe he means fo many Strokes with 
 the rubbing Inftrument, 
 
 As for the Dofes of his Medicines, they {eem to be reafonabic, 
 except where the Text is corrupted ; for Example. 
 
 A ConfeBion againji the CholicL 
 "Cojfi, Anejiy Cajiorei,, JtrtguloYum P. (knmorum III. = dr. j-j 
 
 Petrofelini denariorum III. 
 
 Piperis Jongi ^ rotundi, fnguIorunfV. II. =idr. i. gr. 5. 
 
 Papa'veris lacryma, junci rotundi, Mynhcey Nardiy Jingttlortmt 
 P. VI *i = dr. 6. gr. 1 5. qua ntelk excipiuntur. Id autem (jr di- 
 worari potejly et ex aqua calida fumi. 
 
 In this the Opium is about one (eventh part of the folid In- 
 gredients. 
 
 Againji an Afihma. 
 
 Honey, Galbanum and Turpentine mixt, the Bignefs of a Bean : 
 but there follows after that a Receipt in which the Text muft be 
 corrupted. 
 
 Sulphurls 
 
 "» Lib a. c. it. »Lib. 4 0/14.
 
 2^6 Tables of Ancient Corns, 
 
 Suhhuris ignem noH experti pondo^c^ quadrans. = Pou. i. Oun. i. 
 <lr. 4. fcr. z. gr. 5^ 
 
 Ahrotoni fondo in wini cyatho tertrntuvj = Ou. 10. dr. 7. fcr. z. 
 or. 5 . idque tepefaBum forhetur. 
 
 It's plain from the lirft Infpedion that fuch a Quantity of either 
 of the Inc^redients cannot be given at once, far lefs out of two 
 fpoonful of Wine, therefore undoubtedly the numbers are omit- 
 ted, and Pondo is only put at length as P. in other Receipts, and 
 the * widi the number wanting. 
 
 Antidotum Amhrofia nominatum, quod Zo^yrus Ftole- 
 
 m&o Regi compofuit. 
 
 Cop, Thuris mafculi, fmgtiJorim P. V.* = dr. 5. gr. iz. 
 Piperis alhi P. * = dJr. i. gr. z- . 
 Floris Jmici rotimdi P. 11. * = dr. i. gr. 5. 
 Cinnamomi P. III. * = dr. 3 . gr. 71. 
 Caf<e nigra P. IIII. * = dr. 4. gr. i o. 
 tyoci Cilicii P. * IIII = dr. 4. gr. 10. 
 Myrrha quam StaUem nominat P. V. * = dr. 5. gr. 1 x. 
 Nardi Indici P. * V. = dr. 5 . gr. i 2. 
 
 ^a Jingula contrita melle coBo excipiuntur : deinde uhi utendum ejty 
 id quod JEgyptia faha magnitudinem impleat in potione ijini diluitur. 
 
 Catapotium ad fomnum accerfendum. 
 
 Papa'verii lachryma, Galbani, Jingulorum P. I.* = dr. i. gr. i,-. 
 Myrrhay CaJIorei, Piperis, ftngulorum P. II.* = dr. 2. gr. 5. 
 Ex quihiis quod Ewi magnitudinem habety fatis ejl deuorajje. 
 Here the Opium is one eighth part of the Ingredients. 
 
 Cata-
 
 Weights and Meafures^ &c. 297 
 
 Catapotium valentius ad Somnum. 
 
 Aherum Jiomacho pejus, ad formum 'vaJentiuf, ex his fit, Mandra- 
 gora P.*. Apii feminisy item Hvofciami feminis, Jtngulorum P. IIII. 
 = * dr. 4. gr. 5)f . qua ex ^ino terunfur. 
 
 Catapotium ad plurimos dolores, per femnum leviendos. 
 
 SiJisj Acoriy Rut£ jyhejirisj feminis^ JinguJorum P. I. * = 
 dr I. gr. ^^. 
 
 Cajiorei, Cinamomiy Jingulomm P. II. * = dr. z. gr. 5:. 
 
 Papaveris lachryrna^ Panacis, Ra diets Mandragone, MaJorum ari- 
 dorum, J unci rotundi Floris, Jingulorum P. II. * = dr. 2,. gr. 5. 
 
 Piperis grana LVl. =^ (cr. 2. gr. 21. 
 
 Hac per fe contrita j ri-.rfus inftilJato fuhinde pajfoy Jltnul omnia te- 
 runtuTy donee erajjitudo fordium fat : ex eo pauJum aut de-voratury aut 
 aqua diluitur d^ potui datur. 
 
 The Opium is above a ninth part of the Ingredients, befides 
 the Paffum. 
 
 Pajfmn is a Wine made of dry'd Grapes, in all appearance not 
 after our manner of making made Wines. It was flrong and 
 fweet. 
 
 Catapotium ad ind^ucendum fomnum, quod 'vul'va do- 
 lens prohibuit. 
 
 Croci P. II. ^ = dr. z. gr. j. 
 
 Anifiy Myrrh<e, Jingulorum P. I. * = dr. 2. gr. z;. 
 Papaveris lacrymay P. IIII * == dr. 4. gr. 5)f . 
 Cicuta feminis P. VIII. *' = Oun. i . gr. 1 5>f . 
 
 Q^ q Mifcenfur
 
 298 Tables of Ancient Coins 9 
 
 Mifcentur, exciftunturque <v'mo vetere ; ^ quod lupini ma^ituM' 
 fiem haket in tribus cyathis aqii£ diluitur. Id tamen in febre fericulofe 
 datur. 
 
 The Opium is a fourth part of the Ingredients. 
 
 Catapotium Athenionis ad Tujfim. 
 
 Mynha^ Piperis, Jtngulorum P. L* = dr. i. gr. i{: 
 Cajiorei, Papaveris lacryma, Jtngulorum P. I. * = dr. i . gr. i{ . 
 ^£ feparatm cofitufa, poftea junguntur, 8f ad magnitudinem faba 
 nojlray bina Catapotia mane^ bina noBu dormituro dantur. 
 The Opium is a fourth part of the Ingredients. 
 
 It is ftrange that the Quantity of the Dofe of an Opiat fhould 
 not be weighed as well as the Ingredients : it is often defcribed by 
 the bignefs of a Bean, and there are three forts of Beans mention'd, 
 the /Egyptian Bean, the Romany and the Lupine. The ^Egyptian 
 Bean muft have been very imall ; for in the Mithridate, as de- 
 fcrib'd by Celfus, he determines the Dofe either by an /Egyptian Bean 
 or by an Er^um, a fort of a Vetch or fmall Pea 5 befides, the Bean 
 muft have been near round, becaufe it ferves for the Model of a Pill ; 
 and it is a common Obfervation of Beans, the lefs, the rounder. 
 The Phafeolus or Kidney Bean is commonly call'd the Row<^w Bean, 
 as well as the French Bean •, but if the Bean were very fmill in the 
 Catapotium Athenionis, the Opium making the fourth part of the 
 Ingredients, four fuch Dofes in twenty four Hours would be z 
 very large Quantity. A Dofc only of four Grains would make a 
 Grain at a time, and therefore I am apt to think that there are 
 feme Ingredients wanting in the Compodtion. The manner of the 
 Ancients is to aflbciace Opium, with other warm Ingredients. 
 
 Cata-
 
 Weights and Meafures^ &c. 299 
 
 Catapotium Heraclidis Tarentinl ad ITuffim ^ Somnum. 
 
 Croci P. I. * == dr. i . gr. li . 
 
 Cinnamomiy Caftoreiy Papaqjeris lachryma, Jtngulorum P. I. * = 
 dr. I. gr. ^'-. 
 
 Piperis longi, Coji, Galbani, jtngulorum P. * = dr. i. gr. i|. 
 The Opium is one eighth pare of the Ingredients. 
 
 ColicA Cajjii Aledici. 
 
 Crociy Anijtj Cafloreiy Jtngulorum P. III. * = dr. 5 . gr. 71 
 
 Petrofelini P. IIII. * == dr. 4. gr. to. 
 
 Piperis ^ longi ^ rotundi, Jtngulorum P. V. * = dr. 5 . gr. i z. 
 
 Papanjeris lacrym£, Junci rotuuS, Mjirhte, Nardil Jtngulorum 
 p.VI. * = dr. 6. gr. 14. 
 
 §u£ melle excipiuntur : id autem (jf deuorari potejl, ^ ex aqua 
 calida fumi. 
 
 The Opium is about one eighth part of the Ingredients. 
 
 Ad'verfus dijjicultatem IJrinA. 
 
 Piperis longi, Cajlorei, Myrrha, Galbani, Papaveris lacrym£j Cro- 
 ciy Cojli, mtci£ Jingula. = dr. 7 gr. 17^. 
 
 Styracisy Rejina Terehinthice pondo fextantes = Oun. i. dr. 6. 
 (cr. I . gr. 1 4 1 . 
 
 Mel AhJinthi cyathus. (fomewhat above two Spoonfuls.) 
 
 Ex quihus ad magnitudinem fah£ JEgyptice mane, ^ ccenato dart 
 delet. 
 
 The Opium is an eleventh part of the Ingredients, befides the 
 Honey. 
 
 Q, q 2, Some
 
 300 
 
 Tables of Ancient Coinsy 
 
 Some Examples of the Manner of Prcfcribing^ and 
 Dofes of Medicines y taken from Scribonius 
 LargLis. 
 
 SCrihofiius Largus makes u(e of the fame Weights and Mcafures 
 with Celfus. In the following Examples I Ihall take (bme 
 Prefcriptions of feveral kinds, following the order of the 
 Book, and reduce them to our Weights and Meafures. 
 
 ji Prefcription for a Snuff to he taken in a njiolent 
 
 Head-ach. 
 
 VeratYi alhi, cajlorei, Jlruthiiy R Of white Hellebor, Caftor, 
 
 quod ejl radix lanaria, piperis al- Struthium, (which is a Root 
 
 hi, jinguIorum^VA. h£c contufa us'd by the Wool-dreflers) white 
 
 tenuiter forato crihro tranfmutan- Peper, each one Drachm, i^ 
 
 tur. Grains. 
 
 The Struthium is a Plant mcntion'd by Diofcorides, Columella, lih, 
 XL cap. 1 1 . who faith that the Tarentine Sheep ought to be walk- 
 ed with it. Pliny, lib. XXIV. cap. 1 1 . fiith that the Dyers made 
 ufe of a Plant, iw preparing their Wool, which the Greeh call 
 Struthion, which he faith, lib. XXV. cap. 5. was good for SnufF. 
 The Plant does not grow in this Country. 
 
 In
 
 Weights and Meafures^ dec, 501 
 
 In Epilep/ies, 
 
 thymi alU * P. III. ex aceti R O^ white Thyme three 
 
 cyathis trihusj ^ mellis honi pon- Drams feven Grains, of Vine- 
 do uncia: ut dilutum jej units h'that gar (even Spoonfuls, or a quar- 
 per dies quadraginta quinquey fed ter of a Pine and a Spoonful, 
 quum hiherit citatus amhulet millia and of good Honey {even _ 
 pitjfuum minime dudum. Drachms, feventeen Grains : 
 
 The Patient to drink this in a 
 Morning for forty five Days, 
 walking fad a Space, which wants 
 an hundred and twelve paces of 
 two EngUp Miles. 
 
 The white Thyme is mention'd by Gafpar Bauhen Pinac. Uh. VI. 
 §. 4. he faith that it is grave olens, ill-fcented or flinking. 
 
 A Collirium for an Epiphora or Inflammation of the 
 Eyes from a watery Humour. 
 
 Aloes Indica * P. IIII. Croci R O^ Indian Aloes four 
 
 * P. II. Opii * P. I. Gummis Drachms ten Grains, Saffron 
 
 * P. IIII. Plantaginis fucci cya- two Drachms five Grains, Opi- 
 thos tres. um one Drachm 21 Grains, 
 
 Gum Arahick four Drachms ten 
 Grains, Juice of Plantane fe- 
 ven Spoonfuls. 
 
 When Gummis is put by it felf, it means Gum Arahick, in the 
 Author it is often wrote Cummis with a c.
 
 502 Tables of Ancient Co'ins^ 
 
 Ajharp CoUirium to take Specks off the Eye, and againft 
 the Afperitj of the Eye-lids. 
 
 j^ris njli * P. IIII. Thuris Ay- R Calcined Copper, the Bark 
 
 'hons Corticis * P. IIII. Ammo- of the Incenfe Tree, clear Gum 
 
 niaci Gutta * P. IIII. Commis Ammoniac, Gum Arabic, of each 
 
 * pond. nil. Teruntur ex aqua four Drachms ten Grains. 
 pluviali. 
 
 Galen faith that the Bark of the Thuriferus Tree is more aflriii- 
 gent than the Incenfe it (elf 
 
 A Remedy againfi Spitting of Blood and an ohfiinate 
 
 Couzh. 
 
 o 
 
 * Aluminisfifi?. * VI. Opii P.* R Of Alum fix Drachms fif- 
 
 l.aqua exigua Opium diluitur,mif- teen Grains, Opium one Drachm 
 cetur alumini ante trite j fiunt glo- two Grains and a half Let the 
 huU ciceris amplitudinis : dantur Opium be diifolved in fair Wa- 
 jejuno ante cihum quaterni aut ter, and mix the Alum pow- 
 ^uini. dered, make it up in Pills of 
 
 the Bignefs of Chicken Peas or 
 Vetches, and let the Patient take 
 four or five of them ii\ the Mor- 
 ning fafting 
 
 A Remedy againfi an Afihma. 
 
 Sulphuris 'vi'vi P. * I. Nitri R Live Sulphur one Drachm 
 P. ^ felihra, ahrotani quod trihus two Grains, of Nitre 5 1 Grains, 
 digttis comprehendi pojjit. Hac Southernwood as much as can 
 contundmtur^ ^ teruntur curiofe, be held in three Fingers. Thefe 
 
 contun-
 
 Weights and Meaftircs-, d<c, 
 
 ^um opus efly dantur ex his co- Ingredients mull: be powdered 
 
 chlearia duo cum duohus cyathis a- nicely, and two Spoonfuls of 
 
 ceti calidi jejuvo. (The libra is the Medicine given in feven 
 
 to be taken away, and it mull Spoonfuls of warm Vinegar to 
 
 be read * S. the Patient fading. 
 
 Tho' all Authors correct this Reading as I have done, yet I 
 think it would be better read of a Pound than a Denarius ; for 
 the whole Compofition as it (lands will hardly make two Spoonfuls. 
 
 Another Medicine for the fame Purpofe, ivhich the 
 Author faith is good agamfi a Fcilfj^ Dropfy, or 
 Difeafe in the Spleen. 
 
 303 
 
 Bryofiia, id ejl aJha 'vita ra- 
 dicis P * XIL Iris lUyric£ P *X II. 
 Ammoniac a gutta P * XII. Afpa- 
 ragi radicis P * VI. f cilia hulhi 
 crudi ex inter iore parte P. * XII. 
 Tragacanthi P. * VI. Mel mifce- 
 tur contufis ^ iritis donee cera 
 mollis habeat temperaturam. Inde 
 cum opus ejl datur P. * I. cum a- 
 quee mulfa cyathis tribus vel qua- 
 tuor. 
 
 R Of the Roots of white Bri-' 
 ony, Illyrian Iris, Gum Ammo- 
 niac in clear drops, of each thir- 
 teen Drachms five Grains, Roots 
 of Afparagiis fix Drachms thir- 
 ty two Grains and an half, of " 
 the inward part of ScjuiU thir- 
 teen Drachms five Grains, or one 
 Ounce,five Drachms, five Grains, - 
 Gum Tragacanth iix Drachms, 
 thirty two Grafns and a half, 
 or fix Drachms, one Scruple, 
 twelve Grains and a half. To • 
 thefe Ingredients bruited and 
 powdered add as much Honey 
 as makes the Confillence of fofc 
 Wax. The Dofe is one Drachm, 
 two Grains, drinking after itiix" 
 or. eight Spoonfuls of Hydromel.
 
