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 ^*"A.:C-'^7^V^^'^- 
 
 T^ 
 
 ^ 
 
 ^ r 
 
 
 ORATIONS 
 
 O F 
 
 DEMOSTHENES, 
 
 Tranflated by the Rev. Mr. FRANCIS, 
 
 WITH 
 
 Critical and Historical NOTES. 
 
 V O L. I. 
 
 LONDON: 
 
 Printed for A. Millar in the Strand, 
 M D CC LVII. 
 
 
 5. .'••. :■■ 
 
 O'i
 
 t
 
 ^ 
 V 
 
 E5 
 
 /. ', 
 To THE Right Honourable. 
 
 HENRY FOX, Efq; 
 
 One of his Majesty's mofl Honourable Privy-Council. 
 
 S I R, 
 
 YO U will be furprifed at this Addrefs, yet 
 if I had afked Leave in the ufual Forms, 
 You would probably have refufed it, in Apprehen- 
 fion of the too frequent Language of Dedications: 
 
 A 2 • But 
 
 441322
 
 ( iv ) 
 
 But who would bear being much obliged, if he 
 were forbidden to acknowledo^e the Oblio-ation, or 
 why ihould Gratitude be the only Virtue, you feem 
 unwiiling to encourao;e ? 
 
 But, Sir, I had other Motives to this Addrefs. 
 I would inform our Men of Genius and Learning^ 
 that this was the only literary Work propofed to 
 the Public, during your Continuance in the Admi- 
 niftration, and that it was in a particular Manner 
 honoured with your Protection. I v/ould inform 
 the Public, that not all the Writers of Antiquity 
 have given us fuch Sentiments of Liberty, and ani- 
 mated with fuch ardent Love of Country, as the 
 Author, v/hom you have thus encouraged. Let 
 me then be permitted to think it was of happieft 
 
 5 Omen
 
 ( V ) 
 
 Omen to thefe Kingdoms, that a Minifter declared 
 himfelf the Patron of fuch Sentiments, and endea- 
 voured to imprefs them upon our People, 
 
 But although the Love of Country be certain- 
 ly the firfi: of all human Virtues, yet our Author 
 had many other Excellences in his Character. You, 
 Sir, are capable of pronouncing upon the Merit of 
 '^ofe political Maxims, fo frequent in his Orations, 
 and whether he was really that able Statefman, the 
 World in general hath allowed. Yet we may ven- 
 ture to affert he perfe£lly underftood the foreign 
 and domeftic Interefls of his Republic, and was a 
 zealous Adertor of her Conftitution. He was vi- 
 gilant and fagacious to forefee every favourable 
 Conjunfture for her Welfare, and in Seafons of - 
 
 Dif-
 
 ( vl ) 
 
 Diftrefs or Danger boldly propofed the mod ho- 
 nourable and falutary Meafures, even in Oppofition 
 to the Paffions and Prejudices of the People. Equal- 
 ly regardlefs of their Cenfure, as their Applaufe, 
 he was anxious only for their Glory and their 
 Happinefs. 
 
 As it is ufual among Writers of Dedications 
 to find, or fancy they find, fome ftronv^ 
 blance between their Patron and their h 
 Author, the Defign of this Paragraph will be ge- 
 nerally perceived. I acknowledge it j but I (hall 
 leave the Public to determine upon the Relem- 
 blance, fince I am perfuaded. You will not eafily 
 forgive my attempting to prove it. 
 
 Yet
 
 ( vii ) 
 
 Yet while I reflect, that Demofthenes, thus 
 eminently great and good, was maligned, accufed, 
 condemned by an ill-judging, ungrateful People 
 permit me, Sir, to congratulate your happier For- 
 tune, that not all the Virulence of Parties, while 
 they have been obliged to acknowledge your Abi. 
 lities, have even infmuated the flighteft Imputation 
 on your Integrity, in thofe great Offices in which 
 you have had the Honour of being employed by 
 His Majesty. 
 
 The Hopes of meriting your Approbation, believe 
 me. Sir, have often animated me amidft the Fa- 
 tigue and Difficulties of the following Tranflation. 
 The Moment I engaged in it, I refolved to of- 
 fer it to the World under your Patronage, unin- 
 fluenced
 
 ( viii ) 
 fluenced by any Changes in your politici^l Fortune ; 
 for with Regard to me, it were Matter of perfect 
 Indifference, whether you chofe to continue in a 
 firft Employment in the State, or to ferve your 
 Country in a private Station. I mud be always 
 with equal Gratitude and Refpedl, 
 
 S I R, 
 
 Your moft obliged 
 
 and moft obedient. 
 
 humble Servant, 
 
 PHILIP FRANCIS.
 
 A N 
 
 E S S A 
 
 ON THE 
 
 POLITICAL STATE 
 
 O F 
 
 ANCIENT GREECE. 
 
 PERHAPS, never any one Form of Government appeared 
 among Mankind, of which there was not fbme Refem- 
 blance among the States of Greece. An Argument of much 
 Probability, that the Laws and Inftitutions of different Coun- 
 tries are generally founded upon the original Manners and Ge- 
 nius of their People. However, it may be not unentertaining, 
 certainly not unufeful, to give a general Idea of their political 
 Hiftory ; the Principles, upon which their various Conftitutions 
 of Government were formed, and the Revolutions, to which 
 they were liable, by the Nature of thofe Principles. Yet as 
 a Knowledge of the Polity of Athens will be more neceffary, 
 than any other, with Regard to the following Orations, we fball 
 there fix our principal Attention. 
 
 Vol. I. a In
 
 t ON THE POLITICAL STATE 
 
 In the earliefl: Period of their Hiftory, the Grecians are in 
 f^eneral reprefented as Wanderers and Vagabonds, perhaps not 
 unlike the Indians of America. They fupported this miferable 
 Life by Rapine and Plunder. The Sea-Coafts were infefted 
 with Pyracies, the inland Country with Robberies. Their 
 Wars, however, were of fhort Continuance, for they had not 
 yet learned, that to Slaughter and enflave their Fellow-Creatures 
 could be dignified with the Names of Conqueft and Ambition. 
 
 But wliile ThelTaly, Peloponnefus and the more fertile Parts 
 of Greece were laid wafte with perpetual Ravages and Depre- 
 dations, the People of Attica enjoyed a Tranquillity and Secu^ 
 rity, for which they were indebted to the Barrennefs of their 
 Country. As Foreigners and Strangers very feldom refided 
 among them, the original Inhabitants were more unmixed, and 
 the Defcent of Families more exadlly preferved. From hence, 
 perhaps, their beft Claim to the Vanity of being created with 
 the Sun, and Natives of the Soil. Undoubtedly, its natural 
 Sterility obliged them to the Labours of Agriculture, with 
 which the mechanical Arts have a necellary Connexion. Thefe^, 
 
 Arts exercised, improved, and enlarged their Underftandings. 
 
 The Paflions began to unfold themfelves in artificial Wants. 
 
 A kind of Luxury, frugal indeed and temperate, introduced 
 
 amono- them the firft Sciences, that civilife Mankind. Induf- 
 
 try
 
 OF ANCIENT GREECE. jii 
 
 try now produced Ideas of Property ; Laws were enacted for 
 its Prefervation, and the Poffeflbrs united in mutual Defence 
 of each other, when invaded by any foreign Enemy. 
 
 This Account of the Athenians, without any Comphment 
 to their fuperior Genius, will fupport the Affertions of their 
 Hiflorians, who afliire us, that this People firft threw off the 
 univerfal Barbarifm of their Country. They formed themfelves, 
 probably under the parental Authority, into little Communities. 
 Thefe afterwards extended into Villages, which had, each of 
 them, its own Magiftrates and Laws, and Form of Govern- 
 ment, peculiar to itfelf and independent. In any common 
 Danger or Invaiion, the Man of fuppofed greateft Abilities and 
 Integrity was chofen by general Confent, and intrufted, during 
 the War, with whatever Power appeared necellary for the pub- 
 lic Safety. 
 
 From hence their firft Ideas of regal Authority. But their 
 Kings were rather Generals in War, than Magiftrates in Peace, 
 until the Credit and Influence, gained in their military Cha- 
 rader, by Degrees enlarged their Authority, and extended it to 
 the civil Adminiftration. They reigned, however, in the Con- 
 fcioufnefs of having been promoted by the Affedlion and Efteem 
 of their People. Whatever Prerogatives were annexed to their 
 
 a 2 high
 
 iv ON THE POLITICAL STATE 
 
 higli Office were exercifed with a Temper, which feemed to 
 acknowledge, that Liberty can never, without apparent Abfur- 
 dity, allow any Power to contradicSl or difpenfe with the Laws, 
 that were made for its Prefervation. 
 
 In other Countries, Liberty rofe occafionally from the abufe 
 of Authority delegated to the Magiftrate ; from Tyranny, from 
 Revolutions, in which the Rights of Mankind were fuccefT- 
 fully afferted. That of the Athenians was really, and without 
 a Metaphor, a Native of the Soil. It fprung like their other 
 Bleflings, itfelf the greateft of all Bleffings, from the Barren- 
 nefs of their Lands. The Fertility of a Country is a Temp- 
 tation to the Ambition and Avarice of its Neighbours. The 
 Plains, in which alone this Fertility muft exift, are open to 
 their Incurfions. The Inhabitants, enervated by Luxury, are 
 ealily conquered ; they fubmit, and are enflaved. Thus by 
 Folly of Mankind, the Countries, which Nature intended for 
 our Happinefs, are made the Scenes of Mifery and Devaflation. 
 On the contrary, the Mountain-Nymph, fweet Liberty, if we 
 may be permitted to ufe the Language of Poetry, and Milton, 
 choofes to fix her Refidence in barren, uncultivated Sands, or 
 Mountains inacceffible to her Enemies, like thofe of Attica. 
 Exercifed by a neceffary Induftry, and inured to Labour, her 
 People are already formed to the Fatigues of War ; they are 
 
 4 con-
 
 OF ANCIENT GREECE. v 
 
 confcioiis oF their own Strength ; they feel the Courage, in- 
 fpired by Independence, and as Liberty is their fole Good, the 
 Prefervation of it is the fole Obje6l of their Attention. 
 
 To thefe Reflexions upon their firft Situation, let us add a: 
 Zeal for Religion, and we fliall finifh the Character of the 
 Athenians during this Period of their Hiftory. Cccrops, the 
 Founder of Athens, was an ^Egyptian, and he probably car- 
 ried with him into Greece the Supcrftitions of his Country. 
 He dedicated his new City to Minerva, and by the fabulous 
 Conteft between her and Neptune tor the Honour of patroniz- 
 ing it, we may believe, that all the Influences of Religion were 
 employed in the Dedication. The Athenians now faw them- 
 felves colledled into one Body, and from thence conceived a 
 formidable Idea of their own Strength. They enjoyed the 
 Bleflings of Society ; grew civilized in their Manners, and cul- 
 tivated the Arts and Sciences under a Spirit of Liberty befl: fit- 
 ed to improve them, while all the other Nations of Greece con- 
 tinued in their original Barbarifm. From this Period, therefore, 
 we may date the high Ideas they ever afterwards entertained of 
 their own fuperior Genius and Abilities, with that extravagant 
 Opinion, which they maintained with fo much Obflinacy, that 
 they were deftined to be the future Conquerors of the World, 
 and that thofe Countries alone, where neither Corn, or Vines^, 
 or Olives grew, fhould be the Boundaries of their Empire. 
 
 They,
 
 vi ON THE POLITICAL STATE 
 
 They imagined themfelves the chofen, pecuhar People of that 
 Goddefs, whofe Name they had aiTumed ; who preiided over 
 the Arts of Peace, and was worfhipped as the Patronefs of all 
 military Virtues. 
 
 At what Time the Grecians began to confider themfelves 
 as one People, and to unite in one Intereft, is not eafy to de- 
 termine. Although they acknowledged one common Origin ; 
 although their Language and Religion were the fame, and their 
 Forms of Government not greatly different, yet their continual 
 Wars had produced among their States, an irreconcileable Spi- 
 rit of Enmity and Difunion. Even in the Time of the Tro- 
 jan War they had not affumed any general Name. Homer 
 calls them Hellenes, Danaans, Argives, Achasans, and it is re- 
 markable, that the Word Grscus, probably from an Imitation 
 of Homer, is never once ufed by Virgil. This firfl: Expedi- 
 tion, undertaken by their combined Forces, was carried on ra- 
 ther in Obedience to Agamemnon, the mofl: powerful Monarch 
 of Greece, than in Refentment of the Infult offered them by 
 Paris in the Rape of Helen. The Continuance of this War 
 fufficiently proves the Weaknefs of thefe Forces, and even by 
 the Accounts of Homer, their Poet rather than their Hiftorian, 
 while we allow them to have made fome Pro^refs in the Know- 
 ledge of Government, and the Laws of Nations, yet their 
 
 Skill
 
 OF ANCIENT GREECE. rii 
 
 Skill in War appears inconfidcrable, and their Manners were 
 perfedlly barbarous. 
 
 Such was the State of Greece during the firft Period of her 
 Hiftory, containing almoft feven hundred Years. Yet in this 
 Period not Fable only and Poetry, but even Philofophy after- 
 wards placed their golden Age. The Earth gave her Fruits 
 without Culture ; her Inhabitants, untaught by Precepts and 
 uncontrouled by Laws, enjoyed the Simplicity of their own 
 Hearts amidfl: the innocent Delights of Love, of dancing and 
 Mufic, while thofe Excefles of the Paflions, which fill the 
 Breaft of Man with Mifery, were totally unknown. 
 
 But this luxuriant Pidure was drawn by a too warm Ima- 
 gination, and it would have certainly been a mortifying Reflec- 
 tion to this haughtiefl: People, that their Poverty was their Se- 
 curity from foreign Conquefts, and the Barrennefs of their Coun- 
 try the natural Caufe of their firft rude Skill in Arts and Me- 
 chanics. Indeed, it is almoft impoflible to conceive fuch 
 Wretchednefs, as could engage them to infcitute divine Honours 
 to the Perfons, who taught them to excliange the miferable 
 Food of Herbs for Acorns, and that of Acorni for Wheat. 
 They were civilized and inftruded by other Nations. Phoeni- 
 cia taught them Navigation, Commerce and the Ufe of Let- 
 ters, -^gypt eftabliflied their civil Polity, improved their 
 7 Tafte
 
 viii ON THE POLITLCAL STATE 
 
 Tafte for Arts and Sciences, initiated them into her Myfteries, 
 and gave them their ReHgion, their Kings and Gods. Thus 
 did this People, who afterwards treated all other Nations as 
 Barbarians, borrow from thofe Nations the very Excellencies, 
 for which they prefumed to look down upon the reft of Man- 
 kind with Infolence and Contempt. 
 
 The Reludlance, with which the Grecian Monarchs, after 
 their Return from Afia, may be fuppofed to refign that arbi- 
 trary Power they had exercifed at the Head of their Armies ; 
 to fhare it with an Ariftocracy, or to fubmit their Determina- 
 tions to the Judgenvent of a Democracy, produced perpetual 
 Confpiracies and Seditions. The Soldiers, who returned with 
 them, had been ufed to live upon Plunder and Rapine in an 
 Enemy's Country. We may therefore believe they could ill 
 brook the Labour and Oeconomy of domeftic Life, or the le- 
 gal Reflraints of Peace. Honour and Ambition and Ideas of 
 Conquefts, now animated and improved the Science of War. 
 Whole Nations were exterminated ; others difpoffeffed of their 
 Dominions, and Greece in general was reduced to lier original 
 Barbarifm. Her Monarchs, to maintain their Authority, thought 
 themfelves obliged to prevent Seditions and reprefs Confpiracies 
 by the moft cruel Profcriptions j to facrifice to their own Safety 
 all thofe, whom Riches, Birth, Merit, a Zeal for Liberty, and 
 a Love of Country rendered fufpededto a fiffpicious Admini- 
 
 -ftration «
 
 OF ANCIENT GREECE. ix 
 
 ftration j an Adminiftratioii fcnfible of its own Weaknefs, and 
 confcious of being univerfally, juftly detefted. 
 
 However, a Spirit of Liberty, never yet broken to Servi- 
 tude, or enervated by Luxury, and now rendered defperate by 
 Oppreffion, arofe to affert the facred, unalienable Rights of 
 Mankind. This Spirit diffufed itfelf through all the States of 
 Greece excepting Macedonia. Their Tyrants were dethroned 
 and driven into Exile. The Athenians particularly declared 
 Jupiter their fole Monarch, at the fame Period, in which the 
 Jews grew weary of their Theocracy, and obftinately refolved 
 to be no longer governed by God. But through Greece in ge- 
 neral the very Name of Monarchy was held in Horror and De- 
 teftation. A republican Government was eftabliilied in all their 
 Cities, though varied into different Forms according to the 
 Manners, Genius, and Charadiers of their People. The hrfl 
 Nations, who threw off the Yoke of Tyranny, entertained too 
 generous a Senfe of Freedom, to fuffer their Neio;hbours to con- 
 tinue in Slavery. They thought the Caufe of Liberty was it- 
 felf interefted not to endure (o dang-crous and ignominious an 
 Example; or perhaps that Enthufiaiin, to which we naturally 
 abandon ourfelves in the nrll: Heat of a Revolution, engaged 
 them to ofJ'er their Afiiftance to whoever feemed determined to 
 allert their own Independence. 
 
 Vol. I. b From
 
 X ON THE POLITICAL STATE 
 
 From this Period, Liberty became the diftinguifliing Charac- 
 ter of Greece, and any one City, oppreffed by Tyranny, was 
 an Affront to all her States. Nor was this Spirit confined even 
 within the Dominions of Greece, but extended itfelf to the 
 Protedtion of the Afiatic Colonies. The Lacedaemonians 
 had the Hardinefs to fend an Herald at Arms to Cyrus 
 in the midfl: of his Conquefts, to declare, that nothing, whick 
 bore the Name of Grecian, was born to Servitude, and that if 
 he attempted to injure or infult the Colonies of Greece, they- 
 would inftantly pafs over to the Continent, and proted them 
 from his Oppreilions. 
 
 The mutual Services, which the Grecians rendered to each 
 other upon thefe Occafions, foftened the Spirit of Contention 
 and Animofity, that had before divided them. Commerce pro- 
 moted a more frequent Intercourfe among them, and the Ad- 
 vantages arifing from it raifed a noble Emulation for the Im- 
 provement of Arts and Sciences. It is only neceffary to look 
 upon the Map of Greece to convince us how happily it was 
 fituated for Trade. It appears like an Illand placed between 
 two great Continents, and divided within itfelf by Rivers, Seas and 
 Mountains. One Proof of that Emulation, we have mention- 
 ed, to them moft honourable and to all Mankind rnoft bene- 
 ficial, ftill remains in the Cultivation of their Language. The 
 
 5 Do-
 
 OF ANCIENT GREECE. xi 
 
 Dorians gave it Strength, the iEolians Smoothnefs, the lonians 
 its Rotundity of Sounds, wliile Athens received all thcfe Im- 
 provements, and made them her own by a peculiar Art of 
 blending them into her Stile, which we call Atticifm. 
 
 But more important Interefls, thofe of their common Li- 
 berty, gave them ftronger Encouragements to Union, the Prin- 
 ciples of which were deeply laid in fome very ancient Eftablifli- 
 ments. The Olympic, Nemsan, Iftthmian Games were per- 
 haps inftituted originally in Honour of the Gods, but Policy 
 had afterwards a greater Influence than Religion in their Cele- 
 bration. It feemed neceffary for their general Prefervation to 
 aflemble from Time to Time, and to unite, by common Sacri- 
 fices to the fame Deities, their different People, all of them 
 independent of each other, and in general feparated lefs by the 
 Diflance of their Countries, than by the Diverfity of their po- 
 litical Interefts. Games were exhibited at thefe AfTemblies 
 with all poffible Magnificence and Solemnity ; the Prizes con- 
 tended for with the moft generous Emulation, and determined 
 with the clearefl: Integrity. Though the Glory attending them 
 was almoft an Affurance of Immortality ; though the Profit, 
 if Profit can be conifdered in Purfuits of Glory, was confider- 
 able, vet the vanquiflied themfelves aflifted with Ardour in 
 crowning the Victor, and generoufiy congratulated his good 
 
 b 2 For-
 
 xii ON THE POLITICAL STATE 
 
 Fortune. Nor is it a mean Proof of the Wifdom and Magnani- 
 mity of this People, that even their Diverfions and Exercifes in 
 Time of Peace were thus honourable and ufeful. For befides 
 that Strength and A6livity, which they gave to the Body, they 
 accuftomed the Mind to a Defire of Vi6lory, and Ideas of 
 Conqucft. But as foon as the Sports were ended, the Citizens 
 of all the feveral States entered into a Kind of Congrefs, in 
 which all particular Claims were taken into Debate, all Con- 
 tefls decided, and new Regulations formed to promote the ge- 
 neral Welfare. 
 
 But their wifeft Inftitution, of greateft Influence and Au- 
 thority, was the Council of Amphydions, who were aflem- 
 bled twice a Year, in the Spring and Autumn, at Delphos 
 or Thermopylae. Twelve the moft powerful Nations of Greece 
 originally entered into a League for their common Defence and 
 Protedion. Each of them fent one Deputy to reprefent each 
 City within their Dominions. Thefe Deputies were wholly in- 
 dependent of each other, and their Votes by no Means afFeded 
 by the Weaknefs or Power of the Cities they reprefented ; for 
 Liberty could not be fuppofed to acknowledge any Superiority, 
 where it treated of its own Rights and Independence. The 
 Prieft of Apollo neceflarily prefided in this AlTembly, and pro- 
 pofed the Queftion in their Debates. If he were abfent, their 
 
 Decrees were not efleemed valid. 
 
 As
 
 OF ANCIENT GREECE. 
 
 xiii 
 
 As long as this Council held their Integrity, fo long they 
 maintained an almoft unlimited Authority. The greateft Na- 
 tions patiently fubmitted to their Dccifions, for they had en- 
 gaged themfelves by Oath to take up Arms againft whatever 
 State refufed Obedience to a Decree, confirmed by the Opi- 
 nion of the Majority. Revered for their Piety towards the 
 Gods ; for their Wifdom in preventing or terminating any Con- 
 tefts among the People of the League ; for their Juftice with 
 Regard to Strangers, who fubmitted their Difputes to their Ar- 
 bitration, they made themfelves a Kind of States- General of 
 Greece. But as the Virtue of their Inftitution originally con- 
 fined in the Union of a certain Number of Cities, they lofl; all 
 Advantages of that Inftitution, by too frequent an Admiflion 
 of others into their Council. The Deputies of thefe Cities car- 
 ried along with them the various Paflions, Manners, Genius, and 
 Interefts of their feveral Countries. But as the Authority of 
 the Amphydions principally confifted in their Union, that Uni- 
 on, from the too great Number of the Nations, who after- 
 wards entered into the Confederacy, became impradlicable. 
 Befides, every principal and more powerful People affumed an 
 Air of Superiority, in direct Oppofition to their firft Ideas of 
 Independence and Equality. A Spirit of Fadion and Intrigue 
 enervated the Principles of this venerable Council, and a Spirit 
 
 of
 
 xiv ON THE POLITICAL STATE 
 
 of Ambition broke its Conftitution. After the Defeat of Xer- 
 xes, the Lacedaemonians demanded the Expulfion of thofe De- 
 puties, whofe Cities had deferted the Caufe of Greece, and 
 enlifted under the Banners of the Barbarians. Themiftocles 
 ftrenuoufly oppofed this Demand, in Apprehenfion, that if the 
 Argives, TheflaHans and Thebans, People devoted to the In- 
 terefts of Athens, were expelled, the Lacedemonians would 
 become too powerful in the Number of Suffrages, and govern 
 the Deliberations of the Affembly. 
 
 Many different Caufes concurred to promote that Union, 
 which the Council of Amphydions had infpired, but which) 
 by the Nature of their Conftitution, they were incapable of 
 maintaining. Among thefe Caufes may be reckoned an ancient 
 Cuftom of fending Colonies to Italy and Ada, when the Peo- 
 ple grew too numerous for their feveral Cities. Thefe large 
 Detachments weakened the Mother-Countries, and might better 
 have been employed in conquering fome neighbouring Territo- 
 ries, which would have added to their Power, and been a kind 
 of Rampart to their hereditary Dominions. Such was the Po- 
 licy of the ancient Romans. We may venture to aflert, that 
 Colonies founded upon Ideas of Grandeur and Extent of Em- 
 pire, cannot be too near, or thofe of Commerce, too diftant 
 from their Capital. The Diftance promotes Navigation, and 
 even the Difference of Climates occafions new Demands either 
 
 of Luxury or Neceflity. 
 
 How-
 
 OF ANCIENT GREECE. 
 
 XV 
 
 However, the Grecian Colonies very foon forgot their Origin 
 and feldom appear to have acknowledged it, except when they 
 implored Protedion againfl: their Enemies, which was generally 
 granted rather in the Vanity, or perhaps the Magnanimity of 
 Liberty, than for any juft, political Reafon. Thus the Mother- 
 States were not only not enriched 6r fcrengthcned by their Co- 
 lonies, but muft have felt a fenfible Weaknefs by the Lofs of 
 fuch Numbers of their Inhabitants. That Weaknefs produced 
 a general Equality, which rendered them all incapable of any 
 formidable Attempt againft the common Liberty, and thus con- 
 firmed the Authority of the Amphydions. 
 
 But a People, by Nature impetuous and inlblent; differing 
 in their Genius and Manners, fond of Liberty even to an Ex- 
 travagance of abufing it, could ill endure to be controuled by 
 a Council, whofe Power very fbon began to confift in the Wif- 
 dom only, and Juftice of its Decrees. They wanted feme 
 more immediate Controul j fome invariable Rule, to which they 
 might apply upon all particular Occafions, and which was able 
 in itfelf to reftrain, animate, and give one uniform Tenour 
 to their Condudl. Such was that Syftem of Laws, by which 
 Sparta maintained her Liberty above fix hundred Years, and 
 her great Lawgiver, Lycurgus, became in fome Meafure the Le- 
 
 siflator of Greece.. 
 
 In
 
 xvi ON THE POLITICAL STATE 
 
 In her political Conftitution, Laced^mon very nearly re- 
 fembled that of Britain, while Britain could have boafted her 
 Conftitution was unviolated. Her Kings, although intrufted 
 as Generals with that abfolute Command in War, which is necef- 
 fary to a prompt and vigorous Execution, yet held a very li- 
 mited Authority in Peace. Her Senate preferved a Kind of 
 Balance between any Apprehenfions of Tyranny from their Mo- 
 narchs, and of Anarchy in the People ; while the People them- 
 felves maintained their Rights of Liberty, and had a proper 
 Share in the Adminiftration, without that Confufion, to vvhicli 
 pure Democracies are liable, for they adled by their Reprefen- 
 tatives. To give the Senate their due Influence, all Employ- 
 ments and Magiftracies were exercifed by them only ; they were 
 tlie great Council of the Nation, nor were the Kings permit- 
 ted to undertake any Expedition without their Confent. They 
 held their Station for Life, but with a Confcioufnefs of being 
 indebted for it to the People, by whom they were eledled, and 
 for whofe Interefts they were therefore fuppofed to have a pe- 
 culiar Concern. 
 
 It is not in the Defign of this ElTay to enter nto a Detail 
 of the Spartan Laws. It propofcs to confldcr them in a lar- 
 ger, political View, as they affedled the Grecian States in ge- 
 neral;
 
 OF ANCIENT GREECE. xvii 
 
 neral, and (hall only obfervc at prefcnt, that all other, the 
 wifeft Legislators founded their Inftitutions upon the Manners 
 and natural Genius of their Fellow-Citizens, while Lycurgus» 
 not only violently oppofed his own Genius to that of the Spar- 
 tans, but even to that of Nature itfelf. He confounded all our 
 Notices and Conceptions of right and wrong, of Vice and Vir- 
 tue. Encouragements to Theft were blended with a Spirit of 
 Juftice ; the fevereft Slavery with the moft unbounded Free- 
 dom, and Sentiments of mofl: intemperate Excefs, with thofe 
 of the mofl regular Moderation. All the Tendernefles of Na- 
 ture were preferved, without having either Child, Hufband or 
 Father. Even Modefty was banifhed, while Chaftity maintain- 
 ed its higheft Purity. This great Lawgiver formed a powerful 
 City without any of the ufual Means of Grandeur or Defence; 
 without Arts, Commerce, Money, or Walls. He infufed a 
 Spirit of Ambition into the Hearts of its Inhabitants, without 
 the Ideas of extending their Dominions ; and inij^ired them 
 with Courage, even to Enthufiafm, without indulo-incr to the 
 Ardours of Victory in Purfuit of their Enemies. Sparta was a 
 Camp, in which the Soldiers lived under the ftrideft Difcipline 
 of civil Juftice, and the Laws were obeyed, not as in other 
 Countries, from Motives of Terrour and of Punifliment, but 
 with a pailionate Love and Veneration. 
 
 From thefe apparent Contradidions arofe a Syftem of pri- 
 vate and public Virtues, moft nearly approaching, of all hu- 
 VoL. I. c man
 
 xviii ON THE POLITICAL STATE 
 
 man Inflitutions, the perfed Morality of the Gofpel. The 
 tlefped, or rather the Reverence, with which the reft of Greece 
 regarded the Lacedsemonians is a noble Proof of the Excellence 
 of Virtue in itfelf, nor is it lefs an Honour to human Nature, 
 that fuch univerfal Homage was paid to it, in the Perfon c^ 
 this People. An Ambaflador, or even a fimple Mandate, calmed 
 a domeflic Sedition, terminated a Conteft between different 
 Cities, or obliged a Tyrant to abandon an iniquitous Ufurpa- 
 tion. It appeared a Violation of good Senfe, as well as Vir- 
 tue, not to fubmit to a Decifion, where Wifdom guided, and 
 Integrity pronounced Judgement. Thus Laced:Emon infenfibly 
 became the Capital of Greece, and enjoyed, without a Rival,, 
 the fupreme Command of her Forces, when united. 
 
 Were it poflible the Grecians could have been contented 
 with the Enjoyment of their own domeftic Happinefs, with an 
 unambitious PoflefTion of their own Dominions, we rnuft ac- 
 knowledge they never could have found a People, more in- 
 terefted to protedl them in thefe Enjoyments, or lefs liable to: 
 violate them. The Banifhment of Gold and Silver out of their 
 Commonwealth muft have rendered the Lacedaemonians indif^ 
 ferent to the Spoils and Tributes of the conquered. Money 
 was ufelefs, contemptible, burthenfome. Conqueft, and an 
 Enlargement of Dominions, never entered into their Ideas of 
 
 Vidtory,
 
 OF ANCIENT GREECE. xix 
 
 Vidoiy, for tiieir Laws confined them to their original Terri- 
 tories ; while Commerce, the Caufe of almoft all our Euro- 
 pean Contefts, was abfolutely forbidden. But when we fup- 
 pofe a new Empire forming upon the Continent, which threat- 
 ens the Liberty of Greece, her People, if they affume a Right 
 of Independence, muft fupport themfelves by other Maxims. 
 They rauft render themfelves formidable by a military Force, 
 proportioned to that of the Nations round them. No poflible, 
 conceivable Situation, whether covered by Mountains in an in- 
 land Country, or by Seas in an Ifland, can make us doubt one 
 Moment of the Truth of this AfTertion, even with Regard to 
 any other Nation. 
 
 Whatever Advantages of immediate Convenience any par- 
 ticular State could have propofed to itfelf by fending abroad a 
 Number of Citizens, who grew burthenfome to her at Home, 
 yet certainly the general Interefts of Greece were little confult- 
 ed in making Settlements on the Continent. Even her Views 
 of Conqueft, fuppofing them fuccefsful, were not of found Po- 
 litics. The Spirit pf Monarchies is War and Grandeur ; the 
 Spirit of Republics is Peace and Moderation. Befides, the In- 
 refts of a fmaller State will foon be melted down into thole of 
 a more numerous People, whom fhe hath occafionally fubdued. 
 If Great-Britain fhould again conquer France, fhe would not 
 only be exhaufted by the Detachments neceflary to maintain 
 
 c 2 her
 
 XX ON THE POLITICAL STATE 
 
 her Conqueft, but the Seat of Empire would be fixed at Pa- 
 ris, and llie herfelf become tributary to the Nation fhe had 
 conquered. In very Fad:, whatever Glory attended the rapid 
 Victories of Alexander, yet that Monarch and his Macedonians 
 inftantly became Perfians, by affuming the Drefs, Manners,. 
 Cuftoms of the Perfians, and efpecially by intermarrying with 
 them. His Succefix)rs were immediately confidered, not as 
 Grecians, but as Kings of ^gypt, Syria, Phrygia, or Cap- 
 padocia. 
 
 The Republics of Greece therefore fllould have only been 
 attentive to the Prefervation of their Liberty, the proper Ob- 
 jed; of all Republican Confederacies. From the Nature of 
 their Conftitution, they fhould have difclaimed all Intention of 
 Conquefts or extending their Dominions, and united in a de-^ 
 fenfive War alone, for which they were better fitted by the 
 flow Spirit, natural to their Form of Government. They fhould 
 have maintained an Intereft among the Provinces of Per- 
 fia ; been watchful over their civil Wars j fupported the Sa- 
 trapes in their Revolts, and harrafled the Sea-Coafts of Afia, 
 by frequent Defcents, and light Incurfions. Totally to have 
 negleded all Affairs of the Continent, or ever to have engaged 
 their whole Force in Expeditions thither, even for the Prefer- 
 vation of their Colonies, had been an equal Errour in their 
 
 Politics. 
 
 The
 
 OF ANCIENT GREECE. 
 
 XXI 
 
 The Afiatic Greeks beheld with Pleafurc the Defeat of 
 Croefus, to whom they were Tributaries, and were weak enough 
 to imagine they fliould recover their ancient Independence. 
 Convinced of their Miftake, and feeing a Monarchy eredled 
 upon the Ruins of the Lydian Empire, much more formidable 
 to their Liberty, they implored the Protection of the Lacedaj- 
 monians. The Meffage thefe Republicans fent to Cyrus upon 
 this Occafion hath been already mentioned, and given under 
 that Air of Magnanimity, with which it is univerfally repre- 
 fented by all their Hiftorians. But probably that Conqueror 
 was wholly unknown to them ; at leafl:, his Genius, his Power 
 and Abilities. For when the Colonies, under the Reign of the 
 firfl: Darius, again folicited their Affiftance, they declined en- 
 tering into any Engagements with them, although the Revolt 
 was better fupported, the Reputation of the Perfian Crown lefs 
 formidable, and their own Republic far more powerful, than 
 in the Days of Cyrus. Yet the Athenians, naturally more im- 
 petuous, and animated by the late Recovery of their Liberty ; 
 detefting the Tyrant Hippias, and juftly refenting the Infolence 
 of the Perlian, who threatened to place him by Force upon 
 the Throne of Athens, received, with Pleafure the Propofals, 
 that Lacedaemon had rejed:ed. 
 
 As it is not in the Defign of this Eflay to give the hifto- 
 rical Particulars of this War, we fliall only remark, tliat the 
 
 un-
 
 xxii ON THE POLITICAL STATE 
 
 unhappy Event of it ; the total Redudion of the Aiiatic Colo- 
 nies, and the Death of their Leaders, juftilied the Prudence of 
 the Lacedaemonians ; and although the Situation of Greece, the 
 Spirit of her Inhabitants, and the defpotic Arrogance of the 
 Perfian, muft hav'e foon occalioned an open Rupture between 
 tlie two Nations, yet from this Period we muft date the Ori- 
 gin of all their future Wars. Athens nov/ became the parti- 
 cular Objed: of the Perfian Monarch's Refentment. He com- 
 manded an Officer to repeat to him every Morning, " Sir, re- 
 " member the Athenians." 
 
 His firft Attempt to vindicate the Honour of his Crown 
 proved unfuccefsful. He had given the Command of his Army 
 to Mardonius, a young Perfian Nobleman, who had very little 
 other Merit, befides the Splendour of his Birth, and the Ho- 
 nour of having married ope of his Sovereign's Daughters. The 
 Thracians broke into his Camp by Night, filled it with Slaugh- 
 ter, and compelled him to return ' to Perfia, defeated, difho- 
 noured, and wounded. 
 
 Conscious of his Errour, Darius appointed older and more 
 experienced Commanders for a fecond Expedition. They 
 marched under the Condud of Hippias, who to recover the 
 unjuft Domination, which his Father Pififtratus had ufurped 
 
 over
 
 OF A N C I E xN T GREECE. xxifi 
 
 over the Athenians, was not afhamed to debafe the Honour of 
 the Grecian Name in doing Homage to a barbarian Monarch» 
 but even implored his Afllflancc tolay vvafte his native Country, 
 and enflave Iiis Fellow-Citizens. Execrable Ambition ! De- 
 teftable and pernicious Tyrant ! Spite of himfelf, however, he 
 ferved the Caufe of Liberty at the Battle of Marathon. The 
 Athenians beheld him with Indignation among the Perfian 
 Troops, and his Prefence very probably infpired them with tha^ 
 Impetuofity, with which they ruflied forward, and ran upon 
 the Enemy. This Manner of Attack was till then unknowa 
 to the Grecian Military, and we may therefore believe this firft 
 Inftance of it proceeded even more from the Prefence of their 
 Tyrant, than from the common Ardours of Liberty, and the 
 Horrours of Slavery. They had the Pleafure of facrificing 
 him not only as a Vi(ftim to their own Vengeance, but to the 
 Rights of human Kind, which, he had boldly and impiou/ly 
 violated. 
 
 By this Battle we may be convinced, that Vi6lory does not 
 depend upon the Number, but the Courage of the Soldiers, 
 and the Abihties of their General. The Hiftorians, therefore, 
 not without Reafon, date the future Glory of Athens from 
 this Period, for after a Vidlory gained againfl: fuch a Difpro- 
 portion of Numbers, nothing could appear impoflible, nothing 
 
 5 dan-
 
 xxiv ON THE POLITICAL STATE 
 
 dangerous. Befides, the Athenians ever afterwards fought under 
 a Kind of Enthufiafm, inlpired by the Battle of Marathon, to 
 preferve the Glory of their Anceftors, and the Trophies Milti- 
 ades had ereded. Yet far more important to us the Reflexi- 
 on, what noble Efforts a Love of Country, a Zeal for Liberty, 
 a Contempt for Slavery, and a juft Deteflation of Tyranny, 
 are capable of infpiring. 
 
 But while the Athenians indulged the Tranfports of their 
 Vidory, Themiftocles alone confldered it, not as the End, but 
 the Beginnino; of their Wars with Perfia. Befldes, he had 
 formed a generous Defign of afferting the Independence of his 
 Country, and no longer fuffering her to continue under the 
 Dominion of Sparta. He was cautious to conceal thefe Senti- 
 ments from the People. Such a Defign, if publicly known, would 
 have been treated as a vifionary Projedl, or rather a criminal In- 
 tention of kindling a War between the two Nations. How- 
 ever, there was no other poflible Method of carrying it into 
 Execution, than by rendering the Athenians equally fuperior to 
 the Lacedaemonians at Sea, as they were inferior in their Forces 
 at Land. He therefore took Advantage of the prefent Info- 
 lence of the People, arifmg from their late Vidlory, to engage 
 them, under the Pretext of fome ancient Injuries, in a War 
 with the iEginetes, the mofl: confiderable maritime Power of 
 
 Greece.
 
 OF ANCIENT GREECE. xxf 
 
 ■Greece. Proper Funds were deftlned for their future Navy -, 
 an hundred Gallies were immediately equipped, and the Num- 
 ber doubled upon the Approach of Xerxes. The Wifdom of 
 Themiftocles was then univerfally acknowledged, for to this 
 Fleet not Athens alone owed her Safety, but Greece her Li- 
 berty. 
 
 If the defign of this Eflay permitted it, we could with Plea- 
 fure enter more largely into the Character of this great Man, 
 for certainly no other better deferves the Attention of Pofterity. 
 We fhould find in it fuch a fuperior Genius, as muft convince 
 "^us, that whatever Troops a Monarch like Xerxes commands, 
 he is deftined to be conquered by a Themiftocles. That Pre- 
 fence of Mind, which with a kind of Inftind lupports us in 
 the very Article of Danger, he pofl'eiTed in common with 
 others ; but that Sagacity, which can look into Futurity and 
 command Events, muft proceed from an uncommon Force of 
 Genius. This was his peculiar Talent. His perfonal Courage 
 was unqueftionable, and an ardent Love of Glory, his proper 
 Paflion ; yet with what a temperate Spirit did he bear the Info- 
 lence of Eurybiades, even to the Indignity of threatening to ftrike 
 him ? With what Moderation did he refign to the Lace-d^mo- 
 nians his juft Pretenfions to the Command of the Fleet at Sala- 
 «lis ? In a lefs pubhc Inftance, but not lefs worthy of all Praife, 
 
 Vol. I. d we
 
 xxvi ON THE POLITICAL STATE 
 
 we behold him employing his Credit and Influence with the 
 People to recal his Rival Ariftides from Banifhment, whom he 
 himfelf, in the Heat of Party, had driven into Exile. Thus, 
 with much Honour to himfelf, he bears an honourable Tefti- 
 mony to the Merit of the Man, he perfonally hated ; for his 
 Abilities had often oppofed him in his Ambition. The Dan- 
 ger of the Republic overcomes all little Jealoufles j Themifto- 
 cles receives him into the Adminiftration, and divides with him 
 the Glory of prefcrving their common Country. Thefe are 
 iEiForts of Virtue, to be found only in generous and exalted 
 Spirits. 
 
 After the Defeat of Xerxes, this great Man not only 
 fleadily purfued his original Plan of aflerting the Independence 
 of his Country, but enlarged it with the Hopes of wrefting 
 from Sparta the Sovereignty of Greece. With thefe Views ha 
 rebuilt the Walls of Athens, with more than their former 
 Strength and Magnificence ; opened three fpacious Havens, ca- 
 pable of holding four hundred Ships ; ordered twenty Gallies 
 to be built annually, as a Supply for the Fleet, and gave conil- 
 derable Emoluments and Immunities to Shipbuilders and Sail- 
 ors. Thus Athens very foon became the moft formidable na- 
 val Power in Greece ; extended her Reputation ; ex- 
 erted a political Influence over the Grecian Iflands ; took the 
 Afiatic Colonies under her Protedion, united them with their 
 
 Mo~
 
 OF ANCIENT GREECE. xxvii 
 
 Mother-Country, and befides the Advantages c^ Commerce, 
 formed them into a Barrier againft the future Invafions of the 
 Perfian. 
 
 Laced^mon faw with equal Grief and Indignation the ra- 
 pid Progrefs the Athenians were now making to the Sovereign- 
 ty of Greece. She had endeavoured, with a Jealoufy greatly 
 beneath the Dignity of her Character, to hinder them from re- 
 building the Walls of Athens, and was only prevented by the 
 honeft Artifices of Themiftocles. We may therefore believe, 
 ihe could ill forgive them the Vidlory at Salamis, which robbed 
 her of the Glory of delivering Greece from the Barbarians. 
 She would indeed have now refigned the Sovereignty of the 
 Seas, but this ConceiTion would no longer fiitisfy the Ambition 
 of the Athenians. 
 
 If the Lacedaemonians had known, and purfued their true 
 liiterefts, they would have prudently given Way to this Impe- 
 tuofity ; retired into the ancient Maxims of their Govern- 
 ment, and waited for fome favourable Conjun6lure ; fome new 
 Revolution, which probably the natural Infolence and Levity 
 of the Athenians, now more enflamed by their Succefs, would 
 foon have produced. They might then have appeared in their 
 proper Character, as the Guardians of the common Liberties 
 of Greece. Or they fhould have offered their Alliance to the 
 
 d 2 Colo-
 
 xxviii ON THE POLITICAL STATE 
 
 Colonies and lilands, whofe Fleets would have enabled them 
 to oppofe their Rivals. But this Nation of Philofophers gave 
 Way to their Paflions, and indulged them with a difhonourable, 
 pernicious Malignity. Befides, when Paufanias, who under 
 their Claim of Sovereignty, ftill commanded the united Forces 
 of Greece againft the Perlian, grew infolent and opprefllve to 
 the Allies, they did not difavow this Abufe of their Authority. 
 His Condudl therefore was compared to the Juftice of Ariflides, 
 and the Affability of Cimon. Immediately the States of Greece, 
 excepting thofe of Peloponnefus, implored the Protet^ion of. 
 Athens, and engaged themfelves never to enter into a War, but 
 under her Command. 
 
 Nor did the Athenians regularly purfue their own Plan of 
 Sovereignty. They wafted their national Strength in foreign-) 
 Wars, from a vain-glorious Ardour of chaftifing the Perlians 
 for invading Greece. Thefe Wars, it is confefled, afforded 
 them Victories, eaflly won, enriched with Spoils, and fplendid 
 in Reputation. But thefe Vidories tempted them to negled a 
 . more formidable Enemy at Home, and although it carried with 
 it an Air of Grandeur to affert the Liberty of the Grecian Co- 
 lonies, yet it made their Alliance and Protedion lefs neceffary 
 to thofe Colonies. We have already faid, that Wars upon the: 
 Continent of Afia could never be of found Politics. 
 
 4 BesideSj,
 
 OF ANCIENT GREECE. xxbc 
 
 Besides, they did not wifely take Advantage of that general 
 Hatred againft the Lacedemonians, occafioned by the Condud 
 of Paufanias. When an Earthquake fwallowed up above twenty 
 tlioufand People in Laconia, and the Spartan Slaves rebelled 
 againft their Mafters, the Athenians, from very impolitic No- 
 tions of Generofity and Magnanimity, protedled, fuccoured and 
 preferved their Republic. 
 
 Neither were the other Grecian States, the Colonies and 
 Ijflands better informed in their true Interefts. They fliould 
 have maintained a Ballance of Power between the contending 
 Republics, not aflifted in the total Ruin of either, becaufe they 
 might with Reafon apprehend, that the Conqueror would efta- 
 blifh an univerial Tyranny. This Meafure alone would have 
 fecured their own Independence, preferved the Forces of Greece, 
 and rendered her too formidable to the Periian, ever to dreaid 
 another Ihvafion. 
 
 Such was the general Situation of Greece for fome Years 
 after the Median War, when Pericles entered into the Admi- 
 niftration of the Affairs of Athens. He certainly better un- 
 derftood the Intcrefts of his Country, but in a determined Re- 
 folution of governing at Home with an almoft abfolute Power, 
 He facrificed all other Confiderations to his Ambition ; oppreff-
 
 XXX ON THE POLITICAL STATE 
 
 ed and infulted the Allies, lavillied away tlie public Funds in 
 unimportant Conquefls, in an idle Magnificence of Building, 
 and a Profufion of Expcncc in theatrical Entertainments. Thus 
 was the martial Genius of Athens enervated, her Morals cor- 
 rupted by Luxury, her Democracy changed, in Effedl, to a 
 Monarchy, and her Attention to the Conftitution diflipated in 
 critical Difquifitions upon Poetry, Mufic, Sculpture and Paint- 
 ing. To continue them in Ignorance and Inattention, Pericles 
 meanly purchafed a precarious, diflionourable Peace with Sparta 
 by corrupting her Citizens ; lor Gold had now gained Admif- 
 fion into Sparta ; the Laws of Lycurgus had loft a great Part 
 of their original Influence, and the Conftitution began to feel 
 the direful Effedls of Venality and Corruption. 
 
 Yet the Condud of Pericles was, in another Inftance, ftiU 
 more pernicious to the Republic. Whether in an unhappy Va- 
 nity of appearing able to execute, in his own Perfon, all the 
 areat Offices of the Commonwealth ; or from a Jealoufy with 
 Reo-ard to his Power (for to this Pafiion even the greateft Spi- 
 rits are liable) he removed from the Adminiftration whoever 
 were eminently capable of ferving their Country, and aiTumed 
 to himfelf the fole Direction of the Navy, the Army, and the 
 Treafury. By this Condudl he left the Republic, at his Death, 
 to be governed by the Temerity of Cleon, the Timidity of Ni- 
 
 cias,
 
 OF ANCIENT GREECE. xxxi 
 
 cias, and tlic w ild Abilities of Alcibiades. Under fuch Com- 
 manders we cannot be furprifed at tlie Event of the Pelopon- 
 ncfiai-i War. It ended in the total Dcftruclion of the Law% 
 Government and Liberty of Athens. 
 
 During this War both Laced a^^tionians dnd Athenians de- 
 bafed the Dignity of their own great Names, and the common 
 Majefty of Greece, in fuing for Succours to the Perfians, whom 
 they had fo often conquered, and whom they ftill confidered as 
 Barbarians, Lacedsmon fubdued Athens by the AfTiftance fhe 
 received from Cyrus, and the Athenians, to gratify their 
 Revenge in this unnatural, civil War, complied with the De- 
 mands of Tiffaphernes in changing their Conftitution of Go- 
 vernment, and eftablifhing an Ariftocracy of four hundred Ty- 
 rants. The Power of thefe Tyrants, which they exercifed with 
 every kind of Infolence and Cruelty, was of fhort Duration. 
 The Tyranny of Thirty, eftablifhed by Lyfander, after his 
 Redudion of Athens, purfued the fame Meafures of Violence, 
 Injuftice and Oppreflion. They raifed an Army tp fupncrt 
 their Ufurpation ; were defeated and driven into Banifhment by 
 Thrafybulus, who reftored his Country to its Liberty. He 
 placed tke Adminiftration in a Council of ten Perfons, who, 
 untaught, and unawed by the Fate of their PredecefTors in 
 Tyranny, were, if poilible, more licentious in Profcriptions, 
 
 Con-
 
 .vxxii ON THE TOLTTICAL STATE 
 
 ■Confifcations and Murders. The People rofe againft their Op- 
 preflbrs, and the Government was again fettled upon its anci- 
 ent, democratical Foundations. 
 
 These Revolutions happened in tTie Compafs of a few Years, 
 Th6ir Periods are not exactly marked. They are brought un- 
 der one View, for the Sake of the following Reflexions. That 
 different Sets of Men, born in the Bofom of Liberty ; educat- 
 ed in Principles of republican Equality, and infpired, from their 
 Infancy, with a Deteftation of arbitrary Power, fhould uni- 
 formly purfue the fame Plan of Tyranny and Domination, is 
 Matter of Aftonifhment. But when we confider, that many 
 of them were Men of Probity, Honour and Virtue, before 
 they were chofen by their Fellow-Citizens to execute the facred 
 Truft of Government, and that inftantly they threw off all 
 Regards to Juftice, Religion, even to common Flumanity, we 
 muft be tempted to think, that Nature hath implanted in the 
 Heart of Man an Appetite to enflave and opprefs his Fellow- 
 >Creatures. But of greater Importance is the Concluflon from 
 thefe and numberlefs other Examples, that we never fhould in- 
 •truft a human Creature, even in Times of uttermoft Diftrefs, 
 with any Powers unknown to the Conftitution, in Hopes of a 
 •precarious, uncertain Relief By this Kind of Confidence, the 
 Xiberties of Greece and Rome were totally loft, and what Na- 
 tion
 
 OF ANCIENT GREECE. xxxiii 
 
 tion now upon Earth will prefume to fay, they may not be en- 
 flaved in the fame Manner ? 
 
 But although the Athenians recovered their Liberty, their 
 City lay in Ruins. The Republic was abandoned by her Al- 
 lies, her Treafures were exhaufted, and Lacedasmon held the 
 Sovereignty of Greece without a Rival. But the Perfian Mo- 
 narch better underflood his own Interefts, than did thefe all- 
 wife and political Grecians. Thofe Powers, which, if united, 
 could have fliaken the Throne of Perfia, were now mutually 
 deftroying each other. Lyfander, by the Succours he received 
 from Cyrus, had fubdued Athens, but this Conqueft having 
 rendered the Lacedemonians too formidable, Artaxerxes ga\'e 
 the Command of a powerful Fleet to Conon, the Athenian. 
 That General foon made himfelf Mafter of the Seas ; ravaged 
 the Coafts of Laconia ; returned in Triumph to Athens ; re- 
 built her Walls with all their former Magnificence, and once 
 more rendered her an Object of Terrour to her Enemies, and 
 of Confidence to her Allies. A new League was formed 
 againft Sparta, which almoft deftroyed the very Being of that 
 ancient Republic, but certainly deprived her of all Refourccs 
 ever to recover her former Greatnefs. 
 
 The Thebans now placed themfelves at the Head of the 
 
 Affairs of Greece, and founded their Sovereignty upon the 
 
 Vol. L e Ruins
 
 xxxiv ON THE POLITICAL STATE 
 
 Ruins of Lacedaemon. But as this Revolution arofe from the 
 AbiUties of Epaminondas and Pelopidas, rather than from any 
 pecuUar Virtues or Wifdom in this People, or any political Ex- 
 cellence in their Form of Government, of which Polybius 
 fpeaks with the utmoft Contempt, it does not properly enter 
 into the Defign of this Eflay. 
 
 We have now (hen the pernicious, yet natural Effects of 
 civil Contention. But while Athens was hardly recovering 
 from Ruin ; while the Strength of Sparta, which had main- 
 tained itfelf almoft fix hundred Years, was irreparably bro- 
 ken ; while the Dominion of Thebes with Difficulty furvived 
 the two great Commanders, by whom it was eftabliflied, yet 
 no Calamities were able to convince thefe unhappy People of 
 the direful Confequences of their Ambition, or quell this de- 
 ftrudttve Spirit of Difcord. On the contrary, every other 
 State imagined they had Strength enough to attempt, and 
 Wifdom to maintain the univerfal Empire of Greece. The 
 Athenians v/ere wholly diffolved in Luxury ; their Manners, 
 vitiated by Venality and Corruption ; the Contributions of their 
 Allies, and the Funds appropriated to the military Service, were 
 profufely lavifhcd away in theatrical Entertainments and Fefti- 
 vals, that had far more of Vanity than Religion. Yet in the 
 lowed Extreme of political Depravity, the mofl: important Of- 
 
 ficesj
 
 OF ANCIENT GREECE. xxxv 
 
 fices, Employments and Honours of the State were given to 
 thofe, who could befl: promote the public Diverfions. Come- 
 dians were appointed to the mofl: folemn Embaflies. 
 
 We may believe the other States of Greece were not lefs 
 corrupted in their Manners, when we refled, that the Lacedic- 
 monians had violated the fundamental Principle of their Con- 
 ftitution, by receiving Gold and Silver into Spaita. Tiiey did 
 indeed publifh a Decree, that this Money fhould be placed in 
 the Treafury ; employed only in the Service of the Comm.pn- 
 wealth, and that a Citizen, in whofe Pofleffion any of it was 
 found, fliould immediately be put to Death. Strange Expe- 
 dient, fays Plutarch, to reprefent it honourable and valuable 
 in Public, yet expert to make it appear contemptible and wortli- 
 lefs in Private. They fhould have confidered, that bad Ufages, 
 authorifed by the public Manners, are infinitely more dano-erous 
 to particular Perfons, than the Vices of particular Perfons ever 
 are to the Public. But the Lacedaemonians, by inflidino- Death 
 upon thofe, who privately made ufe of this Money, were im- 
 prudent enough to imagine they could hinder the Entrance 
 of Gold and Silver by placing the Law and the Terrour of Pu- 
 nifliment at the Doors of the^r Houfes, while they left the 
 Hearts of their Citizens open to the Defire and Admiration of 
 Riches. Let us add to this univerfal Depravity, the CarnacTij 
 
 e 2 and
 
 xxxvi ON THE POLITICAL STATE 
 
 and Horrors of a ten Years religious War, and we fliall finifh 
 the political Hiftory of Greece down to this Period. 
 
 The moft unhappy Event of this War was introducing Phi- 
 lip of Macedon into the Dire6lion of the Affairs of Greece. 
 He had the Glory of ending it ; of vindicating the facred Rights 
 of Religion, and punifhing the facrilegious Phocaans, who had 
 impioufly robbed the Temple of Delphos. But although this 
 Monarch be the great Objedl of almoft all the following Ora- 
 tions ; although his Pliftory, whether poHtical or military, be 
 equally interefting as inftru<^ive, yet we muft be contented 
 here with a very fliort Account of him, and rely upon the 
 Orations themfelves, and the Notes, to give his Charadter 
 more largely.. 
 
 He was educated under the Inftrudion and Example of Epa- 
 minondas. He had refided fome Time at Athens, and travell- 
 ed throucrh the other Grecian Cities. He had ftudied their 
 Genius, Manners and Politics, their Interefts, Strength, Weak- 
 nefs and Refources. He had feen the Ruin of Lacedasmon,, 
 and the Fall of T'hebes. When he was placed on the Throne 
 of Macedonia, he found his Dominions ravaged and laid wafte 
 by the Incurfions of foreign Enemies ; the Treafures of the 
 Nation exhaufted, her Soldiery ruined, and her People in Dfc- 
 fpair. Yet a Kingdom, even in thefe Circumftances, appear- 
 ed
 
 OF ANCIENT GREECE. xxxvii 
 
 ed an Objedt of Ambition, and he had more than one Com- 
 petitor to contend with for the Crown. A Prince of lefs Cou- 
 rage would not have attempted, and of lefs Abilities could not 
 have fucceeded in the Defign of raifing fuch a State to Con- 
 queft and Dominion. 
 
 The firft Intention of this Eflay was to inquire into the 
 Principles of political Wifdom, upon which the various Forms 
 of Government in Greece were founded, and to mark the Er- 
 rours from which their Diilblution proceeded, that, pofUbly, 
 fbme Hints might arife for the Prefervation or Improvement of 
 our own moft excellent Conftitution. Let the Writer there- 
 fore be forgiven one Reflexion here, not wholly foreign to this 
 Intention, perhaps not unapplicable to the prefent Conjundure 
 of public Affairs ; that although a republican Government be 
 greatly capable of maintaining its Liberty either againft the At- 
 tempts of foreign Conquefts or domeftic Tyranny, while it preferves 
 the Principles of Virtue and Equality, upon which it is founded, 
 yet when its Citizens are enervated by Luxury and Pleafure, their 
 Morals vitiated by Avarice and Profufion, it is almoft impoffible 
 ever to recover them to their original Severity of Difcipline and 
 Manners. If a Citizen fliould arife of Courage enough to at- 
 tempt their Reformation, the People would conflder him as their 
 Equal. He could affume no odier Power over them, than that of 
 Perfuafion ; and the Laws he propofed, muft be pafTed by their 
 
 ©WEt
 
 xxxviii ON THE POLITICAL STATE 
 
 own Confent, in Oppofition to their Prejudices, their PafTions 
 and their Vices. On the contrary, there is a regular Subor- 
 dination of Powers and Influences in a Monarchy, of mighty 
 Effe6l to preferve it in Times of imminent Danger and Diftrefs. 
 The Prince imprefles his Virtues on his NobiUty. Their Ex- 
 ample diffufes thofc Virtues among the People, who are gene- 
 rally taught to admire, and who feel almoft a natural Tenden- 
 cy to imitate the Manners of their Superiors. 
 
 Let us endeavour to prove the Truth of thefe Affertions. 
 The Moment Philip appeared in Macedonia, his People felt 
 the Influence of his Prefence, as if he had breathed into them 
 his own great Spirit. Out of a broken, and often defeated 
 Soldiery, he formed a Body of Troops, that afterwards con- 
 quered the World under Alexander. Equally a Politician, as 
 a General, he was temperate in forming his Plans, and rapid in 
 the Execution. Impenetrable in his own Counfels, and Mafter 
 of thofe of his Enemies. Sagacious to forefee, and bold to 
 feize the mod favourable Conjundures. Perpetually varying 
 his Condu6l, without ever varying the Principles, upon which 
 he aded. Embaflies, Negotiations, Treaties, Peace, Hoftili- 
 ties, Compliances, Menaces, Promifes and Money, were all 
 employed to the Purpofes of his Ambition. We fhall mention 
 only one particular Artifice, which he invented, and which 
 
 I hath
 
 OF ANCIENT GREECE. xxxix 
 
 hath fince been often pra^lifed with Succefs. Under Pretence 
 that tlie Treafiiry of Macedonia was exhaufted, he borrowed 
 confiderable Sums from all the wealthieft Citizens of Greece 
 who from thence became interefted in his future Fortune, and 
 with an Appearance only of receiving Interefl: for their Money 
 were really the Penfioners of Philip. 
 
 Amidst the Diffolution of Manners in Athens, what could 
 a private Citizen, what could Demofthenes oppofe to the Vir- 
 tues and Abilities, and even the Vices of Philip, for even his 
 Vices were made fubfervient to the Purpofes of his Ambition ? 
 Nothing but his own perfedl Integrity, his difinterefted Exam- 
 ple, his Vigilance and Attention to the Defigns of that Op- 
 preilor, his Zeal for the public Welfare, his Abhorrence of Ser- 
 vitude, and above all, that Eloquence, which hath been the 
 Admiration of Ages. But he wanted that Influence and Au- 
 thority, that Effedl of Example, wliich attend the Adlions of 
 Princes, and enforce their Reafoning. He was obliged to fub- 
 mit the Laws he propofed for the public Safety, and the Plans 
 he had formed for oppofmg the common Enemy, to the De- 
 termination of an inconfiderate, violent, capricious Multitude ', 
 dejeded and indolent in Adverflty j impetuous and precipitate 
 in Profperity. Yet under all thefe Difadvantages, although 
 maligned in his Reputation, and oppofed by a Fadlion, who- 
 had impioully fold themfelves and their Country to Philip, he 
 
 for
 
 xl ON THE POLITICAL STATE 
 
 for Years maintained the Liberties of Greece, and at laft 
 brought them to the Decifion of one equal Battle at Cheronaea. 
 
 His Efforts to recover the Freedom of his Country after the 
 Death of Philip and Alexander may appear, as we are now in- 
 fluenced in our Judgement by the Event, too precipitate and 
 , immature ; their Strength too difproportioned to an Enterprife 
 of fuch Importance. Yet if not prudent, they were glorious 
 Efforts. They fuftain the Integrity of his Character ; they 
 fliew, that a Deteftation of Tyranny was the aduating Princi- 
 ple of his Life, and Love of Liberty the Paffion that fupport- 
 ed him in Death, when he nobly refufed to furvive the Ruin 
 of his Country, or accept an Obligation from its Tyrant. 
 
 Yet neither his private, nor public Virtue could preferve 
 this excellent Man from a Profecution of Venahty and Corrup- 
 tion. He was condemned in a Fine of fifty Talents, and be- 
 ing unable to pay it, was thrown into Prifon. Strong Proof of 
 his Integrity, that after thirty Years Continuance in the moft 
 lucrative Employments of the Commonwealth, and fometimes 
 prefiding over the public Funds, he was unable to pay fuch a 
 Sum, even with the Addition of the twenty Talents he was 
 fuppofed to have received for his Perfidy. But the Story is in 
 all its Circumftgnces, except the Pleafantry of the Silver-Squin-
 
 OF ANCIENT GREECE. xli 
 
 cy, and the Addition of an infipid Jeft, moft unnatural to the 
 Manners of our Author, fo differently told by Aulus GelHus 
 and Plutarch, that we may reafonably refufe to give Credit to 
 either of thefe Hiftorians. As both Accounts cannot be true, 
 to which fhall we give the Preference ? Yet both may, poflibly, 
 be falfe. But fince that of Plutarch is more generally received, 
 was Demofthenes meanly corrupted by a Bribe of twenty Ta- 
 lents, and did Harpalus offer Phocion feven hundred? The 
 Man, who held his Integrity againft the Menaces and Artifices, 
 the Promifes and Treafures of Philip, did he in his Age belye 
 the conftant Tenor of Itis whole Life ? Did he proftitute the 
 Honour, and endanger the Safety of his Country, by proteding 
 a Traytor and a Fugitive ? Philip himfelf bears frequent Tefti- 
 mony to his Incorruptibility, and when Harpalus was afterwards 
 put to the Torture to extort from him the Names of the Per- 
 fons in Athens, to whom he had^ given the Treafures of Alex- 
 ander, he never named Demofthenes ► 
 
 Surely, the Zeal, with which our Author, even during his; 
 Banilhmentj continued to fupport the Interefts of his Country, 
 however unjuft and ungrateful ; the Sorrows and Repentance 
 of his Fellow-Citizens for their Ingratitude and Injuftice ; the 
 Ardour, with which they recalled him from Exile, and the 
 Honours, with which they crowned his Memory, after his. 
 
 Vol. I. f DLcarh,
 
 xlii ON THE POLITICAL STATE 
 
 Death, are Rrong Prefumptions in Favour of his Innocence. 
 And whatever Contradidiions or Oppofitions of Vice and Vir- 
 tue too frequently appear in the fame Charader, yet is it moft 
 difficult to conceive, that a Noblenefs of Sentiments, and a 
 Dignity of thinking almofl: peculiar to him, and conftantly 
 maintained in all his Orations, could debafe itfelf to the Vile- 
 nefs of Venality and Corruption. 
 
 This little Vindication of a favourite Author will be for- 
 given. It was due to Juftice and Hiftory ; to Virtue and hu- 
 man Nature ; for when a great Character can thus fhamefully 
 debafe itfelf, our common Humanity feels the Reproach, and 
 Virtue herfelf is difhonoured. 
 
 Here the Reader may perhaps be pleafed to ftop, and look 
 back upon the political Country through which he hath tra- 
 velled. He hath feen the Principles, upon which Athens and 
 Sparta were founded. In Imitation of thefe two great Repub- 
 lics, or under their Influence and Power, all the lefs confider- 
 able States of Greece were formed. He muft be convinced, 
 that the Happinefs of Society arifes from Virtue, as in a regu- 
 lar, unvaried Courfe of Nature, and that Mifery is the certain 
 Produce of Vice, whether private or public. By the uncor- 
 rupted Spirit of their Magiftrates ; by the Courage of their Ci- 
 tizens
 
 OF ANCIENT GREECE. xliii 
 
 tizens in War, and their Obedience to the Laws in Peace • 
 by their Humanity to the People, whom they conquered, and 
 their Integrity to their AlHes ; by their common Love of 
 Liberty and their Country, the Lacedaemonians and Athenians 
 by turns poffefTed the Sovereignty of Greece. They maintain- 
 ed that Sovereignty by an inviolable Obfervance and Faith of 
 Treaties ; by fupporting a Balance of Power between the Weak- 
 nefs and Ambition of their Neighbours ; by powerful and im- 
 mediate Succours to the afflidled and opprefled ; particularly, 
 by holding a jealous Eye over the Motions of the Perfian, as 
 the natural Enemy of Greece and Liberty. 
 
 Such was their foreign Glory, and fuch thofe illuftrious Ac- 
 tions, which, in our Orator's Language, were above all Power 
 of Expreffion. In their domeftic Polity, the Manners of the 
 People fupported the Laws. Employments were given, for 
 I*arties and Fadlions were yet unknown, to Perfons of the moft 
 eminent Abilities, and their Services rewarded with the natu- 
 ral, befl: Reward of Virtue, the Praife and Gratitude of their 
 Fellow-Citizens. Honours were beftowed with that Difcern- 
 ment and Impartiality, which can alone render them valuable. 
 Arts and Sciences, at once the Defence and Ornaments of a . 
 State, were carried in Athens to a Perfedtion, which is {[ir 
 imitated, and ftill unequalled. Commerce now brought Home 
 
 f Z the
 
 :k11v on the POLITICAL STATE 
 
 the Treafures of other Nations to fupport her Fleets and Ar- 
 mies,, which were employed in protedting the univerfal In- 
 terefts of Greece, by whom (lie was beloved, honoured and 
 revered. But foon, according perhaps to the Lot of our Hu- 
 manity, Wealth and Happinefs begot Excefs and Luxury ; Dif- 
 fipation and Expence produced Venality and Corruption ; a 
 total Degeneracy of Manners enfued, an Indolence and Inat- 
 tention to all public Affairs. Poverty and Probity became 
 equal Objeds of Contempt, while public Virtue and Love of 
 Countiy were confidered as the Language of a Party, or what 
 we call the Oppofition. They were only not treated with the 
 Levity and Infignificance of Laughing, or as Subjedls of Ridi- 
 cule. That Hardinefs was referved for another People. 
 
 With Regard to the following Orations, it were, perhaps, 
 imprudent to inform an Englifh Reader in what Efteem the 
 greateft Critics of Antiquity, Cicero, QuintiHan, Longinus, 
 held the Eloquence of this Author. He will read the Tran- 
 flation under the Prejudice or Influence of their Judgement, 
 and as he cannot prefume to doubt the Merit of the Original, 
 he will naturally condemn the Tranflation. Having formed 
 his Tafte upon the loofe, unftudied Harangues, the Sallies of 
 Imagination, the Profufion of Figures, in which all moder^ 
 Oratory fixes its Ideas of Perfedion, he will probably be very 
 
 little
 
 OF ANCIENT GREECE. xlv 
 
 little entertained with tliofe fevere Dedudions of reafoning, 
 that fimple Reprefentation of Fad:s, that Negligence of Orna- 
 ments, and even Contempt of Artifice, which form the pe- 
 culiar Charader of Demofthenes. For in this particular Ex- 
 cellence, in very Truth worth all other Merit, our Author 
 {lands eminently fuperior to all the Grecian, and even to the 
 Roman Orator, that he never, if fuch an Expreflion may be 
 forgiven, he never appears in his own Perfon in his Orations. 
 The Patriot nobly facrifices the Reputation and Interefts of the 
 Orator to the Glory and Welfare of his Audience. The Dig- 
 nity of his Language, the refiftlefs Spirit of Convidion, the 
 pathetic, the fublime, feem unpremeditated EiFeds of Genius, 
 animated by Love of Liberty and of Country. 
 
 To give this Orator in Englifli, fuch as when he fpokc 
 in the AfTemblies of the Athenian People, not fuch, as in 
 modern Phrafe, he might be fuppofed, were he now alive, to 
 fpeak in either of our Houfes of Parliament, was the princi- 
 pal Intention of the Tranflator. Studious to maintain this 
 Intention, he hath with much AppHcation endeavoured (and 
 he dares appeal to the learned Reader) to lay every Member 
 of every Sentence, as they are placed in the Original. The 
 Arrangement of our Thoughts is of more Power in an 
 Oration, than their Number or Variety. The Images in a 
 3 Periods
 
 xlvi ON THE POLITICAL STATE 
 
 Period, like Figures in a Painting, owe much of their EiFedl 
 to their Harmony and Keeping. 
 
 Earnest to preferve the SimpHcity of his Author's Stile, 
 the Translator hath been cautious of udng a fingle Epithet o"^ 
 meer Ornament. He hath not added one Interrogation to 
 thofe, which appear, according to Longinus, with fo much 
 Sublimity in the Original. He hath preferved all the paffionate 
 Exclamations and Oaths of our Orator in his Appeals to his 
 Gods, although, perhaps, they recur too often. If the Rea- 
 der fhould be difgufted with the too frequent Return of the 
 Addrefs, O Men of Athens, he may be told it hath been 
 fometimes omitted, and much Attention ufed to place it in 
 that very Part of every Sentence, in which Demofthenes him- 
 felf feems to have imagined it would ftrike with greater Force. 
 One PecuHarity, with Regard to this Addrefs, may be worth 
 remarking, though not accounted for, indeed not obferved, by 
 the learned, that ^fchines always ufes, O Athenians, and 
 Demofthenes, O Men of Athens. 
 
 The Tranilator is obliged to confefs, that he is anfwerable 
 for all the Arguments prefixed to the following Orations. He 
 may, perhaps, be accufed of Vanity or Infolence in refufing 
 thofe of others, but he hopes to be acquitted of all Imputati- 
 ons of this Kind with Regard to the Notes. Almoft every 
 
 Sen-
 
 OF ANCIENT GREECE; xlvii 
 
 Sentence in the Original might have afforded abundant Occa- 
 fion for much good Learning to explain it. Quotations and 
 limilar Paflages from other Writers were numberlefs. But they 
 have a difhoneft Appearance of Induftry, for nothing is lefs 
 difficult. They have an Affectation of Learning, which a 
 Scholar fhould delpife, and which the Tranflator would 
 avoid. Thefe were his Intentions ; the Public muft judge of 
 their Succefs, 
 
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 CONTENTS.
 
 CONTENTS. 
 
 UPON raifing the Supplies Page f. 
 
 In Favour of the Megalopolltans 27 
 
 Firft Philippic 47 
 
 Upon the Liberty of the Rhodians 80 
 
 Firft Olynthiac - 104 
 
 Second Olynthiac 122 
 
 Third Olynthiac 144 
 
 Upon the Peace concluded with Philip 173; 
 
 Second Philippic 191 
 
 On the Affairs of Cherfonefus 21 r 
 
 Ihird Philippic 247 
 
 Fourth Philippic 282 
 
 Philip's Letter to the Athenians 318? 
 
 Upon Philip's Letter 332 
 
 Upon the State ojf the Republic 344
 
 ORATION I. 
 
 Upon Raifing the SUPPLIES.
 
 tt*t**f#******M*********M*****M***«M**#******************* 
 
 The ARGUMENT. 
 
 IT was generally reported in Athens, that the Perfian King in- 
 tended to invade Greece. The Athenians are alarmed. They 
 refolve to take up Arms themfelves, and to invite the otlier Grecian. 
 States to enter into an Alliance with them againft the common Enemy. 
 Demofthenes difTuades them from fuch a Refolution. Advifes them not . 
 to violate the Peace with Perfia, yet vigoroufly to prepare for War. Lays 
 down a general Plan for raifing the Supplies, and conduding their mi- 
 litary Operations. 
 
 This Oration was pronounced in the third Year of the hundred and 
 fixth Olympiad, when Demofthenes was twenty feven Years of Age. 
 
 »*#t«*#******#**********#*********************************
 
 ORATION I. 
 
 Upon Raising the SUPPLIES. 
 
 WHEN our Orators, O Men of Athens, dwell upon the 
 Praifes of your Anccftors, I confefs they choofe a Sub- 
 ject for their Oratory to you moft grateful, yet of no Advan- 
 tage to the Perfons, whofe Encomium they pronounce (i). 
 For attempting to fpeak of Adions, whofe Greatnefs is beyond 
 all Power of Language to exprefs, they bear away, indeed, the 
 Reputation of Eloquence, but make the Virtues of your An- 
 ceftors appear to their Audience lefs eminent, than they were be- 
 fore 
 
 The Title of this Oration, in the Ori- 
 ginal, 'O VB^t Tuv (rvf^f/,upiui', cannot, 
 perhaps, be tranflated into Englifh. It 
 means, in general, a Divifion of the Peo- 
 ple into Clafles, for more effedlually rai- 
 fing, and with greater Expedition, the 
 feveral Sums neceflary for building and 
 equipping their Fleets, Yet thefe are 
 only occafionally mentioned, and with 
 all due Reverence for Antiquity, the real 
 Intention of the Oration, from which 
 alone it (hould have taken its Title, is, 
 to diffuade the Athenians from proclaim- 
 ing War againll Perfia. 
 
 (i) Thefe Encomiums on their An- 
 ceftors muft have always been received 
 with exceeding Pleafure by a People vain, 
 
 haughty, and highfpirited, liketheAthe- 
 nians. In this Plcafure they were too 
 often indulged by their public Speakers, 
 for their own Purpofes of Popularity 
 and Ambition. Upon this Occafion we 
 may fuppofe them enflamed by oratorial 
 Defcriptions of the Vidories at Mara- 
 thon and Platasa, even to a Spirit of 
 Emulation, that might have been fatal 
 to the Commonwealth. Our wife and 
 honeft Orator, therefore, direfts their 
 Counfcls to more ufeful and important 
 Objeds -, and while lie fliews the Im- 
 pertinence of praifing thofe Adions, 
 whofe Greatnefs was above ExprcfTlon, 
 he pronounces upon them the higheft 
 and moft flattering Encomium. 
 
 B 2
 
 4 ORATIONSOF 
 
 fore imagined. For my own Part, I conceive it to be their 
 nobleft Pi-aife, that, during a long Coiirfe of Years, no other Peo- 
 ple have been capable of attempting fuch Actions as they really 
 performed. I therefore fhall endeavour to lay before you fuch 
 Meafures, as will, in my Judgement, bed enable you to form your 
 military Operations. For, in very Fad, however eloquent in thefe 
 Praifes we Ihould all appear, who fliall hereafter fpeak upon this 
 Occafion, yet, I am perfuaded, your Affairs will never, by our 
 Oratory, prove more fuccefsful. If, on the contrary, any 
 one Man, v/hatever were his Eloquence, would, conae forward 
 on the Tribunal; would inform and convince you v*' hat military 
 Preparations, how great, and whence to be fupported, will 
 be neceilary to the Safety of the Republic, all thefe, our prefent, 
 Apprehenfions would be difperfed. This Tafk, if perchance I 
 am in any Meafure equal to fuch a Taf^, I fhall endeavour to 
 perform, having firft mentioned, in very few Words, my own 
 Opinion of our prefent Councils vy'ith regard to the king (2). 
 
 I DO, indeed, efteem that Monarch the common Enemy of 
 Greece ; yet, I would not advife you, thus unaffifled by the 
 other Grecian States, to undertake a. War againft him : neither 
 do I perceive the Greeks themfel'ves united in Amity towards 
 each other, but rather placing their Confidence in him, than 
 in any of their own Body. In fuch Circumllances, I conclude, 
 
 it 
 
 ^2) The Perfian Monarch was, by the and fometimes, as by Plato, the great, 
 Grecians, ufually called the king, as king. Artaxerxes was then King oj, 
 in a Style of Eminence and Dillinilion, Perfia.
 
 DEMOSTHENES. 5 
 
 it were of much Importance carefully to obferve the Beginning 
 of the War ; that it be ftridly juft ; that all neceffary Care be 
 taken of your military Preparations, and the whole Plan fub- 
 mitted to public Debate^ For I imagine, O Men of Athena, 
 that the Grecians, were it evidently certain the King intended 
 to invade them, wouM enter into Alliance with, and acknow- 
 ledge much Obligation to thofe, who, both as Leaders in the 
 War, and as Allies, repelled the Invader. But if,, while this In- 
 tention is yet uncertain, we fhould appear as Principals and 
 Aggreflbrs, I greatly fear, w^e may be compelled to enter into 
 a War, not with him only, but even with them, whom we 
 purpofed to defend (3.). For reprefUng that Spirit, with v^hicli 
 he determined to invade us, if indeed he ever intended to invade 
 us, he will diftribute his Treafures to corrupt fome particular 
 States, and make them pretended Offers of his Friendfhip ; 
 while they,, defirous of carrying on their Wars againft each 
 
 other 
 
 (3J Our Orator might be, with Rea- Athens, to complain of this Injviry, and 
 
 fon, apprehenfive of their appearing in threatened to fupport the Chians and 
 
 this Light. Chares had been fent with Rhodians againft her with three hiin- 
 
 a powerful Fleet to reduce fome Iflands dred Gallies. The Athenians would not 
 
 in the iEgean Sea to their Obedience, difavow the Condudl of their General, 
 
 Pharnabazus, a PerfianGovernorin Afia- but refolved to declare War; to invite 
 
 minor, having revolted againft Artax- all the States of Greece to enter into an . ' 
 
 erxes, was befieged by his Order with Alliance with them, and to repel the In- 
 
 feventy thoufand Men. He prevailed vafion. Upon this Occafion their pre- 
 
 upon Chares, by Promifes of a large fent Councils, and our. Author's- firft.: 
 
 Sum of Money for the Maintenance of Oration, in any Debate where the Inte-^- 
 
 bis Fleet, to affifl: him, and to raife the refts of the Republic were concerned. 
 Siege. Artaxerxes fent Ambafladors to LuccHs^iMi
 
 6 ORATIONS OF 
 
 other with Succefs, and wholly pofTefled with that Refolution, will 
 overlook the common univerfal Safety of their Country (4), 
 Into fuch Diforders, into fuch Madnefs, let me with Earneft- 
 nefs advife you, not to precipitate our Commonwealth. 
 
 Neither do I conceive, that your Councils, with Regard to 
 the King, are upon an Equality with thofe of any other Gre- 
 cian States ; many of whom, 1 really think, may be permit- 
 ted, for the Sake of fome feparate Advantage, to negle£b the 
 «reneral Interefts of Greece. But for you, however injured, 
 it were inglorious to take fuch Revenge even on them, 
 who injured you, as to fuffer any of them to be enflaved by a 
 Barbarian. 
 
 Since thefe our prefent Circumftances, it fhould be pru- 
 dently confidered, by what Meafure, we may neither be inferior 
 tx) him in our military Strength, nor that he, who we are con- 
 vinced, is forming Defigns againft Greece, moft danger- 
 ous 
 
 (4) Such were, in general, the un- Pride, their Ambition, and their mili- 
 
 happy Policies ot Greece ; but our Ora- tary Spirit ftill remained. From thence 
 
 tor, if we may rely upon the Ccnjecftures Demofthenes prudently fufpeds, they 
 
 of Lucchefini, fecms particularly to mean would enter into every Meafure for the 
 
 the Lacedtemonians. They had more Recovery of their antient Power. They 
 
 than once entered into Alliances with the were now engaged, in Conjunflion with 
 
 Perfian •, they had held the Sovereignty the Athenians, to fupport the Phocsans 
 
 of Greece ; they had lately been con- in the facred War, againft the Thebans 
 
 quered, and their Strength wafted by and Theflalians. 
 their War with the Thebans ; yet their
 
 DEMOSTHENES. 7 
 
 ous to her Liberties, fliould gain the Confidence of her States, 
 and be efleemed their Friend. How Ihall thefe Mcafures be 
 carried into Execution ? Let the Forces of the Republic, levied 
 and ready for Adion, be univerfally apparent ; but let the 
 Equity of our Intentions be manifeft even in our Preparations. 
 With your impetuous Counfellors, your vehement Advifers im- 
 mediately to declare War, I reafon thus : " It is not difficult 
 " in our Debates to acquire the Reputation of Courage ; nor 
 ** even, when Danger approaches, to appear a powerful Ora- 
 " tor ; but difficult it is, and yet of abfolute Importance, 
 " amidft Dangers to approve our Fortitude, and in Council to 
 " be capable of propofmg Advice more wife and falutary than 
 *' that of others." 
 
 For myfelf, O Men of Athens, I really believe a War 
 againft the Perfian will be with Difficulty maintained by the 
 Commonwealth, but any pitched Battle in that War, any general 
 Engagement, will eafily be fuccefsful. Wherefore ? Becaufe 
 all Wars, in my Judgement, neceflarily require Gallies, Reve- 
 nues, and Places of Strength ; all which I find him pofTefTed 
 of in larger Abundance, than our Republic. But Battles, I 
 am convinced, require nothing fo much as a brave and gallant 
 Soldiery, which, I am confident, we and our Allies, who fhall 
 enter with us into the common Danger, can command in far. 
 greater Numbers, than the Perfian. 
 
 For
 
 8 ORATIONSOF 
 
 For tKefe Reafons, I fhall earneftly advife you, not by any 
 one Meafure to begin the War; but with Regard to a decifive 
 Battle, I pronounce it abfolutely neceflary, that you be well 
 prepared. Were there, indeed, one Method of levying Forces 
 to take Vengeance on the Barbarians, and another to repel the 
 Infuks of the Grecians ; we might, perhaps, be juflly ap- 
 prehenfive, that our Intention of raifing thofe Forces againft 
 Perfla might be difcovered. But fince the Meafures for all mi- 
 litary Defigns are the fame ; the general Heads of Forces ne- 
 cefTarily the fame, whether to enable us to repel our Ene- 
 mies, to fucccur our Allies, or to preferve our rightful PofTeflions, 
 wherefore, while there are Nations, who profefs themfelves our 
 Enemies, wherefore do we feek for others ? (5) Why not open- 
 ly prepare for War againft them, yet with a Refolution of tak- 
 ing Vengeance on this Barbarian, fliould he dare to injure or 
 infult us? 
 
 But fuppofe you now fend AmbafTadors to engage the Greeks 
 in a general Confederacy againft the common Enemy, yet if you 
 will not afterwards ad, as they propofe, how can you with Rea- 
 fon exped, they will comply with your Views, efpecially as 
 
 there 
 
 (5) There was no other, but the fa- who are rcprefented thus jealous of her 
 cred War, at this Time declared in Power, and probably unwilling to join 
 Greece -, and confequently thefe open, with her in a Declaration of War againft 
 proteft Enemies of Athens were the the Perfians, were principally the Lace- 
 Boeotians and ThefTalians. Her Allies, dsemonians. 6
 
 DEMOSTHENES. 9 
 
 there are fome among them, not extremely well afFeded to this 
 Republic ? " Becaufe, by Jupiter, we will convince them, 
 " that the King is adlually forming Defigns againft them, wliiuh 
 " they themfelves do not forefee ?" In the Name of Jupiter, 
 can you really think in this Manner ? In Truth, I believe you 
 do. Yet certainly their Terrors of the Perfian will not influ- 
 ence them more ftrongly, than will their Diffidence of you, 
 and their own mutual Diflentions. Your Ambafladors there- 
 fore, while they wander about the States of Greece, fhall only 
 repeat an idle Rhapfody of Words. (6) 
 
 O N the contrary, if you execute the Meafures we propofe, 
 not any one Grecian State will be able to form fo exad a Judo-e- 
 ment of its own Intereft, (7) and the Danger of entering into 
 your Alliance, that when they behold your (8) thoufand Horfe ; 
 
 your 
 
 (6) 'Pa^uSria-iitnv, tranflaced by Lo- adeo fubtiJiter de fe confiiium in'hit, ac ran 
 nicerus, Dicent, Rex infidiatur Gj^cis. expe/idet, ut, &c. and adds, in his An- 
 Rex infidiatur Greeds. The King is form- notations, what the TranHator hath pre- 
 
 ' ing Deftgns againjl Greece. The King is fumed to infert in tiie Text, N'ec cdeo 
 
 forming Defigns againjl Greece. fuhiiliter expendet eas difficuhates, qmbus 
 
 (7) The Tranflator will ever think it dixit eos retardari pojfe ab ineundo cum 
 a Kind of Integrity due to his Readers, Jthenienfibus fadere, ft nulla vigeant ar- 
 to acknowledge any confiderable Addi- morum rohore. 
 
 tion to the Original. Such, it is con- (8) A Reader little acquainted with 
 
 fcfled, is Part of the prefent Sentence, the Soil of Attica, may probably won- 
 
 inferted in Hopes of better explaining a der, that a Republic, of whofe Power 
 
 very difficult PafTage. It has been ill- he had conceived fo very different an 
 
 rendered by Wolfius. l,ucchefini tran- Idea, fhould be able to command, in 
 
 flates it thus ; Turn fani Cr<scorum nemo Time of extrcmeft Danger, only a thou- 
 
 fand 
 
 Vol. I.
 
 lo ORATIONSOF 
 
 your Infantry, numerous as they themfelves could defirc ; your 
 diree liundrcd Gallies, will not voluntarily come and implore 
 your Aid, computing their Safety beft fecured by fuch a Force. 
 But if you now fend an Embafiy to them, you mufl: engage 
 them by Supplications and Intreaties ; if you fucceed not, you 
 muft endure the Shame of a Repulfe. But when you have 
 made the neceflary Preparations for War, if you reflrain your- 
 felves from entering into Adion, you fhall better confult your 
 own Interefts ; proted: thofe, who fhall implore your AiTiftance, 
 and certainly behold it univerfally implored. 
 
 Reflecting, O Men of Athens, upon thefe, and other 
 Arguments nearly refembling them, I determined to Ipeak with 
 neither too much Confidence, nor with a tedious, unprofitable 
 Prolixity ; but was wholly, and with much Attention, employ- 
 ed in confidering the moft effedual Scheme for fpeedily carry- 
 ing 
 
 fand Horfe. But Attica was, in gene- Years of Age to forty. They did not 
 
 ra!, mountainoLis and fandy -, therefore enter into adtual Service, during the twa 
 
 little capable of breeding Horfes. At firft Years, but were ftationed as Guards 
 
 the Battle of Marathon, the Athenians upon the Frontiers. They were punilh- 
 
 had only one Troop, confifting of ninety- able, if they refuled to enlift, from 
 
 fix Horfemen ; yet this Troop, an Ob- whence our Author's Expreffion, as nu- 
 
 jeft at firft of Derifion to the Enemy, nierous, as they themfelves could defirci 
 
 became at laft their Terrour and Deftruc- But furely three hundred Gallies, equip- 
 
 tion. ped. and maintained by one City, muft 
 
 The Athenian Infantry, until the Pe- give us a very high Idea of her Wealth 
 
 loponnefian War, was compofcd of their and Grandeur. Lucchesini. 
 
 'own Citizens, cnlifted from eighteen 
 
 I
 
 DEMOSTHENES. n 
 
 ing our military Operations into Execution, and am perfuaded, 
 if it deferve your Approbation when you have heard it, you 
 fhould confirm it by your Decrees. This, however, is the 
 firft, O Men of Athens, and moft important Article of the 
 whole, that you be refolutely determined to adt with Vigour 
 and Alacrity, as Occafion fhall demand. For condder, O 
 Men of Athens, whenever you have unanimoufly decreed, and 
 your Citizens efteemed it their Duty to exert their utmofl: Abi- 
 lities in Support of your Decrees, nothing ever efcaped you in 
 the Execution. On the contrary, whenever you have decreed, 
 and afterwards mutually looked back upon each other ; when 
 every fingle Citizen imagined, while he himfelf was perfedly 
 unadlive, that his Neighbour would ad: for him, nothing ever 
 fucceeded to your Wifhes. 
 
 But fince you are now determined, and animated with pro- 
 per Spirit ; (9) I propofe, that your twelve hundred Citizens, 
 
 ap- 
 
 ^9) This Scheme, which in itfelf would could be colleifted from ancient Authors, 
 
 have only required a certain Degree of It will, however, be neceflary to inform 
 
 Attention, hath been rendered difficult him here, that although the Word Tri- 
 
 and perplexed by Tranflators and Com- erarch originally fignifies the Commander 
 
 mentators. If theEnglilh Reader thinks of a Galley, yet in this and many other 
 
 it worth his Curiofity, he may find, at Paffages in our Author, it muft be un- 
 
 the End of the fecond Volume, the derftood to mean one of that Clafs of 
 
 whole Scheme of building and equip- Citizens, appointed to build and equip 
 
 ping the Athenian Fleets, and whatever either one or more Gallies for the Fleet. 
 Circumftances, relating to their Navy, 
 
 C 2
 
 12 ORATIONSOF 
 
 appointed for advancing the neceffaiy Sums for the Exigencies 
 of the Navy, may be rendered complete for the Purpofes in- 
 tended, and, by an Addition of eight hundred, enlarged to two 
 thoufand ; that after deducing Orphans of either Sex ; vete- 
 ran Soldiers, to whom our conquered Lands are afligned ; com- 
 mercial Societies, and whoever elfe is incapable of paying their ap- 
 pointed Dividends, you may find your twelve hundred effec- 
 tive Citizens. Out of thefe you fhould eftablifh, according to 
 our prefent Conftitution, twenty ClafTes, each confifting of fix- 
 ty Perfons. Let thefe Clafles be divided into five Parts, and 
 in fuch a Manner, as that fome wealthier Citizens may be al- 
 ways numbered with the more indigent. They fhould be form- 
 ed, I think, in this Manner, for a Reafon you will perceive, 
 when you have heard my whole Scheme. " But our Gallies ? 
 *' For them what Regulation ?" Their whole Number fhould 
 be fixed at three hundred, to be divided by fifteen into twenty 
 Parts ( I o). Let five of every hundred be given to each of your 
 (rreater Clafles, that each Clafs may have one Fifteenth of their 
 
 whole 
 
 fi) Itis with much Apprehenfion the adnumerari, quinque in fingiilos cente- 
 
 Tranflator ever differs in Opinion from narios fuperadditis, ut totus trecenta- 
 
 Lucchefini. In Juftice to liim, as well rum numerus quindenis redundet. In 
 
 as becaufe his Tranflation, however his Notes he accounts for this Redund- 
 
 greatly valuable, is very little known in ancc ; that there might be a fufficient 
 
 Enc^land, his own ExprelliGn, upon any Number always in Readinefs to repair 
 
 difficult Paffage, fhall be always faith- the Injuries and Accidents of War and 
 
 fully quoted. He renders the prefent Tempefts. Wolfius, it is acknowledged. 
 
 Sentence in thefe Words : Earum nu- underftands the Paflage in the fame Man- 
 
 merum trecentas jubeo, eafque in viginti ner. , 
 
 partes divifas, quindcnas uniquique parti
 
 DEMOSTHENES. 13 
 
 whole Number allotted to it, and to each Subdivifion of twelve 
 Citizens there may be three Gallies appointed. 
 
 When thefe Regulations are eftablifhed, I propofe, fince the 
 whole Valuation of our Lands amounts to fix thoufand Talents, 
 that our Funds may be regulated in the fame Proportion, and di- 
 vided into an hundred Parts, confifting each of fixty Talents. (11) 
 Let three hundred be diftributed to each of the twenty larger 
 Clafies, to be fubdivided by lixty to every Clafs of twelve Ci- 
 tizens ; that if the Republic fhould have Occafion for an hun- 
 dred Gallies, twelve Trierarchs may advance a fixtieth Part of 
 our Land- Valuation for the Expence. If you want Two hun- 
 dred Gallies, let fix Trierarchs raife a thirtieth Part ; if three 
 hundred, let four Trierarchs furnifh a twentieth Part. 
 
 I N the fame Manner, having made an Eftimate of the na- 
 val Stores necefiary for your Gallies, let them be divided ac- 
 cording 
 
 (11) This Detail may poffibly be an Difil-rtation at the End of the fecond 
 Amiifement to the curious, but mud Volume, where he will find, atone View, 
 neceffarily grow tedious to the Genera- the whole State of the Revenues of 
 iicy of Readers. They fhould, how- Athens ; the Valuation of its Lands j 
 ever, remember, that our Orator had the Tributes paid by its Allies; the Sub- 
 no other Method of imprefling the Par- fiftence and Pay of a Soldier ; the Prices 
 ticulars of fo extenfive a Scheme, on the of Goods, Cattle, and Labour -, by 
 Attention and IVIemory of his Audience, which alone we can make any juft Gal- 
 as the Ufe of Letters and Figures for culation of the Value of Money among 
 fiich Purpofes was then unknown. the Athenians, and proportion it co our 
 
 To make the Notes upon this Padage own. According to Dr. Arbuthnot, iix 
 
 as little burthenl'ome to the Tocc as pof- thoufund Talents amount to 1,162500!, 
 
 fible, we muft reier the Reader to a fhcrt computing a Talent at 193 1. 15s.
 
 14. ORATIONSOF 
 
 cording to the Schedule of your Land-Tax, into twenty Parts. 
 Then let one Twentieth be given to each of your greater 
 Claffes, and by them be fubdivided equally to each Order of 
 twelve Citizens. Let thefe twelve diftribute, in their pecu- 
 liar Divifions, what they receive, and the Gallies, which every 
 Divifion is by Lot obliged to provide, let them be fitted out 
 immediately. Your Revenues therefore, your Gallies, the Per- 
 fons appointed to build and equip them, with the whole Ex- 
 pence of your Marine, in this Manner, I think, may be beft 
 formed and maintained. But the Completion of my Scheme ? 
 Whence will it arife ? I fhall inform you with Eafe. 
 
 I PROPOSE, that your Generals appoint ten Dock- Yards, near 
 as pofTible to each other, and each of them capable of building 
 thirty Gallies. When they have prepared thefe Yards, let them af- 
 fign for each two principal Claffes of our Citizens, and thirty Gal- 
 lies. Then determine by Lot what Tribe, and what Trierarchs 
 fhall take Poffeflion of each, that there may be twoClafles of fixty 
 Citizens, thirty Gallies, and one Tribe afligned to every Yard. 
 Whatever Tribe fhall by Lot take Poffeflion of any of thefe 
 Yards, let it be divided into three Parts, and your Ships in 
 the fame Manner. Let thefe Thirds again be appointed by 
 Lot, that as one Tribe prefides over one whole Yard, fo may 
 every Third of that Tribe over a Third of your Shipping. 
 
 Thus
 
 DEMOSTHENES. 15 
 
 Thus you may behold, if there be Occafion, firft, where 
 each Tribe is ftationed, and every Third of that Tribe; 
 then how many Trierarchs, and how many GalHes ; while 
 every Tribe has thirty, and every Third of that Tribe has ten 
 to provide. Should this intire Scheme be put into Execution, 
 if we have pollibly forgotten any material Circumftance (and 
 to recoUedl every Circumftance is not an eafy matter) the very 
 Execution will difcover, and there will be then one regular Or- 
 der of your Marine in general, and of all his its Parts. 
 
 With Regard to the Funds, and any certain Meafure for 
 their Regulation, I am perfuadcd, that what I am going to pro- 
 pofe, will feem moft unaccountable. It fhall however be pro- 
 pofed ; for I truft, if you coniider it with juft Attention, that 
 I fhall appear alone to have pronounced upon our Affairs with 
 Judgement, and given you fuch Advice, as the Event itfelf fhall 
 confirm. I therefore declare it abfolutely neceflary not to en- 
 ter into any Debate at prefent upon our Funds. We have Re- 
 venues for whatever Occafion, great, noble, and to be raifed 
 with utmoft Juftice ; into which, however, if -we now inquire, 
 we fhall imagine them uncertain and infufHcient for any pub- 
 lic Exigence ; fb much rather ought we to be cautious of at- 
 tempting to raife them at prefent. Yet, if we fuffer them to 
 continue unobferved, they will affuredly appear. *' What 
 
 *' kind
 
 i6 ORATIONSOF 
 
 « kind of Fund is this, which having no Being now, fhall 
 " hereafter exift ? Such Language is extremely like that of an 
 *' iEnigma." I will explain it. 
 
 (12) Behold, O Men of Athens, this populous and pow- 
 erful City. There are Treafures in it, I had almoft faid, equal 
 to thofe of all the other Cities of Greece ; yet the Poffeflbrs 
 are of fo perverfe a Spirit, that if all our Orators fliould alarm 
 them, " The King is marching towards us : He is already at 
 " our Gates : There is not another PofTibility of preferving the 
 " Republic :" If with our Orators, as many Prophets fhould 
 deliver their Oracles to vouch thefe Terrors, yet would they 
 not only not bring in their Riches to the public Service, but 
 not even acknowledge the Poffeflion of them. Should they, 
 however, adually feel in very Deed, what is at prefent only 
 terrible in Words, no Man furely could be fo fenfelefly ftupid, 
 as not with Chearfulnefs to pay his Proportion, and even prefs 
 forward to be firft in his Contributions. For who would chufe 
 rather to perifh, with all his Riches, than give an inconiider- 
 able Part, to preferve himfelf and the Remainder ? 
 
 I THEREFORE affirm, thefe Treafures will certainly appear, 
 when any juil Occafion fhall demand them ; not fooner. For 
 
 thefe 
 
 (12) We have here an Inftance of that of Triumph of thofe Riches, which he 
 
 Freedom, which our Orator often allows will immediately reprefent even ridjcg- 
 
 himfelf, when ufeful to the Purpofes of loully inconfiderable. 
 his Oration. He now talks with an Air
 
 DEMOSTHENES. 17 
 
 thefe Reafons, I would advife you, not to enter into any In- 
 quiries about them ; for whatever Supplies you could now raifc, 
 were you determined to raife them, would be more abfurd than 
 your not raifmg a fingle Talent. Shall we propofe an hundredth 
 Part of our Land- Valuation ? It will produce fixty Talents. 
 What if we propofe a Fiftieth ? It will produce double; an hun- 
 dred and twenty. What is even this Sum, when compared to 
 the twelve hundred Camels, that carry the Treafures of the Per- 
 iian ? But fliall I allow, that you refolve to raife a Twel th ? 
 Five hundred Talents. Yet neither are you able to fupport 
 fuch a Tax, nor, fuppofing you determined to eftablifli it 
 would it produce a Fund fufficient to maintain the War. I 
 therefore conclude, you ought to purfue far other Meafures ; 
 to fuffer the prefent Poffeflbrs to keep their Riches, for never 
 can they be preferved more conveniently for the Republic ; and 
 whenever any proper Occafion fhall arrive to demand them, then 
 receive them from their own chearful Contributions. 
 
 The^e are pradicable Meafures, O Men of Athens, honour- 
 able, advantageous, and worthy of being reported to the Kino- ; 
 nor inconfiderable the Terrors, with which they may probably 
 alarm him. He is extremely confcious, that by three hun- 
 dred Gallies, one hundred of which we provided, his Ances- 
 tors abfolutely loft a thoufand Ships. He fhall be now inform- 
 €?d, that we alone have fitted out three hundred Gallies, nor 
 
 Vol. I. D furcly
 
 i8 ORATIONSOF 
 
 furely will he prefume, if he be not furioufly mad indeed, to 
 imagine it a trivial Matter, and without Danger, to make this 
 RepubHc his Enemy. Or if it enter into his Imagination to 
 conceive with Infolence of his Treafures, he fhall find, that his 
 Resources are lefs powerful than yours. True, as they report, 
 he carries with him a mighty Weight of Gold ; yet, if he dif- 
 fipate it to all his various Occafions, he will be foon compelled 
 to look for new Supplies. Even Fountains and Wells are by 
 Nature conftituted to fail, if we too largely and too frequently 
 draw their Waters. Nor fhall he be uninformed, that the Va- 
 hiation of your Lands, will prove a Refource of fix thousand 
 Talents, and in what Manner we revenge ourfelves on them, 
 who invade thofe Lands, his Anceftors at Marathon can beft 
 inftruft him. However, if we prove vidorious our Funds can 
 never be exhaufted. 
 
 But indeed, what others look upon with Terrour, that pof- 
 fcfiing fuch immenfe Treafures, he may form a numerous Army 
 of Mercenaries againft us, appears not to me a Matter of real 
 Apprehenfion. I can eafily believe, that againft: iEgypt, Oron- 
 tes, or any other Barbarians, the Grecians would willingly ferve 
 under him for Pay ; not with an Intention of extending his 
 Conquefts, or continuing in his Service, but to receive a pre- 
 fent, eafy Subfiftence, and relieve themfelves from imminent, im- 
 mediate Penury. But that a Grecian will confent to invade 
 
 Greece,
 
 DEMOSTHENES. 19 
 
 Greece, I never can believe. For whither fliall he turn him- 
 felf when Greece is conquered ? Shall he become a Slave in 
 Phrygia ? (13) For to enter into the Service of a Barbarian, is 
 nothing lefs than an Engagement for Empire, Life, Manners, 
 Liberty, and whatfoever elfe refembles them. Who is there- 
 fore fo deplorably wretched, as voluntarily to lofe himfelf, his 
 Parents, Sepulchres, Country, for the Sake of a precarious 
 Stipend ? None, I verily believe. 
 
 Neither is it the Perfian's Intereft, that his Mercenaries 
 fhould fubdue Greece. They, who conquer us, will after- 
 wards conquer him ; nor hath he any Liclination, for the Sake 
 of enflaving us, to be himfelf enllaved. He paiHonately wijfhes 
 for univerfal Empire ; or, if that is impoflible, to maintain 
 his Tyranny over his prefent Slaves. If, therefore, any one 
 
 ima- 
 
 (13) The prefent Tranflation hath here gaged, v^og tov Bx^Cx^ov, in the Ser- 
 
 ventured to differ from all ojr Com- vice of the Barbarian, they mud totally 
 
 mentators and Tranflators. They con- refign all Views of Empire, or even of 
 
 ftrue O' TT^oV Tov Bx^&x^ov iroXi^cg, A Liberty. How can they be Slaves in 
 
 War againjt the Barbarian \ not confider- Phrygia, yet enter into a War there 
 
 ing, that Demofthenes is reprefenting the againft the Barbarian ? The Pr.Tpofition 
 
 Condition of thefe Mercenaries, when TrpoV does not neceffarily mean adverjus, 
 
 fuppofed to have conquered Greece. Will as our TranQators underftand it. TrpV 
 
 they fubmit tc be Slaves in Phrygia, or ^^V l3cccnXBtx apud regem, xcvV/j Regard 
 
 any other Pre vince of Afia ? As a Rea- ^^ ^^^ ^. ^^ ,^^ ^^~^^ res noftr^^ 
 
 fon for his Queftion he aflerts, That af- \ v ^ / ^ , .- 
 
 r , ,7^ .,-,,, Tcc TTosj a-u r/j^ixv (peaovTK, qu£e ad la- 
 ter fuch a War, m which they have en- , "^ . ^ ' ' ^ 
 
 ' lutem pertinent. 
 
 D 2
 
 20 ORATIONSOF 
 
 imac^ines the Thebans will join with him (14) — the very Men- 
 tion of them is abfolutely diiiigreeable to you, for in your In- 
 dignation againft them, you are unable to hear with Temper, 
 either Truth aflerted of them, or any Thing lionourable of 
 their Charader. It is, however, their Duty, who debate on 
 Affairs of Importance, not upon any Pretext, to pafs over in 
 Silence whatever Counfel may be conducive to the public Wel- 
 fare. I therefore declare my own Opinion, that the Thebans, 
 far from joining with the Perfian to invade Greece, would 
 purchafe, were it poffible, at a confiderable Price, any Oppor- 
 tunity, by w|iich they might redeem their former Errours with 
 Regard to the Grecians. Or if you be ftill abfolutely per- 
 fuaded, that the Thebans are by Nature of fuch unhappy Spi- 
 rit, 
 
 ( 1 4) E< TDivvv T«? oterxt ©^jSan»? eVe- are fuppofed to hear the Name of the 
 &CC, i^er huva, sg-' H-'-v x'^XiTTog vrfog Thebans ; and perhaps it were impof- 
 
 ~ ' ^ '- ,v„V„, v,t^ro\\xr trcn fible, that two Nations, fo different in 
 vjuug TTEC» Tovrcev Aoyog, literally tran- .' n ii 
 
 f, J rr f 1. 7- .. ti,« <ru^hy,i,r Cienius and Manners, ever Ihould enter- 
 
 flated, // any of you believes the thebans . . r t- • m • 
 
 ... . . • I ;• w „.„,;„„ ,f tain any Sentiments or rnendfhip, or 
 
 -will mn with hm, the very mention «/ „^ •', , , ^ r/ 
 
 , • IT r ^ n=r^^;„^, f),,» iifteem for each other. Our Orator, 
 
 them IS offenfive to you. Certainly the c r • , 
 
 r r • L I J- ^1 r,,» Tf ,„» however, was tar iupenor to vulgar, na- 
 
 fenfe is broken and inconclulive. It we ' r & ? 
 
 fuppofe the Orator interrupted by the ^ional Prejudices. He confidered, with- 
 
 Clamors or Murmurs of the People, upon «"^ Partiality, the real Interefts of his 
 
 his mentioning the Thebans, the Sen- Country, whofe Welfare fhould be a 
 
 tence will naturally break after [^er £«£..«, Statefman's only Pafllon, yet his Regard 
 
 and then the Conclufion regularly fol- ^of the People of Thebes was numbered 
 
 lows. The next Sentence almoft ne- by ^fchines among his Crimes. The 
 
 ceflarily fuppofes the Interruption, Tou Errour, which, he fays, they would if 
 
 cannot hear zmth Temper, &c. The Hi- poflible redeem, was their joining witb 
 
 ftory of both Nations accounts for the Xerxes in his Invafion of Greece. 
 Deteftation, with which the Athenians
 
 DEMOSTHENES. 21 
 
 rit, yet you muft univerlally be convinced, that while they 
 zealoufly fupport the Perlian, whoever are Enemies to them, fliall 
 neceffarily fupport the Caufe of Greece ; nor can I ever doubt, 
 that the Caufe of Juftice, and they, who defend it, will prove 
 victorious over the Betrayers of their Country and the whole 
 Force of the Barbarian. From whence I conclude, we fhould 
 be neither immoderately alarmed, nor infenflbly induced to 
 enter firft into the War. 
 
 Neither indeed do I perceive, that the other States of 
 Greece can be with Reafon terrified at the Apprehenfion of a 
 War with the Perfian. Who among them is ignorant, that 
 while they confidered him as a common Enemy, and preferved 
 a general Amity towards each other, they were Mafters of 
 every moft valuable Bleiling ; but that afterwards, when they 
 efteemed him a faithful Ally, and were violently torn to Pieces 
 by Difientions amongft themfelves, they fuffered fuch Calami- 
 ties, as he, who fhould imprecate divine Vengeance upon them, 
 were unable to invent ? Whom Fortune therefore, and fupreme 
 Providence, have clearly reprefented as an unprofitable Friend, 
 and an advantageous Enemy, fhall we behold that Man with 
 Terrour ? No. 
 
 Let us not, however, commit any open Adt of Hoftility 
 againft him, whether in Regard to our own Interefls ; the Dif- 
 
 orders
 
 22 ORATIONSOF 
 
 orders we may raife among the general States of Greece, or 
 the Diffidence they may entertain of our Intentions. Yet could 
 we unanimoufly rufli upon him, deftitute of all Alliances, with 
 the univerfal Force of Greece, I fhould not efteem it an Adl 
 of Injuftice. But fmce the Defign is impra6licable, let us not 
 give him a Pretext for demanding Juftice for any other States, or 
 offering them his Friendfliip and Protedion. While you con- 
 tinue obfervant of the Peace, he will immediately become fuf- 
 pefted, fhould he make any Attempt to invade us ; but if you 
 begin Hoflilities, he may with Reafbn appear to folicite the 
 Friendlhip of others to protedl him from your Injuftice. 
 
 Do not therefore convince him how unhappy the prefent 
 Situation of Greece, by calling to your Afliftance whom 
 you cannot perfuade to a6t ; or by entering into a War, which 
 you are unable to fupport. Continue the Peace ; be confident 
 and prepared- Then determine, that it fhall be reported to 
 the King, not, by Jupiter, that Greece and die Athenians are 
 fluduating in their Councils ; are alarmed with Fear, or dis- 
 turbed with civil Dillentions. Far otherwife ; that were it not 
 equally difhonourable to the Grecians to break their Faith, and 
 violate their Oaths, as to him it is Matter of Glory, you had 
 long fince marched againft him ; that you do not even now 
 execute this Defign in pure Regard to yourfelves, and to your 
 own Integrity ; that you implore all the Gods to infpire him 
 
 with
 
 DEMOSTHENES. 23 
 
 with the fame Spirit of Folly, as formerly pofTeiTed his Ancef- 
 tors, and that if he enter into the Proof of thefe Reports, he 
 fhall find you have not idly confulted your own Interefts, your 
 ov/n Glory. 
 
 That, in Truth, our Republic became glorious and power- 
 ful, by our Wars with his Anceftors, he is clearly confcious ; 
 and that by the Peace fhe before maintained, fhe never was fo 
 far fuperior to the other Cities of Greece, as fhe is at prefent. Be- 
 fides, he well perceives the Grecians want fome common Me- 
 diator, or willing or unwilling, to reconcile their mutual Dif- 
 fentions, and fuch, he is not infenfible, that he himfelf will 
 certainly prove, by any Declaration of War. From hence, 
 whatever fhall be reported concerning us, will be with Eafe 
 acknowledged by him, and believed. 
 
 But not to be extremely tedious, and talk too long, I fhall 
 repeat the general Heads of the Meafures I have propofed, and 
 then defcend from the Tribunal. I therefore, with utmoft 
 Earneflnefs, advife you to raife a fufficient Force againft what- 
 ever prefent and apparent Enemies ;" to employ that Force in 
 avenging yourfelves on the King, and upon all others, who 
 {hall attempt to treat you with Injuftice : Never, either in Word 
 or Deed, to commit the firfl: Hoftilities ; and to fix your At- 
 tention upon forming your Condu6t in fuch a Manner as may 
 be worthy of the Glory of your Anceftors, not upon the 
 1 Speeches
 
 34 O R A T I O N S O F, &c. 
 
 Speeches pronounced on this Tribunal. If you purfue this 
 Scheme, you lliall ajGTuredly ad with much Advantage to your- 
 feives, and even to them, who would perfuade you to very 
 different Meafures ; nor ftiall you hereafter have any Caufe of 
 Indignation againfl them, if you do not now commit fome 
 fatal Errour. 
 
 O R A.
 
 ORATION IL 
 
 In Favour of the MEGALOPOLITANS. 
 
 Vol. I. E
 
 ******#*#****************i)«Nf*«*»5»*****»*****3!^***i)e^*** 
 
 The ARGUMENT. 
 
 THE Laced semonians, reduced to the utmoft Diflrefs by the Lofs 
 of the Battle of Leudlra, fent Ambaffadors to Athens to foUcit 
 Succours againft the Thebans. The Athenians, always generous and 
 humane, fupported them vigouroufly both by Sea and Land. Thus 
 affifled they recover, in fome Degree, their ancient Strength and Spirit. 
 They defeat the Arcadians; enter the Territories of Megalopolis, which 
 was built as a Barrier againft their Incurfions, and prepare to befiege 
 it. The Megalopolitans inftantly fend an Embafly to Athens to im- 
 plore its Prote6lion. Demofthenes fupports them with his ufual Vi- 
 gour. The Caufe was difficult and delicate ; to perfuade the Atheni- 
 ans to a flift the People of Arcadia, their ancient Enemies, againft tlie 
 Lacedemonians, their late Allies. 
 
 We know not the Succefs of his Oration, but as Diodorus, who 
 names all the other States, that fent any Afliftance to the Megalopo- 
 litans, does not mention the Athenians, we may believe it did not 
 fucceed. It was fpoken in the fourth of the hundred and fixth Olym- 
 piad, when our Orator was in his eight and twentieth Year. 
 
 »#*»#****##*****#*#*«*************************************
 
 O R A l^ I O N 11. 
 
 In Favour of the MEGALOPOLITANS. 
 
 BOTH Parties, in my Judgement, O Men of Athens, ap- 
 pear to wander extremely from their proper Charaders ; 
 they, who patronize the Arcadians, and they, who fupport 
 the Lacedasmonians. For as if they came Ambaffadors from 
 thefe Nations, not Hke Citizens of this Republic, to which 
 they were fent, they mutually calumniate and accufJb each 
 other. This indeed is the Behaviour of Ambailadors ; but 
 to fpeak upon Affairs of Importance, with a Regard only to 
 the public Good, and without the Violence of Fadion to 
 propofe the moft falutary Councils, is the peculiar Charader 
 
 of 
 
 The Arcadians and Argives, after the 
 Battle of Leudtra, entered the Territo- 
 ries of the Lacedaemonians, which, dur- 
 ing five hundred Years, had never feen 
 -an Enemy, and even threatened to be- 
 iiege Sparta. After being vidorious in 
 feveral lefs important Engagements, they 
 were totally routed, and loft ten thou- 
 fand Men. Animated by their Viftory, 
 the Lacedaemonians march into Arcadia, 
 lay wafte the Country, and propofe to 
 befiege Megalopolis. The Megalopo- 
 Jitans fend Ambaffadors to Thebes and 
 Athens, to folicit Succours. It was the 
 political Intereft of the Athenians to hold 
 
 the Balance of Power between Lacedx- 
 mon and Thebes ; to weaken the prefent 
 Strength of the latter, and to prevent 
 the firft from recovering that formidable 
 Sovereignty (he had once held over the 
 States of Greece. The Thebans hud 
 ruined C 'rchomenum, Thelpice, and Pla- 
 t£Ea. 1 hefe Cities, if reftored, would 
 be a ftrong Barrier againft the Thebans; 
 and the Arcadians in general, particu- 
 larly the Megalopolitans, if vigoroufly 
 fupported by the Republic, would fuf- 
 ficiently check the growing Power of the 
 Lacedaemonians. 
 
 -E 2
 
 28 ORATIONSOF 
 
 of whoever would be thought to confult the general Welfare 
 of their Country. Yet I really think, that in both Parties, 
 were they not perfonally known to be Athenians ; did they 
 not fpeak the Attic Language, many would feem Arcadians, 
 many of them Lacedaemonians. 
 
 I WELL perceive, how difficult it is to propofe to you that 
 bed Advice your Affairs demand ; for while your Orators and 
 you are both equally deceived ; while you are divided into 
 Opinions, in perfed: Oppofition to each other, if any one at- 
 tempted to advife in a Medium between thofe Opinions, you 
 yourfelves would not endure being inf!:ru(5led, and the Per- 
 fon, who had offered his Advice, would certainly gratify nei- 
 ther Party, but be calumniated by both. Yet I fhall rather 
 choofe to appear, if I muft fubmit to fuch a Choice, a very 
 trifling Impertinent, than reftrain myfelf from declaring what 
 I conceive is of utmofl Utility to the Commonwealth, or aban- 
 don you to be abufed by certain of your Advifers. Of other 
 Particulars therefore, if it be agreeable to you, I fhall fpeak 
 hereafter ; but I fliall begin with thofe univerfally acknowledg- 
 ed of immediate Importance, and in which, I apprehend, it 
 is your exceeding Intereft to be well informed. 
 
 No Man will deny, it is of utmoft Importance to this Re- 
 public, that both the Lacedaemonians and Thebans fliould equal-
 
 DEMOSTHENES. 29 
 
 ly be weak and enfeebled. Indeed your Affairs are at prefent 
 in fuch a critical Situation (if any Conjedure may be formed 
 upon the Remarks frequently repeated among you in Converfa- 
 tion) that the Thebans will be reduced to a proper Degree of 
 Weaknefs, if Orchomenus, Thefpiae, and Plataea, be reftored 
 to their former populous Condition ; but that the Lacedsemo- 
 nians, if they fubdue Arcadia, and make themfelves Mafters of 
 Megalopolis, may again become dangeroufly powerful. We fliould 
 therefore be wifely cautious, not to fuffer the Thebans to grow 
 formidable and great, before the Lacedaemonians are fufficiently 
 reduced ; nor to permit the Lacedaemonians infenfibly fo far to 
 recover their former Greatnefs, as that the Commonwealth may 
 be threatened with greater Danger by their Strength, than fhe 
 can poflibly receive Advantage from the Weaknefs of the The- 
 bans. Not that, however, I would affirm, we fhould rather 
 choofe, if fuch an Exchange were pofliblcj to have the Lacede- 
 monians our Enemies than the Thebans. Not this the Pur- 
 pofe, for which I contend ; but that neither of them fball be 
 capable of injuring or infuking the Republic. Thus alone fliall 
 we be fecurc from all future Apprchenlions. 
 
 But although, by Jupiter, we mull: acknowledge the Truth 
 of thefe Aflertions, yet difagreeable indeed will be the Necefli- 
 ty, fhould we now take as Allies, that very People againft 
 whom we fought at Mantinea ; fhould we now affift that Peo- 
 ple
 
 3A O R A T I O N S O F 
 
 pie agalnft the Lacedaemonians, with whom we then fupported 
 one common Danger. I confefs, how reafonable the Reflexi- 
 on ; yet it were likewife to be wiflied, that other States would 
 refolve to a6l upon the fame Principles of Equity ; for if all 
 Parties are willing to prefervc the general Peace, we fhall not 
 fend Succours to the Megalopolitans ; it will not be neceffary. 
 We fhall not in any Manner oppofe who were once our Fellow- 
 Soldiers in the Day of Battle. 
 
 But the Lacedaemonians, as they afllire U5;» are already our 
 faithful Allies, and the Arcadians tell us, they will now accede 
 to our Alliance. What have we therefore elfe to defire ? But 
 if the Lacedemonians, in manifeft Violation of Juftice, fhould 
 hold it their Intereft to declare War againft the Megolopolitans, 
 what Conduct fhall we then purfue ? Were it the fole Queftion 
 of our Debates, whether we ought to abandon Megalopolis (a 
 Meafure certainly mofl: unjuft) I chearfully confent, nor by 
 any Means oppofe our once Confederates in the Dangers of the 
 Theban War. (i) But when you are abfolutely convinced, that 
 
 if 
 
 (i") The Tranflation of a few Lines who were in the extremeft Danger of 
 firomDiodorus will give theneceflary hif- being enflaved. Having in one Day le- 
 torical Lights to this Paffage. The People vied twelve thoufand Men, they fent 
 «f Athens, always generous and hu- them under the Command of Iphicrates 
 mane, were not alarmed by the Power to their Affiftance, and that General fee- 
 ■«t the 1 hebans, but unanimoufly de- ing the Alacrity of his Soldiers, march- 
 freed to Jm/^couv the Lacednemonians, ed witli utmoft Expedition againft the 
 
 Ene-
 
 DEMOSTHENES. 31 
 
 if the Lacedaemonians reduce Megalopolis, they will aflliredly 
 make an Attempt upon MefTene ; tell me, whoever is now 
 moft violent againft the Megalopolitans, what Meafures he will 
 then advife us to purfue ? But no Man will then offer his Ad- 
 vice. However, you are all perfedlly convinced, whether our 
 prefent Fadlions advife, or diffuade us from fuch a Refolution, 
 that Succours muft neceflarily be then fent to the Meffenians, 
 both in Regard to our Treaties with them, which we have ra- 
 tified with our Oaths, and to the Intereft of our Republic, 
 which requires the Prefervation of their City. Conlider there- 
 fore with yourfelves, whether it will be more honourable, more 
 agreeable to the general Sentiments of good Senfe, to oppofe 
 the Violence and Injuftice of the Lacedemonians in their At- 
 tempts upon Megalopolis, or Meffene. At prefent, you will 
 appear generoufly determined to fuccour the Arcadians, and 
 anxious to preferve that Peace inviolable, for which you once 
 
 en- 
 Enemy. DioDORUs, I/ib. 15. Such the Arcadians, and in three Years en- 
 were the PoHtics of Athens, to relieve gaged againft tliem and the Thcbans in 
 the opprefled •, oppofe all Attempts of the Battle of Mantinea. In the Plio- 
 Sovercignty, and affcrt the general Li- ctean War fhe joined her Forces with 
 berties of Greece. In Proof of this Af- thofe of Phocis and Lacediemon, yet 
 fertion, we fee her entering into an Al- here we fee the Megalopolitans folicitino- 
 liance with the Thebans, in the third Succours againft the Laced^em nians. 
 of the hundredth Olympiad, and nine Such was the Syftem of Politics by which 
 Years afterwards declaring War againft Athens maintained her own Independ- 
 them in Favour of the Lacedasmonians, ance, and purfued, what our Author 
 In the third of the hundred and third calls the conftant Principle of her Con- 
 Olympiad, fhe concluded a Peace with ftitution, that of relieving the opprefled.
 
 32 ORATIONSOF 
 
 endangered your Perfons ; for which you fought. But in af- 
 fifting the Meffenians, at fuch a Conjundure, you will to all 
 Mankind appear to wifh the Prefervation of MelTene, not more 
 from Motives of Juftice, than from your own Apprehensions 
 of the Lacedemonians. We ought indeed always to think, 
 and always to ad upon Principles of Equity, yet at the fame 
 Time obferve with Attention, that thefe Principles are condu- 
 cive to the public Intereft. (2J 
 
 It 
 
 (2) To fhew the Force oF our Ora- 
 tor's reafoning in a ftronger Light, it 
 may be neceflary to give the Reader a 
 Ihort Hiftory of the MefTenians, their 
 Interefts, Politics, and Situation, with 
 Regard to Greece. Animated by the 
 Love of Liberty and of their Country, they 
 Jiad fupported a loHg War with various 
 Succefs, although with very unequal 
 Strength, againft the Lacedaemonians. 
 They were at laft totally fubdued, and 
 cither fold to Slavery, or difperfed 
 through the Cities of Greece, by whom 
 they were treated with the Regard due to 
 their Virtue. After the Battle of Leuc- 
 tra, Epaminond.is, not in CompafTion 
 only to their Misfortunes, but at once 
 to mortify and diftrefs the Lacedjemo- 
 nians, reftored th«m to their Country. 
 Thus after their Difperfion and Slavery 
 for three hundred Years, during which 
 Time they had preferved their Manners, 
 Cultoms, and Language, they returned 
 
 with the fame Hatred to Sparta, the 
 fame Love of Country, and the fame 
 Paflion for Liberty. Apprehenfive of 
 the Theban Power, the Lacedaemonians 
 were compelled to fuffer their Reftora- 
 tion, which however they confidered as 
 a perpetual Affront and Ignominy. At 
 the general Peace therefore concluded 
 after the Battle of Mantinea, they alone 
 refufed to include the MefTenians in the 
 common Treaty, and when the Thebans 
 were engaged in the Phocasan War, they 
 formed an Expedition againft Meflene, 
 who immediately fent her Ambafladors 
 to Athens to folicit her Afliftance. The 
 Athenians returned this Anfwer, that 
 they would neither commit Hoftilities 
 againft the Lacedjemonians, nor fuffer 
 them to invade the MefTenians. 
 
 In this little Hiftory we fee the poli- 
 tical Interefts of Athens, the Ambition 
 of Sparta, and the Importance of Mef'- 
 fene.
 
 DEMOSTHENES. ;^ ^ 
 
 It is generally fald by the Perfons, who oppofe our fending S\. . - 
 cours to the Megalopolitans, that we ought certainly to attempt' 
 the Recovery of Oropus ; but that ii we now make a Natioa 
 our Enemy, who might aflift us in fuch an Attempt, we never 
 muft exped their AlHance hereafter. That every Expedient 
 fhould be exerted for the Recovery of Oropus, I heartily de- 
 clare ; but that the Lacedaemonians will now become our Ene- 
 mies, if we conclude an Alliance with the Arcadians, who 
 make us an Offer of their Friendfhip, our Orators alone, who 
 perfuaded us to afHft them, when their Republic v/as in ex- 
 tremeft Danger, I really think, ought never to affert. (3) For 
 they, who argue in this Manner, are the very Perfons, by whofe 
 Counfels you rejedled the whole People of Peloponnefus, whtii 
 
 their 
 
 (3) The Senfe of this Pafiage appears then to preferve Sparta from being mined 
 to Lucchefini a little obfcure. It mull by the Thebans. Their true political 
 therefore well deferve to be explained. Intereft fnould for ever prevent either of 
 They, who advifed the Athenians to be thefe States from becoming too power- 
 reconciled to the Lacedemonians, and fnl. 
 
 to fupport them againft Thebes, why Thus it was the Intereft of the Lace- 
 
 fhall they alone be now forbidden to per- djemonians to aflift the Athenians in re- 
 
 fuade them not to aflift the Arcadians ? covering Oropus, becaufe it was their 
 
 To abandon this People would rather Intereft to weaken, as much as pofllble, 
 
 feem to confirm their Reconciliation with the Power of the Thebans. What In- 
 
 the Lacedfemonians. The Anfwer is fluence Gratitude may be fuppofed to 
 
 plain and diredl. They muft aft in Con- have upon the Conduit of States and 
 
 tradition to thofe Principles, upon which Princes, the Tranflator will not prefumc 
 
 they advifed the Athenians to fuccour to determine. It is at leaft a Subjeft for 
 
 the Lacedaemonians ; for it is now equally Oratory, and as fuch our Orator hatlj 
 
 their Intereft to hinder the Lacedjemo- ufed it. 
 nians from conquering Arcadia, as it was 
 
 Vol. I. F
 
 34 ORATIONSOF 
 
 their Ambaffadors came hither, and propofed, in Conjundion 
 with you, and under your Conduil, to invade Laceda^mon. 
 After this Propofal, as the alone Expedient left tiiem, they ap- 
 plied thcmfelves to the Thebans. Thefe are the very Perfons, 
 who perfuadedyou, for the Prefervation of the Lacedemonians, 
 to contribute your Treafures, and expofe your Lives to the 
 Dangers of War. Yet, certainly, you would not have deter- 
 mined with fo much Ardour to preferve them, had they before 
 informed you, that, if you did not fuffer them to adl accord- 
 ing to their good Pleafure ; to commit every Violence, and 
 every Lijuftice, they never would acknowledge any Obligation 
 to you for their Prefervation. 
 
 However, were it exceedingly contrary to the Defigns of 
 the Lacedaemonians, that you fhould receive the Arcadians into 
 your Alliance, yet, I think it might become their Chara6ler 
 rather to fhew their Gratitude for your having preferved them 
 in the extremeft Peril of their Commonwealth, than to refent 
 your oppoling their prefent Wrongs and Outrage. But in what 
 Manner they can refufe to afTifl us in recovering Oropus, with- 
 out appearing of all Mankind moft ungrateful, by the Gods, I 
 cannot conceive. 
 
 I WONDER likewife at them, who aflert, that if we fhould 
 enter into an Alliance with the Arcadians, and ad:, as I pro- 
 pofe, in Confequence of that Alliance, the very Conftitution 
 
 8 of
 
 DEMOSTHENES. 35 
 
 of our Republic muft be greatly altered, nor ever have any 
 firm Principles hereafter in her Adminift ration. The very con- 
 trary appears to my Judgement, O Men of Athens, moft ap- 
 parent. Wherefore ? Becaufe, I believe no Mortal will deny, 
 that this Republic lately preferved the Lacedremonians ; the 
 Thebans formerly, and laftly the Euboeans from abfolute Ruin, 
 yet afterwards entered into an Alliance with each of them, be- 
 ing ever determined to adl: upon one, and the fame unvaried 
 Principle. What Principle? That of preferving the opprelled. 
 If fuch, therefore, in very Fadl the State of Things, furely 
 we fhall not appear inconftant and various, but rather they, who 
 refufe to continue within the Bounds of Equity and Moderati- 
 on. It fhall indeed be clearly manifeft, that the general Dif- 
 orders and Alterations in Greece, arife from thofe, who are per- 
 petually ambitious of extending their Dominions, not that our 
 Republic ever varies in her Condu6l. 
 
 But I confefs, to me the Lacedzemonians appear to ad: with 
 an extremely fubtle and malignant Spirit. They declare, the 
 El^ans ought to recover Part of Triphylia ; the Phliafians 
 Tricaranum ; certain exiled Arcadians their Country, and we 
 Oropus. Not, from a Senfe of Equity, to take Pleafure in be- 
 holding us in Pofieflion of our rightful Claims ; far otherwife, 
 unlefs they are lately become exceedingly humane and equit- 
 able ; but they would feem chearfuUy to have given their Aflifl- 
 
 F 2 ance
 
 -6 O R A T I O N S O F 
 
 ance to recover for others their different Claims , that afterwards, 
 when they themfelves (hall invade MciTene, we may unani- 
 moafly engage with them in the Expedition, and fuccour them 
 with Vigour^ or acknowledge our own Ingratitude in not re- 
 paying the Obligation of that Afliftance, which each of us re- 
 ceived in afferting our different Rights. But I am convinced, 
 that Athens, without abandoning any one Arcadian to the La- 
 cedaemonians, will be able to recover Oropusj and even, by 
 their Affiftance to recover it, if they are willing to aft upon 
 Principles of Equity, as well as in Conjundlion with fome other 
 States of Greece, who are not of Opinion, that the Thebans 
 ought to poflefs the Dominions of others. (4) Yet were it 
 evident, that unlefs we fuffered the Lacedaemonians to lay wafte 
 Peloponnefus, we could not be able to recover Oropus, I truly 
 think, it were more eligible, if I may be permitted to ipeak 
 my Sentiments, to cede the PoffefTion of it to the Thebans 
 for ever, than abandon Meffene and Peloponnefus to the 
 Lacedemonians ; for this, in my Judgement, is not the only 
 Apprehenfion you may with Reafon entertain of that Peo- 
 ple. 
 
 (4) The Phocajans, Thefiallans, Corin- The Manner of Expreffion here is re- 
 
 tKians, might be with Reafon apprehenfive, markable, ruv olXKccv tuv ku oiofjLivuv^ 
 
 that Thebes might grow too powerful, and ^/^o are not of Opimon, v/hile he means, 
 
 even dangerous to their Liberties. They -joho are determined not to fuffer the The- 
 
 ■vere therefore engaged in Intereft to wifh bans to polTefs the Dominions of Athens. 
 
 . that Gropns, a confiderable City upon the Negatives, in general, have a fecret and 
 
 Confines of Attica and Basotia, might be infinuating Power, far ftronger than open 
 
 refiored to Athens, and fer\'e to controul and dired Affirjnaatives. 
 any Attempts of the Thebans.
 
 DEMOSTHENES. 37 
 
 pie. — (5) But I fliaii not mention what then came into my 
 Thoughts ; yet, in many Inftances, I am perfuadedj there i^ 
 much Danger near us. 
 
 Yet whatever Injuries our Orators aflert were committed 
 againft us by the MegalopoHtans, during their Engafrements 
 with the Thebans, it were abfurd to urge them at prcfent as 
 Matter of Accufation, or even to remember them wit]i Re- 
 fen tment, when they voluntarily offer us their Alliance, and 
 with a Refolution of giving us immediate Proofs of their 
 Friendfhip, in Recompence for their paft Injuftice : Abfurd to 
 fearch with Earneftnefs for every pofTible Means, that they ne- 
 ver may become our Friends, and not to know, that in Pro- 
 portion, as they fhewed themfelves more warmly zealous againft 
 us, during their Alliance with the Thebans, fo do thofe Per- 
 fons more juftly deferve your Indignation, who deprived the 
 Republic of fuch Allies ; efpecially, as they implored your 
 Protedion, before they made any Application to the Thebans. 
 It is, however, the Advice of Men, not eminent in Wifdom, 
 
 abfo- 
 
 (5) The Break here does not appear himfelf to mention the Dangers he con- 
 in the Manufcripts, or Editions, nor ceived might arife from their increafmo- 
 have any of our Commentators marked Power. But he more forceably conveys, 
 it. There is however an apparent Dif- in this JManner, the Terrours he would 
 order in the Sentence. Our Orator was imprefs upon his Audience, than if he 
 going to declare his Apprehenfions of the had openly exprefled them even with his 
 Lacedemonians. He flops, and forbids own Eloquence. 
 
 4413?"» 
 
 tf^fi^
 
 38 O R A T I O N S O F 
 
 (6) abfolutely to confirm an Alliance between the Arcadians 
 and the Thebans. 
 
 As far as I am able, after examining with my beft Atten- 
 tion, to form any Conjedlure upon our prefent Circumftances, 
 I really think, and I beheve many of you will agree with me 
 in Opinion, that if the Lacedaemonians make themfelves Maf- 
 ters of Megalopolis, Meffene will be in imminent Danger ; but 
 fhould they reduce that City to their Obedience, I then abfolutely 
 pronounce, we muft enter into an immediate Alliance with the 
 Thebans. It were therefore much more honourable, and more 
 advantageous, immediately to receive thefe Allies of the Thebans 
 into your Protedlion, nor any longer to endure the Ambition 
 of the Lacedaemonians, than to refufe, whether through Fear 
 or Indolence, to a6l for their Prefervation ; or rather totally to 
 abandon them ; yet, hereafter be compelled to engage in the 
 Defence of the Thebans themfelves, and even to ftand in Ter- 
 rour for our proper Safety. For I do not imagine it wholly with- 
 out Apprehenfion to the Republic, that the Lacedemonians 
 may reduce Megalopolis, and refume their former Greatnefs, 
 while I behold them even now taking up Arms, not to defend 
 themfelves from any approaching Danger, but to recover their 
 once formidable Sovereignty. What Projedls they formed in 
 
 their 
 
 {6) AsoTSfuv uvQ^cIttuv. a Kind of or, inferior Jbilities. Wolfius would 
 proverbial Expreffion j Men of fecond^ have us read /3^eAi;pwv amentium.
 
 DEMOSTHENES. 
 
 39 
 
 their Ambition, while they held that Sovereignty, thofe you 
 better know perhaps than I do, and may therefore remember 
 them with greater and jufter Apprehenfion. (7) 
 
 Yet I would gladly afk our Orators, fbme of whom profefs 
 to hate the Thebans, and fome the Lacedaemonians, whether 
 they really hate, whom they proftls to hate, for your Sake 
 and for your Intereft, or whether they mutually hate the The- 
 bans to gratify the Lacedaemonians, and the LacedEcmonians to 
 gratify the Thebans. (8) It thefe the Motives of their Advice, 
 by neither of them, as it they were adluated by their PaiHons 
 even to Madnefs, fliould you fuffer yourfelves to be perfuaded. 
 
 If 
 
 (7) Our Orator again, and in the fame 
 covert Manner, exprelTes his Apprehen- 
 fions of the growino; Power of the La- 
 cedsemonians. He ftrongly alarms his 
 Audience with the Calan:!ities they may 
 juftly expeft from the future Sovereignty 
 of that People, by recoUefting their pafl 
 Infolence and Tyranny. They had com- 
 pelled the Athenians to deftroy the Py- 
 rseum ; to raze the Walls, which joined 
 that Harbour to the City, and to fol- 
 low, either by Land or Sea, the Stand- 
 ards of Lacedsemon. They changed 
 their Form of Government, and im- 
 pofed thirty Tyrants upon them. 
 
 Our Orator was not then born, but 
 many of his Audience muft have re- 
 membered thefe Inftances of the Pride, 
 and Ambition, and Tyranny of the La- 
 
 cedsemonians, only one and fifty Years 
 before this Oration was fpoken. 
 
 (^) 'HiTewj a,v Trv^oif^viu ruv Xsyou— 
 Tuv KOit rag Qrjfjtxi^; f^tcreTv ^ctcaoi/ruv, 
 Kxi Tuv rig A<x.y,£S(Xtixovl<ig,, TTorepa Jtj 
 sKocTs^ot fyCKrSirtv, H; S-^ [/,i(rS(nu, vjrep 
 J/^av, dec. Thefe Expreflions are not, 
 as Woliius conftrues them, to be under- 
 ftood conjunftively, but disjunftively, as 
 acxn^oi muft fignify alterutri. This 
 appears from the Repetition of fzicrS(nv 
 and from the Context. Our Orators. 
 bo.ifted their Hatred of the People againft 
 whom they fpoke, and Demofthenes art- 
 fully remarks this boafting, to engage- 
 them to acknowledge from what Caufes,, 
 of Bribery and Corruption, their Hatred; 
 could proceed. Lucchesinii.
 
 40 ORATIONSOF 
 
 If they confult your Intereft alone, wherefore thus exceflively, 
 thus unfcafonably does each of them extol his favourite Nation? 
 For it is pofliblc, affuredly very poiTible, to humble the The- 
 bans, without fuffering the Lacedaemonians to recover their too 
 formidable Power. It is indeed perfedly eafy, as I fhall endea- 
 vour to convince you. 
 
 This Truth we univerfally acknowledge, that all Mankind, 
 kowever contrary to their Inclinations, are to a certain Degree 
 a{hamed of not ading upon the common Principles of Equity, 
 and will openly oppofe the Violators of Juftice ; efpecially when 
 fome particular Perfons are injured. But we fhall find it, in all 
 Inftances, moft pernicious ; indeed the very Beginning of all 
 Calamities, that Men refufe to ad: with Re6titude upon fimpler 
 Principles. However, that even this blameable Senfe of Shame 
 may be no Impediment ; that they may be afhamed to oppofe 
 us in reducing the Power of the Thebans, let us make public 
 Declaration, in Proof of the Juftice and Integrity of our In- 
 tentions, that Thefpiae, Plataeae and Orchomenu fhall be reftored 
 to their once flourifhing Condition. Let us ourfelves engage 
 in their Defence, and invite others to their Affiftance ; for it is 
 honourable and equitable, not to fuffer thefe ancient Cities to 
 continue in Ruins. Let us neither abandon Megalopolis and 
 Meffene to the Ambition of the Lacedaemonians, nor, under 
 
 an
 
 DEMOSTHENES. 41 
 
 an Apprehenfion of their oppofing the Reftoratlon of the Pla- 
 tasans, and Thefpians, indolently fuft'cr thofe now populous and 
 flourifliing Cities to be totally dcflroyed. 
 
 Were thefe Refolutions publicly known, not any one State in 
 Greece will refufe their Confent, that the Thebans fhall at length, 
 reiign the Dominion of Oropus, which rightfully belongs to 
 Athens ; or fhould it prove otlierwife ; fhould the Thebans 
 oppofe us in the Refloration of Thefpi^e and Plat^a (as we 
 muft reafonably expe6l, fince they may well imagine it will 
 bring inevitable Ruin upon their Republic) it is confeffed that 
 all our Meafures will be fruftrated ; but what indeed v/ill be 
 the Event, if we perpetually fuffer Cities really flourifliing to 
 be deftroyed, and demand the Refloration of others, when laid 
 in Ruins ? 
 
 But they, who feem to fpeak with greatefl Appearance of 
 Reafon, aflert, that the Arcadians muft certainly throw down 
 the Columns upon which their Treaties w^ith. the Thebans are 
 infcribed, it they purpoie to be firmly our Allies, Yet the 
 Arcadians themfelves affirm, not Columns, but Interefts of 
 State, conftitute Friendfliip ; and that they, who relieve and 
 affift them in their DiftrefTes, they alone fhould be confidered 
 by them as Allies. 
 
 Vol. I. G For
 
 42 ORATIONSOF 
 
 For my own Part, howevier, if the Arcadians be flncere in 
 their ProfefTions, I declare my Opinion, that they fhall be re- 
 quired to throw down thofe Columns, and the Lacedaemonians to 
 preferve the general Peace. If either of them refufe, let us 
 inftantly unite with the Party, that complies. For when Peace 
 is concluded, if the Megalopolitans continue their Alliance with 
 the Thebans, they will be manifeftly difcovered by all Greece, 
 to have preferred the Power and Splendor of their Allies, to 
 the Caufe of Juftice ; (9) or, when the Megalopolitans have 
 with Integrity entered into an Alliance with us, if the Lace- 
 daemonians violate the Peace, they fhall appear to all Mankind 
 to have engaged, with fo much Solicitude, not that Thefpiae 
 fiiould be reftored, but that while the Thebans were engaged 
 in this War, they might reduce Peloponnefus to their Obe- 
 dience. 
 
 But I really wonder, that fome certain Perfons among us 
 are greatly apprehenfive, left the Arcadians may declare War 
 ao-ainft the Lacedasmonians, yet, fhould the Lacedaemonians lay 
 wafte Arcadia, they would efteem it nothing alarming ; ejfpe- 
 ciaily fince Time itfelf hath convinced us by Experience, that 
 
 the 
 
 (9) Triv irXiovtlixv t',)i/ Qr]^x[u:v, a' rice, not preferred it to the Caufe of 
 
 TO BUcc:ov ar^^fx.Evci. Tranflated by Juftice. llXidn^loc therefore muft be 
 
 Wolfius, Avaritiam & emoKimenta The- rendered, not Avarice, but Riclies, Pow- 
 
 bi'.p.orum, ncn fequitatem eos fequi. er and Succefs ; or as Lucchefini traa- 
 
 Surely they muft. have detefted tlili Ava- dates it, conditio prsftantlor.
 
 DEMOSTHENES. 43 
 
 the Thebans always employed the Arcadians againft the Lace- 
 daemonians, but the Lacedzemonians, whenever they gained 
 them to their Party, engaged them againft this Republic. I 
 therefore think it ought to be confidered with Attention, that 
 by your not receiving the Megalopolitans into your Protedion, if 
 they fhould be totally deftroyed, and their Country laid in Ruins, 
 the Lacedaemonians may become dangeroufly formidable ; or 
 on the contrary, fhould they be able to preferve themfelves and 
 their Dominions, as Accidents, beyond all Hope, will fometinies 
 happen, they will juftly become firmer Allies to the Thebans. 
 But if you receive them into your Friendfhip, they will be in- 
 debted to you alone for their Prefervation. 
 
 But transferring from them to ourfelves the Confideration 
 of the Event, and the Computation of all future Dangers, let 
 us fix our Attention upon the Thebans and Lacedaemonians. If 
 the Thebans be conquered, as for our Intereft they ought, yet 
 the Lacedsemonians cannot become too formidable, while they 
 have an Enemy, the Arcadian, nearly bordering upon their 
 Frontiers ; or fhould the Thebans recover the Health and Firm- 
 nefs of their State ; fhould they be happily preferved ; fhould 
 they not totally fall, they will, however, be lefs able to injure 
 us, while the Arcadians are our Allies, and thofe Allies indebt- 
 ed to us for their Prefervation. 
 
 G 2 Upon
 
 44 
 
 ORATIONS, &c. 
 
 Upon all Accounts, therefore, it is your Intereft not to aban- 
 don the Arcadians ; or, if they fliould, perhaps, efcape the 
 prefent Danger, let them not feem to be preferved by their own 
 proper Strength, nor by any other Allies, but you alone. For 
 myfelf, O Men of Athens, by the Gods, neither in my per- 
 fonal Affedion, or Hatred to either Party, have I fpoken, but 
 what I truly judged moft conducive to the Interefts of the Re- 
 public. Let me then advife, let me perfuade you, never to 
 abandon the Megalopolitans, nor indeed any other weaker State 
 to tlie rapacious Ambition of the more powerful. 
 
 O R A-
 
 O R A T I ON III. 
 
 FIRST PHILIPPIC. 
 
 X)5()806()e()s(XX^)8(M)§(X)f(^)^M)^M/6()§(MXX)8()O0O()^)^)O(X^^^
 
 vvW^v 
 
 The ARGUMENT. 
 
 THE Rapidity of his Conquefts, the numerous Forces he command- 
 ed, and his own enterprifing Spirit, had long fmce made Philip 
 of Macedon an Object of much Apprehenfion to the Athenians. He 
 had lately taken feveral Thracian Cities ; Confederates and Allies of 
 Athens. The Year before this Oration, he had totally routed the Pho- 
 csans, and this prefent Year had attempted to march into Phoci, through 
 the Pafs of Thermopylae. The Athenians oppofed him, and with Suc- 
 cefs. They now deliberate upon their Condu6l towards him. De- 
 moflhenes advifes an immediate Declaration of War. Shews the Necef- 
 fity of fuch a Meafure, both from Motives of Interefl and Glory. Lays 
 down a Plan for their military Operations. Paints the Dangers of the 
 Republic in the ftrongeft Colours. Flatters and reproaches. Terrifies 
 and encourages ; for while he reprefents Philip as truly formidable, he 
 reprefents him indebted for the Power, which made him thus formida- 
 ble, only to the Indolence and Inadlivity of the Athenians. 
 
 Our Author pronounced this Oration in the firft year of the hun- 
 dred and feventh Olympiad, when he was nine and twenty Years of Age, 
 
 «#»##********####**###«*♦«###»*»#*****»#*****»**«****«»««*
 
 ORATION III. 
 
 FIRST PHILIPPIC. 
 
 IF any new Affair, O Men of Athens, were appointed for 
 your Debates, (i) reftraining my Impatience, (2) until the 
 greateft Part of thofe, who are authorifed by Cuftom, (3) had 
 
 laid 
 
 Our Orator now appears upon the Scene 
 in a Charafter well worthy of his own 
 great Abilities ; indeed, of all the Powers 
 of Eloquence. We behold him in per- 
 fonal Oppofltion to, perhaps, the greateft 
 Prince, that ever fat upon a Throne, yet 
 neither awed by his Power, impofed up- 
 on by his Artifices, or corrupted by his 
 Gold. Animated by the Love of Li- 
 berty, that nobleft of all human PafTions, 
 he ftands forth the Guardian and De- 
 fender of his Country. An equal Ter- 
 rour to the Tyrant, who would enflave 
 her i as to the Traitors, who would be- 
 tray. Whatever Sentiments, that Paf- 
 fion can infpire ; whatever Arguments, 
 good Senfe can di6tate •, whatever Ideas 
 of higheft Subhmicy, his own great Ge- 
 nius could conceive, the Reader will find 
 in the following Orations, Philippics and 
 Olynthiac?. After fuch a Charader of 
 them, what modeft Excufe can be made 
 
 for the Tranflator ? He profefles, and 
 furely without Sufpicionof Afteftation, 
 his Apprehenfion of finking under the 
 Attempt. Yet while he feels the In- 
 fluence of the fame Paffions, that ani- 
 mate the Original, he will not wholly 
 defpair of the Trandation. 
 
 (1) n^Kr/^ETo. All extraordinary Af- 
 femblies were convoked by their proper 
 Magiftrates. A Program ma was pub- 
 lifhed, appointing the Day and Hour of 
 Meeting, and informing the People of the 
 Subjedt to be propofed for their Debates. 
 
 (2) E'ttict^uv is thus ,underftood by 
 the Scholiaft, who fays it is a metapho- 
 rical Exprefiion taken from Horfes, im- 
 patient for tlie Courfe and with Difficulty 
 rtftrained. 
 
 (3) By a Law, which Solon had en- 
 afted, the Crier opened the AfTembly witii 
 a Kind of Proclamation, Will anv Ci- 
 
 T1Z.EN> ABOVE fiFTY YeARS OF AcE, 
 
 AD-
 
 48 ORATIONSOF 
 
 laid before you their Opinions, I had continued filent, if the 
 M. allies they propofed had pleafed me; if otherwife, I would 
 then have endeavoured to fpcak my owai Sentiments. But fince 
 the fame Conjunclures, upon which they have often fpoken, are 
 ftill the SubjecSt of your Deliberations, I think, I may with 
 Reafon expert to be forgiven, though I rife before them in this 
 Debate. For if they had ever given you that falutary Advice, 
 your Affairs required, there could be no Neceffity for your pre- 
 fent Councils. 
 
 Let it be therefore our firll Refolution, O Men of Athens, 
 not to defpair of our prefent Situation, however totally di- 
 ftreffed, fince even the worft Circumftance in your paft Con- 
 du£t is now become the beft Foundation for your future Hopes. 
 What Circumftance ? That your never having adled in any 
 fingle Inftance, as you ought, hath occadoned your Mis- 
 fortunes ; for if you had conftantly purfued the Meafures 
 neceffary for your Welfare, and ftill the Commonwealth had 
 continued thus diftreffed, there could not ev^n an Hope re- 
 main of its ever hereafter being in a happier Situation. (4). 
 
 You 
 
 ADVISE thePeople, AND AFTERWARDS, cveii whilc hfi acknowledges, the Viola- 
 
 WHAT OTHER ATHENIAN, ACCORDING tiOD of it. 
 
 TO HIS Seniority ? This Law had been (4) I" the Beginning of the former 
 
 long fince repealed, but its own good Paragraph our Orator only bids his Au-- 
 
 Scnfe maintained it in Ibme Degree of dience not defpair of the Commonwealth, 
 
 Credit. Our Orator feems to allow it however diftrefled, k»c a.Buf^yiTBOv. He 
 
 all its original Force, and by a modeft now encourages them to look forward 
 
 Apology for his own Youth, excufes, with Hope and Confidence, tvdvfiyiTBov, 
 
 by
 
 DEMOSTHENES. 
 
 49 
 
 You (hould next with Confidence recolledl, both what you 
 have heard from others, and what you may remember you 
 yourfelves have feen, how formidable a Power the Lacedaemo- 
 nians not long fince poffefled, (5) and how generoufly, how 
 confiftently with the Dignity of your Charadler, you then a6t- 
 ed ; not in any one Particular unworthy of the Republic, but 
 fupporting, in Defence of the common Rights of Greece, the 
 whole Weight of the War againft them. Why do I mention 
 thefe Inftances ? That you may be convinced, O Men of Athens, 
 that nothing is capable of alarming you, while you are atten- 
 tive 
 
 by recollefting how glorioufly they had 
 vindicated the common Caufe of Greece, 
 and recovered their own Liberty from the 
 Tyranny and Oppreffion of the Lacedse- 
 monians. 
 
 Wolfius, in a Note upon the Word 
 'Tr^oa'ix.ovTui, gives us this glorious Cha- 
 rafter of the Athenians ; that their City 
 was always open, as a common Aflylum, 
 to the afflifted and diftrefied. 
 
 (5) A Defcription of this Power by 
 Diodorus may not be difagreeable, or 
 unufeful to the Reader. At this Time 
 the LacedjEmonians poiTeflcd their higheft 
 Power, and held the Sovereignty of Greece, 
 both by Sea and Land. The Thebans 
 were controuled by a Garrifon ; the Co- 
 rinthians and Argives broken and de- 
 prefied by their former Wars ; the Athe- 
 nians, by fubmitting as if they were 
 conquered, were difefteemed by the States 
 
 Vol. I. 
 
 of Greece. On the contrary, the Lace- 
 demonians had a numerous Army ; were 
 moft attentive to the War, and univer- 
 fally formidable. The greateft Princes 
 of that Age (I mean the King of Perfia, 
 and the Tyrant of Sicily, Dionyfius) re- 
 vered the Arms of the Spartans, and cul- 
 tivated their Friendfhip. Lib. 15. 
 
 The Lacedemonians abufed their Pow_ 
 er ; the Thebans revolted, and implored 
 the Affiftance of Bceocia ; the Boeotian 
 War was declared ; the Athenians en- 
 tered into the Confederacy with Vigour ; 
 their Generals, Iphicrates and Caliias, de- 
 feated the Lacedaemonians at Corinth, 
 and Chabrias gained an important Vic- 
 tory over them at Sea. The Battle of 
 Corcyra foon followed, and Timotheus, 
 the Year after, conquered them at Leu- 
 
 Cas. T0URR£1L. 
 
 H
 
 ^o ORATIONSOF 
 
 tive to your Interefts ; nothing, while you are thus thought- 
 lefly negligent, will fucceed as you defire. As Examples of 
 this Truth, confider the Power of the Lacedaemonians, which 
 you fubdued by paying a juft Attention to your Affairs ; con- 
 fider the Infolence of this Man, by which you are now alarm- 
 ed, only through your own exceeding Indolence. 
 
 Yet whoever refleds upon the numerous Forces he com- 
 mands ; (6] upon all the Places he hath wrefted from the Repub- 
 lic, and then concludes, that Philip is not without Difficulty to 
 be conquered, indeed concludes moft juftly. Let him reflect, 
 however, that we, O Men of Athens, were formerly Mafters of 
 Pydna, Potidasa, Methone, with all that large Extent of Coun- 
 try round them, upon the very Frontiers of Macedonia ; that 
 many of the Nations, now in Confederacy with him, were 
 once governed by their own Laws ; were abfolutely free, and 
 then greatly preferred your Alliance to that of Philip. Had 
 Philip therefore at that Time entertained an Opinion, that it 
 would be dangerous to enter into a War with the Athenians, 
 poffeffed of Fortreffes, from which they might make Incurii- 
 ons into Macedonia, while he himfelf was wholly deftitute of 
 Allies, he never had attempted what he hath fince executed ; 
 
 he 
 
 (6) Philip was at this Time Mafter if compared with the Grecian Armies, 
 of twenty thoufand Foot, and three thou- The Athenians had only ten thoufand 
 iand Hoxie ; a very conf:der.ibJe Force, Men at tlie Battle of Marathon.
 
 DEMOSTHENES. 51 
 
 he had never gained fo formidable a Strength. But he was 
 wifely confcious, O Men of Athens, that all thcfe Countries were 
 placed, as a common Prize of War, between the contending 
 Parties ; that in the very Nature of Things, to thePrefent belong 
 the PofTeiTions of the Abfent ; to them, who are willing to fup- 
 port the Labour, and attempt the Danger, to them belong the 
 Treafures of the Indolent. Ading upon this Principle, he 
 univerfally fubdues, and takes Pofleffion ; fometimes by Right 
 of Conqueft ; fometimes, under the Name of Friendfhip and 
 Alliance. For all Mankind with Chearfulnefs enter into Alli- 
 ances, and engage their whole Attention to thofe, whom they 
 'behold ready and refolute to a6t in Support of their proper In- 
 terefts. 
 
 If, therefore, you could even now refolve to form your Con- 
 duct upon thefe Maxims, which you have never yet regarded ; 
 if every Man, according to his Duty, and in Proportion to his 
 Abilities, would render himfelf ufeful to the Republic, and 
 without difguifmg or concealing thofe Abilities, would adt with 
 Vigour and Alacrity \ the rich, by a voluntary Contribution of 
 his Riches*; the young, by enlifting in the Army ; or, at once, 
 and fimply to exprefs myfelf, if you refolve to be Mafters of 
 your own Fortune ; if every fmgle Citizen will no longer ex- 
 
 H 2 pea, 
 
 4
 
 52 ORATIONSOF 
 
 peft, while he himfelf does abfolutely nothing, that his Neigh- 
 bour will do every Thing for him, then fhall yon preferve, if 
 fuch the Will of Jupiter, what you now pofTefs ; recover what 
 you have loft by your Inactivity, and chaftife this Macedonian. 
 For do not imagine, his prefent Succefs is fixed and immor- 
 tal, as if he were a God. There are, even among thofe, who 
 feem in ftriCleft Amity with him, who hate, who fear, O Men 
 of Athens, who envy him. Every Paffion, incident to the 
 reft of Mankind, you ought affuredly to believe inhabits the 
 Bofoms of his prefent Allies. But all thefe Paflions are fup- 
 prcfTed by their not having whither to fly for Refuge and Pro- 
 tection, through your Indolence, your Dejedion of Spirit, which, 
 I pronounce, muft be now laid afide for ever. For behold, to 
 what Excefs of Arrogance this Man proceeds, who neither gives 
 you the Choice of Peace or War j who threatens, and, as it is 
 reported, talks of you with utmoft Infolence ; who not con- 
 tented with the Pofleffion of what he hath blafted with the 
 Lightnings of his War, (7) perpetually throws abroad his Toils, 
 and having on every fide inclofed us, fitting here, and indo- 
 lently 
 
 (7) This Image may perhaps appear a fecond Time in the fame Words. Bu- 
 
 too bold even for Demofthenes. Let djeus and Stephens acknowledge the 
 
 the I'ranflator confefs, he hath taken it Words x-oclxg-^/xTTTca and Kocjx^^ix.7rTO[^ixi. 
 
 from l.ucchefini, beUi fulmine afflavit. Perhaps it Ihould rather be trandated, 
 
 •who probably found KocTyig^ccTrrai in over-run with the Rapidity of Light- 
 
 fome Manufcript, although his own Edi- ning. 
 tion reads KoijegoxTTTUt, He tranflates it
 
 DEMOSTHENES. 
 
 53 
 
 lently forming fome future Schemes of Conqueft, now jflalks 
 around his Prey. (8) 
 
 When therefore, O Men of Athens, when will you a<£t, 
 as your Glory, your Intereft demands ? When fome new Event 
 fhall happen ? When, in the Name of Jupiter ! fome ftrong 
 NecefHty fhall compel you ? What then fhall we deem our pre- 
 fent Circumftances ? In my Judgement, the ftrongeft NecefHty 
 to a free People, is a Difhonour attending their public Mea- 
 fures. Or, tell me, do you purpofe, perpetually wandering in 
 the Market-place, to afk each other, " Is any Thing new re- 
 " ported ?" (9) Can any Thing be more new, than a Man 
 
 of 
 
 (8) n^ocTTre^iCcixXeTxt. A Figure, 
 fays the Scholiaft, taken from Huntf- 
 men, who furround the Paflages in Woods 
 with Toils, that the Beafts may not ef- 
 cape. Our Orator then adds the Verb 
 'Tn^ig-oix^QiTcci, He ftalks around ; yet 
 apprehenfive, that thefe Images might 
 ■appear too bold and oft'enfive, he foftens 
 them by the Word Kadr,iA,iviig, as if the 
 Indolence of the Athenians alone en- 
 couraged Philip to fo daring an Attempt. 
 The Paflage is tranflated by Stephens, 
 circundat & cingit in modum venatorum 
 fylvas & ftabula ferarum indagine cin- 
 gentium. But in this Conftrudion, the 
 two Greek Words Troco-Trs^.CojXXsra; 
 and Triiirotx^^^T"'-' have only one Mean- 
 ing. Harpocration tells us, that fome 
 
 Copies read 77ep/o-;^o<y/^£Ta; ; He fur- 
 rounds with a Rope, and even this Read- 
 ing would make fome Variation in the 
 Senle. But from the Original r«'%w, 
 vado, incedo ; from its Compound tts- 
 ^/jj-e/^w, circumeo ; from r'<%ea; incedo, 
 it does not feem a Violence to the Word 
 7repi-or;/i^£rai to render it, as Wolfius 
 does in his Tranilation of the Scholialt, 
 obambulat, ordine circundat. 
 
 (■9) We have, in the following Quo- 
 tation, the great 7\uthority of Longinus 
 for the Spirit and Beauty, not ot this 
 particular Paflage only, but a general 
 Criticifm, to convince us of the Power 
 and Energy of all thefe Interrogations fo 
 frequently ufed by our Author. . " Is 
 not a Difcourfe more nei:vous, forcible
 
 54 -O R A T I O N S OF 
 
 of Maccdon, conquering the Athenians, and direding at his 
 Pleafure the Affairs of Greece ? "Is PhiHp dead ? Not yet, 
 " by Jupiter, but extremely weakened by Sicknefs." (lo) His 
 Sicknefs, or his Deatli, of what Importance to you ? Should 
 any Accident happen to this Philip, you yourfelvcs would in- 
 ftantly create another, if fuch, as at prefent your Attention to 
 your Affairs. For not fo much by his own proper Strength has 
 he grown to this exceeding Greatnefs, as by your Indolence. 
 However, iliould fome Accident really happen to him ; fhould 
 Fortune be fo far propitious to us ((he, who is always more at- 
 tentive 
 
 and impetuous by thefe Interrogations ?" 
 Here he quotes the Paflage before us, 
 and then proceeds. " Had thefe Sen- 
 " timents been fimply exprefied, they 
 " had been greatly beneath the Dignity 
 " of his Subjeft. But by this enthu- 
 " fiaftic, and inftantaneous Spirit of In- 
 " terrogation and Reply ; this figura- 
 " tive Manner of objeding to himfelf, 
 " as to another Perfon, he hath rendered 
 ■" what he fays not only more fublime, 
 «' but even more credible. For the Pa- 
 «« thetic then impels us moft powerfully, 
 ** not when the Speaker is induftrious 
 " to make it appear, but when the Oc- 
 " cafion feems naturally to produce it, 
 " But this afking and anfwering our- 
 " felves, imitates the Paflions in the 
 Moment of their rifing. For in ge- 
 
 " prompted by Truth. This Figure 
 " therefore deceives the Hearer, and 
 " induces him to imagine, that the 
 " Speaker utters upon the Inflant and 
 " in his firft Emotion, what he had al- 
 " ready formed with much Premedita- 
 " tion." 
 
 Senfible of the Truth of this judici- 
 ous Criticifm the Tranflator hath been 
 careful to preferve the frequent Interro- 
 gations in his Author, and hath never 
 prefumed to add to them even in a fingle 
 Inftance. 
 
 (lo) Philip had loft an Eye at the 
 Siege of Methone the Year before this 
 Oration. His Life might have probably 
 been in Danger from fuch a Wound, biit 
 whether our Author means this Acci- 
 dent cannot be with Certainty determined. 
 
 " neral they, who are afked a Queftion The Word uBeveT rather exprefles a bad 
 «' by others, are inftantly alarmed, and State of Health, and a generallllnefs. 
 " anfwer with Earneflnefs, as they are Lucchesini.
 
 DEMOSTHENES. ^^ 
 
 tentive in her Concern for us, than we arc for ourfclves, and 
 may flie one Day perfed: this her own Work) be affurcd, if 
 you were near his Dominions, and ready to advance upon the 
 general Diforder of his Affairs, you might difpofe of every 
 Thing according to your Pleafure. (i i) But in your prefent 
 Difpofition fliould fome favourable Conjunfture even deliver up 
 Amphipolis to you, thus fludluating in your Operations and 
 your Councils, you could not receive the lead Benefit from the 
 Poffeilion, with Regard to Macedonia. (12) 
 
 Yet fince you mufl: affuredlybe confcious, that we ought to 
 exert our whole Force upon this Occafion, I hold it unnecef- 
 
 (11) The Author means, Tou may re- 
 duce Macedonia to your Obedience^ but he 
 ■defignedly makes Ufe of an obfcure, am- 
 biguous Expreflion, more warmly to ani- 
 mate his Audience and engage them to 
 follow his Advice. This Remark de- 
 ferves the Attention of an accurate Tranf- 
 lator, who fhoiild be cautious of ex- 
 prefTing too clearly, whatever hath greater 
 Force and Lignity, when given more 
 obfcurely. Jouvancy. 
 
 (12) Wolfius and all his Editors af- 
 fert, by their Tranflations oi'. this Paf- 
 fage, that the Athenians could not take 
 Pofiefiion of Amphipolis, though For- 
 tune fliould deliver it into their Hands. 
 A very extraordinary AfTertion, and very 
 inconclufive by it our Orator's Reafon- 
 ing. Les conjunftures vous hvraffent- 
 elles Amphipolis, vous ne pourriez pas 
 jneme I'acccpter. Tourrlij.. Olivet 
 
 fary 
 
 with more Vivacity, Qiiand meme d'heu- 
 reufes conjunftures vous ou^Toient a£tu- 
 ellement les portes d' Amphipolis, vous 
 n'y entreriez pas. 
 
 Lucchefmi feems better to underftand 
 his Author. He refers tii'^dBxi not to 
 Amphipolis, but to Tr^ccyiA-uTo., for our 
 Orator fets before his Audience two dif- 
 ferent Views of their Affairs, in Oppo- 
 fition to each other. If you were evea 
 upon the Confines of Macedonia, and 
 any Commotions arole there, you might 
 reduce the Country to your Obedience. 
 But in the prefent Weaknefs of your 
 Adminiflraticn, iliould Fortune make 
 you Niafters of Ajnphipclis, a City even 
 within the Territories of Macedonia, you 
 could make little Advantage of Philip's 
 Death, and the Diforder of his Kia^- 
 donis .
 
 56 ORATIONSOF 
 
 fary to fpeak longer on the Subjed. But what Plan of Ope- 
 rations, what Number of Forces ; what Manner of raifing the 
 Supplies ; what befl: and fpeedieft Method of providing all other 
 NecelTaries, will, in my Opinion, relieve you from your pre- 
 fent Diftreffes, I fhall now endeavour to explain ; requefting 
 only this Favour, O Men of Athens, when you have heard, 
 tlien judge. Neither anticipate what I fhall fay, nor imagine, 
 although I fhould at firft appear to propofe a new Scheme of 
 Adlion, that I defign to retard the Progrefs of the War. (13] 
 For they, who talk of inftantly and to-day, advife not extreme- 
 ly for the public Utility (Misfortunes already paft, we never can 
 retrieve by any Succours we are at prefent capable of railing) 
 but whoever can lay before you what military Preparations are 
 neceflary ; how great, and whence to be fupported, until we 
 have ended the War by an honourable Peace, or conquered our 
 Enemies, alone deferves your Attention ; for thus alone fhall 
 we be fecure from fuffering any future Indignities. To thefe 
 great Purpofes, I think, I can Ipeak ; yet, without hindering 
 whoever hath any more filutary Expedients to propofe. Mine 
 is indeed a magnificent Promife. The Fa6l fhall now be de- 
 termined, and you yourfelves be Judges. 
 
 First, 
 
 (13) The .Athenians were naturally mediate, though inconfiderable Force, 
 
 fanguine and high-fpirited, and would He might however be apprehenfive of 
 
 have chearfully decreed a numerous Body being fufpefted of defigning to retard 
 
 of Troops upon this Occafion. De- the Progrefs of the War by iuch a Pro- 
 
 mofthenes better knew the Weakncfs of pofal, and, perhaps, in the Language of 
 
 the State, and the Neceffity of an im- thofe Days, of Philippizing.
 
 DEMOSTHENES. 57 
 
 First, therefore, I propofe, that fifty Gallies be fitted for 
 Service, and that you then immediately fix a Refolution, to 
 embark yoiirfelves, if there be Occafion, and fet fail. Befides, 
 let Tranfports be provided for half your Cavalry, with all other 
 neceflary Veffels. Thefe, I think, fhould inftantly be prepared 
 againft the fudden Irruptions of Philip whether into Thermo- 
 pylse, Cherfonefus, Olynthus, or wherever elfe lie pleafes. For 
 this Opinion ought to be ftrongly imprefled upon his Imagina- 
 tion, that roufing out of your exceilive Indolence you will, 
 perhaps, with equal Courage, again rufli upon him, as you did 
 at Euboea, nor long before, according to common Report, at 
 Haliartus, and lately at Thermopylee. ( 1 4) Even to alarm him 
 with fuch an Apprehenfion, although you do not execute the 
 
 Flan 
 
 (14) It may be neceflary to give ibme us Leave to conjecflure, that it happened 
 
 fhort Account of thel'e three Expeditions, between the fourtli and ninth Years of 
 
 Euboea had long continued under the Philip's Reign, after he had afllimed a 
 
 Dominion of the Athenians, who liad Power over the ThefTalians, and the Cum - 
 
 eftabliflied Colonies in the two capita] m'and of their Fleets and I larbours. 
 Cities of the Ifland. It revolted from Diodorus informs us, that fome few 
 
 their Obedience during the Peloponnefian Years before this Oration, the Phocseans 
 
 War, and from that Time became a had gained fome confiderable Ad\'antagcs 
 
 Prey to different Faftions, who fupportcd over Philip in Bn;otia, probably ntar 
 
 themfelves by the Succours either of Haliartus ; and as the Athenians were 
 
 Athens or Philip. Phocion, up-jn tliis ""'ted both in Amity and Interert with 
 
 Occafion, fignalized his Virtue and In- that People, it is reafonable to believe, 
 
 tegrity with Regard to the Eubceans, and i^'k-T had fon-.e confiuerable Share in the 
 
 his military Capacity againfl: the Party Succels of that War, which Demoft- 
 
 of Philip. In v/hat Year, however, his henes places between rhcir two other me- 
 
 F.xpedition, is uncertain ; nor is it men- morable Expeditions, 
 tioned b/ Diodorus. The Order of thefe jullin loutlly declaims againll: the Athe- 
 
 Events, mentioned by Demollhenes, gives nians for tluir Sacrilege in oppofing Phi- 
 
 , Vol. I. I
 
 58 O R A T I O N S O F 
 
 Plan I propofe, is not wholly to be defpifed. For when he 
 knows how perfedly well you are prepared to receive him, and 
 •he \%'ill moft exaclly know, (for there are many, too many 
 among us, who inform him of all your Deiigns) he will either, 
 in his Fears, continue to obferve the Peace, or treating our 
 Preparations with Contempt, may be furprifed unguarded. No- 
 thing hindering our making a Defcent even upon Macedonia, 
 if ever an Opportunity offers. 
 
 These are the Refolutions, which ought to be confirmed 
 by your Decrees, and this, in my Opinion, the Plan of your 
 future Operations. But you fl:iould have an additional Body of 
 Troops in Readinefs, that Ihall without IntermifTion alarm and 
 harrafs him. Nor fhall I demand ten thoufand, or twenty 
 thoufand Mercenaries j nor Forces, implored or demanded by 
 
 Letters 
 
 lip, when he propofed taking Pofieffion It is confefied, there is not any Vv^ar- 
 
 of Thermopyls, and marched to re- rant in the Text for applying thefe Ex- 
 
 venge upon the Phocsans the Caufe peditions to Philip, and that Mr. Tour- 
 
 of Apollo, whofe Temple at Delphos reil hath rather a little too violently 
 
 they had plundered. /;/ the Perfian In- ftrained them to that Purpofe. Yet it 
 
 vafion they fought, fays this Author, for were almoft impertinent in our Orator to 
 
 the Liberties of Greece, hut now in De- mention them as general Proofs of the 
 
 fence of public Sacrilege, 'they took up Courage of the Athenians ; and we may 
 
 Arms, at that Time, to vindicate the tern- believe they were in themfelves of no 
 
 fles of the Gods from Impiety, but now g"<^at Importance, if not applied to Phi- 
 
 to protea the Violators and Plunderers of ^'P^ fin^e not recorded by the Grecian 
 
 thofe Temples. Whatever Jiiftice there Hiftorians. Let the Reader try them in 
 
 may be in thefe pious Remarks, Philip a general Senfe, and he will find them 
 
 was obliged to give up his Expedition, equally fpiritlefs as Fafts, and inconclu- 
 
 and to return into Macedonia. five as Arguments.
 
 DEMOSTHENES. 59 
 
 Letters from your Allies. (15) Let them be the Forces of the 
 Republic, and whether you decree one General or more, wliom- 
 foever you fhall appoint, let them obey, let them follow his 
 Command. Then raife the neceflary Supplies for their Subfift- 
 ence. But of what particular Kinds of Soldiery fhall thefe 
 Forces confift ? Of what Numbers ? Whence their Subfiftence, 
 and how fhall you be able to execute the whole Plan ? I will 
 inform you, and explain each Article feparately. 
 
 I A L LOW the Ncceflity of employing Mercenaries, but would 
 not have you commit the fame Errours in engaging them, which 
 have often been injurious to the Republic. Imaghiing your ur- 
 moft Efforts will be infufficient, you form in your Decrees the 
 mod extenfive Projeds, yet fail in Execution of the moft in- 
 conliderable. On the contrary, when you have executed fome 
 lefs important Defign, or raifed fome lefs confiderable Supplies, 
 then make whatever Addition to either fhall appear neceflary. 
 
 From 
 
 (15) Tourreil fays, there is not a Pnf- hers. T'hefe Promifes produced Jut an i;t- 
 
 fage in Demofthencs, which hath exer- confuicrahle Number cf effe^ive Men, and 
 
 cried his Commentators more than th's tbefi grandes armies were only complete in 
 
 before us. He has given us all their the Letters, 'uohich en one fide -were fent 
 
 difFerent Explanations ; and Olivet, dif- to demand, and on the otb. r to promife them. 
 
 latisfitd with them all, propofes his ov/n Voila, ou je me trcmpe fort, ce que Demcjl- 
 
 v;ith the ufual Spirit of a Commentator, hcne appelle ^vvxy.eig '£7ng-oXi[/,ctnig. 
 