 504 Tables of Ancient Coim^ 
 
 A 
 
 Senjeral Catapotia. 
 
 Catapot'mm is a general Name for a Medicine that is fwal- 
 lowcd folid without being diflblved, and mofk commonly 
 made up in Pills. 
 
 A Catapotium for a Cough with Spitting. 
 
 Croci pondo uncia, Myrrha P. R Of Saffron {even Drachms, 
 
 fextantisy Opii pond, quadrantis. {eventeen Grains, ofMyrrhdou- 
 
 Contunditur Crocum, prafcrihatury ble the Quantity, of Opium tri- 
 
 contufa Myrrhce Opium admifcetur ble. To Myrrh bruifed add the O- 
 
 aqua exigua dilutum. Poflea ad- pium diffolved in a little Water, 
 
 jicitur CrocutKy ^ cum in unum afterwards the Saffron ^ after ic 
 
 hefie mixta funt, finguntur pilules is biuifed and drained, and made 
 
 er'vi magnitudinis : dantur in noBe up in Pills of the Bignefs of a 
 
 teYn£ 'vel qmterna. fort of Vetch , three or four of 
 
 them in a Night. 
 
 What is remarkable in this Pill is, that the Opium is juft one 
 half of the Ingredients j the Pill can hardly be lefs than two Grains, 
 confcquently the Patient takes a Grain of Opium at a time, three 
 or four times in a Nicrht. 
 
 A Catapotium /6?r a dry Cough. 
 
 Mynha, Piperis, Caftorei, Gal- R Myrrh, Peper, Caftor, Gal- 
 
 hani, Storacis, Opt/, fmgulorum i- banum, Storax, Opium, equal 
 
 dem pondus. Ciijio} eum ^ Pi- parts. Bruife and fift the Ca- 
 
 4 per
 
 Weights and Meajures-, &c. 305" 
 
 ftr contmdmitur ^ crihrantur: ftor and Pcper, and with the reft 
 
 deinde MynhiS ante trit£ cate- of the Ingredients Powdered, and 
 
 ris contujis aque admifcentur. Honey q. f. make Pills of the 
 
 Uhi omnimn unitas mortario faSfa Bignefs of a Vetch, of which 
 
 ejl, melle defpumato medicamentum three or four to be taken in a 
 
 comprehenditur : deinde forwantur Night. 
 pluJ^e n^icia magniwdinis. Dan- 
 tur terna wel quaternee in noFfem. 
 
 The Quantity of Opium is lefs in thefe Pills in the proportion 
 of two to five. 
 
 Another Catapotium for an old Cough, 
 
 Styracis P. * VI. Myrrha P. * R Styrax fix Drachms fifteen 
 
 II. ^ Viiforiatiy Opopanacis P. * Grains, Myrrh two Drachms 
 II. Iris lUyrica P. * II. Galbani one Scruple and fixteen Grains, 
 P. * II. rejtnee terehinthia pon. * (a ViBoriatus is half a Denarius) 
 V. alterci Seminis P. * I. Nitri Opopaiiax two Drachms five 
 P.* I. Piperis Alhi V . ^ \. OpiiV. Grains, Illyrian Iris and Galba- 
 * I. Irim, altercum, piper contim- num each two Drachms five 
 dere oportet ^ crihrare, nitrum Grains, Turpentine five Drachms 
 mortario terere, ^ cetera pilo twelve Grains and a halfj Hen- 
 commtfcere, ^ pojlea hac eis ad- bane feed. Nitre, white Pepcr 
 jicere atque facere Catapotiamagni" and Opium each one Drachm 
 tudinisfaha. Inde terna njel qua- two Grains and a half. The 
 terna in noBem dare ad infatio- Iris and the Henbane Seed and 
 nes in ipsa dijlentione cum aqua the Peper mulf be pounded and 
 caUd£ cyathis trihus. fifted, and the Nitre powdered 
 
 in a Mortar, and the reft of 
 the Ingredients, being mixt with 
 a Pcftle, mull be added to it, 
 and made up into the Bignefs 
 of a fiiiall Bean, three or four of 
 them to be taken in a Night. 
 R r The
 
 506 Tables of Ancient CoinSj 
 
 The following Receipts are not tranflated, but the Dofes are 
 marked. 
 
 Pailills or Lozenges for a Cough. 
 
 Myrrhs Troghdytis pon. * VI, = dr. C, gr. 15. 
 
 Croci P. *V. =^dr. 5, gr. 11. 
 
 Opii P. * IV. = dr. 4, gr. 9- 
 
 Thuris P. * V. = dr. 5, gr. i z. 
 
 Aherct alhi feminis P. IV. = dr. 4, gr. 5;. 
 
 ApolliTiaris herhjs radicis covtich P. * IV. =: dr. 4, gr. 9. 
 
 Covtunditur hie cortex per fey ^ crihratur tenui crihro : deinde CrO' 
 cum, pofiea Ahercum, Myrrhay Thus, quihus mifcetur Opium pridie 
 aqua maceratum: fuhinde aqu£ exiguum adjicitury donee fingi pafiilli 
 pojlnt pond * qjtBoriati = half a Denarius y or fcr. i , gr. 11. 
 
 Altercus is the UenhanCy Apollinaris herha a Mandrake. 
 
 Antidotos Miera Faccii Ant'tochi ad uni'verfa corporis 
 •vitiay maxime Lateris, &^ ad Podagram. 
 
 Stoechadosy Marruhii, y^ctfJLoiS'civf^, qi^^ herha JtmiJiaquereus folia 
 hiihet, Agr.riei, Cucurhitula ftheflrisy quam y.o7\on)V^iS'a. appellant^ 
 fngujorum *Px. = dr. 10, icr. i, gr. 4. 
 
 Opopanacisy Sagapeniy FetrofeUniy Terra majiy Piperis ajbij fingu- 
 lorum * P. V. = dr. 5, gr. i z. 
 
 Cinnamty Nardi fpic£y Myrrh ^ey folii, Croci y finguJorum * P. IIIL 
 = dr. 4, gr. 5?. 
 
 In unmn omnia ponder at a contunduntur ^ crihrantur: prater ea 
 Opopanaces ^ Sagapenimy kec enim mortario teruntur, adjeSio melk 
 
 tenui
 
 Weights and Meajures^ See. 507 
 
 tenui, id tjf, quam UquidiJJlmo : deinde cateris mifcentur, quce ^ ip- 
 fa recipere dehent tantum mellisy quantum fatis erit ad comprehendenda^ 
 ^ continenda ea. Reponitur medicamentum njafe 'vitreo. 
 
 Ad hoc * P. I. njel viBoriati datum y ex aqua cyathis duohus 
 frigidce. = dr. i, gr. i Vj or ^cr. i, gr. 1 1. 
 
 Terra malum is the Arijlolochia. The Greeli words, which are ftiU 
 preferved in the receipt, is a great prefumption for the common 
 opinion, that the Author wrote in Greeks tho' by his name he was 
 a Roman by Birth. It (eems the Tranflator was not quite 
 fure of the meaning of fbme words. 
 
 Scrihonius tells you that the Inventer of this Medicine got a 
 great deal of money by it, that he did not divulge it in his own 
 lifetime, that Scrihonius had found the Receipt in a Letter wrote 
 to Tiberius, and that he never was able to procure the Receipt 
 during the life of the fiid Emperor. 
 
 jigainft Fain and Wind in the Stomach. 
 
 Valmarum *P. XI. =dr. ii, (cr. i, gr. 7. 
 
 Anethi * pondo IV. = dr. 4, gr. p. 
 
 Croci * P. duum. Git * P. duum^ ^ Afari * P. dmm. = dr. 2.. 
 
 gr- 44- 
 
 Murti nigra haccarum * Pond. IV. = dr. 4, gr. p. 
 
 Juniperi grana numero wiginti. Contunduntur feorfum omnia, ^ 
 in unum mifcentur : deinde jiunt paJliUi * P. I. ^= dr. i, gr. z ;, or 
 fcr. I , gr. II. aliis 'vicforiati . 
 
 Vantur jejuno ex aqua cyathis quatuor [about ten Spoonfuls] aut 
 ex Cretico nmjloy quod ejl pajfl genus. 
 
 Git is the MeJanthium or the Nigella, the feed of which was reck- 
 on' d as a fort of Pepper by the Ancients, 
 
 Rr » Paftih
 
 508 Tables of Ancient Coins^ 
 
 Paftils to he ufed in a Clifter, in a Difeafe *which the 
 Author calls a Cancer in the Bowels. 
 
 Charta c&mbujla c'meris * P. XXX. = Ouii. 5, dr. 7, gr. r 5 |7 
 
 Calcis "vinja * fo'ado XXIV. = oun. 3, fcr. Zy gr. i 8 /. 
 
 'A^cr«fix.«j qt^od eji Auripgmentum *P. XII. = oun. i, dr. 4,. 
 fcr. I, gr. 5>i. 
 
 Sandaraca * P. fex\ = dr. C, gr. 2.4 ^ 
 
 Hac trita "vino covfperguntur, in quo rofa ^ kntes prius incoquun- 
 tUY, ut pojjint fieri pajlilli * V.dmm aui unius, = dr. z, gr. 41-, 
 or dr. I , gr. 1 {z. 
 
 This Receipt, if I rightly remember, is in Marcelliu, who has- 
 copied it from the Author. Scribonius faith it is blamed, but only 
 by ignorant people, becaufe it is cauftick. 
 
 A Remedy for the Cholick. 
 
 Apii feminis P, felihratn 
 
 Aneft P. qitadrantem 
 
 Cajiorei P. fextantem 
 
 Myrrh £ P. quadrant em 
 
 Spiae Nardi Indica P. fextantem, 
 
 Opii P. quadrantem 
 
 Croci P. fefcunciam 
 
 Piperis longiy pon. fextantem 
 
 P iperisnigri fextantem femunciam 
 
 Petrofelmi P. fexta?ttem 
 
 Schani P. fefcunciam 
 
 Hac omnia contufa crihrata, meJle Attico decoUa mifcentur, Datur ex hoc 
 medicamento quantum nuxAbellafia media patety ex aqii£ cyathis trihus ca- 
 lida. 
 
 I have (tt down in tliis long Receipt the true quantities redu- 
 ced to our Mcafure, tho' the proportion of the Ingredients is fuf- 
 
 iicient 
 
 Oun 
 
 Dr. 
 
 Sen 
 
 Gr. 
 
 
 
 5y 
 
 7y 
 
 Ir 
 
 5^ 
 
 < 
 
 2 
 
 Vly 
 
 i. 
 
 7j 
 
 i. 
 
 if 
 
 1 
 
 Cy 
 
 i> 
 
 6y 
 
 Ir 
 
 lil 
 
 
 4> 
 
 2-, 
 
 7y 
 
 ^, 
 
 zf 
 
 « 
 + 
 
 <^, 
 
 I, 
 
 ^, 
 
 l> 
 
 izl 
 
 • 
 
 5 
 
 4, 
 
 i, 
 
 7> 
 
 i> 
 
 if 
 
 « 
 
 6r 
 
 
 73 
 
 ir 
 
 M> 
 
 1 
 
 s> 
 
 3^ 
 
 I. 
 
 ^y 
 
 i> 
 
 1 17 
 
 » 
 
 43 
 
 »j 
 
 ij 
 
 0, 
 
 10. 
 
 5 
 
 5> 
 
 I3 
 
 ^, 
 
 I, 
 
 li? 
 
 
 4. 
 
 
 7. 
 
 i> 
 
 15^ 
 
 1 
 
 3j
 
 Weights and Meafures^ 6cc. 500 
 
 ficient towards the making up of the Medicine, which are fee 
 down both in the Fradions of a Roman Pound and in Integers. 
 It was a Receipt of the famous CaJJlus, whom Celfus calls the mod 
 ingenious Phyfician of his Age. Galen has the fame Receipt, but 
 differing a little in the proportion of the Ingredients. 
 
 A Remedy agatnfi the Dropjy. 
 
 Vitis alhce Radicis * P. XX. = oun. 2, dr. 4, (cr. 2, gr. p. 
 
 Cocci Cmd'ti *P. IV. = dr. 4, gr. <?. 
 
 Scilla hulhi coFH detraUa exteriore parte * P. X. = oun. i . 
 dr. 4, fcr. I, gr. 5,1. 
 
 Mynha * P. VIII. = oun. r, gr. iS. 
 
 'Cymini cyathis tribusj ^ Aneji cyathis trihus, ' qj'mi Falerni fex- 
 tariis dmhusj ^ pajji fextario uno. Prater myrrham, omnia contufa, 
 non crihratay macerantur paffo d^ 'vino, noSh ^ die : pojlridie co~ 
 latur liquor, cui myrrha trita admifcetur, a quo cyathus datus a bal- 
 nea alternis diehus, Jingulis adJeBis cyathis, donee frofeBus intelligatur. 
 
 The Dofe is above two Spoonfuls every other^day, adding 
 as much till it has its eifejft. 
 
 The Medicine of Julius Bailus agatnfi the CholicL 
 
 Spica Nardi, Cojli, Piperis alhi, Piperis nigri, Piperis longi, Myr- 
 rha, Opii, Apollmaris radicis, ^ Cinnami, Afari, Acoriy Thuris, 
 Bra£ic£ feminis, Cajiorei, Jingulorum * P. XII. ^ oun. i, dr. 4, 
 fcr. I, gr. pf. 
 
 Opopanacis * P. X. = oun. r, dr. 2, fcr. i, gr. 4^. 
 
 Stoechadis, Dauci, Amiij Jingulonm * P. XVI1I.= oun. z, dr. 
 2, fcr. X, gr. 4. 
 
 Sefelis Cretici * P. XXIV. = oun. 3, dr. o, fcr. 2, gr. i 8 f . 
 
 Mel Atticum mifcetur, datur non plus quayn * P. aut ViBoriati. 
 dr. I , gr. 2 i , or fcr. 1 , gr. 1 1 ^ . 
 
 Ceterum 
 
 * Stven Spoot>f«h, *" Idem. iw^ j Pifits- ^ one \ Pliit'
 
 3 1 o Tables of Ancient Co'ins^ 
 
 Ceterum front cujufque <vires pojlulahwnt, dunmodo infra hoc pon- 
 dus ex aqu£ calds cyathis tr'ihus [about (even Spoonfuls.] 
 in noclem fecimdum coenam. Hac potio etiam fehricitantihui tuto 
 datur : fed coeliacis in ipfo dolore prodeji. 
 
 This Julius Bajfus was eichcr Efquire of the BoJy, or Phyfici- 
 an in ordinary to Nero, as appears by an old Infcription. 
 BASSUS NERONIS C'^SARIS CORPORE 
 GUSTOS. NATIONE FRISIUS. 
 
 Ouilis laUis fexfario, = one Pint, five Spoonfulls. 
 
 Si quis adjiciat Cnici purgati * P. IV. =■ dr. 4, gr. 5?. 
 
 MoJlit c^ njentrem. 
 
 ^idam trihus Heminis 'vini = i '- Pints. 
 
 Ut Aloes "viUoriati pondo, = fcr. i , gr. 11. 
 
 Vel idem pondus duohus tribufve fextt^riis vini [two or three pints] 
 C^ ita totHtn per partes aqua m'lxtum hibunt. J^idetur autem qjinum 
 njetujliiis, nje77tremque cum eo fatis mollit. Facit autem Aloe per fe 
 ViUoriati n;el * P = [{cr. i , gr. 11, or double that] ex aqu£ cya- 
 this trihus [(even Spoonfuls] jrigidce 'vel calida pcrduBa. 
 
 The Dofcs of the Aloes (ccm to be very fniall in thefe InfuG- 
 ons, yet I believe the Medicine would attain its effeil in being 
 lenitive. The Cnicus or Carthamus is in cjuantity fufKcient. 
 
 Aloes '-jitforiati pondus =^ fcr. i , gr- 1 i • 
 
 Colophonia 'vi^oriati pondus = fcr. i , gr. 11. 
 
 Una teruntur, adjicitur mellis quod fatis efi ad coUigenda ea, datur ex 
 aqu£ caUdcs 'vel frigid^ cyathis quatuor [about (even Spoonfuls of 
 Water] Hoc medicamentum flomachum no7i corrumpit. 
 
 Purging Fills mightily commended by the Author for 
 being grateful to the Stomach. 
 
 Colophonies * P. VIII. = oun. i, gr. ipi. 
 B del Hi * P. duum = dr. z , gr. 4 a. 
 Commis ^ P. unius = dr. I3 gr. z h. 
 
 Biec
 
 IVeights and Meafures^ &cc, 311" 
 
 Hac trita fucco LaBuae coIliguntuYy ^ finguntur piluU faha mag- 
 mtudinis. Bantur paribus filulis ufcjue ad fepteniy prout uniufcujuf- 
 cunque 'vires patimtur. 
 
 Admirable Fills. 
 
 Colophonia * P. III. = dr. 3, gr. 7 ^. 
 
 Aloes * P. IV. = dr. 4, gr. 10. 
 
 Tragacanthi * P. duum = dr. 2, gr. 5. 
 
 Hoc pridie aqua maceratuVy pojiero die ceteris admifcetur. Fiutit 
 inde globuli faba magnitudinis. Dantur a trihus ufque ad feptem, 
 prout cujufque mres patiuntur. Stomachum nuJlo modo 'vexant. 
 
 For a Swelling and Fain in the Bladder, and for 
 thofe who have difficulty in pajjing of Urine. 
 
 Alterci feminis, Apii feminis, mah^ feminisy cucumeris edulis fe^ 
 tninis purgati^ JinguJorum * P. VI. = dr. 6, gr. i 4 '^, 
 
 Amygdalorum dulcium purgatorum, nucJeorum pineoruyn purgatorum, 
 Jingulorum, * P. III. = dr. 3, gr. 7 •. 
 
 Opii *P.I. =dr. I, gr. z \. 
 
 Croci * P. imius (§' "viBoriatiy paffo conttifa confpergimtur, 
 
 Vatur hoc medi-Medicamentum * P. I. ex pajjt cyathis duobus ^ 
 aqu<e tot'idem. = dr. i , (cr. i , gr. 1 4. 
 
 Some Examples of Prefcriptions taken out of 
 
 Marcellus. 
 
 '\J\ '^^'^^^^'^^ \\sz\ under die Reigns of die Emperors Gratian an J 
 ■-^-*- Theodofius\ he was an Enipyiick, and a mere Collcclor of 
 Receipts j he ohen copies them without changing the very cir- 
 
 cumllantial
 
 312 7ahJcs of Ancient Coins, 
 
 cumflantial matters of fad related by the Author from whom he takes 
 them. For example, when the Author faith he cured by fuch a 
 Medicine, Marcellus faith the fame thing of himfelf. '■" Defcribing 
 the Remedy of Atitiochus Pacciusj he tells you in the very words 
 of Scrihonius that he could never get the Receipt till after the 
 death ofjiberhsj tho' he had taken great pains to difcover it. But 
 for that very reafon, that he is a mere Collc6lor and Tranfcriber, 
 he is the more ufeful to our purpofe in diicoveiing the compofiti- 
 on and dofcs of ancient Medicines, of which I fliall give (bme 
 Examples. 
 
 Some of the ancient Phyficians are not very particular and ex- 
 adt in the Doles of their purging Medicines, at lead in their Wri- 
 tings. I hope Marcellus in fome meafure fupplies this defedl in 
 his thirtieth Chapter, where he (peaks of all Medicines of that 
 kind. 
 
 Firfl of Lenitives, 
 
 MoUit ahum, Nitrl ^ fejnijjts, =Ccr. i, gr. i i. 
 Mixtus cum Rejina Terehiuthifja, (jr A'vellana nucis magnkudine 
 dcvoratus. 
 
 O-o'dis UBis fextario Ji quis adjiciat r= A Pint and fis'e Spoonfuls . 
 
 Cnici pnrgati denarios qmtuor = dr. 4, gr. 1 o. 
 
 ¥j difcocinm ita ehlhat^ nwlliet "ventrem. 
 
 ^idam trihus Hemin'ts v'mi = 11 Pint. 
 
 Adjichmt Aloes denarii femijfem, = fcr, i . gr. 11. 
 
 Et ita totwn per partes aqua mixtum hihunt, ut molliant <venTrem. 
 
 Sohit autem utiliter ahum ipfa Aloe per fe wiBoriati denarii pon~ 
 dere = fcr. 1 , gr. 11. 
 
 Ex aqu£ cyathis trihus uel jrigid^ = (even Spoonfuls. 
 Vel calida epota. 
 
 Purgat 
 
 3 Cap. 2. Fecit cnim magiios quxftii- ex ca per cum in bibliothecis pnblicis pofita, vciiit in 
 propter crcbros lucceffus in vitiis difficiilimis : manusnoltras, quamantc millo modo extrahere 
 fed i>e hie quidem unquam ulli vivus vivo com- potuimus, quanivis omnia tecerimus, ut Icirc- 
 Roikionem iftam odendit. Port mortem Ti- mus qu£e eliet. 
 berio Cx-fari per libcllam Icriptum data eft, &
 
 Weights and Meafures^ &cc, 313 
 
 Purgat hene hac compojitio njentreniy 
 Aloes denarii femijfis = (ex. i , gr. 1 1 . 
 Colophonia denarii femij/ts = fcr. i , gr. i i . 
 Un^ teruntur hac, adjicitur mellis quod fatis Jit ad colligenda ea. 
 Datur ex aqua callid<e <vel frigid^e cyathis quatuor, 
 
 Colophonite denarii quatuor = dr. 4, gr. 10. 
 
 Bdellii denarii duo dr. z, gr. 5 . 
 
 Hcec trita laBuca fucco colliguntur, c^ fnguntur pilut^ magnitu- 
 dine fahje, dantur a trihus pilulis ufque ad feptem, prout cujufque 'vi- 
 res patiuntur. 
 
 Colophonia denarios tresy = dr. 3 , gr. 7 j . 
 Aloes ^ Tragacanthi binos = dr. z, gr. 5. 
 Hoc pridie aqud maceratur, pofiero die ceteris adniifcetur : jiunt in- 
 de glohuli faha magnitudine. Dantur a trihus ufque ad feptem. 
 
 Anguinei Cucumeris denarios VI. = dr. 6^ gr. 15. 
 
 Setnis ex aqua mulfa. 
 
 Veratri nigri Radicis femijffis, = (cr. i, gr. 11. 
 Et ejus tertia portio pota ex wino pajfo. 
 
 Furo^atio 'ventris quA facit ad lumhorum dolor eSy ^ ad 
 omnium jebrium molejiias depellendas. 
 
 Scammoni.e * VIII. = oun. i, gr. i p ^ 
 
 Veratri nigriy Aneji, Aphronitri^ Nardiy Syriaca, Cajfliy Cinna- 
 momiy finguhruniy denarios hinos = dr. z, gr. 5. 
 Dantur hac trita ^ mixta cum aqu£ mulfa hemina. 
 
 Purgatio ^ventris altera Jtc. 
 
 Scamntonia * XII. = oun. i, dr. 4, fcr. i, gr. 5>. 
 
 Veratri nigri * XVI. = oun. z, (cr. i, gr. i<?. 
 
 Croci * V. = dr. 5, gr. I z i. ^ 
 
 Myrrha * VII. = dr. 7, gr. 1 7 i. 
 
 S i^ - Cnmamomi
 
 514 Tables of Ancient Coins y 
 
 Cinnamomi * VII. = dr. 7, gr. 1 7, ?. 
 P^w^m * VIII. ==oun. I, gr. 19^, 
 Piperis * V. = dr. 5, gr. i i i. 
 Aphroriitri * VI. = dr. tJ, gr. 15. 
 
 Trita hac (jr in puherem reda&ay mclle conjpargunfar : datur tx 
 his * I. S. aqU(S cyathis trihus. 
 
 AliuA remedium ad ^tntrls purgationem. 
 
 U'Vis paff^ exemptis ^anis contttfe * IV. =: dr. 4 , gr. 10. 
 
 Aneji * VIII. == oiin. i, gr. 15? y- 
 
 Elaterii, id ejl, Cucumeris m partes divijiy iotiy ^ Jic£ati, * VII. 
 dr. 7, gr. I 7 < . 
 
 Feratri nigri ^ XVI. = oun. 2., fcr. i, gr. i^. 
 
 Cunilie feminis purgati interiora * XII = oun. i, dr. 4, {cr. i, 
 gr. :?. 
 
 H^ /'« pulverem reda&a coJliguntur, (jr ex aqua dantur quantum 
 fahje trita grana funt, fuperque acetum cum melk mixtum hihitur. 
 
 Alia 'ventris purgatio ejufdem effeBus. 
 
 Scammoni^ * VIII. 
 
 Veratri nigri * VIII. 
 
 Cucurbits fyhejlris interiora * VIII. v. = oun. i , gr. i <) f . 
 
 Aphronitri * VIII. 
 
 Iridis * VIII. J 
 
 Nardi Syriac£ * V. S. c^ <viEloriati partem tertiam = dr. 5, {cr. i, 
 
 gr- 3- 
 
 Alyrrhce idem pmdiis = dr. 5, {cr. i, gr. 5. 
 
 Ex his faBus melle coUigitur. Dantur ex medicamento hoc glohuU 
 
 quantum fahs fnagnitudo ej}, ad denarios quatuor ^el quifique, quihus 
 
 Jtqjoratis acetum melk mixtuvij fuperdandum eji» 
 
 Ad
 
 Weights and Meafures^ Sec. 515 
 
 ^d omnem fehrium mole fit amy ^c. 
 
 Cucurhit£ fyhatide interiores fortes aridas qu£ quafi pluma funt 
 *VI. = dr. 6y gr. 15. 
 
 Croci ac Panacis denarios fenofy = dr. 6, gr. 15. 
 
 Marruhii fucci * VIII. = dr. 8, gr. i9\. 
 
 Glycyrrhiza * IV. = dr. 4, gr. 5) | . 
 
 Piperis alhi * VI. = dr. <r, gr. 14 /s. 
 
 Piperis longi * VI. = dr. 6", gr. 1 4 ^. 
 
 Stoechados * fete = dr. 6, gr. 1 4 j%. 
 
 Schani foris ^ quatuor = dr. 4, gr. 5? \. 
 
 MaJohathri * fr^^ = dr. 5, gr. 7 i. 
 
 P^/7o colUquuntur trita hac omnia , dantur ex his denarii JtnzuB cum 
 aqua caJida cyathis hinis 'vel ternis. 
 
 Hiera ad refolutum fiomachum &' rejicientem auodcun- 
 
 que fumpferit. 
 
 Aloes nigr£ * V. = dr. 5, gr. i 2 ^. 
 
 Majliches * IV. = dr. 4, gr. 10. 
 
 Cinnamiy Schoeni floris, Malobathriy Nardi Syriac^, Croci, /^fari^ 
 XyJohalfatniy Jingulorum denarios fenos. = dr. 6y gr. 15. 
 
 Htec trita vel contufa melle confparguntuTy ^ ita reponttntur, ^ 
 quum opus ejl, ad modnm fah.e cum Oxymelle dantur. 
 
 Purgatio qua Cofmus Jldedicus frequenter ufus efi. 
 
 Scammoma denarii "viBoriati ponderis partem unam = fcr. i , gr. i r . 
 Veratri nigri * I. = dr. i, gr. i^. 
 Panacis * S= (cr. i , gr. i i . 
 
 Ex melle confparguntur h^ec tritay datur ex his quantum nux arvel- 
 lana e/l, ex aquce mulfe cyathis quatuor. Globuli quoque fupradi&a 
 
 S [ z ntagnitudifie
 
 5 1 6 7abks of Ancient Coins ^ 
 
 inagmtudine feci, de hoc medicamento duo trefve dantur jejuno ^tl 
 poji canam I'orandi. 
 
 Confe^tio Salts Cathartici. 
 
 Scammonia uncias tres") 
 
 Zingiberis micias tres^ = oun. 2, dr. 5, fcr. 2, gr. Iii. 
 
 Petrofelini uncias tres) 
 
 Salis Ammoniaci uncias quatuor ^ oun. 3 , dr. 5 , gr. 8 ^ . 
 
 Majliches uncias duas = oun. i , dr. 6, gr. 1 4. 
 
 Piperis albi *-! I. = dr. 17, gr. 17. 
 
 Ita ut Scammoniam coquas, ut minus ladat. Coques enim Jic: mit- 
 tes in pa flam, ^ deinde mittes in furnum, ut cum ea coquatur, c^ a- 
 liquant uJmn plus mittes , ut quum cocfa fuerit, ad fuprafcriptum veniaC pon- 
 dus, d^ quum refrixerir, tolles, ^ fie omnia teres, ^ mifi;ehis, ^ ad 
 quod 'volueris, manducandum in convivio pro quihufcunque falibus 
 uteris. 
 
 ConfeBio Salis Cathartici , quam Jldarcelius ojien- 
 
 dit fie. 
 
 Salis duri ^ affati P. I. ^ II. = oun. i , dr. 7, (cr. i , gr. 1 7; 
 
 Salts Ammo7iiaci P.I. .-i IV. r=oun. 3, dr. (J, gr. 11. 
 
 Piperis albi >-> III. = oun. z, dr. 5, {cr. z, gr. 1 1 {. 
 
 Zingiberis ^-^ IV. = oun. 3, dr. 5, gr. 8 }. 
 
 Inula fi minis >-i II. = oun. i, dr. 6, fcr, i, gr. 14. 
 
 Ameos ^ III. '\ 
 
 Hyfopi Cretici hh HI. 
 
 Laferis Radicis hh HI. 
 
 Thytf/i '-'III. ^ r 
 
 Folii ^ III. ^^ ^^^' '''^^' ^ '^^^' ^'S^- ' ^ '^' 
 
 Apii feminis >-* III. 
 
 Anefi HH III. 
 
 Petrofilini Macedonici hh III. 
 
 Origani
 
 IVeights and Me a fur cs^ &c. 517 
 
 Origan} n-* quatuor = oun. 3 , dr. 5 , gr. 8 ; . 
 
 Napurtii fem'mis hh tres = oun. 2., dr. 5, (cr. z, gr. 1 1 t. 
 
 H<^c owww ttmfaj crihrata, atque in puherem tenuijfimum reda&a, 
 ^ in unum commixta repones in "vafe "vitreo, ^ inde quotiens aliquid 
 fumes feu hihes, quajipro aliis falihus uteris, 
 
 A Specimen of an Emulfion in Vlcerations of the 
 
 Bladder. 
 
 Alterci feminism mal'V£ feminis, Cucumer'ts edulis feminis purgatiy 
 Jingulorum denarios fenos = dr. 6, gr. zj. 
 
 Aniygdahrum dulcium purgatorumy nucleorum Pineorum puYgatorunty 
 Jingulorum * ternos = dr. 3, gr. i 7 i» 
 
 Opii * I. = dr. I, gr. 2,. 
 
 Croci * V. = dr. 5, gr. 12. 
 
 Pajfo contufa hac omnia confparguntur, datur hoc medicamentum ad 
 menfuram denarii unius = dr. i, gr. z. 
 
 Ex pajji cyathis duohus, = four Spoonfuls. 
 