 He tranflates the Words £77*5-0?^',««»*^? -I he Conjedlure is ingenious, but feems 
 
 ivvciiJbBtg, ces grandes armtes en pa- rather too refined for our Author's ufual 
 
 pier : and thus explains them. The Aike- Simplicity, nor has the Ridicule amer, 
 
 niavs had written to their Allies to fur- which Ohvet finds in it, much of our 
 
 niflo them tvith Troops, which i^ere largely Orator's Manner. 
 prcmifed in fucb and fuch certain Num- 
 
 I 2
 
 6o ORATIONS OF 
 
 From whence, I conclude, your whole Body of Foot ihould 
 confift of only two thoufand, of whom five hundred fhould 
 certainly he Athenians, of whatever Age you think proper, and 
 eno-aored to ferve a certain limited Time : not indeed of lone 
 Continuance, but fuch as fhall appear moft convenient, that 
 others may relieve them. Let the Remainder be Mercenaries. 
 To thefe let us add five hundred Horfe, of whom at leafl: fifty 
 fhould be your own Citizens, obliged to ferve upon the fame 
 Eftablifhment as the Foot ; and for them alfo let Tranfports be 
 provided. Well then ; what other Addition ? Ten light-armed 
 Gallies ; for fince Philip hath a powerful Fleet at Sea, thefe Gallies 
 are abfolutely necefiary, that our Forces may fail with Safety. 
 
 But from whence fliall their Subfiftence arife? This too I 
 fliall clearly demonftrate, when I have informed you, where- 
 fore I think fuch an inconfiderable Force will be fufficient, and 
 why I diredl, that our own Citizens fhould enter into the Service. 
 Such an inconfiderable Force, O Men of Athens, for thefe 
 Reafons ; becaufe we have it not at prefent in our Power to en- 
 gage him in the Field, but muft fubmit to the Necefiity of 
 making Incurfions, and in this Manner at firft of carrying on 
 the War. Our Forces therefore fhould be neither excefiively 
 great (we have not either Pay for them, or Subfiftence) nor 
 wholly contemptible in their Numbers. That our Citizens 
 fhould ferve in Perfon, and embark on board the Fleet, is a 
 Meafure I ftrongly recommend, becaufe I have heard, that the 
 
 Repub-
 
 DEMOSTHENES. 
 
 6r 
 
 Republic formerly maintained in Corinth a Body of Mercena- 
 ries, commanded by Polyftratus, Iphicrates, Chabrias and 
 others; (i6) that you yourfelves perfonally engaged in the War, 
 and that they being united with you, and you with them, you con- 
 quered the Lacedaemonians. But from the Moment thefe mer- 
 cenary Forces alone undertake your Wars, they conquer both 
 your Confederates and Allies, while your Enem.ies become dan- 
 geroufly powerful ; or if ever they turn afide their Eves to the 
 War of this Republic, they defert to Artabazus, or embark for 
 any foreign Expedition. (17) Their General follows them, 
 
 (16) The Nameof Poly ftratus has been 
 thought wholly unknown. Mr. Mounte- 
 ney alone hath obferved, that our Author 
 again mentions him with Iphicrates. Tour- 
 reil imagines we fhould read Calliftratus. 
 Lucchefini thinks Demofthenes wrote Phi- 
 locrates, who was Joint-Commander of 
 mercenary Forces at that Time in the Ser- 
 vice of Athens. It is remarkable, that an 
 Englifli Tranflation by Doctor Wilibn, 
 in the Reign of Queen Elizabeth, reads 
 Philocrates, from v/hence we may believe 
 it was a Manufcript- Reading. 
 
 and 
 
 fini therefore tranflates the Sentence, ob- 
 liquis oculis bellum a republica fufcep- 
 tum profpicicntes. 
 
 Our Author probably had in his View 
 the Behaviour of Chares and his Fleet. 
 Diodorus gives us this Account of his 
 Expedition. 
 
 Chares was wholly employed in avoid- 
 ing the Enemy and diftreffing the Allies. 
 For failing to Corcyra, an Ifland in Al- 
 liance with Athens, he raifed fuch Com- 
 motions there, that many of the Citi- 
 zens were put to Death, and their Houfcs 
 
 (17) Ka* TTCi^coiii^xvTex. sir] tov tt,/; plundered. Thus he performed nothing 
 
 TToXeug iroXtfjiov hath a Peculiarity, if not 
 an Oddnefs, of Expreffion, that ought 
 to be explained. Wolfius tranflates, & 
 cum vix noftra civitatis bellum attige- 
 runt, but ttcc^kkutttu never can bear 
 this Signification, not even metaphori- 
 cally. K-UTTTw fignifies inclinare caput, 
 demittere oculos, but never, as he aflerts 
 in his Notes, obiter refpicere. Lucche- 
 
 either honourable or adA^antageous to his 
 Country, but expoled her Reputation to 
 the Calumnies of her Enemies, and the 
 Refentment of her Allies. 
 
 In a iecond Expedition, fome four 
 Years afterwards, he aflifted Artabazus, 
 who was in open Rebellion againft Ar- 
 taxerxes. Diodorus, in obfcurer Terms, 
 but our Orator openly declares ht was 
 
 com-
 
 62 ORATIONSOF 
 
 and with Reafon ; for impoflible it is to cominand, whom it is 
 impoflible to pay. What, therefore, do I advife? To take 
 away, both from the General and the Soldiers, all Pretext of 
 Defcrtion by appointing them their Subliftence, and then unit- 
 ing with them your own domeftic Soldiery, as Infpedors of their 
 Condu6l. 
 
 At pi*efent our Adminiflration is perfedly ridiculous. For 
 fliould any one afk, are you really at Peace, O Men of Athens? 
 " Not we, by Jupiter. We are at War with Philip. Have 
 -" we not decreed ten Athenian Colonels, ten Generals, ten 
 " Aids du Camp, and two Comm.anders of Horfe ? (18} Yet 
 
 only 
 
 compelled to follow the Impetuofity of more than one General, Parmenio ; yet 
 
 his Soldiers, who mutinied for their Pay. the Athenians can make ten eveiy Year. 
 
 (iS) Thefe Word? are trandated from Demofthenes reproaches them with ap- 
 
 a very ingei ious, conjeflural Reading pointing Midias a General of Hoife, 
 
 propofed by Baron Mounteney. 'Ouz v/hen he was unable even to ride in their 
 
 ayiizojovSf^Bv l^ vjij-uv uutccv. The Athe- Procefiions. 
 
 nians, when aflced, whether they are at Olivet te!!s us, he hath chofen a vague 
 
 Peace or War, are fuppofed to anfwer, Expreffion in tranflating thefe Words, 
 
 We are at War v/ith Philip. In Proof rather than be oWiged to malce Uie of 
 
 of it, have we not appointed all the great our modern military Terms ; for to put 
 
 Commanders of our Arniies } Demofh- fucb 'Terms into the Mouth of Demcfihems 
 
 henes replies, I confefs, you have ap- is very nearly to commit the. fame Blunder, 
 
 pointed Commanders for public Procef- as u Painter, -joho flooiild, pmtU Alexander 
 
 fions, \iq rr,v dyopuv Ix^i^flsis'.'re. The or Cccfar in a Perruque or an enihcidered 
 
 Alteration, with Rcgird to the Text, is Ccat. 
 
 jnconfiderable, and the Senfe infinitely This Gentleman's Name in the lite- 
 more fpirited. Philip faid with much rary '.Vorld v/ill always demand our At- 
 Pleafantry of this Multitude of Com- tention, and even his Mifhikes deferve 
 manders, I have never been able to find a certain Degree of Reljped. It is there- 
 fore
 
 DEMOSTHENES. 
 
 63 
 
 only one Man excepted, whom you ha\-e indeed fent to the 
 Campaign, what do they perform ? They march in Proceffion 
 with your Priefts. For as Potters mould their Images for fbme 
 public Solemnity, fo do you form Colonels and Aids du Camp 
 for the Forum, not for the War. But were it not fitting, O 
 Men of Athens, that die principal Commanders both of your 
 Horfe and Foot fhould be created out of your own Citizens, 
 that your Army may be really the Army of the Pvcpublic ? 
 Yet an Athenian General muft, it feems, embark for Lemnos, 
 and Menelaus, a Foreigner, command that very Cavalry, which 
 is to defend your own Dominions. (19) Nor do I mention this^ 
 Inftance with a Defign of accufing Menelaus, but to con\ ince 
 
 fore acknowledged, that his prefent Cri- 
 ticifm does not want Vivacity. But be- 
 fides that unavoidable Neceffity of mak- 
 ing Ufe in a Trandation of whatever 
 Terms, in Arts and Sciences efpecially, 
 can befl exprefs the Meaning of an an- 
 cient Author, or give even an imperfeft 
 Idea of it, in this Inftance the Remark 
 feems unhappily placed. There is an 
 Air of pompous Irony in repeating with 
 fo rnuch Solemnity, the Titles of thefe 
 Commanders, which is wholly loft in 
 Olivet's Tranflation, pour exercer toutes 
 les charges neceflaires dans une armee. 
 Suppofmg the Senfe prefervcd, the Spirit 
 is intirely loft. 
 
 (19) The Name of Menelaus would 
 have been totally unknown, if not pre- 
 
 you, 
 
 ferved to us by our Author. He was 
 probably a Phocasan, as the Athenians 
 were in the ftriileft Alliance with that 
 People, and particularly were their Con- 
 federates in the facred War againft Phi- 
 lip and the Theb.ins. It is not unlikely, 
 that he commanded their Forces, when 
 they repulfed that Monarch at Tjier- 
 mopyls, and was ftill continued in the 
 Command, from a probable Apprehen- 
 fion of his making a fecond Attempt, 
 It was certainly moft ufeful to have a 
 General, who knew the Situation of the 
 Country ; the Genius, Interefts and Man- 
 ners of its Inhabitants, and whofe pjr- 
 fonal Influence and Authority among 
 them might better provide for the Troops 
 he commanded. Lucchesini-.
 
 64 
 
 ORATIONS OF 
 
 you, that one of your own Citizens, whoever he were, fliould 
 be decreed for a Command of this Importance. (20) 
 
 You perhaps approve of what I propofe, and now delire to 
 know, what SuppHes may be neceflary, and in what Manner 
 to be raifed. I will inform you diftindlly. The capital Sum, 
 requifite for the SubUftence of this Body of Forces, will amount 
 to ninety Talents, or fomewhat inconiiderably more. For ten 
 Tranfports, forty Talents, at the Rate of twenty Mins a Month, 
 each Tranfport ; for two thoufand Foot as many more. That 
 every Soldier may receive ten Drachmas a Month Subiiftence; (21) 
 for two hundred Horfe, the remaining twelve Talents, at thirty 
 
 Drachmas 
 
 (?o) Olivet hath had better Succefs 
 in the prefent Critic fm. He reads aip 
 J/^ay ex vobis. The Senfe and Reafon- 
 in^ of our Author require the Correc- 
 tion. If we read u^ vf^uv a vobis, al- 
 though fupported by all Editions, Com- 
 mentators and Tranllators, we fliall find 
 his Reafoning inconclufive. It is not 
 fuScient, that Menelaus had been ap- 
 pointed, as he probably was, by a De- 
 cree of the Peo, le. Such a Coinmander, 
 if Demofthenes reafons conchifively, 
 fliould be a Citizen of Athens. 
 
 (21) All the foreign Editions of Wol- 
 fius make him conitrue 'iva. SiKct, ex.ocs'og 
 
 eriov Xcr/ASavw ut duas finguli mdites 
 drachmas in menfcni pro cibariis acci- 
 piant. An Errour, fo apparently com- 
 
 mitted againfl: the Calculation of the 
 Sum itfelf, as well as in Contradiftion 
 to the original Text, muft have cer- 
 tainly been an Errour of the Prefs, not 
 of the Tranflator, who affurcdly wrote 
 denas, not duas drachmas. His Note 
 upon the Pafiage will fufficiently acquit 
 him of the Miftake. Hinc fuo quifque 
 arbitratu rationes Demoflhenicas fuppu- 
 tet, & illud notet, equiti triplum a-iTr- 
 csa-iov eflc datum, drachmas tricenas, pe- 
 diti dena«. This Miftake hath however 
 been preferved with fpecial Faithfulnefs 
 and Accuracy by all his Editors without 
 Exception. What Indulgence therefore 
 may lefs confiderable Writers expeft, 
 when the Fel!ows of two Univerllties 
 could be capable of iuch Inattention ?
 
 DEMOSTHENES. 65 
 
 Drachmas a Month, each Horfeman. If any one imagines thefe 
 Sums too fmall for their prefent Pay and Subfiftence, He hath 
 not been well-informed. For I am convinced, if the Plan, I 
 have laid before you, be carried into Execution, the Soldiers 
 will be able to provide every Thing elfe out of the War itfelf, 
 without injuring either the Grecians in general, or your parti- 
 cular Allies. And here I voluntarily offer to embark with them, 
 and fhall chearfully fubmit to whatever Fine you pleafe to im- 
 pofe, if the Succefs be not anfwerable to your Expedtations. 
 But the Scheme for railing the Supplies ? I fhall now lay it be- 
 fore you. 
 
 Proposals for Raifing the SUPPLIES. 
 
 OUCH is the Scheme, O Men of Athens, the beft I have 
 been able to form. When you have ordered the Votes of 
 this Aflembly to be colledled, then determine upon whatever 
 Opinion fhall be mofl agreeable, that you may not only war 
 againfl Philip by Decrees and Letters, but by Adions. (22) I 
 
 am, 
 
 (22) It is perhaps almoft equally ther fignify l-rriKv^iTi, he tranfpofes 
 
 blameable wholly to condemn all con- them, and reads the Sentence Ittu^xv 
 
 jeftural Readings, as to admit them too ^' ixi'^oTovvicrot,TB rccg yvui/.a.i, a av vuTv 
 
 frequently. Mr. Baron Mounteney hath d^sa-ay], eTrixi'^^re. It was impoffible 
 
 propofed one upon this Paflfage, that to preferve in a Tranflation the peculiar 
 
 fpeaks much critical Accuracy. As the ExprefTions of the Original, but the Senfe 
 
 compound Word iTrtxufOTov^Te fliould hath been attempted according to Mr. 
 
 nanirally have a greater Force, than the Mounteney's Emendation, 
 fimple Verb ^ei^oTovhvy and (hould ra- 
 
 VoL. L K
 
 66 ORATIONSOF 
 
 am, however, perfuaded, you will form a much better Judge- 
 ment of the War itfelf, and all Operations neceffary for it, if 
 you confider with Attention, the Situation of the Country, 
 where you propofe fixing the Seat of the Campaign ; if you 
 refle6t, that Philip generally executes his Defigns by taking 
 Advantage of the Winds and Seafons of the Year ; that wait- 
 ing for the North-Eaft Winds in Summer, and the Violence 
 with which they blow in Winter, he makes his Attacks, when 
 we are unable to fail out of our Harbours to oppofe him. (2 3] 
 Thefe Reflexions will convince you, that you muft not carry 
 on the War by tumultuary Levies (we are ever too late for 
 all Opportunities of acting) but by continued Operations, and 
 a regular Force. It is in your Power to make ufe of Lemnos, 
 and Scyathus, and other Iflands in the -/Slgsan Sea, as Winter- 
 Quarters for your Troops, where Harbours, and Provifions, and 
 whatever elfe may be neceffary for the Subfiftence of an Army, 
 will abundantly be fupplied. Then, while your Fleet lies at 
 Anchor near the Shore, it may choofe without DifHculty the 
 proper Seafon of the Year for failing, and without Difficulty 
 
 conti- 
 
 (23) (puXcc^cc:; raV 'ETij<r««?. Thefe ters upon Adion in the hotteft Seafon 
 North-Eaft Winds blow regularly in of the Year-, he purfues his Conquefts 
 Greece during the Dog-Days, and con ■ in the extremeft Heats of Summer, nor 
 fequently are diredly contrary for a Voy- is he lefs venturous in the tempeftuous 
 age from Athens to Macedonia, They Weather of Winter, when thefe North- 
 grow calm every Evening, and rife with Eaft Winds generally blow violently, and 
 the Morning, from whence they are muft neceflarily have hindered the Athe- 
 called the Sleepers. Philip therefore en- nians from failing out of their Ports.
 
 DEMOSTHENES. 6> 
 
 continue in Security from Storms near the Coaft of Macedonia, 
 and the Harbours of its maritime Towns. (24) But in what 
 Manner your Forces may be to moft Advantage employed, and 
 at what Time, the General, appointed by you to command 
 them, will be beft able to determine. What you yourfelve» 
 ought to provide, I have precifely written in my Decree. 
 
 I F therefore, O Men of Athens, you will raife the Supplies, 
 which I mention as an Article of principal Importance, and 
 then regularly provide all other Neceffaries, Infantry, Gallies, 
 and Cavalry ; if you will oblige your whole Army by a Law to 
 continue in the Service during the War, and will yourfelves be 
 your own Commiflaries and Paymafters ; if you will demand of 
 your. General, when he returns from the Campaign, an Ac- 
 count of his Condud:, then fhall you ceafe to debate for ever, 
 
 and 
 
 (24) Wolfius thinks the PafTage cor- idoneum facile aucupabitur, cum tene- 
 
 rupt, anciingenuoufly confefies his Doubts, bitur anchora prope terram ; facile ven- 
 
 er rather, according to his own Expref tos fecure ferentes expeftabit, cum in ipfa 
 
 fion, his Ignorance. Lucchefini thus ex- regione, in oftiis maritimarum urbium 
 
 plains it. Let the Praspofition tt^oV be commorabitur. To explain the Paflage 
 
 conftrued in its genuine Senfe ; for, when more clearly, he hath added in his Notes, 
 
 joined to a dative Cafe, it is expreiled ex iis infulis facile erit in Macedoniam 
 
 in Latin by juxta, prope, apud, ad, as ire, cum navibus in anchora ftantibus 
 
 in Cicero, ad judices dicere, fignifies, pfope terram facile fit, quod velint anni 
 
 apud judices dicere. Let us then under- tempus eligere, fiquidem turo manent 
 
 ftand ui^hv to choofe, or cpvXxTrsiv to prope locum quo debent accedere, & 
 
 obferve, and our Author's Meaning will fwnt in ipfa regione juxta portus, ad quos 
 
 appear, as in Lucchefmi's Tranflation, debent accedere. 
 Claflis vero tempus anni ad folvendum 
 
 K 2
 
 68 ORATIONSOF 
 
 and only to debate upon the fame Meafures. (25) Befides, you 
 fliall deprive Philip of his moft confiderable Revenue. What 
 Revenue ? He maintains the War againft you with Treafures ex- 
 torted from your Allies, whom he plunders, and enflaves, and 
 drives before him through the Ocean. What other Advantage ? 
 You fhall yourfelves be fecure againft his future Infults ; fuch 
 Infults, as when he lately ravaged Lemnos, and Imbros, and 
 violently carried off your Citizens, Prifoners of War ; fuch In- 
 fults, as when he intercepted your Ships at Geraftus, and pof- 
 feffed himfelf of an immenfe Booty ; (26) laftly, when he made 
 a Defcent at Marathon, and feizing upon one of the facred 
 Gallies, left our Coafts in Triumph. You were unable to hin- 
 der thefe Outrages, or to fend Succours at the Time you pro- 
 pofed. (27) 
 
 Whence is it, O Men of Athens, that the Feftivals of Mi- 
 nerva and Bacchus are always pun6lually celebrated at their 
 
 ftated 
 
 (25) The Athenian Generals had af- of Outrage and Violence. We have 
 
 fumed to themfelves a Power of raifing fome Reafon to conje(51:ure, that they 
 
 and expending whatever Money they were committed immediately after Philip 
 
 thought neceflary for the military Ser- had reduced Amphipolis and Potidsa 
 
 vice. Demofthenes upon this Occafion to his Obedience. He was then Mafter 
 
 would oblige them to refign an Em- of a very formidable Fleet, and the 
 
 ployment fo very little agreeable to their Athenians were too much engaged in 
 
 ProfefTion, and fo hazardous to their Inte- the Phocasan War to be able to fend 
 
 grity, that they might be anfwerable the neceflary Succours to their Allies, or 
 
 only for their Conduit, as Generals. to prevent their own perfonal Injuries. 
 
 TouRREiL. (27) The Athenians had two Gallies, 
 
 (26) It is extraordinary, that none of diftinguifhed by the Title of facred. The 
 
 the Greek Hiftorians mention thefe a<5ts firft, called Delia or Salaminia, in which
 
 DEMOSTHENES. 69 
 
 ilated Seafbns, whether Perfons, or knowing or ignorant in thefe 
 facred Ceremonies, be appointed for their Celebration ; Fefti- 
 vals, upon which you expend a larger Sum, than upon any one 
 naval Expedition ; which employ fuch a Multitude of People, 
 and are exhibited with fuch Magnificence, as I know not whe- 
 ther any one of all thofe Expeditions can equal ; yet all your 
 Armaments are ever too late for their intended Deftination ; 
 witnefs thofe deligned againft Methone, Pagaf^e, and Potidcea ? 
 Becaufe all thefe Feflivals are direfted by their proper Laws ; ■ 
 becaufe each of you forefees, at great Diftance, who are ap- 
 pointed to regulate the Mufic and gymnaftic Exercifes ; (28) 
 at what Time, and by whom, every Man's Employment is af- 
 figned him, and what he is obliged to perform. (29) Nothing 
 
 is 
 
 Thefeus failed to deftroy the Minotaur, particular Chorus. They hired, clothed 
 
 was annually fent to Deles, with all pof- and maintained, each of them, a Band 
 
 fible Solemnity, to perform a Sacrifice of Mufic, and contended with {o much 
 
 inftituted to Apollo, for preferving the Violence and fuch Expence for the beft 
 
 Remembrance of their Hero's Viclory Performers, tliat the Laws obliged them 
 
 and their own Gratitude, The other, to draw Lots for their Choice. The 
 
 called Paralos, was employed to carry Gymnafuirchs were appointed to furnifli 
 
 DiJpatches from the Government to their Oil, and all other NecefTaries for the 
 
 Armies ; to return with News of a Vic- Wreftlers. 
 
 tory or a Defeat ; to recal a criminal or (29) Tourrcil applies this Sentence 
 
 fufpeded General, in whom it was Re- wholly to the Theatre, and tranflates ir, 
 
 bcllion to difobey. Both thefe Gallies what Charafter every A<5tor fhall per- 
 
 were preferved to the Time of Antigo- form ; by whom he is engaged ; at what 
 
 nus, for as the old Timbers decayed. Time, and from whom, he fhall receive 
 
 new were inferted. his Salary. If fuch had been our Ora- 
 
 (28) Several Perfons, called CluDragi, tor's Meaning, he would, probably, luvc 
 
 were chofen in every Tribe, and appeared exprefled it in another Manner. 
 io thefe Feftivals, at the Head of thxjir
 
 70 ORATIONSOF 
 
 is carelefly left unexamined or undetermined ; but in all Con- 
 cernments of the War, and all your military Operations, every 
 Thing is irregular, undetermined, incapable of Corredion. As 
 foon, therefore, as we have heard of any new Motion of the 
 Enemy, we appoint our v/ealthier Citizens for the Equipment 
 of our Gallies ; we put the Laws, for advancing the neceffary 
 Sums to the Government, into Execution; (30) we deliberate 
 upon Methods of raifing the Supplies. It is then decreed, that 
 the Strangers, redding in Athens, and the Peafants of the Country 
 round us, fhall embark immediately, and our own domeftic 
 Soldiery relieve them. Thus, while you are forming your 
 Schemes, the Delign, for which we determine to fail, is totally 
 loft. The Time for Aftion we confume in Preparation. But 
 Conjundures will not wait for our Inadlivity and Coldnefs of 
 Spirit. Even the Forces we compute we have raifed, are ma- 
 nifeftly proved incapable of adting, by thofe very Conjundlures, 
 for which they were raifed. From whence Philip hath arrived 
 at fuch Excefs of Infolencc as to fend the following Letter to 
 
 the Euboeans. 
 
 P H I- 
 
 (30) By this Law, called in the Ori- Exchange of Fortunes with the Perfon 
 
 ginal, Antidofis, the Perfon, who re- who challenged him. 
 fufed to advance the Sum required in The TranQator, defpairing of being able 
 
 any fudden Exigence of Government, to find any Expreffion, that could convey 
 
 was impowered to name fome richer Ci- the Meaning of this Law to an Englifh 
 
 tizen to fupply his Place. If he too re- Reader has hardly attempted it. IFe put 
 
 fufed, he was obliged to fubmit to the the Laws, for advancing the Sums neccpry 
 
 Terms propofed by the Law -, a total for fuch an Exigence, into Execution.
 
 DEMOSTHENES. 71 
 
 PHILIP'S Letter to the E U B OE A N S.* 
 
 TV /TANY Parts of this Letter, O Men of Athens, are un- 
 deniably true (it fhould be otherwife) though perhaps 
 difagreeable to hear. But if an Orator could in Reality, as in 
 Words, pafs over whatever might be ofFenfive to his Audience, 
 all popular Orations fhould be formed only to pleafe. But 
 when this pleafing Art of fpeaking, if not in fomc Meafure 
 profitable, is in Fadl pernicious, it is fhameful, O Men of 
 Athens, to delude yourfelves, and by reje6ling what may per- 
 haps be difagreeable, to be for ever too late in all your Opera- 
 tions. Shameful, not to be capable of learning this Maxim, 
 that they, who condud: a War with Succefs, do not follow 
 Conjunctures, but lead them. For as we hold it fitting, that, 
 a General fhould march at the Head of his Army, fo fhould 
 an able Counfellor command Events ; that every MeaRire he 
 approves, may be carried into Execution, and that he himfelf 
 may not be compelled to follow Contingencies and Chances. 
 
 But although you are fuperior to every other Grecian State 
 in Ships, Infantry, Cavalry and Revenues, never, even to this 
 Day, have you employed them to any valuable Purpofes ; never 
 
 gained 
 
 * This I,etter hath not been preferred in TeriTis moft injurious to the Athe- 
 to us. We may believe it was written nians.
 
 72 ORATIONSOF 
 
 gained by them any real Advantage. (31) As the Barbarians 
 fight in our Games, fo do you war againft Philip. If one of 
 them is wounded, his whole Attention is fixed upon the Wound. 
 Strike him any where elfe, his Hands are inftantly upon the 
 Stroke ; but to repel the Blow, or firmly to look his Adverfary 
 in the Face, he neither knows nor dares. (3 2) Thus you, when 
 you hear, that Philip is in Cherfonefus, decree your Succours 
 thither ; if in Thermopylse, thither ; wherever he turns his 
 Arms, you attend him j you march after him, as if he were 
 your General, but determine nothing of Importance for your- 
 felves with Regard to the War, nor ever provide for an ap- 
 proaching Event, untill you hear fome new Invafion hath al- 
 ready been, or is immediately to be attempted. There was 
 once, perhaps, a Time, when to have acSled in this Manner 
 might have been not unpardonable, but your Affairs are ar- 
 rived at a Crifis, that no longer allows of fuch Condu<5l. 
 
 To 
 
 (31) "Ovhvo? Se d-TToXilTnirBi. Thefe ped, as to be able to engage double their 
 
 Words are not unwiiely over-looked by Number. The Revenues of the State 
 
 fome of our Trandators, for they are had by Degrees amounted to four hun- 
 
 really difRculr. Wolfius and his Editors dred Talents. 
 
 tranflate them, neminem non fequimini, {■^i) Appian had probably this beau- 
 
 and then give us a moft uncouth Image tiful Image in his View, and hath imi- 
 
 to explain them, in tergo hasretis hofti. tated it with great Spirit. He defcribes. 
 
 The prefent TranHation follows Luc- Caffius fixing his Eyes upon the War, 
 
 chefini, nullum fru6tum afiequuti eftis. as a Gladiator does upon his Adverfary, 
 
 The regular Forces, ufually maintained O' i^lv Kxa-a-wg xocOoiTTs^ ej tov xyuvig-^v 
 
 by the Republic, confifted of twenty- o; fjt.ovo^ot.'x^ivTei; Iq [a.6vov tov ttoM^ov 
 
 nine thoufand Foot, two hundred Horfe ^(piupa. 
 and three hundred Gallies, fo well equip-
 
 DEMOSTHENES. 73 
 
 To me it appears, O Men of Athens, that fome God, 
 afliamed of our Adminiftration, hath poured into the Breaft 
 of Philip this indefatigable Ambition. For if he were con- 
 tented with what he hath conquered, and what he hath ufurp- 
 ed ; if he were willing even now to live in Peace, nor attempt- 
 ed any new Enterprize againft us, there are among you, in my 
 Judgement, who could be abundantly fatisfied with the Diflio^ 
 hour, and Cowardice, and every bafeft Ignominy, to which they 
 have condemned the Commonwealth. But perpetually form- 
 ing fome new Attempt, and infatiate of fome new Conqueft, 
 he may, perhaps, call you forth to oppofe him, if you have 
 not wholly defpaired of yourfelves, and the Republic. 
 
 I SHOULD really wonder, if none of you refledls, that this 
 War was begun to punifh Philip ; or without Indignation, O 
 Men of Athens, can behold, that it ends in preferving ourfelves 
 from the Infults of this very Philip. However, that he will 
 never flop in the Progrefs of his Conquefts, unlefs fome one 
 oppofe him, is moft apparent. Shall we then patiently wait in 
 Expectation of fuch an Event ? If you fend out empty Gallies 
 againft him, and Hopes, I know not by whofe Encouragement 
 conceived, do you imagine fuch Expeditions can fucceed ? Shall 
 we not embark ? Shall we not march ourfelves with at leaft 
 fome Part of our national Forces, becaufe v/e have never yet 
 Vol. I. L at-
 
 74 ORATIONSOF 
 
 attempted It ? Shall we not make a Defcent upon his Territories ? 
 But where {hall we make this Defcent ? (33) The War itfelf, 
 
 Men of Athens, will difcover the Weaknefs of his Country, 
 if we hazard the Attempt. But if we lit indolently at Home, 
 Iiearing our Orators mutually reproaching and accuUng each 
 other, never can that Succefs we greatly want attend us. Yet 
 
 1 ajii perfuaded, in whatever Expedition any Part of the Re- 
 public (for I would not have the whole engaged) fhall be fent 
 with your other Forces, the good Favour of the Gods and of 
 Fortune will enter with us into the Battle, But when you fend 
 only one General, an empty Decree, and thefe our oratorial 
 Hopes, never can fuch Expeditions profper. They are Objedts 
 of Derilion to your Enemies, while your Allies die with Ter- 
 rour in beholding them. (34) For impollible, it is in Truth 
 impoffible, that any one Man fhould ever be able to execute all 
 
 your 
 
 (1^2) Not only upon the Authority of from fome marginal, explanatory Note: 
 
 Dodor Pearce, but that of good Senfe (34) We have a Remark of very cri- 
 
 and Cricicifm, we have left two Words tical Tafte upon this Paflage in Baron 
 
 untrandated in this Sentence, which how- Mounteney's Edition. He firft propofes, 
 
 ever appear in all Editions of our Au- as a more clafiic:J Reading, KxrayiXua-i 
 
 thor. "HpETO rig, Seine one m^y demand, ^^v toi^tuv K-Trog-oXuv, and then fepa- 
 
 where we Ihall make this Defcent ? 1 he rates oi c-up,«.a%o; vJvxa-i tu SUi from 
 
 Text might be a little mended by reading, the reft of the Sentence by a Parenthefis. 
 
 with Morellius, l^ono rig, but the Spirit He juftly obfei-ves an extreme Hardnefs 
 
 of the Queftion would languifh, and the in the Expreffion, raSma-t r^s roi^rag 
 
 Genius of our Author apparendy be loft. aVoroAa? inftead of Aa rvg, and there- 
 
 The learned and judicious Editor of Lon- fore propofes t»V roiirag oiTrog-oXag o^uv- 
 
 ginus imagines the Words were taken into -p^g as the genuine Reading. We find 
 
 the Text, by the Errour of the Copyift, ^-{-^^ laft in Morellius.
 
 DEMOSTHENES. 75 
 
 your Decrees. To promife largely ; {2 s) to affirm with Confi- 
 dence, and to accufe others as the Caufe of his ill Succefs, is 
 indeed within his Power j but from hence the total Ruin of 
 your Affairs. For while your General commands a Body of 
 miferable, ill-paid Mercenaries ; while there are People eafily 
 to be found in Athens, who falfely reprefent his Conduct abroad, 
 and while you as eafily form your Decrees upon thofe Repre^ 
 fentations, as Chance dire6ls your Opinions, what are we to 
 exped ? When therefore fhall thefe Abufes ceafe ? When you, 
 O Men of Athens, will fiiew yourfelves the Soldiers of your 
 Generals, the Witnefi^s of their Behaviour, and the Judges, 
 when they return, of their Condudl ; for in all Concernments 
 of the Republic, you ought not only to hear, but be prefent 
 and behold. 
 
 Yet to fuch exceeding Sham.e are our Affairs arrived, that 
 
 every one of your Generals is twice or thrice tried for his Life in 
 
 your Courts of Jufiice, while none of them hath Courage 
 
 enough to hazard that Life in Battle againft his Enemies, but 
 
 choofes rather the Fate of Slaves and Malefactors, than that 
 
 honourable Death befitting a Soldier. To die by the Sentence 
 
 of Juftice is the Death of Malefadors j that of a Commander 
 
 by the Hand of his Enemies. 
 ^ Wh'ile 
 
 (35) This Charadter feems intended little anxious about tlie Performance, 
 particularly for Chares, who was fo ex- that The Promifes of Chares became a 
 ceffively lavifh of his Promifes, and fo vulgar Expreffion. 
 
 L 2
 
 76 ORATIONSOF 
 
 While fuch is our Situation abroad, we wander idly about 
 the City, and report that PhiKp is even now fecretly concert- 
 ino- with the Lacedaemonians the Ruin of Thebes, and the 
 total Deftrudion of all Republics. Some afilire us, that he 
 hath fent Ambafladors to the Perfian ; others, that he is forti- 
 fying the Cities of Illyria. Thus do we loiter about, each of 
 us repeating the Stories he himfelf hath invented. By all the 
 Gods, O Men of Athens, I verily believe him drunk with the 
 Greatnefs of his own Adions, and in his Imagination dreaming 
 fuch Projeds as thefe, while elated with his Succefs, he beholds 
 himlelf, as in a vail Solitude, alone and unoppofed. Yet noti 
 by Jupiter, in fuch a Manner forming thefe Projeds,., that the 
 moll ignorant among us (for certainly thefe Story-makers are 
 the moft ignorant among us) can ever conceive how he defigna . 
 to carry them into Execution.. 
 
 But leaving thefe Conliderations, if we ara convinced that 
 this Man is our Enemy ; that he defpoils us of our Dominions ; 
 that he hath long infulted us ; that whatever Succours we have 
 expeded from others, have in the Event appeared againft us ^^ 
 that our laft remaining Refource is in ourfelves, and that if we 
 will not refolve to carry the War into his Country, we fhallj 
 perhaps, be compelled to fupport it here in our own ; if we 
 are convinced, that thefe Reflexions are juft, we fhall form our. 
 
 Decrees
 
 DEMOSTHENES. 77; 
 
 Decrees with Honour and Advantage to the Commonwealth, 
 nor be longer influenced by frivolous and idle Conje6lures. For 
 it does not concern you to look into Futurity, but to be well 
 afllired, that whatever is in Futurity, will be to you moft mi- 
 ferable, if you be not more attentive to the Adminiftration, and, 
 more adive in the Execution, of your Affairs» 
 
 With Regard to myfelf, never did I at any Time endea- 
 vour to pleafe you, when I fpoke, milefs I was perfuaded my 
 Advice was equally as ufeful as agreeable. I have now given 
 you my Sentiments with Freedom ; all of them with perfedl 
 Simplicity, and without Apprehenflon of your Difpleafure. 
 Yet as I am convinced, it is of utmoft Importance to you to 
 hear the beft Advice, fo I fincerely wifh, it were of Advan- 
 tage to the Perfon, who propofes it. I fhould then have fpo- 
 ken with much greater Pleafure. But although it be doubtful 
 and uncertain, in what Manner I may be affected by the Mea- 
 fures I have propofed, yet perfuaded that it was your Interefl: 
 to execute, I determined to propofe them. May that Opinion 
 prevail, whatever will be moft beneficial to you, and the Re- 
 public. 
 
 O R A-
 
 ORATION IV. 
 
 Upon the Liberty of the RHODIANS.
 
 mm!ii^*%**^******m**m^*m*i^*m****m**mmm****m*m^miii*m»% 
 
 The ARGUMENT. 
 
 THE fecial War had continued three Years, with equal Vigour, 
 and equal Succefs, when the Athenians, alarmed with an Appre- 
 henfion of a Perfian Invafion, concluded a Peace with the Confederates^ 
 and granted them that Liberty, for which they had taken up Arms. 
 The Rhodians were afterwards unhappily divided by civil DifTentions. 
 The oligarchical Party, affifled by Artemifia, under the Diredion and 
 Influence of Artaxerxes Ochus, had opprefled the democratical. The 
 People apply to the Athenians for Protection, and the Recovery of their 
 ancient Conflitution. Demoflhenes fupports their Caufe with Argu- 
 ments drawn from the political Interefts of, Athens j the general Senti- 
 ments of Liberty, and the Glory of forgiving thofe Injuries, which the 
 Rhodians, during the War, had committed againfl the Republic. 
 
 This Oration was- fpoken in the fecond Year of the hundred and fe- 
 renth Olympiad, when our Author was thirty Years of Age. 
 
 **iM|fe***«**#**1|lM»#*5lH^##»#*##**##*t####»#*###**«*
 
 ORATION IV. 
 
 Upon the Liberty of the R H O D I A N S. 
 
 IN my Opinion, O Men of Athens, when you debate upon 
 AfFairs of fuch Importance, you fliould grant a general 
 Freedom of Speech to whoever propofes his Advice, (ij Not 
 
 that 
 
 Among all our different Forms of Go- 
 vernment, there is not another fo liable 
 to civil Difientions, as the Republican. 
 Virtue is, in general, the Foundation 
 Principle of all Republics. But pure 
 Democracies, agitated by the violent and 
 «umultuous PafTions of the People, are 
 expofed to Revolutions, Confufion, Anar- 
 chy. Ariftocracics, formed by the Ad- 
 vantages of Riches, or Birth, or fupe- 
 rior Abilities, are tempted to abufe the 
 Power intrufted to them by the Admi- 
 niftration. They grow infolent and op- 
 prefTive. Oligarchies are too near that 
 Equality upon which they are founded, 
 and can ill afllime the Superiority necef- 
 fary to .controul the Tumults of the 
 People. 
 
 Such were the Caufes of thofe Difien- 
 tions, which laid wafte the common 
 Strength of Greece through all her Re- 
 publics ; expofed them an eafy Conqueft 
 to foreign Enemies, or endaved them to 
 
 domeftic Tyrants. The Rhodians were 
 an unhappy Proof of thefe Remarks. 
 As either Party previfled, oligarchical or 
 democratical, they applied for Succours 
 to thofe States, whofe Form of Govern- 
 ment moft nearly refembled their own. 
 Thus, in the firft Year of the ninety- 
 fixth Olympiad, the popular Faction, be- 
 ing more powerful, received the Athe- 
 nians into their Citadel. Five Years af- 
 terwards the Oligarchy, having gained 
 the Superiority, drove out the Athenians 
 and received the Lacedaemonians. The 
 People, when this Oration was fpoken, 
 were in Pofleflion of the Government, 
 but apprehenfive of the Power and In- 
 fluence of Artaxerxes and Artemifia, or 
 rather cruelly opprefi"ed by them, they 
 applied to the Athenians for Affiftance 
 and Support. 
 
 ( I ) There appears to be fome Dif- 
 ficulty in this Pafiage. The Laws of 
 Solon permitted, or rather called upon
 
 DEMOSTHENES. 8i 
 
 that I conceive it difficult to inform you what Meafures you 
 ought to purfue, for (with utmoft SimpUcity to exprefs myfelf) 
 you feem to me fufficiently well-informed ; but to perfuade you 
 to carry thofe Meafures into Execution, is difficult indeed. For 
 after any Expedient hath been refolved and decreed, the Exe- 
 cution is as far diftant, as before your Decrees. 
 
 There is one Circumftance however in the prefent Con- 
 juncture, for which, I fhould imagine, your Gratitude is due 
 to the immortal Gods : that a People, who by their own Per- 
 verfenefs, were not long lince your open Enemies, now place in 
 your Friendfhip alone their Hopes of Liberty. A Circum- 
 ftance worthy of being, at this Time, fenfibly acknowledged ; 
 for if you regulate your Councils upon it v/ith becoming Wif- 
 dom, you fhall have it in your Power effedually to refute the 
 Calumnies thrown out againft the Republic, and to refute them 
 
 with 
 
 every Citizen, who was not infamous in " fome Trade for his fubfiftence, to ap- 
 his private or public Charafter, to pro- " pear on this Tribunal. Whom there- 
 pofe his Advice. But the Clamours and " fore does he think fhould be deprived 
 Tumults of the People, the Violence of " of this Privilege of fpeaking in Pub- 
 Parties, or the Influence of the Magi- «' iic ? Thofe, who lead a Life of I'ur- 
 ftrates, who prefided in their AfTemblies, " pitude ; who beat their Fathers or 
 often hindered thofe Perfons from fpeak- " Mothers ; who do not fupport, or re- 
 ing, who were authorifed by the Laws " ceive them into their Houfcs ; who 
 to enter into their Debates. Thus /E{- " reflife to ferve the Republic in her 
 chines in his Oration againft Timarchus ; " Wars, or throw away their fliitld in 
 '• Solon doth not forbid the Citizen, " Battle ; who prodigally lavifh away 
 " who is not defcended from your an- " their paternal or hereditary Fortunes." 
 " cient Commanders, or who exercifes Lucchesjni. 
 
 Vol. I. M
 
 82 
 
 ORATIONS OF 
 
 with your own exceeding Glory. The Byzantians, Chians, 
 Rhodians, accufed us o^ forming infidious Defigns againft their 
 Liberties, and from thence entered into one common League 
 againft us in the late War. It fhall now manifeftly appear^ 
 tliat Maufolus (he, who, while he profefled himfelf the Friend 
 of the Rhodians, violently deprived them of their Liberty) was 
 their principal Diredlor and Advifer : (2) that the Chians and 
 Byzantians, with v/hom they had entered into an Alliance, ne- 
 ver fent the leaft Succour to their Misfortunes, but that you, 
 of whom they entertained fuch Terrours, are their alone De- 
 fenders and Prefervers. (3) 
 
 (2) Maufolus, King of Caria, was 
 Husband and Brother of Artemifia, for 
 it was a cuftom eftablifhed among the 
 Carians, that their Kings fhould marry 
 their Sifters, and that the Widow fhould 
 fucceed her Husband, preferably to his 
 Brothers, or even his Children. Mau- 
 folus had affifted the Confederates in the 
 fbcisl War, and fupported the Oligarchy 
 of Rhodes, or had rather enflaved the 
 whole People. He died two Years be- 
 fore this Oration was fpoken, when the 
 People, it is probable, had not yet rifen 
 to aflert their Liberties. Lucchesini. 
 ( 3 . ) It was the political Intereft of Chios, 
 as a democratical State, to have affifted 
 the Rhodians in recovering their Free- 
 dom. They were probably reftrained by 
 their Fears of Artemifia, for whatever 
 "Wonders Hiilorians have related ot the 
 Sorrows of this Princefs for die Death 
 
 When 
 
 of her Husband ; her erefting the fa- 
 mous Maufoleum ; inftituting Games to 
 his Memory, and even drinking his Aflies, 
 we may believe, by the Manner fhe is 
 mentioned in this Oration, that fhe did 
 not forget flie was a Queen, even amidfl 
 thefe extraordinary Sorrows of her Wi- 
 dowhood. Vitruvius relates a bold and 
 fuccefshil Stratagem, by which fhe de- 
 ftroyed a confiderable Body of Forces, 
 fent by the Rhodians to dethrone her ; 
 got Poireffion of their Fleet, and fub- 
 dued the Ifland. They probably did not 
 recover their Liberty till her Death, two 
 Years after that of her Husband. We 
 may form fome Judgement of the Spirit 
 of this diJconfolute Widow, from the 
 Trophy flie erefted for her Viftory, with 
 two Statues of Bronze, one reprefenting 
 the City of Rhodes, the other her own 
 Perfon branding it with aa hot iron. \'i- 
 
 truvius
 
 D E M O S T tl E N E S. 
 
 H 
 
 When this Condudt fliall be univerfally feen, the Plebeians 
 in every City will coniider your Frieiidfhip as their military 
 Standard in Time of War, and in Peace, their Symbol of Profperi- 
 ty. (4) Nor can any other more excellent Blefling attend you, 
 than to gain, by tlieir own Confent, the univerfal, unfufped- 
 ing Benevolence of Mankind. 
 
 But I cannot without Admiration behold our Orators ad- 
 vifing the Republic to opp(j^fe the King in Defence of the 
 ^Egyptians, yet to be fearful of provoking him by proteding the 
 Rhodians ; elpecially when they know, the Rhodians are Na- 
 tives of Greece, but that ^gypt is generally efteemed a part of 
 the Perfian Dominions. (5) Yet, I believe fome of you may' 
 
 recol- 
 
 truvius tells us, the Rhodians nevef dared 
 to deftroy this Trophy, being forbidden 
 by fome religious Terrour. However 
 they built a Wall round it, to conceal 
 it from public View. 
 
 (4) IloieTa-Bui (T[j[4.CoXov tij? iruTvi^la.^, 
 tranflated by Stephens, pro indicio & ar- 
 gumento falutis habere. Yet tlie Word 
 avy-CoXov, befides many other Meanings, 
 fignifies a military Standard, and accord- 
 ing to Budsus dicebatur fignum quod- 
 dam, vel, magis pro; rie, teflera, quam 
 publice dabant civitates quibufdam ho- 
 minibus fibi amicis, ut hofpitaliter & 
 amice ..ccipercntur in oppidis fcederatis. 
 The Senfc, according to our Interpreters, 
 
 is cold and fpiritlefs. The Tranflator 
 therefore hopes to be forgiven, if he hath» 
 perhaps, too boldly hazarded the meta^ 
 phorical Meanings of the Word au'x^o- 
 Xov. 
 
 (5) Artaxerxes Ochus was making 
 great warlike Preparations againil Nec- 
 tanebus King of ^^gypt, and t!ie Phce- 
 nicians, who had revolted from their 
 Obedience to the Throne of Perfia. He 
 fent Ambafladors to all the rnoft power- 
 ful States of Greece to folicice Succours. 
 The Laceds-monians and Athenians af- 
 fared him they would inviolably preferve 
 the Peace they had lately concluded with 
 him, but refufed to lend liim the Forces 
 M 2 he
 
 84. ORATIONSOF 
 
 recoiled:, when you debated upon your Conduft with Regard 
 to the King, that riling firft, and, if I miftake not, rifnig 
 alone, or with only one Perfon to fupport rae in the Debate, I 
 declared, that in my Opinion, you would appear to ad: with 
 Wifdom, in making the Pretext of your miUtary Operations, 
 not your Refentment to Artaxerxes, but in forming your Pre- 
 parations againft your then declared Enemies, yet employing 
 them in taking Vengeance even upon him, fhould he attempt 
 to invade the Commonwealth. The Mealures I then propofed, 
 you did not difapprove. They rather pleafed you. My prefent 
 Oration will regularly follow the Plan, I then laid before you, 
 and if the King himfelf admitted me of his Council, I fhould 
 give him the very fame Advice ; to declare War for his own 
 Territories, if the Grecians invaded him, but never to attempt 
 enlarging his Dominions by any foreign Conquefts. 
 
 Yet if you have determined, O Men of Athens, to cede 
 to the Perfian whatever Cities he fhall become Mafter of, whe- 
 ther by furprizing, or deceiving their Inhabitants, you have not, 
 in my Judgement, determined either honourably or wifely. But 
 
 if 
 
 he demanded. Neftanebus however was apprehendve of her Ambition, and po^ 
 
 powerfully fupported by the Grecians in litically determined to breali her Power 
 
 general, and particularly by the Athen-i- by affifting the Egyptians, yet without 
 
 ans, who preierved a conftant Remem- an apparent Breach of Treaties with Ar- 
 
 brance of the Calamities they had fuffered taxerxes. 
 by the Invafions of Perfia -, were ftilL
 
 DEMOSTHENES. 85 
 
 if you generoufly refolve to declare War for the Relief of the 
 opprefled, whenever they demand your Aid, and to fupport 
 whatever Fatigues or Dangers may attend fuch a Declaration, 
 lefs will be required in the Profecution of the War itfelf, in 
 Proportion to the Vigour and Wifdom of your Rcfolutions. 
 Befides, you will appear to have confidered with Attention the 
 neceffary Expedients to infure your Succefs. 
 
 Asa Proof, that I neither propofe any Meaflires unknown 
 to your Conftitution, when I urge you to refcore the Rhodians 
 to their Liberty ; nor that the Commonwealth, fhould you 
 comply with my Advice, will enter into any new Schemes, I 
 fhall recoiled an Inftance in Fa6l moft advantageous to the Re- 
 public. You formerly fcnt Timotheus to fuccour Aj-iobarza- 
 nes, forbidding him in the Preamble of your Decree, to violate 
 your Treaties with the Perfian. (6) Yet, that General finding 
 
 Ari- 
 
 (6) Our Author alone hath prelerved the Forces fet fail. But that Genera! 
 
 this little Piece of Hiftory to Pofterity. finding Ariobarzanes in- open Rebellion 
 
 We muft rely upon Conjeftures and Pro- refufed him the intended Succours ; made 
 
 bability for the Time and Circumftances. a Defcent upon Samos ; drove out ths 
 
 In the fecond or third of the hundred Perfian Garrifon, and reftored ihe Ifland 
 
 and fourth Olympiad Timotheus was fent to its Liberty. This was an Acl of Ju- 
 
 to alTifl: Ariobarzanes in takmg Poffef- ftice, as well as poliric.il Wifdom ; ft r 
 
 fion of Phrygia, which he clain-^ed after Cyprothemides Ii;id unjuftly feized upon 
 
 the Death of Mithridates, and for which the Government, and it much concerned 
 
 he probably refufed to do Homage to the Athenians net to futfer an Ifland, 
 
 Artaxeixes. Thefe Circumftances, we from v/hencc the Perfians might fo eafily 
 
 may believe by the Orders g'ven to 11 pifs over into Greece, to continue in 
 
 juocheus, were unknown at Athens, wlien their PofiHfion., Lucch£Sjnj^
 
 86 O R A T I O N S O F 
 
 Aiiobarzanes in open Rebellion, and Sanies garrifoned by Cy» 
 prothemides, whom Tigranes, the King's Lieutenant, made 
 Governor of the City, not only determined not to affift Ario- 
 barzanes, but bedeged Samos ; efFe6tualiy fuccoured and re- 
 ftored it to its Liberty. Nor to this Day, did the Perfian ever 
 declare War againft you upon that Account. For no People 
 will with eqiial Vigour take up Arms ambitioufly to enlarge 
 their Dominions, as to defend their prefent PoflefTions. To 
 preferve themfelves from being plundered of their Property, all 
 Men will light with their utmoft polTible Strength ; not fo for 
 their Ambition. They will indeed with Ardour feize, if per- 
 mitted ; if oppofed, they do not imagine, that they, who op- 
 pofed, have injured them. Neither, in my Judgement, will 
 Artemilia a6l in Contradiction to this general Pradice, when 
 ■our Republic fliall intereft herfelf in the Affair. When you 
 have heard a few Reafons for my being of this Opinion, confi- 
 der, whether I have concluded juftly. 
 
 I DO, indeed, believe, that if the King fliould execute with 
 Succefs all the Defigns in ^gypt, which he hath ambitioufly 
 formed, Artemisia would earneftly attempt every Expedient to 
 reduce Rhodes to his Obedience. Not in her Affedion for 
 him, but her Willingnefs, if he fhould become her Neighbour, 
 to fix upon him fom.e im.portant Obligation. But unfuccefs- 
 ful in ^gypt, as Fame reports, and unfortunate in whatever 
 7 he
 
 DEMOSTHENES. Sy 
 
 he hath attempted, (7) fhe certainly judges, that this Ifland, as 
 is the very Fad, cannot be of any other ufe to him at prefcnt, 
 than as a Frontier to his Dominions, to prevent her railing any 
 Commotions againft him. (8) From thence, I am convinced, 
 (he would rather fee it in your PofTcilion, while fhe herfelf did 
 not apparently deliver it into your Hands, than that he fliould 
 become Mafter of it. I am perfuaded, flie will not even fend 
 him Succours ; or if flie fhould, perchance, affift him, fhe 
 certainly will do it unwiUingly and remifsly. 
 
 W I T H Regard to the King, I fhali not, by Jupiter affirm, 
 in what Manner he propofes to a6t ; but that it much concerns 
 the Republic to have it clearly manifeft, whether he purpofes 
 to reduce that Ifland to his Obedience, I ftrongly contend. 
 
 For 
 
 (7) Whatever Intelligence our Author Perfians in all the Defigns they formed 
 might have received of Artaxerxes and againft him. But he difmifled the Per- 
 this Expedition, his Succefs was certainly fons to whom he owed his Succcfs, and 
 moft terrible. He reduced the unhappy condufting his Affairs himfelf hath left 
 People of Sidon to the miierable Necef- this Maxim to Pofterity, that the Qua- 
 lity of fetting fire to their City, when lity of King does not neceflarily fup- 
 forty thoufand Men, befides Women and pole Abilities and Merit. 
 Children, perifhed in the Flames. After (8) We need only confider the Situa- 
 this dreadful Deftruftion, he turned his ^ion of Rhodes, to be convinced, how 
 Arms againft Neftanebus, and obliged ^'^^^f^'^^ it might have been to the Perfian 
 him to fly into Ethiopia. This Prince in his Defigns upon Caria, and how eafy 
 was ruined by his Vanity. While Dio- th.e Paflage from thence into Greece. It , 
 phantcs the Athenian and Lamius the was befides of great Importance, by the 
 Lacedaemonian, had the Command of Strength of its Navy, and the maritime 
 his Armies, and the Direftion ol his Genius of its People. Lucchesini. 
 Wars, he was always vidorious over the
 
 88 ORATIONSOF 
 
 For {hould he make himfelf Mafter of it, we fTiall not then 
 debate upon the Liberty of Rhodes, but upon our own Safety 
 and the common Liberties of Greece. Indeed, if the Rho- 
 dians, now in Pofleflion of the City, were capable of main- 
 taining it themfelves, I would by no Means advife you to fupport 
 them, even though they promifed to fubmit to whatever Con- 
 ditions, you pleafed to impofe. For when they had entered in- 
 to a Confpiracy to deftroy the democratical Conftitution of 
 their Country, they firfl engaged fome ot their Fellow-Citi- 
 zens to join with them, and afterwards, when they had exe- 
 cuted their Purpofe, drove them into Banilliment. They, who 
 violate their Faith to their own Citizens, I never can believe 
 will be firm Allies to the Athenians. Neither would I have 
 fpoken in this Manner, if I had imagined it of Advantage only 
 to the Rhodians ; for I never received in their City the public 
 Rights of Hofpitality, nor have any Obligations to them of 
 private Friendfliip : nor indeed, although I were under both 
 thefe Engagements, would I have fpoken in their Defence, un- 
 lefs I thought it conducive to your Interefts. 
 
 With Regard to the Rhodians, if fuch an ExprefHon may 
 be allowed to him, who pleads in general for their Prcfervation, 
 I really rejoice in their Misfortunes ; for when with an envious 
 and malignant Spirit they oppofcd your Recovery of your pro- 
 per Territories, they totally lofl: their own Liberty : when it 
 
 3 was
 
 DEMOSTHENES. 
 
 89 
 
 was in their Power to enter, upon equal Terms, into an Alli- 
 ance with the Grecians, and with this Republic, the moft pow- 
 erful State of Greece, they chofe rather to be enflaved by Bar- 
 barians and Slaves, whom they admitted into their Citadel. (9) 
 Yet I could almoft venture to afRrm, if you now determine to 
 fuccour them, their paft Misfortunes may be greatly beneficial 
 to them. For had they profpered under the Alteration of their 
 Conftitution, I know not whether they would ever have return- 
 ed to wifer Counfels, being, as they are, truly Rhodians. fio) 
 But fmce they are now better inflruAed, and convinced by Ex- 
 perience, 
 
 Lights 
 
 (9) The Troops of Artemifia, which 
 they received into their Citadel. 
 
 (to) Homer calls them infolent, uVef- 
 r,<pci.Miig. Livy mentions the Foolidinefs 
 of their Pride, ftolidaefuperbise ; a Cha- 
 racter they ftill maintain even in the 
 Wrctchednefs of a Tiirkilli Slavery. But 
 our Orator, while he is pleading for their 
 Prefervation, why docs he thus indiiftri- 
 oufly fet their Elrrours in thefc ftrong 
 ? 
 
 The Tranflator hath almoll refulved 
 never to make any of the ufual Remarks 
 of Praife and Admiration upon the Art 
 or Condud, or that Force of reafoning, 
 peculiar to his Author. To a fenfible 
 Reader it is imperdnent •, to an unfeeling 
 it is ufelefs. Yet it may be fometimes 
 not unneceflary to awaken his Attention, 
 as perhaps in this particular Inftance. 
 Our Orator had undertaken a very un- 
 popular Caufe, for the Rhodians had di- 
 
 VOL. I. 
 
 ftinguiflied themfelvc, in the late focial 
 War, by their Oppofition to the Atheni- 
 ans. Demofthenes therefore does not 
 oppofe the popular Refentment ; he joins 
 with the People in their Indignation, and 
 reprefents the Rhodians in the moft odi- 
 ous Colours of Pride, Perfidy, Foolilh- 
 nefs and Injuftice. Yet however unwor- 
 thy, in themfelves, of that Protection 
 they implore, they are Objcdts of that 
 Generofity, which had ever diftinguifhed 
 the Republic of Athens, and in which flie 
 had always pkccd her highell Glory ; tha: 
 of forgiving Injuries committed againit 
 her, and protefting the opprelfed. To Sen- 
 timents of diis elevated Spirit, and to 
 thel'e Motives of Glory, our Orator adds 
 thofe of Intereft, by proving how much 
 it imported the State of Athens to aflift 
 a democratical Republic, and not to 
 abandon an Ifland fo powerful, as that of 
 Rhodes, to their Enemies. 
 
 N
 
 90 ORATIONSOF 
 
 periencc, that fuch Imprudence hath been the frequent Occa- 
 fion of numerous Calamities, they may, perchance, become 
 wifer for the Future. I therefore efteem their prefent Afflic- 
 tion no mean Advantage to them, and conclude it your Duty 
 ,to endeavour to preferve them ; not remembering the Injuries 
 you have received from them, but recollediing, ' that you your- 
 felves have often been deceived by thofe, who had criminal 
 Defigns againft your Liberties ; none of whom however you 
 would now pronounce it equitable to punifh. 
 
 Consider befides, O Men of Athens, you have maintain- 
 ed many Wars, both againft Democracies and Oligarchies. The 
 Fa6l you perfedly know. But for what Reafons your Wars 
 againft either, perhaps none of you reflects. Yet what indeed 
 thofe Reafons ? Againft Democracies, for Complaints of private 
 Injuries, which it was impoftible publicly to redrefs ; for a 
 Divifton of Territories, for Boundaries, for Glory, or Sove- 
 reignty, (ii) Againft Oligarchies from none of thefe Motives, 
 but for the political Form of your Government, and the gene- 
 ral Caufe of Liberty. (12) From whence I am not afraid to aflert, 
 
 we 
 
 ( I Our Author probably means their proceeded from perfonat Injuries, or a 
 
 "Wars againft Corintli and Syracufe, in general Spirit of Emulation between the 
 
 both which Cities the democratical Form two Nations. I.ucchesini. 
 
 of Government was eftablifhed. With (12) Here he means the Boeotians, 
 
 the Corinthians they contended for Boun- and Megarenfes, but particularly the La- 
 
 daries and Extent of Country ; their ccds;monians, by whom Athens had once 
 
 Quarrels with the People of Syracufe been totally enflaved, and from whom
 
 DEMOSTHENES, 91 
 
 we flioiild efteem it more eligible, that all the democratical 
 States of Greece make War againft us, than that the Oligar- 
 chical be our Allies. For with free, democratical States, I 
 fhould imagine, you may without Difficulty conclude a Peace, 
 whenever you have an Inclination ; but with oligarchical Go- 
 vernments I do not hold even an Alliance to be without Dan- 
 ger. Impoflible, the Few fhould ever be well-intentioned to 
 the Many, and the Ambitious of governing to them, who have 
 chofen to live under an equal Adminiftration. 
 
 I WONDER none of you refledls, that if the Chians, Mityleni- 
 ans, Rhodians, were governed by an oligarchical Polity, I had 
 almofl; faid, were all Mankind fubdued to this Kind of Slavery, 
 how dangerous it would prove to your Conftitution : I wonder, 
 none of you confiders, that if an Oligarchy were eftablifhed 
 in all the States of Greece, they certainly would not permit you 
 to enjoy your Democracy. For well are they convinced, that you 
 alone will rife to aflert the Caufe of Liberty, and from whom 
 they are apprehenfive o[ Danger, them will they determine to 
 deftroy. In all other Inftances, they, who have committed an 
 Injury, are to be deemed Enemies to them alone, whom they 
 have perfonally injured. But the Deflroyers of a free Confti- 
 tution, 
 
 Hie fuffered every Calamity, that a cruel perpetual Object of his Envy, and who 
 
 and infolent Conqueror could inflidl upon were ftill formidable even in Ruins. 
 
 a People, whofe Profperity had been a Lucchesini. 
 
 N 2
 
 g2 ORATIONS OF 
 
 tution, and Affertors of Oligarchy, I pronounce are the com- 
 mon Enemies of all, who are infpired with a Zeal and Spirit 
 of Liberty. 
 
 It is befides moft equitable, O Men of Athens, that you» 
 who are happily poffefled of a popular Form of Government, 
 fhould be as anxious for the Calamities of every other free 
 People, as you would wifh they fhould be folicitous for you, 
 if ever the fame Affliction, which the good Gods avert, fhould 
 be your Fortune. And however it may be truly faid, the 
 Rhodians juftly fuffer for their Imprudence, not this the pro- 
 per Time to rejoice in their Diflrefs. For it is the Duty of the 
 fortunate openly to vindicate and relieve the affli6led, fince 
 Futurity to all human Kind is obfcure and uncertain. 
 
 I FREQUENTLY hear our Orators declaring in this AfTcm- 
 bly, that when our Republic was opprefTed with her Misfor- 
 tunes, fome of the Grecian States confulted in what Manner to 
 proted: and preferve her. I fhall mention at prelcnt, and in the 
 concifeft Manner, only one Inftance, that of the Argives. Nor 
 would I willingly, that the Athenians, who have ever enjoyed 
 the Glory of protecting the unfortunate, fliould even in one 
 Inftance appear inferior to that People. Though bordering up- 
 on the Frontiers of the Lacedaemonians, and beholding them 
 extending their Dominion both by Land and Sea,, yet they 
 doubted not, nor feared, generoufly to difcover how aifedion- 
 
 ately
 
 DEMOSTHENES. g^ 
 
 ately they efleemed the People of Athens, but even decreed, 
 that the Lacedaemonian AmbafTadors, who demanded, as is re- 
 ported, certain of your Exiles to be delivered to them, fhould 
 be declared Enemies to the State of Argos, if they departed 
 not, before Sun-fetting, out of their City. (13 j 
 
 Were it not ignominious, O Men of Athens, if the Peo- 
 ple ot Argos dreaded neither the Sovereignty of the Lacedse- 
 monians, even at fuch a Conjundure, nor their Power, that 
 you, Athenians as you are, fhould dread the Refentment of a 
 Barbarian, and even of a Woman ? Efpecially, when the Ar- 
 gives might have urged in their Excufe, how often they had 
 been conquered by the Lacedemonians ; but you have often 
 proved vidiorious over the King, (i^) nor ever once were con- 
 quered, 
 
 (13) The Athenians, opprefled by their Audience i he tells it in the Language 
 
 thirty Tyrants, deferted their native Coun- of Eloquence, and throws his own ftrong 
 
 try. The Lacedjemonians endeavoured ccjlouring of Expreffion over it. But 
 
 to compel thsin to return, and publiHied wlii^e the Magn.iniinity of the Argives 
 
 an order to all the States of Greece to is thus preferA'ed to Pofterity, it were a 
 
 fend thefe unhappy Fugitives to their Go- Kind of Ingratitude to the Wemory of 
 
 vernors. To this Order a Penalty of Lyfias, who was driven into Banifhment 
 
 five Talents was annexed for Difobe- by the thirty Tyrants, not to mention 
 
 dience. DioJorus tells us, the Thebans his raifing iive hundred Soldieis at his 
 
 made a Decree, that whoever faw an own Expence, and fending them to tiie- 
 
 Athenian compelled by Force to return. Defence, as Juftin cxprelles it, of the 
 
 and did not affift him to the utmoft of comm.on Country of Eloquence. la 
 
 his Power, fliould be fined i but we are auxilium patriae communis eloqr.cntiae. 
 obliged to Demofthenes alone for this (14) 1 his Aflcrtion is not meerly the 
 
 Inltance of Magnanimity in the Peoi.Jc Language of [''.loquencc. It is the Tnith. 
 
 of Aro-os, He dwells upon it with Plea- of Hi lie ry. W'itnefs, amongft others, 
 
 fore, for he knew it was graceful to his the Names of Marathon, Platica and Sa- 
 
 iamis»
 
 94 • ORATIONS OF 
 
 quered, either by the Slaves of that Monarch, or by himfelf. 
 If" ever he gained any Superiority over our Republic, he gain- 
 ed it by no other Methods, than by influencing, with his Gold, 
 the mofb abandoned ot all the Grecians ; Betrayers of their 
 Country. Nor did he gain any Advantage even from that Su- 
 periority. For you fhall End him breaking the Strength of Athens 
 by the Forces of Lacedaemon, and at the fame Time hazarding his 
 own Kingdom to Cyrus and Clearchus. (15) Thus did he nei- 
 ther 
 
 lamis. Neither is it lefs true, that the 
 Athenians never were conquered by the 
 Perfians, Demofthenes, however, ac- 
 knowledges, they had feme Superiority 
 over them, by corrupting the Lacedas- 
 monians, whom they powerfully fup- 
 ported with Ships and Money and Sol- 
 diers to conquer Athens. That City was 
 taken in the firft Year of the ninety- 
 fourth Olympiad ; and in the laft Year 
 of that Olympiad Cyrus marched with 
 Clearchus and his ten thoufand Greeks 
 againft his Brother Artaxerxes Mnemon- 
 Our Orator might with more Juftice 
 have accufed the Lacedemonians, as the 
 Authors of all the Calamities, with which 
 the People of Athens were oppreffed, 
 during that Period •, but his prefent Ve- 
 hemence is direfted againft the Perfian, 
 to whom he would therefore impute all 
 the Diftrcfles of his Country, and whom 
 he rc-prcfents as their moft formidable 
 Enemy. Lucchesini. 
 
 (15) The Names of Cyrus and Cle- 
 archus are of too much Importance to 
 
 be pafled over in Silence, although im- 
 poffible to give their Story within the 
 Compafs of thefe Notes. Somewhat 
 however Ihould be attempted for the In- 
 formation of an Englifh Reader, fince 
 for his Ufe alone both the Notes and the 
 TranQation are intended. 
 
 Cyrus was poflefied of all thofe great 
 and amiable Qualities, which are necef- 
 fary to form a Prince to Empire. He 
 was humane, magnificent and liberal. 
 Great without Infolence, and affable with- 
 out Meanefs. But his Ambition was 
 boundlefs and infatiable. He had at- 
 tempted to afTalTmate his Brother Ar- 
 taxerxes even amidft the facred Rites of 
 his Coronation. He was arrefled and 
 condemned to Death. Plis Life however 
 was given to the Prayers and Tears of 
 his Mother Paryfatis, and he was again 
 fent to the Government, which had been 
 allotted to him by his Father, Darius 
 Nothus, in his Will. There he medi- 
 tates Vengeance for the Affront he pre- 
 tended to have received in being fufpefted 
 
 of
 
 DEMOSTHENES. 95 
 
 ther openly fubdue, nor were his fecret Defigns againft us of 
 any peculiar Profit or Honour to himfelf. 
 
 But our Orators, I perceive, frequently treat Philip with 
 Contempt, yet look with Terrour upon the Perfian, and 
 efteem him a very formidable Enemy to thofe, againft whom 
 he propofes to declare War. If we therefore do not revenge 
 ourfelves on Philip, as an inconfiderable Foe, and make every 
 Conceffion to the Perfian, as to a formidable Enemy, againft 
 whom, O Men of Athens, fhall we ever take up Arms ? 
 
 There are alfo certain Perfons in this Aflembly moft power- 
 ful in pleading for the Rights of others, and oppofing yours. (16) 
 Yet thus much Favour I would willingly requeft of fuch Ora- 
 tors, to fearch for Occafions of fometimes difplaying their Elo- 
 quence in fupporting the Juftice of your Claims, that they may 
 
 them- 
 
 of a Defign of Murder, and the Danger Artaxerxes is uncertain, Cynis is kill- 
 to which his Life had been expcfed. He ed. 
 
 levies Troops ; forms his People to War-, (i6) Wolfius and his Editors have ill 
 
 engages Ckarchus, a Lacedjemonian, and explained this Faffage. The Senfe is not 
 
 thirteen thoufand Greeks in his Service ; meerly rendered obfciire by conflruing 
 
 marches towards Babylon, and enters in- tt^cV v^m; and -rr^og rig ccXXag, eipud 
 
 to a pitched Battle with his Brother. When ''-'os and apud alioi, it is totally perverted. 
 
 Vidlory was almofl declaring in his Fa- Let Tr^og in both Places fignify contra, 
 
 vour, hurried on by the Impetuofity of and then our Author clearly means thofe 
 
 liis Temper, and tranfported by the Sight Orators, who are earnefl: and eloquent • 
 
 of Artaxerxes, he preffes forward to en- againft the Republic in Favour of its 
 
 gage him perfonally. The Brothers now Enemies ; of Philip, for Inftance, or Ar- 
 
 fight for Empire, Life, Glory and Re- taxerxes ; but cold and fpiritlefs in its 
 
 venge, and, v/hether by the Hand of Defence. . Lucchesiniv
 
 96 ORATIONSOF 
 
 felves appear principally to pradife that Virtue, they recom- 
 mend. For it is abfurd, that he ihould inftrudl you in the 
 Principles of Equity, who does not pradife them himfelf. Nei- 
 ther is it reafonable, that an Athenian Citizen fhould be thus 
 anxious to find every poflible Argument againft his Country, 
 and none in its Favour. 
 
 Let me conjure you by the Gods to conlider, why there 
 is not any one Man among the Byzantians, who will inform ' 
 them, that, in Juftice, they ought not to take Pofleflion of 
 Chalcedon, which at prefent is really a Part of the King's Do- 
 minions ; of which you formerly were Mafters, and which can- 
 not in any Manner belong to them? (17) Why are they not 
 informed, that they ought not to render Sylembria, a City once 
 in Alliance with you, tributary to them ; that they fhould not 
 confine the Sylembrian Territories within fuch narrow Bounds, 
 contrary to their Oaths, contrary to the Treaties, in which 
 it was exprefsly written, they shall be governed by their 
 OWN Laws ? Why hath net Artemifia been informed, either 
 
 while 
 
 (17) Chalcedon had often experienced tories, and attempted to depiive tl:ein of 
 
 the common Fate of all the Grecian Co- that Liberty, confirmed to them by a ge- 
 
 lonies in Afia, and fubmitted by Turns neral Treaty of Peace. This Peace was 
 
 to the Power of Lacedaemon, Athens concluded under the Mediation of Arrax- 
 
 and Perfia. It is now threatened with crxes, by which all the Cities of Greece, and 
 
 Slavery by the People of Byzantium, their Colonies in Alia were declared free 
 
 who had already fpoiled their Neighbours, and independent, 
 jhe Sylembrians, of part of their Terri^
 
 DEMOSTHENES. 97 
 
 while Maufolus livedj or fince his Death, that it was unjuft: to 
 feize upon Cos and Rhodes, and fevcral other Grecian Cities, 
 which the Perfian, at that Time their Sovereign, ceded by 
 Treaty to the Grecians, and for whofe Liberty they fupportcd 
 fuch numerous Dangers, and maintained, during that Period, 
 fo many glorious Wars ? But if, perchance, there were any, 
 who {liould thus argue both with the Byzantians and with Ar- 
 temifia, yet neither of them would be perfuaded, as they ought 
 both in Reafon and in Juftice. 
 
 I REALLY efteem it moft equitable to reftore the People of 
 Rhodes to their Liberty, yet even were it unjuft, I think, while 
 I behold the Condudt of other States, I lliould flill advile you 
 to reftore them. Wherefore ? Becaufe, were all other Nations, O 
 Men of Athens, zealoufly refolved to adl upon the general Prin- 
 ciples of Juftice, it would be diilionourable, that you alone 
 fhould refufe. But while every other People, to the utmoft of 
 their Power, are ever ready to commit all poflible Injuries, that 
 we alone fhould pretend the Juftice of our Adions, by which Wjc 
 receive no kind of Advantage, I really think is not Equity, but 
 Weaknefs. For I perceive all the other States of Greece main- 
 tain by Force what they poflefs ; of which I can mention a well 
 known Inftance. 
 
 Vol. L O There
 
 q8 
 
 ORATIONS OF 
 
 There are two Treaties fubfifting between the Grecians 
 and the King, formed by our RepubHc, at firft univerfally ap- 
 plauded, and afterwards even by the Lacedemonians, by whom 
 they are now condemned, (i 8) Yet very different are the Mea- 
 fures of Equity prefcribed in thefe Treaties. For while, in 
 Matters of private Property, the Laws have granted in every 
 feparate Polity, one common, equal Participation of Juftice 
 both to the v/eak and powerful, yet in the general Adminiftration 
 of Greece, every State of fuperior Strength marks out the 
 Bounds of Juftice to its Liferiors. Yet fince it becomes the 
 Dignity of your Charadler to determine thofe Bounds for others» 
 and to a6l in Confequence of that Determination, you fhoul'd 
 
 atten- 
 
 (18) After the Lacedasmonians had 
 totally fubdued the Athenians, they not 
 only treated that People with exceeding 
 Rigour, but affumed an Air of Conqueft 
 with Regard to the Peloponnefians and 
 Thebans. Yet as foon as their Power 
 was broken by the Lofs of the Battle of 
 Leiidlra, Athtns endeavoured to recover 
 her Liberty, and fent her Ambafiadors 
 to all the Grecian States to animate tliem 
 r.gainft ths common Oppredbr. The 
 Boeotians entered with Spirit into the 
 War, and 1 hebes appeared at the Head 
 of the Confederacy. "While almoft all 
 th? C ities of Greece were engaged in this 
 Wiir, Artaxerxes was meditadng his Ex- 
 pedition into JEgypt, and defirous of en- 
 gaging as many Grecian Troops, as pof- 
 
 fible, in his Service, he thought it his 
 Intereft to put an End to their civil Dif- 
 fentions. He therefore fent his Ambaf- 
 fadors to propofe a general Peace, by 
 which every State fhould enjoy its own 
 Laws and Liberties. This Embafly was 
 well received, and a Peace was concluded 
 with univerfal Joy, except by the The- 
 bans, who claimed a Sovereignty over 
 Bceotia •, and by the Lacedemonians, 
 who immediately violated it by the De- 
 ftruflion of Mantinea. 
 
 Thus the War U'as renewed with greater 
 Violence. The Pernan again fent Pro- 
 pofals for a general Peace, which was 
 again concluded under his Mediation, and 
 upon the fame Conditions, which the La- 
 cedremonians, after the Battle of Leuc- 
 
 tra,
 
 DEMOSTHENES, 99 
 
 attentively ccnGder how you may have it in your Power to 
 fupport that Charafter. (19) But you fliall certainly have it 
 in your Power, if you are eftcemed the common Guardians and 
 Defenders of the univerfal Liberty of Greece. 
 
 However it appears to me, vvdth Reafon appears, moA 
 difficult for you to a6l, at prefent, in a Manner befitting your 
 Dignity. The reft of Mankind have only one Contefl ; that 
 againft declared, open Enemies, whom if they conquer, nothing 
 can hinder the fecure Enjoyment of their Gonquefl. But by 
 you, O Men of Athens, a double Conteft muft be maintained ; 
 the firft, in common with all other States ; the fecond far 
 greater and more important. For in all your Debates it is ab- 
 folutely necelTary to fubdue thofe among your own Citizens, 
 who have determined to adt in OppoHtion to the Republic. 
 Since therefore, through their Oppolition, no Meafure, in which 
 the public Welfare is concerned, can without Difficulty be car- 
 ried 
 
 tra, were compelled, however unwilling- tt^xPxi Tuvrueip^ Cf^Tv tr^i, ^i: a-^o-mTv. 
 
 ly, to accept. Thefe Conditions were ns^s.'i^ fhould never be trandated, as it is 
 
 extremely acceptable to the People of by Wolfius, dicendo explicate. Our 
 
 Athens, and the Treaties were probably Orator declares it befitting the Majefty 
 
 carried on by them with Perfia, under of Athens, both to know, and to exc- 
 
 a Charadler they were fond of alTuming ; cute Juftice. Then regularly follows the 
 
 that of Protedors and Defenders of the Neceffity of her raifing a Force lufHcient 
 
 Liberties of Greece. Troa^xt tkuto. to carry her KnowLdge 
 
 (19) 'EveiSolv rotmv vf^Tu eyvuKavxi of Juftice into Execution. Lucchesini. 
 
 TX SlKOCIX, KOc] -nOti'.V VTTK^^ei, oTTcag KOCl 
 
 O 2
 
 loo ORATIONSOF 
 
 ried into Execution, it muft of Neceflity happen^ that you fre- 
 quently commit very confiderable Errours. 
 
 That many People fearlefly engage in this Manner of di- 
 redtinor your Adminiftration, perhaps the great Emolument^ 
 given to them by their Corrupters may be principally the Cau- 
 fes. But indeed, you yourfelves may be with Juftice blamed- 
 For you ought, O Men of Athens, to retain the fame Senti- 
 ments with Regard to your civil Polity, as to your military 
 Bifcipline. What Sentiments ? That as you efteem the Man 
 who deferts the Rank apppointed for him by his General in 
 the Day of Battle, to be juftly branded with Infamy, nor wor- 
 thy to partake the common Privileges of an Athenian, fo itis 
 equally juft, that they who defert the Form of Governmetrt, 
 tranfmitted to them by their Anceftors, and dare to introduce 
 an oligarchical Conflitution, fliould be deprived of the Glory of 
 entering into your Councils. (20) But if you deem thole Al- 
 lies extremely v/ell-affeded to you, who have engaged by Trea- 
 ties, 
 
 (20) We {Kail hereafter find cur Ora- the fame Manner, No//.o?, tj?? x-urug-u- 
 
 tor complaining, that the military dif- ^oVra? (pvyciSag, vtto tS s-^aryiyS Su- 
 
 cipline had been lately and fatally re- vdru ^riiu.iS<rBxt. To abandon their Ihield 
 
 laxed. The only Punifhment at prtfcnt was liable to the fame Punifhment. No- 
 
 for Cowards was public Infamy, and ^o^^ rov ^/vpao-mi' Bocvtzrco (^■yjizi5(rBxt. 
 
 being deprived of their civil Rights, but However, he who loft his Ihield was 
 
 by the ancient Laws of Athens the Crime only fined five hundred Drachmas. Such 
 
 of quitting their Ranks in Battle was ca- was the Difcipline, by which Athens arofe 
 
 pital. No,u.oc, Tov "kmovTot, T'tjv rot^tv x.q hej- military Greatnefs. Lucchesini, 
 eiytXuBa.i. Dcferters were punilhed la
 
 DEMOSTHENES. lox 
 
 tics, and ratified thofe Treaties by Oath, to have the fame com- 
 mon Enemies, the fame common Friends, how can you beHeve 
 thofc Citizens mofl: faithful to you, who, you clearly know,, 
 are openly convi<51:ed of being themfelves Enemies of the Re-- 
 public? 
 
 But indeed, what- we might with Juftice accufe in them, 
 or blame in you, were not difficult to find ; but by what kind 
 of Arguments, by what Meafures the prefent diftrafted State 
 of Affairs may be corrected, this indeed were difficult to find. 
 Perhaps, however, it is not cf the prefent Time to mention 
 every pofTible Circumftance. Yet, if whatever you decree,, 
 you can confirm by fome advantageous Meafure, all other Parti- 
 culars may perliaps unite more happily, and be better con- 
 ducted hereafter. I therefore imagine it your Duty to under- 
 take this Affair of the Rhodi-ans with Vigour, and to ad: with 
 a Spirit worthy of the Republic ; having this Refledion im- 
 prefl^d upon your Minds, that you always hear with Pleafure 
 whoever applauds your Anceftors, repeats their Adions, and 
 mentions their Trophies. Then confider, that your Anceftors 
 ereded thefe Trophies, not with an Intention, that you fhould 
 behold them with Admiration only, but fhould emulate their. 
 Virtue by whom they were ereded^ 
 
 O R At
 
 ORATION V. 
 
 The Firft O L Y N T H I A C.
 
 **#**##*#t**********M******M***********4^**M********#****#% 
 
 The ARGUMENT. 
 
 THE People of OJynthus, the capital City of Thrace, had en- 
 tered into an Alliance, offenfive and defenfive, with Philip ; but 
 alarmed at the Rapidity of his Conquefls ; fufpe6ling his Ambition, and 
 jealous of their Liberty, they conclude a feparate Peace with the Athe- 
 nians. Philip complains loudly of this Breach of Faith ; marches into 
 Thrace ; inverts and befieges Olynthus. The Olynthians inllantly fend 
 AmbafTadors to Athens to folicit a powerful and immediate Succour. 
 Our Orator fupports them upon his conflant Principles of Generofity, 
 Liberty and public Virtue, befides the Confiderations of the political In- 
 terefts of Athens, its Glory and its Safety. 

 
 O R A T I O 
 
 Vo 
 
 Firft O L Y N T H I z4. C. 
 
 THAT you would prefer, O Men of Athens, before all 
 pofTible Treafures, tliofe Counfels, that fliall appear in 
 our prefent DeHberations of greateft Advantage to the Com- 
 monwealth, I really believe, (ij In this Difpofition therefore 
 you ought to hear, with a favourable Attention, whoever k v/ill- 
 ing to propofe his Advice. Not only fhould you hear the falu- 
 tary Scheme, which hath been formed and matured by Reflex- 
 ion, but I deem it an Inftance of your good Fortune, that 
 
 fome 
 
 It is difputed among the Critics, which 
 "of the three Olynthiacs was firft fpoicen. 
 This Edition follows the ancient Arrange- 
 ment, nor will the TranHator enter into 
 the Merits of the Debate, imagining it 
 cannot be matter of much Importance, 
 fince there is nothing in the Orations 
 themfclves abfolutely fufficienc to deter- 
 mine their order, and fince they were 
 certainly fpoken in the fame Year ; either 
 the fourth of the hundred and feventli, or 
 the firft of the hundred and eighth Olym- 
 piad. Our Author was then in the thirty- 
 JTiCond or thirty-third Year of his Age. 
 
 ( I ) As it was the principal Intention 
 of thefe Orations to perfuade the People 
 to rellore the Funds, which they had la- 
 vifhed away upon theatrical Shows and 
 Entertainments, to their proper, original 
 Deftination, the military Service, our 
 Orator not unartfuliy begins with a Com- 
 pliment to the Genercfity of his Au- 
 dience, and their Contempt of Money. 
 Confidered in any other Light, this open- 
 ing would appear a cold, philofophical 
 Sentiment, and moll impertinently in- 
 troduced. Ulpian-
 
 DEMOSTHENES. 105 
 
 fome of your Orators are capable of conceiving, upon the In- 
 ftant, fuch Expedients as may be ufeful to the Public, that 
 among all Opinions your Choice may without Difficulty 
 be fixed upon thofe Meafures, moH conducive to your In- 
 ter efts (2) 
 
 But indeed the prefent Occafion, O Men of Athens, only 
 not in Words declares, you fhould take the immediate Admi- 
 niftration of your Affairs into your peculiar Care, if you have 
 any Concern for their Prefervation. What Meafures you mean 
 to purfue in this Conjun<£lure, I do not really know. The beft, 
 in my Judgement, is to decree a powerful Succour to the Olyn- 
 thians, and to furnifli it with utmoft Expedition ; effe6lually 
 to affift them with your national Troops, nor any longer fuffer 
 in your own Perfons fuch Indignities, as you have formerly en- 
 dured ; to fend an Embafiy to inform them what Meafures you 
 
 have 
 
 (2) Demofthenes here fpeaks in a Lan- People, as the People of Athens. De- 
 
 guage fuperior to that bafe and mahg- mades, on the contrary, had thofe happy 
 
 nant Spirit, which can treat with Con- Salhes of Imagination ; that Vivacity of 
 
 tempt tliofe Talents we ourfelves do not Genius in finding Expedients, which are 
 
 pofTefs. He was himfelf reproached, that fometimes as vduable as the regular Plans 
 
 his Orations fmelled of the Lamp, and of a more temperate Underftanding. Our 
 
 that he was at greater Expence in Oil, Orator therefore congratulates his Au- 
 
 thanWine, in compofingthem. He an- dience upon the Happinefs of having it 
 
 fwered this Reproach by the modell good in their Power to employ thefe different 
 
 Senfe of faying, He had not fo good an Spirits to the public Advantage ; or as 
 
 Opinion of his firfl Thoughts, as to give Tourreil exprefies it, thefe Lightnings 
 
 liis Advice upon the Inftant, to fuch a of Genius, or thefe Lidits of Reflexion. 
 
 Vol. I. P
 
 io6 ORATIONSOF 
 
 liave taken, and to obferve the real Situation of their Affairs» 
 For it is extremely to be feared, left Philip, fkilful in all Ar- 
 tifices, and formidable in making ufe of all Conjundlures \ 
 fometimes vielding, when he can gain an Advantage by yield- 
 ing ; fometimes threatening (he fhould then be deemed mofb 
 worthy of Belief ) fometimes accufing us to our Allies for our 
 Neghgence in affifting them ; it is greatly to be feared, left this 
 Man fhould difturb the general Adminiftration of Greece, and 
 tear away fome Part of its Conftitution. 
 
 But not unhappily, O Men of Athens, the very Circum- 
 ftances in which Philips's greateft Strength confifts, are to us of 
 equal Utility. To be himfelf fole Mafter of all his Defigns, 
 whether publicly declared, or fecretly intended ; to unite, in 
 his own Perfon, the General, the Sovereign, and the Treafurer ; 
 to be always prefent with his Troops, are of confiderable Ef- 
 fect in War, to execute with Expedition and Advantage. (3) 
 
 Yet 
 
 (3) A certain modern Prince hath a Majefty ; Tell your Mafter, the Eledlor 
 very honourable Title to this Charafter. of Brandenburg is the fole Counfellor 
 He is himfelf his own General in the of theKingof Pruffia. Livy hath given 
 Field; his own Prime-Minifter in the us thefe Advantages of fovereign Princes, 
 Cabinet. He forms his own Plans of in forming and executing their own De- 
 Cperat.ons, and he himfelf carries them figns, with great Spirit and Sublimity of 
 into Execution. A foreign Minifter once Expreffion. At, Hercule, reges, non li- 
 infinuated to him, that he ought not to beri folum omnibus impedimentis, fed do- 
 follow the Counfels of a certain Power mini rerum temporumque, trahunt con- 
 whom he named ; Counfels, replied his filiis cunfla, non fequuntur.
 
 DEMOSTHENES. 107 
 
 Yet they are an equal Obftacle to that Treaty, which he would 
 gladly conclude with the Olynthians. For the Olynthians are 
 now convinced, they do not fight at prefent for Glory, or for 
 Part of Dominions, but to prevent the total Deftrudion and 
 Slavery of their Country (4). Nor are they ignorant in what 
 Manner he treated the People of Amphipolis, v/ho delivered up 
 their Town to his Integrity, and the Pydna^ans, who received 
 him into their City. But indeed, in all Inftances, a Monar- 
 chy is ever faithlefs and perfidious to Republics, efpecially when 
 their Dominions border upon each other. 
 
 Convinced of this Truth, O Men of Athens, and ftrongly 
 reflecting upon all other Circumftances of Importance, (5) you 
 
 fhould 
 
 (4) Philip had hardly fecured himfelf in the Reduftion of Amphipolis. It is 
 in the Throne of Macedon, when his therefore difficult to affign the iVIotives 
 Ambition of extending his Dominions of their prefent Enmity, or afcertain the 
 began to appear. He made himfelf iVIa- Time when thefe Injuries, of which they 
 fter of Amphipolis, but unable to pre- now complain, were committed. Con- 
 ferve his Conqueft, and unwilling to fur. vinced, perhaps, of his Ambition, and 
 render it to the Athenians, who claimed alarmed at the rapid Progrefs of his Con- 
 it as one of their Colonies, he declared it quefts, they had fent Succours to Me- 
 a free State to be governed by its own thone, or taking Advantage of his Ab- 
 Laws. However, two Years afterwards, fence in Thrace, they liad entered into 
 being no longer apprehenfive of the Re- an Alliance with Cherfobleptes, and the 
 fentments of Athens, he again befieged, Athenians. Other Realbns for his de- 
 reduced and made it one of the ftrongeft daring War againft them are afllgned by 
 Barriers to his Kingdom. He then pof- I.ibanius and Juflin, but probably the 
 feflld himfelf of Pydna, and Potidoea, mofl: powerful Motive was his own Am- 
 wliich he ceded to the Olynthians, more bicion. 
 
 firmly to engage them in his Interefts. (5) What Circumftances ? The Glory 
 
 They had affifted him powerfully during of their Anceftors, and their own boafted 
 
 the firfl Years of his Reign, eipcciully Claim to the Sovereignty of Greece ; their 
 
 P 2
 
 ic8 ORATIONSOF 
 
 fliould widi Chearfulnefs, with Ardour, give your Vhole At- 
 tention, if ever, certainly now, to the War ; bringing in your 
 Contributions with Alacrity ; marching yourfelves to the Field, 
 and leaving nothing, that concerns the public Welfare, neglect- 
 ed. For there is no longer either Reafon left, or Excufe for 
 Irrefolution and Inaction. What you once unanimoufly and 
 clamourouily demanded, that the Olynthians fhould be prefTed 
 to declare War againft Philip, is of itfelf come to pafs, and in 
 a Manner moft advantageous to the Republic. For had they, 
 by our Perfuafion, undertaken the War, they had, perhaps, 
 been very uncertain Allies, and for fome Time only continued 
 their Refolution. But fince they now detefl: Philip for their 
 own proper Injuries, it is probable their Refentment will be 
 firmly fixed, both by their future Fears, and by what they have 
 already fuffered. Such an Occafion, O Men of Athens, thus 
 voluntarily offering itfelf, ought not to be negleded ; nor 
 fhould you commit the fame Errours, you have often commit- 
 ted. For Inftance, when we returned from fuccouring the 
 Eubceans, and the Amphipolitans, lerax and Stratocles, upon 
 this very Tribunal conjured you to fail, and receive their City 
 into your Protedtion, had you been animated with the fame 
 Spirit for your own Interefts, as you had fhewn for the Safety 
 
 of 
 
 Cuftom of fuccouring the diftrefled -, the and the apparent Danger of the Repul> 
 Violence, Injuftice, Arrogance of Philip, lie Wolfius;
 
 DEMOSTHENES. 109 
 
 of the Euboeans, you had then taken Poffeflion of Amphipo- 
 lis, and been yourfelves relieved from all thofe DiftrefTes, which 
 you fince have experienced. In another Inftance, when News 
 was brought that Pydna, Potidsa, Methone, Pegafas and other 
 Cities, (that I may not confume your Time in mentioning them 
 all) were befieged, if we had with Vigour, and as our own 
 Dignity demanded, then fuccoured even the firft of thefe Pla- 
 ces, Philip had been now more complying and more humble. 
 But ever negligent of the prefent, and prefuming that the fu- 
 ture will of itfelf become more favourable, we have ourfelves, 
 O Men of Athens, aggrandifed Philip ; we have raifed him to 
 fuch exceeding Greatncfs, as no King of Macedonia ever pof- 
 feiled. Now comes another Conjundure. What Conjunc- 
 ture ? That which voluntarily offers itfelf to the Republic from 
 the Olynthians, and not inferior to any of the former. 
 
 I A M perfuaded, O Men of Athens, that whoever will make 
 a juft Hftimate of the Benefits for which we fhould be thank- 
 ful to the Gods, although in many Inftances, our Affairs are 
 not indeed as profperous as they ought to be, yet would ac- 
 knowledge great Gratitude due to their good Providence. 
 With Reafon would acknowledge it. For that feveral Places 
 have been loft during the War, he would impute with Jufticc ' 
 to our own Negligence ; but that we did not fooner fiiffer fuch 
 LofTes, and that an AlHance is now propofed to us of Weight 
 
 fuffi^
 
 I lo O R A T I O N S O F 
 
 fufficient to balance thofe Lofles, if we are willing to take Ad- 
 vantage of it, I, for myfelf, impute to the good Working of a 
 divine Prote6tion. But, in my Opinion, our Ufage of thefe 
 Bleflinjzs is not unlike our PoflefTion of Riches. Whoever re- 
 ceives and preferves them is extremely thankful to Fortune ; 
 but if he hath imprudently lavifhed them away, he hath at the 
 fame Time lavifhed away the Remembrance of that Gratitude, 
 which he owed to Fortune. Thus in a public Adminiftration, 
 they, who have not wifely ufed a favourable Conjundture, do not 
 remember that fuch a favourable Conjundure was given them 
 by the Gods. For generally the laft Event determines our 
 Judgement of all the former. You fhould therefore, with ut- 
 moft Earneftnefs, O Men of Athens, take fuch prudent Care 
 of what yet remains to us, as by a wife Alteration of Meafures 
 to erafe the Dlfhonour of our paft Condudt. But if we fhould 
 abandon this People ; if Philip fhould deftroy Olynthus, tell 
 me, fome among you, what can hinder him from extending 
 his Conquefts, and according to his own good Pleafure ? 
 
 But does any of you, O Men of Athens, ever compute, 
 ever confider, the Means by which Philip, originally weak, 
 hath become thus formidable ? (6) Firft, having taken Amphi- 
 
 polis, 
 
 (6) Whoever will attentively confider Pitch of human Greatnefs, will not only 
 Philip in the courfe of" his Vidtories, ri- behold him with Admiration, but ac- 
 fing almoft from Defpair to the higheft knowledge how much the Fates of King- 
 
 * doms
 
 DEMOSTHENES. m 
 
 polls, afterwards Pydna, then Potidasa, Metlione next, he in- 
 vades Tlieffaly. Having regulated every Thing v^ith a fove- 
 reign Authority in Pherse, Pagdie, Magne/ia, he marches with 
 Rapidity into Thrace. There dcpofing and appointing Kings, 
 he falls into a dangerous Illnefs. (7) Recovering his Health, 
 he does not bend his Spirit to Indolence, but inftantly attacks 
 the Olynthians. His Expeditions againft the Illyrians, Paeoni- 
 ans, Arymbas and others (for who can number them ?) I do 
 not mention. " But wherefore talk to us of his Expeditions ?" 
 That you may be convinced, O Men of Athens, hov/ deftruc- 
 
 tive 
 
 doms and Empires are influenced by the 
 Genius and Abilities of their Sovereigns- 
 In the firft of the hundred and fifth 
 Olympiad he took Pofleffion of the crown 
 of Pvlacedonia. He found the Kingdom 
 wholly deftitute of Allies -, divided by in- 
 teftine Faftions ; exhaufted of its Trea- 
 fures ; its Armies broken and difpirited ; 
 itfelf a Tributary to the Illyrians. Yet 
 in four Years he reftored the Courage of 
 his People ; made them formidable to 
 their Neighbours ; enlarged his Frontiers 
 and defeated the Pretenders to his Throne- 
 In the lame Number of Years he entered 
 into feveral foreign Wars, and always 
 with Glory and Succefs, till he became 
 an Objefl of Terrour to all the States of 
 Greece. Eleven Years afterwards his 
 Viftory at Cheronoea made him abfolute 
 Mafter of Greece, her Armies and her 
 Treafures, which opened to him the 
 Conqueft of ACa, and the Ruin of the 
 
 Perfian Empire. He had Abilities, For- 
 ces and Courage equal to the Conqueft 
 of the World, when a violent Death put 
 an End to all his Defigns. Lucchesini. 
 (7) Cotys, King of Thrace, died ir> 
 the fourth of the hundred and fixtli 
 Olympiad, when his Son Cherfobleptes 
 was acknowledged by the Athenians fole 
 Sovereign of Thrace, foF his Enmity to- 
 Philip, as they exprefled it in their De- 
 cree, and his Friendfnip to Athens. He 
 had however two Competitors for the 
 Crown, Amadocus a.nd Berifadjs. Philip 
 enters into the Qiiarrel, puts to Death. 
 Amadocus and Berifades ; confirms Te- 
 res in one Part of the Kingdom and Cher- 
 fobleptes, to whom he was reconciled, in 
 the other ; then lays a general Tax upon 
 the Thracians, and erecfts Forts upon their 
 Frontiers to quell any future Commo- 
 tions. LUCCHESLNX..
 
 112 ORATIONSOF 
 
 tive It is to throw away every favourable Opportunity of afting ; 
 that you may be fenftble of the DeHght, which PhiHp takes in 
 diftreffing others ; a DeHght, with which he lives, as with a 
 Companion, and from whofe Influence over him, it is impof- 
 fible he fliould ever be contented with the Glory of his paft 
 Adlions, and fit down in Repofe. But if he be determined, 
 perpetually to enlarge his prefent Conquefts, and you refolve 
 never to make one vigorous Eii'ort to oppofe him, then refledl, 
 what Hope, what Expedlation yo« can form of the Event. In 
 the Name of the immortal Gods, is there any among you fo 
 limple of Spirit, as to be ignorant, that the War, if we neg- 
 lect it, will advance from Olynthus hither ? Should this ever 
 come to pafs, I greatly fear, O Men of Athens, as they who 
 inconfiderately borrow Money upon large Ufury, and after a 
 momentary Opulence are driven out of their paternal Eftates, 
 fo we fhall appear to have taken up our Indolence at an extra- 
 vagant Intcreft, and having too much indulged to every idle 
 Gratification, we may be compelled hereafter, however unwil- 
 lincrly, to a NecefTity of fubmitting to many Things moft dif- 
 agreeable, and even to endanger our own proper Dominions. 
 
 But I fhall, perhaps, be told, " tocenfure is an eafy Task, 
 '' and in the Power of us all ; but clearly to fliew what Mea- 
 *' fures we fliould take in our prefent Circumftances, this were 
 ^'- indeed the Office of an able Counfellor." I am not igno- 
 rant,
 
 DEMOSTHENES. 113 
 
 rant, O Men of Athens, that you often punifli in your An- 
 ger, not the Perfons, who were culpable in the Execution, but 
 who were the lafl: Advifers of any Scheme, that hath not fuc- 
 ceedcd according to your Expe(flatIon. (8) Yet convinced, 
 that I ought not, in Confideration of my own perfonal Safety, 
 to fhew an Abatement of Spirit in v/hatever I imagine may be 
 conducive to yours, and to the public Welfare, I declare, you 
 muft corredl the prefent State of Things by this double Mea- 
 iure ; firft, by preferving the Cities of the Olynthians, and fend- 
 ing them for this Purpofe a fufficient Body of Forces ; fe- 
 condly, by making a Defcent with your Gallies upon the Coaft 
 of Macedonia, and ravaging the Country with another Corps 
 of Troops. Should you negledt either of thefe Meafures, I 
 greatly fear your whole Expedition will be vain and inefFedlual. 
 For either, fuffering you to lay wafte his Dominions, he will 
 reduce Olynthus, and afterwards eafily repel your Invafion of 
 Macedonia ; or while you fuccour the Olynthians only, per- 
 ceiving his own Kingdoms out of Danger, he will lit down 
 before Olynthus ; there fix the Seat of the War, and merely 
 by Length of Time reduce the befieged. We fliould there- 
 fore 
 
 (8) The Athenians made their Orators Even Pericles was accufed of being the 
 
 anfwerable for tlie Succels of their De- Caiife of a Plague, that happened diir- 
 
 crees -, if unfortunate, they were pur- ing tlie Courfe of a War, he had ad- 
 
 Ibed by the Calumnies and Reproaches vifed. Tourreil, 
 
 of an injurious and tumultuous Populace. 
 
 Vol. I. Q^
 
 114 
 
 ORATIONS OF 
 
 fore have a powerful Force, and divided into two Parts. S\Lck 
 
 are my Sentiments with Regard to the Succours. 
 
 With Regard to the Supplies, You have, O Men of Athens, 
 you certainly have miUtary Funds fuperior to thofe of any other 
 Nation in the World, but you receive and difpofc of them, ac- 
 cording to your Pleafure. (9) If you reftore them to the Sol- 
 diery, you will have no farther Occafion for Supplies ; if not> 
 fome other Fund will be abfolutely neceflary, rather, indeed, 
 no other will be fufficient. " Do you, Demofthenes, then de- 
 " cree thefe Funds to the Military." Not I, by Jupiter. But 
 
 (9) When our Orator fays the miHtary 
 Funds of Athens were fuperior to thofe 
 of any other Nation, he can only mean, 
 they were confiderably great ; or by the 
 Expreflion orx ^Sev) tuv ocXXuv dvBpco- 
 itm we muft underltand, any other State 
 of Greece. 
 
 When the Athenians had concluded a 
 thirty Years Peace with the Lacedemo- 
 nians, they refolved to lay up a thoufand 
 Talents annually in their Treafury, and 
 decreed it fhould be punifhable with Death 
 ever to employ this facred Fund to any 
 other Ufe, than to repulfe an Enemy, 
 ■who invaded the Coafts of Attica. This 
 Law was obferv'ed with that Fervour, 
 which ufually attends new Regulations. 
 But Ptrricies, to make himfelf popular, 
 propofed, that in Times of Peace this 
 Fund Ihould be diflributed to the People, 
 to defray the Expences of the public En 
 
 m 
 
 tertainments, and reftored to the military 
 Cheft in Time of War. The Propofal 
 was received and with it the Reftriction. 
 But as all Indulgences of this Kind fooner 
 or later degenerate into Licentiouihefs, 
 Eubulus carried a Decree, by which it 
 fhould be capital to propofe averting thefe 
 Treafures from the purpofes to which 
 they were deftined by Pericles. In wile 
 Apprehcnfion, therefore, of this Danger, 
 our Orator difclaims all Intention of re- 
 pealing this Law, but he obliges the 
 People to draw this ftrong Conclufion 
 from Ills mentioning it, that an Army 
 muft be raifed, and that no other Fund 
 is fufficient to maintain it. Our Critics 
 applaud his Dexterity in avoiding the 
 Punifhment denounced by Eubulus, yet 
 by their unhappy Refinements on Words 
 make him capable of attempting an in- 
 fignificant aiid abjed Evafion.
 
 DEMOSTHENES. 115 
 
 in Truth, I think, you ought to levy an Army, and for main- 
 taining that Army provide a military Fund. Then eftabliHi 
 only one Rule, that of receiving this public Diftribution, and 
 that of meriting it by ferving the Republic. But you now re- 
 -ceive, not for the public Service, but for the Celebration of 
 ■your Feftivals. There only remains, therefore, in my Judge- 
 ment, a general voluntary Contribution ; or lefs, or greater, as 
 the Exigence of our Affairs demands. Supplies muft of Ne- 
 ceflity be raifed, and without them no Poflibility of ading. 
 Others will propofe other Expedients for railing them j do you 
 choofe that, which appears of greateft Utility, and while you 
 have yet a favouable Opportunity for Adlion, feize and employ 
 it to fome valuable Purpofe. 
 
 It is worthy of your Concern to confider with Attention, 
 and to examine the Situation of Philip's Affairs with Regard 
 to the Olynthians. For neither are they fo profperous, as in 
 general they appear ; nor fo exceeding glorious, as any one, 
 who views them inaccurately, would pronounce. Neither 
 would he have ev^r engaged in this War, if he had imagined 
 it would have continued thus long. When he iirfl invaded 
 Olynthus, he hoped that every Difficulty would have fallen be- 
 fore him. He was difappointed. This unexpeded Difappoint- 
 ment firft difturbed, and greatly difcouraged him. Afterwards, 
 
 Q^ 2 the
 
 ii6 O R A T I O N S O F , 
 
 the Genius and Difpofition of the Theffalians alarmed him, 
 for they were always, and to all Mankind, by Nature perfi- 
 dious, (lo) Such as their Manners have ever been, fuch 
 are they now to Philip. They have decreed to demand 
 the Reftitution of Pagafse, and have forbidden him to for- 
 tify Magncfia. Befides, I am informed, they will no longer 
 pay him thofe Duties, and Taxes, which they once granted 
 him in their Ports and Markets ; becaufe what belongs to the 
 common State of Theffaly, they think ought to be employed 
 in their own Adminiftration, not received by Philip. Were he 
 deprived of this Revenue, he would be greatly diftrefled for 
 the Subfiftence of his Mercenaries. 
 
 That the Pzeonian, and Illyrian, and indeed all other Na- 
 tions, whom he hath fubdued, would gladly live according to 
 their own Laws, independent and unenflaved, muft neceflarily 
 be believed. For they are not accuftomed to obey, and ac- 
 cording 
 
 ( to) Any A£l: of Treachery was viil- down the Moon upon Earth ? I fhould 
 
 garly called a Theflalian Trick, Qio-irot.- then be delivered from thefe importunate 
 
 hov (ro(pir^x, and falfe Money Qs(r<rxXov Creditors, who make me pay fuch ex- 
 
 vo[^i(rfA.ciy Thefialian Money. Euripides orbitant Intereft every Mondi. If there 
 
 fays, Eteocles had learned Treachery and were no Moon, they could have no 
 
 Breach of Faith by his Commerce with Month. Greece, but Athens pardcular- 
 
 rliat People. If the Men of this Na- I7, had often proved their Perfidy. At 
 
 tion were thus diftinguiflied as Knaves, the Battle of Tanagra in Boeotia, while the 
 
 the Women were not lels remarkable as Vidory was yet doubtful, and in the very 
 
 Witches. Why have I not, fays Strep- heat of the Batde, the Thefllvlian Horfe 
 
 fiades in Ariftophancs, a Thefialian Witch left their Allies the Athenians, and pafled 
 
 in my Service, whofe Power could bring over to the Lacedemonians. Tourreil»
 
 DEMOSTHENES. 117 
 
 cording to Report Philip is an infolent Maftcr ; nor, by Jupiter, 
 is the Report improbable ; for unmerited Succefs is to the unwife 
 anOccafion of thinking fooliflily. From whence it often appears 
 more difficult to preferve, than to acquire. You ought there- 
 fore, O Men of Athens, while you are perfuaded, that what- 
 ever to him is adverfe, to you is a favourable Occalion of adl- 
 ing, you ought with Alacrity to feize the prefent Conjundlure ; 
 to fend AmbafTadors wherefoever they fhall be deemed neceffary; 
 to enlift in your own Perfons j to animate every other People, 
 and to make this Reflexion, that if Philip had fuch an Oppor- 
 tunity againft us ; were the War carried on upon our Fron- 
 tiers, with what Ardour, do you imagine, would he invade 
 us ? Are you not then afhamed, that whatever Diftrefles you 
 niuft afluredly fujGfer, if he had Power to diftrefs, you will 
 not dare attempt againft him, even with fo favourable an Oc- 
 calion ? 
 
 Nor let it efcape yciu, O Men of Athens, that you now 
 choofe, whether you will fix the Seat of the War at Olynthus, 
 or at Athens. If Olynthus be able to fupport the Siege, you 
 carry the War thither ; you ravage Philip's Dominions, and 
 happily enjoy your own in Peace. But fliould Philip reduce 
 Olynthus, who fhall hinder him from marching hitlier ? TJie - 
 Thebans ? Not to fay any thing extremely fe\^erc, they will 
 
 I readily
 
 ii8 O R A T I O N S O F 
 
 readily join with him in the Invafion. (i i) But the Phocaeans ? 
 They are unable, without your Affiftance, even to defend their 
 'own Dominions. Are there any other ? " But Philip will not 
 ■** attempt fuch an Invafion." - It were of all Things mod 
 abfurd to imagine, that what he now openly threatens, almoft 
 with an Extravagance of Madnefs, were he able, he would 
 not execute. But I do not conceive it will require a long Dif- 
 tourfe to convince you how mighty the Difference between 
 fupporting the War here, or at Olynthus. For if you were 
 obliged to encamp only thirty Days beyond your own Fron- 
 tiers, and to receive whatever was neceflary for the Subfiftence 
 of an Army out of your own Territories, without fuppofing 
 a fingle Enemy, the Lofs your Farmers muft inevitably fuftain 
 would very far exceed the whole Expence of the late War. 
 But fhould an Enemy march againft us, what muft we then 
 imagine would be our Ruin ? Infult muft be added, and the 
 contumely of the Affront itfelf, by no Means inferior, in the 
 Opinion of the wife, to any other Calamity. 
 
 Vl E W- 
 
 ( 1 1 ) We have already obferved, there the Succours, which Athens generoufly 
 
 was an ancient I£nmity fubfifting between fent the Lacedcemonians, after their De- 
 
 the Thebans and Athenians. It was feat in the Battle of Leudra. ^^'hen- 
 
 rnaintained by mutual Incurfions into each ever their common Intereft obliged them 
 
 other's Territories ; by their Wars in Eu- to be reconciled and to affift each other, 
 
 bcea ; their 13cfence and Invafion of tlie they foon returned to their ajmoft natu- 
 
 Platasans ; their different Engagements raj Enmity, 
 in the i'acred War, and particularly by
 
 DEMOSTHENES. 119 
 
 Viewing all thefe Reflexions at once, and confcious of their 
 Truth, let us unanimoufly refolve to fend a powerful Succour 
 to the Olynthians, and to carry the War into Macedonia. Let 
 the Rich expend a fmall Proportion of that Abundance they 
 worthily poflefs, to fecure their happy Enjoyment of the Re- 
 mainder. Let the young, when they have gained their firfb 
 military Experience in the Dominions of Philip, become the 
 formidable Defenders of their native Country, which they have 
 preferved from the Miferies of an Invafion. Let your Orators 
 a6l in fuch a Manner, as with Eafe to give an Account of their 
 Adminiftration. For according to the Succefs of your Af- 
 fairs, you will pronounce Judgement upon their Adions. May 
 their Actions, and your Judgement equally contribute to the 
 public Welfare. 
 
 O R A-
 
 t£p «6> stt «Ep ^up ?Cp ** sub ?CP 4P cue ?nf ^K 5C& ^£* oQf sHE a3f 5UP Ifif sjf ^UP flS CP qfip fflp oJp cflp Cp 
 ^'x iv^ /«% /W^ >w^ >Vx /v^ ^w\ y\^ /w^ /B\ /tf^ /#\ ,«j\^/tr^ /t\ /rT\ /^ 
 
 ORATION VL 
 
 The Second OLYNTHIAC. 
 
 ^»""'X«K)«9KXX»;)s!W«*i«,
 
 «*****#***************M****iiMf**5N^M*M**i!Hlf******M#Hlt#*JMf**<^ 
 
 The ARGUMENT. 
 
 OU R Orator's Eloquence had not, in this laft Oration, its ufual Suc- 
 cefs. The People, intimidated by the Power of Philip, or amu- 
 fed by his Promifes, either did not decree the Succours Olynthus had de- 
 manded, or appeared cold and irrefolute in the Execution of their De_ 
 crees. Confcious of their Fears, our Author endeavours to animate them 
 with his own Refolution j to infpire them with the Love of Glory, of 
 Liberty, and their Country. Philip is no longer reprefented as an Ob- 
 jedl of Terrour. He hath exhaufted all thofe Artifices, by which he hath 
 impofed upon the States of Greece. Perjury and Perfidy, by which he 
 rofe to Greatnefs, are the unftable Foundations of his Conquefls. His 
 hereditary Dominions are weakened by his Expeditions j his Subjedls 
 groan beneath the Calamities, they fufFer from his Ambition. His Al- 
 lies are alarmed at the Progrefs of his Arms, and the Nations he hath 
 fubdued, are fhaking off the Yoke of Tyranny. He is deferted by For- 
 tune ; abandoned by the Gods ; deteftcd by all human Kind, and fup- 
 ported only by the Indolence, Irrefolution and Inactivity of the Athenians. 
 
 **»««i«#*«#***#*#*#t«#«»###*«t*t#»*#t*##t-t*t*t**t****#*##* 
 
 Vol. L R
 
 ORATION VI. 
 
 Second OLYNTHIAC. 
 
 I A M perfuaded, O Men of Athens, that upon many Oc- 
 casions we may behold the Goodnefs of the Gods made 
 manifeft towards this RepubUc, yet not leaft iignally declared 
 in the prefent Conjund:ure. That a People, who border im- 
 mediately upon his Dominions, have entered into a War againft 
 Philip ; a People poflefTed of no inconfiderable Force, and, 
 what is of greateft Importance, who entertain fuch an Opi- 
 nion of the War in general, as to be convinced, that their 
 Treaties with him will, firft, be faithlefly violated, and after- 
 wards become the total Deftrudion of their Country, feems, 
 in every Particular, the Working of a Beneficence, wonderful 
 
 and 
 
 It is not eafy, fays Lucchefini, to dif- ferent Times. Demofthenes in another 
 
 cover the Light of Truth amidft fuch Oration fays the Olynthians maintained 
 
 hillorical Daiknefs. We can only know in their Service a thoufand Horfe and 
 
 with Certainty, that Philip had defeated more than ten thoufand Foot, and that 
 
 the Olynthians in feveral Engagements, the Athenians affifted them with ten thou- 
 
 and at lad fliut them up within the Walls fand IVIercenaries, and four thoufand Ci- 
 
 of their Capital. We know, that Sue- tizens. At what 'lime thefc very power- 
 
 cours were folicited by the Olynthians, ful Succours were fent, does not appear, 
 
 and granted, if we can rely upon Phi- Probably not before the prefent Oration, 
 
 lochorus, by tlie Athenians at three dif- Our Author muft have mentioned them.
 
 DEMOSTHENES. 123 
 
 and divine. It therefore demands, O Men of Athens, our beft 
 Attention, that we may not appear more regardlefs of ourfelves 
 than Providence hath been. For it were indeed diflionourable, 
 rather of all Things moft ignominious, fhould we feem not on- 
 ly to abandon the Cities and Territories, of which we once 
 were Mafters, but even thofe AlHes, and thofe Conjuncftures 
 now offered us by Fortune. 
 
 To enumerate, O Men of Athens, the particular Inftances 
 of Philip's Power, and from thence encourage you to ad:, as 
 the Exigencies of the Commonwealth require, I hold by no 
 Means fitting. Wherefore ? Becaufe, whatever may be faid 
 on fuch a Subjed, feems to refledt a certain Glory upon him, 
 and upon you the Difgrace of not too honourable an Admini- 
 ftration. For in Proportion, as Philip hath furpaffed the gene- 
 ral Opinion conceived of him, fo is he efteemed by all Man- 
 kind more worthy of Admiration : but you, as you have em- 
 ployed the moft favourable Conjundlures in a Manner unbecom- 
 ing of your juft Dignity, fo have you gained a large Portion 
 of Diflionour. Such a Recital, therefore, I fhall omit. Yet 
 whoever, O Men of Athens, examines attentively the real State 
 of Things, will behold him grown thus great by your Condud, 
 not by his own proper Strength. The Gratitude, however, 
 which he owes to them, whofe Adminiftration of this Repub- 
 lic hath been exerted in his Favour, and the Juftice, with which 
 
 R 2 you
 
 124 O R A T I O N S O F 
 
 you ought to punifli thefe Traytors, I do not perceive are Sub- 
 jeds nroper for this Occafion. But whatever elfe, which it 
 much concerns you to hear ; whatever to him, O Men of 
 Athens, may be Matter of Reproach in the Judgement of thofe, 
 who are able to form a juft Eftimate of his Adions, of thefe I 
 fliall endeavour to fpeak. 
 
 To call him perjured and perfidious, without the apparent 
 Evidence of his own A6lions, might be with Reafon deemed a 
 vague and frivolous Invedive. Yet to enumerate all his Ani- 
 ons, and to convict him upon all, requires only a fbort Dif- 
 courfe, which I conceive, for thefe two Reafons, may be not 
 unufeful. Firft, that he may appear, as in Truth he is, a very 
 bad Man, (i) and that they, who are ftruck with Terrour and 
 Admiration, as if he were invincible, may be convinced, that 
 he hath made his Progrefs through all thofe Artifices, by which 
 he hath long impofed upon Mankind ; by which he hath gain- 
 ed fo large an Increafe of Power, and that his Affairs are ad- 
 vanced even to their final Period. For I myfelf, O Men c^ 
 Athens, fliould imagine Philip really formidable, and worthy 
 of higheft Admiration, did I behold him thus increafing in 
 
 Glory 
 
 ( 1 ) ^ccvXov (pxlvea-Sxi. cpavXo; in- of the Speaker. "fVff EXTTETrXijyjM.Ei/af 
 
 dudes at once the Ideas of Bafenefs, in the fame Line exprefles both Terrour 
 
 Weaknefs and Improbity, and all thefe and Admiration, the (poSspov and Bixu- 
 
 Ideas, which the Tranflator found it im- ^ag-oi/ of the next Sentence. Such is the 
 
 pofllble to exprefs in any one Word, Power of ExprefTion in this nobltft of 
 
 were certainly prefect at once to the Mind all Languages.
 
 DEMOSTHENES. 125 
 
 Glory by Adlions honourable and juft. But confidainor and 
 examining with my bell: Attention, I find, that when certain 
 of your Orators violently drove the Olynthian Ambaffadors 
 from this Aflembly, where they propofed to confer with you 
 upon the Terms of an Alliance, Philip then firfl abufed our Sim- 
 plicity by promifing to reftore Amphipolis to us, and execute, 
 fome other Time, a fecret Article of the Treaty concluded be- 
 tween us, which was even then rumoured abroad : (2) that he 
 afterwards gained the Confidence of the Olynthians by difpof- 
 
 feffing 
 
 (2) Ka* TM B^vXX^jjiivov TTOTi TO him Mailer of Pydna. The Ambaffii- 
 
 CCTTCpOTlTOV iV-i'vO KCCTCCO-.iBVCiCreiV. Thcfc 
 
 Words, according to Mr. Tourreil, will 
 admit of three diirerent Conftrudlions. 
 He hath chofen the firft, cette conven- 
 tion fi fecrette alors, & maintenant fi 
 ebruitee. In all thefe Conflniftions our 
 learned and judicious critic hath joined 
 'jTCTs with 3^vXXisix,ei/oi', when it feems 
 better to be conftrued with Karacrjceiia- 
 
 dors did not mention this Negotiation to 
 the People, apprehenfive that the Pyd- 
 nasans might hear and refent it. 
 
 This Quotation labours under lome 
 Difficulties. Did Philip openly promife 
 to cede Amphipolis, yet m,ake it a fecret 
 Article of the Negotiation ? What could 
 either Athens or Philip apprehend from 
 the Refentment of the Pydnsans ? UI- 
 
 g-Bv. yin Article which he prcwifed to pian in his Notes upon Theopompus, fays 
 
 execute at fome other Time. Aliquando 
 jaftabatur, fays Wolfius ; an Errour, if 
 indeed an Errour, in which he hath been 
 followed by all his Editors. 
 
 Whether Tourreil hath fucceeded bet- 
 ter in the hiftorical Part of his Notes 
 upon this Paflage, the Reader muft de- 
 termine. The Athenians, fays Theo 
 pompus, deputed Antiphon and Chari- 
 demus their AmbafTadors to Philip. They 
 endeavoured to engage that Monarch to 
 favour their Pretenfions upon Amphipo- 
 lis, and promifed in Recompence to make 
 
 the Athenians oftisred Pydna to Philip, 
 not in Exchange for Amphipolis, but 
 Potidcea. As the wiiole is Matter of 
 Conjecture, we may as well belitve, with. 
 Lucchefmi, this fecret Article regarded 
 the Reftoration of Thefpia and Platsea, 
 and a promife of rcprefling ti:e Power 
 of the Thebans. Thefe were favourite 
 Points ; of Importance to Athens, ajid 
 the Necefllty of keeping foch a Treaty 
 fecret, with Regard to the Thebans, is 
 apparent.
 
 126 
 
 ORATIONS OF 
 
 feffing us of Potida^a and giving it to them, in open A61 of Injuftice 
 to us, his more ancient Allies ; (3) laftly, that he hath lately- 
 entered into an Alliance with the Theilalians, by promifing to 
 cede Masuefia to them, and maintain for them the Phocaean 
 War. (4) Upon the whole, there is not a fmgle People, 
 who have ever confided in him, whom he hath not deceived, 
 and impofing perpetually, with Artifices like thefe, upon the 
 Imprudence of thofe, who unhappily knew him not, has he 
 thus enlarp-ed his Dominions. As he hath therefore rifen by 
 thefe Artifices (for each of his Allies believed he would per- 
 form fomewhat for their particular Advantage) fo by thefe Ar- 
 tifices fhall he certainly be thrown precipitately from his Height, 
 fince openly convifted of having adled, in every fingle Inftance, 
 for his own Intereft only. 
 
 In 
 
 (3) Tsif f^ev TT^oTZ^ov (rUjttjtta%sf? rtf^cii;. 
 There are fome Doubts here, with Re- 
 gard to the Text, arifing from the Chro- 
 nology of Fails. At what Time the 
 Athenians can be fuppofed PhiHp's tt^o- 
 Tiacv (Tvi^fzccxisc is difficult to determine. 
 The ScholiaiT: iinderftands the Potid^eans, 
 and Wolfius piopofcs to read -^i^uv, our 
 Mies, but, according to his own Ob- 
 jedlion, after Demofthenes had faid, Uo- 
 riSxictv S(rciv T,fjLcTivocv he could not juftly 
 call the Inhabitants a-ufj-f^xxii? yifxuv. 
 
 (4) When Lycophron, the Pherfean, 
 found himfclf unable to fupport a War 
 againft the united Forces of Philip and 
 
 the Theflalians, he entered into an Al- 
 liance with the Phocsans, who them- 
 felves extremely wanted his AfTiftance 
 againft the Thebans. This was the War, 
 that Philip promifed the Thefialians to 
 maintain. He was twice defeated, but 
 in a third Battle gained a complete vic- 
 tory over the Phocjeans, and Lycophron 
 furrendered Pheras. Among his other 
 Promifes Philip engaged to reduce Mao-- 
 nefia, then in the hands of Lycophron, 
 and cede it TToc^oc^ua-eiv to the Theflalians. 
 Such is the Force of the Word Trctpx^u- 
 a-uv J tradere non rcjiituere. Lucchesini.
 
 DEMOSTHENES. 127 
 
 In fuch a Situation, O Men of Athens, are the Affairs of 
 Phihp at prefent. Whoever thinks otherwife, let him come 
 forward, and demonftrate to me, I fhould have rather faid to 
 this AfTembly, that what I aflert of him is falfe ; either, that 
 they, whom he hath already deceived, will hereafter confide in 
 him ; or that the Theffalians, unworthily enflaved by him, 
 would not now joyfully recover their Liberty. (5) If any one, 
 however, although convinced of the Truth of thefe Aflertions, 
 yet imagines, that Philip, having poffeft himfelf of feveral 
 Countries, Harbours, and other Advantages of this Kind, will 
 now be able to maintain himfelf by Force, he does not ima- 
 gine rightly. For when Confederacies are formed with a mu- 
 tual Affeftion and Efteem among all the Parties ; when all Mea- 
 fures are of equal Advantage to all, who are engaged in the 
 War, they then determine to a<£l together, to bear their com- 
 mon Misfortunes, and to continue firm to their Engagements : 
 but when any one among them, as Philip hath done, by an 
 
 un- 
 
 (5) We are not to underftand our Au- Pegafae, as Fortrefles to quell any Com- 
 
 thor too {lri(flly, as if Philip had enflaved motions they might raife againft him, 
 
 the People of TheflTaly. But although In general, the Protection and Friend- 
 
 this was not abfolutely the Faft, yet he fhip, which a powerful and ambitious 
 
 held a kind of fovereign Authonty over Prince affords to his Neighbours, very 
 
 them, by the formidable Ideas they con- little differs f om abfolute Sovereignty, - 
 
 ceived of h^s Power ; by the Benefits he and the Neccfllty of their Obedience ^rn- 
 
 had conferred upon them ; and by keep- QomxyKTi is little lefs than Slavery, 
 ing Pofieffion of Pheree, Magnefia and Lucchesini.
 
 128 ORATIONSOF 
 
 immeafurable Ambition, or by Perfidy renders himfelf too pow- 
 erful, the firft Pretence, the firft inconfiderable Misfortune hath 
 aheady fhaken ofF the Yoke, and diflblved their AlHance. (6) 
 For impoflible, O Men of Athens, it is indeed impofTible, that 
 a Man of Injuftice, Perjury and Perfidy can long preferve his 
 Power unfhaken. Crimes, like thefe, may certainly for once, 
 and for a fhort Time maintain themfelves. Or when, by Ac- 
 cident, they have flourifhed exceeding ftrong in Hope, they wi- 
 ther at their appointed Seafon, and perifh of themfelves. (7) For 
 as in the Foundation of an Houfe ; the Keel of a Ship, and in all 
 other Works of this Kind, the loweft Parts ought to be moft 
 firm and folid, fo the firft Principles and Bafis of our Adtions 
 ought to be true and juft. But fuch as are not at prefent in 
 the Adions of Philip. 
 
 I THERE- 
 
 (6) The Agitation of oar Orator up- donable. It is a Fault the Tranflator 
 
 on the Profpefl: of Philip's ruin has would moft fincerely avoid. He is not 
 
 thrown a noble Diforder into his Sen- however without fome Apprehenfion with 
 
 tcnce. This Ruin, precipitate and vio- Regard to the Paffage before us ; nor 
 
 lent, is not only prefent before him -, it does he precifely conceive the Meaning of 
 
 is already paft. Liberty hath already tu %^oi'w (po^^ccrui tempore in furto de- 
 
 fhaken off the Yoke, a,6;^a/r;(r£, and prehenditur, as Lucchefini tranOates it. 
 
 Slavery broken its Bonds lixvasv. The and underftands it metaphorically for 
 
 Rapidity of the Numbers in the Origi- malj parta. Wolfius propofcs a conjec- 
 
 nal are of inimitable Beauty. tural Emendation of the Text, and in- 
 
 (7) To miftake the Scnfe of any par- ftead of tts^)* avrx, reads Trap ocutx, with 
 
 ticuiar Pafl'age in an ancient Author can which Mr. Mounteney is extremely pleafed. 
 
 feldom be of great Importance, but to Yet he himftlf offers us a better, and 
 
 give him Beauties in Oppofition to his probably the genuine, reading yrao eaw 
 
 Ci.enjus and Character is almoft unpar- roc,.
 
 DEMOSTHENES. 129 
 
 I THEREFORE declare you lliould unanimoufly refolve tofuc- 
 cour the Olynthiaiis, and whatever Methods are propofed mofl: 
 honourable and expeditious, them I £hall moft approve. Then 
 fend Ambafladors to the TheflaHans, to inform Ibme of their 
 States what Meafures we have taken, and to animate others ; 
 for they are now forming Decrees to demand the Reflitution o^ 
 Pagaf^, and to make fome Remonftrances concerning Magne- 
 fia. (8) Be it your proper Care, O Men of Athens, that our 
 Ambaffadors fliall not fpeak Words only, but have it in their 
 Power to fhew that fomething is really done ; that you your- 
 felves are already on your March, in a Manner worthy of the 
 Republic ; that you are already in Adlion. As Words in ge- 
 neral, if not fupported by Deeds, appear frivolous and vain, 
 lb efpecially do thofe of our Commonwealth ; and in Propor- 
 tion as we ufe them with greater Promptitude and Alacrity, fo 
 
 do all Mankind more affuredly difbelieve them. 
 
 Much 
 
 (8^ The People of Thefllily were di- Treaties muft have been numberlefs, and 
 
 ftlnguifhed, even to a Proverb, tor a na- it was conlequently mofl: difficult, if in- 
 
 tional Levity of Temper, and a Faith- deed it were always poffible, to preferve 
 
 leflhefs in their Engagements. This Cha- them inviolably. A midft a multiplicity 
 
 rafter might perhaps arife from their po- of Oaths, whether public or private, Per- 
 
 litical ConiUtution. Theffaly was di- jury is unavoidable. The TheiTaliaas, 
 
 vided ihto a Number of petty States, dif- however, were in general very faithful 
 
 ferent in their L.aws, Cuftoms, Manners, to Philip, although juftly rcfenting his 
 
 and independent entirely of each other, taking PoflelFion of their capital Cities, 
 
 Their People were numerous ; they were and the Revenues arifing from their Ports 
 
 naturally brave, and jealous of their Li- and Markets. Thefe latl he, probably, re- 
 
 berty. From thefc Circumftances, their ftored, but, at what Time, is uncertain. 
 
 Vol. I. S
 
 130 ORATIONSOF 
 
 Much Alteration muft be manifeft In your Councils, and a 
 total Cliange In your Meafures, by voluntarily bringing in your 
 Contributions ; marching your national Troops to the Field ; 
 in every particular ading with Ardour, if then, even then, any 
 one will believe we are fincere. Were you determined to a6l as 
 your Duty direds, and as NeceiTity compels you, not only 
 jfhall it appear, O Men of Athens, that PhiHp's Alliances are 
 weak in themfelves, and to him unfaithful, but It {hall evident- 
 ly be proved, that even his hereditary Dominions and his nati- 
 onal Forces are greatly diftreffed. Certainly the Strength and 
 Power of Macedonia, when joined with any other, is not in- 
 confiderable ; fuch It was to you, when united with your 
 Troops under the Command of TImotheus, againft the Olyn- 
 thlans 5 {9) fuch it appeared to the Olynthians, when added to 
 their Forces in befieging Potldoea ; and yet more lately, when 
 Philip aflifled the- ThefTallans, diftempered by civi! Diffen- 
 tlons. Seditions, and Confufion, againft their domefHc Tyrants. 
 In general, every Addition, however inconliderable. Is in all 
 Inftances of Advantage. ( i o) Yet Macedonia Is weak In herfelf, 
 
 and 
 
 (9) This Expedition of Timotheus, (10) Philip had more than once driven 
 
 important as it is in itfelf, and glorious the Tyrants of Thefialy, Pitholaiis and 
 
 to that General, is not mentioned by any Lycophron, out of the Country. They 
 
 of the Grecian Hiftorians. Cornelius had more than once renewed the War. 
 
 Nepos elteems his Vidories over the By- In the laft great Battle, in which Lyco- 
 
 zantians and Olynthians among his moft phron was defeated, the Phocsans had 
 
 iUiiItrious Adions. twenty thoufand Foot, and five hundred 
 
 Horfe I
 
 DEMOSTHENES. 131 
 
 and replete with Evils. For Philip, by thofe very Means, his 
 Wars and his Expeditions, for which the World in general 
 efteems him great, hath rendered her, even for himfelf, more 
 liable, than fhe naturally was, to Ruin. Neither imagine, O Men 
 of Athens, that Philip and his Subjects have the fame Ideas of 
 Happinefs. He paffionately wifhes for Glory. He hath pur- 
 fued it with Ardour, and hath refolved, in every Adion, in 
 every Danger, to fuffer all the Chances of War, preferring the 
 Ambition of performing what no King of Macedonia ever per- 
 formed, to a Life of Peace and Safety. But this Paffion for 
 Glory, arifing from thefe Motives, does not exift among his Sub- 
 jects. Walled by his perpetual Expeditions, they feel their Ca- 
 lamities with Grief and Indignation ; they are uncealingly mi- 
 ferable ; neither permitted to attend their private Affairs, nor 
 to live in their own DvvelHngs. Even what they have gained 
 by every pofTible Method of Rapine and Plunder, they have it 
 not in their Power to difpofe of to Advantage, as all the Sea- 
 ports on the Coafl of Maccdon are fliut up by the War. 
 
 How the Macedonians therefore in general are affe6ted to- 
 wards Philip, any one from thefe Circumftances may without 
 Difficulty perceive. But the Foreigners, who are near his Per- 
 fon, and his favourite Infantry, have indeed the Reputation 
 
 of 
 
 Horfe : the Theiralians an equal Num- fay, that the Troops of Macedonia were 
 ber of Foot, and three thoufand Horfe. a mecr Addition to the Forces of the 
 Our Author might therefore very juftly Tiieffahans. Lucciiesini. 
 
 S 2
 
 132 ORATIONSOF 
 
 of being mofl admirable Soldiers, when fighting in his Pha- 
 lanx ; but as I have heard from a Native of Macedon, a Man 
 incapable of uttering a Falfhood, they are by no Means hap- 
 pier than his own Subjeds. For if there be one among them 
 more experienced in the Science of War and of Battles, Philip in 
 his PafTion for Fame, as I am informed, drives him from his Pre- 
 fence ; ambitious, that all the Glory of his Actions fhould appear 
 peculiarly his own. For among all his other Excefles, his Paflion 
 for Fame is beyond all Bounds. But if any of them, whe- 
 ther in his natural Modefty, or any other Sentiment of Vir- 
 tue, is unable to endure the daily Intemperance of his Life ; 
 his Drunkennefs, and obfcenc Dances ; fuch a Man is treated 
 with Contempt, nor ever admitted into any Share of Confi- 
 dence or Employments. The Reft of the People immediately 
 round his Perfon are Flatterers and Robbers. Men fo aban- 
 doned, as in their Excefs of Wine to be capable of dancing 
 fuch Things, as I am even afhamed to mention, (i i) 
 
 That 
 
 (ii) It were eafy to vindicate our Au- litary Abilities. If he was prodigal to 
 
 thor, by the ftrong Teftimony of Hi- Parafites and Buffoons, he was liberal to 
 
 flory, from all Sufpicion of Calumny in Men of Genius and Literature. If he 
 
 this Character of L'hilip. But it were bet- was weak to Flattery, he could bear the 
 
 ter to difclaim the Turpitude of fuch In- Reproofs of Sincerity and Friendfliip. 
 
 quines ; and if v/e are obliged to acknow- The peculiar Force of Reafoning in his 
 
 ledge the Vices of this Monarch, let us Letter to the People of Athens will ever 
 
 endeavour to prove that his Virtues were do Honour to his Underftanding ; and 
 
 eminent in Proportion. The Nations he the majeftic Simplicity of the Style will 
 
 fubdued, Athenians, Lacedasmonians, ever be the beft Model for Princes, when 
 
 Thebans, muft give Evidence to his mi- they write. His Conquefts were not dif- 
 
 honoured
 
 DEMOSTHENES. 
 
 ^33 
 
 That tliefe Reports are true, it is moft manifcft ; for thofe 
 very Perfons, whom we have ununimoufly driven from hence, 
 as in fad: more abandoned than even Juglcrs and Mounte- 
 banks ; CalHas, for Inftance, the Keeper of our public Jail, 
 (12) and Men of his infamous Charadler ; Mimics of Things 
 ridiculous ; Poets of obfcene Songs, which they compofe on 
 their Companions, for the Sake of laughing and being; lauo^Iicd 
 at ; thefe are the People, whom he loves ; whom he hath ever 
 round him. Vices like thefe, however inconliderable any one 
 may efteem them, as afleding his perfonal Reputation alone, 
 
 honoured by Tyranny or Inhumanity ; 
 and, confidering the ufual Carnage of 
 the Grecian Batdes, his Vidlories were 
 not of Blood. His Ambition was in- 
 deed inlatiable and boundlefs ; but he 
 hath left us, perhaps, the nobleft Sen- 
 timent upon tn'c Glory in all Antiquity. 
 When he v/as prefled to march to Athens 
 after the Battle of Cheronsa ; The Gods 
 forbid, that a Prince, who hath fought 
 only for Glory, fhoiild deflroy the 'Temple 
 and Theatre of Glory. 
 
 (12) Thucydides thus underftands the 
 Word (^Tji^oricv ; perhaps, as career in 
 the Latin Tongue, it may fignify a Fel- 
 low worthy of a Jail ; a Jail-bird. Suid- 
 as mentions an Athenian Player of this 
 Name, Callias, furnamed Schcenion, from 
 his Father's making Ropes of Reeds. He 
 wrote fcveral Comedits, of which we have 
 fome few Verfes, prefen-ed by different 
 Authors, which do not want Pleafuntry. 
 
 yet 
 
 GxvfiKTOTTOiuv, In the Line before this, 
 includes the whole Tribe of Conjurcis, 
 Fortune-tellers, Mountebanks, Rope- 
 Dancers, and Juglers, who impofed up- 
 on the Wonder of the People by Feats 
 of Dexterity and Strength, or the Im- 
 pudence of fore-telling future Events, 
 Of thefe, and every other Kind of Vil- 
 jains, Philip gathered together above two 
 thoufand, and built a City for them, 
 which he called Uovr.ooTToXis, The City of 
 Villains. They foon threw off the In- 
 famy of this Title. Their Diffidence 
 of each other produced Laws for Se- 
 curity of Property. The Mifchiefs arif- 
 ing from Injuftice, Violence and Per- 
 fidy, convinced them of the Neceffity 
 of Honefty, and how ufeful the In- 
 fluences of Religion. Thus private 
 Vices, in hiftorical Faft, became pub- 
 lic Virtue.
 
 134 ORATIONSOF 
 
 yet are they powerful Marks, O Men of Athens, not of his 
 natural Difpofition only, but of his approaching political Ruin. 
 But Profperity at prefent, in my Opinion, throws a Kind of 
 Veil around him ; for Succefs is of great Power to conceal and 
 fhadow over fuch Turpitude. Yet fliould any Misfortune crofs 
 him, a fevere and accurate Inquiry fhall be made into his whole 
 Life. Of this Truth, in my Judgement, he will himfelf in a 
 fliort Time convince you, if fuch be the good Pleafure of the 
 Gods, and fuch your own Determination. For as in the hu- 
 man Body, while we are in a general State of Health, the un- 
 found Parts are infenfible of Pain, yet when the leaft inward 
 Difordcr happens, all is in Motion ; Fradlures, Diflocations, 
 and whatever elfe is affeded ; thus, with Regard to Republics 
 and Monarchs, while they are engaged in foreign Wars, their 
 Infirmities are not apparent to the Multitude ; but when the 
 War appears upon their Frontiers, it lays open all their latent 
 Weaknelles. 
 
 But if there be among you, O Men of Athens, who fee- 
 ing Philip thus fortunate, thinks him therefore a formidable 
 Enemy, he reafons with Wifdom and with Judgement; for 
 Fortune is of great Moment, or is rather the fole governing 
 Power in all Affairs of human Kind. Yet, were it offered to 
 my Choice, I fhould certainly clioofe the future Fortune of 
 our Republic (were you incKned, even for a little Time, to 
 
 2 per-
 
 DEMOSTHENES. 135 
 
 perform your Duty to your Country) preferably to that of 
 Philip. For I am convinced we have much greater Encourage- 
 ment to hope for the divine Favour andProtedlion. (13J Eur, 
 as it appears to me, we iit perfectly unadive ; and furcly the 
 Man, who totally negleds his Affairs, can ill denre his Friends, 
 much lefs the immortal Gods, to adl for him. Nor is it ex- 
 tremely wonderful, that Philip, who himfelf engages in his 
 Wars ; who is adtive and indefatigable ; prefent upon all Oc- 
 cafions ; never lofmg one favourable Opportunity, not even 
 an Hour, fhould conquer a People, v/ho are perpetually form- 
 ing fome future Scheme, and making more Decrees, and aflc- 
 ing each other for News. For my own Part, I wonder rot 
 The contrary would indeed be worthy of Admiration ; that 
 a People thus totally indolent in all Concernments of the War, 
 fliould conquer a Man, who upon all Occasions performs every 
 Duty of a Commander. (14) 
 
 How- 
 
 (13) Sentiments of this Kind fhould People zvill make the Gcds cur Frieiuls and 
 
 not be pafied over in Silence by a Tranf- yllHes. 
 
 lator. He fliould not render a noble (14) Our Orator again r-proves tlie 
 
 Author of Antiquity into a modern Lan- Indolence, Irrefolution, Inactivity ; the 
 
 guage meerly to preferve his general good fatal Frocraftination of his Audience. 
 
 Senfe, his Eloquence, and his politiciil How fincerely does the Tranllator wilh, 
 
 Wifdom. It fliould be his better View that the following Proverb could only be 
 
 to improve the Hearts of his Readers by applied to tlie Greeks and Romans ? Dum 
 
 Sentiments, fuch as thefe, of Virtue and Rom^ confulitur, Sagurilum expugnatur. 
 
 Religion. Agefilaus ufed frequently to While the Senate coniults at Rome, Sa- 
 
 exprefs his Gratitude to the Barbarians guntum is befieged and taken. 
 for violating their Oaths. Thefe perjured
 
 136 ORATIONSOF 
 
 However, this I really think Matter of Aftoniiliment, 
 that you, who formerly, O Men of Athens, took up Arras 
 ao-ainfl: the Lacedaemonians in Defence of the common Li- 
 berties of Greece ; who generoufly reflifed fo many Oppor- 
 tunities of enlarging your Dominions ; who expended your 
 Treafures, and endangered your Perfons in Battle, to fupport 
 the Rights of others, lliould now coldly hefitate to march, and 
 delay raifing the Supplies neccflary for the Defence of your ov/n 
 proper Poffeilions. (15) That you, who have often preferved 
 others, whether univerfal Greece, whether particular Nations, 
 fliould fit thus indolently after being defpoiled of your own 
 Dominions, at this I really wonder. It is befides an addi- 
 tional Matter of Aftonilhment, that none of you is able to 
 compute how long the Time, fmce you declared War againffc 
 Philip, and in what Manner you have been employed, while 
 
 all 
 
 (15) The Hiflory of Athens will give grefs, and there engaged in the follow- 
 
 us abundant Proof to acquit our Orator of ing Refolution. That all the Cities of 
 
 Adulation to his Country-men in this the Confederacy, whether weak or pow- 
 
 Defcription of their Magnanimity. They erful, fliould have a Right of Suffrage in 
 
 not only aiTifted the Thebans, whom they the Confederacy : That they fliould all en- 
 
 politically, if not naturally, hated, to joy their own Laws and Conftitution of 
 
 recover their Citadel, of which the Lace- Government, equal and independent ; 
 
 ditmonians had made thcmfelves Ma- but in Time of Adion fliould fubmit to 
 
 Hers, but fent Anibaffadors to all the the Dirediion of Athens. 
 States of Greece, to animate them againft Yet when the Power of Lacedjemon 
 
 the com.mon Oppreflbr. Several very was broken by her Defeat at Leudra, 
 
 powerful Cities having entered into a the Athenians generoufly interpofcd be- 
 
 Lea^ue to fliake off the Spartan Ty- tween her and Ruin ; fuccoured and laved 
 
 ranny, a; pointed Athens for their Con- her from Slavery.
 
 DEMOSTHENES. 137 
 
 all that Time was wafted. But you are confcious, that while you 
 were forming fome future Plans of Operations, expedling your 
 Allies would adl for you j mutually accufing and condemning 
 each other ; conceiving new Hopes, and doing very nearly 
 what you are doing now, you are confcious all that Time was 
 wafted. Can you then, O Men of Athens, be fo exceftively 
 inconftderate, as to imagine, that the very fame Condud:, by 
 which the Affairs of the Republic are fallen from Profperity to 
 Ruin, ftiall raife them again from Ruin to Profperity ? But 
 neither is it in Reafon probable, nor poftible in Nature ; for 
 much eafier it is to defend what we already poftefs, than to 
 make new Acquifttions. But the War, of all your ancient Pof- 
 feflions, hath left you nothing to defend. You muft therefore 
 endeavour to recover what you have loft. This muft be now 
 your proper Buftnefs. 
 
 To this Purpofe, it is neceflary to advance the Supplies with 
 Chearfulnefs ; with Ardour to enter into the Service ; not to 
 accufe your Generals, until you have overcome your prefent 
 Difficulties ; then forming your Judgement upon Fa6i:s, to do 
 Honour to them, who are worthy of Praife, and punifti them 
 who have injured your Allies ; and laftly, to take away all Pre- 
 text of Defertion, by paying the Soldiers their Arrears. For it 
 Vol. I. T is
 
 138 ORATIONSOF 
 
 is not jfittino- with Severity to enquire into the Condudi: of 
 others, unlefs you firft punctually difcharge your own Duty. 
 But fi-om whence, O Men of Athens, do you imagine it pro- 
 ceeds, that all your Commanders abandon thofe Expeditions, 
 to which you fend them, and. find out others for themfelves ? 
 /f;6) IF I may be permitted to Ijieak ingenuoufly with Regard 
 to your Commanders, it is becaufe in fighting for the Repub- 
 lic all Advantages, for which the War is carried on, are folely 
 yours. Were Amphipolis taken, you would inftantly refume 
 
 the 
 
 Xi6) Chares, Admiral of the Athe- 
 nian Fleet, had been fent with a ftrong 
 Squadron to relieve Amphipolis, befieged 
 by Philip. But Chares fold himfelf, and 
 the Honour of his Family •, the Glory 
 of his Expedition, and the Interefts of 
 his Country, toaPerfianSatrape. Lampfa- 
 cus and Sigasum were the Priceof his Ava- 
 rice, his Cowardice andhis Treafon. After- 
 wards, while Philip made himfelf Mafterof 
 feventy-five Cities, Alliesand Confederates 
 
 of Athens, her Admiral had engaged in 
 an ignominious, but fafe and profitable 
 War, againfl: the Merchants of the^gean 
 Seas ; and joining a national Fleet with 
 a Band of Pyrates turned Pyrate himfelf. 
 The People, in Shame and Indignation, 
 command Antiochus inftantly to fail and 
 find out this infamous Admiral, and to 
 denounce to him in the Words of their 
 Decree, The People of Athens are afto- 
 nifijedi that Philip marches to Cberfcnefus, 
 
 an Athenian Province, while they neither 
 know where their Admiral is retired, or 
 the Forces they fent under his Command. It 
 may be neceflary to quote this Decree irt 
 
 the Original- 
 
 AByivKiCiJv 
 
 ''a, I 
 oTi ijaufjioi- 
 
 ^et dr,uog 6 TCtiv 
 TTOf jwei/ STTi Xeppovi'i'i<rov xiji/ ABtivatuv 
 ■TTOfBueTCit, ' hBrivKiOi Se «dg rov g-^ocTvjyov 
 \iTa.(Tiv, aie tvjv ohva^iv, iju e^£7r£jW.i|/aj/, 
 OTTK Bs-]v. Chares did not dare to meet 
 the People in their firft Indignation. He 
 pleaded his Caufe by Orators, whom his 
 pillaging and plundering the VEgean Mer- 
 chants had enabled him to corrupt. He 
 then returned and was acquitted. We 
 fliall only remark upon this Hiftory, how 
 near to Ruin muft be that maritime State, 
 whofe Admiral dares to be a Coward, or 
 a Traytor, yet is protefted from the 
 Vengeance of his Country, by the Ad- 
 miniftration, and the Minifters j for fuch 
 were the Orators of Athens..
 
 DEMOSTHENES. 139 
 
 the Poffeffion of it. Dangers alone are the Property of your 
 Generals. Rewards there are none. On the contrary, in their 
 own Expeditions the Dangers are lefs, and all Emoluments ari- 
 fing from whatever Cities, they take (for Inftance Lampfacus, 
 or Sigsum) and whatever VelTels they plunder, are the Pro- 
 perty of the Commanders and the Soldiers. They follow 
 therefore, all of them, their proper Advantage. Then, when 
 you have turned back your Eyes upon the ruinous Condition 
 of your Affairs, you bring your Generals to their Trial. You 
 give them Leave to plead for themfelves, and when you 
 have heard the Neceflity under which they a6led, you acquit 
 them. For us it only remains, to quarrel among ourfelves, 
 -and to debate, as each Man differs in Opinion from the Reft, 
 while the Commonwealth is undone. 
 
 You formerly, O Men of Athens, raifed the Supplies ac- 
 cording to your different Claffes in the State ; but now by 
 thofe very Claffes you govern the State. At the Head of one 
 Faftion appears an Orator, and under him a General with tlie 
 three hundred to fupport him with their Suffrages, (r 7) The 
 reft of you are diftributed to vote for either Fadion, as you are 
 
 ordered. 
 
 (17) This Number of wealthier Ci- vernment, not only their own Propor- 
 tizens was appointed to advance the Sup- tion, but that of the poorer Citizens, 
 plies for any fudden Exigence of Go- by whom they were afterwards repaid. 
 
 T 2
 
 140 O R A T I O N S O F 
 
 ordered. (i8) But it is now become abfolutely neceflary, to 
 change your Condudl ; to be yourfelves Mafters of yourfelves, 
 and to exert the common Right of fpeaking, advifing, ading. 
 For if you give to fome of your Citizens a Power of govern- 
 ing you, as if they were abfolute Sovereigns ; if fome are com- 
 pelled to furniili Gallies ; to pay Taxes ; to enHft in the Ar- 
 my, Vv'hile others are appointed only to form Decrees againft 
 them, nor contribute any other Labour to the public Service, 
 no Meafures, however necelTary, can fucceed. The injured 
 Party will always negled; their Duty, and it will only remain 
 for you to punifh them, inftead of your Enemies» 
 
 To recapitulate the whole ; I conclude that every Man 
 fhould bring in his Contributions in proportion to what he 
 polTclTes ; that every Citizen fhall enter into the Service until! 
 all, without Exception, have had an equal Share in the War ; 
 
 that 
 
 (i8) An Evil, moft pernicious to a mifes, or feduced By Adulation ; for they 
 free State, had long raged in Athens., were flattered, even while they were de- 
 The People, to whom, in the lafl Re- fpifed. In the lafl Excefs of Corruption, 
 fort, all Adminiftrations rnuft appeal, they were debauched in their Sobriety 
 and in whom refides the Power and and Temperance by drunken Riots and 
 Strength md Majefty of a Nation, were luxurious Entertainments, From hence, 
 treated with Contempt. Advantage was as from a firft Principle of Ruin and. 
 taken of their Poverty, to corrupt their Diflblution, proceeded the Deftruftion of 
 Honefty in giving their Votes for Places Athens and Rome. From the fame Prin- 
 fnd Employments. They were intimi- ciple will invariably and for ever pro- 
 dated by Menaces, or deceived by Prx)'- ceed the Deftru(Sion of all future States.
 
 DEMOSTHENES. 141 
 
 that a Liberty of fpeaking fliall be allowed to all, who are 
 prefent at our Debates, and that, of whatever Advice is given 
 you, the befl: and wifeft lliould be chofen, not the Meafures, 
 which this or that particular Perfon fhall propofe. If you a6l 
 in this Manner, you fhall not only applaud your Orator upon 
 the Inftant, but hereafter applaud yourfelves, when your whole 
 Affairs fhall be far more profperous in their Situation, than 
 they are at prefent. 
 
 O R A-
 
 }Cs(^)^)^)^)e()^X')^)^)^)^)^)^^)^X)^)^'^)^^)^)^)^5^^)^)«CKM5e()^)8C 
 
 ORATION VII. 
 
 The Third OLYNTHIAC.
 
 «■*#***t*##******************aiKK*******************«**}|HMf****** 
 
 The ARGUMENT. 
 
 ELATED by fome favourable News from Olynthus, the Atheni- 
 ans now talk of denouncing War againft Philip, and taking Ven- 
 geance for all his Injuries and Infults. Our Orator endeavours to fup- 
 prefs this Intemperance j is apprehenfive, they may look upon this Ad- 
 vantage, gained by the Olynthians, as a complete Vi6lory and neo-lefl 
 fending them any greater Succours ; propofes the true Queftion for their 
 Debates, not Vengeance, but the Prote6lion of their Allies. He then 
 enters, with much more Boldnefs, into the Confideration cf the Sums 
 expended in their theatrical Entertainments. Offers a Plan for their fu- 
 ture Regulation. The Advantages arifing from fuch a Plan. Every 
 Motive of Interefl and Glory is urged for carrying it into Execution, 
 particularly that Glory, bequeatlied to them by their Anceftors. 
 
 **t**t#*«#-***#»##*«*#*####*#*t**t#t*#####*##*#**f*;};**#t##*
 
 ORATION VII. 
 
 Third OLYNTHIAC. 
 
 IA M by no Means able, O Men of Athens, to form the 
 fame confiftent Judgement of the State of the RepubHc, 
 when I confider our Circumftances in themfelves, and when I 
 hear the Speeches of our Orators. Their Orations, I perceive, 
 are formed on a Refolution of being revenged on PhiHp for 
 paft Injuries ; while our Circumftances tend only to the Ne- 
 ceflity of protecting ourfelves againft his future Infults. Our 
 Orators therefore, feem to me to commit no other Miftake, 
 than propofing a Queftion to you, which is not really the Sub- 
 
 jea 
 
 In Compliance with the general Opi- the Athenian Auxiliaries. The People, 
 nion, we are willing to believe, that Sue- for Infolence and Frefumption were among 
 cours had been fent to the Olynthians, their national Follies, are luddenly elated, 
 yet there is not any the leaft Warrant in and indulge themfelves in imaginary 
 Hiftory for this Opinion, nor is it fup- Triumphs over Philip, as if their Vic- 
 ported by any one lixprefiion in our Au- tory were complete, and the War ended, 
 thor. Whether they were fent before Their Orators, who ft^ke before De- 
 thefe Orations, or during the diftant Pe- mofthenes, had probably, with their ufual 
 riods of Time, when they were pro- Flattery and Adulation, confirmed them 
 noLinced, is equally uncertain. The pre- in thefe Sentiments, fo pernicious to their 
 fent Oration fuppofes the News of fome true Intereft, which demanded ftill more 
 confiderable Advantage gained by the powerful Succours to fupport the Olyn- 
 Olynthians, perhaps in Conjundlon with thians.
 
 DEMOSTHENES. 14.5 
 
 je<ft of your Debates. That there was once indeed a Time, 
 when it was in the Power of this RepubHc both to poffefs her 
 own Dominions in Security, and to take Vengeance on Phihp, 
 I very clearly know. Even within my own Memory, and not 
 long fince, they both were in her Power. At prefent, how- 
 ever, I am perfuaded it will abundantly be fufEcient, if we 
 fucceed in the Protection of our Allies. When this point is 
 firmly fecured, we may then confider of our Revenge. But 
 until this firft Principle of our Debates be rightly determined, 
 I hold it vain to reafon upon the fecond. 
 
 If ever any Conjuncture, O Men of Athens, certainly the 
 prefent, requires much prudent Care and Confultation. Not 
 that I efteem it a Matter of exceeding Difficulty to propofe to 
 you fuch Advice, as the Difficulties of your Situation demand, 
 but I really doubt in what Manner to propofe it. For I am 
 convinced by all I have heard, by all I have obferved, that 
 many favourable Opportunities of a6ting have efcaped you, 
 through a determined Unv/illingnefs to perform your Duty, 
 not your Ignorance of the Meafures it commands. I there- 
 fore imagine, I have a Right to expedt you fhould bear with 
 me, though I may poffibly fpeak with more than my ufual 
 Freedom, conlidering only, whether I fpeak Truth, and with 
 the fole Intention of fecuring the future Safety and Honour of 
 
 Vol. I. U the
 
 146 O R A T I O N S O F 
 
 the Commonwealth. For you plainly behold, that from the 
 Time when certain of your Orators firft formed their Speeches 
 with Delign of capti\'ating your Favour, your Aftaii's have gra- 
 duallv declined to all their prefent Calamities. But, I believe, 
 it may be necefliuy, before we enter into the prefent Debate, 
 that you fliould recollect fome Circumftanccs already pall:. 
 
 You may remember it was reported, fome three or four 
 Years ago, that Philip had beiieged Herasum. (i) It was then 
 the Month of November. (2) Many Speeches were made, and 
 great Commotions raifed. You decreed, that forty Gallies fhould 
 inftantlv be fitted for Service ; that every Citizen under five and 
 forty Years of Age fhould embark, and fixty Talents be provided 
 for the Expedition. That whole Year pafied away, and after- 
 wards the Months of July, Auguft, and September. In this laft 
 Month, though even then not without the utmofl; Difficulty ; 
 
 not 
 
 ( I ) Hersum, a City of Thrace, was litary Exercifts, either in the Citadel of 
 
 «f fo much Importance to the People of Athens, or fome of their Garrifons in 
 
 Athens, that when they heard it was be- Attica. They were .afterwards fent to 
 
 fieged by Philip, they not only decreed the Campaign, but always placed, at 
 
 a very powerful Succour for its Relief, firft, where they were leaft expofed to 
 
 hut ordered all their Citizens under five Danger. 
 
 and forty Years of Age to be enlifted (2) It hath been the Labour of the 
 for the Service. Such Decrees were ne- learned to reconcile the Greek and Ro- 
 ver propofed but upon extraordinary Oc- man Calendars. The Difpute is yet un- 
 tafions, or in Times of extreme Danger ; decided. We have taken the following 
 for their Veterans were difcharged by the Table from Corfini, the laft great Wri- 
 Laws at forty. From eighteen to twenty ter upon the Subjed. 
 all their Citizens were taught their mi- • Corin- 
 
 2 
 
 i»
 
 DEMOSTHENES. 
 
 H7 
 
 not until after tke Celebration of the Eleiifinian Myflerie?, (3) 
 you fent Charidemus with ten unmanned empty Gallics, and 
 five Talents of fih^er, (4) For when it was reported, that Piii- 
 
 lip 
 
 Corinthian 
 
 Macedoniam 
 
 Athenian 
 
 Panemus 
 
 Lous 
 
 HecatombjEon 
 
 Carnius 
 
 Gorpi^iis 
 
 Metagitnion 
 
 n> 
 
 Hyperberetaus 
 
 Boedromion 
 
 Dins 
 
 Pyanepfion 
 
 5- 
 
 Apdlseus 
 
 Memadoerion 
 
 
 Audynasus 
 
 Pofideon 
 
 
 Peritius 
 
 Gamelion 
 
 re 
 
 Dyftrus 
 
 Anthefterion 
 
 
 Xanthiciis 
 
 Elaphebolion 
 
 0^ 
 
 1^ 
 
 Artemifius 
 
 Munychion 
 
 r3 
 
 i 
 
 Djefius 
 Panemus 
 
 Thargelion 
 Scirrophorion 
 
 (3) Mr. Leland very happily remarks, 
 in his Notes on this Oration, that ibe 
 Defcription in the Original labours on in 
 the Jlowefi^ heavieji Manner. Ei'ery Jingle 
 JVord marks out the 'Tedioufnefs, or the 
 Mcannefs of their Armament. Inftances 
 ■of thefe Beauties are numberltfs in the 
 Greek and Roman Authors, and in our 
 T)wn Language our Poets have been ex- 
 tremely luccefsful in this Art of making 
 the Sound an Echo to the Senfe. But 
 the Numeroufnefs of our Profe hath been 
 much necrlefted. Force and Eleo-ance, 
 Perfpicuity and Simplicit)' of Exprefllon 
 are not unknown among our Writers ; 
 but Harmony and Numbers have little 
 ensaged their Attention. The Tranfla- 
 tor would willingly fliew his Diligence in 
 attempting this Slownefs of Meafures in 
 the Original, bv the Monofyllables in 
 
 U 
 
 Roman 
 
 July 
 
 Auguft 
 September 
 Odober 
 November 
 December 
 January 
 February 
 March 
 April 
 May 
 June. 
 
 tlie firft Part of t'-.e Sentence, and by 
 the opening of the ^'owels on each other. 
 (4) Charidemus, a Native of Eubcea, 
 married a Daughter of Cherfobleptes, 
 The Athenians imagining from henco 
 that his Intercft in Thrace might be ufe- 
 ful to them in recovering Amphipolis, 
 prefented him with the Freedom of 
 Athens, and made him Commander of 
 their Forces in this Expedition ao-ainll 
 Philip. That Monarch had been dan- 
 geroufly ill, probably of a Fever, at- 
 tending the Wound he received at the 
 Siege of Methone. The Athenians hear 
 and believe he is deack Then indulsino- 
 to the Pleafure of thinking the Dano-crs,. 
 that threatened the Commonwealth from 
 his -Ambition, were over, they negleil 
 fending the Forces they had decreed, and 
 even at laft they fent an inconfiderable 
 2 and
 
 148 ORATIONSOF 
 
 lip was dangeroufly ill, and even dead, (both thefe Reports ar- 
 rived at the fame Time) thinking there was no longer any Oc- 
 cafion for the Succours you propofed, you negleded, O Men 
 of Athens, the Expedition. Yet that was the very happieft 
 Opportunity ; for had we fent thofe Succours with as much 
 Alacrity, as we decreed them, Philip, who was then preferved 
 by our Negled:, had not now been capable of injuring or in- 
 fulting the Republic. 
 
 What was then done cannot indeed be at prefent altered. 
 But now comes another Opportunity of carrying on the War 
 with Succefs. What Opportunity ? That, for which I have 
 recollecSled thefe Circumftances, to prevent your repeating the 
 fame Errours you formerly committed. In what Manner there- 
 fore, O Men of Athens, fhall we employ it ? If you do not 
 afTift the Olynthians with your whole poflible Strength, be 
 affured, you fhall a6t in every Inftance for Philip's Advantage, 
 as if you were his Soldiers and lighting his Battles. 
 
 The Olynthians were once pofTelTed of a very considerable 
 Power, and fuch was the Situation of theirs and Philip's Af- 
 fairs, 
 
 and ineffeftual Succour. The People of Phocion reftrained them with this wife 
 
 Athens, in their natural Vivacity of Spi- and temperate Reflexion, If Alexander be 
 
 rit, were apt to impofe upon themfelves dead to Day, as is reported, he will be 
 
 with thefe imaginary Hopes, nor were likewife dead to morrow. Wherefore then 
 
 ever able to doiibt the Truth of any agree- not fiifpcnd thofe Emotions of Joy, which 
 
 able News. When they were once aban- by being precipitate and premature, may 
 
 donin'T themfelves to an Excefs of Joy be attended with Shame and Regret ? 
 upon a Report of Alexander's Death, Tourreil, Lucchesini.
 
 DEMOSTHENES. 149 
 
 fairs, that neither did he dare to attack them, nor they to in- 
 vade him. (5) We had concUidcd an Alliance with them, 
 which to Philip was like the very Shackles of Bondage ; a fe- 
 vere Mortification, that a powxrful People, now reconciled to 
 us, fhould be ftationed, as it were, to feize every Occadon of 
 invading him. We thought it our Intereft by all pofTible Me- 
 thods to engage them in a War againft him ; and what v.as 
 then the vmiverfal Subjedl of all Converfation, is at length (nor 
 is it neceffary to inquire into the Manner] happily efFeftcd. 
 What now remains, O Men of Athens, except vigourouily and 
 chearfully to fuccour them, . I really do not perceive. For be- 
 lides the manifeft Ignominy, fhould we negled: any one Cir- 
 cumftance in the prefent Conjundlure, I fee no inconfiderable 
 Apprehenflon, with Regard to the Confequences, as the The- 
 bans are at prefent afFedied towards us ; the Treafures of the 
 Phocteans exhaufled, and nothing capable of hindering Philip, 
 when he hath executed his prefent Enterprize of reducing Olyn- 
 thus, from bending his whole Force againft us. Whoever there- 
 fore ftill defers performing what he owes to the Republic, ra- 
 ther 
 
 (5) "OuT£ (piXiTTTTci; IBxn'^Bi TSiTSff, fliould therefore underftand the Paflage 
 
 «S-' Sroi (piXiTT'Trov. Wolfius propofes a of their mutual Diffidence of each othei , 
 
 conjeflural Reading, which feems to Mr. not their EquaHty of Strength. But 
 
 Mounteney abfohitely neceflary, «Ve (pi- furely our Ignorance, or Want of hiilo- 
 
 Xiir-rrog eSx^'^st Tiirotg, aS-' Stoi (piXlir- rical Proofs, to vouch this EquaHty, is 
 
 TTw Philip neither confided in the Olyn- not of fufficient Authority for lb ven- 
 
 tbianSf nor the Olynthians in Philip. We turous an Alteration of the Text.
 
 t5o ORATIONSOF 
 
 ther clioofes to behold the immediate Defolation of his own 
 Country, than to hear of the Calamities of any foreign State ; 
 rather to implore Succours for himfelf, than to grant them to 
 others. That our Affiiirs will certainly come to this Extremi- 
 ty, if we ncgledl the prefent Conjun6ture, we are almofl uni- 
 verfilly convinced. 
 
 I SHALL be told, " We have unanimoufly acknowledged 
 *' the Necellity of affifting, and will ailift them. Only the 
 *' Manner yoii, Demofthenes, mufl: explain." Yet wonder not, 
 O Men oi Athens, if the Mcafuces I propofc, appear to the 
 general Opinion unaccountable. You may conftitute Magi- 
 llratcs for the Prefer vation and Infpeftion of our Laws, yet fuf- 
 fcr not thofe Magiftrates to enad; any new Laws. Indeed they 
 are already abundantly fufficient. (6) Let them repeal thofe, 
 which are at prefent prejudicial ; or, to fpeak plainly, thofe, 
 which regard the Theatre and the Army. (7) Some of thefe 
 
 diftri- 
 
 (6) Solon forefeeing that the natural (7) Never was any People fo paffion- 
 Accidcnts of Time, or Change of Man- ately fond of theatrical Entertainments, 
 ners in his Republic, might require ma- as the People of Athens. According to 
 ny Alterations of his Laws, eftablilhed Plutarch, the Sums expended in repre- 
 a certain Number of Citizens to inquire fenting the Tragedies of Sophocles and 
 whether any of them contradifted each Euripides exceeded thofe employed againft 
 other ; whether any, which had been re- the Barbarians in Defence of the Liber- 
 pealed, ftill continued in Force, or whe- ties of Greece. But while the Athe- 
 ther there was more than one upon the nians were fo intenfely fond of thofe fri- 
 fame Occafio;\, volous Amufements, as to facrifice thefe 
 
 Funds
 
 DEMOSTHENES. 151 
 
 diftribute the military Funds in theatrical Entertainments for 
 our Loiterers at Home. Others prote6l in Impunity whoever 
 refufes to enlifl, and confequently render them, who would 
 willingly perform their Duty, lefs animated in the Performance. 
 When you have repealed thefe Laws, and thus opened a Way 
 in Safety to better Counfels, then inquire for fome Orator, who 
 fhall propofe a Decree unanimoufly acknowledged beneficial to 
 the State. But before the Repeal of thefe Laws, do not attempt 
 to find a Man, who by propofing that Advice to you mofl: ad- 
 vantageous, is willing to fuffer Death by you for propofinp- it, 
 for you ihall never find him j efpecially as thefe Confequenccs. 
 alone would refult from his Death, that he, who either by 
 fpeaking or writing made the Propofal, would fufFer mofl: un- 
 jufHy ; that your Affairs would receive no Benefit from it, and 
 that it would become more formidable, than even it is at pre- 
 fent, to ofi:'er you fuch Advice hereafter. 
 
 It 
 
 Funds to the Support of the Theatre, Philip ; or, indeed, were they worthy of 
 
 which had been deltined to the Mainte- a better Fate ? 
 
 nance of their Fleets and Armies, they We have already faid, in the Notes on 
 fuffered their military Laws to be treated the laft Oration, Eubulus had enafted a 
 with Contempt, and violated with Im- Law, that made it punidiable with Death 
 punity. Defertion in the private Soldier, to propofe a Decree for the Alienation 
 and Cowardice in the General, which of the military Funds, which he then 
 once- were punifhed with Death, were appropriated to the Theatre. The re- 
 hardly confidered now as Matters of Re- peal of this Law is now the o-reat Pur- 
 proach. Can we then wonder, that they pofe of our Orator, and we may con- 
 were betrayed and fold by their Orators, elude, from his Manner of mentionin^r 
 their Admirals and their Generals ? That it, that it was only capital to propofe a 
 they were conquered and enflaved by dircd: and formal Decree for rcpealincr it.
 
 152 ORATIONSOF 
 
 I T were indeed moft reafonable, that they, who enaded, 
 fliould repeal thefe Laws themfelvcs. For it were unjuft, that 
 they, who eflabUfhed fuch Laws, fo prejudicial to the Com- 
 monwealth, fliould be rewarded with your Favour, while the 
 public Hatred, which might be a Motive for our ading with 
 more Integrity, is made his Punifliment, who fpeaks his beft 
 Opinion for the Service of his Country. However, before thefe 
 Diforders are regulated, do not imagine, O Men of Athens, 
 that there is among you a Man of fuch Authority, as to vio- 
 late thefe Laws with Impunity, or fo inconfiderate as to throw 
 himfelf into the manifeft Danger of making fuch an Experi- 
 ment. 
 
 Neither fhould you be ignorant, O Men of Athens, that 
 
 all Decrees are perfe6lly worthlefs, if you do not determine to 
 
 execute, with Vigour and Refolution, what you have decreed. 
 
 If indeed they were in themfelves fufficiently powerful, either 
 
 to compel you to a6t as the Exigence of Affairs required, or 
 
 to execute themfelves what they command, neither could you, 
 
 after having enafted fo many, have performed fo very little, 
 
 indeed nothing, of Importance ; nor would Philip, for fuch a 
 
 Length of Time, have treated you with fuch Infolence and 
 
 Outrage. He muffc long fince have fulTered the Chaftifement 
 
 he merits, if Decrees could have chaftifed him. But indeed, 
 
 ^ they
 
 DEMOSTHENES. 153 
 
 they have no fuch Power ; for Adions, although in order of 
 Time they follow Decrees and Orations, yet in Power and Ef- 
 ficacy precede them. Let them be added, and every Thing 
 elfe you already have in Abundance. You have Orators, O 
 Men of Athens, truly capable of giving you Advice ; you are 
 yourfelves of all Mankind moft fagacious, in difcerning what 
 is propofed to you, and you are ftill capable of adling, if you 
 will even now adt with Magnanimity and Wifdom. (8) What 
 other Time ; what other Conjun6lure, O Men of Athens, do 
 you expedt more favourable, than the prefent ? When will you 
 exert yourfelves if not now, for the Honour, and Safety of the 
 Republic ? Hath not this Man violently taken from us, indeed, 
 all the Countries, which we once pofleiTed ? Should he become 
 Mafter of Olynthus alfo, fhall we not fulTer every Thing moft 
 infamous and ignominious ? (g) Are not the People, to whom 
 we promifed, if thej were invaded, an immediate and power- 
 ful 
 
 (8) 'Eav o^Sug 'ttoititb. With Mag- Context. Are not the People, whom we 
 nanimity, by engaging perfonally in the promifed to fnccour, if they were in- 
 Service ■, ivitb Wifdotn, by refigning the z-aded, &c. The ufual Punftuation of 
 Funds appointed originally for the Army, the next Words ttuvtccv altrx'Toi. Trua-o- 
 
 WoLFius. ^jga, whether a full Stop, or a Comma, 
 
 (9) Tourreil and fome other Tranfla- breaks and interrupts the Vehemence and 
 tors underftand TauTijf r-^? ^«(la? of Impetuofity of the other Queftions. Mr. 
 Chalcis, where Philip took two and thirty Mounteney therefore reads them with a 
 Cities before he b,fieged Olynthus. This Point of Interrogation, and, upon the 
 Opinion feems to contradidl the general Authority of his Edition, the prefent 
 Defign of the Oration, and not without Tranflator. 
 
 X)ifering fome Violence to the immediate 
 
 Vol. I. X
 
 154 ORATIONSOF 
 
 ful Succour ; are they not this very Moment invaded ? Is he 
 not your Enemy ? Does he not keep Poflefilon of your Domi- 
 nions ? Is he not a Barbarian ? Is he not whatever any one can 
 call him ?(io) 
 
 Yet, O ye Gods ! while we fufFer all thefe Indignities and 
 Infults, while we only do not affift liim in his Conquefts ; fliall 
 we inquire who are the Authors of our Misfortunes ? That we 
 fhall not acknowledge ourfelves the Authors of them, I am 
 extremely confcious. Neither, amidft the Dangers of War, 
 does the Coward, who flies in the Day of Battle, accufe 
 himfelf of having loft the Victory, but his Officer, or his Fel- 
 low-Soldier, or indeed any other rather than himfelf. Yet 
 every Angle Man, who flies, contributes to the general Defeat. 
 Even this Accufer of others might have flood firm, and had 
 
 each 
 
 (lo) Our Orator, if poffible, would 
 have added to thefe opprobrious Names. 
 Yet really what reproach to Philip, that 
 he was not born a Grecian ; that he was 
 an Enemy to the Athenians, or had by 
 Force difpoiTeflfed them of thofe Coun- 
 tries, of which they, with as little Right, 
 had difpoffefled others ? Thus reafons 
 honeft VVolfius, and with this Conclu- 
 fion, that a good Caufe is fuperior to 
 the Eloquence of an Enemy. 
 
 The Greeks treated all other Nations 
 as Barbarians, nor excepted even Ma- 
 
 cedonia. Alexander, one of Philip's 
 Frasdeceflbrs, was excluded, as a Bar- 
 barian, from the Olympic Games, nor 
 could gain AdmifTion untill he proved 
 himfelf originally an Argive. When he 
 went over from the Perfian Camp to 
 give the Grecians Notice, that Mardo- 
 nius intended to attack them at Break of 
 Day, he juftified his Perfidy by his De- 
 fcent from Greece. A fufficient Proof, 
 that even in thofe earlier Times, Ma- 
 cedonia was not confidered as a Part of 
 Greece. Tourreil.
 
 DEMOSTHENES. 
 