 Et aqua tepida totidem. 
 
 Againjl JSfephritick Fains. 
 
 Opii Drachma III. = dr. 3, gr. 7. 
 
 Ve mucleis Pineis excaldatis ^ purgatis Vrach. IIL 
 
 Croci Vrach. III. 
 
 Amygdala dulcis excaldata ^ purgat£ Drach. IIL 
 
 Avellan^ pi-rgata ^ excaldata Drach. III. 
 
 Cucumefis feminis purgati Vrach. Xll. = oun. i, dr. 4, (cr. i> 
 
 gr. 9 
 
 Hyofcyami alhi feminis Cyathos III.*) 
 
 Apii feminis Cyathos III. > =oun. z, dr. 5, gr. 1 5. 
 
 Funiculi feminis Cyathos III. j 
 
 Lapatii feminis Vrach. I. = dr. i, gr. 2» 
 
 Hac
 
 g 1 8 7ahks of /Ancient Coins ^ 
 
 Uac omvia pmnm fep'orarhn teres, ^ fertnifcehis ctm fci^o Cretico. 
 Turn exeo fades Trcchifcos hahentes Draclmas (itrgiifos,^ dahis hihevdos 
 jtngulos cum aqii£ nmlj^ calidx Cyathis hints. = four Spoonfuls. 
 
 Againji the ColicL 
 
 Rwacis'^^lV. = dr. 4. gr. p. 
 
 Piperis * IV. = dr. 4. gr. 9. 
 
 Dauci Cretici radicis wel fem'mis *VI. dr. 6, gr. 15. 
 
 Sttl-phuris <vrvi * S. = Ccv. t , gr. 11. 
 
 Opii duas tertiafve partes 'viBoriati ponderis, = gr. i 5 z vcl. 1 1 . 
 
 Cafiont"^ S. = {cr. i, gr. 1 i. 
 
 Myrrhs * III. == dr. 3, gr. 7. 
 
 H(€c trita (jr crihrata 'vino cotifparguntur, ^ ex its Jiutit pafliUi 
 rnagmttidinis Jupini. Dantitr quum res pojiulat ex aceto ^ melle in 
 unum mixta Cyathis trilms, = feven Spoonfuls. 
 
 The Simple Dofes of purging Medicines according to 
 
 Ruffus Ephcfius. 
 
 Ou. Dr. Scr. Gr. 
 
 Filicula radicis ex mulfo aut aqiia ad Vrachmas 
 duas, 
 
 Ireos radicis in mulfo ad Drachmas fepte?n 
 
 Pulp^ Colocynthidos in mulfo Drachma una 
 
 Siquis tameyi mitius purgare ^joletj femen ejicien- 
 dum eft. 
 
 Calcifraga in mulfo ad Drachmas duas o z o " 5 
 
 Peplos (jr Peplis abfque dofi 
 
 Aloes in mulfo Drachmas duas ■ o z o 5 
 
 4 Hippophaes_ 
 
 
 
 z 
 
 
 
 5 
 
 
 
 7 
 
 
 
 17 
 
 
 
 I 
 
 
 
 i|
 
 Ou. 
 
 Dr. 
 
 Scr. Gr. 
 
 o 
 
 O 
 
 I It 
 
 o 
 
 z 
 
 o 5 
 
 o 
 
 4 
 
 O I o 
 
 o 
 
 2, 
 
 o 5 
 
 O lO 
 
 IVei^hts and Meafures^ &cc, 3 19 
 
 Hippophafs fucci per fe oholos tres 
 
 Hippophsjimn minori copia 
 
 Fycnocomum ejus radicem comedendam dafo 
 
 Vitis Drachmas duets 
 
 Epkhymum tritum ^ crettm dandwn efi in uitw 
 duJci fefnitmcia cum Siciliquo mefifura 
 
 Thymi comse Acetahuli metifura, a little above 
 the eighth part of a Pint 
 
 Amaraci Jicci melle except!, Drachma quatuor o 4 
 
 Similiter ^ Origanum danda funt ficca cum msd- 
 fo Acetahuli m^nfura, the eighth part of a Pinr. 
 
 Papa'veris utriufque feminis in mulfo Acetahulumy 
 the eighth of a Pint 
 
 Cucumeris Radicis fuccus ad pondus trium oho- 
 lorum o o 
 
 Heliotropii minoris manualis fafciculus in decoBo 
 
 Sefamoidis feminis Acetahuli dimidium : the (ix- 
 leenth part of a Pint 
 
 TithymaUi fucci Drach?na o i 
 
 Efali folia perarida mulfo foluta menfura Aceta- 
 hili tlie eighth of a Pint 
 
 Camelii folia nonnulli Ahjinthium admifcentes in 
 Catapotia degerunt Pondus idoneum drachma 
 dua 
 
 Lathirius comejla Grana decent 010 i 4 
 
 Agaricum ex mulfo aut pofca ad ficiliquum o z o 5 
 
 Euphorphium, deiunt cartera. 
 
 Ill 
 
 o z o 5 
 
 The
 
 320 Tables of Ancient Coins, 
 
 Ou. 
 
 Dr. 
 
 Scr. Gr 
 
 o 
 
 I 
 
 o z 
 
 o 
 
 I 
 
 o z 
 
 o 
 
 o 
 
 ^ ii 
 
 O 
 
 I 
 
 o zi 
 
 O 
 
 o 
 
 I 1 1 
 
 The Dofes of fimple purging Medicines^ according to 
 
 Paulus ^gineta. 
 
 Aloes Drachma una cum aqua mulfa 
 
 Drachma una Radicum [yeratri nigr'i] in aqua 
 mulfa 
 
 Sc ammonia fonder e Oholorum quatuor 
 
 Colocynthidis Medulla Drachma pondere 
 
 Elaterium — trium Oholorum pondere cum la&e 
 
 TtthymalU gutta quatuor aut quinque cum polenta 
 
 Lathyrides — feptem aut oUo ^ ad quindecim, 
 ita ut rohujli d^ ampliori purgatione opus hahentes, 
 ipfas mandere juheantur 
 
 PepUi uirguhay oUo oholorum pondere in aqua 
 
 tnulfa. o I I zi 
 
 Agaricum datur tritum duarum Drachmarum pon- 
 dere cum aqua fniilfa 0102 
 
 Iris Illyrica o&o Oholorum pondere in aqua mulfa o i i z ' 
 
 Centaurii fefquidrachma in aqu£ hemina q j i i j .• 
 
 Tragorigani fos cum femine duarum drachmarum 
 pondere in aqua mulfa. o i o z 
 
 Cha?nelde,e drachm quatuor in aqua mulfa q . 
 
 Ariflobchia Clematidis feminis drachma una in 
 aqua mulfa. o i 
 
 Pofipodii Radix (icca trita aqua mulfa injperfa, 
 (without the Do{e.) 
 
 Epithymi drachma quinque triti cum fero laUis q , 
 
 Pulegium Acetahuli menfura in aqua mulfa (the 
 eighth of a Pint.) 
 
 TrarGr>Qia,ii heracleotici eadem menfura. 
 
 •^ ° Air ■ 
 
 Altfpi 
 
 o 10 
 
 o IZ
 
 Weights and Meafuresy &e. 521 
 
 Ou. Dr. Scr. Gr. 
 
 Aiifpi feminis eadem menfura cum fale ^ aceto. 
 
 Styraii albi drachma una cum Rejina Terehinthi- 
 na aqualis ponderis. o i o i 
 
 Oktg radicis cortex drachma ponder e cum •vino 
 iiut aqua 
 
 Pyrethri oholi no'vem cum aqua 
 
 Lychnidis feminis drachma dua 
 
 Cyclamini radicis 'Drachma una cum aqua mulfa. 
 
 Scot da drachma dua cum me lie 
 
 Squama Cypria Drachma dimidia cum pari rejtna 
 in Catapotiis. 
 
 Foliorum Lauri ^iridium fefquidrachma. 
 
 Cucumeris jyhejiris Radicis Corticis oholi duo 
 
 Ricini Grana quadragintay qui Cr atones appellan- 
 tur. 
 
 Bdellii Drachma dua cum aqua mulfa. 
 
 Squama Cypria drachma una cum aqua mulfa-, 
 
 Verum aceti parum infuper ahforhere oportet ut' 
 ne remoratur Grant CnidiijaGranisviginti adqua-\ 
 draginta. 
 
 Euphorhii Drachma una cum melle coBo. 
 
 Lonchitidis feminis oholi oBo cum aqua mulfa. 
 
 Cnici feminis Drachma quinque 
 
 Ammoniaci Thymiamatis Drachma dua in aqua 
 mulfa. o 
 
 
 
 r 
 
 
 
 z 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 I 
 
 Mt 
 
 
 
 i 
 
 
 
 4^ 
 
 
 
 I 
 
 
 
 z 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 4k 
 
 
 
 
 
 I 
 
 1 I 
 
 
 
 I 
 
 I 
 
 Mi 
 
 
 
 
 
 z 
 
 li 
 
 
 
 
 
 z 
 
 I 
 
 
 
 I 
 
 I 
 
 5 
 
 
 
 I 
 
 
 
 z 
 
 
 
 I 
 
 I 
 
 3 
 
 
 
 5 
 
 
 
 I z 
 
 T t Ue
 
 522 Tables of Ancient Com^ 
 
 The Dojes of compound purging Medicines^ from 
 
 Paulus JEgmxt2L, 
 
 /"^ Atapotia ex Aloe j Colocynthidis medulla partem unam, fucci Ah- 
 ^^ fynthii partem unam, Aloes partem unam, Scammonia partes 
 duas, cum aqua in Catapotia efformata Ciceris magnitndme : dantur 
 ex hts Grana undecem. 
 
 Purgatorium aquam ducens ex Caryophyllo. 
 
 Aloesy Epithymii Caryophylliy Grant Cnidi'ij Pe^ ^"- ^- ^'^^- ^^^ 
 
 trofelini, Rhei Pontici, Jtngulormn femiunciay o 3 z 51 
 
 Euphorhii fcrupulos quatuory 6 i i 5 
 Mellis quod fatis eji datur Cochlearii menfura. 
 
 Purgatorium ex 2iialo Citrio., fomacho gratum. 
 
 Mali Citrii Corticis 6f Carnis libra una 10 7 ' <> 
 
 In aqua Sextario uno [one Pint] femis ad ter- 
 tias coqutto. Et mellii fextario dimidio adJeEfo, ad 
 mellis fpi£itudinem coquito, 
 
 Et piperis longi uncia I 
 
 Scammonia in ferment tojla uncia. terito ac in- \ 
 fpergito. 
 
 o 7 o iy 
 
 Buccellatus purgatorius. 
 
 Sc ammonia tojla uncia I. 07017 
 
 Piperis ^ feminis Apii Jingulorum fcrup. I. 
 
 FoenicuUy Aniji, Jingulorum uncia I. 07017 
 
 Mellis libra I. 
 
 De moderato tojlis data unc. I. in condito. Vt-
 
 Weights and Meafures^ &c. 323 
 
 Vinum purgatorium in Hjdroflcis, 
 
 ScylU quadrantem 
 
 Afii feminis fexuncem 
 
 Piperis Drachma I. 
 
 Capparis Radids Drachma IV. 
 
 Grani Cnidii decor ticati Drachma I. 
 
 Folii Malabathri glohulos II. 
 
 f^ni hem'mas XII. 
 
 MelUs Sextar. III. 
 
 Scyllam contufam in ^ino macerato, reliqua. trita admijceto, 
 
 Turgatoria ex. Herm.oda^ijlo Fodagrica, 
 
 UermodaByli quadrantem 
 
 Anifiy Cumini /Ethiopici, Ameos, Thymi Corymhorum, Piperis alhi, 
 Zingiherisy Jingulorum Jcrup. III. 
 Epithymi femunciam 
 Dojis fcrup. IV. = aliqui fex dant. 
 PanPur mane cum condito, aut aqua mulfa^ aut mero fer^vefaSio. 
 
 f^\ 
 
 T t 2 Somf
 
 3* + 
 
 IVeights and Meafures^ dec. 
 
 Some Infiances of the PraBke of AretiEus. 
 
 A S to Blood-letting he was very judicious, both as to the ca- 
 ■^ ^ (es and quantities. 
 
 'In Frenzies he was as-ainft iettinc; much Blood at a time, 
 became fuch Patients were apt to fall into a fainting Fit ; unlefs 
 it was the cafe of a young, ftrong, and replete Body : and even 
 in fuch a cafe le(s was to be let, becaufe they were frantick. But 
 if the original of the Difeafe was in the Heart and not the Brain, 
 then Blood was to be let the more liberally, and at one time. 
 ""In Apoplexies he lays great ftrefs upon letting Blood, but owns 
 that it is hard to proportion the due Quantity. " In the Cure of 
 a Tetanus he is for letting Blood once, not quite to the fiinting 
 of the Patient. The vein in the Arm is that which he commonly 
 opens, in cuvwatura Cuhiti : and he gives a particular caution in 
 ■this cafe to make a flack comprelTion, for fear of exciting a Con- 
 vulfion. •* In a ^injy he orders Blood-letting in fbme cafes till 
 the Patient faints, at leafl till he is very near it. ' It appears that 
 he thought copious Blood-letting was more neceflary in a §uinfyy 
 than in an Inflammation of the Lungs, for in that ca{e he orders 
 it not quite ad animce deliquinm. ^ In the Head-ach he orders the 
 opening of the vein of the Forehead, and Blood to be let to the 
 quantity of a Hemina, or a little more, that is ibmewhat more 
 
 than 
 
 a Cap. t. lib. I. de Moibor. acutor. ci.ir.itio- 
 nc. Venae qiioquc incifor nc multiim langui 
 Ill's detrahjc, lictt a princlpio I'ecct. Phrcni- 
 ticis nainquc malum ell in Syncopam facile 
 mutabile bin autem asgrotus valde replctus 
 :iit, & juvcnis plurimo cibo, & largiflinio vini 
 pom Dginaius, ha; ad Phrenitidcm tationcs non 
 pertinent: verumiftis & citradelirium, multum 
 languinis hauriendum eft: longe autem minus 
 
 auterendum li iidem Fhrenitici lunt. Quo 1 
 
 li vires patiantur ut quaiitum faiiguinis fatis eft 
 cvacuctur, femel aufcrcndumelL b ibid. cap. 
 
 4. iEqiiale fane adjutorium utpntc magno 
 affeiftr.i magnum remcdium milfio lauguinis'eft 
 c Ibid. c;ip. 6. Semel etiam cruor citra defe- 
 dhim anima; frigufque extremorum uiediocnter 
 effundatur. ^ Ibid. cap. 7. Haud ignobile 
 quoque adjumentum priftat fi ad animx ulque 
 dcfcdtum a:grum pcrduxeriv, ufque co tamen 
 dum ne anima deficiat. « Lib. 2. cap. i. 
 i De Morb. diiiturnor. curatione. Poftea ite- 
 rum vena frontis reila fcindenda eft, hxc enim 
 eft opportuniftima fanguinis detrafiio, Diodus 
 autem efto Hemina aut paulo plus.
 