 ^55 
 
 each fingle Soldier adted bravely, all muft have conquered, (i i) 
 Thus in our Debates, does any one propofe, perhaps, not the 
 beft Advice ? Let another rife and deliver his Opinion, but not 
 accufe, who fpoke before him. Does any other propofe more 
 falutary Counfels ? In the Name of good Fortune, follow them. 
 " But they are difagreeable ? " Surely the Perfon, who gave 
 them, is not culpable, except he hath negledled the neceflary 
 Prayers for your Profperity. Indeed, it were an eafy Tafk for 
 your Orators, O Men of Athens, to form fuch Prayers, and to 
 colledl into a very little Compafs all the poflible good Wifhes, 
 you could form for yourfelves ; (i2J but to choofe the beft Opi- 
 
 nion 
 
 ( 1 1 ) After all thefe gallant Sentiments, 
 who could believe Demofthenes was a 
 Coward ? He certainly thought himfelf 
 brave, nor imagined, he fliould be brand- 
 ed ten Years afterwards with the Infamy 
 of abandoning his Shield at the Battle of 
 Choronsa ; a Battle, to which he had 
 animated the Athenians ; wliich was 
 fought upon his AlVurances of Succefs, 
 and which was to decide the Fate, not of 
 Athens only, but of Greece. Yet this 
 Man died with the Calmnefs and Intre- 
 pidity of an Hero. But there are In- 
 ftances of Bravoes in private Broils, 
 who were Cowards in any honourable, 
 public A(5lion. Inftances of Poltrons, 
 who run away in Battle, yet in cold Senfe 
 of Shame have afterwards put themfelves 
 SO Death. Such is the Heart of Man. 
 
 X 
 
 'aSv 
 
 (12) ^ v^xirBai f^sv yctp, « avdfss 
 
 00,01 
 
 ' Q,' " 
 WJ 00 
 
 yivcuioi, oMOiov, St; ravro ■zirxv-7 0(tcc 
 (^nXsrai nq dB^otiTCivra bv oXtyu. The 
 Paflage is acknowledged of much Diffi- 
 culty, both with Regard to the Senfe and 
 Conftruftion, Our Commentators feem 
 to have miftaken the Arrangement of the 
 Words. Neither fhould oc^potcruvTx be 
 conftrued, as it is by Wolfius and his 
 Editors, in a paflive Senfe, coUigata ; 
 nor fhould it be joined with oV« 7ira,i/B\ 
 but referred to ev^ccirBxt. Let us place 
 the Words in their grammatical Order. 
 f^£u yocpi (h oivof^sg A.S'vivxi'oi, gciotov hs 
 TocuTo a.Bfoio'a.vTCi ev oXtyu iv^acrScu 
 7rciv.J oTOi Tig (zaXsTcii. 
 
 With Regard to the Senfe of the Paf- 
 fage, our Commentators think their Au- 
 2 thor
 
 156 ORATIONSOF 
 
 nion in a Debate upon public Affairs, is not equally eafy. Yet 
 certainly the profitable ought to be preferred to the agreeable, 
 when both cannot be obtained. 
 
 Yet whoever can leave us a Revenue fufficient for our the- 
 atrical Entertainments, and yet provide the military Supplies» 
 is he not a better Advifer ? I acknowledge it, O Men of Athens, 
 were it poflible. But I wonder how any Man can believe, it 
 ever hath, or ever fhall happen, that he, who hath diffipated 
 in unneceflary Expences the Fortime, which he really pof- 
 feffed, fhould afterwards have fufficient, out of a Fortune, 
 which he really does not poflefs, to fiipply his neceflary Ex- 
 pences. But I imagine, a mighty Support to this Kind of 
 Realbning is each Man's perfonal Inclination ; for the eafieft of 
 all human Things is to deceive ourfelves. What he wifhes, 
 that every Man believes poffible, but the Nature of Things is 
 
 often very different. 
 
 CoN- 
 
 thor means a general and cuftomary Form ate Exclamations and Prayers to the 
 of Prayer for the Profperity of Athens, Gods for fuch and fuch Inftances of pub- 
 of which there are certainly no Traces in lie Succefs •, while, at the fame Time, 
 Hiftory. The Senfe therefore, thus un- he negleded to point out fuch Meafures 
 derftood, is extremely doubtful ; it is as were fit to be purfued, or perhaps re- 
 in itfelf cold and languid. Mr. Leland commended pernicious Meafures. Upon 
 ingenioudy conjedlures, that in the pre- fuch a Suppofition, this PafTage, confi- 
 fent Debate, before Demofthenes arofe, dered as an indireft Reproof of fuch a 
 fome other Speaker had amufed the Peo- Speaker, will perhaps appear to have fuf- 
 ple with flattering Hopes ; with Profeffi- ficient Force and Propriety, 
 ons of Zeal and Afredlion ; with pafTion-
 
 DEMOSTHENES. 
 
 iS7 
 
 Consider them therefore, O Men of Athens, in their pro- 
 per Nature, and you will then be able to fend an Army into 
 the Field, and raife a Fund for its Pay. Neither is it the Cha- 
 racter of a wife, or generous Nation to defert a War for Want 
 of Supplies, and patiently to bear fuch Indignities as we have 
 fuffered ; nor confiftent with that Charader to take up Arms 
 with fo much Ardour and to march againft the Corinthians and 
 Megareans, yet fuffer Philip to enfla\^e the Cities of Greece, 
 by negleding to provide the proper Subliftence for your Sol- 
 diery. (13) 
 
 Nor 
 
 (13) That we may better determine Tou aSf unjnftly,0 Men of A:hens,in thus 
 ■what War Demofthenes means (for the committing Hojiilities cgainjl ns, and vio- 
 Athenians had maintained more than one Icting theT)-eaties betiveen us. For if you 
 againft the Corinthians and Megareans) he refohed to hinder our making a Defcent 
 
 upon Ccrcyra, we declare you have dijfohed 
 the Alliance between us, and treat us like 
 Enemies. Thucyd. Lib. I. Thus full 
 and direct to the Point is this Example, 
 nor lefs diredl, perhaps, is the Athenian 
 Expedition againft the Corinthians, men- 
 tioned by the fame Author. The Meg-a- 
 reans, dijlrejfed by the Corinthians, rez-olt- 
 edfrom theLacedcemoniam., and entered into 
 an Alliance ixnth the Athenians, ivho built 
 a Wall for them from their City to the Ha- 
 ven, and placed a Garrifon in it of their own 
 Troops. From hence arofe the violent En- 
 mity bet'ji'een Corinth and Athens, 
 
 LUCCHESINI. 
 
 We may believe the other Inftance, 
 with Regard to the Megareans, is equally 
 
 we fliould endeavour to find that particu- 
 lar War, which may give his reafoning 
 the Spirit of Example, and animate th; 
 preient People, by the Force of the Com- 
 parifon, to fuccour the Olynthians againft 
 Philip, as their Anceftors had affifted 
 fome other Nations againft the Corin- 
 thians and Megareans. The 
 otherwife is a vague and 
 Piece of Hiftory. 
 
 Corinth and Corey ra had entered into 
 a War for the Pofleftion of Epidamnum, 
 which each of them claimed as their proper 
 Colony. The Athenians, although in Al- 
 liance with the Corinthians, fupported 
 the Corcyrjcans, and fent them confider- 
 able Succours. The Corinthians thus 
 
 Paftage 
 vain-glorious 
 
 cxpoftulate with them on the Occafion, ftrong and conclufive to his Defign of 
 
 anh
 
 158 ORATIONSOF 
 
 Nor have I unadvifedly determined to fpeak in this Manner, 
 to make myfelf an Object of popular Deteftation ; for neither 
 am I fo inconfiderate in myfelf, nor fo unhappily abandoned 
 by Fortune, as willingly to make myfelf odious, without even 
 purpofing any Advantage to the Republic ; but I efteem it the 
 Part of a good Citizen to prefer the Safety of the Common- 
 wealth to an Oration merely defigned to give Pleafure to his 
 Hearers. For I have often, and perhaps you may yourfelves 
 have heard, that in the Times of our Anceftors, the great Ora- 
 tors, Ariftides, Nicias, Demofthenes, and Pericles (whom all 
 the Speakers of thefe Days applaud, but never imitate) made 
 life of thefe Maxims ; this Kind of Polity in their Adminiftra- 
 tion. (14) But fince thefe Declaimers have appeared; thefe 
 
 oblig- 
 
 animatlng the Athenians to fuccour had really performed thefe glorious Ac- 
 
 Olynthus, but we cannot mark it with tions. But this Kind of Anachronifms 
 
 Exa6lnefs. We only know with Certain- is allowed to Eloquence, which thus tranf- 
 
 ty, that the Megareans abandoned the fers to the Defcendants the Glory of their 
 
 Alliance of the Athenians, put their Gar- Anceftors. The Manner is infinuating, 
 
 rifon to the Sword, and even joined with and goes direftly to the Heart, No Ex- 
 
 the Corinthians againfi: them. They re- ample flrikes us fo powerfully as our 
 
 fented this Perfidy with fo much Indig- own, nor is there any Thing gives us 
 
 nation, as to forbid them to enter their more Pleafure, than to imitate ourfelves. 
 Harbours, or frequent their Markets. Tourreil. 
 
 But thefe are only Proofs of general En- (14) It is almoft an Affront to thefe 
 
 mity, not Examples of Athenian Mag- illuftrious Perfons to attempt giving their 
 
 nanimity in fuccouring their Allies. Hiftory or Charaiters in thefe little Notes. 
 
 By the Language, in which Demof- Yet every Thing muft be attempted for 
 
 thenes expreffes himfelf, we might ima- the Pleafure and Information of the Eng- 
 
 gine, that the People to whom he fpeaks lifli Reader. 
 
 - . Axi-
 
 DEMOSTHENES. 
 
 ^59 
 
 obliging Afkers of Queftions, " What is your good Pleafurc ? 
 " What Decree fliall I propofe ? In what can I oblige you ? " The 
 
 Interefts 
 
 the noblefl Monument of his Worth. It 
 is filled with every Sentiment of Piety 
 towards the Gods ; of Dependance on 
 their Providence ; of Courage, and even 
 of Defpair, that is capable of animating 
 a Soldier to his Duty. That a Man, fo 
 excellently good, fhould fuffer an igno- 
 minious Death, to which he was con- 
 demned by the Syracufians, was diought 
 a Reproach to the Gods themfelves, and 
 even a fufficient Caufe to doubt their 
 Being, or their Providence. 
 
 Demoftthenes, whom our Orator names 
 only by a Kind of Periphrafis, oi^umuovy 
 was a diftinguifhed Commander in the 
 Peloponnefian War. He was joined witli 
 Nicias in the fupreme Command of the 
 Sicilian Expedition ; fliared with him, at 
 firft, in the Succefs of the War ; at lad, 
 in his Misfortunes and his Death. 
 
 The Charafter of Pericles is one of 
 the mod diftinguifhed in ancient Hiftory. 
 After the Death of Ariftides, and the 
 Banifhment of Themiftocles, he eno-ao-- 
 ed in the Adminiftration, for before that 
 Time he had prudently avoided all civil 
 Employroents, and endeavoured to diftin- 
 guifh himfelf in the Army, by his Cou- 
 rage and his military Abilities. He won 
 the Favour of the People, at firft, by 
 the ufual Methods of Compliance and 
 Adulation. But he foon afliimed an Air ' 
 of Dignity more natural to him. Sel- 
 dom appeared in Public ; never at Aflem- 
 blies of Mirth, or at Entertaiiiments. 
 
 While 
 
 Ariftides, furnamed the Juft, had a con- 
 fiderable Share in the Vi6lories of Mara- 
 thon and Salamis. He was Commander 
 in Chief at the Battle of Platsa, in 
 which Mardonius, the Perfian General, 
 was killed and his Army routed. Yet 
 however eminently diftinguilhed for his 
 military Abilities, we fliould rather con- 
 fider him as a great Example of alj civil 
 Virtues. His Zeal for the public Good 
 was totally difinterefted ; the Motive of 
 all his Aftions ; equally fuperior to the 
 Glory of Battles and Viftories, in his 
 military Charafter, as to Riches and 
 Power in his civil Adminiftration. The 
 Firmnefs and Conftancy, with which 
 he fupported his DiJgrace (for he was 
 banifhed by the prevailing Intereft of 
 ThemiftoclesJ are a Teftimony to the 
 Sincerity of his Virtue •, and his Death 
 confirms the general Opinion of his In- 
 tegrity, for he died ib poor, that the 
 Public was obliged to pay the Expence 
 of his Funeral, and to portion his Daugh- 
 ters. 
 
 Nicias was joined with Demofthenes 
 in the Command of the Expedition 
 againft Sicily, though decreed againft his 
 Advice by the Party of Alcibiades. All 
 his Conduft in that War befpeaks him 
 an able Com man J er ; but his Speech to 
 his Army, when broken and routed, and 
 flying before the viclorious Syracufians, 
 while he himfelf was diftrefted with Sick- 
 nefs, and Age, and its Infirmities, is
 
 i6o ORATIONSOF 
 
 Interefts of the Republic are wantonly betrayed to Arts of pleaf- 
 ing, and engaging the Favour of our Audience. From hence 
 thefe fatal Confequences ; from hence the Fortune of thefe De- 
 claimers is flourifhing in Profperity, while yours is oppreffed 
 with Ignominy. 
 
 But let us now remark fome capital Differences between 
 your Condud: and that of your Anceftors. The Difcourfe fhall 
 be fliort, and the Fads, upon which it is founded, not un- 
 known to you ; for, not by foreign but domeftic Examples, 
 O Men of Athens, you have it in your Power to be happy. 
 Our Anceftors, therefore, whom their Orators never flattered ; 
 never loved with fuch exceeding Fondnefs, as that with which 
 you are now beloved, for fixty-five Years poflefted the Sove- 
 reio-nty of Greece, by the common Confent of all its States, 
 and laid up more than ten thoufand Talents in the Trea- 
 fury. (15) Even the King of Macedon acknowledged their 
 
 Donii- 
 
 While he governed the Republic with a of Icfs confiderable Events to Divinities 
 
 Kind of abfokite Power, he afted in of an inferior Order. 
 
 Matters of lefs Importance by his Crea- (15) The IVIagnanimity with which 
 
 tures, and referved his perfonal Influence the Athenians had abandoned their Coun- 
 
 for Occafions of greater Moment. From try in the War of Xerxes ; and the Cou- 
 
 , thence he was frequently compared to rage, with which they had diilinguifhcd 
 
 Jupiter, who, according to the Opinion themfelves in the Battles of Sal amis and 
 
 of fome Philofophers, never concerns Platxa, gained them the Afl:-edl:ion and 
 
 himfelf, but in the great Revokitions of Efteem of all the States of Greece. -Se- 
 
 the Univerfe, and leaves the Diredion veral of her moft powerful Republics 
 
 enter.
 
 DEMOSTHENES. 
 
 i6i 
 
 Dominion, as it becomes Barbarians to acknowledge the Domi- 
 nion of Grecians. ( 1 6) Many and glorious Trophies they ereft- 
 ed ibr Vidiories, gained in their own Perfons, both by Land 
 and Sea ; (17) while they alone of all Mankind have left to 
 their Pofterity, a Reputation fupcrior to Envy. Such were 
 they with Regard to the general Adminiftration of Greece* 
 
 Now 
 
 entered into a Confederacy, at the Head 
 ■of which, with many honourable Diftinc- 
 tions of Pre-eminence, they placed the 
 People of Athens. Ariftides, from their 
 Opinion" of his Integrity, was appointed 
 to regulate the Proportion of Money, 
 which every State fhould pay towards 
 raifing a common Fund to repel any fu- 
 ture Invafion of the Perfians. This Mo- 
 ney amounted annually to four hundred 
 fixty Talents, and was lodged in Apol- 
 lo's Temple at Dclos. But the Atheni- 
 ans grew mfolent, alufed their Power, 
 transferred the Treafury from Delos to 
 Athens ; employed it to fupport their 
 own Wars, and exa6led from the Con- 
 federates, the Proportion they had agreed 
 to pay, not as a voluntary Contribution, 
 but as a Tribute. However, we may 
 compute the Time in which they held 
 this honourable Sovereignty over the Gre- 
 cians, from the fourth of the feventy- 
 fifth Olympiad, when Mardonius was 
 defeated, to the nineteenth of the Pe^o- 
 ponnefian War. This Period includes 
 full fixty-four Years ; and a few Months, 
 which we may fuppofe before the Confe- 
 derates totally deferted the Athenians, 
 
 Vol. I. 
 
 give the Number of Years mentioned by 
 our Author. 
 
 (16) Thefe Sentiments of Superiority, 
 and this Claim of Dominion over the 
 reft of Mankind, were almoft natural to 
 the Grecians in general, but with higher 
 Infolence to the Athenians. Their Ora- 
 tors, their Poets and Philofophers, were 
 equally pofTefled with this Spirit of Ar- 
 rogance. Yet, with Regard to the In- 
 ftance before us, fome of the Predecef- 
 fors of Philip, probably Amyntas and 
 Perdiccas, were really tributary to Athens. 
 However, we muft believe the Fad up- 
 on the fole Authority of our Author. 
 It is not mentioned by any of the Greci- 
 an Hiftorians. 
 
 (17) The Wars of Greece, in general, 
 were declared for Glory, not Extent of 
 Dominions. The principal Care there- 
 fore of the Conquerors was to ereft a 
 Trophy upon the Field of Battle, if the 
 Vidory was gained at Land ; if at Sea, -on 
 the cppofite Shore, and the Law of Na- 
 tions iorbad the Enemy to oppofe them, 
 if it was aft-rwards in their I'ower. llie 
 Athenian Trophies were almoft as nume- 
 rous, as the Battles they fought.
 
 i62 ORATIONSOF 
 
 Now behold them, with Regard to the Commonwealth, in 
 their public and private Charadtcrs. In their Magiftracy they 
 have ere6led fuch Edifices, and enriched die Temples 
 with Ornaments fo beautiful and fb magnificent, with fo 
 many confecrated Gifts, that no poffible Addition to them is 
 left for their Defcendants. (i8) In their private Charadlers 
 they adted with fo much Moderation, and perfevered with 
 fo much Conftancy in the ancient Manners of the Republic,, 
 that whoever knows the Houfes of Ariftides^ Miltiades, or the 
 other illuftrious Perfons of that Age, will fee them nothing; 
 more fplendid, than thofe of their Neighbours. They did not 
 engage in the Adminiftration for their own perfbnal Advantage^ 
 but each of them thought it his Duty to raife the common 
 Grandeur of the State. (19) By thus adminifhering the Affairs. 
 
 of 
 
 (18) The Remains and Ruins of thefe Throne with filver Feet, furnamed Ths 
 
 Edifices are ftill the Wonder of the cu- PRisoNER,in whichXerxesfat toviewthe 
 
 rious in Architedlure, and Rome, amidft Battle of Marathon ; and the Breaft-plate 
 
 •the Splendour and Magnificence of her of Mafifticus, Commander of the Per- 
 
 Temples, is almoft called Barbarian, fian Cavalry at the Battle of Platasa. 
 
 Yet Dion Chryfoftom fays with great (19) They thought, according to an 
 
 good Senfe and Spirit, " I do not fo ExprefTion of Cicero, tliat if they did not 
 
 " much honour the Athenians for the carry to their own Houfes the Ornaments 
 
 *♦ fumptuous and expenfive Ornaments proper for tlie C ity, the City would itfelf 
 
 ■" of their City, as for their having the become an Ornament to their Houfes. 
 
 " Scimitar of Mardonius, and the Shields Never was there a difinterefted Spirir 
 
 '" of the Lacedaemonians and others, of ferving the Public fjperior to that of 
 
 " who were killed at Thermopylas. 'I hefe Ariftides and Miltiades. The Charac- 
 
 ♦' are more venerable Monuments of ter of the firll: hath been already given. 
 
 " Glory, than their Citadel and the Tern- The fecond commanded the Athenians at 
 
 " pie of Olympian Ju^^itcr." We may the Battle of Marathon, which Plato 
 
 add to thefe monumental Trophies, the eftee.ms the principal Source of all dieir 
 
 fu-
 
 DEMOSTHENES. 163 
 
 of Greece with Integrity ; of Religion, with Piety tovv'ards the 
 Gods, and by preferving a perfe«5l Equality, with Regard to 
 their FelloW'Citizens, they juftly acquiicd that eminent Feli- 
 city, they enjoyed. 
 
 Such was the Condition of the Republic, while they, whom 
 I have mentioned, prefided over the Adminiftration. But 
 what is now your Situation under your prefent complying and 
 obliging Governors ? Is there any Refemblance between them ? 
 Any nearly approaching Circumftance ? As to other Particulars 
 I am filent, although I have many to mention. Only recoi- 
 led: to what Degree we were left alone and unrivalled, with 
 Regard to the Sovereignty of Greece ; the Lacedemonians to- 
 tally ruined ; the Thebans engaged in the Phocaean War, nor 
 any other State powerful enough to difpute with us this glori- 
 ous Pre-eminence. Yet when it was in our Power to have pof- 
 feffed our own Dominions in Peace, and been Arbiters in the 
 Controversies of others, we have been defpoiled of our proper 
 
 Terri- 
 
 future Viftories. He was afterwards fent faftors. The Magiftrates oppofed the 
 
 with a Fleet of feventy Gallies to reduce Injuftice of this Sentence, and it was af- 
 
 the Iflands, that had joined the Perfian. terwards changed into a Fine of fifty Ta- 
 
 He had reduced feveral, but unfuccefsful lents ; the Expence of fitting out the 
 
 in befieging the Capital of Paros, he re- Fleet he had commanded. Unable to 
 
 turned to Athens ; was accufed of being pay this Fine, he died in Prifon of a ' 
 
 corrupted by the Perfians -, condemned Wound he had received at 1 'aros ; an 
 
 to fuffer Death, and to be plunged into eternal Reproach to the Ingratitude of 
 
 a Dungeon appointed for the vileft Male- his Country. 
 
 Y 2
 
 164. ORATIONSOF 
 
 Territories ; we have expended to no Purpofe more than jfif- 
 teen hundred Talents ; even thofe Allies, whom we gained 
 durinof the War, have been loft by a dillionourable Peace. We 
 have ourfelves induftrioudy made our mortal Enemy thus formi- 
 dable. (20) The Man who denies this Truth, let him come, 
 forward, and aflign a Caufe, from whence Philip is become: 
 thus powerful, if not by our Condudt,. 
 
 " But hold, Demofthenes. If our foreign Affairs are thus. 
 *' unhappily circumftanced, the City, within itfelf, is at pre- 
 *' fent in far better Condition than in the Days of our Ancef- 
 " tors." What Proofs of this Affertion ? The Parapets of 
 our Walls, which we have rebuilt ? The Streets we have repair- 
 ed ? Our Fountains and our Aqueduds ? (21) Now turn your 
 
 Eyes 
 
 (20) Thefe Talents were deftined for Rapidity ; from whence in Its original 
 the Relief of Amphipolis, but ignomi- Meaning it probably fignified AqueduSfs, 
 nioufly diflipated by Chares, in his Py- and in a metaphorical Senfe was applied, 
 racics in the /Egean Sea. The Peace, to 'Trifles, whofe Nature it is to flow av/ay. 
 mentioned here, muft neceflarily be un- like Water. The Tranflators, who de- - 
 derftood of that concluded with Philip '■> clare for this lafl Meaning, have been^ 
 and thefe Allies are the People of Pyd- unufually inattentive to the Conftruftioa. . 
 na and Potidcea, whom that Monarch The Verb ETTio-jcaya^o^ei/ muft certainly 
 had reduced to his Obedience. be applied to o7jjV and Kpjj'j/a?, and equal-. 
 
 (21) The Word X^^ag, here rendered ly in Grammar to A^jp»? ; yet fuch Lan-. 
 AqueduSis, is conftrued Trifles by all our guage eTTta-tcBvec^o^^Bv Aifpt^?, as they un- 
 TranQators, without Exception. A very derftand it, is little lefs than Jargoia. 
 confiderable Difference, and to an Eng- Lgj us now enquire how the Word 
 lifh Reader irreconcileable. It is derived 'j'rifles appears in the Context and gene- 
 from Xiuv '^etv, to flow with Violence and ^^ Senfe of our Author. Athens was 
 
 fuu*
 
 DEMOSTHENES. 
 
 165 
 
 Eyes to the Magiftrates, who in their Adminiftration have 
 wrought fuch Wonders ; fome of whom from extremeft Indi- 
 gence are fuddenly become rich ; others from Obfcurity have 
 rifen to the firfl Honours of the State ; fome of them have 
 built their Houfes more fplendid and magnificent, than our pub- 
 He Edifices ; yet in Proportion, as the Fortune of the Com- 
 monwealth hath dechned, their Fortune hath increafed. Wiiat 
 Caufe can be afligned for all thefe Changes ? Wherefore was. 
 tlie Republic then fo flourifhing ; wherefore is fhe now fo di^ 
 ftreiTed ? Principally, becaufe the People then were brave 
 enough to engage in Perfon in their Wars ; were abfolute Maf- 
 
 ters 
 
 fituatcd in a dry, fandy foil, confequently 
 the Arts of conveying Vv'ater to it, muft 
 have been extremely agreeable to the Peo- 
 ple. The fame Reafo.iing will hold good 
 with Regard to their repairing their 
 Streets. Ic was Matter of real Conve- 
 nience, as well as Plcafure. SJiould our 
 Orator then, in meer Policy, have con- 
 tradidted the Tafte of the People ? Could 
 he really do it with Truth and Juftice ? 
 Were thefe Conveniencies really Trifles ? 
 Or fuppofing they were fuch in them- 
 felves, does it become his Art, as an Ora- 
 tor, to reprefent them as fuch in this 
 Comparifon ? He fhould have raifed the 
 prefent Adminiftration to its higheft Point 
 of Praife, and allowed it all its fuppofed 
 Advantages, and then fhewn how great- 
 ly ic v.as inferior to that of their An- 
 tcftors. Thus Poets raife the Heroes, 
 
 who are inftantly to be conquered. Let 
 us add, that the Office of rebuilding, re- 
 pairing, beautifying the Walls of Athens 
 v/as deemed among the firft and moft ho- 
 nourable Employments of the Republic. 
 In this Office, our Author aftenvards re- 
 ceived a golden Crown ; a Reward of 
 higheft Dignity and Honour. Can this 
 Employment then be here called a Trifle ? 
 However tedious this Note may be al- 
 ready, we muft remark fome Doubts, 
 with Regard to the reading of this Paf- 
 fage. Wolfius reads Koivuf/.Bv^ and tranf- 
 lates kreficimus. A very little Alteration 
 would give us Kxtvuixiv, which would' 
 ftriftly bear the Senfs o£ refidmus. In 
 which Senfe, fiipported as it is by the- 
 Context, the prefent Tranflation hath 
 ventured to conftrue it.
 
 i66 ORATIONSOF 
 
 ters of the Miniftry, and Lords of whatever was vahiable in the 
 State ; becaufe every Citizen was perfectly contented to receive 
 from the People, either Honours, or Magiftracies, or any other 
 Benefit. But now, on the contrary, the Perfons in the Admi- 
 niftration are Lords of all Employments, and by their Authority 
 alone is every Thing tranfadled ; while you, the People of 
 Athens, enervated, defpoiled of your Treafures, and your Al- 
 lies, are become only Servants, and meerly an additional Part 
 of the Government. Yet extremely are you fatisfied, if they 
 diftribute your theatrical Expences among you, or fend you 
 fome wretched Offals from their religious Entertainments. (22) 
 What is of all moft abje6t, you return Thanks for what is really 
 your own, while your Governors confine you in the City, as in 
 a Den ; allure you to thefe Baits, and render you gentle, and 
 
 patient 
 
 (22) Never was there a People more with the moft expenfive Devotion. En- 
 
 Hiperflitiouny rcHgious, than the Athe- tertainments were given after the Sa- 
 
 nians. Their Gods and Goddefles •, their crifices, we may believe, with much 
 
 Feafls and Feftlvals were numberlefs. religious Luxury, from which the Ma- 
 
 Eut thus it mull ever be, when the giltrates and principal Citizens fenC 
 
 Multitude, as in Athens, make the pub- the meaner People the Offals of their 
 
 lie Religion Reafon alone can direft Feaft. Never was the Proftitution of 
 
 us to the true God, and appoint the Form Liberty fo infamoully vile and fordid, 
 
 of Worfhip mofl worthy of him. Un- This pernicious and abjeft Cuftom made 
 
 der any other Diredlion, our Deities and Derriades fay, the R'puNk was become a 
 
 Saints mi.ft be as numerous as our Hopes feeble old Woman, fittir.g at Home in her 
 
 and Fears -, our Paffions and Prejudices -, Slippers nnd jiippiv? her Mefs of Pottage. 
 
 even our Weakn -iTes and our Follies. When a Nation is inclined to Slavery, at 
 
 The Athenian Feftivals were celebrated what a little Price will it fell its Liberty !
 
 DEMOSTHENES. 167 
 
 patient of* the Hand. But never, in my Judgement, can it 
 come to pafs, that Perfons, who fubmit to mean and difhonour- 
 able A6tions, fliould entertain one great and generous Senti- 
 ment. For fuch as are in general the more earneft Purfuits of 
 Mankind, fuch of Necefiity will become their Manner of think- 
 ing. Nor, by Ceres, fhould I wonder, if I were more fe- 
 verely punifhed for mentioning thefe Diforders, than they, who 
 committed them. For a Freedom of fpeaking is neither al- 
 ways, or upon all Occafions, permitted by you, and that in 
 this Debate, it hath been allowed, I really wonder. 
 
 However, if even now, laying afide thefe pernicious Cuf- 
 toms, you will yourfelves enlift in your Army ; if you will ad: 
 in a Manner worthy of your own Dignity, and employ your 
 national Strength in acquiring foreign Advantages, perhaps, O 
 Men of Athens, perhaps, you fhall yet obtain fome perfed, 
 fome fignal Felicity ; you fhall treat with Contempt thefe 
 worthlefs OiFerlngs of Money and Entertainments, which may 
 juftly be compared to the Diet ordered for the Sick bv their 
 Phyliclans. For as they render not any real Strenp-th to the 
 Patient, nor yet fuffer him to die, fo thefe Prefents, which 
 you divide among you, are neither fufEciently powerful to any 
 valuable Purpofe, nor although you defpalr of their Succef:, do 
 they fuifer you to apply to any other Meafures, but in every 
 
 '^ fingle 
 
 o
 
 i68 ORATIONS OF 
 
 fmgle Inftance encourage and ri.creaie your Indolence (23) 
 Would you then, Deniolihenes, appropriate this Money to the 
 military Fund ? (24) Yes, and inftantly, to every Ramk, O 
 Men of Athens ; to every Order of our Citizens, that each 
 Man, receiving his Dividend of v/hat belongs in common to 
 all, when the Republic fhall have Occafion for his Service, may 
 be ready to prove himfelf a valuable and ufeful Subjedl. Is the 
 Commonwealth at Peace ? Let him receive this Dividend, that 
 
 he 
 
 (23) The numerous Qviotations and 
 Imitations of tliis Image are inconteftable 
 Proofs of its Force and Elegance, and 
 Beauty. The inhuman Tiberius proba- 
 bly had it in his View, when having 
 thrown a noble Romian into Prifon, he 
 ordered the Jailer to give him only fuch 
 a Qiiantity, and fuch Kind of Nourifh- 
 ment, as fliould afford him neither 
 Strength nor Pleafure, yet fliould hinder 
 him from dying. Let the Horrors of 
 this execrable Story alarm every free 
 People to an Attention to the firft At- 
 tempts againft their Liberty. For what 
 Nation now upon Earth can prefume to 
 {Ixy, they would fubmit only to any 
 certain Degree of Slavery, when the Ro- 
 man People could be thus enflaved to 
 the Cruelty of Tiberius, the Madnefs of 
 Caligula, the Stupidity of Claudius, or 
 the Impiety of Nero ? 
 
 (24) Our Editors of Wolfius are fo 
 punctual in following his Miflakes, one 
 would almoft think, they imagined it 
 c;-iminal to corred them. Pie trantlates, 
 
 oukSv (TV fitg^otpo^KV Xsyst? ; Ergo tu 
 Jlipendnon facer e jubes ? But ftipendium 
 facere fignifies to be a Soldier, to receive 
 Pay. Very different is the Senfe of our 
 Author, "jjctild you appropriate this Money 
 to the theatrical Fwid ? 
 
 Thus in another Inftance, a few Lines 
 lower. ' Epe^iv ocyetv ri(TV)(^ta,v ; oiKOi 
 [/.tvav h j3eXTiUv, t5 01 ivdiixv avnyKvi 
 t;, TToiiTv di^^fov «.TTV^XXayy^ivo^, tranf-' 
 lated by Wolfius and his Editors, Licet 
 agereotium? Cum d'omi manes, melior eji 
 tua conditio, quod ad nullum turpe f acinus 
 inopia te compellit. Neither is the Senfe 
 preferved, nor the Words faithfully ren- 
 dered. In the general Meaning of our 
 Author, if the Republic be at Peace, who- 
 ever during that Peace remains at Heme 
 let h'm receive this Dividend, that he raay 
 not be competed, &c. Tranflated by Luc- 
 thefini ; pacem agere licet ? Publico utatur 
 dono, ut honcfte fe domi gerat, nee rei fa~ 
 miliaris diffcultate ulhl inuri turpttudtnis 
 macula opus habeat.
 
 DEMOSTHENES. 169 
 
 he may live more honourably at Home, nor be compelled by 
 his Penury to Infamy and DiOionour. Is there fuch a Con- 
 juncture of Misfortunes as the prefent ? He then becomes a Sol- 
 dier, as in Juftice he ought, in Defence of his Country, even 
 by that very Fund, which he now accepts as a Liberality. Is 
 he pafTed the legal, military Age ? What he now receives irre- 
 gularly, while he himfelf is ufelefs to the State, let him then 
 receive in regular Order, and in Proportion to his Condition, 
 nor be unprofitably employed in the Regulation and Infpedion 
 of all public Meafures, and our Courts of Judicature. (25) 
 Upon the whole, without either taking away from, or adding 
 to the prefent Forms of the Adminiflration, (at leaft very in- 
 confiderably) I have taken away Confufion and introduced Re- 
 gularity into the Commonwealth. I have laid before you one 
 uniform Plan for receiving the public Liberality ; enlifting in 
 the Army, and attending the Courts of Jufticc ; that every 
 Citizen, of whatever Age, may be capable of ferving his. 
 
 Coun- 
 
 25. By the Conftitution of Athens, were paid three oboli for attending their 
 
 the whole Power and Management of all Affemblies. It may perhaps be fufficient 
 
 Affairs, public and private, civil and re- to explain this fingle Paflage in our Au- 
 
 figious, was placed in the People, and thor to fay, that he alludes to thefe Sums. 
 
 the different Courts of Judicature only paid out of the Treafury to thole, who 
 
 prepared them for their final Determina- attended the Courts of Judicature. Who- 
 
 tions. The Judges in all thefe Courts ever would be v/tll inftrufted in the ci- 
 
 had a certain Stipend allowed them for vil Polity of Athens may confult the- 
 
 their Trouble in deciding Caufes in their learned and judicious Dr. Potter's Anti- 
 
 feveral Courts, and the meaner People quities. 
 
 Vol. I. Z
 
 lyo O R A T I O N S O F, &c. 
 
 Country, whenever there is Occa{ion. Nor have I ever fald, 
 that to thefe Doers of Nothing fhould be diftributed thofe Re- 
 wards, which are due to the Soldier, who fhall adt for the 
 Safety of the RepubHc ; nor that our Citizens fhould be fb 
 idle, indolent, and ignorant, as meerly to have heard, that our 
 Auxiliaries under the Command of fome certain General have 
 gained a complete Vidlory. For thefe are our prefent Circum- 
 ftances. Not that I blame whoever adls with Courage in the Ser- 
 vice of the Commonwealth, but I hold it worthy of the Athe- 
 nian People to perform yourfelves, what you Honour in others, 
 and not to abandon, O Men of Athens, that Poft of Virtue, 
 which having gained by many and glorious Dangers your An- 
 ceftors have tranfmitted to you their Defcendants. I have now 
 nearly fpoken what I think of general Utility. It is yours to 
 determine upon fuch Meafures, as will be moft advantageous 
 and honourable to you, and to the Republic. 
 
 End of the Third OLYNTHIAC.
 
 O R A T I ON VIIL 
 
 Upon the Peace concluded with PHILIP.
 
 ********##*****************'Nt************5Nf***M5N*5Nt* 
 
 The ARGUMENT. 
 
 PHILIP having ended the facred War by totally deftroymg the City 
 of Phocis, and felling its wretched Inhabitants to Slavery, convok- 
 ed an Aflembly of the Amphiclyons, or Council of the States-General of 
 Greece. The Deputies, who obeyed his Summons, expelled the unhap- 
 py Phocasans for Sacrilege in plundering Apollo's Temple, and ele6ied 
 Philip and his Defcendants in their Place. The Athenians were not pre- 
 fent at this Aflembly ; perhaps, becaufe they would not authorife the 
 Decrees of it by their Prefence ; or, more probably, becaufe Philip, ap- 
 prehenfive they would oppofe his being elected, had tumultuoufly af- 
 fembled thofe Amphidyons only, who were devoted to his Interefls. He 
 now fends circular Lettei's to the other States, and among the reft to the 
 Athenians, to defire a Confirmation of his Eleftion. Demofthenes, with 
 ftrong and conclufive Reafons, difluades them from oppofin^ this Dig- 
 nity conferred on Philip. It is not of Importance enough to juftify 
 their renewing the War, and probably would provoke not the new Pe* 
 puty alone, but all the Nations, who elefted him, 
 
 «#tt#«*;.ftf#***ttt***#««««#*#*******#***««*#t***********##»
 
 ORATION VIII. 
 
 Upon the Peace concluded with PHILIP. 
 
 I Very well perceive, O Men of Athens, that our Debates up- 
 on the prefent Situation of Affairs will be attended with ex- 
 ceeding Difficulty and Diforder ; not upon Account alone of the 
 many Places, we have yielded to the Enemy, and that all Advice 
 concerning them muft now be ufelefs, but becaufe we cannot una- 
 
 nimoufly 
 
 It is Matter of Debate among the 
 Critics whether our Author pronounced 
 this Oration to the People ; becaufe he 
 manifeftly declares for that Advice, with 
 which in another Flace he reproaches 
 /Efchines, as imprudent and perfidious. 
 *' Can he be fuppofed to condemn in an- 
 " othfr, thofe very Meafures, which he 
 " himfelf had recommended to the 
 Public ? " Mr. Torreil anfwers, that the 
 Timidity of not pronouncing what he 
 had compofed, is inconfiftent with the 
 CharacEier of our Orator, an Enemy to 
 all Difguife, and Diffimulation. Befides, 
 this Objedion will hold equally ftrong 
 againft his publifhing, as pronouncing 
 the Oration. But Demofthenes does 
 fiot propofe what he blames in ^fchines. 
 
 He only advifes the People not to expofe 
 themfelves to the dangerous Confequences 
 of an obftinate Refufal to comply with an 
 almofl unanimous Decree of the Amphic- 
 tyons. He does not approve, as ^fchines 
 had done, but thinks it Wifdom to yield to 
 Conjundtures, and to fuffer without mur- 
 muring what they were not able to refift. 
 An unalterable Refolution to perfift in 
 any Meafures, meerly for the Sake of 
 their moral Rcdlitude, was never reckon- 
 ed among the Virtues of Politicians. 
 However, the Oration, whether pro- 
 nounced or only publifhed, is incontelia- 
 bly given to Demofthenes, and, if ever, 
 pronounced in the third of th^ hundred 
 and eighth Olympiad, when he was five 
 and thirty Years of Age.
 
 174^ ORATIONSOF 
 
 nimouHy agree upon any one Meafure for preferving thofe of 
 which the RepubHc is fiill pofleffed ; fo divided, fo contrary 
 are our Opinions. But dangerous in its own Nature, and diiii- 
 cult as it is to advife you, yet much more difficult have you 
 yourfelves rendered it, O Men of Athens. For all other Na- 
 tions are accuftomed to deliberate before an Event ; you alone 
 when it is paft. From thence it hath always happened, as far 
 as I am able to recollect, that whoever blames the Errours of 
 your Adminiftration, is heard with Applaufe, and feems to fpeak 
 with Judgement and Integrity, while you totally lofe thofe Op- 
 portunities of ading upon which your DeHberations were 
 founded. 
 
 Though fuch our prefent Situation, yet I am perfuadeJ, 
 and in that Perfuafion have I rifen to Ipeak, that if you lay 
 afide your Tumults ; your Zeal of Party, and are willing to 
 hear, as becomes thofe who are confulting upon the Welfare and 
 JDignity of the Republic, and upon Conjundlures of higheft 
 Importance, I am perfuaded, I have fuch Counfel to propofe, 
 as lliall better our prefent Circumftances, and recover the paft 
 'from Ruin. But while I am perfectly convinced, O Men of 
 Athens, that mentioning the fuccefsful Meafures, we have for- 
 merly propofed, and talking of ourfelves, if we dare venture 
 to make the Experiment, will certainly add Weight to our pre- 
 fent Advice j yet I efteem it fo arrogant and odious, that even 
 
 when
 
 • DEMOSTHENES. 175 
 
 when I behold an apparent Neceflity to compel me, yet I prac- 
 tife it with Reluftance. I think, however, you will be bette^ 
 able to judge of what I fhall now propofe, if you recoiled what 
 Advice I have formerly given. 
 
 First therefore, O Men of Athens, when fome of your 
 
 Orators perfuaded you (the Affairs of Euboea being then in much 
 
 Diforder) to fend Succours to Plutarch, and to undertake that 
 
 inglorious, expenfive War, I firft, I alone came forward in this 
 
 Affembly and oppofed them, (i) I was only not torn in Pieces, 
 
 by thefe Mercenaries, who, for trivial, abjeft Bribes, perfuaded 
 
 you to commit thofe numerous and important Errours. But in a 
 
 little Time, having fuffered fuch Ignominy, fuch Injuries, as no 
 
 People ever experienced from an Ally, for whofe Defence theyfent 
 
 fuch Succours, you were univerfally convinced of their 
 
 Treach- 
 
 (i) Philip had a long Time regarded ed by this unexpefted Perfidy. He re" 
 
 Euboea as extremely proper by its Situa- pulfed the Attack ; gained a Battle againft 
 
 lion, to favour the Defigns he meditated Philip, and drove Plutarch out of'^Ere- 
 
 againft Greece. He maintained an In- tria. The End, however, was not an- 
 
 telligence in the ICand, and attempted an fwerable to this happy Beginning. Pho- 
 
 Irruption into it. Plutarch, Tyrant of cion was recalled, and Molofflis appoint-. 
 
 Eretria, one of the principal Cities of ed to his Command. Philip routed his 
 
 Eubcea, demanded Succours from the Army, and took the new General Pri- 
 
 Athenians and obtained them. But the foner. Tourreil. 
 
 Traytor ungratefully confpired againft Our Author forefaw the unhappy Sud 
 
 his Benefactors, and attacked Phocion, cefs of this Expedition, by knowing the 
 
 General of the Athenian Auxiliaries, in Charafter and Diipofition of Plutarch, 
 
 his Camp. Phocion was not difconcert- He now triumphs in his having oproUd it.
 
 176 ORATIONS OF 
 
 Treachery, who advifed fuch Meafures, and of my Integrity, 
 who gave you better Counfel. 
 
 Im another Inflance, O Men of Athens, perceiving, that 
 Neoptolemus, the Comedian, under the Colour and Privilege 
 of his Art was fearlefly contriving fome pernicious Projeds 
 ao-ainft the Republic ; direding all your Adtions, all your 
 Councils to the Advantage of Philip, and governing you, as if 
 he were a Magiflrate appointed by that Monarch, I came for- 
 ward and accufed him, not from any private Refentment, or 
 my own perfonal Delight in accufing, as by the Confequences 
 was manifeft. (2) Nor fliall I now blame the Advocates of Ne- 
 
 opto- 
 
 (2) One of the principal Pleafures the Voice of the People applied to Arifti- 
 
 Athenians enjoyed in their Theatres, could des. Philopoemen entered the Theatre 
 
 only be tolerated by a democratical Go- the Moment Pylades was finging, " He 
 
 vernment. Their Aftors were permit- " who- raiftd the glorious Fabrick of" 
 
 ted to reprefent the Perfons and Charac- c; Grecian Liberty -," when the whole: 
 
 ters of the Magiftrates, and to make Audience threw their Eyes upon him,, 
 
 ftrong Allufions to their Adminiftration. 3^^ teftified by Shouts of Joy and Ap- 
 
 The Poets from thence employed their pjaufe, how applicable the Sentiment was 
 
 Talents to introduce into their Plays, ^^ ^^^^ g^gat Man's Virtue. This Cuf- 
 
 whatever Sentiments or Incidents were torn was afterwards received upon the 
 
 applicable to the prefent State of Politics. Roman Stage. Cicero gives us one In- 
 
 They flattered, applauded, and fometimes ^^^^^ ^f jj. ^jjj^ Regard to himfelf ; and 
 
 condefnned the Conduft of the People another, applied to Pompey, is too well 
 
 themfelves. But the Aclors principally known to be repeated. Neoptolemus 
 
 direfted thefe Applications, or fometimes was probably a great Matter of this Art,. 
 
 an unexpefted Accident marked them ^^^^^ j|^g Colour of which, as our Au- 
 
 rnore ftrongly. A Verfe in Jifchylus, ^j^^^ exprefles it, he frequently alluded to 
 
 that fiys of Amphiaraus, " He did not i^hilip's Probity, and Honour ; his 
 
 " endeavour to appear, but really to be, £fieem and Affedion for the Republic. 
 
 " a good Man ■," was by the general
 
 DEMOSTHENES. 177 
 
 optolemus (for he had more than one) but you yourfelves, I 
 blame. For, as if during the Feftival of Bacchus, you had 
 feen a Couple of Tragedians on the Stage ; not as if the Safety 
 and common Concernments of the Republic were interefted in our 
 Orations ; did you not hear us in the fame Manner ; him with 
 Indulgence, and me with Indignation ? But I prefume you are 
 all now fenfibly perfuaded, that he made a Voyage to Macedon, 
 to colle6l fome Debts, as he reported, due to him there ; and 
 that when he had brought them hither, he was to receive here 
 -fome public Employment. To which Purpofe he frequently 
 repeated this Exprefllon, that it was cruel to accufe thofe, who 
 transferred their Property from Macedonia to Athens. Yet as 
 foon as he was relieved, by the Conclufion of the Peace, from 
 •all Apprehenfion, he converted what real Property he poflefTed 
 in Athens into Money, and carried it with him into Macedo- 
 nia. Thefe two Events, which I foretold ; which were clearly 
 ^emonftrated by me, fuch as they really were in themfelves, will 
 now witnefs to the Wifdom and Integrity, with which I fpoke. 
 
 Permit me to mention a third Inflance, and that alone. I 
 fhall then fpeak to the Subje6l, for which I rofe on the Tri- 
 bunal. When we returned from our Embally, after having re- - 
 ceived Philip's Oath in Ratification of the Peace, while certain 
 •of our Ambaffadors promifed, that Thefpia and Plata^a fl:iould 
 
 Vol. I. A a be
 
 178 ORATIONS OF 
 
 be reflored to their once populous Condition ; that Philip 
 would preferve their Laws and Liberties to the Phoczeans, if 
 he fubdued them, and better regulate the Affairs of the The- 
 bans with Regard to us ; that lie would yield Oropus to you> 
 and deliver up Eubcea in Exchange for Amphipolis ; with other 
 Hopes of the fame Kind, and other Delufions, by which you 
 were influenced contrary to your Interefl, contrary to Juftice 
 and your own Honour, to defert the Phocseans, it will appear, 
 that during this Affair, I neither deceived you, nor was filent ; 
 but openly declared, as I am well affured you muff remember 
 that I neither knew thefe Promifes, nor expedled any valuable 
 Confequence from them ; and that I really thought, whoever 
 made them, were trifling with our Espedations. (3) 
 
 All 
 
 (3) Athens was at this Time divided 
 into two Faftions, who wafted away the 
 pubHc Hours, if fuch an Expreffion may 
 be allowed, in fruitlefs Debates, that de- 
 termined nothing for die Prefervation of 
 the Commonwealth. One of thefe Fac- 
 tions made the People obferve the un- 
 jiappy Siiccefs of the War ; fifteen hun- 
 dred Talents unprofitably expended ' 
 more dian an hundred Gallres loft -, fe- 
 venty-five Cities, which lately acknow- 
 Tcdged tire Junfdiftion of Athens, now 
 in Alliance with, or conquered by the 
 Enemy ; Olynthus deftroyed ; Euboea 
 revol-ed, ai>d Philip becom.e more for- 
 midable than ever. The oppofite Fac- 
 tion in thefe very Reafons found the 
 Motives of Vengeance, and Alarm for 
 
 the Safety of the Republic. The Peo- 
 ple were animated with a juft Apprehen- 
 fion for their own Liberties, and a gene- 
 rous Concern for thofe of Greece. Am- 
 bafladors were fent to all the principal 
 Cities to engage them in a Confederacy 
 againft the common Enemy. ; But amidft 
 the Heat of thefe Relijntments, one In- 
 ftance of artful Compliance in Philip 
 changed the Difpofition of the whole 
 People in his Favour. 
 
 Phrynon, a rich Athenian, who afUft- 
 ed at the Olympic Games, was plunder- 
 ed by fome Macedonian Soldiers, not" 
 withftanding the general Truce of fifteen. 
 Days, obferved by all Greece for the Ce- 
 lebration of thofe Games. When he 
 returned to Athens he defired the People 
 
 to
 
 DEMOSTHENES. 
 
 179 
 
 All thefe Inftances, in which I now appear to have forefccn 
 better than others, I fliall not attribute, O Men of Athens, to any 
 fuperior Sagacity; to any fingular Virtue, worthy of Oftentation ; 
 nor aflume to myfelf any other Knowledge, or Prefentiment, 
 than what arifeth from thefe two Caufes. The firfl:, a pecu- 
 har good Fortune, which I behold prefiding over the Affiiirs 
 of Mankind, with an Influence far fuperior to all human Wil^ 
 dom and Sagacity ; the other, that I judge and reafon upon all 
 Conjundlures, diflnterefted and uncorrupted. Nor is there a 
 Man capable of proving, that either in my Adminiftration as 
 
 to fend him in fome public Character to 
 Macedonia, diat he might folicit the Re- 
 llitution of his Effefts. They compHed, 
 and appointed Ctefiphon his CoUegue in 
 the Embafly. PhiHp received them with 
 his ufual Aflfability; reftored whatever 
 Phrynon had loft, and exculed the fol- 
 diers by afTuring him, they had imagin- 
 ed the Truce was ended. He difmifled 
 them with every poffible Affurance of his 
 Affedtion for the Republic of Athens, 
 and his earneft Wifhes for a firm and 
 lafting Alliance between them. 
 
 Tlie People received this News with 
 Acclamations of Joy, and inftantly paff- 
 ed from an Extreme of Hatred to an 
 Excefs of Gratitude. An Embafly was 
 decreed to found Philip's Intentions, and 
 to make Propofals of Peace. Ten Ci- 
 tizens, moft confiderable for their Abili- 
 ties and Eloquence, were appointed Am- 
 
 A 
 
 bafladors. Philip amufed them with ge- 
 neral Aflurances of his Inclination to 
 live in Friendfhip with the State of 
 Athens, and gave them Letters of the 
 fame Tendency for the People. Upon 
 thefe Aflurances and Letters, a Declara- 
 tion of Peace was decreed, and a fecond 
 Embafly was fent to demand Philip's 
 Ratification of it by Oath. That Prince 
 continued to purfue his Conquefts, and 
 during thefe Delays, reduced Thrace to 
 his Obedience ; feized upon the Pafs of 
 Thermopylae ; entered the Territories of 
 Phocis, and there in a public Inn (a Cir- 
 cumftance of much Indignity) at length 
 ratified the Peace. Yet even then re!u- 
 fed to comprehend the Phoc^ans in the 
 Treaty, or the People of Halonefus.' 
 Other Circumftances, with Regard to 
 thefe Negotiations, v/ill appear in the 
 Oration. 
 
 a 2
 
 i8o O R A T I O N S O F 
 
 a Magiflrate, or in my Speeches, as an Orator, I ever had in: 
 View the fordid Temptations of Corruption. It is therefore: 
 reafonable to imagine, if there be any real Advantage arifmg 
 to the RepuWic from any Conjundiure, it is difcoverable to me. 
 For in weighing our political Principles, when you put Money 
 into one of the Scales, it neceflarily finks that Scale, and with 
 it precipitates our Judgement* Whoever hath received it, will 
 never afterwards reafon upon any Subjed with Wifdom and 
 Integrity. (4) 
 
 I NOW propofe, as meriting your firft and principal Atten- 
 tion, that whoever is willing to provide for the Commonwealth,, 
 either Contributions, Allies, or any other Afliftance, let him 
 execute his Defign, in fuch a Manner, as not to diflblve the 
 Peace, we at prefent enjoy. Not that I confider it, as an Ob- 
 ied: of exceeding Admiration, or really worthy of your Dig- 
 nity ; yet whatever it is in itfelf,. it were of more Advantage 
 
 to 
 
 (4) The public Declaration of fucTi eed ; the Man of Ambition may boaft a. 
 
 Sentiments is a fair Prefumption in Fa- wicked Greatnefs in enQaving his Coun- 
 
 vour of our Autlior's incorruptible Inte- try -, but the Wretch, who fells her, is 
 
 gritv. We fhall all acknowledge their at once wicked and contemptible. I 
 
 Truth, and can eafily pronounce upon wifh, fays the Samnite Pontius, that 
 
 the Ruin of that State, in which Cor- Fortune had referved me for thofe Times,, 
 
 ruption and Bribery have tainted the Ad- if they Ihall ever happen, when the Ro- 
 
 miniftration. The Coward may plead mans Ihall receive the Bribes of Corrup- 
 
 his natural Temperament, in Excufe for tion. I fhould foon put an End to the 
 
 deferting the Poll, in which he was pla,- Dominion of this imperious People.
 
 DEMOSTHENES. iSi 
 
 to the Republic, that it never had been conckidcd, than hav- 
 ing been once concluded, that it fhould now by the Republic 
 be broken. For many Places of Importance have we abandon- 
 ed, by our Pofieflion of which, the War had been then lefs dan- 
 gerous and more eafily fupported than it can be at prefent. 
 
 Let it be your jfecond Concern, not to compel the People, 
 who hold their Affemblies at Delphos, and who now call them- 
 felves Amphidyons, to a NecefHty, or even to a Pretence of 
 uniting in one common War againft you. For if we fl:iould 
 again declare War againft Philip, either for Amphipolis, or upon 
 any other Caufe of Complaint, in which neither the TheiTali- 
 ans, nor Argives, nor Thebans are interefted, I do not imagine, 
 any of thefe Nations would engage againft us, and leaft of all,, 
 (let no Man clamouroufly interrupt me) leaft of all the The- 
 bans. Not that they hold themfelves extremely well-inclined 
 towards us, or would not willingly exprefs their Gratitude to 
 Philip ; but they perfectly well underftand, however they niay 
 generally be faid to want common Senfe, that fhould they en- 
 ter into a War againft us, they fhall themfelves feel all its Ca- 
 lamities, and another, ever watchful to feize upon every Cir- 
 cumftance in his Favour, fhall indolently fit down with all it? 
 Advantages. Never therefore will they precipitate themfelves 
 into fuch a Situation, if the Beginning and Caufe of the War 
 
 be
 
 i82 O R A T I O N S O F 
 
 be not of common Concernment. Or if v e fliould renew the 
 War againft Thebes for the Recovery of Oropus, or any other 
 perfonal Intereft, I do not beHeve we fhould greatly fuffer by 
 an Opposition from the other States of Greece. (5) For 1 am 
 of Opinion, that our mutual Alliesj if either of us made ail 
 Irruption into the Territories of the other, would aflift the Par- 
 ty that was invaded, yet would not join their Forces to opprefs 
 the Invader. For upon thefe Principles do all our Contedera- 
 cies fubfifl:, even when they are obferved with greateft Pundu- 
 ality ; and fuch they are even in their own Nature. For thefe 
 Nations do not carry their Affeftion fo far either towards us, 
 or towards the Thebans, as to fuffer either of us to become 
 •oreatly fuperior, and totally to fubdue the other. They would 
 indeed univerfally wifh, even for their own Sake, that v/q 
 might mutually preferve our own Independence ; but that either 
 of us fhould conquer the other, and threaten them with Sla- 
 
 verv, not one of them would endure. ^..^ 
 
 -" What 
 
 (5) 'OuJ'e ySy h vkXiv Trpog rig 0-,j- of Greece a common Caufe, or Pretence 
 
 jG«/ifj -TToXii^r^c-aii^iv ol n-^wrrov, ^ ti of uniting againft them, and he now af- 
 
 Tuv IStuv, i^iv «% 7>.«? -zocBsh r.ySfzdi. f^'res them, thofe States will never intereft 
 
 Imnnated by Wolfius and his Fditors, themfelves in any private Difpute of Ter- 
 
 as if the Athenians might enter into a "tories between them and Thebes. The 
 
 War arrninft Thebes without Apprehen- ^^^^S^ '« ^'^"^ tranflated by Lucchefini ; 
 
 fion of°Dan^cr from her fuperior Force, ^'^que vero fi propter Oropum, aut quid- 
 
 Nihil nos, fi'cum Thebanis belligeremus, V'^'^ ^1^"^, quod folum ad nos pertine 
 
 cladis accepturos arbitror. But very dif. '^^^ i^^rum bello Thebanos aggredere 
 
 ferent is the Senfe of our Author. He m^""» q^'dquam cenfeo mail, quidquam 
 
 hath advif^d the People not to engage in damni nobis obventurum. 
 a War, that may give the general States
 
 DEMOSTHENES. 183 
 
 What therefore do I conceive our preient Apprehenfion ? 
 Againfl: what Danger do I pronounce you ought to be guard- 
 ed ? That the future War may not have one common Pretext, 
 one general Complaint among all thefe Nations againft us alone. 
 For if the Meffenians, Arglves, Megalopolitans, and other 
 States of Peloponnefus, who entertain in general the fame Sen- 
 timents with Regard to us, fhould recoiled: v.ith Refentment 
 our Embafly of Alliance to the Laced^nionians, and our feem- 
 jng Approbation of their Defigns ; (6) if the Thebans, our 
 natural Enemies, as they are generally called, fliould yet hate 
 us more for having preferved the Choronaeans, whom they had 
 driven into Banifliment ; and for having, by every pofTible Me- 
 thod, fhewn an hoftile Difpofition towards them ; it the People 
 of Theflaly fhould refent our protecting the fugitive Phocasans ; 
 or Philip be difpleafed at our oppoiing his being eledled into the 
 Council of Amphidlyons, I am extremely apprehenlive, that 
 all thefe People, feparately rcfenting their own peculiar Injuries, 
 
 and 
 
 (6) After the fatal Battle of LeiKStra, But her Citizens, in their WifJom of 
 
 the Argives, Arcadians, IHi-eans and maintainino- the Balance of Power an'iOn"- 
 
 other Nations of Petoponnellis, who had the States of Greece, fo necefiary to its 
 
 been long opprefled by the Tyranny of general Happinefs ; and in their Magna- 
 
 Lacedsemon, revolted to Thebes, and nimity of forgetting the Injuries they had 
 
 determined totally to break that Power, received from the Lacedii^inonians, not 
 
 which was already confiderably weaken- only refiifed to join in their Deitiivilion» 
 
 ed. Confident of Succefs, they fend an but vigorouny and powerfully iupportcil 
 
 Embafiy to Athens to engage her in this them. 
 Confederacy againft her ancient Enemy.
 
 i84 O R A T I O N S O F 
 
 and pretending to ad: under the Decrees of the Amphidyons, 
 may bring down one common War upon us ; and that each of 
 them, however contrary to their own proper Interefts, may be 
 violently drawn into the Confederacy, as it happened in the 
 Phoccean War. For you perfedly well know, that the The- 
 bans, and Philip, and the Theflalians, although with Ardour 
 purfuing very different Schemes, have however always aded in 
 Support of each other. 
 
 For Inftance, the Thebans had it not in their Power, con* 
 fiftently with their peculiar Intereft, to hinder Philip from pe- 
 netrating into Phocis, and feizing the Pafs of Thermopylae ; 
 nor from enjoying, although he came late into the War, ali 
 the Glory of their former Labours. (7) Thus the AjfFair was 
 terminated moft advantageoufly for the Thebans, with Regard 
 to their Acquifition and Poffeflion of a large Tradl of Coun- 
 try, but moft ignominioufly with Regard to their Honour and 
 
 Rcpu- 
 
 (7) Olov Qvi^aloi rov (/.ev ^iXiTrvov Paflage conveys an Idea, not of Want 
 
 ^u^eXQbTv, 7cc^> Xo^fiuv raV -rru^ihg ^k of Power, as in Wolfius his TranQation, 
 
 *;<?uV.To k.XlV«;. Tranflated by Wol- but a Neceffity of afting, founded upoa 
 
 fius, Nam Thebani Philippum, ne pene- Motives of Prudence and Utility. The 
 
 ,,n-" . „^;^«.^,,,. ,.^^1,; Sentence therefore is thus rendered by 
 
 traret, atque angultiis potiretur, prohi- ^ i r ■ -nt -t-i , ' 
 
 -, ' . c . 'v ^„..1,^ Lucchefim. Non erat ex Thebanorum 
 
 bere non potuerunt. But Tdwa-vTo ought ... ^, ... , ,. ^, 
 
 %, .... r ^ r^ r utuitate Fhilippum ab occupandis Ther^ 
 to be conftrued in the imDerrect lenle, ,. , '^'^ / , ., 
 
 ,. , ^j t ,_ mopyhs, ab earumque tranntu prohibere. 
 
 folerr^nt ; for belides an Inattention to ^ ^•' _ 7 , . f . , 
 
 ^ • 1 t-- n r • . , •.. -DOth Grammar and the realonino; or the 
 
 grammatical fc.xactnels in poiuerunt, it , . ^ „ . ° 
 
 Sforders the Senfe. The Word in this ^«"^^^^ ^"PP^" *'^ Tranflation. 
 
 4
 
 DEMOSTHENES. 185 
 
 Reputation. Since it was apparent, that if Philip had not 
 marched to fupport them, they never could have gained any 
 Advantage over the Phocaeans. This Ignominy they would 
 gladly have avoided ; but an ardent Deiirc, and an abiolute want 
 of Power, without Philip's Afliftance, to recover Orchomcnus 
 and Corona^a, engaged them to fuffer all thefe Indignities. (8) 
 There are, however, who dare affirm, that Philip did not wil- 
 lingly, but was compelled to deliver up thofe Cities to the The- 
 bans. Well fare fuch Talkers, I fay. But this I clearly know, 
 that Philip wiflied for nothing with greater. Anxiety, than to 
 get Pofleffion of Thermopyls ; to appropriate to himfelf the 
 Glory of the War, by feeming to have decilively finiflied it, and 
 to ufurp the fole Adminiftration of the Pythian Games. (9) Thefe 
 were the principal Objed:s of his Willies. 
 
 In another Inftance, the States of ThefTaly neither intended, that 
 theThebans,or that Philip (Lould enlarge their Power, which they 
 
 well 
 
 (8) The Phocaeans had the Year be- the Amphiftyons miift have added great- 
 fore taken thefe Cities from the Thebans, ]y to their Magnificence. Prizes were 
 who found themfelves unable to recover given not only to the Conquerors in all 
 them without the Affiftance of Philip. athletic Exercifes, but in Mufic and Paint- 
 
 (9) Thefe Games, according to Cor- ing. The Corinthians had long prefided 
 fmi, the laft and moft learned Writer over the Celebration of thefe Games, but 
 upon the' Subjcd, were celebrated at the they were deprived of this Honour for _ 
 latter End of every third Year, and having affifted the Phocaeans in the fa- 
 with a Solemnity inferior only to that of cred War, and Philip afllimed it to him* 
 the Olympic Games. The Seffion of fclf. 
 
 Vol. I. B b
 
 i86 ORATIONSOF 
 
 well judged would be totally employed againft themfelves. Yet 
 they wifned with Earneftnefs to refume their Seat among the De- 
 puties of Greece at Thermopylse and Delphos, and to recover the 
 Right of giving their Suffrages both with Regard to the Pythian 
 Games, and the imperial Rights of Greece. (lo) In their De- 
 fire of obtaining thefe Privileges, they aded in Conjundion 
 with Philip, and thus you find them impelled for the Sake of 
 thefe perfonal Advantages, to ad: in Oppofition to their own 
 real Inclinations. Since this is moft certainly our prefent Situ- 
 ation, let us obferve the ftrideft Caution in our Determina- 
 tions. 
 
 *' Must we then, in Apprehenfion of fuch Confequences, 
 *' ad: as you advife us ? And do you, Demofthenes, advife us 
 <' to fuch a Condud?" I do not hold it abfolutely necefiary. 
 But that we fhould not do any Thing unworthy of ourfelves ; 
 that we may not renew the War ; but appear to all Mankind 
 
 to 
 
 (lo) The Phocseans being Mafters of deur of Philip, even againft their own 
 
 Delphos, had expelled their Enemies, Inclinations. 
 
 the Theffiilians, from the AfTemblies held The Words of the Original T^jg Uu- 
 
 there by the other Amphiftyons. Ear- Xxixg Se l7rsB'jfx,iiv, kxi tuv \v AfXcpor? 
 
 neft to be reftored to what our Author 'TrXiovBuryifiixTuv, ^uoTv KUfioi •yB/ea-Bxt, 
 
 calls their double Sufirage (one of which h^ve hardly any Appearance of Senfe, as 
 
 regarded the Treafures of Apollo's Tern- tranflated by Wolfius. Sed hsec duo fpec- 
 
 ple at Delphos, and the Celebration of j,^,.^,nt, ut & Pylsam & emolumenta 
 
 the Pythian Games ; the other their re- ^.-iphica obtinerent. Yet they ftand un- 
 
 regulating the various Interefts of Greece) correfted in all Editions of his Trandji- 
 
 the Theffalians contributed to the Gran- j;y„_
 
 DEMOSTHENES. 187 
 
 to confult with Wifdom, and to fpeak with Juftice ; and fuch, 
 I am perfuaded, we fhall appear in the Event. 
 
 With them, who are of Opinion, that we ought bravely 
 to fupport whatever Calamities, rather than comply with Philip's 
 Demands ; and are little fagacious to forefee the Dangers of 
 War, I would reafon in this Manner. We fuiTer the Thebans 
 to keep PofTeflion of Oropus. Should any one afk us. Where- 
 fore ? and oblige us to ' fpeak Truth, we fhould certainly an- 
 fwer, " that we may avoid a War." We have by Treaty 
 yielded Amphipolis to Philip ; we have refigned our Jurifdic- 
 tion over the Cardians, and permitted them to be adjudged be- 
 yond the Limits of Cherfonefus ; we have allowed the Gover- 
 nor of Caria to feize the Iflands of Chios, Cos, and Rhodes ; 
 and the Byzantines to purfue their Commerce in our Seas, (11) 
 apparently becaufe we thought the Tranquility ariling from 
 Peace, would be productive of more Advantages, than could 
 attend our Contefts and Quarrels for fuch Injuries. It were 
 
 there- 
 
 (n) Our Tranflators have unani- termine. It feems rather more probable, 
 
 moufly agreed to give thefe Words that the People of Athens had excluded 
 
 KccToiynv rx -ttXcTx, deduccre naves in the Byzantines from trading in tl-.ofe 
 
 pcrium, a very extraordinary Meaning, Seas, over which they had alfumed, as 
 
 To exerdfe their Pyracies. From whence being near their own Coafts, a particular 
 
 this extraordinary Demand of allowing Right of Dominion, and that the Byzan- 
 
 the Byzantian Pyracies could arile, or tines had been reftored by Treaty to the 
 
 fuch a Conceffion could be made by the general Rights of Commerce. 
 
 Athenians, is equally impoITible to dc- 
 
 B b 2
 
 i88 O R A T I O N S O F, &c. 
 
 therefore extreme Simplicity; indeed miferably abfurd, if 
 after having a<5ted in this Manner towards each of thefe Na- 
 tions fcparately, with Regard to our own domeftic, moft ne- 
 ctil'ary Rights and Poffeflions, we fliould now engage in a War 
 againu them all, only for the Sake of the very Shadow of a 
 Delphic Magifcracy. 
 
 O R A-
 
 O R A T I O N IX. 
 
 SECOND PHILIPPIC. 
 
 "X»
 
 The ARGUMENT. 
 
 TH E Meflenians and Argives opprelTed and infulted by the Lacedae- 
 monians, who had afllimed a kind of arbitrary Sovereignty over 
 them, fohcited PhiUp s ProteQion. That Monarch, by his Influence over 
 the Amphi6lyons, obtains a Decree, that declared them independant, and 
 hereafter to be governed by their own Laws. Under Pretence of fupport- 
 ing this Decree and the Authority of the Amphiftyons, he marches a 
 Body of Troops into Peloponnefus. The Lacedaemonians are alarmed. 
 They fend Ambafladors to Athens to folicit Succours, and to propofe an 
 AUiance for their mutual Safety. AnEmbafly, fent by Philip at the fame 
 Time, accufes Lacedsmon of Injuftice and Tyranny; afferts the Inte- 
 grity of their Mafter's Intentions ; his Right of fupporting his Allies ; 
 his Refolution to maintain the Peace concluded with Athens, and his 
 particular AfFe6lion for her People. The Athenians are divided between 
 their Apprehenfions of Philip, and a jufl Concern for their own Safety, 
 which direfled them to fupport the Lacedaemonians. Our Orator en- 
 deavours to animate them by llrong Reprefentations of their own Dan- 
 ger ; by Sentiments worthy of the ancient Dignity of the Republic ) by 
 oppofmg the fpecious Profeffions of Philip's Integrity to the general Evi- 
 dence of his paft A6lions, and the manifeft Ambition of his prefent 
 Condu6t. 
 
 This Oration was pronounced in the firft Year of the hundred and 
 ninth Olympiad, when Demoilhenes was feven and thirty Years of Age. 
 
 #§#*#*#***#***#«**»##**#»**»#******#***#»##*********#****
 
 ORATION IX- 
 
 SECOND PHILIPPIC. 
 
 WHENEVER, O Men of Athens, the Adls of Hofti- 
 lity committed by PhiHp, and his perpetual Violation 
 of the Peace concluded between us, are mentioned in our De- 
 bates, I perceive our Orations appear to you perfectly equitable 
 and filled with Sentiments of exceeding Moderation, (i) while 
 
 every 
 
 Although the Argument of this Ora- 
 tion be founded upon the Authority of 
 Dionyfius, yet the Occafion, upon which 
 Libanius imagines it was fpoken, is not 
 unworthy of our Attention. It is be- 
 fides fupported by Lucchelini, the moft 
 judicious and learned of our Commen- 
 tators. 
 
 "When Philip's Ele(flion to a Seat in the 
 Council of Amphidlyons was confirmed, 
 he ufed every Art of Affability and Hu- 
 manity to gain the Affedtion and Eftecm 
 of all the Grecian Republics. He had 
 acquired much military Glory in the Pho- 
 olan War, and a Character of Piety to- 
 wards the Gods by revenging the Sacri- 
 lege committed againft Apollo. Thefe 
 
 he confidered as the Foundations of the 
 Defign he had formed of being appoint- 
 ed Commander in Chief againft the Per- 
 fians, and General of the Grecian Forces 
 by common Confent of all their States. 
 In this Defign, which however he did. 
 not yet openly declare, he fent AmbaiTa- 
 dors to all the principal Cities of Greece, 
 and among the refl to Athens, with Pro- 
 pofals of Alliance, and AlTurances of 
 Friendfhip. Sufpefting the Sincerity of 
 thefe Afiliranccs, our Orator reprefents 
 him in general a perfidious Violator of 
 all Treat.es, and in particular a danger-' 
 ous Enemy to the Liberty of Athens. 
 
 ( i) <t>iXxv^^u7Toq is rendered humanus 
 by Wolfius, and by our Englifh Tranf.
 
 192 ORATIONS OF 
 
 every Inveftive pronounced againft Philip is received with uni- 
 verfal Approbation. Yet nothing, if i may be allowed the 
 Exprefiion; (2) nothing of Importance hath been executed ; not 
 any one Meafure for whofe Sake alone thefe Orations could me- 
 rit your Attention. But indeed to fuch extreme Diftrefs are the 
 Affairs of this Republic unhappily reduced, that in Proportion 
 as we more abundantly, more evidently prove, that Philip hath 
 violated the Treaty between us, and is at this Moment form- 
 ing Defigns againft the univerfal Interefts of Greece, fo much 
 more difficult is it to advife what Meafures we ought to purfue. 
 
 But all thefe Difficulties arife from this one Caufe alone, 
 that Princes, like Philip, ambitious of extending their Domi- 
 nions, muft be oppofed, O Men of Athens, by War, and Ac- 
 tions, not by Words and Arguments. Yet we, who appear on 
 this Tribunal, are unwilling to propofe Decrees or offer our 
 Advice, in Apprehenlion of your Difplealure ; but all his Ac- 
 tions, atrocious and oppreffive, and meriting every other Epi- 
 thet 
 
 ktions humane. Were it not better to or Love of Kind) will befl agree with 
 
 confefs our Ignorance of the precife Ideas the Senfe of the Context, 
 
 in an Author, than tranflate thus literally (2) 'rigi-TTog et-Truvy tranflated by Wol- 
 
 and unintelligibly ? However, the pre- fius and his Editors ut ingenue dicam ; 
 
 lent Tranflator frankly acknowledges his furely very differently from the Meaning 
 
 own Uncertainty, and only hopes the of the Words, which fignify in all Au- 
 
 Expreffion he hath chofen, filled with thors, ut uno verba dicam ; ut ita dicam', 
 
 SentifKents of exceeding Moderation (which ut ita dixerim. Lucchefini tranflates 
 
 are generally infpired by a Philanthropy them, ut brevi compkilar.
 
 DEMOSTHENES. 193 
 
 thet of this Kind, we moft minutely number over, while you, 
 our Auditors, fit indolently here in Confultation, and as you are 
 indeed more able than Philip, to fpeak and reafon upon the 
 Principles of Juftice, or to form a Judgement upon the Reafon- 
 ing and Speeches of others, fo with Regard to any Meafures, 
 that can oppofe the Execution of thofe Defigns, in which he 
 is now totally engaged, you poffefs yourfelves in abfolute Indo- 
 lence and Inattention. From whence, in my Opinion, it necef- 
 farily, and perhaps juftly comes to pafs, that both you and Phi- 
 lip excel in what you have mutually purlued with greater Ear- 
 neftnefs and Application ; Philip in ailing, and you in {peak- 
 ing. If this fuperior Skill in Eloquence and Equity therefore 
 be fufficient for the Prelervation of the Republic, it were an 
 eafy Matter, and of no great Labour to preferve her. But if it 
 be necellary to confider in what Manner our Affairs may be bet- 
 ter direfled ; if it does not efcape you, that Philip is making a 
 yet greater Progrefs in his Ambition, and will foon bring a Force 
 againft us, which we fhall in vain endeavour to refift, then cer- 
 tainly the fame Councils, that formerly prevailed, fhall no lon- 
 ger govern our Adminiftration, but by all our Orators, and 
 by all, who hear them, the moft honourable and falutary fhall 
 be preferred to the moft agreeable and pleafing. 
 
 Among my firft Reflexions upon this Occafion, that whoever 
 
 beholds Philip thus powerful, and Mafter of fo maay Places, can 
 
 Vol. I. C c yet
 
 194 ORATIONSOF 
 
 yet be confident, and imagine no Danger from thence threatens 
 the RepubHc, or that all his Preparations are not formed againft 
 her alone, is to me a Subjedl of Amazement. Let me then 
 conjure you all to liften to thofe Reafons, by which I have been 
 influenced, contrary to their Opinion, to efteem Philip our Ene- 
 my ; that if I fhould appear to look into Futurity with more 
 Sagacity than others, you may be perfuaded to follow my Ad- 
 vice ; or if thefe Confiders and Believers in Philip are more fa- 
 gacious in their Views, then apply yourfelves to their Counfels. 
 
 I THEREFORE confidcr firfl, O Men of Athens, the num- 
 ber of Places, of which Philip made himfelf Mafter immedi- 
 tely after the Ratification of the Peace, Thermopylae and the 
 whole Dominions of the Phocaeans. What followed ? What 
 Ufe did he make of his Conquefts ? He chofe to adl in Favour 
 of the Thebans, not of this Republic. Wherefore ? Becaufe 
 he directed all his Meafures, as I conceive, with a View to his 
 own Ambition and his Projects of univerfal Slavery, not with 
 a Regard to Peace, Tranquility or Juftice. But he very wifely 
 underftood, that he could neither promife, nor perform any 
 Thino- for our Conftitution of Government and Habitude of 
 Manners of fuch Moment, as might perfuade you, for the Sake 
 of any private Advantage, to abandon the other States of Greece 
 to his .\mbition : that ading upon the clear Principles of Juf- 
 tice ;
 
 DEMOSTHENES. 195 
 
 tice ; ffying from that Infamy, which is infeparable from an 
 unworthy A6lion, and extending your Views to whatever be- 
 comes the Majefty of the Republic, you would with equal Ar- 
 dour oppofe his Attempts againft the general Interefts of Greece, 
 as if you yourfelves were Principals in the War. But the Thc- 
 bans (and the Event hath confirmed his Opinion) if fecured in 
 the Poffefiion of their own Territories, he imagined would fuf- 
 fer him to a6l with Regard to the reft of Greece according to 
 his Pleafure, and fo far from oppofing or impeding his Defigns, 
 would, if he commanded them, afTift him with their Forces. 
 Having entertained the fame Opinion of the Meftenians and Ar- 
 gives he confers his Benefits upon them, and thofe Benefits are to 
 you the greateft Encomium, O Men of Athens. For by this 
 Condudt you are adjudged the only People, who never will 
 abandon, for any feparate Advantage, the general Interefts of 
 Greece, or exchange for any Favours, any Obligations, that Af- 
 fection and Zeal you profefs for our common Country. 
 
 This Judgement he hath formed of you, and a very diffe- 
 rent of the Meflenians and Argives, not only by looking upon 
 the prefent Situation of the Republic, but by reflc6ling upon 
 her former Glories. He muft have been informed ; he muft 
 have heard, that \^'hen our Anccftors might have held the Sove- 
 reignty of Greece, upon Condition of doing Homage for it to 
 
 C c 2 th.'
 
 196 
 
 ORATIONS OF 
 
 the Perfian, tlicy not only with Indignation rejedled the Propo- 
 fal, of which Alexander, one of the Predeceflbrs of this Philip, 
 was made the MciTenger, (3) but determined to abandon their 
 Country, and refolutely fuffer whatever Extremities of War. 
 Animated by thefe Sentiments, they performed fuch Adions, as 
 all Mankind have ever been earneft to commemorate, but none 
 have been able to celebrate as they deferve. I may with Reafon 
 therefore decline the Attempt, for they are in Truth beyond all 
 Power of ExprefTion.. 
 
 He knows beiides, that the Anceftors of the Thebans march- 
 ed under the Banners of the Barbarian, and thofe of the Ar- 
 
 (g) Mr. Lcland has a very pretty Re- 
 mark on this Paflage. " The Expref- 
 ♦' fions in the Original are as contemp- 
 " tuous as poflibie. nira, or as fome 
 " Editions have it o t-Jtmv ir^iyovoi;, the 
 " Ancejlors of thefe f-Fi-etches, the Ma- 
 '* cedonians ■, and then, not 7rpE(r/3£t;?, 
 " Amiaffador, but kvj^v^ herald or crieri 
 '' the Slave or menial Officer of his Maf- 
 " ter Mardonius. Avec le titre d' am- 
 " baffadeur, as Torreil tranflates it, fug- 
 " gefts the honourable idea, which De. 
 " mofthenes takes fuch pains to keep 
 •* out of view." 
 
 This Alexander was Grandfather of 
 Philip. Herodotus hath preferved his 
 Speech upon this Occafion -, the Propo- 
 fals he made in the Name of Xerxes ; 
 
 gives 
 
 the Profeflions of his own Zeal and Af- 
 fe(ftion for the Athenian People, and the 
 glorious Anfwer they returned to his Em- 
 bafly. " You have unprofitably fet be* 
 " fore us the Power of the Perfians ; 
 " we already knew, but without fearing 
 " it. Multitudes may opprefs, but can- 
 " not appal a People, determined not to 
 " lurvive the Lofs of Liberty. Tell 
 " Mardonius, that while yonder Sun 
 " continues his courfe unvaried, the 
 " Athenians fhall never vary in their 
 " Condu6t, but continue to deteft the 
 " Alliance of Xerxes, and armed with 
 " the Proteftion of thofe Gods andHe;- 
 " roes, whofe Temples and Statues he 
 " hath facri'egioufly deftroyed, will op,- 
 " pofe his Ekvaftatioas and his Tyrary^y ."
 
 DEMOSTHENES. 197. 
 
 gives did not oppofe his Invaiion. (4) He was therefore con- 
 vinced, that both of them, extremely contented with their owa 
 private Advantage, would be Httle attentive to the common In- 
 terefls of Greece. From thence he concluded, if he chofe you 
 as Allies, he muft have chofen you upon Principles of Juftice r 
 but if he made an Alliance with them, he fhould have them 
 the Aflifcants of his infatiable Ambition. For thele Reafons 
 alone, he formerly preferred, and ftill prefers their Friendfhip 
 to yours. For he affuredly does not behold, that they can com- 
 mand a greater Number of Gallies than the State of Athens ; 
 nor, becaufe he hath founded an inland Empire, does he there- 
 fore negled: the Sovereignty of the Seas, and treat the Com- 
 merce of maritime Towns with Contempt ; nor does he for- 
 get the Proteflations and Promifes, upon which we granted him 
 
 a Peace. (5) 
 
 But 
 
 (4) When Xerxes, according to the rity with the Spartans in the Command 
 
 Ufage of the Perfians, fent his He- of the Army. Whether this Demand 
 
 raids into Greece to demand Earth proceeded from Perfidy or Ambition, 
 
 and Water, as Acknowledgments of they were equally culpable, fince they be- 
 
 Submifllon, the Thebans readily fub- trayed the common Interefts of Greece 
 
 mitted to the Demand. They afterwards in a Conjundure moft dangerous and moft 
 
 marched under the Banners of Mardo- decifive. Tourreil 
 
 nius; entered into his Councils ; dired- (3) We have ken, in the laft Oration, 
 
 ed his Vengeance and animated his Cru- upon what Promifes Philip had obtained 
 
 elty. The People of Argos maintained a. Peace ; among others,, that Oropui 
 
 an obftinate Neutrality. When the La- fhould be ceded to the Athenians, and 
 
 ced?emonians and Athenians appliid to Euboea given in Exchange for Amphi- 
 
 them for Succours againft the common polis. We may here obferve with how 
 
 Eaemy, they demanded an equal Autho- much Freedom oux Orator treats his Subr 
 
 je^: 
 
 8
 
 198 O R A T I O N S O F 
 
 Bu r by Jupiter (thus any one may reply) though PhiHp 
 was well-informed in all thcfe Particulars, yet he neither adled 
 at that Time, from his Ambition, nor any other Motives, of 
 which I accufe him ; but that he really thought the Caufe of 
 Thebes more equitable, than ours. (6) Of all pofTible Reafons 
 for his Condudl, this alone he hath no Right to plead. He^ 
 who commanded the Lacedemonians to evacuate Meilene ; He, 
 who delivered up Orchomenus and Coronsea to the Thebans, 
 fliall he be fuppofed to have a^ted upon Principles of Equity ? 
 But, by the Gods, he was compelled (this only Plea is left him) and 
 being furprized between the Theffalian Cavalry, and Theban 
 Infantry, he yielded thefe Places, contrary to his own Inclina- 
 tion. Moft probable indeed. From thence it is reported, he 
 will always fufpe6l the Fidelity of the Thebans, and even now, 
 as fome certain People in their Wanderings round the Forum 
 make the Story, he propofes to fortify Elatasa. (7) He does in- 
 deed, 
 
 ie£t. In another Oration he denies, that gument, for Eloquence confifts as much 
 ilich Promifes were ever made. They in fuppreffing whatever ought to be con- 
 were then the Delufions and Treachery cealed, as in giving moll powerflilly 
 of the Ambaflfadors ; they are now the whatever can be of advantage to our 
 Perfidy and Artifices of Philip. Caufe. Tourreil. 
 (6) Philip's union with the Thebans (7) Elatoea was fituated under the 
 did not want fome very favourable Ap- Mountain JEta, about two Days march 
 pcarances -, fuch as revenging Apollo from Athens. It commanded two Paf- 
 and chaftifing the People, who profaned fagts from Theffaly ; one into Phocis, 
 his Temple. It uere imprudent there, the other into Boeotia. When Philip 
 fore to have entered farther into this Ar- had fubdued the Phocteans, it was re- 
 
 I ported,
 
 DEMOSTHENES. 199 
 
 deed, and in my Opinion, will always propofc it. But he does 
 not propoie, he now actually joins his Forces to thofc of the 
 Mellenians and Argives, to invade Laced^emon. Already does 
 he march thither a Body of Mercenaries ; already fend SuppUes, 
 and is himfelf expedled immediately with a powerful Army. 
 Does he then purfue the Lacedemonians to Deftrudion, becaufe 
 they are Enemies to Thebes, will he reftore the Phocasans, 
 whom he once totally ruined to gratify the Thebans ? Who can 
 believe fuch Contradidions ? For my own Part, I neither believe, 
 that Philip if he had been compelled in thefe Inftances to adb 
 againft his Inclination, or if he now entertained any Sufpicion of 
 the Thebans, would thus perpetually fupport them againft their 
 Enemies. 
 
 However, he is manifeftly difcovercd by the prefent Conducfl 
 to have acted in the paft, by his own free Choice ; and who- 
 ever will accurately confider his Adlions, will be convinced that 
 all liis Labours are direded, all his Projeds formed againft this 
 
 Re- 
 ported, that he propofed to fortify the the Confequence, when in tlie third of 
 Citadel of Elatoea, that he might have the hundred and tenth Olympiad, he pof- 
 another Paffage into Greece befides the fefled himfelf of that city. The The- 
 Streights of Thermopyls. Demofthe- bans, then firft convinced of his Ambi- 
 nes was perfuaded he would not now ex- tion, and alarmed for the Liberties of 
 ecute fuch a Defign, becaufe he muft be Greece, joined their Forces with thofe 
 affured it would alarm all Greece, and of Athens, and prevented, in the Lan- 
 too plainly difcover his Projeft of uni- guage of our Orator, that Winter- Tor- 
 verfal Monarchy. Such was afterwards rent from rufhing down on the Republic.
 