 Tables of Ancient Coins, 325 
 
 than half a Pint j this is the firft time that I have read of any Meafure 
 of the quantity of Blood. « His Purges are Cnicus and black Hel- 
 iehor, and Hiera to the quantity of two Drachms to be given fome- 
 times at Night. ^ E/aterium, mention'd only with this reftridion, 
 as much as is neceffary to purge a man, and Cneorum or ThymeUa 
 without mentioning any Dofe. Thcfe laft in a §l^injyy in which 
 Difeafe he commends the Elaterium as mofl; proper. He com- 
 mends the Radix Rhei or Rhuharh as a better aftringent than the 
 juice of Hypocijiis or Accatia, he orders it in the weight of three 
 OhoH, or thirty one Grains. He commends Hellehor in Melancholy, 
 and tells you that he will defcribe the feveral {pecies of it, and 
 manner of ufing of it, which is loft, with many other paflacres 
 of his Works : you may fee his commendation of white Hellehor 
 in the quotation at the bottom of the page, which I think is ve- 
 ry remarkable; 
 
 For Vomits he uies Cardamomi pars, JEris comhujli ?, ex mulfo 
 in Epilepjiesy this he faith will either vomit or purge. Afterwards he 
 adds thefe words, verum potentiora etiam his medicamina ad q;omi- 
 tum deligenda funty nt NarciJ/t, Bulhi, Sinapis, ^ ^yjfopi pares par- 
 tes, ^ris c^ Piperis dimidio minus quam priora, cum melle mifcens ex- 
 hihe. 
 
 For Clijlers he ufes Nitre, Euphorhium the weight of three Oholi 
 or thirty one Grains, the inward part of a fort of Gourd, of the 
 dcccdion of Centaury in Oyl or Water, Hohey with Rue, Tur- 
 pentine and Byffop ; Exempli gratia, Lotioneper Clyjlerem ufitata opus 
 
 ejl: 
 
 % Decurat. acutor. morb.cap.a. •» Ibid. cap. 7. 
 At fi degluticndi via expeditiffima fit, Elateriuin 
 & cum mulla & cum fero la6lis, quantum ad 
 purgandum hominem f.;tis (it, prsbeatur. Aliis 
 enim purgatoriis Elaterium in his scgrotis pra;- 
 ftantius ell. Conferunt etiam Cneorum feu 
 
 Tthymclae & Sinapi. Quin & album Ve 
 
 rarum nonvomitum tantum molitur, fed & eti- 
 am omnium (imul purgantium mcdicamento- 
 rum cfficacifTimum eit, non multitudine & 
 varietate excremeutorum : (id enim & affeSus 
 jllc qui cholera dicitur, prxftare foleij non di- 
 ftentionibus & violcntia in vomendo (ad hoc 
 
 enim & naufca & mare validiora funtj fed po- 
 tentia & qualitate non vitiofa; quippe qux labo- 
 rantibus fonitatcm reddit per cxiguam purgatio- 
 nem, & modicam intentionem. vctullorum prx- 
 terea morborum omnium firmis Radicibus in- 
 hxrentium, (i cuncla alia medicamina viribus 
 inferiora fmt, id unicum remedium elt;fiquideni 
 i£;ni tacultate perlimilc eft album Veratrum: 
 & quod jjnis exurens facit, eo phis veratrum 
 interius difcurrens operatur : videlicet facilcm 
 fpirationem ex difficili, ex pallido colore flori- 
 dum, & ex macic corpulentiam.
 
 ^26 Tables of /^nctent Com, 
 
 ejl : in qua Nitri multiwi infpergatur, mt Rejina a X^^cUntho arho- 
 re fondo Drachma dua [dr. z, gr. 5 .] eUquentw/'. 
 
 He fomented the Head with Opiacs to procure Sleep, particu- 
 larly he Gommends the Fop^y boil'd in Oyl and applied to the 
 back part ok the Head^ and a Solution of Opium in Water to fo- 
 ment the Forehead. Cap. i . de morhis acutis. Magis autem fo- 
 
 poriferum efl Papa<ver in oleo elixtifff, capitis jincipiti fuperdatwti, --- 
 
 j^t ft I'aJentiorihus auxiJiis egehufity ipfa etiam Fapaueris lachryma ex 
 aqua frons inuvg^nda. There are other mechanical helps he ufcs to 
 procure Sleep, in the fame Chapter, not amifs, particularly the 
 (cratching oi: the Tem,ples and the Ears,for he (aith even that mollifies 
 the fury of wild Beads. Thefe Remedies are prefcribed. in Madnefs. 
 For bliitering, particularly in the falling Sicknefs, he ufes Fri6ti- 
 ons with Cantharidesj but before orders Milk for fear they fliould 
 inflame the Bladder. De curatione diuturnor. morh. cap. 4. 
 For the (^ivkc puipofe he ufes Lemnejiides or Adarce. 
 Euphorhium cum uvguine gleucino, and the flinging the Legs with, 
 Nettles, thefe in a Lethargy. De Cm'at. morh. acut. cap. 1. 
 He ufes Fridions with Squills for the fame purpofe. 
 He orders Cajlvr in the Dofe of half a Drachm^ and the fame in 
 CJiJfers, Cajioreum dimidia Drachma pondere ex tnulf<e Cyathis tribu^ 
 ad plures dies hihendum ej}, Ji hihi ^^ero non pojflty ad demoUendam 
 calamitatemy cum olei cyathis trihusy in quo. ruta incoSfa Jit, duplum 
 in imum intejlinum infundatur, idque per plures dies faciendum. He 
 prefcribes it afterwards in the dofe of three Oboliy which is the 
 fame quantity ; and yet he preferibes Ajfa fcetida in the bignefs of 
 an Er'vum or Verch. ^od ji Cyreniaci Laferpitii lachryma copia ihi 
 fat J hanc opus ef melle coUo in^olutam ad Ervi magyiitudinem de^vo- 
 randam dare. By this paflage it would feem tliat this Drug had 
 not been fo common. The Eri/um I believe is a larger quantity 
 than a Vetch, or even a common Pea. 
 
 He commends Milk as the Specifick in Confumptions. (De cu- 
 ratione morh. acutor. lih. i.) but he reckons Women's Milk new 
 the befl, and Goat's the worfl. Morh. acut. lih. z. cap. 6. 
 
 He
 
 Weights and MeafureSi &c.- 527 
 
 He allows Patients that are fubjed to fainting not above half a 
 Pint. lUd. cap. 5. ^ 
 
 in 
 
 Thus I have (lightly touched this Subjed Co far as it falls 
 with my prefent Defign, and I take the Liberty to recommend the 
 further Prosecution of it to {bme Student of the Profellion, as a 
 Work both ufeful to himfelf and the Publick. 
 
 It had been fufHcient in moft Places of this fliort EfTay, to have 
 {et down the proportion of the Ingredients, noting only for once 
 the fmall difference of the Denarius and Drachm; but it having 
 been done in the Manufcript in every particular, I thought ic was 
 needlels to expunge it. 
 
 FINIS. 
 
 ERRATA. 
 Page 147 </efe Varro, read Mm who relates. &c. 
 190 for artificium, reW artificum. 
 114 fcr Pbocx, read Phocaex. 
 lyi /crVenctae, rM</ Veneti. 
 ifz after Phoenicians, add who. 
 ibid, m* M. mfert before the Birth of Chrift.
 
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 inc^fiiring iiin- ' *"' * 4-^> ~ 
 
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 Solid 
 Inches 
 
 7 
 
 aS J 
 
 2-U 
 
 4ItS 
 
 - ,-. - ^i 
 
 a 7ca 
 
 i4=i^3 
 
 10 -2 70 
 
 aoiiTt' 
 
 sS'2l-2 
 
 Pinb 
 
 144 
 
 
 =)04 
 
 t>7-2 
 
 lOOfc 
 
 joie 
 
 CJaUt 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 iS 
 
 ' 1 - 
 
 Riindlet 
 
 li'.un-el 
 
 4-2 
 
 t^a 
 
 S4 
 
 ■26 
 
 ^^ 
 
 43 
 
 14 
 
 li 
 
 lierce 
 
 1.', 
 
 llofTslu-ad 
 
 l\nichi<>ii 
 Ikat 
 
 ^ 
 
 Solid 
 Indies 
 
 
 *2 
 
 344:1 
 
 ■217^ 
 
 174'24 
 
 Pints 
 
 an^raU^cL from a M^iclielDei- Gallon, 
 nrhic/v conlain^ -7^ ^ foUo *Jnc/ia5 So 
 
 10 
 
 
 (lalk; 
 
 a^ farr cus fcrcy^^^ oior ny^wrp^ofe. o/rc^ 
 
 P4 
 
 Peck 
 
 Bufliel 
 
 'V- 
 
 Qii airier
 
 [■nUuif.l ' ■ 'i~\" 
 
 i-" 
 
 v:,i! 
 
 I "M
 
 GRECIAN SQUARE MEASURE. 
 IY\^€,bf>ov uy ja/72£ /an) to conta/'/i 1444. o?/?xrj 10000. fq. Feet. 
 
 The i¥.oyptian Acb'p<^wasy Iqiiarc oFiooCubf'' 
 
 ^ ROMAN S_OUARE MEASURE. 
 
 ^ht ROMAN'S aivw/£o tAclrA.^. Eibra or am/ XwKv'^vr (iftcA^ 
 kc /^oUorvmo manner, jo the .liiiivnim n'at< reckorLo y Iniciror. 
 
 Square- Ivet. ScnipK's. Kns^.lioods.Sq.PolcS.i^q.l'cet. 
 
 As 
 
 Deuxix 
 
 Doflrmis.. 
 
 Bcs 
 
 Septiaix.. 
 
 l>ciin? 
 
 \1 
 11 
 
 Qiiivicirux 
 
 Irinis 
 
 Qii;uiraiis 
 Si-Nt:u\s. .. 
 
 IJiU'ia 
 
 s 
 
 / 
 b 
 
 • - .1 
 --4 
 
 
 A? 
 
 Deiinx 
 
 DcxKins... 
 l)()di"m?.. 
 
 V^vs 
 
 S<pdnix.. 
 
 Snnis. 
 
 Quincunx. 
 
 I ru-ns 
 
 Quadi-aiis. 
 Sextans.. 
 Uncia 
 
 ,.'2 S S C O.. . 
 ..'2 i^ 40 c... 
 ..■2. 4c C C... 
 ,.•2 I 6 0... 
 ..I 2 00... 
 
 ..lb Soc>.-. 
 ..i440i^... 
 
 . . I 2 C O. . . 
 
 06 o o... 
 
 .^ -^ -^ 
 
 -4-^ 
 .2400. 
 
 .2SS. 
 
 .2b4. 
 
 .2 4^-^- 
 .2 1 0. 
 
 .10 2. 
 
 . 1 6 S. 
 .144- 
 
 ...gb'. 
 
 -iS- 
 
 2 i8 i', ;«'.':,- 
 
 2 IC 1 S'^, ^T 
 
 2 2 11 "A^-l- 
 
 34 51.4^ 
 
 _ 2^- :.:.;;.4i^' 
 
 17 i.«.^i/4' 
 
 op ii:,oi\ 
 
 - . 01 C^,«^-- 
 
 o 3 '2 :jI-4..V 
 
 o '24 ivv'; -.J. 
 
 .0 10 v;- 4: 
 
 .0 oS o(^,ai 
 
 CMiiiia '^(>oo Sqiuitr.Jcct aiaai to a Selciuicia. 
 Achis tuiiiiinus cmial lo a Snhans.
 
 to 
 
 ATTICK nica/urtfj ofcafMJclh/fur^/unu.^.J^fi 
 
 iw. 
 
 E^JGLisii Wink MKASiaiE 
 
 GaJl. Pmts. Sol.Incli.Dec. 
 
 ^o^^a,piov. , ,7!-_ _ 0,0 
 
 '55' 
 
 10 
 
 ^0 
 
 \'10 
 
 •^'20 
 
 J 040 
 
 ^v^ 
 
 fju\jc^poy. 
 
 ^4 
 
 n 
 
 to 
 
 Ito 
 
 4j^-2 
 
 :4 
 
 4^ 
 
 •2 5t> 
 
 ;UnD 
 
 1-2 
 
 •24 
 
 144 
 
 17-2 i 
 
 TCJJL^OC,. 
 
 Be 
 
 
 1'2 
 
 P4 
 
 r4v^3i9?0V- c |__c;,335| 
 
 4S 
 
 'XO'tvX.yi. - . . 
 
 .C :r- -C, 141^ 
 
 1-2 
 
 144 
 
 .0 I 
 
 ys^c, C...6 
 
 u,Z'Voy\Tn c 10 . 
 
 - - 4,^-8^ 
 
 - JC),tj2b 
 
 11 
 
 English Corn measure. 
 
 ^0/^l<2,jOlOV.. 
 
 10 
 
 CO 
 
 1'2 
 
 180 
 
 8640 
 
 
 1-2 
 
 »D4 
 
 IVks.Gall. Piiils. SolIncL 
 . .c — o — o' — o.uy 6fo 
 
 .0 _ O _ O _ 2,7 6'i^ 
 
 Oi,VpCti^rjy. ^.., o — O _0 ^,144^ 
 
 7C0Tv7s.r o o_ o ib,.;7Q 
 
 ^£i.'>^i, o _ o _ o _J -J'lJ ^ 
 
 1-2 
 
 144 
 
 ys 
 
 IV I s- 
 
 4i 
 
 U-£(5lU'V<§*r. 
 
 ■C 
 ,0 
 -4 
 
 N.B-/?''A<'/<'.' //wj M<xlinuuis tvliich /.< OTt" ^[edicus . ///<"»-t' ?ji7.< ^i Mediinniis Crf(n-«ric\is coual tc Roman Motiij 
 N.2i7/(<'/^.' rtnt-' /<77ak; others fica/urf^< (rnentioii o /y (hitJicmt) ofxmccrhrtn 9nilur cajlhf itdtuuhlt- tc tho/f of' i/^-Iahie^* .
 
 Roman mfaiui^s^<^^?^r//^/^*z47/^/.^ liquid .. 
 
 
 Tao'ula 
 
 12 
 
 1 d 
 
 24 
 
 iii^ 2 
 
 ■2,04. 
 
 460 ?o 
 
 CVaclius O 
 
 Aiftabuhnii C 
 
 <,)uar1:arius O 
 
 Hcmina C 
 
 Sextainiis 
 
 ^-(^ 
 
 11 ; .20 
 
 4c^ 
 
 ii)-2 
 
 -'fi^u 
 
 4 
 
 •-4 
 
 ciO 
 
 i O -2 
 
 ;i^4<. 
 
 4^-> 
 
 c)b 
 
 10 -< 
 
 -4 
 
 4^^ 
 
 I) (10 
 
 C, 
 
 OllcrlUS C> _ _ 
 
 atio 
 
 Un. 
 
 40 
 
 20 
 
 Cul 
 
 Wine McaUii'i- 
 , l^iiiu. Sol.liu.Dei-. 
 
 ._ o^'g__ 0,1174 
 ._c, ;,_.;- .4005 
 
 .-0^_. 0,7^4^ 
 . _ c 4: _ _ 1 ,409 
 
 . _0,^ __.2,SlS 
 
 - _ L __3,63(? 
 
 — I. ,04-: 
 
 -4 .2 — r> <:ij 
 _ I _ .10 ,6c 
 
 •■•'■^ M;-> - - '; --ii.o^y 
 
 •3 - 
 
 Aiiipliora *r 
 
 Notri.C^iailraiitul 1".. ;/ ^l/;^ /rV/' Ani|>lH>ni,('arliLvCoii'^amisi:l)<i\nim <(!7;<Vtm'r.7V>;/H/w.i/mY. 
 Note ■Jl/i,- Kimuuis ,//rA /..'//(.- S<-M-.inii.> </.• M.' l.'il>n\//'//r vii,//t,i//',iit< oilla) IVatlii iiiiXl/u-re- 
 fill- then iicitciniimUi) llwii- C ':ili< <s. S(\laiil<-s.Vti'.i.lruiir<s .'rrinites. ii,uv;/iiii; to Ike number or 
 
 CyatU'i /I Ji/c/i t/ici/ I'cnbiin'd. j 
 
 Roman \\wd.K\\w^. o/r/ipaa/j/ fcv-thtiuj.^ diy .^ ivcl^S 
 
 LiPT-ila 
 
 . t' t' _ 
 
 1^ 
 
 4^' 
 
 V^4 
 
 -b."^ 
 
 . V.' U 
 
 Cyariius .• 
 
 Acetabulum o 
 
 Hemina 0_ _o 
 
 Scxtariiis 0_ _0 
 
 Seniiiiio«,l O— _1 
 
 Mddius 1 C 
 
 1-2 
 
 mo 
 
 i<)'2 
 
 IH 
 
 Com Alcaliire 
 Pints. SoLLicJ^ec. 
 