 200 O R A T.I O N S O F 
 
 Republic. Indeed this Condu6l is now become in fome Mea- 
 fure, of abfolute Neceflity to him. Consider he aims at imi- 
 verfal Monarchy, and thinks, that you alone are capable of op- 
 poling his Ambition. He hath long treated us injurioufly, and 
 is perfedlly confcious of it, for thofe very Cities, of which we 
 once were Mafters, and of which he hath taken Poffeflion, he 
 ufes, as frontier Towns to proted and cover his other Domi- 
 nions. If he lofl Amphipolis and Potid^ea, not even in Mace- 
 donia would he think himfelf in Safety. Both thele Particulars 
 he therefore knows, that he himfelf is forming Defigns, moft 
 pernicious againft you, and that you perceive them. But ima- 
 gining you a wife People, he thinks you muft look upon him 
 with Deteftation, which he juftly merits, and from thence ex- 
 pedling, he muft fuffer, upon the firft Occalion, the juft Ef- 
 fcdls of your Indignation, if he does not prevent them by fome 
 Adion of his own, he is violently agitated, he wakes perpetu- 
 ally, he preffes hard upon the Republic, he meanly cultiv^ates 
 the Friendfhip of fome certain Thebans, and Peloponnefians, 
 of the fame Sentiments with the Thebans, who, in their Ava- 
 rice, he thinks, will be contented with their prefent Situation, 
 or in very Stupidity of Genius will not forefee the fatal Confe- 
 quences of fuch a Conduft. Yet to the moderately prudent 
 is given to behold thofe evident Examples, which I lately had 
 OccaGon to mention to the MefTenians and Argives, and 
 
 which
 
 DEMOSTHENES. 201 
 
 which, it may be perhaps even more for your Intereft to 
 repeat. 
 
 " How impatiently, do ye think, Meflenians (thus I (aid) 
 ** would the Olynthians have heard any Invediives againft Phi- 
 *' lip, at the Time when he yielded Anthemus to them, vv^hich 
 *' all the Kings of Macedon had ever claimed as Part of their 
 " Dominions ; when he ceded Potidsa to them, and drove 
 " out its Athenian Garrifon ; when he undertook him- 
 ** felf their Quarrel againft us, and abandoned to them that 
 *' Place to be enjoyed with all the Country round it? Could they 
 <* then have been perfuaded to expert fuch Calamities, as they 
 *' iince ha\'e fuffered, or would they have believed, who fore- 
 <' told them ? You do not think it pofTible. However, (thus 
 " I continued) having a little Time enjoyed the Territories of 
 ■*' others, they are defpoiled for ever by this very Philip of their 
 <' own ; ignominioufly driven out of their Country, nor con- 
 •** quered only, but mutually betrayed, and fold by each other. 
 *■* For dangerous to Republics are thefe intimate Familiarities 
 ^^ w^ith Kings, 
 
 " But the Theflalians? Do you believe, when Philip ex-. 
 ** pelled their domeftic Tyrants ; when he yielded to them 
 " Niccea and Magneiia, they could have been apprehenfive, 
 ' Vol. L D d « that
 
 202 ORATIONSOF 
 
 *' that a Tetrarchy (hould ever be impofed upon them ? (8) 
 " Or that he, who generouily gave them the Treafures, whicli 
 '* of Right belonged to him, as prefiding over the Pylaean 
 " Games, would ever feize upon their private Revenues ? (9) 
 " ImpolTible. Yet thefe Things have really come to pafs, and 
 " a 1 Mankind may behold them. But you now confider Phi- 
 *' lip liberally giving and promifing ; yet implore the Gods, if 
 " you be wife, that you may never know him betraying and 
 " deceiving. 
 
 *' There 
 
 (8) Whatever Refpefl we oug1.t to 
 entertain for the Text of an ancient Au- 
 thor, we fl-iould not revere the vifible 
 Errours of Copyifts. All our rditions 
 read SiKx^xf.yJ'^v, but Thefialy was in 
 Fadt divided into Tetrarchies, as our Ora- 
 tor hiir.felf exprefsly informs us in his 
 third Philippic, Tsr^aJap^/aj xaTEg-iJce 
 ■rrxfi d\jTo\^. We have, befides, the Au- 
 thority of Harpoci ation ; nor is this cor- 
 reding Demofthenes, but explaining him 
 by liimfelf. It is reftoring a Paflage ma- 
 nifeftly corrupted. Tourreil. 
 
 (o) To'j TYjv YlvXaiocv oLiro^ovrot.. The 
 Council of Amphiftyons was fometimes 
 called Pytea, from Pylje or Thermopy- 
 ije, where they afTembled. That the 
 People of Theffaly had always pofiefled 
 a Seat in this Council, cannot be doubted. 
 What therefore does our author mean, 
 by faying, that Philip conferred this Dig- 
 nity upon them ? Lucchefini jngcnioudy 
 
 conjectures, that he rather intends fome 
 lucrative Employment ; fome Prefents or 
 Perquifites arifing to Philip from his be- 
 ing Prefident of the Pythian Games, 
 which probably were called Pylsan, when 
 celebrated at Thermopylse. Thefe he 
 might generoufly have given to the Thef- 
 falians. Befides, unlefs Demofthenes 
 means fome pecuniaiy Emolument, the 
 juft Exaftnefs of his Comparifon is loft. 
 It were impertinent to oppofe the Am- 
 phiftyonic Dignity to ThelTalian Reve- 
 nues. What Inference from fuch an Op- 
 pofition ? " The Theflalians, being ho- 
 " noured with a Seat in the Council of 
 " Amphiftyons, never imagined he would 
 " have taken from them their own Reve- 
 " nues." Neither was it unufual for the 
 Peifons, who prefided over thefe Games, 
 to yield fome Portion of the Sacrifices 
 and Prefents to others.
 
 DEMOSTHENES. 203 
 
 " There are by Jupiter (thus I told them) various Inven- 
 tions for the Defence and Prefervation of Cities ; fuch as 
 Ramparts, and Walls, and Trenches, and other Fortifica- 
 tions. All thefe are of human Labour, and require a large 
 Expence to maintain them. But Nature hath for wife Men 
 provided one certain common Bulwark, of univerfal Excel- 
 lence and Security, efpecially for popular Governments 
 againft Monarchs. What is this Bulwark ? Diffidence. This 
 defend ; adhere to it ; preferve it, and never fhall you fuf- 
 fer any Misfortune. What therefore, I afked them, do^ou 
 moft ardently deilre ? Liberty ? Yet do you not perceive, 
 that Philip hath even his Titles moft foreign from that Name ? 
 For every Monarch, every Sovereign is an Enemy to Liber- 
 ty, and an Oppofer of Laws. Will you not be cautious 
 (thus I concluded) that while you earneftly wifli to be deli- 
 vered from the Calamities of War, you may not find a def- 
 potic Mafter ?" 
 
 The Meflenians heard, and with loud Acclamations ap- 
 plauded what I faid, as truly and judicioufly fpoken. They 
 heard many other Orations made by the Ambaffadors, while I 
 was prefent, and, probably, after my Departure, yet they 
 neither renounced their Alliance with Philip, nor their De- 
 pendance on his Promifes. 
 
 D d 2 It
 
 204. O R A T I O N S O F 
 
 It is not indeed extraordinary, that the MefTenians and cer- 
 tain of the Peloponnefians, fhould foinetimes adt in diredt Con- 
 tradicftion to what they might in Reafon be convinced is their 
 Interefl: ; but that you yourfclves, a wife, inteUigent People, 
 and informed by your Orators in their Speeches, how danger- 
 ous the Deligns this Moment forming againft you, and in what 
 Manner you are even now furrounded with the Toils of the 
 Hunter ; that you fliould be infenfible, as to me you feem, how 
 certainly you are to expedl from your abfolute Inadlion, all 
 thefe Calamities, is indeed extraordinary. Yet fo much more 
 powerful is a prefent Gratification and Indulgence, than a re- 
 mote and future Advantage. But concerning the Meafures ne- 
 ceffary to be purfued in this Conjundlure, you fliall hereafter, 
 if you be wife, confult among yourfelves. What Anfwer you 
 ousht to decree fhould be made to the Macedonian Ambafia- 
 dors, I fhall immediately lay before the Afiembly. 
 
 Yet it would be really juft, O Men of Athens, that they, 
 who brought thefe Promifes, by which you were perfuaded to 
 conclude the late Peace with Macedonia, fhould be fummon- 
 ed before You. For neither would I have ever fubmitted to be 
 an Ambaffador, nor would you, I am convinced, have ceafed 
 to continue the War, if you imagined that PhiHp, M'hen he 
 had obtained that Peace, would have aded, in fuch open Vio- 
 lation
 
 DEMOSTHENES. 205 
 
 latlon of it. For very different have been their Promifes, and 
 his Alliens. Befides, you (hould fummon fome others. Whom ? 
 Thofc Perfons, when I returned (the Peace being then conclud- 
 ed) from my fecond Embafly, appointed to require Phihp's 
 Oath in Confirmation of it ; when I perceived the RepubHc 
 was betrayed ; when I foretold what hath fince happened ; 
 when I gave my Teilimony againil: them ; nor would have fuf- 
 fered you to abandon Thermopylae, or the Phocasans, thofe 
 Perfons would I now order to be fummoned, who then faid, that 
 being a Drinker of Water, I muft neceffarily be morofe in my 
 Temper, and fevere in my Manners ; (lo) that Philip, when he 
 arrived, would ad: as you yourfelves fhould defire ; that he 
 would fortify Thefpiae and Platasa ; reprefs the Infolence of the 
 Thebans ; dig a Pafiage for the Sea acrofs the Ifthmus of Cher- 
 fonefus at his own Expence, and cede Eubcea and Oropus to 
 you in Exchange for Amphipolis. That all thefe Promifes were 
 made here, upon this very Tribunal, I am convinced, you per_ 
 feclly remember, tho' little fevere to remember the Traytors bv 
 whom you have been injured. But of all Things mofl ignomini. 
 
 ous, 
 
 (10) Philocrates, according to our Au- Ffccundi callces quern non fecere diicr- 
 thor's own Account, was the firfl: who turn ? 
 
 reproached him with tliis Crime of So- fcems to have been the Motto of Oratory, as, 
 briety. " It is not furely wonderful, O Nulla placere diu, nee vivere carmina- 
 " Men of Athens, that Dem.ofthenes pofilint, 
 
 " and I can never agree in our Senti- Qj,,^ fcribuntur aqus potoribus, 
 
 " ments, for he drinks Water, and I ^^^ ^ ^^^.^ ^^ ^ ^^^ 
 
 " drink V\nie.» ^ ^.^^^^^ ^ 
 
 6
 
 2o6 O R A T I O N S O F 
 
 0US5 \oii have decreed, upon thcfe Hopes and Promifes, this 
 very Peace to your Pofieriry. So powerfully were you impell- 
 ed to receive it. 
 
 But wherefore do I mention tkefe Circumflances ? Where- 
 fore defirc thefe Perfons may be fummoned before you ? I will, 
 by all the Gods, with perfed: Freedom declare the Truth, with- 
 out Artifice or Difguife. Not with Defign, that I, then in- 
 jured by their Calumny, may now equally be rewarded with 
 your Approbation ; (n) nor yet to furnifli to them, who have 
 ever hated and oppofed me, a new Pretence for again receiving 
 Prefents from Philip ; nor yet to indulge my own Garrulity ; but 
 perfuaded, as I am, that the Defigns, which Philip is even now 
 forming againft you, will be productive of greater Calamities, 
 
 than 
 
 (11) 'Ou'x' <Va hg Xa^oflxv IfjoTrecruv, ed ? That as he had been injured by 
 
 IuccutS imI, II iVif Xoyov 7r«^' u>r. TTOi- their Inveftives, he might be now reftor- 
 
 ^V« moft unhappily tranQated by Wol- ed, in their Prefence, to his good Fame 
 
 fius nonutinconviciumdelapfusefficiam ^"d Reputation. Yet this Reafon for 
 
 uce-oviciffimconviciisapudvosincefTar. ^"ummonmg them he d.fclaims with a 
 
 ^Vhen our Orator oopofed thefe 5^'"^^ «f Modefty, which at once afferts 
 Promiles, which the Ambalfadors made ^is Right, and yet declines putting it to 
 in Philip's Name, lie was treated with I'^oof. Aoyog here fignifies, as in the 
 Obloquy and Inveftive. But he could bell Authors, fama, rumor. The Paf- 
 be no longer apprehenfive of fuch fage is therefore thus tranflated by Luc- 
 Treatment, fince the Athenians were chefini, from whom this Note is taken, 
 now convinced of his Integrity and eos non ideo vocari velim, ut qui olim 
 Wifdom. Why then does he defire conviciis dehonellatus fui, asque nunc 
 thefe Ambafikdors may be fummon- mihi a vobis famam conciliem.
 
 DEMOSTHENES. 207 
 
 than thofe you alreidy fuffer. I perceive the Progrcfs in which 
 our Affairs are advancing to their Period, and vvliile I fmccrely 
 wifli my Conjectures may prove lalfc, I greatly fear, this un- 
 happy Period is already too near us. When therefore you can 
 no lono;er with vour ufual Indolence difreo-ard Events and Con- 
 junctures ; when you fhall no longer hear from me, nor any 
 other of your Magiftrates, that fuch Defigns are formed againft 
 you ; when you fhall yourfelves behold, and be fenfible of them 
 by your own Experience, I am perfuadecl, you will Ihew your 
 Indignation, and even with Afperity. Or fhould your Orators 
 be filent with Regard to thofe Mealures, upon \\hich they arc 
 confcious, they have been fordidly corrupted, I am apprehen- 
 five, your Refentment will fall upon them, who endeavour 
 fomewhat to correct, what they have ruined. For I perceive, 
 that fome among you generally diredl their Anger, not againft 
 the really culpable, but againft whoever happens to be tlie hrft 
 Objedl of their Rage. 
 
 While we have therefore any future Hope, or any prefent 
 Conftitution ; while we yet hear each other in mutual Debate, 
 I wifti that every Citizen among you, however already well- 
 informed, would recoiled:, who perfuaded you to abandon tlie 
 Phoc^ans, and the Streights of Thermopylse ; of whicli when 
 Philip became Mafter, he became Mafter of a Paffage into At- 
 tica and Peloponnefus, and hatli now reduced you to a Necef- 
 
 fity
 
 2o8 O R A T I O N S O F, &c. 
 
 fity of deliberating, not upon the common Rights of Greece ; 
 not upon foreign Affairs, but upon the Defence of your own pro- 
 per Territories, and the Conduft of the War, that now threat- 
 ens Attica. A War, which will affuredly be full of Calamity 
 to us all, whenever it fliall appear, but which really began that 
 Day, when we yielded up Thermopylae. For had you not 
 been then deceived, nothing could have now diftreffed the Repub- 
 lic. Neither was Philip then powerful enough by Sea to have 
 attempted a Defcent upon the Coaft of Attica, nor, by Land, 
 to march beyond Thermopylae, and Phocis ; but either he muft 
 have adled with flri6l Regard to Juftice, and preferved the Peace 
 inviolable, or inftantly been engaged in a War like that, which 
 obliged him lately with fo much Earneftnefs to defire a Peace. 
 Sufficient therefore has been faid, to make you recoiled your 
 prefent Dangers. That you fliould ever prove them more clearly 
 by Experience, O all ye Gods ! may it never come to pafs. For 
 I would not, that any Man, however juftly meriting Deftruc- 
 tion, fhould be punifhed, if his Punifhment muft be attended 
 with univerfal Danger, and public Calamity. 
 
 End of the Second PHILIPPIC. 
 
 O R A-
 
 ORATION X. 
 
 On the Affairs of CHERSONESUS. 
 
 Vol. I. E e
 
 The ARGUMENT. 
 
 CHerfobleptes had ceded Cherfonefus to the Athenians, who fent i 
 Colony to take Pofleflion of it. The Cardians aflert their Inde- 
 pendence and refufe to admit the Colony. Diopythes, the Athenian Ge- 
 neral, prepares to compel them by Force. They apply to Philip, who 
 readily fends them the Succours they defire, and takes them under his 
 Protedlion. To revenge this A6t of Hoftility, Diopythes makes a De- 
 fcent upon the Coafts of Thrace, tlien fubjcdl to Macedonia : lays wafte 
 the Country, and carries off a confiderable Booty. Philip, engaged in 
 his Thracian Expedition, fends AmbafTadors to Athens to complain of 
 this Violation of the Peace concluded between them, and to demand,, 
 that Diopythes fhould be recalled and his Army dilbanded. Our Orator 
 imdertakes his Defence, and as he faw his Interefl united with that of the 
 Public, he therefore defends liim upon Principles of public Utility, and 
 ■with Ai'guments befitting the Dignity of a great People. He reprefents 
 him, and his Ai'my, as their Country's befl Security againil Philip'^ 
 Power and Ambition, wliich from thence become the principal Obie6ls 
 of our Author's vehement Eloquence» 
 
 Demoflhenes was nine and thirty Years of Age, when he pronounced 
 this Oration, in the third of the hundred and ninth Olympiad.
 
 ORATION X. 
 
 On the Affairs of CHERSONESUS, 
 
 IT is the Duty of all your Orators, O Men of Athens, ne- 
 ver to Ipeak either from Refentment, or Partiality, but open- 
 ly to propofe that Counfel, which each Man efteems moft ho- 
 nourable, and moft advantageous to his Country, efpecially 
 when you debate upon Affairs of general Concernment, and high, 
 Importance. However, fince there is a Fadion among us, 
 who are prompted to fpeak, fometimes by a certain Spirit of 
 Contention ; fometimes by other Motives, it is your Duty, O 
 
 Men 
 
 The Thracian Cherfonefus, or accord- 
 ing to the original Meaning of the Word, 
 the Peninfula, bordered upon Thrace. 
 The People of Cardia, the capital City 
 of the Country, chofe rather to be con- 
 fidercd as a Province of Thrace, than of 
 Cherfonefus. It was PhiUp's Intereft to 
 fupport them in fuch a Refokition, as it 
 preferved them from acknowledging the 
 Power of the Athenians, to which all 
 the other Cities of the Country had fub- 
 mitted. The following Decree will be 
 an honourable Teftimony of the Senti- 
 ments of thefe Cities with Regard to the 
 
 Athenians, and perhaps not an unpleafincy 
 Curiofity to an EngliHi Reader. 
 
 The People of Cherfonefus crown the 
 Senate and Republic of Athens with a 
 golden Crown of fixty Talents weight, 
 and ere£l an Altar to Gratitude and the 
 Athenian People, in Acknowledgment for 
 the greateft of all Benefits, ■ the prcferv- 
 ing them from the Tyranny of Philip, 
 and reftoring to them their Country, their 
 Laws, Liberty and Temples. Nor will 
 they ever ceafe to retain a grateful Senfe 
 of thefe Benefits, but to the utmofl: of 
 their Power will repay the Obligation. 
 E e 2
 
 212 O R A T I O N S O F 
 
 Men of Athens, to lay afide all partial Confiderations, and ia 
 full Aflembly to decree, and to execute whatever you judge 
 mod: conducive to the public Welfare. 
 
 ft» 
 
 Your principal Attention therefore at prefent fliould be fixed 
 upon the Situation of Affairs in Cherlbnefus, and Philip's Ex- 
 pedition into Thrace, in which he hath been now eleven Months 
 engaged. Yet almoft all our Orations tend to the Condudt of 
 Diopythes, and even his future Defigns. However, when 
 any of our own Citizens is accufed, whom you have it in your 
 Power to punlfli according to Law, whether upon the Inftant^ 
 or with whatever fhort Delay you pleafe, I am of Opinion,, we 
 may take a larger Time for our Inquiries, and that neither I, 
 nor any other fhould make it a Subjedt of violent Contention. 
 But when Philip, the eonftant Enemy of this Republic, and 
 even now encamped with a powerful Army near the Hellelpont,, 
 attempts to poflefs himfelf of our Cities there, which- if we de- 
 lay to fuccour immediately, we fhall never be able to preferve,. 
 thefe are Subjects, in my Judgement, upon which it were of 
 Importance with the fboneft to confult, and to decree the ne- 
 ceffary Preparations, nor fhould you fuffer your Attention to be 
 diverted from them by tumultuous Debates, and Accufations. 
 
 Although accuftomed to wonder at thePropofals frequent- 
 ly made you, yet never was my Wonder greater, O Men of 
 
 Athens J.
 
 DEMOSTHENES. 213 
 
 Athens, than when I lately heard a certain Orator declare in 
 the Senate, that whoever would bcft confult your Intereft, 
 fliould confult whether War, or Peace were fimply, and in it- 
 felf, more eligible. Certainly Peace ; if Philip will preferve 
 that Peace ; if in open Violation of that Peace he does not 
 forceably keep Pofleflion of our proper Territories ; if he does 
 not arm all Mankind againft us, then certainly we fhould de- 
 bate no more, but Peace fhould fimply be preferred and invio- 
 lably obferved ; for which Advice I perceive you are all ex- 
 tremely well prepared. But if we be permitted to confider the 
 Conditions (they ftill remain in Writing) upon which we fwore 
 to, and ratified this Peace ; if even before Diopythes and the 
 Colony, who are now accufed as Authors of the War, had. 
 {ailed for Cherfbnefus, Philip appears to have unjuftrly feized 
 upon feveral Places, which of Right belonged to us, witnefs 
 your own authentic Decrees, complaining of his Ufurpations ; (i) 
 if at all other Times he hath conftantly armed againft you every 
 Nation, both Greeks and Barbarians, wherefore do we ftill de- 
 bate upon the Choice of Peace or War ? (2) But indeed no 
 
 Choice 
 
 (i) Our Author u{es the Word kv^m (2) Ucci/roc Sa tov «.XXov ;^;povoi/, crvev- 
 
 which may either fignify the Decrees of %w? t« tuv ctXXuy 'EXX^yccv, xa] Bap- 
 
 an Aflembly pecuHarly fo called, or we /Sapwi/ Xuf^lScivuv, ko.] e(f> -fij/M; crva-- 
 
 may underftand it in its general Signifi- xEua^ojttEi/oj, Tranflated by Wolfius, om- 
 
 cation, pr^cipuay maximi momenti. ni reliquo tempore continenter turn cre- 
 
 LuccHESiNi. teris Grscis, turn Barbaris fibi conjun- 
 
 gendis.
 
 214 O R A T I O N S O F 
 
 Choice is In our Power. Yet one, the jufteft, the moft necef- 
 fary of all Meafures, ftill remains, and which our Orators not 
 unwillingly overlook. What Meafure ? That of repelling the 
 firft Invader. But perhaps, O Jupiter ! They dare aflert, that 
 while Philip abftains from invading Attica, and the Port of 
 Athens, he neither violates the Rights of the Republic, nor 
 adually commits Hoftilities againft her. If thefe are the Limits 
 of Juftice, they prefcribe ; if thefe are the Boundaries of Peace, 
 it is to all Mankind apparent, that all fuch Affertions are impi- 
 ous, intolerable, and dangerous to the Safety of the Common- 
 wealth. 
 
 But they are pronounced even in direct Contradi6lion to 
 thofe very Crimes, for which they profecute Diopythes. Shall 
 we then allow Philip an unbounded Licence of every other 
 Conqueft, while he abftains from Attica, and do we forbid Dio- 
 pytlies to fuccour the Thracians, or fhall we accufe him, as 
 Author of the War ? But, in the Name of Jupiter ! do they 
 indeed accufe him ? And of Vv'liat Crimes? <' Dreadful are the 
 
 " Depre- 
 
 gcnciis, nihil aliud agere, nifi bellum mo- rum in fuam redegit poteftatem, non tra- 
 
 liri contra vos. hay^i^oivbiv to. rm duxerit in veftram pernicicm, atque ador- 
 
 «AX&^i/, &:c. YM £(j5'»;/xaf rrwy.iwZpit.i- naverit. TheParticle^j inthe nextSentence 
 
 roj can only fignity, accipiens res aliorum, Hiould be trandated an, t^ox.vcI, as by 
 
 &c. & contra nos illas inftruens. The Wolfius. T* tkto -Kiywt, J? TroXBy,uv 
 
 PaiTao-c is thus tranflated by Lucchefini. kttXu;, ^ uyuv h^i^v>;v Set ; Qiiid h^fi- 
 
 Nullum deniquG fuilTe tempus, quo nHi- tantes difputant, utrum bellum, an pax 
 
 due quodcumque Grascorum aut Barbaro- prtchabenda fit ? 
 
 3
 
 DEMOSTHENES. 215 
 
 *' Depredations, which our mercenary Troops commit in laying 
 *' wafte the Hellcfpont ; Diopythcs is guilty of Cruelty, of Py- 
 *' racy, nor fhould we longer intruft him with the Command 
 " of our Forces." Allow thefe Accufations. Let them be 
 granted. I do not contradi6t them. Yet I am of Opinion, 
 that if thefe People give their Advice upon univerfal Principles 
 of Juflice, when they defire you, thus earneftly, to diiband an 
 Army, which guards the Republic, and calumniate a General, 
 who brings home Treafures to the State, they fhould alfo con- 
 vince you, that Philip, if you be perfuaded by their Reafonino-, 
 will diiband his Forces. Otherv/ife, in very Fad:, they labour 
 certainly to reduce you to thofe Circumftances, by which all 
 your Affairs have already been thus fatally diflrefled. For this, 
 affuredly you know, that in no other Inftance hath Philip ex- 
 erted his Superiority over us, more than his beino- ever in Ac- 
 tion before us : for having a numerous Army always round 
 him, and premeditately forming the Plan he propofes to exe- 
 cute, he furprifes upon the Inftant, whom he thinks proper to- 
 deftroy. But we, when we hear of any new Invafion, affcm- 
 Me tumultuoufly and prepare for War. From thence I diink 
 it regularly comes to pafs, that he poffeffeth in perfect Tran- 
 quility whatever he can conquer, while we are ever too late 
 for the favourable Occaiion of ading, and unproiitably lofe all: 
 the Treafures we expend. We fl^v/ indeed our Refentment . 
 
 our.
 
 2i6 ORATIONSOF 
 
 our Inclination to oppofe him, and ever flow in Execution, we 
 only gain t' € Shame of the Attempt. 
 
 Be not therefore ignorant, O Men of Athens, that all the 
 other Aro-uments of our Orators are very Words, and meer De- 
 lufions. This however is their Intention ; this Intention is al- 
 ready executed, that while you continue thus indolently at 
 home, and the Army that fhould proted: the Republic, is dif- 
 banded abroad, Philip with abfolute Security may regulate all 
 his Meafures, according to his Pleafure. For conlider the real 
 State of your Affairs. Philip is even now encamped with a nu- 
 merous Army in Thrace, and as Perlbns here prefent affure us, 
 he hath fent to Theflaly and Macedonia for Reinforcements. 
 If therefore waiting for, and taking Advantage of the annual 
 North-Eaft Winds, he fliould make a Defcent upon Byzan- 
 tiuiii ; if he fhould befiege it, can you polTibly conceive, that 
 tlie Byzantines would perfevere in their prefent Imprudence, nor 
 call you to their Afliilance, nor implore you to fuccour them? 
 Not fuch is my Opinion. Were there among Mankind a Peo- 
 ple, in whom they had lefs Confidence, than in the Athenians, 
 thev would aflurediy receive that People, rather than deliver up 
 their City to Philip ; unlefs he prevent fuch a Refolution, and re- 
 duce them by fome fudden Attack. (3) When you fhall there- 
 fore 
 
 {]) Our Author had the Honour of third Yeatiof the hundred and fifth Olym- 
 forcfceing this Event exadly. In the piad, the Byzantiiies had entered into a 
 
 Coiv-
 
 DEMOSTHENES. 217 
 
 fore find it impoflible to fail out of your Harbours j when you 
 {hall no longer have an Army to fupport them, nothing can 
 hinder their total Deftrudtion. " But, by Jupiter, they are 
 '' abfolutely poffefTed by fome evil Daemon ; their Conduct is 
 *' the very Extravagance of Madnefs." It is acknowledged; 
 however, it is neceflary to preferve them ; for it is of Advan- 
 tage to the Republic. 
 
 Besides, we cannot be perfedlly aflured, that Philip will 
 not make fome Attempt upon Cherfonefus ; and if you are al- 
 lowed to judge by his Letter to us, he declares he will chaftife 
 the People of that Country. If therefore your prefent Army 
 ^e maintained, it will be able to cover Byzantium, and infeft 
 even his Dominions ; but ruined and difbanded, how fliall we 
 a(St, fhould he really make a Defccnt upon Cherfonefus ? In 
 the Name of Jupiter, fhall we condemn Diopythes ? Or will it 
 better our Aifairs ? Shall we fet fill ourfelves from hence to the 
 Affiftance of our Allies ? What it the Winds render it impof- 
 fible ? But, by Jupiter, Philip will not make fuch a Defcent ? 
 Who ihall infure this Promife ? Confider, therefore, O Men 
 
 of 
 
 Confeclcracy with Chios and Cos and they were bcfiegcd by Philip tliey applied 
 
 Rhodes againft the Athenians. They to the Athenians for Succours, who lent 
 
 had Reafon therefore to apprehend the them a conliderable Force under Phocion, 
 
 Refentment of that People. Yet when who compelled Philip to raife the Siege. 
 
 ■TOURREI'U.J 
 
 Vol. I. F f .. : -. ,,>r
 
 2i8 ORATIONSOF 
 
 of Athens, and refledl upon the approaching Seafon of the 
 Year, when thefe Advifers would perfuade you to evacuate the 
 Hellefpont, and dehver it up to PhiHp, (4) But what will be 
 the Confequence, if in his Return from Thrace he neither ap- 
 proaches Cherfonefus, nor Byzantium (for thefe Reflexions well 
 deferve your Attention) but invades Chalcis or Megara in the 
 fame Manner, as he lately did Oreum ? Will it be more eligi- 
 ble to oppofe him here, and to fuffer the War to advance to 
 Attica, or to find Employment for him at Chalcis or Megara ? 
 I declare my own Opinion for this laft Expedient. 
 
 Since we therefore clearly behold, and are rationally con- 
 vinced of thefe Truths, in the Name of Jupiter, let us not 
 cxpofe to Calumny, let us not attempt to difband that Army, 
 which Diopythes endeavours to maintain for the Defence of the 
 Republic. Let us rather fend him new Reinforcements ; una- 
 
 nimoufly 
 
 (4) 'A^'opaTJ, Kd] Xoyt^Bo-^s, u Oil/- tor, is approaching, when Philip, if you 
 
 Sfts'AStimroi, ryi» l-ffiia-xv u'^ocv t5 ha?, ri-"call Diopythes and difband his Army, 
 
 tig y> ^y,(^^ t,h? oiovrcc, SeTv tov EAAf ^»1* '^"d Cherfonefos wholly deferted and 
 
 tTTTovTou vf^^u 7ro<^<r«<, za, 7rccfcc6?.cc, abandoned to his Depredations, "a^oc 
 
 «D^^.Vttw. Wolfius by rendering this frequently fignifies igiiur. Liicchefini 
 
 Paflage moft faithfully, Word for Word, ^'^"^ ^""";^^'^! '^f Sentence, confiderate 
 
 hath wandered from the Author's Senfe. 'S'^^"-' ^thcnienfes, ac vob.fcum aninxo 
 
 ItisaConclufiondrawn fromthevehe- ^«S'tate, quoddam fore anni tcmpus, 
 
 mentQiieftions he had already afked, but ^^^' ^' "^'^^^' alquorum flnt.ntia, vos 
 
 ia not itfelf a Qiieftion, nor fhould be «l'^'"^"^^^ ^''^'^'PPo ^^^"'"'" ^'^^f'S armis 
 
 printed with a Point of Interrogaion. Hcllcfpontum delerere. 
 I'hc Seafon of the Year, fays our Ora-
 
 DEMOSTHENES. 219 
 
 nimoiifly fiiriiifli him with the neceflary Supplies, and zealoufly 
 contend with each other in fupporting him. For fhould any 
 one afk Philip, " Tell me, whether you would choofe, that 
 " the Forces, Diopythes now commands, of whatever Kind, 
 *' however licentious or infolent, (for upon that Point I fhall not 
 " difpute with you) fhould be powerfully fupported, and ho- 
 " noured and reinforced by the Athenians, or be torn in Pieces 
 " by Calumniators, and ruinoufly difbanded ?" This lad, I 
 am perfuaded he would anfwer, fhould be my Choice. A 
 Requefl, therefore, that Philip would implore from all the Gods, 
 fhall it be granted by a Citizen of Athens ? And do you flill in- 
 quire, from whence the total Ruin of the Commonwealth ? 
 
 I SHALL now, with perfect Freedom, lay before you the pre- 
 fent State of the Republic ; with Attention examine into the 
 Condudl of our Adminiflration, and confider how to employ 
 all future Conjundlures to beft Adv^antage. We are neither wil- 
 ling to pay Taxes, nor dare to enlift in the Army, nor can ab- 
 ftain from touching the public Money ; we neither fend Dio- 
 pythes the Supplies afligned for his Pay ; nor, if he himfelf 
 fupports his Forces, do we give him that Applaufe he merits, 
 but calumniate all his A6lions, and malicioufly inquire before 
 he ads, what Meafures he will purfue, and whence he fliall be 
 able to carry them into Execution. Such is our p-eneral Con- 
 
 F f 2 auci.
 
 220 ORATIONSOF 
 
 diidl. Yet even in this unhappy Situation, we are indolent 
 and inad;ive in our own proper Affairs. In Words indeed we 
 applaud whoever fpeak with Dignity of the Republic, but in 
 our Adlions unanimoully and ardently join with whoever op- 
 pofes them. 
 
 When an Orator rifes on the Tribunal, you generally demand 
 of him, " How fliall we a6l ?" Let me demand, how fhall we 
 fpeak ? For if you refolve neither to pay the regular Taxes, 
 nor yourfelves enlifl: ; neither abftain from diflipating the pub- 
 lic Treafures, nor affign to Diopythes the necellary Supplies ; 
 neither fuffer him to raife Contributions for his own Support ; 
 nor perfonally take Care of your Affairs, I have not any Advice 
 to propofe. When you give fuch unbounded Licenfe to thofe 
 who rejoice In Accufations and Calumny, as favourably to hear 
 them accufing your General of Crimes, which, as they them- 
 felves declare, he fhall commit hereafter, what can any Man 
 propofe ? But that Diopythes can with Juftice a61:, according 
 to the Cuftom and Ufage of other Commanders, as he hath al- 
 ready done, it is neceflary that fome among you fhould be well 
 informed. (5) I fhall therefore ipeak, nor indeed can I do 
 
 otherwife, with perfect Freedom. 
 
 All 
 
 (5) "O-ni roivov SuvuTUi tocutoc ttoibIv, vtftrum qulbufdam eft cognofcendum ; 
 m^i h[4,uv [ioiSiTv hr. Tranflated by by Tourieil, Cr ce que produit une telle 
 WolEus, quid veio his rebus proficiatur, conduite, ceux de vous qui ne le fcavent 
 
 pas
 
 DEMOSTHENES. 221 
 
 All. your Commanders, who have ever failed from thefe 
 Ports (or I fliall confefs myfclf worthy of whatever Puniflimcnt 
 you pleafe to inflid:) have always received Contributions both 
 from the Chians and Erythraeans, indeed from every other Peo- 
 ple, capable of paying them, I mean the People of Afia. 
 Thefe Contributions are more or lefs confiderable, in Propor- 
 tion to the Number of Gallies they command, nor do tlie Peo- 
 ple pay them, in whatever Proportion, for nothing, (they are 
 not yet arrived at fuch a Degree of Simplicity) but to purchafe 
 the Security of their Merchants ; to protcd their Veffels from 
 Pyrates, and procure them a Convoy to their different Ports. 
 
 Yet 
 
 pas, dolvent 1' apprendre ; and by a late &c. All your Commanders, ivho have ever 
 
 Englifli TranQator, Bi/t it is receffary to failed from thefe Ports, &c. The Paflagc 
 
 expkintofome of you, the EffeSi of this is well trannatcd, although perhaps a lit- 
 
 Behaviour. tie too diffufely, by I.ucchefini. H.tc 
 
 By this Conflruftion, which, although ^ero, qus facir, ne ciiiquam in mentcni 
 
 a little perplexed, it is confefTed, is not veniat cogitare, ab aliorum ufu, & confue- 
 
 abfolutely contrary to the Rules of ^^,1;^^ abhorrere, video mihi nonnullos 
 
 Grammar, the Pronoun raui-a is made veftrum edoccndos efle. 
 
 the Nominative Cafe to K'vcra,. Thus j^ hiftoncal Proof of this Cuftom, 
 
 our Author's reafoning, and the Senfe not Admirals only levied thefe Contri- 
 
 of the Context, of far greater Import- butons, but Gallies were fitted out by 
 
 ance than all Grammar Rules, is wholly private Perfons, who fupported them- 
 
 perverted. He afierts b'r* Ijvxtui -jrotuv fdves by Pyracy, and ravaging the Iflands, 
 
 TcivTct, that Diopythes can fupport his or plundering the maritime Towns of 
 
 Condu6l, by the Cuftoms and Ufages Afia. For, in Imatation of the ancient 
 
 eftabliihed by other Com.mandcrs, and Greeks, Pyracy was efleemed a glurioi:s 
 
 he then enters into the Proof of his Afier- and honourable Employment. 
 tion, TTxvTig o(Tct ttccttot tKimt'kcuyt.ct.o' ky
 
 222 O R A T 1 O N S O F 
 
 Yet they call them voluntary Contributions, and affedl to pay 
 them under that Name. It is therefore evident, they will all 
 continue to pay them to Diopythes, wliile he holds the Com- 
 mand of your Army. For othervvife, from whence, do you 
 imagine, while he neither receives any Appointments from you, 
 nor has any of his own to pay his Forces, from whence does 
 he maintain them ? Is their Subliftence from Heaven ? Impof- 
 fible. Whatever he colleds from thefe Contributions ; what- 
 ever he can beg, or borrow upon UHiry, thefe are the Supplies, 
 by which with Difficulty he maintains his Troops. His Accuf- 
 ers therefore in Effed: only declare to all Mankind, that you 
 ought not to affign him any Appointments, but confider him 
 as a Man, who will foon be profecuted, not only for Crimes 
 which he hath already committed, but which he fliall commit 
 hereafter. Such is the Tendency of their Clamours ; " He 
 *' propofes to form a Siege : he will expofe the Adatic Greeks 
 " to the Enemy." Are they indeed thus anxious for thefe 
 Afiatic Greeks ? Then certainly they feel a greater Concern for 
 the Interefts of Foreigners, than of their native Country, and 
 from hence their Earneftnefs to fend another General to tlie 
 Hellefpont. For if Diopythes be guilty of any Enormities ; if 
 he comfmits any A6ls of Pyracy, a little Mandate, O Men of 
 Athens, a little Mandate will effeclually reprefs all future Dif- 
 
 orders.
 
 DEMOSTHENES. 223 
 
 orders. (6) For our Laws declare, that Criminals of this Kind 
 fhall be publicly accufed, but never, by Jupiter, they never or- 
 dained, that we fhould proted thefe Nations at fuch Expence, 
 and with fuch a Fleet. {7) This were indeed the very Height of 
 Madnefs. Againft our Enemies, whom we cannot compel to 
 fubmit to our Laws, it is our Duty, and of abfolute Neceflity, 
 to maintain Armies, to fit out Fleets, and to levy Contributi- 
 ons. But againft our own Citizens, a Decree, a Mandate, a 
 Galley to tranfport the General, whom we recall ; thefe are 
 
 fuffi- 
 
 (6) Uivccxiov, here tranQated Man- 'jstv lo the/e Offenders zroie fvom the. Scho- 
 
 date, originally fignifies either a Tablet, liaft. In a Note upon 'T-^TBpffoXrj ixctuocg 
 
 upon which the Name of a Criminal, he has this Remark, ««) yun rijj uiy"- 
 and the Crimes of which he was accuf- 
 
 ed, were expofed to the Public ; or it 
 means the Tablet, upon which the Judges 
 wrote their Sentence. Either of thefe 
 Significations may be received in the Paf- 
 fage before us ; and Tourreil imagines 
 our Author had them both in his View. 
 
 g-ijf uvoicng B^yov to, kktoc rcov lauu 
 TToXtTuv g-^scTiuTocg Tfsipav. Yet this 
 very Remark, we might well have ima- 
 gined, would have vindicated our Author 
 from the Abfurdity of fuch an Allertion, 
 and the greater Abfurdity oi fupporting 
 
 it by the Solemnity of an Oath. His 
 
 However, neither of them would perhaps ^eafoning appears thus in the Context • 
 
 have been intelhgt^le to an Englifh Rea- ojopy^hes had a Right to levy Contribu- 
 
 ^ / \ / tions upon the Iflands and the maritime 
 
 (7) 'Ovf^d A/ ^Jc^TTccvx,?, Kcci T^i'^- ^itk s On the Continent •, this Right was 
 
 f6o-( roamrxii vf^~i «UT»j (p-jXuT']eiv. giTeited by all former Commanders ; if 
 
 TranflatedbyWomus,Tantisverofump- Diopythes however has been guilty of 
 
 ttbus, tot triremibus cuftodiri a nobis ne- Exaftions, or Cruelty, or Pyracy, let 
 
 quaquam ; by Tourreil, non certainement him be legally recalled and profecuted ; 
 
 qu' a grands frais, nous mettions contr' but let us, in the Name of Jupiter, dif- 
 
 eux des flottes en mer ; and by a late claim the Abfurdity of protecting thefe 
 
 TranQator, th^n fuch Offenders flwuld Zanders and Afiatic Greeks, a-mig Cu- 
 
 be impeached, and not oppcfed by fuch ^^^^.^^^^^ ^^ ^_,^j^ Expence of Fleets and 
 
 vail Preparano?:. of Ships and Money. _^j.^^j^g^ 
 This Miilake of applying ccutSz ^uAar-
 
 224 ORATIONSOF 
 
 fuflicicnt, and thefe the Meafures of a wife Adminiftration. 
 But the Pro]ed:s, which fome other People are forming, are 
 tliofe of Men, who purpofe to ruin and deftroy. 
 
 That there are among you Men of fuch Principles, is really 
 terrible ; yet not to you does it appear terrible. (8) But here 
 you fit in fuch a Difpolition of Spirit, that whoever rifes on 
 this Tribunal, and afiures you, Diopythes, or Chares, or Arif- 
 tophon, or any other of your Generals, whom he pleafes to 
 name, is Author of all your Misfortunes, you inftantly give him 
 your Applaufe, and clamoroufly pronounce his Accufation juft. (9) 
 If any other come forward, and with Truth declare, that you 
 are amufed, O Men of Athens, with very Trifles ; that Philip 
 is the real Author of all your Misfortunes, of all your Diftref-^ 
 fes, (for had he continued in Quiet, nothing could have di- 
 flurbed the Tranquility of the Republic) you have it not in- 
 deed 
 
 (8) Ka] TO i^lv TiiTiiv Tiv»? Hvxi Toi^- Cheroti^a, in which Chares was Com- 
 TSif ^eifov oj/, J oetuov l^iv. To avoid mander in Chief, gives this Cliarader of 
 the ridiculous Playfulnefs of Wolfius his him. All the moft able of the Athenian 
 'Iranflation, quanquam ferendum gra- Generals were now dead, Iphicrates, 
 viter, non tamen graviter ferendum, let Chabrias and Timotheus. Of thofe yet 
 tis underftand vfj.Yv, quod grave cum fit, alive Chares was the Principal, yet in his 
 non eft vobls grave. 'AxXa, in the Be- military Abilities was nothing fuperior to 
 ginning of the next Sentence, muft be the common Soldier. 
 
 tranaated imo, vero, quin. Lucchesini. Ariftophon is probably the Perfon 
 
 (9) This Apology, %s Touneil, fa mentioned by .^fchines in his Oration 
 vours a little of Cabal and Fadion. The againft Cttfiphon, who gloried in hav. 
 unfortunateSucccfsofther Armies might ing been feventy-five Times accufed of 
 have been with Jufticeimput.d to Chares, violating the Laws, and as often ac- 
 Diodorus in his Account of the Battle of (luitted.
 
 DEMOSTHENES. 225 
 
 deed, in your Power to contradia the Truth of fuch Affer- 
 tions, yet to me you appear to fuffer it with Reludance, as if 
 you imagined you had fuffered fome dreadful Calamity. 
 
 The Caufe of all thefe Errors (and let me be permitted to 
 fpcak with Freedom, lincc, by the Gods, I fpeak for your In- 
 tereft alone, your Glory) the Caufe of all thefe Errors arifes 
 from hence, that certain Perfons in the Adminiftration have 
 long fince fafliioned you to be formidable and dangerous in your 
 Affemblies, but in your Preparations for War, to be gently Ipi- 
 rited, and even willingly expoUng yourfelves to Contempt. 
 Whoever therefore names a Criminal, whom you have in your 
 Power to arreft, inftantly you declare your Approbation, and 
 order his Profecution ; but if he name, whom you cannot pu- 
 nifh, except you conquer, you have not, in my Opinion, how 
 you iliall adt. Convinced, indeed, yet bearing your Convic- 
 tion with Pain. On the contrary, O Men of Athens, all who 
 are concerned in the Adminiftration ffiould by Cuftom render 
 you gentle and humane in your Affemblies, (for Juftice alone 
 fhould determine with Regard to your Fellow-Citizens and your 
 Allies) but in your military Preparations, you fhould be fliewn 
 formidable and dangerous, for the Conteft there is with Ene- 
 mies, and your Rivals for Power. Yet thefe your popular 
 Leaders, who purchafe your Favour by their exceflive Complaif- 
 VoL. I. G g ance,
 
 226 ORATIONSOF 
 
 ance, have proceeded (o far, that while you hear every Thing 
 ill your AflembHes formed to Pleafure only by the moft luxuri- 
 ous Delicacy, the moft artful Adulation, you really bring the 
 Republic, in all Aftairs of Moment, into extremeft Danger. 
 
 In the Name of Jupiter, if the Grecians fhould demand an 
 Account of all thofe favourable Conjundlures, which with ex- 
 ceeding Indolence you have negledled ; if they fliould thus ad- 
 drefs you ; '* O Men of Athens, you frequently fend Ambaf- 
 '' fadors to us ; you declare, that Philip is forming Defigns 
 '' a^ainft us, and againft all the States of Greece ; tliat we 
 " fliould, with utmoft Caution, guard ourfelves againft him> 
 " and many fuch Declarations ;" We muft neceflarily acknow- 
 ledge and confefs the Juftice of the Charge, for we really a6t 
 in this Manner. But they may continue to accufe us ; " O ye, 
 " of all Mankind moft inconfiderate, while Philip was ten 
 " Months abfent in Thrace, and hindered by Sicknefs, by Win- 
 t' ter, and by War from returning into his Dominions, you 
 '' neither reftored Euboea to Liberty, nor recovered any of 
 " your own PoftefTions. But while you are loitering at Home, 
 ^^ indolent and idle, and indulging to the perfed Sanity of your 
 «< own State, (if indeed your ading in this Manner deferves to 
 " be called Sanity) Philip hath eftabliflied two Kings in Eu- 
 '* boea ; one at Eretria, which he hath fortified, oppofite to 
 *-<■ the Coaft of Attica; the other at Oreum, to awe your 
 
 " Iftand
 
 DEMOSTHENES. 227 
 
 Ifland of Scyathos. Nor have you afTerted your own Dig- 
 nity by oppofing thefe Injuries (fince you feem unwilling to 
 attempt any nobler Defign) but even indolently fuffered 
 them ; apparently remitted to him your own proper Rights, 
 and made it manifefl, that fhould Philip die a thoufand 
 Times, you would never roufe you with greater Spirit from 
 your Inaftivity. Wherefore then your Ambafladors to us ? 
 Wherefore your Expoftulations and Complaints ? Wherefore 
 trouble us with your Importunities ?" 
 
 Should they talk in this Manner, what fliall we anfwer ? 
 O Men of Athens, what fhall we reply ? For myfelf, I really 
 do not perceive. However, fince there are fome among us, 
 who imagine, they fufEciently refute the Orator, and throw the 
 Accufation back upon him, when they have afked, " How 
 *' therefore muft we a6l ?" To thefe People, I think I mio-ht 
 anfwer with ftrideft Juftice and Truth : " Do nothing, which 
 *' you do at prefcnt." Yet I will minutely mention every fe- 
 parate Article, that may dire£l our future Councils, and as 
 they with Ardour afk Advice, may they with equal Ardour 
 follow it. 
 
 First therefore, O Men of Athens, be firmly convinced in 
 your own beft Judgement of this Truth, that Philip adlually 
 
 G g 2 makes
 
 228 O R A T J O N S O F 
 
 makes War on the Republic, and hath violated the Peace. 
 Leave off therefore your mutual Difputes upon this Point. 
 He is indeed a malevolent, and inveterate Enemy to whole 
 Athens ; to the very Soil upon which {he ftands ; to all her 
 Inhabitants, to them efpecially, who imagine they have beft 
 deferved his Favour. (lo) Whoever believes otherwife, let him 
 behold the Olynthians, Euthucrates and Laflhenes, who once 
 appeared to hold the moft intimate Place in his Affedion, but 
 foon as they had betrayed their City, of all others perifhed 
 moft miferably. (i i) But Philip makes War upon the very Po- 
 lity of our State, nor againft any other does he with more 
 Ardour form his Defigns ; its Deftrudion is the principal Ob- 
 je6t of all his Proje6ls. In fome Meafure he with Reafon a6ls 
 in this Manner ; for he is extremely convinced, that fhould he 
 make himfelf fovereign Mafter of all the other States of Greece, 
 he could not fecure a firm Poffeffion of them, while you en- 
 joy the democratical Freedom of your Conftitution. Or 
 ihould any Misfortune befall him, to many of which every 
 , mor- 
 
 fio) Kat roTi; fj^uXig-ct. oiof^et/on; (i i) We fhall find theHiftoiy of thefe 
 
 duTu ^uf.r(eBcii, tranflated by Wolfius, Traytors m the fourth Philippic. When 
 
 Atque illis in primis, qui fe in maxima the Macedonian Soldiers infulted and re- 
 
 eiTe apud eum gratia putant, and by proached them with their Perfidy, they 
 
 Tourreil, & principalement ceux qui complained to Philip, who ironically an- 
 
 fe croyent le plus avant dans fes bonnes fwered them, " You mull not Regard 
 
 graces. Yet ;^a!p/^o/.t«, fignifies lo ob- " thcfe ill-bred, ignorant People, who 
 
 !ige;-to confer Obligations; not to he in " are apt to call every Thing by its 
 
 another's Favour, 'or, as our French " Name." Tourreil. 
 Trandator exprelTes it, in his good Graces-
 
 DEMOSTHENES. 229 
 
 mortal Man is liable, all the Nations he hath fubdued, will 
 inftantly come ; will fly to you for Prote6lion. For you are 
 by Nature formed, not ambitioully to dcfire, or violently to 
 feize a Sovereignty over your Allies, but ardent in oppofingthe 
 Attempts of others, or powerful in wrefting from them their ill- 
 gotten Dominion ; always ready to diftrefs whoever afpires to 
 arbitrary Power, and vindicate all Mankind into Liberty. He 
 would not, therefore, that your Spirit of Freedom fhould be 
 watchful for Occalions of difputing his Conquefts with him. 
 Far otherwife ; for upon thefe Subjects he reafons neither inju- 
 dicioufly, nor weakly. 
 
 Upon thefe Principles, it is your Duty to believe him an im- 
 placable Enemy to your Republic in particular, and in gene- 
 ral to all popular Governments \ for if this Truth be not im- 
 preffed upon your Minds and Underftandings, you will never 
 enter into the Conlideration of your Affairs with Vigour and 
 Activity. In Confequence of this Reafoning, you are clearly 
 to be convinced, that all his Labours are undertaken, all his 
 Projects formed againft our Republic, and that where-ever any 
 one takes Vengeance on him for his own perfonal Injuries, he 
 there takes Vengeance for the Injuries of Athens. For certainly 
 there is not a Man among you fo fimple as to believe, that Phi-- 
 lip.is fo paflionately defirous of poffefling fome miferable Thra- 
 xian Villages (what better Name can Drongilos, and Cabyle, and 
 # MaRyra
 
 230 ORATIONS OF 
 
 Maftyra deferve, yet even thefe he pillages, and then takes 
 Pofl'eflion) that for fuch Conquefts he can endure Fatigues, and 
 Winters, and extremefl Dangers, yet for our Athenian Harbours 
 and Arfenals ; our Gallies and Mines of Silver, with fuch con- 
 liderable public Revenues, he hath no PafTion, no Deiire, but 
 will always fufFer you to enjoy them, while he himfelf for a 
 contemptible Booty of the vileft Corn, flored in Thracian, fub- 
 tcrraneous Caverns, winters in Thrace, that peftilential Dun- 
 geon. (12) Impoffible. Thefe, and all his other Conquefts 
 are intended to facilitate his making himfelf Mafter of all our 
 moft valuable PoffefTions. 
 
 What therefore fhall we conclude? That it is the Charac- 
 ter of a wife People, when beholding, when confcious of thefe 
 Truths, inftantly to throw off this exceflive, this intolerable 
 Indolence, chearfully to bring in their Contributions, to de- 
 mand of their Allies their appointed Subfidies, and by every pru- 
 dent, every pradicable Meafure to maintain their prefent For- 
 ces ; that as Philip hath an Army always ready to opprefs, to 
 enflave the univerfal States of Greece, fo fliould you always have 
 an Army ready for their univerfal Prefervation and Defence. 
 
 For 
 
 (12) '^v TOO Yiocpoi^fta properly figni- cians in general believed it, and as itwas 
 
 fies a Cavern in Athens, into which the defcribed by their Poets. But it conceals 
 
 Bodies of Criminals were thrown, and bcfides a fevere Infmuation, that Philip 
 
 where they were fulFercd to lie unburied. was a Wretch, who juiHy deferved to 
 
 This Image does not ill reprefent the pef- live among the Horrors of fuch a Dun- 
 
 tilential Climate of Thrace, as the Gre- geon. Tourreil.
 
 DEMOSTHENES. 231 
 
 For with tumultuary Levies it is impofTible ever to execute with 
 Succefs the necefTary Meafures. But when you have raifcd a 
 lufficient Body of regular Forces, and provided the proper Sup- 
 plies for their Subfiftence, when you have appointed Treafurers, 
 and with your exadeft Vigilance taken Care to prevent a Diffi- 
 pation of the military Funds ; when you have thus a(£led, you 
 may then demand an Account of the public Money from your 
 Treafurers, and of his militaiy Condud: from your General. If 
 you will therefore determine to ad; upon this Plan, you fhall 
 either compel Philip to an equitable Peace, and oblige him to 
 continue within his own Dominions (than which no greater 
 BlefTmg can happen to us) or you fhall carry on the War 
 againft him upon equal Terms. 
 
 Whoever computes, that this Plan will require a large Ex- 
 pence, much Labour, and Application in the Execution, com- 
 putes moft juftly. If however he will confider what Evils rauft 
 neceffarily attend the Republic from our Refufal, he will cer- 
 tainly find a chearful Compliance with our Duty to be our real 
 Intereft. If a God (for certainly a Mortal were not worthy 
 of Credit in an Affair of fuch Importance) if a God were 
 Surety, that fhould you continue in your Indolence ; fliould you 
 even abandon every Thing to his good Pleafure, yet Philip will 
 never turn his Arms againft us, it were however mofi diflionour- 
 able, by all the immortal Gods, it were moft unworthy of your 
 
 own
 
 232 ORATIONSOF 
 
 own Character, the Dignity of the RepubHc, and the Glory of your 
 Ancedors, for the meer Enjoyment of your beloved Inad:ivity, 
 to defert the Caufe of Greece, and give her up to Slavery. For 
 my own Part, let me rather die, than even propofe fuch Coun- 
 iel. Should any other propofe it, and perfuade you to a Com- 
 pliance, be it fo. Think not of Vengeance ; abandon every 
 Thing, your Safety, and your Honour. But if no fmgle Man 
 yet thinks thus bafely ; if on the contrary we all forefee that 
 the farther we permit this Macedonian to extend his Conquefts, 
 with fo much a more dangerous, more powerful Enemy, muft 
 we contend hereafter, why are we thus reludlant ? Wherefore 
 do we delay to execute the Plan propofed ? Or when, O Men 
 of Athens, when fhall we determine to a6l as Reafon, and our 
 Duty demand ? In the dread Name of Jupiter, when fome 
 Neceflity fhall compel us ? Whatever may be called a Neceffity, 
 capable of influencing Men born in Liberty, is not only this 
 very Moment prefent, but even already paft. That Neceflity, 
 by which Slaves are impelled, let us implore the Gods to re- 
 move far from us for ever. But what the Difference between 
 them ? That, which mofl: powerfully influences an ingenuous, 
 frecborn Spirit, is the confcious Shame of having a6led unwor- 
 thily. A greater, I know not, who is capable of naming. 
 But the Neceflity, by which a Slave is impelled to aft, are bo- 
 dily Tortures ; fuch as it is unworthy of human Nature to in- 
 flidt, or even to mention.
 
 DEMOSTHENES. 233 
 
 I COULD now with Plcafure recoiled all other Particulars oF 
 our Adminiftration, but fhall pafs them over in Silence, only 
 demonftrating to you by what Politics you are at prefent go- 
 verned. (13) Whenever Philip, or any Affairs relating to him, 
 are accidently mentioned, a certain Orator inftantly rifes and de- 
 clares, " How valuable a Blefling is Peace ! How difficult to 
 " maintain a numerous Army ? They mean only to diffipate 
 ** the Treafures of the Republic ;" with many other fuch Ex- 
 preffions, by which they render you liftlefs and indolent, and 
 give to Philip a Security of executing whatever Scliemcs, he 
 pleafes. From hence arifes that abfolute Inactivity, which I 
 am apprehenfive you will hereafter efteem too dearly purchafed ; 
 from hence are thefe Advifers honoured and rewarded. I hold 
 it therefore much unneceiiary to perfuade you, who fir here al- 
 ready felf-perfuaded, not to \dolate the Peace, but this Macedo- 
 nian, rather would I wiih to perfuade, who praclifes, under the 
 
 Name 
 
 (13) UuvTCi roi'vuv ToiXKx ItTToiv av our other Tranflators. Kaj in this Place, 
 
 gi'^i, Kcc^ hrrag, tv t^ozto,^ u>«f evw; ^^ '" ^"^"y «^f^i-^' '' ^ clif]una5ve, not 
 
 , "' V \ ./, , ' / copulative, Particle. The Faflaae is thus 
 
 KXTOiTiroXtrsvovTcti, rex. uev aAAa boktu, "■ „ jit ir-- i- 
 
 ' tranilated by lAicchefini; reliqua omnia. 
 
 The Sentence may be thus verbally, qus mihi forent dicenda, lubens oratione 
 
 nannated, igitur aha omnia hbenter di- percurrerem ; fed pnetermittam, idque 
 
 cerem, fed oftendens, quomodo ahqui ^,^^^,^ ^^^-^ ^^ ^^^,j^3 p^^^^^^ nimirum, ' 
 
 yos dirigunt in republ ca, ca^tera pr^eter- ^^^ Our Author then enters into the 
 
 mittam, by which the Senfe will appear p^^ofs of Malc-Adminiflration in the 
 
 ■very difierently from that of Wolfius and Mao-iftrates. 
 
 Vol. L H h
 
 234 O R A T I O N S O F 
 
 Name of Peace, every Violence of War. Could he be per- 
 fuaded, you are extremely ready to give your Confent, 
 
 With Regard to a War, the Treafures we fhall expend upon 
 the public Safety, fliould not be computed among our Diftrefles» 
 but thofe Calamities alone, which will attend our refuiing to 
 execute the Meafures, 1 have propofed. With Regard to the 
 Revenues, Methods may be invented to preferve them ; to hin- 
 der all Depeculation, yet without abandoning the general In- 
 terefts of the Republic. I cannot, however, without Indigna- 
 tion behold fome certain Perfons among you grievoufly refent- 
 ing that Depeculation, which you might eafily prevent, or pu- 
 nifli thofe who are guilty of it, while PhiHp, depopulating^ 
 whole Greece, and plundering your proper Territories, is by 
 no Means an Objeft of their Grief and Relentment, What 
 Caufe, O Men of Athens, can be afUgned, that while Philip is 
 adtually in Arms ; manifeftly committing every Act of Violence, 
 and even taking your Towns, yet none of thefe Orators ever 
 fay, that Philip commits one AS: of Hoftility, or violates the 
 Peace ; but that they alone, who advife you no longer to endure 
 fuch Outrages^, and never to defert the common Caufe of Liberty 
 they alone are to be accufed, as Authors of the War ? I wUl 
 inform you. It is becaufe thefe Orators endeavour to turn that 
 Indignation you juftly feel, when you refent fome adverfe Ac- 
 cident 
 
 6
 
 DEMOSTHENES. 235 
 
 tident of War, (yet of Neceffity, of unavoidable Nccefllty, 
 flich Accidents muft arife) againfl them, who had propofed the 
 moft falutary Counfels, that you may profecute them, not avenge 
 yourfelves on PhiHp : it is becaufe they become Accufers them- 
 felves, and under that Charader efcape the Vengeance due to 
 their own Crimes. This the utmoft Power of their Orations, 
 wherein they declare, " There are among you who would re- 
 new the War," and hence their turbulent Altercations. But I 
 very clearly know, that while no one Athenian had yet pro- 
 pofed a Decree for War, Philip had already poflefled himfelf of 
 many Places under our Obedience, and that he lately fent con- 
 fiderable Succours to the Cardians. 
 
 I F however we are willing to diflemble our Opinion, that 
 Philip hath really renewed the War againft us, he would furely 
 be the weakeft of all human Creatures, if he attempted to 
 convince us of our Miftake. But when in very Deed he fliall 
 invade us in our own Pcrfons, what (hall we then fay ? He will 
 himfelf proteft, he does not make War upon us, as he pro- 
 tefted to the People of Oreum, wliile he was encamped even 
 in their Territories j or formerly to the Pher^ans, immediately 
 before he befieged their City ; or in the Beginning of his Con- 
 quefts, to the Olynthians, until he had actually marched his 
 Forces into their very Country. Shall we then, even then, de- 
 
 H h 2 clare.
 
 236 ORATrONSOF 
 
 clare, that whoever encourages you to repel fuch Injuries, are 
 Authors of the War ? The Remainder then is Slavery. No 
 other Medium between your not repelling his Infults, and his 
 not fuffering you to live in Peace. 
 
 Neither is the Danger equal with Regard to you and the 
 other States of Greece. Philip does not meerly purpofe to fub- 
 due the Republic ; no ; but totally to deftroy. For he is per- 
 fedly well affured, you are determined never to be enflavcd, 
 nor were you willing, are you knowing in the Ways of Sla- 
 very ; for you have been accuftomed to command. He knows 
 you are capable of creating him more Difficulties in his Con- 
 quefts, would you feize the proper Opportunity, than all the 
 reft of Mankind. Sinde therefore the Contention between us 
 concerns our extremeft Ruin or abfolute Prefervation, it is your 
 Intereft to be convinced, that thefe Orators, who have fold them- 
 felves to Philip, ought to be detefted by you, and punifhed 
 even with Whips and Crucifixion. For impoflible, it is indeed 
 impoflible, to conquer the foreign Enemies of the Republic, if 
 you do not punilh her domeftic Foes ; thefe fervile Minifters 
 of Philip ; thefe Quick-fands, upon which you ftnke, and 
 upon which you are unavoidably fhipwrecked. 
 
 From whence, do you imagine, does he treat you thus inju- 
 rioufly ? (for as it appears to me, his whole Condud is Injury 
 
 and
 
 DEMOSTHENES. 237 
 
 and Infult.) Wherefore his Beneficence to others, if not with 
 Intention to deceive ; or wherefore his Menaces to you ? Such 
 the Beneficence with which he hath infenfibly reduced t/.e 
 ThefTahans to their prefait Slavery. Nor is it in the Power of 
 Language to exprefs, with what a Profufion of LiberaUty (aiv- 
 ing them Potidsa, and feveral other Places) he deluded the mi- 
 ferable Olynthians. Such the Liberality, with which even now 
 he holds the Thebans in Subjedion ;. yielding Boeotia to them,, 
 and relieving them from a long and dangerous War. Each of 
 thefe Nations have enjoyed, in a certain Degree, the Fruits of 
 their Ambition. What Miferies one of them hath already fuf- 
 fered, all Mankind is well-informed ; fuch as the other, when- 
 ever an Opportunity happens, fhall afTuredly fuffer.. 
 
 Of how many Places you yourfelves have been difpofTefTed, 
 I fhall pafs over in Silence. Yet during the very Negotiation 
 for the Peace, by what numberlefs Artifices have you been de- 
 luded ? Of how much Territory by Treachery defpoiled ? Hath 
 he not ravifhed from you Phocis and Thermopyls ? In Thrace, 
 Dorifcus and Serrium, and even Cherfobleptes himfelf ? Is he 
 not this Inftant Mafter of Cardia ? Does he not confidently avow 
 the PofTeflion of it ? Whence therefore his very different Manr- 
 ner of treating us, and other Nations ? Becaufe amono- all the 
 Cities of Greece, in ours alone a Fearlefsnefs of vindicating and 
 
 fup^
 
 238 ORATIONSOF 
 
 fupporting the Caufe of Enemies is allowed. Whoever receives 
 from Philip the Price of Corruption, may with Impunity turn 
 Orator in his Favour, even in the Moment, when he is plun- 
 dering you of your proper Dominions. In Olynthus it was 
 dangerous to declare for him, until the greater Part of the 
 Olynthians were themfelves influenced by the advantageous Cef- 
 fion of Potidsa. Nor in Theflaly was it fafe to undertake the 
 Caufe of Philip, while the Multitude of the TheflTalians were 
 not yet affefted towards him by their Gratitude for his expelling 
 their Tyrants, and reftoring to them their Right of fending De- 
 puties to Thermopylae. In Thebes it was equally dangerous, 
 before he had ceded Bceotia, and abfolutely deftroyed the Pho- 
 czeans. But in Athens, although Philip hath not only delpoil- 
 ed us of Amphipolis, and Cardia, with all its Dependancies, 
 but fortified Euboea, from whence to infeft your Coafts, and 
 awe your future Operations ; although he is adlually upon his 
 March to befiege Byzantium, yet there are in Athens, who 
 with Impunity patronize the Actions of Philip. Hence it pro- 
 ceeds, that fome of your Orators from very Penury are fud- 
 denly become rich ; from being namelefs and unknown, are il- 
 luftrious and diftinguiflied ; while, on the contrary, the People 
 of Athens, from being once illuftrious, and rich in Revenues, 
 are now become indigent and inglorious. For the Treafures of 
 a State, in my Judgement, are its Allies, its Honour, and the 
 
 Wifdom
 
 DEMOSTHENES. 239 
 
 Wifdom of its Adminiftration ; of all which you are extremely 
 indigent. From the Moment you grew carelefs of thefe Trea- 
 fures, and fuffered yourfelves to be deprived of them, from that 
 very Moment Philip grew fortunate, glorious and univerfally 
 formidable, both to Grecians and Barbarians ; while you became 
 abandoned and abjedt ; fplendid indeed in an envied Abundance 
 of all purchafeable Luxuries, but in all Operations, neceffary 
 to your Intereft and your Glory, perfedlly ridiculous. 
 
 Nor do I perceive, that certain of your Orators give the. 
 fame Counfel, with Regard to your Interefts, and their own. 
 They declare you ought, however injured, to continue pati- 
 ently obfervant of the Peace, yet they themfelves are incapable 
 of living in Peace, although no mortal injures them. Yet fome 
 of them perhaps may reproach me, " You dare not impeach ; 
 " you dare not venture the Danger; you are timorous; you 
 " are not a Man of Spirit." An audacious Accufer, an impure 
 and fhamelefs Calumniator, I neither am, nor will ever be ; 
 yet I efteem myfelf more manly fpirited, than thofe who pre_ 
 cipitately and rafhly govern your Councils. For whoever, O 
 Men of Athens,, regardlefs of the public Utilit)-, judges, pro- 
 fcribes, rewards, accufes, does not adl thus from Principles of real 
 manly Fortitude, but affumes a Confidence from having a cer- 
 tain Pledge of Safety in never Ipcaking, but with an Intention. 
 
 to
 
 240 O R A T I O N S O F 
 
 to pleafe his Hearers ; in never hazarding any Meafures in his 
 Adminiftration, that can pofTibly be attended with his own 
 Danger. 
 
 On the contrary, whoever frequently oppofes your IncHna- 
 tions with Advice, mod falutary to the Commonwealth ; who 
 never fpeaks for popular Favour, but always for the public 
 Good ; who choofes thofe Expedients, in which although For- 
 tune becomes more powerful, than Reafon, yet he expofes him- 
 felf to render an Account of both in the Succefs ; this is the 
 Citizen of real Courage, and ufeful AbiUties. (14) Far diffe- 
 rent from thofc, who with daily Adulation have deftroyed the 
 Power and Grandeur of the Commonweakh ; whom I fo little 
 wiili to imitate ; whom I efteem fo little worthy of being Athe- 
 nian 
 
 av 
 
 ■jizu-v U'z ti'Juvov Vfitv eccVTOv 7r«pe^L'<, 
 ■Kroc l^\v, &c. The Citizen moft ufe- 
 tVJ to bis Country is defcribL'd by our 
 Author as prefeiring the Saftty and In- 
 tereils of the Republic to all other Con- 
 fiderations. Yet I'urely it ill agrees with 
 fuch a Character, to choofe thofe Mea- 
 fures, whole Succefs depends more on 
 Fortune, than on Prudence, as in Wol- 
 fius his Tranflation, in qua Fortuna ma- 
 cris quam ratio dominatur. If poiTible, 
 the Power of Fortune fhould be to- 
 tally excluded from all political Ex- 
 
 pedients ; yet an able Minifter will en- 
 deavoiir to direi5l and turn to Advantage 
 even thofe Meafures, in which Fortune 
 hath made herfelf too powerful, and 
 which cannot be wholly avoided. 
 
 With Regard to the Text, feme Edi- 
 tions read Iv vi, others « alone, Lucche- 
 fini propofes to adopt them both Iv V, % 
 ■w'kucvLcv, &c. and then translates the 
 Pafiage, Qui adminiftrandfe reipublicas 
 earn fibi normam delegit, in qua quo ma- 
 gis cafus, quam ratio moderatur, pro 
 quocumque tamen eventu fe vadem pra?- 
 bet, fefeque in difcrimen offert, hie pro- 
 ftfto civis, &c.
 
 DEMOSTHENES. 241 
 
 nian Citizens, that were I afked, " Tell me, Demofthencs, 
 " what valuable Services have you performed for the Republic?" 
 Although I might remember, O Men of Athens, what Gallics 
 I have fitted out at my own Expence ; what Sums expended 
 upon the public Games during my Magiftracy ; what voluntary 
 Contributions brought into the Trcafury ; what Prifoners I have 
 ranfomed ; and other fuch Actions of Humanity, yet none of 
 thefe however would I mention, but iimply declare, that in my 
 Adminiftration I never once adled upon their Maxims ; that 
 being, perhaps, as capable, as others, of accufing, flattering, 
 profcribing, and every other Proof they give of their Abilities, 
 yet I never formed myfelf in any one Inftance upon fuch Prin- 
 ciples ; never was impelled by Lucre or Ambition, but have 
 perfevered in giving fuch Counfels, as have rendered me of lefs 
 Influence, indeed, of lefs Intereft with you, but fuch as would 
 have rendered you, if you had been directed by them, far more 
 glorious. For, perhaps, I may be allowed, unenvied, to ex- 
 prefs myfelf in this Manner. Nor does it appear, to me the 
 Charader of a good Citizen to have invented fuch Schemes in 
 my Adminiftration, by which I lliould ha\'e inftantly rifen to the 
 higheft Rank of Authority in the Republic, while you as in- 
 ftantly defcendcd to the loweft Deo;ree of Influence amono- the 
 States of Greece. The Commonwealth fhould rather o-ain an 
 Jncreafe of Glory by the united Councils of her ableft Citizens, 
 Vol. I. I i who
 
 242 ORATIONSOF 
 
 who fliould all unaiiimoiilly propofe the mofl advantageous, 
 not the moft pleafing Meafures. For to thefe Nature itfelf makes 
 a confiderable Progrefs ; to the others the Citizen of Wifdom 
 and Eloquence fhould animate and diredl us. 
 
 But I have lately heard it objeded to me, that " I always 
 *' fpeak extremely well, yet that I fpeak nothing eife but 
 " Words, while the Republic requires Actions, and a regular 
 *' Train of Operations." My own Opinion of this Objedion I 
 Oiall deliver to you without Concealment or Difguife. I con- 
 ceive the Bufinefs of a public Speaker confifts alone in propof- 
 incT the bcft Advice ; and that fuch is really the Fad, I believe 
 I can cafiiy demonflrate. For you remember, that the illuftri- 
 ous Timotheus, urging the Neceffity of fuccouring the Euboe- 
 ans, and preferving them, when the Thebans threatened them 
 with Slavery, you may remember, he thus expreffed himfelf ; 
 '' Tell me, ye Men of Athens, have the Thebans really taken 
 *< Poffeflion of the Ifland, and are you debating what Anfvver you 
 *' fhall return to their Ambafilidors, and in what Manner you 
 " fhall a6l? Will you not inftantly fill the Ocean with your 
 <' Fleets ? Will you not rife at once and rufh into the Pyraeus ? 
 " Will vou not launch all your Gallies ?" Thus Timotheus- 
 fnoke, but you yourfclves aded. Thus by his Counfel, and by 
 your Adions, the Affair was happily conduded. But if he 
 
 had 
 7
 
 DEMOSTHENES. 243 
 
 had, only propofed, as he certainly did, the wifcfl:, noblcft Ex- 
 pedients, and you had indolently neglected to ad, or abfolutely 
 reRifed to comply with them, none of thofe Events, fo glorious 
 to the Republic, had ever happened. Thus with Regard to 
 the Meafures, which I at prefent recommend, or which any 
 other fhall hereafter propofe, inquire among yourfelves for Ac- 
 tion and Execution, but among your Orators for the Wif- 
 dom of Expedients. 
 
 When I have recapitulated what I have propofed, I fhall 
 defcend from the Tribunal. I declare it therefore of abfolute 
 Neceility, chearfully to bring in your Contributions ; to main- 
 tain your prefent Forces ; to corredl whatever Abufes they have 
 committed, but not wholly to dhband them for Crimes, of which 
 one certain Perfon fhall accufe them ; to fend Ambafladors to 
 every State in Greece, who may notify, remonftrate, execute, 
 whatever may be moft advantageous to the Republic. Efpeci- 
 ally, let us punifli thefe corrupt Minifters ; thefe Mercenaries 
 of Philip ; let us deteft them at all Times, and in all Places, 
 that the modeft and upright Citizens may appear to have wifely 
 confulted their own and the public Welfare. If you will thus 
 employ the prefent Conjun6lure, and leave off this univerfal 
 Negligence, perhaps, even yet perhaps, your Afiairs hereafter 
 may be more fuccefsful. But if you iit here ftudious even tu- 
 
 I i 2 multuoufly
 
 244 
 
 ORATIONS OF 
 
 multuoufly to applaud and praife whoever fpeaks, yet refufing 
 to ad when ftrongeft Neceflity demands, I cannot perceive what 
 Oration, without your ading as your own Dignity and the Exi- 
 gences of the Commonwealth require, can poflibly preferve the 
 Republic from Deftrudion. 
 
 O R A-
 
 ORATION XL 
 
 THIRD PHILIPPIC.
 
 **#**##*»#******S:-*************'**********-*****5(:-**-*****^l«H******# 
 
 The A R G IT M E N T. 
 
 THE Ambition of Philip, the Rapiility of his Conquefts, and his 
 perpetual Violation of Treaties are again the Objedls of our Au- 
 thor's Eloquence. Again he endeavours to awaken the Athenians from 
 their Infenfibility, not only by flrong Reprefentations of their own im- 
 mediate Danger, but by alarming them with a generous Concern for the 
 common Liberties of Greece. He reproves, reproaches, condemns, with 
 all his ufual Vehemence. Yet his Reproofs are tempered with Profeflionff 
 of his Affeflion and Zeal for their Service ; his Reproaches arc a manly 
 Refentment of the fervile Adulation of their Orators, and even while he 
 condemns the paft Errours of their Adminiftration, his Reflexions upon 
 their Conduct are intermixed with/ych Acknowledgments of their Wif- 
 dom and Magnanimity, that his whole Oration is an artful, pleafing Pa- 
 negyric. Such it probably appeared to the People of Athens ; but it is 
 filled with Maxims of fuch political Wifdom ; with Sentiments of Liber- 
 ty fo truly honourable to human Kind, that it muft appear to every frae 
 People one of the nobleft, mod valuable Remains of Antiquity, 
 
 It was pronounced the fame Year as the lafl Oration,
 
 ORATION XL 
 
 THIRD PHILIPPIC. 
 
 ALtlioiJgh many Orations, O Men of Athens, are made in 
 almofh every Ailembly upon the violent Ads of Hofli- 
 lity, which Philip, fince he ratified the Peace between us, hath 
 committed not againft us only, but againft the other States of 
 
 Greece ; 
 
 Whatever general Apprehenfions the 
 Athenians might have juftly entertained 
 of Phihp's Conquefts, yet probably fome 
 more immediate Danger occafioned this 
 Oration. He now afted openly in Fa- 
 vour of the Cardians, and flipported 
 them with Money and Troops againll 
 Diopythes. However, he determined in 
 his own Perfon to finifli his Thracian 
 Conquefts, which, fays a French Wri- 
 ter, though little important in themfclves, 
 yet opened him a Way towards the Ci- 
 ties of Propontis, and efpecially towards 
 Byzantium, which he was always refolv- 
 cd to unite with his Dominions. 
 
 The People of Oreum, in Euboea, 
 divided by tlie islacedonian and Athenian 
 Factions, were upon the Point of detcr- 
 min ng their Qiiarrel by a civil V^'ar. 
 Philip fent his Party a thoufand Mercena- 
 
 ries under the Command of Hipponicus, 
 and at the fame Time declared in his Let- 
 ters, that he had no other Intention, than to 
 fupprefs the feditious, and to fulfil every 
 Duty of a faithful Friend and Ally to 
 thefr Republic. Philiftides, whom he 
 appointed Governor of Oreum, exerteti 
 his Power in raifing the Macedonian 
 Faftion. He baniflied, or fold to Sla- 
 very, or put to death the principal Lead- 
 ers of the oppofitc Party. 
 
 Befides, the King, of Perfia, alari-oed 
 by the Accounts his Ambafladors gave 
 him of Philip's Conquefts, poured forth 
 his Trealures among the Atheruans, to en- 
 gage them to aft more openly againft an' 
 EneiTiy, whom they both equally fuf- 
 pefted. This Circumftance diipofcd them 
 to hear our Orator wim greater Atten- 
 tion. Olivier's Kiftory of Philip.
 
 248 O R A T I O N S O F 
 
 Gi^ece 5 although, I am fenfible, \vc mianimouHy declare, how- 
 ever v/e fail to a6l in Purfuance of that Declaration, that it be- 
 comes the Dignity of the Republic to fpeak, and in every (in- 
 ole Indance to aft in fuch a Manner, that this Macedonian 
 jQiall be checked in the Progrefs of his Infolence, and fuffer the 
 Chaflifement he merits, yet to fucli extreme Diflrefs are our 
 Affairs by your Infenfibiiity reduced, that I am apprehenfive it 
 will appear an injurious Inveftive, however indifputably true, 
 fliould I affirm, that if all your Orators were determined to 
 propofe, and you to ena6l fuch Decrees, as would moft effec- 
 tually ruin the Commonwealth, I do not imagine it could pof- 
 iibly be more diftreffed, than it is at prefent. Various Caufes 
 there are, perhaps, which have confpired to thefe Diftreffes ; 
 for one, or two were incapable of producing them. TJie prin- 
 cipal, however, (if you confider rightly) you will find arifes from 
 thofe Perfons, who rather choofe to flatter you, than offer you 
 thofe falutary Counfels, your Circum fiances require. Some of 
 them, while in Pofleffion of their prefent Affluence and 
 Power, have not the leaft Apprehenfion of Futurity ; and from 
 thence conclude, that neither ought you to have any Solicitude 
 about it. Others there are, who accuflng and calumniating 
 whoever are engaged in the Adminiftration, yet produce na 
 other Effed, than that the Republic fhould herfelf take Ven- 
 <Teance of herfelf, and this her fole Occupation, while Philip 
 
 iliall
 
 DEMOSTHENES. 249 
 
 fliall be at Liberty to fpeak and to ad: according to his Pleafiire. 
 Such PoHtics, now grown habitual to us, are the Caufes of our 
 Diftrefles, and our Errours. But I conjure you, O Men 
 of Athens, although I fhall with utmoft Plainnefs declare fomc 
 certain Truths, let me not become an Objed of your Indigna- 
 tion. Confider, rather, that you eftcem this Freedom of Speech, 
 upon other Occafions, fo much the common Right of all the 
 Inhabitants of Athens, that even to Foreigners and Slaves you 
 impart a Share of it ; while your Domeftics exprefs their Senti- 
 ments witji greater Liberty, than the Citizens of Ibme other 
 Republics, (i) But you have entirely driven this Freedom from 
 your public Councils. For indulging in your AfTemblies to the 
 delicious Pleafures of Adulation, you liften only to thofe Propofals, 
 which gratify your Inclinations, and thus in all Conjundlures, in 
 all your Meafures, you precipitate yourfelves into thefe exceedino- 
 
 Dan- 
 
 (0 AVhatever Privileges Strangers The Athenians did indeed treat thefj- 
 might enjoy among the Athenians ; with Slaves with much Humanity. The Sa- 
 whatcver I olitenel's and Humanity they turnalia ra jcpowa, which Numa Pom- 
 were treated, yet they never were per- pilius afterwards eftabliOied at Rome, 
 
 »iitted to he prefent at their Aflembiies, were originally an Athenian Inftitution! 
 
 to hear their Debates, or even to talk Qn the contrary, the Slaves in Laced^- 
 
 of the Admlniftration. It was Crimi- mon and Theffaly were treated with fuch 
 
 nal in a Citizen to mention any Affair of Severity, that they frequently revolted. 
 
 State in their Prefence. Thus with all while the Humanity of the Athenians 
 
 the boafted Liberty Mr. Tourreil has gi- had its due Reward • for their Slaves did 
 
 ven them, tliey were forbidden to con- them confiderable Service on feveral Oc- 
 
 verfe upon almoft the only Suhjeft truly cafions ; as at t!ie Battle of Marathon 
 
 worthy of a rational Creature. and in the War of Egina. Tourr. ,l. 
 
 Vol. L K k
 
 2SO O R A T I O N S O F 
 
 Dangers. If fuch therefore at prefent your Difpoiition, I have 
 nothing to propofe ; but if you be willing to hear what falutary 
 Gounfel may be without Flattery offered to you, I am ready to 
 fpeak. For however totally deplorable our prefent Condition ; 
 h.owever numerous the Lofles we have fuftained by our Indolence 
 and Inadlion, if you will even yet adl as your Interefts demand,, 
 every Thing may ftiU be happily conduced. 
 
 Perhaps, what I am going to lay, however true, may ap- 
 pear incredible : that the worft Circumftance in all our paft 
 Misfortunes, is the bell with Regard to our future Hopes. What 
 Circumftance ? That by your never having purfued, in any one 
 Inftance, whether of lels or greater Importance, the real In- 
 terefts of the Republic, you are now in this unhappy Situation^ 
 For had you conftantly adled with Wifdom and Refolution be- 
 fitting your own Dignity, and fuch had ftill continued, as at pre- 
 fent, the Condition of your Affairs, we fhould wholly delpair of 
 their ever being hereafter in a State more prolperous. But Phi- 
 lip hath indeed proved vidlorious over your Indolence, your In- 
 attention ; over the Republic he hath gained no VicStory. You; 
 have not been conquered ; you have not even marched to Bat- 
 tle. If we could therefore unanimoufly agree, that Philip hatk 
 invaded the Republic, and violated the Peace, our Orators would: 
 have only to propofe and advife the fafeft, ealieft Methods of being 
 revenged. But fince among our own Citizens tliereare fome fo 
 
 8 ab-
 
 DEMOSTHENES. 2^1 
 
 abfurdly infatuated, that while Philip is adually taking your 
 Cities ; while he keeps Pofl'efilon of Countries, once under your 
 Obedience ; while he treats ail Mankind with Outrage and In- 
 juftice, yet fince there are among us, who can endure to hear 
 your Orators frequently declaring, that fome of our own Peo- 
 ple really occafion the Renewal of the War, it is of abfolute 
 Neceflity cautioufly to guard againft fuch Reproaches. For it 
 is not without Apprehenfion, that whoever by his Decrees, his 
 Counfels, would infpire you with a Refolution to repel thefe 
 Injuries, may be in Danger of an Impeachment for having re- 
 newed the War. 
 
 « 
 
 Be this therefore the firft Principle, upon which I Ipeak ; 
 upon which I fhall determine my future Reafoniilg. If we 
 have indeed a Power of debating upon the Choice of Peace or 
 War ; if the Republic be permitted really to enjoy that Peace 
 unviolated ; if in very Fad: the Choice depend on us, I declare 
 (that I may begin with my own Sentiments) I declare for Peace 
 without Referve. Yet I think it not unreafonable to demandj 
 that whoever propofes this Peace, fhould fecure it to us effedtu^ 
 ally by their Decrees, ratified in Form, not amufe us with falfe 
 Appearances. But if another Power, his Arms for ever in his. 
 Hands, and a very numerous Body of Forces conftantly round 
 him, offers us indeed the Name of Peace, but in his Condu6t 
 exercifes every Ad: of Hoftility againft us, what then remains, 
 
 K k 2 but
 
 252 ORATIONSOF 
 
 but to repel his Violence? If afterwards you determine like 
 him to declare you pundhially obferve the Peace, I fhall not 
 contradict you. But whoever efteems this a valid Peace, under 
 Profefl'ion of which Philip extends his Conquefts over every 
 Nation round us, and is advancing to invade us in our own Domi- 
 nions. I firft aflert, the Man is really difordered in Mind j. and 
 next, he meerly affirms, that Athens indeed preferves the Peace 
 with Philip ; not Philip with Athens. This Privilege he hath, 
 pufchafed by his Profufion of Bribes to the corrupted, that 
 he fhall enter into adual War againft us, and we muft 
 never take up Arms againft him. But if we perfevere in our 
 prefent Condud, until he acknowledge himfelf aa Enemy, we- 
 are of all human Kind moft fimple. For though he marched 
 even into Attica y though he approached the Piraeus, yet never 
 will he make fuch an Acknowledgement ^ at leaft, if the Man^ 
 ner, in which he hath adled towards other States, may be 
 brought in Evidence with Regard to us. For not to the Olyn- 
 thlans, until he was within five Miles of their Capital^ did. he 
 declare, they muft neceflarily accept one of thefe two Condi- 
 tions, either that they fhould be no longer Mafters of Olyn- 
 thus, or he of Macedonia. Before that Time, whenever he 
 was accufcd of fuch an Intention, he refented it, and fent an. 
 Embafly to juftify his Condud:. In the fame Manner, he 
 marched towards the Phocasans, as to Allies and Friends. Their 
 Ambaffadors even attended him in his. March, while here in 
 
 Athens
 
 DEMOSTHENES. 253:. 
 