 — ol _.o ,i:4 
 
 IC 
 
 !<' 
 
 _ _ 1 
 
 _ _ L' 
 
 -o ,4: 
 
 ,) K\\ 1 S [ I nu^arurcs rV vv//v/r//?//<r77' t/iliu^,^ liquid 
 
 C'apLi S-r-- . .* ^S 
 
 14 
 
 ± 
 
 1 t-i 
 
 .1b 
 
 oco 
 
 Lo£ 
 
 1-2 
 
 •-4 
 
 ■•20 
 
 Cal. 
 
 iS 
 
 t^o 
 
 I lin 
 
 bo 
 
 >.;\li 
 
 I'.plia 
 
 Corim 
 V ouit-r 
 
 Gall. Pints. SoUnc. 
 
 ..o_ _o|.. 0,177 
 
 . .0 _ _ O 4 O - 1 1 
 
 A 
 
 ..o _ _3 j- -0,844 
 ..1 _ _2 --^.3;J3 
 
 -•2 _ _4 . -S-^'°7 
 
 ■7 - -4 --1^.2 
 
 75 - -3 - -7- ^^^5 
 
 ^
 
 T EWISI I nieallllTS of Capacity tbr diings dry. En^iOi Corn Meafure 
 
 radial 
 
 0- _ 
 
 •?7_ 
 
 Dec 
 
 ,0^1 
 
 a6- 
 
 I 2 
 
 .T 
 
 (PO 
 
 1 boo 
 
 OfiC'OC 
 
 Cab 
 
 o.__.2|.-r ,07^ 
 
 It 
 
 00 
 
 l^o 
 
 \c 
 
 loe 
 
 S»'ali 
 
 
 Epl 
 
 lia. 
 
 .0 _ 
 
 .0 _ 
 
 . _ _ C 3 ,'^ - . 1 ,2 1 I 
 
 .i_-o 1 — 4 '0;3^ 
 
 .3 . _c 3 — 1-2.107 
 
 10 
 
 Leteeli 16- .0---O . 
 
 C^liomer 
 
 Coroti • 
 
 12' 
 
 .3.2-. 0.-. 1 
 
 
 ^— ' ^-^emoftAntienr GRECIAN Wei^t-ho reducd t" W w'^*". 
 
 16^ 
 
 Grains . 
 
 Ounce . 
 
 .24 
 
 4c0 
 
 5700 
 
 100 
 
 .00 .00 . - 
 
 Gram* 
 
 06... .^4^ 
 
 Pound . 
 
 M^^a. jDi.-.oi 00 4|^ 
 
 6000 I 6o~ Tg^X^^Toy .%...x>o 11? -^^ 
 
 -y 45 
 
 ef.^,u^en<LTllb:CLAN and ROMAN weights recii.rH tol^no-lilh 1'my weW^U 
 
 '^C^ OiiiKVS. Peu.«'.' tiraios. 
 Lentes... - - - O o- 
 
 Siliquce - '■"' ^"' - 
 
 Ob^us ^ ^^- 
 
 17 
 
 ■::4 
 
 C)C 
 
 144 
 
 iqa 
 
 •24 
 
 t:q\: 
 
 144 
 
 112. 
 
 ^2S 
 
 1'2 
 
 iP 
 
 4S 
 
 Striptiiltim - 
 
 Di-acliiua 
 
 Sextiila 
 
 .0 o 00 
 
 C^ 
 
 aS 
 
 57 f 
 
 ■24 
 
 •->^^ 
 
 C V.'- *- 
 
 •Si'4 
 
 ..^^h 
 
 i^ 
 
 -3 
 
 OP 
 
 1 vr 
 
 SioilicTis 
 
 Duella,-- 
 
 1.1 
 
 . o o 0-: _ _ o .. 
 
 o o 04. - 13 2 
 
 o o o 6 _ - 1 i2 
 
 -0 
 
 Uncia ..'. O — 
 
 l.ibi-a..- o 
 
 \l 
 
 '3f 
 
 Tlu Roman Oiiuce u< t/u /ok/Z/^A Avoirthrpois (Hmce./i'/i/V/* thnf <in'iJ.\* infc 
 T Penarn cu wdl iW S Draolmis'.<;/«> /V/i.v ///,•»//•<•</•.•/<<> //kvV D.-nariii* <yii,iltj' 
 ihf Attickhracbm JiL) will m.ikr the Atrick iwiijlitj \l\tnmertlian the ccnv/pcndnt 
 
 Roman wiiduB . x - rv v 
 
 NoteTAcGmiins Jii-ulcd t/u-irO\^ui inn' CXidn, in?~>.CTtrtZ/('m,- 11.' Du-aonis r7«</ 
 Swidas WiriW<-> //..• Obolvu int.- b (.'halH '.<i<'> .ivr-y C'Wakus /Vi/P fy^fTfTcd't/u-iv 
 ,/iri<)ii^ th,' Obolus inta 8 Clialci (//(^ cj'.vy Chalnis />i/i:' i'Kt'TCra. cr mtnuta . 
 
 7
 
 19 
 
 ip 
 
 t 
 
 ^J kc areatenvd(//iA^ iWiicd to (Q/iul jf/vi/ wcu/. 
 
 ' ^' .' Oiinoeg. Peirw 5 Grains. 
 
 Libra.-- o _ lO _ iS _ i^f 
 
 Mina Attica conumuiis o _ii _C7_ iPy 
 
 na Attica Medica . - - - i — 
 
 ^24 
 
 
 ^?r- 
 
 DO 
 
 Mil 
 
 _ 11 _ i:'^ 
 
 4P« 
 
 Talentiiin Atticiim comiminf. ^(r _ii _00 _ 17 
 
 ^ 1 
 
 Xote l^hcrc maj a/notker Attick Talent Ini lomc laih toccnfl/ich %o %/ olkciv cl 100 MLnap. 
 Note cvc?-i/ Is^n-a cental n.< a 100 Drachma" and CA^orxf Talent Qo Miiijp, Z-ri/^^Ar Talents 
 differ iin^odqht acccrdlmi tr the ditfcrcnt Standard c/^^/ir Drachma? ano Mnva? cf 
 nmich they arc ccniipci'd .'VW' 'valucofSornc different Mina' ario Talents in-^ 
 AttickDx-achmje.Miaa? eind Eno'lifli Trt)V weio-ht,/.' cxiiibtleh in the fcUcnnnq lable. 
 
 Mina. 
 
 ^gyptiaca 
 
 Antiocliica 
 
 Cleopati'ap Ptolrmaica 
 
 Alexan dr in a 1 ^ i oCc or i d i s . 
 
 Talentum. 
 
 j^oyptiacttm 
 
 Antio chic um 
 
 Ptolemaicum. Cleop 
 Alexandrife 
 ln{lj3aniim . 
 Aoitiochia'. 
 
 'i^' Ounc.Pcn^Vrra. 
 
 1 —o^^oQ_2-2% 
 
 133^ 1 _05_o6^_2-.?^ 
 
 144 1 _ob_iij — 10^' 
 
 \6c 1 
 
 ^333 
 
 1 
 
 ♦5 
 
 Sc -. 8^ _ 08 _ic _o9 
 
 Sc 86_ o'6-\Q -o^ 
 
 St?^ 9^ _ 11 _ 11 _ CO 
 
 q6 - --104 _ oc _ ic) _ 14 
 
 l'2C i-^o _ Cl — 04 _ ir 
 
 '\^0 ^^O _ O-^ _ 13 — 11 
 
 <!?
 
 Jewish weights redact toJ^7ujL//z^^oy^1a^^^^ 
 
 i20 
 
 .^, , , w^ Oiinc Yw^ Gr. 
 
 Miekei co _ Co _ o^ _ 02 4 
 
 Maiidi 02 — 03 o6_lOy 
 
 •;oj>, 
 
 Talent . 
 
 w^ _ 10 _oi _lo = 
 
 Nore ^// TccAcniiK] money^o Shekels made a^\-xn'f\\ .' Irnt in rv<cahi i&o Shekels. 
 
 c 'iraliLc arw ^proportio/i cht/ie Grecian Coins 
 
 ' ' ^^ { fll d n 
 
 31 
 
 ji 
 
 /v£,^TO^C . . 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 oc.oo_oo_C4^ 
 
 / 
 
 -X^N 
 
 5i,0C.-- - - . .. ,..j20 0- 00-0-3^- 
 
 
 14 
 
 ,-> 
 
 SiV.a^vi^'"..' 
 
 00 00-00-iX- 
 
 > k/^ 
 
 *^ 
 
 /pOkioy. 00-C0.0J--2^ 
 
 2S 
 
 4 
 
 .-> 
 
 n^ia 
 
 56 
 
 S 
 
 4 
 
 ,T 
 
 
 V.OC. . . 00_00_01 1 4- 
 
 
 11-2 
 
 id 
 
 8 
 
 4 
 
 tT 
 
 '^(oB^'^^i^ 
 
 •. . -?0_00_0-2 _ 2 -J- 
 
 
 
 ^jjSo>^om :::-oo-ox,.c^ 
 
 224 
 
 3-^ 
 
 1(5 
 
 s 
 
 4 
 
 n 
 
 TiTC 
 
 33^ 
 
 4S 
 
 •24 
 
 i2 
 
 6 
 
 3 
 
 l:i 
 
 oc£Xi^v. ^0-00-07-3 
 
 e^6^ 
 
 06 
 
 4S 
 
 •::4 
 
 12 
 
 6 
 
 3 
 
 2. 
 
 
 £)(JjAOV. 0_C1_C3_'2 
 
 1524 
 
 U'2 
 
 QO 
 
 4S 
 
 24 
 
 12 
 
 6 
 
 4 
 
 (•> 
 
 nrpxop'iXjMjv czfrrfc 0.02.0 J -0 
 
 ibbc 
 
 3S4 
 
 1'20 
 
 CO 
 
 3^^ 
 
 13 
 
 „ 1 
 
 / -2 
 
 3 
 
 2,i 
 
 '4 
 
 ir£>'rzv;^^;/(Zov _o 3.0 2 _ 3 
 
 Note cr dxc/c the Di-aoUma.Didraclnn hcjc. rve/fcoh SiK^er, //«• reft for bra: rnoft 
 "pari: op Brafi;A7£ clhcvpao-'luf a^ Ti-icLraclitn ,Ti iobolii s ^c nvre feme time i'daxA 
 N 2 T have fii'ppcpd TV i tk tfic qcnc^ralibi/ of^uthon* that the Yirachxn-xanc Deiuniiis 
 'nwre cijualjno tlicr'j rcnfon to l^cucve the DraeUmri n^er.< /orneechat the ri'Cnjhlier. 
 
 The CrE-CIAN Gold COIX w<^r.' ?/ Statei- Aumis weiq/uno -2. /^ftf/t Drnchm.' crhiitf^fif Stater 
 
 Argeiiteiis k£JcJumi]ma ufuatk/Jor Q^ Atlick Drarliiiis ly- Silver in cur 77u^nri/. u? o — 16- 1^ 
 
 , Acccrrdino lo ctir jrrotiorlicrtv of" Gold tc S ilver. ci — 00-0 
 
 '^herc ive/rc likefoi/e 1/ Stater Cyzicem is Mc/ian^iiu//err cS Attick. Draelmis <v: 00— iS— 1 
 
 "^ Stater I'hillippicus 3c Stater Alexaiulrimus ot^t/ietiitnc va/tie 
 
 Stater Daricus tztrcvi)///^ ^t' .lolephu? xucrth ^o ;\ttick Dratluus 01: 
 
 Stater Craelius aftJiefune xuihie^^ 
 
 o\—\2—%S
 
 .> ,\\^,\ A . W \U .• >\ A\s\ X, , ■, . \ 
 
 Jl.l // II-.I7/'|I 
 
 'Vll< • 
 
 "^trfV*-*- 
 
 !,-.'.^ 
 
 vA\. . . .. 
 i'i(!ifri<l J /in/ 
 
 l,\'<l':i 'A
 
 orixckoninq juin. f a/^ 'inoncy , 
 
 I . 11. . a 
 
 1 
 
 10 
 
 .Q . . OO .O 
 
 «5 
 / 4 
 
 04-07 
 
 100 equal to a ^tiua. 
 
 1 q. . 04-07 
 
 10 '^2.-03. 10 
 
 So equal to a Taleiituin . . .1 C)q . . 1 3 _ o 
 
 TALENTA 
 
 1 
 
 10 
 
 ^°>'h--^o-°° 
 
 '^O^'^'J - -10-00 
 
 100 - --- 195 75. -OO -00 
 
 ■24 
 
 ^k 
 
 '. hClVCqivtrttkc vaJiic cfi/ difjercnt 
 Talcii t? arid \'^n-x^cmifide/ruaJyi'cigfit^: 
 but'cuhen tfuy denote Suriw cf'mone'y, 
 llui/ vary iifler' Uic foilcn'inn "^nuvrvncr . 
 
 MINA Syra.. 
 Ptolemaica '. . . 
 ^•\jiriochica . . 
 
 Kiitara 
 
 Babylf)ruca .. 
 Amraiiiajoi-. 
 
 Tyri a , 
 
 y5>2;iuapa 
 
 Rhodia 
 
 -25 
 .100 
 
 eftDrackm." ■^''2 
 
 110 
 
 Amcar. _ ^ 1 
 
 133T 
 
 i33r 
 
 x66\ 
 
 -66| 
 
 TALENTUM Spnan 
 
 Fcolfiivairiiiu 
 
 Anriocliicaiiii 
 
 Eubamm 
 
 Batylonicaaii 
 
 Atucuin niajvis 
 
 Tyruira 
 
 i^^giiueiini 
 
 Khodiuni 
 
 ^hc "utduc arw^jraporUon oh dic\^Kornafil oin^^ 
 
 15 
 
 20 
 
 eo 
 
 X, ^0 
 
 >iiiiai"um ^_ 
 
 -.■•.- 70 
 
 Atucaruju. g, 
 
 100 
 
 100 
 
 &0 
 
 leiiuicius 
 
 
 10 
 
 ^eiubella 
 
 iLibella. 
 
 ^ As ■ - 
 
 1 fli d q..5 
 
 55 
 
 10 
 
 00 -CO - 00 
 00- 00 
 
 1 -f 
 
 ico 
 
 Spftertiiis - 
 
 \ictoriatiis 
 
 •2 Deiiatnus. 
 
 oo_ oo_ 01 _ 5 ^ 
 oc.oo- 03 - si 
 oo-oo- 0"/ - ■:!, 
 
 Note a/^ bnejc the Denarius Aiotoinaais .Seftertius arw /eiiw 
 tvme^ the. AT ruct-e of' S iiver^ the rclt of^ Brail . 
 
 There rxwrc fcrrmtinne^f auc Coirio c/^Bi^ the Irieus , 
 Sextans, Uncia,oextula atw Dupondivis. 
 
 ^o
 
 ^5 
 
 1 1h> Roman Gold Coin was 
 
 iUeMU^EUS,72;/ur/^ ^vcujk^d C/c- 
 iicmllif dciUylc the Denuriu^;7/z^?Vz///r 
 (?/-m/uc/i accoirilna to'thc firft^propor- 
 lian afCovwi^e mentioned /ry Pliny 
 Lib:XXXlII.Cap.lll. "]- r- d 
 
 was worlh 
 ^cccToina totkc-nropcrlicn that j 
 ohtairu^ nam amonaiftu.if,'ayorlJi . i 
 
 t.ncccrcma tc thc^^t'cui?ic -propcr- 
 "Hoix 7ncntiono 'In/ L J T^2>^ an^ 
 
 Julius POLLUX -ifrri/i. 
 