 Athens many of our Orators very warmly contended, that his 
 Expedition was defigned againft the Thebans only.^ 
 
 In a late Inftance ; having entered Thrace, as a Friend and 
 Ally, he feized upon Pherae, and now keeps PofleiBon of it, 
 Laftly, he aflured the miferable Orythians, that having heard 
 of the Diilempers of their State ; tlieir civil Difientions, he had 
 fent his Troops, in perfedt Friendfhip for their Protedlion ; for 
 it was the Charader of a faithful Ally, and real Friend not to 
 abandon them in fuch a Conjuiu£lure. Can you then imagine,, 
 that a ^/lan,. who chofe rather to deceive, than,, after an open; 
 Declaration of War, to fubdue by Force, a People,, incapable 
 of forming any dangerous Enterprife againft hinii. or hardly, able: 
 perhaps, even by their utmoft Vigilance only to protedt them- 
 felves from his Oppreflion ; can you imagine, this very Maa 
 will not begin Hoftilities againft us, till after a regular Declara- 
 tion of War, efpecially while he fees you thus wiUing to be 
 deceived ? Never can this happen ; for of all Mankind Philip 
 were certainly the weakeft, if while you. are injured, yet un- 
 complaining, accufing only your own Citizens, and taking 
 Pleafure in condemning them ; he fliould prevent your mutual 
 Contefts and Quarrels, by proclaiming, that your Arras /hould 
 be turned againft himfelf ; if he iliould deprive his Mercenaries 
 here of thofe very Speeches, by which they delay your military 
 Operations, and aimifc you with Aftlirances, that Philip docs. 
 
 not
 
 254 ORATIONSOF 
 
 not make War upon the Republic. Yet is there, in the Name 
 of Jupiter, any rational Creature, who computes by Names and 
 Words, rather than by their A6tions, whether his Enemies are 
 at Peace or War with him ? Certainly none. Yet immediately 
 after the Ratification of Peace ; when Diopythes was not yet 
 ■declared General of your Forces ; when your Colony was not 
 yet fent into Cherfonefus, Philip had already feized upon Serri- 
 um and Dorifcus, and driven out of the Citadel of Serrium and 
 the facred Mountain, the Garrifon our General had eftabliflaed 
 there. " Yet while he aded in this Manner, what Crime did 
 h^e commit ?" He certainly had fworn to preferve the Peace 
 between us inviolable. Nor let any one afiert, that thefe were 
 inconfiderable Conquefts, and of little Concernment to the Re- 
 public. Whether they were then inconfiderable in themfelves, 
 or of any future Copcernment to the Republic, may be the 
 Subjeft of another Debate ; yet certainly the religious Rever- 
 ence due to an Oath, and the facred Principles of Juftice, whe~ 
 ther in Matters of lefs or greater Importance, are of equal Ob- 
 ligation. 
 
 But to proceed. When he fends his Auxiliaries into Cher- 
 fonefus, which the Pcrfian, and all the States of Greece have 
 acknowledged to belong to you ; when he confefles his having 
 fuccoured our rebellious Subjedls there, and vindicates thefe Ac- 
 tions in his Letters ; what Violation of Treaties does he com- 
 mit,
 
 DEMOSTHENES. 255 
 
 mit, for he aflures you, thefe are not Ads of Hoftility ? Yet 
 fo very far am I from acknowledging, he really maintains the 
 Treaties between us, while he perpetrates thefe Outrages, that 
 when he made an Attempt upon Megara ; eftabliflicd a Tyran- 
 ny in Eubcea ; penetrated into Thrace y carried on fome ob- 
 fcure Pradlices in Peloponnefus, and executed all thefe Violences 
 with an Army always round him, I ftrongly pronounce, that 
 he then violated the Peace, and adually began Hoftilities ; un- 
 lefs you will alTert, that they who build Engines for the Siege 
 of a City, ftill continue obfervant of Peace, until they drive 
 them abfolutely to the Walls ; but this you certainly will not 
 aflert. For whoever attempts ; whoever makes the neceflary 
 Difpolitions for invading me, that Man really commits Hoftili- 
 ties, although he neither hurl the Javelin, nor draw the Bow- 
 But what will be your Danger, fhould fome unfortunate Inci- 
 dent happen ? Should the Hellefpont be alienated, from you ;. 
 fhould your perpetual Enemy become Mafter of Megara and 
 Euboea ; fhould the Peloponnefians enter into an Alliance with, 
 him ? Whoever raifes, whoever prepares thefe Engines againft: 
 the Republic, fliall I alTert, that he regards the Treaties, he 
 has concluded with her ? Far otherwife. From that very Day 
 wherein he totally deftroyed the Phocxans,. from, that very Day 
 I date his Declaration of War. If you repel' his Violence, I 
 proaounce, you fhall adl with Wifdom. If you delay your 
 
 Ven-
 
 ^5^ O R A T I O N S O F 
 
 'Vengeance, you will not be capable, when yoii have an In- 
 clination, of carrying it into Execirdon. So very different, O 
 Men of Athens, -are my Sentiments from tliofe of your other 
 Advifers, that to my Judgement it appears, we fhould not lofe 
 a Moment in deliberating either upon the Prefervation of Chcr- 
 :fonefus, or Byzantium, but fend them immediate Succours, and 
 ^3rote6l them from \viiatever Diftrefs ; inftantly fupply your Ge- 
 nerals with all poiTible Neceflaries ; and at the fame Time con- 
 cert the Means of faving whole Greece from thofe extremefl: 
 Dangers, with which fhe is furrounded. I will now declare, 
 wherefore I am thus alarmed for the prefent Conjundure, that 
 af I reafon juftly, you may enter into the Force of my Rea- 
 -foning, and a6t with fome Attention to your own Welfare, 
 Jiowever wilfully regardlefs of that of others. But if I fhould 
 appear to trifle with your Patience, or to be blind in my Con- 
 jeAures of Futurity, never either at this Inftant or hereafter re- 
 gard me, as a Man in perfed Sanity of Mind. (2) 
 
 That 
 
 (2) TtTV^ua-Bat, fays Mr. Tourreil gery, by which our Orator muft in fome 
 
 upon the Authority of Harpocration, Meal'ure necclTarily compare himfelf to 
 
 figuratively fignifies Madnefs, or any Dif- this Giant in the Likenels and Effects of 
 
 orders of the Brain, and the Image is their Madnefs. 
 
 taken from theEflefts of Jupiter's Thun- The Word originally may fignify /5 i/e 
 
 ders upon the Giant Typhon. He af- ^!i>ui, and its Blindnefs may be with Eafe 
 
 fures us, our Author always ufes the applied metaphorically to the Underftand- 
 
 Word in this Senle, which he therefore ing. This is a natural Image, and there 
 
 tranflatcs Imaghuiticn trouhlie. Yet fure- are frequent Inftances of it among the 
 
 ly there is fomething violent in this Inia- Authors of Anticjuity. Tuv la fis\- 
 
 XOVTUV
 
 DEMOSTHENES. 257 
 
 That Philip hath become thus exceeding great and formi- 
 dable from an inconfiderable Origin ; that Jealoufies and Di- 
 vifions have mutually poflefTed the Grecians in general ; that it 
 was much more improbable, Philip fhould ever have rifen from 
 his original Obfcurity to his prefent Glory, than that after fo 
 many Conquefts, he fhould now be able to fubdue the Reft of 
 Greece, with all other Reflexions of the fame Nature, which I 
 might abundantly mention, I fhall willingly omit. But I per- 
 ceive, that all Mankind (and I fhall begin particularly with you) 
 have unanimoufly yielded to him that Power, which formerly, 
 through the whole Courfe of Time, occafioned all the Grecian 
 Wars. What Power ? To adl according to his Pleafure ; totally 
 to ruin every fingle State, in particular ; and to defpoil the Na- 
 tions of Greece in general j to invade their Cities, and enflavc 
 their Inhabitants. 
 
 You were feventy three Years Arbiters of Greece; the 
 Lacedasmonians nine and twenty ; the Thebans afTumed, in 
 thefe latter Times, a certain Superiority after the Battle of 
 
 Leudra ; 
 
 XovTuv Terv(p\iavTcct (p^cc^xt. Pindar, the ^ before the Circumflex, to fiiew a 
 
 r-j(p\ov xa jAxXovToi;. Plutarch, various reading, TeTv(pXu<rBxi, which is 
 
 Its-] t5 TtTU(pu(rBcici TTJv SJvoixv. Plato, probably the genuine Word in the pre- 
 
 Stephens remarks upon this lafl: Quota- i^"'^ Pauage. 
 tion, that the Manufcript hath a X over 
 
 yot. I. L 1
 
 258 O R A T I O N S O F 
 
 Leudra ; yet neither to you, nor to the Thebans, nor 
 to the Lacedsemonians was it ever, O Men of Athens, per- 
 mitted to adt according to meer arbitrary Will and Plea- 
 fure. This AfTertion requires very little Proof. Even when 
 you, or rather the Athenians of that Time, feemed to carry 
 themfelves intemperately towards fome particular States of 
 Greece, all the Reft imagined it their Duty to declare War in 
 their Defence. Not only they, who had any real Caufe of 
 Complaint, but even they who were abfolutely uninjured. 
 Again ; when the Lacedaemonians had afliimed the Sovereignty,, 
 and fucceeded to that Authority, which you had once enjoyed; 
 when they attempted ambitioufly to arrogate to themfelves too 
 large a Dominion, and beyond all Moderation fhook the efta- 
 blifhed Cuftoms of Greece, her States unanimoully took up 
 Arms ; even thole, who could not complain of any perfonal 
 Injuftice. But wherefore mention any other Examples ? We 
 ourfelves, and the Lacedaemonians, having at firft no Complaint 
 of Injuries to objedl againft each other, yet efteemed ourfelves 
 obliged to enter into a War, when we beheld others injurioufly 
 treated. However, all the Errours committed both by the La- 
 cedaemonians in thirty Years Sovereignty, and by our Anceftors in 
 feventy, v/ere far inferiour, O Men of Athens, are inconfider- 
 able, if compared to thofe Adls of Injuftice, which Philip in 
 thirteen, not entire. Years, fince he firft emerged from his Ob- 
 
 fcurity,
 
 DEMOSTHENES. 259 
 
 Icurity, hath perpetrated. This Truth may with Eafe, and 
 in very few Words be demonftrated. 
 
 Olynthus, Methone, Apollonia, and thirty-two Cities in 
 Thrace, I do not mention. Cities, which he hath fo cruelly 
 deftroyed, that it were difficult to fay they were ever inhabited. 
 The Phocffians, that once powerful Nation, now totally exter- 
 minated, I pafs over in Silence. But ThefTaly ; what is her 
 prefent Condition ? Hath he not ruined her Cities, and abfo- 
 lutely taken away her very Conftitution of Government ? 
 Hath he not eflablifhed a Tetrarchy over her, that he may en- 
 ilave not Cities only, but Nations ? Are not the RepubHcs of 
 Euboea fubdued to his Tyrants ? Does not this Ifland border 
 upon Thebes and Athens? Does he not exprefly write in his 
 Letters, *' I fhall continue in Peace with them, who are will- 
 " ing to obey me ?" Nor, while he writes thus infolently, does 
 he contradict this Infolence by his Adions. He marches to the 
 Hellefpont ; invades Ambracia, keeps PofTeffion of Elis, a 
 City of fuch Importance in Peloponnefus, and attempted lately 
 Xo furprize Megara. Nor Greece, nor the Dominions of the 
 ^Barbarians can fatiate this Man's Ambition. Yet, Grecians as 
 we are, univerfally beholding and hearing thefe Outrages, we 
 neither fend Ambaffadors to each other to form a general Alli- 
 ance againft him, nor exprefs our own particular Indignation. 
 
 L 1 2 So
 
 26o ORATIONSOF 
 
 So unhappily are we divided in our Tnterefts ; our Cities 
 broken through by PhiHp's Gold ; (3) that even to this very 
 Day, we have never been able to execute any Thing of 
 real Importance, or even of abfolute Neceflity; neither ta 
 unite, ourfelves, in Defence of the Republic, nor to form 
 with other States one common Confederacy of mutual Succours 
 and AUiance, but indolently contemplate him in his Progrefs 
 to Greatnefs. Each of us, as appears to me, feems determined 
 to compute the Time, in which others are undone, as clearly 
 oained to himfelf ; but in what Manner the common Liberties 
 
 to 
 
 of Greece may be preferved, is not either an Objeft of his 
 Counfels, nor his Adtions. Yet that Philip, like the periodical 
 Return and Accefs of a Fever, or fome other violent Diftemper, is 
 making his Progrefs towards thofe, who imagine themfelves moft 
 diftant from the Danger, no Man can poflibly be ignorant. 
 
 You 
 
 (■3) Kct) ^)o^u^uy[Ji,(Ba. Karx TToXei;, And in the fame Ode, 
 
 Tranflated by Wolfius, atque oppidarim, Aurum & perrumpere amat faxa. 
 
 tanquam foflis interjedis & vallis, fepa- y^ry different are the Ideas of our 
 
 rati. Yet SiopufuyfA.eB(„ litterally figni- XranQators ; nous nous enfouiffons- 
 
 fies perfoffi fumus, and the verb ^<opuT7« dans nos vilks. Tourreil. Nous 
 
 is ufually applied to Walls, Gates,, Houfes, „0^3 enterrons dans nos villes. Olivet. 
 
 Cities ; as raV to/%»? ^io(>vtIsiv, in Arifto- j^^j ^ late Trannation, Blocked up with- 
 
 phanes. Our Author ufes it here in a me- in our feveral Cities. Much nearer to 
 
 taphoricalSenfe, and applies it to the Force the Meaning, Pecunia plerique & largi- 
 
 of Philip's Gold. Horace almoft feems to tionibus corrupti, confoffique fumus. 
 
 have tranflated it, when he defcribes the Hegendorphinus. Such Difference of 
 
 refifllers Power of that Monarch's Pre- Opinions makes the prefent Tranflator 
 
 fents, Diffidit urbium very little fecure of his own. He hath 
 
 Portas vir Macedo» fairly laid the Difficulty before his Readers.
 
 DEMOSTHENES. 261 
 
 You know, befides, that whatever Injuries the Grecians fuf- 
 fered, either from the Lacedcemonians, or from you, they fuf- 
 fered from Natives of Greece ; thefc Injuries fhould be confi- 
 dered, as if the legitimate Son of an opulent Family purfucd fome 
 unhappy and irregular Courfes. With Regard to his Condud:, 
 flich a Son were certainly worthy of Reproach and Blame ; but 
 that he was an Alien ; that he was not the lawful Heir of the 
 Eftate he thus imprudently confumed, can never be afferted. But 
 a Slave, or fuppofititious Child, if he fhould diflipate and deftroy 
 an Eftate, which did not rightfully belong to him, O Hercules ! 
 how much more intolerable, more meriting their Indio-nation, 
 would all Mankind pronounce it ? Yet not with Regard to Phi- 
 lip, or his Adlions do they entertain the fame Sentiments ; Phi- 
 lip, who is not only not a Grecian, nor of any common Con- 
 nexion with Grecians, but born a Barbarian, and in a Country, 
 which the Barbarians themfelves pronounce difhonourable, a 
 miferable Native of Macedonia, from whence we never could 
 formerly purchafe even a valuable Slave. Yet what fmo-le In- 
 ftance of extremeft Contumely hath he left unattempted ? Be- 
 fides the Cities, which he hath totally deftroyed, does he not 
 prefide at the Pythian Games ; thofe Games peculiar to Greci- 
 ans ? If he does not himfclf appear in Perfon, does he not fend 
 his Slaves to prefide over them in his Name ? Mafler of Ther- 
 
 mop\trEj
 
 262 ORATIONS OF 
 
 mopyljp, and all the Paflages into Greece, does he not keep 
 PofTefTion of them by Garrifons and a mercenary Soldiery ? He 
 holds a Prerogative of confulting, before any others, the Ora- 
 cle of Apollo, having excluded us, the Dorians, Theilalians, 
 and other Amphiftyons ; a Prerogative, of which the Grecians 
 in general did not participate. He prefcribes to the Theffalians 
 in what Manner they fhould form their Government. He 
 fends his mercenary Troops into Porthmus to drive out the Ere- 
 trians ; and into Oreum, to eftabliih the Tyrant Philiftides* 
 The Grecians however behold thcfe Wrongs ; they fufFer them; 
 like People, in my Opinion, who behold a Storm of Plail, and 
 implore the Gods to avert the Tempeft from falling upon their 
 Lands, but never attempt to prevent the Defolation, with which 
 it defcends. Not only does not any one revenge the common In- 
 fults offered to Greece ; but even not refent his own peculiar 
 Injuries. Surely this the laft Extreme of Ignominy. Hath he 
 not invaded Leucas and Ambracia ; Cities belonging to the Co- 
 rinthians ? When he had violently v/refted Naupad;us from the 
 Achaians, did he not fwear to deliver it to the^tolians ? Hath 
 he not difpoffclTed the Thebans of Echinus ? Is he not even 
 now marching againPc the Byzantines, and are they not our 
 Allies ? Other Inftances of his Injuftice and Ufurpations I omit. 
 Yet, at this very Moment, he continues in Poffeflion ofCardia, 
 the capital City of Cherfonefus. Yet while we fuffer thefe In- 
 dignities,
 
 DEMOSTHENES. 263 
 
 dignities, we wait for fome future Occafion of ading ; we dif- 
 folve in Indolence ; mutually diffident of each other we turn our 
 Eyes towards our Neighbours, while Philip treats us all with equal, 
 open Outrage. But if he ufes us in general with fuch glaring 
 Infolence, in what Manner, do you imagine, will he ad: towards 
 each of us in particular, when he fhall become an abfolute So- 
 vereign } 
 
 What Caufe therefore can be aflimed for our Condu6l ? 
 For not without powerful Reafon, without jufl: Caufe, were the 
 Grecians at that Time univerfally ardent for Liberty, and now 
 thus prompt to Slavery. There was, O Men of Athens, there 
 afTuredly was a certain Principle in the Spirits of our People, 
 which no longer exifts. A Principle, that overcame the Trea- 
 fures of the Perfians ; that afferted the common Liberty of 
 Greece ; that never, either in our Engagements at Sea, or our 
 Batdes at Land, fhewed any Abatement of its Vigour. The 
 Lofs of it hath totally corrupted our Conftitution, and thrown 
 our whole Affairs into Confulion. What therefore was this 
 Principle ? Neither various, nor artificially refined. A con- 
 ftant, univerfal Deteflation of whoever received a Bribe from 
 thofe, who aimed at arbitrary Power, or the Deflrudion of 
 our Conliitution. Corruption was then elleemed a Crime' 
 mofl enormous, and the fevereft Juflice punilhed it. No In- 
 tercefTion then for Mercy ; no Pardon. Thofe favourable Con- 
 6 junctures,.
 
 264 ORATIONSOF 
 
 junclures, which Fortune, in all AfFairs of Importance, fre- 
 quently offers to the indolent, againft the moft vigilant ; to the 
 perverfely una^live, againft thofe, who vigoroufly exert their 
 utmoft Efforts in Performance of their Duty, were not then 
 fold by your Orators and Generals ; neither our mutual, do- 
 meftic Unanimity ; nor our common Diffidence of Barbarians 
 and Tyrants ; nor any other of this Kind, the Supports of Li- 
 berty. But now, as if in public Market, they are all openly 
 expofed to Sale, and other Principles imported in their Stead, 
 by wliich the Republic hath been irrecoverably ruined, and her 
 Conftitution broken by Diftempers. What Principles ? Envy, 
 when any Man receives a Bribe ; Laughter if he confefs it j Par- 
 don if he be convidled, and Deteftation of his Accufers ; with 
 all other the ufual Attendants of Corruption. For your naval 
 Strength j your Land- Forces ; your Revenues ; your military 
 Stores of every Kind, with whatever elfe are fuppofed to con- 
 ftitute the Power of a Republic, are greater far at prefent, and 
 more numerous, than formerly, yet they are rendered ufelefs, 
 ineffedtual, fruitlefs, by thefe Sellers of their Country. 
 
 That fuch, in Fadl, our prefent Situation, you yourfelvei 
 behold, nor want my Teftimony to convince you ; that in for- 
 mer Times, our Circumftances were extremely different, I fhall 
 now demonftrate j not offering my own Reafoning in Proof of 
 
 what
 
 DEMOSTHENES. 265 
 
 what I allert, but fhewing thofe Infcriptions, which our An- 
 ceftors engraved upon a Pillar of Brafs, and placed in the Cita- 
 del, not for their own Inftrudlion (for without thefe Infcriptions 
 they were wifely attentive to their Duty) but that you, their 
 Defcendants, might have Monuments, and Examples of adincr 
 with Spirit upon fuch Occafions. What therefore do thefe In- 
 fcriptions declare ? " That Arthmius, a Zelian, the Son of 
 " Pythonax, be reputed infamous ; an Enemy to the Peo- 
 " pie of Athens, and their Allies ; himfelf and all his Pofte- 
 *' rity." (4) The Crime for which he was thus condemned, is 
 afterwards mentioned. " Becaufe he carried Gold from Media 
 *' into Peloponnefus ; although he never brought it into Athens." 
 Such are exprefly the Words of the Infcription. Refle6l there- 
 fore, I conjure you, by all the immortal Gods ; confider in 
 yourfelves, what was the Spirit of the Athenians, who adled in 
 
 this 
 
 (4) Themiftocles was Author of this Gfeecc, and although inefFeftiial, yet tlie 
 
 Decree. iEgypt had revolted from its Athenians fet a Price upon the Head of 
 
 Obedience to Artaxerxes Longimanus, the Corrupter. 
 
 who fent a formidable Army to reduce Thefe Profcriptions were publiflied 
 
 the Rebels. They were powerfully fup- with their proper Formalities. An Herald 
 
 ported by the Athenians, and his Expe- proclaimed, that a certain Sum sttikt^- 
 
 dltionwas unfuccefsful. ThePerfian'sRe- f\i!r(Tof/.^vo(. ^^TjfAoiTa fhould be given to 
 
 fentinent was turned againft Athens. He the Perfon, who brought the Head of 
 
 fcnt Megabyfus, with ether fecret Agents the profcribed ; and to encourage the At- 
 
 into Peloponnefus, to corrupt the Spartans tempt, the Money was laid in fome pub- 
 
 with his Gold, and engage them to declare lie Plnce, or on the Altar of fome Tem- 
 
 "War againft her. 1 his was probably pie. Xerxes his Head was rated at an 
 
 the firfl; Attempt to corrupt the States of hundred Talents. Tourreil. 
 
 Vol. I. M m
 
 266 ORATIONSOF 
 
 this Manner ; what was the Dignity of their Adminidration. 
 By this Infcription they proclaimed a ZeHan, a native Slave of 
 tKe Perfian Monarch (for Zelia is a City of Afia) an Enemy to 
 Athens and her Allies ; him and all his Pofterity they proclaim- 
 ed for ever infamous, becaufe, in Obedience to his Mafter, he 
 had carried Gold into Peloponnefus, although not into Athens. 
 Nor was this Infcription meerly to brand Arthmius with Infa- 
 my. For how could it afFedl a Zelian, never to enjoy the com- 
 mon Privileges of Athens ? Not fuch the Intention of the In- 
 fcription. But it is written in our Laws concerning capital 
 Crimes, " When the Criminal will not furrender himfelf to 
 " Juftice, let him be capitally condemned." It was therefore 
 efteemed lawful to kill him, for the Laws pronounce, " Let 
 *' the Infamous die." This fufficiently declares, that who- 
 ever killed a Perfon under this ignominious Sentence fhould be 
 deemed innocent. 
 
 Our Anceftors therefore certainly thought the Prefer vation 
 of Greece in general was their peculiar Concern. They had 
 other wife been very little anxious, whoever had purchafed or 
 corrupted the Citizens of Peloponnefus, had they not entertain- 
 ed fuch Sentiments. Thus did they punifh thefe Corrupters ; 
 tlius execute their Vengeance by engraving their Names upon 
 monumental Pillars. From thence the Grecians juflly became 
 
 formidable
 
 DEMOSTHENES. 267 
 
 formidable to the Barbarians, not the Barbarians to the Greci- 
 ans. Far different our prefent Situation. For neither in thefc, 
 nor in any other Inftanccs do you maintain the Spirit of your 
 Anceftors. From whence this Alteration ? You yourfelves are 
 confcious ; for wherefore fhould I be compelled to reproach you 
 with all your Errors ? Yet very little wifer is the Condudl of all 
 the other Grecian States ; from whence I conclude, the prefent 
 Conjundlure requires much earneft Application ; much falutary 
 Counfel. What Counfel ? Shall I propofe it ? Do you com- 
 mand ? Will you not be offended ? Secretary, read this Decree. 
 
 The Secretary having read the Decree, the Orator proceeds. 
 
 There is a Kind of Reafoning, extremely weak and lim- 
 ple, among thofe, who are inclined to confole the Republic ; 
 " That Philip is not yet fo powerful as the Lacedaemonians were 
 *' formerly ; that they were abfolutely Mafters at Sea, and iiad 
 " extended their Dominion over all Greece ; that the Perfian 
 " Monarch was their Ally ; that every Thing yielded to their 
 " Power ; that however this Republic repelled their Conquefts, 
 " nor was itfelf broken by their Ambition." Yet while every 
 other Art, in general, hath received confiderable Improvements, 
 and hardly preferves any Likenefs to its Original, I really be- 
 lie\'e no other hath been more altered, and more unhappily im- 
 proved, than that of War. The Lacedaemonians, as I jiave 
 
 M m 2 been
 
 268 O R A T I O N S O F 
 
 been informed, and in general all the Grecians kept the Field 
 only four or £ve Months ; the proper Seafon for a Campaign, 
 During this Time they made Incurfions into the Enemy's Coun- 
 try, and ravaged it with their domefliic Soldiery, with Troops 
 compofed of their own Citizens, and then returned Home. 
 Such was their Condu6t, with fuch ancient Simplicity of Man- 
 ners, rather indeed with fo wife a Regard to their own Inte- 
 grity, (5) that they never purchafed a Conquefl by Corruption, 
 but War was formally and openly declared. You now behold, 
 the Deflrudion is generally wrought by thefe Betrayers, nor any 
 Thing decided by pitched Battle, or a regular Engagement. 
 You never hear that Philip leads his heavy-armed Phalanx, when 
 he marches to his Conquefts ; but that a light-armed Cavalry, 
 and his foreign Archers compofe his Army. Then falling with 
 thefe Forces by Surprize upon Nations, diflempered by their 
 domeftic Seditions, when none dares venture, through their mu- 
 tual Jealoufies, to meet him in the Field for the Defence of 
 their Country, he raifes his Engines of War and beiieges their 
 Cities. I mention neither Summer, nor Winter, as he knov/s 
 
 no 
 
 (5) UoXtTiKui. Every different Tran- antiquum hoc illi, imo vero civile &glo- 
 
 flation gives us a different Meaning for riofum judicabant. Hecendorph. Per- 
 
 this Word. Avec tant de generofite. haps we have not the precife Idea of the 
 
 Tels etoient les bons procedez de ces Word, or of ttoX; TotoV though Cicero him. 
 
 temps-la. Olivet. Avec une honnetete felf h^th endeavoured to explain it. A- 
 
 fi fcrupuleufe. Tourreil. The ingenuous midft kich Uncertainty who will be bold 
 
 Candor of that Age. Mr. Leland. Ita enough toaffert that he himfelf is right ?
 
 DEMOSTHENES. 269 
 
 no Difference between them ; no peculiar Sealon of the Year, 
 for Intermiflion of Adion, and Fatigue. 
 
 Universally fenfible therefore of thefe Truths, and juftly 
 reafoning upon the Confequences, let us not make our Country 
 the Seat of War. Nor looking back to the Simplicity of Man- 
 ners, with which the Lacedzemonians condudled their Wars, let 
 us precipitately ruin the Republic, but guard ourfelves with our 
 befl: Caution ; with prudent Operations and Preparatives prevent 
 Philip from ever exceeding the Bounds of Macedonia ; but ne- 
 ver let us engage with him in a decifive Battle. With Regard 
 to a long continued War, we have many natural Advantages 
 over him by our Situation, if you will only, O Men of Athens, 
 purfue thofe Meafures, which in very Neceility you ought. 
 For Inftance, fuch is the natural Situation of his Kingdom, 
 that it were eafy to lay wafte the greater Part of it, and ravage 
 it by our Incurlions ; befides a thoufand other Advantages. But 
 in any decifiive Engagement, his Experience muft always give 
 him the Superiority. 
 
 But not only neceflary our full Conviction of thefe Fads ; 
 not our Refolution alone of taking Vengeance on Philip by all 
 the Operations of War, but with the moft determined Hatred 
 to profecute thofe, who make Harangues in his Favour. Let 
 us be ftrongly convinced how impoffible it is to vanquifh the 
 
 foreig;n
 
 270 ORATIONSOF 
 
 foreio-n Enemies of this Republic, until we punifli her domef- 
 tic Foes ; thefe Minifters of Philip. But I appeal to Jupiter, 
 and all our other Gods, you have neither Power for fuch an 
 Attempt, nor Inclination. For to fuch Excefs are you arrived 
 either of Infatuation, or Frenzy, or — I am unable to exprefs 
 myfelf— that I am frequently alarmed, left fome Demon pre- 
 cipitately hurries the Republic to Deftrudion, when either for 
 the Sake of fome perfonal Invedive, or invidious Remark ; 
 fome malignant Ridicule, or any other accidental Pleafantry, 
 you command thefe Mercenaries of Philip (there are amongft 
 them, who would not deny, that they are indeed his Mercena- 
 ries) you command them to fpeak in your AfTemblies, and laugh, 
 when they are fcurriloufly abufive. Nor this the feverefl: Mif- 
 chief, however fevere ; for you have given up the Republic to 
 their Ad minift ration, and rendered it lefs dangerous for them 
 to offer you the mofi: pernicious Meafures, than for others to 
 propofe that Counfel, which intends your Interefts alone. Yet 
 behold, what Calamities this Pleafure in hearing People of fuch 
 a Charader will probably produce. I fliall mention Fafts of 
 whofe Truth you will all be convinced, 
 
 There were in Olynthus, among thofe who were concerned 
 in the Government, fome who were zealous for Philip, and in 
 all Things fcrvilcly devoted to him : others engaged in the true 
 Interefts of the State, and were adive to prefer*- e their Fellow- 
 
 Citi-
 
 DEMOSTHENES. 271 
 
 Citizens from Slavery. Which of thcfe two Parties ruined their 
 Country ? Which of them betrayed that Body of Horfe, by 
 the Betrayal of which, Olynthus was loft ? The Fadion, that 
 fupported the Caufe of Philip ; for while the City was yet in 
 Being, by calumniating and accufing whoever propofed more 
 falutary Counfels, they perfuaded the People to drive ApoUo- 
 nides into Exile. 
 
 Nor yet among the Olynthians alone, and in no other Coun- 
 try, has this pernicious Cuftom of hearing Traytors produced 
 every Kind of Calamity. For in Eretria, when Plutarch and 
 his foreign Troops had marched out of Euboea ; when the Peo- 
 ple had taken Poileffion of the City, and of Porthmus, one 
 Party would have delivered up the Government to us, another 
 to Pliilip. Yet by frequently, or rather upon all Occadons 
 liftening to thefe Traytors, the miferable, and unfortunate Ere- 
 trians were at laft fo far deluded, as to drive into Banifhment 
 their ableft, moft faithful Advifers, and then their Ally, their 
 Friend Philip fent a thoufand Mercenaries into their Town un- 
 der the Command of Hipponicus, razed the Walls of Porth- 
 mus, and eftabliihed three Tyrants in Euboea, Hipparchus, 
 Automedon, and Clitarchus. After thefe Outrages, when the 
 Eretrians bravely attempted to recover their Liberty, he drove 
 them tvv^ice out of their Country ; fn ft with the Troops com- 
 manded
 
 272 ORATIONSOF 
 
 manded by Eurylochus, and next with thofe under the Com- 
 mand of Parmenio. 
 
 But wherefore repeat any other Inftances ? Yet in Oreum, 
 Phihftides and Menippus and Socrates and Thoas and Agapoeus, 
 they who now hold the Tyranny of their Country, were once 
 moft adive in PhiHp's Service. Of this the World was perfed- 
 ly well informed. On the contrary, one eminent Citizen, Eu- 
 phrceus, (he refided fome Time fince in Athens) who was anxi- 
 ous to vindicate his Countrymen into Freedom, and guard them 
 from future Servitude, how this Man was infulted, and af- 
 fronted, would be tedious to repeat. The 'very Year before 
 Oreum was taken, perceiving the fatal Pradifes, in which they 
 were eno-aged, he openly accufed Philiftides and his Accom- 
 plices. The Fa6lion tumultuoufly gathers together, and hav- 
 incr Philip to lead the Band, and to fupply the Expences of the 
 Spectacle, and being wholly governed by his Counfels, they 
 violently hurry Euphr^us into the common Prifon, as a fediti- 
 ous Difturber of the public TranquiHty. Yet the People of 
 Oreum, though they beheld this Outrage, inftead of afTifting 
 him, and crucifying his Opprefibrs, were not moved with the 
 leaft Indio-nation ao^ainft them, but declared his Punifhment ex- 
 tremely juft, and even rejoiced in his Afflidlion. Soon after 
 the Traytors, having gained the Power they dcfired, urged all 
 their Schemes that the City might be taken, and at laft effec- 
 tually
 
 DEMOSTHENES. 2-]^ 
 
 tually compleated their Defign: Whoever perceived their Pro- 
 jeds held his Peace, aftonifhed and ftruck with Terrour, when 
 recoUedling the unhappy Euphra^us ; how much he had fuffer- 
 ed. But in fuch a calamitous Situation were the Citizens in 
 general, that no Man dared, though Slavery, the greateft of 
 all Misfortunes, was now advancing faft upon them, to whif- 
 per his Fears, until the very Moment, the Enemy appeared in 
 Array before their Walls. Then indeed one Party defended, 
 the other betrayed. But the City being thus bafely and vil- 
 lainouHy taken, thefe Traytors afTume the Government, and 
 tyrannize over all thofe, who had bravely defended themfelves 
 and Euphrseus, and were ftill refolute for any glorious Enter- 
 prize in Favour of Liberty. Some they drove into Baniihment ; 
 others they maflacred. But the generous Euphrsus put himfelf 
 to Death, witnefllng by this laft Adion, that influenced only 
 by Principles of Juftice, and the pureft Zeal for his Fellow- 
 Citizens, he had oppofed the Ambition of Philip. 
 
 From what Motive therefore^ you may afk, perhaps, with 
 Aftonifhment, did the OJynthians, Eretrians and Oritans hear 
 with greater Pleafure thefe Orators of Philip, than thofe, who 
 pleaded for their own proper Interefls ? The very fame Motive, 
 that prevails with you ; becaufe, they who propofe the beft 
 and wifeft Meafures, have it not fometlmes in their Power, 
 whatever their Inclinations, to gratify the Humour of the Pec- 
 
 VoL. I. N n pie.
 
 274 ORATIONSOF 
 
 pie. They hold it of abfolute Neceffity to confider with At- 
 tention the State of the Republic, tliat they may provide for 
 its Safety ; but thcfe other Orators, even in their very Com- 
 plaifance for the People, are fupporting the Interefts of Phihp. 
 With Recrard to thefe Nations, one Party encouraged them to 
 bring in their Contributions ; the other affured them, they were 
 totally unneceflary. One Party advifed them to declare War, 
 nor truft Appearances and Promifes ; the other to maintain the 
 Peace, until they were abfolutely betrayed. 
 
 In almoft all other Inftances, that I may not repeat them 
 all, they adled in the fame Manner. On one Side they fpoke 
 to crratify the prefent Humour of the Multitude ; on the other, 
 for the future Safety of the State. At length the People aban- 
 doned every Thing to the prevailing Fadlion, not in Compli- 
 ance with thefe Orators, nor Ignorance of their own Interefts, 
 Tbut yielding in Defpair, when they beheld fuch Ruin, as they 
 imagined themfelves unable to refift. Here then let Jupiter 
 and Apollo witnefs for me, that I am fearfully apprehenfive of 
 your ading in the fame Manner, when you are convinced how 
 unprofitable your prefent Councils ; and that when I caft my 
 Eyes upon thofe, who precipitately drive you into thefe Dan- 
 gers, I tremble with Fear, and turn away my Face with Shame j 
 for whether by very Induftry or by Ignorance they reduce the 
 
 Com»
 
 DEMOSTHENES. 275 
 
 Commonwealth to this extreme Diftrefs. Yet may it never 
 come to pafs, O Men of Athens, that you fhould a6t hke the 
 unhappy Erctrians ; far better die a thoufand Deaths, than by 
 a fervile Adulation fupport the Interefts of Philip, or abandon 
 thofe, who have afferted in their Speeches the Liberty of their 
 Country. 
 
 Egregious indeed the Recompence, the People of Oreum 
 have received for the Obligation of committing themfelves to 
 Philip's Friends, and perfecuting Euphrseus. Egregious his 
 Gratitude to the Eretrians, for having violently rejected your 
 AmbafTadors, and given themfelves to the Conduct of Cli- 
 tarchus. They are now Slaves ; whipped and tortured Slaves. 
 Wonderous indeed his Clemency to the Olynthians, who created 
 Lafthenes Commander of their Cavalry, and drove Apollonides 
 into Banifhment. It is the very Extreme of Folly ; it is abfo- 
 lute Cowardice, to be with Reafon apprehenfive of fuch Cala- 
 mities, yet neither to confult with Wifdom, nor a6t with Re- 
 folution to prevent them, but Hftening to thefe Advocates for 
 our Enemies, to imagine, that we inhabit a City, too power- 
 ful, and opulent ever to be in Danger of fuffering fuch terrible 
 Diftrefs. This too will be bafe and ignominious, to fay here- 
 after, when any Misfortune hath happened, *' who could have 
 *' imagined it pofTible ? By the Gods, this or that Meafurc 
 " fhould have been purfued ; that other avoided." Many fuch 
 
 N n 2 In-
 
 276 ORATIONSOF 
 
 Inftances the Olynthians might now recolledl, which if the_y 
 had forefeeii, they had not been thus totally deftroyed ; many 
 the Oritans ; many the Phocceans ; many e^^ery fmgle Nation, 
 that hath been thus totally deftroyed. But oi what Profit to 
 them now are fuch Reflexions ? While the Ship, of whatever 
 Bulk, rides in Safety, the Mariner, the Pilot, the Paflcnger, 
 in their feveral Stations fliould be attentively, and with Ardour 
 employed to hinder her being overfet, whether by Defign or 
 Ignorance. For if the Seas break over her, all farther Efforts 
 are in vain. We therefore, O Men of Athens, while we are 
 yet in Safety, poffefled of a City moft flourifhing, Refources 
 moft numerous, and a Reputation mofl: unblemifhed— fome of 
 my Audience may perhaps with Impatience demand, *' How 
 *' fhould we adt ?" Let Jupiter be Witnefs, with vt'hat Integrity 
 I fhall declare my Opinion, and I fhall afterwards deliver it in 
 Writing, that if you approve of it, you may confirm it by 
 a Decree. 
 
 Having firft put yourfelves into a Pofture of Defence, and 
 compleatly executed the Plan for your Navy, your Funds, and 
 your Army, I then declare — for if all Mankind (liould agree 
 to fubmit to Slaviuy, the Contention for Liberty muft ftiil be 
 fupported by you — but when you have compleated your military 
 Operations, and made them apparent to the Grecians, let us 
 then engage other States in the Confederacy, and fend Ambaf- 
 
 fadors
 
 DEMOSTHENES. 277 
 
 ladors to Peloponnefus, Rhodes, Chios, and the King of Per- 
 lia, to inform them of our Intentions ; for the Perfian is not 
 unconcerned in Point of Intercft, to oppofe the Progrefs of this 
 Deftroyer. If you fucceed in thefe EmbafTies, you may have 
 Confederates who will divide with you the Dangers of the War, 
 and if it be necefiary, the Expence. If you are unfucccfsful 
 in your Negotiations, you will however gain Time upon your 
 Enemy in the Execution of his Projeds. Nor is thisof incon- 
 fiderable Importance, when you are to maintain a War againft 
 a Man, who is Mafter of his own Defio-ns and the Execution of 
 them., not againft the Strength of a popular Government, in 
 which fo many different Interefts muft unite in every Meafure. 
 Nor ufelefs were your Embaflies laft Year into Peloponnefus, 
 and your Remonftrances againft Philip, when the inefiimable 
 Polyeu£lus, and I, and others were appointed )'our Amballa- 
 dors, and fo effedlually checked his Impetuosity, that he nei- 
 ther dared to invade Ambracia, nor make an Irruption into Pe- 
 loponnefus. 
 
 But while we are ourfelves unwiUing to take the necdiary 
 Meafures for our own Safety, I by no means advife our fendincr 
 Ambaffadors to any^ other State. It were abfurd to abandon all- 
 Concern for our own domeftic Interefts, yet profefs an Anxi- 
 ety for thofe of foreign Nations ; or to behold witli perfe<5l In- 
 
 fenfibility
 
 278 ORATIONS OF 
 
 fenfibility the prefent Danger, yet pretend to alarm others with 
 Apprehenfions of the future. Not fuch is iTaV Advice. I ra- 
 ther advife you to fend Money and Provifions to your Troops 
 in the Cherfonefus, and to comply with whatever they can rea- 
 fonably demand ; to compleat your own Armaments, and be- 
 ino- prepared to enter firft into Adion yourfelves, then to call 
 together the other Grecian States ; inform them of their Dan- 
 ger, and imprefs it upon their Under ftandings. This Condudt 
 will be worthy of a Republic, great and powerful as yours. 
 For if you imagine, that the Glory of preferving Greece is re- 
 ferved for the Chalcideans or Megareans, while you fhall fear- 
 fully avoid the Contention, you do not think with that Dig- 
 nity, due to yourfelves. Happy for them, if they can preferve 
 themfelves ; but the Prefervation of Greece muft be wrought 
 by you alone. This Glory your Anceftors acquired by many, 
 and honourable, and great Dangers, and to you have they be- 
 queathed it. But if we fit indolently here, each of us wifhing 
 for what he defires, and anxious only, that he himfelf may not 
 be compelled to a£l ; lirft let me pronounce, he never fhall find 
 others, who will fupply his Inadivity ; and then I greatly fear, 
 fome flrong NecefTity may oblige us all to adl hereafter in a 
 Manner moft oppofite to our Inclinations. Were there any 
 Allies from whom our Indolence could expeet fuch Friend- 
 fhip, we fhould long fmce have found them, for we have long 
 
 fince
 
 DEMOSTHENES. 279 
 
 fince refolved never to ad: ourlelves. But there are no fuch 
 Friends. 
 
 These are the Mcafures I propofe. I now deliver them in 
 Writing, to be confirmed by your Decrees, and I verily believe, 
 the Diforders of the State may ftill be corredled, if they are 
 carried into Execution. Yet, whoever hath better Counfels, 
 let him propofe ; let him give them to public Debate. But 
 whatever Opinion you approve, O all ye Gods ! may it be 
 found profitable in the Event, and honourable to the Repub- 
 lic. 
 
 End of the Third PHILIPPIC, 
 
 O R 4-
 
 ORATION XII. 
 
 FOURTH PHILIPPIC,
 
 **»**#i*##****************M**!******M**********^Nf**5i*(**^ 
 
 The ARGUMENT. 
 
 TH E reftlefs, infatiate Spirit of Philip, and the yet unawakened In- 
 dolence of the Athenians, are again the great Objefts of this Ora- 
 tion, as of all the Philippics and Olynthiacs. We muft therefore expeft 
 a Repetition of the fame Sentiments, and Expreffions ; yet the SubjedV, 
 in general, is varied by their different Arrangement, and the apparent 
 Neceffity of oppofing Philip's Ambition is urged by other Circumftances, 
 and enforced with new Arguments. More effedlually to infure their Ven- 
 geance, our Orator advifes the People to fend an immediate Embafly to 
 the Perfian. He then exhorts them, under the tendereil Images of pa- 
 rental Affeftion and filial Duty, to unite in that Amity, fo neceflary to 
 their common Pi-efervation. His Lightnings and his Thunders, accord- 
 ing to the Language of Antiquity, are darted at the Heads of Traytors j 
 they are Objects of his Terrour, his Deteftation and his Horrour. 
 
 He pronounced this Oration a Year after the lafl, in the fourth of 
 the hundred and ninth Olympiad. 
 
 *# wiHp^^'p^^^^'iiF^W^^w^^WW^^w W^'-r^^ . ^"^i!^ 
 
 Vol. I. O o
 
 ORATION XIL 
 
 FOURTH PHILIPPIC. 
 
 As I am perfiiaded the Subjed of your prefent Debates,, 
 O Men of Athens, is of exceeding Importance, and^ 
 even of abfolute NecefTity to the very Being of the Common- 
 wealth, I fhall endeavour to propofe fuch Meafures,.as I beHeve- 
 will be moft conducive to your Interefts. But although the 
 Errours of our Adminiftration, by which we are tlius diftrefled,, 
 are neither few in Number, nor are they lately become thus; 
 numerous, yet far more diftrefsful is that iuward Averfion you; 
 feel to the Bufinefs of the Public, and that you can fupport 
 
 Our Critics have not yet agreed whe- 
 ther the Repetition of Paflages taken from 
 his other Orations, is a Fault or Excel- 
 lence in our Author : whether the fame 
 Arguments are ufed more ftrongly to en- 
 force his Senfe, and imprefs it more 
 deeply upon the Minds of his Audience, 
 or whether they proceed from an exhauft- 
 cd Subjedt, and a tired Imagination. Mr. 
 Tourreil, in the natural Affeftion of a 
 Tranflator for his Author, declares in 
 their Favour, and at once aflerts both 
 the Art and Neceflity of ufing them thus 
 
 your 
 
 frequently, when he calls this Philippic, 
 the Peroration of all the former. Yet 
 perhaps it were a better Defence, and 
 certainly more impartial, to believe v>'itli, 
 the Scholiaft, that our Orator was oblig- 
 ed, by fome difagreeable News from.' 
 Thrace, to fpeak extempore to the Peo- 
 ple. We may then conclude, that Re- 
 petitions fo numerous, and of fucln 
 Length, can ill deferve to be efteemed, 
 Beauties, although it be confefled the 
 Moderns in general are too delicate upon 
 this Subject. 
 
 8
 
 DEMOSTHENES. 283 
 
 your Attention to your Affairs only during the little Time you 
 fit in this Affembly, and liften to the Arrival of fome new Re- 
 ports. Then every Man retires, and is not only nothing anxi- 
 ous for the Succefs of your Determinations, but no longer even 
 remembers them. Yet ftill that Infolence and rapacious Ambi- 
 tion, which Philip exercifes towards all Mankind, are really as 
 enormous as you have heard them reprefented, and that he ne- 
 ver will be reprefled by Words or Speeches, you cannot fure be 
 ignorant. But whoever is unable to difcover this Truth by 
 any other Method, let him be convinced by the following Re- 
 flexions. 
 
 Whenever there is Occafion to debate upon Subjeds of 
 Equity, we are never overcome ; we never appear to have treat^- 
 cd others injurioufly. We are in all Inftances vi6lorious ; we 
 triumph in our Eloquence. Yet are the Affairs of Philip di- 
 flreffed by that Eloquence ; are thole of the Republic more 
 profperous ? Far otherwile. For while Philip, his Arms for 
 ever in his Hands, preffes forward inceflantly to his Point, and 
 boldly ventures his Perfon and his Fortunes in every Danger ; 
 while here we Ht indolently, after having fpoken upon the 
 Principles of Equity, or liftened to the Harangues of others, 
 the Event, I really think is perfccflly jufl, that Effeds are more 
 prevalent than Words, and that all Mankind are with Reafon 
 more attentive to our Adlions, than to the Language we hold 
 
 O o 2 in
 
 284. O R A T I O N S a F 
 
 in vindicating the Juftice either of our paft or prefent Condudl. 
 Yet all thofe Actions have never been able to preferve one fin- 
 gle unfortunate City from the Oppreffions of Philip. But un- 
 neceilary to fay more upon this Subjed, 
 
 Since the States of Greece are divided into tvvoFa£tions, one. 
 of which is neither inclined by Violence to command, nor in., 
 an abje6l Spirit of Slavery to obey, but to enjoy that Indepen- 
 dence and Equality, which are eflabliflied by the Laws of po- 
 pular Governments; the other ardently ambitious of tyranniz- 
 ing over their Fellow-Citizens, and willingly fubmitting thenir 
 felves in Slavery to whatever Power they imagine capable of in- 
 furing their Succefs, the. Fadion,. that a6ls in Obedience to the- 
 Pleafure of Philip; that aife^ts Tyranny and arbiti-ary Power, hath, 
 every where prevailed, nor am I certain, that of all our democra- 
 tical States there is even one remaining, except yours, in v/hich the 
 Authority of the People is firmly eftablifhed. Befides, the Fac- 
 tion, thus governing our Republics under Philip's Dircdion, is 
 abundantly provided with whatever Means can render their En- 
 terprizes fuccefsful. The firft and principal confifts in having, 
 a Perfon always ready to give to thofe, who are willing to re-, 
 ceive the Price of Corruption : the fecond, and of no lefs Effi- 
 cacy, that an Army is appointed to march, at whatever Mo- 
 ment they dcfire, totally to overwhelm their Oppofers. In thefe^ 
 Inftances we, the Defenders of Liberty, are not only far unequal. 
 
 to-
 
 DEMOSTHENES. 285 
 
 to them, but impoflible it is to awake us from our Infenfibility, 
 like Men who have drunk Mandragora, or fome other foporifer- 
 ous Potion. From thence, 1 miagine (for I hold it neceliary to 
 profefs the Truth) we are infulted thus ignominioully, and treat- 
 ed with fuch Contempt, that fome of our Allies, themfelves in 
 imminent Danger, difpute with us the Honour of commanding 
 in Chief the confederate Forces in War, and appointing the 
 Place of Congrefs to treat of Peace ; while others have deter- 
 mined to rely upon their own Strength, rather than upon your 
 Alliance. But wherefore do I mention ; wherefore do I repeat 
 our Misfortunes ? It is not from an Inclination, I dare appeal to ^ 
 Jupiter and all our Deities, of becoming an Obje6l of your 
 Difpleafure, but that every Citizen among you may behold. and 
 be convinced, that as in private Life, fo in a public Admini- 
 ftration, our daily Remifsnefs and Indolence do not immediately 
 make themielves fenfibly felt in each particular Negle6l, but 
 they glaringly appear in the Sum total of our Affairs. 
 
 Reflect, for Inftance, upon the Importance of Serrium and' 
 Dorifcum (for thefe were the firfl Places you neglcfted imme- 
 diately after the Ratification of the Peace) whofe Names, per- 
 haps, are unknown to many in this Aflembly, yet your Care- 
 lefsnefs and Negled of thefe Places occafioned the Lofs of 
 Thrace, and the Ruin of Cherfobleptes, your Ally. When 
 
 Philip
 
 286 O R A T I O N S O F 
 
 Philip favv them totally abandoned, and unfupportcd by your 
 Succours, he razed the Walls of Porthmus, and eftablifl-ied a 
 tyrannical Government in Eubo^a, as a Kind of Fortrefs oppo- 
 iite to the Coafts of Attica. This Ifland alfo being wholly 
 negleded, he very nearly made himfelf Mafter of Megara. Still 
 you continued infenlible ; you made no Movement to repel 
 thefe Outrages, nor exprefled your Impatience, as if refolved 
 iiot to endure them any longer. Philip then purchafed Antro- 
 iiae, and foon after made himfelf Mafter of Oreum. Many 
 other Ad:s of Outrage I pafs over in Silence ; his Seizure of 
 Pherae ; his Expedition againft Ambracia ; his Carnage at Elis, 
 and a thoufand others. For not with an Intention of enumerat- 
 ing all tlie Nations that Philip hath treated with Violence and Op- 
 preffion, have I mentioned thefe Inftances ; but to convince you, 
 that never will he flop in his Defign of opprefling human Kind, 
 and his Ambition of univerfal Conqueft, unlefs he be op- 
 pofed. 
 
 Yet certain ©f our Citizens, before they hear the real State 
 of Affairs, are accuftomed impetuoufly to demand, " How 
 " therefore muft we a^ft ?" Not with an Intention of adling 
 when they have heard, (for this Demand would then be meri- 
 torious) but meerly to relieve themfelves from the Fatigue of 
 liftening to the Speaker. It is, however, neceffary to inform 
 them. Firft therefore, O Men of Athens, be firmly perfuad- 
 
 ed
 
 DEMOSTHENES. 287 
 
 ed of this Truth, that Philip> hath actually committed Hoftili- 
 ties againft the Commonwealth, and violated the Peace be- 
 tween us ; that he bears a moft malignant Spirit, and is a mor- 
 tal Enemy to Athens, to the Soil upon which fhe ftands ; let 
 me add, even to her tutelary Gods— may they repay his En- 
 mity with Perdition ! Yet not againft any other Obje(fl does he 
 declare War with a more determined Hatred, than againft our 
 Conftitution of Government. Among all the Schemes he me- 
 ditates,, and all the Projeds he contrives, there is not another 
 that he purfues with greater Ardour, than the total Deftrudlion 
 of your Democracy. But indeed this Condu6l is now become 
 in fome Meafure neceflary to his own Safety. For conftder^ 
 he aims at univerfal Monarchy, and imagines you alone are ca- 
 pable of oppofing his Ambition. He hath long treated youi 
 moft injuriouily ; of which he is perfectly confcious* The: 
 Places he hath wrcfted from you, he now employs as Fortreftes 
 to proted: his hereditary Dominions; for if he fhould lofe Am- 
 phipolis and Potidsa, not even in Macedonia would he hold him- 
 felf fecure. He therefore knows, that he is forming Defigns> 
 againft you, and that you are fenfible of thofe Defigns. Ima- 
 gining you then a People, endowed with Wifdom and a due 
 Dignity of Spirit, he rationally concludes you think of hin> 
 with Deteftation. 
 
 In Addition to thefe Reafons, thus numerous and powerful^, 
 he is extremely convinced, that although he could make him- 
 
 felf
 
 288 ORATIONS OF 
 
 felf abfolute Lord of all otlier Nations, yet he never could po'f- 
 fefs his Power in Security, while you preferved your Democra- 
 cy ; btit that if any Misfortune fhould happen to him (and nu- 
 merous are the Misfortunes, to which -every Man is liable) all the 
 Nations, now reftraincd by his OpprejTions, would inftantly 
 come, would fly to your Protedion. For it is not naturally 
 your Charader, with a rapacious Ambition to extend your Do- 
 minions, or ufurp a Sovereignty over others, but rather to 
 •prevent the ambitious from feizing., or to wreft from them 
 the Power they have ufurped ; to render yourfelves formidable 
 in oppofing all Afpirers to Tyranny, and \indicating Mankind 
 into Freedom. Philip therefore would not willingly, that fuch 
 a Spirit of Liberty fliouid be watchful over all Opportunities of 
 Advantage againft him, nor in this Inftance does he reafon cither 
 injudicioufly or weakly. 
 
 In Confequence of thcfe Arguments, let us firil conclude, 
 that Philip is an irreconcileable Enemy of our PoHty and Con- 
 ftitution. Let us next be firmly convinced, that ail the In- 
 t.igjues he forms, and all the Batteries he raifes, he forms and 
 raifes againft this Republic. For furely you are not iimple 
 .enough to imagine Philip ambitious to polTcfs fome miferable 
 Villaire:; in Thrace (what other Name can Drongilus deferve. 
 and Cabyle, and Maftyra, with others, of which, as tliey re- 
 port, he hath made himfelf Mafter) and for fuch Conquefts 
 
 endur-
 
 DEMOSTHENES. 289 
 
 enduring Fatigues, the Inclemency of Winter-Campaigns, and 
 Dangers moft extreme, yet unambitious of poflefling our Athe- 
 nian Harbours, our Arfenals and Galleys ; our Mines of Silver, 
 and the Treafures of our Revenues ; even the Soil of Athens 
 and its Glory (that Soil, that Glory, may neither Philip, nor 
 any other Tyrant ever poflefs by offering Violence to this Re- 
 public !) or that he will indulgently fuffer you to poffefs them 
 in Peace, while to purchafe the wretched Corn laid up in the 
 fubterraneous Granaries of Thrace, he can endure to winter in 
 its Dungeons. Impoffible. This cannot be. His Thracian 
 Expeditions, like all his others, are intended to make him ab- 
 folute Mafter of our Athenian Treafures. 
 
 Convinced, therefore, and acknowledging this Truth, let no 
 Man command our Orators (who would willingly give him with 
 Integrity their beft Advice) to propofe in their Decrees a for- 
 mal Declaration to commence Hoftilities. Such Proceeding 
 fuppofes you determined to find fome Citizen upon whom to 
 indulge your Inclination for War, not to a6l againft the public 
 Enemy in Defence of the Commonwealth. For when Philip 
 committed the firfl: Violation of the Peace between us, the le- 
 cond, or even the third (for many hath he fucceflively com- ' 
 mitted) if any of your Orators had then decreed a Declaration 
 of War, and Philip, as at this Moment, when no Athenian yet 
 
 Vol. I. P p pro-
 
 290 ORATIONSOF 
 
 propofes fuch a Declaration, had fent his Succours to the Car- 
 dians, are you not convinced your Orator had been torn to 
 Pieces, and that you yourfelvcs had univerfally exclaimed, that 
 Philip was compelled by this Decree to undertake the Defence of 
 Cardia ? Be not therefore earneft to find among your own Citi- 
 zens, upon whom to pour that Indignation due to the Crimes 
 of Philip ; nor expofe him to be torn to Pieces by his Merce- 
 naries. Neither, when you yourfelves have paft a Refolution 
 for War, fhould you engage in trivial Contefts upon the Expe- 
 diency of fuch a Refolution, but in the fame Manner as PhiHp 
 attacks, do you repel his Invafion. Furnifli thofe, who have 
 already taken up Arms againft him^ with Money, and all other 
 necefTary Succours. Bring in with Chearfulnefs, O Men of 
 Athens, your Contributions ; provide Troops, Galleys, Horfes, 
 Tranfports, and in general whatever the NecefTities of War 
 demand. 
 
 In Truth, our prefent Condud: is abfolutely ridiculous, and 
 by the Gods I verily believe, Philip himfelf forms no other 
 Wi(h, than that the Commonwealth fhould ad for ever as fhe 
 does at prefent. You are perpetually too late in your Opera- 
 tions y you lavifh away the pubHc Treafure ; you are folicitous 
 to whom you fhall intruft the Adminiftration j you grow an- 
 gry ; you mutually accufe each other. But I will now inform 
 
 you
 
 DEMOSTHENES. 291 
 
 you from whence thefe Diforders arife, and point out the Me- 
 thods to ftop their future Progrefs. 
 
 Never, O Men of Athens, you never laid down any origi- 
 nal Plan, or formed it at the Beginning with Wifdom. You 
 ardently follow every Event, as it rifes : too late in the Pur- 
 fuit, you iink again into Indolence. If any new Conjuncture 
 happen, you refiime your former Operations j you alTemble tu- 
 multuoully and moft unprofitably, for impoflible with new- 
 raifed Troops to execute any Thing of Importance. You mufl 
 maintain a conftant, regular Force ; provide Funds for its Sub- 
 Hftence j appoint Treafurers, and by all exadleft Methods ima- 
 ginable preferve the public Funds from Diilipation. Then let 
 your Treafurers be accountable for whatever Sums they have ex- 
 pended, and your General for his Condudl ; neither leave this 
 General a Pretence for failing to any other Coaft, or profecut- 
 ing any other Expedition, than in Obedience to your Orders. 
 If you purfue this Plan, and form your Refolutions in this Man- 
 ner, you fliall either compel Philip to an equitable Peace, and 
 to continue within the Bounds of his own Dominions, or fight 
 him upon equal Terms. Then, perhaps, O Men of Athens, 
 perhaps, as you now inquire how Philip is employed, andwhi-, 
 ther he is marching, fo (hall he be folicitous to know whither 
 the Troops of Athens are deftined, and where they fliall open 
 
 tlie Campaign. 
 
 P p 2 Who
 
 292 ORATIONSOF 
 
 Whoever computes, that the Plan I have propofed, will 
 require a large Expence, numberlefs Fatigues and conftant Ap- 
 plication, certainly computes with Judgement ; for numerous 
 the Diftrefles, moft numerous, which of Neceffity arife from 
 War. Yet if he reckon the Calamities, that will affuredly be- 
 fall the Republic, if he refufe to execute this Scheme, he will 
 be convinced it is our Intereft with Chearfulnefs to difcharge our 
 Duty. For although fome God were Surety (and nothing mortal 
 were worthy of our Belief in a Matter of this Importance) that 
 if you continue to obferve the Peace and abandon the World 
 to this Oppreflbr, yet he never will diredl his Conquefls hither, 
 I fwear by all our Deities, it were extremeft Turpitude, and un- 
 worthy of your Charadler ; of the Majefty of Athens, and the 
 illuftrious Adlions of your Anceftors, to abandon,, for the Sake of 
 indulging your own Indolence of Spirit, the univerfal States 
 of Greece to Servitude. For myfelf, let me rather die, than 
 offer you fuch Advice. If any other propofes, and perfuades 
 you to follow fach Counfels, then be it fo : attempt not to re- 
 pel this Deftroyer, and abandon all Defence. But if no Athe- 
 nian yet thinks thus bafely ; if on the contrary we univerfally 
 forefee, that in Proportion as we fuffer him to extend his Con- 
 quells, fo fhall we find him a more dangerous and formidable 
 Enemy, wherefore do we delay ? Why do we procraftinate ? 
 Or when, O Men of Athens^ will you refolve ta perform your 
 
 I Duty
 
 DEMOSTHENES. 293 
 
 Duty to your Country ? When, in the Name of Jupiter ! fome 
 Neceflity fhall compel you ? But the NecefTity, wliich alone 
 fhould influence the Adions of Men born in Liberty, is not 
 only this Moment before you, but already long fincepaft. That 
 other, by which Slaves are impelled, let us implore the Gods to 
 remove from us for ever. But what the Difference between 
 them ? The ftrongeft NecefTity that a Freeman acknowledges, 
 is the Confcioufnefs of having ad:ed difhonourably ; a greater, 
 I know not who is capable of naming. But Stripes and bodily 
 Tortures, which may we never experience ! which it is an 
 Unworthinefs even to name, are the Neceflity of Slaves ► 
 
 But affuredly, O Men of Athens, to be coldly affedled to 
 thofe Obligations, which every Man owes his Country, both in 
 his Perfon and his Fortune, is by no Means a commendable 
 Charader. The Affertion requires very little Proof. His Con- 
 dudl, however, may perhaps admit fome Appearance of Ex- 
 cufe. But unwillingly to hear what juftly demands your Atten- 
 tion, what is worthy of your Deliberations, certainly deferves 
 the fevereft Reprehenflon. Yet you refufe to hear, until ap- 
 parent and immediate Danger, as at this Moment, prefl^s hard 
 upon you ; nor in any Affair, of whatever Importance, are you 
 accuftomed to confult and determine when the Republic is more 
 at Leifure. When Philip is arming to invade us, you indo- 
 lently negled to arm in. the fame Manner, and oppofe his Inva- 
 
 flon,,
 
 294- ORATIONSOF 
 
 Hon, while whoever mentions your Conduct with Reproach, you 
 drive him out of your Allemblies. However, when you are 
 informed fome other Place is taken or befieged, then indeed 
 vou hear ; then you prepare for War. Yet the Time for hear- 
 ing and determining was precifely that, which you rejeded ; 
 and the Seafon of entering upon Adion, and employing the 
 Forces you fhould have raifed, is that you now confume in 
 hearing. From this unhappy Difpofition it proceeds, that you 
 a<5l in perfedt Contradiction to the reft of human Kind ; for 
 every other People are accuftomed to confult before Events, you 
 alone when they are paft. However, what ftill remains to be 
 done ; what hath been formerly negledled, and what even yet 
 is not irretrievably too late, I fliall now declare. 
 
 Among all the prefling NecefTities of the Republic, there 
 is not another more urgent, than the Want of Money. Yet 
 even here fome fortunate Circumftances voluntarily offer them- 
 felves to your Acceptance, which, if prudently managed, may 
 produce moft valuable Effedls. Firft, the Nations, in whom 
 Artaxerxes moft confides, and whom he thinks moft faithful to 
 his Service, do perfonally deteft Philip, and have already de- 
 clared War againft him. Next, the Confident and Agent of 
 all his Defigns againft the King, hath been carried off into 
 pcrfia, and that Monarch will be now informed of all Phi- 
 lip's
 
 DEMOSTHENES. 295 
 
 lip's fecret PracSlices, not by our Remonftrances (for thofe he 
 might fufpe6t of a Regard to our peculiar Interefts) but by the 
 Minifter and Agent of his Projects, (i) Thus fhall our Alle- 
 gations obtain Credit, and nothing will remain to be aflerted 
 by your AmbafTadors, which Artaxerxes will not hear with 
 Pleafure ; " that Philip, who hath outraged both Nations, 
 ** fliould be chaftifed by their common Vengeance : that he 
 ** will become more dangeroufly formidable to Perfia, if he 
 *' firft invade Athens : that if any Misfortune befal the Repub- 
 <* lie for want of Succours, Philip will march againft Perfia 
 c* with Fearleflhefs and Security." 
 
 Upon all thefe Confiderations, I think you fhould inftantly 
 fend an Embafly to confer with the Perfia n, and for ever divert 
 yourfelves of an idle Prejudice, by which you have been often 
 injured, " that he is a Barbarian, the common Enemy of 
 " Greece," with all fuch Kind of Expreflions. As for my felf, 
 when I behold a certain Citizen of Athens profefTmg his Ter- 
 rours of a Monarch at Sufa or Ecbatana, and reprefenting iiini 
 animated with malignant Defigns againft this Commonwealth^ 
 
 al- 
 
 ( 1 ) Philip already projeded his Expe- Number, and had the greateft Share in 
 
 dition into Afia. In this Defign he re- Philip's Confidence, wlien Mentor, the 
 
 ceived all the Malecontents of Perfia Rhodian, and General of the Perfian 
 
 with open Arms, and held fecret Intelli- Army, engaged him to an Interview - 
 
 gence with all the Rebels. Kermias, feized his Perfon, and fent him in Chains 
 
 Tyrant of a City in Myfia, was of this to Artaxerxes. Tourreii...
 
 296 O R A T I O N S O F- 
 
 althouorh he formerly reftored and raifed her when (lie lay in 
 Ruins ; (2) although he lately made you Offers of his Friend- 
 fhip (for not his Fault, that you refufed to accept, or by your 
 Decrees rejedled them) (3) yet holding a very different Language 
 with Regard to another, this Moment approaching our Gates ; 
 a Robber of the Grecians, and growing in his Greatnefs even 
 in the Midfl: of Greece, I confefs my Aftonifhment, and fear 
 that Man, whoever he be, who is not afraid of Philip. 
 
 There is another Diforder, that preys upon the Strength and 
 Health of the RepubUc ; that raifes among us much unjuft 
 Maledidlion, Inve<5lives, indecent Calumny, and furnijfhes to 
 thofe, who are ill-intentioned to their Country, a Pretence for 
 negledling their Duty to it. To this Diforder, you will find 
 all the Neceffities of the Commonwealth may be with Juftice 
 
 im- 
 
 (2) After the Sicilian Expedition, defeated the Spartan Admiral at Cnidos, 
 equally unfortunate as imprudent, the exterminated the Tyrants of Athens, re- 
 Athenians might have ftill fupported built her Walls, repaired her Harbour, 
 themfelves, if the Ferfians had not con- and became a fecond Founder of his 
 curred in precipitating their Ruin. But Country. Yet even to purchafe thefe va- 
 v/hen Artaxerxes Mnemon had defeated luable Succours he never debafed his own 
 his brodier Cyrus, he turned his Refent- Dignity, or the Majefty of the Repub- 
 ment againft the Lacedemonians, by lie by an abjeft Compliance with the 
 whom Cyrus had been principally affift- fervile Manners of the Perfuns, nor fub- 
 ed. He with Ardour embraced the De- mitted to their Forms in approaching 
 fign of re-eftablifliing Athens, now lying their Monarchs. He carried on his Ne- 
 in Ruins under the Tyranny of Sparta, gotiations by Letters. 
 Conon maJe wile Ufe of this Refent- (3) What thefe Offers, or why they 
 ment, obtained a powerful Succour, were rejeded, is equally unknown. Tour- 
 equipped a numerous Fleet, attacked and reil's Conjeflures are meerly imaginary.
 
 v^ 
 
 DEMOSTHENES. 
 
 297 
 
 imputed. I confefs my Apprelieniions In fpcaking to this Sub- 
 jed:, yet I am determined to fpeak ; for I perfuade myfelf I 
 have fomewhat to propofe, of general Advantage to the Re- 
 pubhcj in Favour of the poor againft the rich, and in Favour 
 of the wealthy againft the Indigent, If we can only take away 
 from among us thofe atrocious Invedives, which fome People 
 indulge, however unjuftly, againft your Appointment of the 
 theatrical Funds, and thofe idle Terrours, that this Ufage can- 
 not be continued without fome confiderable Mifchief to the 
 Commonwealth : fuch an Ufage, that you cannot Imagine a 
 greater Support to your Adminlftratlon, or any other more ca- 
 pable of adding Strength to every Part of your Conftitution. (4) 
 Give me then your Attention. I fliall begin with pleading 
 their Caufe, who feem oppreffed with Indigence and Penury, 
 
 (+) Our Author here fupports in very 
 ilrong Language the Deftination of the 
 military Funds to the theatrical Enter- 
 tainments, which in another Oration he 
 as earneftly oppofed. From what Mo- 
 tives this Alteration in his Sentiments is 
 impofiible to conjefture ; whether from 
 the Wildom of forefeeirig how impofTi- 
 ble to perfuade the People to refign the 
 PLafi.ires, of which they were fo pafTion- 
 ately fond ; whether from a prudent 
 yielding to Circumftances and Conjunc- 
 tures, or his Apprehenfion of a civil 
 War from the violent Conceits upon this 
 
 Vol. I. Q^ 
 
 Subje(5b. This latl Reafon is not with- 
 out Probability, fince his beft Art is 
 here employed in reconciling the wealthiir 
 and more indigent Citizens, who had al- 
 ready been enflamed to mutual Invec- 
 tives, and much indecent Calumny upon 
 this Occafion. But better hazarding any 
 Conje6tures, or even confeffing our total 
 Ignorance, than believe, upon the fole 
 Authority of Ulpian, a Story not only 
 diOionourable to our Author's Reputa- - 
 tion, but wholly foreign from his natu- 
 ral Manners, his Genius, and the gene- 
 ral Integrity of his Charader.
 
 298 ORATIONSOF 
 
 It is not a confiderable Time fince the Revenues of the 
 Commonwealth did not exceed an hundred and thirty Talents, 
 yet none of your Citizens, who were capable of fitting out a 
 Galley, or advancing whatever Sums were demanded for the 
 public Service, ever held themfelves acquitted of thofe Obliga- 
 tions, becaufe Money was not in exceeding Plenty. On the 
 contrary, our Gallies were equipped, the Funds were fupport- 
 ed, and every Thing necefiary provided. Since that Time, 
 Fortune hath acted moft gracioufly towards us j hath wrought 
 many fignal Benefits for this Republic, and raifed your Reve- 
 nues from one, to four hundred Talents, without Prejudice to the 
 rich, but rather with their peculiar Advantage. For all our 
 richeft Citizens receive a certain Proportion of them, and with 
 Tuftice receive. (5) From what Motives then our mutual Re- 
 proaches, and under what Pretext can we refufe performing 
 our common Duty to our Country, unlefs we envy the poor 
 thefe little Succours thus bounteoufly given them by Fortune ? 
 For myfelf, I neither reproach them with their Poverty, nor 
 will allow others to think it Matter of Accufation. For even 
 
 in 
 
 (5) Not the Magiftrates only, but them for meeting in Council, nottode- 
 cvery civil Officer, received a certain liberate upon the Affairs of the Corn- 
 Stipend out of the 'I reafury, and the monwealth, but to receive this miferable 
 people were even paid for their Attend- Pittance. Is it not for thy Sake alone, fays 
 ance upon private Caufes in the Courts Carjon to the God of Riches, that the 
 of Juftice, and the public Debates in Athenians affemble Jo frequently ? 
 their AfTemblies. Ariilophanes rallies 6
 
 DEMOSTHENES. 299 
 
 in private Families I have never oblerved a Youth behaving him- 
 felf in this Manner to his Elders ; neither fo totally devoid of 
 all Sentiments of Hinnanity, nor lo perverfe of Temper, as to 
 declare, he will not labour for the general Support of the Fa- 
 mily, unlefs his Parents bear an equal Share of the Fatigue. 
 Such Behaviour would render him liable to the Penalties our 
 Laws inflidl upon unnatural Children. For, in my Opinion, 
 a Child fliould pun6lually and chearfully pay the Portion allot- 
 ted both by Nature and the Laws for fupporting his Parents in 
 their Lidigence. As we have therefore, each of us, a Father, 
 who claims our natural Duty and Affedlion, fo fhould the whole 
 People be efteemed the common Fathers of the Republic ; and 
 fo far from taking away by Violence whatever the Common- 
 wealth has appointed for their Support, that if there be no Pro- 
 vilion made, we fliould ourfelves relieve their Neceilities. If 
 the rich would entertain thefe Sentiments, I am perfuaded, they 
 would ad: not only more equitably, but more for their own pe- 
 culiar Advantage. For to defraud the indigent of a neceflary 
 Subliftence is to raife up Enemies againfl: the Republic. 
 
 I WOULD now advife the poor to remov^e that Oppreffion, 
 vvhich lies heavy upon the wealthy, and of which they not un- 
 reafonably complain. I fhall proceed, as I have already done, 
 nor hefitate to afiert fuch Truths, as are favourable to their 
 Caufe. For in my own Opinion, there is not a Wretch fo mi- 
 
 Q^q 2 ferable.
 
 300 ORATIONSOF 
 
 ferable, fo cruel in his Dilpofition (I do not fpeak of Athenians 
 only, but of all Mankind) as to fee with Pain the Diftreffes of the- 
 poor and neceffitous relieved. Where then is this Oppreflion r 
 Where the Diftrefs, of which our wealthier Citizens complain ? 
 When they behold the Cuftom of legally receiving from 
 the Public, altered to that of taking by Violence from private 
 Perfons ; when they fee the Author of fuch Propofals inftantly 
 becoming a Man of Importance, and even immortal, as far as his 
 Life depends upon your Votes j when they fee this very Man 
 openly condemned even with Clamours of Approbation, yet 
 abfolutely acquitted by your fecret Suffrages, thefe are the Mo- 
 tives of Diffidence and Refentment. (6) For you ought, O 
 Men of Athens, mutually to communicate to each other the 
 common Benefits of your Conflitution. Let the rich poffefs 
 their Lives and Fortunes in perfe6l Tranquillity and fecure from 
 all Apprehenfion ; but in Time of general Danger let them 
 
 con- 
 
 (6) The Revenues of the State, with, was brought before the People, v/hjD, 
 
 even the Addition of all pecuniary Fines, whether unable to refift the firft Impref- 
 
 were infufFxient to defray the immenfe fions of fo reafonable a Complaint, or 
 
 Expences of their public Games and En- afliamed openly to avow thtir Intentions 
 
 tertainments. Some of their Orators of fupporting fuch manifeft Injuftice, 
 
 therefore, whether in a Spirit of Sedition loudly threatened to punifia the Orator, 
 
 or Popularity, frequently propofed tax- who propofed it. But when they pro- 
 
 ing the rich, and v/hen Rcafon failed, ceeded to pronounce Sentence, the fecret 
 
 Calumny furnifhed the Pretence. They Suflrages, which were given by Balot, 
 
 were however often profecuted for the acquitted the Perfon, whom the public 
 
 Iniquity of fuch Propofals; their Caufe Suffrages condemned. Tourrei-l. 
 
 8
 
 DEMOSTHENES. 301 
 
 contribute of their Abundance to the Safety of their Country. 
 Let the poor confider the Treafures of the Public, as really be- 
 longing to the Public, and receive their juft Proportion ; but 
 let them remember, that private Wealth is the Property of its 
 particular Poffeflbr. Thus a fmall City becomes great, and a 
 great one preferves its Grandeur. 
 
 Such is, perhaps, the Condudl, which both Parties ought to 
 maintain ; but how that Condudt may be regularly purfued, it 
 is neceflary diftindly to explain. Many are the Caufes, and of 
 long Continuance, that have produced our prefcnt Diforders 
 and Confufion. Of thefe, if you be willing to hear, I am 
 willing to fpeak. You are removed, O Men of Athens, from 
 that Foundation, upon which you were placed by your An- 
 ceftors. To hold the Sovereignty of Greece; to have Armies 
 ever ready to fuccour the Opprelled, you have been perfuaded, 
 by thofcj who now diredt your Adminifbation, is a fruitlefs 
 and an idle Expence ; but to pafs away your Lives in Indolence, 
 and a total Negled; of every neceffary Duty ; to abandon every 
 Thing, and fuffer others to take Pofleffion, you now efteem a 
 wonderful Felicity, and a State of perfedl Security. While you 
 have purfued thefe Maxims, another hath aillimed that Rank, 
 which it became your Dignity to have flill maintained. Ano- 
 ther is fortunate and powerful, and Mafter of an immenfe Ex- 
 tent of Country : is defervedly Mailer. For he hath boldly 
 
 pof-
 
 302 O R A T I O N S O F 
 
 poffeffed himfelf of that Prize, fo full of Glory, and Gran- 
 deur, and Splendour, for which the greateft Nations had through 
 all Time contended ; and while the Lacedaemonians were bro- 
 ken by their Misfortunes ; the Thebans engaged in the Phocaean 
 War, and Athens indolently carelefs, he hath feized upon it, as 
 if it had been abandoned without a Competitor to his Ambi- 
 tion. Terrour and Alarm he hath afligned to others ; but 
 numerous Allies and powerful Forces he hath referved to him- 
 felf. With Diftreffes fo great, and of fuch a Nature hath he 
 furrounded all the States of Greece, that it is not ealy to advife 
 what Meafures they ought to purfue for their Safety. But while 
 the prefent Situation of Affairs, as I conceive, is univerfally 
 terrible, O Men of Athens, to all her States, yet not to any 
 other does it threaten greater Danger, than to your Republic ; 
 not only becaufe Philip levels all his Projeds principally againft 
 you, but becaufe of all others you are moft idle and indolent 
 in oppoling him. 
 
 But if, when you behold the Riches of all foreign Merchan- 
 dife round you, and the Abundance of Provilions in your Mar- 
 kets, you fuiTer yourfelves to be fo far charmed by them, as to 
 imagine no pofTible Danger can ever threaten the Republic, 
 you neither determine with Dignity, nor Wifdom. By this 
 Abundance you may indeed determine whether your Markets 
 
 and
 
 DEMOSTHENES. 303 
 
 aod Feftivals are meanly or elegantly fupnlied, but a City, v/liich 
 we fuppofc would willingly maintain the perpetual Sovereignty 
 of Greece ; would alone oppofe all Attempts of Tyranny, and 
 ftand forth the Defender of Liberty, I fwear by the fupreme 
 of Gods, we fliould not eftimate the Greatnefs or Glory of that 
 City by the Riches of its Merchandifc, or the Abundance of 
 its Provifions, but inquire whether it may rely with Confidence 
 on its Allies, and is powerful in its own domeHiic Soldiery. 
 Thefe the only Confiderations, that determine the Grandeur 
 and Welfare of Cities ; and with Refped: to all thefe Confide- 
 rations, Athens is in a very deplorable, certainly not in a very 
 honourable Situation. You will acknowledge the Truth of 
 thefe Reflexions, if you recollect, at what Time the Affairs of 
 Greece were in their greateft Tumult and Diforder ? You will 
 affu redly confefs, they never were in greater Confufion at any one 
 Period, than the prefent. Her States were formerly divided in- 
 to two Parties only ; one of which acknowledged the Sove- 
 reignty of Lacedasmon, the other that of Athens. (7) The 
 Perfian was then univerfally and equally fufpedted, yet by affift- 
 ing the conquered in their Wars, he gained a certain Degree 
 of Confidence among them, until he had reflored an Equality 
 between the contending Parties. (8) He then immediately be- 
 came 
 
 (7) In the Peloponnefian War, Co- (8) The Lacedsemonians, by tht- ir Al- 
 
 rinth Thebes and Megara declared for liance with Darius Nothus, were enabled 
 
 Lacedsmon •, Chios, Lefbos and Platsea to befiege Athens, and lay her in Ruins. 
 
 for Athens. Tourreil. Conpn afterwards raifcd her from thofs-
 
 304 O R A T I O N S O F 
 
 came detefled, not lefs by thofe he had preferved, than by iiis 
 original Enemies. (9) But now this Monarch is in perfect 
 Amity with all the People of Greece, yet leafl: of all incHned 
 to an Alliance with us, except we better regulate our Condu6l 
 towards him. Then let us conlider how numerous the Preten- 
 iions, which are formed on every Side of us to the fole Dominion 
 of Greece, and that each feparate State affumes to itfelf the 
 Rank of Pre-eminence, while they all mutually oppofe, envy, 
 and diftruft each other. Thus contrary to their Intereft and their 
 Duty are the Argives divided, the Thebans, Corinthians, La- 
 cedaemonians, Arcadians, and the People of Athens. But 
 while Greece is thus broken into Faftions, all of them aiming 
 at univerfal Sovereignty ; yet, if I be permitted freely to ex- 
 prefs my Sentiments ; not in any other City can you behold the 
 
 Tri- 
 
 Ruins, by the Succours he received from of Evagoras, who had revolted from the 
 Artaxerxes Mnemon. Nor were the Perfian, and ufurped the greater Part of 
 Kings of Perfia without Reafon attentive the Kingdom of Cyprus. 
 to preferve a Balance of Power between Mr. Tourreil blames the Immorality 
 the Grecian Republics, left whatever and Ingratitude of this Conduft, with a 
 State prevailed might afterwards turn its Remark of much infipid Vivacity, that 
 Arms againft Afia. not in thefe Days alone muft Morality be 
 (9) No fooner had Lacedjcmon fub- fdcnt, when Politics /peak. The true 
 dued Athens by the Alliftance of Darius, Morality of Politics in the Subjeft, is the 
 than (lie ravaged the Perfian Provinces in Prefervation of Liberty ; and the Safety 
 Afia Minor, and fupported his rebellious of the People, whom Providence hath 
 Satraps. As foon as Athens, by tie committed to their Care, is the firft Duty 
 Succours of Mnemon, had recovered her of Princes. They cannot know any bet- 
 Liberty Irom the Opprefflons of the ter, they fhould not acknowledge any 
 Spartan Tyranny, fhe embraced the Caufe other Morals.
 
 DEMOSTHENES. 305 
 
 Tribunals and Aflemblics lefs frequented by the Minifters and 
 Ambaffadors of other States, than thofe of Athens. With 
 Reafon are we thus deferted, for neither in Amity, nor Confi- 
 dence, nor Fear, will they enter into any Negotiation with 
 us. (10) 
 
 Nor from one Caufe alone, O Men of Athens, do thefe 
 Misfortunes arife (for one were eafily correded) but numerous 
 and various, and of long Continuance, have been our Errours. 
 But omitting fingle and particular Inftances, I fliall point out 
 one general Errour, to which all the reft have a direct and im- 
 mediate Tendency, yet imploring this Favour, that while I ex- 
 prefs myfelf with the Freedom, which Truth demands, I may 
 not become an Obje£l of your Indignation. 
 
 Every favourable Conjundure for adling hath been fold to 
 your Enemies, and while you enjoyed your beloved Indolence 
 
 and 
 
 (10) The Cities that Philip had taken knew a greater Delight, than to fee and 
 
 in Thrace had leflened the Number of hear a Number of Ambafladors in their 
 
 thtfe Applications, and unpeopled the Alk-mblies, folliciting their Proteftion 
 
 Tribunals of Athens. Foreigners def- and Alliance. It was the moft pleafing 
 
 paired of that Vigilance and Attention, Homage they were capable of receiving, 
 
 neceiTary to their Interefts, in a People, and that State, which received the greater 
 
 whom they beheld regardlefs of their Number of EmbalTics, imagined hirftlf 
 
 own. Yet the Laced<-emonians and Athe- f.iperior to her Rival. Tourreil. 
 
 nian?, in their higheft Profperity, never 
 
 Vol. I. R r
 
 3o6 ORATIONSOF 
 
 and InadliWty you did not feverely enough refent the Condu(S 
 of thefe Traytors, but fuffered others to take Pofieflion of Ho- 
 nours properly yours; Concerning other Particulars, it is not 
 of Importance to inquire at prefent, but whenever Philip is ac- 
 cidentally mentioned in our Debates, a certain Ord,tor immedi- 
 ately rifes and declares, " The Affair becomes extremely ferious ; 
 " we fliould by no Means proclaim War." Then inftantly 
 forms a regular Comparifon, " How defireable a Blefling is 
 " Peace! How difficult to maintain a numerous Body of 
 " Forces ! Some People defign to plunder your Treafury.'* 
 With other Affertions, which the People receive as Truths in- 
 conteftible, and important. But our Orator ought not to per- 
 fuade you to preferve this Peace inviolably, for you are already 
 firm in this Perfuafion, but much rather this Macedonian, who 
 is adlually this Moment committing Hoftilities againft us ; for 
 if he were perfuaded, it is apparent you have no Objedlions. 
 Nor certainly fhould we compute how burthenfome what we 
 fhall expend upon the public Safety, but what we fhall fuffer,. 
 if we do not refolve to execute the Plan I propofe ; to prevent 
 the Peculation of the public Money, and find fome Method of 
 preferving it, yet not negled: any Meafure of general Utility. 
 
 Nor can I without Indignation obferv^e, that exceeding Grief, 
 with which fome of you refent the Diffipation of your Funds. 
 
 A
 
 DEMOSTHENES. 307 
 
 A Crime, however, which it is in your Power either effcdlually 
 to prevent, or to puniili thofe who are guilty of it ; while Phi- 
 lip, regularly plundering whole Greece, and even now directing 
 his Rapine hither, is not confidered as an Obje6l of their Re- 
 fentment. Whence is it, therefore, O Men of Athens, when Phi- 
 lip openly commits thefe atrocious A6ls of Hoftility ; when he 
 violently takes Poflefllon of our Cities, that none of thefe Ora- 
 tors ever acknowledged he treats us injurioufly, and is in aftual 
 War againft us, but clamouroufly pronounce, that whoever ad- 
 vife you no longer to endure thefe Injuries, never to abandon 
 thefe Cities to his Ambition, fhould alone be declared Authors 
 of the War ? It is becaufe they are unanimoufly refolved to im- 
 pute to them, who give you the moft honourable and fa- 
 lutary Counfels, whatever Diftrelles arife fi-om the Profecution 
 of the War, for DiftrefTes numerous and great mufl: of Ne- 
 ceffity ai-ife. But if with one determined Spirit and Refolution 
 you fhould unite to punifh this Invader, they are convinced, 
 you will certainly prove vi6torious, and that they no longer fliall 
 receive the Wages of their Perfidy. But v/hen you turn yourfelves, 
 in your Indignation, from the firft Tumults occafioned by any 
 unfortunate Succefs, and proceed to immediate Sentence, thefe 
 Tray tors, who inftantly become Accufers, are afTured of botli 
 thefe Advantages, to be applauded by you, and to receive from 
 Philip the Price of their Corruption ; they are allured, that you 
 
 R r 2 your-
 
 3o8 ORATIONSOF 
 
 yourfelves will direft that Vengeance, due to their own Perfidy, 
 againfl the Citizen, who hath fpoken with Integrity and Zeal 
 in your Defence. Such are the Hopes of thefe Betrayers ; fuch 
 the Foundation of their Clamours, " That certain Pcrfons 
 *' would involve us in a War." Yet this I certainly and clearly 
 know, that before any one Athenian propofed a Decree for com- 
 mencing Hoftilities, Philip had already made hirafelf Mafter of 
 numerous Places under the Obedience of the Republic, and 
 that he lately fent Succours to the Cardians. If however we 
 are obftinate in diflembling, that he hath adually begun the 
 War, he were of all Mankind the weakefl;, if he convinced us 
 of our Errour. When they, who are injured, deny the Wrongs 
 they have received, what befits the Perfbn who committed them ? 
 But when in very Fadl he marches hither to invade us, what 
 Hiall we iay then ? Affuredly he never will acknowledge the In- 
 vafion an Aft of Hoftility, as he never made any fuch Acknow- 
 ledgment to the Oritans, when his Troops were even encamps 
 ed within their Territories ; nor to the Pheraeans, until he had 
 actually made an Affault upon their Walls 3 nor, in the_Begii>- 
 ning of his Depredations, to the Olynthians, until he appeared 
 in Perfon with an Army amidft their Dominions. Even then 
 iTiall we declare, that they, who encourage us to repel this In-- 
 vader, are Authors of the War ? The Remainder then is Sla_ 
 very. No other poflible Medium. 
 
 Yet 
 8
 
 DEMOSTHENES. 509 
 
 Yet mr unequal is the Danger with Regard to us, and all 
 the reft of Mankind, fince Philip does not intend to fubdue the 
 Republic— no ; but wholly to deftroy. For he is perfectly 
 confcious, you are determined never to be enllaved, and that if 
 you were even willing, yet you are unknowing in the Bafenefs 
 of Slavery, for you have been accuftomed to command. He 
 knows you capable, if you feized the proper Opportunity, of 
 forming a more powerful Oppofition to his Defigns, than the 
 united Forces of all the other People of Greece. Influenced 
 by thefe Motives, if ever he become your Conqueror, be moil 
 aflured he will never fpare you in his Clemency. 
 
 As if the Conteft therefore was maintained for the laft, moft 
 valuable Bleflings, let this be your determined Refolution ; for 
 ever to deteft, to impale and crucify thele Wretches, who have 
 thus openly fold themfelves to this Macedonian. For impofli- 
 ble, it is indeed impofiible, to conquer your foreign, unlefs 
 you punifh your domeftic Enemies. Thele are the Rocks 
 and Qj; kfands, upon which you unavoidably ftrike, and are 
 undone. 
 
 From whence, do you imagine, Philip treats you with fuch 
 apparent Outrage and Contumely (for all his Condudl, in my 
 
 Opi-
 
 310 ORATIONS OF 
 
 Opinion, is nothing elfe but Contumely and Outrage) Where- 
 fore his Beneiicence to others, if not with Intention to deceive ? 
 Wherefore to you his continued Menaces ? The TheflaUans, by 
 his fatal Bounty hath he reduced infenfibly to their prefent Sla- 
 very. Nor is it pofTible to enumerate the various Ads of Li- 
 berality (fuch as the Cefllon of Potidaea and many other Places) 
 by which he deluded the miferable Olynthians. Even now he 
 booths the Thebans to Slavery, by ceding Boeotia to them, after 
 having relieved them from a War, tedious and dangerous. What 
 Fruits of his Beneficence fome of thefe Nations enjoyed, and 
 what Calamities they have fuffered, the World is well-inform- 
 ed ; fuch Calamities, as the reft, whenever Philip hath a fa- 
 vourable Opportunity, fliall affuredly fuffer. Of how many 
 Places you yourfelves have been defpoiled, I am filent. But 
 durino- the very Negotiations for Peace, in what numerous In" 
 ftances have you been deceived ? Of what Allies, Fortrefres> 
 Territories, defpoiled ? Are not the Phocaeans undone ? Is not 
 Thermopylae taken ? Dorifcum and Serrium and even Cherfo- 
 bleptes himfelf, are they not loft ? Is not Philip Mafter of Car- 
 dia ? Does he not avow the PolTeflion of it ? From whence 
 therefore his very different Condud with Regard to us, and 
 others ? Becaufe among all the Grecian Republics, in Athens 
 alone an Impunity of pleading the Caufe of Enemies is allow, 
 ed, and that the Wretch, who receives the Bribe of Corrup- 
 tion,
 
 DEMOSTHENES. 311 
 
 tion, may fpeak with Fearleffiicfs and Security, even in the. 
 Moment you are plundered of your Dominions. 
 
 In Olynthus it was not without Danger to profcfs the Caufe 
 of Phihp, while the Multitude had not yet enjoyed the Ad- 
 vantages arifing from the Ceffion of Potida^a. Nor was it fafe 
 in Theffaly to plead in Favour of Philip, before he had obliged 
 the People by expelling their Tyrants, and refloring their Right 
 of preliding in the Council of Amphydions. In Thebes it was 
 unfafe, until he ceded Boeotia to her, and with a total Deftruc- 
 tion deftroyed the Phocaeans. But in Athens, not only when 
 Philip had defpoiled us of Amphlpolis and Cardia, with the 
 Territories round it, but while he was ereding Euboea into a 
 kind of Fortrefs to controul us ; when at this very Inflant, he 
 is marching to Byzantium, flill it is perfedly fafe to exert our 
 Eloquence in Favour of PhiHp. Thus have fome of thefc Ora- 
 tors from very Penury fuddenly become rich ; from namelcfs 
 and obfcure grown honourable and eminent, while you on the 
 contrary, from illuftrious are become inglorious, and from opu- 
 lent, indigent. For in my Opinion, the Riches of a State 
 Gonfift in the Number of its Allies, their Fidelity and Affec- 
 tion ; in all thefe Riches you are poor indeed. Yet while vou 
 continue infenlibly regardlefs of thefe Treafures, and obfti- 
 nately purfue the fame deftrudive Meafures in your Adminiftra- 
 
 tion^.
 
 312 ORATIONSOF 
 
 tion, this Macedonian is fortunate, and great, and formidable^ 
 both to Grecians and Barbarians ; you are deferted and abjed:. 
 Sumptuous indeed in your mercantile Riches, and the Abun- 
 dance of Providons in your Markets, but in your military 
 Operations, Objedls even of Laughter and Ridicule. 
 
 Nor do I perceive, that your Orators entertain the fame 
 Sentiments with Regard to your Interefls, and their own. 
 They boldly affert the Neceflity of your refting in Peace, what- 
 ever Injuries you receive ; yet they themfelves are incapable of 
 continuing in Peace, although no Mortal injure them. But 
 without the leaft Intention to affront you, if any one fhould 
 afk you, Ariflodemus, although you perfedlly knew (for cer- 
 tainly no human Creature can be ignorant) that the Life of 
 private Citizens is tranquil, unperplexed with Cares, and un- 
 expofed to Danger, while that of Perfons, engaged in the Ad- 
 miniflration, is ever open to Murmurings and Complainings ; 
 uncertain where to tread with Safety, and Day after Day, fill- 
 ed witli Contentions and Difquiet, wherefore did you not pre- 
 fer this tranquil, unperplexed Life to that of Perils and of 
 Dancrers ?(i i) What would you reply ? If you returned the cer- 
 tainly 
 
 fii) By a Fragment of Cicero, pre- mum, tragicum adorem, maximis dc 
 
 ferved to us by St. Auftin, we learn that rebus pacis ac belli legatum ad Philip- 
 
 Arifto.^tmus was an After, before he en- pum Athenienfes ffepe miferunt. Olivet, 
 gaged in the Adminiftration. AriftoJe-
 
 DEMOSTHENES. 313 
 
 tainly befi: Anfvver, and we fliould admit the Truth of it, that 
 you aded only from a laudable Ambition and Love of Glory, 
 yet I really ftand amazed, that while you efteem it your Duty, 
 from thefe Motives, to enter into fuch Engagements, equally 
 laborious as dangerous, you can, however, advife the Common- 
 wealth indolently to abandon her Principles of ading, her 
 Glory and Ambition. You will not ailert the Neceflity of your 
 appearing eminently confpicuous in the Republic, yet hold it 
 unnecefTary for the Republic to aflume among the Grecians her 
 uft Authority. Neither do I conceive, when the Safety of the 
 Commonwealth demands her confining herfelf to her. own pro- 
 per Affairs, yet for you it were Matter of Danger, if you did 
 not officioufly intereft yourfelf in the Affairs of others ; but it 
 happens in Contradidion to this Scheme, that you, by your 
 being bufy, over-bufy, and the Republic by her total Inadivity, 
 are both involved in the greateft Dangers. " But, by the Gods, 
 " your Father's and your Grandiire's Glory hath defcended to 
 *' you, which it were difhonourable in you to forfeit, while 
 " nothing but a namelefs Obfcurity and Meannefs hath been 
 '* tranfmitted to the Commonwealth by our Anceftors." Very 
 far otherwife the Reality of the Fad: ; for your Father, if he 
 refembled you, was a Robber, but by our Republic, and our 
 Anceftors, as all Mankind can witnefs, the Greeks were twice 
 
 preferved from apparent and immediate Ruin. (12} 
 
 But 
 
 (12) At Marathon and Salamls. 
 
 Vol. L S f
 
 314. O R A T r O N S O F 
 
 But fomeof your Orators, in their very different Conducl of 
 their own and your Affairs, neither ad; with a Regard to equal 
 and impartial Reafon, nor that Integrity becoming a Citizen of 
 Athens. How can it poffibly be reafonable, that efcaping out 
 of your pubHc Goals they fhould be totally ignorant of them- 
 felves, while a Republic, that held, till now, the foremoft 
 Rank among the Grecian States, and formerly poffeffed 
 the Sovereignty of Greece, fhould fmk into the deepefl Obfcu- 
 rity and Ignominy ? But although I have much to fay upoa 
 this, and many other Subjedls, yet I forbear ; fince not from a 
 Penury of Advice, as I conceive, have either your pafl^ or do 
 your prefent Diftrefles arife ; but when you have heard, and 
 unanimoufly approved of any Meafures, as rightly and judici- 
 oully propofed, yet you lit with equal Attention to hear the 
 Counfels of others, who purpofe only to prevent the Execution 
 of thofe Meafures, or wholly to pervert the Reafoning, upon 
 which they are founded. Not that you are ignorant of thei^ 
 Characters, for you can inftantly diftinguifh, whoever fpeaks 
 for his Reward, and fupports the Interefts of Philip, and who- 
 ever offers his Advice with equal Integrity as Wifdom ; but 
 when thefe faithful Advifers are accufed, you turn the Profe- 
 cutlon into Raillery and InveClive, yet never, in any one Inftance, 
 difcharge your Duty to your Country, 
 
 These
 
 DEMOSTHENES, 
 
 3^5 
 
 These Affertions are all indifputably true; they are pro^ 
 nounced with perfect Freedom, Simplicity and Affedion. This 
 Difcourfe is not filled with Adulation, and Mifchief, and De- 
 ceit, or calculated to bring Gold to the Speaker, and to deliver 
 up the Republic into the Hands of its Enemies. Either alter 
 then your whole Condudl, or when Defolation and Mifery lay 
 wafle your Country, blame only and accufe yourfelves. 
 
 Dnd of the Fourth PHILIPPIC 
 
 S f 2 
 
 PHI-
 
 PHILIP ^s LETTER 
 
 T O T H El 
 
 ATHENIANS.
 
 *#*«*#*##*************»*****!**it***MM**M**M********5!^***i» 
 
 The ARGUMENT. 
 
 TT THILE Philip purfued his Conquefts in the Field with his ufuai 
 ^ ' Succefs,, he was not unattentive to the Arts of Negotiation j 
 nor was he lefs Indebted to them, than to the Vigour of his Arms. The 
 following Letter is a Kind of Manifeflo, in which by a numerous Train 
 of Fa6ls, and much Specioufnefs of Argument, he endeavours to prove» 
 that the Athenians had violated the Peace, and commenced Hoftilities. 
 He warmly refents their entering into an Alliance againft him with the 
 Perfian, as againft the common Enemy of Greece j then vindicates his 
 own Conduct, and afierts his religious Obfcrvance of Treaties. He con- 
 cludes with an Appeal to the Gods for the Juftice of his Caufe, and his Re- 
 liance on their Afliftance in vindicating his Honour, afierting his Rights, 
 and chaftifmg his Enemies. 
 
 ***#*****t**t*##fff*itff#*#*t*?#f**t#t*t**tt****t«####*t#*---
 
 31 5 
 
 PHILIPS LETTER 
 
 PHILIP to the Senate and Pe^ 
 
 of ATHENS, 
 
 Greeting. 
 
 He RE AS we have often fent o\ir ^imbaffadors to de- 
 clare our Defire, that we fliould mutually obferve the 
 Treaties, concluded and ratified by our ( ; ..nd as you have 
 
 made no Alteration in your Condudl, .Ji^ed it proper to 
 
 However this Letter may appear in a 
 Tranflation, it is acknowledged in the 
 Original, a perfed Model of the Style 
 and Language of Princes. Yet the Sen- 
 timents, even n a Tranflation, will ap- 
 pear not unworthy ot the illuftrious Wri- 
 fej-. Its peculiar Chaiafter confifts in an 
 Expreflion clear, unafFedlcd and concife ; 
 in a regular Expofition of Fads, fuf- 
 tained by Arguments naturally rifing from 
 them, and ur^ed with the plain Force of 
 Reafon. We fee this great Monarch fup- 
 prelTing his K efentment, and preventing 
 it from breaking forth into injurious Or 
 indecent Language, by a Confcioufnefs 
 of his own Dignity. Even his Irony is 
 tempered with Majefty. , 
 
 Our Commentators believe this Letter 
 was written by AriRotle ; nor is this Be- 
 lief, although unfupported by any liifto. 
 rical Proof, an Affront to the Monarch, 
 who could employ fuch a Secretary. But 
 Ariftotle, perhaps, was not equal to fuch 
 a Tafk ;. for very different is the Style and 
 
 remon- 
 
 Ma ner of thinking among Scholars, 
 Ph lofcphcrs and Pnnres. I'hat Philip 
 himfelf might be capable of writing it, 
 let the iViotives, lately pubhfhed by a 
 great Mt^r.arch in J unification of his 
 ConduiV, b^ a fufficient Lvidence. Sa 
 Majefte declare, que les libertes du Corps 
 Germanique ne feront eufevelies qu'en tin 
 
 meme tonibeau avec la Prtiffe. Sa 
 
 Majefte ne s'ecarte de fa Moderation or- 
 dinaire, qu' a caufe qu' elle ceflc d' etre 
 line Vertii, lors qu' ils s'agit de defendre 
 fon Indcpendance, fa Patrie, et fa Cou- 
 ronne. 
 
 It only remains to inform the Eng- 
 lifh Reader, that Philip, in the Original» 
 ipeaks always in the fingular Number» 
 although the Tranflator, in Imitation of 
 the modern Style of Princes, hath ven- 
 tured to fpeak in the plural. If this 
 Alteration fliould appear blameable, let 
 him, however, hope to be forgiven, as 
 it is really the greateft Boldnefs in his 
 Work. 
 
 n
 
 TO THE ATHENIANS. 319 
 
 remonfliate to you concerning thofe Affairs, in whkh we con- 
 ceive ourfelves niuch injured. Wonder not at the Length of 
 our Letter. Our many Caufes of Complaint make it neceffiry 
 to lay open each Article difl:in(ftly. 
 
 First,, when Niclas, our Herald at Arm?, was violently 
 Hurried away from a Country under our proper Dominion, you 
 not only did not punifh the Perfons, who were guilty of this 
 Outrage, as in Juftice you ought, but cruelly treated as he was, 
 you imprifoned him ten Alonths, and our Letters, which he 
 carried with him, you publicly read on your Tribunal, (i) 
 In another Inftance 5 when the Thracians received into their 
 Harbours the Gallies of the Byzantines, indeed of all other Pi- 
 rates, who were willing to take Refuge there, you feemed re- 
 gardlefs of our Conventions, which exprelly declare, " Who^ 
 ** ever adl in this Manner {hall be treated as Enemies," 
 
 About the fame Time, Diopythes m.ade an Irruption into 
 Our Dominions ; carried into Slavery the Inhabitants of Crobyle 
 and Tiriftafis ; ravaged the adjacent Country, and at length ad- 
 vanced - 
 
 (i) We may, prefume the Athenians fuch Violation of the Laws of Nations, 
 
 either really believed, or pretended to as Philip defcribes, muft have appeared 
 
 believe, that Nicias and Amphilochus impious to all. the States of Greece, 
 were Spies, for certainly fuch Outrage, Ouvier^
 
 320 PHILIP'S LETTER 
 
 vanced to fuch Excefs of Outrage, as even to fcize Amphilo- 
 chus (who went in the Chara6ler of our Ambaffador to ranfom 
 his Prifoners) and after impoiing Conditions of extreme Severity 
 upon him, at laft obUged him to purchafe his Liberty at 
 the Price of nine Talents. Nor were thefe Adions difpleaf- 
 ing to the People of Athens. Yet to violate the Perfons of 
 Fleralds and Ambaffadors hath ever appeared to all Mankind 
 moil: impious, and efpecially to the Athenians. For when the 
 Megareans killed your Ambaffador Anthemocritus, you refent- 
 ed it fo far, as to interdid them the Eleufinian Myfteries, and, 
 for a perpetual Monument of their Impiety, to ereA his Statue 
 before the Gates of Athens. Is it not therefore Matter of In- 
 dignation, that a People, when they themfelves are injured, fo 
 juftly detefting the Authors of fuch Crimes, fhould yet appear 
 capable of committing fuch Crimes ? 
 
 Callias, one of the Generals appointed by you to command 
 your Forces, fubdued all the Cities bordering upon the Pacrafi- 
 tanian Gulph, although your Confederates, and our Allies. 
 Merchants, failing to Macedonia, he fold to Slavery, having 
 condemned them as Enemies ; and for this Condu(5l you ap- 
 plauded him in your Decrees. From whence we greatly doubt 
 whether any new Injuries can be poffibly added to thefe, altliouo-h 
 you Ihould even declare War againfi: us. For when War was 
 
 I openly
 
 TO THE ATHENIANS. 321 
 
 openly proclaimed between us, you fitted out your Privateers ; 
 you fold the Merchants, trading to the Ports of Macedonia ; you 
 aflifted our Enemies : you infefted our Dominions. 
 
 Besides thefe Inftances, to fuch exceeding Injuftice ; to fuch 
 a Spirit of Animofity did you arrive, as to fend Ambafladors to 
 thePerfian, to engage him in a War againfl: us. AMeafure, indeed, 
 well worthy of Admiration. For before he had fubdued i^gypt and 
 Phaenicia, you decreed, if he formed any new Enterprize againfl 
 Greece, to follicit us in common with every other Grecian State, 
 to unite our Forces, and to repel the Invafion. Yet fuch your 
 prefent Enmity, as to negotiate an AlHance with him againft 
 us. Formerly, however, your Anceftors, as we are informed, 
 imputed it as a Crime unpardonable to the Sons of Pififtratu?, 
 that they had encouraged the Perfian to inv^ade Greece ; yet 
 you yourfelves are not afhamed of committing a Crime, you 
 have ever condemned in your own Monarchs. 
 
 As an Addition to thefe Injuries, you make Decrees, impe- 
 rioufly commanding us to fufFer Teres and Cherfobleptes, as 
 being Athenian Citizens, to reign in Thrace, But we neither 
 know, that they were included in our Treaties of Peace ; that ' 
 their Names were infcribed upon the Pillars, erecled for fuch Pur- 
 pofes, nor that they themfelves were Citizens of Athens. But 
 
 Vol. I. T t that'
 
 322 P H I L I P's L E T T E R 
 
 that Teres once joined his Arms with ours againft you, we 
 very well know, and that Cherfobleptes was extremely willing 
 to ratify by Oath a feparate Peace with our Ambaffadors, had 
 he not been deterred by your Generals, with Menaces of declar- 
 ino- him an Enemy to the Athenian People. Is it then either 
 equitable, or reafonable to declare him, whenever it is of Ad- 
 vantage to you, an Enemy to your Republic, but when you 
 are pleafed to calumniate us, you then alTert him a Citizen of 
 Athens ? 
 
 When Sitalces, to whom you granted the Freedom of your 
 City, was killed, inftantly you made an Alliance with his Mur- 
 derer ; (2) and do you now undertake a War againft us for the 
 Reftoration of Cherfobleptes, efpecially when you muft be 
 clearly convinced, that they, who receive this Prefent of their 
 Freedom, never are folicitous either to obferve your Laws, or 
 fupport your Decrees ? 
 
 Since it is neceflary concifely to mention all other remain- 
 ing Inflances, you prefented their Freedom to Evagoras of Cy- 
 prus, 
 
 (2) Sitalces, King cvf the Odryfas, tion. the Father's Freedom. Sitalces was 
 
 concluded an Alliance with the Atheni- killed in a Battle againft the Treballi. 
 
 ans, in the firft Year of the Peloponne- His Nephew Seuthes poflTefled himfelf of 
 
 fian War, when his Son Sadocus was the Throne, in Prejudice of his Uncle's 
 
 made a Citizen of Athens. Thucydides, Children, from whence it was probably 
 
 by whom we are informed of this Faft reported, and Philip feems to believe, 
 
 with Regard to the Son, does not men- that he had murdered him. Tourr£Ix..
 
 TO THE ATHENIANS. 
 
 323 
 
 prus, to Dionylius of Syracufe, and to all their Defcendants. (3) 
 If you therefore can perfuade the Nations, by whom either of 
 thefe, your Citizens, were expelled, to reftore their Dominions 
 to them, you fhall then prevail with us to reftore to Teres and 
 Cherfobleptes the Territories they once governed in Thrace. (4) 
 ■But while you will not even deign to expoftulate with the Na- 
 tions, who have thus injurioufly treated your Citizens, fhaU 
 you raife any Commotions againft us, and may we not with 
 Juftice repel their Violence ? 
 
 Many other Arguments, which we might with Reafon urge 
 upon this Occafion, we choofe rather to pafs over in Silence. 
 However, we freely delare our Refolution to fuccour the Car- 
 
 dians. 
 
 (3) Athens had arrived to fuch a Pitch 
 of Glory, that even Sovereigns thought 
 it an Honour to be inrolled among her 
 Citizens. Other Grecian RepubHcs af- 
 fumed the fame Grandeur. When the 
 Corinthian Ambafladors congratulated 
 Alexander upon his Vi6i:ories, they offer- 
 ed him, as the noblefl: Reward of his 
 Merit, the Freedom of Corinth. Alex- 
 ander received the Propofal with a Smile 
 of Contempt, when one of the Ambaf- 
 
 fadors Know, Sir, that Hercules 
 
 (ind you are the only Perfons Corinth ever 
 dijlinguified in this Manner. The Prince 
 was foftened •, treated the Ambafladors 
 with every pofTible Honour, and willingly 
 
 accepted a Tide, which gave him Her- 
 cules for a Fellow-Citizen. TouRREri,. 
 (4) T^v &fOiK'i^v oxrjg T^'pij?-, &C. 
 Mr. Tourreil tranflates the Paflage, toute 
 r etendue de pays, que Teres, &c. and 
 then remarks from his own TranQation, 
 certainly without fufRcient Authority from 
 the original Text, that Philip treats his 
 Subjecfl with Pleafantry and Irony ; that 
 the Kingdoms of Teres and Cherfobleptes 
 were not really of fuch Extent as to de- 
 ferve an exprefs and ferious Mention. 
 Thus a regular and powerful Argument 
 is exchanged, by an unjuft Tranllation. 
 for a trivial, injudicious Irony. 
 
 T t 2
 
 324 P H I L I P^s L E T T E R 
 
 dians, as we had entered into an Alliance with them, before» 
 the Ratification of our Treaties with you, and elpecially fince: 
 you refufe that Mediation, which we have often, and they, not 
 feldom, deiired. Should we not of all Mankind be moft un- 
 worthy, did. we abandon our Allies, and fhew ourfelves. more 
 folicitous for your Intereft,. who are in every pofTible Manner 
 creating us new Difficulties, than for a People, who have al-^ 
 ways maintained their Friendlhip for us inviolable ? 
 
 Neither ought we to pafs over unobferved, your having-; 
 arrived to fuch exceeding Infolence, that whereas you might 
 have formerly been reproached by us only for thefe Injuries al- 
 ready mentioned, yet in a very late Inftance, when the Pepar- 
 rethians complained, they had fuffered, excefUve Cruelties froni; 
 our Troops during the War, you commanded your General tO' 
 take Vengeance on us upon their Account, whom we had 
 treated with far lels Severity, than they defer ved. For having 
 taken Polleflion of Halonefus during the Peace, they neither would 
 reftore the Ifland to us, nor even our own Garrifon, although- 
 we frequently fent our Ambafladors to demand them. How- 
 ever, you nothing regarded thofe Injuries, we received from the 
 Peparrethians, but calumniated us for the Severity of that Pur 
 nifhment, which you were clearly convinced our Dignity re- 
 quired, while neither from them, nor you, but from the Pirate 
 
 Softra-
 
 TO- THE A T H E N I A N S. 325 
 
 Softratiis, had we taken that Ifland. If you confefs, you ceded 
 it to Soflratus, you confefs, you fent a Pyrate thither ; but if 
 he made himfelf Mafter of it againft your Confent, what In- 
 jury to you, that we take PoflefTion of it, and render it a Port 
 of Safety to all, who frequent thofe Seas ? Yet when we adled 
 with fo much Attention to the Interefts of your Republic, as 
 to yield the Ifland to her, your Orators would not fuffer you to 
 accept it as a Gift, but advifed you to retake it by Force, that 
 either, by refloring it in Compliance with your Demands, we 
 might acknowledge ourfelves to have ufurped the Property of 
 others, or by continuing our juft PolTeflion, we might become- 
 fulpeded by your People^ 
 
 Informed of this Procedure we propofed, our mutual Rights 
 might be decided by Arbitration ; that if the Decifion were in 
 our Favour, the Ifland fhould be ceded by us to you ; if de^ 
 termined your Property, we fhould refl:ore it to your Republic. 
 While we often urged this jufl: Requeft, you as often treated 
 it with Difregard. (5) In the Interval, the Peparrethians took 
 Pofleflion of the Ifland. In what Manner ought we therefore 
 to have adled ? Should we not punifh a People, who had vio- 
 lated their Oaths ? Not take Vengeance of thofe, who thus ar- 
 rogantly 
 
 (5) Particularly our Orator, who Right, ^fchines rallies this Diftindlion, 
 thought it an Indignity to receive as a as meerly playing upon Words. 
 Erelent, what the Republic claimed as. a. Tourrjeil.
 
 326 P H I L I P's L E T T E R 
 
 rogantly infulted us ? If the Ifland indeed belonged to the Pe- 
 parrethians, what Right of Claim have the Athenians ? If yours, 
 why not dired your Indignation againft them, who unjuftly 
 feized your Dominions ? 
 
 So far, however, have you proceeded in your Enmity to 
 us, that when we propofed fending a Fleet into the Hellefpont, 
 we were compelled to march an Army for its Security through 
 Cherfonefus, becaufe your Colonies, authorized by the Decree of 
 Poly crates, which was confirmed by your Suffrages, had determined 
 to deftroy it ; while your General invited the Byzantines to join with 
 him, and openly declared, that you had commanded him to com- 
 mence Hoftilities againft us whenever he could find a favourable 
 Occafion. Even while we fuffered fuch Outrage, we yet reftrained 
 ourfelves from attempting aught againft your Republic, your Gal- 
 lies, and your Territories, although powerful enough to have fuc- 
 ceeded in many, perhaps, in every Attempt. Yet ftill we perfever- 
 ed in urging you to fubmit our mutual Complaints to an Arbitra- 
 tion. Confider now, whether it be more honourable to determine 
 our Differences by Arms, or by Reafon ; whether to conftitute 
 yourfelves Judges in your own Caufe, or intruft the Decifion to 
 others. Reflect how unreafonable it is, that the People of 
 Athens compelled the Thafians and Maronitas to fubmit their 
 Differences concerning Stryme to an Arbitration, yet will no^ 
 
 6 them-
 
 TO THE ATHENIANS. 327 
 
 themfelves determine their own Controverfies with us in the 
 fame Manner ; efpecially, when convinced they /hall not lofe 
 by being overcome in the Difpute, and by fucceeding in it they 
 fliall recover what now continues in our PolTeflion. 
 
 But of all Proceedings, in our Opinion, to Reafon moft 
 unaccountable, when in the general Name of the whole Alli- 
 ance, we fent Ambafladors, who might be Witnefles of the 
 Propofals we made ; when we were willing to ratify with you 
 whatever equitable Stipulations could be formed with Regard to 
 the other States of Greece, you did not even deign to hear the 
 Reafonings of our Ambafladors ; although their Embafly put it 
 into your Power either to relieve whoever were apprehenfive of 
 Danger from us, or plainly to convift us of being the moft ini- 
 quitous of all Mankind. Thefe Propofals were indeed advan- 
 tageous to your People, but unprofitable to your Orators. For 
 they, who beft underftand your Polity, declare, that Peace is 
 War to them, and War is Peace ; for either by patronizing or 
 calumniating your Generals, they raife Contributions from them 
 during a War, and by purfuing with Invedives your moft di- 
 ftinguiftied Citizens, and moft illuftrious Foreigners, they gain 
 a Reputation with the Populace of being zealous Republicans. 
 It were eafy by fome inconfiderable Prefents to ftop their Ca-- 
 lumnies, and even convert them into Praifes. (6) But we ihould 
 
 blufh 
 
 (6) Philip treats thefe Orators with juftly. Our Author perhaps alone pre-- 
 Severity enough, yet perhaps, not un- fcrvcd his Integrity. Ariftophants, whom.
 
 328 P H I L I P's L E T T E R 
 
 blufh, if we but appeared to purchafe your Amity from them, 
 who, befides all other Inftances of exceeding Confidence, dare 
 attempt to difpute with us even our Right to AmphipoHs, al- 
 though we well imagine, we could produce more equitable 
 Arguments for our Pofleffion, than they can for reclaiming it. 
 For whether it be determined the Property of the firft Poffeflbr, 
 do we not hold it by the moft equitable Title, as our Anceftor 
 Alexander was its firft Sovereign, at what Time he eredted a 
 golden Statue at Delphos out of the Spoils of the captive Medes ? 
 Or if any one doubts the Validity of thefe Arguments, and 
 would determine the Place in Favour of its laft PojG^efTors, even 
 this Right is in us likewife. For having befieged that very 
 People, who had driven you out of the City, and who were 
 eftablifhed in it by the Lacedaemonians, we reduced the Coun- 
 tjy to our Obedience. But although all Mankind fupport their 
 Claims to whatever Cities they inhabit, either by hereditary 
 Right, or by that of Conqueft ; although you neither were the 
 firft, nor adually are the prefent Poffefibrs ; although you were 
 in Poffeflion of the Place a very inconfiderable Time, yet you 
 now reclaim it, even after having yourfelves given the ftrongeft 
 Teftimony to our Title. For when we frequently mentioned 
 l-his Affair in our Letters, you always acknowledged our right- 
 
 Plato calls the faithful Athenian Hiftorian, them like the Viftims, whofe Tongues 
 advifes the People to facrifice their Ora- they cut out in the Sacrifice. Tourreil. 
 tors to the public Tranquillity, and treat
 
 TO THE A T H E N I A N S. 329 
 
 fill Pofleflion, and when a Peace was concluded between us, 
 we continued to hold it by the very fame Articles, which rati- 
 fied your AUiance to us. What firmer PofTefiion therefore can 
 pofiibly be fecured to us, than what originally was bequeathed 
 to us by our Anceftors ; recovered by Conqueft, and ceded by 
 yourfelves, who are not unaccuftomed to contend for what ap- 
 parently does not belong to you ? 
 
 These are the Injuries of which we complain, and fince you 
 are indilputably the AggrefTors ; fince by our even religious Ti- 
 midity you are emboldened to new Attempts, and to your ut- 
 moft Power are ever executing fome malevolent Purpofe againfl 
 us, we will, within the Bounds of Juftice, avenge ourfclves, 
 and invoking the Gods, as Witnefi^s to our Intentions, we fhall 
 confult in what Manner we fhould ad with Regard to your Re- 
 public. 
 
 End of PHILIP'S Letter. 
 
 Vol. I. U u O R A-
 
 ORATION XIII. 
 
 Upon PHILIP'S LETTER.
 
 The ARGUMENT. 
 
 PH I L I P's Letter is read in aa AfTcmbly of the People. Tliey are 
 divided in their Sentiments, as they are differently agitated by Ter- 
 rour and Alarm, by Refentment and Indignation. The Traytors, who 
 had fold themfelves to Philip, endeavour to deferve the wretched Price 
 of their Corruption. Our Orator rifes in the Debate. He does not deign 
 to deny the Fa6ls afferted in Philip's Letter, or to refute his Reafoning 
 by a cold Detail of Arguments. He confiders it himfelf, and is per- 
 fuaded the People univerfally confider it, as an aflual Declaration of 
 War, infolent and menacing. He appeals to the Gods, and relies with 
 Confidence on their Protedlion, as they are the juft Avengers of Perfidy 
 and Violence. Nor is the Macedonian any longer reprefented as an Ob^ 
 jeft of Terrour. The Gods, the Grecians, Perfians, Macedonians and 
 Philip himfelf denounce his approaching Deftru6lion. Athens alone 
 continues to fupport him by her Indolence and Inactivity. From thence 
 the ftrong Neceffity of immediate, powerful and effedual Meafures. 
 
 The Letter was written, and confequently this Oration pronounced 
 in the firft Year of the hundred and tenth Olympiad. 
 
 U U 2 
 
 v 
 
 r
 
 ORATION XIII. 
 
 Upon P H I L I P's LETTER. 
 
 THAT Philip, O Men of Athens, never concluded a real 
 Peace with the Republic, but only deferred the War, is 
 now become univerfally apparent. For when he ceded Halus 
 to the Pharfalians, and undertook the Condud: of the Phocaean 
 War ; ( I ) when forming Reafons, which never exifted, and in- 
 venting Pretences moft unjuft, he defolated whole Thrace, in 
 very Fad: he then commenced Hoftilities, and began that War, 
 which in his Letters he now hath openly proclaimed. But that 
 you neither ought to tremble at his Power, nor meet him with 
 
 Mr. Tourreil very handfomely defends 
 our Author againft the Critics, who 
 blame the Repetitions, which the Reader 
 muft perceive in the following Oration. 
 It feems, this great Man believed him- 
 lelf fuperior to all trivial Criticifms upon 
 this Subjeft •, his whole Attention was 
 engaged for the Safety of his Country, 
 unanxious for his own particular Glory. 
 He fpeaks as an Orator, whofe Intention 
 is only to perfuade and to convince -, not 
 as a Declaimer, who is curious to give 
 I'kafure, and excite Admiration. 
 
 ( I ) K.XI TCC TTEpt (puKSag SlCi)X1^(rOiTO 
 
 Tranflated by Wolfius, Et Phocenfe ne- 
 gotium confecit ; yet hoitciu never pro- 
 perly fignifies conficcre, but adminiftra- 
 re, inftituere, decernere, or in another 
 Senfe, habitare feorfim. Very different 
 are the Ideas of compleating the Ruin 
 of the Phocsans, and undertaking to 
 condudl the War againft them. The 
 Faflage is thus tranflated by Lucchefini, 
 Phocenfe bellum fibi arripuit admini- 
 ftrandum.
 
 DEMOSTHENES. ^^-, 
 
 a fpiritlcfs Oppofition, but with your Perfons, your Treailircs, 
 your Gallics, and fimply to exprefs myfelf, with every miii- 
 tary Force to profecute the War, I fhall endeavour to dcraon- 
 -ftrate. 
 
 First, it is reafonable, O Men of Athens, to expect, that 
 the immortal Gods will be our mightieft Allies, and Afliftants, 
 whofe hallowed Authority this Man infulted, when in contemp- 
 tuous Negle6t of his Oaths, he violated the Peace. Befides, 
 the Means, by which he rofe to Greatnefs, his perpetual Falla- 
 cies, his magnificent Promifes, he hath totally exhaufled. It^< 
 is now perfectly well underftood by the Perinthians, and By- 
 zantines, and by their Allies, that he wifhes mofl ardently to 
 treat them in the fame Manner as he hath already treated tlic 
 Olynthians. Nor is it unknown to the ThefTalians, that he 
 purpofes to be abfolutely Lord, not Chief of the Alliance. 
 The Thebans look upon him with Sufpicion for having garrifon- 
 ed Nicasa, (2) afliimed a Seat in the general Council of Greece, 
 induced the Peloponnefians to fend Embaflies to him, and de- 
 ftroyed the League, which they had entered into among them- 
 felves. (3) Of his ancient Allies fome are now his implacable 
 
 Enc- 
 
 (2) NicJEa was fituated in the Streights (3) Tag Se ■7rf,£(rl2ttui tu; IkUOo.. 
 
 of Thermopyls. Philip had given it to ^o^-^V» TrpoV <i\JTov ayoov, Et legationes 
 
 the Thebans, but confidering its Import- g Peloponnefo ad fe trahit, ipfifque prs- 
 
 ance to his Defigns upon Greece, he af- f,jia fociorum eripit. Wolfius. Yet 
 
 terwards fortified and garrifoned it with ^^^^^^[^ is never ufed for fociorum 
 
 his own Troops. Lucchesini. pr^fidio, but always fignifies Societas 
 
 ?
 
 334 ORATIONSOF 
 
 Enemies ; others with lefs Ardour his Friends ; they all fulpedl 
 him, envy and detefl him. 
 
 Another Circumftance there is, nor of inconfiderable Mo- 
 ment, that the Aliatic Governors have lately throvi'n Succours 
 into Perintlius, and hindered him from taking the Place. Phi- 
 lip's Refentmcnt therefore at prefent threatening them, and they 
 being apprehenfive of their own Danger if he fhould reduce 
 Byzantium, not only will themfelves aflifl: us with Alacrity, but 
 will exhort the Perfian Monarch to fupply us with Money ; a 
 Monarch, who pofTefles Treafures beyond all other Princes, and 
 Power of fuch conliderable Influence in the Affairs of Greece, 
 that formerly, when we were at War with the Lacedaemonians, 
 which Nation foever he joined, he rendered vidlorious ; and if 
 he now united his Forces with us, would eafily fubdue the 
 Power of Philip. 
 
 As an Addition to thefe Reflexions, I will not urge his having, 
 even during the Peace, dclpoiled us of numerous Territories, 
 
 and 
 
 in bello, aut foedus & armorum con- of Peloponnefus entered into a Confede- 
 
 fjciatio. The Paflage is tranflated by racy againft him, they continued firm 
 
 L-ucchefini, Peloponnenfium ad fe lega- to their Engagements to him. He 
 
 tiones traducit, eoriimque percuiTa inter prevailed upon them to fend Ambafladors 
 
 fe foedera rumpit, diflbciatque. to him, and to diflblve the Alliances they 
 
 Philip had afTifted the Meflenians, Ar- had concluded with the neighbouring 
 
 gives and Arcadians, in their "Wars with Nations. Lucchesini. 
 
 Laceda&mon, and when the other States 
 
 4
 
 DEMOSTHENES. 335 
 
 and Ports, and other Advantages of confiderable Importance 
 in War. But I verily behold, that Alliances, while maintained 
 by the mutual Amity, and common Interefts of all Parties, 
 who have any Concernment in the War, continue firmly efta- 
 bliflied, but when their common Conquefts are either by Arti- 
 fice and Ambition, by Perfidy and Force, detained in private 
 Property, as at prefent by this Philip, then every flighteft Pre- 
 text, every accidental Misfortune hath inftantly fhaken and al- 
 ready dilTolved the whole Confederacy. By frequently refled- 
 ing upon this Subject, I find, O Men of Athens, not only that 
 Philip's Alliances are inclining to a general Sufpicion and Ha- 
 tred of him, but that even the Affairs of his hereditary Domi- 
 nions are not fo happily, fo properly regulated, as People ima- 
 gine. Undoubtedly, the Forces of Macedonia, when united to 
 any other, have a certain real Strength and Value ; but thcv 
 are weak in themfelves, and even contemptibly difproportioned 
 to the mighty Projeds Philip hath formed. Befides, by his 
 Wars, his Expeditions, and by all thofe Mcafures, from whence 
 the World in general computes his Greatnefs, he hath himfelf 
 enfeebled his own Power. Neither imagine, that PhiHp and 
 his Subjedls have the fame Ideas of Happinefs. He paflionatelv 
 wifhes for Glory ; they for Security. This Objed; of liis Dc- 
 fires is not to be obtained without Danger ; v/hilc they have lit- 
 tle Temptation to leave their Children, Parents, Wives, to be 
 
 con-
 
 336 ORATIONSOF 
 
 coiiiunied and expofed for his Sake to continual Perils. From 
 hence, therefore, you may perceiv^e in what Manner the Mace- 
 donians in general are difpofed towards Philip. 
 
 With Regard to thofe immediately near his Perfon, and in 
 the Command of his auxiliary Troops, they have indeed gained 
 much military Glory by their Courage, yet they live in greater 
 Terrours, than even the meaneft of his People. The Danger 
 of his Subjeds arifes only from their Enemies ; but thefe Com- 
 manders are more apprehenfive of Sycophants and Calumniators, 
 than of Battles. The common Soldier engages his Enemy with 
 only the general Hazards of his Profeffion ; but his Officers, 
 befidcs at leaf! an equal Share in the Perils of War, have their 
 own perfonal Appreheniions from the Manners and Charader of 
 their Monarch. 
 
 In another Inftance ; when a Soldier commits a Crime, he 
 is punifhed as he deferves ; (4) but Philip's Generals, when they 
 have performed fome glorious Adion, are then efpecially treat- 
 ed, contrary to all Forms of Juftice, with Ignominy and Con- 
 tempt. To the Truth of thefe AlTertions, no Man, who con- 
 
 iiders, 
 
 (4) Philip's Difcipline was extremely when Orders were given to continue un- 
 rigid. A Soldier quitted his Ranks to der Arms, laid them down. Philip corn- 
 get fome Water to quench his Thirft. manded him inftantly to be put to Death, 
 He was puniflied feverely. Another, Tourreil.
 
 DEMOSTHENES. 337 
 
 fiders, can refiife his Aflent. For they, who generally con- 
 verfe with him, reprefent him fo paflionately fond of Glor)^, 
 fo determined, that all Adions of any extraordinary Luftre 
 fliould appear peculiarly his own, as to be more offended at his 
 Generals, and his Officers, when they have performed fomewhat 
 worthy of Praife, than when they are unfortunate. ** Whence 
 " therefore is it poflible, that in fuch Circumftances, they have 
 " thus long continued faithful to him ?" Becaufe, O Men of 
 Athens, his prefent Profperity throws a Veil over his Faults. 
 For Succefs is a powerful Concealer, and Over-fliadower of the 
 Errors of Mankind. But if ever any Misfortune fliould befal 
 him, all his Vices will be then accurately difcovered. For as it 
 happens in the human Body, while we are in a general State of 
 Health, the weaker Parts of our Conftitution are infenfible of 
 Pain, but in the leaft Diforder all are in Motion, Fradures, 
 Diflocations, or whatever is not perfectly found ; thus in King- 
 doms and Empires, while they are fuccefsful in their foreign 
 Wars, their domeftic Weaknefles are not difcoverable to the 
 many ; but if they fuffer any Misfortune (fuch as it is reafon- 
 able Philip muft fuffer, who has undertaken a Burden, greater 
 than in himfelf he is able to fupport) all their Diftreffes inflant- 
 ly become univerfally apparent. 
 
 But if any among you, O Men of Athens, beholding Phi- 
 lip thus perpetually fuccefsful, believes him really formidable 
 Vol. I. X X and
 
 338 ORATIONSOF 
 
 and with Difficulty to be fubdued, he certainly reafons with 
 that Forefight, which becomes a Man of Wifdom. For For- 
 tune is of powerful Influence or rather is herfelf the fole Di- 
 redlrefs of all human AflTairs. Yet whoever conflders our dif- 
 ferent Circumftances, would prefer the good Fortune of our 
 Republic to that of Philip. For we, during a long Continu- 
 ance of Time, have received from our Anceftors an Authority, 
 not only fuperior to that of Philip, but (to exprefs myfelf at 
 once) of all, who ever reigned in Macedonia. (5) Her Monarchs 
 paid Tribute to Athens, but Athens never to any other Nation. 
 We have, befides, greater Encouragements to expert the divine 
 Favour, in Proportion, as we worfhip the Gods with greater 
 Piety, and execute Juftice with more Impartiality. *' Whence 
 " therefore was he more fuccefsful in the late War?" Becaufe, 
 O Men of Athens, (for I fhall fpeak with utmoft Freedom to 
 
 you) 
 
 (c) Ilapa T£ yxa tuv TTfcyovuv Ik his Notes, into a Debate about the An- 
 
 -irXhovor ;^po',« 7rap£;Xr(p«;it£i/ W» r,y^- ^^^^^^V °^ ^^^ ^^° Nations, for he tranf- 
 
 ^onciv « T«T» p'.or, aXXc^, cvveXivT, 1^^« the Paflage, Nos Ancetres nous ont 
 
 ?p«>V«;, 7r«vr... r^u h Ma^s^ovU f2cc<n- ^'^'^^f' ""^ domination, dont ils ont 
 
 xLdvrcov, trannatedbyWolfiu;, Prin- J°"' ^«"g^^"^?^ ^^f"^ ^"^ ^^/'-PP^' «» 
 
 '. . ., . pkitoft pour trancher court, longtemps 
 
 cipatum enim a maioribus nos accepimus , ■, ^ j rr 
 
 , '^ ■' •/! , avant qu aucun de les predeceneurs rea- 
 
 loneo tempore, non ante litum duntaxat, n. ■\/i -j ■ til i 
 
 „ ^ , ^ . ' . . , naft en Macedome. Perhaps the pre- 
 
 fed, ut breviter dicam, ante omnes Ma- r ^ ^ n . ■ ui- j.t i,-- 
 
 ,' . T^. V 1 1X7 1 J f^"t TranOator is obliged to Lucchefini 
 
 cedonias reges, I he Ureek Words do r . r n „1 • R/rn. 1 tt 
 
 , T^ J 1 • o r u rr fot not following this Miftake. He tranl- 
 
 not give the Reader this oenle, but alkrt 1 ^ ^. c . xt u- 
 
 . •?,. . r , . , ■ , 1 • Jates the Sentence, Nobis emm repetita. 
 
 the Dignity of the Athenians and their , .. . n . , , 
 
 • • ULT J n .u V longius memona majores noftri dederunt» 
 
 Superiority over Philip and all the Kings i-r, n- r , * 
 
 ^\, ,. ,. / n- J L ut non huic folum audtontate, fed omni- 
 
 of Macedonia, which are exprefkd by , ... »>, , 
 
 L -ixr J . / T- I . • bus, ut uno verbo dicam, Macedonuiu 
 
 the Word ,ys^ow«. Tourreil enters, in ,,gibus cxcelleremus.
 
 DEMOSTHENES. 339 
 
 you) becaufe he commands his Armies in Perfon, fupports Fa- 
 tigues, encounters Dangers, never negledts one favourable Con- 
 junfture, nor lofes one Seafon of the Year. While we, (for 
 Truth fhould be acknowledged) fit here in perfeft Idlenefs, per- 
 petually forming fome future Schemes, making Decrees, and 
 afking each other in the public Places, whether any Thing new 
 is reported ? What can poffibly be more new, than a Macedo- 
 nian treating the Athenians with Contempt, and daring to fend 
 them fuch Letters, as you have lately heard ? 
 
 H I s mercenary Troops, indeed, are always round him, and, 
 by the Gods, as an Addition to thofe Troops, fome of -our 
 mercenary Declaimers, who, having in Macedonia received 
 Prefents from him, are not afliamed of living for Philip, and 
 are incapable of feeling, that they barter all Interefts, both of 
 the Republic, and their own, for a fordid miferable Pittance. 
 Yet we neither attempt to form any Confederacy againft him, 
 nor raife any Commotion in his Dominions. We ai-e neither 
 willing to maintain a Body of Mercenaries to right for us, nor 
 dare engage our own Perfons in Defence of our Country. It is 
 therefore by no means wonderful, that he gained fome Advan- 
 tages over us in the late War. Rather were it wonderful, that- 
 we, abfolutely performing not even one Adion, fuch as becomes. 
 a People engaged in War, fhould imagine, we could conquer 
 
 X X 2 an
 
 340 ORATIONS OF 
 
 an Enemy, who pradlifes all Arts, which they, who mean to 
 be vidorious, mufl: neceflarily pra(flife. 
 
 While thefe Truths, O Men of Athens, are deep imprefled 
 upon your Undcrftandings ; while you refledl, that even at this 
 Moment, it is not really in your Power abfolutely to affirm, 
 yovL are now at Peace, (for Philip hath already proclaimed War 
 againft you by his Letters, and by his Adions begun lioflilities) 
 you ought to be no longer frugal either of the public Treafures, 
 or of private Wealth. You fhould all, where-ever an Oc- 
 cafion calls, enter with Chearfulnefs into the Service, and ap- 
 point more able Generals, than thofe, who lately commanded 
 your Armies. For let not any one imagine, that the very fame 
 Commanders, by whom the Republic hath been reduced from 
 Profperity to Ruin, fhall again raife her from Ruin to Prof- 
 perity. Nor fhould you conceive it poffible, while you con- 
 tinue indolent, as formerly, that others will engage with Ar- 
 dour in your Defence. Rather confider, how dilLonourable it 
 is, that our Anceftors fuftained fo many Labours, fo many Dan- 
 gers in the Lacedaemonian War, and that you, their Defcend- 
 ants, are unwilling with Courage to defend thofe Pofleflions, 
 which they gained with Honour, and tranfmitted to you ; that 
 this Man impetuoufly rufhing out of Macedonia, is fo nobly fond 
 of Danger, as for the Sake of enlarging his Empire, perfonally 
 to engage with his Enemies in Battle, and to have his whole 
 
 4 Body
 
 DEMOSTHENES. 34.1 
 
 Body covered with Wounds, and that the Athenians, to whom 
 it is hereditary never to obey, but to be univerfally vidlorious ; 
 that thefe very Athenians, through Softnefs and Indolence of 
 Spirit, (hould refign thefe Monuments of the Virtues of their 
 Anceflors, and abandon the Interefts of their Country. 
 
 That I may not tedioufly lengthen out this Difcourfe, I 
 fhall only repeat the Neceffity of our unanimoufly preparing for 
 War, and encouraging the reft of Greece by Adlions, not by 
 Words, to enter into an. Alliance with us. For vain are all 
 Words, wherein A(fiions have no Share ; efpecially with Regard 
 to this Republic, as we have the Reputation of excelling all 
 others in the Art and Facility of Ipeaking. 
 
 End of the Oration upon PHI LIP' s Letter. 
 
 O R A-
 
 ORATION XIV. 
 
 On the State of the REPUBLIC.
 
 The ARGUMENT. 
 
 ^T^HIS Oration may be juftly called the laft of the Philippics. The 
 •*- Athenians had fent Succours to the Byzantines, whom PhiHp had 
 befieged. Alarmed at their Approach he raifed the Siege and concluded 
 a Peace with them, and their Allies. Our Orator, ever watchful for the 
 Safety oi his Country, and looking back on Philip's paft Conduct, his 
 repeated Violation of Treaties, his numberlefs A6ls of Hoftility, com- 
 mitted during the laft feven Years Peace, juilly fufpedls his prefent Sin- 
 cerity. However, in Decency to their new Engagements, his Name is 
 not once mentioned in the following Oration. The Sentiments are fuch 
 as an ardent Zeal for the Republic, and an Apprehenfion of fome immi- 
 • nent Danger might naturally infpire. They are fupported by every Ar- 
 gument capable of animating a great and wife People to refent the In- 
 juries or Indignities, with which they are threatened, to render them- 
 felves formidable to an infolent, ambitious Enemy, and to recover the 
 Glory bequeathed to them by their Anceftors. 
 
 This Oration, probably, was pronounced the lattei* End of the firil 
 Year of the hundred and tenth Olympiad.. 
 
 *^%%*mm*mmmm*m^*mmmmm*^**^*§>*mm#m***-*mmm^*m^**m
 
 O RATION XIV. 
 
 On the State of the REPUBLIC. 
 
 WITH Regard to the Money at prefent under your De- 
 bates, and whatever Circumftances relating to it, for 
 which you have convened this Aflembly, neither of thefe Con- 
 fequences, O Men of Athens, in my Opinion, fliould be re- 
 prefented as unreafonable ; either that they, who blame the Di- 
 ftributions of our public Funds, {hould be greatly applauded by 
 the Citizens, who deem fuch Diftributions prejudicial to the 
 Commonwealth ; or on the contrary, that whoever approves 
 
 of. 
 
 This Oration is .not mentioned by Di- Defign, but in the following Oration he 
 
 onyfius, from whence it is difRcult to af- boldly and openly afferts the Neceffity of 
 
 certain the Time in which it was pro- fuch an Expedient. Philip next Year 
 
 nounced. Lucchefini, with much Pro- made himfelf Mafter of Elataea by Sur- 
 
 bability, places it after all the Philippics; prize, and threatened to march into the 
 
 after Philip had raifed the Siege of By- Territories of Adiens. The Neceffity 
 
 zantium, and concluded a Peace with of this Appropriation then appeared in 
 
 the Athenians ; certainly after the tliree a ftronger Light, than even our Author's 
 
 Olynthiacs, becaufe in the lirft our Ora- Eloquence was able to place it. The 
 
 tor cautioufly and obfcurely mentions the People inftantly decreed all the Revenues ' 
 
 Appropriation of the theatrical Money of the Commonwealth to the Support 
 
 to the military Funds. In the third, he of the War, and Demoftiienes had the 
 
 cjearly difclaims all Intention of fuch a Honour of Writing their Decj'ee.
 
 DEMOSTHENES. 34.5 
 
 of, and encourages them, flioiild be a Favourite of thofe, wlio 
 are under an unhappy Neceflity of accepting them. But nei- 
 ther Parties have in View the general UtiHty of the Republic, 
 either while they applaud or difapprovc, but adt as they are af- 
 fedied in their private Fortunes, by Indigence or Opulence. For 
 myfelf, I neither advife, nor oppofe the prefent Application of 
 the Revenues, but earneftly conjure you to confider, that the 
 Sum, upon which you now debate, is in itfelf incondderable, 
 yet the Ufage it will introduce, is important. If indeed you 
 will take under your Confideration the neceflary Meafures for 
 the general Prefervation of the Republic, when your Councils 
 are employed on the Affairs of the Treafury, you fhall not on- 
 ly not injure, but obtain the greateft Advantages for Athens, 
 and for yourfelves. (i) But if every Feflival, every trivial Pre- 
 text be fufEcient to bid you diflribute the public Treafurcs, 
 while you refufe to hear what Expedients are necefiary in vchv: 
 prefent Situation, take Care that what you now efteem the 
 wifeft Condudi, appear not hereafter, even to your own Judo-c- 
 ment, moft erroneous. In my Opinion (nor clamouroufly in- 
 terrupt me while I am fpeaking, but having heard, then judae) 
 in my Opinion, an aflembly for paying the Citizens their cuf- 
 
 tomary 
 
 (i) 'E< yAv Sv iA.iTx tS TTf.ctTTiiv a the Reafons upon which the prefentTranA 
 
 TTfoa-YizBt, XXI TO Xxy!3civziv -AUTxa-AVj- lation differs from Wo]fius, whole Con- 
 
 ao-eo-S-e. The learned Reader, if he is ftruflion, it is acknowledged, is nearer 
 
 attentive to the Context, will perceive ^he literal Meaning. 
 
 Vol. I. Y y
 
 346 ORATIONSOF 
 
 tomary Dividend, fo we fhould appoint another to take into 
 Confideration the Diredion and Regulation of our miUtary 
 Funds. Then unanimoufly not only hear with Attention, but 
 execute with Refolution, that you may poiTefs, O Men of 
 Athens, in yourfelves, a certain Hope of your future good For- 
 tune, not inquire unprofitably, how this, or any other Man 
 performs his Duty. 
 
 All the prefent Revenues of the Commonwealth ; all the 
 voluntary Contributions of private Perfons, which you now ex- 
 pend to Purpofes very little valuable ; all the Tributes paid by 
 our Allies, fnould be divided equally to all your Citizens ; to 
 the Soldier, his Pay ; to them, who are pafTed the military Age, 
 their civil Salaries, by whatever Name you think proper to call 
 them. Let us engage our own Perfons in the War, nor refign 
 that Duty to others. (2) Let your Forces confift of your own 
 
 do- 
 
 (2) It is a Maxim, fays Lucche- conditional Orders to a Commander at a 
 
 fmi, of exceeding Wifdom in military Difcance. A thoufand Accidents may 
 
 Affairs, that Princes, who cannot com- arife between the Time of writing, and 
 
 mand their Armies in Perfon, fhould receiving fuch Orders, which might 
 
 oive their Generals an unlimited Au- render his Obedience criminal and abfurd. 
 
 thority over their Troops, yet referve An Admiral, a General, or a Governor, 
 
 to themfelves the fole Power of pu- to whom a Fleet, an Army, or any im- 
 
 nilhing or rewarding. If the Tranflator portant Fortrefs are intruftcd, hath been 
 
 might prefiime to give his Opinion up- chofen with very little Judgement, if 
 
 on a Subjed fo very diftant from his he may not be intruded with fome difcre- 
 
 ProfefTion, he would confefs, he cannot tionary Power in their Condud and Pre- 
 
 fcethe Wifdom of fending pofitive, un- fervatlon.
 
 DEMOSTHENES. 34.7 
 
 domeftic Soldiery, your own Citizens, that you yourfelves 
 may receive the juft Reward for defending your Country. Let 
 your General have an abfolute Command over his Army; (3) 
 yet that you never may be afFedled by fuch Diftrelles, as you 
 have lately experienced ; referve to yourfelves a Power of bring- 
 ing him to his Trial, and let it be your only Concernment to 
 know by whom he is profecuted. Nothing farther. 
 
 What good Effect will arife from this Condu6t ? Firil, your 
 Allies may continue faithful, not controuled by Garrifons, but 
 engaged by the mutual Advantages of the War : next, your 
 Generals, not commanding a Body of Mercenaries only, fhall 
 no longer harrafs, and plunder your Friends,, yet never behold 
 the Face of an Enemy, from whence all Emoluments of the 
 War are wholly their own, while Hatred and Calumny are the 
 
 For- 
 
 (3)"li' v[^7v (A-ri ToiuTct, «Vsp vvv) (TVfx,- tranflates it, quod hie fit exitus totius ne- 
 
 ficcm,, r?g s-fOiTnyv? Kptv^Ts, y.oc\ tts- go^'''- The whole Paflage is thus tranf- 
 
 p.gV'v i^v Ik ru'v TT^ayyAruv, o hiva. ^-^^ed by Lucchefini. Hujulmodi autem 
 
 T? h:m rhv h:vc l;<rr;7y£,X£., «'xAo l\ '^«P'^^ imperatoris judicio permittite, at 
 
 ilh. Demofthenes advifes the People fimul, ne quibus nuper calamitatibus af- 
 
 , • r- 1 ur 1 . /- ficiamini, feverum de imperatoribus iu- 
 
 to give their Generals an ablolute Com- ,, -n 
 
 J ^u • -r . »u . .u dicium reddite, iftamque unam totius rei 
 
 mand over their 1 roops, yet that the 7^ 
 
 c T.n- c ^i • curam lacite vobis reliquam, quis nempe 
 
 lame Misrortunes may not happen asrain, . , . . ^,. ? , . 7. ,. ^ 
 
 , . . . -n cu]us hominis nhus cui duci diem dicat, 
 
 to prevent their committinjr, or to punilh -• . , ^, , , ^ ■ 
 
 , : T 1 • • u r ■u\ ■ nee quicquam ultra. 1 he learned Rea- 
 
 thcir Irregularities by a levere, but im- , ^.„ ,, , , ^ ^ 
 
 • IT- • .\, ■ c-^ A ^ A tier will allow that the Exprefiion o df.Vix 
 partial Inquiry into their Conduct. Ac- ^ 
 
 cording to this reafoning Trsp-.'j/!/ fliould ''^ '^^~''°? ^°^ ^''''^ ^«"^^ '^^^'^ ^'^""y 1'"^« 
 
 be rendered, ut hoc fibi foliim fervent fa- ^''^^^ '" EnglilTi. It was a Formulary of 
 
 ciendum Athenienfes, not as Wolfius tlieir Impeachments. 
 
 Y y 2
 
 34B ORATIONSOF 
 
 Portion of the Republic. But when they have their Fellow- 
 Citizens under their Command, they may turn that Vengeance 
 upon our Enemies, which they now inflift upon our Allies. Be- 
 iides thefe, many other Circumftances require your perfonal Ser- 
 vice in the Field ; for without refleding, that it is of utmoft 
 Advantage in civil Contefts to employ your national Forces, in 
 all others it is abfolutely necefTary. If indeed you were con- 
 tented with enjoying the Security of Peace, nor had any Solici- 
 tude for the Welfare of Greece, I fhould then fpeak a very dif- 
 ferent Language. But you arrogate to yourfelves a Superiority^ 
 over the States of Greece, and determine to others the Boun- 
 daries of Juftice, yet a Force fufficient to watch over, and de- 
 fend that Superiority, you neither have already provided, nor 
 are anxious to provide. By your abundant Indolence and In- 
 adion, the Democracy of the Mitylenaeans hath been ruined ; 
 by your abundant Indolence, that of the Rhodians. It may 
 be objected, " Were not both thefe Nations our Enemies ? " 
 However, you fhould rather have chofen to be at Emiiity with 
 an Oligarchy, even in Deteftation of all fuch Forms of Govern- 
 ment, than with a Democracy,, whatever might have been the 
 Occaiion of Dilpute. 
 
 But to return from whence I have digrefled, I pronounce it 
 abfolutely neceflary, that you fhould be divided into Clalles ;, 
 
 your
 
 DEMOSTHENES. 349 
 
 your Salaries and Employments regulated according to thofe 
 Claflcs. 1 have already given you my Rcalbns for fuch a Meafure, 
 and particularly fhevvn in what Manner both our Ca\'alry and 
 Infantry, with all our Citizens, not engaged in the Field, may 
 be divided, and regularly receive the public Liberality. But 
 the Circumftance, which gave me the 'greateft Difquietude, I 
 Ihall openly, and without Difguife lay before you. Though 
 many different Proje6ls, all of them honourable and great, were 
 then propofed to you, they are no longer remembered, while all 
 of you remember the fordid Pittance, that purchafcs your Seats 
 at our theatrical Entertainments. A People of fuch an abjecSt 
 Spirit cannot furely prefume to claim any nobler Reward, than 
 even this fordid Pittance ; but the Meafure I then propofed to 
 have executed with that Money, might well deferve the Trea- 
 fures of the Perfian Monarch ; a Meafure, by which this great 
 Republic, poffefTed of fo numerous a Body of Infantry, fo 
 many Gallies, fuch a powerful Cavalry, and fuch ample Reve- 
 nues, fhould be divided into Claffes for its civil Polity, and re- 
 gularly formed for War. But wherefore do I now repeat tliefe 
 Ciicumftances ? Becaufc, I affirm it your Duty, fince there are 
 amongft us, who imagine it extremely fevere, that all our Ci- 
 tizens fliould be obliged perfonally to enter into the Service, 
 while however, it is unanimoudy acknowledged of utmoft Uti- 
 lity, that every Man fhould ad; in his proper Clafs, and that 
 
 what- 
 
 V.
 
 350 ORATIONSOF 
 
 whatever is neceffary for the War, fhould be provided ; I af- 
 firm, it is of abfolute Neceflity to begin the whole Afiair from 
 hence, and to propofe it clearly to every Citizen, who pleafes 
 to declare his Opinion upon it. For fuch is our prefent Situa- 
 tion, that if you will even now be perfuaded to believe, that 
 this is the proper Time for preparing the Requifites for War, 
 they will be ready, whenever you have an Occafion to employ 
 them. But if you overlook the prefent Opportunity, that very 
 Time, when you fhould adually employ thefe Requifites, muft 
 be engaged in providing them. 
 
 But there are fome perhaps, (not indeed any of the People, 
 tut of thofc, who will hereafter burft with Spleen, fhould thefe 
 Meafures be carried into Execution) who will afk, what Advan- 
 tage have we ever received from the Speeches of Demofthenes ? 
 *' He comes forward when he pleafes on the Tribunal : he fills 
 " our Ears with Words ; he tears to Pieces with his Calum- 
 " nies the prefent Adminiftration ; and having lavifhly applaud- 
 *' ed your Anceftors ; extravagantly exalted you, and infpired 
 " you with Sentiments of much Sublimity, he defcends." Yet 
 if I could perfuade you to purfue the Plan I propofe, fuch Be- 
 nefits would, I think, arife to the Republic, that if I fhould 
 attempt to defcribe them, many would difbelieve them, as ex- 
 ceeding all Poilibility of Succefs. However, I imagine, I fhall 
 
 rcn- 
 7
 
 DEMOSTHENES. 351 
 
 render no mean Service to the Commonwealth, if I can accuf- 
 tom you ev^en to hear more falutary Counfels with Attention; 
 For whoever, O Men of Athens, would re^ider any fignal Ser- 
 vice to the Republic, fhould begin with healing the Ears of our 
 Citizens. They are much infedled ; fo may Falfhoods are you 
 accuflomed to hear ; indeed every Thing except wife and ho- 
 ned Advice. 
 
 For Inftance, (nor let any one difturb me with his Clamours) 
 when fome impious Wretches lately broke into the Treafury,(5} 
 your Orators inftantly declared, the very Being of our Confti- 
 tution was deftroyed ; the Laws were no longer our Proteftion ; 
 with many other Expreffions of the fame Kind. Now conli- 
 der, whether I truly reprefent the Fa6l. The Wretches, who 
 committed this Crime, were indeed worthy of Death ; but 
 furely not by their Crime was our Government difTolved. 
 Again : fome Villains plundered your naval Stores. (6) The 
 univerfal Clamour called for Whips and Tortures, loudly af- 
 firming our Democracy was ruined. As for myfelf, what was 
 
 my 
 
 (5) The Athenians kept the public Oars iverejlokn ; a Crime, which could 
 Trealiire in the Citadel behind the Tern- by no Means authorife the Punifhment 
 pie of Minerva, where Ariftophanes de- of Whips and Tortures, nor couIlI he 
 fcribes Plutus fitting like a perpetual mentioned as equal to that of plundering 
 Centinel. the Treafury. We may therefore believe 
 
 (6) In the Original Ku-rrug rtg C(pii- our Author means fome Robbery com- 
 Xeroy rcmos aliquis fuffuratus efl, fome mitted in their naval Stores or Arfenals. 
 
 LUCCHESINI. 
 
 \.
 
 352 ORATIONSOF 
 
 my Opinion ? Like them I declared, that they v/ho committed 
 this Robbery really deferved Death, but not that the Majefty 
 of the People was violated by this Robbery, 
 
 Yet none of thefe Orators inform you from whence the ap- 
 proaching Diffolution of our Government ; none afliimes this 
 Liberty of Speech : therefore I will declare it. While you your- 
 felves, O Men of Athens, thus held in Contempt, a very worth- 
 lefs Multitude, without Property, without Arms, without Rank 
 among your Fellow-Citizens, are yet unconfcious even of your 
 own Miferies i ( 7) while neither your General, nor any other 
 Maoriftrate, hath any Solicitude about your Decrees ; while no 
 one is willino; to mention thefe Diftreffes, or to corred them ; 
 much lefs, by any honeft Meafure to check their Progrefs, from 
 thence compute the apparent Ruin of our Conftitution. Yet 
 far other Orations, by the Gods, have impetuoufly, like a Tor- 
 rent, held their Courfe among you \ falfe in themfelves and 
 hio-hly prejudicial to our Polity. For Inftance, that your Safety 
 
 con- 
 
 (7) "Otuv v[/,b'i'?, u «VJ'psf 'AS^jvoiToi, y.rj rx Kurtx. ywcocntovTsg is not unjuftly 
 
 (poiV?~.u? riyy/svoi, ttoXXoI, kkI uTTCfot, tranQated by Wolfius, no?! eodem modo 
 
 ycou aoirXoi, y.a\ cIuvvtockto,, xcc] [^v roe: cni-mati, yet the Context feems better to 
 
 s ' , '"■' , Ti.w^) Oiniilrl direft us, ifta imoratis. Liicchefini 
 
 L J ji I „ ^.7; a/,/., o^ o„ir>,-,n. tranflates the Paffage, cum vos, Athe- 
 be rendered here by 17« piei/e, as among _ . ^ „° , . . , 
 
 , T ■ !.■ r -c o «.;/•„, ^,-^/.; /,/, nienfes, niopia fracb, nudati armis, nul- 
 
 -^ , ° , . ^ ... loque in civium ordine conlhtuti, vilis 
 
 ^nines. cpy.vXa>? 'nyy^.o^ is not ill con- j^^^^^^j^^ ^^, ^^^j^^; j-^^^j^^ ^,^.^13 .-ep,,, 
 
 ilrued male educnn by WoUius, yet ^^^^^^^^.^ ^ ^^^^ ^^^ ^ ^^^^^^^^ 
 
 v,yu.ivoi mipht perhaps be better under- 
 
 ^ooA o'fiiwati, from ccyu ^fjlhno. Thus
 
 o 
 
 DEMOSTHENES. 35 
 
 confifled in your Courts of Juftice alone, and that it is your 
 Duty to preferve the Equity of the State by your Decrees. 
 
 I AM not ignorant, that fbme Caufes, in which your com- 
 mon Rights are concerned, are decided in thofe Courts ; but I 
 likewife know, that our Enemies are to be fubdued by Arms, 
 and that in them alone conlifts the Safety of the Conftitution. 
 For Decrees will never enable us to gain a Victory over an arm- 
 ed Foe ; but they, who conquer your Enemies, they alone give 
 you Power and Security to make Decrees, and to a&y in every 
 other Inftance, according to your Pleafure. You fhould be 
 formidable in the Field , but in your Courts of Juftice humane. 
 
 If I appear to talk a Language above my natural Genius 
 and Abilities, I confefs the Appearance is juft. For an Ora- 
 tion, pronounced upon the Concernments of fo powerful a Re- 
 public ; upon Affairs of fuch Importance, ought to appear fu- 
 perior to the Powers of any fingle Orator, and rather approach- 
 ing your Dignity, than his own Mediocrity. But I will now 
 inform you, why none of thofe, moft honoured by you, ex- 
 prefs the fame Sentiments. 
 
 The Candidates, who attend our Eledions, and frequent tlie 
 
 Places where they are held, wander about, the ver)' Slaves of what- 
 
 VoL. I. Z z ever
 
 354 ORATIONSOF 
 
 ever Intcrefl: can purchafe them a Vote ; each contending with 
 Eameftncfs to be appointed your General ; yet not with a Re- 
 folution to perform any one Adlion worthy of a Soldier. Or 
 if there be, perchance, a Man, who is encouraged to any noble 
 Attempt, by having the Glory and Name of the Republic to 
 fupport him ; by the Advantage of the Enemy's being unable 
 to oppofe him, he infinuates ftrong Hopes to you of Succefs in 
 his Expedition, yet claims, as a Right of Inheritance, thofe. 
 Emoluments, which properly belong to you and the Common- 
 wealth. Such is in very Fad our prefent Situation. If how- 
 ever you would yourfelves execute your own Decrees, as you. 
 would indeed fhare the Danger of them equally with others, 
 fo you would alfo fhare the Glory. But our Magiflrates, and 
 they who are engaged in the Adminiftration, negledting to give 
 you that beft Advice fo necelTary to your Affairs, have aban- 
 doned you, as a kind of Property to your Generals. 
 
 You formerly paid your Taxes according to your leveral 
 Claffes in the State j now by thofe very ClalTes you rife to all 
 its Employments. An Orator is the principal Leader.; a Ge- 
 neral follows him, and in Support of each Fadion, a Glafs of. 
 three hundred Citizens. The reft of you are divided in your 
 Votes for either Party. From hence it arifes, that this Man is 
 honoured with a. Statue of Brals j, another is happy in Jiis Opu- 
 
 lenccj,
 
 DEMOSTHENES. 355 
 
 lence, while one or two Perfons afliime a Power fuperior to 
 that of the whole Republic. The reft of you fit here meerly 
 as Witnefles of their Felicity, and for the Sake of indulging 
 your perpetual Indolence abandon to them thofe numerous and 
 glorious Bleflings you might really ftill enjoy. 
 
 Now confider the Situation of the Commonwealth in the 
 Days of your Anceftors ; for not by foreign, but domeftic Ex- 
 amples is it given you to regulate your Adminiftration with 
 Wifdom. Neither to Themiftocles, who gained a naval Vic- 
 tory at Salamis, nor to Miltiades, who commanded at Mara- 
 thon, nor to many others (unequal perhaps in military Glory 
 to our prefent excellent Commanders) did our Anceftors, I will 
 appeal to Jupiter ! erefl; Statues of Brafs, or give them any other 
 extraordinary Proofs of their Affection ; and yet they honoured 
 them exceedingly, though not as being fuperior to themfelves. 
 For never, O Men of Athens, did our Anceftors defpoil them- 
 felves of any one glorious Adion, nor do we ever fay, the Sea- 
 Fight of Themiftocles at Salamjs, but that of the Athenians ; nor 
 the Battle of Miltiades at Marathon, but that of the Republic. 
 At prefent it is a general Expreflion, that Timotheus reduced 
 Corcyra ; that Iphicrates cut to Pieces the Lacedemonian Pha- 
 lanx, and Chabrias gained a complete Vi6lory at Sea, near the 
 Ifland of Naxos. Thus do you feem to refign the Glory of 
 thefe Adions to your Commanders, by the extravagant Ho- 
 
 Z z 2 • nours
 
 3s6 O R A T I O N S O F 
 
 nours you have decreed to them. Thus wifely did our Ancef- 
 
 tors diil:ribute their poHtical Favours ; thus unwifely their Pof- 
 terity. 
 
 But with Regard to Foreigners, in what Manner did they 
 Oct ? To Menon, the Pharfalian, who generoufly gave twelve 
 Talents of Silver to fupport the War in Eione, near Amphipolis, 
 and fent to our Afliftance two hundred Horfemen, his own Thef- 
 falian Slaves ; to him our Anceftors decreed, not the Freedom 
 of Athens, but only granted him an Immunity from Taxes, 
 and Impofls. As an earlier Inftance, to Perdiccas, who reign- 
 ed in Macedonia, when the Perlians invaded Greece ; to Per- 
 diccas, who completely finifhed the Misfortune of the Barba- 
 rians, when they fled from the Slaughter at Platasa ; to this very 
 Monarch they decreed not the Freedom of the City, but only 
 an Immunity from the public Taxes ; afluredly efteeming 
 their Country a great and honourable Reward, which they held 
 in Veneration, as exceeding all pofTible Obligations. But now, 
 O Men of Athens, you make the moft profligate of Mankind 
 vaur Citizens ; Slaves born of Slaves, who receive their Free- 
 dom, as they purchafe any other common Property. Nor are 
 YOU fallen into thefe Errours, by being inferior in any natural 
 Abilities to your Anceftors, but becaufe they had a confcious 
 Greatnefs and Magnanimity of Spirit, which you, O Men of 
 Athens, liave totally loft. Nor is it, in my own Opinion, 
 
 4 pof-
 
 DEMOSTHENES. 357 
 
 poilible, that they, who are engaged in trivial and unimportant 
 Adions, fhould ever meditate any great and generous Defign ; 
 or that they, whofe Anions are noble and fplendid, fliould 
 ever entertain one mean or abjed Sentiment. Such as are in 
 general, the more earned Purfuits of Mankind, fuch will al- 
 ways, of Neceflity, prove their Magnanimity or Meannefs of 
 Spirit. 
 
 Recollect now the principal Adions, which cither your 
 Anceftors, or you have performed, that by fuch Reflexions 
 you may become wifer and happier. Five and forty Years^ 
 therefore, they held the Sovereignty of Greece by the univerfal 
 Confent of all her States. More than ten thoufand Talents did 
 they carry into the Citadel : many and illuftrious Trophies, in 
 which even yet we glory, they ereded for Vidories gained both 
 by Land and Sea. Be aflured, they eredled them, not that 
 we fhould behold them with Admiration only, but that we 
 fhould imitate the Virtues of thofe, who raifed tliem. Such 
 was the Condudl of our Anceftors. Now refled what an un- 
 rivalled Power we once poiTefred> and conflder, whether our 
 Adlions bear any Refemblance to theirs. Have not more than 
 fifteen hundred Talents been expended, in vain, upon the di- ' 
 ftreffed, mifguided States of Greece ? Is not our private Wealtli 
 exhaufted, the public Revenues of the Commonwealth, and 
 
 the
 
 25» ORATIONSOF 
 
 the Subfidies paid by our Allies ? Thofe very Allies, whom we 
 gained during the War, have not our Minifters defpoiled us of 
 during the Peace ? (7) 
 
 But, by the Gods, in thefe Inftances alone was their Ad- 
 miniftration fuperior to the prefent ; in all others is it not much 
 inferior ? Far otherwife. But let us examine whatever Part you 
 pleafe of the Republic. Edifices and public Ornaments of the 
 City^ of our Temples and our Harbours, our Anceftors have 
 left us fo fplendid and magnificent, that no PofTibility of ex- 
 ceeding them remained to their Pofterity. Porticos, Arfenals, 
 Arcaydes, and other Works are ftill exifting, with which they 
 adorned the City, and which they have bequeathed to us. Yet 
 the private Dwellings of the Perfons at that Time in Power, 
 were fo moderate, fo agreeable to the Charader of a popular 
 Government, that whoever knows the Houfes of Themiftocles, 
 Cimon, Ariftides, Miltiades and others, the illuftrious of that 
 Age, will perceive them nothing more elegant or magnificent, 
 than thofe of their Neighbours. At prefent, the City is abun- 
 dantly contented among her public Works, to have repair- 
 ed our Streets, our Fountains, our Walls, and our Aque- 
 ducts. 
 
 (7) "Oug d' Iv Tu TToKeixu, lKTy,<rduci- '^^o^^^^ rather be conftrued to mean the 
 
 f, ^ ~ > ~ '/'..'. ' Perfons, who had occafioned the Lofs of 
 
 ' ' , '^"^'^ A lues by the Krrours of their Ad- 
 
 Wolfius refers ^Vc. to <rvi^}iccx>ig ; it miniftratiyn durinj? the Peace.
 
 DEMOSTHENES. 359 
 
 duds. (8) Not that I reproach the Perfons, who executed 
 thefe Works ; far otherwifc ; but I really blame you, if you 
 fuppofe them fufficient Proofs of the Wifdom of your Govern- 
 ment. With Regard to the private Charadlers of your Magi- 
 ftrates, who have prefided over the Commonwealth, fome of. 
 them have ereded Floufcs, not only more fuperb, than thofe 
 of their Fellow-Citizens, but more magnificent, than even our 
 public Edifices, while others have purchafed and cultivated fuch 
 an Extent of Lands, as once they never hoped for, even in 
 their Dreams.. 
 
 These Differences arife from hence, that the People then 
 were abfolute Mafters and Lords of whatever was valuable in. 
 the Republic ; that it was Matter of Gratitude and Joy to re- 
 ceive Honours, Employments, or Emoluments of any Kind 
 fi-om their Bounty. On the contrary, thefe, your prefent Mi- 
 niftry, are Lords of all Emoluments in the State, and in them; 
 alone is your whole Adminiftration, while you are confidered 
 as their Servants ; a meer Addition of Numbers to the Com- 
 monwealth, and whatever they, in their Beneficence beftow, . 
 you receive with Gratitude and Gladnefs. From hence, there- 
 fore, fuch is the prefent State of the Republic, that whoever 
 
 fliould. 
 
 (8) KaTucrxivd^isa-oi xai xf^vxc, Ka] explain, and perhaps confirm the Senfe 
 xovixi^ccToi, y.a.1 7~.v,^>i<;. The twenty- here given to the Word Xvif^g, 
 -third Note on the third Olynthiac will
 
 o6o O R A T I O N S O F 
 
 iliould read your Decrees, and then regularly confider your 
 Adions in Confequence of thofe Decrees, could hardly believe 
 they proceeded from the fame People. Witnefs the Spirit, 
 with which you decreed to march againft the execrable Megare- 
 ans, ^9) who had feized the Lands belonging to Apollo ; to 
 hinder their facrilegious PofTeflion, nor ever fuffer fuch Impiety. 
 Witnefs your Decrees, when the extremeft Miferies had fallen 
 upon the Phliafians, powerfully to fuccour them, nor abandon 
 them to the Cruelty of their Executioners, but to encourage 
 the Peloponnefians, whoever were wilHng, to afTift them. Glo- 
 rious indeed, O Men of Athens, and juft all thefe Decrees, 
 and worthy of the Republic ; but the Adions that fhould have 
 attended them, never appeared. Thus have you provoked the 
 (Tcneral Indignation of Greece, for you never have fupport- 
 ed thefe Decrees even by one generous Effort. They were in- 
 deed worthy of the Majefty of the Commonwealth, but your 
 Forces were by no Means proportioned to what you decreed. 
 I would therefore earneftly advife you (nor let any one be angry 
 with me) either to form lefs magnificent Defigns, and to be 
 contented to reftrain them within their proper Bounds, or to 
 
 prepare a larger Force to carry them into Execution. 
 
 Were 
 
 (9) 'Epiii/xi. The Word, abfoliite- ed by Wolfius, exeundum eft, and by 
 
 ly and fimply ufed, fignifies, ad bellum Lucchefini, ut abfcederent, and the 
 
 proficifci. To march againft an Enemy, whole Sentence applied to the Megareans. 
 
 Ic is conftantly uled in this Senfe by our Probably IWtvai, kuXvuv, f/,rj l-rriTfi- 
 
 Author, vet in this Paflage is it conftru- ttuv^ were the very Words of the Decree.
 
 DEMOSTHENES. 361 
 
 "Were I fpeaking to the Inhabitants of fomc little IHands ia 
 the ^gcan Sea, or any other People of their Kind, I fliould advifc 
 them to think with more Humility ; (10) but as you are Athe-* 
 nians, I do with Earneftnefs encourage you to improve only 
 your natural Strength. For Ignominious, O Men of Athens, 
 it is indeed ignominious, to forget that fuperlor Magnanimity 
 of Spirit, which hath been tranfmitted to you by your Ancef- 
 tors : Befides, it is not even in your own Pov/cr to deiert the 
 Caule of Greece, (o many glorious Adions have you, through 
 all Time, performed for her Prefervatlon. It were Bafenefs to 
 abandon your Friends, or fuffer your Enemies, in vi^hom you 
 never fhould place a Confidence, to become too powerfuL 
 
 Upon the whole, therefore, as your Magift rates have ft not 
 in their Power, when they pleale to quit their Employments, 
 fuch is your Situation with Regard to the Grecians, for you 
 
 have 
 
 (10) Some little I/lands. The Origi- As his Edition is in general extremely 
 
 nal mentions their Names, Z^vion; yj faulty, we may rather llippofe the pre- 
 
 Kv^vion;. As the meer Names could fcnt OmiflTion an Errour of the Prefs, 
 
 have very little either Ufe or Beauty in than reckon it among the Miftakes» 
 
 a Tranflation, perhaps they are not ill- even thofe, quas humana parum caveat 
 
 clianged for an ExprelTion, which marks Natura, of fo accurate a Tranflator. Wi&. 
 
 iheir Situation. It may be worth re- Printer makes a pleafant Kind of Apo- 
 
 marking, that the Cythnians are neither logy for his Errours ; Siholars can ea/ily 
 
 mentioned by Lucchefmi in his original correct them, and to Blackheads "juhy dij- 
 
 Text, his Tranflation, nor Annotations, cover the Secre(2 
 
 Vol. !► A a a
 
 
 ORATIONS OF 
 
 have held the Sovereignty of Greece. This, therefor.-, O Mcu 
 of Athens, is the Summary of what hath been faid ; never 
 fl^all yonr Orators render you either vicious, or virtuous ; yet 
 you may fafhion them, according to your Pleafure. You do 
 not diredl your Opinions, as they think proper to point your 
 Aim, but they propofe fuch Counfel, as they imagine you mofi: 
 ardently deiire. It is your Duty, therefore, chearfully to re- 
 ceive that Advice mofl: advantageous to the Republic , then all 
 will be happy. For either your Orators will not dare to offer 
 you Counfels weak and pernicious, or fliall offer them in vain, 
 unable to find a Citizen among you, who will be perfuaded ©r 
 influenced by them in his Judgement. 
 
 This Volume contains all the Orations 
 of Demofthenes upon the Athenian Re- 
 public ; its Conftitution and Form of 
 Government -, its political Interefts in 
 Peace and War ; its Taxes, Funds, 
 Land-Forces, and Marine. In Greek 
 they have been called Arii^r,yopiKOi Xoyoi, 
 and in Latin, Orationes de Repub- 
 
 LICA AD POPULI'M HABIT-^. I'crhapS 
 
 wc might call them in Englifh Public 
 cr I'OLiTiCAL Orations, to dirtinguiih 
 them from thofe upon private Property, 
 or Affaults, or Impeachments for Male- 
 Adminiftratlon in Office. Our Editors, 
 
 it is acknowledged, have preferved to ns 
 the Orations upon Halonefus, and Alex- 
 ander's Treaties with Athens, even while 
 they hold them written by other Authors, 
 and unworthy of our Orator's Charac- 
 ter. The Tranflator therefore hopes to 
 be forgiven his not attempting to pre- 
 ferve what in themfelves are confefledly 
 fpurious, and, if they were genuine, 
 would be injurious to the Reputation of 
 his Author. A Painting would do lij- 
 tle Honour to the Cabinet of the curious, 
 meerly becaufe Ignorance and falfe Taftg 
 had oace givea it. to the divine Raphaeh 
 
 The End of die First VOLUME.
 
 THE UNIVERSITY LIBRARY 
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