 %.Accormru) /<? ^(/icj^-rpcr'ti^-'n •nu/iA 
 HiVi^^/ (<fACI^'VS ,a,^ luhirk J 
 aJtrixrmrvj cinainc lofurclu/ In 
 ^lUl\EUS .arhdiriP^ P^^ ^ 
 Dm ar I j , it^ i^ntuCu^ ^^ 
 
 -cu - 3-^ 
 
 I —oo — o 
 
 - O - 1 2 - 11 
 
 ■5 
 
 o-it -v^l 
 
 Some Alterations of/h/Ja/ttr c/thc 
 PvOMAN QOV^^imticii^ '/'?/ Plinv. 
 
 ill lkc'-P\^inrvof'$>vr\\ws\ ..j i Pound . 
 
 ^. Urv. 4£) o I I he AS rvciqhj^ -I Ounces 
 
 imce . 
 nre . 
 
 ^.Urk 586 J.'. ( ,,]Ou 
 
 ^.Url\ 485 ] DEN.\RIUS( loAff^s. 
 
 i^I.UkIk i^']J ir.n-/Mrn/^/vr | i(5 Alles . 
 
 K^4.1Jr(>. 547 Scruple t'/ViOr,D'«'f/V/j 2oSertei-li) 
 (\)u\(l aftfi'mai^^ of- the Pound <7/-"C»olcl 20 DciKirij 
 In N K no's 'rime <?/•'//?<; Pound ^/•'Clol('. 4;^ Dfiiari) . 
 
 26 
 
 Th e R O Nf A N inan n cr of reckcni- 
 
 iric; Slims opTnoney rediircl to die 
 
 "KNCrLlSH STANDARD. 
 
 Seltej-tijniimmi . 
 c a .• ' < 111 A T % 
 
 oiMterhus o 00-01 3^ 
 
 Decmi o -0 1 - 07-1-1 
 
 C'rjiUim 0-1(7 — 01- a 
 
 MiHe ajual to a Sellertiixm S-01- 0^-1 
 
 ScfTerHa. 
 
 Sellerlium '. 8_oi -05^ 
 
 I)ecein So_ 14.07 
 
 Ceivtinu//?/lf Sivtn the 
 
 Rcnnan^f ca'prcfl tluu^: 
 
 debet nulii mitiini, del)ct , ^ 
 
 nuln <"niluin>('11erlia.(v/l ' 
 
 (lehel centum iiiiHia Sel- I 
 
 terti u m . J 
 
 MLHc So7i:-i8-o4 
 
 Decics Scitertiiini Sec. 
 
 Decies Seilerliiini vcIA 
 
 Deeies centena miUia |- bc*"C-iS -04 
 
 iiiiinmiim . j . 
 
 Centics ?^r/ Centres H.S. 80720-03 -04 
 
 Millies IIS So 7291-1':? -04 
 
 Mill i es Ceiuies U S . . . 8 S 8 20 -1 6 - o 8 
 
 Aiij'ei. 
 
 JJ
 
 .67) 
 
 "^f l^c ]\O.ALA.A"/naiuicr of 'rccko/iuuj 
 
 Inirkkst of monf.y 
 
 Ailcs uiui'ct VtL CiMitt'liiu'.e Lifurie. i 
 
 Semilses ufiu'a? ^ 
 
 Trirntes iiiiira*. .1 
 
 (>Lia'Jr:uil»'s iiUirie .\ 
 
 Sextan I es iiliir:,". _ ^ 
 
 o 
 
 Uncin^ 1 1 i LI riv . - l-, 
 
 QLiinciinces iilura- f2 
 
 Septu 
 
 nee;: iiUirii 
 
 1-2 
 
 Beil'es ufiiru' <r 
 
 Dod ran tes u ! u i a- \- 
 
 Dextantes LiUiivf . ^ 
 
 Deuiies Liiiir 
 
 1] 
 
 per Ccnl 
 a Month. 
 
 . 6 
 
 -4 
 
 pef Cent 
 •a Icar. 
 
 H 
 
 Jewish moncx rcdnco to the R/u/u//i Ola/u/iU'o. 
 
 Ocrali . - - - 00 — 
 
 _ I 
 
 '2^ 
 
 10 
 
 10 
 
 I '200 
 
 6cooo 
 
 Bekali CO _ ci _ 
 
 1'2 
 
 toco 
 
 59 
 
 IPC 
 
 10 
 
 SVifkel - 00 _ c-2 _ •-? ? 
 
 NlliKi I lubv.ucu. ' " " 
 
 r..UMit. 
 
 ■:\coo 
 
 o^ - i4_oo^ 
 
 6o 
 
 .34-2 -^ 
 
 -^^9 
 
 us Aureus Of Sex til lu /rorl/^. 00 _ 12 _0 ^ 
 
 Siclxis Aureus mrrjlx. 1 _i6_b 
 
 .Vlalent ^Gold nrcrih - 5^15 — ^'O _0 
 
 Note in ail (he Jables of inonrv ] rockon .Silvrr at 5 SlnTliiigs and Gold 4loujjd die Ounce .
 
 o 
 
 29 
 
 The l^XPl.ANA'riON cflLvnca/^y niarc'ti/ual Chnrncters 
 aj^ VWights iuu) Mearures/cz/wzW. Greek 6cRoniau Authors. 
 
 > --LI . lV)ra . 
 DiipoiuU 
 
 j^.-AiTipliora 
 Q S .Uma . 
 
 £...Coiigius. 
 
 D..Sextarms. 
 DSliemitia. 
 
 Kr M-.u-^T/jviOii 
 
 /'■ 
 
 
 Q> .(>uai^tarius. ly. .sc^Jx^oc, 
 
 K^ c v.CyatQi\ is. lL ... jmC cpov 
 
 M . Modius . y^-XruLr 
 
 MS.Semiinodiiis. /^^..t^tov^voc, 
 
 Ifj rxUupoiunum 
 — L..Uncia ■ 
 
 £S.. Serai imcia . 
 
 ') c). SicUicus. 
 
 U...Spxtiila. 
 
 ^...Drat'liina. 
 T.SS.ScripliiUis 
 
 «^ OboUi?. 
 
 N...Silit|ua. 
 (^tu.d)altiis . 
 ...CTi-aiuan . 
 X-X: Denarius . 
 
 = .>t'Xtaiis. 
 IZ-Ouadran? . 
 ZT. IrienA. 
 
 l>.S!'.Semilibra. 
 
 V...Sej)tiin\ 
 _S-.Bcs. 
 S r-.Dodrans. 
 SrrDfxtaus. 
 Sr-r:l)ciin\ . 
 
 Y-.SeniiU'xtula. 
 
 lO.BinffScxUiliP. 
 
 ^-i.Drachtnae fex 
 
 ,z ^ 
 
 .fJuySi. 
 
 A /X.'X.itpa, 
 
 
 .^//(:z, 
 
 \2\. 
 
 ..o'p2>'^A,r 
 
 7?^ ^ 
 
 :.yf,<zti./:4,iz. 
 
 i>.>>.x.vo^oXoc; 
 
 K^ 
 
 .JCeCfZrTiOv 
 
 % 
 
 
 "YXxoKi: rvho do not undcrltoiw Dccijnal Fractions ./7i«y r^l^/t't-j/i: Uuxt the IVnmuinator 
 of cvciy fuclx Detimal. us on Unite rvLt/icuf rnany Cyphei's a^^ there are plac(u< oj' 
 nunxhc/iv irtthc fi'action: Uxu^ in. the fecorui'TaLlc under Inch. dec. 3,^-1 ^•/w'^'/^A^ 
 3 Inches anh-^^^^^ofan Inch -.3.12 fioiufif,^ 3 Tnclie? cvn^{^^otan Inch: 10,4 
 u \o Inches a//i^ 4; 2cc. \\[ olJier t/u?i(/.<^ in the Tables n///A their fcxicraii 
 
 J3
 
 JO 
 
 
 DECI>rAl. lABLES 
 
 RoniaiiMeasure^ of Leiietl 
 
 J n dies 
 
 JZurr///j^y7r7/?jitr/fLi ^....oJ'^.Sq.S 
 
 ^/r'u'ff/ \.o,o6y 
 
 ^^rr ////// J r?m?o/: 2.^901 
 
 /Wi/ .11, 6^0 4 
 
 Feef 
 
 0'^a/mf/jr.'.._ 1,2 08?- .5" 
 
 huL^hi4< : \,^5o5 
 
 prctdtui. 2,4 ij/^,* 
 
 Paces 
 
 ^/Ir/.rft.K «J,pO)? 
 
 ^///7 (// 1 o/?i 120,8 7-^ 
 
 //?////rr /^ -Q>^y,0 
 
 Sciupriire Measures of Length 
 
 Inches 
 
 Jj, /////. o.j^-iS 
 
 (y^r//// 2.07 
 
 •y/u/^L. -S c)i 
 
 Feet 
 
 ~yt.j>ler Uu^t:. 1,4 8 -' 
 
 (^?r^f^^/' Uu/'C^. \yS2S ■ 
 
 Yards 
 
 . ^//tt^v. -iM 1 
 
 ("L'/iLr^ (<^^.eed 3,4^^^^^^ 
 
 ( /ra/>7M./^L <^^ 4,fc> '2 
 
 ./a/iof'Tznj 4 6, 2 
 
 ^/A7^///irn 2. 3 1,0 
 
 Miles 
 (ta.'/r/// //////' i,oS 6' 
 
 (y^^mu<z/i(7. 4 . i-'" ^i 
 
 ILa'A* f frif/r/cy. «x>. 'i 04 
 
 Grenaii MeasTiifS of Jjengtli 
 
 Inches 
 A^kTvXo s Oy ■^<^'^^^y'!^ 
 
 . >> ' o . 0'1\ S7.T 
 
 J.\f:<Sr.%:^ *7, .^.^46'S7.''' 
 
 O 5 ^c-'c'^cc^'. S'o I 010 (fj^ 
 
 ^ nJ 0(21(11... - : C) • oG'^G'iS 
 
 ris > l:i, o^J-^^ 
 
 r.eet 
 
 n^S A.OOJQ.Q S" 
 
 nvvMU .i,l552o3i2jr 
 
 0\'">'6t>y „ .,x2J^^u4c>8 3 
 
 FluXeS _ _ \fS\oq 3-v^ 
 
 Paces 
 oynjifT. j,oo^2 ^ 
 
 \ > k- ioo,y2qj^ 
 
 ?L'?\JOv. ...80^,8 "3 
 
 KomaiiMeaiiures for Tilings Di'V 
 
 r^/y///l'7 _.o,^o74l 111 ts 
 
 .Je\4'/<r//y//.i ^ l,014SPllKS 
 
 //IfWar^. ..-i,o 1 4 1 Pecks 
 
 .^Vnic'K ME.\snR ForThiug s Dr\" 
 
 ^ c?i' s _ o,g o o '.! Piiifs 
 
 >roJAi5 ^1,4 !^ (.>' Piiirs 
 
 MtLolLi N Ci. _..._ 1,0 tH"* t^Buslicls 
 
 Iewish Mk\siipvi: s JhIxosDiv^^ 
 According to Iosephii^ 
 
 (/hrAa/.. __ ._ 0,1 c) 40 PniCs 
 
 ' ChA __ _ 3,8 '7 4' Pinfs 
 
 C/rv/ir/r. .7,0 i^'''2 Riifs 
 
 '.yi'(7/.' i,46"i .^' Perks 
 
 C/>/uz/t 1,0 Qt>i BusIk'Is 
 
 ./^t/'A _ 6. 4 So- BushcJ.>> 
 
 ^'?/''' \ i,:;7o2Qrnirfe- 
 
 ROH VX > rE.\SIIRESforTHlKg;s 
 
 LiQinu 
 
 rAtt'//// /f/r o,.> 0""*^' ^") Pm^iJ 
 
 ^/ca-A/ /v/^.* i.j o«' I ^ Jiiifs 
 
 Go/t/////,'. ...y, 1 ~ 1 2 Piiirs 
 
 A /'//a 3,. '* 8. '7 Ct;i11oiiS 
 
 C /////.'Any/yr ..7.1 "' l -i CtjUoiis' 
 
 (/^//^ 
 
 (',,/< 
 
 ■7-^7 
 
 /A'. 
 
 ^Hd^sllffxls 
 
 ■^f
 
 3^ 
 
 Ko-'JXm o, S^A-'i Pmf S 
 
 ^JUCqnq i,i4i<3 
 
 A gZq, !... b, 8 Q o o 
 
 M^To-n TT19 10, 3 ."^oOallons 
 
 lewisli NTea^uresforTliings 
 LiqtadAccoi-chng tolosephi 
 
 6a/^yi o, S6"i2 Piii'fg 
 
 .><^^. 1 , 1483 
 
 ua-/'. 4, .->'p'3 3 
 
 ^/^ 1 , 7 '2 2.-^'" Gallon^ 
 
 ■ /^ea/i 3 , 44.-10 
 
 /^^^/ 
 
 10, o3.'>" o 
 
 Drachma orDenariiis in Fraetions 
 
 of a lib Sterling: 
 , o 'J •! i c^ \ 6 G h 
 , o b' 4 J^ 8 3 5 3 3 
 
 , 09 6 8 yf .->' O O O 
 
 , 3 lVi4J'S033 
 , 1 ^9 3 ^ ^'^ O o o o 
 , 2 2 6^ o 4 1 O t^'y' 
 
 , 2 9 O 6^ 2 ^ o o o 
 S ester rius iiiFracCioii of a LibSfei-ling- 
 
 S 
 
 o 1 6" 1 4 .^ & 3 3 3 3 
 
 2 4-1- S ^v^'ooo 
 o 3 2 2 ^c) 1 6 C? G fc> 7 
 c 4030 40* 8333 
 4843"^ .-'"o 000 
 
 6\^l O 41 GGy' 
 
 , o 6 4^5" 8 3 3 3 3 33 
 ,0 -' '1 ^c^ ^ -2, r o o o 
 
 1 
 2 
 3 
 
 4 
 
 7 
 
 8 
 
 1 
 2 
 3 
 
 o 
 
 6 
 
 / 
 
 8 
 
 9 
 
 . o c 
 
 ( orrm 1 , l^4o.-^Ho^diea<: 
 
 The A:n^cient^Ajl\bl\n\AeiohtsRediicd 
 
 ToTix^vA^eiehf s Lib Ounc^.Feir" Grains 
 
 
 4 
 
 _ C\^ 
 
 1 
 
 1 '2 
 
 ke$ tii£ : 00 _ 00 : 
 
 kiraf _ 00 00 00 
 
 Dauicli : _o _ 
 
 ()noi()f,^iit 00 _oo . 
 
 Gnniie ; , 00 _oo o_i8q 
 
 Darc^hiiiiL. 00 _o 02 
 
 Deiiai'ius ; _ oo_o - 
 
 Sexfariinii oo_oo 00 
 
 Sn oroS o 00 1 S _ 0." 
 
 I'Z 
 
 30 
 
 417 
 
 144 
 
 o 
 
 I s 
 
 .0; 
 
 ^ >i S! 
 
 40O 
 
 4t>os 
 
 ^44 
 
 ^/lie 
 
 .'04 
 
 o 
 
 10,^ 
 
 :^. o 
 
 8 b 4 
 
 \v5 1 
 
 b 
 
 l^ 7 
 
 ^4 
 
 4^^ 
 
 / 
 
 7 ^^ 
 
 .■.3 
 
 12 
 
 ^4 
 
 1 S 8 
 
 3 84 
 
 4 
 
 i^ 
 
 1-18 
 
 3 2"" 
 
 4 
 
 \\i 
 
 ■24 
 
 w- 
 
 CC\h 
 
 OOk 
 
 2 _ 14^0 
 
 / 
 
 12 
 
 U^ 
 
 7 
 Ra fel c o_ 10 1 S _i3 ^ 
 
 A.1 ica t ira...o i o 2 — 1 1 __ 10 ^ 
 
 /■f
 
 MoDERnMeASURES .y 
 
 r 
 
 //rrt/t/rr.f o^ c.^^/ q ^/i o/i^C'r/n/ Uoil/i^n/^ 
 
 (Q!r/?/^Anud,C'^<^r/t(rd 6a 0/i<;if//^A leef .^J" Indies'. 
 
 OnY/li//> /not. , iooo-i'i . 
 
 (Ai,-i.f j4rfr/-. .lo6"8a2,SlH 
 
 ..944 
 12/39 6" 
 11,424. 
 
 VI. 
 
 iJ.,3ti8 
 
 12,^04 
 
 11,733 
 
 :2JL,888 
 
 38,304 
 
 26", 4 
 
 iS,Sj1 
 
 ■1'2,C)SG 
 
 \4,go4 
 
 2 3,(J88 
 
 8 2,.->-b" 
 
 /fr/.r/z.a<n^ /^rir(7 1 1 Q^- 
 
 ^/f/n/<7rt2 /rrcrt: 1 o3 3. 
 
 K7^^n.r//u'r^r//i /WTzfr. q^U. 
 
 ^ V or^m/j-e'T'a/v riTcr^-. 1 000 
 
 ^a /fz.//r/^ rozr/-. ^4-4 
 
 JZ^nn^^f/i ^mr&. 1 04a 
 
 ./cc<^^c//i /^^■■. - j;^ •-: S/TI 
 
 r!Zc?yji./io7' Ou^^ ar^ (jiX^./'V 1 824 
 
 f^er^a^ C^-^A... _ .3 1 9 J 
 
 Or^^ct/e^'^Ai/'A/J^i ^Ar 220 o 
 
 c^^^f^>yrt/^<^/i -^eAe li. 3 1 
 
 (a) rnccco a'& ^^o/n-ncx i 5) 1 3 
 
 C0rxf.cr/O 7^r //'orr/.e'ri, cr-^i^/?e/ffy.X '1 4 '2 
 
 (^mrf/,o /vr ,^?l»7i a./^^ycen(7 1 974 
 
 (jOyTX^tZl ct^ t^'fapA^if ..G 880 
 
 r<c^ez. a& C-r/m^t^rtirr (■^"C/i^^^^^^ '■ '2 7 60 3 3, 1 a 
 (ja/ma ix< ':^T^'r/i6e-ftl j 3'lo 
 
 8.;7 84 
 87. 84 
 
 Qe/lon, 7h[//n %xS 
 
 6^/9cr/o77nff7 ri /mrA. vl3o 
 
 '2 tnM'f'/yj f // 22 83 
 
 ^ ^/rui^r-e/'^^r^ /■//. 2 2G» 
 
 c,^£J/0^</t C//. i 2()0 
 
 fAnr^.f ^ /~n i) r rrr C// 3 q2o 
 
 /AfrT-tj r yi'err-cnr f .'U 3 907 
 
 TheroHowDi^Wei^lifs are Froiulieii^diuiid 
 Cnven inTroy Gi'aint,' . r;,... ,, ,^ 
 
 . '//yr//'ftf'r//i OdTiCf'.: 4J, 
 
 , //fn/f'f' r^/? /jot/n/x. 0/ iQ (h/ nr&n "7 "^7 G 
 
 % tor'^/n'^''/r//i (//.itKui. 401 ? 
 
 i'ar^7iUTrff/i/xnt/nrf oriGOu/rtxuui..... "7 '^7 o 
 . ^'rt n.i //cr/^uina/: /jou nc{ f^/u Oanczif S Gy a 
 
 f/^f //fec^frt-nn/ Uurtrr^ /n Oft-r/uifn/ 4.(> o 3 
 
 97 s 
 yS. 
 
 2j,2^G 
 
 27,216 
 
 2-7, 12 
 
 :)|47. 14 « 
 47^44 
 
 J 
 
 4 "4 
 
 C ^.ya/-^ o/'iAe Gfold ^^" Silve i* ^^i^tr a/' \ 
 
 ^>^rR/ C//ni'ri^ Ona/i/n. . 
 
 Grains j 
 
 .'Ttyjrnan (7t/nc&^ :. 438 
 
 /la7n^7i Ary7f fif) «ri2 U/inc^^- 52 Sd 
 
 ./Aan^^fA Ou/ice.. 44*^2 
 
 ./jbaniUfAjbatonar criG Oe/nceij 7''9° 
 
 7efitAa,n Oei^nce^. 4603 
 
 7<'.^teAnrt AcrtcnAr firil Owncej 55^ 
 
 <1 4 ca/,jo7//^in cA^ri^e.. 4 1211 
 
 '~ i^'ofjo/i At n /baling or^\'X Outzcuu 4950 
 
 Oufice. a&^ATar^fice. JA^h. St^ ,^^^Aiom. 4402 
 
 ^AAei^t' jboUyTic^ o^\^2 Oti^rvce^ 52 8 B 
 
 (Jiu.nci:. a/ .ycerut 43iT 
 
 ^f^nrr Aot(?i4A cr/i'i Ou/nxui/ :5^ i 7 8 
 
 ^//ce A/u?ic^ a.^ Aj^r?xm. 4 o5x 
 
 ^le J2y f//rA/ tJi/fice^ 5yo 
 
 . %? ^t'/^At^A A/Ate 'I/, oA^ o o t A A v r- -Am^A rfknai 2 8 
 C'AeK/(/ve'r2rrzrA^i fn SA//fA/"y, Ap,f^(a^ 
 
 ri/it7 /Air A/fOTjfttA (jon,7x&rrf, j "J So 
 
 AA/tr AA///'^Aij/i , /cr /AzTi / . 07^ (/rf/^tJAn^l ~>^ 
 '/A^/^A,A^^/n^a Crola, Uorn or /Ar t "'> % 
 
 ,'a/?ir/i-^<<jrAjrrit6A 1/ Ar/ieArtrf rtfuA V 
 Oar^/tiay/ 0Aijea<ieenA^//orttn6ert7A^ nrni^ 
 
 AA/t_^(j(i/ra (AtaA/ oA \.a^lA nrtrA t?i.f G^ ^Gj 
 
 •A/uy a//7rr.frrM A?rr/r/ ar^ -lo zA/'nr/irn.i\ 
 
 //y?-/> /lAxrA (Af .4/^/70/7/ /A^i/ /^rvnr/Ai/\2:\^},0^ 
 
 nT(f//}'(A //leir C/cAfd ^,AAtr' J 
 
 Til e Fi eii c ii\^ e j^li i s Re du c'd 
 
 iraiii o_ o_oo_ooj^ 
 
 Feliii 
 
 G 
 
 } 
 
 ^4j 
 
 24 
 
 7 u 
 
 .57G 
 
 viiG 
 
 Z 
 
 :^t 
 
 80 
 
 40 
 
 4.(><)>' 64a 
 
 :?2o 
 
 1280 
 
 D 
 
 ii 
 
 3 
 
 i.y2 
 
 640 3S4. 
 
 o_ o_oo_23 "f' 
 
 o_a^oo.oSH 
 
 Mviille o_ o_oo _u^ 
 
 eiiier o_ o_oo_ 19 *j- 
 
 Esterliii 
 
 Groiie 
 
 Oiinre 
 
 ^•aro o 
 
 Foiiiirlj 
 
 2.1 
 
 •jo 
 
 Gi, 
 
 3-20 
 
 (,4 
 
 12 8 
 
 .0 . 
 .0 
 
 8 
 
 iG 
 
 o_o2_ix ^ 
 7- 17 -iH 
 
 2 
 
 H-JS.oo 
 
 jA
 
 
 The CoiognWei gilts Heduc'd to 
 
 Troy Weights , 
 
 Oz.PenwfGra 
 
 Es 
 
 oo - oo - oo 
 
 s 
 
 32 
 
 2^ 
 
 304 
 
 608 
 
 48(14152 
 
 En^isch o o - 00 - 25 ^ 
 
 — 31 
 
 Drachm 00 -02-08^ 
 
 2 B 
 
 9^ 
 
 19 
 
 8 
 
 64 
 
 00 
 
 09-09^^ 
 
 Lothig- 
 
 Ounce. .00-18 
 Marc o J -10-11 
 
 16 
 
 8 
 
 19 i 
 
 33 
 
 Paris Me af ure s Eng.Wme Meafur e . 
 ^7/7^;t?z^ze. lO^t^/z^ 
 
 6^iC^ 2^l/fA) 
 
 ^J'sa'^ii/^r: 2//^f//r?/7j 
 
 .-y/^^ 17". '//r^^jA/^aa^ 
 
 Strafburgli ^Meafures 
 
 ^ / Pints 
 
 .yrA-^x^^e/z --0,8 171 
 
 ^^^/it : 1,63 4 -2 
 
 772a//^/z .^;2 684 
 
 t9/i^/?///i .^8,05 2 (.) 
 
 ^ ^553'25 ^ ^^ 
 
 OTHER Measure s . 
 
 J^i^rfijAz^9y/2y^a//^i//-.i^i^r'^ //6o,0o^ cyhlA^^ ^2rAeJ= 2^ 6^e^:Aj. 
 S^€iJ?^r7j/7/i^7/A^/:>^^= 21 7 ^/ ^arz^a^/'T ^y/^/A/jAi/e^^ a/^fTi^/r/zaZ/^r/n ^/ir/.^'f<9?^. 
 
 //"'m/'j (A'fA {^rt/mard^ a?/z/i7Ai /^ ^"^i/t??^ o/^'^^f^/z^i^^a^am.. <t/^ 2 ^^oA^^A >y7//f^ 
 
 '^r .^??^^^ (T^l^^m/A^rrAzw fnn/i2z//iMj (fJ'^A^x^i^ (y7 2r/e/y€ii{7r/(^/^stAAe^/f// 
 
 CTAr U7£l•/ia^z. cuTn/mh,/ /SX^/z^i^^/kf, ei:z£>i. oA^rfA/rA r/ioAe ^^z/t? r^zr^^z o^z^A^iA 
 fcJ A/: J^^A.^aa( (^SSou/YAzi-c&r, aaz^z^i^^ zi? M/" /z/j/^ /?2€/2Jure fAereo^^yAi^/Ai/ 
 am/am /2A^^^GA^:f^yf or' 200 f^,^/!t!^h^/k:f (^^/^^^ zzm/-A^, a^z/A m 'Jh'/An/?jrr 
 /ou' .^y^A/7^A^ cA/7/-^^^?r Ma/^/j oA^rrut-j o^a^n AAa^A^A? JA^z^Ae/z^A 
 ,y7//' /^c^z^rtAfa/^.r:.'^/n cy'W^he^/r/z//:A /z^cz^A /z^/'z^ tAz- ^^'^SA^azA 2 eyzyo/htzn3 
 zz^zA zazz ^ye/'/^z^ z:r^,.^arz^ze ^u ^^^zz/^Az^A^^ zy^UAz/yr^f A?/ ^i^//z Af z/z^^z/z/ . 
 2COO /z'zYz/Az/' tAere A'€/^zz/ r^^^?yz cA //2 /^<7i/^z^A ^ /Ae AA^A??zArr^. 
 KyA J^7i z?y^ fy^/rzrzre^ AArzz^^M^f 3 A7?z^zAi/ crr-Jy- OTzaAz^f^Az ^^(?7^A^/7^, 
 
 ^/7^z^ 4- z?A^z^9Z z^^'^iaA.^A ^^^/z .
 
 !l 
 
 ; ( 
 
 \y*H
 
 TheArsa> 
 Several I 
 
 1(1 Monies Uiiwonie 
 
 t ://■// 
 
 t /*)/'. 
 
 
 :y///- /^/Mav<v 
 
 AlTav 
 f/ 1' o ? 
 
 // d:o4 
 lid -.19 
 
 Wriel.r 
 
 v/ 
 
 
 'fo:o i 
 I/O. . 
 
 oy^ fOO< 
 
 
 Sf:ind ■«• 
 
 0101/4 0:0'^ 
 
 4. : <x. 
 2: 04 
 
 ■^ 
 
 VaU, 
 
 !(>(>0:4 
 
 ■J :oJr, 
 4:rS 
 
 
 n.Oy/: 
 
 J l7i..'T/ff ,^,,/ //fA'(>fU//t>/ 
 ^/r(//:fc /'t/^ij,}f ///c^tf/r/ //.' //f/ff cxmw tn/T? \ 
 
 :://i^ Cn/^at/o I f^/ 
 
 Rtr.f n/ur ^x// r^fFirrf/^OfiL 
 
 rpolurj ^u'rfj/'i/JJf/rarr . . 
 
 J'./4-/S y4P4 J 
 j.vroi r:i>2:/ 
 
 /lo-o} 
 lfo:o4 
 lii:-2 
 
 I// \Pa^7ni. 
 
 '■// 
 
 ./. 
 
 /.i/:'j 
 
 h ■ if J 
 y.ff 
 
 ti::>/:/-2 
 
 >,taf6 
 
 .0:/ 
 
 L//if Pa/irm>M\f/- ^,/yja/7f/.M'/t f/yIfo///r/f^< 
 
 7/(7/ <//)(/ />/W (^y './^///'/Try/ 
 
 ly/tr M/er O'u/ r/- ^y'Jjr/////r7/'^ 
 
 <^lwJh/i'r/7/^(ylPc>/iJMd, 
 
 ^ //x- (/H/7^Ar/f o/7ra/Mi7?yfZy?7ja- - 
 
 ^T/n- ^r/f^J?7,A/'/, r/NZ/ff/'/f frrI^a£Amno//i 
 
 ('fiwJh/rtK,C^/a/uf//,.0}.7/7/e 
 
 ^r/ifLt/on Bei^,/^- J>(.7f^/-(' 0/ 7^frn<- l//-l-nn x6'j^ 
 
 /)u.(/ifre/i. . 
 
 fj.ff. 
 
 oAh./o.h 
 
 
 /r/f/rr 
 
 Of.- 
 If 0:0^ 
 
 ■/ :0.r-2 
 
 :^:o.;{ 
 
 -O^ 
 
 4:10.^ 
 
 2. ox 1 
 ■j.o.; 
 
 •I.Olf.U] 
 
 9'. 
 
 1 •."' 
 
 ■2:oQ:ojq ■■;'.() 
 :>:oqOiq:^:() 
 4:}j':o(,rS^fo./ 
 
 'Z:i>S:/i ly.o ,'. •/ 
 ():o;.c) 
 
 i):o;:() 
 
 r'7'.l 
 1)04.0 
 
 2:00:0 J 
 
 2:o(/:<>j 
 
 oq:c 
 
 'j:oS.n 
 
 7V.i/r/r r>/ 7f//forr//t7rt6(f^ 
 
 ::y/if7Ui-7J(7A/r /^/J/r///- o/y/r/z^^au /O^j/ 
 tTAr/?ltZJt7Ar/^/,4/(^/r ty//////'// 
 
 _o/'7(/i?r. . .yf^ito/iuy y///7ain 
 
 y/>f7{/.i7J<7/f o/'J}rf(>'/ '^7-7 - > Tj 
 
 -//,H/:4-7Jr//n/rra/-.i o/rz7.r/^77r f^o/uMiT^ffr- 1<^,.,,/ 
 iT//f7{{:r7Jo//or/my-nrr f/z/m/fiyf// ^f»^^^ n ' 
 
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 Series 9482